/kaggle/input/gymbook/Encyclopedia of Bodybuilding_ The Complete A-Z Book on Muscle Building ( PDFDrive ).pdf

Copyright ©2008 Robert Kennedy Publishing
All rights reserved,
including the right to reproduce this book or
portions thereof in any form whatsoever.
Published by Robert Kennedy Publishing
400 Matheson Blvd West
Mississauga, ON
L5R 3M1 Canada
Visit us at 
www.emusclemag.com
Encyclopedia of Bodybuilding
Art Directors: Alex Waddell and Jason Branidis
Editor: Wendy Morley
Proofreader: Jacqui Hartley
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Kennedy, Robert, 1938-2012
      The encyclopedia of bodybuilding: the complete A-Z book on muscle building / Robert
Kennedy. — 21st century ed.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-55210-130-8
1. Bodybuilding. I. Title.
GV546.5.K454 2008      613.7‘13      C2008-904637-4
109876
Distributed in Canada by
NBN (National Book Network)
67 Mowat Avenue, Suite 241
Toronto, ON
M6K 3E3
Distributed in USA by
15200 NBN Way
Blue Ridge Summit, PA
17214
Robert Kennedy Publishing Book Department
Art Director: Gabriella Caruso Marques

M6K 3E3
17214
Managing Editor: Wendy Morley
3

IMPORTANT
The information in this book reflects the author’s experiences and opinions and is not intended
to replace medical advice.
Before beginning this or any other nutritional or exercise regimen, consult your physician to be
sure it is appropriate for you. Ask for a physical stress test.
4

“No matter how genetically gifted you are, it is unrealistic to expect to look like the
pros in our magazine within a few months’ time. Muscles like that take years of hard
work and proper nutrition to develop.”
– Editors of 
MuscleMag International
5

CONTENTS
Table of Contents
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
BOOK I
 
– LAYING THE GROUNDWORK
Chapter 1 – The Sport of Bodybuilding
Chapter 2 – Gym Safety and Etiquette
Chapter 3 – Great Expectations
Chapter 4 – All Shapes and Sizes
Chapter 5 – Do You Have What It Takes?
Chapter 6 – The Dos and Don’ts of DOMS
Chapter 7 – Bodybuilding 101: Reps
Chapter 8 – Bodybuilding 101: Sets
Chapter 9 – Bodybuilding 101: Just How Heavy?
Chapter 10 – It’s Time to Train
Chapter 11 – When and How Often
Chapter 12 – Tips to Keep You Focused and Motivated
Chapter 13 – The Missed Workout
Chapter 14 – Equipment: Yours
Chapter 15 – Equipment: The Gym’s
6

BOOK II
 
– THE BODY YOU’RE BUILDING
Chapter 16 – Bodybuilding Biology
Chapter 17 – The Pump
Chapter 18 – Exercise and Adaptation
Chapter 19 – The Cardiovascular System
Chapter 20 – Skin – The First Line of Defense
Chapter 21 – The Nervous System
Chapter 22 – The Endocrine System
 
BOOK III
 
– READY, SET, GO!
Chapter 23 – The Warmup
Chapter 24 – Record Keeping and Evaluation
Chapter 25 – Stretch for Success and Injury Prevention
Chapter 26 – Beginner Guidelines and Goals
7

BOOK IV
 
– PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION
Chapter 27 – Nutrition 101: The Basic Food Groups
Chapter 28 – The Nutrient Groups
Chapter 29 – Cholesterol
Chapter 30 – Digestion
Chapter 31 – Nutrition 201
Chapter 32 – Nutrition 301
Chapter 33 – White Death – Avoiding the Insulin Spike
Chapter 34 – The Importance of Breakfast
Chapter 35 – Lunch
Chapter 36 – Main Courses
Chapter 37 – Snacks
Chapter 38 – Supplements
 
BOOK V
 
– INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL CONCERNS
Chapter 39 – Size or Shape? – The Chicken & Egg Dilemma
8

Chapter 40 – Intermediate-Level Training
Chapter 41 – Dumbell-Only Training
Chapter 42 – Training Injuries – When Things Go Wrong
Chapter 43 – Overtraining – Pushing Yourself Over The Limit
Chapter 44 – Instinctive Training and Returning After a Layoff
 
BOOK VI
 
– ADVANCED-LEVEL TRAINING
Chapter 45 – Advanced Bodybuilding
Chapter 46 – Sticking Points – How to Become Unstuck
Chapter 47 – Shock it to Them
Chapter 48 – Asymmetric Training
Chapter 49 – Working the Lowers
 
BOOK VII
 
– BODYBUILDING – THE GREATEST OF SPORTS
Chapter 50 – Go For It!
Chapter 51 – Your First Contest
Chapter 52 – Step One – Which Contest to Choose?
Chapter 53 – Step Two – Round by Round
Chapter 54 – Step Three – Round Two
9

Chapter 55 – Step Four – Round Three
Chapter 56 – Step Five – The Posedown
Chapter 57 – Pre-Contest Eating
Chapter 58 – Looking Your Best Onstage
Chapter 59 – Tanning and Oiling
Chapter 60 – Hair Style
Chapter 61 – The Brief on Briefs
Chapter 62 – Showtime!
Chapter 63 – Psychological Warfare
 
BOOK VIII
 
– EARNING A LIVING THROUGH BODYBUILDING
Chapter 64 – Making a Living Through Bodybuilding
Chapter 65 – Turn that Winning Body into Cash
Chapter 66 – Contest Promotion
 
BOOK IX
 
– THE BIG SEVEN
Chapter 67 – The Barbell Row
Chapter 68 – The Squat
Chapter 69 – The Bench Press
Chapter 70 – Barbell Curls
10

Chapter 71 – The Deadlift
Chapter 72 – Dips
Chapter 73 – Chin-Ups
 
BOOK X
 
– THE M.A.S.S. SYSTEM OF TRAINING
Chapter 74 – The M.A.S.S. System of Training – Phase I
Chapter 75 – The M.A.S.S. System of Training – Phase II
Chapter 76 – The M.A.S.S. System of Training – Phase III
 
BOOK XI
 
– TRAINING WITH THE SUPERSTARS
Chapter 77 – Back Training
Chapter 78 – Chest Training
Chapter 79 – Shoulder Training
Chapter 80 – Quad and Hamstring Training
Chapter 81 – Calf Training
Chapter 82 – Biceps and Triceps Training
Chapter 83 – Forearm Training
11

Chapter 84 – Abdominal Training
Chapter 85 – Serratus, Lower Back and Neck
Chapter 86 – Classic Routines of the Superstars
 
BOOK XII
 
– THE COMPLETE BODYBUILDER
Chapter 87 – Tips for the Traveling Bodybuilder
Chapter 88 – The Corporate Quickie
Chapter 89 – PHA Training
Chapter 90 – To the Heart of the Matter with Cardio Training
Chapter 91 – Spin Classes
Chapter 92 – Shaping Up at School
Chapter 93 – Don’t Drag from Jet Lag
Chapter 94 – Bodybuilding in the Golden Years
 
BOOK XIII
 
– BODYBUILDING SOCIOLOGY
Chapter 95 – How You Fit In
Chapter 96 – Can’t We All Just Get Along?
12

BOOK XIV
 
– HARDCORE GROWTH
Chapter 97 – The Key to Anabolic Growth
Chapter 98 – The Medicated Edge
Chapter 99 – Anabolic Steroids
Chapter 100 – Insulin
Chapter 101 – Human Growth Hormone
Chapter 102 – Synthol
Chapter 103 – Thyroid Drugs
Chapter 104 – Ephedrine
Chapter 105 – Diuretics
Chapter 106 – Acne
 
APPENDIX I
 
– QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
APPENDIX II
 
– EXERCISE DESCRIPTIONS
GLOSSARY
13

H
PREFACE
Preface
as it really been 10 years since I published the first 
MuscleMag International Encyclopedia
of Bodybuilding
? Perhaps Einstein was right after all – time is relative. But one thing is for
sure – it’s been quite the 10 years!
It seemed that no sooner had the massive Brit, Dorian Yates, headed back to England with
his sixth Mr. Olympia title when a relative unknown, Ronnie Coleman, started his record-tying
run of eight Mr. Olympia wins. The big Texan was to continue the trend of ever-increasing
physique size, carrying 290 pounds of ultra-striated beef into battle. With 2006 and 2007
winner Jay Cutler also tipping the scales in the 280+ pound range, the time seems near that the
first 300 pounder will walk away with the sport’s most coveted title.
Besides the escalating size, another revolution to come about during this time was in the
training styles of most bodybuilders. Although a few bodybuilders still follow the traditional

high-volume style of training made popular by Arnold Schwarzenegger back in the 1970s, most
now follow the shorter, more intense form of training advocated by Dorian Yates.
And speaking of bodybuilding’s most famous alumni, the lad from Austria has done quite
well for himself since the first edition of this book. Not content to be the sport’s No. 1 star and
world’s most successful actor, Arnold decided to throw his hat into the political arena. In
typical Schwarzenegger fashion, he won the governorship of California in 2003. Many feel that
with an amendment to the constitution (to allow those not born in the USA to run for the
presidency) it’s only a matter of time before Arnold flexes his way into the Oval Office.
While the popularity of both Arnold and male bodybuilding continues to 
climb, the same

cannot be said for the female side of the sport. After starting with such promise in the early
’80s and reaching very respectable heights, thanks in part to the great Cory Everson in the late
’80s, the sport took a nosedive in the 1990s. Although numerous theories have been put forward
as to why, the most prevalent is that bodybuilding fans – male and female – are just not
interested in female physiques that would have won the Mr. America 40 or 50 years ago. Even
the sport’s top female title – the Ms. Olympia – is not immune, having nearly been canceled on
numerous occasions.
As female bodybuilding began its tumble, the new sports of women’s fitness and figure
took off. Displaying physiques hard and athletic yet still feminine, fitness and figure

contestants have far exceeded their female bodybuilding counterparts in both popularity and
prize money. Unless there’s a change in the judging standards, this trend will no doubt
continue.
One area that hasn’t changed over the last 10 years is the popularity of food supplements.
Creatine and whey protein are still the biggest sellers, but nipping at their heels are a whole
host of others including nitric oxide, glutamine and the latest generation of fat-burners.
Related to the topic of supplements is the topic of performance-enhancing drugs. While at
one time there was a definite distinction between the two, the supplement companies muddied
14

the water in the late 1990s by releasing a new category of supplements called pro hormones. As
the name suggests, pro hormones are not drugs in the classical sense, but can be converted to
anabolic substances by the body. When baseball superstar Mark McGwire got caught with the
pro hormone androstenedione in his locker, sales went through the roof. It was short-lived,
however, as the U.S. government quickly added pro hormones to its list of banned substances.
Thanks to the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1991 and subsequent modifications, possession
of either steroids or pro hormones is now a felony in most states.
Yes it’s been quite the 10 years. And that’s why I felt it was time to overhaul an already
great book and make it even better. How, you ask? Well for starters we give you new chapters.
Each is jam-packed with the latest information on training, nutrition and recovery. And the
chapters that feature the training routines of the top superstars are also brand new. You want to

know how Jay Cutler built that incredible chest? Read on. Curious about how a 5‘4” Lee Priest
developed 22-inch arms? It’s in here. Wonder how 280-pound Markus Ruhl created those yard-
wide shoulders? It’s just a few pages away. This book contains bodypart routines of just about
every top bodybuilder competing today. And don’t worry, I haven’t forgot about the champions
of the past. Immediately following the training routines of the current generation of stars I’ve
included a chapter that looks at the workouts of such legends as Arnold Schwarzenegger, Lou
Ferrigno, Dorian Yates, Lee Haney, Robby Robinson and Tom Platz.
So whip up your favorite protein shake, stretch out on the couch, sit back and enjoy.
15

I
Introduction
“The beauty of bodybuilding is that anything can happen if you make it
happen. By your own efforts you can add or subtract pounds of bodyweight.
You can build your arms, shoulders, legs, chest and back. In doing so you can
find pleasure in training that you might never have dreamed possible.”
– Editorial in Musclemag International.
t’s difficult to determine when exactly bodybuilding became a sport. It’s like trying to
determine which bodybuilding expert invented which training technique – ask three different
people and you’ll get three different answers. Before we dive into the heart of what makes
bodybuilding such a fascinating sport, let’s trace the sport’s fascinating evolution.
GREEK AND ROMAN IDEALS
Many bodybuilding historians point us back to the ancient Greeks and Romans for a full
understanding of the evolution of the sport. One of the top Hollywood movies of 2000 was
Gladiator
, staring Russell Crowe and bodybuilder Ralf Moeller. Beyond the epic’s plots and

Gladiator
subplots, one of the movie’s underlying themes focused on the physical prowess of the
gladiator. Sporting a physique that rivaled modern-day wrestlers and boxers, the Roman
gladiator battled for the most valuable prize of all – his life! The Colosseum was no place for
the meek, mild and underdeveloped. A gladiator’s life literally depended on great physical
condition and expert handling of an assortment of weapons.
For those who find the Roman form of entertainment too harsh, the ancient Greeks may be
easier to understand. Instead of hacking one another to 
death for the amusement of the rich, the
Greeks emphasized friendly competition among neighboring states. Rather than throw a spear
to kill a lion or opponent, the Greeks would measure the distance it could be hurled. Instead of

swinging a sword to disembowel, the Greeks had their competitors wrestle. Despite being
abandoned for thousands of years, the Greek ideals of sport were revived in 1896 as the modern
Olympics. The Greeks also referred to their athletes as “Olympians.” Joe Weider honored these
ancient Olympians by naming the top bodybuilding title the Mr. Olympia competition.
16

Photo of Mike O’Hearn by Alex Ardenti
THE PHYSICAL CULTURISTS
“Strongest man” competitions go back centuries. While these individuals would never have
won trophies in a future bodybuilding contest, they thrilled audiences with their great feats of
physical strength, including hoisting large stones, tossing logs and the always-popular bending
of iron bars. Don’t be shocked if these feats of physical prowess seem familiar, as most are now
regular parts of the Strongest Man in the World competitions.
One of the most important stages in physique development took place in the mid 1800s as
the Industrial Revolution began. Despite its numerous social benefits, the Industrial Revolution
led to several health problems, including overcrowding and extreme pollution. One group of
individuals, the Physical Culturists, recognized the dangers from these new technologies. These
forerunners of modern-day lifestyle coaches were determined to improve the eating and

exercise habits of 19th century Europe. They decided to promote one particular individual as
the epitome of physical perfection and health. His name was Eugen Sandow. Unlike most of the
other strongmen of the day, Sandow was also a showman and was devoted to physical
appearance and health as much as he was to strength.
THE FIRST STAR OF BODYBUILDING
Given Sandow’s reputation as both a great strongman and showman, it’s not surprising that an
American promoter Florenz Ziegfeld (of the famous Ziegfeld Follies) also sought his talents.
Ziegfeld was a promoter who knew how to please an audience and make money at the same
time. When Ziegfeld heard of Sandow’s success in 
Europe, he convinced him to come to
America. After nearly a century of Victorian repressiveness, American audiences were ready

for something a little more risqué. With single-digit body fat levels and near-flawless
proportions, Sandow awed audiences with his glass-booth posing exhibitions. Throughout the
next couple of decades, Sandow became enormously wealthy simply by displaying his physique
(covered by nothing but a fig leaf!). It wasn’t long before young men everywhere wanted to
look like Sandow. Contests were held regularly and sales of dumbells and barbells quickly
17

increased. To honor Sandow’s impact on physical development, in 1977 Joe Weider decided to
present the winner of the annual Mr. Olympia title with a statue modeled after, and called, the
Sandow.
A SPORT EMERGES
While Sandow was undoubtedly the top star of the early 20th century, other stars helped
contribute to the birth of modern bodybuilding. In 1898, George Hackenschmidt (“the Russian
Lion”) won the Russian weightlifting championship. Beginning in 1903, Bernarr Macfadden
held a series of contests to determine 
America’s Most Perfectly Developed Man. The first was
held in New York’s Madison Square Garden. Besides contests, Macfadden also founded the
magazine 
Physical Culture
, the forerunner to today’s popular muscle magazines, which include
, 
Flex
, and 
Iron Man
.
Over the next couple of decades, Macfadden’s contests grew in popularity and, unlike pure
strength competitions, judged both strength and the quality of the competitor’s physique. It was

Iron Man
.
the 1921 contest that would introduce the world to an American icon. The winner that year was
Angelo Siciliano (who later changed his name to Charles Atlas). He received $1,000 – an
enormous sum in those days.
While other strongmen and “best physique” title winners gave exhibitions and lectures, it
was Atlas who really turned bodybuilding into the money-making sport it became. He put
together a series of training courses called Dynamic Tension – all targeted at the untapped
market of teenage males. To get the attention he needed, Atlas cleverly placed a small ad in the
back of popular comic books. The ad featured a young, skinny kid getting humiliated in front of
a girl by a bully on a beach. The ad then showed the kid a couple of months later, much

stronger and more muscular – and he easily dropped the bully with one punch! Atlas’ training
course became so successful that by the mid 1970s over six million copies had been sold. Atlas
knew how to connect with the teenager and for over 50 years the phrase “don’t get sand kicked
in your face,” became the rally cry of American teenage males.
Atlas’ success wasn’t just due to his ability to market bodybuilding as a sport. His
18

physique influenced an entire generation of followers. The irony is that Atlas built his physique
lifting barbells and dumbells for “reps” and “sets.” He may have built a financial empire
selling Dynamic Tension, but he built his own body doing presses and curls.
One of the men influenced by Atlas was Siegmund Klein. Klein had that great combination
of size, shape and definition. Klein also had a keen business sense, and was a successful gym
owner and writer. Like those before him, Klein believed that physical appearance and health
were just as crucial as pure physical strength.
Throughout the 1930s, physical culture contests continued to grow in popularity, and the
term “bodybuilding” soon emerged. As a holdover from previous generations, competitors still
had to perform some sort of physical act (usually involving strength or balance). As the quality
of physiques improved, the need for physical demonstration began to fade into the background.

In 1930, the first Mr. America contest was held. The competitors came from an assortment of
athletic backgrounds, and it quickly became apparent that the weightlifters had the best
physiques.
To many, the first true Mr. America was John Grimek, who won the title in 1940 and 1941.
Unlike previous champions, John built his physique almost entirely with barbells and dumbells.
Soon physical culture centers (now being called gyms) were packed with young bodybuilders
trying to become the next John Grimek.
Photo of John Grimek
THE FIRST GENERATION OF SUPERSTARS
As John Grimek was turning heads with his near perfectly proportioned physique, another
bodybuilder was also getting plenty of attention. Many consider Clancy Ross 
the first massive

bodybuilder. Unlike most of the other great champions of the day, including Grimek, whose
focus was strength and Olympic weightlifting (the physique just happened to be a side effect),
Ross relied almost solely on barbell and dumbell exercises for one purpose – to build his
muscles to the maximum. In fact, Ross’ workouts would fit right in at any bodybuilding gym
today. With his broad shoulders tapering to a tiny waist, and low body fat revealing thick
musculature, Ross could probably still hold his own in a modern city or state-level
championship.
19

I was there when this shot was taken, and those were not models. They were real girls who knew a good thing when
20

“
they saw it!
IN THE STEPS OF HERCULES
Ross and Grimek were undoubtedly two of the best-known stars among bodybuilders. But one
person made the sport popular with the masses. His name was Steve Reeves, and until Arnold
Schwarzenegger emerged decades later, he was the best-known bodybuilder to the general
public. Many experts still consider Reeves’ physique to be the epitome of the Greek ideals of
proportion and development. After winning both the Mr. America and Mr. Universe titles,
Reeves took his classic physique and manly good looks to Hollywood. Within a few years, he
was one of Hollywood’s biggest stars and made classic movies such as 
Hercules
 and 
The Thief
of Baghdad
.
THE ’50s AND ’60s
Many historians consider the 1950s a transition period in bodybuilding. Most of the first
generation of stars had retired, went into the gym-owning business, or as in Reeves’ case, to
acting. While the bodybuilders of the 1930s and 1940s stayed true to the Greek ideals of

symmetry and proportion, the new bodybuilders believed “more is better.” From America, such
behemoths as Bill Pearl and Chuck Sipes thrilled audiences with their incredible size and
strength. From England (via South Africa) came 6‘2”, 220-pound Reg Park. Park’s awesome
size would inspire a whole generation of bodybuilders, including a young boy in Graz, Austria
– Arnold Schwarzenegger!
There was no television to speak of until the 1950s and most people who lived in the Santa
Monica area spent their weekends at the beach with their families. The place provided lots
of free entertainment. So Muscle Beach took off again and became an even bigger
attraction than in pre-war days.”
– George Coates, bodybuilding writer and historian
If the 1950s were a time of transition, the 1960s witnessed an explosion in the sport. Park

and Pearl were still competitive, but a whole new generation of exciting bodybuilding
personalities emerged. Some of the top bodybuilders of the 1960s included Dave Draper, Rick
Wayne, Freddie Ortiz, Leroy Colbert, Frank Zane, Boyer Coe, Dennis Tinerino, Chet Yorton
and Harold Poole.
21

Photo of Steve Reeves
BIRTH OF MR. OLYMPIA
By the 1960s, bodybuilding had reached a point where in any given year there could be two or
three Mr. Americas and Mr. Universes. When you included the winners from previous years
(not to mention the top stars from other countries) it’s not surprising that a new debate emerged
– which one was really the best bodybuilder alive? To answer that question, promoter and
publisher Joe Weider created the Mr. Olympia contest, which would be open only to previous
top title winners. The first two contests, the 1965 and 1966 Mr. Olympias, were won by
California’s Larry Scott. With his dark good looks and near perfect 20-inch arms, Larry became
the idol of millions. He also came to symbolize the innocence of the sport in the 1960s.
When Larry retired from the sport (after acquiring small roles in numerous Hollywood
movies), he was succeeded by The Myth – Sergio Oliva. Oliva defected to the U.S. while

representing Cuba in weightlifting at the 1961 Pan American Games. Even by today’s
standards, Oliva was a muscle freak. His muscle density was about 20 years ahead of its time.
In fact, those who never met him in person assumed he was just a “myth!”
Oliva dominated the Mr. Olympia from 1967 to 1969. He was so dominant that one year he
was awarded the title because no one even dared to challenge him! By 1969, however, Oliva
had a new challenger, and his name was Arnold Schwarzenegger.
THE AUSTRIAN OAK
Arnold’s second place to Oliva at the 1969 Mr. Olympia contest launched the career of
bodybuilding’s most famous star. Starting with the 1965 Junior Mr. Europe title and continuing
up until his first retirement in 1975, Arnold won six straight Mr. Olympia titles and five Mr.

Universe titles. When he first landed in America from Austria in 1968, Arnold spoke little
English and had no formal education. His 1968 defeat at the hands of a much smaller Frank
22

“
Zane at the Mr. Universe contest would have shattered most, but not Arnold. Over the next few
years he dropped his weight from a smooth 250 pounds to an ultra-hard 235 pounds and began
his run for the coveted Mr. Olympia title. Arnold was so dominant during the early 1970s that
fans debated only about who would win second place – Arnold was all but assured first place!
THE “PUMPING IRON” YEARS
Even though he was the dominant bodybuilding personality of the 1970s, a whole host of new
and former stars were nipping at Arnold’s heels. One of the best was Arnold’s good friend from
Europe, Franco Columbu. Standing a mere 5‘5” tall, Franco proved that a short bodybuilder
could defeat taller opponents. Like Arnold, Franco established himself in Europe before
emigrating to America. Once Arnold was settled in America, Franco decided to join him and
quickly collected an impressive amount of victories, culminating with his 1976 Mr. Olympia

win. What set Franco apart from other competitors was that he had one of the strongest
physiques around. He won numerous powerlifting competitions and competed in a number of
strongman championships.
Other bodybuilding stars of the early to mid ’70s included Danny Padilla, Boyer Coe,
Robby Robinson, Roy Callender, Mike Mentzer, Albert Beckles, Mike Katz and Ken Waller,
but the biggest bodybuilder on the scene during the mid ’70s was Lou Ferrigno. Lou stood 6‘5”
and weighed 260–270 pounds in contest shape. With his massive size and Mr. America and Mr.
Universe wins he was expected to truly challenge for the Mr. Olympia, but opted instead to
become a TV star, donning green body make-up and appearing each week as The Incredible
Hulk.
One of the most significant events in bodybuilding’s history took place in 1975 when two

Hulk.
relatively unknown filmmakers, George Butler and Jerome Gary, produced the groundbreaking
documentary 
Pumping Iron
. For nearly a year the two followed the training of the sport’s top
stars as they prepared for that year’s Mr. Olympia and Mr. Universe contests. Although Arnold
had decided to retire from the sport, appearing on the big screen was too enticing an
opportunity to miss and he came back out of retirement. The documentary was based on the
1974 book of the same name that Butler had written with Charles Gaines. This famous
documentary helped bring bodybuilding out of school gymnasiums and into large theater and
concert venues. Besides Arnold, Ed Corney, Robby Robinson, Mike Katz, Franco Columbu,
Danny Padilla, Serge Nubret, Ken Waller, and Lou Ferrigno all appeared in the film.

With virtually no backing for promotion, the film Pumping Ironwent on to be a smashing
success. It quickly became the highest-grossing documentary in history, mostly because of
the performance of its charismatic star, Arnold Schwarzenegger.”
– Nelson Montana, regular 
 contributor
23

Arnold Schwarzenegger with friend and training partner Franco Columbu
Lou Ferrigno
24

George Butler, director of 
Arnold and Franco flank Joe Gold
25

Serge Nubret
Thanks to Arnold’s on-screen charisma and the professionalism with which Gary and
Butler portrayed bodybuilders, bodybuilding became solidified as a serious and legitimate
sport.
THE ARRIVAL OF ONE ROBERT KENNEDY
It wasn’t just European bodybuilding stars emigrating to North America in the 1960s and ’70s.
Despite securing a teaching position at a British arts college, I felt that life had more to offer
and decided to pursue my dream of publishing a bodybuilding magazine. After leaving England
for Canada, I realized that dream by publishing 
 – now one of the
world’s largest and most successful fitness magazines. I eventually expanded the 
MuscleMag
empire to include five additional magazines: 
Reps!
, 
Maximum Fitness
, 
American Curves
,
Oxygen
 and 
Clean Eating
; a book publishing division; and numerous 
stores. I have also written over 50 bodybuilding and fitness-related books and hundreds of

,
Oxygen
 and 
magazine articles. I always believed that bodybuilding is the best sport in the world, and I’ve
devoted my career to proving it.
A NEW DIRECTION
After nearly ten years of dominance by Arnold and Sergio Oliva, the sport of bodybuilding took
a new direction in 1977 when Frank Zane won the Mr. Olympia contest. Frank started his
bodybuilding career in the 1960s (at the 1968 Mr. Universe he was one of the few to ever beat
26

Arnold). Throughout the 1970s he established a reputation as one of the most symmetrical and
proportionately balanced bodybuilders around. Early on Frank realized that his genetics would
never allow him to build the same degree of mass as some of the other competitors, so he 
took
what he had and made the best of it. When the Greeks and Romans chiseled out statues of the
perfect male physique it was Frank’s they had in mind. With a posing routine to match his
perfect proportions, Frank won the Mr. Olympia from 1977 to 1979.
The future governor of California and I talk bodybuilding.
Photo of Robert Kennedy and Arnold Schwarzenegger
“I’LL BE BACK!”
Although it would be four years before he uttered those immortal lines as The Terminator,
Arnold Schwarzenegger caused quite the stir in the bodybuilding world when he came out of
retirement to win the 1980 Mr. Olympiain Sydney, Australia. Arnold was training for his first
major Hollywood movie at the time, 
Conan the Barbarian
, and decided to step into the

Olympia ring one more time. Most in the audience felt that Arnold shouldn’t have won, as he
was 10 to 15 pounds off his best weight. Conversely, some of his rivals, including Boyer Coe,
Mike Mentzer and Chris Dickerson, were in the best shape of their lives. Regardless, Arnold
was crowned Mr. Olympia for a record seventh time.
Arnold’s 1980 win might have created controversy at the time, but it was Franco
Columbu’s win in 1981 that is still talked about. Franco was way off his 1976 form and didn’t
even appear well proportioned, having never really recovered from breaking his leg running
with a refrigerator during a strongman competition. It didn’t help Franco that four of the top
bodybuilders in the world – Chris Dickerson, Danny Padilla, Roy Callender and Tom Platz –

were in phenomenal shape. But Franco walked off with the Sandow trophy and was Mr.
Olympia for the second time in his career.
After placing second to Arnold and Franco in 1980 and 1981, Chris Dickerson was all set
to retire, but decided to give it one more try. His 1982 Mr. Olympia win was the crowning
achievement in a successful career – a career that included being crowned the first African
American Mr. America. Chris regularly trumped larger competitors by following Frank Zane’s
strategy of solid conditioning, superior proportions, and great posing routines.
27

The 1983 Mr. Olympia was won by Lebanon’s Samir Bannout. Like Sergio, Arnold and
Franco, Samir realized his future was in America, and with a near flawlessly proportioned
physique, he captured the sport’s top prize. The third-place finisher that year, Lee Haney, also
deserves mention because the following year he began his record run of eight Mr. Olympia
wins.
Like Oliva and Arnold before him, Atlanta’s Lee Haney literally dwarfed the competition
with his size. Weighing 250 pounds in contest shape, Lee first came to prominence when he
won the 1982 Mr. America title. In 1984 he began his assault on Arnold’s record seven Mr.
Olympia wins. By 1991, with eight wins to his credit, Lee had established himself as the sport’s
new king.
Even though Haney won every Mr. Olympia between 1984 and 1991, he was pushed to the
edge on three occasions by 185-pound Lee Labrada. Labrada was another refugee from Castro’s
Cuba. He was nicknamed “mass with class,” with his perfect blend of shape, proportion and

definition. Other bodybuilders who made bodybuilding exciting to watch in the 1980s included
Gary Strydom, Vince Comerford, Mike Ashley, Berry DeMey and Mike Christian.
Photo of Frank Zane
BRANCHING OUT IN THE 1980s
Besides the arrival of new stars in the 1980s, the decade also saw the bodybuilding tree branch
out in many new directions. The first major change was the renaming of the bodybuilding titles
by the sport’s largest governing body, the International Federation of Bodybuilders (IFBB). The
organizers decided to keep bodybuilding similar to other sports by calling the titles
“champi
onships.” The former “titles” that became championships were the Los Angeles
Championships, California Championships, National Championships and the World

“champi
Championships. The only title that retained the “Mr.” designation was the Mr. Olympia. Even
the professional Mr. Universe changed names in 1989 when Arnold Schwarzenegger decided to
team up with long-time friend Jim Lorimer. Recognizing the power of Arnold’s name, the two
decided to rename the Mr. Universe the Arnold Classic. While the Mr. Olympia is still the most
prestigious title, the Arnold Classic draws larger crowds by making the event a weekend
28

extravaganza of contests, fitness demonstrations and conferences. The show is held every
spring in Columbus, Ohio.
Many of the smaller bodybuilding federations still use the old title names (the NABBA
Mr. Universe being one) and most bodybuilders themselves still prefer the old names. There is
just something mythical about being Mr. America or Mr. Universe that National or World
Champion doesn’t carry.
MS. OLYMPIA: THE WOMEN ARRIVE
Women had always been associated with men’s bodybuilding but usually in an “eye-candy”
role. Then in the late 1970s, Lisa Lyon arrived on the scene. Lyon demonstrated to women that
they could use weight training to improve their health and appearance, without becoming too
masculine. It wasn’t long before the sport of women’s bodybuilding became popular and
female bodybuilders began making headlines alongside the men.
Six-time Ms. Olympia Cory Everson inspired millions of young women to hoist some iron.
Photo of Cory Everson

The biggest female star of the 1980s was Cory Everson, who won the Ms. Olympia title
every year from 1984 to 1989. Cory combined femininity with good muscle size and definition.
In many respects, Cory was the Arnold Schwarzenegger of women’s bodybuilding – she helped
bring female bodybuilding to the masses with her personality, books, videos and TV
29

appearances. If Cory Everson was the Arnold of women’s bodybuilding then 
Lenda Murray was
the Lee Haney. With eight Ms. Olympia titles to her credit, Lenda took female bodybuilding to
the next level.
As expected, it wasn’t long before women’s bodybuilding began turning into a “more is
better” contest. Where men’s bodybuilding had had nearly three decades of drug-free
competition (keeping in mind that anabolic steroids – the primary drugs used to build muscle
mass – weren’t even synthesized until the late 1950s), it took the women just a few years to
dive into the murky world of performance enhancement. Soon the lineup in a top female
bodybuilding contests began resembling a men’s city championship! In fact, these days the
great John Grimek or Steve Reeves wouldn’t stand a chance of winning the 
Ms.
 Olympia
contest!
Unlike men’s contests, where attendance was solid, women’s events started suffering. At
the heart of the matter was that the vast majority of women didn’t want to look like the current

contest!
generation of female bodybuilders. Men also did not find the massive physiques appealing to
look at in a woman. In response to this, a new form of female competition emerged – fitness
contests. Fitness contests require women to display strength and athletic agility with
femininity.
If women’s fitness has a drawback it’s that the women who dominate tend to have
gymnastic backgrounds. This is a big disadvantage to women with no such background because
it’s very difficult to learn advanced tumbling routines as an adult (most of the best gymnasts
have been practicing since childhood). To give women with no gymnastics background an
option to compete, the female figure contest was created. Such events require no posing
routines or tumbling runs – instead the contest is judged almost entirely on the contestants’

physical appearances just standing there and walking.
THE BRITISH INVASION
No sooner had Lee Haney contemplated retirement when the next bodybuilding superstar
emerged on the scene. Britain’s Dorian Yates pushed the size bar to yet another level when he
began his consecutive run of six Mr. Olympia titles in 1992. Packing 265 pounds of striated
muscle on his frame, Yates was the largest Mr. Olympia ever. Like Arnold and Haney before
him, he completely dominated the sport. He was also the first Mr. Olympia not based in the
United States. Training out of Temple Gym in Birmingham, England, Yates preferred to keep a
low profile and let his physique do the talking!
Other dominant bodybuilders of the 1990s included Paul Dillett, Lee Priest, Shawn Ray,

Flex Wheeler, Nasser El Sonbaty, Aaron Baker, Vince Taylor, Chris Cormier, Kevin Lervone
and Milos Sarcev.
30

Shawn Ray, one of the most popular bodybuilders ever.
Photo of Shawn Ray
BODYBUILDING MASTERS
There was a time that once an athlete retired, he or she pretty much faded into oblivion. But not
anymore. Sports such as golf and tennis now have very lucrative masters divisions that rival the
regular contest divisions. Tiger Woods may be the most famous golfer in the world, but the
galleries are still packed when Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player and Arnold Palmer tee up. Likewise
such tennis greats as John McEnroe and Jimmy Connors can still draw a crowd. To keep
bodybuilding consistent with other sports, the IFBB inserted a masters division in 1994.
Featuring such stars as Robby Robinson, Ed Corney, Danny Padilla, Boyer Coe, Chris
Dickerson, Lou Ferrigno and Bill Grant, the event was a huge hit with audiences for the first
few years it ran. Unfortunately, declining sponsorships and a low amount of competitor
numbers led to the contest being canceled after the 2003 event.
KING RONNIE

There was nothing special about the ninth place finisher of the 1997 Mr. Olympia. To most in
the audience, Ronnie Coleman seemed to be another journeyman bodybuilder whose claim to
fame would be to merely crack the top ten. Few would have guessed that Ronnie had other
plans! Starting in 1998, Ronnie ran up an impressive record-tying eight Mr. Olympia titles.
Weighing between 270 and 290 pounds in contest shape, Ronnie is definitely the largest Mr.
Olympia in history and is considered by many to be the greatest. Right up until his defeat by
Jay Cutler at the 2006 Mr. Olympia, many people still believed that Ronnie would win 10 or 12
straight Mr. Olympias.
After placing second to Ronnie on four different occasions, Jay Cutler finally did what
many considered impossible by preventing Ronnie Coleman from winning his record ninth Mr.
31

Olympia title in 2006.
INTO THE FUTURE
With prize money for professional bodybuilding contests now in the hundreds of thousands of
dollars, it’s not surprising that every year more and more hungry young bodybuilders vie for
the sport’s top titles. Every year also brings larger and larger competitors, with the average
weight of the Mr. Olympia winner increasing by about 10 pounds every decade. Just look at this
timeline of comparisons:
1960s – Sergio Oliva: 230 pounds
1970s – Arnold Schwarzenegger: 240 pounds
1980s – Lee Haney: 250 pounds
1990s – Dorian Yates: 260 pounds
Present – Ronnie Coleman and Jay Cutler: 280+ pounds
City and state competitors are now stepping onstage weighing as much as Arnold and Sergio
did at their best. Unless some new standards are adopted (highly unlikely given the
bodybuilding public’s fascination with mass) then it’s only a matter of time before the first
300-pounder is awarded the famous Sandow statue. Ronnie Coleman won the Mr. Olympia one

year at just under 290 pounds – nearly 100 pounds more than Frank Zane’s competitive weight
in the late 1970s.
Photo of Ronnie COleman by Irvin Gelb
32

At over 300 pounds in the off-season and 274 in contest shape, Jay Cutler knows the meaning of the word “massive.”
WHY?
So just why are competitors weighing in heavier than ever before? Does it mean that today’s
bodybuilders are simply training harder than their counterparts? Probably not. No one trained
harder than Arnold and the rest of the gang at the old Gold’s Gym in Santa Monica, California
during the early 1970s. However, today’s bodybuilders are probably more knowledgeable than
their forerunners. Like most sports, bodybuilding has evolved over the decades and the older
practitioners keep passing their tips and secrets on to the next group of hungry competitors. The
shelves of local bookstores are piled high with informative bodybuilding books. Glance at the
magazine stand and you’ll see dozens of top-quality magazines, jam packed with the latest
information on training, nutrition and competition. Unlike in Arnold’s time, today’s young
bodybuilder has an abundance of information at hand.

Besides knowledge, another factor to explain the increase in size is simply numbers. Far
more people are hoisting iron today than 20 or 30 years ago. This makes it more likely that a
person with good muscle-building genes will actually discover his aptitude in the gym.
A third explanation for why today’s competitors are heavier is nutritional
supplementation. Thirty years ago supplementation meant liver tablets, raw eggs and
multivitamins. Today, bodybuilding supplement companies are worth billions of dollars.
Moreover, supplements today offer bodybuilders hundreds of performance-enhancing products
to choose from. From creatine and nitric oxide to glutamine and state-of-the-art whey protein,
today’s bodybuilders have it far better than their counterparts did 30 or 40 years ago.
We’d be remiss if we left out the pharmacological aspect to modern bodybuilding. Since

the late 1950s when Dianabol, the first anabolic steroid, was created, bodybuilders have been
steadily increasing the dosages and numbers of performance-enhancing drugs. There are drugs
to build muscle and strength, drugs to strip away body fat, drugs to increase energy, drugs to
reduce recovery time, drugs to increase blood volume, and to top it all off, drugs to combat the
side effects of all these drugs! While the top stars would probably still win without the
pharmacology, they wouldn’t be as massive as they are without the chemical assistance.
Thanks to such bodybuilding icons as Steve Reeves, Arnold and Lou Ferrigno,
bodybuilding is now one of the most popular sports in the world. In terms of numbers, it rivals
football (soccer), volleyball and tennis. In addition, competitors now have access to thousands

of books and articles on training and technique.
While I can’t make any promises that you’ll win the next Mr. Olympia, I am confident that
if you train hard, eat clean and maintain a healthy lifestyle, you’ll build a body that will be the
envy of everyone. And who knows? Maybe, just maybe, you are a future Mr. Olympia just
waiting to become part of history. As you rise to fame, I’ll be with you every step of the way.
39

I
CHAPTER 1
The Sport of Bodybuilding
“I’m retiring from competition, but I’ll never stop bodybuilding. It’s the
greatest sport.”
– Arnold Schwarzenegger, in 1976, announcing his retirement from competition. Arnold
was true to his word, as he still works out regularly and looks better than virtually every
male half his age.
t doesn’t receive the same coverage as such other mainstream sports as football, baseball and
basketball, but by all definitions, bodybuilding is a sport. Compare bodybuilding to
gymnastics and figure skating. Competitors in all three sports train hard, perform posing
routines to music and demonstrate compulsory movements during competition. The rankings
and placings in all three are determined by a panel of judges. The three sports are almost
identical in organization, training and competition!
It took a long time for bodybuilding to become recognized as a legitimate sport, but thanks
to the efforts of individuals such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, Joe and Ben Weider and perhaps

me, (to mention just a few), bodybuilding is now one of the world’s most popular sports. The
top contests have prizes in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, and the Arnold Classic and Mr.
Olympia contests receive regular TV coverage.
STEREOTYPES AND MYTHS
Most sports carry stereotypes and myths, but bodybuilding probably has more than any other.
Bodybuilders put up with significant ridicule and false truths, whether from jealousy or
ignorance, who knows? But as we’ll learn, most myths have no scientific basis – in fact, most
myths fall into the same category as ghosts, UFOs and the Loch Ness monster. Let’s take a look
at the most common bodybuilding myths.
44

The Posedown is always an exciting round for fans.
Photo by Garry Bartlett
IF YOU STOP TRAINING, IT ALL TURNS TO FAT
Out of all the false statements linked to bodybuilding, this is probably the most persistent. As
bodybuilding great Franco Columbu said in one of his books: the most vocal critics of
bodybuilders are usually built like laboratory flasks!
Muscle cannot turn into fat any more than fat can turn into muscle. They are two
completely different biological entities. Muscle is healthy, vibrant, living tissue, and in general
the more of it you have, the healthier you are overall. Fat, however, merely sits there as a stored
source of energy in case one day the food supply is cut off. If not burnt, the storage pile just
gets larger. If fat could turn to muscle, we would have a lot of Mr. Olympias out there, given
the rate of obesity in western society!
We’re not sure where this myth came from. It could be jealousy on the part of non-

exercisers. Rather than pick up a barbell or go for a run, they sit back with their donuts and
criticize those who take pride in keeping in shape. Of course, some bodybuilders and other
strength athletes do gain weight as they get older or stop training. As we age, or as we lose
muscle when we stop training, our metabolisms slow down and we don’t need as many calories
to survive. Unfortunately, many do not adjust their caloric intakes accordingly. The end result
is a 
buildup of fat, as it would be with anyone who consumes more food than their body needs.
Football players and powerlifters are famous for this. During their competitive years, their
huge appetites match their high-energy workouts. Unfortunately, when they retire they neglect
to alter their diet, so excess calories get deposited around the midsection.

All I can say is trust me, your muscles won’t turn to fat if you stop training. Assuming you
adjust your caloric intake, you will simply lose the muscle tissue over time.
THEY’RE BIG, BUT NOT STRONG
45

Another myth based on ignorance. This myth is probably based on the fact that modern
bodybuilders don’t have to demonstrate feats of strength at contests (unlike their counterparts
decades ago). To most audience members, today’s bodybuilder simply steps onstage and flexes.
Also, years ago, Olympic weightlifters and powerlifters would be seen on stage lifting heavy
weights, but without the same degree of muscle mass as modern bodybuilders. Well, things
have changed over the past couple of decades. Many powerlifters and Olympic lifters have
physiques rivaling bodybuilders. And as for bodybuilders being weak – virtually the entire Mr.
Olympia lineup can bench press 500+ pounds, curl 200+ pounds and squat 600+ pounds. Guys
like Jay Cutler, Gustavo Badell, Ronnie Coleman, Mustafa Mohammad, Markus Ruhl and
Toney Freemanwork out with poundage the average strong man couldn’t lift once, let alone for
10 reps or more! As we’ll see later in the book, there is a direct relationship between strength

and size. The bigger your muscles, the stronger you’ll be. It also works the other way around;
the stronger you are, the bigger you can build your muscles.
YOU’LL BE MUSCLE-BOUND
How often do you see some big bodybuilder playing a “heavy” on TV or in a movie, barely able
to move himself, while some 150-pound main actor dances around him and kicks his ass?! It
rarely works that way in real life, I assure you! In fact, bodybuilders are on average more
flexible than non-bodybuilders, due to the nature of their training. But thanks to Hollywood,
people perceive a bodybuilder as being some brainless deadweight who can’t fight for himself.
Most muscles work in pairs, and contracting one muscle tends to stretch the opposing muscle
group. Unless you train with poor technique and only perform half movements, don’t worry

about becoming “muscle bound.”
If you’re still worried about increased muscle mass causing reduced flexibility, look no
further than professional sports teams. For years, coaches forbade their athletes from going
near the weight room for fear of reducing their flexibility. How things have changed! Virtually
every professional sports team has a strength-training coach these days. Boxers and hockey
players spend as much time in the weightlifting gym as in the ring or on the ice.
Finally, take a look at the posing routines of current stars Melvin Anthony and Dexter
Jackson, and 1990s star Flex Wheeler. Despite their massive muscle size, all three bodybuilders
demonstrate flexibility that rivals gymnasts. Trust me – you won’t become muscle-bound from
bodybuilding.
46

David Henry’s excellent flexibility and massive muscle size.
Photo of David Henry by Garry Barttlet
Photo of Mark Alvisi by Alex Ardenti
47

BODYBUILDING IS GROSS!
This is not so much a myth as it is a matter of opinion. It is true that a large segment of the
general public finds the extreme ripped bodybuilding physique a turn off. Well, the same could
also be said for gross obesity, or even the average overweight guy. While most women
probably won’t buckle at the knees at the sight of a 280-pound Mr. Olympia competitor,
virtually all are very physically attracted to the muscular and balanced physiques in such
magazines as 
Reps!
, 
Men’s Health
, and 
. It is worth noting that most of the
top Hollywood stars of the last 20 years (Arnold, Sylvester Stallone, Mark Wahlberg, Russell
Crowe, The “Rock” and Matthew McConaughey, to name just a few) all sport great-looking
physiques that women love. The fact that virtually all of these stars regularly take their shirts
off in their movies shows just how important it is for an actor to have a muscular and
conditioned body.

Of course, no amount of persuasion will change the mind of someone who stubbornly
refuses to see reality. Still, if it’s a choice between the soft pudgy look and the hard muscular
look, the vast majority of women will choose the latter!
I DON’T WANT TO LOOK LIKE A MAN: A WOMEN’S PERSPECTIVE
One of the first things personal trainers hear when they start working with women is the phrase
“If I lift weights, I’ll look like a guy!” For those women reading this book, let me assure you
that you won’t soon be stunt doubling for Arnold Schwarzenegger. Female body chemistry
simply won’t allow it. The extremely muscular physiques you see in female bodybuilding
contests are the result of anabolic steroid use (synthetic versions of the male hormone
testosterone) in combination with extreme weight training. No amount of weight training will

make a female body look like a man’s. It just ain’t gonna happen! What you can expect,
however, is increased strength, increased muscle tone, decreased body fat, and a reduced risk of
osteoporosis. There is nothing better a female could do for her physique than to weight train.
48

B
“
CHAPTER 2
Gym Safety and Etiquette
“I told them the rules of my gym were strictly enforced. I read all the rules to
them and explained that we didn’t tolerate the breaking or even bending of
the rules, and that we terminated many members for various infractions.”
– Preston Rendell, Natural USA champion and gym owner
efore diving into the actual training principles and techniques that encompass the sport of
bodybuilding, a discussion on safety and proper gym etiquette is required. This book has
been written with your safety in mind. If you follow my directions properly, you should never
experience an injury or life-threatening situation while training in the gym. But there is only so
much I can tell you; ultimately your safety and conduct is in your own hands. Most gyms have
the primary safety rules posted on the walls. Some of these rules are for safety, others for
hygiene, others revolve around common courtesy. Please do your best to follow them. Here are
the top rules for safety and gym etiquette:

Many are guilty of complacency when it comes to a proper warmup – even me. Now that
I am getting back to basics I urge you to do the same. Don’t let an injury put you at a
disadvantage and delay your gains. By planning ahead and taking the time to adequately
prepare for training you won’t need to take time off.”
– John Rodrigues, 
ALWAYS WARM UP
The vast majority of injuries are caused when people dive right into their maximum poundage
before their muscles are properly warmed up. Think of your muscles as elastic bands. Elastic
bands lose their flexibility when cooled. Conversely, they’ll stretch better when warmed.
Muscles behave in a similar manner. Do a short 5- to 10-minute cardio session 
to warm up the
body in general and a few light warmup sets for each of the muscles you plan to train that day.

Most importantly, never, ever start a workout with your heaviest weight!
WHERE POSSIBLE, USE A SPOTTER
For those not familiar with the term, a spotter is a friend, partner, or stranger for that matter,
who stands behind you on exercises that could potentially leave you trapped under a barbell.
People have been found dead in their basements, a barbell loaded with a couple of hundred
pounds trapped across their necks. Exercises such as squats and bench presses should not be
performed using heavy weight unless you have a trusted spotter behind you. You probably
won’t need a spotter on most machine exercises as they’re usually designed with safety in mind
(the Smith machine being a possible exception). Likewise, dumbells are safe at any weight as
49

they can be easily dropped if you run into trouble.
Photo of Pete Ciccone by Ralph DeHaan
USE COLLARS ON YOUR BARBELL EXERCISES
You can think of collars as bolts or pins that lock the weight plates on the ends of a barbell as
you lift and lower. Even with the best technique, you will normally have a slight tilt to the bar,
at least during one part of any given exercise. If the bar tilts too much, the plates may slide off
that side and then the bar will violently fall in the opposite direction (since that end is now
heavier).
Depending on the weight and exercise, you could potentially break a wrist, or worse. For
the sake of a few extra seconds, put a set of collars on the bar.
WHEN NECESSARY, USE A WEIGHTLIFTING BELT
You can consider a weightlifting belt as your shin guard or baseball glove. Other sports have
protective gear, so why not bodybuilding? Certain exercises place tremendous stress on the
spine. A wide (four to six inches) piece of leather will protect your lower back on such

exercises as squats, deadlifts, and various pressing and rowing movements. However, don’t use
the belt on all exercises, or even on your light warmup sets – if you become dependent on it
your lower back muscles will never strengthen. The belt should be used only as a protection
device on risky exercises.
RETURN YOUR WEIGHTS TO THEIR PROPER RACKS
Nothing is more annoying than having to look all over the gym for a set of dumbells for your
50

next set, except maybe when you have to take five minutes to strip a couple of hundred pounds
off a leg press machine before you can use it. Putting back all the plates and dumbells ensures
that other gym members won’t have to waste time looking around the gym for them. There is
also a more practical reason for putting your weights away – safety. Having weight plates or
dumbells all over the floor is an accident waiting to happen. Someone could easily trip and
injure themselves. Most gym employees will enforce this rule, but why wait to be told? You’re
not a child anymore. Please take it upon yourself to clean up after your workout.
NEVER BE AFRAID TO ASK FOR ADVICE
As comprehensive as this book is, there will be times when you’re unsure of an exercise. Most
gym instructors are certified and know their stuff. Take advantage of their expertise anytime
you have a bodybuilding-related question. If an instructor is not available, study some of the

regular members. It won’t be long before you spot who the experienced trainers are. Usually all
it takes is one glance, but don’t go by size alone – some average-sized individuals know more
about bodybuilding than the 250-pounders. Watch for those with strict technique and
confidence.
GOOD TECHNIQUE IS SUPERIOR
Perform all the exercises using proper form. While there are a few advanced bodybuilding
techniques that involve what could be termed “loose training,” in general using strict style is
the best way to train, especially at the beginner or intermediate levels. It prevents injuries and
will provide the most muscle gains from your training.
USE WEIGHT SUPPORTS AND RACKS WHERE NECESSARY
Most exercises can be performed with just the barbells or dumbells themselves. There are,

however, a few that could leave you in a dangerous situation if you were to lose control. Two
examples are the bench press and squat. At 
some point, everyone will attempt an extra rep on
one of these exercises and fail. A proper squat or bench press rack has a series of pins or
supports arranged at different levels to catch the weight if you can’t return it to the starting
position. Besides, it doesn’t look cool when your face is lobster-red and your eyes are bulging
out of your head because a couple of hundred pounds is lying across your spine or neck, so use
the racks!
DON’T THROW YOUR WEIGHT AROUND
Proper form is important when performing any exercise, but this holds especially true
for biceps training, specifically in curling movements. Don’t be one of those guys who

boost the weight up from their hips. For a curl to be effective, the burden of the
resistance must rest solely on your biceps. The key to proper form when curling is to
pin your upper arms against your body while preventing yourself from leaning back.
51

“
WIPE DOWN YOUR BENCH AFTER USE
Human sweat carries hundreds of germs. It’s pretty disgusting to go to a bench or machine and
see a layer of someone else’s sweat dripping all over it! Most gyms have towels or paper towels
available for wiping down equipment. Take a few seconds to wipe off your sweat when you’re
finished with that bench or piece of equipment. Laying your towel down before using the bench
is also a great idea.
WEAR THE PROPER TRAINING ATTIRE
Some gyms can be very strict about attire, but most large fitness centers will leave it up to the
members. If you’re training in the summer and your gym is not air conditioned, wear
something light, such as a T-shirt and pair of shorts. Conversely, if your gym is on the cool
side, keep a sweatshirt on until your muscles are fully warmed up. In terms of footwear, always
have a good pair of sneakers. Many exercises will place a great deal of stress on your ankles
and you’ll need solid support to protect the small muscles and bones in this region. Besides, a

weight plate could slip out of your hand as you’re putting it on the bar or weight rack. It would
be great to have more between your foot and the plate than a sock!
NEVER STOP LEARNING
The fact that you’re reading this book is a start. As in most sports, success in bodybuilding will
require the application of new knowledge. Don’t just learn a few exercises and think you know
it all. Even the reigning Mr. Olympia is continually learning how to get the most out of his
training or how to improve his diet. More knowledge will not only improve your health and
physique, it will also help prevent injury. Most injuries are not caused by lifting too much
weight, but by using improper technique – whether from ignorance or stupidity. Every month

 hits the store shelves. Each issue is loaded with the latest pertinent
information on training, nutrition, and supplementation. Even better – take out a subscription!
Getting a subscription means you’re guaranteed to always be informed!
EVEN THE GREATEST SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE!
No matter what shape you think you are in, we strongly urge you to get a physical. A physical
will give you an indication of how physically conditioned you are, and you will discover any
concerns you should be aware of. Your doctor will likely send you for some blood work. This is
routine and will be a quick and relatively painless procedure. Getting your cholesterol and liver
enzyme levels checked is the first step in determining how healthy you are. You should also get
a physical stress test.
Hey, you want to work up a sweat. Good for you. Just don’t expect me to be thrilled

about doing the backstroke in the pond you’ve just made when it’s my turn to use the
bench.”
–Tom Schreck, 
52

U
“
CHAPTER 3
Great Expectations
“Oddly enough, before he began training he showed no signs of his eventual
supremacy in competitive bodybuilding. He was thin and by anyone’s
standards quite average looking, yet he went on to redefine the limits of
freaky musculature.”
– Nelson Montana, 
 contributor, commenting on how average six-
time Mr. Olympia, Dorian Yates, looked before he started training.
nlike most sports, where training tends to be generalized for everyone, bodybuilding
programs can be tailored for an individual’s genetic build and goals. If you’re like most
iron pumpers, improving your overall shape, appearance and health will be your primary goals.
But as you begin seeing changes in your physique, you will start to feel great about how you
look. Compliments and encouragement will begin to flood in. If you have the right genetics
(more on that in a moment), train consistently and eat clean, there’s a good chance you’ll start

seriously considering competing in a bodybuilding contest.
For other readers, perhaps your bodybuilding training will primarily be used to increase
your performance in other sports. Athletes from wrestlers to boxers to tennis players and
sprinters use bodybuilding exercises to reduce the risk of injury and improve their overall
performance.
GENETICS – BLAME YOUR ANCESTORS
Change your exercises? Great. Alter your training schedule? Good idea. Tighten your eating
practices or switch supplement brands? Go ahead! You can even change the color of your hair
or skin. But there is nothing, absolutely nothing, you can do to alter your genes. From the
moment of conception your DNA blueprint has been set and cannot be changed. Within a few
months after you begin training you will quickly discover that certain muscle groups respond

better than others. You may even notice that one side grows slightly faster than the other. Also,
your chest may grow by simply looking at a barbell, while your back has to be pounded into
growth.
No matter how genetically gifted you are, it is unrealistic to expect to look like the pros in
our magazine within a few months’ time. Muscles like that take years of hard work and
proper nutrition to develop.”
54

Photo of Darrem Charles by Irvin Gelb
Many bodybuilders have to accept that they have weak bodyparts. However, acceptance
doesn’t equate to giving up. It took Arnold Schwarzenegger over 10 years to bring his legs – his
calves in particular – up to the superior level of his upper body. Don’t let race influence your
mindset either. While African Americans are generally considered to have poor genetics when
it comes to building calves, some of the greatest calves of all time belong to such African
American bodybuilders as Ronnie Coleman, Chris Dickerson, Vince Taylor and Dexter
Jackson.
Everyone is different genetically. Just take a glance at the lineup of the most recent Mr.
Olympia. Few bodybuilders can compare their front double biceps with Ronnie Coleman. Jay
Cutler has brought his back up to the point that other bodybuilders pale in comparison in back
shots. Lee Priest has more muscle on his 5‘4” frame than many bodybuilders who are a foot

taller. And while few would refer to Lee as symmetrical, or aesthetically pleasing, you can’t
deny that he has one awesome physique. Conversely, Dexter Jackson has that Greek statue look.
Even among these greats we have incredible diversity. Arnold Schwarzenegger’s single double
biceps pose (on the cover of his book 
Education of a Bodybuilder
) has few equals. Franco
Columbu’s rear lat spread has yet to be duplicated. And when it comes to legs – Tom Platz was
in a class by himself.
Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from one generation to the next. When
55

“
relatives say you have your mom’s eyes, or your dad’s hair, they aren’t trying to embarrass you
– they are noticing inherited physical characteristics. Plenty of physical and personality traits
become more and more visible as we age – some good, some bad. For example, cancer can
“run” in some families. It doesn’t mean that you’ll definitely get cancer, but you will have a
higher risk of developing it than someone whose family has no history of cancer.
GENETIC MARKER – BONE SIZE
Generally speaking, there is a direct relationship between skeleton size and muscle mass. A
small-boned individual will have far more difficulty developing the same degree of muscle size
as a larger-boned individual. A flip through 
a recent copy of 
 will
confirm this. There may be a 20- or 30-pound difference in weight between two bodybuilders of
the same height. Numerous bodybuilding authorities have suggested that one of the best

will
predictors of eventual arm size is wrist circumference. Generally speaking, you can expect to
build your upper arms to about 10 inches larger than your wrist size. Keep in mind that this is
adult wrist size, not teenage wrist size. If you’re in your early to mid teens you still have many
years of growth ahead of you, so don’t let a seven-inch wrist depress you! By the time you’re in
your early 20s, it may be nine or ten inches in size. And even if it does max out at seven or
eight inches, you could still develop large upper arms. A classic example of this is the great
French bodybuilder and 
 star, Serge Nubret, who built 20+ inch arms with wrists
measuring just seven inches.
I should add that there is an advantage to having small bones and joints. Nothing looks as

impressive as large, full muscles separated by small joints. Extremely large-boned
bodybuilders may have more muscle mass, but they often appear blocky and chunky. Small-
boned individuals tend to exhibit far better proportions and symmetry. Superstar Flex Wheeler
built what many considered the greatest physique of all time and yet had a medium-sized bone
structure at best.
The magic that is brought about by weight training never ceases to amaze me. I’ve seen
fat guys lose all their flab and become ripped to shreds. Conversely, I’ve seen guys so thin
that they had to move around in the shower to get wet who packed on so much muscle that
they became in-demand subjects for the various bodybuilding mags.”
– Editorial in 
, discussing how a person can totally change his

physique through weight training.
56

Photo of Flex Wheeler by Robert Kennedy
NUMBER OF MUSCLE CELLS
As you are probably aware, muscles are made up of smaller subunits called muscle cells (more
commonly called muscle fibers). It was once believed that individuals were born with a fixed
number of muscle cells and that weight training simply enlarged them. Therefore, a person with
100 million cells in a given muscle would potentially be able to build more size than someone
with 50 million cells. We all know guys who walk into a gym with muscular arms although
they have never lifted a barbell in their lives. Such lucky individuals probably have an
overabundance of muscle fibers in their arms – yet another blessing of good genetics! These are
the guys who could one day grace the pages of 
 – assuming they train
hard and eat plenty of clean food.
But as with wrist size, don’t let this genetic variable curtail your hopes and dreams. Since

the first edition of this book was written over 10 years ago, research has determined that weight
training may be able to split muscle fibers, which can then enlarge.
HORMONALLY CHARGED
A third variable that can influence muscle size is hormone levels, testosterone in particular. I’ll
be saying more on hormones in the chapter on biology. Suffice it to say, individuals with
naturally higher levels of the male hormone testosterone will probably build more muscle mass
than someone with lower levels. Higher testosterone is one of the primary reasons that men on
average are bigger and stronger than women.
Besides the physical advantages bestowed by testosterone, there is a psychological
component. Higher testosterone levels have been linked to increased aggression levels (one

reason why prison populations tend to be dominated by guys with high testosterone levels).
Guys with super-charged hormone systems don’t just work out with weights, they assault them!
They can train for endless hours with energy and strength to spare. As expected, the greater the
training intensity, the greater the increase in muscle strength and size.
But again, don’t just give in to genetics. Research indicates that natural testosterone levels
can be elevated by doing basic multi-joint movements (called compound exercises) such as
squats, deadlifts and bench presses. This is the reason why guys who do a lot of the heavy basic
barbell exercises are much bigger and stronger than the guys who do a lot of machine and
isolation movements.
A FINAL WORD

You’ve learned now that there is a genetic limit to how big and strong you’ll get. One piece of
potentially depressing news is that no matter how intensely you train, how clean you’re eating,
or how many drugs you take, you’ll still have a difficult time making it to the Mr. Olympia
stage. If your natural bone structure dictates 170 pounds, then building a 250-pound ripped
body is going to be a challenge. However, everyone – and we mean everyone – can make
tremendous gains in strength and size. Don’t let anyone tell you otherwise! And you know what
else? Who are we to say you’ll never make it the Mr. Olympia stage without the right
genetics?! Some of the top bodybuilders of all time won or came close to winning the Sandow
statue without perfect genetics. There was nothing in the early pictures of guys like Franco
58

Columbu, Frank Zane, Dexter Jackson, Dorian Yates or Lee Labrada to suggest bodybuilding
superstardom. But they ultimately said: “To hell with genetics!” and went on to build
incredible physiques. And so can you!
Photo of Mark Erpelding by Alex Ardenti
59

T
CHAPTER 4
All Shapes and Sizes
“When the shorter man builds quads that measure 25 to 28 inches around,
they’ll look astonishingly thick and muscular. A 6‘4” man with the same quad
size might be labeled ‘chicken legs’ in bodybuilding circles.”
– Ron Harris, regular 
 contributor, commenting on how genetics
plays a role in a bodybuilder’s appearance.
he next time you’re in the gym, or at a shopping mall for that matter, take a close look at all
the different body shapes and sizes. Although the general human population may seem
extremely diverse, it’s possible to group people according to common traits, the most common
being skinny, fat and muscular. Probably the most popular method for classifying body types is
Dr. William Sheldon’s three-category somatotype system. Sheldon photographed over 46,000
men and women and discovered 88 distinct categories he called somatotypes. To keep things
simple, he grouped all 88 into three major categories: endomorph, ectomorph and mesomorph.

Endomorphs tend to have more fat cells and large bones, and are usually short to medium
in height. While building muscle is usually not a problem, losing body fat is. This is the most
difficult group to classify. The person may truly be an endomorph, but he or she could also be
an ectomorph or mesomorph who is simply eating too much and doing little or no exercise.
Ectomorphs are often called “skinny” and tend to have long thin bones. Ectomorphs are
lucky because they don’t easily gain body fat. However, they have a difficult time building
muscle and have to fight significantly for every ounce of muscle they gain.
Mesomorphs are the most blessed when it comes to bodybuilding. They usually have large
bones and have no problem building muscle mass. Some mesomorphs gain fat easily, while

others do not. Most of the competitors you see on stage at the Mr. Olympia contest are pure
mesomorphs or mesomorphs blended with characteristics of one of the other two.
Few individuals fit precisely into any one of these categories – most are combinations of
all three. To illustrate this, Sheldon created a scale to rank the dominance of each somatotype
within each person. He came up with a scale that gives each somatotype a value from 1 to 7
with 7 being most dominant. For example, a person of ectomorphic 1, mesomorphic 5, and
endomorphic 4, would be an endo-mesomorph. This person would gain muscle easily, but
would also have trouble getting lean for a competition. Conversely, an ectomorphic 5,
mesomorphic 3, and endomorphic 1, would be ecto-mesomorphic. For this individual, losing
fat would not be a problem, but gaining muscle would.

60

Illustration by Eric Blais
ECTOMORPHS
Since ectomorphs are primarily concerned with gaining muscle mass, I suggest they keep their
workouts short. The vast majority of exercises should be compound in nature (i.e. involving
more than one joint and muscle group) and performed for no more than six to eight sets in total.
Since losing fat is not really a problem, ectomorphs can take long rests between sets – at least
one to two minutes. Cardio should also be kept to a minimum (no more than two or three 20-
minute sessions per week) because any excess calories will be used for building muscle tissue,
not for building body fat. A couple of cardio sessions will keep the heart and lungs in shape
without interfering with recovery. When it comes to nutrition, ectomorphs are the luckiest of
the three somatotypes because they can eat just about anything and get away with it. However,
optimal muscle is built with optimal nutrition. You’ll need protein for building muscle tissue

and carbohydrates to supply energy. Don’t forget good fats either, as they help with the
recovery process as well as helping to maintain overall health.
ENDOMORPHS
Since they tend to gain fat easily, endomorphs should keep between-set rests to a minimum
(about 20 to 30 seconds). As they gain muscle fairly easily, endomorphs can perform a
combination of compound and isolation (single-joint – one-muscle) exercises. Cardio will play
just as important a role for endomorphs as weight training, so a minimum of three 30-minute
sessions should be performed per week, and you could easily go up to five or six sessions of 45
minutes. Adding in outdoor exercises such as cycling, hiking and tennis would also be a good
idea.
61

Photo by (Left to right) Robert Reiff, Irvin Gelb, Robert Reiff
Endomorphs will need to pay strict attention to their diets. Endomorphs are in many
respects opposite to ectomorphs, and that means they store fat easily. All junk food will need to
be avoided, especially deep-fried foods and simple sugars (i.e. fries, cakes, candies and most
desserts).
MESOMORPHS
During World War II the bomber pilots had a “club” they referred to as the “lucky bastards
club.” To qualify for induction, a bomber crew had to survive between 25 and 35 missions
(depending upon the year) over Germany. Well, mesomorphs are the lucky bastards of the
bodybuilding world! They build the most muscle tissue of all three somatotypes and can drop
their body fat levels as low as ectomorphs, provided they eat and train properly. Mesomorphs
have such fast recovery systems that they can endure very intense training sessions. They don’t
have to be as strict as endomorphs with their diets. However, to maximize their muscle gains

they should eat highly nutritious meals containing good sources of protein, fresh fruits,
vegetables and healthy fats.
62

Photos by (Left to right) Irvin Gelb, Alex Ardenti, Robert Reiff
SO WHAT AM I?
You’re probably wondering by now which somatotype classification best describes your body.
As you have discovered, classifying your body type does play a role in your eating and training.
But let’s face it – there is far more to bodybuilding than a grab bag of DNA! Dedication,
passion, solid nutrition and strong training play the largest roles in building a great physique.
Remember: the greatest genetics in the world are useless if you don’t train consistently and eat
clean.
If you really want to label your body type, start by glancing in the mirror. Do you have
nice wide shoulders that seemingly touch both sides of a doorframe, or are they narrow and
sloped? Do you have large bones and joints, or are they small and frail? Consider your diet. Do
you gain fat easily, or can you eat junk food every day and not gain an ounce, or something in
between?

between?
Although this book is primarily focused on bodybuilding, you can use body typing to help
you choose sports and types of training. This doesn’t mean that you avoid sports that are
unsuited to your body type. It just helps you pick the sports or training that you may have more
‘natural’ success in. The following table lists common sports and the somatotypes that tend to
dominate each. Keep in mind that I’m talking success at a very high level here. There are
ectomorphs that make good wrestlers, and some great basketball players are more
mesomorphic. Also, remember that one person is rarely a strict endomorph, mesomorph or
ectomorph. Most people are a blend.
ENDOMORPH
MESOMORPH
ECTOMORPH
• Wrestling
• Judo
• High jumping
• Football
• Sprinting
• Triathlon
• Powerlifting
• Swimming
• Basketball
63

• Softball
• Rugby
• Volleyball
• Bodybuilding
• Marathon running
While anyone can be a bodybuilder, an ectomorph would have a difficult time doing well in
competition. If you are an ectomorph, however, you can still build your body to a great degree,
look amazing, feel great and perhaps get involved in personal training. Champion bodybuilders
are normally mesomorphs and occasionally lean more to the endomorph category. Dorian
Yates, Ronnie Coleman and Jay Cutler are primarily mesomorphs, but also have endomorph
characteristics (all three can weigh 30 or 40 pounds or more above their competition weight
during off-season). Frank Zane is mainly mesomorph, but with ectomorph characteristics.
Markus Ruhl and Mustafa Mohammad could be described as endo-mesomorphs or meso-
endomorphs, depending on perspective. Both have incredible muscle mass but also tend to
carry excess weight during the off-season. Even the great Arnold Schwarzenegger wasn’t a pure

mesomorph, with his tall frame and long limbs. In fact, Arnold has characteristics from all
three somatotypes.
CONCLUSION
How genetics relates to bodybuilding is a complicated topic. You will never really know your
genetic hold until you start training, and even then you’ll never reach your maximum genetic
potential. Guys like Arnold, Lee Haney, Dorian Yates and Ronnie Coleman, have come close,
but all have areas they can (or could) improve upon. Also, individuals with seemingly inferior
genetics do go on to win top bodybuilding titles. Conversely, others who were touted to be the
next “Arnold” disappeared after a few short years.
Some of you will find your potential for bodybuilding is average. Some of you will have
fantastic characteristics such as good size, great strength and a fast recovery system. At the

same time, you’ll also have some less-than-optimal traits like poor symmetry and an inability
to get really defined and “hard.” In terms of bodyparts, you may be able to compare your legs
with state and national champions, yet your arms and chest could barely make it to the city
level. You may have outstanding genetics which enable you to achieve success in other areas,
such as your job, but those same traits may prevent you from training consistently. Or you
might be prone to frequent injuries, tendonitis or weak joints.
So let’s say that after a few years of training, you assess your potential as less than
outstanding. Should you give up or cut back? No way! For one thing, your entire assessment
might be wrong. How many potential Mr. Olympias gave up because they or someone else

thought they had no future in the sport? Tons, we assure you! If you give up too soon, a vital
part of your life will disap
pear. Your health will suffer, your social life will become reduced,
and perhaps most importantly, you’ll never know just how far you could have gone.
If you still think that your potential is limited in some way, the following guidelines will
help you honestly assess it. And don’t be surprised if you discover that you were wrong and that
you have unlimited potential!
Don’t make bodybuilding your entire life. Of all the bodybuilders training worldwide, only
a small percentage will make their living from the sport. Even then, most of what they make
comes from seminars and posing exhibitions, not prize money. There’s probably nothing wrong

with being obsessed with bodybuilding, but don’t let that addiction keep you from enjoying
other aspects of life. If you love reading about nutrition and anatomy then great. Why not
64

“
invest some of that energy into doing a personal-training course or nutrition degree?
Completing some sort of education degree will not only help your bodybuilding, but also lead
to greater financial rewards down the road.
Body-type training is important for a bodybuilder, especially in the beginning and
intermediate stages. If the wrong approach is used, the lifter can actually hinder his
progress instead of promoting it.”
– Dwayne Hines II, 
 contributor and author
Don’t overtrain. Even though I’ll discuss this in much more depth in a later chapter, a few
words are needed now. You may love training, but the body can only endure so much before it
reaches the point at which it can’t fully recover between workouts. For the average person
(who’s not chemically enhanced!) three or four 45- to 60-minute workouts are more than
adequate. As you’ll learn later, it’s better to undertrain than overtrain.

Mix it up. Unless your training routine keeps consistently bringing you results, change it
up every four to six weeks. The body adapts very quickly, and often a lack of progress is not so
much a case of limited genetics as a lack of training variety.
Avoid drugs. While later in the book I’ll be diving into the murky world of bodybuilding
pharmacology, let’s say right now that all the steroids in the world won’t take you to the Mr.
Olympia stage if you don’t train hard, eat clean, and have the right genetics and the right
attitude.
Learn as much as you can. Even if your genetics are limited, your potential to learn never
is. Read and absorb everything about bodybuilding that you can get your hands on. This book is
a start, but there are lots of others. Every month dozens of bodybuilding magazines hit the

stands, each packed with training, nutrition, supplementation and recovery articles. You don’t
need to buy them all, but one or two a month won’t break your budget and will allow you to
learn a monumental amount. Most bodybuilders have a small library of books and magazines in
their dens! A quick flip through one before a workout is bound to get the training juices flowing
and provide important tips.
65

Train aggressively – but also wisely.
Photo of Ronny Rockel by Alex Ardenti
66

W
CHAPTER 5
Do You Have What It Takes?
“What the hell are you waiting for? Do you know that the number-one killer
in America is heart disease? While you sit there considering whether or not to
do anything about it, you are putting yourself more at risk.”
– Frank Sepe, regular 
 columnist, responding to an overweight
reader’s question about whether he should start exercising.
hile most readers will be content building a great-looking physique for its own sake, or
maybe with entering a local bodybuilding competition, a few of you may be interested in
dethroning the current Mr. Olympia! Greg Zulak, former 
 editor and
current contributor, once compiled a list of physical and mental characteristics necessary to
reach the top in our sport. Nearly every competitor at the international, amateur and pro levels
possess just about all of these characteristics. See how you stack up.
STRUCTURE AND FRAME

The ideal structure for a competitive bodybuilder is what’s called the “X-frame.” This means a
bone structure with wide shoulders, narrow hips, bigger legs and a great V-taper. Bodybuilding
greats like Ronnie Coleman, Mustafa Mohammad, Jay Cutler, Gustavo Badell, Victor Martinez
and Dennis James, 
all have extremely wide shoulders. And while none will be accused of
having small hips, they all have huge thighs and lats to balance the symmetry of their “X.”
Bodybuilders from the past whose bodies exemplified the X-frame include Arnold, Sergio
Oliva, Lee Haney, Bill Pearl, Steve Reeves, Reg Park and Serge Nubret.
MUSCLE SHAPE
Despite what some magazine articles may claim, you can’t really change a muscle’s shape.
Muscle shape is primarily genetic. Therefore, the best physiques tend to have muscles that

already possess the right shape, and training simply enlarges the muscle. The best shapes are
high, peaked biceps; long, full thighs; small, tight abdominals; low attaching and wide back
muscles (primarily the lats); full shoulders with all three heads clearly developed and visible;
full, diamond-shaped calves; and horseshoe-shaped triceps.
JOINT SIZE
Although bigger joints tend to mean more potential muscle mass, nothing looks as good as
large muscles on small to medium-sized joints. Great examples of this include Serge Nubret,
Flex Wheeler and Dexter Jackson.
67

MUSCLE SIZE AND MASS
While hardness and structure are relevant, bodybuilding is about muscles – strong, massive,
powerful muscles! Granted, size is often related to height and bone structure, but few pro
bodybuilders or top amateurs weigh less than 200 pounds in contest shape. Nearly every top
bodybuilder has greater than 20-inch arms, 50-inch chest, 20-inch calves and 28-inch thighs.
Competitors who possess this size in addition to an ultra-shredded look will usually place at or
near the top.
Rest between sets to regain your strength.
Photo of Joel Stubbs by Robert Reiff
SYMMETRY, BALANCE AND PROPORTION
It’s not enough to just have huge muscles; the muscle mass must be evenly spread over the
body. From top to bottom and side to side, your body must be evenly balanced and
proportioned. Your calves should not be noticeably larger or smaller than your neck or arms;
your chest should not dwarf your back; your upper body should not make your legs look like

stilts. Your ultimate goal is to have your body resemble a Greek statue. If you want to see what
ideal proportion looks like, take a look at Dexter Jackson.
LONG MUSCLE BELLIES AND FULL MUSCLE INSERTIONS
As with joint size and muscle shape, these features are primarily dependent on your genetics. If
you watch a bodybuilding contest or look at pictures, you’ll notice that some competitors have
muscles that run the full length of their bones, while others have noticeable gaps between the
joint and the muscle belly. The biceps and triceps show great variation in this respect, and
“high” lats and calves are not as coveted as “low” versions – in other words, it’s preferable to
have calves and lats with low insertions.
68

MUSCULAR DEFINITION
There was a time when the bodybuilder with the largest muscles would probably win any given
contest, but not anymore. Today, bodybuilders are expected to carry as little body fat as
possible. If your muscles don’t display striations and cross-striations, you can kiss the winner’s
trophy goodbye! While genetics do play a role in achieving that “ripped” look, the primary
variables for developing muscular definition are diet and cardio.
VASCULARITY
Vascularity refers to how well the veins stand out in bas-relief on your body. On some
bodybuilders the veins will be closer to the surface, while on others they will be deeper.
Vascularity is also related to body fat – the less fat on the body, the more the veins will stand
out. Some bodybuilders have great vascularity year round, while others’ veins won’t start
showing until the weeks leading up to a contest.
MUSCLE SEPARATION
As the term suggests, muscle separation refers to how well muscles are clearly separated from

one another. It also refers to how clear the subunits of the muscles stand out from one another.
For example, on some bodybuilders you can see the dividing line between both biceps heads.
Having all four quadriceps heads separated is a must these days. The two pectoral (chest)
muscles should be separated by a clear line, straight up the middle. To be really competitive,
your muscles should not appear as one large lump of mass. Muscle separation is one of those
areas where smaller bodybuilders can hold their own, and often beat larger opponents.
MUSCLE DENSITY
You can tell the bodybuilders who blow their muscles up quickly with drugs and lift light
weight for high-rep sets. They don’t have that powerful, rugged look about them. Instead, they
appear almost artifical. Only years of heavy training will give muscles that “dense” look.
HIGH ENERGY LEVELS

Building a good-looking physique takes at least a few months. A great one will require an
investment of years of high-intensity workouts. Only those with the stamina and energy to
endure such physical exertion will survive. A typical champion bodybuilder will train very
hard, one to two hours a day, four to six days a week. When you add in the four to six cardio
sessions, you can see why this training is not for the lazy!
CONDITION YOUR MUSCLES
A muscular body burns more fat throughout the day. By increasing your metabolism
through lifting weights regularly and eating smaller, more frequent meals, you’ll
continue to burn body fat long after you’ve left the gym. The increase in muscle will
boost your metabolism, thereby increasing the amount of calories your body uses.
69

NATURAL STRENGTH
With one or two possible exceptions, all today’s top bodybuilding stars are immensely strong.
Guys like Jay Cutler, Ronnie Coleman, Mat DuVal and Mustafa Mohammad can each bench
press over 400 pounds, squat over 500 pounds and barbell curl in excess of 200 pounds. If you
find yourself holding your own with the strongest guys in your gym after a few months of
training, you probably have the strength needed to build a large, muscular physique. Training
will make you stronger, but those possessing natural strength from day one will usually
progress the farthest in the sport.
A QUICK METABOLISM
One of the absolute musts of bodybuilding. A great-looking physique means being able to eat a
lot of nutritious food and have the calories turned into muscle tissue, not fat. Some
bodybuilders can eat in excess of 5,000 calories per day and still keep a six-pack set of
abdominals. Others will get fat on 2,000 calories.
HIGH PAIN THRESHOLD

Weight training, especially the type required to build a large, muscular physique, is painful at
times. Most, if not all, your sets should be carried through the pain barrier. Most of the top
bodybuilding stars block the pain out (a few masochists actually enjoy it!) If stubbing your toe
or pulling a band-aid off your skin hurts, forget about building a large, muscular physique! You
won’t survive the first training session!
WILLPOWER
Are you willing to make sacrifices to build a championship physique? Do you consistently find
excuses to skip workouts? Would you prefer to hit the fast-food joint rather than broil some
skinless chicken? Do you regularly get 8 to 10 hours of sleep every night? With one or two
exceptions, virtually all the top bodybuilders make bodybuilding a top priority. They are not

lazy and they are extremely dedicated. This is how you absolutely must be if you want to reach
the top.
POSITIVE MENTAL ATTITUDE
After Ronnie Coleman placed ninth at the 1997 Mr. Olympia, he didn’t settle for merely
cracking the top 10. Instead, he banished all negative thinking and set a new goal: to win the
1998 title. Then to show it was no fluke, he won the next seven! Likewise, Jay Cutler didn’t
give up after placing second to Ronnie Coleman on four different occasions. Determined to
finally win the No. 1 spot, he found the positive energy needed to improve his physique and
won the title in 2006 and 2007. If your goal is to someday win a major bodybuilding title, then
you can’t take a half-hearted approach and be defeated easily. There will be days when going to

the gym is the last thing you want to do. But with the exception of when you are overtraining
(more on this later in the book), you must kick yourself in the ass and hit the iron!
70

Y
CHAPTER 6
The Dos & Don’ts of DOMS
“The funny thing about DOMS is that none of the muscles worked exhibit
pain in the same way. It’s not hard to tell you’ve had a great chest workout.
All it takes is one arms-out stretch the next day and you’ll be sore from
sternum to armpit.
Likewise you may have trouble climbing stairs two days after a leg workout.
Then there is the back, and it may never really get sore.”
, commenting on the differences among muscles with
regards to DOMS.
ou know the feeling. You get up in the morning and make that all-familiar arms-wide-open
stretch and then it hits you: an intense, penetrating soreness. Then you say to yourself: “Oh
yeah, that’s right. I had a great chest workout yesterday.” Unlike most people, however, who
would be rushing to find their doctor’s number, the serious iron-pumper in you actually
welcomes the pain. In fact, no matter how intense or record-setting your workout, a lack of

soreness the following day is not taken lightly. You begin to wonder if you’re training hard
enough. Perhaps you need to change your routine? Has your descent into old age begun?
No need to panic. While soreness is often associated with a great workout, it’s not an
absolute necessity. You don’t need to be howling in pain. Some of the most massive
bodybuilders around rarely get sore after their workouts.
Most people start experiencing soreness in the exercised muscles about 12 to 24 hours
after their workout. Physiologists use the term “delayed onset muscle soreness,” or DOMS, to
describe this general condition. Some people may find that one or two muscles do not reach
their full soreness until 48 hours later. The legs, particularly the calves, are well-known for
this.

this.
The intense burn you feel during exercise is caused by the buildup of lactic acid – one of
the primary waste-products generated during anaerobic respiration. Originally, sports
physiologists thought DOMS was just a continuation of the soreness that you feel during your
workout. They assumed that the muscle soreness experienced over the next few days was a
result of lactic acid remaining in the muscles. The most commonly held view now is that
DOMS is primarily caused by the micro-damage that occurs to muscle during high-intensity
workouts, especially bodybuilding training. Negative repetitions, where you lower the weight in
a slow and controlled manner, seem to magnify the degree of muscle soreness. Negatives
apparently cause greater micro-trauma (damage at the muscle cellular level) than the positive,

or lifting, part of the repetition. More reason to concentrate on negatives just as much as
positives.
The type of pain you feel during and after a workout is different than the pain produced by
an injury. You should try and develop the ability to recognize the difference between the good
pain (i.e. soreness) from training and the bad pain associated with an injury. Unless the
71

soreness is so extreme that it prevents you from doing normal day-to-day physical activity such
as walking or stair climbing, then mild to moderate soreness is good pain. It’s an indication
that you had a great workout and that you trained hard enough to stimulate the muscles to new
growth. A sharp pain that occurs on only one side of your body is surely an injury.
DOMS will be most pronounced in beginners, as their muscles are not used to strenuous
exercise. With time their bodies will adapt to the workloads and the soreness will diminish with
each respective workout. If you’ve been training for a while you can probably relate to this. The
first few weeks were probably brutal but with time the intensity of the post-workout soreness is
greatly diminished. Now, earlier I said that it wasn’t necessary to be intensely sore following a
workout, but if you follow the same workout month after month and experience virtually no

soreness, odds are your body has gotten accustomed to your workout. You’ve reached a plateau
and you’ll cease to make any strength or size gains until you change up your routine.
Photo of Leo Ingram by Paul Buceta
No matter how many years you’ve been working out, it’s a good idea to change your
exercise program every four to six weeks. Besides the increased enthusiasm that comes with a
new training routine, you’ll also experience an increase in soreness – in other words, your body
is being forced to break down and build up new muscle tissue. The key to continued success is
shocking your body with progressive overload. Every time you shock your body with a new
exercise routine you can expect the soreness to return. You don’t need to radically change your

training routine. Even small changes can leave you feeling pretty sore. You can change the
order of your 
workout, or the speed at which you perform the reps. You can use different
exercises for the same bodypart, or you can increase or decrease the reps. Keep this in mind
72

when designing your new program. Start out with a few simple changes and gradually increase
the intensity.
Okay. So what if you’re still sore from your previous workout? Should you still train the
same muscles? If the soreness is mild, then go ahead and work right through it. In fact an extra
shot of blood to the area will only speed up recovery and help eliminate the soreness. If,
however, there is still a great deal of soreness remaining from the last training session, then the
muscle has not completely recovered. Hitting it again before full recovery has taken place may
push you into a state of overtraining. The end result could be a loss of strength and size.
All right, let’s say you have gone overboard and can hardly move because you’re so sore.
Is there anything you can do to alleviate the soreness? You betcha!
STRETCHING
Most of us know that stretching helps warm up muscles and is a great way to improve
flexibility, but stretching is also an excellent way to reduce soreness. Stretching a muscle

during or after a workout increases the transport of nutrients to the area and speeds up the
removal of waste products. More nutrients and less metabolic waste helps quicken the body’s
repair processes.
CARDIO
Hop on a piece of cardio equipment after your workout. No need to do a full cardio session.
Something in the order of five to ten minutes at low to moderate intensity would suffice. Try to
pick a cardio machine that involves the muscles you trained that day. While all machines will
bring in the legs, some of them also require the use of the upper body muscles (i.e. rower and
crosstrainer). As with stretching, light cardio will help transport waste products away from the
muscles and bring in extra nutrients.
MASSAGE
A final recommendation is to try massage. Athletes in the former Eastern Bloc countries used

MASSAGE
massage for decades to speed recovery and reduce post-exercise soreness. A good massage
therapist uses different techniques to help remove metabolic waste products from the body and
increase oxygen delivery to the area.
Some people just aren’t satisfied unless they’re sore the next day. Although in general
increased soreness means more micro-damage and therefore more growth, this is not written in
stone. So until we understand more about the whole process, it’s probably adequate to say that
mild to moderate soreness is preferred if we are looking for muscle growth.
EARLY MORNING CARDIO
Sometimes old training staples become modified and improved over the years, but
many training routines simply can’t be beat — like doing cardio for 30–45 minutes first
thing in the morning on an empty stomach. Cardio at this time will naturally boost your

aerobic capacity and will also take advantage of a critical window for fat loss. When
73

you wake up, your glycogen and blood sugar levels are depleted, so the fuel you use for
energy will be mostly from fat stores.
74

Larry Vinette knows the value of a good cardio workout.
Photo of Larry Vinette by Paul Buceta
75

M
CHAPTER 7
Bodybuilding 101: Reps
“No one knows why, but exercise physiologists have stated for years that the
negative portion of an exercise movement produces more soreness and
growth.”
– Dr. Arthur Jones, Nautilus equipment inventor, giving his views on why negative
training is just as important as positive training.
ost sports have their own language. Hockey players try to avoid “off-sides” and “icings;”
football players try to make it to the “end-zone.” If you’re playing baseball, arriving “safe
at home” is a high priority. Let’s not forget the term “love” in tennis and the “natural high” of
running. Bodybuilding also has its own unique language and terms, and before long you’ll be
well versed in the talk of supersets, pyramiding, and pre-exhaustion. This chapter details and
explains each term associated with the sport of bodybuilding. After this chapter, you’ll be
totally fluent in bodybuildingese, even if you’ve never hit the gym!
REPS

REPS
Virtually every exercise and training routine relies on an understanding of this simple word.
The word “rep” is an abbreviation of the word “repetition” and refers to one complete
movement of an exercise. For example, curling a barbell up and then back down is one rep.
With the exception of a few test lifts, bodybuilders rarely perform just one rep of an exercise.
Instead, they perform a series of consecutive reps in a group or bunch, called a “set.” The
average number of reps in a set is 8 to 12, but this depends on such factors as the exercise itself,
the goals of the trainer, the muscle group being worked, and the time of the year (i.e. off-season
or pre-contest).
HOW MANY?
“So how do they train? With moderate weights, lots of sets and reps and they push at least one

HOW MANY?
of those sets to near maximum effort. Occasionally they will go real heavy, using low reps on
presses or squats, but most sets involve a steady rhythmic motion of 10 to 12 reps. And
invariably the set is stopped when it is obvious the bodybuilder could have squeezed out a
couple of more reps.”
, on how most bodybuilders train in Venice, California.
Probably the most common question pro bodybuilders receive at seminars is: “How many
reps should I perform?” Everyone wonders if there is some magical rep range that will produce
the biggest and fastest gains in muscle size. It would be nice if you could plug your vital
statistics into a computer and calculate that magical reprange, but it just doesn’t work that way!
For this reason, most bodybuilders will vary their rep ranges throughout the years. In fact many
77

“
will alternate rep ranges during the same workout.
THE BIG THREE
Generally speaking, there are three broad rep ranges that bodybuilders follow throughout the
year: ranges for building maximum strength, maximum size, and maintenance and
conditioning.
If maximum strength is the goal, we recommend reps in the 3-to-5 range. This does not
mean simply stopping at 3 to 5 reps, no matter how many you could have done, but rather using
a weight that prevents you from achieving a higher number. Many bodybuilders follow this
type of training for a few months during the off-season to maximize strength gains.
Powerlifters tend to follow this pattern of reps for most of the year – even though they perform
only single reps during competition.
If maximum muscle mass is the goal, then the accepted rep range is 8 to 12. Some
bodybuilders find slightly lower ranges of 6 to 8 more productive. Others experience the best
results by performing higher reps in the 15 to 20 range. For the most part, however, you

probably can’t go wrong keeping most of your exercises in the 8-to-12 zone. Unless otherwise
stated, most of the exercise routines in this book are meant to be performed in the 8- to 12-rep
range.
If general conditioning is the desired goal, then the 12–15 or sometimes 15–20 range is
recommended. Many athletes and bodybuilders follow this range during their pre-contest phase
of training as it burns slightly more calories, preserves muscle size and strength and reduces
the risk of injury. (Higher reps require the use of lighter weights.)
If longevity is one of your goals, and if you want to avoid injuries, stick to strict form on
85 percent of your reps. Cheat only moderately and only when a muscle is really warmed
up.”
– Greg Zulak, regular 
 contributor, offering advice on the importance

up.”
of strict training.
STRICT STYLE IS KING
Back in the 1980s, an article titled “Strict Style is King” appeared in Joe Weider’s magazine
Muscle and Fitness
. No truer words have been spoken in regard to bodybuilding training. With
the possible exception of a few advanced training techniques, all reps should be performed in
strict style. The two primary reasons for this are safety and effectiveness.
The safety aspect cannot be emphasized enough. Despite what most of the general pubic
assumes, weight rarely causes injuries – bad technique does! An exercise using 10 pounds in
poor style can do far more damage than one using 200 pounds in strict style. The body’s joints,
ligaments, tendons, etc., are not designed to be subjected to bouncing and jerking movements.

Yet walk into any gym and you’ll see guys bouncing bars off their chest, squatting up and down
as fast as their legs can move them and jerking hundreds of pounds up with their lower backs.
They may be able to lift more weight in this manner, but only because they are using their
joints as elastic bands. Sooner or later something will give, and it’s usually a ligament or
tendon! While physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons may appreciate the business,
body-
building is meant to be safe. Always, and I repeat, always lift the weight in strict style.
78

Arnold concentrated on every second of every rep.
Photo of Arnold Schwarzenegger
79

Effectiveness is the second reason for using strict style on all your exercises. While it’s
not possible to completely isolate any given muscle group, you should always attempt to
minimize the involvement of totally unrelated muscle groups. For example, working the triceps
and front shoulders on the barbell bench press is acceptable, but arching your lower back and
pushing with your thighs is not. Likewise, don’t use your thighs and lower back to thrust the
weight up during barbell curls. Remember that it’s your muscles you want to pump up, not your
ego!
During his 
 years, Arnold used 60- to 70-pound dumbells to train his biceps.
While others were lobbing up 100-pounders by cheating with their other muscles and with
momentum, Arnold was building two of the greatest arms of all time. Many people assumed
that Arnold simply had better genetics or used a lot of drugs. However, the truth was that
Arnold would perform each rep in a slow and controlled manner. He felt every rep in his biceps

– not his lower back or thighs, like the guys who used to “swing.” Most of today’s champions
follow Arnold’s lead. You won’t see Jay Cutler, Dexter Jackson or Melvin Anthony swinging
and contorting their bodies just to lift the weight up. Each rep is performed in a deliberate and
controlled fashion.
LESS AND LESS
As surprising as this may seem, most of today’s bodybuilding superstars are using less weight
than they once did. Instead of 600-pound squats and 500-pound bench presses, most are using
405 to 500 on the squat and 315 to 405 on the bench press. A combination of injuries and
learning how to use better technique led to a change in bodybuilding-training philosophy.
Although most bodybuilders can still use huge poundage on their exercises, the majority opt for

ultra-strict reps using a moderate amount of weight. Most bodybuilders find they get much
better stimulation this way.
IT’S ALL RELATIVE
You’ll eventually realize that “light” and “heavy” are relative terms and that you can make a
weight feel light or heavy depending on technique and speed. A 30-pound dumbell can be made
to feel like 50 or 60 pounds if lifted in a slow and controlled manner. Before moving on to the
next topic, let us ask you this: If the vast majority of top bodybuilders use moderate weight on
their exercises despite being strong enough to lift far more, why should you be any different?
FORCED REPS
One of the first advanced training techniques you will learn is called forced reps. Many
bodybuilders discover this great muscle builder by accident. Forced reps are performed when,

instead of stopping the set at the last possible rep, you have a partner or spotter assist you by
providing just enough upward assistance to keep the bar or dumbells moving. The theory
behind forced reps is fairly simple. Let’s say you fail on the 10th rep of an exercise. Now you
could terminate the set and take your normal rest period, or you could have someone help you,
enabling you to squeeze out a few additional reps. Forced reps stimulate muscle fibers more
intensely than if you stopped at failure. Most regular gym members know how to give a correct
spot, so if you don’t have a regular training partner, don’t be shy about asking a stranger.
80

Reps are without a doubt the most important aspect of your bodybuilding training. To
maximize your muscle and strength gains, you should experiment with various rep ranges to
determine the range that works best for you, and remember to switch it up quite often. No two
people respond the same and the best bodybuilders are those who frequently try different rep
and weight combinations.
81

I
CHAPTER 8
Bodybuilding 101: Sets
“If you want bigger arms – squat. Squatting makes everything grow.”
– Sergio Oliva, three-time Mr. Olympia, offering advice to beginners on the best way to
increase their arm size.
f “rep” is the most common term in bodybuilding, then “set” is a close second. As explained
earlier, you don’t perform endless reps; you put them together in groups called sets. Now
your first question is probably, “What is the most productive number of sets?” Ask two
different bodybuilders and you’ll probably get two different answers! As with reps, most
bodybuilders experiment with different set numbers to determine which provides the best
results.
Over the years two camps have evolved with regards to how many sets to perform: high
intensity (or heavy duty), and the classical system. Most bodybuilders have tried the single-set,
high-intensity system, but the classic multi-set system is still the most popular. In fact, as of

this writing, no top bodybuilding champion has relied solely on the single-set system.
HIGH-INTENSITY, LOW-SET TRAINING
“A hard day of leg training is tough both physically and mentally. The enduring pain and
suffering and the sheer magnitude of squatting thousands of pounds are gut wrenching, but
they’re also a bit like an endorphin after-party that makes showing up to the venue worth every
penny of the admission price.”
– Charles Glass, master trainer, commenting on the anguish and excitement of leg training.
The high-intensity system of training originated from the writings and works of Dr. Arthur
Jones. Dr. Jones invented the Nautilus line of exercise equipment. Nautilus was the first serious
challenger to the old Universal multi-stations found in many high school and college gyms.
Jones decided to market

Jones decided to market 
his equipment differently by claiming all one needed to do was to
perform one set per muscle group on his eight to ten stations. Although Dr. Jones made
millions selling Nautilus equipment in the ’70s and ’80s, this one-set-per-bodypart system
didn’t resonate with serious bodybuilders. It would take 1976 Mr. Universe winner, Mike
Mentzer, to sell the high-intensity training principle to the masses. Mentzer was one of the top
bodybuilders in the world and highly intelligent. With his great physique and strong
presentation skills, Mike easily reframed Jones’ ideas into his Heavy Duty system.
It’s safe to say that Mike influenced millions with his writings right up until his untimely
death in 2001.
Although he did use multiple sets for most of his training, six-time Mr. Olympia Dorian
Yates was extremely influenced by Mentzer’s writings. Dorian rarely did more than 6 to 8 sets

for his largest muscle groups (as opposed to the 12 to 20 sets favored by most other top
bodybuilders).
82

Advocates of this system argue that all it takes to fully stimulate a muscle is one or two
all-out high-intensity sets. Spending hours in the gym doing endless subpar sets is a waste of
time. In fact it may lead to muscle loss as the human body can easily slip into a state of
overtraining from such high-volume workouts. Dorian Yates probably put it best when he said:
“Once a nail is driven into a wall, it’s useless to keep hitting it – you’ll only damage the wall!”
The reality of high intensity or heavy duty is that few but the chemically enhanced or
genetically blessed can handle such high-intensity training.
Photo of Mike Mentzer
The late Mentzer brothers, Mike and Ray.
THE CLASSICAL, OR MULTI-SET, SYSTEM OF TRAINING
The classical system of training is by far the most popular style of training and has built more
great physiques than all the other training styles combined. Starting with 1 or 2 sets per
83

exercise, you gradually add sets and exercises until you’re performing 3 to 5 sets of four or five
exercises for the larger muscle groups. By the time most bodybuilders reach the advanced level
of training, they are performing 
20 to 25 sets for each of the large muscle groups such as the
chest, back and thighs, and 12 to 15 for the smaller groups such as the biceps and triceps.
Bodybuilders who follow the classical system (this includes former greats Arnold, Oliva,
Columbu and Haney and current stars like Coleman, Priest, Cutler and Badell) report that they
needed to add sets and exercises in order to keep improving. Some critics have declared that
these top bodybuilding pros are genetically blessed and would grow no matter which way they
trained. This could be true to a certain extent, but there’s no denying that the classical system
has produced virtually every top pro and amateur bodybuilder of the last 60 to 70 years.
SO … IS THERE A BEST SYSTEM?

“Most people’s tolerance for excessive physical strain is not high enough and such training
could lead to torn muscles and will lead to burnout. Call it by any name – stressed out muscle,
extreme fatigue, sticking point, physical exhaustion, over tonus – whatever, it translates into
zero muscle growth!”
– 
Editorial in MuscleMag International, on continuous high-intensity training.
By now you’re probably wondering where to start. Given the solid reputation of the
classical system, we suggest you start there. There is more to muscle growth than enlarging
muscle fibers. You have to increase blood supply by stimulating the growth of new blood
vessels. Unfortunately, the one-set system does a poor job of this. It’s also not good for the
joints because of the huge poundage that needs to be used (something Mentzer grudgingly
admitted in later years).

Don’t start out by doing 20 sets for each muscle group. For most beginners 2 or 3 sets of
two exercises per muscle group is more than sufficient to adequately stimulate growth. Later in
the book I’ll go into more detail about the various types of training programs.
As time goes on you may want to experiment with the Heavy Duty style of training.
Certainly if you’re on the ectomorphic side, you may find that fewer but higher intensity sets
may yield better results. Also keep in mind that the classical system requires enormous
amounts of energy and hence food, to be effective. Many bodybuilders find 15 to 20 sets or
more per bodypart just too draining.
84

Photo of Lee Priest by Paul Buceta
HOW LONG DO I REST BETWEEN SETS?
The general answer to this question is: rest long enough to recover from the previous set, but
not long enough to cool down. This normally works out to 45 to 60 seconds between sets.
Powerlifters often rest two minutes or more between sets. Those weight training for general
conditioning often rest less than 20 seconds (doing so keeps the heart rate elevated and
provides a cardiovascular component to the workout).
TYPES OF SETS
“Forget the freaks. I want to help the millions who are less fortunate. To do that we must see
how those with below-average genetics built their muscles. Better than 
asking a top
bodybuilder how to train, seek out a man who, because of his less-than-perfect genetics, had to
discover the hard way what works and what doesn’t.”
 offering advice on who to ask for training advice.
There are a few different and challenging methods for completing your sets. Let’s examine
each in detail.

Straight Sets
This is the oldest style of training and is performed in a direct straightforward manner. In the
purest sense, the same weight is used for the same number of sets and reps – for example, 3 sets
of 12 reps using 225 pounds on the barbell bench press. The straight-set pattern is probably the
most common training technique, and most of the advanced training techniques evolved from
straight sets.
Pyramid Sets
If straight sets are the most common style of training, pyramid sets are a close second. Instead
85

of using the same weight for the same number of sets and reps, the weight is increased with
each successive set, while the number of reps is decreased. The top, or peak, of the pyramid is
reached with the heaviest weight and fewest number of reps. The weight is then reduced and the
number of reps increased. Essentially, you work your way up one side of the pyramid and down
the other. Generally speaking, you perform the lighter sets for 15 to 20 reps, while the heaviest
sets usually fall in the 6- to 8-rep range. One advantage of pyramid sets is that they allow the
muscles to warm up fully before lifting the heaviest weight. This helps prevent injuries. It’s
also probably more effective. Think of muscles as engines – they work most efficiently after a
good warmup.
An example of pyramid sets for barbell squats would look like this:
Photo of Monty Rogers by Robert Reiff
BARBELL SQUATS
SET
WEIGHT
REPS
1
135
20
2
225
15
3
315
10
4
404
6
5
315
10
6
225
12
86

Half Pyramids: Ascending and Descending Sets
You could also modify the full pyramid and do only one side. For example, you could slowly
work your way up in weight and down in reps, finishing with the heaviest weight. Such sets are
called ascending sets. Even more popular are descending sets. In this case, the heaviest weights
are lifted first, and each successive set gets lighter. Bodybuilders usually prefer descending
sets, as this allows them to lift heavier weights during the workout – ascending sets often tire
the muscles out before the maximum weight is reached. While the debate continues as to
whether or not reaching the maximum weight is absolutely necessary for growth, most
bodybuilders still prefer to “max out.”
If descending sets have a disadvantage it’s that they increase the risk of injury. As we
pointed out earlier, your muscles should be thoroughly warmed up before lifting heavy weights.
The first set would be the heaviest set performed, meaning that the muscles would be cold

while lifting the heavy weight. Since this is extremely dangerous, most bodybuilders perform a
few very light, high-rep sets – just enough to get the blood flowing to the muscle. They don’t
count these sets because they are so light – they just call them warmup sets.
Here’s an example of descending sets on the barbell curl:
BARBELL CURLS
87

SET
WEIGHT
REPS
1
135
6–8
2
115
10–12
3
95
10–12
4
75
12–15
The best idea is to alternate between these types of workouts. Doing so will keep your muscles
in a state of shock, which is just what you need to keep your muscles growing. Changing up
your workouts will also prevent you from becoming easily bored.
No exercise builds biceps like the barbell curl.
Photo of Stan McQuay by Robert Reiff
88

A
CHAPTER 9
Bodybuilding 101: Just How Heavy?
“One of the differences between title winners and runners-up is that the title
winners use weights as tools to build muscle, while the rest just heave the
weight up any way they can.”
big mistake made by novice and advanced bodybuilders alike is trying to use more weight
than their muscles are capable of lifting.
You’ll notice as you read through this book that I don’t list how much weight to use in any
of the exercises. That’s because there is no way I can tell another person how much weight to
use. I can advise you about the number of sets, reps, exercises, combinations, nutrition and
even on how fast or slow to lift the weight. But there’s no way I can tell you how many plates
to put on that bar.
As a general guide, you should first determine how many reps you plan on performing. For
example, let’s say it’s 10. Next, pick a weight that limits you to just 10 reps. Notice I said

limits you to 10 reps. You don’t just stop at 10 if you can manage 11 or 12 reps. If you can do
12 reps but you want to do only 10, then the weight is not heavy enough. There will be days that
you’ll be able to do those few extra reps; likewise, there’ll be days when it will take every
ounce of energy just to squeeze out those 8 or 9 reps. But as soon as performing more than 10
reps becomes the norm rather than the exception, add 5 or 10 pounds to the bar or machine.
That is, if you have chosen 10 reps as your goal.
It won’t be long before you’ll be using different rep ranges in your work-
outs. You may
think it will be difficult to keep adjusting the weight, but trust me, it’s really not. Within a few
workouts, you’ll be adding and removing weight just to keep in your target rep range. Never

sacrifice good form just to lift more weight. It’s far safer and certainly more effective to lift
225 pounds on the bench press using good technique than to bounce 275 off your chest. Don’t
worry about the guy next to you either. So what if he’s lifting 400 pounds? He certainly didn’t
start out lifting that weight. He had to work his way up over time, just like you. And just like
him, if you keep working hard and lifting properly, you will soon be lifting 400 pounds – but
you won’t get there by trying to lift that weight before you’re ready. Always try to “feel” the
weight as you lift. If you can’t feel the muscle being worked, you’re either not using enough
weight or you are relying on the smaller muscles to do most of the lifting.

Keep in mind that the terms “light,” “heavy,” “high,” and “low” are relative terms. What’s
heavy for one person may be a light warmup weight for another. Likewise, some bodybuilders
consider anything above 10 reps as high reps, while others think high-rep training starts at 20.
Experiment with different rep and weight combinations to find what works best for you over
time.
THE NEED FOR SPEED
89

Go into any gym and you’ll see weights being thrown around in just about every conceivable
manner. It’s truly amazing that more people are not getting injured, considering what goes on
daily in gyms. The human body was not designed to be jolted or jerked around in a rapid and
abrupt manner – especially while supporting great poundage. Grabbing a bar and yanking it off
the floor is not exercising using proper technique. Neither is bouncing up and down while doing
squats. Both these movements could cause severe injury.
Severe injuries are also caused by placing too much stress on a muscle or joint in too short
a period of time. For example, maybe your thighs can handle a 500-pound squat, but not if you
subject your muscles to the entire 500 pounds in less than a second! Let’s use the car analogy to
illustrate: If you were driving along at 70 or 80 miles per hour without a seatbelt and suddenly
hit a tree or another car, you’d probably go through the windshield. Why? Because your car

went from 70 to 0 in less than a second, and your body just kept moving. If you’d had time to
slowly reduce your speed and stop, you would have stayed in your seat and probably avoided
the accident altogether. Well, the same applies to bodybuilding exercises – slow and controlled
is the only way to do it.
Photo of James Lewis by Robert Reiff
TEMPO
Bodybuilders use the term “tempo” to describe rep speeds. While on average most
bodybuilders use a two- to four-second tempo, you will see many different combinations. Many
experts, including Charles Poliquin, don’t look at reps as one unit, but rather as four distinct
parts. Most people are aware of the raising (positive, or concentric) 
and lowering (negative, or
eccentric) sections of the rep, but often neglect the pausing section at the top and bottom. The

reason for this is simple: stopping the weight for a split second makes the exercise more
difficult and will probably demand that the individual lift less weight. But, as Poliquin and
others have suggested, pausing helps take momentum out of the equation, helping recruit more
muscle fibers. It’s also safer because the soft ligament and cartilage tissues won’t be used like
springs.
90

Tempos can be written mathematically in the following manner:
EXERCISE:
BARBELL PRESS;
MUSCLE:
CHEST;
WEIGHT:
185 lbs;
REPS:
10;
SETS:
3;
TEMPO:
2-1-2-1;
In this example, the individual is lifting 185 pounds for 3 sets of 10 reps on the barbell bench
press. The 2-1-2-1 tempo indicates that it takes two seconds to lift the weight, a one-second
pause at the top, two seconds to lower the weight, and another one-second pause at the bottom.
The importance of repetition speed is debated, but not as hotly as it once was. The faster
the reps, the lower the muscle tension – that much is true. Reduce your rep speed to a more
controlled tempo and you increase the muscle tension. Developing muscle size is a matter of
high muscle tension (coupled with progressive overload). The higher the tension, the more
you’ll grow. However, faster reps allow you to use more weight. More weight produces more
growth. So which is better? The truth is, they both work. So use whichever speed works best for
you.
THE ORDER OF THINGS

you.
In general, most bodybuilders train the larger muscles first because they require more energy.
The thighs, chest and back require considerably more energy to be stimulated than the biceps,
triceps and shoulders. There’s also a more practical reason for leaving the biceps and triceps
until last. These smaller muscles are also used when training the larger muscles. The biceps are
assisting muscles in upper back exercises. Likewise, the triceps come into play on most chest
exercises. Training the smaller assisting muscles first would severely hinder your progress on
your larger muscle groups, and make injury more likely. You may also want to train the
shoulders after the chest or back, since the front and side shoulders are involved with chest
training and the rear shoulders are involved with back training.

It probably doesn’t matter what order you train chest and back if you’re working both on
the same day. Just make sure you don’t fall prey to this dangerous mindset: “If I can’t see it,
it’s not that important.” In competition, you’ll often see some amazing sets of pectorals. When
the competitors turn around, it’s an entirely different scene. Since the back muscles are harder
to see, many bodybuilders don’t train them with the same intensity as they do the chest. If your
back development starts lagging behind that of your chest, use the “muscle-priority principle.”
This principle demands that as soon as you discover a muscle group lagging behind the others,
you rearrange your program to train the lagging muscle group first. In other words, train your
back before your chest. This way you will devote more energy to bring your lagging bodypart
up to speed.

TRAINING TO FAILURE
Training to failure means terminating a set only after the muscle literally cannot contract for
another rep. When you tried for one last rep, you failed. You’ll sometimes hear advanced
bodybuilders and writers saying you should train to failure on every set. In theory this sounds
great and would make perfect sense if your recovery system could keep up. However, few but
92

the genetically blessed or pharmacologically enhanced can endure training to total failure on
every set. The average person would quickly become overtrained trying to work out this way.
Their nervous systems would become so fatigued that even sub-intensity training would burn
them out.
Training to failure causes significant damage to the muscle fibers. Training to failure on
every set creates a situa
tion wherein the individual’s recovery system is not capable of
regenerating before the next workout. In fact, they may actually experience a regression in
muscle size and strength.
Two basic principles must be observed if you expect to keep progressing:
The muscles must be repeatedly subjected to increasing forms of physical
stress.
Sufficient rest time must be taken between workouts for full recovery to
take place.
If you repeatedly stress a given muscle to slightly greater physical loads from one workout to
the next – progressive overload – the end result will be a larger, stronger muscle. But this can

truly occur only if the muscle is allowed adequate recovery time between these workouts. If the
stress is too great or the recovery period is too short, the muscle will not have time to rebuild
the muscle fibers, and no improvement will occur. Training to failure on every set is simply too
exhausting for most individuals. We suggest training to about 90- to 95-percent failure on most
sets and leave complete failure training to the last one or two sets of a given exercise.
EVERY BREATH YOU TAKE
The most common practice is to inhale on the easy part of the movement (usually the lowering
phase) and to exhale on the hardest part (usually the upward phase). In simple terms, you “blow
the weight up.” The advantage of this breathing pattern is that it helps with your training

rhythm. For every rep you inhale and exhale once. This helps pace your training as it supplies
the muscles with an adequate supply of oxygen.
93

Photo of Jorge Betancourt by Alex Ardenti
As your training experience advances, you’ll discover that for some exercises it’s just
about impossible to breathe on every rep. The squat and leg press are two examples. Most
bodybuilders hold their breath for one or two reps on these exercises and are none the worse for
it. In fact, on squats this is almost a necessity because the increased lung pressure provides
extra support to the torso.
Our advice is to let the body breathe on its own. Odds are you’ll find it easy to breathe on
every rep for light warmup sets and to hold for one or two reps on heavier sets. Unless you find
yourself holding for more than one or two reps, don’t worry about it. Breathing is an
involuntary physiological condition and the body should do an excellent job of regulating it on
its own.
TRAINING FREQUENCY: HOW LONG BETWEEN WORKOUTS?
The amount of time needed to recover between workouts is influenced by many factors,

its own.
including training intensity, sleep habits, nutrition and probably most importantly, genetics.
For a beginner whose body is unaccustomed to intense exercise, a longer recovery period is
required. On average, each muscle group should be given 48 to 72 hours of recovery between
workouts. For a beginner, the best way to accomplish this is to train the whole body, using one
exercise per bodypart for 2 or 3 sets total, every second day, for a maximum of three days per
week. As conditioning levels improve, the number of workouts can be increased and the body
may be “split.” Instead of training the whole body during each workout, different muscle
groups are trained on different days. The most popular version of this “split routine” is to train
half the muscles on one day and the other half the next, taking a day of rest after these two

workouts. This type of split has probably built more championship physiques than any other.
THE EVOLUTION OF TRAINING FREQUENCY AND RECOVERY
94

“Anyone who tries to tell you the one best way to train is a fool. There is no such thing. If
you’ve been reading the magazines even for only a few months, you’ve already come across
dozens of types of routines, systems of training and ways to manipulate rep tempo and
technique. Our bodies are incredibly adaptive. Virtually any style of training will deliver
results for a time.”
 columnist, offering advice on the “best way” to
train.
VARIABLES AFFECTING RECOVERY TIME
• Larger muscles take longer to recover than smaller muscles.
• In most cases, white (fast) muscle fibers take longer to recover than red (slow) muscle
fibers.
• High-intensity, low-rep exercises with weights require more recuperation time than
high-rep exercises.
• Full-range movements normally cause greater amounts of connective-tissue damage
and require more recovery time than partial-movement exercises.
• Older lifters (35 to 40+ years) require more recuperation time than younger lifters.

• You can improve your recovery rate through good aerobic weight-training programs
or hinder it by partaking in little or no aerobic efficiency training.
When guys such as Arnold, Dave Draper and Franco Columbu trained at Gold’s Gym back
in the early ’70s, four-hour workouts and six-day splits were 
the norm. Anyone who trained
fewer than five or six days a week was considered lazy or “recreational.” Now, both scientific
research and anecdotal evidence suggests that muscles take longer to recover than originally
believed. It was such evidence that allowed Dr. Arthur Jones, Mike Mentzer and Dorian Yates
to influence millions. Today’s champions, such as Cutler, Coleman and Badell generally train
four or five days a week for 60- to 90-minute sessions.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MUSCLE RECOVERY

“To stay in an anabolic environment you have to get enough sleep – minimum eight hours a
day. Sneaking a nap in there somewhere can help you reach this total. At one point in his
amateur career Flex Wheeler slept sometimes 16 hours a day, and not coincidentally this
period is when he made his most dramatic improvements in size and strength.”
 contributor, commenting on the relationship
between rest and recovery.
AMOUNT OF DAMAGE
Muscle growth can be considered a compensation process – damaged tissue becomes rebuilt
into a slightly bigger, stronger version of itself. As stands to reason, the more damage inflicted,
the more time is needed for rebuilding. Performing two or three 20-rep sets of squats using 100

pounds would place nowhere near the same demands on the recovery system that 315 pounds
95

for 6 to 8 reps would for the same individual. So, in general, the more “heavy duty” your
training, the more recovery time you need.
NUTRITION
Diet also plays a huge role in recovery time. Most experts agree that bodybuilders require more
protein than sedentary individuals. When muscle tissue is being broken down and repaired,
significant dietary protein is needed to aid this process. Besides protein, an individual needs to
recharge his or her glycogen levels (the storage form of carbohydrate) between workouts. This
is why bodybuilders who reduce their carbohydrate intake during the pre-contest phase often
lapse into overtraining. Their bodies still need energy to function, and if the preferred source –
carbohydrate – is not present, they will start burning the protein in muscle tissue for energy.
Photo of Benais Begovic by Irvin Gelb
ALL-IMPORTANT SLEEP
Sleep plays a vital role in the recovery process. Contrary to popular belief, muscles do not grow

during the workout. Rather, recovery, and thus growth, takes place after you finish working out,
and during sleep in particular. Sleep is such a vital component of health that humans spend
about a third of their lives unconscious! Don’t expect to maximize your bodybuilding gains if
you regularly stay out until three in the morning. Sure the occasional Friday or Saturday night
out is fine, but you will not recover (and thus grow) if you continually try to get by on three or
four hours a night.
You may find it difficult to obtain eight hours of continuous sleep. Work, school or family
responsibilities may interfere with sleep habits. However, keep in mind that two or three
96

“
shorter sessions of sleep throughout the day yield nearly the same benefits as one longer
session. So even a couple of naps will improve your recovery.
Why is sleep so important? During sleep the body breaks down many of the fatigue toxins
produced during exercise. For example, the stress hormone cortisol, released during intense
training, is neutralized during sleep. It’s also been proven that the greatest release of
testosterone and growth hormone, two of the most powerful anabolic (muscle-building)
hormones in the body, takes place during sleep.
Teenagers can’t go wrong hitting the sack for a minimum of eight, and preferably 10 or
more hours. After all, not only are your muscles growing, but also your organs and bones. So
the next time your mom says get to bed – listen to her! In fact, that goes for all readers!
Photo of Erik Seng by Irvin Gelb
Rest is also important for putting on size.A muscle grows when it is resting. So make sure

that you get enough rest and that you don’t overtrain. Many beginners get enthusiastic
and a bit overzealous. Don’t fall into that trap.”
 columnist
97

S
“
CHAPTER 10
It’s Time to Train
“I wanted to train when I was a teenager but I had no way to get to the gym.
The closest gym was too far away for me to walk, so I waited until I got my
driver’s license to start training.”
– Markus Ruhl, IFBB pro
o far I’ve talked a lot about what you need to do before you actually begin training. Now,
I’m going to move into discussing training itself. One of the first decisions you’ll have to
make is where to work out. You have two choices: at home or at a fitness center or gym. Both
have advantages and disadvantages.
HOME SWEET HOME
You’d be surprised where some of bodybuilding’s greatest stars got their start. Many hoisted
their first barbell in their basement on Christmas Day. The primary advantage of training at
home is convenience. You can train pretty much any time you want. You don’t have to worry
about finding a parking space or waiting for equipment. However, training at home does have a

few drawbacks. First, you’ll have a limited amount of equipment. Unless you have deep
pockets and a lot of space, you’ll probably have access to only a few dumbells, a barbell and an
adjustable bench. While this equipment is fine when you’re starting out, your muscles will
eventually need variety in order to keep growing. You also must consider safety. It won’t be
long before your strength will be enough to kill you. You’ll be capable of lifting enough weight
on exercises such as squats and bench presses that a slip-up could have grave consequences.
Bodybuilders have been found dead in their basements with a loaded barbell across their necks.
If you are going to be training heavy at home, make sure you’re not alone when performing a
heavy set of squats or bench presses. At a commercial gym or fitness center you are guaranteed

to have a spotter or at least someone else around to keep an eye on you.
Another disadvantage to training at home is the lack of social contact. Unless you manage
to convince a few buddies to train with you, you’ll be working out alone most of the time. Not
having a spotter affects your safety, but it also limits the amount of weight you can use. In
addition, you won’t have anyone around to motivate and push you. Unless you have incredible
internal drive and motivation, you’ll probably put the bar or dumbells down once the muscle
starts burning. Remember that it’s those last couple of reps that really stimulate the muscles
into new growth. There’s nothing like having a training partner yelling at you to complete those
painful, but highly productive, reps. He can even help you finish a couple extra. Even if you

don’t have a training partner, knowing other people might be looking at you often inspires you
to squeeze out a few additional reps.
Remember you don’t have to move to L.A. Dorian Yates demolished all of the fancy
98

Venice-based guys while training in a basement gym in Birmingham, England. The
essential factor is the spirit, not always the location.”
– Anita Ramsey, 
 contributor, on why it’s not necessary to train in
California to go all the way in the sport of bodybuilding.
If you still decide to train at home, your first task will be setting up the training area. If
you live in a house, the basement or garage often work best because they usually offer a large
space that’s removed from the general living area. This gives you room, privacy and prevents
you from distracting other members of the household.
KEEP IT SIMPLE
To start your training you’ll need some equipment. You can’t go wrong by keeping it simple
and buying a set of dumbells and an adjustable bench. The best dumbells are those that can be
adjusted to change the weight or that will allow you to add and remove weight plates. A set of
dumbells will allow you to train just about every muscle in the body. In terms of the bench,

definitely get one that adjusts everywhere from flat to a 90-degree incline, because it will allow
you to vary the angle. You’ll need this variety to hit the muscles from different angles. With
time (and provided you have the room) you can add a barbell to your inventory. A barbell will
allow you to perform the basic mass-builders such as squats, deadlifts and bench presses. With
time, you’ll want to consider adding a squat rack to your training room. This will almost
certainly require a move to the basement or garage!
While a set of dumbells, a barbell and an adjustable bench limits you in terms of exercise
variety, it does save you money. For less than $100 you can set up a small training area in your
house or apartment. In fact, if you check around you might get the whole setup for less than

$20. As soon as the last kid goes to college, many parents have a garage sale to get rid of their
children’s weight sets. Alternatively, check out the paper – you never know what former
bodybuilder might be selling off his workout gear!
THE GYM
“Always keep positive people around you … and make sure to have a game plan. Success in
bodybuilding doesn’t happen with a hit-and-miss attitude. Be precise in your plan, and then
follow it.”
– Will Harris, IFBB pro
Despite some of the advantages to working out at home, I feel that the gym is by far the
best place to work out. Besides the huge assortment of equipment, you’ll be surrounded by
highly knowledgeable people. You’ll get motivation, encouragement and variety, all in one
spot. Of course working out at a commercial gym does have a few disadvantages.

The first disadvantage is commute time. It takes mere seconds to walk to your basement or
bedroom, but unless you live within walking distance, it could take you 20 minutes or more to
drive to the gym. Throw in the occasional weather delay or accident and you might waste an
hour or two just going to and from the gym. All that extra driving will also mean extra money,
given the price of gas these days!
While your home gym could be set up, at least in the 
beginning, for $50, a gym
99

membership will cost $40 to $50 per month (normally about $500 per year). Although this
might feel like yet another extra bill, it’s really not a huge amount to improve your health and
appearance. What you get for that $500 is well worth it. Perhaps the biggest problem with
training at a gym is that they can be really busy during peak times. Most people tend to work
out in the evenings, and this means most gyms are over-flowing between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m.
One trip to the water fountain and you lose the squat rack. A quick chat to a friend and your
dumbells have disappeared. Then you have the equipment hogs who are not satisfied until
they’ve done no fewer than 20 sets.
Depending on how busy things are, you may not get to do one single exercise that you had
planned in advance. Now, there’s nothing wrong with occasionally modifying your training
program – in fact times when you have to switch around your routine can be a blessing in

disguise when it comes to growth – but if this situation becomes the norm, it’s time to consider
switching gyms or changing times. It won’t take you long to determine which times are the
worst when it comes to getting your workout completed.
Other factors to consider when choosing a gym include location, cost, hours of operation,
clientele and equipment variety. You may be faced with a situation where cost or location
prevents you from joining the gym of your choice. Consider all of these factors before you join
any gym. You need to find the best one for you and your lifestyle, and it won’t do you any good
to join the perfect gym but find you can never get there.
Gyms fall into three broad categories: health spas, hardcore gyms and middle-of-the-road
fitness centers.
Health Spas

Considered the high-end of training establishments, health spas tend to cater to the wealthy and
to business executives. Most health spas have a small weight-training area, a sauna, pool,
cardio section, and a massage room. Health spa fees normally run from $1,000 to $2,000
dollars per year. Even if you can afford it, you have to ask yourself if you really belong there.
Health spas tend to have very basic strength machines and often no free weights other than a
few light dumbells. If you’re planning on adding some serious strength and size to your
physique, health spas won’t give you the type and variety of equipment that you’ll need. Finally
– and this is probably the biggest drawback against health spas – the owners probably won’t

want you there! The last thing the owners and clientele of health spas want is some bodybuilder
doing a heavy set of squats or deadlifts. Heaving, grunting, and sweating like that seems to
offset the soft, relaxing atmosphere of the place. In their eyes you’re nothing but a big
intimidating musclehead and you’re frightening away the regulars.
The Multipurpose Fitness Center
They go by many names, including health clubs, fitness centers and recreation centers. General
fitness facilities such as the YMCA are middle-of-the-road training establishments that try to
cater to everyone. In fact, the popularity of the general fitness industry has grown so much over
the last couple of decades that many of the old hardcore gyms either closed down or decided to

go mainstream. PowerHouse, World Gym and Gold’s Gym all once catered exclusively to
100

hardcore bodybuilders.
Most multipurpose fitness centers have a large floor area that contains hundreds of cardio
and strength machines. You’ll also find a good selection of free weights, along with squat racks
and other equipment created for the bodybuilder. Many have a pool, indoor track and a couple
of group fitness and spinning studios. Prices are reasonable and discounts are often given to
teens, seniors and employees of corporations. The better fitness centers tend to be well-
maintained and are constantly upgrading their equipment. Also, your membership card is
usually accepted at any club that is part of that organization, no matter where it is – usually all
over the city, often all over the country and sometimes even in other countries. This means that
you can train at a different gym every day if you live in a large city.
Hardcore Gyms
“Hardcore is indeed a place, but don’t try looking for it. The spot doesn’t have a name and it

doesn’t have an address. You won’t find it in the phone book, on the Internet, through a
personal recommendation or with the right connections. Hardcore is in the heart. As long as
you have an intense desire to train harder and heavier than you did the last time out – every
time out – you’re in the right place.”
 contributor, explaining how hardcore
doesn’t necessarily refer to a certain type of gym.
If your goal is serious weight training and bodybuilding, then hardcore gyms are probably
your best bet. There’ll be hundreds of dumbells and dozens of barbells and various racks to put
them on. If you need to load the leg press up, no need to worry. There will be literally tons and
tons of weight plates at your disposal.

Hardcore gyms like the original Gold’s Gym in Venice, California and Temple Gym in
Birmingham, England became world famous because of the champions that trained there. Even
at your local hardcore gym, you’ll probably be working out next to city and state champions.
The person with the answer to just about any bodybuilding-related question is probably doing
squats or bench presses a couple of feet away. Just try asking the typical health spa member
how to improve your upper pectorals – their eyes might glaze over! Hardcore gyms offer a no-
nonsense approach to bodybuilding at very affordable prices (usually in the range of $400 to
$600 per year).
101

However, depending on you, your goals and your self confidence, the atmosphere can be
pretty intense. It can be intimidating to begin your bodybuilding training using 90 pounds on
the bench for your work set while the 250-pounder next to you is warming up with 225. Then
there’s the drug issue to be aware of. Many of the guys (and some of the ladies) will be using
steroids and other 
performance-enhancing drugs. One of the side effects of these chemicals is
attitude and irritability. Sometimes a glance is all it takes to set these individuals off. Also,
unlike health spas, where clean clothes and showering are practically imposed upon members,
the same cannot be said of hardcore gyms. Members at these gyms are totally into their
workouts, and having a clean appearance or scent is just not a priority. Also, as you have
probably already realized, hardcore gyms cater to just that – the hardcore. There are no idle

exercisers at these places, so don’t expect to have a chat between bodyparts. And be prepared to
see nothing but massive physiques!
Finally, the location of hardcore gyms may be an issue. Hardcore gyms tend to be located
either in rough city-center neighborhoods or in industrial parks. Parking could be an issue, you
could simply feel uncomfortable or you could in fact be unsafe.
Ultimately, where you decide to work out is your decision. One suggestion is to take a one-
month membership at a couple of different gyms and see how it goes at each place. A month is
usually enough time to determine such things as parking, commute time, equipment and
atmosphere. It will also become apparent whether you like working out, period – bodybuilding

either grabs you or not, and is not something that you’ll stick with if you’re just going through
the motions.
THE GREAT OUTDOORS
Another possibility, if you are lucky enough to live or work near one, is an outdoor fitness
center. Many larger gyms in warmer states like Florida and California have outdoor training
areas. The weight pit on Venice Beach, California, is famous the world over. Bodybuilders have
102

been training there since the ’30s and ’40s and it seems you haven’t made it in the sport until
you’ve done at least one photo shoot there!
Training outdoors offers numerous advantages. Even though the best gyms and fitness
centers have air conditioning, it’s still not the same as natural clean air. Training outdoors also
offers those who train in non-air-conditioned gyms a chance to train in a cooler environment on
hot summer days. Hot, humid gyms can be brutal to train in and will drain even the most
energetic trainers. If you’re lucky enough to have access to an outdoor training area located on
a beach, just think how much more fun it would be doing squats with the ocean in the
background instead of a gray wall. The same applies to doing bench presses under a blue sky
versus the ceiling. There’s also something psychological about training outdoors, especially if
it’s on a public beach. Most trainers will do that extra rep or two if they know people are

watching them. But you don’t have to train at a beach. Why not bring your bench and dumbells
into your own backyard, if you have one? Arnold and his friends would load up their cars with
benches and weights and head to the woods. Here the future governor of California would squat
until he could barely walk. Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
Do keep in mind if you’re training outside that the sun can play havoc with your skin.
Time passes very quickly while you’re training under the sun. Before you know it you have
been exposed to harmful rays for an hour or two. And don’t let cloud cover mislead you – the
sun’s powerful rays easily penetrate clouds, and can cause just as much skin damage on cloudy
days as it can on clear blue days. Always wear a good sunblock when training outdoors, and try

to avoid training when the sun is at its highest peak (11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. in most areas).
You’ll also want to pay attention to your clothing when hoisting iron outdoors. Cotton is
an excellent choice because it offers good absorption and ventilation. Lycra is also a good
choice because it’s light and allows sweat to evaporate quickly. A sweatband or bandana will
help keep the sweat from your eyes, and a towel will come in handy for cleaning up after
yourself.
103

Training outside is great for motivation.
Photo of Sean Glassman by Alex Ardenti
Don’t forget the issue of water loss either. The average adult male is estimated to lose 8 to
10 quarts of water per day through sweat. While this may occur only in extreme cases, training
under the hot sun will inevitably cause your body to sweat large amounts of water to stay cool.
Bring a water bottle and keep filling it up. Beware of salt loss, however, which can masquerade
as dehydration. Electrolyte drinks (i.e. Gatorade) help with this, but beware of the sugar
content. My advice is to primarily drink water during your workout. If you are sweating
copious amounts, then eat a few salted nuts to replenish your sodium.
Don’t neglect your warmup when training outdoors. You may feel that the warm air
somehow takes the place of a warmup, but it’s not that simple. A warmup raises your internal
temperature, in addition to loosening the muscles and increasing blood flow to them.

You must also keep safety in mind when training under the sun. In extreme cases you
could suffer from heat exhaustion (serious) or heat stroke (potentially deadly). If at any time
you begin to feel lightheaded or dizzy, stop working out immediately and seek shade or go
indoors. Take a few extra sips of water and lower your head to increase circulation to the brain.
Before heading back to the weights, walk back and forth to determine whether or not you’re
fully recovered. If you still feel “off,” let someone know (friend or staff member) and sit down.
Don’t risk turning heat exhaustion to deadly heat stroke for the sake of finishing a workout.
Every bodybuilder who’s had a severe injury has said he had warning signs that he ignored in
order to finish his workout. Making that mistake could cost you dearly.

The issue of air quality must be discussed before we leave this topic. Even though the
outdoor weight “pit” on Venice Beach is world famous with bodybuilders, there are days when
104

no one should be training there. Large cities, including Los Angeles, are notorious for their
high levels of smog. Industrial pollutants can cause everything from lung cancer to
emphysema. During the hot summer months, air quality declines dramatically and as a result,
many cities have smog alerts. Pay attention to these health warnings if you live in such an area.
Even if you can tolerate the smell and don’t fear the health consequences, the lack of fresh air
will make your training more difficult.
After you finish working out, head to the showers. Besides cleaning off the dirt and sweat,
a lukewarm shower helps lower the body’s temperature. Resist the urge to take a cold shower,
as the cold water could shock the warm muscles, causing them to cramp. And now you’ve
finished your hot-weather workout, you can head off for an ice cream cone and a cold beer …
naw, just kidding!
105

W
“
CHAPTER 11
When and How Often
“Why on God’s green earth are you weight training for two and a half hours
per day? By following this routine you have a better chance of being struck by
lightning or dating a supermodel than you do of being a top pro bodybuilder.
It’s great to be motivated and want to be the best bodybuilder in the world,
but there is a fine line between intensity and stupidity.”
– Frank Sepe, top bodybuilding writer and model, answering a beginner’s question about
whether two-and-a-half hours of training per day is too much.
hen people ask me the best time to train, I usually tell them, “today!” The most important
thing is not so much when you work out, but rather the fact that you work out regularly.
Don’t let anyone tell you that you must work out at sunrise, or in the evening. The best time to
train is whenever you can fit it into your daily schedule.
That being said, researchers tell us that hormone levels usually peak in the early morning

hours. Training at this time helps you take advantage of the body’s natural rhythms. Also, you
may have more energy because you’re not drained from a stressful day at work or school. Of
course hopping out of bed at sunrise to head to the gym is not for everyone. In fact, most people
find that they need a couple of hours to “wake up” and then another couple of hours before they
reach peak efficiency. This would move the time to late morning/early afternoon. But since this
time is inconvenient for most people, they usually train between 3:00 and 5:00 p.m. (for
students) or 5:00 and 7:00 p.m. (for workers).
If you’re flexible with your time, even better – most gyms are open from 5 or 6 in the
morning to 10 or 11 at night. A few gyms are even open 24 hours. 
Training early in the morning
or late at night allows you to avoid the crowds at peak times.
HOW OFTEN?

HOW OFTEN?
Train three days per week and work your whole body each training session. Spend more
time working your larger muscle groups such as your legs and back rather than your
chest, arms and shoulders. Stick to basic exercises, keeping your sets at 3 or 4 and reps
between 8 and 10 on the smaller muscle groups and 10 to 12 on the larger.”
– Bill Pearl, bodybuilding legend, offering his views on the type of training program an
ectomorphic beginner should follow.
Although telling you when to work out is rather easy, telling you how often is a bit more
difficult. Generally speaking, you want to work the muscles hard enough to stimulate new
growth, but not so hard that they won’t recover before the next workout. Endless routine
combinations will help you achieve growth. This book is designed to take you from the
106

beginner level right up to the competitive levels of bodybuilding. Unfortunately, you can’t skip
the beginner and intermediate levels and go straight to pro-level training, because your
recovery system is not yet capable of enduring heavy training intensity. Jay Cutler didn’t start
out by following a double-split, six-times-per-week training program! In fact, Jay and most of
the other pros follow six-day splits only in the few months before a contest. The point,
however, is that they started out small and eventually built up to their present training intensity.
Here are the most popular split routines followed by bodybuilders. Later in the book we’ll go
into each in more detail.
Photo of Bill Wilmore by Ralph DeHaan
THE WHOLE BODY – THREE TIMES PER WEEK
This is the routine most beginners start with, and it guarantees great results. You train the
entire body during one workout, and then take a day off from training. Do this three times a

week, with a day off between each workout. The day off between workouts gives the body
adequate time to repair itself before the next workout. On average it takes a muscle about 48
hours to recover from low- to medium-intensity workouts.
The primary disadvantage of this routine is that you’ll only be able to do 2 or 3 sets for
each muscle group. Trying to do more sets for each muscle group will leave you overtrained.
Besides, trying to do 10 or 15 sets for every muscle group would take you three or four hours!
FOUR DAYS PER WEEK – TWO ON, ONE OFF
The four-day-per-week split is probably the most common and effective routine for gaining
107

muscle size and strength. The body is divided into two halves, with each half trained on one of
two consecutive days. After one day of rest follow two more days of training. Unlike the full-
body routine, where all the muscles must be trained during one workout, the four-day split
allows you to do more for the muscles since you’re training only half of them during any given
workout. Instead of 2 or 3 sets of one exercise, you can do 3 or 4 sets of two, three or even four
different exercises for each bodypart.
There are two different approaches to the four-day-split routine. You can train Monday
and Tuesday, take Wednesday off, train Thursday and Friday, and take weekends off, or you
can simply go two on, one off, regardless of what day of the week it happens to be. Many
bodybuilders like to use the first approach, as it gives them the weekends off.
Some individuals have difficulty following this four-day split because they find training

two days in a row too strenuous. For those who need that extra day’s rest between workouts, a
variation of the four-day split called the two-week split might be the solution.
TWO-WEEK-SPLIT ROUTINE
Just like the four-day split, you divide your training into two workouts. However, instead of
training two days in a row, you train one day and take the next day off. While you can go one
on, one off indefinitely, most bodybuilders do Day 1 on Monday and Friday and then Day 2 on
Wednesday. The following week they perform Day 2 on Monday and Friday and Day 1 on
Wednesday. Basically you spread your training cycle over two weeks and perform each
workout three times (twice in one week and once the next). See the example routine below of
how this might work.
SIX-DAY-SPLIT ROUTINE

Eventually, most bodybuilders give the six-day split a try. As with the four-day split, you train
different muscles on different days. In this situation, you divide your training into three
separate workouts, perform them for three consecutive days and then take a day off. Some
bodybuilders prefer to perform both three-day cycles back to back – six days in a row – and
take the seventh day off.
The primary advantage of six-day splits is that you train only a couple of muscles each
day. This means that you can train each muscle with extra sets and exercises. While it sounds
great in theory, most bodybuilders find that they can endure training six out of seven days for
only about two months. And I’m talking about the most experienced and genetically gifted
bodybuilders out there. Most bodybuilders will limit this type of training to their pre-contest

phase of training. They then switch back to a four- or five-day routine after the contest.
DOUBLE-SPLIT ROUTINE
The double-split routine is great for those who have less than 45 minutes to work out during
each session, or for those who have plenty of time but prefer to concentrate on only one
bodypart in a workout. You simply train twice a day, hitting one bodypart at a time. The
advan
tage to this is that you can devote all your energy to training just one muscle. You will be
in and out, shower and all, in 30 to 45 minutes, or even less. Double-split routines can be
incorporated into either four- or six-day splits, but most bodybuilders work it into the six-day
split.
108

EXAMPLE: TWO-WEEK-SPLIT ROUTINE
WEEK ONE
WEEK TWO
MONDAY: Chest, back, biceps
MONDAY: Legs, shoulders, triceps
WEDNESDAY: Legs, shoulders, triceps
WEDNESDAY: Chest, back, biceps
FRIDAY: Chest, back, biceps
FRIDAY: Legs, shoulders, triceps
Taking a day off in between each workout provides plenty of time for recovery. Many bodybuilders who had followed the
four-day split found that when they switched to this routine, their strength and size gains increased dramatically.
109

The primary disadvantage of double-split training is that most people either do not want
to, or don’t have enough time to work out twice a day. And don’t forget that training twice each
day can be hard on the recovery system. It’s true that you’re training only one muscle group for
a short period of time, but you’re still completing two workouts on the same day. If you were
incorporating this into a six-day split it would mean 12 workouts per week. That’s a lot of
work.
ONE-MUSCLE-PER-DAY ROUTINE
The biggest obstacle most people face when trying to gain muscle size and strength is
overtraining. For the average person not juiced up on performance-enhancing drugs, spending
more than two hours in the gym for six or seven days a week is just not possible. In fact, it
becomes counterproductive. Back in the 1960s, a few of the top bodybuilders at the time,
including Mr. Universe Vic Downs, figured out a solution to this problem. Instead of multi-

muscle sessions lasting two, three or four hours, you train just one muscle. Instead of pacing
yourself for hours on end, you hit the muscle hard for 30 to 45 minutes and then leave the gym.
The nice thing about the one-muscle-per-day routine is that it satisfies those who need to be in
the gym every day, but at the same time it won’t place too much of a demand on the body’s
recovery system. Such a routine also allows you to do multiple sets for that one muscle group.
Instead of 10 to 12 sets, you could do 15 to 20. This lets you hit the muscle from just about
every conceivable angle, which is great for lagging muscle groups.
Photo of Troy Tate by Alex Ardenti
One of the drawbacks to the one-muscle-per-day routine is that you can easily do 20 sets in
30 to 45 minutes. While the big muscles such as the chest, back and thighs

30 to 45 minutes. While the big muscles such as the chest, back and thighs 
might be able to
handle it, this many sets would be too much for the smaller supporting muscles such as the
triceps and biceps.
Here is an example of the one-muscle-per-day routine:
111

SAMPLE ROUTINE
MONDAY
Legs
TUESDAY
Chest
WEDNESDAY
Back
THURSDAY
Shoulders
FRIDAY
Triceps
SATURDAY
Biceps
WORKOUT DURATION – HOW LONG?
There’s a close relationship between workout length and type. If you follow the low-set, high-
intensity style (i.e. Mike Mentzer’s Heavy Duty program), you’ll be in and out of the gym in
under 20 minutes. Conversely, a 20-set per bodypart routine could have you hoisting iron for
two hours. We feel that your workouts should take anywhere from 45 to 90 minutes (including
cardio).
The topic of workout duration is always being debated. Some suggest that the human body
has energy reserves for only about 60 minutes. Any longer and you’re just going through the
motions. There’s also the argument that two- or three-hour workouts place an incredible strain
on the recovery system. Some feel that they have not stimulated the muscle adequately enough
after a short workout. There is also some merit to the argument that longer workouts do a much

better job of stimulating the cardiovascular system. If you follow the high-volume style of
training, give yourself 90 to 120 minutes. If high-intensity training is your preference, you
should be spending anywhere from 30 to 45 minutes working out, and no longer.
I’ve just described to you the most common routines followed by bodybuilders. Later in the
book I’ll be showing you how to incorprate the various exercises into these routines. I strongly
urge you to follow them as described. They have been arranged in ascending order of difficulty.
Don’t make the mistake of jumping to Ronnie Coleman’s or Jay Cutler’s pre-contest six-day
split routine. Not only do you not need it, but your system won’t be able to handle it. As time

goes on, such factors as time, goals and personal preference will let you decide what kind of
split routine to follow.
112

C
CHAPTER 12
Tips to Keep You Focused and Motivated
“Maintain a positive attitude and the long-term goals will take care of
themselves.”
– Arnold Schwarzenegger, on how to keep going over the long term.
hances are you’re fairly new to working out. And unfortunately, if you’re like most North
Americans, at least 50 percent of you will quit working out after the first month. By six
months the number will have increased to about 75 percent. By the end of the year only about
10 percent of those who first began will still be hitting the gym on a regular basis. While the
reasons are varied and mixed, most people who stop training do so because they become bored
and unmotivated.
Well let’s see if we can do something about that. Here are 12 tips to help keep you
motivated and focused on your workouts. They’re all easy to implement, free, and virtually
guaranteed to work!
 
1
 Get a workout buddy. There’s nothing like a workout partner to kick your ass on those less-

1
than-energetic days. Likewise, you can kick his (or hers!) on days he or she feels sluggish. A
good training partner knows when to push you a little bit harder and when to give you slack.
The two of you can have mini competitions. At the very least you’ll have someone to keep you
focused on training, and not worried about work or something distracting in your home life.
 
2
 Fit yourself in. As crazy as it sounds, you may have to add your name to your day planner. If
it takes making your workout one of your daily appointments, then so be it. The benefit of this
is that it helps you balance your workouts with other daily activities such as family, work or
school. You will be 
more successful and bound to stick with it if you make working out part of
your lifestyle.
 
3
 Pace yourself. Don’t think that you’re going to develop the body you want overnight. It

3
probably took you years to get out of shape. A couple of weeks of all-out training will do
nothing but make you incredibly stiff and sore, unwilling to work out and hating the sight of a
dumbell or barbell. It’s far better to train only two or three days a week year after year than to
train seven days a week for one month and then quit because you’re burned out. Remember,
consistency is the key.
114

4
 Rise and shine and work out! The last thing you may want to do bright and early in the
morning is hit the gym. But if you find yourself going home after work or school and flopping
on the couch, give it a try. By working out early in the morning you’ll be sure of getting it
done, you’ll feel energized throughout the day, and your morning workout will prevent
everything else in life from getting in the way of your all-important health and fitness goals.
Photos of David Rylah by Alex Ardenti
5
 The scale – who cares? Unless you have a huge amount of fat to lose, don’t worry about your
bodyweight. A ten-pound loss of fat and a ten-pound gain of muscle will make a huge
difference in your appearance, clothes size and health, 
but the scales will show no change.
Other than as a general guide for extremely overweight people, the scale is practically useless
for measuring fitness success.
 
6
 Pick a role model. There’s nothing like having someone to look up to, to keep you focused on
115

your goals. Literally millions of people look up to Arnold Schwarzenegger for this reason.
From a naive 19-year-old who stepped off a plane in 1968 speaking no English to world’s
greatest bodybuilder, top Hollywood star and governor of California, Arnold knows a thing or
two about motivation and staying focused. We’re sure there are many “mini-Arnolds” in your
life. They could be teachers, co-workers or someone in the gym who overcame horrendous odds
to get where he is. On those days you don’t feel like working out or doing that extra set, ask
yourself what would your role model do? We thought so. Now do that extra set!
 
7
 Keep track of your success. One of the best ways to know where you’re going is to know
where you’ve been. For a few dollars you can pick up a training journal and start recording such
things as the amount of cardio, the exercises, the reps, sets and weight used on each exercise,
and how you feel and why. Were you up late the night before? Did you eat a heavy meal before

coming to the gym? Forget to eat altogether? Periodically looking in your journal will give you
plenty of insight. You can see how different exercises and routines affect you, and you can see
just how far you’ve come. Your present warmup weights were once your workout weights.
Those 20-minute cardio sessions two or three times per week have been replaced by four 45-
minute high-intensity workouts. So even if sometimes you feel you’re going nowhere, your
workout journal is telling you otherwise. Keep at it!
 
8
 Get back on track. Missing a workout is not that big a deal. In fact, if you’ve been working
out consistently an extra day off every month or so is recommended. But for many people, one
day off becomes two days off, two becomes three, and before long they’re skipping weeks on

end. The gym becomes just a memory. This is similar to the dieter who, because she’s eaten a
cookie, eats the entire bag of cookies and a quart of chocolate ice cream. Setbacks and missed
workouts are perfectly normal. But the quicker you get back on track, the quicker you will
reach your fitness goals. Try to remember that health and fitness is not about being perfect. It is
a way of life. Don’t view your workouts as being all or none. Just be consistent.
116

Work hard in the gym, and then get out!
9
 Evaluate your progress on a regular basis. If you don’t check your progress regularly you’ll
be less inclined to push yourself and stay focused. For example, you may be lifting the same
weight for the same number of reps month after month. If you’re happy with the way you are
and just want to maintain a reasonable level of fitness, then that’s fine. But chances are you
would like to actually improve – increase your strength, gain muscle mass, look better and have
more energy. Unless you evaluate your strength, size and cardio levels on a regular basis, you
won’t feel inclined to push yourself.
 
10
 Get to the gym! We all have days when we just don’t want to work out. We’d sooner go
home and lie back on the couch with a soda or beer. But don’t. Force yourself to go to the gym.
Tell yourself you will just do the first exercise then go home. Odds are that within the first 10

to 15 minutes you’ll start feeling energized and have a great workout. Sometimes the days
when you have the least energy to begin with end up being the days you have your best
workouts. You’ll feel especially great about it, because you had originally planned to skip the
gym, remember?
 
11
 Change it up. Nothing zaps motivation and drive like monotony. Doing the same routine
over and over will leave even the most die-hard fitness fanatics bored. That’s why you should
change your training routine every month or so. The change doesn’t have to be radical, either.
Something as simple as increasing or decreasing the number of reps may boost your
enthusiasm. Try changing the exercises on a regular basis as well. If you mainly use machines,
117

then give free weights a try. If you always start your chest training with flat barbell presses, try
doing incline dumbell or barbell presses. Or start with back instead of chest. Use the pre-
exhaust system for a change. If you’re really stuck in a rut, give your workout a total overhaul
and combine the muscles into different groups. Usually do low reps and heavy weights? Try
doing high reps with low weights. Do whatever it takes to get you back on track and focused.
 
12
 Take some planned time off. Even though earlier I said to force yourself to the gym, there
will be times when taking a few days or even a whole week off is recommended. Often one of
the major signs of overtraining is a decrease in training drive and motivation. In simple terms,
your body is not getting a chance to fully recover before the next workout. Before long you’re
experiencing burnout. This is when the novice weight trainer is most likely to quit altogether. If

you’ve been working out regularly for months on end, if you’ve tried all the other tips and
nothing is helping, get out your calendar and block out one or two weeks to not train. Make sure
to write the dates on a calendar, because randomly taking time off without a plan could turn
into a permanent layoff. Unless you’ve really lost interest in training, a week or two off will
have you chomping at the bit to get back to the gym, and if overtraining was indeed the cause
of your motivation lapse, then you should come back stronger than ever.
118

I
CHAPTER 13
The Missed Workout
“One general rule most people have heard is that if you have a head cold you
can work out, but if you’re suffering below the neck you should not train. As
anyone who has had the flu knows, your entire body aches, so training is
pretty much out.”
– Will Brink, regular 
 columnist, describing the differences
between a head cold and a full-body flu.
t’s inevitable. You will miss the occasional workout. If you train pretty consistently, don’t
worry about it – the extra day or two off will probably do you good! If on the other hand, you
find yourself constantly missing workouts, you may want to reevaluate your entire training
philosophy.
There are numerous legitimate reasons for missing workouts. For example, if you’re a
full-time student, study time and exams will require missing workouts. During mid-terms or
final exams, take two days off and devote yourself to the books. Trust me – you won’t lose

muscle (the only size lost will be in your mind). Besides, scoring low on your exams will
impact your life far more significantly than a couple of missed workouts.
Maybe you are no longer a student and are now a full-time businessperson. Staff meetings,
business proposals, visiting clients and extra paperwork could all prevent you from hitting the
gym. If you can foresee any of these delays, try rearranging your workouts ahead of time. For
instance, if you know you’re in for a late night at the office on Tuesday, change your split
routine, go twice on Monday, or slip in for a quick workout over your lunch hour. If your job
requires a lot of travel, you can manage because most hotels have fitness centers. If not, simply
go to the nearest gym and pay a drop-in fee. If you’re constantly traveling, check out the

chapter “Bodybuilding on the Road,” later in the book for some tips on keeping, and even
improving, your physique with a demanding travel schedule.
There are also a number of personal reasons why you may need to miss workouts. If you
have kids, a school play, track and field competition or soccer 
game will usually take
precedence over your workout. Most parents know about these important activities in advance,
so aim to work your schedule around them. If you have to stay home because your child is sick,
then you’ll just have to try to make up that workout the next day.
If you live in northern latitudes, severe weather may force you to miss the occasional
workout. While most gyms try to stay open during rough weather, a severe snow storm may

shut them down for a day or two. Even if the gym stays open, is a workout worth potentially
getting stuck in the snow or getting into an accident because of freezing rain? We think not! It
makes more sense to grab a set of dumbells left over from your home gym and perform a light
modified workout at home. Besides, you can get creative during the bad weather, and stimulate
your muscles in a totally different way than you do at the gym.
Speaking of weather, don’t forget about the good ol’ common cold that often comes along
119

with it! It’s bound to catch you at least once. Do yourself and the other gym members a favor
and stay home to rest. Intense training will only weaken the body’s ability to fight off the
infection. You will also run the risk of developing pneumonia or bronchitis.
Transportation issues can also throw your training schedules off. If you drive an older car,
you may find yourself hoisting a wrench on arm day instead of a dumbell! In case your car does
break down, or you simply lose your ride, keep a copy of a bus schedule or the number of a taxi
on hand. Buses are cheap, relatively clean and punctual, and go within one or two blocks of just
about everywhere.
Sometimes financial issues can also interfere with training. Maybe you can’t afford the
gym on a monthly basis or are forced to consider dropping your membership because of the
costs. Don’t panic. As we discussed in Chapter 10, it is possible to build a great-looking
physique at home. Also, don’t underestimate the power of bodyweight exercises such as chin-

ups, push-ups, sit-ups, dips between chairs, and one-legged squats and calf raises. If you are
really creative and good with equipment, try building your own bench! That’s right – actually
build it. Just make sure it’s stable and can take the weight – yours and the weight you’ll be
lifting. Some of the biggest and strongest guys around got started in garages using equipment
built out of old car parts. The original Gold’s Gym in Santa Monica, California, was filled with
equipment built by Joe Gold himself.
STAY HOME
Most people nowadays don’t have time to stay at home when they are sick. But research
shows that going to work sick, even with a simple cold, can make you fatally ill.
According to the health and attendance records of 10,000 British civil-service workers,

30 to 40 percent of those who continued to work when sick later suffered twice the rate
of heart disease as those who stayed home. So next time you have a wicked case of the
sniffles, grab the remote control and stay at home. A few days away from the gym
won’t kill your training goals, and the other weight trainers will thank you for not
spreading the germs.
Source: 
New York Post
 Online
The final reason why you may miss a workout is … because we highly recommend it!
Even with the best form and technique, the human body, particularly the tissues that
surround the joints (i.e. cartilage, ligaments, tendons, etc.) can only endure so much. The vast
majority of bodybuilders have nagging aches and pains. In fact, a large majority of them are
probably overtrained. Yet they refuse to take the time to rest because they fear losing size and

strength. The truth is, once you’ve been consistently training with progressive resistance for a
while, you’d need to take a couple of months off before you would honestly experience any loss
in strength and size (even if this does occur, you can regain it in a matter of weeks). It is during
recovery time that your body recharges itself and makes the most gains (because it is getting a
chance to rest). The time off will also increase your motivation. After a week’s rest, you’ll be
attacking the weights with renewed vigor!
Regardless of why you miss a workout, maintaining the overall commitment is crucial. As
long as you do this, a missed workout, or even a week or two off (in the case of overtraining),
120

Y
CHAPTER 14
Equipment: Yours
“In most back exercises your grip will be your weak point, hindering you from
lifting heavy weights the back can handle but the wrists and forearms can’t.
Straps definitely help you handle more weight in back exercises.”
– Rahim Kassam, strength columnist in 
ou’ll need to buy a few items before beginning your quest to become a world-class
bodybuilder. These items will increase the productivity of your workout and will cost you
very little.
CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR
Most gyms have dress codes, and while some are extreme (such as no hats, or no two-piece
clothing), most certainly require a pair of shorts and a T-shirt. Few gyms allow guys to go
topless – it’s pretty disgusting having to wipe a large pool of sweat off a bench or machine
before you use it. Besides, no one really wants to see your naked upper body, beautiful though
it may be.
At times the gym temperature will be cool enough to wear a sweatshirt and track pants.

it may be.
Warmer clothing helps keep the muscles warm, soaks up more sweat and keeps the other
competitors from knowing what shape you’re in! During the summer months, or if your gym is
already warm, throw on a tank top and pair of shorts. The bottom line is to dress according to
the temperature and the dress code at your facility.
Footwear is a little easier. Nothing beats the sturdy ol’ sneaker. You can head to the local
department store and buy a pair of $20 specials or drop by a sports speciality store and pay
$150 to $200 for a pair of top-of-the-line Nike or Adidas. While the cheapies may look as good
as the more expensive brands, they usually won’t offer the same support or last as long.
You may be tempted to go barefoot, but most gyms have rules against this. 
For starters,

it’s not very hygienic. Also, it can be dangerous. You have no idea just what kind of damage a
heavy dumbell or weight plate can do to an exposed foot. A sneaker may be the difference
between a serious bruise and a broken foot. If your gym does allow you to remove your
sneakers, limit it to such exercises as calf raises and chin-ups. Performing calf raises without
sneakers will allow you to obtain a few extra degrees of movement at the top and bottom of the
exercise. Barefoot chin-ups will give you a sense of freedom, and while the difference in
weight may only be a pound, the feeling of lightness may enable you to squeeze out an extra
rep or so.
HEADBAND
Even in the best air-conditioned gyms, you’ll be sweating. Nothing is as irritating as sweat

rep or so.
HEADBAND
running into your eyes while you’re trying to work out. The best solution is to wear a headband,
122

do-rag, or bandana. You can spend $10 to $20 for a store-bought one, or go to a fabric store and
buy enough material to make five or ten. Always check with your gym first to make sure they
allow head-bands. Most do, but a few of the larger fitness chains have a rule against them.
GLOVES
One of the first things those not used to manual labor or weightlifting will notice after a few
workouts is blisters. After a short time the blisters will turn into dead skin that will start
building up in layers, leading to the formation of calluses. Calluses, while not the nicest thing
to look at, are a preventative tool given to you by your body. The skin is the body’s first line of
defense against invading germs, and therefore the body makes darn sure that any damage to the
skin is quickly repaired. Calluses prevent the skin from breaking in frequently chafed areas. If
you have sensitive skin, need soft hands for your profession or just hate the look of calluses, for

$15 to $20 you can buy a pair of gloves that protect your hands from chafing and callusing.
Some have the fingers cut out to allow a better grip. Some bodybuilders use golf gloves instead.
While thinner and not providing the same degree of protection as weightlifting gloves, they are
a decent alternative. If gloves are not your style, then try holding a piece of sponge or rubber
between your hands and the barbell.
Just remember that once you start wearing gloves, you’re committed to them. My advice is
to tough out the first few weeks and let the skin on your hands thicken. Not only will you have a
better grip on the bar, you’ll also be prepared for any odd job around the house that requires
rough hands.
WRAPS
It won’t take many workouts before you’ll notice some bodybuilders wrapped up like Egyptian

WRAPS
mummies! For some bodybuilders, it’s preventative medicine, while for others it’s to protect
an injured joint. As you progress in your workouts, you may experience the occasional joint
problem. In most cases you can train around the irritation, but you may need to go the wrap
route on occasion.
Wraps are thin (two to three inches wide) pieces of cloth that are wrapped around the
injured area to provide extra support and to keep the area warm. Most drugstores sell them for a
few dollars.
123

Unfortunately, some bodybuilders abuse the procedure. Instead of wrapping only the
injured or weak area, they wrap just about every joint. This not only restricts their range of
movement (one of the negative aspects of wearing wraps), but also causes the joints to become
dependent on the wraps. As you progressively increase the weights you use, your ligaments and
tendons increase in 
strength alongside your muscles. If you wear wraps too much, your
ligaments will not feel the need to strengthen.
Unless you have a serious injury, you shouldn’t need to wear wraps this early in your
training career. As your intensity increases, wrapping a joint may become necessary on heavy
compound exercises such as squats and bench presses (the knees and elbows tend to be the most
frequent joints that require wrapping), but do use wraps judiciously.
WEIGHTLIFTING BELTS
The weightlifting belt is another piece of equipment that has come to symbolize power and

strength. Just think how many times you have seen some cartoon character wrap a belt around
his waist, and then hoist a car or some other inhuman object. This symbolism has led to many a
bodybuilder strapping on a belt before leaving the locker room and not taking it off until the
end of the workout. In the “old” days, belts were used only on squats, deadlifts, rows and
overhead presses. These days bodybuilders think they have to have one on constantly to be
more powerful.
The purpose of a weightlifting belt is to provide additional support to the lower back when
performing exercises that place extra stress on this region. The muscles and ligaments of the
lower spine were not designed to endure the excessive stress from squats, deadlifts and rows.
These movements place a tremendous amount of strain on the lower back, spinal erector

muscles, ligaments and vertebrae.
The spine is also held upright by another force: intra-abdominal pressure, located below
the diaphragm, and intrathoracic pressure (ITP), located above the diaphragm. Both pressures
are created by forceful contraction of the abdominals against the body’s internal organs. Some
physiologists estimate that these pressures can increase by a factor of 10 when lifting without a
belt. A sturdy belt gives the abdominals something to push against.
As you might guess, wearing a belt continuously throughout every workout will keep your
core muscles weak. It’s best to wear a belt only on squats, deadlifts, overhead presses, rows and
shrugs. The only time that you should wear a belt for the entire workout is if you have a lower-
back injury.

Since weightlifting belts are popular, you will find them in numerous stores, from
department stores to specialty stores. They range in price from about $25 to $75. If money is no
object, you can go to a leather goods store and have one tailor made for you. While the price
could be $100 or more, the extra cash will get you a finished product that will fit your physique
perfectly and last forever. Belts come in several styles and generally range from four to six
inches in width. They are usually secured around the waist in the same manner as a regular belt
and are fastened with a buckle that could be one, two, three or four pronged.
There are three general sub-categories of belts and all three have their pros and cons. On
one end, you have the stylish and colorful velcro-fastened belts that are not usually thick

enough to provide much back support. I suggest avoiding these altogether. Then you have the
thick, heavy-duty powerlifting belts that will literally support a ton of weight. Of course you’ll
pay more, and you should really ask yourself if you need half a cow wrapped around your waist
124

at this stage! Somewhere in between are the middle-of-the road belts that cost $30 to $40 (as
little as $10 to $20 on eBay) and were made famous by York and Weider. Given their low cost
and solid support, you can’t go wrong by purchasing one of these.
FOLLOW THESE TIPS SHOULD YOU DECIDE TO USE A BELT:
• Before buying a belt, try out a number of different styles and makes. The purpose of
the belt is to provide lower-back support. It doesn’t make sense to wear something
that’s stylish but doesn’t really help. The best word to describe a good-fitting belt is
“snug.”
• Make sure the belt you buy is thick enough to provide good support. Some of those
cheap velcro-fastened belts offer no more support than a towel wrapped around your
waist!
• Always wear a belt on any heavy basic exercises that place pressure on the lower back.
If you still have lower-back stress, you might want to give that exercise a pass. If more
than one exercise causes lower-back discomfort, see a physician or chiropractor.

• Perform all your stretches and abdominal exercises without a belt. Wearing a belt not
only restricts your range of motion, but the repetitive bending at the waist will cause
the skin to chafe in that region.
• Don’t become dependent on the belt! If you have a minor lower-back injury or your
lower-back muscles are exceptionally tired one day, then perhaps you might want to
wear the belt for the entire workout. But as soon as your back returns to normal, limit
wearing it to the basic exercises.
• Strengthen your core muscles. Lower-back pain is often caused by weak abdominals,
and lower-back injury is often caused by weak spinal erectors. Yet bodybuilders often
ignore these two muscle groups. Having a strong core will make it less likely that you’ll
be sidelined by injury, and make it easier for you to use heavier weights – two ways a

strong core will make you bigger!
WRIST STRAPS
125

Decades ago, powerlifters like the great Paul Anderson used wrist straps to help him deadlift
thousands of pounds. It took bodybuilders some time to accept them, but now straps have
become an integral part of the bodybuilding workout.
Straps are short, narrow pieces of material (an average of two feet long by one to one-and-
a-half inches wide) that are wrapped around the wrists and the barbell, or the handles of the
machine being gripped. They are most commonly used on deadlifts, shrugs and rows because
the forearm muscles are the “weak link” in the chain. Wrist straps enable you to subject the
primary muscle to more weight than the forearms are capable of holding.
As with belts and wraps, the primary disadvantage of straps is that you can become
dependent on them. If you use straps on just about every exercise, your forearm muscles and
wrists will never develop their maximum gripping strength. Another drawback is improper use.

Many bodybuilders experience severe wrist pain while using straps. While the weight being
lifted could be the cause, it’s more likely the position of the wrists relative to the hands. The
wrist is really a meeting place between the forearm and hand bones. The radius and ulna
forearm bones connect to the hand and finger bones by way of the small wrist bones. The most
distinct features of this area are the two bony protrusions on the sides of the wrist. These two
bumps play a huge role in proper usage of straps.
Many bodybuilders place the straps directly over the bumps, but this is not a good idea, as
all the weight being lifted (which will probably be many hundreds of pounds) is then
transmitted directly to the small wrist bones. These small structures are not designed to support

that kind of weight and the result is often stretched ligaments, wrist pain and potentially broken
bones. You also have to 
remember the main nerves for the hands run through the small wrist
bones. Wearing straps improperly may cause nerve impingement; more commonly known as
carpal tunnel syndrome. So what’s the solution? Make sure that the straps are resting snugly
around the bottom of your hand, missing the wrist altogether.
There are a number of different types of straps. Most cost about $15 to $20, but you could
pay upwards of $40 to $50 for a top-end pair. Straps come in two styles. Some are simply
straight pieces of material, while others have a loop at one end through which you feed the
other end. Most bodybuilders prefer the loop variety for light exercises such as pulldowns and

chin-ups, and the straight version for shrugs and deadlifts.
You could also easily make your own straps. Go into a fabric or hardware store and buy
about six feet of tough woven or nylon material. Cut the straps into lengths of about 25 to 30
inches long and 1 1/2 to 2 inches wide. Anything less than 1 1/2 inches will cut into your wrists.
Make sure to allow enough material to make the loop (if you are going to be making the loop
variety). If you want extra strength and protection, cut the straps twice as wide and then fold in
126

half and stitch. Make sure you use heavy thread and double stitching. Make sure the stitching is
strong, especially if you make the loop variety.
Other sources of material include judo and karate belts and car seatbelts, which are all
made of very strongmaterial. The martial arts belts also have the benefit of softness. You may
have to fold the car seatbelt in half to eliminate the sharp edge.
HEAD STRAPS
Some bodybuilders will develop large, powerful neck muscles simply by doing shoulder and
back training. Others will need to hit the muscles directly if they want that no-neck look made
famous by football players. A head strap is a harness that fits around the head. You then either
hang weights from the end or attach it to a cable machine. Many of the older Universal leg
curl/extension machines had such an attachment. If your gym doesn’t have a harness you can
go the wrist strap route and make your own. Again, it’s just a matter of picking up the material
and doing a bit of stitching.

Besides appearance, strong neck muscles are an absolute must in sports like judo,
wrestling, football, rugby and mixed martial arts. If your neck is undersized or you play any of
these sports, invest in a neck harness and train your neck two or three times per week.
CHALK
Sweat can interfere with your grip on machine handles, bars and dumbells. Bodybuilders
learned the value of chalk from powerlifters, Olympic lifters and gymnasts. Most sporting-
goods stores carry it and it’s dirt cheap – less than $5 for a large block. Before you rush out and
buy it, however, check your gym’s policy. Many gyms won’t allow it because it can make a
mess. Other gyms allow it only in the free-weight area.
WATER BOTTLE
“Without adequate fluids, the body simply cannot convert carbs to energy efficiently. Since 70

percent of muscle tissue is water, it relies on consistent hydration to keep functioning, and
when you’re depleted of fluid, the muscle cells simply cannot load up with energy nutrients or
amino acids.”
– Jerry Kindela, 
 Group Editorial Director
It’s amazing how many guys refuse to carry a water bottle and insist on drinking out of the
water fountain. It’s the old “water bottles are for wusses” mentality. Well, there’s nothing
wussy about catching someone else’s flu or cold sore. Also, wusses rarely pass out from
dehydration! You’ll lose a quart or more of water through sweat during a typical workout and
you’ll want to replenish on a regular basis. For the sake of a few dollars, invest in a water bottle
and try to consume at least one or two bottles per workout. Despite our land existence, we’re

still reliant on water for just about every metabolic function. Don’t end up on the floor because
of stubborn machismo!
127

Stay hydrated throughout your workout and beyond – your body needs water to function optimally.
128

I
CHAPTER 15
Equipment: The Gym’s
“My buddy and I decided to check out Winston’s Fitness Centre. When we
walked in we were amazed. The place was full of weights and equipment … I
was struck dumb.”
– Paul Dillett, champion IFBB bodybuilder
f you’ve never been in a large gym or fitness center before, day one will be an eye-opener.
The days of old torn benches and a few rusty barbells are long gone. Instead the modern gym
is filled with the latest in strength training and cardio equipment. The typical gym will have an
inventory of equipment costing hundreds of thousands, and in many cases, millions of dollars.
As I’ll be looking at cardio training in greater detail later in the book, I’m going to devote this
chapter to strength-training equipment.
Essentially, strength-training equipment can be divided into two primary categories – free
weights and machines.
FREE WEIGHTS
Free weight is the term given to dumbells and barbells. The term “free” is used as there are no

attached pulleys, cables, weight stacks or handles. Just a piece of iron with plates on each end.
The free weight is the most basic form of bodybuilding equipment and, despite the advances
made to weight-training machines, has built more great physiques than any other type of
equipment.
Barbells
The barbell is probably the most recognizable piece of bodybuilding equipment, and various
incarnations have been used for hundreds of years. Barbells are long (typically between four
and seven feet) iron bars on which circular weight plates are placed on both ends. Olympic bars
are the largest barbells and, at seven feet long and 45 pounds, are designed to support 1,000+
pounds. At each end of the bar is a thicker chrome-colored section called a sleeve, that allows
the bar to rotate independent of the plates. This helps reduce the stress on the wrists.

The next time you see some Olympic lifter throwing 500 pounds over his head or some
powerlifter squatting with 900 pounds, you can be sure he’s using an Olympic bar. These bars
are far too long to be used with arm exercises, so they tend to be used for training the larger
muscles with such exercises as squats, deadlifts, presses and rows.
Besides the standard seven-foot Olympic bar, most gyms have shorter bars (four to six
feet) that are more convenient for working the smaller muscles. To keep the plates from sliding
off during exercise, a metal lock called a collar is secured to each end. Collars can either be the
type tightened with a bolt, or simple spring collars.
130

Fixed Barbells
Your gym may have a selection of fixed barbells. These short (four to five feet long) bars have
the weights welded in position, so you simply grab the bar with the total weight you want to
use. Most gyms have a full set of fixed bars ranging from 20 to 100–120 pounds, and these bars
are stored in a special rack or stand. For neatness, convenience and safety, gyms require that
you return the bars to the rack when you’re finished using them.
EZ-Curl Bars
Most gyms carry a variation of the barbell called an EZ-Curl bar. EZ-Curl bars are about three
feet long, weigh about 20 to 25 pounds and have a double S-bend in the middle. Many
bodybuilders find the EZ-Curl bars better to use than straight bars on arm exercises, as the
curves allow the hands to rest in a more natural position throughout the movement, thereby
allowing less stress on the wrists.
Weight Plates
Unless you’re training light or warming up, bars are useless without extra weight on them.

Weight plates are circular and designed to fit snugly over the ends of barbells. The standard
gym plate is iron and ranges from 2.5 to 100 pounds in the following increments: 2.5, 5, 10, 25,
35, 45, 100.
No doubt some readers may be familiar with “plastic” plates. Many home gym sets by
York and Weider come with weight plates made up of a hollow plastic shell filled with sand or
cement. The nice thing about plastic plates is that they treat carpets and floors with more
kindness than iron plates. Their chief disadvantage is their thickness, as they are at least twice
as thick as an iron plate. This means you can’t fit as many on the barbell and it won’t be long
before you’ll outgrow them. In addition, if they drop on hard surfaces they can split, spilling
the sand out and becoming unusable.

As with all small equipment, gyms will be diligent in requiring you to return the plates to
their proper stands or racks when finished. Nothing is as dangerous as a couple of loose plates
lying around the floor. Sooner or later someone is going to trip.
Dumbells
Contrary to popular belief, the name dumbell has nothing to do with being stupid. The original
meaning of the word “dumb” was mute, or silent, and the word dumbbell literally means “silent
bell.”
131

Photo of Omar Deckard by Ralph DeHaan
Dumbells can be considered the little brothers of barbells. Dumbells are short (10 to 15
inches) bars that, like 
barbells, can be used to train just about every muscle group. Unlike
barbells, however, you usually hold one in each hand as opposed to using two hands to hold one
bar. Like fixed barbell sets, most gyms have the plates on the dumbells welded in place. You
simply grab the weight you wish to use. Virtually all gyms have the dumbells arranged in
ascending order on racks located by the mirrors – that is, if they’ve been put away properly. A
typical dumbell set will range from 5 to 120 pounds, but gyms with larger and stronger trainers
might have 150 or even 200 pounders kicking around. You don’t realize what power is until you
see some 280-pound bodybuilder banging out reps on presses with a pair of 150-pound
dumbells.
The primary advantage of dumbells over barbells is that they allow you a greater range of

dumbells.
motion on many exercises, including pressing movements. On such exercises as chest and
shoulder presses the barbell will have to stop at the shoulders or chest but the dumbells,
because they are shorter and held in each hand, can be lowered further, giving you an extra 10
to 20 degrees of motion. Many bodybuilders also find dumbells easier on the wrists as you can
rotate the hands slightly inward or outward. Barbells force you to keep the hands and wrists
locked in the one position. In addition, dumbells are safer, especially when you are working out
alone. If you can’t manage to complete a last rep on presses with dumbells, you simply drop
them. If you can’t manage the last rep with a barbell … well, we’ve already told you about the
dead bodybuilders in basements.
BENCHES

BENCHES
Although some exercises can be performed using just the barbell or dumbells, many exercises
will need to be executed on some sort of bench. As there are numerous different types I’ll
discuss them separately.
Flat Bench
As the name suggests, flat benches are long, flat, and horizontal. They are supported by four
legs and can be used to perform such exercises as flat dumbell presses, one-arm rows and lying
triceps extensions. While in some gyms the benches are bolted to the floors, most flat benches
can be moved around. These benches will often have a rack attached for doing bench presses.
Incline Bench
To target the upper chest you’ll need a bench that is tilted or inclined 30 to 45 degrees to the
vertical. Most bodybuilders find that angles above 45 degrees tend to shift most of the stress to

the front shoulders while angles less than 30 degrees target the lower chest to a greater degree.
Besides chest, you can use an incline bench to work the biceps and triceps.
Decline Bench
Decline benches are just the opposite of incline benches and are primarily used to target the
lower chest. They can also be used for training the abdominals, triceps, back and rear shoulders.
132

Vertical Bench
On some exercises such as shoulder presses and dumbell extensions for triceps, it’s a good idea
to brace your back against an upright surface. Most gyms have benches that are locked between
80 and 90 degrees. Resting your back against a vertical pad greatly reduces the stress on your
lower back.
Adjustable Bench
Most gyms have adjustable benches that allow you to set the angle anywhere from 0 to 90
degrees. This allows bodybuilders to adjust the bench to suit the exercise. It also allows users to
select the angle that feels best for them. While 0 (flat), 30, 45 and 90 degrees are the most
popular angles for fixed benches, many bodybuilders prefer angles somewhere in between. We
encourage you to experiment with different angles as time goes on – an angle that works for
one bodybuilder may be too steep or not steep enough for another.
Scott, or Preacher Bench
This was originally called the preacher bench, but when word got out that Larry Scott,

bodybuilding’s first Mr. Olympia, used it extensively to build his great set of biceps, the name
Scott bench became common. The Scott bench is basically a pad set at 45 degrees. It often has
an attached chair to sit on. By doing biceps curls on a 45-degree angle you can shift more of the
stress to the lower biceps. Now, while you can’t physically lengthen your biceps (length is
genetically determined) you can give the lower biceps and upper forearms a thicker appearance.
This helps fill in the gap between the upper and lower arms. Another advantage of Scott curls is
that by sitting down and locking the upper arms on the pad, you can’t swing the torso and cheat
like you can on standing barbell curls. This also means you have to use less weight on Scott
curls.
Abdominal Bench

curls.
An abdominal bench is basically a decline bench with double padded rollers at one end. Many
have a short handle sticking out of the high end to hold on to and a pin or knob to adjust the
height. Because of the angle, an abdominal bench allows you to place more stress on the
abdominals. If you put your feet under the rollers you can perform situps and crunches to
primarily target the upper abdominals. Flipping over and grabbing the handle with your hands
while doing leg raises brings more lower abdominals into play. Both exercises can be made
more difficult by increasing the angle of the bench.
Dipping Bar
While simple to look at, dipping bars are one of the most effective apparatus for working the
chest, shoulders and triceps. The late Vince Gironda, the Iron Guru, said dips were the best
chest exercise, period. Dipping bars can be parallel, like gymnastics bars, or V-shaped (coming

closer together at one end). Performed with the body held vertical and elbows close to the sides,
the exercise works primarily the triceps, while performing it while leaning forward with the
elbows flared out makes it primarily a chest exercise.
Chin-Up Bar
133

Another oldie but goodie. A chin-up bar is simply a long overhead bar that allows you to pull
yourself upwards. Basic bars are straight while the fancier ones may have numerous handles
arranged at different angles. Chin-ups may have been a source of annoyance for you back in
high school when the coach forced you to do so many chin-ups in a certain time period. Now
that your bodybuilding training has begun let me be the first to tell you that chin-ups are one of
the best, if not the best, back exercises in existence. Just about every top bodybuilding superstar
includes chin-ups on back day.
Racks
Racks come in many sizes and shapes and have two primary functions – storage and assistance.
Barbells and dumbells are not normally left lying around the floor or standing up in corners,
but rather they are placed on racks to keep them out of the way and make them easy to find.
Racks also come into play on exer
cises where the muscle being targeted is capable of lifting

much more weight than the muscles used to hoist the bar into position. It won’t be long before
you’ll be performing squats with 300 pounds or more on your shoulders. As you can imagine,
it’s virtually impossible to hoist that amount of weight from the floor and place it on your
shoulders. The easy solution is to place the bar on a rack at the desired height. Likewise, I don’t
think you’d want to lift a loaded bar from the floor and hold it above your chest for bench
presses. Even if you did somehow manage to hoist it into the starting position and perform your
set, just imagine trying to get back up off the bench holding a 300-pound bar.
Many racks also have safety catches or pins that allow you to rack the bar at a lower level
if you can’t return it to the starting height. This safety feature is an absolute must on such

exercises as squats and bench presses.
Smith Machine
The Smith machine is a specialized machine that looks like a traditional barbell placed on a
rack. But look closer and you’ll see that the bar is attached to a straight vertical bar on each
side and connected to the machine by a set of hooks. The primary benefit of the Smith machine
is also its disadvantage – balance. Unlike a regular barbell, which you have to lift as well as
134

balance, the Smith machine balances the bar for you. This makes it good for those with injuries,
those new to the gym environment, and is safer for those working alone. The disadvantage of
this, however, is that balancing the bar is a big part of the effectiveness of the exercise.
Another problem with the Smith machine is that most models force you to lift the bar in a
straight line, whereas your body moves in a natural arc while performing presses. Forcing the
body to move a bar in a straight line could cause undue stress on the joints and associated
connective tissues.
The Arm Blaster
While he probably never used it as much as the photos might have suggested, the sight of
Arnold blasting his 22-inch arms while wearing an Arm Blaster no doubt helped sell millions.
An Arm Blaster is a short, two to three foot long, flat piece of curved metal (usually aluminum)
that fits around the waist and is supported by a strap around the neck. By placing the elbows

against the two ends, much of the cheating that bodybuilders are famous for while doing biceps
curls is eliminated. While the apparatus doesn’t really have any drawbacks, it never really
caught on with bodybuilders.
EQUIPMENT – MACHINES
“I don’t care for machines that start out with a fairly heavy weight, even before you add any
plates. They can be downright dangerous. I wanted to do light leg presses so I put a 25-pound
plate on each side. I didn’t know the machine weighed 225 pounds, making my first set 275. It
drove me into the floor like a guillotine.”
– Bill Starr, regular 
 contributor and top strength coach
While barbells and dumbells are probably the oldest type of training equipment, machines have
seen the greatest explosion in variety and numbers over the last couple of decades. Most

machines have weight stacks made up of rectangular iron plates placed one on top of another.
To select a weight you simply place a pin into the hole of the desired poundage. Most machines
have the weight stacks attached to handles by way of cables and pulleys. In recent years some
brands have adopted Kevlar belts in place of wire cables.
Machines come in two basic styles – individual and multi-station. Individual machines
tend to work just one muscle, but with a bit of ingenuity bodybuilders have adapted them to
train multiple muscles. Multi-stations have four, six, eight or more stations connected to a
central frame, or core. The old Universal Gladiator is probably the oldest and most familiar
multi-station around and most high school and college gyms have at least one of these units.

While outdated by many of its younger rivals, it still finds its share of supporters.
There are literally hundreds of different machines that you can use to work the muscles.
There’s no way I 
can cover them all here. Later in the book I’ll be describing many of them as I
explain the various exercises. For now I’ll give you a brief description of a few of the better-
known machines.
135

Photo of Con Dimetriou by Alex Ardenti
Lower Body
While the barbell squat is considered the best thigh exercise, there are a number of other
machines that can effectively work the thighs. And even if you make squats the centerpiece of
your workout, you’ll need other movements to really hit the smaller muscles of the legs such as
the calves and hamstrings.
Leg press:
 If squats are the No. 1 leg exercise then leg presses are a close second – and for
many bodybuilders a safer way to train the legs. I’ll be the first to admit that some individuals
find the squat stressful on the knees and lower back, despite its many advantages. Others can
easily perform the exercise, but get nothing more out of it than a large set of glutes (a large
ass!).
Leg presses have two primary advantages over squats. You can go super heavy without
placing anywhere near as much stress on the lower back than you do with a squat. Leg presses
also allow you to vary your foot position considerably. Doing so allows you to target different

parts of the thighs, and is beneficial for reducing knee stress and glute involvement.
You may find a number of different variations of the leg press machine. Older models
require you to lie on your back and push straight up. While very effective, this position is
uncomfortable and can cause an enormous pressure buildup in the head. If you have high blood
pressure or a history of stroke in your family I strongly suggest you avoid the vertical leg press.
The most common leg press these days is called the 45-degree leg press. Instead of
pushing straight up, you lie back on a 45-degree pad and push a platform loaded with weight up
on an angle. Such machines are designed to hold enormous loads of weight. If you’re not
already, it won’t be long before you’re using 500 pounds or more.

The other popular leg-press machine is called a lying, or horizontal leg press. This
machine requires you to lie on your back and place your feet on a platform. From here you push
with your legs, but instead of the platform moving away from you, you move away from the
platform. Because most horizontal leg presses are stack loaded (you place a pin in a hole rather
than put plates on the side), serious bodybuilders usually avoid them. Even if the stack holds
500 pounds, the mechanics of the machine will allow most serious bodybuilders to lift the
entire stack within a short time of starting their training.
136

Hack machine:
 The hack machine, or “hack squat” will put a nice sweep to your outer thigh.
The machine is angled slightly backwards. You lie back and rest your body against a long
padded support. The weights are usually attached to the rear or sides.
Leg-extension machine:
 The leg extension machine consists of a chair with a long straight
lever with one long or two short rollers attached. By sitting in the chair and placing your legs
behind the rollers and lifting (extending) upward, you can isolate the thighs. Although leg
extensions are a great warmup or finishing exercise they won’t build your thighs nearly as large
or strong as squats or leg presses do.
Leg-curl machine:
 Leg-curl machines are used to train primarily the hamstrings, but the glutes
and calves do come into play. There are three primary types of leg-curl machines. The classic
leg curl requires you to lie facedown on a long pad and rest your ankles under a set of padded

rollers. You then curl the rollers up by bending at the knees. Older models of this machine were
attached to the leg extension and the moving arm had both an upper and lower set of rollers.
You simply sat on the end of the pad and used the lower rollers to perform extensions, and lay
facedown and used the upper rollers to train the hamstrings.
In recent years the seated leg curl has grown in popularity. This machine looks very
similar to the leg-extension machine, in that you sit in a chair. However, instead of placing
your feet behind the rollers and pushing up, you place them on top of the rollers and curl down,
or back towards your butt. The advantage of the seated leg curl is that it has an adjustable pad
to keep you from sliding out of the chair. It also helps to prevent the cheating that can take

place on lying leg curls by throwing your bodyweight into the exercise.
Standing leg curls require you to stand up and, while your body is supported by one leg,
you place the other leg in front of a padded roller and curl backward and upward.
Calf machines:
 Calf machines come in three basic styles. The standing calf machine consists
of an upright frame with two horizontal pads that you step under and place on your shoulders.
You stand on the edge of a platform and flex up and down at the ankle joint, targeting the upper
calf muscle, the gastrocnemius.
Those who find the standing calf stressful on their lower back can use the leg-press
machine. Instead of standing up and resting the weight on your shoulders, you sit in a chair and

place your toes at the bottom edge of the platform. Flex at the ankle joint, going right up on
your toes and then bringing your heels down as far as possible. As your legs are kept straight at
all times, the toe press primarily works the upper calf muscles.
To target the lower calves, use the seated calf machine. This machine consists of a small
padded stool to sit on and an attached horizontal bar with a set of pads that rest on your knees.
The movement is similar to standing calf raises and toe presses, in that you flex up and down at
the ankles. However, since the knees are bent, most of the work is performed by the lower calf
muscle (the soleus).
Upper Body
As with the legs, there are hundreds of exercise machines for the upper body. While some are

Upper Body
virtually useless, many come close to duplicating the effectiveness of free weights.
Lat pulldown machine:
 The lat pulldown machine has been a staple in bodybuilding workouts
137

since Universal put one on their multi-stations decades ago. While chin-ups get the nod for
back-training effectiveness, pulldowns (which are just chin-ups in reverse – the bar comes
down instead of you going up) are great for those not strong enough to lift their bodyweight, or
for those who cannot get enough reps with bodyweight. The traditional version of the lat
pulldown was to use a long straight bar and grab it with a wide grip. Nowadays dozens of
different attachments can be hooked on to hit the lats (short for latissimus dorsi) from different
angles. I should add that the lat pulldown machine probably gets as much use for training the
triceps as it does for training the back muscles.
Pec-deck, or pec-flye machine:
 The pec-deck gets its name from the pectorals, or chest
muscles. The original pec-deck was invented by Arthur Jones of Nautilus fame, but over the
past couple of decades numerous versions have come on the scene. Some require you to place

your forearms behind a set of pads and squeeze together, while others have handles for you to
grab. While both these types of 
machine are effective, you may notice a big difference in
comfort from one to the other, particularly on the joints.
Photo of Moe Elmoussawi by Robert Reiff
Lateral-raise machine:
 This machine consists of a padded stool to sit on and a small frame
with two padded side arms to rest your forearms and elbows against. By raising the arms out
and upward to shoulder height, you can target the side, or medial, deltoid (shoulder) muscles.
While the dumbell version of this exercise is probably more popular, the machine is actually
more biomechanically correct. The resistance is kept more in line with the side shoulders when
using the machine.
Biceps and triceps machines:

 Despite the variety of biceps and triceps machines (literally
dozens) they don’t seem to garner the same degree of attention as some of the chest, back and
shoulder machines. It could be that most bodybuilders just prefer training their arms with free
weights (is there anything any better than a basic barbell curl?), or it could be that machines
don’t seem to stress the arm muscles like some of the other upper-body machines stress the
larger muscles. With the exception of triceps pushdowns on the lat machine and maybe cable
curls on a low-pulley machine, most arm machines just sit there looking cute but lonely!
138

TO USE OR NOT?
The issue of machines is one of the enduring debates among bodybuilding experts. Many have a
love ’em or hate ’em relationship. Others fall somewhere in the middle and use machines to
supplement their free-weight programs. Machines do have some advantages over free weights.
They are easier to set up, as all you really need to do is put a pin in a hole. Loading a leg press
with 500+ pounds can be a workout in itself. Machines are also easier to use if you have an
injury. And unlike barbells and dumbells, which need to be balanced as well as lifted, machines
usually require you to simply lift the weight. Of course, this is also where critics condemn
machines. By not having to balance the weight you are losing half the benefits of the exercise.
The small muscles you use to stabilize and balance a barbell or dumbell are never fully utilized
with machines. You will notice this weakness if you switch from machines to free weights

doing the same exercise. The issue of symmetrical stress must not be forgotten, either. Many
machines consist of one arm or lever that is lifted with two hands or legs. The problem with
this is that the strong side of your body will do most of the lifting. The weaker side will never
catch up if you only use such machines.
Of course, some exercises can only be performed using machines. The lat pulldown is one
example. Until you can lift your bodyweight on the chin-up exercise you’ll need to do
pulldowns for lat width. Even then, you may find the lat pulldown does a better job of targeting
the lats. With the possible exception of stiff-leg deadlifts there are not that many great free-
weight hamstring exercises, whereas leg curls are great for targeting hamstrings. Calf training
with free weights offers the same limitations.

Unless you honestly feel that you prefer to only use free weights, or conversely, injuries
prevent you from using free weights, we suggest you incorporate a combination of machine and
free-weight exercises into your training. Virtually every bodybuilding superstar does this, and
so should you.
139

I
CHAPTER 16
Bodybuilding Biology
“Most bodybuilders are focused on building bigger muscles, period! In fact,
they should be focusing on building a big, proportionate, flexible, strong and
healthy body.”
– 
 editorial
t’s been painted and sculpted for thousands of years. Poets write about it and people routinely
spend thousands of dollars trying to perfect it. The human body has been called everything
from a work of art to an incredible machine. As a bodybuilder your goal is to improve both its
appearance and health, not to mention its strength.
In many respects the human body is like an internal combustion engine. Both need fuel to
supply energy and both give off waste products. Both need constant maintenance and both
eventually wear out – much more quickly if not properly cared for. The following discussion of
muscle anatomy and physiology may bring back memories of high school biology. In fact you

may still be in high school. That’s fine, as there’s nothing like practical application to help you
remember something.
MUSCLES
The human skeleton is covered by approximately 650 muscles, which create the distinct
contours and shape of the human body. Anatomists disagree on the exact number of muscles.
The main area of controversy concerns whether certain muscles are one unit or two units
working together. (Clearly we did not evolve to please anatomists.) It is generally accepted,
however, that there are at least 630 muscles in the human body. By contracting and relaxing,
these muscles produce movement.
Although bodybuilding helps strengthen bones, ligaments and tendons, it is the muscles
that receive the greatest benefit from this sport. The words bodybuilding and muscles go hand

in hand. Muscles show the results of your labor. You don’t ask a person to show you his
Achilles’ tendon – you ask to see his 
biceps. Muscles are the symbol of strength, even though
strength relies on tendon power and leverage as much as muscle power. The associated
ligaments and tendons are forgotten in the excitement – until you pull one.
142

There are three types of muscle tissue: cardiac, smooth and skeletal. From a bodybuilding
standpoint we are concerned with the third type, so we will be brief when describing the first
two.
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. Its main function is to force blood through the
body’s arteries, veins and capillaries. Smooth muscle makes up the walls of such internal
hollow organs as the small and large intestines, the respiratory tract, and most of the
reproductive system.
Skeletal muscle acquired its name because, for the most part, it is attached to the body’s
skeleton. This type of muscle is often said to be striated because of the alternating dark and
light areas. (Smooth muscle is nonstriated, while cardiac muscle is finely striated.) Unlike
smooth and cardiac muscle, which contracts involuntarily (i.e. you have no direct control over
it), skeletal muscle contracts voluntarily in most cases. This means you can contract skeletal
muscle whenever you want.

Skeletal muscles are covered and held together by fibrous connective tissue called fascia.
Fascia can be divided into two types – superficial and deep. Deep fascia is composed of layers
of dense connective tissue and is found between individual muscles and groups of muscles. As
does superficial fascia, deep fascia contains an assortment of nerves, blood vessels and lymph
vessels.
FUNCTION
Skeletal muscle has three main functions – movement, heat production and posture. In normal
day-to-day activities (standing, walking, sitting, etc.) the contracting and relaxing of muscles
produces much of the heat responsible for maintaining the body’s internal temperature (average
of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, 37 degrees Celsius). Even holding normal posture is a function of
skeletal muscle. This is most obvious in people with lower-back injuries. The muscles of the

lower back, called the spinal erectors, help keep the body in an upright position. If they become
injured or even just tired, the person will start to slouch, having great difficulty sitting or
standing upright.
STRUCTURE
Skeletal muscle is composed of long muscle cells called muscle fibers. These fibers give
skeletal muscle its striated look. Muscle fibers are composed of smaller fibers called
myofibrils, which in turn can be broken down into myofilaments. The muscle fibers are
supplied with blood by a network of capillaries, small blood vessels that branch off from larger
arteries. Capillaries serve two main functions: They bring oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the
muscles, and at the same time they remove the waste products of metabolism.

Muscle contraction is under the control of the central nervous system and follows an all-
or-none principle. As this book is not a biophysiology text, I will not go into great detail here.
Suffice it to say that for a given muscle fiber to contract, it needs a certain amount of stimulus.
When this stimulus is received, the muscle fiber in question fires (neurophysiological jargon
for contracts) to its full extent. A smaller stimulus does not produce a smaller contraction of
the muscle fiber. Once the minimum stimulus needed is received, the particular muscle fiber
contracts fully. Keep in mind, however, that one muscle is made up of perhaps half a million
individual muscle fibers.
144

If the stimulus is spread over a large area (i.e. the whole muscle), all the necessary muscle
fibers will fully contract. The strength of the muscle contraction is based on the number of
fibers contracting, not the intensity of each fiber. Lifting a 20-pound dumbell will cause more
fibers to contract than lifting a 10-pound dumbell. The individual muscle fibers, however, are
contracting with the same intensity.
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Muscles become shorter when contracted and lengthen when relaxed. This action enables us to
lift and hold objects, walk, breathe and perform many other activi
ties that involve movement.
While you are likely aware of this concept, you may not understand the actual mechanisms
involved.
145

Photo of Mark Dugdale by Robert Reiff
Scientists explain the shortening of muscles with the “sliding-filament” theory. Basically
146

the theory states that muscle fibers contain two major proteins called actin and myosin, which
are arranged in cylindrical bundles. When a muscle contracts, the ends of the myosin attach to
the actin molecules of adjacent fibers. The myosin then undergoes a conformational change,
resulting in the end of the fiber bending. This pulls on the actin fiber. Once the myosin filament
completes this change, it detaches itself from the actin fiber and straightens out. The whole
process then repeats in a kind of “leap frog” manner, with adjacent fibers sliding past one
another. In order for this process to work most effectively, sufficient quantities of calcium,
sodium and tropomyosin must be present. Most of these are supplied in the diet, so it’s obvious
why nutrition plays such an integral part of muscle contraction and growth.
ISOTONIC VERSUS ISOMETRIC
Muscle contraction falls into two broad categories. The first, isotonic, is what comes to mind

when we think of muscle contraction. It involves a shortening and thickening of the muscle.
Just about all bodybuilding exercises involve isotonic contractions.
The second type of contraction is called isometric. Earlier in the book I talked about
Charles Atlas’ training courses from the 1940s and 1950s. These exercises were based heavily
on isometric contraction. Unlike isotonic contractions, isometric contractions don’t involve a
shortening of the muscle. To get an idea of an isometric contraction, forcefully push the heels
of your hands together. While the muscles are tight and tense, they are not changing in size.
You can get the same effect holding a barbell. Grab a bar and prepare to do a standing barbell
curl. Before the bar moves up, the muscles are in use but are not changing in length. This is an

isometric contraction. As soon as you start moving the bar, the biceps muscles shorten and
bunch up (get thicker), and when you move the bar they lengthen again. This is an isotonic
contraction. Both types of contractions require energy and produce heat. Most body movements
are a combination of the two, although some are predominantly one or the other. Walking is
mainly isotonic, whereas standing is primarily isometric.
For bodybuilding purposes isotonic movements are, by far, the most effective. There is a
limit to what isometrics can accomplish. They are probably useful only when access to weights
is impossible, such as when you’re on the road. Some bodybuilders find that isometric (often
called isotension) exercises add that extra bit of hardness when they’re preparing for a contest,

but from a mass-gaining point of view, sticking with basic isotonic exercises is your best bet.
FIBER TYPES
Muscle fibers can be divided into two broad categories – fast-twitch and slow-twitch. The ratio
of slow- to fast-twitch muscle fibers is determined by genetics, and doesn’t change much over a
lifetime. (Recent research suggests that it might be possible to transform one into the other.)
FAST-TWITCH MUSCLE FIBER
Fast-twitch muscle fibers are adapted for rapid short-duration contraction. For example, the
small muscles controlling the eyes and fingers are adapted for very quick movements, but they
have a very short duration. Try blinking your eyes very fast for a sustained period of time.
You’ll find that after a short time they tire to the point that you can hardly move them. The

reason? These muscles have a reduced amount of myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein that
speeds up the rate of oxygen movement into a muscle fiber. Fast-twitch muscle also has fewer
147

capillaries than slow-twitch muscle. This means a slower rate of nutrient replenishment. The
shortage of capillaries and myoglobin means a reduced number of red blood cells, giving the
muscle a pale color. Such muscles are called white muscle.
SLOW-TWITCH MUSCLE FIBER
Areas of the body that need prolonged, steady contractions are controlled by slow-twitch
muscle fibers. Slow-twitch muscle fibers don’t tire as easily as fast-twitch. For example, the
spinal erectors of the back, which keep us upright all day, are primarily composed of slow-
twitch muscle fibers. Unlike fast-twitch, slow-twitch muscle fibers have a large capillary
network and increased amounts of myoglobin. The increased myoglobin gives the muscle a
reddish color. The most easily visible examples of red and white muscle tissue are in poultry
(chicken, turkey, duck, etc.). What we refer to as white meat and dark meat are in reality fast-
twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers.

So what does this distinction mean for bodybuilding? For starters, most of the body’s main
muscle groups are predominantly fast- or slow-twitch. This means that each muscle group will
respond differently to varied rep ranges. In general, bodybuilders find that calves and forearms
respond best to high reps (20 plus), whereas other muscles such as those of the chest and back
seem to require lower reps (8 to 10). Of course, some bodybuilders find heavy weight and low
reps (6 to 8) to be the most effective combination for the calves, and others find high reps
optimal for chest.
An individual with a predominance of slow-twitch muscle fibers would need to include a
high number of sets and reps to adequately stimulate his or her muscles. Conversely, someone
with a proportionately high number of fast-twitch muscle fibers would probably respond better

to heavier weights and lower reps.
The latest research suggests that fast-twitch muscle fibers contract twice as quickly (it
takes about one millisecond for a muscle fiber to contract) and are 10 times stronger than slow-
twitch muscle fibers. They respond best to workouts involving 2 to 6 sets of 4 to 6 reps. The
148

sets should be performed with the maximum amount of weight that can be handled for the
given number of reps, the sixth rep being the last that could be completed. Slow-twitch muscle
fibers were found to respond most effectively to a high-set (8 to 10), high-rep (12 to 20)
routine.
The average untrained person has muscles with a 50:50 fast-twitch to slow-twitch ratio. In
top athletes, however, we find a different ratio. This is partly because athletes excel at sports
their bodies have an aptitude for, and partly because their muscles respond to the specialized
demands placed on them. In simple terms, the body adapts to the type of stress endured (e.g.
long-distance 
running versus weight training). The ratio of the two contributes to success in the
athlete’s chosen sport. Muscle biopsies on marathon runners reveal muscles with as high as 90-
percent slow-twitch muscle fiber. For bodybuilders the ratio is reversed – red muscle fibers

account for 80 percent of the muscle. The high percentage of red fibers can be explained by the
type of workouts performed. Slow and continuous exercises with moderate to heavy weights
(average rep range of 8 to 12) stimulate the production of red muscle fibers.
As for the white muscle fiber, recent studies suggest that it can be converted into red
muscle fiber. This change results from slow and steady contractions over time. It’s believed
that the type of nerve impulse determines the ratio of fast-twitch to slow-twitch (white to red)
muscle fibers. However, even top bodybuilders display much variation in their muscle
composition. Some have ratios in favor of fast-twitch, others in favor of slow-twitch. Through
trial and error each individual has determined which type of training works best for him. Unless

your ratio is extreme – a rare phenomenon for the average person – you can make great
progress no matter which type of muscle fiber predominates. To take full advantage of both
slow- and fast-twitch muscle fibers, bodybuilders generally alternate rep ranges (6 to 8 versus
12 to 15). This way, no matter what the individual fiber ratio, you can be sure your muscles are
being fully stimulated.
MUSCLES – HOW THEY WORK
Skeletal muscles produce movement by pulling on tendons, which in turn pull on the
connecting bone. Most muscles pass across a joint and are attached to both bones that form the
joint. When a muscle contracts, one of the attached bones remains stationary while the other
moves along with the contraction. For convenience we say that the muscle section attached to

the stationary bone is called the origin, and the point of muscle attachment on the moving bone
is called the insertion. Keep in mind that origin and insertion are relative terms, and can be
reversed depending on the action involved. Contrary to popular belief, muscles can only pull,
not push. Even though many exercises are considered “pushing” movements, the muscle being
worked is actually pulling the associated bone. When you’re performing triceps extensions, the
triceps muscle is contracting and pulling the forearm to an extended position, yet most
bodybuilders refer to triceps extensions (as well as any other triceps exercise for that matter) as
a pushing movement. Similarly the bench press, while commonly called a pushing exercise,
causes the chest muscles to contract, pulling the arms toward the center of the body.

The human body evolved such that many of the major muscle groups work in opposing
pairs. Triceps and biceps provide a classic example. Contracting the biceps draws the forearm
toward the upper arm, whereas contracting the triceps extends the forearm away from the upper
arm and back to its original extended position.
To further enhance your bodybuilding biology vocabulary, the muscle that contracts to
149

produce a desired movement is called the agonist. The muscle that produces the opposite
movement is called the antagonist. English majors will recognize the terms from studying
novels, the protagonist being the central character, while his or her opponent is the antagonist.
When the agonist (e.g. biceps) is contracting, the antagonist (triceps) is relaxed. As with
insertions and origins, an agonist in one movement may be an antagonist in another.
Bodybuilders often replace the words agonist and antagonist with flexor and extensor.
Contraction of the biceps bends, or flexes, the elbow bringing the lower and upper arm bones
closer together. Conversely, contracting the triceps extends the elbow joint, drawing the bones
away from one another, increasing the angle. Bodybuilders use the terms “flexing” and
“extending” to describe the function of the muscle rather than the joint, so therefore you “flex”
the biceps and “extend” the triceps.

Most complex exercise movements are the result of many muscles working together. For
example, the bench press is considered a chest exercise, but the shoulders and triceps also
receive a great deal of stimulation. In fact, some trainers find the bench press a poor exercise
for the 
chest. Instead of great pecs, they end up with well-developed front deltoids or triceps.
There is nothing wrong with this. It just means you have to start doing other exercises to work
your chest, and make sure to work your rear delts to keep up with the front.
In the bench press the chest muscles (pectorals) are called the primary movers, and the
deltoids and triceps are referred to as secondary movers. Aside from secondary movers, other
muscles also assist the primary movers. The back muscles (latissimus dorsi) help stabilize the

body. Though they are not directly involved in moving the weight, they nevertheless assist the
primary movers.
150

Photos of Troy Alves, Desmond Miller and Peter Putnam by Jason Mathas, Ralph DeHaan and Irvin Gelb
NAMING
The name of a muscle typically tells us something about its structure, location, size or function.
Shape is described in such muscles as the trapezius, deltoid or gracilis. The corresponding
shapes are trapezoidal, triangular and slender, respectively. Gluteus maximus and gluteus
minimus, the muscles that make up the buttocks region, are two names that indicate relative
sizes.
Such terms as supraspinatus and infraspinatus indicate relative position – supra indicating
above the spine of the scapula, and infra below the spine of the scapula. Familiar to most
bodybuilders are the latissimus dorsi. They are named as such to indicate that they are found
laterally on the body toward the dorsal, or back region. (Just remember where a shark’s dorsal
fin is located.) Likewise the rectus abdominis is a straight muscle located in the abdominal
region.

region.
Some muscles are named according to their number of “heads.” The head is defined as the
expanded, rounded surface, or belly, of a muscle. The biceps muscle has two heads, hence the
prefix bi. The triceps has three heads, and the front thigh muscle, called the quadriceps, has
four heads.
Muscles can also be named according to the direction of their fibers – transverse (across)
151

and obliques (slanted). They indicate the direction of the muscle fibers with respect to the
structures to which they are attached.
152

S
CHAPTER 17
The Pump
“Ve vant to pump you up!”
– Hans and Franz, those endearing characters with that familiar Austrian accent, from
SNL.
ince I just discussed muscle anatomy and physiology, it only makes sense to take a look at a
unique bodybuilding term – the pump. Considered by some athletes to be almost sexual in
nature, the pump is conceivably the most desired sensation of hard-training bodybuilders. After
a couple of sets of an exercise the muscle becomes engorged with blood. It swells, the veins
stand out and the owner begins to feel that on any day of the week he could match physiques
with Arnold Schwarzenegger!
The pump is caused by blood rushing into the muscle faster than the circulatory system
can remove it. Many bodybuilders assess the quality of their workout by the level of pump. If
the worked muscle does not pump to any degree, the individual often feels the workout was
wasted.
The level of pump varies among individuals and also within one individual. You may get

wasted.
an incredible pump from one set on one day, while on another day no amount of exercise will
bring on the desired feeling. In addition, it’s possible to fully pump the muscle only to lose the
pump with continued exercise. When you begin to lose the pump, stop exercising that particular
muscle. The idea is to become so in tune with your body that you know exactly the maximum
number of sets to perform without losing the pump.
Is a good pump necessary? Although it’s not a prerequisite for growth, the general
consensus is that the better the pump, the greater the development. A good pump signifies that
the muscle in question is receiving a good blood supply. Also, the speed at which a muscle
pumps up is indicative of its neuromus
cular pathway. There is a definite relationship among

supply, nerve transmission and muscle growth. In short, the better the blood supply to a muscle,
the better it pumps, and the faster it grows. The important aspect is not so much the blood but
rather what it carries. As the body’s chief transport medium, blood brings to the muscles all the
nutrients and oxygen needed for growth and repair. At the same time blood removes such
metabolic wastes as carbon dioxide and lactic acid. An increased blood supply also means the
establishment of more blood vessels.
153

If you need more convincing, ask yourself this question: “What are my best bodyparts?”
Chances are your best muscle groups are those that pump up the fastest and to the greatest
extent. On the flipside of the coin, those muscles that lag behind probably pump up little or not
at all.
Achieving a proper pump requires intense, heavy training, not endless sets of reps using
light weight. Such training strategies as Vince Gironda’s 6 sets of 6 reps with 30 seconds rest
between sets, and Dorian Yates’ high-intensity training (a modification of Mike Mentzer’s
heavy-duty system) are great ways to achieve the maximum pump in the shortest time.
What happens if you fail to achieve a pump or it’s much smaller than usual? Such a failure
is caused by one of several factors. All the training in the world will not produce a pump if
there is no glycogen in your muscles. A flat look to the muscles and a failure to achieve a pump

are caused by insufficient glycogen storage. You need more carbs such as sweet potatoes and
oatmeal.
Another reason for a less-than-adequate pump is overtraining. Doing 20 or 30 sets per
bodypart is the surest way to hold yourself back and in many cases reverse your progress. There
is no way your recovery system can restock the body’s muscles with glycogen if you follow
such a routine. Why do sprinters have huge muscular thighs while marathon runners have long
slender thighs? Sprinters concentrate on doing the maximum amount of work in the shortest
time. Marathon runners, on the other hand, expend so much energy over such a long time that
their systems (particularly their muscles) never get a chance to totally recover. The same

principle holds true for bodybuilders. Spend hours on the stationary bike or performing endless
high-rep sets, and the muscles cannot help but take on a stringy appearance. There is a fine line
between not enough and too much.
If you’re eating properly and not overtraining, the lack of a pump is due to some other
cause. How long do you rest between sets? Anything over two minutes is way too much. Most
bodybuilders find 45 seconds to a minute to be the best rest interval. If you can operate on less
rest – say, 30 seconds or so – you most certainly will achieve a pump, as long as you’re getting
6 reps per set.
Other training techniques that almost guarantee a pump are supersets, trisets and giant
sets. All of these training practices ensure much work being done in a short time – the perfect
conditions for a great pump.
154

While achieving a pump is not an absolute necessity, it is one of the most frequently used
benchmarks for measuring the adequacy of a workout. Make a habit of leaving the gym with a
muscle-busting pump, and there can be but one outcome – growth.
155

U
CHAPTER 18
Exercise and Adaptation
“Thirty years ago Arthur Jones, the near-eccentric all-around entrepreneurial
wizard and inventor of the Nautilus machine, wrote: ‘Make an exercise harder
and you make it better.’ He was right. As long as you avoid injury, eat
correctly and rest appropriately, anything that makes an exercise more
difficult causes the muscles to undergo more stress, creating the potential for
more growth.”
, reiterating advice that Dr. Arthur Jones was
preaching nearly 40 years ago.
nlike a machine, which cannot repair itself, the human body is continuously modifying its
physiology. If a harmful organism invades, antibodies and white blood cells rush to the
body’s defense. A small skin abrasion is repaired in a few days, and muscle growth follows a
similar pattern.
Many people refer to bodybuilding as progressive resistance training. This is an apt
description, as your goal is to gradually increase the amount of weight lifted in each exercise.

Contrary to what many believe, muscles do not grow during training. Think of exercise as a
type of message. By working out you are ordering your muscles to get bigger and stronger.
With time you have to send stronger messages (heavier weight) to get the same effect.
Adaptation is defined as a change in response to a stimulus. Let’s see how this definition
applies to bodybuilding. When you perform an intense set of curls, after a given number of reps
the biceps become fatigued. Over the next couple of days the body repairs the damage. (This
term does not imply that the 
muscle itself has been injured, only that some muscle tissue has
been broken down.) Repair involves the use of building blocks called amino acids (more on
these in the nutrition chapter). The body combines the amino acids into protein which is then

integrated into muscle tissue.
156

After an intense workout, your body needs to recover and repair the muscles such that the tissue becomes slightly
larger and stronger.
Photo of David Hughes by Robert Reiff
An interesting fact about the recuperation process is that the body doesn’t repair the
muscle as it was. Instead it goes a step further, making the muscle slightly larger and stronger.
In effect, your body is saying: “Whoa, that was a great deal of stress. I need to make that
muscle stronger so next time it can handle that stress better.” Once the extra muscle tissue has
been built, you can see that your body will handle that weight quite well. To keep the muscle
growing, the amount of weight lifted must be gradually (gradually!) increased. That way, your
body is always trying to deal with increased loads by adding a little more muscle tissue.
Most muscle growth is the result of what’s called hypertrophy – the increase in diameter
of existing muscle cells. In addition, the muscles’ blood supply and number of mitochondria

(energy-producing organelles) is increased. Of course the opposite can also occur. If a muscle
is not regularly exercised, or if there has been some sort of nerve damage, it begins to shrink.
This process is called muscular atrophy. A good example of atrophy can be seen in astronauts
who spend long periods of time in orbit. The reduced gravity means their muscles don’t have to
work as hard and they lose muscle mass.
At one time it was believed that hypertrophy was the only mechanism by which muscles
grew, but the evidence is mounting that intense forms of exercise – particularly weight training
– can cause individual muscle fibers to split. Each part of a split cell will become a cell on its
own, and increase to normal cellular size. This is welcome news for those who weren’t blessed

genetically with a larger number of muscle fibers to begin with. As Jeff Goldblum said in the
movie 
Jurassic Park
, “Nature always finds a way.”
ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES
158

Tendons
Muscles are not attached directly to bones or other muscles. They are connected by a tough
cord of connective tissue called a tendon. A tendon may connect a muscle to another muscle, or
a muscle to a bone. The thickest tendon in the human body is the Achilles’ tendon. It attaches
the calf muscle to the heel bone. From a bodybuilding perspective, the biceps tendon, which
connects the biceps to the radius bone of the forearm, is probably the most familiar. Tendons
add length and thickness to muscles and are especially important in reducing muscle strain.
Ligaments
Bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue called ligaments. Varying in shape and
even strength, depending on their location and function, most ligaments are considered
inelastic, yet they are pliable enough to permit movement. Ligaments tend to tear rather than
stretch, but because of their strength they can withstand a great amount of stress. When they do

tear, the condition is marked by intense pain and swelling. Surgery is often needed to correct
the problem.
Cartilage
Cartilage is a specialized type of connective tissue and can be called the shock absorbers of the
body. Its main function is to prevent bones from rubbing against one another within a joint.
With time, disease or injury, cartilage tissue may become damaged, resulting in reduced
movement and pain.
One of the most frequent sports injuries is torn knee cartilage. When this happens the
cartilage may become lodged between the upper (femur) and lower (tibia) leg bones, causing
the joint to lock. The patient of 20 years ago could look forward to many months of therapy and
pain after surgery. Recent advances in arthroscopic surgery have cut the recovery time in half.

Using microscopic tools, surgeons can repair the damaged cartilage and allow movement much
sooner, preventing the surrounding muscles from atrophying.
As with other sports, the most common bodybuilding injuries concern the knee region.
Bouncing at the bottom of the squat does not make for a great set of thighs. Neither does
forcefully locking out in the leg extension. These motions both lead to damaged knees.
Remember to always perform the movements in a nice, slow and controlled manner.
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths
Two other structures associated with muscles and joints are bursae and tendon sheaths. Bursae
are flattened sacs filled with synovial fluid. They are found wherever it is necessary to
eliminate the friction that occurs when a muscle or tendon rubs against another muscle, tendon

or bone. Bursae also cushion certain muscles and facilitate the movement of muscles over bony
surfaces. A modification of bursae is tendon sheaths – long cylindrical sacs filled with synovial
fluid that surround long tendons. Tendon sheaths allow tendons to slide easily. They are found
in areas where the tendons are under constant movement and friction such as your wrists,
fingers and palms.
159

Weight training and other intense forms of exercise can cause muscle fibers to split. As the cell numbers grow, so do
your muscles.
160

T
CHAPTER 19
The Cardiovascular System
“If you want to become a great bodybuilder, then cardiovascular exercise
must be a part of your off-season and precontest training regimen.”
– Frank Sepe, popular model and longtime 
 columnist.
he cardiovascular system is composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart is
shaped like a blunt cone and is about the size of a clenched fist. In males it weighs about
300 grams, in females about 250 grams. Because of its importance, the heart is one of the first
organs to begin functioning in a developing embryo, about four weeks after conception.
The heart is divided into four chambers – two entering chambers called the atria and two
pumping chambers called the ventricles. Because of this unique arrangement, the heart can be
considered a double pump. The oxygen-depleted blood from the body’s tissues returns to the
right atrium and is then pumped by the right ventricle into the lungs where oxygen and carbon

dioxide are exchanged. The newly oxygenated blood returns to the heart at the left atrium.
From there it is pumped by the powerful left ventricle to the rest of the body.
BLOOD VESSELS
Although the heart is the center of the cardiovascular system, it’s the affiliated blood vessels
that carry the blood throughout the body. There are three types of blood vessels – arteries, veins
and capillaries. While all three carry blood, each has a different task.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Because of this function, arterial walls are very
elastic and can expand in relation to the blood being pushed by the contracting ventricles. You
can feel this sensation the next time you perform a heavy set of squats. Place your fingers on
your wrist and notice the pulsations just below the skin surface. Each pulse corresponds to one

beat of the heart. We commonly refer to this rate as the pulse, though in fact we are measuring
heart rate.
Veins return blood to the heart. They are more flexible than arteries because they have
thinner walls, and will collapse if blood pressure is not maintained. The speed of blood
traveling through veins is much slower than through arteries.
Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels which serve as exchange points among arteries,
veins, and the body’s tissues. Their small size and large numbers mean an enormous amount of
surface area for the exchange of gases, nutrients and waste products. To give an idea of the
amount of surface area involved, if the capillaries of the body were connected end to end, the
resulting chain would stretch 60,000 miles. Perhaps more revealing is the fact that for every

pound of fat lost, the heart has 1000 fewer miles to pump blood through.
BLOOD
The main purpose of all this plumbing is to provide a highway for the body’s blood supply.
161

Blood makes up about 8 percent of the bodyweight of an average male, translating into a
volume of about five to six liters. It consists of a liquid part, called plasma, and a solid part,
called formed elements. The formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets.
As blood circulates throughout the body, tissues are continuously adding their waste
products, secretions and metabolites. Simultaneously, the body’s tissues remove vital nutrients,
oxygen, hormones and other important substances from the blood.
The heart is the center of the cardiovascular system, but it’s the blood vessels that are the main transporters of blood
throughout the body.
In summary, blood serves the following functions: It transports oxygen from the lungs to
the body tissues, and transports the resulting waste products of cellular metabolism from the
body’s tissues to the various filtration organs. These include the liver, kidneys and sweat
glands.
BLOOD REGULATES THE FOLLOWING:
Blood-clotting to stop bleeding.

glands.
Body temperature, by increasing or decreasing blood flow to the skin.
Acid-base balance (pH) through the distribution of buffers.
The amount of water and electrolytes in body fluids.
Blood protects against harmful microorganisms and other dangerous substances by
transporting white blood cells, proteins and antibodies to the site or sites of infection.
162

Blood is comprised of plasma (the liquid part of blood), red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
THE COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Plasma — This is the liquid part of blood, which is comprised of 90 percent water, 7 percent
proteins, and 3 percent dissolved substances such as amino acids, glucose, enzymes, hormones,
electrolytes, wastes and nutrients.
Red blood cells (RBCs) — These make up half the volume of the blood. They are shaped
like a flat donut with an indentation rather than a hole in the middle. There are about 25 trillion
RBCs in the human body at a density of six million for every cubic millimeter of blood.
Virtually the entire weight of the RBC is composed of an oxygen-attracting globular protein
called haemoglobin. Since part of the haemoglobin molecule contains iron, the RBC has a
reddish color – hence the name red blood cell. The main function of RBCs is to transport
oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues. At the same time waste gases such as carbon

dioxide are transported to the lungs where they are exhaled.
White blood cells (WBCs) — These serve as scavengers. They destroy microorganisms at
infection sites, help remove foreign molecules, and remove debris that results from dead or
injured tissue cells. In adults there are between 4,000 and 11,000 WBCs per cubic millimeter of
blood. This number may increase to 25,000 or more in times of infection.
Platelets — These are dynamically shaped blood cells whose main function is to start the
intricate process of blood-clotting. Roughly 200 billion platelets are produced by the body
every day, each with a life span of only seven to eight days. When a blood vessel is injured,
platelets immediately move to the injured area and begin to clump together. They release a

chemical called serotonin, a blood-vessel constrictor. If the cut is small, the platelet plug will
prevent blood loss. If the cut is considerable, platelets begin the process of blood-clotting. We
will not look at this mechanism here. Suffice it to say there are numerous steps, resulting in a
fibrous net which entangles escaping blood cells, forming a clot. After a few hours the clot
begins to dry out, and a solid barrier is left. After a few days the dried-out clot (a scab) falls
off, exposing the repaired underlying tissue.
163

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
In addition to the blood circulatory system, we have a subsystem called the lymphatic system.
Its three main functions are:
Collection and return of interstitial fluid to the blood.
Contribution to the immune system’s fight against invading organisms.
Absorption of lipids from the digestive tract.
The lymphatic system is similar to the cardiovascular system in that it has a network of
transport vessels and associated fluid. The fluid, called lymph, is a clear liquid that serves as
the system’s transport medium. At regular intervals lymph vessels are organized into small
masses of tissue called lymph nodules (nodes). The tonsils and adenoids are two such
examples. The thymus gland and spleen are also part of the lymph system. You’re probably
aware that it’s possible to survive without parts of the lymph system (spleen and tonsils). If
these become infected and have to be removed, other parts of the body take over and perform
the same functions.
HOW IT WORKS

As with the cardiovascular system, the lymph vessels terminate at the body’s tissues with a
network of capillaries. Interstitial fluid enters the capillaries and is passed on to larger vessels
called lymphatics. This fluid is then carried by way of the lymphatics to the various lymph
nodes. Here it is filtered to remove bacteria and other harmful matter. Afterward the fluid re-
enters the circulatory system by way of the subclavian veins found in the shoulder region.
Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymph system does not have a pumping muscle like
the heart. Instead, the walls of the lymph vessels pulsate, pushing the fluid along. Valves within
the vessels prevent the lymph from flowing backward. The rate of flow is increased when
anything compresses body tissue. When muscles contract or arteries pulsate, the increased

pressure on the lymph vessels enhances the flow of lymph fluid.
Bodybuilders and other hard-training athletes may periodically notice a swelling of the
lymph nodes, particularly in the neck, groin and armpit regions. This can be a sign of
overtraining. The increased stress placed on the body taxes the lymph system to the limit. The
swelling is the result of a buildup of fluid containing the byproducts of exercise. The lymph
system will cleanse itself of such metabolic debris after a few days, and the swelling will go
down. Of course, if you keep overstressing the body with a twice-a-day, six-day-a-week
program, this process will be impeded. We’ll take a more detailed look at overtraining later in
the book.
164

Overtraining can lead to swollen lymph nodes. Swelling in the neck, groin and armpits are an indication that the body is
under increased stress.
Photo of Phil Heath by Ralph DeHaan
165

W
CHAPTER 20
Skin – The First Line Of Defense
“He made an amateur’s mistake of coming in too light.”
– Garry Bartlett, 
 correspondent, discussing why one favored
bodybuilder did not place well in a contest.
hat’s the largest organ in the human body? No, it’s not the liver. Nor is it the heart or
brain. Give up? The body’s largest organ is the skin. Most people don’t think of it as an
organ because it’s neither internal nor fixed in its shape. It’s not a neat little package like a
kidney. It measures approximately 20 square feet in surface area and has an average thickness
of 2 millimeters. Because of its importance to the body, the skin receives roughly one-third of
all circulated blood.
The skin is the body’s first line of defense against invading organisms. Long before the
immune system comes into play, harmful pathogens have to contend with this protective outer
covering. Germs make their way into the body at breaks or tears in this layer. Take a look the

next time you receive a small cut. First the area takes on a reddish color. Soon white blood cells
rush to the area and attack the invaders. (This mass of white blood cells creates what is
commonly called pus.) In all but the most extreme cases the condition clears up within a few
days.
Besides protecting, the skin helps regulate body temperature. On hot summer days
millions of sweat glands release water, the evaporation of which cools the body. Make sure you
consume sufficient water during long, hot training sessions. Failure to do so could lead to heat
exhaustion or heat stroke.
Two characteristics of the skin are important to bodybuilders: color and thickness. The
darker-tanned competitor will have an advantage over his lighter opponent. For this reason

bodybuilders will spend many hours working on their tans prior to a contest. Tanning also
tightens the skin, making it hug the body’s contours. (For the full discussion of this topic, see
the section on competition.)
Skin thickness also plays an important role in the success of a bodybuilder. Thick skin
obscures muscle separation and striations. Rapid weight fluctuations (bulking up) can lead to
baggy skin or stretch marks, both of which detract from the final product – a contest-winning
physique. Perhaps a book shouldn’t be judged by its cover, but a great physique will be. Proper
skin care is an integral part of modern bodybuilding. Don’t make the mistake of neglecting
your cover!
166

Photo of JC Ballivian by Ralph DeHaan
Many bodybuilders spend hours trying to achieve the darkest tan possible to get a competitive edge over their
opponents.
Photo of Branch Warren by Irvin Gelb
167

I
CHAPTER 21
The Nervous System
“A warmup set not only helps you to literally warm up your muscle, it also
helps open the neuropathways – very important for optimizing muscle
performance.”
n order to maintain homeostasis (a fancy term that means internal balance with respect to
outside factors), the body is constantly reacting and adjusting to the external environment.
Such changes are detected and conveyed via nerves to the spinal cord and brain. Here the
messages are analyzed, combined, compared and coordinated by a process called integration.
After being sorted out, messages are conveyed by nerves to the body’s various target organs, of
which glands and muscles are two of the most prominent. Once stimulated, muscles contract or
relax, and glands release their products (called hormones).
Your nervous system can be called the “first and last” system of the body. It is the first
system to develop in an embryo, and in general the last system to shut down when you die.

The nervous system can be subdivided into the central, autonomic and the peripheral
nervous systems. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord,
which are protected by the skull and vertebral column. The CNS may be thought of as the
body’s principal control center. Here messages are received, sorted, interpreted and relayed to
and from all parts of the body.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerve cells and their associated fibers,
emerging from and going to the CNS. The PNS serves as an intermediary between the body’s
muscles and organs and the CNS.
The autonomic nervous system controls the body’s smooth muscles, glands and organs. As
the name implies, the autonomic system controls the involuntary target organs – organs you
have no direct control over. You have no

have no direct control over. You have no 
authority over your digestion rate – except through
drug use – and although you can change your heart rate, this is an indirect action.
The nervous system conducts messages with nerve impulses. These are electrochemical
changes set up between adjacent nerve cells. These chemical changes are under the control of
specific ions (charged atoms), the most common being sodium, potassium and calcium. The
presence or absence of one or more of these ions sets up different electrical charges between
adjacent nerve cells. These electrical differences (called potential gradients) cause the nerve
cell to “fire,” the result being a nerve impulse.
Another name for these ions is electrolytes. Many bodybuilders consume electrolyte
drinks to replenish their supply of these important substances, which are lost in sweat during an

intense workout. For proper biochemical functioning, electrolyte levels must be in balance. Too
much sodium, for example, causes the body to dehydrate. Too little interferes with the nervous
and muscular systems. During a contest bodybuilders often have troubles with muscles
cramping. These cramps are caused by an improper electrolytic balance, frequently brought on
168

by diuretics (more on this in the competition and nutrition sections).
From a bodybuilding perspective, it’s probably the spinal cord that causes the most
problems. Even with good form and proper warmups, sooner or later many bodybuilders
develop a bad back. Most injuries are minor and consist of slight muscle strains to the spinal
erectors. Reducing the weight or changing exercises should address the problem. In a few cases,
however, the underlying problem is within the spinal column itself. This is a much more
serious situation, so at the slightest hint of such an injury, stop your training and see your
physician. To give some idea of why back injuries are so common, let’s take a closer look at
the back’s structure.
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord through the associated spinal bones called
vertebrae. The great number of articulating vertebrae gives the spine tremendous flexibility. If

the spine consisted of only one or two bones, such simple movements as bending over or sitting
down would be almost impossible.
Each vertebra has a pencil-sized hole in the middle which houses and protects the spinal
cord. Unfortunately, with improper exercise technique or too much weight, damage is often
done to the spinal area, particularly the lower spinal region.
Of all the exercises that may injure the lower back, perhaps none does so more frequently
than the squat. The human spine was not designed to support hundreds of pounds of weight.
Some medical experts argue that it does a poor job of supporting even bodyweight, given the
number of bad backs diagnosed each year. One theory for this is that human brains outstripped
human physiology. In short, humans stood up too quickly. We are walking around with a spinal

design that would probably be more suited to walking on all fours. Whether or not you agree
with this theory, few would argue that spinal injuries are to be avoided at all costs. Later in the
text I’ll look at injuries in more detail, and offer ways to avoid or treat them.
Bodybuilders are especially prone to back injuries, even when they use good form and proper warmups – the human
spine was not designed to support hundreds of pounds of weight.
169

T
CHAPTER 22
The Endocrine System
“The main effects of growth hormone are stimulation of bone growth,
anabolic effect in the muscles, conservation of protein and carbohydrates, and
lipolysis, i.e. mobilization of fat for energy.”
– Ori Hofmekler, 
he endocrine system works with the nervous system to maintain the body’s internal balance.
It is, in other words, a regulatory system. Regulation can take two forms: monitoring and
adjusting internal physiological mechanisms, and adapting the body to external stimuli. The
endocrine system carries out these important functions by use of chemical messengers called
hormones. By definition a hormone is a chemical substance that is produced in one part of the
body and travels by way of the bloodstream to another area where it carries out its action.
Bodybuilders will be interested to know that hormones are either protein or steroid in nature.
Hormone production and release are controlled by various parts of the brain. Among these

areas are the hypothalamus, and anterior and posterior pituitaries. These activation centers
stimulate the various endocrine glands that are located throughout the body. Everything from
excretion to digestion to sleep and sex drive is controlled by hormones. For the purposes of this
book it’s not necessary to go into great detail. To give the reader a basic understanding of
endocrinology (the study of hormones), I shall look at one hormone, testosterone, and its
implications for bodybuilders.
Testosterone is produced by the testes of sexually mature males. It’s often called “the
male hormone,” but this term is misleading as females also have testosterone circulating in
their bodies. Conversely, the hormone estrogen, often referred to as “the female hormone,” is

also found in males. It’s the relative concentrations of both that have given rise to the
descriptions male and female.
170

Testosterone and estrogen are present in both men and women – it’s the relative amounts that differentiate “male” and
“female.”
Photo of Elle Patille and Larry Vinette by Paul Buceta
Through a number of intermediate steps, testosterone is produced from the precursor,
cholesterol. (Yes, there is a use for it after all, but don’t consciously try to include it in your
diet as you will get all you need, even if you cut down on high-cholesterol food.)
Testosterone has numerous functions, among which are deepening of the voice, growth of
pubic hair, increased muscle size and strength, and sperm production. This is the hormone that
causes males to be, on average, larger and stronger than females. Even among males there is
much variation. Ectomorphs tend to have low levels and are usually underweight, timid and
nervous. Nervousness could possibly reduce testosterone levels, so it’s difficult to say which is
the cause and which is the effect.

Mesomorphs have bloodstreams loaded with testosterone. The result – low bodyfat level, a
skeleton covered with muscle (or great potential for it), and a tendency towards increased
aggression. The high levels of circulating hormone produce rapid muscular weight gains, and at
the same time keep bodyfat percentage to a minimum.
Endomorphs fall somewhere in between. They have good muscle size, but they are also
inclined to carry excess fat. The most recent research suggests that regular exercise (including
bodybuilding) increases the production of testosterone. Naturally there is an upper limit. Train
too hard for too long and you’ll overtax the body’s recovery system. To combat stress, the body
reduces testosterone production and increases cortisol production. Cortisol has the opposite
effect of testosterone, as it reduces muscle mass. This is why I keep stressing the perils of

overtraining throughout the book.
171

Photo of Gunter Schlierkamp, Dexter Jackson and Jay Cutler by Raymond Cassar
172

“
I
CHAPTER 23
The Warmup
“It’s just common sense. You need to prepare the joints and muscles for the
heavy work to come. By doing light stretching and warmup sets, you loosen
tight muscles, lubricate the joints, tendons, and ligaments, and warm up the
area by bringing blood into the muscles.”
 contributor, commenting on the
importance of warming up before a heavy training session.
In a cold gym your body needs more time to warm up and your muscles quickly cool
between sets. A cold environment carries an increased risk of injury, especially when
you are lifting heavy weights.”
– Dr. Nick Evans, 
t’s amazing the number of bodybuilders who head straight for the squat or bench-press rack
without a warmup. Their muscles are “cold” and not prepared to become subjected to
hundreds of pounds of stress. No matter how pressed for time you are, don’t plunge headfirst

into a workout without properly warming up. A good warmup will accomplish the following:
Help prevent injuries.
Increase the removal of lactic acid and other waste products of exercise.
Increase the efficiency of contracting muscles.
Increase neuromuscular coordination.
Improve the coordination of muscles.
Increase heart rate, speeding up blood circulation.
Increase the delivery of oxygen to the muscles.
Increase the body’s cooling mechanisms.
Increase the muscles’ range of motion.
Mentally prepare you for the workout.
174

A proper warmup should prepare your muscles for the work ahead without draining your energy reserves.
Photo of Chris Jalali by Ralph DeHaan
WALKING A FINE LINE
There is a fine line between a warmup that adequately prepares the muscles and one that
reduces your training intensity. A good warmup should increase your heart rate, produce a light
sweat, increase your body temperature and loosen up the muscles. On the other hand the
warmup shouldn’t drain your energy reserves to the point that you can’t complete the desired
number of sets and reps with maximum weight. Here are a few guidelines:
Modify the warmup so it increases body temperature and produces sweat, but does
not deplete your energy level or cause fatigue.
Include stretching exercises to help loosen muscles.
Include lighter versions of the exercises you’ll be doing in your workout to prepare
your muscles for more intense training.
Stop the warmup after about 10 minutes.
Generally speaking, warmups can be divided into three categories, or phases.

PHASE ONE
Phase One can be considered a full-body warmup. Even if you are only planning to work one
part of your body, say chest or back, your heart and lungs play a major role, and you want them
operating at peak efficiency. For most bodybuilders, five to ten minutes will be a sufficient
warmup. There’s no need to pedal the Tour de France! A few minutes on the bike will get the
heart and lungs pumping and will ensure the muscles will receive sufficient amounts of oxygen
and nutrients. Other machines you can use are the treadmill, rower (called an ergometer), and
StairMaster. If cardio machines are not your thing, try skipping rope, doing a quick jog up and
down your street, or running up and down a few flights of stairs. Any of these activities will
prepare your body’s major systems for the work ahead.
176

PHASE TWO
The second phase of your warmup should focus on preparing the muscles for injury prevention
and efficient 
functioning. Probably the best form of exercise for doing this is stretching.
Stretching is one of those activities that can be performed before, during and after your
workout. It both warms up the muscles and relaxes them after a workout. It also increases blood
flow to the muscles and speeds up the removal of waste products. Ideally, you should stretch
the whole body, but if you can’t, perform a few light stretches for the muscles that you will be
training that day. I’ll deal with stretching in greater detail later in the book.
PHASE THREE
The third phase focuses on performing a few light sets of a given exercise before moving to
your heaviest weight. If you’re working up to 200 pounds on the bench press, start off with just
the bar and do 15 to 20 reps. Then put 100 to 120 pounds on and do 10 to 12 reps. You could

then go to your top weight of 200 pounds on the next set, or you could do a third warmup set
with about 150 to 160 pounds. Always do at least two good warmup sets before lifting your
heaviest weight. In fact, you may need to do three or four warmup sets once you can manage
400 pounds or more. No matter how strong you become, you’re still at risk for injury. In fact,
the stronger you get the higher the risk, because of the huge poundage you end up using. So far
you may have been skipping warmup sets with no ill effects. However, I warn you that one of
these days you could be repping out when rrrrrriiiiiippppppp! There you go – a massive tear has
occurred that could require surgery and many months of therapy. It has happened to some of
the top pros, so it could certainly happen to you.

On average, your warmup – both cardiovascular and muscular – should take no more than 15 to
20 minutes. This is long enough to prepare your body for more intense training without
depleting your energy reserves too much. For those who consider 15 to 20 minutes too long,
look at it this way: investing this small amount of time could prevent months of potential grief
and misery – not to mention muscle atrophy.
By warming up for 15 to 20 minutes, you decrease the risk for injury and increase the muscles’ ability to function
177

T
CHAPTER 24
Record Keeping and Evaluation
“With just a flick of a few pages I can see what weights, sets and reps I was
using seven weeks ago or seven years ago.”
– Tosca Reno, well-respected fitness and nutrition expert and author of 
The Eat-Clean Diet
series.
here’s an old saying in bodybuilding: You can keep following a training routine as long as
you’re getting results. But as soon as it ceases to be effective, you should switch to
something new.
If you’re eating correctly, training progressively and getting adequate rest, then you should
be continuously increasing your muscle size and strength. If this is not the case, then
something’s wrong. In order to solve a problem you must first identify its source. Now’s the
time to sit down and evaluate your entire training philosophy.
During this time, it’s very beneficial to have training records to refer to. Training records
can then help you answer such questions as: “Am I including enough variety in my training?”

“Are my protein and carb intakes adequate?” “Do I get enough rest between workouts for full
recovery?” It’s very difficult to answer these questions if you don’t have notes or records to
refer back to. Only by reviewing all aspects of your training can you objectively identify the
problem and take steps to fix it.
Bodybuilders use three primary types of records: written notes, photographs, and tape
measurements. You can use one or all three to chart your progress and ensure your training is
yielding results. One of the best ways to know where you’re going is to know where you have
been!
179

Keeping a training journal will help you track your progress and motivate you to reach your goals in the gym.
Photo of Tomm Voss by Robert Reiff
TRAINING JOURNAL
Most top amateur and professional athletes keep training journals. Why should bodybuilders be
any different? You can look back every couple of weeks and see how things are progressing.
You can see what’s working and what’s not. A training journal also serves as a source of
motivation because you’ll have proof of the progress you’re making (besides your physique of
course). What can be better than finding out that over the past two months you’ve increased
your bench press by 50 percent?
Your training journal can be a cheap spiral-bound notebook or an expensive executive-
style day planner. You can also buy specially designed record books through the various muscle
magazines, including 
. Not sure exactly what you should be
recording? To start, record the date; time of the workout; the exercises performed; number of

sets, reps, weights; and the amount of cardio. If you really want to get detailed you could also
include how much sleep you got the night before; what you ate that day; any supplements you
used; and how you felt before, during and after the exercises. You may even want to write down
daily activities that at first don’t seem to be relevant. For example, perhaps after reviewing
your notes you discovered that your worst leg workouts always seem to follow your late shift.
You can use this insight to redesign your workouts. No doubt you will find other patterns
emerging as you analyze the data you’ve collected over the months and years.
Like most professions, bodybuilding has its own form of shorthand. The general format is
180

to list, from left to right, the exercise name, weight, and number of reps. Here’s a typical
example for three working sets of the bench press. (We do not normally write down the
warmup sets, but you can if you like.)
THREE WORKING SETS FOR THE BENCH PRESS
Flat Bench Press: 200 X 10, 200 X 8, 200 X 6
In this example, after an initial warmup the individual performed three sets of flat
bench presses using 200 pounds. The number of reps decreased with each successive set.
If you were to perform the same number of reps for each set using the same weight, it
would look something like the breakdown below:
Flat Bench Press: 200 X 8 X 8 X 8 or even simpler:
Flat Bench Press: 200 X 8 X 3
You should always record the date of the workout somewhere on the page. This way you
can find the exact time you are looking for. You may also want to list the exercises down
the page in the order you performed them, as their order can also be relevant to your
progress.
Photo of Jay Cutler by Ralph DeHaan
181

“
PHOTOGRAPHS
No doubt you’ve heard the saying “a picture is worth a thousand words.” Well, in the
bodybuilder’s case, this is certainly true. Numbers in a book will be useful, but to really capture
the look of your physique you need a photo. I should warn you that your first photo shoot will
probably depress you. Once you get to the point where you are receiving lots of compliments
on your physique from your gym buddy, girlfriend or the photographer, you’ll probably start
comparing your photos to the ones in 
MuscleMag International.
 Don’t bother. Odds are your
photos won’t measure up to what we present every month. For one thing, top magazines use
professional photographers who have expensive equipment and perfect lighting conditions.
Besides, a couple of months (or even years) of training won’t turn your physique into what you
see in the magazines. However, you can figure out how to get there if you analyze your photos

seriously and use them to determine your weak areas. One close look and you should be able to
see which areas of your body need work.
Jay Cutler and Milos Sarcev are two friends that come to mind when I think of smart
career moves. They truly do have a good work ethic embedded in them. They both show up
on time and will continue shooting until I’m the one who can’t take it anymore.”
– Alex Ardenti,
top physique and swimsuit photographer
EVERY ANGLE
You may flex a mighty set of pecs in the mirror, but how does your back stack up? Unless you
set up multiple mirrors, you won’t be able to see it. However, a couple of photos will show you
what you need to know. Photos enable you to objectively scrutinize your physique. They are
also a great way to track your progress over time. Again, the first set probably won’t flatter

you, but the next set in a couple of months will show the fruits of your labor. You’ll be able to
clearly see the progress you are making. (I’ll be saying a lot more on photography in the
section on competition.)
TAKING MEASUREMENTS
Unless you are one of those genetically blessed individuals, odds are you won’t see huge
changes in your measurements on a month-to-month basis. If you do decide to throw a tape
around your muscles, do so only every four to six months (even then the changes may be
slight). The average hardworking, properly eating natural bodybuilder (as opposed to someone
using large amounts of anabolic steroids or other performance-enhancing drug) can expect to
gain about 10 to maybe 15 pounds of muscle per year. You may gain a little more in your first

year, but for most that’ll be about one pound a month, or a quarter pound per week. Now, all
this muscle won’t be going to your biceps – it will be evenly distributed over your entire body.
If you gain this much muscle, you can expect to gain about an inch on your arms and a couple
of inches around your chest in a year. Now this doesn’t seem like much, but it means that those
average-looking 15-inch arms could be 20-inch guns in five years. As the years go by, you’ll
gain less and less in overall size. This is because most bodybuilders gain about 90 percent of
their total muscle mass in the first five years of training. Yes, there will be exceptions to this
rule. For example, the bodybuilders you see in books and magazines were almost invariably the
182

exceptions.
Photo of Scott Peckham
Muscle hardness, quality, and separation make plenty of impact on the judges these days,
perhaps even more than sheer size. However, bodybuilders do like to compare statistics. If you
decide to see how you stack up, grab a fabric measuring tape and wrap it around the middle of
the flexed muscle. If you want a “true” measurement, take the measurement before your
workout, because the muscle will fill up with blood and be larger after the workout. If you
want, you can take measurements of your muscle relaxed before and relaxed after, and flexed
before and flexed after. Bodybuilders normally measure the biceps (really the total upper arm);
chest (really chest and back); waist, neck, legs (thighs); and calves.
Besides all the reasons just discussed, there is a final, though less obvious, reason for keeping a
detailed record of your progress. If you have that great combination of training drive, genetics

and competitive spirit, sooner or later you may be placing high or even winning some big
contests. When that happens, it won’t be long before you catch the keen eye of 
MuscleMag
International
’s art and editorial team. Virtually every superstar bodybuilder, from John Grimek
and Steve Reeves to Jay Cutler and Ronnie Coleman has been featured in the muscle magazines
over the years. A record of your early years makes great reading and will act as inspiration for
the next generation of bodybuilders. So get out the camera, pen and paper, and start recording
now!
183

S
CHAPTER 25
Stretch for Success and Injury Prevention
“Stretching enables you to build bigger muscles because it stretches the fascia,
a protective sheath of connective tissue that envelops the muscle. When the
fascia is stretched, the muscle underneath has more room to grow.”
– Muscle Bites, a monthly feature in 
tretching is one of the most basic physical acts. Everyone, from a baby to a senior citizen,
can enjoy a good stretch. The first thing many of us do upon waking is stretch our arms high
above our head. It feels good while we’re doing it and we feel more refreshed afterward.
Unfortunately, stretching is probably the most neglected component in health and fitness.
During exercise you contract, or shorten, your muscles. This constant shortening causes the
muscles to become very tight. Just take a moment and clench your fist. That is similar to what
happens to the contracted muscle – it becomes tight and rigid, feeling cramped and “heavy.”

Now open your hand and stretch out the fingers. Doesn’t that feel good? So why do so many of
us skip stretching? Oh, maybe we think we’re too busy, or we just don’t consider it important
… after all, you don’t stretch to build muscle, do you? But as we’ll learn, stretching offers
bodybuilders numerous benefits.
WHAT TO STRETCH
First let’s discuss what exactly is being stretched. For bodybuilders trying to add size and
prevent injury, two types of tissue should be stretched on a regular basis: the fascia and the
tendons and ligaments. While all are connective tissue, the fas
cia is more elastic in nature and
should get the majority of your attention, especially as it relates to muscle growth. Stretching
the tendons and ligaments is also important, however, and has a vital role in promoting strength
gains.
184

Fascia is the protective sheath, or covering, that surrounds muscles. As people age, the soft
texture of the fascia begins to harden and takes on the feel of an outer shell. Under certain
circumstances, this could restrict muscle growth. Stretching helps keep the fascia soft and
supple, allowing the growing muscle to expand. Think of a balloon. New balloons are more
difficult to blow up because the rubber is tough. Repeatedly blowing up the balloon softens the
rubber, making it easier to stretch and blow up.
Stretching the tendons will allow you to perform additional reps. Attached to the ends of
tendons are small receptors called golgi tendon organs (GTOs). You can think of GTOs as
circuit breakers that act as safety switches. When a muscle is stretched beyond a certain point,
the GTO fires and shuts the muscle down to prevent further contractions. If the GTOs didn’t
exist you could easily tear a muscle or tendon from its attachment. You may have experienced

this phenomenon: you’re repping out on dumbell presses when your pecs just give out, with
little or no warning. You may be sure you have the strength to force out a few extra reps, but
the muscle just won’t contract.
Stretching increases muscle and tendon length, and thus increases athletic ability, balance and muscle control.
BENEFITS OF STRETCHING
Decreased Risk of Injury
A regular stretching program helps increase the length of muscles and tendons. This not only
reduces muscle tension, but also increases their overall contractile range, which in turn makes
them less susceptible to injury. By increasing the muscles’ contractile range, in other words,
the range of motion around a joint, we increase the distance our limbs can move before muscle

or tendon damage occurs. For example, the muscles and tendons in the back of our thighs are
put under great stress when we kick a soccer ball. It only makes sense that the more flexible
and pliable those muscles are, the further our leg can travel forward, thus decreasing the chance
of injury.
Increased Muscle and Athletic Ability
There is a myth that stretching too much will decrease joint stability and muscle power. This is
absolutely untrue! By increasing muscle and tendon length, you are increasing the distance over
which the muscles are able to contract. This results in a potential increase to the muscles’
strength and power. You’ll have actually increased your athletic ability, balancing ability, and
186

muscle control.
Reduced Muscle Soreness
Before long you’ll start experiencing tightness and soreness in your muscles the day after your
workout, if you haven’t already. Walking up a set of stairs the day after leg training may be
very painful indeed! The muscle soreness that follows strenuous physical activity is usually
referred to as post-exercise muscle soreness or delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). This
discomfort is the result of micro tears (minute tears within the muscle fibers), and a buildup of
metabolic waste products, particularly lactic acid. Stretching helps alleviate this soreness by
lengthening the individual muscle fibers, increasing blood and nutrient delivery to the muscles,
and removing waste products.
Muscle fatigue, and the lack of motivation that comes with it, can be reduced through regular stretching.
Photo of King Kamali by Paul Buceta
Reduced Antagonistic Pressure
Muscle fatigue is a major problem experienced by those who exercise regularly. It results in a

decrease in both physical and mental performance. But increased flexibility through stretching
can help reduce the effects of fatigue by taking pressure off the muscles being exercised. Most
muscles in the body have an opposite or opposing muscle. When these opposing muscles
(called antagonists) are more flexible, the working muscles (called agonists) do not have to
exert as much force against the opposing muscles. Each movement of the working muscles
actually takes less effort.
Mentally Relaxing and Rewarding
187

With all the attention on the physical components of exercise, we often neglect the mental
components. People who regularly stretch are more likely to feel good about themselves. This
leads to a boost in self-confidence, which in turn helps enhance physical performance and
motivate the individual to participate in regular exercise.
Stretching is beneficial before, during and after your workout – it takes minimal energy so it won’t negatively affect
your training.
Photo of Will Harris by Robert Reiff
WHEN TO STRETCH?
Before
Stretching before a workout helps prepare the muscles for the work to follow. It loosens the
muscles and increases the blood flow to the area, allowing for more efficient nutrient and
oxygen delivery. Stretching also helps remove lactic acid – one of the primary causes of post-
workout soreness. Just remember that it’s not a good idea to engage in rigorous stretching the
moment you walk in the gym. Cold muscles do not stretch well. Do a light warmup first and
then proceed to your stretches.

During
The primary benefit of stretching during a weight-training workout is that it saves you time.
While you are taking your minute or so rest between sets, add in a stretch for that particular
muscle group. Don’t worry about it affecting your training, as stretching takes little energy to
perform. It will keep the muscles limber and help remove lactic acid and deliver nutrients. And
you’ll save 10 to 15 minutes at the end of your workout.
After
Most people stretch at the end of their workouts because the muscles are fully warmed up and
188

can endure more vigorous stretching. The muscles will also be full of lactic acid and other
metabolic wastes that must be removed. Stretching greatly facilitates this removal process.
Also, stretching is relaxing and calming, making it an ideal way to finish off a good workout.
TYPES OF STRETCHING
Passive Stretching
Passive stretching is often referred to as “static stretching,” and is the type we most often think
of. A passive stretch is one in which you hold the stretched position for 15 to 30 seconds. Slow,
relaxed static stretching can relieve spasms in muscles that are healing after an injury. It also
relaxes your body after a workout. I suggest that you save the static stretches until after your
workout. Your muscles will be fully warmed up and it will be easier to hold the positions.
Isometric Stretching
Isometric stretching is a type of passive stretching that involves using the resistance of other
muscle groups, a partner or a stationary object. The stretching positions are held for a much

longer time than with passive stretching because the ultimate aim is to improve overall
flexibility and strength.
An example of a partner-assisted stretch would be holding your leg up high and having
your partner push it toward you while you try to force it back down to the ground. An example
of using a stationary object would be the wall stretch for shoulders. You place your hand
against a doorway or beam and then push forward leading with your shoulder.
Ballistic Stretching
Ballistic stretching uses the weight and momentum of a moving body to force the muscle
beyond its normal range of motion. Essentially, you are bouncing into (or out of) the stretched
position, using the stretched muscles as springs that pull you out of the stretched position. This

type of stretching is really only useful for high performance athletes, because the risk of injury
is too great for most people. It doesn’t allow your muscles to adjust to the stretched position
and relax. Instead, it may cause them to tighten up even more. Unless you are in excellent
physical shape to begin with or play intense sports (hockey, rugby, basketball, etc.), avoid
ballistic stretching.
Dynamic Stretching
Dynamic stretching involves gradually increasing the distance and speed of a muscle’s range of
motion. Please don’t confuse dynamic stretching with ballistic stretching. Dynamic stretching
consists of controlled movements that take you to the very limits of your range of motion.
Ballistic stretches involve trying to force a muscle beyond its natural range of motion. In

dynamic stretching there are no bouncing or sudden movements. A good example of dynamic
stretching would be slow, controlled leg swings, arm swings or torso twists.
189

Using a variety of stretching techniques will help you improve your overall flexibility and strength.
Photo of Sagi Kalev by Irvin Gelb
COMMON STRETCHES
Hamstring Stretch
Sit on the floor and place the leg you wish to stretch straight out in front of you. Then bend the
other leg alongside to make a triangle with your legs. With a straight back and straight knee,
bend from your hips, and reach for the toe of your straight leg with both hands and hold for 20
seconds.
Lying Hamstring Stretch
Lie on your back and pull your leg in toward your chest. Clasp both hands behind your knee.
Slowly extend the leg up. Try to straighten your knee as much as possible. Gently pull your
(straight) leg toward your chest, and wrap your hands around your ankle. Hold for 10 seconds
and then try to bring the leg further in toward your chest. Hold for another 10 seconds. Repeat
with your other leg.
Achilles’ Stretch
Stand facing a wall with one leg in front of the other. Your front knee is bent and your hands

are on the wall. Your back leg is straight and your heel is held flat on the floor. Lean toward the
front knee, keeping the back foot and heel flat. Hold for 15 to 20 seconds. Relax. Repeat with
the other leg.
190

Quadriceps Stretch
Stand leaning against a wall or other upright with one hand. Wrap your other hand around the
ankle and pull the heel to the butt, feeling the stretch in the top of the leg. Try to keep your
knees together. Concentrate on pulling the heel into the butt. To maximize the stretch, tuck
your pelvis in and gently push your hips out.
Groin Stretch
Sit on the floor. Put the soles of your feet together, with your knees as close to the ground as
possible and pointed outward. Grasp your ankles, pull in toward your groin and hold that
position for a count of 10. Relax and repeat three times.
Spread Groin Stretch
Begin in a seated position with your legs spread apart, feet facing directly forward. Try to reach
the inside of your ankles. Bend forward from the hips, keeping your knees straight. Hold until
you feel tightness on the inside of your legs. Relax and repeat.
Calf Stretch
Get into a push-up position, but put one knee on the ground. Put your weight on the toes of your

other foot and then push the heel down until you feel a slight pull. Hold that position for a
count of 10. Relax and repeat three times with each leg.
Back Stretch
Lie on your back, grasp one leg behind the knee and 
pull toward your chest, lifting your butt off
the ground. Keeping your other leg straight and your head on the ground, hold this position for
a count of 10. Repeat three times with each leg.
Focus on your muscles as you stretch – use control and feel the stretch throughout the target muscle.
Photo of Mark Dugdale by Irvin Gelb
Chest Stretch
191

Grab a stationary upright with one hand, and with your arm locked out straight, gently turn
away. Hold for a count of 10 and then switch arms.
Shoulder Stretch #1
Move one shoulder toward the other, keeping your arm parallel to the floor. Grasp the elbow of
that arm with your other hand and gently pull toward your opposite shoulder. Hold for a count
of 10. Repeat three times with each arm.
Shoulder Stretch #2
Interlace your fingers above your head, palms facing up. Push your arms up and back gently.
Hold for 15 seconds.
Biceps Stretch
Place your hand on a wall. Lean forward with your feet positioned slightly away from the wall.
Hold for 10 seconds. Repeat on the other arm. Alternate the stretch on each arm three times.
Triceps Stretch
Take one arm overhead and bend it at the elbow. Standing as straight as possible, gently press
down on the elbow with your other hand until you feel a stretch at the back of your upper arm.
192

H
CHAPTER 26
Beginner Guidelines and Goals
“First and foremost you must set goals that are in accordance with the correct
skill level. Overestimating your abilities is one of the biggest mistakes in
bodybuilding, because this is a sport whose athletes are susceptible to macho
attitudes. Setting goals too high will shake your confidence for future outings
and paint your bodybuilding experience with negative brush strokes.”
– Charles Glass, pro bodybuilding coach and trainer, offering beginners some great advice
on goal setting.
opefully you won’t skip this section and go straight to the intermediate or advanced training
chapters. You might be tempted, but here’s why you shouldn’t: There’s an old saying that a
house is only as good as its foundation. Well, truer words have never been spoken in terms of
bodybuilding. Out of all the levels of training, the beginning level is by far the most important.
It’s at this level that you’ll learn the fundamentals and lay the groundwork for the rest of your

bodybuilding life. Without first learning the basics, you’ll never achieve the success you want –
whether for you that means simply having a great body or winning the Sandow. Furthermore,
skipping the basics could set you up for a future injury.
 
If you’re like the typical beginner, you probably have a lot of questions. Bodybuilding can be
confusing, especially regarding these topics:
Free weights vs. machines
High reps vs. low reps
Multiple sets vs. few sets
Split routines vs. full-body workouts
Multiple small meals vs. a few large meals
How much protein
Whether or not to take supplements
Whether to bulk up or stay lean
Don’t count on books or magazines to clear these up, either. Check out five different
books, magazines or experts, and you’ll probably get five different opinions on each topic.

While there are no hard rules in bodybuilding, there are definitely dos and don’ts. In an effort
to make the fastest progress possible, many beginners ignore the advice given to them, or
worse, they follow advice from a gym rat who doesn’t really know. Instead of making gains in
muscle size and strength, their training quickly comes to a halt because they ignored the
beginning stages.
As you are a beginner to bodybuilding, my first suggestion is to make an appointment with
your doctor and have a medical check-up. If you’re a teenager who has been active in sports for
193

years, you’re probably in excellent shape. But if you’ve done nothing more than move a
computer mouse for the past few years, go see your doctor. If you are over 40, your doctor may
recommend a stress test (if there is a history of stroke or heart disease in your family then you
should get a stress test regardless of your age). You’ll simply hop on a treadmill for a few
minutes and your doctor will monitor your heart rate (before, during, and after) and listen for
any abnormalities. Think this is a waste of time? Consider this: would you rather find out about
a heart condition in the doctor’s office or under a loaded barbell?
Photos of Ben Pakulski by Jason Mathas
My next suggestion is to take a close look at your overall lifestyle. If you smoke – stop
right now! Even if it’s only one or two a day, stop. Smoking has NO redeeming qualities.
Contrary to popular belief there is nothing in a cigarette that increases fat-burning. Those who
gain

gain 
weight after quitting smoking do so because they eat (often junk) every time they want a
cigarette. For the teenagers reading this, smoking doesn’t make you look “older.” You simply
look like a teenager smoking a cigarette! However, if you keep smoking you’ll look older
before your time. Smoking causes wrinkles and it gives a gray pallor to the skin. Don’t let peer
pressure get to you either – it takes more maturity to say no to smoking than it does to light up.
Smoking will likely shorten your life, as each cigarette contains hundreds of chemicals, some
of which have been linked to cancer, stroke, and heart disease. Most smokers eventually
194

develop chronic lung disease. Even if you somehow escape the more serious side effects of
smoking, you’ll still be slowing down your recovery abilities. Your body’s oxygen levels are
decreased a great deal by smoking, which seriously affects your ability to exercise. Need I go
on?
195

“
“
Three-time Mr. Olympia Frank Zane once said that he would perform no exercise that
didn’t put muscle exactly where he wanted it. This is a very simple yet amazing piece of
enlightenment that is ignored by legions of bodybuilders.”
– Chuck Rogers, 
 contributor, offering solid advice on exercise
selection.
Keep your alcohol consumption low to moderate. There’s no way you’ll be able to drink
heavy three or four nights per week and still have the energy for intense training. Alcohol takes
water and oxygen to metabolize – two of the most important compounds necessary in training
and recovery. It also affects your energy the next day. One or two beers or glasses of wine a
couple of times a week probably will not hurt you, but don’t abuse the bottle – no matter what
your age. Not only will it slow down your progress and probably lead to serious side effects
down the road, it also makes you store fat more easily. In addition, because alcohol decreases

your inhibitions, it makes you less likely to stick to your diet.
Photo of Hidetada Yamagishi by Jason Mathas
Nothing is more ridiculous than a beginner doing sets of cable crossovers while ignoring
bench presses, incline presses and dips, or doing cable curls and concentration curls while
ignoring heavy barbell and dumbell curls. For the first two years of training, beginners
should be doing nothing but the ‘hard’ exercises. Forget about the isolation, icing-on-the-
cake stuff.”
– Greg Zulak, long-time bodybuilding writer and expert, giving good advice to beginner
bodybuilders.
197

For beginners, a key factor for success is setting realistic goals. Don’t expect to see results overnight.
Photo of Ronnie Coleman by Raymond Cassar
BEGINNERS’ GOALS
One of the first questions you should ask yourself is why you began training in the first place.
Developing a Mr. Olympia-sized physique might be the furthest thing from your mind. You’ll
be happy with changing your waist-chest differential by a few inches each way. Well, many
pros said the same thing and before long, a few inches became many inches. Once you develop
a muscular 45-inch chest, it won’t be long before you’ll start eyeing the 50-inch barrier. And
those 18-inch arms will just have to be pushed to 20 inches! This is what makes bodybuilding
such an exciting sport – you can tailor your workouts to suit your individual goals.
Perhaps you have set the bar at the top rung. A chest measurement anywhere in the 40s just
won’t satisfy you. You won’t stop until you have over 50 inches of armor plating hanging off

your ribcage. There’s nothing wrong with this, but don’t start off performing workouts
designed for existing 50-inch chests. Put it this way – you don’t learn how to ride a bike by
hopping on a Harley-Davidson or learn to fly in the cockpit of a 747. Bodybuilding is no
different. You start out by performing straight sets and eventually graduate to more advanced
training techniques.
STARTING OUT
Enough talk. Let’s start building you some serious muscle tissue! Your primary goal at this
level is to lay down a good foundation. Nothing fancy here – just basic exercises. Over the next
few months you’ll gradually prepare your body for more advanced training. It’s 
imperative that
198

you follow the advice put forward in this chapter. It takes your muscles a while to be ready for
advanced training, and it takes your tendons and ligaments even longer. And if you think it
would be a drag to be off for a few weeks with a damaged muscle, then remember that tendons
and ligaments take far longer to heal – and some never do.
Don’t go adding extra sets or exercises or skip this section all together. You may look at
Ronnie Coleman’s biceps and figure that the shortest route to a pair of similar-sized arms is by
following his arm routine. Not a chance! Ronnie didn’t start out by following his current
biceps’ program. He slowly worked up to it over the years. Also keep in mind that a lot of the
programs you see in the magazines are really pre-contest training programs. Most of the stars
follow significantly reduced training routines during the off-season – if you want to progress
you must do the same.
Your beginning bodybuilding program should be performed three times per week on

alternate days. If you’re like most people this will be Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, but the
body doesn’t know the days of the week. You can work out on any three nonconsecutive days.
Your goal is to train the entire body during each workout, performing one exercise per
muscle group for 3 sets of 10 to 12 reps per set. After a couple of weeks, you’ll be easily
performing 12 reps with your starting weight. Well done – you’re on your way and your
muscles are getting stronger. Now add five pounds to the bar or machine and keep going.
Another week or two and this will start feeling light. Keep with this pattern as long as you keep
getting stronger while maintaining solid technique. There will be the occasional week or two of

little-to-no strength gain, but overall you’ll be adding weight to the bar every couple of weeks.
Now you’re probably beginning to see why weight lifting is called “progressive resistance
training” – because you increase the resistance progressively over time.
COMPOUND VS. ISOLATION EXERCISES
Generally speaking, bodybuilding exercises can be broken down into two categories – isolation
and compound movements. As the name suggests, isolation exercises tend to only work one
muscle group. They involve just one joint. Isolation exercises make great warmup, finishing,
and pre-contest exercise, but they are close to useless for increasing strength and size.
Compound exercises, on the other hand, involve movement around two or more joints and
stimulate more than one muscle group at a time. Compound exercises allow you to lift

considerably more weight than isolation movements and are thus more effective for building
muscle strength and size. For example, while dumbell flyes work the chest, dumbell or barbell
presses work the chest, shoulders and triceps. Likewise, squats and leg presses do a far better
job of building your thigh muscles than leg extensions.
The exercises I have chosen are all compound exercises. They are among the best for
beginning bodybuilders who are trying to lay down a solid strength and size foundation. In time
you will add isolation exercises to your routine to help refine the new muscle mass.
199

Photo of Chad Ray Martin by Irvin Gelb
Arnold illustrates just how impressive a large ribcage looks in a side pose.
Not counting getting changed and bathroom breaks, your workout should last no more than
45 to 60 minutes. If you must chat and socialize, try to limit it to one or two minutes. Better
yet, leave it until after your workout. However, much of what you’ll learn about bodybuilding
will be from more experienced bodybuilders. By all means strike up conversations with these
individuals. The solution to a problem you have may be standing a few feet away at the gym.
Just remember that the majority of your time in the gym should be spent training – not talking.
To bulk up or not to bulk up – that is the question! If you are under 40 years old you may
200

never have heard of this term! It’s seldom used today, but there was a time when “bulking up”
was one of the most common terms in bodybuilding. Bulking up meant to eat everything in
sight and train very heavy, all in an effort to gain as much weight and size as possible. If a
bodybuilder wanted to weigh 200 pounds in contest shape, he would “bulk up” to 240 or 250
pounds during the off-season and then, about three months before the contest, try to diet the
excess fat off. Unfortunately, much of the weight gained in the off-season would be fat rather
than muscle. Shedding the excess fat was difficult and the frequent large changes in overall
body size often left the individual with stretched and loose skin.
Bulking up was all the rage in the ’60s and ’70s, but with the ultra-ripped look that began
to emerge in the late ’70s and early ’80s, most bodybuilders abandoned the practice. Obtaining
this new defined, cut look is almost impossible if you have 30 or 40 pounds to lose. In addition,

since guest posing and advertising contracts are their main means of support, many
bodybuilders need to be within 10 to 15 pounds of their competitive weight all year round.
So, does bulking up still have a place? Could it work for you? Well that depends on your
somatotype. Endomorphs should not try to bulk up. They have enough problems trying to stay
lean under normal circumstances. Mesomorphs may benefit from the practice, but why spend
months of the year carrying excess body fat? You’ll probably have no trouble gaining muscle
mass without fat, by simply eating properly. Besides, let’s not forget the health consequences
of carrying extra body fat. In fact, before fat starts accumulating on the outside of the body, it
has already started forming around the internal organs. Unless you’re a mesomorph with

ectomorph characteristics (i.e. very lean, with trouble gaining muscle mass) you should pass on
bulking up. About the only group that might benefit from this practice is ectomorphs.
Ectomorphs have to fight for every ounce of muscle they gain and the extra calories will help
create muscle. Ultimately, the decision to try bulking up is yours. If you’re an ectomorph, go
for it and see what happens.
RIBCAGE EXPANSION
While most bodybuilders focus on building the pectoral (chest) muscles, few realize that it is
possible to enlarge their chest measurement in another way. The chest mus
cles don’t just hang
in space, but rest on top of the ribcage. The ribcage is essentially a box-like structure composed
of ribs attached to the sternum. While genetics dictate the size of this frame, you can enlarge it

to some degree by stretching the cartilage that attaches the ribs to the sternum. If you are past
your 20s, you will experience less success in this area than if you’re in your teens. This is
because the cartilage holding the ribs to the sternum starts losing its pliability in the early to
mid 20s. It doesn’t mean a 30-year-old can’t expand his ribcage – he can. He’ll just need to
work harder at it.
There are a number of reasons for enlarging the ribcage. The obvious one is cosmetic. A
larger ribcage gives you a larger chest measurement. All other things being equal, the
bodybuilder with the largest ribcage will look more impressive in side poses.
A second reason to enlarge your ribcage is structural. Let’s say you do have the potential

to build Schwarzenegger-sized pecs. You’ll need a large, strong ribcage to support them on. A
larger set of chest muscles on a small ribcage could throw off your center of gravity and cause
lower-back problems. A final reason for ribcage expansion is health. Regular breathing squats
will do wonders for your heart and lungs. A larger ribcage will also help your internal organs.
To effectively stretch the ribcage you must approach it from two angles. The first is from
201

the inside. Every time you inhale, you stretch the ribcage cartilage. Breathing squats are like
regular squats, but the amount of weight lifted is secondary. However, since the exercises are
so similar, I suggest you perform breathing squats on the same day as your regular leg workout.
With breathing squats you use light weight and perform 25 to 30 reps instead of using heavier
weight for 6 to 12 reps. As you perform the squats, concentrate on inhaling and exhaling as
deeply as you can.
Your next step is to perform an exercise to stretch the rib cartilage from the outside.
Probably the best exercise for this is dumbell pullovers. There are two variations of this
exercise. You can lie lengthwise on the bench as you normally would, or you can lie across the
bench. I suggest the latter, as it allows you to drop your hips and shoulders and really stretch
the ribcage. The other way prevents you from getting the full range of motion.

As with breathing squats, the emphasis with this exercise is on breathing deeply and
stretching, not seeing how much weight you can lift. (For a full description of both exercises,
see the exercise descriptions in Appendix Two.) While you can perform the exercises on
separate days, most bodybuilders find they get better results by working them together.
Perform one set of breathing squats and then immediately perform a set of cross-bench
pullovers. I also suggest performing the exercises toward the end of your workout. Doing them
early could reduce the amount of weight you can lift on your other exercises.
202

BEGINNER ROUTINES
Okay, now let’s start pumping iron. Here are five excellent routines to start you on your way.
At first glance, they may seem simple and elementary, and in some respects they are. But don’t
forget that at this stage your muscles are not ready for more intense routines. More
importantly, you don’t need anything more challenging than this. In fact, a number of top
bodybuilders follow such basic routines in the off-season when trying to gain muscle mass, so
don’t think that they are too simple to be productive. The late, great Mike Mentzer was fond of
saying that the average beginner “would grow simply by putting the weights away.” Just about
anything you do at this stage is going to produce fantastic gains in strength and size. Why risk
injury or extreme soreness from an advanced routine, when one of the routines listed here will
produce the same results?
Speaking of injury, you’ll notice two exercises listed here that you’ll rarely see in other

books and magazine articles. Internal and external shoulder rotations probably won’t win you
any bodybuilding contests, but they will help keep your shoulders in good health. Most
shoulder injuries are not centered on the large outer deltoid muscles, but the smaller underlying
rotator cuff. One of the most common injuries is a rotator cuff tear. Unfortunately once you
tear it, surgery may not even restore it properly, and you may be permanently prevented from
working your upper body properly. The rotator cuff is actually a group of four muscles and
their tendons. They wrap around the front, back and top of the shoulder joint. Bodybuilders and
powerlifters frequently develop problems in that region from the years of heavy pressing
movements. The best way of treating a rotator cuff tear is preventing it in the first place. Do

shoulder rotations as a simple exercise involving very light weight. You should perform a few
sets of these important exercises before any shoulder or chest exercises.
Perform one of the following routines three times per week, making sure to give yourself a
rest day in between. You’ll notice that I’ve suggested slightly higher rep ranges. This is for two
reasons. First, higher reps help prepare the muscles for more intense training down the road.
Second, higher reps means using lighter weights, thus reducing the risk of injuries. After a
203

couple of months under your belt, you can increase the weight and lower the reps from 12 to 15
to about 8 to 10. I don’t suggest using heavy weight and low reps (4 to 6) until you’ve been
training for at least six months, you’ve have given your tendons and muscles a chance to
strengthen and get accustomed to weight training. Remember this vital rule: Train the muscles
and not the ego!
ROUTINE A
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
3
12–15
Leg Curls
3
12–15
Standing Calf Raises
3
15–20
Flat Barbell Presses
3
12–15
Chin-Ups
3
12–15
Front Barbell Presses
3
12–15
Triceps Pushdowns
3
12–15
Barbell Curls
3
12–15
External Rotations
2
15–20
Internal Rotations
2
15–20
Crunches
3
15–20
ROUTINE B
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Leg Presses
3
12–15
Leg Curls
3
12–15
3
15–20
Incline Barbell Presses
3
12–15
Front Pulldowns
3
12–15
Wide-Grip Upright Rows
3
12–15
Lying Triceps Extensions
3
12–15
Standing Dumbell Curls
3
12–15
2
15–20
204

2
15–20
Leg Raises
3
15–20
ROUTINE C
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
3
12–15
Stiff-Leg Deadlifts
3
12–15
Toe Presses
3
15–20
Flat Dumbell Presses
3
12–15
Seated Pulley Rows
3
12–15
3
12–15
Seated Dumbell Extensions
3
12–15
Seated Dumbell Curls
3
12–15
2
15–20
2
15–20
Reverse Crunches
3
15–20
ROUTINE D
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
12–15
Leg Curls
3
12–15
3
15–20
Dips
3
12–15
One-Arm Dumbell Rows
3
12–15
Dumbell Shoulder Presses
3
12–15
Narrow-Grip Presses
3
12–15
Reverse Curls
3
12–15
2
15–20
205

2
15–20
Leg Raises
3
15–20
ROUTINE E
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
3
12–15
3
12–15
3
15–20
Incline Dumbell Presses
3
12–15
Barbell Rows
3
12–15
3
12–15
Bench Dips
3
12–15
Preacher Curls
3
12–15
2
15–20
2
15–20
Crunches
3
15–20
ROUTINE F
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
12–15
Leg Curls
3
12–15
Seated Calf Raises
3
15–20
Incline Bench Presses
3
12–15
Front Lat Pulldowns
3
12–15
3
12–15
3
12–15
EZ-Bar Curls
3
12–15
2
15–20
206

S
CHAPTER 27
Nutrition 101: The Basic Food Groups
“Genes may have something to do with it, but the culprit is more often bad
dietary habits that may have been passed on from one generation to the next.
Growing up with people who inhale junk food and fried foods, who slather
butter, heavy sauces and mayonnaise on any good food choices, makes it more
likely that you will follow in their fatty footsteps.”
 contributor, commenting on the real
reason for today’s increased waistlines.
ome of the most important components for building muscle include intense training, great
genetics, supplements and attitude. Yet probably the most important component of all – food
– is also the most overlooked. You can work out all you want and even possess Cutler-sized
genes, but you won’t gain an ounce of new muscle tissue if you don’t consume the right
nutrients.
There’s nothing earth shattering about bodybuilding nutrition. You simply take in slightly

more quality calories than your body uses each day. Notice I said “slightly” and “quality.” I
don’t mean gulping down everything in sight. And all calories are not created equal. If your
body requires 2500 calories per day, both to carry out its normal day-to-day functions and gain
new muscle weight, and you eat four bags of potato chips and six candy bars, then I guess
you’re taking in enough calories to gain weight. But how much of this will be new, lean, hard
muscle tissue? Not much. The majority will be deposited around your waist and internal organs
as fat. Junk food is composed of what nutritionists call empty calories. These foods simply do
not provide the vital nutrients needed to build new muscle tissue.
THE FOOD GROUPS
Dairy
This group contains everything from milk to cheese to yogurt to cream. Although ice cream

Dairy
also fits in here, it’s a treat you should limit to perhaps once a week and in small amounts.
Dairy products are very nutrient dense. The foods in the dairy group are high in vitamins A and
D, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorous, fats, and protein. While they contain valuable nutrients
(protein, vitamins and minerals) dairy products can also be high in undesirables (saturated fat
and simple sugar). Low-fat dairy products are available, but there are good reasons to limit
their intake, as we’ll learn later.
Fruits and Vegetables
Nothing fancy here. Most vegetables consist of the roots, stalks and leaves of the plant. Fruit,
on the other hand, is the fleshy, pulpy part of the plant that surrounds the seeds. Many foods
considered vegetables such as tomatoes, squash, peppers and cucumbers, are actually fruits. No
211

“
matter what your definition of fruits and vegetables, they are among nature’s greatest foods.
They are loaded with fiber, vitamins, minerals, and good healthy carbohydrates. Your goal is to
eat anywhere from four to six servings per day.
Protein
This group can be considered the “bodybuilding” group, because it contains all the high-protein
foods such as meat, poultry, fish, beans and nuts. Besides being high in protein, sources in this
group tend to be high in iron and B vitamins.
Grains
This group contains whole grains, breads, cereals, flour, pasta, cornmeal, oatmeal, and all the
other grain products. This group is high in such nutrients as B vitamins, iron, fiber, and
complex carbohydrates.
Oils and Fats
This group contains all the edible animal and plant oils, butter, margarine, honey and fats. Like
the dairy group, this group is a mixed bag. While the good fats are vital for optimum health, the
saturated fats and especially trans fats should be avoided if possible. Even the good fats can

pack fat around your waist if consumed in excess.
Ultra Crap
While you need to consume foods from all the other groups to maintain good health and build
superior muscle, items from this group should be kept to a minimum or eliminated altogether.
The ultra-crap group contains such villains as candy bars, potato chips, refined sugar and flour,
candy, processed meat, donuts, cakes, pastries, soft drinks, and deep-fried anything! These
foods are all considered low-density because they contain a low percentage of good nutrients in
relation to their high calorie content. Also included in this group is alcohol. If your sport is
sumo wrestling then perhaps you can feast from this food group. But if it’s a lean and muscular
physique you’re after, you should avoid these foods entirely!

Some nutrition gurus will tell you that eating anything at all will boost your metabolic
rate – it’s called digestion. Yet of the three macronutrients, protein boosts that rate the
most – up to 200 calories per day – since it requires a great deal of energy to digest and
absorb.”
– Jerry Kindela, group editorial director of Robert Kennedy Publishing and 
MuscleMag
212

T
CHAPTER 28
The Nutrient Groups
“From chicken breasts to oatmeal to donuts, every food you eat should serve
your physique goal.”
– Steven Stiefel, bodybuilding writer, journalist and photographer
he primary nutrients found in food are protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, fiber
and water. Though the vast majority of foods contain several of these nutrients, very few
foods contain them all, and virtually no food contains them all in ample quantities. This is why
you must consume a wide variety of food. And that’s why nutritionists keep talking about
“well-balanced” diets.
PROTEIN
Given the large amount of protein that bodybuilders eat, it’s surprising how little they know
about this potent muscle-builder. Proteins are extremely large molecules made up of smaller
subunits called polypeptide chains. Polypeptide chains in turn are made up of even smaller
units called amino acids. Structurally, amino acids contain both a carboxyl (acid) group
(COOH) and an amino group (NH
2

2
) attached to a central carbon atom, normally a hydrocarbon.
A hydrogen atom and another side group will also be attached to the carbon atom. The general
molecular formula for a typical amino acid is as follows:
H
I
COOH – CH – NH
2
I
R
There are approximately 20 amino acids in the human body that make up protein (although
some biochemists suggest anywhere from 22 to 26) and they all have unique chemical
characteristics. The exact amino acid content and the sequence of the amino acids in the chain
determines each protein’s characteristics and what it will be used for. Besides building muscle,
protein is used as a structural component in red blood cells, antibodies, and hormones.
The human body can manufacture 11 of the 20 amino acids; the others must be supplied
completely by your diet. Failure to obtain even one of these “essential amino acids” can lead to

degradation of the body’s protein-based tissues, including organs, muscles, and enzymes. And
unlike fats and carbohydrates, the human body does not store excess amino acids for later use.
They must be consumed in our food every day. The essential amino acids are: phenylalanine,
valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. In addition,
the amino acids arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine and tyrosine are all considered
conditionally essential amino acids – our bodies create them, but under certain circumstances,
214

such as during times of stress or healing, we cannot create enough. Remember that
bodybuilding puts our bodies in a constant state of repair, so we need to make sure we get
enough of these conditionally essential amino acids.
The amino acids that can be synthesized by the body are considered nonessential and
include alanine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamate, proline, serine and tyrosine.
Complete and Incomplete
“When you blend several protein foods, the biological pattern of the amino acid content is
boosted. It’s comparable to the strong man who helps the weak one. Together they can
accomplish efforts that singly might be difficult. The weaker amino acid of one food becomes
naturally enriched and fortified when it is eaten together with a stronger amino acid from
another food.”
– Carlson Wade, author of 
Miracle Protein
Protein sources can also be classified based on their amino acid makeup. Animal sources
contain all the amino acids and are termed complete. Most plant sources are deficient in one or

more of the amino acids and are called incomplete. This is why vegetarians must consume a
wide range of plant sources to obtain all the amino acids in sufficient quantities.
Animal sources are considered complete proteins. By consuming meat, you’re getting all the amino acids.
Photo by Alex Ardenti
How much?
For many years nutritionists and other interested parties have debated the amount of protein
humans require. This argument has been revived in recent years because of the success of many
high-protein weight-loss diets. The current DRI (Dietary Reference Intake) is 0.8 grams per
kilogram of bodyweight per day. However, for decades bodybuilders and other athletes have
ignored this recommendation and consumed protein in far greater amounts. Quality scientific

research now backs up the bodybuilders by demonstrating that these recommendations are
inadequate for those involved in high-intensity sports.
Individuals engaged in sports such as bodybuilding, powerlifting, football, rugby or
wrestling may find that consuming only the DRI is slowing their recovery times and limiting
their muscle growth. It is generally accepted that endurance athletes should consume 1.2 to 1.4
grams per kilogram of bodyweight per day. Strength and bodybuilding athletes need at least 1.4
to 1.8 grams per kilogram of bodyweight per day. However, bodybuilding experts maintain that
215

“
the optimal amount is 1 gram per pound of bodyweight per day.
Is too much protein dangerous?
Bodybuilders and other athletes have been following high-protein diets for decades. When
protein supplements first became available in the 1940s, bodybuilders were the first in line to
use them. Since then the traditional bodybuilder has been consuming an average of 1 gram of
protein per pound of bodyweight per day. For a 200-pounder that’s 200 grams of protein – far
more than the average person consumes. Given this, it’s not surprising that many in the medical
community question this practice and even condemn it. The main argument is that excess
protein places tremendous stress on the liver and kidneys because these organs need to work
overtime to filter and excrete the waste products generated by protein metabolism. There is no
question that individuals who consume excess protein will need to take in a lot of extra water to

help digest it and wash away any extra protein circulating in the blood, but if you do consume
enough water you should not have a problem in this regard.
Never skip breakfast, arguably the most important meal of the day, especially when you
want to hype your metabolism and keep losing fat.”
MuscleMag
Some nutritionists argue that excess protein is simply a waste of money. They say all the
protein a bodybuilder needs can be supplied by a regular diet, and those who consume extra
protein are simply being misled by supplement-industry marketing. They argue that those who
feel extra protein is making a difference are actually driven by the placebo effect. (The placebo
effect simply means that a person’s belief in a drug can take the place of any actual

biochemical effect produced by the drug. So the belief that extra protein increases muscle size
causes the muscle to grow, not the extra protein.)
Given that the scientific research is mixed (some studies suggest that athletes benefit from
extra protein while other studies show no relationship), we may have to rely more on anecdotal
evidence for an answer. Millions of bodybuilders and other athletes have been following high-
protein diets for over 50 years. Bodybuilders are all about effects – if something doesn’t work,
they don’t do it – period. If the extra protein really did not make a difference, then
bodybuilders would have stopped using it years ago, just as they have with countless other
“miracle” supplements.
Unless you have a pre-existing medical condition that limits your protein consumption, we

suggest keeping your protein intake somewhere in the .5 to 1 gram per pound of bodyweight
range. It has worked for millions of others, so why not you?
SIX ARE BETTER THAN THREE
The biggest animals on the planet spend virtually their entire waking existence eating. Their
bodies are continuously being infused with mass-building nutrients. As a bodybuilder, you
should be doing something similar. To allow your 
body to actually absorb and use all the
calories you ingest, you must reduce your meal size, but increase your meal frequency.
Dividing your calories into smaller, more frequent portions allows the food to be absorbed and
utilized more efficiently. If you are one of those “skip breakfast, eat a small lunch, and then a
216

“
huge supper” types, stop right now! Instead, start viewing your meals not as breakfast, lunch,
and supper, but rather as meal 1, meal 2, meal 3, etc. In other words, try to eat six small meals
spread out evenly during the day. Every two to three hours eat something small, but nutritious.
This ensures that your body always has nutrients on hand for repair and growth.
You should make sure to have some sort of protein at every meal, and optimally that
protein should be from animal sources. Soy and plant protein sources such as quinoa have their
place, but the truth is that getting enough protein for muscle building is not easy without meat,
fish, or at least eggs. That being said, a couple of the top bodybuilders have been vegetarian –
Bill Pearl comes to mind – but even they ate eggs and milk products. To maximize your
muscle-building potential, you should get most of your protein from such sources as whey,
casein (cottage cheese), eggs, beef, poultry, and fish.
FAT – THE GOOD AND THE BAD

Of all the nutrient groups, none have seen such a dramatic turnaround in consumers’ minds as
fats. Granted, the human body has always depended on certain fats for optimum health.
However, the media hype around fat has tarnished the reputation of this vital compound in the
eyes of the public. Fats are just as important for health as protein and carbohydrates. Also,
despite their name, fats actually play a role in fat loss. Yes, you read correctly! The much-
maligned fat nutrient can actually help you drop body fat and get leaner.
Biochemically, fats are concentrated sources of energy that contain 9 calories per gram
versus 4 calories per gram for both protein and carbohydrates. Fats can be divided into a
number of different categories, but saturated and unsaturated are the two primary distinctions.

Without going into too much biochemistry, suffice it to say that the terms saturated and
unsaturated refer to the number of hydrogen atoms connected (called bonded) to the central
carbon atoms. Saturated fats have the full compliment of hydrogen atoms while unsaturated are
lacking. Given that hydrogen is nature’s simplest atom you wouldn’t think that a few less or
more of them would make much of a difference. But it makes a huge difference.
Many hardgainers fall short in their total caloric intake because they don’t consume
enough fat in their diets. However, as we should all know by now, all fats are not created
equal. You want to stay away from saturated and trans fats found in prepared foods such
as cheese, fatty cuts of meat, sauces, ice cream, donuts, and french fries, but you do want

the essential fatty acids (EFAs) found in foods such as salmon, raw nuts, and flaxseed oil.”
217

The human body needs certain fats to maintain good health. It’s important, however, to be able to distinguish the
“good” from the “bad.”
Photo of Chris Jalali by Robert Reiff
Saturated fats are commonly called “bad” fats, but 
the word evil is more appropriate!
Saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature. Because the body doesn’t digest them
easily, they tend to get deposited along arterial walls. It’s saturated fat that causes heart
disease, stroke, and certain cancers. Your goal should be to keep saturated fat to a minimum.
Closely related to saturated fats are trans, or hydrogenated fats. If saturated fat should be kept
to a minimum, trans fats should be avoided entirely. This fat mutation is the result of 20th
century food processing. As these fats rarely occur in nature, the human body doesn’t have the
enzymes necessary to break them down. As bad as saturated fat is for increasing the risk of
heart disease and stroke, trans and hydrogenated fats are among the greatest health destroyers.

Do everything in your power to eliminate them from your diet. No exceptions.
Unsaturated fats are commonly called “good” fats, and can be divided into
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. Unlike their saturated cousins, these fats are vital to life.
Unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature and used for metabolic processes such
as transporting vitamins A, D, E and K, maintaining cell membranes, maintaining health of
skin, eyes and hair, lowering cholesterol levels and serving as a source of energy. They are also
used in the manufacturing of some hormones.
Receiving a lot of press these days is the polyunsaturated group referred to as essential
fatty acids (EFAs). Essential fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids that the human body

requires for optimum health. Like essential amino acids, they cannot be synthesized by the
body (except omega-9 in limited quantities) and therefore have to be acquired in the diet. The
two most important EFAs are omega-3 and omega-6. Omega-3 fatty acids have a special bond
called a “double bond” in the third carbon position from the naming end (hence the use of “3”
in their name. Omega-6 fatty acids have their first double bond in the sixth carbon position
from the naming end (hence the “6” designation). It’s especially important to make sure you
get plenty of omega-3 fats in your diet, as the average healthy North American diet provides
plenty (perhaps too much) of the omega-6 fat.
Foods containing high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids include salmon, halibut, sardines,
218

“
albacore, trout, herring, walnut, flaxseed, hemp seed, chia seed and canola oil. Other foods that
contain omega-3 fatty acids in lesser quantities include shrimp, clams, catfish, cod, tuna and
spinach. Examples of foods rich in omega-6 fatty acids include whole grains, corn, safflower,
sunflower, soybean and cottonseed oil.
EFAs offer numerous health benefits for the human body and help control and regulate an
amazing number of metabolic processes. Essential fatty acids help regulate the fluidity of cell
membranes and improve their “gate-keeping” abilities by helping keep toxins out and bring
nutrients in. Essential fatty acids also influence the activation of cell genes, and help produce
eicosanoids. These hormone-like compounds play a role in helping reduce inflammation in the
body. They also help keep blood from clotting internally, and help keep the blood vessels
dilated (open). Finally, a diet rich in EFAs can be helpful in preventing many diseases
including cancer and heart disease.

If you want to keep shedding adipose tissue, you can’t allow the body to get contented
with the status quo. Just as you manipulate growth with training adjustment, you should
do the same with carb manipulation. Keep the metabolic furnace revved by consuming
sweet potatoes, brown rice and yams.”
MuscleMag
Fat Storage – A Mixed Bag
As most people are aware, fat – whether good or bad – will be stored if not used immediately as
an energy source. While large amounts of fat are undesirable from both a health and physical-
appearance point of view, small amounts of stored fat are useful. Stored fat is a readily
available source of energy. If carbohydrate levels are low, stored fat can be used as a backup
energy source. It also plays a role in cushioning the internal organs against injury 
from blows.

Finally, fat helps prevent heat loss through the skin (one of the reasons marine mammals have
thick layers of fat, called blubber, beneath their skins).
CARBOHYDRATES
The true energy generators of the human body are carbohydrates, or “carbs.” Carbs get their
name from their chemical makeup of just carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O). The most
familiar carbs are sugars, starches, and cellulose. The most common sugar molecule in the
human body is glucose. In fact, the liver converts most other simple sugars into glucose.
There are two major types of carbohydrates: simple and complex.
Simple carbohydrates are also called simple sugars and occur in foods such as candies, cookies
and cakes. In fact, just about any food that contains refined sugars (such as the white sugar you

find in a sugar dish) can be considered a simple sugar food. Simple sugars also occur in more
nutritious foods such as milk, fruit and some vegetables. Hopefully, most readers are aware that
it makes far more sense to obtain simple sugars from fruits and vegetables than from sodas and
candy! Fruits and vegetables provide you with more than sugar – they’ll be giving you
vitamins, minerals and fiber. That extra-large slice of cake does not provide these nutrients.
Complex carbohydrates take longer than simple sugars for the body to break down.
Unrefined grains are loaded with valuable nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and fiber
219

(which helps your digestive system work better, as well as help you feel full, making you less
likely to overeat). Have you ever noticed that a bowl of hearty oatmeal makes you feel full,
while a sugary cereal with the same number of calories leaves you wanting more? Most
vegetables are also good sources of complex carbs.
As soon as you eat carbohydrates, the body starts breaking them down into simple sugars.
These sugars are then absorbed into the bloodstream. As the sugar level rises in your body, the
pancreas releases a hormone called insulin. Insulin transports the sugar from the blood into the
cells, where it’s used as a source of energy. If this process moves quickly – as it usually does
with simple sugars – you’re more likely to feel hungry that much sooner. Complex carbs (i.e.
whole grains), however, take much longer to break down and you won’t experience those
hunger cravings as quickly. Complex carbohydrates give you energy over a longer period of
time.

time.
Besides their relationship to energy, complex carbs are healthier. As you just read, simple
sugars cause a rapid rise in insulin (called an insulin spike). Over time, this extra stress on the
pancreas can lead to diabetes. Diabetes is caused by an insufficient production of insulin or an
inability of the body’s insulin receptors to interact with the hormone. In either case, the end
result could be multiple medical problems including obesity, cardiovascular disease, reduced
circulation in the extremities (often leading to amputation), and blindness. Although the
primary 
focus of this chapter is on eating for bodybuilding purposes, you’re also improving
your overall health by restricting your intake of simple sugars. Eating complex carbohydrates –

primary 
whole grains such as brown rice, quinoa, wheat berries, oats, barley; whole wheat breads and
pastas; and most vegetables, including potatoes and sweet potatoes – is guaranteed to have you
looking and feeling great.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CARBS
If you are serious about having a hardcore physique you must learn about nutrition.
Carbs are the body’s primary source of energy. Without enough carbs you can forget
going heavy and you’ll never have a rock-hard body. The glycogen your body produces
from carbs is stored in your muscles. If your carb level is too low, your body must turn
to protein as an energy source. Without adequate protein you can’t grow. End of story.
Carbs also provide glucose to fuel your brain with energy. Carbohydrate intake affects

your brain’s performance, your mood and personality. You may find it helpful to obtain
a chart that lists the glycemic index of foods and then eat carbs that rate very low.
220

A bodybuilder’s diet needs all the macronutrients – not just protein. Experiment with herbs and spices to keep it
interesting.
221

Photo of Istvan Horvath by Irvin Gelb
VITAMINS
Much of the early information about vitamins comes from the research on diseases, including
scurvy and beriberi. Scurvy probably killed more sailors than any enemy gun action. It was a
Scottish surgeon by the name of James Lind who discovered that the disease could be prevented
by citrus fruits, including limes (this is where the popular nickname for British sailors,
“Limey,” came from).
While Lind knew that something in citrus fruit was helping prevent the condition, it would
be over one hundred years before the first vitamins were isolated. The father of vitamin
research is considered to be Casimir Funk, a Polish biochemist studying the malnutrition
disease beriberi, in London. Funk found he could prevent the disease by administering a
powerful compound isolated from rice. Given that the compound was an amine (organic
compound containing nitrogen), and vital to life, he coined the term “vit amine” or vitamine.

Later, as similar compounds were discovered that were not amines, the final “e” was dropped
and the present term “vitamin” was adopted.
Vitamins can be defined as inorganic compounds that are necessary for growth, health and
normal metabolism. They may act as enzymes (substances that speed up or slow down
chemical reactions) or as essential components of hormones.
Vitamins can be divided into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.
FRESH THINKING
Vitamin supplements are a great, convenient way to get the essential vitamins your
body needs to grow, but don’t forget that almost all the vitamins and protein you need
are found in your local grocery store. Fresh fruits, vegetables and meats go a long way
to fulfilling your body’s nutritional requirements. Eating chicken breast and tuna daily

gets expensive quickly, but buying them in bulk can be a better alternative to protein
powders of suspicious quality, without the unwanted fillers. Fresh fruits and veggies
can get costly as well, so visit your local farmers’ market where you can buy fresh food
at a fraction of the store price. Eat your vegetables raw whenever possible. Cooking can
denaturize protein and break down enzymes. Take advantage of fresh food whenever
you can, and supplement with vitamin packs when it is unavailable.
PRIMARY FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN
NATURAL SOURCE
FUNCTION
DRI
*
A
Liver, sweet potatoes
Vision
900 mcg
D
Fish oil, egg yolk
Bone growth & repair
5 mcg
E
Sunflower seeds, almonds
Fights free radicals
15 mcg
K
Green vegetables
Blood clotting
120 mcg
222

*
 DRI is Daily Recommended Intake for men 19–50. Institute of Medicine. http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/21/372/0.pdf. 27 March 2008
*http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/appendixB.htm. 27 March 2008
PRIMARY WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN
FUNCTION
DRI
*
B-1
Whole grain cereals, liver
Carbohydrate metabolism
1.2 mg
B-2
Milk, nuts
Red blood cell formation
1.3 mg
B-3
Liver, whole grains
Reduces cholesterol
16 mg
B-5
Whole grains, eggs
5 mg
B-6
Liver, oatmeal
Strengthens immune system
1.3 mg
B-9
Wheat germ, greens, vegetables
400 mg
B-12
Shellfish, liver, eggs
2.4 mcg
C
Citrus fruits, greens, vegetables
90 mg
*
Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins are named as such because they dissolve in dietary fat. When excess
amounts are consumed in the diet and not used right away, they are stored as body fat for later
use. Of course this storage can be a double-edged sword. Some of the fat-soluble vitamins can
be toxic to the body, particularly the liver, in excessive amounts. Too much vitamin D has even
been linked to heart disease and kidney stones.
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body to any great
extent and must be consumed in the diet on a daily basis. Under certain circumstances that are
stressful on our bodies such as illness, injury, disease and intense exercise, individuals may
have difficulty obtaining adequate amounts in their diet. In this case a vitamin supplement may
be necessary.
MINERALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS

The terms mineral and trace element are really just different names for the same substances.
Biochemists and nutritionists use the term mineral if the body needs more than 100 mg
(milligrams) of a particular element each day. If less is required, the term trace element is
used. Both minerals and trace elements can be defined as inorganic substances that the body
needs for growth, maintenance, and repair. They are also used for nerve conduction, heart rate
regulation, and water conservation. Because minerals and 
trace elements are only needed in
very small amounts, deficiencies in Western society are very rare. Possible exceptions include
athletes who train in hot weather, those suffering from wasting diseases and women with heavy
menstrual periods.
223

“
“
In order to build muscle and gain strength you must take in all the needed minerals and
not just those that receive media attention like calcium and iron. I suspect one of the
reasons minerals are not as popular as vitamins or the more trendy products on the
market is because they are relatively inexpensive.”
FIBER
Fiber is one of those catch-all terms, in this case used to describe plant material that can’t be
digested by the body. Most fiber comes from the tougher parts of plants, including stems, roots,
seeds, and leaves. The primary component of most fibrous compounds is cellulose. Fiber passes
through the gastrointestinal tract mostly undigested until it reaches the large intestine, where it
helps to form stool and maintain regularity. Dietary fiber plays an important role in the
prevention of many diseases, including colon cancer. A high-fiber diet has also been proven to

help people lose weight. Since the fiber takes longer to move through the digestive system, you
feel satisfied longer and thus do not overeat. As well, soluble fiber fills up with water and
makes you feel full.
Not only is it a key nutrient that is crucial to good health, but when included as part of a
clean protein and complex carb-rich diet, fiber can help bodybuilders both stay lean and
build fat-free mass.”
– S.J. Wells, 
For superior health, people should get 25 to 30 grams of fiber each day. The best sources
of fiber include whole grains, vegetables, fruit, nuts, seeds and beans. This is yet another reason
to avoid processed food – the fiber has been removed from most processed foods.
SALT
Salt is a compound made from two elements, sodium and chlorine. Salt is a mixed bag when it

SALT
comes to nutrients. On one hand, it’s vital for metabolic processes such as nerve conduction,
muscle contraction, and water regulation. On the other hand, excessive amounts can cause heart
disease and kidney problems. However, most individuals won’t need to make a conscious effort
to consume salt – they’ll get more than they need in their diets. Just two slices of bread
supplies the body’s daily salt requirements. In general, your goal is to try to reduce your salt
intake.
224

WATER
In many respects, water is probably the most important single nutrient. You could live for only
a few days at most without water. Water is a major component of every cell and makes up
about two-thirds of the mass of the human body. It forms most of the volume of human blood,
serves as the medium for virtually all chemical reactions, is essential for digestion, helps
regulate body heat and plays a major role in waste excretion.
A typical person will lose about two liters of water every day through waste excretion and
sweating – more if involved in intense exercise or working outdoors in hot weather. It’s for this
reason that water should be consumed on a regular basis. Start with six to eight glasses a day
and add more when needed. During a typical workout, you should try to sip and drink at least
one liter. Try taking a sip of water after every set of an exercise.
225

C
CHAPTER 29
Cholesterol
“Cholesterol plays a vital role in bodily functions. Every cell in the human
body contains and requires cholesterol for life. If the AHA (American Heart
Association) keeps lowering the level considered to be a normal blood
cholesterol level, the incidence of heart attacks won’t even matter because life
itself will cease without an adequate supply of essential cholesterol.”
– Dr. Melvin Anchell, offering his views on the AHA’s stance with regards to what’s
considered normal cholesterol levels.
holesterol is another food ingredient that gets more than its fair share of bad press.
Biochemically, cholesterol is a steroid-based molecule related to fat. Despite what you
sometimes hear, cholesterol is needed in small amounts for good health. It is a major structural
component of many body tissues, including the cardiovascular and nervous systems. It’s also
used in the synthesis of many of the sex and adrenal hormones, as well as some digestive
enzymes.

enzymes.
There are two primary forms of cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-
density lipoprotein (LDL). From a health point of view, your goal is to keep HDL levels high
and LDL levels low. LDLs tend to be sticky in texture and attach more easily to arterial walls,
causing blockages. If the blocked arteries happen to be located in the heart, the end result could
be a heart attack. Blocked arteries in limbs can lead to cell death, gangrene, and eventually
amputation. Evolution has decided that HDLs should be used to combat the destructive LDLs.
HDLs attach to and carry away LDLs before they have a chance to build up on arterial walls.
HDLs also carry extra cholesterol to the liver, where it is converted to bile salts and excreted.
Most readers are probably aware of the risk factors that negatively impact cho

lesterol. While
you have little control over genetics, such lifestyle factors as smoking, drinking, nutrition, and
exercise can be controlled. Quit smoking (or never start), reduce your alcohol consumption, cut
down on saturated and trans fat, and start exercising – including cardio (hopefully you’re
already way ahead on this one!).
CHOLESTEROL BLOOD TESTS
Even if you’re following this advice it’s a good idea to have regular blood tests performed to
check your cholesterol levels. Now you probably think that a blood test for cholesterol would
simply tell you how much cholesterol is in your body. Well it does, but doctors actually use
several measurements to deduce your risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
The three measurements are:
LDL cholesterol
HDL cholesterol
226

Total cholesterol
The first thing I should tell you is that total cholesterol doesn’t simply mean LDL cholesterol
plus HDL cholesterol. There are additional types of cholesterol, but I really don’t need to
discuss them here.
Cholesterol is measured as milligrams of cholesterol per deciliter of blood. Medical types
have abbreviated it as mg/dL. In some cases only your total cholesterol will be measured, other
times you will get results for all three. With regards to total cholesterol, here is a general guide:
Less than 200 mg/dL
Optimal
200–239 mg/dL
Borderline high
240 mg/dL and above
Too high
The values for HDL cholesterol are as follows:
Less than 40 mg/dL
Too low
More than 40 mg/dL
Desirable
Above 60 mg/dL
Optimal
If you are 20 years or older and have no signs of heart disease, the values for LDL cholesterol
are as follows:
Less than 100 mg/dL
Optimal
100–129 mg/dL
Near optimal
130–159 mg/dL
160–189 mg/dL
High
190 mg/dL and above
Extremely high

Optimal
High
Your doctor may give you these cholesterol values as a ratio of total cholesterol to HDL
cholesterol. This is calculated by dividing your total cholesterol by your HDL cholesterol.
According to the American Heart Association (AHA), the ratio should be below 5:1. A ratio of
3.5:1 is considered optimal.
So, you should not simply keep track of your cholesterol levels, but you should also do
everything in your power to keep your LDL levels low and HDL levels high.
FOODS TO HELP LOWER CHOLESTEROL
Most of us probably realize that fried foods, ice cream, and fatty red meats raise cholesterol
levels. Well here’s some great news. There are actually foods you can add to your diet to
reduce your cholesterol levels. Researchers have discovered that some foods, particularly deep

sea fish, oatmeal, walnuts, and foods high in plant sterols, can help regulate your cholesterol.
Research has also revealed that a diet combining some of these foods may be just as effective
227

at reducing cholesterol as cholesterol-lowering drugs (particularly LDL or “bad” cholesterol).
In no particular order, here are some superfoods that will help keep your arteries
cholesterol free for decades to come!
Oatmeal and Other Fibrous Foods
Besides tasting great and being a staple breakfast food, oatmeal is loaded with soluble fiber.
Soluble fiber has been shown to reduce LDL, the “bad” cholesterol. Soluble fiber is also found
the following foods: brussels sprouts, pears, apples and prunes.
Some fibers – especially the gel-like soluble fiber – binds bile (which also contains
cholesterol) and free cho
lesterol so the body can excrete it faster, thereby reducing its
absorption in the intestines. You don’t need to eat whopping amounts either – just five to ten
grams of soluble fiber a day decreases your LDL cholesterol by about 5 percent. One cup of
cooked oatmeal provides you with a solid 4 grams of fiber.
Soy Protein

Don’t worry guys, soy protein won’t make you grow breasts, but it just may keep you from
developing heart disease. The cholesterol-reducing abilities of soy protein was confirmed when
the FDA approved the health claim for soy’s capability to reduce the risk of heart disease. For
optimum effect, it is recommended that you consume at least four servings of about 6 to 6.5
grams of soy protein per day, totaling 25 to 26 grams. Since the health benefits claims and FDA
endorsement, many supplement manufacturers have introduced soy drinks and protein bars
containing 10 to 20 grams of soy protein.
Nuts
For years nuts have had a bad reputation because they are high in fat. However, most nuts,
especially almonds and walnuts, have high amounts of monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats

Nuts
– the “good” fats. These fats actually help to lower cholesterol levels. Researchers at Loma
228

Linda University discovered that a diet fortified with pecans not only lowered total and LDL
cholesterol significantly, but also helped keep levels of HDL high. Other studies, such as those
studying Mediterranean-style diets high in walnuts, also demonstrated the cholesterol-lowering
abilities of nuts. The evidence is in, so don’t be afraid to go nuts on a regular basis!
While some of the foods on this list may surprise you, most readers are probably aware of the
numerous health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Fresh fruits and vegetables such as apples,
pears, citrus fruit, berries, green leafy vegetables and yams are high in soluble fiber and pectin.
Both have shown to be beneficial in reducing cholesterol levels. Try to have at least five
servings a day for the full benefits.
Flaxseed Oil
Flaxseed oil is high in alpha-linolenic acid (a polyunsaturated fat), which has been proven to
lower cholesterol. Studies show that flaxseed helps lower total and LDL cholesterol levels.

Other research has revealed that another ingredient in flaxseed, omega-3 fatty acid, may also
help lower blood triglyceride levels and blood pressure. It may also keep blood platelets from
becoming sticky and adhering to arterial walls. So if you’re already using flaxseed and/or
flaxseed oil, keep doing so. If not, head to the supplement store right now. Make sure to buy
whole seeds, then grind it at home and keep it in the fridge to avoid rancidity.
Olive Oil
There are centuries of evidence showing that people who follow Mediterranean diets have a low
occurrence of heart attacks. One of the reasons is the high amounts of olive oil in such diets.
Olive oil contains large amounts of monounsaturated fats and studies have shown that it can

lower both LDL and total blood cholesterol levels. There is also evidence to suggest that olive
oil reduces the clotting ability of blood; not to the point that it’s dangerous, but to the extent
that it helps prevent buildup on the arterial walls. So even if you can’t afford that trip to Italy or
Spain, place a bottle of olive oil on your kitchen table.
Fish
Studies from the 1970s showed that the Greenland Inuit had lower rates of heart disease than
any other ethnic group living in the area. After analyzing the data, the researchers came to the
conclusion that the diet of the Inuit – specifically fish, seal and whale meat – was the cause.
Fish oil and sea mammals contain high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that
make the blood more slippery and less likely to clot. Omega-3 fatty acids also seem to lower

total and LDL cholesterol levels. The best sources of fish are salmon, herring, trout and
sardines.
229

B
CHAPTER 30
Digestion
“Learn to chew and spend more time masticating your food. You cannot
expect to zoom through a 30-minute meal in just eight minutes! Body
processes cannot be rushed.”
odybuilders are often knowledgeable about carbohydrates, fats and proteins, but they should
also understand what happens to food after it has entered their digestive system. Because the
vast majority of foods are too large to be absorbed across the plasma membranes of the cells,
the food must be broken down first, both chemically and mechanically. This process is called
digestion.
What follows is a very technical discussion of digestion and metabolism. Outside of a
biology or medical textbook one would not normally encounter such detail. My logic for
adopting this approach was to ensure that you, the bodybuilder, would be fully informed as to
how your digestive system works. Understanding this process empowers you to make better

decisions regarding diet and the use, or nonuse, of supplements.
Mechanical digestion consists of various movements that aid chemical digestion. Food
must be broken down by the teeth before it can be swallowed. The smooth muscles of the
stomach and small intestine then churn the food so it is thoroughly mixed with the enzymes
that catalyze the reactions.
Chemical digestion is a series of catabolic (decomposition) reactions that break down the
large carbohydrate, lipid and protein molecules of food into smaller molecules. These products
of digestion are small enough to pass through the walls of the digestive organs, into the blood
and lymph capillaries, and finally into the body’s cells.
The digestive system is divided into two main sections: the gastrointestinal tract (GI), also

referred to as the alimentary canal, and the accessory organs. The 
GI is made up of the mouth,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The GI tract holds the food
from the time it is eaten until it is prepared for excretion. Muscular contractions in the walls of
the GI tract break down the food physically by churning it. Secretions produced by cells along
the GI tract break down the food chemically.
The accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas and appendix. Teeth aid in the physical breakdown of food. With the exception of the
tongue, the accessory organs lie outside the GI tract, and produce or store secretions that aid the
chemical breakdown of food. These secretions are released into the tract through ducts.
DIGESTION – BY LOCATION
The Mouth
231

For the most part digestion in the mouth is done by the salivary glands, teeth and tongue. The
salivary glands produce most of the saliva, with the buccal glands of the mucus membranes that
line the mouth producing the remainder. Saliva is a fluid continuously secreted by glands in or
near the mouth. Saliva is secreted to keep the mucous membranes of the mouth moist. When
food enters the mouth, secretion increases so saliva can lubricate, dissolve and chemically
break down the food. Through chewing, the teeth tear the food apart and mix it with saliva.
Saliva is 99.5 percent water and 0.5 percent solutes. These include salts (chlorides,
bicarbonates, and phosphates of sodium and potassium); mucin; the bacteriolytic enzyme
lysozyme; and the digestive enzyme amylase.
The water in saliva provides a medium for dissolving foods so they can be tasted and so
digestive reactions can be carried out. The chlorides in the saliva activate the amylase. The

bicarbonates and phosphates buffer chemicals that enter the mouth and keep the saliva at a
slightly acidic pH of 6.35 to 6.85. Mucin is a protein that forms mucus when dissolved in water.
Mucus lubricates the food so it can be easily turned in the mouth, formed into a ball, or bolus,
and swallowed. The enzyme lysozyme destroys bacteria, thereby protecting the mucus
membrane from infection and the teeth from decay. The enzyme salivary amylase initiates the
breakdown of polysaccharides (carbohydrates); this is the only chemical digestion that occurs
in the mouth. The function of salivary amylase is to break the chemical bonds between some of
the monosaccharides that make up the polysaccharides called dextrins. In time the enzyme can
further break down the dextrins into disaccharide maltose, but the food is usually swallowed so

quickly that only 3 to 5 percent of the dextrins are broken down in the mouth. The salivary
amylase continues to act on the polysaccharides in the stomach for another 15 to 30 minutes
until stomach acids inactivate the enzyme.
Before we go any further, consider what you’ve just read. When bodybuilding contests
became popular decades ago, judges used to inspect the contestants’ teeth! Perhaps it wasn’t
232

such a silly concept after all. What’s the point of buying expensive foods and supplements if
you can’t digest them properly? Just as an army marches on its stomach, the 
most important
muscles in bodybuilding are found in the digestive tract. Before you work them out, see your
dentist.
After being chewed, food is swallowed (deglutition) and travels down the esophagus (a
muscular, collapsible tube located behind the trachea). The food is pushed down by muscular
contractions in a process called peristalsis. It then passes through the inferior part of the
esophagus, called the gastroesophageal sphincter (a sphincter is an opening that has a thick
circle of muscle around it), into the stomach.
The Stomach
A few minutes after food enters the stomach, peristaltic movements ripple across the stomach
every 15 to 25 seconds except for in a part of the stomach called the fundus, which acts as a
storage area. Here foods may sit for an hour or more with only salivary digestion continuing. In

the rest of the stomach the movements, or mixing waves, churn the food with the gastric
secretions, producing a thin liquid called chyme.
The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the breakdown of proteins. This is
accomplished by the gastric juice, which is made up by the enzymes pepsin and rennin, and
hydrochloric acid (HCI). Pepsin breaks certain peptide bonds between the amino acids that
make up proteins. Hence a protein chain of many amino acids is broken down into fragments of
amino acids. Long fragments are called proteoses and short fragments are called peptones.
Rennin helps solidify casein, a milk protein. Thus it can be held in the stomach long
enough for pepsin to break it down. Pepsin is most effective in the acidic environment of the

stomach (pH of 1). The HCI in the gastric juice ensures an acidic medium.
A less important enzyme is gastric lipase. This enzyme breaks down the butterfat
molecules in milk. Because this enzyme works best at a pH of 5 to 6, adults rely on an enzyme
in the small intestine to digest fats.
The stomach releases its contents into the duodenum two to six hours after ingestion. Food
rich in carbohydrates leaves the stomach in a short period of time. Protein-rich foods are
slower, and fatty foods are the slowest of all to be emptied out. The stomach is impermeable to
the passage of most materials into the blood (with the exception of some water, salts, certain
drugs and alcohol), so most substances are not absorbed until they reach the small intestine.
The Small Intestine

Chemical digestion in the small intestine depends not only on its own secretions but also on the
activities of three organs outside the GI tract: the liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
Carbohydrates in the form of dextrins are reduced to disaccharide maltose by the enzyme
pancreatic amylase. Two other disaccharides, sucrose and lactose, are also reduced. The
enzyme sucrase splits sucrose into a molecule of fructose and a molecule of glucose. Lactose is
reduced to a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose by the enzyme lactase. And the
enzyme maltase splits maltose into two molecules of glucose.
Proteins that may have escaped reduction in the stomach are dealt with in the small
intestine. The pancreatic enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin digest intact proteins into
proteoses and peptones, and break them into dipeptides (containing only two amino acids), and

divide some of the dipeptides into single amino acids. The enzyme carboxypeptidase reduces
233

whole or partly digested proteins to amino acids. Any remaining dipeptides are reduced to
single amino acids by a group of enzymes given the collective name erepsin.
Fats are digested in the small intestine. Bile salts break down the globules of fat into
droplets (emulsification) so the fat-splitting enzyme can attack the fat molecules. Then the
enzyme pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes each fat molecule into fatty acids, glycerol and glycerides.
Mechanical digestion consists of three distinct peristaltic movements, which serve to mix
the chyme with the digestive juices and move the entire mixture further down the GI tract.
The products of digestion are now ready for absorption. The monosaccharides and amino
acids are absorbed into the blood capillaries of the villi and transported via the bloodstream to
the liver. Fatty acids, glycerol and glycerides are surrounded by bile salts to form water-soluble
particles 
called micelles, which are then absorbed into the intestinal epithelial cells. The fat

particles 
molecules are resynthesized. These molecules, together with small amounts of cholesterol and
phospholipids, are organized into protein-coated fat droplets called chylomicrons. The protein
coat prevents the chylomicrons from sticking to each other and to the walls of the lymphatic
and circulatory system. Transported by these two systems, the chylomicrons reach the liver.
The Large Intestine
Digestion is almost complete by the time the chyme reaches the large intestine. Bacterial action
results in the synthesis of vitamin K and some of the B vitamins. Any remaining proteins and
amino acids are broken down by bacteria into simpler substances: fatty acids, hydrogen sulfide,
skatole and indole. Together with intestinal water, some of it is absorbed. What is left is passed
out of the body.
METABOLISM

Growth is an adaptively regulated process in which anabolism predominates over catabolism.
For bodybuilding this means the building up of protein into the permanent muscle mass of the
bodybuilder. The passing of digestive products from the GI tract to the circulatory and
lymphatic systems makes these products available to be incorporated into the living tissues of
the body. But these products will also be used for maintenance, stored as energy reserves, or
burned off immediately to satisfy present energy demands. A simple meal initiates a complex
sequence of events that are all compounded by the body’s need to maintain an internal balance,
called homeostasis. Life depends on the composition of body fluids remaining, within very
narrow boundaries. The flood of lymph and blood with the products of digestion proves counter

to this principle. Thus the body uses hormones such as insulin and human growth hormone
(HGH) to restore normalcy.
The point here is that just because you consume a high-quality supplement does not mean
you will see a corresponding increase in muscle mass. The body has its own agenda. Those
multivitamins and carbohydrates will have their fates decided at the cellular level. The only
certainty is that we can artificially shift the odds in favor of greater muscle mass by consuming
high-quality foods and supplements while creating a metabolic demand through heavy exercise.
Metabolism of Fat
The metabolism of fat is controlled partly by hormones from the pituitary and adrenal glands,
and partly by sex hormones. Any severe disturbance of liver function results in the almost
234

complete absence of fat from the usual adipose tissues. This indicates that the fat must be acted
upon in some way by the liver before it can be stored or metabolized.
Gluconeogenesis
Current research has demonstrated that in addition to carbohydrates and fats, amino acids can
contribute to energy metabolism. During periods of exercise, hormones called glucocorticoids
are released from the adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys. These hormones cause the
body to remove amino acids from muscle tissue.
Glucocorticoids work with other hormones in promoting normal metabolism. Their role is
to make sure enough energy is provided. They increase the rate at which amino acids are
removed from cells and transported to the liver. These amino acids may be synthesized into
new proteins, such as the enzymes needed for metabolic reactions. If the body’s reserves of
glycogen or fat are low, the liver may convert amino acids to glucose. This process is called
gluconeogenesis.
235

Y
CHAPTER 31
Nutrition 201
“Your daily nutrition will dictate the extent of your muscle growth.
Everything you eat and drink affects your body. The most important thing to
remember is that food is your friend. Be sure you’re eating six meals a day.
Each meal should be high in protein, high in complex carbs and low in fat.”
, outlining the importance of good nutrition to
bodybuilding success.
ou’d be amazed at the number of people who have no idea how to buy and prepare food.
Nutrition is very important for both bodybuilding and health purposes. Moreover, there’s
nothing like a well-prepared, great-tasting and nutritious meal – especially after a tough
workout.
OUTFITTING YOUR KITCHEN
In many respects, your kitchen is like the gym – it contains a lot of equipment for building
things. At the gym, it’s your muscles being built, but in the kitchen you are creating meals to
support your muscles. If you are serious about bodybuilding, you’ll need certain helpful

appliances to outfit your kitchen. These include a fridge, freezer, stove (or hotplate and small
toaster oven), blender (or food processor), and microwave oven.
The fridge and freezer are your two primary storage appliances. Short-term items will be
stored in the fridge, and the long-term items should be placed in the freezer. Don’t just
randomly toss things in the fridge and freezer. Organize it like a filing cabinet. Divide your
fridge and freezer into sections and group the foods into categories such as meats, fish, breads,
vegetables and fruits. If you’re using plastic containers, label each so you don’t need to go
opening and closing them every time you’re looking for a particular food item.
DREADED LEFTOVERS
Bodybuilders who cook for themselves may go overboard with their portions by

cooking too much at one time. Although cooking in volume can be a great time saver, it
can also lead to the temptation to pile up your plate with more than you need. This
increases the risk of putting on unnecessary body fat. Research has shown that people
eat more than they need when extra helpings are available. If you cook in batches to
save time, pack up the extra meals in freezer-safe containers and put them away before
you sit down to eat.
236

This will save you time and minimize the risk of contamination due to increased air exposure.
Here are some other tips:
Remove as much air as possible when you place food in freezer bags. Trapped air
absorbs flavor from food, and also contains moisture that will form frost that can
destroy flavor and transfer odors to other foods.
Try to seal freezer bags and containers as airtight as possible. This prevents
moisture from leaking in and out. You can also use freezer tape to keep the
bags/containers even more secure.
Try not to over pack your freezer. Having space around food allows for a more
even freezing.
While heat will usually kill germs, extreme cold may not. It may just put them in
hibernation. Therefore, always wash your hands thoroughly before and after
handling food that is to be frozen.
Don’t use metal to wrap acidic foods, as the acid could leech metal into the food.
Some metals are toxic to humans even in low concentrations.

Date and label all containers. This way you know what it is and more importantly,
how old it is. Chomping down into a piece of meat or fish dating from the Reagan
administration is not a good idea! Even in a deep freeze most foods are only good
for three months to one year.
Here’s a rough guide for some common foods:
FOOD
TIME IN FREEZER
Stews
6 months
Meat and poultry
3 to 6 months
Soups
6 months
Fish
Sandwiches
1 to 2 months
Vegetables
THE MICROWAVE OVEN
In many respects, the microwave is your best friend. You’ll use it to heat your food. Notice I
said heat and not cook. Yes you can cook with a microwave, but cooking with a conventional
oven is almost foolproof. Microwave cooking needs to be much more precise. A few extra

minutes in a regular oven will probably not make much difference to your food item, but it
could ruin the food entirely in a microwave.
Microwave ovens work by converting electrical energy into microwave energy that is
directed at the food. Water molecules in the food absorb this energy and then begin to vibrate –
up to 2.45 billion vibrations per second! Such high vibrations cause a lot of friction inside of
the food and this leads to heat. This heat then cooks the food. That’s why they say microwaves
cook food from the inside out.
There are dos and don’ts with regards to what you can put in the microwave. The best
containers to use are glass and ceramic. Many plastics leach dangerous chemicals when heated,
so make sure plastic container says “microwave safe” before using — or even better, avoid

plastic altogether. Under no circumstances should you place metal or metal wrap in your
237

microwave. The end result will be an electrical storm in your kitchen! You should even check
to make sure that your glassware is microwave-friendly. Most manufacturers place warning
print on the bottom saying if their product is compatible or not.
Also, don’t put airtight containers or bags in the microwave. As the food heats up it will
increase the air pressure inside the bag or container. If this pressure is not released slowly, it
will build up and the bag or container 
will explode. At the very least, you’ll have a mess to
clean up, but you might also have a destroyed kitchen on your hands. I should also add that
some foods may act like airtight containers. The biggest culprits are eggs, which have been
known to exhibit grenade-like properties when cooked in microwaves. The worst thing about
eggs is that they might explode after you remove them from the microwave, causing eye
injuries or severe burns. While a black eye from a fistfight may be a badge of honor, being

taken out by an egg is just downright embarrassing.
Make sure if you’re heating up food in a plate or bowl to cover lightly with another plate.
This allows air to escape, but prevents food exploding all over the inside of your microwave.
This is especially important when heating up food containing beans or peas.
Consult your microwave oven’s manual for precise heat times and power settings for
different foods. It will give you recommendations as to what power setting to use for each type
of food and how long to warm it.
TO COOK OR NOT TO COOK?
While most bodybuilding magazines are a treasure trove of nutrition articles, occasionally an
article will creep in that is just out to lunch (no pun intended)! For example, some articles
actually promote the benefits of eating raw meat or fish. Yes it’s true that cooking will reduce

the nutritional content of meat and fish by some degree. But cooking does more than just make
meat and fish more palatable – it also kills the germs. Perhaps the single biggest advancement
in preventative medicine was the discovery of fire because it made eating meat safe. The
occasional meal of sushi in a respectable restaurant is probably relatively safe, but if you get
into a habit of eating raw meat (and this includes eggs), sooner or later you’ll develop a case of
salmonella poisoning, contract a tapeworm, or suffer the consequences of some new,
undetected virus. Besides, contrary to popular belief, raw eggs have considerably less
bioavailable protein. In fact, a raw egg has a BV of only 51, whereas a cooked egg has a BV of
91.

91.
Although I strongly urge you to cook all your meat and fish, most raw vegetables are fine.
There are very few bacteria and other germs in plant foods that are harmful to humans. This
means that you can eat them raw. It’s still a good idea to give everything a good wash before
eating it, but there’s no need to leech most of the nutrients out by boiling vegetables in hot
water. If you have a hard time digesting vegetables or simply prefer them to have a softer
texture, simply steam them. Doing so preserves most of the nutrients while still maintaining
taste. Roasted veggies are great, too.
238

If the idea of whole vegetables and fruits is still distasteful to you, try cutting them into
medium-sized chunks and tossing them into a blender. There are endless amounts of delicious
shake recipes that can be made with fruits and vegetables. Later in the chapter on supplements,
I’ll give you some recipes.
COOKING OILS
Quick question: what do you think is the best oil to use for cooking? Is it olive, canola or
soybean? Or is it corn, peanut or sunflower? How about just plain ol’ butter? While personal
taste plays a major role, there are a few points that need to be considered.
Cooking
The first thing to understand is that cooking at high temperatures can damage oils. Ironically,
the more omega-3 fatty acids in the oil, the less suitable it is for cooking. The heat not only
breaks down the fatty acids, it also converts them into harmful substances. This is why
hydrogenated 
oils are often used for cooking. Since they have already been “damaged” by

previous chemical processing, they are less likely to be further damaged by heat. Oils that are
high in saturated fats or monounsaturates (peanut and olive) are usually the most stable when
heated.
To preserve the health benefits and the flavor of unrefined oils, try the “wet-sauté”
technique practiced by gourmet chefs around the world. Add about a quarter-cup of water to a
frying pan and heat to just below boiling point. Then add the food and cook it for a few minutes
before adding the oil. Wet-sautéing shortens the time the oil is in contact with the hot pan,
allowing you to use more flavorful oils. Stirring frequently helps, too. Never heat oils to the
smoking point, because this damages their fatty acid content and destroys their taste.
Storing

Storing
If you buy your oil in large quantities, store it in dark bottles. Clear plastic or glass bottles
easily allow light to penetrate the oil. A chemical process called oxidizing, similar to rusting on
metals, then occurs. If the oil comes in a clear bottle, either transfer it to a dark bottle or wrap
it with a dark covering. Also, try to keep the lid on tightly between uses because contact with
239

air will also affect the quality of the oil. It’s better to buy oil in small quantities. Although this
may be slightly more expensive, it will ensure that you’ll use it before it spoils. You should
also store oil in a cool, dark place. Most cooking oils spoil when exposed to warm
temperatures, so they need to be refrigerated if you are not going to use them right away. The
notable exception to this is olive oil, which need not be refrigerated because it is high in both
oleic acid and antioxidants, which slow the spoiling process.
Organic?
If you can afford it, paying extra for organic oils is definitely worthwhile. Many oils come
from plants that are heavily sprayed with herbicides and pesticides. As most herbicides and
pesticides are fat-soluble, the chemicals concentrate in the oil portion of the plant. One of the
safest oils is extra virgin oil, which is not refined or deodorized, and may even be organically
grown.
Labeling woes

grown.
The already negligent food-labeling laws are especially careless when it comes to oils. Avoid
any oil simply labeled “vegetable oil.” You have every right to know which vegetables they are
talking about. The same warning goes for “all-purpose” vegetable oils. Chances are that the
manufacturer simply added inexpensive, highly processed oils such as cottonseed oil to top up
the bottle. You should also be aware that most labels do not list the types of fatty acids the oil
contains (i.e. the amounts of omega-3 and omega-6). The label should state whether the oil was
chemically extracted or mechanically pressed. Obviously you should look for mechanically
extracted oils, but as this method is usually more expensive to produce, most manufacturers opt
for the chemical process. If the oil is pressed, the label will say it, so if it doesn’t, assume the
worst.
The best?

worst.
The best?
Now that you have a basic understanding of cooking oils, the next step is to choose one. As I
said earlier, personal preference will play a role in regards to taste. Unless you have a specific
medical issue, you can’t go wrong with any of the following choices: peanut oil, high oleic
sunflower oil, high oleic safflower oil, sesame oil and olive oil.
Here are a few simple suggestions when it comes to buying and using cooking oils:
As all oils have about 120 calories per tablespoon (no matter whether they’re
“good” or “bad”), use as little as possible. Oil is a fat, and at 9 calories per gram it
does contribute to obesity.
Oils high in monounsaturated fats such as olive and canola may actually benefit
your heart and arteries. If you have heart disease in your family or have it yourself,
choose these oils first.

If you’re looking for that extra pinch of flavor, select a stronger-flavored oil such
as sesame or walnut. However, use these flavored oils in salad dressings instead of
cooking, or add them just at the last moment of cooking because most do not
tolerate heat well.
240

B
CHAPTER 32
Nutrition 301
“Stick to the aisles around the perimeter of the grocery store. That’s where
you’ll find healthy produce and fresh meats. The inside aisles are where you’ll
find the prepared, pre-packaged foods that destroy your clean-eating
ambitions.”
– Tosca Reno, nutrition expert and author of The 
Eat-Clean Diet
 series
efore looking at how to buy and store various foods, let’s spend a few moments on hygiene.
If asked what the dirtiest room in their house or apartment is, most people would say the
bathroom. But they’d be wrong. The dirtiest place by far is the kitchen. All those microscopic
(and not so microscopic) particles of food serve as a perfect breeding ground for bacteria. Yet
it’s amazing how people who are experts on nutrition pay little or no attention to cleanliness
during food preparation. A bad case of food poisoning can easily put you on your squat-
enlarged glutes for a few days. Here are a few tips to avoid becoming ill:

Scrub your sink with a mixture of hot water, vinegar and baking soda each day, or
even bleach if you are so inclined.
Regularly wipe down your countertops, stovetops and table, preferably with
vinegar.
Have a supply of cloths or rags around and wash them often.
Before using a sponge or cloth that’s been sitting around, throw it in the microwave
for 60 seconds. That kills the bacteria.
Keep separate cutting boards for meat, bread and vegetables, and wash them
thoroughly after every use – especially the one for meat.
Clean your fridge at least once a week.
If you’re in doubt as to how long something’s been in the fridge, chuck it out.
Better safe than sorry. Keep a little masking tape on hand and write the date on
everything you keep in the fridge to help out with storage length.

Avoid putting the mail or newspapers on the table or countertop. Just think about
how many people handled those items.
When freezing food, seal it in an airtight container and label with the date.
Always wash your hands thoroughly before and after handling food.
VEGETABLES
If you haven’t done so already, gradually modify your diet so vegetables (and fruits) make up
about 70 to 80 percent of it, volume-wise. Vegetables are one of nature’s perfect foods, being
cholesterol- and fat-free (not counting nuts), and high in complex carbohydrates, minerals and
vitamins. While “meat and potatoes” may help you gain muscle mass, this limited diet won’t
keep you healthy.
241

Buying Fresh Vegetables
You may think it’s only a matter of filling your basket with random vegetables, but
unfortunately it isn’t that easy! Here are some dos and don’ts of vegetable selection:
Do your best to buy only ripe fresh vegetables. Unlike fruits, vegetables won’t
ripen in storage. The taste will be poor and the nutritional value will be inferior if
veggies are not ripe.
Avoid bruised and damaged vegetables. Most will be lacking in nutrients and won’t
keep as long.
Try to buy vegetables that have deep green, red, yellow and orange colors – even
purple! A rainbow of veggies each day ensures that you are getting an array of
vitamins and minerals, including antioxidants.
Vegetables should be firm, not soft and mushy. If they’re mushy now, what will
they be like after cooking and storage?
Try to avoid vegetables that are beginning to sprout. In many cases the sprouting
sections contain poisonous chemicals.
Buy dried vegetables (legumes)
Buy in bulk, as the price is much cheaper.

Always inspect for insect holes and other pest-related damage.
Try to buy legumes in uniform size, as different-sized legumes have different
cooking times.
Storing Vegetables
Don’t keep potatoes in the refrigerator. The cool temperature can actually convert
potato starch into sugar. Not only will the taste change, but the color will darken as
well.
Never store potatoes and onions together because the onions will cause the potatoes
to sprout faster. Conversely, the onions will absorb moisture from the potatoes and
become moldy. The only time to combine these two vegetables is when cooking.
Store potatoes in paper bags, as this allows for air circulation and prevents the light
from turning the potatoes green. Store the onions in a loose net, as this allows for
air circulation.

Wash all flower and stemmed vegetables (e.g. broccoli) as soon as you bring them
home from the store, and then put them in non-airtight plastic bags and refrigerate.
This helps keep them fresh and crisp.
Try to consume most vegetables within a week of purchase, and potatoes and
onions within three weeks.
242

Clean food preparation is just as important as clean eating.
243

Fruits and vegetables offer numerous health benefits. If raw veggies aren’t your thing, experiment with various cooking
244

methods to suit your tastes.
Storing Dried Vegetables
It’s best to transfer these legumes to ceramic or glass containers such as mason jars, and then
store them in a cool, dry place – a cupboard should be fine. This helps keep the contents fresh
and safe from insects.
Cooking Vegetables
Many people don’t like eating vegetables because they are bland and squishy. But this is only if
they are cooked incorrectly.
Ironically, the most common cooking technique is also the worst. Boiling vegetables and
then pouring the water down the drain leaves behind a soft blob of pulp that may contain less
than 10 percent of its original nutrients. If you must boil vegetables, do so for only a few
minutes to soften them slightly. Don’t put your vegetables on at the same time as your meat
because animal products need far longer cooking times. When your meat or poultry is about 5
minutes from cooked, add your vegetables to boiling water.

A superior way to cook vegetables is to steam them. This preserves most of the nutrients
and crispness. But they can still be pretty bland. Here are some other ways to cook vegetables
that will soon have you loving the taste:
Grilling
Roasting
Stir-frying
Adding sautéed onions, garlic and spices
Adding them to soups, stews and curries
One of my favorite vegetables is fresh spinach wilted in a pan with a spoonful of chopped
garlic, a sprinkling of sea salt and a half lemon squeezed in.
BUYING AND STORING FRUITS
Given their importance to the human diet, it’s not surprising that fruits can be purchased fresh,
frozen, canned or dried. The quality of fresh fruits depends on how mature and ripe they are.
There is, however, a distinction between the two terms. Mature means a fruit has reached its

full size. Ripe fruit is ready to eat. Most fruits are picked when mature but not ripe. They are
then allowed to ripen in transit or at the supermarket (for example, green bananas turn yellow
after a few days on store shelves). Immature fruit is smaller than normal, poor in color and
usually tough to eat. As they’ll never ripen properly, I suggest saving your money.
Citrus fruits and grapes are two of the few fruits that are picked after they ripen. While
you may see green oranges on store shelves, don’t worry. A combination of warm weather and
bright store lights has brought some of the chlorophyll back to the orange skin. This process is
called regreening and the oranges are just as fresh and ripe as their orange-colored neighbors.
Every now and then you’ll see a sale on overripe or damaged fruit. While the price may be

right, the taste is usually off, the texture is lacking (soft and mushy) and the nutrient value is
decreased. Unless you’re buying for cooking purposes and can use the fruit immediately, you
245

won’t save any money because you’ll end up simply throwing it out.
Buying Fresh Fruit
Squeeze the fruit gently. It should give slightly, indicating ripeness, but should not
be too soft or mushy.
Try to select fruit that is firm and plump. Avoid any fruit that is overly soft, hard
or dried out.
Look for fruit with the correct shape. Deformed-looking fruits often have an “off”
taste.
Fruit that is heavy for its size is usually full of juice.
Ripe fruit should have a sweet, distinct smell, especially tropical fruits such as
mangoes. If the fruit doesn’t smell right, avoid it.
Photo by Jason Mathas
Storing Fresh Fruit
Try to consume all fresh fruit within one week.
Most fruits with skins (i.e. mango, banana, orange, apple) will store fine at room
temperature for a few days. Keep them in the refrigerator if you think they won’t
be eaten within four or five days, and yes, that includes bananas! While banana
skin can turn black in the fridge, the fruit inside is fine.

Unripe fruit can be ripened at room temperature by placing it inside a brown paper
bag.
Most berries and cherries don’t last long, so keep weeding out the spoiled ones and
keep them refrigerated in an airtight container.
Fruit that is cut should be sprinkled with lemon juice, wrapped in plastic and
placed in an airtight container.
When bananas are ripe they have a balance of starch and sugar, but when overripe
the starches convert to sugars, so be careful not to eat too many.
Wash all fruit as soon as you arrive home. While some fruit is picked by machine,
much of what you buy has been hand-picked in third-world countries – and this
means not only dirt, but also fungicides, herbicides and pesticides, some of which
are not even allowed in this country anymore. Washing also helps flush out insect
remains, including dead insects and egg sacks.

Don’t neglect the less familiar fruit. While the big three – oranges, apples, and
246

bananas – are nutritious, some of the lesser-known fruits are even more so. And
you will experience some unique flavors and textures. Try lychee and mangosteen
from the Far East, kiwi from New Zealand, and of course, mangoes and papaya
from the tropics. Want an amazing taste with color to match? Try a dragon-fruit.
Expensive, but delicious.
Frozen Fruit
Frozen fruit is a good alternative to fresh fruit, but keep in mind that not all fruits freeze well.
When water freezes it expands and often ruptures the cell walls that give the fruit form and
structure. Thus, when you thaw it out you’re often left with mush. Try serving your frozen fruit
chilled to help it keep some of its form, or use it in smoothies. Thawed berries are great to add
to your morning oatmeal or for cooking, as well. When buying frozen fruit:
Make sure the package is frozen solid.
Don’t buy it if the package has a buildup of ice. This could mean that it was frozen,
thawed and refrozen.

Don’t buy the fruit if the package has any openings or is damaged.
If freezing your own fruit, remember to use airtight containers, try to get as much
air out as possible, and label and date it. A great way to freeze your own fruit (and
vegetables) is to cut it into small pieces or use small fruits such as berries, put it
into a Ziploc bag, close the bag around a straw and then suck out the air. Close
completely the instant you bring out the straw.
Canned Fruit
Always buy fresh or frozen before canned, but sometimes this is not possible. If buying canned
fruit, look for fruit 
packed in water or its own juices. Avoid anything with added sugar. Tinned
fruit should contain the same number of calories per gram or ounce as fresh fruit.
Dried Fruit
Dried fruits are usually dried in the sun or by mechanical means and are a good occasional

alternative to fresh fruit. While not as high in nutrients as fresh or frozen fruit, they are cheaper
when bought in bulk. It generally takes several pounds of fresh fruit to make one pound of
dried. The big disadvantage to dried fruit is that the sugar is much more concentrated than in
fresh fruit. If you eat to your fill, you may be taking in many times the number of sugar
calories.
Buying dried fruit
Don’t buy dried fruit that has any evidence of insects or foreign material.
The fruit should be of uniform color (unless it’s a mixed variety, of course). Dried
fruit of varying color often means the fruit is of different ages and/or quality.
Even though it’s dried, it should still be soft and pliable. Dried fruit that is
completely dried out is usually old.
Storing Dried Fruit
Keep in a cool, dry place.
247

Once opened, keep in an airtight container and refrigerate.
BUYING AND STORING GRAIN PRODUCTS
Grain products are made from the seeds of cereal grasses such as barley, oats, rye, corn, rice
and wheat. The seed itself consists of three parts. The outer covering is called bran and is rich
in fiber and the B vitamins. Most of the seed is rich in protein and starch. The sprouting section
inside the seed is rich in oils, fats, minerals and B vitamins. When whole grains are processed,
the germ and bran are removed so most of the nutrients are lost. This is why white flour is then
artificially enriched and fortified with additional nutrients. The whole grain products that you
buy in stores may also have nutrients added, but they have not been processed to the same
degree. Bodybuilder or not, you should try to only eat whole grain products and avoid the
processed grains as much as possible.
Pasta is a grain product. Most pasta noodles, including macaroni products, are made with

white flour, egg solids and water. Pasta should not be eaten too often as it does not offer the
same nutrition as other less-processed grain items, and you should always purchase whole grain
pasta. Brown rice pasta is a great alternative.
The breakfast cereal aisle is a real minefield, offering everything from the healthiest rolled
oats to the okay shredded wheat to the avoid-at-all-costs sugar-filled brands. And cereal
companies are notorious for convincing us that cereal made of white flour and covered in icing
is actually healthy because they include the word “wholesome” somewhere on the box. Don’t
be fooled. Read every label. If you’re serious about building a great-looking and healthy
physique, eat cereals made with whole grains and without all the added junk.
Breads can be made of whole grains, but bread is a manufactured food and should not

make up too large a part of your diet. It’s easy to have a sandwich for every meal, but is this
really offering you the most nutrition, and therefore the best physique? Nope. Try to get most
of your grains from the actual grain: brown rice, whole barley, wheat berries, oats, etc.
With regards to storing grain products, follow the guidelines outlined for dried vegetables.
The main difference is that you should refrigerate grain products if you plan on storing them
for a long period of time. The oils in whole grains can turn rancid at room temperature.
BUYING MEAT
Meat is primarily the muscle portion of the animal. In a manner of speaking, you’re eating
another animal’s muscle to build your own muscle. Besides muscle, meat also consists of fat,
connective tissue, and bone. Beef, lamb and veal are graded in both the U.S. and Canada and
then stamped.

then stamped. 
Don’t worry about the stamp because it’s harmless vegetable dye. The ironic part
about meat grades is that the top grades are actually the worst in terms of health. The three
grades in order of price are prime, choice and select. Prime grades contain the most marble (a
polite way of saying fat) and are the juiciest. Choice grades are leaner than prime but still
contain fat. Select cuts contain little marble and are less moist. As a bodybuilder trying to build
muscle and keep fat levels to a minimum, try to stick to select cuts of meat. Not only are they
cheaper, they are healthier and better for your physique.
Pork comes from young pigs and is so uniform in nature that it is not usually sold in
grades. Once the excess visible fat has been trimmed away, it is an excellent source of animal

protein. This is not to say that sausages, ham and bacon are good choices. They tend to be very
248

fatty and contain nitrites and other additives, along with excessive salt.
Besides the meat from animal muscle, you can also buy organ meat (i.e. liver, heart, etc).
Liver is an excellent source of vitamins, minerals and protein. It’s also one of the cheapest cuts
of meat available. If liver is not to your liking, try beef heart. Stuff the heart and bake it like a
chicken. It tastes fantastic and heart muscle tissue is one of the best protein sources available.
Storing Meat
Use fresh meat within two days or freeze it.
Store meat in the coldest part of your fridge or freezer.
If it is properly prepackaged, store as it is.
If it’s in butcher paper, rinse with water and store in plastic.
Label and date the meat so you know what it is and how old it is.
Try to let the meat defrost in the fridge. Defrosting at room temperature can cause
the outside to spoil before the inside is thawed out.
If any meat product has brown spots, a slippery feel to it or any unnatural odor –

chuck it. Better to spend a few dollars on a fresh piece of meat than to end up with
food poisoning.
BUYING AND STORING POULTRY
Poultry is a broad term for such food birds as chicken, turkey, ducks and geese. As a
bodybuilder you may want to avoid geese and ducks, as they tend to have a very high fat
content. The occasional meal during the off-season is fine, but most store-bought geese and
ducks have been “fattened” for flavor. I should note that if you are an ectomorph you may need
the extra fat from foods such as this in order to boost your caloric level and gain muscle.
Like meat, poultry is classified according to tenderness. Think of tenderness as another
name for fat content. In order of highest fat content of fowl you have broiler, roaster, capon and
stewing. While considered the worst classification, stewing fowl is the meatiest and contains

the least amount of fat. Luckily, it’s also the cheapest. Don’t worry about tenderness because if
you cook it properly it will be soft enough. When buying poultry, it’s more economical to buy
large birds. You’ll not only get more servings, but also more lean meat in proportion to fat and
bone.
Store poultry following the same guidelines for storing meat. However, you should keep
eggs in their original cartons as they can absorb odors from other foods.
BUYING AND STORING FISH AND SHELLFISH
Although they tend to place third on the popularity list behind red meat and poultry, fish and
shellfish are low in calories, great sources of healthy unsaturated fats and high in protein. Fatty
fish include trout, salmon, mackerel and herring. The fats offered by these fish are the good

unsaturated kind and, believe it or not, even fatty fish are lower in fat calories than most red
meats and poultry. Lean fish include cod, pollock, haddock, turbot, perch and tuna.
Buying Fresh Fish
Check to see that the fish is fresh and firm by squeezing.
249

The eyes should be clear and bulging, not glazed and sunken.
The skin should be bright and shiny.
The gills should be red and relatively dry, not brown and slimy.
The fish should have no odor or smell only slightly fishy. If a fish has a strong
pungent smell, avoid it.
If the fish has not been cleaned and gutted, have them do it at the store or do it
yourself immediately after getting home. Do not freeze ungutted, uncleaned fish.
If eating fresh fish, rinse it, wrap it in plastic and refrigerate it immediately when
you get home. Eat it within two days, and preferably within one.
If you don’t like the smell of cooked fish, try adding lemon. Also, vinegar makes
an excellent cleaning agent for removing the fish smell from your hands.
Buying Frozen Fish
Buy only fish frozen in an airtight bag or container.
There should be little or no detectable odor.
The fish should be uniform in color. Avoid fish that has light or dark blotches or
patches.
Canned Fish

patches.
Fish is an excellent source of protein and has contributed to some great physiques in
bodybuilding. But don’t just stop at tuna. How about salmon? Salmon has a milder taste than
tuna and is much higher in unsaturated fats.
When buying canned fish always look for fish packed in water, not oil. Oil is high in fat
and usually loaded with salt. As a safety precaution, rinse the top of the can with boiling water
before opening. This way, if the lid falls in when you open it, you won’t contaminate the fish. If
you don’t use all of the tin’s contents, transfer it to an airtight container and refrigerate. Don’t
refrigerate in the open tin. As with meat and poultry, try to eat it within two to three days.
Shellfish
Shellfish can be generally divided into two broad categories: molluscs, which have two single-

Shellfish
piece shells, and crustaceans, arthropods with a segmented outer covering, antennae, and eyes
on stalks. They actually look like giant insects. In fact, carpenter insects are indeed crustaceans
– but you probably wouldn’t want to eat those. Examples of molluscs include oysters, clams,
mussels and scallops. Common crustaceans include crab, shrimp, lobster and crayfish.
250

Don’t get too fond of raw shellfish – particularly molluscs. Molluscs belong to a class of
animals that biologists commonly call filter feeders. Basically, they hang out on the sea
bottom, suck in water and trap tiny food particles in mucus. If the oyster bed happens to be
located next to a sewage outlet the whole oyster population may be contaminated with any
number of toxic agents. Under no circumstances should you eat raw oysters or any other
mollusc. The restaurant may be truthful in saying that they came from a safe area, but what
about all the marine parasites that could be present? Treat shellfish as you would red meat and
poultry, and cook it.
Buying Shellfish
When buying lobster, pick it up by its body and watch the tail. If the tail curls
under the body it’s healthy. If the tail just hangs there, the lobster is either dead or
dying.
Mollusc shells should be tightly closed. If they are open even a little, toss them
out.
Fresh scallops should be creamy colored and smell slightly sweet.

dying.
out.
Live crabs should be just that – alive and very active. Stay away from the lethargic
members in the tank!
Fresh shrimp should have little or no odor, and when uncooked should not have
even a hint of pink color.
Eat all fresh shellfish within a couple of days and freeze any leftovers in an airtight
container.
251

A
CHAPTER 33
White Death – Avoiding the Insulin Spike
“Forget anything made with white (read processed) flour. Largely without
nutritive value and high on the glycemic index scale, this stuff is likely to add
to your waistline. When grabbing bread, cereal, rice or pasta, pick whole-
grain versions every time. Whole grains are low in fat and high in fiber and
complex carbohydrates – they convert to long-term energy.”
rnold Schwarzenegger once referred to white bread as “white death.” He could also have
included white sugar and white rice, as these three make up the deadly trio that destroys
most diets and adds inches to the midsection. While fat often takes the bad rap – sometimes
with good reason – the real bad guys are these three types of foods that often slip under the
dietary radar. Why are white sugar, white rice and white bread so bad for the diet? Well, these

food items are converted to glucose at a rapid rate. In other words, they have a high glycemic
index. This rapid conversion in turn causes the body to release large amounts of insulin to
handle the wave of glucose. Over time this often-repeated process causes the body to start to
respond sluggishly. Insulin promotes the formation of fat, technically known as lipogenesis.
While you might be targeting dietary fat, body fat is sneaking in the backdoor via refined carbs.
Refined carbs and sugars (refined is a polite way of saying leached, bleached and
chemically destroyed), particularly the white variety, hurt the body in more 
ways than one. One
problem is that these types of foods have had the fiber removed. A carbohydrate source lacking

fiber becomes an insulin bomb, an unnatural creation that makes the body highly susceptible to
fat storage.
White bread has a high glycemic index and therefore promotes fat storage.
252

Whole grain bread is high in fiber and full of nutrients to promote health.
EASE UP ON THE SPORTS DRINKS
Sports drinks may be refreshing after a hard workout, but according to a recent study
they decay your pearly whites 11 times more than sugary soft drinks. What to do if you
don’t want to give them up altogether? Chug them down. Severe enamel erosion occurs
when you sip the drink for hours on end, such as when you’re working on your
computer or driving. It is also recommended that you rinse with water after drinking
any sugary drink to flush away the “sugar bunnies.”
Unfortunately, most foods today have had most of their fiber and other nutrients removed.
The food item in its natural state is good for the body, but once the nutrients are removed the
product becomes basically worthless for health purposes. Why would the manufacturing
industries remove the nutrients and create an unnatural substitute? One of the main reasons is

extended shelf life for the product. The concern of the food industry is not your health but their
bottom line, which is increased when a product can stay on the shelf for longer periods of time.
The refining process, however, yields a food item that is virtually worthless. The original food
item might have been highly nutritious but the processed end result is not. Whole wheat flour is
good; white flour is not. Brown rice is a good food choice; refined white rice is not. Generally,
when a food item is artificially white it has had all of the good nutrients removed through
various refining processes. Rice is polished and flour is degerminated and bleached. The end
result is food that is very high on the glycemic index. Did you know that white bread normally

has a higher glycemic index rating than pure sugar? That is because all fiber and nutrients have
been removed. Over the past century, artificial, sugary, starchy items that offer no nutrition
have replaced good healthy food. Is it any wonder that our society is becoming ever more
obese?
Another area of concern is what we drink. White sugar shows up in drinks, but so do other
problematic additions. Soft drinks and most fruit drinks have refined concentrated sweeteners
added in abundance. Look at the label of almost any juice or fruit drink and you will find 
that
corn syrup or a similar sweetener has been added. White sugar and its cousins such as corn
sweeteners blast blood-sugar levels into the stratosphere. To make matters worse, these drinks
253

typically contain no fiber, protein, fat or any other metabolic brake. If you drink any of these
items on a habitual basis it should be no surprise why you struggle with body fat. Bodybuilders
are not immune from such problems. If your diet consists of bodybuilder-typical fare such as
egg whites and protein drinks mixed in fruit juice, you may also be tiptoeing the line to a low-
fiber, high-insulin problem. This is particularly true if you tend to cheat on your diet a little too
frequently. Have a slice of cake at the office party? That is one of the worst possible choices
you can make as white cake with frosting ranks at the very top of carb density charts (almost
pure refined carbs and sugar and a carb density rating of 74). Another frequent culprit in the
diet is bread. Do you have a bagel on a frequent basis? They are very high in carbs of the
refined variety. Many bodybuilders pat themselves on the back for avoiding fat, however, most

types of bread should be avoided just as assiduously. You will have to work at it to avoid it.
The color alone is not enough. While it is true that white bread is basically worthless in the area
of nutrition, all white bread is not white. Some white bread has been colored brown to make it
appear as though it is not white bread – but guess what? It is really white bread with artificial
color added.
Bread doesn’t have to be white to be highly refined. Many “wheat” breads and
“multigrain” breads sound healthful, but the first and main ingredient is the same enriched
wheat flour used in white bread, with a smattering of added grains and color to give the bread a
slightly different texture and look than white bread. The key to the type of bread you are

looking at is not in the color, but in the ingredients. This means examining the label of every
bread item you plan to purchase.
The presence of whole grains makes all the difference. The label on Pepperidge Farm’s 9-
Grain Natural Whole Grain Bread shows that the first ingredient is 100 percent whole wheat
flour, and each slice packs three grams of fiber. If you know how to read the package, picking
254

the most nutritious bread isn’t hard. Make sure the first ingredient contains the word whole –
either whole wheat or another whole grain. The first ingredient in Arnold’s Real Jewish Rye
Bread, for instance, is enriched wheat flour – refined rye flour is the third ingredient, and a
slice contains less than one gram of fiber. But the first ingredient in Baker’s Whole Grain Rye
is whole rye, and each slice has nearly five grams of fiber.
If you want to give your diet a real boost, avoid the whites – white sugar, white rice, and
white bread (and derivatives) as much as possible. It isn’t enough to simply aim at lowering fat
in the diet. Refined sugars and carbs are a worse obstacle and need to be eliminated from your
menu. So if you’re stuck at the 15 percent body fat level or more and can’t understand why you
can’t drop lower, try dropping out the whites and watch what happens.
255

A muscular, lean, healthy physique is dependent upon many factors – a key one being avoiding all food products that
256

I
CHAPTER 34
The Importance of Breakfast
“The best breakfast contains more than just complex carbohydrates. If you
consume a protein drink along with your carbs, you’ll not only enhance
glycogen storage but you’ll also have insurance against any breakdown of
structural protein that occurs when aerobic intensity gets to be a bit much.”
– Kevin Kolodziejski, 
Musclemag International
 contributor, discussing why a good
breakfast should contain more than just carbs.
f you regularly skip breakfast, break that habit right now! Breakfast is not just another meal –
it is the meal. In fact, the word itself reveals its importance. It’s the first meal to “break the
fast.” After three or more hours between dinner and bedtime, and then at least six hours of
sleep, your body is craving nutrients. This would be an ideal time to have some protein mixed
with some carbs. You need this right now, because the instant you wake up, your brain needs

fuel. And your brain burns almost nothing but carbohydrates as a fuel source. (It also burns a
very small amount of fat.) If you don’t get some carbs into your system first thing, you run the
risk of forcing your body to convert the amino acids from your muscles to carbs for use as a
fuel source. Can’t handle a full breakfast first thing? At least have a scoop of protein powder
with a banana or strawberries mixed in a blender. Have the shake and then wait a few minutes.
By then you may be able to eat a little more solid food.
After your protein shake you can start thinking about breakfast. You can’t go wrong with
oatmeal or other nutrient-rich hot cereals. Add some diced fruit, nuts, seeds or cinnamon.
Speaking of fruit, nothing adds some spice to break
fast like a mixed salad of chopped fresh

pineapple, water-melon or cantaloupe.
Another breakfast favorite is eggs. Eggs have gotten a bad reputation over the years, but
they are again being accepted as one of nature’s perfect foods that won’t increase your risk of
cardiovascular disease. However, if you have a genetic predisposition to developing high
cholesterol and heart disease, avoid eating too many yolks.
There are literally hundreds of ways to prepare eggs. Just pay attention to how you cook
them. Frying eggs in a cup of lard or butter made from hydrogenated vegetable oil is not
conducive to bodybuilding, or general health. If you must fry them, use a small amount of non-
hydrogenated oil, or a squirt of cooking spray in a nonstick pan.
If you have a good appetite you can add a slice or two of toast to your breakfast. Just make

sure the bread is whole grain and not covered in high-fat butter or sugar-loaded jam. Smoked
fish is popular for breakfast throughout northern Europe, including Great Britain. They’re also
a source of inexpensive quality protein, often costing less than a buck for a small serving. Buy
them packed in water or tomato sauce rather than oil.
Since breakfast is the most important meal of the day, you want to make a special effort to
get some high-class muscle-building nutrients into your system. Whole grain hot or cold
cereals are great for complex carbs. Add in some eggs or smoked fish for protein and healthy
258

fats and a piece or two of fruit and you’re setting the stage for a day of building quality muscle.
I suggest you go out and pick up a good cookbook. Some of the best cookbooks are for
diabetics; these will show you how to prepare great-tasting, low-fat, high-protein and complex-
carb dishes. Two of the best are 
Muscle Meals: A Cookbook to Build Muscle and Lose Fat
, by
John Romano, and 
The Eat-Clean Diet Cookbook: Great-Tasting Recipes That Keep You Lean
,
by Tosca Reno. You can buy both at better bookstores, online at Amazon.com, or through the
pages of 
 magazine.
For now, here are some recipes to get you started:
EGG-WHITE OMELET WITH VEGETABLE-CHEDDAR FILLING
Cooking Time: 4 to 5 minutes
Preparation Time: 10 minutes
INGREDIENTS
3 large egg whites, 1 yolk
1 teaspoon water
2 teaspoons chopped fresh dill (optional)
1/8 teaspoon salt
1/8 teaspoon freshly ground pepper
1/2 cup loosely packed, chopped fresh spinach
1 plum tomato, chopped
2 tablespoons shredded nonfat cheddar cheese

Vegetable cooking spray
DIRECTIONS
1. Whisk egg whites, water, dill (if using), salt and pepper together.
2. Lightly coat an omelet pan or small skillet with cooking spray and heat over medium heat for
1 minute. Pour egg mixture into pan and cook until eggs begin to set on bottom.
3. Spread spinach, tomato and cheese over half of omelet, leaving a 1/2-inch border. Lift up
side of omelet with a spatula and fold over filling. Cook 2 minutes. Slide omelet onto a serving
plate and garnish.
SERVES:
 1
Per serving:
 Calories 110, fat 0.5 g, saturated fat 0 g, cholesterol 3 mg, sodium 906 mg,
carbohydrates 8 g, fiber 1 g, protein 18 g.
BLUEBERRY YOGURT CRUNCH
Total Time: 5 minutes
259

1 container (8 ounces) nonfat vanilla yogurt
1/2 cup blueberries
1/4 cup bran cereal
1. Combine all ingredients in a bowl. Serve immediately.
SERVES:
 1
 Calories 190, fat 1 g, saturated fat 0 g, cholesterol 5 mg, sodium 250 mg,
carbohydrates 44 g, fiber 11 g, protein 8 g.
ZESTY CHEDDAR-ASPARAGUS QUICHE
Cooking Time: 45 minutes
Preparation Time: 25 minutes
1 tablespoon breadcrumbs
8 ounces small all-purpose potatoes, peeled and very thinly sliced
2 teaspoons olive oil
1 pound asparagus, trimmed
1/2 teaspoon salt, divided
3/4 cup shredded reduced-fat sharp cheddar cheese
3 scallions, sliced
1 can (12 ounces) evaporated fat-free milk
2 large eggs
2 large egg whites
2 teaspoons butter, melted
1 teaspoon dry mustard
1/4 teaspoon freshly ground pepper
1. Heat oven to 400° F. Coat a 9-inch pie plate with vegetable cooking spray and sprinkle with
breadcrumbs. Beginning in center, arrange potato slices in slightly overlapping circles up to

rim. Lightly brush with olive oil and press down gently. Bake 10 minutes.
2. Set 8 to 12 asparagus spears aside. Cut remaining spears into 1-inch pieces.
260

3. Sprinkle crust with 1/4 teaspoon salt and 1/4 cup cheddar. Cover with asparagus pieces, then
sprinkle with scallions and another 1/4 cup cheese. Arrange whole asparagus spears on top.
4. Beat evaporated milk, eggs, egg whites, butter, mustard, pepper and remaining 1/4 teaspoon
salt in a medium bowl. Pour into pie plate and sprinkle with remaining cheddar. Bake until a
knife inserted in center comes out clean, for about 35 minutes.
5. Divide into 6 slices. One serving equals 1 slice.
SERVES:
 6
 Calories 200, fat 8 g, saturated fat 3.5 g, cholesterol 86 mg, sodium 316 mg,
carbohydrates 20 g, fiber 2 g, protein 13 g.
SILVER-DOLLAR PANCAKES
Cooking Time: 5 minutes per batch
Preparation Time: 15 minutes
1/2 cup whole grain flour
1 heaping teaspoon Sucanat, honey or agave nectar
1/4 teaspoon baking soda
3/4 cup buttermilk
1 tablespoon vegetable oil
1 large egg
1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract

1 large egg
1. Whisk flour, Sucanat and baking soda together in a medium bowl. Make a well in center.
Whisk buttermilk, oil, egg and vanilla together in another bowl until blended. Pour into well
and blend just until moistened. Let stand 5 minutes.
2. Coat a large nonstick skillet with cooking spray and place over medium heat until hot but not
smoking.
3. For each pancake, pour 1 tablespoon batter into skillet. Cook until bubbles appear all over
the cakes, about 3 minutes. Turn and cook until undersides are golden, about 1 to 2 minutes
more.
SERVES:
 4 (makes 16 pancakes)
 Calories 130, fat 5.5 g, saturated fat 1 g, cholesterol 55 mg, sodium 341 mg,
261

carbohydrates 16 g, fiber 0 g, protein 5 g.
QUICK FRENCH TOAST
Total Time: 10 minutes
1 large egg
1/4 teaspoon cinnamon
2 teaspoons Sucanat, honey or agave nectar
1 tablespoon skim milk
1 slice whole grain bread
1. Place all ingredients except bread in a shallow bowl and whisk well until combined.
2. Place bread in egg mixture and soak, turning once.
3. Coat a nonstick skillet with cooking spray and heat over medium heat. Place bread in skillet
and pour any remaining egg mixture over bread. Cook until browned on bottom, then turn over
to brown other side.
SERVES:
 1
 Calories 160, fat 6 g, saturated fat 2 g, cholesterol 215 mg, sodium 200 mg,
carbohydrates 14 g, fiber 0 g, protein 9 g.
262

A
CHAPTER 35
Lunch
“Clean eating means eating every two or three hours. Skipping a meal will
cause your body to catabolize its hard-earned muscle.”
s your second primary meal of the day you should put some effort into making your lunches
both tasty and nutritious. To make your life as simple as possible, try preparing your lunch
the night before. Store it in the refrigerator and then bring it with you the next day. Don’t forget
to add variety to your lunches. A sandwich is fine sometimes, but why not add a piece of fruit?
How about a variety of raw vegetables such as carrots, tomato and celery? And why limit
yourself to sandwiches? Bring soups, stews, stir-fried chicken with rice and vegetables. Most
workplaces have refrigerators and microwaves available for employee use. Since when does
lunch have to be cold and bland? Use the staff lunchroom to reheat or to even cook your
lunches. Try to make meals that store conveniently, do not spoil quickly, and that can retain

their flavor when sealed in plastic bags or containers.
Try these tips:
Cold meats are quick and great sources of protein for sandwiches. Try to eat meat
you cook yourself rather than cold cuts, which normally contain tons of sugar and
preservatives.
Use fat-free dressings or salsas on tuna and other tinned seafood to give it some
much-needed substance and flavoring. Tuna may taste like cardboard on its own,
but with the right ingredients, its less than stellar taste can be masked.
Be creative with your spreads. Mayo and butter will do nothing for your physique.
Try spreading your breads with hummus, bean dip or tzatziki 
sauce made with
yogurt. These choices not only lower your sandwich’s fat content, they also give
your nutrition a boost.
Use whole grain pita, tortilla and breads rather than white.

Dried fruit is good in moderation. Yes it’s high in concentrated sugar, but it
contains lots of vitamins, minerals and fiber. Mix it with some raw almonds for a
nutrition boost – but watch the portion sizes. If you’re trying to gain weight you
can eat up to a half cup throughout the day, but if you’re trying to lose you
probably want to skip it altogether.
Bring a portable cooler. There are tons of choices these days, and if you don’t have
access to a fridge, a cooler will allow you far more options.
When bringing salads, keep the dressing in a separate container and don’t add it
until you’re ready to eat. Veggies soaked in dressing for too long lose their
structure and taste.
Pick up some sandwich-sized containers if you bring sandwiches to work. This
prevents unnecessary litter and helps prevent your lunch from falling apart.

263

Think outside the lunch box. Be creative. Your lunch options are limited only by
your own imagination. There’s no reason not to have jerk chicken with rice and
peas. Or baked potato with pepper steak left over from the night before.
Sandwiches are convenient but often short on nutrition, and when you’re trying to
build muscle, you need your food to be as nutrition packed as you can get it.
Your lunch is only as good as you make it. Break away from the sandwich trend and be creative, choosing a variety of
nutrient-packed foods.
264

A
CHAPTER 36
Main Courses
“Each of your six meals a day should be of moderate size and high nutrition.”
lthough you should be eating four to six small to medium meals a day instead of two or
three large ones, I understand that traditional socializing and work/school circumstances
may lead to a larger meal in the evening. This is fine as long as the meal is nutritious and not
loaded with empty calories (and as long as you don’t go back for seconds or thirds!). The
following recipes are easy to prepare, loaded with muscle-building nutrients and tasty, too.
STIR-FRIED CHICKEN WITH SNOW PEAS AND BABY CORN
4 teaspoons reduced-sodium soy sauce, divided
4 teaspoons dark sesame oil, divided
1 tablespoon rice wine, dry sherry or rice vinegar
1 pound chicken breasts, skinned and boned, cut into one-inch cubes
1/2 cup chicken stock or low-sodium chicken broth mixed with
2 teaspoons cornstarch
1 tablespoon minced fresh ginger

1 tablespoon minced garlic
4 green onions, white part only, sliced
2 cups snow peas, trimmed
1 can (14 ounces) baby corn, drained and rinsed
1. In a medium-sized bowl, mix 2 teaspoons each of the soy sauce and sesame oil with the
wine. Add the chicken and let marinate for 30 minutes. In a small bowl, combine the stock-
cornstarch mixture with the remaining 2 teaspoons each of soy sauce and sesame oil.
2. In a 12-inch nonstick skillet, heat the vegetable oil over medium-high heat. Add the ginger,
garlic and green onions, and stir-fry for 30 seconds. Add the chicken and stir-fry for about 2
minutes or until no longer pink on the outside. Add the snow peas and corn and stir-fry 2
minutes more.
265

3. Add the cornstarch-stock mixture to the skillet, lower the heat and simmer, stirring for 2 to 3
minutes or until the sauce is slightly thickened and the juices run clear, not pink, when the
chicken is pricked with a fork.
SERVES:
 4
 Calories 302, saturated fat 2 g, total fat 11 g, protein 31 g, carbohydrates 23 g,
fiber 2 g, sodium 536 mg, cholesterol 66 mg.
GRILLED JALAPENO CHICKEN WRAPS
1 pound boneless, skinless chicken breasts
1 tablespoon garlic powder
1 tablespoon onion powder
1 tablespoon pepper
2 teaspoons seasoned salt
1 teaspoon paprika
1 small onion, cut into strips
15 jalapeño peppers, halved and seeded (When cutting or seeding hot peppers, use rubber or
plastic gloves to protect your hands. Avoid touching your face.)
1 pound sliced bacon, halved width-wise
Low-fat blue cheese or ranch salad dressing
1. Cut chicken into 1 1/2-inch strips.
2. In a large resealable plastic bag combine the garlic powder, onion powder, pepper, seasoned

salt and paprika. Add chicken and shake to coat.
3. Place a chicken and onion strip in each jalapeño half. Wrap each with a piece of bacon and
secure with toothpicks.
4. Grill, uncovered, over indirect medium heat for 18 to 20 minutes, turning once, or until
chicken juices run clear and bacon is crisp. Serve with low-fat blue cheese or ranch dressing.
MAKES:
 2 1/2 dozen (30 wraps)
Serving Size:
 5 wraps
Per serving (without dressing):
 Calories 420, saturated fat 11 g, total fat 28 g, protein 38 g,
carbohydrates 7 g, fiber 2 g, sodium 1830 mg, cholesterol 94 mg.
266

CURRIED CHICKEN AND APPLE SANDWICH
Total Time: 20 minutes
1/4 cup reduced-calorie mayonnaise
1/4 cup plain low-fat yogurt
3/4 teaspoon curry powder, or to taste
1/8 teaspoon chili or cayenne pepper
1 garlic clove, minced
2 cups diced cooked chicken or turkey (8 ounces)
5 scallions, including tops, sliced
1 large green or red bell pepper, cored, seeded and chopped
1 small Golden or Red Delicious apple, cored and diced (1 cup)
2 tablespoons minced fresh cilantro
4 whole wheat pita rounds, halved
Fresh parsley combined with 3/4 teaspoon dried cilantro
Several dark green lettuce leaves
1. Whisk together mayonnaise, yogurt, curry powder, salt, ground red pepper and garlic in a
medium bowl. Stir in diced meat, scallions, bell pepper, apple and cilantro.
2. Tuck lettuce leaves into each pita half, then stuff with filling. Cover with plastic wrap and
chill until ready to serve.
SERVES:
 4
Per sandwich:

SERVES:
 4
 Calories 280, fat 7 g, saturated fat 1 g, cholesterol 54 mg, sodium 337 mg,
carbohydrates 30 g, fiber 2 g, protein 23 g.
BEEF VEGETABLE STIR-FRY
Cooking Time: 15 minutes
2 teaspoons cornstarch, divided into 1/2 teaspoon portions
4 tablespoons reduced-sodium soy sauce, divided
1 pound beef sirloin steak, cut into 2-inch strips
2 medium green peppers, cut into strips
267

2 medium onions, thinly sliced
1 tablespoon canola oil
1/2 pound sliced fresh mushrooms
1. In a large bowl, combine cornstarch and 2 tablespoons soy sauce until smooth. Add beef; stir
to coat.
2. In a large skillet or wok, stir-fry the green peppers and onions in oil for 3 minutes; add beef.
Cook and stir for 3 minutes.
3. Add mushrooms. Cook and stir for 3 to 5 minutes or until vegetables are tender and meat is
no longer pink.
4. Stir in remaining soy sauce.
SERVES:
 4
 Calories 254, fat 9 g, saturated fat 3 g, cholesterol 63 mg, sodium 658 mg,
carbohydrates 17 g, fiber 3 g, protein 26 g.
BEEF OR LAMB SHISH KABOBS
Cooking Time: 10 minutes
Preparation Time: 1 hour
1/4 cup dry red wine
2 scallions, chopped
2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar
1 tablespoon minced fresh rosemary or 1/2 teaspoon dried rosemary, crumbled
2 tablespoons olive oil
2 tablespoons water
2 cloves garlic, crushed
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon black pepper

1 pound boneless beef chuck or leg of lamb, cut into 1 1/4-inch cubes
1. In a large, self-sealing plastic bag, mix together all ingredients except beef. Add beef, seal,
turn to coat and refrigerate at least four hours or preferably overnight.
268

2. Preheat the grill or broiler. Pat beef dry and thread on four skewers, spacing evenly.
3. Grill kabobs over medium-hot coals for 10 to 12 minutes for medium-rare to medium,
basting frequently with the marinade and turning once. Or broil four inches from the heat for 10
to 15 minutes for medium-rare.
SERVES:
 4
 Calories 277, saturated fat 5 g, total fat 17 g, cholesterol 82 mg, sodium 1085 mg,
carbohydrates 3 g, fiber 0 g, protein 26 g.
BEEF, TURKEY AND MASHED POTATO PIE
Cooking Time: 1 hour
Preparation Time: 30 minutes
1 pound lean ground beef
8 ounces lean ground turkey
1 tablespoon olive or canola oil
2 large onions, coarsely chopped
2 cloves garlic, finely chopped
2 large carrots, coarsely chopped
1 can (28 ounces) crushed tomatoes
1/2 teaspoon dried thyme
1/8 teaspoon each salt and pepper
2 pounds sweet or all-purpose potatoes or rutabaga, peeled and sliced 1/2-inch thick
1/4 cup 1% low-fat milk
2 tablespoons chopped parsley

1. Heat a Dutch oven over moderately high heat until hot. Add the beef and turkey and sauté,
stirring frequently, about 7 minutes or until the meat is no longer pink and has released its
juices. Remove from heat and spoon the meat into a sieve set over a bowl. Allow all the fat to
drain from the meat for at least 10 minutes.
2. Meanwhile, in the Dutch oven, heat the oil over moderately high heat. Add the onions, garlic
and carrots and sauté about 10 minutes or until softened and golden brown. Return the meat to
the pan.
3. Stir in the crushed tomatoes, thyme, salt and pepper and bring to a boil. Cover and simmer,
stirring occasionally, about 25 minutes or until a rich stew has formed.
269

4. Preheat the oven to 400° F. Meanwhile, simmer sweet potatoes in a pan of boiling water
about 10 minutes or until tender. Drain, return to the saucepan, and mash them with the milk
until smooth. Stir in the chopped parsley.
5. Transfer the meat mixture to a 13 x 9 x 2-inch baking dish and smooth out to an even layer.
6. Spread the mashed sweet potatoes over the meat and smooth the surface with a spatula. Bake
12 to 15 minutes or until heated through and bubbling around the edges.
SERVES:
 6
 Calories 393, saturated fat 2 g, total fat 7 g, cholesterol 68 mg, sodium 360 mg,
carbohydrates 52 g, fiber 8 g, protein 31 g.
SWEET-AND-SOUR SKEWERED SHRIMP
1/2 cup barbecue sauce
1/4 cup lemon juice
1/4 cup pineapple preserves
4 teaspoons soy sauce
1/2 teaspoon ground ginger
30 uncooked large shrimp (about 2 pounds)
1/2 pound fresh mushrooms, halved
1 to 2 large green peppers, cut into 1-inch pieces

1. In a small saucepan, combine the first five ingredients. Bring to a boil over medium heat,
stirring frequently.
2. Remove from the heat; cool. Set aside 1/2 cup for basting. Place remaining sauce and shrimp
in a glass or ceramic bowl, covered, in the fridge for 30 minutes.
3. Drain and discard marinade. Alternate the shrimp, green peppers and mushrooms on each of
six metal or soaked wooden skewers.
4. Grill, uncovered, over medium-high heat for 2 minutes on each side. Turn and brush with
reserved sauce. Continue grilling for 4 to 8 minutes or until shrimp turns pink, turning and
basting several times.
270

SERVES:
 6
 Calories 111, saturated fat 0 g, total fat 1 g, protein 10 g, carbohydrates 17 g, fiber
2 g, sodium 449 mg, cholesterol 54 mg
GRILLED SALMON STEAKS
2 tablespoons white wine vinegar
2 tablespoons honey, Sucanat or agave nectar
1 tablespoon dill
3/4 teaspoon salt
4 salmon steaks (1-inch thick)
1/8 to 1/4 teaspoon pepper
Mustard Dill Sauce
3 tablespoons mayonnaise
3 tablespoons Dijon mustard
3 tablespoons dillweed
1 tablespoon sugar
4 teaspoons white wine vinegar
1/4 teaspoon pepper
1. Combine the first five ingredients in a glass or ceramic dish. Add salmon. Turn to coat.
Cover and refrigerate for 1 hour, turning occasionally.
2. In a small bowl, combine the sauce ingredients; cover and refrigerate. Drain salmon,
discarding marinade.
3. Coat grill rack with cooking spray before starting the grill.
4. Grill salmon, covered, over medium-high heat for 5 minutes. Turn; grill 7 to 9 minutes

longer or until fish flakes easily with a fork. Serve with the mustard dill sauce.
SERVES:
 4
 Calories 388, saturated fat 3 g, total fat 19 g, protein 36 g, carbohydrates 0 g, fiber
0 g, sodium 865 mg, cholesterol 108 mg.
TUNA AND TOMATO PIZZA
271

2 teaspoons olive oil, divided
1 onion, finely chopped
1 can (14 1/2 ounces) chopped tomatoes
1/2 teaspoon dried oregano
2 ready-made pizza crusts, about 8 1/4 ounces each
2 tablespoons tomato puree
1 can (7 ounces) tuna in spring water, drained and flaked
4 teaspoons capers
8 black olives, pitted and sliced
Salt and pepper
Fresh basil leaves to garnish
Pinch of sugar
1. Preheat the oven to 425° F.
2. Heat 1 teaspoon of the oil in a small saucepan, add the onion, and cook over medium heat
until softened, about 4 minutes. Add the tomatoes, their juice, oregano and Sucanat. Season
with salt and pepper to taste, and simmer for 10 minutes, stirring occasionally.
3. Put the pizza crusts on two baking sheets. Spread 1 tablespoon of tomato puree over each
crust. Spoon the tomato sauce over the pizzas, then add the tuna. Sprinkle with the capers and
sliced olives, and drizzle the remaining olive oil over top.

4. Bake the pizzas until the crusts are crisp and golden, about 10 minutes. Sprinkle with torn
basil leaves and serve immediately.
SERVES:
 4
 Calories 449, fat 4 g, saturated fat 0 g, cholesterol 13 mg, sodium 740 mg,
carbohydrates 80 g, fiber 7 g, protein 22 g.
SOUTHERN SEAFOOD GUMBO
Cooking Time: 35 minutes
272

1 medium onion, chopped
2 celery ribs with leaves, chopped
1 medium green pepper, chopped
3 garlic cloves, minced
1 tablespoon olive oil
1 bottle (46 ounces) spicy V8 juice
1 can (14 1/2 ounces) diced tomatoes, not drained
1/4 teaspoon chili or cayenne pepper
1 package (16 ounces) frozen sliced okra, thawed
1 pound catfish fillets, cut into 3/4-inch cubes
3/4 pound uncooked medium shrimp, peeled and de-veined
3 cups cooked long-grain rice
1. In a large saucepan, sauté the onion, celery, green pepper and garlic in oil until tender. Stir in
the V8 juice, tomatoes and chili pepper; bring to a boil. Reduce heat; cover and simmer for 10
minutes.
2. Stir in okra and catfish; cook 8 minutes longer. Add the shrimp; cook about 7 minutes longer
or until shrimp turn pink. Place rice in individual serving bowls; top with gumbo.
SERVES:
 12
Per serving
 (1 cup gumbo with 1/4 cup rice): Calories 180, fat 5 g, saturated fat 1 g,
cholesterol 60 mg, sodium 512 mg, carbohydrates 22 g, fiber 3 g, protein 14 g.

SERVES:
 12
PORK CHOPS STUFFED WITH APPLES AND PEARS
Cooking Time: 1 1/2 hours
Preparation Time: 20 minutes
2 teaspoons olive or canola oil
2 leeks or 1 small onion, trimmed and sliced
2 tart apples, peeled, cored and diced
1 ripe pear, cored and diced
1/2 teaspoon dried sage
3/4 cup unsweetened apple juice
1/4 cup chicken stock
1/2 teaspoon finely grated orange zest
6 pork loin chops with bone, 1 inch thick (about 8 ounces each)
273

1. Preheat the oven to 350° F.
2. In a saucepan, heat the oil over moderate heat. Add leeks and sauté 3 to 4 minutes or until
softened and lightly browned. Add the apples, pear and sage. Sauté about 3 minutes. Stir in 1/2
cup apple juice and the stock. Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer, uncovered, about 2
minutes or until the fruit is slightly soft.
3. Drain the fruit mixture, reserving the liquid in the saucepan. Allow the fruit to cool slightly.
Stir the orange zest into the fruit mixture.
4. Trim all the fat from the pork chops. Make a horizontal slit into the side of each chop until
the knife blade reaches the bone. Move the knife back and forth to make a pocket about three
inches long, taking care not to go through to the outside of the meat at any point. Stuff the fruit
mixture into the pockets.
4. Coat a nonstick pan with cooking spray, add three chops, and cook on medium-high heat for
2 minutes on each side or until browned. Repeat with second batch.

5. Place the stuffed chops in a nonstick roasting pan, add the remaining apple juice and roast
about 1 hour or until tender and the internal temperature of the meat is 170° F. Transfer the
chops to a platter and cover with aluminum foil to keep them warm.
6. Spoon off most of the fat from the roasting pan. Stir in the reserved fruit poaching liquid and
place over moderate heat. Bring to a boil, reduce heat and simmer, stirring to loosen the brown
bits on the pan, about 3 minutes or until a rich sauce forms. Ladle overtop the chops on each
plate.
SERVES:
 6
 Calories 384, saturated fat 5 g, total fat 15 g, cholesterol 113 mg, sodium 133 mg,
carbohydrates 21 g, fiber 3 g, protein 40 g.
MARINATED PORK ROAST
Cooking Time: 50 minutes plus standing time
Preparation Time: 10 minutes plus marinating time

1/4 cup reduced-sodium soy sauce
1/4 cup grated onion
1 teaspoon lemon juice
274

3/4 teaspoon ground ginger
1 boneless whole pork loin roast (2 1/2 pounds)
1/4 cup white wine or chicken broth
1/4 cup honey
1 tablespoon brown sugar
1. Combine the first six ingredients in a large glass or ceramic dish. Add pork roast and turn to
coat. Refrigerate for 8 hours or preferably overnight, turning several times.
2. Drain and discard marinade. Place roast on a rack in a shallow, foil-lined roasting pan. Bake,
uncovered, at 350° F for 25 minutes.
3. In a small bowl, combine the wine or broth and honey. Brush half over the meat. Bake 15
minutes longer. Brush with remaining honey mixture. Bake 10 to 20 minutes longer or until a
meat thermometer reads 160° F. Let stand for 10 minutes before slicing.
SERVES:
 9
 (3-ounce serving): Calories 227, total fat 9 g, saturated fat 3 g, cholesterol 70 mg,
sodium 195 mg, carbohydrate 10 g, fiber trace, protein 25 g.
275

A great cookbook will help you add variety and new tastes to your regular menu.
276

W
CHAPTER 37
Snacks
“Forget the disgusting junk food available in every grocery store and
restaurant on the planet. Learn to eat clean from now on. Be very selective
and enjoy lean meats, fish, poultry, brown rice, whole grains, yams, nuts,
oatmeal, fresh fruits and salads. These will give you lasting health and
vitality.”
, discussing the importance of healthy eating.
hile I suggest that you view all six meals as equal, you may find that meals 1, 3 and 5 will
be more traditional in nature (breakfast, lunch and supper) because that’s simply the way
the world is set up. Meals 2, 4 and possibly 6, could be termed snacks. However, I don’t mean
snacking in the traditional sense! A snack is not a bag of potato chips, chocolate bar or bowl of
high-fat ice cream. Your snacks should supplement your bodybuilding goals, not destroy them.
If you eat garbage like this you might as well throw your bodybuilding dreams out the window.

Healthy snacking will keep your energy level high and keep your body infused with muscle-
building nutrients.
The key is to pay close attention to what you eat. Stuffing your face with a large order of
fries between lunch and supper may give you a temporary boost, but a snack this high in fat and
calories is doing nothing for muscle-tissue repair. And I think you already know what it will do
to your midsection! Let’s put it this way – six-pack abs are not built with foods from the deep
fryer!
To keep your energy level high and to avoid gaining fat, steer clear of foods 
with a lot of
simple carbohydrates (sugars) such as candy bars or soda. Instead, go for foods that contain
complex carbohydrates, such as whole grain breads and cereals. Combine these foods with

protein-rich items such as natural nut butter or low-fat yogurt or cottage cheese.
SO JUST WHAT IS A HEALTHY SNACK?
Selecting healthy snacks means shopping smarter. Always be wary of the health claims on food
labels. Just because something is labeled “all natural” doesn’t necessarily mean it’s nutritious.
For example, all-natural juice drinks or sodas can still be loaded with sugar. And despite being
“natural,” sugar will still lead to extra fat around your waist.
Another great example is the granola bar. Although granola bars can contain a certain
amount of vitamins and nutrients, many brands also contain tons of sugar and a great deal of
fat, including the artery-clogging trans and saturated fat. Many are no better than a typical

candy bar. Always read the Nutrition Facts label on the package to be sure just what you’re
putting into your body.
278

“
SNACK ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS
Sunflower seeds contain a good fat that we need in our diet: linoleic acid. Your body
can’t make this essential fatty acid and yet requires it to help synthesize other fats.
Linoleic acid is great for your heart. In a study, those who had the highest intakes of
linoleic acid had a 23 percent lower risk of heart disease than those with the lowest
intakes. To get more in your diet, add two or three tablespoons of these seeds to low-fat
granola, trail mix or hot cereal.
Unfortunately the stuff is everywhere. If you care at all about your waist, you should
treat trans fat like it’s a rattlesnake and stay far away.”
– Dwayne Hines II, author and regular 
 contributor, commenting on
the evils of trans fat.
Always be skeptical of foods that claim they are “low-fat.” When manufacturers lower the
fat content, they often compensate by adding loads of sugar. Many low-fat foods have as many
calories as their full-fat counterparts – and often with less nutrition.

In addition, always read the ingredients section on the package. The nutrition label is
usually in a table and lists common items such as saturated and trans fat, cholesterol,
carbohydrate, protein, and total calories per serving. The ingredients section is usually in small
print and is located in the corner. Even though the table may say zero for trans and saturated
fat, the ingredients section may say “made with hydrogenated vegetable oil.” If you see the
words “hydrogenated” or “partially hydrogenated,” place the item back on the shelf and move
on. As I discussed earlier, hydrogenated fats and oils rarely exist in nature and therefore the
human body didn’t evolve the enzymes necessary to digest them. Instead of being broken down
and used for constructive metabolic activities such as growth, repair and energy production,

they get deposited on your artery walls or fat cells and cause heart disease.
Here are a few words to look out for:
Triglycerides:
 contain, in varying proportions, three groups of fatty acids – saturated,
monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated.
Saturated Fats:
 these fats tend to be solid at room temperature and are the only fatty acids that
raise blood cholesterol levels. Animal fats are usually saturated, with the exception of fish.
Such foods as butter, meat and high-fat dairy are all especially high in saturated fat.
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated Fats:
 these tend to be liquid at room temperature and
don’t raise blood cholesterol levels. These fats are actually essential for health. The best
sources are olive and canola oils, nuts, seeds and fish.
Trans Fat:

Trans Fat:
 these fats rarely occur in nature and are the result of hydrogenation of vegetable
oils. The human body has no ability to digest trans fats and therefore they should be eliminated
from the diet entirely.
Cholesterol:
 is an essential fat found in food and also synthesized by the liver. Too much
279

dietary intake may raise blood cholesterol levels, and lead to heart disease. Cholesterol is
transported through the bloodstream by lipoproteins.
HDLs:
 (High-Density Lipoproteins) are called “good” because they move cholesterol away
from artery walls and back to the liver.
LDLs:
 (Low-Density Lipoproteins) are called “bad” because they keep cholesterol circulating
in the blood, causing the arteries to become clogged with deposits.
Low-carb, low-fat, omega this, omega that. Every year or two some valid health information is
hijacked by marketers bent on parting you from your money. Snack food is more susceptible to
this than others – marketers know you really do want to eat junk food. If they can convince you
it’s healthy, you’ll buy food you otherwise wouldn’t. So they put things on the label such as
“trans fat-free,” “high in omega-3,” “low-carb,” “good source of antioxidants,” or “sugar free.”
Know that junk food is junk food. Just because they added omega-3, or that research shows

chocolate to be high in antioxidants doesn’t mean you should be eating it. Chocolate may be
high in antioxidants, but guess what? Fruits and vegetables are higher.
Here are some tips to help you with your snacking:
Be conscious of marketing strategies that try to label junk food as having healthy ingredients.
1
 OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND
Resisting that Snickers bar or bag of spicy potato chips in the cupboard during a snack attack
could prove impossible. If you have to get up and drive to the store to buy it, you have a much
better chance at resisting. Go through your cupboards and toss any junk food. Your shelf space
should be stocked with healthy and nutritious foods, not waist-enlarging junk food! When you

go grocery shopping, make sure to eat before you leave. That way you’ll be less tempted by
restricted goodies. Read a bodybuilding mag such as 
 before you set
280

out. This will bring your goals to the front of your mind, helping to keep temptation at bay.
2
 DON’T FORGET YOUR DRINKS
Just because it’s a liquid doesn’t mean it can’t be a snack. In fact, liquid snacks are very
convenient. Protein shakes provide your body with 20 to 30 grams of muscle-building protein
and energy. Add some fruit and yogurt or skim milk and you have a complete meal for a snack.
3
 SNACKING FOR TWO
Instead of meeting your buddy for coffee or a beer, meet for a protein shake. Keep each other
up to date on supplements, bodybuilding progress and any interesting new exercises you’ve
found.
4
 CLOSE AT HAND
Keep healthy snacks stashed all over the place: in a desk drawer at work, your briefcase, your
locker or your gym bag. If you have healthy snacks readily available when the munchies hit,
you’ll be far less likely to rush out to the coffee truck or the corner store for a candy bar or bag
of nachos.
EXAMPLES OF GOOD MUSCLE-BUILDING SNACKS

of nachos.
Whole grain wrap with natural peanut butter and a banana rolled up inside
Celery sticks with peanut butter and raisins on top
Whole grain bread or rice cakes with natural nut butter and a glass of milk
Low-fat cheese cubes
Hardboiled eggs
Yogurt mixed with fruit and nuts
Cottage cheese mixed with fruit and nuts
Cottage cheese mixed with tuna and salsa
Trail mix (stick to a handful)
Nuts (ditto)
Crudites such as carrot sticks, broccoli or cauliflower florets, cherry tomatoes, etc.,
served with hummus or yogurt tzatziki
Half of a turkey or tuna sandwich on whole wheat bread
Yogurt and granola
Leftover chicken or turkey (great to eat cold)
Healthy fiber-rich or grain cereal (great to eat dry from a baggie)
Half a large whole wheat bagel with light cream cheese
Apples, bananas, oranges, strawberries, grapes, other berries and fruit
Fruit smoothie in a thermos

Low-fat muffin
Low-fat granola bars without the added sugars
Nutritional supplement bars (Be careful. Make sure they are not over 200 calories,
have fewer than 7 grams of fat, and carry significant nutrients without excess or
281

artificial sugar.)
There are numerous healthy snacks that will keep your muscle-building goals on track. Plan ahead to avoid junk food
cravings.
Photo of Mike O’Hearn by Robert Reiff
282

B
CHAPTER 38
Supplements
“Many of the speakers displayed an extreme level of bias and rhetoric, and
attempted to convince the audience that supplement use by athletes is cheating
of a comparable nature to the use of anabolic steroids. Of course none of them
presented data to support these claims.”
–Will Brink, regular 
 columnist, commenting on a U.S.
government-sponsored conference that he attended.
odybuilders have been using supplements since the 1940s. However, since the first edition
of this book hit the stands in 1997 there has been a virtual explosion in the number of
bodybuilding supplements available. But which one is right for you? Are there some you
shouldn’t even think about taking? Are the marketing claims simply sales gimmicks? To help
you shift through the myths and realities of supplements, I’m going to scrutinize some of the
most popular supplements available these days.
BUYER AND USER BEWARE

Before getting into the individual supplements, I need to say a few words on the supplement
industry in general. When an industry is worth billions of dollars annually, manufacturers and
“experts” crawl out of the woodwork. Now combine this with the fact that the supplement
industry is poorly regulated and you can just imagine the number of unqualified manufacturers
and experts out there.
The bigger companies such as EAS, Twin Lab, MuscleTech, ProLab and Weider are tried
and true, reliable, and have too much to lose to mess around with their products. However, you
really have to be wary when it comes to products from the new companies that emerge almost
weekly. If you’re lucky 
you might simply buy a worthless product that does nothing except
deplete your bank account. But you also run the risk of consuming ingredients that could truly

damage your health.
283

Do your research when it comes to supplements. Every bodybuilder is different and it’s important to find the right
supplements for you.
Photo of Brad Castleberry by Robert Reiff
284

Photo of Mark Erpelding by Irvin Gelb
Besides recognizing the uncertainty of ingredients, you have to understand that there is a
fine line between a supplement and a drug. By definition, a drug is a compound that exerts a
physiological or psychological effect or change within the human body. If they work as
claimed, then by definition supplements are in fact drugs. Now, the pharmaceutical industry is
very well regulated, and this is one of the reasons you need a doctor’s prescription to buy drugs.
But you can buy all the supplements you want if you have the cash. So you are, in effect,
buying drugs without a prescription. And even if the supplement in question is tested and safe,
they may react differently in different people – whether that’s because of size difference,
bodily functions, or reactions with medications. Before taking any supplement, it’s a good idea
to get some blood work done to establish baseline values for cholesterol, enzymes, and blood

cell counts. It also wouldn’t hurt to have a discussion with a knowledgeable doctor or
pharmacist. I say “knowledgeable” because unfortunately most doctors and pharmacists know
little or nothing about food supplements beyond multivitamins.
If you do decide to use any of the following supplements or others, pay close attention to
any signs and signals your body may give you. If any supplement causes diarrhea, nausea or
cramping, stop taking it immediately. Likewise, any nervousness or heart irregularities are
cause for concern. Go see your doctor immediately should any of these symptoms occur.
CREATINE
Since its first mass production in the early ’90s, creatine has vaulted to and stayed at the top of
the supplement charts. While small numbers of elite athletes used creatine in the mid ’60s,

these days everyone from pro athletes to weekend warriors and everyone in between seems to
be on the creatine bandwagon. Unfortunately the combination of creatine’s rapid rise in
popularity and the public’s lack of knowledge has led to numerous myths and
misunderstandings about its effectiveness and safety.
285

Background
Creatine was first identified in 1838 by the French chemist Chevreul. In 1847, another scientist,
Lieberg, concluded that the accumulation of creatine in the body is directly involved in
supplying muscles with short-term energy. The investigation of creatine supplementation began
in the early 1900s using creatine extracted from meats. But it wasn’t until the early 1960s that
synthetic creatine production began. Former Eastern Bloc countries started using it for power
sports, including weightlifting and track and field. Reports have circulated that several British
Olympic athletes were supplementing with creatine before the 1992 Olympic games in
Barcelona. The Olympic 
games in Atlanta were jokingly referred to as “The Creatine Games”
because a number of athletes supplementing with creatine were awarded gold medals.
To date, dozens of highly credible scientific research articles have been published about
creatine in various sports and medical journals. In addition, a number of papers have been

presented at various meetings such as the National Strength and Conditioning Association’s
Creatine Symposium. As of this publication, creatine is one of the most extensively studied
nutritional sports supplements available to today’s athletes. It’s also one of the few
supplements that does what the manufacturers claim and in a relatively safe manner.
ATP – The Energy Powerhouse
To fully understand creatine, we need to begin with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the
fuel used by the body for muscle contraction. From getting out of bed in the morning to those
300-pound bench presses later in the day, ATP is responsible for all the muscle action we take
for granted. But our muscles have limited stores of ATP available. Therefore our bodies must
continually synthesize it.
The Big Three

The body utilizes three different mechanisms to manufacture ATP:
Creatine kinase (anaerobic)
Glycolysis (anaerobic)
Oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)
The initial and most effective method is creatine kinase, which utilizes a non-oxygen dependent
process that is responsible for all maximal or near-maximal muscle contractions. Creatine
kinase rapidly converts the initial stores of ATP to energy, and is responsible for any high-
intensity, short-duration activity such as sprinting, jumping or lifting weights. As ATP is used,
it loses a phosphate molecule and becomes adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which is useless until
it can be converted back into ATP. This is where creatine comes in. Creatine is initially stored
in the muscle as creatine phosphate. As creatine phosphate, it can “donate” its phosphate group

to ADP, thus converting it back into ATP, which is then available as a fuel source. This process
is continuously occurring, with ADP converting to ATP, and ATP breaking down into ADP + a
single phosphate group.
Glycolysis, the second mechanism for producing ATP, is less efficient than the creatine
kinase pathway. During glycolysis, a glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid
molecules, yielding two ATP molecules in the process. Glycolysis, however, requires more
steps than creatine kinase, and thus results in a slower yield of ATP. Even though glycolysis
provides the energy to perform intense exercise, it has two important consequences. First, it
286

consumes large amounts of nutrient fuel to yield the ATP molecules. This, in turn, rapidly
depletes the muscle’s glycogen stores. Second, the end product of anaerobic glycolysis is lactic
acid. Lactic acid is one of the causes of that soreness you feel during and after an intense
workout. The lactic acid buildup is also one of the reasons you fatigue after 60 to 90 minutes of
exercise.
The third mechanism for ATP production is called oxidative phosphorylation. This is an
aerobic process fueled by glucose or fatty acids, depending on the duration and intensity of the
activity. Of the three, this is the slowest process for producing ATP because of the high number
of steps involved, and because of its dependency on a constant supply of oxygen. Oxidative
phosphorylation sometimes works in conjunction with glycolysis. The type and duration of the
exercise dictates which of these energy processes will be used in greater amounts.

Don’t let all this biochemistry frighten you. What’s important to remember is that in the
short term, anaerobic exercise is enhanced with creatine supplementation, which in turn
provides the increased supply of creatine phosphate molecules needed to convert ADP back
into ATP. Also, by increasing the body’s store of creatine phosphate, creatine supplementation
prolongs the creatine kinase process. This delays the need for the oxidative phosphorylation
and glycolysis pathways, which, as we saw earlier, are slower and less efficient. In the research
to date, creatine supplementation has not been shown to enhance aerobic activities.
Creatine Usage
Despite what some supplement manufacturers would have you believe, creatine is naturally
synthesized in the liver, pancreas and kidneys from the precursor amino acids: arginine, glycine

and methionone. Dietary creatine is also available in meats and fish, but creatine content
depletes rapidly when foods are cooked. One pound of raw, red meat offers approximately 2
grams of creatine.
Most people, however, store only about 60 to 80 percent of their potential creatine levels.
Supplementing with creatine enables individuals to elevate their creatine stores an average of
30 percent. This additional creatine gives the body the necessary ingredients to reproduce more
ATP during the creatine kinase process and to ultimately generate more work. At its simplest:
more work equals more muscle stimulation and more muscle stimulation equals greater muscle
size. Creatine does for the bodybuilder what carbohydrate loading does for the long-distance

runner: it provides more energy-producing materials, which enables more work to be generated.
Proper Dosage
The key to proper creatine usage is to find the lowest dosage that supplies the maximum
benefit. Currently no optimal dosage amount has been determined. However, there is a huge
volume of anecdotal evidence. One of the most popular ways to go about creatine taking is to
complete a loading phase, which consists of taking approximately 5 grams of creatine, three to
four times a day, for a period of five to seven days. This is followed by a maintenance phase,
which consists of taking 2 to 5 grams per day thereafter. Some suggest that the loading phase is
unnecessary, wasteful and simply a ply by manufacturers to get bodybuilders to buy more of

their product. They state that an individual who starts supplementing with only the maintenance
phase (2 to 5 grams/day) will have the same muscle saturation in three weeks as the individual
who loads.
Creatine absorption is enhanced when combined with a substance such as dextrose, which
287

increases insulin levels. You can take creatine with juice or any other high simple-sugar
beverage. Ingesting creatine with a meal will provide the same effect, as food causes increased
insulin production. Some studies have also shown that worked muscles will absorb more
creatine than non-worked muscles. It follows that taking creatine directly after a workout may
make some sense, although evidence to support this is not conclusive. Many bodybuilders take
creatine with their pre-workout meal and then again after their workout with fruit juice or
another high-sugar drink.
Side Effects
Over the last couple of years, creatine has been getting a lot of bad press. The media maligning
of this popular sports supplement has been a surprise to many athletes and coaches, because it
is known with relative certainty that creatine can indeed help improve muscular strength and
size in a variety of different athletes (including football players, bodybuilders, weightlifters,
swimmers, and cyclists).

The heart of the bad press concerns creatine’s alleged side effects, including muscle,
tendon and ligament strains. In theory, creatine can improve the explosive energy production of
muscle cells without actually fortifying the mechanical strength of a muscle, its attached
tendons or the ligaments holding together the joints across which muscles and tendons act. As a
result, the theory goes, the unusually powerful contractions produced in creatine-loaded
muscles might literally tear the muscle cells and/or their associated connective tissues.
Anecdotally, athletes using creatine do appear to have increased incidences of strain.
However, I must point out that no carefully controlled scientific study has linked creatine
supplementation with a heightened risk of muscle or connective-tissue damage. In addition,

linking two events together – increases in creatine loading with apparent increases in injuries –
does not mean that one causes the other. Perhaps the athletes who are likely to use creatine are
also more likely to push themselves to the extreme, risking injury.
Some reported deaths of wrestlers brought creatine a heap of bad press in the late 1990s.
The fact that the wrestlers were taking diuretics and engaging in other risky 
weight-loss
practices was quietly ignored by the media. Instead, the press focused exclusively on creatine,
making it the scapegoat.
Most of the side effects associated with creatine use, such as stomach cramping and
diarrhea are dosage related. Most users who experience these side effects are taking 10 grams
or more all at once, instead of taking smaller amounts spread throughout the day, as

recommended. No substantiated reports of serious side effects from creatine have occurred
despite over 12 years of mainstream usage. Whether long-term side effects from this natural
compound occur years down the road remains to be seen.
PROTEIN
Until creatine came on the scene in the early 1990s, protein supplements were by far the most
popular ergogenic aids used by bodybuilders. Protein supplements go back to the 1940s. In a
manner of speaking, they were considered the steroids of their day. Protein supplements were
even given out as prizes in bodybuilding contests. Despite the arrival of creatine, protein
supplements are still among the most popular muscle-building supplements. As a result, the
modern bodybuilder has a bewildering assortment of protein products and brands to choose
from.
288

Protein Sources
Although there are hundreds of protein products to choose from, most can be subdivided into
three categories: whey, milk and egg, and soy.
Whey
Whey is one of the two major proteins found in cow’s milk, the other being casein. About 20
percent of milk protein is whey. Whey is considered superior to most other protein sources
because of its digestibility, bioavailability (the ease with which the body uses it), and high
concentrations of such proven muscle-builders as branched-chain amino acids and glutamine.
From a practical point of view, it mixes more easily than others, and doesn’t seem to cause the
bloating and gastrointestinal discomfort that other protein sources are known for.
Milk and Egg
A short time ago we would have said that milk and egg sources were inferior to whey, but this
is no longer the case. Refinement techniques have closed the gap to the point that you’re really

not missing much if you opt for milk and egg over whey. Really the only respect in which whey
is still far superior is in its ease of mixing. Most milk-and-egg products still need to be mixed
in a blender. Whey, on the other hand, can be mixed with a few swirls of a spoon. Milk-and-egg
protein may also cause gastrointestinal problems for some individuals. Many whey products
have the lactose and other gastro-upsetting culprits removed. However, most people now
consider the newer milk-and-egg products just as effective for bodybuilding and muscle-
building as whey sources.
289

Soy
As with milk-and-egg proteins, soy has gotten a new lease on life. Soy is one of the few plant
sources that contain all the 
amino acids (most plant sources are deficient in one or more amino
acids). For this reason, it’s considered a complete protein. However, compared to high-end
sources such as whey, soy falls a little short. It doesn’t mix as well, and its taste is slightly
bitter. Still, it has its health benefits, including helping to lower cholesterol and reduce heart
disease.
Protein Preparation Techniques
Have you ever wondered about the fancy jargon used by supplement advertisers and
bodybuilding magazines when they describe protein supplements? Terms like “concentrate,”
“isolate” and “microfiltration,” are used to manipulate you into separating you from your hard-
earned cash. Well, I’m here to help you cut through much of the crap and make you a more
informed consumer!
Soy, Whey or Egg Protein “CONCENTRATE”

This usually refers to a protein supplement source that has been concentrated through high-heat
drying (dehydration), filtration, or acid extraction to reduce the original to a more concentrated
protein source. This is the least-expensive method of protein extraction. Unfortunately, other
substances such as lactose, fat, and some other impurities are also concentrated with it. It is
usually 60 to 70 percent protein by dry weight.
Soy or Whey Protein “ISOLATES”
Protein isolates are created by using a “wash,” which might be alcohol, water or ionization. The
objective is to separate the protein from the carbohydrates and fats. The water method is the
least expensive, while the ionization technique is the most-expensive method (many believe
it’s also the most beneficial). Additional filtration techniques then purify the protein isolate

even further. The alcohol method is rarely used for soy protein isolates because the alcohol
either destroys or removes the beneficial “isoflavones” you keep reading about. Most
manufacturers use water separation techniques to prepare soy protein isolates.
Microfiltration and Cross Microfiltration
These terms describe the type of filter used to further refine and separate unwanted substances
from the concentrated protein. Nothing mystical involved!
Ion Exchange
Most molecules possess either a negative or positive charge. This fact can be taken advantage
of to extract or separate the protein molecules from most of the other substances in the source.
It is primarily used in preparing whey protein isolates.
Hydrolyzed Protein
Hydrolysis is a preparation technique involving the addition of water molecules to protein

sources to help break 
them down into smaller molecules called peptides. Peptides are chains of
290

“
two to five amino acids (the building blocks of protein), which are theoretically absorbed by
the body more quickly than protein. As this is the most expensive approach it rarely appears on
protein supplement labels. For marketing purposes, some companies will add just enough to get
it on the label in an attempt to make their product look better. Unless you have digestive
problems or are hospitalized, there is little benefit to forking out extra cash for expensive
hydrolyzed protein supplements.
GET YOUR POST-WORKOUT PROTEIN
If you want larger muscles, consuming protein after a heavy weight-training session is
important for muscle growth and repair. However, you can benefit from protein even
when you exercise at a low intensity, according to Kristine Clark, PhD., RD, director of
sports nutrition and assistant professor of nutrition science at Penn State University.
“But protein alone does not appear to aid recovery,” she says. “If total caloric intake is

insufficient, protein after exercise will not benefit recovery. The best kinds of protein
after exercise are complete proteins – those that contain all essential amino acids.
Complete proteins are found in any form of food derived from animal sources and in
soy. Aim for 20 to 30 grams of protein after your workout.”
Methods for Measuring Protein Sources
Since biochemists love classifying and measuring molecular compounds, it’s not surprising
that protein has been given plenty of attention. Here are some of the more common terms
you’ll see in biochemistry and nutrition journals. These terms are also frequently used by
supplement manufacturers to try and hype their product.
PER (Protein Efficiency Ratio)
This is an old (read: outdated) method of measuring protein quality based on the growth rate of

young rats using various protein combinations. Initially, egg protein with a PER of 2.5 was
considered an excellent standard to compare other proteins against. Later, casein (milk protein)
with a PER of 3.0 started being used. The drawback with the PER method is that it gives too
much importance to the essential amino acid methionine. Methionine is highly valuable to hair
development in rats – something most humans are not too worried about.
NPU (Net Protein Utilization)
This is another outdated and now seldom-used measure to reflect the value of protein foods. It
is basically the amount of protein that a given food makes available to your body based on
digestibility and the amino acid composition. A value of 100 indicates that every gram of

protein eaten would be used to produce lean tissue. The highest NPU is egg protein, with a
score of 94.
Another shake you had better be consuming on a regular basis if lean muscle gain is your
goal is the post-workout shake. Your body is in a highly anabolic state immediately after a
291

workout and in a unique position to suck up nutrients.”
– Ron Harris, regular MuscleMag 
BV (Biological Value)
Also outdated, the BV scale is still used. This system evaluates protein based on the amount of
nitrogen retained by the body after absorption of a given protein source. Again the egg is the
standard and the highest value possible is 100, even though some supplement companies try to
tell you that their products score higher.
PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score)
While a mouthful to say, this protein quality system is considered to be most reliable. The
highest score is 1.0 and this is given to any protein source considered complete for use by the
human body. Soy protein isolates, egg white, whey protein isolates and casein protein
supplements all score 1.0 on this test. For comparison, such food sources as beef and beans
scored 0.92 and 0.68, respectively.
Do I Need a Protein Supplement?

Supplement manufacturers have made billions from sales of protein to bodybuilders. In fact,
much of the Weider empire was built from selling protein supplements to aspiring
Schwarzeneggers. But how much protein is too much? Critics have argued for decades that an
excessive amount of protein is not only unnecessary, but also potentially dangerous. They argue
that bodybuilders and other strength athletes only need the RDA of .8 grams per kilogram of
bodyweight to make all the gains they want; that any excess will simply be converted to fat.
Some claim that extra protein places too much stress on the kidneys. However, the studies they
use to support this claim involve patients with pre-existing kidney problems. To date there are
few, if any, peer-reviewed studies 
linking the effect of high-protein diets on kidney health in
So How Much?

Although I can’t tell you precisely how much protein to use I am convinced that the RDA of .8
grams per pound of bodyweight is indeed too low for any athlete – but especially bodybuilders.
(And just about every bodybuilder and bodybuilding expert I know agrees.) Based on this value
an 80-kilogram man (about 176 pounds) would require only 64 grams of protein per day. This
might be adequate if our 176-pounder was sedentary during the day and stretched in front of the
TV at night. But if this individual is performing four or five weight-training sessions and three
or four cardio sessions per week, he or she will need more. The value that gets quoted most
often by bodybuilders and in the bodybuilding literature is one gram per pound of bodyweight
per day. Some supplement manufacturers and 300-pound bodybuilders suggest higher – 2 to 3

grams per pound of bodyweight, but this is probably overkill. My advice is to try and obtain
most of your protein from natural food sources such as meat, fish and chicken, and then add
one or two protein shakes per day.
How to Mix a Protein Drink
You’d think that mixing a protein drink would be simple, but you’d be amazed at how many
292

people screw it up! First you have to understand that you’re trying to build quality lean muscle,
not just body mass. Before you begin experimenting, read protein supplement labels carefully.
Many cheaper brands are loaded with sugar and inferior protein sources. Stick to a reputable
brand such as MuscleTech, Twin Lab, or EAS.
If you don’t have one already, you’ll need to buy a blender. While most of the better
protein powders can be mixed with just a spoon, a blender will allow you to jazz things up by
adding in fruit, peanut butter, and yogurt.
You’ll probably be tempted to take double or triple the recommended amount of protein,
but there’s no need. The human body can only use about 20 to 30 grams of protein at any given
time (about the amount that one scoop of protein plus milk will provide). Taking two or three
times the serving size could give you gas, nausea or digestive problems. Besides, the excess
will just get deposited around your waistline.

What else can you add? The options are almost endless. While juice and water make
decent mixing mediums, most bodybuilders prefer milk. Unless you’re lactose intolerant, milk
is an excellent source of protein, carbohydrates and calcium, and it makes your protein shake
taste more like a milkshake … never a bad thing! For extra nutrients and taste, add in some
fruit such as banana, strawberries, berries or kiwi. A tablespoon or two of peanut butter makes
another great addition (natural peanut butter, not the commercial brands loaded with trans fats
and sugar). You can add oatmeal, flaxseed or other high-fiber, high-nutrition choices. Blend
first on medium to chop the solid ingredients, then switch to high speed to liquefy.
If you are lactose intolerant, you may be able to use yogurt. Yogurt is a milk product, but

can usually be tolerated by those who cannot digest lactose. Special bacteria in the yogurt break
down much of the lactose. One type of bacteria, called lactobacillus acidophilus, also implants
in the intestine and produces some of the B vitamins. Yogurt is an excellent source of protein,
minerals and carbohydrates. It has even been linked to lowered cholesterol levels and increased
longevity. Again, I’m talking about natural yogurt. Look for plain, low-fat yogurt with live
bacterial cultures and no fillers.
AMINO ACIDS
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and muscle tissue. Consuming amino acids
instead of protein seems to make more sense. Already in digested form, (you digest protein
down to the various amino acids) they place less stress on the liver and kidneys. Amino acids
are directly absorbed into the bloodstream.

As sensible as this appears it may be misleading. First of all, scientists are not sure in what
proportions the amino acids are best consumed. Second, as there are 20 to 22 amino acids,
you’d have to consume this many differ
ent supplements. Third, since they need to undergo a
more extensive production process, amino acid supplements are much more expensive. Finally
and most importantly, there is both scientific and anecdotal evidence to suggest that large
amounts of some amino acids may be harmful – either by themselves or when combined with
other amino acids or supplements.
293

Your health is of utmost importance, so be wary of the cheaper supplements. Spending a bit more money is well worth it
to ensure you’re getting quality products.
Photo of Joey Gloor by Irvin Gelb
Many people argue if you are eating enough high-quality protein in the form of food, then
amino acid supplements are not necessary and simply a waste of money. Furthermore, it seems
that our society is becoming increasingly dependent upon pills as quick-fix solutions to
everything. Combine that with a “more-is-more” mentality and you have problems. The
common painkiller Aspirin
®
 is a perfect example. One or two Aspirin
®
 might cure your
headache, but 100 will not cure it faster. In fact, this amount of drug will probably kill you. The
same might apply to amino acids. Your body evolved to remove the amino acids it needs from
food in a slow and controlled manner. The digestive process can be called selective absorption.
The body breaks down food at its own pace, removing what it needs when it needs it. Jumping

over much of the digestive process does not mean you’re making things more efficient. In fact,
you may overload your system and throw off the balance of crucial metabolic reactions,
endangering your health.
Are They Helpful?
Of course there is an opposing argument. Proponents of amino acid supplementation point out
that ample research proves bodybuilders can use amino acid supplements without risk of injury.
In fact, some experts suggest that they are an absolute must to maximize strength and size
gains. The theory is that since muscle growth is heavily dependent on nitrogen balance, it
stands to reason that nitrogen-based compounds, such as amino acids, will make a huge
difference. For those not familiar with the concept, biochemists use nitrogen balance to

measure, among other things, the potential for muscle growth. Positive nitrogen balance means
the amount of nitrogen being taken in from protein and amino acids should be greater than the
amount of nitrogen waste being excreted. This is the state necessary for amino acids and
protein to be converted into new muscle tissue. Conversely, negative nitrogen balance indicates
that more nitrogen is being excreted than taken in. In such states, the body will not only have
difficulty building new muscle tissue, it may start burning existing muscle tissue. While a
high-protein diet should ensure a state of positive nitrogen balance, amino acid supplements
guarantee it.
What Now?
Taking high dosages of individual amino acids has become less popular over the past decade or
so. Most bodybuilders report that the costs just didn’t match the results.

What Now?
Here are some of the amino acids and their reported effects:
AMINO ACID
EFFECT
Serine
helps energy production
Alanine
improves glycogen storage
Arginine
helps growth-hormone release
Proline
aids tissue repair
necessary in the manufacturing of other components in the
295

Leucine
body
Taurine
counters the effects caused by human aging
Glutamine
increases nitrogen retention; boosts the immune system
Histidine
needed for protein synthesis
Tryptophan
induces sleep
Branched-Chain Amino Acids – BCAAs
One group of amino acids deserves special mention because of their popularity among athletes.
The branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are named as such because of
their molecular structure, which has side groups or “branches” attached. BCAAs are among the
fastest-absorbed amino acids. Upwards of 70 percent of the amino acids processed by the liver
and released into the bloodstream are believed to be BCAAs. Within about three hours of eating
a high-protein meal, 
anywhere from 50 to 90 percent of the amino acids taken in by muscle
tissue are BCAAs. Muscle cells have an affinity for BCAAs. Many physiologists postulate that
after muscle cells take in BCAAs, the body creates an increase in the absorption of other amino

acids to keep things in balance. As leucine stimulates insulin release, the end result is an
increase in amino acid transport and muscle-tissue synthesis. It’s because of this that many
promoters of BCAAs consider them anabolic compounds.
The average dosage suggested for BCAAs is 1 to 4 grams taken 60 to 90 minutes after your
workout.
L-Glutamine
Of all the amino acids that can be taken separately, none come close to generating the potential
of L-glutamine. (Don’t let the “L” confuse you – many molecules exist in two forms that are
mirror images of one another. Chemists use “L” and “R” to denote left- or right-hand
orientation.) L-glutamine is classified as a “semi-essential” or “conditionally essential” amino
acid. Under normal circumstances the body can synthesize sufficient L-glutamine from other

amino acids to meet physiological demands, but under some conditions the body cannot do so.
Recently, L-glutamine has come to be regarded as one of the most important of the amino acids
when the body is subjected to stress such as trauma (including surgical trauma), cancer, burns
and … intense exercise! Under these conditions, L-glutamine becomes an essential amino acid,
and it is therefore very important to consume sufficient amounts to meet the increased
physiological demands created by these situations.
GLUTAMINE AFTER TRAINING
The body can produce glutamine on its own, but sometimes this essential amino acid is
needed in greater amounts than the body has the ability to produce. If you are training
hardcore, taking L-glutamine can help increase protein synthesis, regulate blood sugar,

accelerate recovery time and enhance immune function. It is suggested that you take 5
grams immediately post-workout to aid recovery and decrease soreness, and another 5
grams six hours later.
296

L-glutamine is primarily synthesized and stored in skeletal muscle. A closely related
amino acid, L-glutamate, is converted to L-glutamine in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme
glutamine synthase. This reaction requires ammonia, ATP and magnesium.
L-glutamine is a very versatile amino acid and participates in many reactions in the body.
It is important in the regulation of acid-base balance and allows the kidneys to excrete high-
acid urine, thus protecting the body against acidosis.
For bodybuilders, glutamine’s primary benefit is to keep the body in positive nitrogen
balance, as discussed earlier. One simple way to determine if the body is in a state of negative
nitrogen balance is to use your nose. Yes that’s right, take a good sniff! If the body is breaking
down muscle tissue to be used as a fuel source, one of the byproducts is ammonia. There is no
mistaking the smell of ammonia. Next time you see a triathlete or marathon runner at the gym,

just keep your nose open as you walk by. Chances are you’ll detect the distinct smell of
ammonia in their sweat. You’ll even smell it near pre-contest bodybuilders, as they are often in
a catabolic, muscle-wasting state.
Bodybuilder or not, everyone wants to remain healthy, and besides being a necessity in
muscle building, glutamine is also a primary ingredient in many of the immune system’s potent
germ fighters. Such immune-system cells as monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils are
enhanced with glutamine supplementation. As long periods of intense exercise can depress the
immune system, athletes would be wise to supplement with glutamine. The fact that the amino
acid also boosts muscle-tissue synthesis is a bonus.
The normal dosage of glutamine taken by bodybuilders and other athletes is 5 to 10 grams
per day. As

per day. As 
with creatine supplementation, it makes more sense to take smaller amounts more
frequently.
297

Certain supplements are more beneficial when taken either pre- or post-workout. Pay attention to optimal dosages and
298

“
suggested timings.
Photo of Benais Begovic by Robert Reiff
MCT OIL – MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES
MCT oil is another of those supplements that seems to have had its day. When the first edition
of this book came out, MCT oils ranked right up there with protein and creatine as a must-use
supplement. But, like many supplements that fell short of their promises, MCT oil is no longer
a favorite with bodybuilders.
As the name suggests, MCTs are medium-length fatty acid molecules believed to act like
carbohydrates as an energy source. They seem to play a role in fat metabolism by speeding up
an individual’s metabolic rate, thus causing body fat to be utilized faster. MCTs also produce a
compound called ketones that can also be used as an energy source. Many bodybuilders on pre-
contest diets find that MCTs suppress their appetites and help them preserve muscle tissue.
Dave ended up shitting his pants for two days and then was taken to hospital for two

days’ observation. He was in a bad way for two weeks because he failed to read the label.”
– Marc Rainbow, IFBB pro, telling of the time a gym member drank a bottle of MCT oil all at
once in an attempt to increase his energy level.
The anecdotal evidence from bodybuilders is that MCT oils are just not that effective. In
addition, large amounts of MCT oils can interfere with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E and K. Those suffering from diabetes should avoid MCT oils because of their ability to
increase ketone levels (a common side effect of diabetes). An individual with diabetes taking
MCT oil runs the risk of developing acidosis – a condition in which the body’s blood becomes
too acidic in nature, causing life-threatening problems.
CHROMIUM PICOLINATE

Chromium is a naturally occurring mineral found in such foods as meat, poultry, fish and whole
grain breads. The FDA recommends a daily chromium intake of approximately 130
micrograms. Combining chromium with picolinic acid simply aids in efficient chromium
absorption – this combined form is the most popular form found in supplements.
Bodybuilders use chromium picolinate primarily as a fat-burning agent. Some experts go
as far as to claim that this supplement can literally melt fat, drastically reduce appetite and
increase metabolism. Chromium is also believed to improve carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
Most of chromium’s effects appear related to its ability to make the body more sensitive to the
hormone insulin. The exact mechanism by which chromium improves insulin efficiency is

currently unclear. It has been suggested that chromium somehow works to increase sensitivity
of insulin receptors. There seems to be some merit to this theory, as a number of medications
used to treat diabetes are based on chromium.
I caution you, however, because research still hasn’t determined the exact mechanism of
chromium picolinate as it relates to fat loss. One claim is that improved insulin efficiency
causes an increase in the production of seratonin, which subsequently reduces appetite. Another
theory is that chromium can regulate the fat-production processes in the body, preventing
excess fat from forming.
299

The reaction among bodybuilders has been mixed. Some swear by chromium’s fat-burning
effects; others consider it worthless. Since it’s not that expensive and relatively safe, you may
want to give it a try – just don’t expect any dramatic results.
ZMA
ZMA is the name given to a patented mineral formula containing 30 milligrams of zinc and 450
milligrams of magnesium along with 11 milligrams of vitamin B-6. Balco Labs was the
original developer. If this name sounds familiar it’s because Balco Labs was made famous
when it 
was raided by federal agents in September of 2006. The owner of the lab was charged
with selling designer steroids to some of the world’s top athletes.
Balco observed that athletes often had mineral deficiencies, including zinc and
magnesium. Zinc plays a major role in testosterone production and magnesium helps oxygenate
muscle tissue. It stands to reason that deficiencies in either can severely hamper muscle-

building abilities. According to Balco, multivitamins that contain identical amounts of these
minerals will not cure the deficiency for athletes, but taking the minerals separately in their
ZMA product can, because of the theory of competing nutrients. If you take these products on
their own they do not compete with other minerals in your body and therefore you can use more
of them.
Many bodybuilders supplementing with ZMA have reported that they sleep better. The
importance of regular sleep for building muscle was discussed earlier and needs to be re-
emphasized. Sleep is a time when many anabolic hormones (including testosterone and growth
hormone) are released in greater concentrations. Sleep is also the time when muscle tissue is
built and repaired. To support their claims, Balco released the results of several studies that

revealed testosterone increases of about 30 percent and strength increases 2.5 times greater
than placebo groups. The main criticism of these studies was that the test subjects were athletes
on high-protein diets. Increased protein intake and high-intensity exercise are likely two major
contributing factors to their results. Besides, Balco Labs basically provided performance-
enhancing drugs to top athletes in exchange for ZMA endorsements. Barry Bonds went so far as
to attribute his dramatic physique transformation to ZMA. That makes their claims a little less
believable.
300

PROHORMONES
Prohormones remained largely unknown to the general public until 1998, when a reporter
spotted androstenedione in the locker of home-run slugger Mark McGwire. Suddenly, young
athletes everywhere were desperate for this new wonder supplement. The fact that McGwire
broke Roger Maris’ record of most home runs in a single season that year sent sales through the
roof.
In some respects, prohormones are a direct result of the reclassification of anabolic
steroids as illegal substances back in 1990. Recognizing that many former steroid users would
be looking for a legal alternative supplement, manufacturers began hiring biochemists to
synthesize a new class of supplements that possessed steroid-like effects without side effects or
legal issues. Thus, the prohormone was born. While the effectiveness and safety of
prohormones has been debated since their first use in bodybuilding, there is no argument about

their current status – they are illegal! In 2004 the Anabolic Control Act was amended to include
prohormones as illegal substances. Essentially, this act means that possession of either steroids
or prohormones could land you some serious jail time. It’s not worth the risk of using
prohormones. Still tempted? Well, look at it this way – where would you rather pump iron? The
local gym or the prison courtyard?
Breaking it Down
For those not familiar with prohormones and the terms commonly used to describe them, let’s
begin with a brief overview.
Using androstenedione as an example, we see that it is a molecule very similar to
testosterone, the principal male sex hormone. The primary difference is that where testosterone
has a hydroxyl group (hydrogen and oxygen bonded together and written as –OH) in a specific
301

position, androstenedione has a keto group (carbon and oxygen bonded by a double bond;
C=O). Simply put, androstenedione is one step away from testosterone. This makes it a
“precursor” or a “pro” (coming before) hormone.
The body can convert androstenedione to testosterone (and vice versa) by use of a specific
enzyme that is present in the body in fairly large amounts. Oral androstenedione
supplementation very briefly increases blood levels of testosterone. It is this ability to act as a
direct hormonal predecessor of testosterone that makes it attractive to bodybuilders and other
athletes. But while androstenedione is a precursor of testosterone it is also, unfortunately, a
precursor of estrone, one of the estrogenic hormones. As such, it can have adverse estrogenic
effects similar to those of anabolic steroids, such as gynecomastia (feminized swelling of the
nipples). Also, testosterone not only converts to estrone, but to a potent androgenic compound

known as dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Increased DHT levels will sometimes lead to hair and
skin problems.
Other variations of androstenedione are available including 4-androstendiol (4-AD) and 5-
androstenediol (5-AD), which differ chemically by the position of the chemical double bond in
the steroid molecule (hence the “4” and “5” designations). Like androstenedione, they also have
both androgenic and estrogenic activity (but in the case of 4-androstendiol, the estrogenic
conversion is indirect).
Another group of prohormones called “norandro” products are precursors of a compound
called nortestosterone, also called nandrolone. Nandrolone is a sex hormone found in certain
animals including horses. It also makes up half of the popular anabolic steroid nandrolone
deconate (also known as deca-durabolin).

Nadrolone exhibits a higher anabolic (tissue-building) activity in humans in relation to its
androgenic activity than does testosterone. Since nandrolone metabolizes to a weaker
compound than testosterone does, called dihydronandrolone, precursors of nandrolone are
much less likely than testosterone to cause hair, skin and other androgenic problems. Available
variations are 19-nor-4-androstenedione (19-nordione), 19-nor-4-androstenediol and 19-nor-5-
androstenediol (19-nordiols) (once again the numbers indicating the relative positions of the
primary bonds in the molecule).
302

Photo of Lind Walter by Irvin Gelb
TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS
The herb Tribulus terrestris (also known as puncture vine) first gained prominence as a “secret
weapon” employed by Bulgarian weightlifters. Tribulus terrestris is supposed to have many
metabolic properties including increasing muscle growth, improving sex drive, and “boosting”
male performance in the bedroom. There are also reports that Tribulus terrestris can treat colic
pains, lower blood pressure and reduce your cholesterol levels.
Mechanism of Action
Tribulus is believed to work by increasing the body’s levels of luteinizing hormone (LH),
produced by the body’s pituitary gland. LH in turn stimulates the testes to boost production of
testosterone. It’s commonly known that testosterone improves the body’s ability to build
muscle mass and strength. That’s why synthetic testosterone and related supplements (in the
form of anabolic steroids) are so popular. It should be emphasized, however, that Tribulus is

not a hormone supplement or prohormone. Because it works by increasing the body’s natural
production levels of testosterone, it works only within the body’s natural limits to help men
achieve their strength and muscular potential. Tribulus will not cause the body to indefinitely
303

produce more and more testosterone, but rather it balances natural hormone levels. As with any
supplement, Tribulus is no quick-fix miracle product. It will only help to improve strength in
conjunction with an exercise program that places the muscles under strain and then allows them
to recover. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the best dosage is 750 to 1,500 milligrams per
day. As of this publication, Tribulus terrestris is legal and doesn’t fall under the Anabolic
Control Act.
EPHEDRINE, EPHEDRA AND MA HUANG
These terms are all used to refer to the same substance derived from the ephedra plant. Other
common names for a beverage made from these plants are whorehouse tea and Mormon tea.
Ephedra is a shrub-like plant found in 
desert regions in central Asia and other parts of the
world. The dried greens of the plant are used medicinally. The primary ingredient in ephedra is
a stimulant called ephedrine, an FDA-regulated drug found in many over-the-counter asthma
medications.

Biochemically, ephedrine is what’s known as a beta agonist. This means it stimulates beta
receptors in the sympathetic nervous system (the “flight-fight” system). Ephedrine is used by
bodybuilders and other athletes for two primary reasons: for fat loss through thermogenesis and
as a stimulant.
Thermogenesis is the process of fat loss whereby the body’s temperature (particularly the
temperature of fat cells) is elevated slightly. Increased body temperature makes fat deposits
more susceptible to burning as a fuel source during periods of aerobic activity.
As a stimulant, ephedrine ranks somewhere between caffeine and amphetamine. Unlike
most over-the-counter supplements that claim to provide more energy, ephedrine is actually

very effective. In fact, it’s so effective at boosting performance that most sports organizations
have banned its use. Ephedrine’s close cousin, pseudoephedrine, which is not as powerful, is
also banned. A number of prominent athletes – including Canadian Olympic rower Silken
Laumann – have failed drug tests after using over-the-counter cold medications that contain
pseudoephedrine to combat the drowsy-inducing effects of some of the other ingredients. The
amount of pseudoephedrine present in these common medications is certainly not enough to
give the athlete any performance boost. Yet, athletes who have used them failed the test and
were disqualified from competition. This illustrates how serious sports organizations are about
eliminating drug use in sports.
The ECA Stack

Bodybuilders have discovered that combining caffeine, Aspirin® and ephedrine is probably the
most effective over-the-counter fat-loss and stimulant combination available. Although its
effectiveness is not fully understood, it is believed that taking all three drugs together produces
a synergistic effect. In other words, when the drugs are combined together, they magnify one
another’s effects. Instead of 2+2=4, 2+2=6, 8, 10 or more. The same parallel can be seen with
bodybuilding drugs. Separately, steroids, growth hormone and insulin produce amazing effects.
However, when all three are stacked together the end result is a lineup of 280-pound freaks with
2 percent body fat!
304

In recent years, there has been an attack on ephedrine-based products by both the media and
legislators. While still legally available, ephedrine products must now not contain more than 8
milligrams per tablet.
Much of the anti-ephedrine hysteria is based on a few cases where people died while using
the supplement. In virtually all the cases, the individuals either had pre-existing heart problems
or were taking megadoses of the drug. However, humans are, well, human, and just as with
protein powder or amino acids many people will think if some is good, more is better, despite
the warnings on the box – which they probably didn’t read anyway. The other problem is that
people often don’t know they have a preexisting medical condition until something happens …
such as dying.
So is ephedrine dangerous? Virtually every drug is dangerous if abused or if the individual
has pre-existing health issues. Ephedrine is no different. When used properly by healthy

individuals, it is probably the most effective stimulant and fat-loss compound available.
NITRIC OXIDE
Nitric oxide has become extremely popular in bodybuilding circles. Nitric oxide is a free-form
gas produced by the body to help cells communicate with each other. At the molecular level,
it’s composed of the amino acid arginine, chemically connected to the compound alpha-
ketoglutarate (itself synthesized from the amino acids ornithine and glutamine). Nitric oxide is
produced within the flat endothelial cells that line the inside of blood vessels. When endothelial
cells are stimulated – for example, during muscle contraction – nitric oxide is synthesized and
released. 
Once released, nitric oxide diffuses across the endothelial cell membrane into the

released. 
adjacent smooth muscle tissue of the blood vessels, causing them to relax and widen (a process
called vasodilation).
Bodybuilders have added nitric oxide to their kitbags for two reasons: To boost recovery
and to reduce joint and muscle pain. Nitric oxide increases blood flow, and many bodybuilders
believe increased blood flow delivers more nutrients to the muscle cells, thus helping them
grow during the adaptation and recovery phase. The anti-inflammation properties of nitric acid
are also valued, since intense training is hard on the joints and muscles.
Nitric Oxide Supplements and Side Effects
It may surprise you to learn that most nitric oxide supplements don’t contain nitric oxide.
Instead, they contain the precursor, arginine. Now, the body evolved to use amino acids in

proportion and balance, as earlier discussed, and the long-term risks associated with high
dosages of individual amino acids are unknown. Many users have reported experiencing nausea
and diarrhea when supplementing with more than 5 to 10 grams of arginine per day.
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS (EFAs)
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are a paradox in the nutrition field. We are continuously
bombarded with information about the evils of fat. Yet, as discussed earlier, some fats are just
as vital to health as protein, vitamins and carbohydrates. And to really confuse the issue, EFAs
can actually help you lose body fat!
Biochemically, EFAs are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from linolenic,
linoleic, and oleic acids. Humans cannot synthesize these, so they must therefore be obtained
305

through diet. Omega-3 and omega-6 are the two most important fatty acids to get through diet.
The third, omega-9, is considered nonessential because the body can manufacture a modest
amount on its own, provided the other essential EFAs are present.
EFAs support the cardiovascular, reproductive, immune and nervous systems. The human
body needs 
EFAs to manufacture and repair cell membranes, enabling the cells to obtain
optimum nutrition and expel harmful waste products.
A contest-winning physique is a testament to dedicated training, proper nutrition, and educated supplementation.
306

Photo of Armon Abidi by Alex Ardenti
Not eating enough EFAs is a leading cause of hardening of the arteries, abnormal blood-
clot formation, coronary heart disease, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. EFAs,
unsaturated fats, are utilized as building materials for cell membranes in all cells in the body.
Without them, the body has to use other fats, such as saturated fats, which over time can lead to
blocked arteries. EFAs also produce prostaglandins, hormone-like elements required for energy
metabolism, and for cardiovascular and immune system health.
The relationship between EFAs and fat loss is both ironic and true. Essential fats help us
keep slim by acting like the hormones that increase fat-burning and decrease fat production in
the body. They shift the body from carbohydrate-burning mode to fat-burning mode. Only the
essential fats, especially omega-3, accomplish these functions. By comparison, saturated fats

(and some monounsaturated fats) do not increase fat-burning and can lead to increased body
fats.
YOHIMBINE TOPICAL CREAM – A NEW TAKE ON SPOT REDUCTION
Much as we may wish it wasn’t true, we can’t spot reduce, or tell the body which specific fat
deposits to take. This aspect of dieting and exercising is frustrating because we all have a place
or two where the fat likes to settle – normally around the middle: waist and hips. Most people
will find that fat-loss techniques such as calorie reduction and cardio will leave them ripped in
the upper body. But getting a six-pack set of abs and for women, reducing the hips, can take an
almost superhuman effort. Since nobody wants to work hard to achieve their goals, the industry
has seen a boom in miracle fat-loss products. Just one swipe of this cream and your hips will

dramatically be reduced! Yeah right!
The latest supplement to be making its rounds in the competitive bodybuilding arena is
yohimbine topical cream. But before looking at how yohimbine works I need to look briefly at
the adrenogenic system.
307

The Role of Receptors
There are two types of adrenergic receptors: alpha and beta. There are also subtypes of each,
and depending on which are activated, lipolysis (breakdown of fat) can be either promoted or
impeded.
Most readers are probably familiar with the beta receptors. These can be further
subdivided into beta-1, -2 and -3 receptors. It is through these receptors that drugs such as the
popular ephedrine/caffeine/Aspirin
®
 stack and Clenbuterol exert their effects. While
Clenbuterol directly stimulates beta-2 receptors, ephedrine promotes its effects by stimulating
the release of norepinephrine (NE) – the body’s primary endogenous thermogenic hormone.
Unlike Clenbuterol, NE is not limited to binding to beta-2 receptors. Besides binding to the
beta-2 receptor, it also binds to both alpha receptors as well as the beta-1 and -3 receptors. Its
binding to the alpha-2 receptor is relevant to the role of yohimbine, so that is where I’ll now
focus my attention.

The Norepinephrine and Alpha-2-Receptor Relationship
When alpha-2 receptors are stimulated, NE release is inhibited. NE is nonselective for
receptors and will bind to most of them, including alpha-2 receptors. By binding to this
receptor, NE acts as its own negative feedback signal. In simple terms, it shuts off its own
release. You can probably gather why this is not productive for fat loss. To further confuse the
issue, alpha-2 receptors are activated at lower NE levels than the beta receptors. Thus,
thermogenesis is pretty much always turned off, particularly in areas with high alpha-2
densities.
Most people realize that men and women store body fat in different areas. However, most
do not realize the underlying biochemical reason. Basically, females tend to have a large
number of alpha-2 receptors and few beta receptors in the hips, thighs and butt. Men, however,

have this receptor distribution in the midsection. With exercise or the use of the popular
ephedrine/caffeine stack, NE levels can be increased to a point where the alpha-2 induced
inhibition fat-breakdown is partially overcome. But even then, the alpha-2 receptors are still
trying to shut off the fat breakdown process.
How Does Yohimbine Work?
Yohimbine is a selective alpha-2 antagonist. This means it can short-circuit the feedback loop
where NE binds to alpha-2 receptors, shutting down the fat-breakdown process.
A second, more indirect mechanism by which yohimbine can aid fat loss is by increasing
peripheral blood flow to the target areas. Adipose tissue (body fat) is known to have poor
vascularity. When triglycerides and other fats are broken down during lipolysis, they must also

be transported away from the fat cell or they risk being reincorporated into adipose tissue.
Although beta-receptor stimulation increases vasodilation (opening of the blood vessels), it
does not increase it enough to remove all of the free fatty acids released during lipolysis.
Contributing further to the problem is that NE also stimulates alpha-1 and -2 receptors, and this
causes vasoconstriction (a decrease in blood flow). Therefore, increasing the amount of
yohimbine to an area would be expected to increase blood flow and thus increase the disposal
of the various breakdown products of fat lipolysis.
Now you may think the easiest way to do this is by taking yohimbine in pill form or
injecting it directly into the blood stream. Unfortunately, to do this with pills or any other
308

method that results in high levels in the blood also means that there will be high levels in the
heart and central nervous system. This leads to unpleasant and dangerous side effects such as
tachycardia (irregular heart rate), high blood pressure, and anxiety. One way to get around all
this is by using transdermal delivery.
Transdermal – The Straight-In Approach
As the name implies, transdermal delivery means just that – across the dermis, or skin. You
may be familiar with popular transdermal drugs such as anti-smoking and anti-seasickness
patches that are placed on the shoulders or 
behind the ear. These drugs go directly into the
blood stream. Yohimbine fat-loss creams work in a similar manner – the cream is applied
directly to the area holding the extra fat and it immediately goes to work. Fat breakdown is
increased through the escalating NE efficiency (interfering with the feedback loop) and through
the increasing blood flow to the fat deposits.

Although rare, side effects from yohimbine creams can occur. Most are related to the
stimulation of the adrenogenic system. These include loss of appetite, dizziness, hand tremors,
and excessive sweating. Keep in mind that, as with most drugs, the risk of side effects can be
reduced by not abusing the product. For topical creams, we suggest using it for only six to eight
weeks. Also, rely on common sense – if you start experiencing severe side effects like a hand
tremor or irregular heartbeat, simply stop using the drug immediately!
GREENS: BE SURE TO EAT YOUR VEGETABLES!
We all know that fruits and vegetables are good for us. Most of us had our mothers threaten to
take away our desserts if we didn’t eat our veggies! Now doctors, nutritionists and other
healthcare professionals push the same information on us.

Unfortunately, most of us consume only a fraction of the fruits and vegetables we all know
we should. In fact, on average we are consuming only a third of the recommended daily intake
suggested by nutritionists. It’s difficult trying to eat five to ten servings of vegetables with our
hectic lives and our impatient attitudes. Its seems easier to choose fast-food.
But by not eating sufficient amounts of fruits and veggies we are placing ourselves at risk
for cancer, heart disease, rapid aging, memory impairment, acid alkaline imbalance and many
other conditions too numerous to list here. Including a nutrient-rich “greens” supplement as
part of your daily diet does not make up for this lack, but it can act as an insurance policy and
provide most of the protective power of fresh fruits and veggies.
309

Photo of Katsumi Ishimura by Paula Crane
Green Food Supplements as Antioxidants
Extreme stress triggers such as environmental toxins, dietary imbalances and job-related stress,
all contribute to an excessive production of what are called free radicals. Free-radical
production is a natural process that occurs in all of us. The difference lies in how many we
produce and more importantly, how effectively our bodies can neutralize them. Free radicals
are atoms, usually oxygen, that have lost a smaller subunit called an electron. That loss makes
them unstable, so they try to take electrons from other molecules within the body. It is this
“kidnapping” of electrons that causes damage at the cellular level. Unless neutralized,
excessive free radicals can speed up the aging process, disrupt immune function, and cause
genetic mutations in cells that can then become cancerous. In fact, free radicals have been
implicated in many common diseases.

Thankfully the body has evolved substances to neutralize free radicals. They are called
antioxidants, and they help protect cells from the destructive nature of free radicals. Common
sense should tell you that consumption of antioxidant-rich foods and supplements is critical.
Well 
guess what, fruits and vegetables, especially bright and colorful varieties, are loaded with
antioxidants!
Maintaining a Healthy Acid/Alkaline Balance
The foods we consume also have an impact on the delicate balance of acids and bases
(alkalines) in our bodies. Foods such as meat, sugar, alcohol, coffee and table salt, and factors
such as stress and disease tend to increase the level of acidity within our bodies. By contrast,
fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices are acid neutralizing, which means they help to bring our
systems back into balance.

Food is the best source of antioxidants and acid-neutralizing compounds. However, if you
do not eat enough fruits and vegetables, a quality greens food supplement can help. Greens
supplements are composed of super green foods such as wheat grass, barley grass, alfalfa,
chlorella, spirulina and other valuable plant extracts. Green food supplements typically come in
310

both powder and capsule form. The powder can be added to juice or water and is best taken first
thing in the morning. If you have never taken a greens supplement before, the rich green color
of the drink may throw you off, but the deepness of the color is a great indication of the
nutrients it provides. Some studies have revealed that the antioxidant capacity of land and sea
vegetables and herbs is actually greater when properly dried and powdered, offering more than
in its original raw form. This is because much of the volume of the plant is made up of water
and when the water is removed properly, the nutrient value is not only maintained, but also
concentrated.
VITAMIN AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS
It’s safe to declare that the good ol’ multivitamin is the most popular food supplement used by
the general public. It seems just about everyone is taking a one-a-day multivitamin. While it
probably makes sense from a general health perspective, there is considerable debate as to

whether or not extra vitamins and minerals boost exercise performance. On one hand, you have
coaches, magazines and even the media, saying that hard-training athletes need extra vitamins
and minerals. On the other side, you have nutritionists and researchers saying that good eating
practices will supply more than enough vitamins and minerals.
Unlike protein, for which there is some evidence to suggest that hard-training athletes
need more – no such evidence exists regarding vitamins and minerals. The few studies that did
reveal boosted performance focused only on individuals who were deficient in one or more
vitamins or minerals to begin with.
While some evidence suggests that female athletes who have heavy menstrual periods may
need extra iron, most people don’t need to mega dose on vitamins and minerals. In fact, as

mentioned earlier, some vitamins and minerals are toxic in high dosages.
The best way to determine whether or not you need a multivitamin is to critique your diet.
Are you getting the right number of servings per day? Do you eat plenty of fruits, but not nearly
the same amount of vegetables? Supplements should be just that – an addition to a diet that is
lacking in something. Take vitamin and mineral supplements only if you really feel you need
to.
Photo by Paul Buceta
311

“
T
CHAPTER 39
Size or Shape? – The Chicken & Egg Dilemma
“A four-inch chest gain is great, but a four-inch waist gain at the same time is
not at all acceptable.”
– Frank Sepe, top bodybuilding model and columnist for 
,
clearing up some confusion about size and shape.
Reeves’ training sometimes ran counter to the traditional wisdom of the day. He was
known to down-size a muscle – or simply neglect training it – if it didn’t complement
adjacent muscles.”
– Michael J. De Persis, 
 contributor, commenting on how the great
Steve Reeves always tried to keep his muscles in perfect proportion.
he irony about the never-ending size-and-shape debate is that there really shouldn’t be any
debate at all. Shape and size are interrelated; you can’t really have one without the other.
Besides, shape really means two things: the shape of the individual muscles and the overall
shape of the body. You can’t do much to change the shape of your muscles, because muscle

shape is primarily a result of genetics. Fortunately, you have more flexibility when it comes to
changing your overall body shape. As soon as you begin building size you automatically change
the shape of your body. But you want to ensure that the shape you are building is appealing –
you must build muscle evenly. Building the largest body may be your goal, but a preferable
goal might be to build the most perfectly proportioned body. Always keep track of which
exercises you’re doing, why you’re doing them, which muscles are responding and which ones
are lagging behind and need more work. This is the only way to shape the body properly.
315

The shape of your muscles is primarily determined by genetic makeup. By training, you build size and thus change your
overall body shape.
Photo of Dexter Jackson and Phil Heath by Irvin Gelb
If your goal is to eventually compete in bodybuilding contests you should concentrate on
shaping your body from the very beginning. Now by this we don’t mean limiting yourself to
isolation exercises. Instead, use basic compound movements to put mass where it belongs.
Compound movements also give your physique great-looking proportions, because they work
more than one muscle at a time.
It’s amazing what a bit of creative training can do for a physique. Just take a look at
Dexter Jackson or Victor Martinez. While neither has the mass of Jay Cutler or Ronnie
Coleman, they can hold their own in competition because they’ve paid careful attention to their
proportions. By following this philosophy, guys such as Frank Zane, Shawn Ray, and Lee

Labrada beat competitors who outweighed them by 30 or 40 pounds. But the big guys wouldn’t
shine without proportion, either. Guys like Oliva, Arnold, Haney, Yates, Coleman and Cutler all
have had (or have) well-proportioned bodies with muscle mass distributed evenly over their
bodies.
TRAINING IMPLICATIONS
“You cannot build a good physique using just a few movements. It’s impossible. Just think for a
moment. How can an individual build a balanced physique when typically his workout routine
includes 15 sets of bench presses, 10 sets of shoulder presses, 5 squats, even fewer back
movements, and probably no forearm, calf, or abdominal work.”
– The late Vince Gironda, the Iron Guru, commenting on where most bodybuilders go wrong in
their training.

So what does all this mean for your training? Despite what some experts may tell you, all
exercises are mass-builders – no exceptions. Yes it’s true that some exercises are better than
others for building mass (bench presses, squats, barbell curls, etc.), but even the so-called
shaping exercises (side laterals, dumbell flyes, concentration curls, and leg extensions) will
stimulate muscle growth – just not to the same extent as the basic compound movements. Your
shape comes from where the muscle mass is added. Side laterals, for example, shape the
shoulders by building the side shoulder. Dumbell flyes build the outer 
regions of the chest
muscles. The flat barbell bench press is great for building the lower and outer chest, but
eventually you’ll probably need to do more incline presses and flyes to balance out the upper

chest. In fact, sticking to the bench press is a pitfall of many bodybuilders. The bench is great
for beginners because it stimulates many different muscles of the upper body including the
shoulders and triceps. But many bodybuilders let their egos take over and begin to focus on
“how much they can bench” rather than if the exercise is producing results. Because they are
using whatever means necessary to push the weight up, you’ll often see their front delts take
over from their chest in development.
One of the worst things you can do is to become set in your ways. You’ll have to follow a
program to begin with, but if a certain exercise is not increasing the size of the targeted muscle
and adding to the shape of your body, get rid of it. Even bodybuilders who seem to grow by

looking at weights must constantly modify their training routines to keep their physiques
balanced and in proportion.
316

TRAINING GUIDELINES
Your first step to fantastic, huge, perfect proportions might surprise you, but it will guarantee
results: Read. Read as many books as you can on anatomy and physiology. Try a used
bookstore as you’ll probably pick up university and college textbooks for a few dollars. Don’t
forget the monthly magazines such as 
 and 
Reps!
 Remember there is
no such thing as too much knowledge.
The next step is to listen to your body. If you’ve said it’s leg day but your legs are still
aching from the last workout, then work out a different bodypart. And just because the bench
press is a great chest exercise for some doesn’t necessarily mean it will put Cutler-sized pecs
on you. For some people the bench press does very little for chest development because their
front delts and pecs take over. You must learn what works for you and trust your training
judgment.
Determining which bodyparts are growing the fastest and which are weak points is an important part of your training.

judgment.
By doing so, you’ll know which areas to prioritize.
Photo of Jay Cutler by MuscleTech
Besides your own judgment, it never hurts to get a second and even third opinion. While
your friends are a good place to start, keep in mind they may hide their negative opinions – or
they may just not know about bodybuilding physiques. If you know a few competitive
317

bodybuilders or, better still, bodybuilding judges, ask them to give you an honest appraisal of
your physique. Now be warned – you may get a brutally honest opinion. And that’s what you
want. Just remember that honest comments will do more for your physique than the classic:
“You look great.” Bodybuilding judges will not judge you on how you look relative to Joe
Couch Potato, they will be comparing you to the best onstage with you.
GIVE PRIORITY WHERE IT’S DUE
Another strategy is to pay close attention to your bodyparts to determine which are growing the
fastest and which are lagging behind. As soon as you notice weak points, modify your training
routine to give them priority. Start training them first in your workout when your energy
reserves are highest. Don’t be afraid to perform a few extra sets and reps for these slackers,
either. In order to balance out a physique it’s sometimes necessary to deliberately slow down

the progress of fast-growing muscles so the slow-growers catch up. If your back is weak and
your chest is strong, then train your back first and give it lots of sets. Meanwhile, train only
enough chest to keep up what mass you have. You can even do the same within one bodypart.
For example, if your upper chest starts lagging behind your lower chest, back off on your flat
presses and flyes and increase your inclines.
The same logic applies to legs. Early in your training career you can begin every leg
workout with squats, but if you’re like most bodybuilders, eventually your thighs and glutes
will start overpowering your hamstrings. Stiff-leg deadlifts and leg curls might not give you the
same degree of satisfaction as squats do, but they’ll balance the back of your upper legs with

the front. And believe me, no one can win a competition at any level with flat hamstrings, no
matter how great their quads are.
STRIKE A BALANCE
Another mistake many bodybuilders make is training bodyparts that respond quickly because
they enjoy seeing the results while ignoring bodyparts that don’t respond well or that they can’t
see. But just because you can build certain areas to a huge size doesn’t necessarily mean you
should. Men are notorious for building biceps and not triceps, chest and not back, quads and not
hamstrings, and even upper body but not lower body. This is like walking around with a rat’s
nest at the back of your head thinking that because you look fine in the mirror there’s no
problem. You may not have a 360-degree view of yourself, but others do, so make sure you

look balanced from every perspective.
Most people seem to have an easy time building their upper muscles and a hard time
building their “lowers.” You likely have a better-developed upper quad than lower, and the
same goes for your biceps. On the other hand, your upper chest development probably pales in
comparison to your lower chest. A great-looking physique requires a balance between your
“uppers” and “lowers” – especially the upper and lower chest, upper and lower biceps, upper
and lower quads, upper and lower abs, and upper and lower back.
Finally, for complete development you need to remember that the muscles have two main
parts: the large muscle belly, and the end regions, which are called origins and insertions.
Squats will do a great job of building the center thighs and glutes, but you’ll probably need to

perform extensions and leg presses to fill in the thighs closer to the knee. The standing barbell
curl is probably the best exercise for building the belly of the biceps. However, to really fill in
318

the lower biceps and brachialis (the muscle that connects the upper arm to the forearm) you’ll
have to incorporate preacher curls and reverse curls into your arm training. Generally speaking,
basic compound exercises are best for the larger belly of the muscle and isolation exercises
work for the origins and insertions.
BE A MASTER OF ILLUSION
Just as a ripped 180-pound bodybuilder will appear larger than a smooth 220-pounder, so too
can you use illusion to maximize your physical appearance. Hopefully by now you are
beginning to see that muscle size, shape, proportion and symmetry are not purely the result of
genetics; how you train is a huge factor. Intelligent training allows you to improve your
symmetry by emphasizing weak areas and de-emphasizing fast-growing areas. Even with
limited genetic ability you can turn mediocrity into greatness. You may never carry the
Olympia-sized mass of a Jay Cutler, Ronnie Coleman or Gustavo Badell, but there’s no reason
you can’t develop an eye-catching physique.

For thousands of years magicians have used illusion to make people see what wasn’t there.
From a bodybuilding perspective, illusion can be a genetically challenged competitor’s best
friend. Although structural weaknesses cannot be totally hidden or eliminated, with creative
training they can be minimized or disguised.
The best example in bodybuilding is the illusion of shoulder width. There is little you can
do to widen your bone structure. (You can “stretch out” your clavicles if you are under 30.
More on that later.) Yet with a bit of creativity you can make your shoulders appear a couple of
inches wider. By adding just an inch to each shoulder, your shoulders appear two inches wider.
At the same time, you can use a combination of diet and cardio to reduce your midsection by
another two or three inches. The final effect of all this is a four- to five-inch increase in the

appearance of your shoulder width. Besides the extra couple of inches on your shoulders,
you’ve dramatically enhanced your V-taper by shrinking your waist a few inches.
Let’s continue your transformation by balancing out those legs of yours. First, add in some
leg extensions and presses to increase the size of your lower quads. Then by adding in seated
calf raises to work your lower calves, you create the illusion that you have long full calves.
You can carry out similar changes to the upper body. You’ll do preacher curls to bring out
the lower biceps and dips to emphasize the lower and outer chest. By building the lower and
outer chest you emphasize the line that separates the chest from the abdominals. This gives the
pecs an armor-plate look and also creates the illusion of upper-body width. If your arms appear

as two straight sticks, you can overcome this by emphasizing the side (lateral) triceps. This
makes you look as if you have two hams hanging from your shoulders.
The average bodybuilder can expect to make noticeable changes in as little as four to six
months. Within half a year you’ll actually start looking like a bodybuilder. Another six months
and you might be ready for your first bodybuilding contest. Another year or two and it might be
the state or regionals. Don’t let your current appearance deflate your confidence.
319

Bodybuilding isn’t magic, but it does involve the power of illusion. Certain exercises will help minimize specific
321

structural weaknesses.
Photo of Victor Martinez by Irvin Gelb
EXERCISES FOR SHAPE AND ILLUSION
Now that you know the importance of building size in the right places, let’s look at some of the
best exercises for developing symmetry and proportion, and ways to create illusion.
Upper Chest:
 Although it is a great exercise, the flat barbell press doesn’t do a very good job
of filling in the upper chest. The best exercises for this are incline presses using barbells,
dumbells, or the Smith machine. Once you have a decent amount of muscle mass in the upper
chest, start adding incline dumbell flyes to your routine to give the upper chest a good stretch
and to help fill in the area where the front shoulders join the chest. You may have to
experiment with the angle on the bench. Most bodybuilders find that angles between 20 and 30
degrees work best, but others need to go even shallower – say to 10 or 15 degrees. Others may
need to go higher – somewhere between 30 and 45.
Outer Chest:

 To really create the illusion of chest and torso width, try dips. Most gyms have
parallel dipping bars but you may have access to bars that form a V. Try both and see which
feels the most comfortable, particularly on the shoulder joint. When doing dips for the chest,
always lean forward and keep the elbows flared wide. Narrow upright dips tend to put most of
the stress on the triceps. Flat and decline flyes are great for building the outer chest and for
carving that clean line that separates the chest from the torso.
Lateral Head of the Triceps:
 To hit the outer or lateral head of the triceps, try triceps
pushdowns with your elbows held wide (that is, not tucked close to the sides like traditional
pushdowns). Also, try performing the exercise with a rope instead of a metal attachment. The

rope allows you to flare your hands out at the bottom of the exercise. Another great way to
target the outer triceps is to perform lying dumbell extensions by lowering to the opposite side
of the body rather than to the ears.
Lower Triceps:
 While there is no way to lengthen short triceps, you can create the illusion of
length by building the lower end of the long head. One of the best exercises for doing this is the
lying EZ-bar extension, again with the elbows flared wider than normal. Another lower-triceps
builder is one-arm cable pulldowns with the hand supinated (facing upwards).
Lower Biceps:
 Nothing looks as impressive as a front double biceps pose that shows no gap or
space between the upper forearm and lower biceps. Unfortunately, biceps length is primarily

genetic. But, as you’re learning, you can create the illusion of increased length by targeting the
lower biceps. And without a doubt the No. 1 exercise for hitting the lower biceps is the
preacher, or Scott, curl. You can use the straight or EZ-curl bar, dumbells or a cable machine
for this exercise. Try them all. After preacher curls, the hammer curl and Zottman curl will also
help fill in the gap by beefing up the upper forearms and brachialis.
Side Shoulders:
 By far the best way to widen the shoulders (at least in terms of muscle mass)
is to increase the size of your side shoulders. The best exercise for doing this is the side
dumbell raise (also called a lateral raise). For variety, try performing the exercise with one or
322

two arms at a time. You can also do the exercise on a cable pulley machine or side raise
machine. Other great side shoulder exercises are medium- or wide-grip upright rows.
Rear Shoulders:
 Nothing adds power to the physique and impressiveness to back poses like a
well-developed set of rear shoulders. Just take a look at the rear deltoids on such current
champions as Victor Martinez, Dexter Jackson, Jay Cutler, Toney Freeman and Gustavo Badell.
Without rear delts, your coconuts will be a half shell! The best exercise to target the rear
deltoids is the bent-over lateral raise. You can perform this exercise either standing up and bent
over at the 
waist, or sitting down on the end of a flat bench. If you find the exercise stressful on
the lower back, try performing it lying facedown on a 20- to 30-degree inclined bench. As with
dumbell side raises, you can also perform bent-over lateral raises using a cable pulley machine.
Another great rear shoulder exercise is the reverse pec-deck.
Lower Lats:

 When it comes to full back development, few bodybuilders come close to Jay
Cutler and Ronnie Coleman in back poses. (Although Franco Columbu and Dorian Yates in
their day would beg to differ!) True back impressiveness is heavily dependent upon genetics;
where your lats attach to the torso can make or break most back poses. Those with the best lat
spreads have lats that attach down low, and their lats have that broad, sweeping manta-ray look.
Conversely, those with high lats have a large gap between their lats and waist.
While you can’t shift the lat attachments, you can emphasize the lower lats and create the
illusion of lower lat attachments. Instead of performing front pulldowns with a wide, palms
facing forward grip, grab the bar with a shoulder-width grip, palms facing towards you (called a

reverse grip). You can make the same modification on chin-ups. Barbell rows can also be
performed this way. But keep in mind that this grip places more stress on the biceps than a
wider grip does. You’ll eventually reach a point where the back muscles will be capable of
lifting much more weight than what the biceps can safely handle (six-time Mr. Olympia Dorian
Yates found this out the hard way when he tore one of his biceps while reverse barbell rowing
with over 350 pounds). One way to help take your biceps out of the equation is to use
Flexsolate lifting straps.
Serratus:
 While bulging biceps are a dime a dozen in gyms and on bodybuilding stages, there’s
just something about a well-developed set of serratus that gives the physique a truly polished

Serratus:
look. Besides adding a finishing touch to your physique, a well-developed set of serratus will
give you more stability on such exercises as squats and bench presses. One of the best exercises
for working the serratus is the cross-bench dumbell pullover. Other great exercises include
narrow reverse-grip pulldowns and chin-ups, and straight-arm pushdowns. But diet is just as
important to the serratus as any exercise. This is one of those muscles that simply disappears
under a layer of fat.
Upper Thighs or “Thigh-Rods”:
 These are the chords of muscle located at the top of the
thighs that go right up under the posing trunks. Probably the best exercise to bring them out is
the lying leg extension. As many gyms don’t have this variation of the leg extension, you can

try sissy squats and lunges. Also, practice contracting your thighs hard between sets.
Lower Thighs:
 The best exercise for bringing out the lower thigh muscles is the leg extension,
but make sure you lock completely out at the top of the exercise. Other great lower thigh-
builders are sissy squats, front squats, hack and Smith-machine squats. The vastus medialis, or
323

teardrop, is stressed mainly in the top half of the squat, whereas the whole quad is stressed
evenly at the bottom. So do your full squats, but if you need to bring out your teardrop then do
a set of half squats as well.
Lower Calves:
 Most people who are considered to have weak calves have a gastrocnemius that
attaches high on the leg. To help camouflage this deficiency you should spend extra time
working on the low calf muscles (called the soleus). By building this smaller muscle you can
make it appear as if your calves are longer and fuller than they really are. The best exercise for
this is the seated calf raise machine, but most calf exercises done with the knees bent will shift
most of the stress from the upper to the lower calves.
324

W
CHAPTER 40
Intermediate-Level Training
“No painting or sculpture is ever judged solely on how big it is, any more than
a piece of music is judged only on how long it takes to play. Size alone just
won’t cut it. Why should you be any different?”
– 
’s editor-in-chief, commenting on the state of bodybuilding in
which size, above all else, seems to be vogue.
hile it’s difficult to determine precisely when one becomes an intermediate-level
bodybuilder, the general opinion is that once you’ve completed four to six months of
regular and consistent training you may consider yourself intermediate.
Initially, one exercise per bodypart produced good results. However, by now your muscles
have adapted to that workload, developing the strength and conditioning to handle more intense
workouts. You might add more sets and more exercises. The core of your workouts will still be
basic compound exercises, but you’ll now start adding some isolation exercises (the exception

to this will be back training because most exercises are compound movements). Up until now
you have been working your full body three days a week. The incorporation of these extra
exercises into your program will mean splitting your workouts.
Different exercise positions and variations will recruit different muscle fibers, allowing you to maximize mass and
325

shape.
Photo of Armin Scholz by Robert Reiff
INTERMEDIATE TRAINING ROUTINES
Four-Day Splits
“You must realize that no single exercise will work an entire muscle. Different exercise
positions bring different muscle fibers into play. Therefore, mass and shape are both best built
by doing a number of exercises for each muscle group.”
I’ve listed the following routines as Day 1: Monday and Thursday, and Day 2: Tuesday and
Friday; you can perform them on a two-days-on/one-day-off or one-day-on/one-day-off
schedule. You can even alternate these in a two-week program. No matter what version you
follow, simply perform the opposite workout from the previous day’s training. And make sure
to take your days off! The body needs rest in order to build muscle. Please see exercise
descriptions in Appendix Two for details.
326

Training splits aren’t set in stone – adjust your program and find a split that works best for your bodybuilding goals.
327

Photo of Fouad Abiad by Jason Breeze
ROUTINE (1a)
Monday-Thursday
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Flat Bench Presses
3
8–12
Incline Flyes
3
8–12
Chin-Ups
3
8–12
One-Arm Rows
3
8–12
3
8–12
Concentration Curls
3
8–12
External Rotations/Internal Rotations
2 each
15–20
Crunches
3
15–20
Leg Raises
3
15–12
ROUTINE (1b)
Tuesday-Friday
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
3
8–12
Leg Extensions
3
8–12
Leg Curls
3
8–12
3
15–20
3
15–20
Shoulder Presses
3
8–12
Lateral Raises
3
8–12
Bench Dips
3
8–12
One-Arm Reverse-Grip Pushdowns
3
8–12
ROUTINE (2a)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
8–12
328

Flat Flyes
3
8–12
3
8–12
Lat Pulldowns
3
8–12
Dumbell Curls
3
8–12
3
8–12
2
15–20
2
15–20
Crunches
3
15–20
3
15–20
ROUTINE (2b)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
8–12
Hack Squats
3
8–12
Lying Leg Curls
3
8–12
3
15–20
3
15–20
3
8–12
Bent-Over Laterals
3
8–12
Barbell Shrugs
3
8–12
Lying Extensions
3
8–12
Dumbell Extensions
3
8–12
ROUTINE (3a)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
8–12
3
8–12
Military Presses
3
8–12
3
8–12
Upright Rows
3
8–12
Upright Dips
3
8–12
3
8–12
2 each
15–20
329

Swiss-Ball Crunches
3
15–20
Ball Passes (with partner)
3
15–12
ROUTINE (3b)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
15–20
3
15–20
T-Bar Rows
3
8–12
Seated Cable Rows
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Bench Dips
3
8–12
ROUTINE (4a)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Dips
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Narrow-Grip Bench Presses
3
8–12
3
8–12
2 each
15–20
Roman-Chair Sit-Ups
3
15–20
3
15–20
ROUTINE (4b)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
330

3
8–12
3
8–12
Seated Leg Curls
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
15–20
Chin-Ups
3
8–12
3
8–12
Seated Incline Dumbell Curls
2
8–12
Standing Cable Curls
3
8–12
ROUTINE (5a)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Standing/Seated Calf Raises
3 each
15–20
3
8–12
Incline Dumbell Flyes
3
8–12
3
8–12
Rope Pushdowns
3
8–12
2 each
15–20
ROUTINE (5b)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Bent-Over Rows
3
8–12
3
8–12
Dumbell Presses
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Alternating Dumbell Curls
3
8–12
3
15–20
3
15–20
331

ROUTINE (6a)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Donkey Calf Raises
3
8–12
Dips
3
8–12
3
8–12
Narrow Presses
3
8–12
One-Arm Extensions
3
8–12
2 each
15–20
ROUTINE (6b)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
T-Bar Rows
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Cable Laterals
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Crunches
3
8–12
Rope Crunches
3
8–12
332

Some exercises are better for building mass, but even the so-called shaping exercises will stimulate muscle growth.
334

Photo of Evgeny Mishin by Irvin Gelb
ROUTINE (7a)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Decline Barbell Presses
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Chin-Ups
3
8–12
3
8–12
Incline Dumbell Curls
3
8–12
2
15–20
2
15–20
3
15–20
Hanging Leg Raises
3
15–20
ROUTINE (7b)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
3
8–12
Sissy Squats
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Pushdowns
3
8–12
ROUTINE (8a)
335

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
8–12
Flat Dumbell Flyes
3
8–12
Chin-Ups
3
8–12
T-Bar Rows
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
2 each
15–20
Crunches
3
15–20
3
15–20
ROUTINE (8b)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
15–20
3
15–20
3
8–12
Bent-Over Raises
3
8–12
Lying Dumbell Extensions
3
8–12
3
8–12
ROUTINE (9a)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Dips
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
2 each
15–20
3
15–20
336

3
15–20
ROUTINE (9b)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
15–20
3
15–20
3
8–12
Incline Curls
3
8–12
3
8–12
Kickbacks
3
8–12
ROUTINE (10a)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Smith-Machine Incline Presses
3
8–12
Dips
3
8–12
3
8–12
Dumbell Pullovers
3
8–12
Cable Curls
3
8–12
3
8–12
2 each
15–20
Crunches
3
15–20
Medicine-Ball Twists
3
15–20
ROUTINE (10b)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
3
8–12
Lunges
3
8–12
337

3
15–20
3
15–20
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Bench Dips
3
8–12
3
8–12
ROUTINE (11a)
EXERCISE machine only – not counting abs)
SETS
REPS
Pec-Deck Flyes
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
Front Machine Presses
3
8–12
Lateral Raise Machine
3
8–12
Cable External/Internal Rotations
2 each
15–20
3
15–20
3
15–20
ROUTINE (11b)
SETS
REPS
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
15–20
3
15–20
3
15–20
3
8–12
Preacher-Machine Curls
3
8–12
3
8–12
Behind-Head Rope Extensions
3
8–12
338

ROUTINE (12a)
SETS
REPS
Squats/Lunges
3 each
8–12
3
8–12
One-Leg Calf Raises
3
15–20
Lying EZ-Bar Extensions
3
8–12
3
8–12
Preacher Curls/Incline Curls
3 each
8–12
2 each
15–20
Swiss-Ball/Reverse Crunches
3 each
15–20
ROUTINE (12b)
SETS
REPS
3
8–12
3
8–12
Chin-Ups
3
15–20
3
15–20
3
15–20
3
8–12
3
8–12
3
8–12
339

D
CHAPTER 41
Dumbell-Only Training
“Using dumbells can help you break past a frustrating plateau. You can hit
your muscles from a myriad of angles and do exercises in ways you never
thought of. If you haven’t been improving for a while then try two weeks of
dumbell-only training. You might be surprised at the result.”
– Gerard Thorne, regular contributor to 
Reps!
 magazine and author of numerous books
on bodybuilding, on training with dumbells.
umbells are often referred to as the barbell’s little brothers. And as is the case with many
younger siblings, their big brothers’ accomplishments often overshadow them. Most of the
exercises we use for measuring strength – bench presses, deadlifts, clean and jerks, and squats –
are performed using barbells. Rarely do we hear guys asking one another: “How much can you
dumbell press?” or “What’s your max on the lateral raise?” But these often-neglected little
jewels of iron have an important role to play, and in fact may be the key to jazzing up your

workouts and breaking through training plateaus.
THE DUMBELL ADVANTAGE
1
 They stress both sides of the body evenly. Although barbells are far superior to machines in
this regard, you’re still holding one object with two hands. The stronger side will always
dominate to a certain extent. But with two dumbells the weaker side will be subjected to the
exact same weight as the stronger. Over time, dumbells do a better job of correcting muscle
imbalances.
2
 They offer a greater range of motion on some exercises. On an exercise such as the barbell
bench press you can lower the bar only so far before it touches your chest. You can lower
dumbells farther and therefore get a greater stretch at the bottom.
3
 They are versatile. Every major muscle in the human body can be exercised with dumbells –

3
and usually with multiple exercises. Machines are usually muscle specific, and even the much-
vaunted barbell generally gives you one or perhaps two exercises for each muscle. Dumbells
allow you to do many different versions of the same exercise, from numerous angles.
342

4
 An extension of #3: You can change the angles of an exercise to stress a muscle better or to
work around an injury.
5
 They are great for unilateral training. All barbell and most machine exercises force you to
train both sides of the body at the same time, but dumbells allow you to train each side
separately if you wish. This is great if you want to do a few extra sets for a lagging muscle
group. Unilateral training also allows you to concentrate better on each muscle.
You may even realize a physiological benefit with unilateral training. Scientists have
determined that when you train both sides at the same time, the brain has to split the nerve
impulse. When you train each side separately (or in an alternating fashion) the entire nerve
impulse is directed just one way. This may lead to a better overall muscle contraction.
A final advantage to using dumbells is safety. Unlike squats or bench presses where a
spotter is an absolute must on heavy lifts, dumbells are much safer and if anything goes wrong,

they can be dropped without trapping you underneath.
SO LET’S GET TO IT!
Hopefully by now you are starting to see why dumbells should not be considered the junior
members of the strength-training family. Here are a few sample full-body routines based solely
on dumbells:
Dumbells offer a variety of benefits, but are superior for correcting muscle imbalances because they work each side of
the body equally.
Photo of Vander Van Assche by Irvin Gelb
343

Alternating sides when training with dumbells affects the nerve impulses such that a better muscle contraction may be
achieved.
ROUTINE 1
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Bodypart – Legs
 
Dumbell Squats
2–3
8–12
Stiff-Leg Deadlifts (with dumbells)
2–3
8–12
One-Leg Dumbell Calf Raises
2–3
15–20
Bodypart – Chest
 
344

2–3
8–12
2–3
8–12
Bodypart – Back
 
2–3
8–12
2–3
8–12
Bodypart – Shoulders
 
2–3
8–12
Side Lateral Raises
2–3
8–12
Bent-Over Dumbell Raises
2–3
8–12
Bodypart – Biceps
 
2–3
8–12
2–3
8–12
Bodypart – Triceps
 
2–3
8–12
Seated Dumbell Extensions (two hands, one
dumbell)
2–3
8–12
ROUTINE 2
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
 
Dumbell or Walking Lunges
2–3
8–12
Lying Dumbell Hamstring Curls
2–3
8–12
Two-Leg Dumbell Calf Raises
2–3
15–20
 
2–3
8–12
2–3
8–12
 
Dumbell Upright Rows
2–3
8–12
Two-Arm Dumbell Rows
2–3
8–12
 
Front Dumbell Raises
2–3
8–12
One-Arm Lateral Raises
2–3
8–12
Dumbell Shrugs
2–3
8–12
 
Dumbell Preacher Curls
2–3
8–12
2–3
8–12
 
Dumbell Kickbacks
2–3

2–3
8–12
2–3
8–12
2–3
8–12
 
2–3
8–12
2–3
8–12
 
2–3
8–12
Seated Dumbell Extensions (one hand, one
345

B
“
CHAPTER 42
Training Injuries – When Things Go Wrong
“The truth is, most top bodybuilders squat, bench or deadlift truly heavy only
once or twice a month. The top champs have long known that they cannot
train all-out every workout. Their joints won’t take the punishment and their
bodies can’t recover from constant high-intensity training.”
 contributor, commenting on why most top
bodybuilders cycle their training intensities.
efore we look at some of the common training injuries and their prevention and treatment, a
word of caution: Please don’t read this chapter and consider yourself medically trained. Far
from it. Hundreds if not thousands of different injuries can potentially occur to the body’s
muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bones. In fact every single structure in the human
body is a site for a potential injury. This chapter merely gives you a general introduction to

sports-related injuries. It is not meant to be a self-diagnostic manual. At the first sign of a
serious injury, immediately put down the weights, leave the gym and seek medical advice.
Don’t let Danny Deltoid or Billy Biceps tell you “oh it’s nothing” and force out two more reps.
Doing so may turn a minor injury into a major one – possibly lifelong. Don’t let your
bodybuilding career come to halt simply because you listened to some gym rat.
Many bodybuilders try and work through the pain, not understanding the tendon’s
function. They unwittingly worsen the situation.”
– Dr. Marc Darrow
SORENESS VS. INJURY
For virtually every bodybuilder the sign of a great workout is soreness. This is not surprising,
as any time you subject the muscles to a greater than normal level of stress, one of the most

recognizable post-workout symptoms is soreness – and added stress is necessary to elicit
muscle growth. Bodybuilders welcome this “sweet pain.” In fact, a workout followed by little
or no soreness is deemed a waste by many bodybuilders.
While muscle soreness is indeed a form of injury, the injury has occurred at the
microscopic level and is the precursor to muscular growth – remember the body heals injured
muscle fibers by making them slightly bigger and stronger.
The key to injury prevention is to listen to your body and recognize when it’s trying to tell
you something. Once you’ve been training for a while you will recognize the difference
between muscle soreness from training and pain from injury. And don’t trivialize severe
muscle soreness from training, either. It could be a sign that you’re training too hard or not

leaving adequate time between workouts for recovery.
347

A NEW LOOK AT MUSCLE SORENESS
No doubt by now you’ve experienced two types of muscle soreness – the intense burning that
occurs during your workouts, and the deeper, more widespread soreness that occurs the next
day. The soreness you experience during your workout is primarily caused by a buildup of
metabolic byproducts of exercise, especially lactic acid. When these byproducts reach high
enough levels they start impeding muscle contraction. As lactic acid is the most familiar
byproduct I’ll limit my discussion to it.
The body’s chief short-term energy molecule is called ATP – adenosine triphosphate. The
body can produce ATP through two primary pathways – aerobic, or “with oxygen” and
anaerobic, or “without oxygen.” The aerobic pathway is the source of energy for low-intensity,
long-duration exercise such as marathon running. Short-term, high-intensity training such as
bodybuilding relies primarily on the anaerobic pathway. One of the byproducts of anaerobic

metabolism is lactic acid, which, despite being referred to as a waste product, can actually be
used as an energy source itself. However, high concentrations can impede many metabolic
reactions, including muscle concentration. For example, the high acidity of lactic acid can
interfere with enzymes that help break down glycogen.
Post-workout soreness, or more accurately “delayed onset muscle soreness,” or DOMS,
usually appears about 12 hours after the workout and tends to become more pronounced as the
day goes on. Generally you’ll get over simple soreness within a couple of days. In more severe
cases you may need to help the body along using one of these methods: stretching the area,
massage, sauna or even very light, high-rep exercise to increase the blood flow to the area. If

the soreness becomes more pronounced, doesn’t go away, you can’t train the muscle without
intense pain or it begins to take on a different “feel,” then you might have injured the area.
COMMON CAUSES OF INJURIES
“
Chronic stress causes connective tissue to shorten, rigidify, bunch up, adhere and lose
mobility. This unwanted gluing and bonding is a major factor in the stiffness and reduction of
elasticity associated with repeated strain and poorly healed injuries.”
– Chris Rand, 
 contributor, offering an explanation for one of the
common causes of injuries.
There are a whole host of reasons injuries occur. The most common include lack of
concentration when working out, overtraining, poor exercise technique, too much weight,

inadequate warmup, lack of stretching, exercise type, poor equipment, muscle imbalance,
reaction to biochemicals and even poor nutrition. Any or all of these circumstances can cause a
severe injury.
LACK OF CONCENTRATION
In simple terms, concentration means keeping your mind focused on the task at hand. In the
case of bodybuilding it 
means keeping your undivided attention on every rep of a given
exercise. It means concentrating on proper form and feeling the muscle work as opposed to
haphazardly hoisting and dropping the weight with no thought to purpose and technique.
348

TRAIN ENOUGH, BUT DON’T NEGLECT REST
Working out once or twice a week for less than 30 minutes per session won’t be enough
to make a dramatic change in body composition. To burn fat, it’s best to train at least
four times a week for one hour each session. But don’t work out every day. The body
needs time to recharge itself. Remember: Exercise is the stimulus, rest is for repair.
Overtraining will lead to fatigue, which will slow down your metabolism. Be sure to get
enough sleep to get the most from your workouts and still have enough gas left in the
tank to get through the day with plenty of energy.
Whether you’re an absolute beginner or 10-year veteran, the key to injury prevention is
mental focus. Every time you enter the gym do your absolute best to leave the outside world
behind you. The last thing you want to be doing on such exercises as squats, bench presses and
deadlifts is worrying about your social life or sizing up the pretty redhead on the crosstrainer.

Lose your focus on these exercises and sooner or later an injury will come knocking on your
door.
Besides your social life, another potential cause of concentration loss is your training
routine. Most bodybuilders get stuck in a comfort zone and perform the same exercises and
exercise sequences over and over. Not only will this usually lead to stagnation, but it’s difficult
to stay focused when you’re doing the same boring routine over and over. You end up simply
going through the motions. When you find yourself in such a training rut, revamp your
program. Not only will the new exercises jumpstart your muscles, performing different
exercises will also force you to concentrate that much more.
OVERTRAINING
“Yes, my friend, you are overtraining. Does the word recuperation mean anything to you? In

order to grow your muscles need time to rest. Your training method is totally counterproductive
to what you are trying to achieve.”
– Frank Sepe, bodybuilding model and writer, offering a beginning bodybuilder some sound
training advice.
As this topic is of such importance, I’ll be devoting an entire chapter to it later in the book. For
now suffice it to say that a body in a continuous state of overtraining is far more susceptible to
injuries than one in which full recovery is allowed to take place between workouts. As it
applies to athletics, overtraining means overtaxing the body to the point that it never fully
recovers. It can also mean not allowing enough time for growth and repair between workouts.
These concepts are slightly different but related. Generally speaking, a stressed muscle requires

a minimum of 48 to 72 hours for full repair to occur. There is just no way the average person
can subject a given muscle group to 10 to 15 high-intensity sets of an exercise on Monday and
expect it to be fully repaired by Wednesday. Many bodybuilders are so convinced that they
have to follow their training plan or risk atrophy that they ignore the classic signs of
overtraining (chronic fatigue, loss of size and strength, 
decreased motivation levels) and
continue to train regardless of what their bodies are telling them. As they continuously
overtrain, their bodies become more and more susceptible to injury. The primary cure for
overtraining is to listen to your body. It makes far more sense to take a week off than be laid up
349

for six months with a torn ligament, tendon or muscle. Besides, after your week off you will
likely find yourself stronger and more enthusiastic than ever before. The occasional week off
does wonders for your progress.
POOR EXERCISE TECHNIQUE
“Tendon injury is a real concern for anyone who lifts weights on a regular basis. Lifting
weights increases tendon strength, but the adaptive change in tendons occurs at a slower rate
than the strength increases in the attached muscle.”
– Dr. Nick Evans, regular 
 columnist
Contrary to most people’s beliefs, neither the amount of weight being lifted nor the speed at
which the exercise is performed causes most injuries. The most common reason for
bodybuilding injuries is improper technique or form. Granted, an injury will likely be worse if
it occurs with heavy weights as opposed to light, but as long as good technique is being used
the individual using the heavier weight is at no greater risk of experiencing an injury than the

person training with the lighter weight.
Bouncing and jerking the weight up with little or no attention to correct form is a typical
example of bad form. At the very least such foolishness defeats the purpose of the exercise,
which is to stimulate muscle fibers. In most cases other muscles take over and the individual
gets little benefit from the movement except perhaps an inflated ego. In many cases, however,
the sudden starts and stops brought on by poor exercise technique end up placing enormous
stress on the person’s muscle origins and insertions, as well as the surrounding soft tissues such
as the ligaments and cartilage. This is why most chest injuries occur at the bottom of the
barbell bench press, when the bar is changing direction. In fact, bouncing the bar at the bottom

puts far more stress on the joints and soft tissues than does loading up the bar with extra weight
and doing the exercise in good form. But go into any gym and a quick glance in the direction of
the free-weight section will see guys bouncing bars off their chest with hundreds of pounds. It’s
no wonder so many bodybuilders have shoulder injuries later in life. For the sake of a few extra
pounds on the bar, these guys are greatly increasing the chances of developing a severe injury.
The shoulder joint is extremely susceptible to injuries from poor form on chest exercises. An
added risk is that of the pectoral tendons tearing away from where they attach to the upper
arms. As gruesome as this sounds, it feels a whole lot worse, requires surgery to fix, and takes

many months of rehab and physical therapy to recover from. Even then you may never achieve
100 percent of your pre-injury self.
Not to focus all the attention on the bench press; the squat rack can be the source of much
injury as well. Like bench presses, most squat injuries occur at the bottom of the exercise when
you change direction. Done properly, squats are probably the best exercise for building the
thighs and glutes. They’ll do wonders for stimulating overall muscle size as well. The problem,
however, is that many bodybuilders use their knees as springs and bounce at the bottom of the
exercise. The end result is torn knee or lower back ligaments. Then these same bodybuilders
condemn squats as being dangerous! Again, is it worth tearing your knees or lower back for the

sake of a few extra plates on the bar? I think not.
No discussion of injuries would be complete without mentioning that most glamorous of
all muscles – the biceps. Unfortunately, in their quest for mountainous biceps many
bodybuilders sit at the preacher bench and commence to bounce the bar at the bottom of the
350

exercise. At the very least doing so might tear one of the biceps heads, but often the injury is oh
so much worse. The biceps muscles are attached to the forearm bones by tendons. A number of
bodybuilders – even the pros 
who should know better – have torn the biceps right away from
the tendon or right off the forearm bones. The biceps then rolls up into a little ball at the
shoulder. In both cases the only solution is surgery and months of rehab.
The best cure for all of these injuries is prevention. And by this I mean proper technique at
all times. Rome wasn’t built in a day and neither will your muscles be. Give it time and before
long you’ll be lifting heavy, muscle-building weight, but using good form.
TOO MUCH WEIGHT
Closely related to poor form is the issue of how much weight a trainer is attempting to lift.
Poor form is often the result of the individual trying to lift more weight than he’s capable of
lifting. This will cause the trainer to speed up the exercise, twist his or her body, use other

muscles or leverage, and jerk or bounce the weight. Remember this at all times while you train:
if you can’t lift the weight in good form, it’s too heavy. This doesn’t mean you can never do a
cheat rep or two, but you should be controlling the weight at all times, never the other way
around. Just because you read how the current national heavyweight champion can bench press
405 for reps or curl 225 pounds doesn’t mean you should go for the same weights. Trust me,
those individuals you read about didn’t start out hoisting that kind of iron – and if they tried to
do so, that was no doubt their first taste of injury. Then they went back to training the proper
way: using enough weight to stimulate their muscles without sacrificing good form.
SKIPPING THE WARMUP

If you’re living such a fast-paced life that you don’t have time for a 10-minute warmup, then I
strongly urge you to slow down and sort out your priorities. No doubt your workouts are among
the favorite part of your day. If so, stop for a minute and visualize what life will be like if you
couldn’t work out for a few months. Not a pleasant picture, is it? But that’s what the future may
hold if you make skipping warmups a regular occurrence.
As we saw earlier there are three types of warmups: cardiovascular, general or whole body,
and a warmup for the individual muscles being exercised that day. If time permits do all three,
but at the very least do the third to prevent injuries. Under no circumstances do you ever begin
your training using your maximum weight. Start with a light weight and do 15 to 20 reps. Next

add a few more pounds and do a medium set of 12 to 15 reps. Do not attempt to lift your
maximum weight until at least the third set. If you are going heavy, even this may be too soon.
If for example you’re going up to 300+ pounds on the bench press or 400+ pounds on the squat,
play it safe and do at least three or four lead-in sets of gradually increasing weight. Below is an
example for someone working up to 315 pounds on the bench press:
Set 1
135 pounds
15–20 reps
Set 2
225 pounds
12–15 reps
Set 3
275 pounds
6 reps
Set 4
315 pounds
6 reps
351

Trying to lift too much weight often leads to poor form, making you more susceptible to injury.
UNCOOPERATIVE EXERCISES
“The behind-the-head barbell press is touted as one of the best exercises to add mass to your
352

deltoids, but it carries a significant risk of shoulder injury. Believe me, as an orthopedic
surgeon I know a thing or two about shoulder injuries and in my opinion the behind-the-head
barbell press is a biomechanical time bomb.”
 columnist, commenting on the dangers of behind-
the-head barbell presses.
Unless you’re that one in a million, odds are after a few weeks of training you’ll discover a
couple of exercises that “just don’t feel right.” Your technique may be fine and your weight
selection appropriate, but for some reason these particular exercises don’t suit your body’s
biomechanics.
EXERCISES TO AVOID!
Before leaving this section I should mention a few exercises that probably
should be avoided by everyone:
SEATED TWISTS – They won’t shrink your waist, but they will add undue
stress to your lower back.
BENCH SQUATS – Slamming your butt down on a solid surface such as a
bench is a great way to add compression force to your spine.

WEIGHTED SIDE BENDS – As with seated twists, they do nothing to shrink
the waist, but do place stress on the spinal column.
These exercises offer few benefits from a bodybuilding point of view and place
improper stress on the spinal column. My advice is to avoid them completely.
Some bodybuilders find that squats place too much stress on the knees and lower back,
even when their form is spot on. If you fall into this category, stop doing the exercise. Just
because squats are considered one of the best lower-body exercises doesn’t mean you should
force yourself to keep doing them if they are causing pain. Why risk damaging your knees or
lower back when you can build a great set of legs using a combination of other exercises?
The barbell preacher curl is another exercise that often proves problematic. Even with

proper form and technique you may find the movement too stressful on the biceps tendons.
Again, either switch to dumbells or avoid the exercise all together.
A third exercise that can cause grief is the barbell upright row. While one of the best side
shoulder and trapezius exercises, upright rows can cause severe shoulder impingement in many
people. They can also be stressful on the wrists. Switching to a rope and doing the exercise on a
low pulley may solve the wrist pain but the shoulder impingement may remain. If so, eliminate
the exercise.
Just because a certain exercise is considered “the best” doesn’t necessarily mean it’s
suited for you. Everyone’s physiology is different. If any of the exercises outlined in this book
cause pain or just don’t feel comfortable, don’t do them. If most of the exercises for a given

muscle cause pain, then you should consult your physician, as this is indicative of something
more severe than individual variation.
353

POORLY MADE EQUIPMENT
While most of the top equipment manufacturers these days offer excellent products, and most
gyms are kept in good repair, there will always be some unscrupulous gym owners who try to
save a buck by taking shortcuts. For example, they may hire a friend to weld together some
equipment by trying to copy the big companies’ designs. This is extremely dangerous. All the
top manufacturers (Atlantis, Cybex, Nautilus, Polaris, Life Fitness) use kinesiologists to help
the engineers design and construct their equipment lines. You can’t just slap a few iron bars
together and call it a leg press or vertical bench press machine. The machine must respect the
natural movement of the body’s muscles. Many homemade machines don’t take this into
account.
A second problem with many homemade machines is construction. Unless the welder is a
serious bodybuilder himself, he’ll have no idea of just how much weight that machine may

account.
have to support. An intermediate-level bodybuilder could easily press 400 or 500 pounds with
his legs. Some of the larger bodybuilders can use over 1,000 pounds. Odds are the guy who got
paid in beer had no idea his machine would need to be able to support a half-ton of weight. If
you’re in doubt as to a machine’s construction – avoid it.
Homemade equipment doesn’t have a monopoly on poor design. Many of the older brand-
name machines from the 1960s and 1970s didn’t exactly mimic proper biomechanics. One of
the most notorious was the older version of the Universal leg press. Most users found this
particular machine stressful on the knees.
MAINTENANCE
Anything mechanical with moving parts will eventually wear out. If the owners of your gym
are safety conscious (and get good legal advice) they’ll do routine maintenance on their

equipment (i.e. replace bushings, bearings, cables, etc). Frequent “out of order” signs on
strength equipment means preventative maintenance is not a priority for your gym. If the
equipment is being properly looked after it should rarely break down. Just imagine what will
happen if the leg press or lat pulldown were to break in the middle of your rep.
MUSCLE IMBALANCES
“Most people in the gym train hard on chest and arms, but when it comes to core training, they
do a half-assed, lazy job. If you want your lower-back pain to be a thing 
of the past and want to
build awesome abs in the process, take my advice and hit a solid core-training program.”
–
 Rahim Kassam, MuscleMag International columnist, responding to a reader’s inquiry about
lower-back pain during his workouts.

–
The exercise programs in this book have been designed to work the body evenly – that is, to
keep the muscles in balance and proportion. Unfortunately many bodybuilders skip the less
visible or glamorous muscles and focus on the showy muscles (chest and biceps). Besides the
obvious outcome of poor proportions, they create the more serious condition of muscle
imbalance. Many lower-back and shoulder problems are not so much caused by damage to
those areas as they are by over-development in surrounding areas. For example, most athletes
have overdeveloped thighs and underdeveloped hamstrings. This is one reason pulled
hamstrings are much more common than thigh injuries. Likewise many lower-back problems
354

are caused by overdeveloped chest muscles and neglected upper-back muscles. The result is a
drawing forward of the shoulder girdle, a change in the person’s center of gravity and
ultimately increased stress on the lower back.
Whether you follow the programs outlined in this book or design your own (as most
readers will eventually do) remember that the body’s muscles evolved to work in concert as a
unit. Avoid doing the “Friday-night pump up” (chest and biceps) and train the body evenly. Not
only will your physique look much better, you’ll greatly reduce the risk of injuries.
Training is only part of the bodybuilding equation – without proper nutrition your muscles lack the fuel for growth.
Photo of Robert Hatch by Ralph DeHaan
POOR NUTRITION
Surprising as it may sound, your diet can contribute to injuries. As soon as you leave the gym
your body starts rebuilding the muscle tissue that was broken down during your workout. If you

fail to consume the right types and amounts of nutrients, your body won’t be able to fully
recover before your next workout. You need protein for building new muscle, carbohydrates to
supply the energy, fats for hormone production, and vitamins and minerals to help power the
untold number of chemical reactions that make up the recovery process. The only way you can
get an adequate amount of all these nutrients is through your diet. It’s because of the
importance of nutrition to bodybuilding recovery and health that I devoted numerous chapters
to it earlier in the book. If you’re not sure about something, flip back through the pages.
CATEGORIES OF INJURIES
“Now don’t get me wrong. I’m not condemning the barbell squat. On the contrary I like

squatting. But as I’ve become older the doctor in me always considers safety first, and I do not
355

want to suffer from chronic knee pain in the years to come. So I pre-exhaust my quads with leg
extensions first.”
 columnist
Although every muscle, tendon, ligament or bone is a potential injury site, sports injuries can
be placed into 10 broad categories:
Strains
Strains are one of the most common injuries and involve damage to the muscles or tendons.
Sprains
You can think of a sprain as a strain to a ligament or joint. While sprains and strains are really
the same, doctors use the term sprain for ligament damage and strain for tendon or muscle
damage.
Tears
Tears are among the most painful of injuries and can be partial or full, occurring in muscles,
ligaments or tendons.
Dislocation
This occurs when the round “ball-shaped” end of one bone slips out of the socket of the
adjacent bone. Dislocations are painful, as in the process of slipping out, there is usually
muscle and ligament damage.
Tendonitis

This is the usually temporary inflammation of a tendon. It is caused when collagen-like
proteins attach to the outer covering of the tendon, decreasing the lubrication of the tendon and
irritating the surrounding nerves.
Bursitis
Bursae are sac-like structures that surround joints and hold in the lubricating synovial fluid. As
with sprains and strains, bursitis tends to be amplified by heat and responds better to ice and
elevation.
Spasms
Spasms are involuntary intermittent contractions of muscles. The mildest forms we call
“twitches.” Spasms generally last only a few minutes but in extreme cases can be very painful
and last for hours. They are believed to be caused by nerve pressure or electrochemical
Cramps
Cramps are more severe versions of spasms that may involve a continuous contraction of a
356

muscle. Mild cramps are usually caused by dehydration while severe cramps may indicate
electrochemical imbalances.
Hernia
Hernias are tears in the thin sheath that protects and encloses internal organs. In severe cases
the internal organs may start protruding through the tear. The most common site for a hernia is
the lower abdominal region.
Fractures
Fractures involve partial or full breaks in the body’s bones. Fractures are rare in bodybuilding,
as the associated muscles and tendons will usually tear before the bone breaks. Still, a few
bodybuilders have broken bones by bouncing at the bottom of preacher curls or bouncing the
bar off the chest on the bench press. As fractures are very serious (they can lead to internal
bleeding and shock), seek immediate medical attention.
LISTEN TO YOUR BODY
Sprains, strains and tendonitis are probably the most common injuries experienced by
bodybuilders. A typical injury will start with a mild case of tendonitis that is at first ignored

and then treated with painkillers as it gets progressively worse. At the same time, the muscles
surrounding the area begin to ache. Eventually the slight soreness becomes intense pain. Smart
body
builders usually stop there and rest the area. But a few foolish individuals pop even more
painkillers and try to work through the pain. Sometimes the tendonitis clears up on its own but
often the mild case of tendonitis may become chronic. What could have been solved with a few
days of rest in the beginning might now take weeks or months to heal, and in many cases it
never heals.
I cannot repeat enough that you should listen to what your body is trying to say. A couple
of days of rest will not only prevent a serious injury from occurring, but you’ll also find that

when you resume training your energy and motivation levels will be much higher and your
workouts more valuable and rewarding.
With regards to strains and sprains, the usual culprits are poor technique and little or no
warming up. As with most injuries the condition might be mild, moderate or severe. Often the
bodybuilder’s initial response may determine in what direction the injury progresses. Although
the two primary symptoms of strains and sprains are pain and swelling, these two symptoms
are also common to more severe injuries (tears, dislocations, etc.). Therefore you should seek
medical attention if you ever experience severe pain or swelling.
INJURY SOLUTIONS
While no two injuries are the same, the following generalizations can be
followed:
Stop training and apply ice immediately – one of the biggest reasons injuries

followed:
take a long time to heal is because of swelling and not the injury itself.
357

Remember RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. Spending the first 24
to 48 hours after an injury following this procedure can mean the difference
between a week’s recuperation and months of rehab.
Gradually try to rehabilitate the area with light exercise.
Be patient and don’t rush back to heavy training.
Photo of Jerome Ferguson and Dr. Marc Darrow by Robert Reiff
358

B
“
CHAPTER 43
Overtraining – Pushing Yourself Over the Limit
“One of the biggest mistakes made by bodybuilders, especially naïve
beginners, is believing that every workout should be an all-out effort and that
muscle growth is constant. This just isn’t so. Sometimes muscle growth has to
be coaxed, not forced.”
 contributor, commenting on the perils of
overtraining.
elieve it or not, the biggest mistake most bodybuilders make is training too much, not too
little. In their quest to dethrone Jay Cutler, many follow the adage: “If some is good, more
is better.” There is a fine line between doing just enough exercise to stimulate muscle growth
and doing so much that the body can’t recover.
Overtraining occurs when exercise volume or intensity outstrips the individual’s ability to
recover. When this happens, little or no muscle growth will occur. In fact, muscle tissue may
even be lost if the person doesn’t break out of the overtraining state. While muscle loss is bad,

getting an injury as a result of overtraining is worse. It’s important to recognize the warning
signs.
Sometimes sleep of an hour or two under conditions of complete relaxation will
accomplish more reconstruction than a whole night’s restless, dream-racked sleep.”
OVERTRAINING HAS FIVE POTENTIAL CAUSES:
1
 Performing too many sets on too many days a week, even when the intensity levels are low –
in other words, simply never giving your muscles enough rest time to recover.
2
 Training with high-intensity sets too often each week. The end result is an overloaded central
nervous system, adrenal glands taxed to the limit, and overall body fatigue.
3
 Training with the right number of sets and reps, but for too many days per week. Again, the

3
nervous system becomes fatigued and overloaded. This form of overtraining leads to fatigue,
staleness and reduced motivation levels.
359

4
 Training with adequate sets and reps but with too high an intensity. The body becomes
overstressed and flooded with catabolic hormones that prevent muscle growth such as cortisol.
5
 Training the same muscle groups too many times per week. Many bodybuilders overtrain the
arms and chest. Most individuals need to hit the same muscles only twice per week.
Notice that all five states involve the failure to allow the recovery system adequate time to
keep pace with the training volume. At the very least muscle growth stops, but in some cases
existing muscle tissue might be broken down.
360

UNDERGAINING
For those readers who suggest that it’s possible to make gains while overtraining, you’re
correct. But you will be expending far more time and effort than is needed. You work years to
make gains that could come in as little as a few months. It is for this reason that many writers
use the term undergaining rather than overtraining.
Undergaining means that your efforts are disproportionate to your results. If one
bodybuilder spends twice as much time in the gym as another, you would think he would make
twice the gains. But this is rarely the case. When overtrainers notice the discrepancy between
gains and time invested, they often compound the problem by increasing training volume. This
places even more demand on their recovery systems, and a vicious cycle begins!
OTHER CONSEQUENCES
Overtraining does more than just affect the body’s physical structures (muscles, tendons and
ligaments). There is a psychological component as well. Bodybuilders in a severe state of

overtraining report a number of emotional problems, including anxiety, lack of motivation and
even depression.
Finally, the relationship between overtraining and sickness must not be overlooked. Both
scientific research and anecdotal reports suggest overtraining can weaken and depress the
body’s immune system, leaving it susceptible to bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.
BREAKING FREE
So what’s the first step in combating overtraining? Recognition, of course! Here is a list of the
12 most common symptoms associated with overtraining:
Reduced or insignificant strength and size gains
Weight loss – particularly muscle mass
Swollen lymph nodes
Little or no training motivation
Increased irritability
Insomnia
Frequent injuries
Frequent colds and infections
Elevated heart rate, especially upon waking up
Persistent tendonitis

Insomnia
Constant fatigue
Tremors or twitches
While one or two of these symptoms might not indicate that you are overtraining, three or
more probably does.
Once you’ve established that you’re probably pushing things too hard and are overtraining, the
next step is often the hardest: You do nothing! That’s right, you take a couple of weeks off and
avoid the gym completely. A couple of weeks off means your energy stores can replenish,
nagging injuries can heal and your nervous system gets a chance to relax. Don’t worry about
losing muscle mass. In fact, most bodybuilders find they gain 
size and strength during this
time. This is not surprising, because as we have learned, it is during recovery that you make the
362

most gains.
After a couple of weeks off, your motivation level will also climb. But before you rush
back into the gym and pick up where you left off, beware: if your previous workout routine put
you in a state of overtraining, what makes you think that things will be any different this time
around? Within a few weeks you’ll be back to where you started. The smart thing to do is re-
evaluate your entire training program. Understand that as you get stronger you’ll be at a much
greater risk for overtraining. Someone using 300+ pounds on a bench press will place a
proportionally greater stress on his recovery system than a beginner using 100 pounds.
TIPS TO AVOID OVERTRAINING:
1
 Add sets to only one or two bodyparts at a time. Any more than this and the body’s recovery
system will quickly become overloaded. For example, if you decide to specialize on your legs,
fine. Just leave the number of sets for the other muscle groups where they are. In fact, if you

are following a true specialization program you will want to reduce the number of sets for one
of your stronger muscle groups.
2
 Follow an appropriate training routine based on your experience level. Ronnie Coleman’s
biceps routine or Gustavo Badell’s thigh routine are far too intense for beginner- or
intermediate-level bodybuilders. Even most advanced trainers would soon be overtrained
following the routines of the pros.
3
 Pay close attention to any signals your body is giving you. If you feel tired and sluggish
before you even enter the gym, a normal-intensity workout may be too much. You might be
getting sick, and a hard workout will not only be difficult to accomplish, it will lower your
immune system. Next thing you know you are sick from the illness you would have fought off

had you not trained too hard. Likewise, a stressful day at the office or school may mean taking
it easier. Remember there is a fine line between adequate training and overtraining. Listen
carefully when your body talks!
4
 When you decide to start adding advanced training techniques to your program (rest-pause,
pre-exhaustion, drop-sets, etc.) do so sparingly. Don’t perform every set of every exercise in
advanced fashion.
5
 Cycle your workouts on a weekly basis. For example, perform a heavy week using heavy
weights for 6 to 8 reps and a lighter week using light weights for 12 to 15 reps. This approach
also helps your muscles develop more fully.
6
 Play close attention to your diet. Make sure you are consuming all of the essential nutrients
363

needed to maximize your recovery abilities.
7
 Get adequate rest. Without proper rest your body is never given a chance to recover. If for
some reason you miss a few hours sleep from the night before, try taking a nap during the day.
It’s amazing what a 15- to 20-minute nap can do for your energy level.
Photo of Alexander Fedorov by Irvin Gelb
364

W
CHAPTER 44
Instinctive Training and Returning After a Layoff
“To really make instinctive training work for you, you have to know your
body inside and out, and you need a strong work ethic. Otherwise it’s too easy
to be lazy and call it ‘instinctive training.’”
,
offering caveats on instinctive training.
hen you first begin bodybuilding you can’t go wrong by following an organized, preset
program. Use the information you find in books such as this one and magazines such as
Reps!
 and 
. Make sure to also learn firsthand from knowledgeable
trainers at your gym. Look for someone with a good attitude who has a body you want to
emulate. If you read and learn, your workouts will be both productive and safe. Eventually,
after all this reading, learning (and most important, doing!) you’ll become more in tune with
your body. You will know its strengths and weaknesses. You’ll recognize what exercises give

you great results and which ones seem almost useless for you. Perhaps most important, you’ll
be able to recognize when you are just being lazy and when you really do need a day off.
The instinctive principle is without doubt the most advanced and important of all training
philosophies. But its success depends on you and you alone. No one else can tell you what
works best for your physique. It takes years to master instinctive training, but once you do,
you’ll be master of your own destiny.
The instinctive principle can be applied both short term and long term. Short term refers to
modifying your workouts on a daily basis to suit your individual body needs and rhythms. Let’s
face it, there will be days when you can’t 
max out on your exercises. There will even be days

when your body is warning you that the best thing to do that day is avoid the gym entirely.
Odds are this was preceded by a stretch of great workouts using maximum or near-maximum
workout poundage. The secret is knowing when your body is telling you this and when your
mind is telling you that it’s a really nice day and wouldn’t you rather sit on a patio somewhere
drinking beer?
Instinctive training also means listening to the individual bodyparts. Let’s say one day you
plan on working chest but before your workout you realize your legs feel like they are lacking.
You might decide to work legs that day and move your chest to the next day.
Long-term instinctive training means adding and dropping exercises to suit your body’s
unique characteristics. In short it means experimenting. For example, most bodybuilding books

(this one included) consider flat barbell presses, squats and chin-ups to be among the best
beginning and intermediate level mass-building exercises. But for some bodybuilders barbell
bench presses do nothing more than tear up the shoulders or build the triceps. Likewise, squats
may do more for your glutes than your thighs. And chins, while being the staple of many a
great back workout, might leave you with a great biceps pump, but do nothing for your lats. If
after a period of a few months you discover that some exercises seem to be doing nothing in
365

regards to your development – get rid of them. What’s the use of doing a “must do” exercise if
it “don’t do?” Use your instinct and find the exercises that are best for you.
However, it must be said that instinctive training can also be used as an excuse to be lazy.
Maybe you aren’t working back today, telling yourself that your chest really feels the need, just
because you prefer working chest to back. Maybe you are telling yourself that squats do
nothing for you because you just don’t like to work that hard. You must always take a close
look at your reasons for changing your routine.
Photo of Chris Cormier by Jason Breeze
Besides using the instinctive principle to modify your training, you can rely on it to
determine when to take some time off. No matter how precise your exercise tech
nique or
attention paid to nutrition, heavy training will be very demanding on your body. Your recovery
system will constantly be working overtime to prepare you for the next workout, and the heavy

nique or
poundage may begin to take its toll on your joints and your nervous system. When you find
yourself feeling sluggish, lacking motivation and generally aching all over, take a week or two
off. As I stressed earlier and repeat again here, you WILL NOT lose any muscle mass over
those weeks off. In fact you might even gain a few pounds as your recovery system is given a
chance to fully catch up. Your time off will also do wonders for your joints and allow all those
little aches and pains to heal. And perhaps most of all, your training drive and motivation level
366

will go through the roof. You’ll go back refreshed, re-energized and ready to tear the place
apart. And if you need an ego boost you should be aware that after a couple of weeks off and a
few days to ease back in, you will probably find your poundage jumping to a whole new level.
However, if you’ve only been working out for three weeks you do not need the time off. If
you’ve been working like a madman and know that you are training too hard at this point, you
should just calm down rather than take time off. Taking time off when you have just begun
training is likely to cause you to get out of the habit again – the last thing you want.
COMING BACK AFTER A LAYOFF
I’d be negligent if, after advising you to listen to your body and take time off, I didn’t give
some sort of guidance on resuming your training. It’s not just a matter of heading back to the
gym and loading the bars and machines up with the same weight you were lifting before you

took time off. You have to ease back into your training. Generally speaking, the longer you
were off, the longer and more gradual the lead-in time. If you were off for only a week or two, a
couple of 50- to 75-percent intensity workouts will probably suffice. But let’s say you were off
for a couple of months (nothing wrong with this and more bodybuilders should try it). Maybe
you got a new 
job, there’s someone new in your life or you just needed time away from the
gym. No matter what the reason, you haven’t even seen a dumbell in two or three months and
that latest issue of 
 with Jay Cutler on the cover has got you chomping
at the bit. So what’s the first thing you should do? How do you get back into the swing of things
without tearing yourself up or pushing your body back into an overtrained state?

367

Photo of Brian Chamberlain by Ralph DeHaan
THE COMEBACK WORKOUT
Few workouts are as important as the one following a layoff. In fact it’s probably more
important than the very first one you ever performed. You’re now much stronger and capable of
subjecting your body to far more stress than when you started training. Your technique may
have been primitive the first time you strolled into the gym, but the lighter weight would
probably allow you to escape serious injuries. It took many months, if not years, to condition
your body to rep with hundreds of pounds of weight. You don’t just take a couple of months off
and then walk back in the gym and pick up where you left off. Unfortunately that’s what many
bodybuilders attempt to do. The end result is either extreme soreness or worse: some sort of
injury.
Your first step on your return to working out is deciding what to wear. My suggestion is to
dress “heavier” than normal. By this I mean a sweatshirt and track pants instead of a tank top or

injury.
T-shirt and shorts. The extra clothes will keep you warm as well as preventing you from staring
into the mirror to see if you shrunk while you were off. Trust me, you haven’t, but you’d be
surprised how many bodybuilders think they have.
The next step is to design a 12- to 14-day introductory training program. I suggest doing
full-body training, one exercise per bodypart and keep it short and sweet; say 1 to 2 sets of 12
to 15 reps. Your workout should take no more than 45 minutes. If you think this is a simple
workout, you’re right. It is. But it’s supposed to be. After a couple of months off, this is about
all your body can handle. In fact, after being off for a few months this is all you’ll need in the
way of stimulation to get your muscles to grow again.

Besides the low number of sets, select a weight that is about half of what you’d normally
use. Even if your strength levels are still high, resist the urge to put more weight on the bar or
stack. Remember, the goal is to simply get the muscles used to contracting again. Subjecting
them to hundreds of pounds after many weeks of doing nothing is neither necessary nor safe.
369

Stick with this routine for about two weeks. You can gradually ease back to regular
training poundage, but always make sure you’ve warmed up properly. If you’re like most
bodybuilders you were probably becoming set in your ways before your layoff. In fact it could
very well have been such monotonous training that led you to stop training in the first place. If
so, don’t make the mistake of falling back into the same rut. Your motivation level may be sky-
high upon resuming training, but it won’t take many weeks of such repetitiveness to push you
back to square one. Try experimenting with a whole new program when you get back to the
gym. Shift muscle groups around, try new exercises, incorporate some new training techniques.
Odds are you’ll end up with a routine far more productive than the one you were following
before the layoff. Here are a few tips to keep in mind when resuming training after a layoff:
Always dress warmly to prevent injuries.

Don’t attempt to pick up where you left off. Ease back into training.
Perform only one exercise per bodypart.
Keep the number of sets to 1 or 2.
Keep the rep range medium to high – 12 to 15.
Use only 50 to 75 percent of the weight your strength levels will allow.
Resist the urge to put more weight on the bar.
Experiment with new exercises and techniques after a few weeks of training.
RETURNING TO ACTION
Here is a sample workout you can follow for a few weeks to get you back
into the swing of things after a layoff. You may switch the exercises, but
don’t add extra sets.
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
 
Squats
2
12–15
Leg Curls
2
12–15
2
15–20
 
2
12–15
 
Chin-Ups
2
12–15
 
Dumbell Front Presses
2
12–15
 
2
12–15

2
12–15
 
Chin-Ups
2
12–15
 
2
12–15
 
2
12–15
 
2
12–15
Bodypart – Abdominals
 
2
12–15
370

There you have it – 18 sets in total. Allowing for about a minute to do a set
and a minute between sets you should be able to complete this comeback
workout in 35 to 40 minutes. After a couple of weeks you can revert back to
a split routine if you wish.
371

I
“
“As most bodybuilders know, if you want to continue building your physique,
every now and then you have to shock your muscles by hitting them from odd
angles or with equipment that has a different feel.”
t’s hard to say exactly when you leave the intermediate level and officially become an
advanced trainer. Everyone is different and will progress at different rates. However, I can
give you a reasonable time period.
Have you ever noticed how many guys train the same way every time they come to the
gym? They always do the same exercises with the same weight in the same sequence, come
hell or high water. The rest they take between sets is the same. So is the way they move the
weight. Never do they incorporate new or different training principles. For some strange
reason they usually look the same too — year after year after year.”
– Greg Zulak, long-time 
 contributor, commenting on the reasons

some bodybuilders never improve.
TIME
If you’re average, then after about a solid year of smart training you should have gained about
15 to 20 pounds of solid muscular bodyweight. Your arms should now be in the 17-inch range
and you should have changed your waist-chest differential by at least six to eight inches. Those
former slender thighs should now be filling out your pants and your overall shape should easily
let others know you work out. Of course these are average gains. Some readers may reach this
level after three months of training while others may need another year.
CONTINUED OR LACK OF PROGRESS?
Another guide is to evaluate the progress you’re making on your current training program. The
human body has incredible powers of adaptation. After your initial few months of training you

probably experienced a slowing-down period. To keep the muscles growing you had to start
employing such intermediate 
techniques as split routines and multiple exercises for each
muscle. Now after about a year of training you’ve entered that slow-down period again. It’s
time to address the situation and start applying advanced training techniques to kickstart your
muscles into growing again.
375

Part of advanced training is making sure to incorporate change and variety into your workouts.
Photo of Serge Nubret
INCREASED MUSCLE MASS
I suggest modifying your entire routine every five workouts. To keep the muscles growing you
have to increase the work performed during your workouts. There are three ways to do this.
First, you can simply add more weight or number of sets to your workout. Second, you can
perform the same amount of work in a shorter time period. Or third, you can increase the
intensity of work during the same amount of time.
Increasing workout duration by adding sets offers limited returns. Doing more sets at the
same intensity level will work, but only up to a point. A beginner doubling his sets from 3 to 6
will in all likelihood make excellent progress. But going from 6 to 12 sets probably won’t give
the same degree of results. As I discussed in the last chapter, the gains will not match the work

invested. A few bodybuilders realize these increased sets are not doing the job and make other
changes, but most think the solution is even more sets. Before they know it they’re doing 20
sets per muscle group, making no progress and feeling overtrained. With the exception of a few
genetically gifted individuals (most notably Serge Nubret, with his 30 to 40 sets of bench
presses, and Roy Callender’s 60+ set back workouts), most bodybuilders won’t achieve
proportionate gains from more than 10 to 12 sets per muscle group.
So if increasing the length of your workouts by adding extra sets has limited benefits, what
about increasing intensity levels by increasing the amount of weight lifted or decreasing the
time between sets? Is this the key?

Let’s start with lifting more weight. You can probably see the problem with this approach.
You don’t just decide to lift more weight – you have to be physically able to do so. And if you
could lift heavier weight you’d probably already be doing it.
As for decreasing the time between sets, there are two ways to do this and both have
limitations. If you attempt to move the weight faster you’ll probably end up getting sloppy and
cheating. Not only is the effectiveness of the exercise decreased this way, you greatly increase
the risk of an injury. On the other hand, most muscles need from 45 to 60 seconds of recovery
376

time between sets. If you try shortening this to, say, 30 seconds, you won’t be able to lift the
same amount of weight. Then you break one of the fundamental principles of bodybuilding –
decreasing the workload placed on the muscle and therefore not forcing it to adapt by growing
and getting stronger.
So what’s the solution? Increase set duration and intensity at the same time. This is not
simply a case of doing more reps with lighter weight, because in that case the muscle does not
get much out of the first 8 or 10 reps. The idea is to make the first 10 reps just as productive as
the last. This leads us to the topic of advanced training techniques.
The cheat principle is an effective advanced technique that’s fairly easily applied to most muscle groups.
Photo of Jeff Willet by Irvin Gelb
The following are among the most effective techniques for increasing workout intensity
without increasing the length of time you’re in the gym. In fact, some of them will allow you to

do shorter workouts. Virtually all of today’s top bodybuilding stars, including Jay Cutler,
Ronnie Coleman, Mustafa Mohammad, Victor Martinez, Dexter Jackson, Gustavo Badell and
Toney Freeman, employ these techniques in their workouts on a regular basis.
ADVANCED TRAINING TECHNIQUES
Cheat Reps
“What’s this, you ask? Cheat! Isn’t cheating forbidden?” Cheating is indeed forbidden, but only
when you cheat to make an exercise easier – as in less challenging. If you use cheating to make
the set more challenging, then it’s not only okay, it helps produce phenomenal growth.
Cheating is probably the first advanced training technique most bodybuilders discover.
Remember that last set of barbell curls when you failed at 10 reps? Instead of putting the bar on

the rack you used a little bit of body swing to keep going. You may not have realized it at the
time, but that’s when you discovered the cheating principle. Done properly it allows you to hit
deeper muscle fibers. Done improperly and you waste your time and set yourself up for an
377

injury.
By bodybuilding definitions, cheating is using additional muscles to help you complete a
few extra reps after the targeted muscles are incapable of continuing on their own. In the biceps
curl, for example, once you have completed as many reps as you can strictly, you can get a few
more reps by swinging your body slightly, which uses your legs, your back, and momentum to
help your biceps finish the last reps. You can see that you are not missing out on any
stimulation by cheating. Not only are you getting the full set, you are getting a few bonus reps.
You should use the cheating principle only once you are failing with strict reps. If you
need to cheat from the first rep or two, you’re using way too much weight. Also understand that
there are correct and incorrect ways to cheat. One of the worst things to do is bounce the weight
up from the bottom. As I explained earlier in the book, bouncing places undue stress on the

body’s soft connective tissues. The key to effective cheating is knowing both how and when to
cheat.
YOU CAN APPLY THE CHEAT PRINCIPLE TO MOST MUSCLE GROUPS
Biceps
For example, let’s take the preacher curl. Instead of bouncing at the bottom of the exercise once
you have a hard time completing more reps, lock your arms tight to your upper body, thrust
your hips forward, and swing the weight up using your upper body and legs. This little
movement will force the bar past the sticking point (usually close to the bottom of the exercise)
and should allow you to complete a few extra reps. Try lowering the weight a bit more slowly
than normal to emphasize the negative portion of the exercise. When you can no longer lower
the weight in a slow and controlled manner, terminate the set. Under no circumstances do you

keep lifting the bar solely with body momentum or bouncing.
Shoulders
On barbell shoulder presses you can stand up and use a slight leg dip and torso bounce to keep
the bar moving after failing at the desired number of reps. Just be careful you don’t excessively
hyperextend your lower back as you force out the extra couple of reps. The best shoulder
exercises to use constructive cheating on are front and side dumbell raises. You use the same
leg kick and torso assistance as the shoulder press, but because the weight is much lighter you
will not encounter the same degree of lower-back pressure.
Back
The best back exercises for cheating are the pulldown movements. As soon as you reach failure
in strict style, start swinging slightly – just enough to keep the bar moving.
Legs

Back
Legs
Given the amount of weight used, and the severity of any potential injury, I strongly advise you
not to cheat on squats. Squats are one of those exercises where your technique must be perfect
at all times. Any deviation could end your training permanently.
The leg press is another story. Even though you’ll be handling huge poundage (if not now,
you soon will be) you can easily cheat on this exercise by pushing on your knees with your
hands to complete a few extra reps. Odds are it won’t be the weight but pain that will cause you
378

to stop. Leg presses burn like hell under normal circumstances and cheat reps are absolute
murder – but they’ll pack size on your thighs like few other exercises.
Chest
The flat barbell bench press is another exercise for which you should probably avoid cheating.
Bouncing the bar off the chest is a good way to break a rib. Likewise, arching the lower back
can lead to spine damage.
No doubt many readers are wondering how many cheat reps to perform. Arnold cheated on
almost every rep. I suggest performing the first 8 to 10 reps in strict style and then adding two
or three cheat reps at the end. Also, use effort to determine when you should stop. When you
reach the point that you have to bounce and sway the whole body just to keep the weight
moving, terminate the set right there.
Cheating is one of the simplest but most effective of the advanced training techniques. If
properly employed it will break you out of a training rut and add new strength and size to your
physique.
PARTIAL REPS, OR “BURNS”

physique.
Partial reps, or burns, were first made famous by training guru Vince Gironda. Burns are
nothing more than partial reps performed at the end of a regular set of an exercise. Let’s say
you can manage only 10 reps of a barbell curl. Instead of stopping the set at the 10th rep, you
bring the bar to the top and squeeze out a few more. You may be able to curl the weight only
six to eight inches, but that’s fine. You’re still hitting muscle fibers you wouldn’t have been
hitting had you stopped the set after the last full rep. 
You’ll quickly discover where the name
“burns” comes from, because the muscle will burn as though it’s on fire.
Photo of Vince Gironda
379

ULTRASLOW REPS
Most bodybuilders take two to four seconds to complete a rep. But on occasion, to stress your
muscles differently you might want to experiment with ultraslow reps. How slow? Try
anywhere from 10 to 30 seconds to complete one rep!
Ultraslow training has a number of benefits to offer. It eliminates almost all body
momentum – and thus cheating. Lifting and lowering a weight in ultraslow motion takes pure
muscle power. Another advantage is safety. Most injuries are caused by lifting too much weight
too fast. Such abrupt stopping and starting can damage the tendons, ligaments and muscles.
Slow training eliminates virtually all these dangerous actions. Keep in mind that lifting a
weight using 10- to 30-second reps will require the use of much lighter poundage. On the
surface this sounds counterproductive, but don’t forget you’ll be lifting this lighter weight
strictly with muscle power, not body momentum. By lifting the weight slowly you’ll have to

fully focus on the task at hand. Most bodybuilders also find that they’ll lift the weight through
a greater range of motion when they perform ultraslow reps.
Why are slow reps so effective? Well, muscle fibers work on an all-or-none principle.
There’s no in between. Muscle power is based on the number of fibers contracting, not a graded
response by individual fibers. During an ultraslow-rep set, the muscle fibers will tire very
quickly, so the body will have to recruit more muscle fibers to complete the set.
A second reason for their effectiveness is that ultraslow reps raise the threshold of the
muscles’ Golgi tendon organs. As we saw in the chapter on stretching, Golgi tendon organs are
stretch receptors in muscles that will shut down if they think that the muscle is undergoing

excessive strain. In many cases you terminate a set not because of muscle fatigue, but because
the Golgi tendon organs shut down. Ultraslow reps have been found to reset the Golgi tendon
organs’ firing threshold. This allows you to complete more reps before the muscle shuts down.
With the possible exceptions of squats and bench presses, you can perform ultraslow reps
on just about every exercise you can think of. As with cheating, ultraslow reps on squats and
bench presses are risky because of the weight used and the potential to become trapped under
the weight if you collapse.
ULTRAFAST REPS
Having explained the merits of ultraslow training, it makes sense to discuss the opposite –
using high-speed training during your workouts. As the name suggests, ultrafast reps involve

lifting as much weight as you can handle with the fastest reps possible. This does not mean
bouncing or jerking the weight up rapidly; you still use good technique and pay attention to
form. Some bodybuilders call it “racing the clock”– you try to perform the greatest number of
reps in the shortest time possible.
Ultrafast reps also have the benefit of allowing you to lift heavier weight. As we saw
earlier, one of the primary stimulus for maximum muscle growth is using 
progressively heavier
weight. All other things being equal, the bodybuilders using the heaviest weights during their
workouts are usually the largest. The key, however, is lifting the weight in good style no matter
what your rep speed.
STRIP SETS, DROP SETS, DESCENDING SETS, OR DOWN-THE-RACK TRAINING

Strip sets are simple to do and produce outstanding results. As the name suggests, you “strip”
380

some weight off the bar when you can no longer perform an additional rep. For example, say
you are using 200 pounds on the bench press for 10 reps. Once you fail on the 10th rep, quickly
rack the bar and remove 20 or 25 pounds (instead of taking your normal rest period). Your
chest, triceps and shoulder muscles may not be able to handle 200 pounds but no doubt they’re
capable of continuing with 175 or 180 for a few more reps. Once you fail at that weight, you
remove more plates and get back to it. You could go on like this and keep removing weight
until you’re left with just the bar, but most bodybuilders do only two or three drops. Reducing
the weight three times is called triple dropping, or triple-drop sets.
The stripping technique is not limited to barbell exercises. You can use it on dumbell and
machine exercises as well. If using dumbells, simply grab a lighter set of dumbells. Since most
gyms have their dumbells arranged from smallest to largest, work your way “down the rack.”

The next time you’re doing shoulders try a few down-the-rack sets of side raises or dumbell
presses.
21s
Twenty-Ones are named as such because of the number of reps you do during the set. While
they can be performed on most exercises, they are best suited to curling movements. Grab a
barbell and curl the bar from the bottom to the halfway point (i.e. your forearm is parallel with
the floor). Do this for 7 reps. Then curl the bar between the halfway point and the top for 7 reps.
Then lower the bar back to your thighs and try to complete an additional 7 reps with a regular
full curl.
It will take you only one set of 21s (now you see where the name comes from: 3 X 7 = 21)
to discover that you won’t be able to use your normal workout poundage. Don’t worry about it.

full curl.
The partial movements will force the biceps to work just as hard, if not harder, than straight
sets with heavier weight. Understand that while 21 is the traditional pattern of reps for this
technique, you could just as easily do 3 X 6 (= 18) or 3 X 8 (= 24).
STAGGERED SETS
No, this is not some training technique performed after a late night on the town. Let’s say that
after a few months you begin to notice your forearms or calves are lagging behind the rest of
your physique. Besides working them 
during their normal time, you can add in a few extra sets
while working other muscle groups. For example, while training your chest you can slip in a
few sets of calf raises between your chest exercises. Although calf training hurts, they don’t

require much energy, so training them won’t interfere with training your chest. Likewise, you
can add in extra forearm work while training legs.
381

Negative reps are an ideal advanced technique to do with your training partner.
Photo of Lee Priest and Rusty Jeffers by Paul Buceta
383

Notice that I suggested doing calves with chest or other upper-body exercises, and
forearms with leg work. There’s a good reason for this. You need your calves for stabilizing on
most leg exercises, and your forearms play a big role in training the upper body. In fact, you’ll
need your forearms for gripping on every upper-body exercise. If you were to train forearms
between chest or back exercises, you won’t be able to use the same amount of weight or do the
same number of sets.
NEGATIVE REPS
A great deal of research has demonstrated that the negative, or eccentric part of an exercise is
just as productive as the positive, or concentric part. Most bodybuilders find negative training
makes them more exhausted and sore than when they train with the concentration on positives.
Negative-only training received a big endorsement from Dr. Arthur Jones, inventor of the
Nautilus line of strength-training equipment.
There are three ways to perform negatives. The first is to simply lower the weight in the

same slow and controlled manner as you lift it. In other words, you’re not just hoisting the
weight into position and then letting gravity take it downwards; you’re using muscle power to
keep the weight under control.
The other way is to load more weight on the bar than you can lift in the normal positive
fashion and then lower it as slowly as possible, trying to stop the weight on the way down. For
example, on the barbell bench press you’d have a training partner help you bring the bar back to
the arms locked out position and then slowly lower it using the chest, shoulder and triceps
muscles. The usual way to do this is after a regular set. When you can no longer lift the weight,
you can still lower it. Do your full set by yourself, then have your partner help you do a few
negative reps.
You can also do negatives on your own on a few exercises (though you’ll have to really

concentrate on safety). For example, on the barbell curl you’d lob the weight up using body
momentum and then slowly lower it using just the biceps. You can do the same thing on
various lateral raises for shoulders. For obvious reasons, you shouldn’t try negatives on an
exercise such as squats. The amount of weight being lifted could be more than you and your
partner can safely control.
YOU GO, I GO
This is another simple but highly effective technique virtually guaranteed to shock you into
new muscle growth. As the name suggests, it involves having one trainer perform a set of a
given exercise to failure and then passes the dumbells or barbell to his partner, who also trains
to failure. The two go back and forth training to failure with no break between sets. After a few

of these sets you’ll be wishing your partner were going at a slower pace. Because of the sheer
intensity of the technique, it’s best limited to smaller muscles such as arms and shoulders.
REST-PAUSE
Rest-pause is one of those advanced training techniques that will separate the true bodybuilders
from the wussies! To perform rest-pause, load the bar (or machine) with enough weight to limit
you to just one rep. Perform the rep and then place the bar back on the rack. Wait 10 to 15
seconds and then do another rep. Repeat this pattern for 8 to 10 reps. Rest-pause is based on the
384

principle that a muscle will regain most of its strength in as little as 10 to 15 seconds. It’s a
great technique for blasting through sticking points, because you’re using 100 percent of your
one-rep maximum weight on every set. If you find that you can manage only 5 or 6 one-rep
sets, reduce the weight by about 10 percent.
PRE-EXHAUST
I came up with the pre-exhaust training principle back in 1968. This technique is great for
eliminating the “weak link in the chain” that often limits the effectiveness of many otherwise
great exercises.
For example, during most back exercises the much smaller biceps give out before the
targeted back muscles. Likewise, on chest training, the triceps or front delts may fatigue before
your chest muscles are adequately stimulated. Pre-exhaustion means you fatigue or “pre-
exhaust” the primary muscles first with an isolation exercise. You then perform a compound
movement that allows the fresh secondary muscles to carry the targeted muscle to new depths
of stimulation.

Some examples to illustrate the concept:
Many bodybuilders find barbell presses do more for their triceps and front shoulders than their
chest. This is because the triceps and front delts, which support the pecs, tire first. The chest is
never fully stimulated. To combat this problem, first perform an isolation exercise such as flat
dumbell flyes or pec-deck flyes, and then do a set of barbell presses. The flyes tend to target
just the chest muscles, leaving the triceps and shoulders relatively fresh. When you switch to
the flat barbell presses, the chest muscles are now the “weak link” and will tire and fatigue
before the still-energized triceps and front shoulders.
385

PRE-EXHAUST EXAMPLE
To pre-exhaust, simply perform an isolation exercise followed by a compound
exercise. Here are some of the best:
ISOLATION EXERCISES
COMPOUND EXERCISES
Squats or Leg Presses
Shrugs
Narrow-Grip Chin-Ups
Front Barbell or Dumbell Presses
Flat or Incline Flyes
Flat or Incline Presses
Leg Raises
386

SUPERSETS
They’re quick, fun and efficient. Supersets involve performing two exercises in an alternating
fashion, but rather than wait the usual 45 to 60 seconds between exercises, you rest only as long
as it takes to switch from the first exercise to the second.
There are two primary versions of supersets. The first involves alternating two exercises
for the same muscle group. For example, a set of flat barbell presses could be followed with a
set of incline dumbell flyes. Or you could alternate incline barbell presses with dips. Most
bodybuilders try to superset exercises that hit the muscle from different angles or different
parts of the muscle. For example: lower and upper chest, inner and outer back, and front and
rear shoulders.
The second variation of supersets involves alternating two exercises for different muscle
groups. Most bodybuilders superset exercises for opposing muscle groups such as back and
chest, thighs and hamstrings, and biceps and triceps. The reason for this is that working one

muscle brings blood, and therefore nutrients, into the area. If you work the opposing muscle
between sets you take advantage of the blood and nutrients while resting the first muscle.
SUPERSETS FOR THE SAME MUSCLE GROUPS:
Quads
Leg extensions + Squats
Hack squats + Leg presses
Hamstrings
Lying leg curls + Stiff-leg deadlifts
Stiff-leg deadlifts + Seated leg curls
Chest
Flat flyes + Barbell bench presses
Incline dumbell presses + Incline dumbell flyes
Flat dumbell presses + Dips
Back
Straight-arm pushdowns + Front pulldowns
Chin-ups + Barbell rows
Seated rows + T-bar rows
Shoulders
Side dumbell raises + Dumbell press
Front dumbell raises + Upright rows
Biceps
Incline curls + Standing barbell curls
Preacher curls + Narrow-grip reverse chin-ups
387

Triceps
Lying extensions + Narrow presses
Triceps pushdowns + Dips
Abs
Swiss-ball crunches + Reverse crunches
Hanging leg raises + Medicine-ball twists
Calves
Standing calf raises + Seated calf raises
Donkey calf raises + Seated calf raises
Seated calf raises + Toe presses
Supersetting your abs is a quick and effective method to achieve a chiseled midsection.
Photo of Kamal El Gargni by Robert Reiff
Photo of Scott Peckham by Robert Reiff
SUPERSETS FOR OPPOSING MUSCLE GROUPS
Quads and Hamstrings
388

Leg presses + Stiff-leg deadlifts
Squats + Lying leg curls
Leg extensions + Seated leg curls
Chest and Back
Flat barbell presses + Chin-ups
Incline dumbell presses + Seated rows
Flat dumbell flyes + Lat pulldowns
Biceps and Triceps
Barbell curls + Lying barbell extensions
Incline dumbell curls + Two-arm dumbell extensions
Cable curls + Triceps pushdowns
Abs and Lower Back
Swiss-ball crunches + Back extensions
Reverse crunches + Stiff-leg deadlifts
TRISETS
As soon as bodybuilders started putting two exercises together, back to back, it was only a
matter of time before someone started alternating three different movements. Trisets are great
for shocking the muscles out of the doldrums. You can hit them from every conceivable angle.
Like supersets, they also save you time.
TRISET COMBINATIONS
Quads
Squats + Leg presses + Leg extensions (About as painful, but effective, a combination as there
is.)
Stiff-leg deadlifts + Lying leg curls + Seated leg curls
Chest

Quads
is.)
Chest
Flat barbell presses + Incline dumbell presses + Dips
Incline dumbell flyes + Dips + Cable crossovers
Back
Chin-ups + T-bar rows + Front pulldowns
Barbell rows + Narrow pulldowns + Seated cable rows
389

Use caution when doing giant sets. This technique is very intense, as you’re combining four or more movements.
Photo of Troy Brown by Ralph DeHaan
Shoulders
Side dumbell raises + Dumbell presses + Reverse pec-deck flyes
Front barbell presses + Side cable raises + Bent-over lateral raises
Biceps
Preacher curls + Hammer curls + Incline dumbell curls
Barbell curls + Narrow chin-ups + Standing dumbell curls
Triceps
Lying triceps extensions + Narrow presses + Bench dips
Two-arm dumbell extensions + Triceps pushdowns+ Behind-the-head cable extensions
Abs
Swiss-ball crunches + Reverse crunches + Medicine-ball twists
Hanging leg raises + Floor crunches + Ball passes
Calves
Standing calf raises + Seated calf raises + Toe presses
GIANT SETS
Instead of putting three exercises together, you combine four or more movements for the same
390

muscle group. I caution you that giant sets are a very intense form of training and you won’t
want to do more than two or three giant sets for bigger muscles and one or two for smaller. In
fact, since the arms will be getting a good deal of stimulation from training the chest, back and
shoulders, you’ll probably only need to do one giant set.
GIANT SET COMBINATIONS
Quads
Squats + Leg presses + Leg extensions + Hack squats Lunges + Sissy squats + Leg extensions+
Smith-machine squats
Lying leg curls + Seated leg curls + Stiff-leg deadlifts + Back extensions
Calves
Toe presses + Standing calf raises + Seated calf raises + Donkey calf raises
Chest
Flat barbell presses + Incline dumbell presses + Flat dumbell flyes + Dips
Incline dumbell presses + Flat dumbell flyes+ Dips + Cable crossovers
Back
Chin-ups + T-bar rows + Front pulldowns + Barbell rows Seated rows + T-bar rows + Front
pulldowns ++ Reverse-grip chin-ups
Shoulders
Dumbell presses + Side dumbell raises + Reverse pec-deck flyes + Upright rows

Shoulders
Barbell presses + Side cable raises+ Bent-over lateral raises + Barbell shrugs
Biceps
Preacher curls + Incline dumbell curls + Standing dumbell curls + Hammer curls
Barbell curls + Standing dumbell curls + Cable curls + Preacher curls
Triceps
Lying barbell extensions + Narrow presses + Bench dips + Two-arm dumbell extensions
Triceps pushdowns + Lying dumbell extensions+ Behind-the-head cable extensions + Triceps
pushdowns
Abdominals
Hanging leg raises + Swiss-ball crunches + Reverse crunches + Medicine-ball twists
Ball passes + Planks + Swiss-ball crunches + Lying leg raises
391

Doing multiple exercises in one workout enables you to attack the muscle from a variety of angles.
Photo of Brett Becker by Irvin Gelb
LIMITATIONS OF TRISETS AND GIANT SETS
If there’s a downside to trisets and giant sets it’s that they’re difficult to perform in a crowded
gym. As soon as you leave one exercise to do another, someone’s bound to move in and take
your piece of equipment. If you decide to do them at a busy time, try to use equipment
available in multiple copies. For example, most gyms have numerous barbells and at least two
sets of each weight of dumbell. Another benefit of free weights is that you can do different
exercises using the same barbell or dumbbell, so you can do a triset using the same piece of
equipment for each set. Most machines are good for only one specific exercise and muscle
group. If you do incorporate machines into your trisets or giant sets workout, try using them on
weekends or during less busy times of the day.
EXTENDED SETS

Although not as popular as some other intensity techniques, extended sets are second to none
when it comes to increasing training intensity, and thus muscle size. To perform extended sets,
carry an exercise to positive failure and then immediately switch to an exercise that puts you in
a better biomechanical position.
For Triceps:
 After you reach failure after a set of lying barbell extensions quickly bring
the bar to your mid-chest and rep out with narrow presses.
For Chest:
 Dumbell flyes and dumbell presses. Start with the dumbell flye and when you
can no longer continue, rotate your hands and continue on with dumbell presses. You are
stronger in the press than the flye since the press brings in more of the triceps and front
shoulders. In effect, you are using these still-fresh muscles 
to stimulate the chest muscles
392

deeper than if you had terminated the set with the flyes. You can do the flye/press combination
for both flat and incline versions.
For Lats:
 Wide and narrow pulldowns. After going to failure on the front pulldown,
switch over to the narrow, reverse-grip pulldown. The underhand grip brings more of the biceps
into play and allows you to push the lats past the normal failure point.
For Deltoids:
 Try doing lateral dumbell raises followed by dumbell presses. Although
you’ll likely have to use less weight than you normally would on the pressing movement, doing
the side raises first will tire out the shoulders and you’ll still be working them hard.
For Biceps:
 Nothing blasts the biceps like incline dumbell curls followed by standing
barbell curls. Although both exercises work the biceps, the standing curl brings in more
forearms and allows you to lift more weight. If you really want to maximize the biceps, add a
few cheat curls at the end of your barbell curls. It won’t take many sets of this dynamic combo

to pack some muscle on your upper arms.
For Thighs:
 If you’re looking to shock the thighs into new growth, try the front and back
squat extended-set combination. Front squats reduce the amount of lower-back and glute
involvement and are more isolating for the thighs. As soon as your thighs are fatigued from the
front squats, rack the bar, step in under it and perform as many reps as possible of regular back
squats (usually just called squats). The still-strong lower back and glutes will push the thighs to
new depths of stimulation (and pain!).
For Abs:
 You can even do extended sets for the abs. Start with crunches on the Swiss ball
or floor, and once the abs are sufficiently fatigued, switch over to reverse crunches. Reverse
crunches allow you to use the hip flexors to continue working the abs.

Remember that with most advanced training techniques it’s quite easy to go overboard
with extended sets. For most intermediate bodybuilders, one to two extended-set combinations
will be more than sufficient. Any more and you risk overtraining.
MULTIPLE EXERCISES
There are numerous advantages to training a muscle using multiple exercises during one
workout. The most important is that you can attack the muscle from a variety of different
angles. The more angles you hit the muscle from, the more muscle fibers are stimulated and the
greater the overall degree of development. For example, on chest you can do declines for the
lower and outer chest, flats for the lower and center chest, inclines for the upper chest, and pec-
deck flyes and cable crossovers for the inner chest.

Another advantage of multiple exercises is variety. Even though most bodybuilders love
training, doing the same workout over and over can get pretty boring. Changing the exercises
keeps things fresh.
If there’s one disadvantage to multiple exercises, however, it’s that it’s very easy to fall
into the overtraining trap. Take shoulders for example: If you were to do one exercise for each
of the three heads, plus another exercise for the trapezius, you’d end up doing 12 to 16 sets in
total (assuming 3 to 4 sets per exercise). For the genetically blessed or pharmaceutically
enhanced this is probably no concern. But the average natural bodybuilder will quickly find
himself overtrained.
10 SETS OF 10, OR GERMAN VOLUME TRAINING
393

One solution to this is to adopt a one-exercise-per-bodypart-per-workout approach. The
technique was first made popular as 10 sets of 10 by Vince Gironda in the 1950s and ’60s. (In
the 1970s it was renamed “German volume training.”) Over the last 10 to 15 years, world-
renowned strength-training coach Charles Poliquin has reintroduced the technique to a whole
new generation of bodybuilders.
As the name suggests, you pick just one exercise for a muscle and perform 10 sets of 10
reps. Obviously you won’t be able to do this with the amount of weight you’d use for 3 or 4
sets. You’ll be lucky to use 50 percent of your usual weight. Don’t let the first few sets 
mislead
you. They will feel easy, but trust me, by the time you’re up to set 7 or 8 the muscle will be
howling! You’ll be lucky to complete 10 sets.
Photo of Steve Frazier by Ralph DeHaan
There are numerous advantages to performing just one exercise per bodypart. The most

obvious is that once you start, your entire focus is kept on that one exercise for the full 10 sets.
Another benefit is that you won’t have to worry about cooling down while changing exercises if
the equipment you had planned on using is in use. A couple of minutes may not seem like a
long time, but sometimes it’s long enough for the muscles to cool down. By doing just one
exercise you’ll never be more than 45 to 60 seconds between sets.
A third advantage of doing just one exercise lies in thoroughness. It usually takes two or
three sets before the muscles even feel like they’re working. With multiple-exercise routines
you may complete the first exercise and not even feel it. But if you’re doing just one exercise,
you know it won’t be long before the muscles starting burning from that particular movement.

You may be concerned about the lack of variety if you only perform one exercise per
workout. To prevent this, simply switch exercises every workout or so. For example, you could
do flat barbell presses during one workout, incline dumbell presses the next, and dips on the
third (tough to do as your bodyweight may eventually be too heavy to complete the last couple
of sets). By alternating the exercises you’re still hitting the muscle from different angles – just
394

not during the same workout.
SAMPLE WORKOUTS
The following table consists of three sample workouts that you can perform for each
bodypart. You can still follow your traditional muscle group splits (i.e. three, four,
or six days per week) but you do only one exercise per bodypart. This means your
total workout for any given day is only going to be two or three exercises.
MUSCLE GROUP
DAY ONE
DAY TWO
DAY THREE
Quads
Squats
 
Standing Leg Curls
 
Calves
 
Chest
Incline Dumbell
Presses
Dips
 
Back
Chin-Ups
 
Shoulders
Side Dumbell Raises
 
Biceps
Curls
 
Triceps
Bench Dips
Cable Pushdowns
 
ADVANCED TRAINING ROUTINES

Curls
 
Triceps
Bench Dips
 
It’s now time to start incorporating the advanced techniques into your training. The following
routines are examples of four- and six-day-per-week splits. Wherever possible I have included
some of the advanced training techniques, and with time you can begin designing your own
routines. For example, the book’s routine may stress the upper chest, but after some time in the
gym, you realize that your center back needs extra work. No problem. Simply cut back on the
sets and techniques for your upper chest and focus more on your center back. Remember, these
programs are meant as a guide. In most cases, the rep range is between 8 and 12, but you can
use lower reps (say 6 to 8) if you wish – or you may rotate between ranges. As discussed
395

earlier, rep range is a personal thing and with time you’ll discover which range works best for
you.
SOME WORDS OF CAUTION
Before jumping into the routines, here are some important words of caution.
First, don’t make the mistake of using these techniques on every set. If the routine calls for
4 sets of an exercise, perform the advanced technique on just the last set or two.
Second, perform advanced sets only once per week for each muscle group. Just do straight
sets during the next workout. In other words alternate an intense workout with a less-intense
workout. Doing so gives the body time to recover.
Third, limit these techniques to a maximum of four to six weeks. Few but the most
genetically gifted bodybuilders can handle such intensity year round.
Finally, resist the urge to do more. Odds are within a few weeks of beginning these
techniques you’ll begin to see rapid changes in your muscle size and strength. This is great, but

for many bodybuilders it can be a double-edged sword. They assume that if one or two drop
sets or rest-pause sets are good, then three or four are better. For a week or two they may be
right. However, soon their gains will slow down or stop altogether. There’s a very fine line
between training enough and overtraining. You have to apply the maximum amount of intensity
that stimulates muscle growth, but without overtaxing your recovery system.
On days when your energy and motivation level are high, great! Take advantage of it. Do
that extra set or advanced technique. Virtually all the top bodybuilders in the world will tell
you that the greatest advanced-training principle is the instinctive principle. When your body
tells you that you’re capable of pushing harder, go for it. Conversely, when your body hints that

you’ve done enough, listen to it. It takes many years to get in touch with your body and learn
when to push it and when to hold back. For now, use the following as a guide and make changes
only when you want to prioritize one muscle over the other.
Advanced techniques offer numerous advantages, but there’s a fine line between using and overusing them.
396

Photo of Lou Ferrigno by Robert Kennedy
ROUTINE 1 (four-day-per-week)
Day One & Day Three
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Barbell Bench Presses
4
8–12
SUPERSET:
     Incline Dumbell Presses with Incline Dumbell
Flyes
3
8–12
3
8–12
EXTENDED SET:
     Front Pulldowns with Narrow Reverse
Pulldowns
3
8–12 (or to
failure)
PRE-EXHAUST COMBINATION:
     Preacher Curls with Standing Barbell Curls
3
8–12
Crunches
3
15–20
3
15–20
Day Two & Day Four
Squats
3–4
8–12
DROP SET:
     Hack Squats*
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
3–4
15–20
DROP SET:
     Seated Leg Curls
*
3–4
15–20
     Side Dumbell Raises with Front Barbell
Presses
3–4
8–12
Reverse Pec-Deck Flyes
3–4
8–12
SUPERSET:
     Lying Barbell Extensions with Narrow Barbell
Presses
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
*
 Perform drop sets on last set only.
397

ROUTINE 2 (four-day-per-week)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
     Incline Dumbell Flyes with Incline Barbell
Presses
3–4
8–12
Dips
3–4
8–12
T-Bar Rows
3–4
8–12
DROP SET:
     Seated Pulley Rows
*
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
^
3–4
8–12
3–4
15–20
STRIP SET:
     Leg Presses
#
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
TRISET:
     Standing Calf Raises with Seated Calf Raises
and Toe Presses
3–4
15–20
3–4
8–12
^
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
SUPERSET:
     Lying Dumbell Extensions with Bench Dips
3–4
8–12
*
^
 Perform down the rack on last set only.
#
 Perform strip set on last set only.
400

ROUTINE 3 (four-day-per-week)
Day One & Day Three (The following is an excellent split for specializing on your
legs.)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
TRISET:
     Squats with Leg Presses and Leg Extensions
3–4
8–12
STRIP SET:
     Lying Leg Curls
*
3–4
8–12
3–4
15–20
10 X 10:
     Standing Calf Raises
10
10
GIANT SET
^
:
     Swiss-Ball Crunches, Reverse Crunches,
Hanging Leg Raises and Medicine-Ball Twists
2
15–20
10 X 10:
     Incline Dumbell Presses
10
10
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
GIANT SET
^
:
     Side Dumbell Raises, Front Dumbell Raises,
Bent-Over Dumbell Raises and Rope Upright
Rows
2
8–12
SUPERSET:
     Lying Barbell Extensions with Standing
3
8–12
*
^
 Do two circuits of all four exercises.
^
 Note: Because you are training the three large torso muscles on this day you’ll only need to do 3 supersets (6 sets total) for arms.
401

ROUTINE 1 (six-day-per-week)
Day One & Day Four
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
8–12
REST-PAUSE:
*
3–4
8–12
Dips
3–4
8–12 (or to
failure)
Chin-Ups
3–4
8–12
SUPERSET:
     T-Bar Rows with Front Pulldowns
3–4
8–12
Day Two & Day Five
3–4
8–12
DROP SET:
     Cable Lateral Raises
^
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
SUPERSET:
     Triceps Pushdowns with Bench Dips
3–4
8–12
21s:
     Barbell Curls
3
21
3
8–12
Day Three & Day Six
Squats
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
SUPERSET:
     Leg Extensions with Lying Leg Curls
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
TRISET:
     Reverse Crunches with Hanging Leg Raises
and Medicine-Ball Twists
3–4
15–20
*
 Perform rest-pause on last set only.
^
 Perform drop set on last set only.
402

ROUTINE 2 (six-day-per-week)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
Dips (Hold the dumbell between your feet and
when you can’t do another, drop the dumbell and
do as many extra reps as possible.)
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
DROP SET:
     Upright Rows
*
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
SUPERSET:
     Barbell Rows with Front Pulldowns
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
DROP SET:
     Standing Barbell Curls
^
4
8–12
3–4
8–12
     Leg Extensions with Leg Presses
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
3–4
8–12
10 X 10:
     Swiss-Ball Crunch
10
10
*
^
 Perform drop set on last two sets.
403

O
CHAPTER 46
Sticking Points – How to Become Unstuck
“In order to make progress in bodybuilding, all the basic components must fit
perfectly together like the pieces in a jigsaw puzzle. If you’re not witnessing
positive changes in your physique, you’ll need to carefully evaluate your
workout regimen and dietary habits.”
 columnist, commenting on the first step
toward overcoming a training plateau.
ver its five million years or more of evolution, the human body has developed remarkable
powers of adaptation. As soon as it encounters some form of stress, a series of biochemical
changes take place to counter that stress and help the body to survive. As you read earlier,
muscle growth (in response to the “stress” of increased physical demand) is one such
adaptation.
Unless the genetic gods are on your side, you’ll notice after a few months of consistent
training that your muscle gains will start slowing down, if not stop altogether. Even if you train

harder – or lay off a little if you realize you are overtraining – your muscles may still refuse to
respond. Try not to panic. Most bodybuilders, from beginners to 20-year veterans, experience
training plateaus, or sticking points. When you get stuck you have two choices: Keep training
exactly the same way and hope the problem solves itself, or try to solve the problem. Since
sticking points rarely sort themselves out, obviously I suggest the latter.
405

Bodybuilding legend Vince Gironda once suggested that bodybuilding is 85 percent nutrition.
Photo of Carlo Filippone by Jason Mathas
Once you have identified a sticking point you must stop and evaluate your entire workout
philosophy. Remember that building muscle takes more than just hoisting weight. You need to
STRESS the muscle with your training; you need REST time in order for your body to repair
your damaged muscle cells, thereby building new muscle; and you need proper NUTRITION to
provide your body with its rebuilding tools, not to mention what it needs for optimal daily
functioning and to give it enough energy for effective training. Given the importance of all
three, I’ll address them separately.
NUTRITION
Like any machine the human body needs various compounds to run properly. If you’re deficient
in carbohydrates, then you won’t have the necessary energy reserves to complete your workout
– or you won’t do as much as you might have been able to. And since carbohydrate plays a role

in protein synthesis, a shortage of this valuable fuel source could interfere with your recovery
abilities. Speaking of protein, failure to eat enough of this primary building material could
easily set your muscle gains back for months, if not years. Then 
there are the various vitamins,
minerals and even fats that power the biochemical reactions to build new muscle tissue.
Although some may debate the exact percentage, everyone agrees that poor nutrition is one of
the surest ways to bring training success to a halt. Make sure you eat a nutritious meal with
complex carbs, protein and healthy fats every two to three hours.
TRAINING
407

Some experts have estimated that at least 90 percent of all bodybuilders are in a constant state
of overtraining. Most of these individuals are beginners to moderately experienced
bodybuilders who are following some pro bodybuilder’s routine they found in a magazine. Few
but the most genetically gifted or pharmacologically enhanced can endure a pro’s routine. In
fact, most of the routines you see quoted in the magazines are their pre-contest muscle-refining
programs and not their muscle-building off-season routines. Few try to build strength and size
on a 20- to 25-set-per-bodypart program. So if this sport’s genetically gifted and often
pharmacologically enhanced superstars follow such high-intensity training for only a few short
months, what makes you think your body will be able to handle it, let alone grow on it? If your
training program is composed of such mega-set routines and you’re not making strength and
size gains, there’s a good chance this is where your problem lies. Cut your sets by at least half

and then see what happens. Try doing 8 to 10 sets for the larger muscles and just 6 to 8 for the
smaller.
Another suggestion is to alternate heavy with light days. Again, don’t let magazine star
Johnny Pro who uses 1,200 pounds for 6 to 8 reps on the leg press influence you. I assure you
that Johnny Pro doesn’t max out on every single workout! He can’t – no one can. The human
joints are just not designed to handle that kind of stress on a regular basis. For the most, pros
train heavy just once a week. Many have backed it off even further and train super heavy only
on every third or fourth workout.
If you’re trying to both set record lifts and maximize muscle gains during every single
workout, but end up doing neither, take a lesson from the pros and start cycling your workout

poundage. Go heavy one workout and light to medium the next. Alternate a heavy, 6- to 8-rep
workout with a lighter, 12- to 15-rep workout. The heavy weight will build size and strength
while the higher reps will stimulate capillary formation and muscle endurance. Cycling in such
a manner will also allow the body sufficient time to recover between workouts without
overtaxing your recovery system.
REST
And here’s something else most pros do: they take a week or two off every couple of months
and do absolutely nothing. That’s right, they don’t go near the gym! This gives their bodies a
chance to heal any nagging injuries and fully recover from the day-in, day-out training. After
their time off they resume training, but only for two or three easy workouts – usually at about

50- to 75-percent intensity. A few more weeks will see them back to their four or five times per
week training. It’s only during the few months before a big show that they switch to a six-day
per week routine. You can only increase training intensity up to a certain point before you will
slip into a state of overtraining. But by cycling your training you can enjoy those heavy
sessions without burning out or getting stuck.
You also have to make sure you’re getting enough sleep on a daily basis. Most people need
at least seven hours of sleep each night. You need more. When you stress your body as
bodybuilders do, it is in constant need of repair – which is what bodybuilding is all about:
building muscle by repairing it. But this repair takes place during sleep. If you are not getting

enough sleep each day, your body’s repair system simply does not have the time to get the job
done. If you want to build muscle you have to train enough, eat enough and sleep enough.
Simple as that.
408

T
CHAPTER 47
Shock it to Them
“Having competed 10 times as an amateur and four times as an IFBB pro, I
have learned a lot. I have also trained plenty of other people for competition
and one thing remains constant: different things work for different people.”
– Brian Chamberlain, IFBB pro
he body’s ability to adapt to new situations is beneficial from a bodybuilding perspective.
As we increase the load (weight) on a muscle, our body responds by increasing the size of
that muscle. But a point comes when increasing the weight no longer has the desired effect.
Especially if you work out at the same time of the day, using the same exercises for the same
number of sets and the same number of reps – even if the weight has increased. When
movements become predictable for the body, it ceases growing. The dreaded training plateau or
sticking point has arrived. Your next step should be obvious – you need to shock your body and
wake it up!

wake it up!
When it comes to shocking your muscles, nothing beats variety. Predictability put you into
this situation in the first place, and unpredictability will shock you out of it. One of the
simplest (if your daily schedule permits) ways to shock your body is to change your workout
time. If it’s used to training at 5 p.m. every workout day, try training at 7 a.m. or 8 p.m.
Another rela
tively easy shocking technique is to vary your set-and-rep numbers. For example,
if you normally do 3 sets of 12 reps, surprise your body by doing 5 sets of 15 reps. If you
always start your chest workouts with flat barbell presses, try incline dumbell presses as your
first exercise. Or how about ditching ALL your exercises for a few weeks and substituting them
with a whole new set, complete with all new exercises and routines. By changing your exercises

you keep your body guessing, and the outcome is bound to be new gains in strength and size.
409

Photo of Mike Ergas by Robert Reiff
You can also alternate the order of exercise execution. If you normally train chest first
(and what bodybuilder doesn’t like to do barbell bench presses first?) try beginning your
workout with back. Of course you’d be wise not to work arms or shoulders before chest or back,
as tiring these smaller muscles will only inhibit your workout’s effectiveness and safety.
Don’t forget what you learned earlier in the book. Incorporating some advanced training
techniques into your training is a fantastic way to shock the body into new growth. Throw in a
few strip sets, supersets, or forced reps to shock those slumbering muscles!
A few bodybuilders carry the shocking principle to the extreme and perform a different
workout every day. I don’t recommend this because, believe it or not, the body can actually
adapt to variety (although this sounds like a contradiction, it does happen.) Furthermore, you

need a certain amount of regularity in your workouts to gain muscular strength and size. By
continuously changing the exercises you’ll limit your progression. The shocking principle, like
most techniques outlined in this book, is a valuable tool that should be used, not abused. The
key to shocking lies in its novelty.
MUSCLE PRIORITY
As the years progress, you’ll discover that some muscles grow faster than others. Your thighs
might be columns of power, but your upper body might be mediocre. Your biceps may rival
Ronnie Coleman’s, but your triceps wouldn’t even make the state-level championship. While
genetics is sometimes to blame, your training order is the likelier culprit. It’s safe to declare
that most bodybuilders train their favorite muscles early in their workout and leave their least

favorites until the end. It’s also safe to say that the weak muscles tend to be trained last. The
three best examples of this are thighs/hamstrings, chest/back and biceps/triceps.
410

Virtually everyone will start their leg workouts with quads and then proceed to hamstrings.
This makes sense early in your training career because your quads are the bigger muscle and
will require the most energy to train. But as soon as your quads start overshadowing your
hamstrings, you should switch things around. Train your hamstrings first when you have the
most energy. Don’t worry if you can’t go as heavy on your quad exercises after training your
hams; maintaining existing muscle size is much easier than building it in the first place.
We see the same problem with chest and back training. Most bodybuilders who train these
two muscles during the same workout always start with chest – and usually with the good ol’
faithful flat barbell bench presses. Something about the bench press just appeals to most
bodybuilders. Most of us are determined to join the 300-, 400-, even 500-pound bench-press
“clubs.” For this reason we’d never dare waste precious energy on back exercises.

The other reason is simple anatomy. Being located on the front of the body, the chest
symbolizes power and masculinity. This is why you’ll often see proud owners hitting a few
chest poses in the mirror. The back, however, is extremely hard to see. Unless you set up two
mirrors, it’s not really visible in most poses, either. Although a well-developed back will earn
you just as many points as a great chest on a bodybuilding stage, most bodybuilders do not give
the same amount of training attention to back muscles.
The biceps is another “mirror” muscle. Even young children flex their biceps when they
want to show how strong they are. When was the last time someone asked you to flex a triceps?
The fact that the triceps is about two-thirds the mass of the upper arm and contributes more to

upper-body strength than the biceps is usually forgotten. But most people become consumed
with biceps – highly visible and symbolically powerful. Thus, the triceps tend to be neglected.
The problems develop when the muscles you train first in your workout begin to
overshadow the rest. Odds are they eventually will. As soon as this begins to happen, you must
start prioritizing the weaker muscles. The best way to do this is by shifting them to the
beginning of your workout. Instead of starting with quads, do your leg curls and stiff-leg
deadlifts first. Similarly, perform your rows and chins before your flat and incline presses.
Finally, work the triceps before you train biceps. You don’t need to worry that your favorite
muscles will lose their mass. They will stay the same. You are simply giving your weaker

muscles a chance to catch up.
SPECIALIZATION
You may also notice that parts of individual muscles may start lagging behind. For example,
the lower chest may grow quite easily, but the upper chest may lack thickness. Your back might
be wide, but have no depth. Your upper biceps might be full, but your lower biceps may not
stretch all the way to the elbow joints. Squatting may have built you a great set of glutes and
upper quads, but your outer and lower quads are not full.
Once again genetics might interfere here, but more often than not it’s your training that
needs revamping. Earlier in the book I suggested that the bulk of your beginner-level training
should be composed of compound exercises. This is because compound exercises work more
than one muscle and allow you to lift heavier weights. But one 
disadvantage to compound

movements is that they place most of the tension on the central belly of the muscle. The upper
and lower sections of the muscle often receive less stimulation. Over time the ends of the
muscles start lagging behind the belly of the muscles in terms of fullness and development. The
best way to address this problem is to start adding in isolation exercises – particularly
411

movements that target the weak areas. Bodybuilders use the term specialization. This means
giving extra attention to the areas of muscles that are lagging behind. As soon as a weakness is
discovered it must be addressed right away because the longer you leave it, the harder it will be
to fix later on. If this means eliminating a must-do exercise such as squats or bench presses, so
be it. As you progress, your training will evolve from primarily compound exercises to a
mixture of compound and isolation. Once you have the basic underlying mass (for most people
this will be gained in the first four to five years) your best move is to devote most of your
attention to refining your physique and bringing up weak areas.
Here are a few suggestions on how to incorporate specialization into your workouts:
1
 Prioritize your weak points by training them first in your workouts. This way you’ll be able
to hit them while your energy reserves are highest.
2

1
2
 If you have the time, split your workouts in two and train your weak muscles on their own.
For example, train your upper chest or lower biceps earlier in the day and come back later for
your regular workout.
3
 To avoid overtraining, do not use a specialized program for more than six to eight weeks. If
you start experiencing the symptoms of overtraining, cut back on the specialization.
4
 If, after you give it time, a weak area doesn’t respond to “normal” specialization training, try
training it six days in a row for two weeks. While this is a radical approach that should not be
your first choice, it usually works to shock a weak area.
Certain muscles grow faster than others – for this reason, it’s important to pay attention to your training order.
412

E
CHAPTER 48
Asymmetric Training
“Dumbell training has helped me balance out my physique. Many of us have a
muscular imbalance: perhaps one biceps is bigger than the other. My left
biceps was half an inch smaller than my right, and I balanced them out with a
unilateral routine.”
 columnist
ver notice how sore you get after you do something different, such as moving a piece of
furniture … or even after a day of gardening? All those tons of weight lifted every day in
the gym, yet one moved couch or dug flowerbed puts you in agony for three days. No wonder
your relatives say muscle is only good for show! You get sore after doing something unusual
such as moving a piece of heavy furniture because the movement is different than what you’re
used to performing in the gym.
When was the last time you walked across the gym floor carrying a 50-pound weight? You
may have shifted a 45-pound plate from the rack to a barbell or grabbed a dumbell off a rack

and shifted to a bench, but you may never have actually carried a weight across the room.
Likewise, how often do you climb up steps in the gym with a barbell on your shoulder?
These are not the type of movements you perform in your training, but they are the
movements you often carry out in and around your house or apartment. Let’s look at it another
way: how often during the day are your arms and legs performing identical movements at the
exact same time? Few forms of physical activity outside the gym place equal stress on both
sides of the body. In fact, just about the only time you employ bilateral movements is in the
gym. Most weight-training exercises involve training both legs, arms, 
pecs, lats or other
bilateral muscles at the same time, for example, barbell curls, squats, chin-ups, bench presses,
lat pulldowns, etc.
414

1
2
3
Bodybuilders fear that asymmetrical training (training one side at a time) will produce an
unbalanced-looking physique, with one side larger than the other. However, the opposite is
more likely true. When you train both sides at the same time, your stronger side normally takes
on more of the work to compensate for the weaker side. While machines are famous for
allowing this to occur, it is also the case with barbells. The end result is a muscle on one side of
the body that is slightly more developed than the matching muscle on the other side. Most
bodybuilders have one leg or arm that’s slightly fuller than the opposing limb and this is often
because of unequal stress experienced when training both legs or arms simultaneously.
Photo of Nathan DeTracy by Alex Ardenti
There are a number of advantages to training asymmetrically. Here are a few:
Keep Both Sides Equal. If you use a 50-pound dumbell for one-arm rows, you can be sure

both sides are being subjected to the same 50 pounds. But the same can’t be said for front
pulldowns. It’s possible that using say, 150-pounds on the stack could place 90 pounds on one
side and only 60 on the other.
The All-Important Mind-Muscle Connection. This may sound self evident, but it’s much
easier to concentrate on the working muscle when only one muscle is being worked. Here’s a
little experiment for you to try the next time you’re in the gym. Do a set of barbell curls and try
to concentrate on both biceps at the same time. Not easy, is it? Now grab a dumbell and do a set
of concentration curls. Notice any difference? It’s much easier to concentrate on contracting
one biceps muscle than both at the same time, and the mind-muscle connection can mean a
huge difference in muscle gains.

Your Neuropathways. A third advantage to asymmetric training lies with neurobiology.
There is some evidence to suggest that the brain has to split nerve impulses to stimulate both
sides of the body at the same time. Training only one side at a time allows for full nervous
416

4
stimulation of the muscle.
Time For a Change. If your body is used to training both sides at the same time, a few weeks
of asymmetric training will produce the ideal shock to get it back to growing again.
Here are some of the best exercises to add variety to your training and to help correct
muscle imbalances. Most of them are also terrific for working the core stabilizer muscles (abs,
spinal erectors, etc.). Besides the following list, just about every exercise you can think of can
be done asymmetrically. Just switch to a dumbell. However, I don’t recommend one-legged
squats. As a word of caution, many of the following exercises will require you to twist your
torso or lower body slightly to keep from falling over. Always pay attention to any warning
signals that the body may give you. This is especially true in regard to the lower back. At the
first instance of excessive spine pressure, reduce the weight, re-align your body or drop the

exercise entirely. Remember to keep your core locked during all of these movements.
Asymmetrical training helps to ensure that you keep both sides equal, preventing muscle imbalances.
Photo of Branch Warren by Ralph DeHaan
Calves
One-leg toe presses
One-leg standing calf raises
One-leg seated calf raises
One-leg dumbell calf raises
Back
One-arm rows
One-arm lat pulldowns
417

Shoulders
One-arm front raises
One-arm lateral raises
One-arm reverse pec-deck
Triceps
One-arm dumbell kickbacks
One-arm cable kickbacks
One-arm dumbell extensions
One-arm triceps pushdowns
Quads
One-leg leg press
One-leg leg extensions
Lunges
One-leg lying leg curls
One-leg seated leg curls
One-leg stiff-leg deadlifts
Chest
One-arm pec-deck flyes
One-arm flyes
One-arm dumbell presses
One-arm cable crossovers
Biceps
One-arm cable curls
One-arm dumbell curls
Concentration curls
418

T
CHAPTER 49
Working the Lowers
“There is a tendency for limbs to be built more in the upper extremities. The
lower legs, lower quads, lower biceps, lower triceps, the forearms and even the
lower abs frequently lack development. The ‘lowers’ need specialized
attention.”
, on the need to build a complete muscle.
he business world calls it a return on your investment. If you invest more money you should
see a proportionately larger amount of financial return. Bodybuilding works this way too –
at least in the beginning. You should put most of your energy and time into training the larger
muscle groups. Training the legs, chest and back with basic exercises lays down a good
foundation and stimulates the smaller muscles too.
However, eventually you’ll start noticing that your physique lacks a certain completeness.
Your thighs are massive and trunk-like in size, but your calves, particularly your lower calves,

appear almost puny. Your upper biceps start looking mountainous, but there is a noticeable gap
between your lower biceps and forearms.
These areas (and a few others) are what bodybuilders call “the lowers,” and when properly
developed they help give your physique that classical Greek God look. I’ll admit that training
these sections doesn’t carry the same degree of enjoyment or satisfaction as the training of
larger, more showy parts. But trust me, the results will speak for themselves.
The following exercises are among the best for bringing up the “lowers” and adding that
final degree of polish to your physique.
LOWER BICEPS
Granted, biceps length is genetic and there’s nothing you can do to lengthen a short biceps, but
by working the lower biceps – where the biceps muscle inserts near the elbow – you can create

the illusion of length. The 
following are some of the best exercises to build up the lower biceps.
Barbell Preacher Curls:
 Set the chair so your upper arms rest comfortably on the pad. Slowly
lower the barbell down to just short of a lockout. Again I remind you not to bounce at the
bottom, as this can cause a biceps tear. Slowly curl the bar back up until your forearms are just
short of vertical.
Dumbell Preacher Curls:
 Perform this exercise in the same manner as the barbell version.
Dumbells give you the option of curling with one or two arms.
Reverse Curls:
 Besides working the lower biceps with preacher curls, you can help bring up
the area with reverse curls. Reverse curls target both the lower biceps and upper forearms –

particularly the brachialis muscle. Think of both exercises as the two doors that close the hole
420

between your biceps and forearms. This exercise is identical to regular barbell curls with the
exception that you grip the bar with your palms facing the floor rather than the ceiling.
LOWER CALVES
Because of their size and strength, most people spend far more time training the larger upper
gastrocnemius part of the calves and very little time on the lower soleus muscles. It’s much
more fun to be lifting 500+ pounds on the standing calf raise than a mere hundred or two on the
seated calf raise. But it’s the seated calf that will bring out the full diamond-shape to your
lower legs and help get rid of that dreaded high-calves look.
Seated Calf Raises:
 Load the machine. Sit down on the chair and lower the pads until they are
resting snug on your thighs. Extend your ankles (go up on your toes) until the weight support
falls away (on most machines this will happen as soon as the weight is lifted). Slowly drop your
heels as far as your flexibility allows. Now push up on to your tiptoes.
Bent-Leg Toe Presses:

 Sit down in the leg press and place your feet on the lower part of the
pressing platform (only your toes and balls of your feet should be resting on the platform).
Unlike the regular toe press, which is performed with the legs locked out straight, try to keep
the knees bent slightly. Bending the knees activates the soleus more than the gastrocnemius.
Slowly drop your heels away from you and then stand on your tiptoes.
Bent-Leg Standing Calf Raises:
 Perform this exercise exactly as you would the straight-leg
version, but with your knees slightly bent. As with bent-leg toe presses, bent-leg standing raises
do a great job of targeting the lower soleus muscle.
Photo of Alfonso Del Rio by Jason Breeze
421

Photo of Ronnie Coleman by Alex Ardenti
LOWER CHEST
There is nothing as impressive as a set of pecs that look like you could lose a quarter up under
them. But while most bodybuilders seem to have no problem building the lower chest (years of
heavy flat barbell presses are quite effective for this), a few individuals are not so lucky. Flat
presses seem to do nothing but build their front shoulders and triceps. Their front-delt tie-ins
are quite impressive, and their collarbones are hidden by copious amounts of beef, but their
lower chest appears shallow. If you want that clean line that separates the lower chest from the
upper abdominals, try the following exercises:
Dips:
 The late great Vince Gironda called this the best overall chest exercise there is. The key
is to use the correct technique. Grab two parallel bars (or V-shaped bars, as Gironda preferred)
and slowly lower down between them by bending at the elbows. Keep your chin on your chest,

elbows flared out to the sides, and lean slightly forward. If you lean back with the elbows in
close to your sides the exercise becomes more of a triceps builder.
Decline Barbell Presses:
 Either use a decline bench or prop up the lower end of the flat bench
press rack with a few plates or block of wood. Do the bench press the way you normally would,
but bring the bar down to the nipple region instead of lowering the bar to the mid chest.
Decline Flyes:
 Again, use a bench designed for declines or place a few plates or block of wood
under one end of a regular flat bench. From here the exercise is the same as regular flat flyes.
Try making a big hugging-type movement without bouncing at the bottom.
Decline Dumbell Presses:
 The two main differences between flyes and presses is that with

presses you keep the hands pointing forward and push straight up and just slightly inwards,
whereas with flyes you make a hugging motion and face the hands toward the body.
422

LOWER ABS
“What most people fail to realize is that right there, lurking under layers of adipose tissue and
water, they already have abs. If you have been training for any length of time, your abs are
most likely well developed. Tense them and you can feel them.”
The lower abs are harder to bring out than the uppers for a number of reasons. The biggest
problem is that the lower abdominal area tends to collect fat and does not like to give it up. So
even if you have great lower abdominals you might not see them. In addition, most of the
popular ab exercises, such as crunches, primarily target the upper abs. Then again, many of the
exercises for the lower abs also bring the hip flexors into play – in fact the hip flexors may do
most of the work.
While burning off excess fat is probably the most important plan, the following exercises
will bring out the ridges of the lower washboard:
Reverse Crunches:

 Lie back on a bench, holding the bench above your head. With a very slight
bend in your knees, slowly pull your legs back toward your chest, lifting your butt off the
bench. Slowly extend your legs forward, gently kiss the floor with your feet, and lift again.
Lying Leg Raises:
 Lie back on the floor and, with a slight bend at the knees, slowly raise your
legs up until they are forming about a 75-degree angle with the floor. Slowly lower back down
to within an inch or two of the floor and lift again.
Hanging Leg Raises:
 Grab an overhead chinning bar and slowly draw your legs up in front of
you. The idea is to bring your hips toward your sternum. At the beginning you might need to do
this exercise with bent knees, but as your abdominal strength improves you can do them with
straight legs.
LOWER LATS

LOWER LATS
High lats are similar to short biceps in that the condition is primarily genetic. You can’t do
anything to change where your lats attach. But by concentrating on building the lower sections
of the lats, where they attach to the lower torso, you can give your back that sweeping, V-
shaped look. The following examples are among the best lower-lat exercises:
Narrow Reverse-Grip Chins:
 Grab the chin-up bar with a shoulder-width grip, palms facing
toward you. Pull yourself up until the bar is in line with your collarbone. Slowly lower back
until your arms are just shy of lockout.
Narrow Reverse-Grip Pulldowns:
 Like narrow reverse-grip chins, this exercise is performed
with a narrow grip, palms facing toward you. Sit down on the chair and slowly pull the bar
down to your upper chest (as opposed to your chin or collarbone on wide pulldowns). Slowly

stretch the arms overhead to just short of lockout.
Reverse-Grip Seated Rows:
 Attach a medium or long bar to the seated-row machine. Using a
shoulder-width reverse grip (palms facing upward), slowly pull the bar to the lower ribcage.
Slowly return to the starting position with your arms just short of lockout. Keep your knees
423

bent to reduce the stress on your lower back.
Photo of Dennis Wolf by Josef Adlt
424

C
“
CHAPTER 50
Go For It!
“Sit down before your next competition and outline some of the objectives you
want to achieve by competition day. If you’ve never before set a concrete goal
and instead have gone blindly into contest prep, I guarantee you’ll do even
better the next show with a plan on paper.”
– Charles Glass, pro bodybuilding coach and trainer, offering great advice on
bodybuilding competition.
ongratulations and well done. You’ve arrived. After a year or two of training day in and day
out, you’ve built a physique that has the size and shape to garner you compliments no
matter where you go. It’s now time to take the next step – strutting your stuff on a bodybuilding
stage. The following chapters offer numerous tips and strategies to help you look your
competitive best on contest day. You have no intentions of ever competing? In fact most people
who regularly work out have no desire to step out onto a bodybuilding stage. However, much of

what I discuss over the next few chapters can be applied to looking your best anywhere –
whether on the beach or the posing platform. Besides, many of today’s greatest bodybuilders
had no intentions of ever competing. It was only after they started seeing their bodies
developing and after attending a few shows they decided to give it a go. Who knows? You
might be next!
THE TWO EXTREMES
Competitive bodybuilders generally fall into two categories. At one end we have the gung-ho
types who feel ready to take the Mr. Olympia title after only a couple of months of training.
While the occasional genetic freak does come along who’ll put 30 or 40 pounds on his frame in
six months, for the most part the average person will need at least a solid year of training under

his belt before being competitive at the local level. There’s no way a person can have the
knowledge necessary to compete after only a couple of months of training experience. It
normally takes about 12 weeks of dieting and practicing posing to be ready, forget the muscle
building. Those who compete too early on will usually be carrying too much body fat and won’t
look comfortable onstage. Even though they’ll probably place where they deserve, they’ll
blame the judges and possibly give up the sport for good. This is too bad, as many potentially
great bodybuilding careers ended this way before they even got started.
For me the urge to compete never seems to go away. It’s always there. Perhaps it’s the
thrill of being in front of a cheering crowd, the thrill of going through a posing routine,

and the thrill of winning … it’s a part of the bodybuilding life that I couldn’t do without.”
– Rich Scimeca, amateur bodybuilder, as passionate about bodybuilding as he was back in the
mid-1970s.
428

Stepping onto a bodybuilding stage is no easy task, as it requires detailed preparation and practice.
Photo of Silvio Samuel, Johnnie Jackson and Phil Heath by Irvin Gelb
At the other end we have what can only be called the procrastinators, or the “just one more
year” folks. These are the guys who train for 10 years or more, have more than enough size and
knowledge to compete, but spend too much time comparing themselves to Ronnie Coleman or
Jay Cutler. They’re so hard on themselves that they keep putting things off for another year but
unfortunately that one more year becomes 10 years, and before they know it their best
competitive years are behind them. You can spot these guys in the audience at local
bodybuilding contests. They’re usually in their 30s or 40s and carry more muscle mass than the
overall winner of the contest. It’s sad when a contest with two or three contestants per weight
class could have had 10 competitors per class if many of those in the audience would only

decide to compete. But there they sit year after year.
THE BENEFITS OF COMPETITION
“So let’s say you’ve decided to accept the challenge. That’s usually the reason people enter
shows. It’s a challenge getting in the best shape possible. But unless you have one-in-a-million
genetics and are willing to take outrageous amounts of steroids and other performance-
enhancing drugs, forget about making money by competing. Entering a show for most people is
a personal struggle.”
 contributor, highlighting the reason most
people decide to enter a bodybuilding contest.
Besides the end result of perhaps winning the contest, there are numerous reasons to give
competitive bodybuilding a go. For starters it may be one of the greatest learning experiences

of your life. Let’s face it, competing in a bodybuilding contest will necessitate a whole new
approach to your training. You’ll need to adopt new strategies and exercises. You’ll also need
to learn the ins and outs of pre-contest dieting.
Another benefit of competing is that you’ll probably make the best progress of your life.
The primary reason is that you’ll need to cycle your training in the months leading up to the
contest. Even though your goal at this point is refinement more than growth, most bodybuilders
discover that they actually add muscle size during their pre-contest training. The increased
429

number of reps and sets seems to shock their bodies out of the state of staleness that many have
fallen into.
Competition tends to bring out the best in people and do wonders for their training drive.
A fifth-place finish will motivate most people to train even harder during the off-season. This
constant drive to be the best has but one outcome – increased size and a much better physique.
Give it some serious thought. Unlike such sports as wrestling, judo or rugby, where getting
in over your head can have serious consequences, bodybuilding is perfectly safe. Granted your
ego may receive the occasional bruise, but my experience has been that most competitors use a
poor placing to train harder and improve for their next outing.
THE TITLES – WHAT YOU’RE SHOOTING FOR
With the reorganization of bodybuilding back in the 1980s, the old familiar “Mr.” titles became
all but extinct. The Mr. and Ms. Olympias are still around. So is the NABBA Mr. Universe. But

by and large the Mr. and Ms. titles are now called Championships. For example, the very
prestigious Mr. America has become the U.S. National Championships. Instead of Mr.
California, the winner is now called the California State Bodybuilding Champion. The Amateur
Mr. Universe is now called the World Bodybuilding Championships, and the Professional Mr.
Universe is now the Arnold Classic. Of course you don’t just decide to enter the World
Championships. The hierarchy is usually city to state (or provincial) to national to world. Some
bodybuilders enter regional shows after winning the state or provincial championships.
Besides the name change, most contests now have separate weight divisions similar to
those in boxing. The most common divisions are bantamweight, lightweight, middleweight,

light heavyweight, heavyweight, and super heavyweight. Once the winners have been chosen
for each weight division, an overall winner is picked. But it’s not necessary to win the overall
title to progress to the next level.
Most local contests are called “closed,” meaning you must live in a certain geographic
area to be eligible to compete. Other events, called “open,” are accessible to anyone regardless
of where the contestants live.
Most contests, even major ones, are amateur events. This means there are no cash prizes
for the winners. But as with most sports, the line between amateur and professional is very
murky these days. Most top amateur bodybuilders make thousands of dollars doing posing
exhibitions and seminars. Others make millions endorsing supplements. If the bodybuilder had

not won a major contest he would not earn this money, but because he doesn’t earn it
specifically for winning a contest, by definition he is considered amateur.
Once bodybuilders have won the World Championships, North American Championships
or some other top qualifying event, they receive their professional card and are then eligible to
compete in the sport’s professional shows such as the Arnold Classic and the Olympia.
Like most pro athletes, pro bodybuilders compete for cash in the various pro contests. The
top prizes are found at the Arnold Classic and Mr. Olympia. While $150,000 might not sound
like much compared to the $1 million plus awarded to the winners of golf and tennis
tournaments, it’s still a long way from the tins of protein powder the winners received decades

ago. It’s even a long way from what Olympic athletes receive.
430

Competing is a learning experience. Each time you participate you’ll be motivated to train harder and make
432

improvements.
THE BIGGEST ONE
For those readers who plan on becoming part of bodybuilding immortality, the top
contest is the Mr. Olympia, first awarded to Larry Scott in 1965. The Mr. Olympia
was created by bodybuilding publisher Joe Weider to see who was the greatest
bodybuilder alive. It was only open to former Mr. Universe winners. Since Scott’s
first win in 1965, this contest has been won by just 12 individuals. The winners since
1965 are:
433

MR. OLYMPIA RESULTS
YEAR
WINNER
CITY
1965
Larry Scott
New York
1966
New York
1967
Sergio Oliva
New York
1968
New York
1969
New York
1970
Arnold Schwarzenegger
New York
1971
Paris
1972
Essen
1973
New York
1974
New York
1975
Pretoria
1976
Franco Columbu
Columbus
1977
Frank Zane
Columbus
1978
Frank Zane
Columbus
1979
Frank Zane
Columbus
1980
Sydney
1981
Columbus
1982
Chris Dickerson
London
1983
Samir Bannout
Munich
1984
Lee Haney
New York
1985
Lee Haney
Brussels
1986
Lee Haney
Columbus
1987
Lee Haney
Gothenburg
1988
Lee Haney
Los Angeles
1989
Lee Haney
Rimini
1990
Lee Haney
Chicago
1991
Lee Haney
Orlando
1992
Dorian Yates
Helsinki
1993
Atlanta
1994
Atlanta
1995
Atlanta
1996
Chicago
1997
1998
Ronnie Coleman
New York
435

1999
Las Vegas
2000
Las Vegas
2001
Las Vegas
2002
Las Vegas
2003
Las Vegas
2004
Las Vegas
2005
Las Vegas
2006
Jay Cutler
Las Vegas
2007
Jay Cutler
Las Vegas
2008
Dexter Jackson
Las Vegas
Photo of Lee Haney and Dorian Yates by Jon Davey
THE MS. OLYMPIA
Although relatively new compared to its male equivalent, the Ms. Olympia has seen many
battles over the years. As with the Mr. Olympia, the Ms. Olympia tends to be dominated for
long stretches by the same winners. Lenda Murray is the most dominant, with eight Ms.
Olympia titles to her credit. The winners since 1980 are:
MS. OLYMPIA RESULTS
YEAR
WINNER
CITY
1980
Rachel McLish
Philadelphia
436

1981
Kike Elomaa
1982
Atlantic City
1983
Carla Dunlap
Warmister
1984
Cory Everson
>Montreal
1985
New York
1986
New York
1987
New York
1988
New York
1989
New York
1990
Lenda Murray
New York
1991
1992
Chicago
1993
New York
1994
Atlanta
1995
Atlanta
1996
Kim Chizevsky
Chicago
1997
New York
1998
Prague
1999
Kim
Chizevsky Secaucus
2000
Valentina Chepiga
 
(HW)
Las Vegas
2000
Andrulla Blanchette
 
(LW)
Las Vegas
2001
Juliette Bergman
Las Vegas
2002
Las Vegas
2003
Las Vegas
2004
Iris Kyle
Las Vegas
2005
Yaxeni Oriquen
Las Vegas
2006
Iris Kyle
Las Vegas
2007
Iris Kyle
Las Vegas
2008
Iris Kyle
Las Vegas
437

Photo of Iris Kyle by Irvin Gelb
THE ARNOLD
The only contest that rivals the Olympia in terms of money and popularity is the Arnold
Classic. Held each year in Columbus, Ohio, the Arnold Classic is the creation of bodybuilding
superstar and governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and his long-time business
partner, Jim Lorimer. The contest was first held in 1989 (after a renaming of the Mr. Universe
contest), and over the years has grown to include not just bodybuilding, but martial arts
exhibitions, powerlifting contests, tons of other sports, and the biggest trade show and expo in
all of bodybuilding. Unlike the Olympia, the Arnold Classic hasn’t become dominated by just a
few competitors. Over the years, such stars as Flex Wheeler, Jay Cutler, Dexter Jackson and
Victor Martinez have added the title to their collections.
438

Photo of Arnold Schwarzenegger by Irvin Gelb
Dexter Jackson poses with his medal after winning the 2008 Arnold Classic.
Photo of Dexter Jackson by Irvin Gelb
439

Besides the Olympia and Arnold Classic, pro bodybuilders can compete in other contests
to enlarge their bank accounts. The Iron Man, held early in the year, serves as a great warmup
for later contests. Another popular show is the Night of Champions (now named the New York
Pro), first held in 1978. Rounding out the professional shows are a series of Grand Prix events
that over the decades seem to float around from city to city. Most are held in Europe after the
Mr. Olympia contest in early fall. These contests offer the pros a chance to earn some decent
prize money, and sometimes the person who didn’t place well in the Olympia can earn some
good cash and placings in the Grand Prix contests.
440

“
N
CHAPTER 51
Your First Contest
“I believe bodybuilding can be an art form – only when the emphasis is off
who is the biggest and put back into perspective, that is, who has the most
pleasing physique coupled with the best stage presence.”
– Scot Dickerson, NANBF president, commenting on what direction he’d like to see
bodybuilding go.
Most judges have competed; maybe not as professional bodybuilders but at the amateur
level. The IFBB wants people who have competed to judge because former competitors
have a different take than a person who has never set foot on a bodybuilding stage.”
– Rich Gaspari, three-time Mr. Olympia runner-up and bodybuilding judge, responding to an
interviewer’s question.
ow that you know what you’re shooting for, the next order of business is choosing your first
contest. And the best competitive place for you to be located at the event is … in the
audience! Yes that’s right. You don’t make your first contest one you compete in. If your image

of bodybuilding is simply standing onstage hitting a double-biceps pose, you’ve got a long way
to go. Most seasoned bodybuilders will tell you that preparing for a contest can be more
demanding than off-season training. And the nutrition restrictions of pre-contest dieting are
much harder on the mind. So your first step toward the Sandow statue is sitting comfortably in
the audience at a local contest.
When you go to your first contest, don’t limit your observations to the competitors and
their routines. Sit back and take in what corporate executives call the “big picture.” Watch the
judges. Make note of which competitors they call out most frequently. What seems to catch
their eyes? Which competitors cause the most discussion? Listen to the audience. Which posing

routines get them clapping and “into it?” Which routines are met with silence? Don’t be afraid
to eavesdrop. Bodybuilding audiences are among the most knowledgeable in the world, and you
can learn a great deal just by listening to the chitchat that takes place among the judges and
audience members.
Besides what’s taking place on the stage and in the audience, many contests have a small
trade show associated with them. Many local supplement and fitness clothing stores will have
booths set up outside the contest auditorium. Take a look at what they’re selling. Do you need
posing trunks? Posing oil? Tanning lotions? How about some hot new workout clothes? A quick
walk through the lobby will introduce you to a whole new world of bodybuilding merchandise.
GETTING TO IT

Bodybuilding contests are divided into two sections: the prejudging and the finals – more
popularly called “the evening show.” While the evening show is as much entertainment as
441

judging, the prejudging is very clinical and business-like. While a few close decisions are
decided at night, but most of the sorting and ranking takes place in the morning during the
prejudging. As a future competitor you will need to attend both parts of the contest to get an
idea of what’s expected.
Being in the audience at an event is a great way to observe and learn about what competing involves.
Photo of Melvin Anthony by Irvin Gelb
THE PREJUDGING
The prejudging itself is divided into three rounds – relaxed, compulsory and free posing. If the
weight class has a small number of competitors (fewer than four or five) the judges may add a
fourth round called “the posedown.” In most cases, however, the judges leave the posedown for
the finalists in the evening show. Men perform seven compulsory poses while women do five.
In large classes the judges will “call out” (ask to step forward) three to five competitors and

take them through the poses. In small classes, the entire class will go through as one unit. As
you watch the prejudging you’ll notice that some competitors are frequently called out while
others are almost ignored. Although this is not always the case, the competitors called out first
are usually the ones the judges believe will battle for the top spots. Occasionally one
competitor might be light years ahead of the competition and will be left standing alone,
wondering what’s going on (although most of the self-confident types will know exactly what’s
going on).
After the compulsories the competitors come out onstage one at a time and do a 60- to 90-
second posing routine set to music. This is the most artistic part of the contest and allows each
442

competitor to show his or her creative side. Although it’s no substitute for a great physique, a
great posing routine can mean the difference between first and second. In close contests
individuals with outstanding posing routines have beat competitors with slightly better
physiques. There’s an old saying in golf that you don’t win the tournament on the first day, but
you can lose it. The same holds true for the free-posing round. A great posing routine might not
win you the whole show but a terrible presentation will probably destroy your chances.
Photo of Lee Priest by Irvin Gelb
Normally, the prejudging starts at 10 a.m. and is complete by noon. But in contests with
large numbers of competitors it may start at 9 a.m. and continue until 1 or 2 p.m. By this time
most of the contestants feel as if they have gone through two heavy leg workouts along with
hard workouts for all their other bodyparts. 
Holding poses is very tiring, and combined with the

hot lights this makes for a group of very tired and very dehydrated bodybuilders.
THE EVENING SHOW
“Over weeks and months of dieting and preparation it seems the contest will never arrive. All
of a sudden it’s time to put on the contest color, don your trunks, and head off to the venue to
compete. Then it’s all over in the blink of an eye.”
443

The evening show usually starts around 7 or 8 p.m. It resembles the prejudging, but has a much
larger audience, along with one or two entertainment acts (usually martial arts demonstrations),
and a guest poser. The audience deserves a special comment. If this is your first bodybuilding
contest you’re in for a treat. This is definitely not a night at the opera! Within a minute of the
first contestants strolling onstage you’ll see what I mean. Bodybuilding audiences are among
the loudest, noisiest and most vocal, around. And nowhere is this more evident than at a city or
state contest.
A typical bodybuilding audience is made up of camps, or cliques (just think of the old high
school cafeteria), each loyal to one or more contestants. The real wars start when you have
groups of competitors from rival gyms. If you think polite applause and the occasional catcall

is the extent of it, think again. As soon as the contestants start flexing their stuff the most vocal
of the audience members will start yelling their support. From one corner it’s: “squeeze it,
squeeze it!” From another it’s: “come on show those abs!” Add in an assortment of “hold its”
and “oh yeahs” and you end up with nothing short of verbal mayhem. But this is what makes a
bodybuilding contest so exciting and memorable. It seems no matter how hard the competitors
try to outdo one another, the audience wants more.
Of course, between the bellowing and screaming there is an actual event. The first three
rounds are identical to the prejudging, and then a fourth round is added. Affectionately called
the posedown, it’s reminiscent of the knights of old going head to head. The top four or five

competitors from the class are asked to step forward and are given one minute to outflex their
opponents. Each competitor does his best to match shots with his opponent. By this point most
of the competitors know the one to beat, and they converge on him like drones around a queen
bee. The objective in the posedown is to try and get the judges to reconsider their rankings – for
the better, of course! While this rarely happens, it does make for perhaps the most exciting 60
seconds in bodybuilding.
After the posedown the head judges will ask the competitors to step back and relax. From
then on it’s a matter of announcing the winners. In most contests the top five are announced
with fourth and fifth receiving medals and first, second and third receiving trophies. There may

be the scattered boo during the announcements, but for the most part the judges place the
contestants in the same order as the majority of the audience.
Once the winners of the individual classes are determined, they are asked to come back on
stage and an overall winner is chosen. At the local levels the overall winner usually comes from
the middleweight or light heavyweight divisions, as these are usually the most competitive
classes. At the city level many of the heavyweights are either too smooth or just not carrying
enough muscle for their height. Conversely, the majority of bantamweights and lightweights
seem to get overshadowed by the middle- and light heavyweights. As you work your way up the
levels you’ll see the heavyweights starting to dominate the overall class, since by this time they

have the muscle mass to fill in their taller frames and overpower the lighter divisions. All
things being equal, a good tall bodybuilder will defeat a good shorter opponent.
So what do you think? Are you hooked yet? If so, great. The next time you go to a contest,
many of those yells will be directed at you. Of course there are a few intermediate stops along
the way, and that’s where I come in.
444

T
CHAPTER 52
Step One – Which Contest to Choose?
“Not all of us can stand onstage at the Mr. Olympia and trade poses with
Ronnie, Jay and Dexter, and that’s okay. Even if you never win a first-place
trophy – even if you never compete, period, you can be assured of victory if
you set the goal of improving year after year and being the best that you can
be. That’s what real bodybuilding is all about.”
he first step in your assault on Ronnie Coleman’s record is choosing an appropriate first
contest. By this I mean picking the show most applicable to your physique development.
Most local contests feature a teen division these days, so teens should have a great selection. If
you’re older than 19 but have never competed before, you have the option of competing in the
novice division or in the open or regular classes. If you’re older than 35 or 40 (the age limit
varies depending on the contest and the federation) you may have the option of competing in a

masters division. It’s even possible to do all three.
In general, you start at the city level and work your way up. Occasionally a bodybuilder
will emerge who is obviously destined for the pro ranks and will be given an exception and be
allowed to go straight to a regional event, but for the most part you’re expected to earn your
dues. Besides, even if your physique is way ahead of the competition, what you’ll learn about
contest preparation at the local level will be invaluable when you reach the regional or national
shows.
Photo by Jason Breeze
A WEIGHTY MATTER
Virtually all shows are broken down into weight classes. At one time contests had only two
categories: either tall and short or above and below 200 pounds. But since a big push has been
445

on to make bodybuilding accepted as a competitive sport, competitors are now separated by
narrow weight classes, as they are in boxing and wrestling. The most common weight classes
are bantamweight, lightweight, middleweight, light heavyweight, heavyweight, and
occasionally super heavyweight.
Most bodybuilders try to compete at the top of a weight division. It may sound glamorous
to compete as a heavyweight, but a big, ripped light heavyweight will make more of an
impression on the judges than a small and smooth heavyweight. So lose those extra few pounds
of fat and water and come in big and hard.
SCORING
Ask the average person to rank a lineup of bodybuilding competitors and odds are he or she will
pick the person with the largest muscles as the winner, especially if that competitor has big
arms. But modern bodybuilding has evolved way beyond such narrow thinking. Nowadays the
judges are looking for everything from size and shape to bodyfat percentage and presentation.

Even such variables as skin color and thickness and stage presence are taken into account. So
you can see that the judges have a lot on their minds when it comes to sorting and ranking the
competitors.
In IFBB contests the judging panel is made up of anywhere from seven to nine judges. At
local levels this number might be five. Judging panels are made up of odd numbers to help
prevent ties. Most judges are former bodybuilders who work their way up the judging ranks in
the same manner as the contestants. You don’t just decide to judge the Arnold Classic or Mr.
Olympia. You start at the local level and work your way up from city to state to national to pro.
Most judges will have judged dozens, if not hundreds, of contests by the time they reach the
national or pro levels.

Most bodybuilding federations use the ranking system. This means the competitors in each
class are ranked from 1 to whatever is the total number of contestants in the class. At the end of
the contest the scores are added and the competitor with the lowest score wins. To combat the
possibility that a judge might skew the outcome because of his own bias, the highest and lowest
scores are usually eliminated at the end of each round. A competitor doesn’t need to win every
round to place first. In fact, a competitor might win by consistently placing second or third,
ending up with the lowest score at the end of the day.
446

N
CHAPTER 53
Step Two – Round by Round
“Placing a competitor 13th instead of 11th is understandable, but no mistake
should ever occur in the top six … we must hold the judges accountable for
their placings. Their signed scorecards should be published along with the
contest report in bodybuilding publications.”
– Paul G. Brier, bodybuilding fan, in a letter to 
.
ow that you know how you’ll be scored, it’s time to look at the rounds in more detail. In
today’s highly competitive bodybuilding arena you must make a good impression in all the
rounds. Don’t spend all your time preparing for the compulsories and string together a
haphazard free-posing routine. Conversely, don’t think the compulsories are simply a matter of
holding the pose for a few seconds. Posing is an intense form of exercise (called isometric
contraction) and will be just as physically demanding as the free-posing round.
THE COMPULSORY ROUND

Round 1 – Although the most basic of the four rounds, Round 1, or the “relaxed” round is where
you make your first impression on the judges. You’ll first be asked to stand facing the judges,
hands at your sides. As simple as this sounds, there are definite dos and don’ts. For starters,
don’t let your gut hang out. Keep your abs either tensed or sucked back. Also, try to moderately
tense every muscle in your body, especially the lats and quads. Years ago the relaxed 
round was
just that – relaxed. But no more. Now relaxed means “tensed.” Try not to tense too hard though.
The strain will show on your face, and you’ll be increasing the odds of a muscle cramping up.
You may be standing there for 15 or 20 minutes, so practice standing this way for ever-

increasing lengths of time. Also, keep in mind that for as long as you’re onstage the odds are
good to excellent that at least one judge is looking at you at any given moment – even if you’re
not in the group being judged. Assume that you’re being judged from the minute you step
onstage until you step off.
If you’re in the group being judged, the head judge will next ask you to make a quarter
turn to the right so your left side is facing the judges. As before, keep your abs tucked in. Make
sure your hamstrings and calves are flexed. To fully flex the calf, pivot up on your toes and turn
your lower leg just slightly towards the judging panel. Keep your left arm straight and slightly
behind you, and your right arm slightly forward. This helps to show off the triceps and chest to
your best advantage.

Another quarter turn brings your back in full view of the judges. Make sure your lats are
fully flexed and outstretched to bring out your width and V-taper, and try flexing your calves
by pushing down on the floor with the balls of your feet. After close scrutiny you’ll be asked to
do another quarter turn so your right-hand side is now facing the judges. As before, keep the
arms slightly forward and back to show your body off to its best advantage (but reversed, with
447

your right arm slightly behind you and left arm slightly forward). Your final quarter turn brings
you back to facing the front.
You may think it’s redundant to present both sides to the judges separately, but few
bodybuilders are perfectly symmetrical. Whether from genetics, poor training or an injury,
most bodybuilders have a best side and the judges know this. In most cases the difference is
insignificant, but occasionally a bodybuilder may step onstage with a glaring defect.
Although muscle size is important during Round 1, the judges are also looking at
symmetry, proportion, and definition (bodyfat percentage).
Judges often want to see both sides of a competitor’s physique to assess symmetry and look for imbalances.
Photo of Gustavo Badell by Irvin Gelb
448

T
CHAPTER 54
Step Three – Round Two
“At the press conference Coleman was taken to task for his prediction that
Victor Martinez was in line to win an Olympia. Ronnie’s prediction became
credible when Victor stepped onstage to perform his compulsory poses.”
 correspondent, on the results of the 2006 Mr.
Olympia.
his is the coldest and most clinical round in bodybuilding. When the average person on the
street thinks of a bodybuilding contest, this is usually what they envision: a group of guys
standing next to one another comparing muscles. Round 2 consists of seven poses called
compulsory poses. These allow the judges to both scrutinize your physique and see how well it
stacks up against your opponents’. These seven poses have set the standard over the years, and
you must be able to do them in your sleep before you step onstage. While the judges normally
allow you to pick your best side in such poses that can be performed to the right or left, you

want to be well practiced at doing them from both sides.
THE SEVEN COMPULSORY POSES
Front double biceps
Rear double biceps
Side chest
Side triceps
Front lat spread
Rear lat spread
Abdominal and thigh
449

The seven compulsory poses allow the judges to compare the competitors’ physiques.
450

Photo of Sergio Oliva
Although you can hide a weakness in the free-posing round, it’s impossible to do so here. These
seven poses will put your entire physique on display. So if you think it’s just biceps and pecs,
think again. And let’s not forget that other little variable in the equation – your opponents!
Besides showing the judges what you have, the compulsories let the judges see how well you
stack up against the other competitors. In most cases the judges will call three to five
competitors forward from the main lineup and have them go through all seven poses side by
side. After a few minutes of intense flexing on your part and eagle-eyed scrutiny on the part of
the judges, you may be asked to step back in the lineup. Some competitors might be asked to
step back while others remain forward. In a close weight class, the judges will try to compare
most of the competitors with one another. In a weight class of 10 or more competitors you may

be asked to go through the compulsories four or five times. This is a good sign, as it usually
means you’re in the running. With the exception of the one-in-a-million genetic freak who’s in
a class by himself, having to go through the compulsories a couple of times is a positive sign.
THE SEVEN IN DETAIL
451

Given their importance and uniqueness, it only makes sense to look at the seven compulsory
poses in some detail. It’s easy to look at them in a picture and say “I can do that,” but another
thing entirely to hold them for a half a minute onstage. And pictures don’t tell you the whole
story. Each pose has little subtleties and variations that must be mastered for bodybuilding
success.
Front Double Biceps
The front double biceps is without doubt the most famous pose in bodybuilding. There are two
variations. You can hit the pose straight on; that is, your upper arms are parallel with the floor,
your forearms are almost vertical, and your weight is distributed evenly between both legs.
Most of the greatest bodybuilders in history, including Arnold, 
Oliva, Coleman and Cutler,
dwarfed the competition with this pose. It’s not surprising that these bodybuilders also had
some of the greatest arms in history.
The other variation to this pose is to twist the body slightly, bend and lean more on one

leg, and hold one arm slightly higher than the other. By hitting the pose this way you can
emphasize your overall proportions more than arm size and body mass. Such bodybuilders as
Frank Zane, Lee Labrada and Dexter Jackson use or used this variation to compete with (and
beat) larger opponents.
I should add that two of the sport’s greats, Lee Haney (eight-time Mr. Olympia) and
Dorian Yates (six-time Mr Olympia) often performed both versions in their careers. Despite
their incredible muscle mass, neither was particularly famous for their biceps development
(their triceps, on the other hand, were incredible). Both men would check out the competition
and then choose to either hit the pose straight on (where their overall mass would make up for
their moderate biceps development) or use the artistic version to show the judges that they

where just as symmetrical and well proportioned as some of the smaller competitors. You’ll
know early on in your bodybuilding career whether your arms will be among the best onstage
or merely average.
No matter which variation you use, don’t forget your legs – they are equally on display.
Start the pose by making a V with your feet (toes pointing outward) and flexing the quads. Then
start pushing on the floor with the heels and balls of your feet. Pushing with the heels brings
out the inner thighs while pushing with the balls of the feet helps flex the calves. Once the legs
are set you can flex your arms. You can go straight into the pose or hold the arms out straight
for a few seconds and then curl your forearms inwards and flex the biceps.
Rear Double Biceps

Most of what I just said about the front double biceps also applies to the rear version. However,
one difference is that you’ll probably be required to place one leg back and rise up on the toes
to show the calf. You’ll also be showing your back muscles, so make sure you know how to flex
and hold both the larger latissimus muscles (lats) and the smaller teres and rhomboids. This
pose also gives the judges an excellent opportunity for checking out your deltoids, so learn how
to control them too. In fact, despite the name, this pose does a much better job showing the
legs, shoulders and back muscles than the biceps – unless you’re Ronnie Coleman, in which
case there’s just no way you can hide those mountainous biceps!
Side Chest
452

Despite the increased size of today’s pro bodybuilders, no one can duplicate this pose the way
Arnold Schwarzenegger did back in his prime in the early- to mid-1970s. Many writers said
that Arnold’s massive pecs resembled two sacks of flour laid on top of his ribcage. They were
that large.
As with most poses, the side chest also displays other muscles. In fact, this pose is an
excellent way to compare the relative sizes of the quads, hamstrings and calves. While most
bodybuilders have decent size in their quads, any shallow hamstring development becomes
apparent when they turn sideways. Likewise, superior hamstring development will be apparent.
The side chest pose is also a great way to display the arms.
Start the pose by turning your best side to the judges (make sure to practice both sides, just
in case). To flex the hamstring, bend the knee of the outer leg (closest to the judges) and rise up
on the toes to flex the calf. Don’t forget to turn the heel slightly forward to give the judges a

clear view of your calf. With regards to the arms, you have a number of options. If you have
long, full biceps you should keep the palm of your flexed arm pointing completely upwards. If
you have a slight gap between your forearm and biceps, rotate your palm slightly inwards. This
will help fill in the space. Finally, if you have great intercostals (the finger-like muscles
located on the side of the lower ribs) – flex them! Years ago the great Robby Robinson
displayed a set of intercostals that left most fellow competitors shaking their heads. These days
Silvio Samuel and Dexter Jackson draw the same gasps of astonishment and appreciation.
Side Triceps
The side triceps is almost identical to the side chest pose; the only difference is the position of

the arms. First, set your legs in exactly the same way as for your side chest. But instead of
clasping your hands in front of your body, clasp them straight down and behind. You can clasp
either the fingers or the wrist. As with the side chest you’ll probably be able to pick your best
side, but practice holding the pose from both sides.
Front Lat Spread
The front lat spread is one of the most impressive poses in bodybuilding, and one of the best to
highlight a bodybuilder’s classic V shape. Like the rear double biceps pose, it does a poor job
of displaying the muscles for which it is named – the lats. It’s very difficult to see the lats on
anyone with large arms and pectoral muscles. You may catch a glimpse between the torso and

arms but that’s about it. For this reason many bodybuilders tilt backwards slightly when doing
this pose.
Start the pose by setting the legs in the same way as for the front double biceps (slight V
stance, quads flexed, pushing the floor with the heels and balls of the feet). Rest your knuckles
or thumbs along the sides of your lower ribcage with the elbows slightly behind you. Slowly
rotate your elbows forward until they are in line with your shoulders or just slightly in front.
Rear Lat Spread
Back in the 1970s, two-time Mr. Olympia Franco Columbu stopped audiences with this pose.
His lats looked like a pair of bat wings. These days Jay Cutler, Toney Freeman and Ronnie
Coleman tend to rule this pose.
Other than extending one leg back and pivoting up on the toes (and the fact that you’re

facing the back!), the rear lat spread is identical to the front version.
453

Abdominal and Thigh
It’s said that if a bodybuilder comes in displaying a great set of abdominals then he’ll be at or
very near the top. Whether or not this is true, a great set of abdominals is indicative of how low
a person’s bodyfat percentage is. The midsection is normally the first place body fat
accumulates, and the lower abdominal region is usually the last place fat disappears from.
Therefore the abs are a measuring stick to the leanness of the whole physique.
This pose also displays the thighs. The most common way to perform this pose is to place
the hands behind the head, extend one leg forward and flex. To really draw in the waist and flex
the abs, blow all the air out of your lungs just before hitting the pose. If you’ve got great thighs,
one trick is to relax the forward leg and gently sway it back and forth and then forcefully flex it
so that the striations, cross striations and separations suddenly leap out.
Most Muscular

Although not a formal compulsory pose, many contests add this one to the set. As the name
suggests, the most muscular, or “crab,” is designed to display just about every pose in the body
at the same time. One of the best examples of this pose was Lou Ferrigno playing TV’s
Incredible Hulk. The instant David Banner turned into the Hulk, the creature would slam his
hands together in front of his body and growl. In most cases that’s all it took for villains to get
the message and take flight.
To start the most muscular, set your legs first. You can keep them together as in the front
lat spread or front double biceps, or you can take a small step forward with one leg. Next, bend
the torso forward slightly and, with a slight bend at the elbow, make fists and bring the

knuckles of both hands together. While you’re doing this you should be squeezing the pecs and
trying to hunch the shoulders so the traps bunch up around your ears. When you see guys like
Gustavo Badell, Ronnie Coleman, Mustafa Mohammad, Jay Cutler and Markus Ruhl hitting
this pose, you understand the name. From the eye-popping veins and striations to the inhuman
muscularity and cuts, the most muscular is both frightening and a work of art at the same time.
ONE FINAL POINTER
Before moving on to Round 3 there is a final but important point to consider. As the judges will
be sitting in a row, they’ll each have a slightly different view of the competitors. The judges
sitting in the middle will have the best view while those on the ends will be viewing at an angle

(this will be compounded more if you happen to be unlucky enough to be standing at one end of
the competitors’ lineup). If you hit your poses straight on and square to the audience, only
those judges in the middle will get the full effect. The way around this, of course, is to twist
your torso slightly as you pose. A good practice is to look each judge in the eye as you hold the
pose slightly toward him/her. By doing this you are ensuring that every judge sees your full
physique – not just certain parts of it. It would be sad to have the best physique onstage but
place low because of something as simple as a viewing angle. Judges are also aware of this
problem and the smart ones will have the contestants rotate to make sure each judge gets an
equal view.
454

Posing takes practice, practice and more practice. Each pose has to be mastered for bodybuilding success.
Photo of Markus Ruhl by Irvin Gelb
455

R
CHAPTER 55
Step Four – Round Three
“You have only two or three minutes to express yourself and show the
audience what you’ve been training so hard for. You need to have music that
suits your physique and personality.”
– Ed Corney, master poser, offering his views on the free-posing round.
ound 3, or the free-posing round, can win or lose a close contest for you. The free-posing
round is also the last chance the judges have to see you before the posedown. You may have
been “just another competitor” during the earlier rounds, but now you have your chance to
really stand out and make the judges take notice. Also, don’t forget that the majority of the
audience didn’t attend the prejudging, so here’s your chance to really win them over. There’s
nothing like a well-polished and dramatic posing routine to get an audience on your side
screaming and clapping. Given that the judges are only human such a response could tilt a close
contest in your favor.

If you’ve attended any bodybuilding contests, you’ve seen many different routines. Odds
are that you remember the dismal and the spectacular. A few boring presentations would have
been a great cure for insomnia, while others were nothing short of poetry in motion. There may
have been one bodybuilder who captivated the judges and audience alike from the moment he
strolled onstage to the moment he left. Time seemed to stand still. That’s the impression you
want to make, and the key to it is practice and preparation. So let’s start.
Photo of Chris Cormier by Irvin Gelb
MUSIC SELECTION
456

Few things are as important to a great free-posing routine as your choice in music. Your music
must excite the audience as well as suit your physique. Larger physiques can get away with
hard rock or classical, but smaller bodybuilders should probably stick to something more
upbeat. You need a tremendous physique to get away with posing to slow classical music. Guys
like Arnold and Lee Haney could get away with it back it the ’70s and ’80s because their bodies
were huge and spectacular. The audience was mesmerized. But a 5‘6”, 160-pounder will only
put the audience (and more importantly, the judges) to sleep with Beethoven.
If there’s any doubt, stick with pop or rock music. The best choice is something that’s
currently on the charts. Most of the audience is in their teens, 20s and early 30s, so modern
music helps get them on your side. Besides, modern pop music has an upbeat tempo that’s
ideally suited for hitting poses to, and has the added benefit of getting the audience clapping

along. Unless your physique is way off, such a favorable reaction from the audience can’t help
but influence the judges.
Something else to keep in mind is that your music selection should complement your
posing routine, not distract from it. While catchy to listen to, soundtracks from movies –
especially science fiction movies with laser blasts – can overpower your posing routine. You
also want to think twice about using speaking voices within your music selection. Some
bodybuilders have managed to mimic the voices on their music selections with great results but
it takes a great deal of practice to keep your poses and voice in sync with an audio track. And
then there’s rap. Pure rap music is virtually all talk, and while perhaps a powerful way to make

a social statement, it is an extremely awkward form of music to set a posing routine to. If you
have the time, physique and desire to use rap music, give it a go. But I still think you should
play it safe for your first show and use a pop song.
DRIVE-BY POSING
If you still have trouble deciding what type of music to pose to, try this little tip. As you’re
driving around, visualize posing to the various songs you hear on the radio. As the music
climaxes, visualize hitting a dynamic pose such as a most muscular or double biceps. As the
music slows or drops in tempo, picture yourself hitting some classic poses or kneeling shots.
Over a period of a few weeks you’ll discover that some songs have the right spacing between
tempos to build a complete posing routine around. Or you may discover that parts of different

songs seem to work well together.
CREATING YOUR CD
Whether you decide to splice different songs or use just 90 seconds of one song, make sure you
get someone who knows what they’re doing to do it for you. If you have the money a
professional sound engineer will do a great job, but even a local disc jockey can make a CD
without it sounding amateurish.
457

Ed Corney flexes his biceps.
Photo of Ed Corney
Make two or three copies of your CD. This may sound trivial, but you’re tempting fate if
you rely on just one copy of your music. Besides, you can’t forget your fellow competitors,
some of whom have been known to play such games as “hide and seek” with your stuff
backstage – especially if they think you’re their main competition. My suggestion is to carry
two copies with you and have a trusted friend who will be present hold on to a third.
These days probably all contests use CDs, but make sure you ask. You’d hate to show up
with CDs and find that they are demanding tapes. If you are using tapes make sure they are
rewound to the beginning. It’s also a good idea to leave some blank space (about 5 to 10
seconds) at the beginning so you have time to set yourself in position onstage. Of course some
bodybuilders have the music start before they step onstage and simply build their posing
routine around this.

At the amateur level you’ll generally be limited to 90 seconds for your posing routine. But
again you’ll want to check with the promoter to make sure. You may have only 60 seconds, or
for that matter, you might have two minutes. If you’re talented enough to make it to the pro
level, you normally won’t have a time limit, but you should still stick to no more than two
minutes. Any more and you’ll overstay your welcome, any less and the judges won’t get a good
look. A good rule of thumb is to stay just long enough to highlight your strong points but short
enough to leave the audience wanting just a little bit more.
As a final suggestion, it’s probably a good idea to start collecting posing routines on DVD.
There are numerous sources for this, including contests televised on ESPN and DVDs
advertised in the various muscle magazines. Also, check out YouTube. Use the routines for
458

both inspiration and instruction.
SWITCHING SONGS AND ROUTINES?
If you have a talent for posing (and don’t be surprised if you do – some of the sport’s greatest
posers didn’t realize they did until they started working on their first routine), it might be a
good idea to prepare two routines with two different music selections. By following the advice
to use current pop music, you certainly risk ending up with the same song as another
competitor. Nothing is as frustrating as having to follow a competitor who used the same music
selection as you. Even if your routine is better than his, much of the impact is lost. You can
easily avoid this if you have a second posing routine set to a different song all ready to go.
Besides the risk of duplication there’s another reason why you might want to alternate
songs – dramatic effect. Nothing impresses the judges as much as originality, and a
bodybuilder who has obviously done his homework. A few bodybuilders switch posing routines

between the prejudging and evening show (some also change the color of their posing trunks).
Before leaving this topic I should leave you with a word of caution. If this is your first
bodybuilding competition then no doubt you’ll be nervous. Your first time onstage will be
stressful to say the least and it’s hard enough to remember the sequence of poses in one routine
let alone two. If you do decide to use two different routines, make sure that you have the
routines memorized and down pat. You should be able to flip through the poses in your sleep. If
you have any doubt, stick with one routine. With time comes experience. In your subsequent
contests you can start experimenting with multiple posing routines.
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER – THE POSES
“I always worked hard at it. Posing is so emotional for me. There are so many parts to it. You

have your facial expressions, hand gestures, foot movements. I went to ballet classes in L.A.
and learned more. I was never mechanical, never afraid to express myself.”
– Ed Corney, Mr. Universe winner and master poser, giving his views on posing.
Once you have selected your music, the next order of business is building a posing routine
around it. Pick your poses by answering the fundamental question: “What’s the purpose of the
posing routine?” The answer should be straightforward: you want to show your body to its best
advantage by highlighting its strong points and minimizing its weak points. For those who say
they have no weak points, my response is dream on! Every – and I mean every – bodybuilder
has weak points. Just take a look at the lineup from last year’s Mr. Olympia. You’ll notice

some bodybuilders with upper bodies too large for their legs, lower chests that overpower the
uppers, backs that come nowhere near the quality of the fronts, and, as is becoming very
common these days, large, bloated-looking midsections. You may think I’m being too critical
and perhaps you’re right. But the fact remains that every bodybuilder who ever lived had some
flaws that needed to be made less apparent. Your goal is to do the same.
Your first step is to make a complete evaluation of your entire physique. Unlike music
selection, for which your opinion probably counts the most, objectively analyzing your
physique is best left to others. If you’re like most bodybuilders you’ll probably only see your
good points and ignore or minimize your weak areas. Here’s where an honest second or third

party comes in. Get someone to scrutinize your physique from head to toe, and make sure this
459

person is both knowledgeable and not afraid to hurt your feelings. The best person is a judge or
another competitive bodybuilder (obviously not one entering the same contest as you!). Have
this observer make notes as he takes you through the compulsory poses. In fact, hit as many
different poses as you can think of so he or she can get a complete look at your physique. Then
get him to rank the poses from best to worst.
The next step is to start picking the poses you’ll use. There are two schools of thought on
this. Some bodybuilders believe that since you’ll be doing the compulsory poses in round 2,
there’s no need to include them all in your free-posing routine. The counter argument is that
since the compulsory poses tend to be the best ones for highlighting your physique, you must
work them into your routine. And the judges may feel that a bodybuilder who avoids hitting
compulsory poses is trying to hide something. My advice is to try to use some if not all of the

compulsory poses in your routine. If a couple of them really don’t do your physique justice
then perhaps omit them, but put the rest in there somewhere.
Keep in mind that you have only about 90 seconds to work with. Allowing for a couple of
seconds to hold each pose and another second or two in between will give you room for 15 to
20 poses. So choose wisely.
Once you have the poses ranked, the next step is to arrange them in a logical order. By this
I mean placing them so that you make the best impression on the judges. Generally speaking,
you want to start and finish your routine with your best poses. If you have great arms you can’t
go wrong by doing a couple of arm shots, including the front double biceps. If you’re 
ripped to

ripped to
shreds and have a set of abs that look like stacked bricks, use them. Hit a couple of ab shots to
demonstrate to the judges that you mean business and took your pre-contest dieting seriously.
In fact, with most of the other competitors probably starting out with the old standby poses,
you’ll stand out for your originality by opening with an ab shot. From here the choices are
almost endless. Make your poses fluid, so they flow easily from one to the next. It doesn’t
make sense to try going from a front pose to a back pose all in one motion. Most people would
have a hard time making it look graceful. It’s much easier to stop halfway and hit a few side
poses before continuing on to the full back shots. One of the things that separates the great

posers from everyone else is the way they move almost effortlessly from one pose to another.
Most bodybuilders try to stay flexed at all times but the great posers relax slightly between
poses so when they stop and hit a pose, the muscles, veins and striations seem to pop out from
nowhere. This makes a much more dramatic effect on the judges and audience than if the
muscles were tensed at all times.
Most bodybuilders save the most-muscular pose for last, as it shows just about every
muscle on the body and gives a great idea of your overall bodyfat percentage. A totally ripped
bodybuilder will display veins, striations and cross striations when hitting the most-muscular
pose.
TRANSITION
Once bodybuilding became more popular and the quality of the physiques increased,

pose.
competitors began to realize that it was going to take more than a collection of individual poses
to win. For those who have seen the documentary 
, one of the opening scenes
shows Arnold Schwarzenegger and his good buddy Franco Columbu posing under the direction
of a dance instructor. Arnold was probably the first big bodybuilder to put as much effort into
moving between poses as he put into the poses themselves. The great Cuban-born Sergio Oliva
460

carried as much muscle as Arnold (perhaps more given his shorter stature), but looked awkward
and unsure of himself when posing onstage. Arnold moved gracefully from one pose to the
next. It was this attention to detail that helped make Arnold the superstar he became.
The art of moving between poses is called transition and it takes as much practice to
master as holding individual poses. It’s for this reason that many pro bodybuilders hire
professional dance choreographers to help them with their posing routines. And if you think
that dance and ballet are for sissies, think again. I assure you that after a couple of minutes of
posing, whether holding individual poses or moving from one pose to another, you’ll be huffing
and puffing like you were on your last set of squats … and squats are not for sissies, right? So
if you can afford it, take advantage of it. Instead of giving the audience and judges just another
mediocre posing routine, start establishing your reputation as a dynamic poser.
FINAL TOUCHES

It’s easy to spot the bodybuilders who started practicing months in advance and those who have
left it ’til the last week. The last-minute guys usually look awkward and seem to be searching
for the next pose. They rarely interact with the audience and can’t seem to get it over with fast
enough. Those who practice, however, appear confident and move gracefully from one pose to
the next. They seem to be enjoying every minute and love interacting with the audience. They
also do something very simple but important – they smile! Arnold may not smile much in his
movies, but he always had a confident grin on his face during his Mr. Olympia days. Today
such competitors as Dexter Jackson, Jay Cutler, Gustavo Badell, Ronnie Coleman, Mustafa
Mohammad, Victor Martinez, Markus Ruhl and Toney Freeman flash the pearly whites every

chance they get. They also make eye contact with the judges throughout their posing routines.
As you practice your posing routine, leave nothing to chance. This includes walking to and
from the stage. 
Every now and then a competitor will trip on the stairs leading to the posing
stage or platform. If possible, practice walking from one room to another and up a flight of
stairs and then doing your posing routine. If you can, try sneaking into the actual contest venue
and practicing. A great posing routine can take months to perfect but the results are worth the
time and effort.
461

A well-polished, dramatic posing routine with great music will get the audience on your side.
462

Photo of Kai Greene by Paul Buceta
TIPS FOR MASTERING THE FREE-POSING ROUND: RECAP
Tip #1: Don’t make the first one your first one
Don’t make the mistake of making your very first bodybuilding contest the one you compete in.
Attend at least one and preferably two or three contests as a spectator. Pay particular attention
to the following: the length of time each pose is held for, how the competitors move from pose
to pose, which competitor looks most relaxed (and who looks like they’d prefer to be
somewhere else!), which competitor is too light or too dark. Also, study the audience. Figure
out which routine(s) seems to go over better. Finally, determine which competitors are
prepared and the ones who appear to be making it up “on the spot.”
Tip #2: Start posing months in advance
Unless you want to be one of those competitors we criticized earlier, start your pre-contest
posing preparations at least two and preferably three months in advance. Holding poses is

isometric exercise. You may be able to bang out 8 reps with 300 pounds on the bench press, but
trust me, flexing every muscle in your body and holding it for 10 to 20 seconds is nothing short
of brutal! Besides practice for the contest, posing helps harden your physique. Try to practice
posing 30 minutes a day to give your physique a ripped, muscular look.
Tip #3: Shoot yourself! (No, we don’t mean develop suicidal tendencies!)
Have a friend take a dozen photos from different angles. Group the photos into good, fair and
bad. Unless they’re compulsories, toss the bad ones. You want to start and finish your routine
with your best poses. You can also use these photos to try and improve.
Tip #4: Master the compulsories
The free-posing round will allow you to be creative and camouflage weaknesses. But you won’t

be able to do this as well in the compulsory round. The compulsory poses are there specifically
to give the judges a close look at your entire physique. In fact, most placements are decided in
the compulsory round. For this reason, you must have all seven or eight poses mastered.
Tip #5: Watch some TV
Hundreds of contests are out on DVD these days. In fact, many of the top bodybuilders have
their own DVDs that instruct you how to pose. This is a great resource to help you learn and
practice posing in the privacy of your own home.
Tip #6: Make your own videos (No, not like Paris Hilton or Pamela Anderson!)
Have a friend or relative shoot a video of your posing routine. Sit back and watch. Different,
isn’t it? This is how the judges and audience will view you on contest day. Use the video to

evaluate everything about your routines, from your static poses and transition moves to your
facial expressions and confidence.
Tip #7: Variety is the bodybuilding spice of life
463

Do not rely on the same couple of poses over and over. Yes, you may have the best arms in the
show, but what about the rest of you? The judges award points for creativity; they also penalize
competitors who are repetitive. The key to impressing the judges is to display a well-balanced
routine that incorporates the compulsory poses in combination with original poses.
Tip #8: Dance – no, wait – pose to the music!
Although music selection is a personal thing, there are a few points to consider. Only the
largest competitors can 
get away with slow classical music. The rest of us will put both the
judges and audience to sleep with such music. Play it safe and pick something modern and
upbeat. Or blend a couple of songs with different tempos together.
Tip #9: Bring two copies of your music
Bodybuilding competitors are known to play head games backstage, and accidentally
“misplacing” someone else’s music tape is one such game. Or maybe the copy you brought just

doesn’t work right. Play it safe and bring at least two copies of your music. It probably
wouldn’t hurt to have a third in the safe hands of a friend. Don’t forget to check with the
promoter to see if they’d prefer tapes or CDs.
Tip #10: Posing transition – like poetry in motion
Take a look at great posers like Ed Corney, Frank Zane, Chris Dickerson, Lee Labrada, Vince
Taylor and Melvin Anthony. All these great bodybuilders had or have one thing in common:
they make posing look effortless and fun. When putting your own posing routine together, try
to infuse a sense of style and personality. Also, while you don’t have to be a ballet star, try to
ensure your poses flow seamlessly from one to the next.
Tip #11: Mix it up in the posedown
Don’t be afraid to mix it up; this is no time to be meek and mild. By this round, you’ll know

who your closest competitor is. You’ll also know how you stack up on a bodypart-by-bodypart
basis. As soon as he hits one of his best shots, counter it with one of your own. Try to outdo
him at every opportunity. Don’t hold back. In a close contest, a show of aggressiveness may be
enough to push the judges in your favor.
Tip #12: Relax and smile!
Even though it’s tough work, try to make your posing appear effortless and relaxed. Try to
smile at all times – even during the most difficult of poses. This is another reason you should
begin practicing a couple of months in advance. One or two weeks of preparation is simply not
enough time to train the muscles for holding forceful, static contractions, all while appearing
relaxed.
Tip #13: Display confidence at all times

relaxed.
You must constantly believe in yourself and feel that you are the best. Try to straddle the fence
between cockiness and confidence. If you’re still not sure, watch 
 and pay close
attention to Arnold’s attitude. At no time did Arnold appear as though he felt second best. In
464

his mind he was the best, period. Believing in yourself will come through onstage – you’ll hold
your head higher, hit your poses more forcefully, and appear relaxed and confident. And
besides, if you appear to think you’re not up to par, then the judges and the audience will think
you must know best.
Tip #14: Practice, practice, practice
Posing will fatigue you just as much as any chest or leg workout, because you’ll be flexing and
contracting every muscle in your body. The best posers practice for 30 to 60 minutes every
single day. They treat posing the same as a workout and perform “sets and reps.” Put the time
in and you will be rewarded on contest day.
465

U
CHAPTER 56
Step Five – The Posedown
“Gunter has been a huge crowd favorite, as his Herculean development and
movie-star charisma always raised the level of excitement in the final
posedowns.”
– Muscleaneous, a feature in 
Reps!
 magazine
nlike the first three rounds, which are more formal in nature and can be rehearsed, Round 4
is improvising at its best. You literally make it up on the spot and go with the flow. A
typical posedown consists of the top three to five competitors. You’ll be asked to line up at the
front of the stage and, after a signal from the head judge, given one minute to show your stuff.
For the next minute you and your competitors will be trying to outflex one another and
convince the judges that you and you alone deserve the winner’s trophy. The posedown is in
many respects a chess match, and the strategy is to highlight your strong points while
minimizing your weak points. At the same time you’ll be trying to use your strong points to
bring your opponents’ weak points to light.

Although it’s difficult to prepare for the posedown, you can give yourself an edge. If at all
possible, try to have some idea of who’ll you’ll be posing against (another reason to view your
first contest from the audience rather than the stage). Most competitors tend to hit the same
poses in the same order. If you find yourself competing against any competitors that you’ve
seen in action before, you can be ready for them. Let’s say they have a great set of arms and
usually go for a front double biceps first. You, on the other hand, have the better legs and abs.
As soon as they hit their biceps shots, you wait a second, 
point to your legs and abs and then
flex. This draws the judges’ attention away from their strong points and over to yours. If they
hit a front lat shot that looks pretty decent, you can flip around and do a back lat spread or

double biceps – assuming of course that you look good in these poses. The idea is to offset their
strong points with your own. Don’t be afraid to match poses either, especially when you know
you look better. If your great-arm competitor hits his double-biceps pose and you just happen
to have a great set of arms of your own, fine! Accept the challenge and join the fray.
466

The posedown gives competitors a chance to try and outflex one another and highlight their strong points.
467

Photo of Vince Taylor and Flavio Baccianini by Robert Kennedy
Another point to keep in mind is that the posedown takes place at the end of your class.
After a day of strenuous posing under the hot lights, having been living on a low-carb and
calorie diet for weeks and then reduced water for the last couple of days, you’re going to be
tired – extremely tired. So it’s a good idea to practice the posedown in the weeks before the
contest. To make it a bit more fun, invite a few of your friends from the gym to tag along. The
three of you can pretend that you’re at the Olympia: with Coleman, Cutler and Badell disposed
of, it’s down to the three or four of you.
As a typical posedown at the local and state level usually lasts about a minute, try
practicing for a minimum of two minutes – three to four if you have the energy.
POSING – NOT JUST FOR SHOW!
Before leaving this chapter a few words are needed on a vital but sometimes forgotten aspect to

posing. In one of the early chapters I told you about how the great Charles Atlas made millions
on his comic ad 
telling teens how to build their bodies to fight off bullies. The heart of Atlas’
training courses was Dynamic Tension. The exercises that made up Dynamic Tension primarily
involved contracting the muscles against immovable objects such as walls and floors. Other
exercises involved flexing the muscles against themselves. While static-contraction exercises
(now more commonly called isometric exercises – exercises for which the muscle doesn’t
change length) are not as effective as isotonic movements (the familiar exercises where the
muscle contracts and shortens), they do offer some ability to increase size and strength. So
what has all this got to do with posing? Well it just so happens that posing – especially holding

poses – is a form of isometric exercise. You’ll discover this the first day you start practicing
your posing. You’ll find a couple of minutes of all-out posing to be just as tiring as a heavy set
of squats or bench presses. And the odds are good to excellent that you’ll be just as sore the
next day as from any weight-training workout.
Besides the fact that practicing helps you do your best on contest day, posing practice is a
great way to harden and refine your physique – especially the smaller muscles that often get
shortchanged with traditional weight-training exercises. Many bodybuilders actually look their
best two or three days after the contest because of all the posing they did on contest day. In
fact, the greatest bodybuilders in the world spend one to two hours each day practicing their
468

posing. They practice compulsories, holding shots and transition moves, and even the
posedown. Nothing is left to chance and everything is rehearsed, practiced and repeated.
469

I
“
CHAPTER 57
Pre-contest Eating
“I’m amazed that almost everyone thinks there is some kind of trick to getting
ripped and dry. Diet is the most important aspect of contest training, even up
to the day of the show. All this carb-up, sodium-loading, diuretic, insulin-
taking crap is a sure way to screw up four to five months of contest prep.”
– King Kamali, 
 columnist, offering his opinion on the most
important factor for success in contest preparation.
f they’re honest, most bodybuilders will probably tell you that pre-contest dieting is just
about the hardest part of preparing for a bodybuilding contest. And this goes double for drug-
free bodybuilders. A bodybuilder who is huge in the off-season might turn up onstage looking
like a scrawnier version of his former self. Not exactly what you want on contest day. Those 30
or 40 pounds of muscle that took years to obtain were gone within a matter of a few months.

The problem is not so much their muscles as their brains – and I’m not talking about
intelligence here. The trouble is, your brain uses only carbohydrate as a source of energy, and
your body will do just about everything in its power to protect the brain. When blood sugar
levels fall very low, the body thinks it’s entering a period of starvation. As a form of defense, it
begins releasing stress hormones, including cortisol. Cortisol is a catabolic hormone that
breaks muscle protein down into carbohydrate to give the brain its energy source. The end
result is muscle wasting. Don’t despair, however, as a combination of smart dieting and daily
data collecting will have you looking both big and ripped on contest day.
I love and hate bodybuilding at the same time. While I love lifting heavy weight and

eating huge quantities of foods, I dread dieting like the plague. Anything that helps me
survive the torture of dieting is always welcome.”
– Gustavo Badell, top IFBB pro
YOUR PRE-CONTEST PREPARATION KIT
To really get organized and serious about pre-contest dieting you should put together a little
kit. Take an hour or two and pick up the following:
Weight scales
Notebook
Measuring tape
Food scale
Food nutrition guide (you can also use some of the online sites such as
www.nutritiondata.com)
Mirror
Skinfold calipers
470

Start your pre-contest dieting at least three to four months before the contest. Yes, you read
correctly – three to four months. Most bodybuilders underestimate how much fat they need to
lose to end up in decent contest shape. They also fail to realize that you can’t do it in one or two
months by following a crash diet. A crash diet is the surest way to cause that muscle loss I was
just discussing.
One of the first things you should do is get an accurate assessment of your body
composition – particularly bodyfat percentage. Get it measured at the gym, a local university
(medical school or exercise physiology department), or at a hospital. An even easier method
would be to use one of those bodyfat measuring machines that you simply stand on or hold on
to with your hands – if you can find an accurate one. They operate by sending a very small
electrical current through your body. The speed it takes the current to travel through your body

determines how much body fat you have. There was a time when you’d need to spend thousands
of dollars for an accurate bodyfat machine but no longer. Those cheap Wal-Mart versions are
nearly as accurate as the more expensive units. In fact many of the newer digital scales have a
bodyfat percentage analyzer built in. Do keep in mind though that these are still not totally
accurate, and that many do not work for athletes. Do your homework.
You should aim to carry about five percent body fat by contest time. Once you know your
body fat percentage, you can calculate how much fat you have to lose. Let’s say you weigh 200
pounds, carrying 20 percent body fat. If we multiply your weight by the percentage, or 200 X
0.20, we see that you have 40 pounds of fat spread over your body. If you want to get down to 5

percent body fat, you would need to lose 15 percent, or 30 pounds of fat.
Pre-contest dieting is a highly calculated and planned program that should start at least three months before a contest.
Photo of Craig Richardson by Jason Breeze
LOSING FAT WITHOUT LOSING MUSCLE
“It is a well-known fact that the body tends to hoard fat during periods of starvation, and
extended pre-contest dieting is viewed by the body as starvation. As a result the body will
naturally prefer to cannibalize muscle tissue while sparing survival fat stores.”
– Ron Clark, president of the National Federation of Professional Trainers, offering his views
471

on extended pre-contest dieting.
For many years weight-loss experts have used the “bucket” theory: Calories in, calories out.
Bodybuilders have never followed this method of fat loss. As always seems to happen,
competitive bodybuilders learn what 
works and what doesn’t in regards to building muscle and
losing fat light years before everyone else. The scientists are now agreeing with what
bodybuilders have said for years: one calorie is not the same as the next.
The first step to pre-contest clean eating is to cut out all junk food and avoid processed foods.
Your first step in getting ripped is figuring out how long you need to diet for. Two to three
pounds a week is about the fastest rate that will allow you to both lose fat and keep your
muscle. That got you thinking, didn’t it? If you have 30 pounds to lose that means you are
dieting for anywhere from 10 to 15 weeks. Given the fact that you will likely see a plateau

during that time you should probably give yourself a little more time rather than less.
WHAT TO EAT
Now you have to take a good look at what you’ve been eating. Have you been eating clean? Do
you know what clean eating is? Well, you’ve got to figure it out, start doing it, and as the next
12 or so weeks go by you’re going to have to get stricter and stricter with it.
Start by cutting out all junk. No more chocolates, candies, cakes, creams, sauces, fried
food, cookies, soda, pizza, burgers or beer … in fact, no alcohol at all. Really! You also have to
472

avoid white flour, cheese, sugar and any processed foods. Since you should be eating to feed
your muscles in the off-season, this should not be a big stretch for you.
That’s the first step. Plus, you have to make sure you eat every two to three hours. But you
should be pretty used to that already.
As the each week passes you will have to cut down more and more on such foods as
starchy carbs, fruits, nuts and milk products. By the last week or two you will be eating almost
nothing but lean meat, protein powder and green leafy vegetables. This is not easy, and it’s
where your resolve will be tested more than at any other time.
“I guess I’ve become known for showing up at every contest as one of the most, if not the most
shredded bodybuilder onstage. It’s one thing to be huge, but if you’re not ripped you might as
well take a lawn chair with you to the contest.”
– Art Dilkes, IFBB pro, affectionately known as “Mr. Ripped” in bodybuilding circles
CARBOHYDRATE LOADING

When you start attending bodybuilding contests on a regular basis you’ll notice that some
competitors look small and flat at the prejudging, but full and vascular at the evening show.
Others look pathetic for the full contest day but would easily win the overall on Sunday or
Monday. This even happens at the pro level, and you’ll hear such explanations as: “I missed my
peak” or “I left it too late” at the Sunday or Monday photo shoot when they’re displaying the
physique they should have brought to the show on Saturday.
So what is it that explains the dramatic change in a bodybuilder’s physique in as little as
12 or 24 hours? The biological explanation lies with a unique interplay between water and
glycogen (stored carbohydrate). By first depleting and then ingesting (called “loading”)

carbohydrates, bodybuilders can show up on contest day as big as a house and ripped to shreds.
But if they miss the timing just slightly, they’ll appear small, flat and smooth. It’s that simple
and here’s how it works:
The stored form of sugar is called glycogen – each gram of which holds three to four
grams of water. Competitive bodybuilders make use of this fact by depleting their carbohydrate
levels starting about a week before the contest. They also restrict their water intake. After a
couple of days of depleting (usually Sunday to Tuesday), they then switch to a carb-loading
phase (usually Wednesday to Friday evening) to greatly increase glycogen levels. In fact,
muscles will store more glycogen after a period of depletion than under normal circumstances.

In addition, because each gram of glycogen is capable of holding three to four grams of water,
the muscles start drawing water from under the skin. The end result is muscles filled with
glycogen and therefore much larger and fuller. And because that glycogen draws water from
under the skin, the individual’s vascularity will be that much more visible and pronounced. The
whole process can take as little as 8 hours or as long as 72. This is why bodybuilders who look
flat and smooth at the prejudging can look so much fuller and harder at the evening show. And
the reason so many bodybuilders look so good the day after the contest is that traditionally
there is a post-show pig-out. Most promoters rent a nightclub or restaurant, and after a couple

of months of strict precontest eating most bodybuilders let loose in an orgy of nutritional
debauchery. The next morning they wake up fully glycogen loaded and hard as nails. Of course,
by then it’s too late. But this gets back to what I said earlier about keeping notes. If you keep
detailed notes about what you eat and how you look you’ll know how far in advance to start
473

your preparations for the next contest. If you looked your best at the evening show, then start
your loading a half-day earlier next time. If you’re in top form on Sunday, then shift everything
forward a full day for future contests. A Friday peak means you’ll need to start things a day
later next year.
Of course there is a limit to how much glycogen the muscles can hold, and once they are
saturated excess glycogen may be stored in the body’s tissues. This can lead to a buildup of
water under the skin, which leads 
to that dreaded “smooth” or “holding water” look. The worst
scenario is appearing smooth at the prejudging and then arriving rock hard for the evening
show. All the posing during the prejudging under the hot lights sweats out the excess water,
allowing the person’s true muscularity to show through. The problem is that the effect won’t be
seen until the evening show. And since most of the placings are decided at the prejudging, the

competitor won’t place as high as he could have. This puzzles the audience, as they can’t
understand how the best-looking physique didn’t win. Those who had attended the prejudging
would realize what had happened.
You can read every bodybuilder’s advice about timing and dieting, but the truth is there’s
only one person who can determine how your body will respond to a given set of circumstances
and that’s you. But you will have to experiment to find out. You may need as little as 12 hours
to fully carb-load or it may take three or four days. The odds are good to excellent that you
won’t nail it the first time. But when you do the results are worth it and undeniable.
WATER RETENTION
It only makes sense to follow the topic of carb-loading with that of water retention, as they are

related. You probably understand that, all other things being equal, the bodybuilder who is the
hardest and with the most defined muscles will more than likely win. Two variables control
how hard a physique will look: fat and water. Keeping bodyfat levels low takes a year-round
approach in combination with some strict precontest dieting, and come contest week there’s not
much you can do to alter your fat level. It’s work with what you got.
When it comes to water retention, however, you can make drastic changes in the days
leading up to the contest. As discussed, you can use carb loading to fill up your muscles and
make your skin look paper thin. Another strategy employed by competitive bodybuilders is to
reduce salt intake. Salt causes the body to retain water. That’s one of the reasons salt tablets are

included in survival kits. Water conservation may be vital in the desert or the frozen tundra, but
not when standing on a bodybuilding stage. Unfortunately, salt (sodium) is added to most
foods. This is especially true of tinned food. As soon as you start your pre-contest diet, start
eliminating most if not all tinned food.
Another strategy is to slowly start restricting your fluid intake in the weeks before the
contest. For obvious reasons you shouldn’t cut out water entirely, but don’t make a practice of
consuming great quantities. If possible, try to drink distilled water (normally available in
grocery stores), as it has all the sodium removed.
Given the amount of salt and water lost in sweat, it wouldn’t hurt to add in a few extra

sessions of light cardio in the weeks leading up to a contest. You’ll probably be doing the
cardio as part of your fat-loss strategy anyway, but now’s the time to be extra diligent.
CHEMICAL HINDRANCE
474

As some drugs are notorious for causing water retention, check with your doctor or pharmacist
if you are using any medication. Obviously, if it’s a drug for a serious medical problem then
you’re going to need to keep taking it, but if it’s something that you can discontinue for a few
weeks or even months, then give it some serious consideration. Some drugs such as anabolic
steroids (discussed in much more detail later in the book) and cortisone cause the body to
conserve large amounts of water. Even many over-the-counter painkillers can cause water
retention. If you have any doubt as to a particular drug’s water retaining effects consult
someone.
CHEMICAL ASSISTANCE?
I’d be negligent if I left the topic of water retention without discussing the pharmaceutical
approach to shedding water. Just as some athletes turn to chemicals to build muscle and lose
fat, many do the same to get rid of water. There are two approaches to shedding water by
chemical

chemical 
means – natural and drug. Natural means using a mild herbal product such as
dandelion root to help the body increase water excretion or decrease water conservation. While
most of these natural means are safe, they are generally not very effective either. This tends to
be a hit-or-miss approach.
The drug route is the most effective way to shed water – it also the most dangerous and
could kill you. In fact, diuretics are thought to have been at least part of the reason for one pro
bodybuilder’s death. Most diuretics are water-shedding drugs that work by interfering with
aldosterone – the body’s primary water-conserving hormone. The bodybuilders who use
diuretics usually take them in the days before a show to drop the extra water.
The problem is not so much the water loss as the electrolytes that go with it. Electrolytes

are electrically charged substances called ions, that control the body’s various electrochemical
systems including muscle contraction, nerve signal conduction, and heartbeat. It’s quite
common for diuretic-using bodybuilders to experience muscle cramping during a contest –
particularly as they’re posing. This is not fatal, but it’s very painful. It also won’t win you any
extra votes from the judges. The real problem is the risk of heart arrhythmia (irregular heart
beat) or even heart attack. Your heart is under the control of such electrolytes as sodium,
calcium and potassium, and interfering with their levels could easily put you in the emergency
room or morgue. In 1992 one of the top pro bodybuilders in the world – Mohammad Benaziza,
died of a massive heart attack just after winning the Belgian Grand Prix. His death was believed

to be directly related to the diuretics he used before the contest to shed water. It was ironic
having a bodybuilder who supposedly epitomized health and fitness dropping dead of a heart
attack just hours after being proclaimed a champion.
While Benaziza is the most famous bodybuilder to have died from using diuretics, others
have come close, and muscle cramping is common at pro events. My advice is to stay away
from diuretic drugs and rely on natural means to shed water.
475

N
CHAPTER 58
Looking Your Best Onstage
“People see pictures of competitive bodybuilders shaved down, oiled up,
wearing tiny posing suits, and form their own opinion. They don’t understand
how the sport works or how it’s judged.”
 contributor, on why you should follow
your dreams and not worry about other people.
o doubt many readers wear eyeglasses. If you are one, then you’ve probably discovered how
annoying it is to keep having to adjust them during your workouts. No matter how well they
fit, glasses will invariably start sliding down your face as the sweat begins to flow. The
bodybuilding stage offers no reprieve. The combination of posing and hot lights will have your
glasses resting on the tip of your nose like a crusty old librarian in no time. Since you really
don’t want to have to adjust your glasses while you’re standing in the lineup, and since it’s
virtually impossible to do so during your free-posing routine, you’re going to have to do

something about them.
The simplest option is to ditch the glasses and go onstage half blind. While feasible for
some people whose eyesight isn’t too terrible, this solution does have its drawbacks. You run
the risk of tripping on the stairs, or banging into stage equipment or other competitors. But
even if you can manage to get around all that, not being able to see properly will affect your
performance. With the exception of the free-posing round, the bulk of a bodybuilding contest is
interactive with the judges and the other competitors. You’ll need to be able to see both if you
hope to look your best and offer some real personality to the performance. How do you make
eye contact with the judges and match the other competitors pose for pose if you can’t see

them? Ditch the glasses and opt for contact lenses. Yes they’ll set you back a few dollars (on
average $50 to $100 for a three-month supply), but the results will be worth it. You’ll have
perfect vision with no blurred edges, and you won’t have any of the annoyances associated with
glasses including slipping off during workouts, 
drying off during rain showers, fogging up in
the cold and having to keep cleaning off smudges and dirt.
If money is no object, you have the option of going all the way and getting laser surgery.
Laser surgery is one of the great advances in corrective eye care and you’ll have your vision
restored to its pre-glasses state. Without going into the technical details, suffice it to say that
laser surgery involves using a laser to reshape the lenses in your eye so they produce a sharp

image. If laser surgery has a downside, it’s cost. The ads might say “from $499!” but the
average procedure costs $2,000 to $3,000. Still, once it’s over you’ll have great vision without
the need for glasses or contact lenses.
A HAIRY SITUATION
Up until Arnold came on the scene, most Hollywood hunks had copious amounts of hair on
477

their chests. It seems men were supposed to sport the shaggy look to emphasize their
masculinity. This is one of the reasons bodybuilding took so long to become accepted. Any
sport that involved men with smooth skin must be for sissies, right? Yeah, just try telling that
to Toney Freeman as he’s pressing 150-pound dumbells, or Ronnie Coleman as he squats 800
pounds.
Despite being associated with masculinity for all those years, hair is a big disadvantage for
competitive bodybuilders. You’ve spent months, if not years, building a great body and don’t
want it obscured by a layer of coarse hair. And I don’t think I need to tell you just what a sight
you’ll make with inch-long body hair soaked with posing oil!
So the hair has to go. The first time you remove it you’ll see your body in a whole new
light and odds are you’ll want to keep it that way.
HAIR TODAY GONE TODAY!
There are numerous options for removing hair, and each has pros and cons. My advice is to
experiment and find the method that works best for you.

Hair removal is an important factor in competitive bodybuilding – you don’t want your hard-earned body masked by a
thick layer of hair.
Photo of Brad Baker by Irvin Gelb
SHAVING
By far the most popular method for removing body hair is simply shaving with razor blades or
an electric shaver – usually a combination of both. Now a few words of caution are in order.
Your facial skin may be used to shaving but if this is your first time shaving your body hair
you’ll need to go easy. The skin on your body is likely not used to having a sharp piece of metal
dragged across it. You may also want to avoid using shaving cream. While you’re used to the
unique curves of your face, you’ll be less familiar with the curves and bumps that characterize
your muscles, and the shaving cream will serve to obscure these areas. Also, extremely long
478

body hair plus shaving cream makes for a cloggy situation. Glycerine soap is a good choice.
You’ll get the best, and safest, results in a warm shower or bath. If you try to shave your body
without enough soapy water you’ll scrape your skin, and if you get too cold you will get
goosebumps. This will cause a bad shave at best, and scraped up skin is again likely.
The other popular form of shaving is to use an electric shaver. Most electric shavers have a
side attachment used for trimming beards and moustaches. This also does a great job of
removing body hair. Don’t use the regular shaving attachment (usually three circular heads).
These small blades are not designed for cutting thick body hair. You also run the risk of getting
the long hair caught in the revolving heads and may end up yanking more hair out than cutting
it. Besides, you may burn out the motor.
Electric shavers offer numerous advantages over blades. For one thing they’re much faster.

It may take you an hour or more to shave down with a blade but 10 or 15 minutes should do it
with the electric shaver. Shavers are also safer. It’s virtually impossible to cut yourself with an
electric shaver but you’re bound to get a cut or two shaving with a razor – especially in bony
locations such as your shins.
Most bodybuilders use a combination. They start about a month before the contest, to have
their skin smooth and prepared by contest time. Starting in advance gives any nicks and cuts
and rashes a chance to heal.
Finally, and I know this seems common sense, but under no circumstance do you use an
electric shaver in the shower or bath! Water and electricity don’t mix – actually they mix far
too well – and every now and then you’ll read in the newspaper how someone was electrocuted

by a electric shaver or hair dryer falling into the tub. Use the shaver away from water, and
make sure to unplug it when you’re done.
HAIR REMOVAL CREAMS
Although they may seem to be the exclusive domain of women, hair removal creams will work
just as well on men’s hair. In some respects you can consider this form of hair removal to be
external digestion, as the cream contains ingredients that literally break down the protein
structure of the hair. Just smear the cream on the area, leave it for five to ten minutes and wipe
it off with a cloth or in the shower. Hair removal creams do an excellent job of leaving the skin
hairless and smooth. The other option is to use a hair removal cream that’s designed for men.
One of the best is called the Lex Hair Removal System. Consisting of three products that

remove hair, soften the skin and keep the hair from re-growing, this system is produced by Lex
Advanced Skin Technologies of Georgetown, Ontario, Canada.
No matter which product you use, do a little test first before smearing the whole body.
Some individuals may be allergic to the cream, so place a small amount on the back of your
hand or forearm and leave it for five or ten minutes. Wait for 24 hours. If no rash or redness
appears it’s probably safe to use it on the rest of your body. If you do have an allergic reaction,
you can try another brand. If you still develop a rash it probably means that you are allergic to
the active ingredients in the cream and you’ll probably need to use a razor.
WAXING
Waxing is a hair-removal technique that is getting more and more acceptable with guys. In fact,

WAXING
back waxing is getting very common and many estheticians say men are beginning to come in
479

as often as women. Waxing is a very effective and long-lasting method for shedding the fur
coat, but it can be rather painful.
The technique is fairly straightforward. You simply melt the wax, smear it over the area,
let it cool, and then rip it off. Now, a word of caution about the last step. If you have long,
coarse hair, there is a right way and wrong way to do this. Waxing is not much different than
grabbing a handful of grass and pulling it up by its roots. If you try ripping slowly, every single
hair is going to add its voice to the collective experience known as intense pain. Ripping fast
still hurts, but not as much as ripping slowly. And keep in mind that ripping hair out by its
roots may leave a rash and even leave small drops of blood. There is a classic scene in the
movie 
The 40-Year-Old Virgin
 that may serve to enlighten (or frighten!) you on the joys and
tribulations of waxing.
Waxing is a very effective and long-lasting method … getting a professional to do it for you is a wise first step.

Photo by Robert Kennedy
The truth is, getting a professional to do it for you is a wise first step. After you’ve had it
done a few times you may want to do it yourself – or you could do the parts of your body that
are easy and hire someone to do the parts you can’t reach yourself.
ELECTROLYSIS
As with laser eye surgery, modern science has offered an expensive alternative for hair
removal. As the name suggests, electrolysis involves zapping the hair follicle with a blast of
electricity. While great in theory, it’s honestly not all it’s cracked up to be. For one thing each
hair has to be targeted separately. Take a look at those hairy thighs of yours and do the math.
You’re in for a long day. Also, you have to consider the cost – hundreds of dollars for a small
area and many thousands for the full body. Finally, despite what advertisers claim, electrolysis
480

is not permanent. There will be some hair re-growth. Given the effectiveness and speed of the
cheaper hair removal methods (shaving, creams, etc.) I suggest leaving electrolysis to those
with deep pockets trying to shed hair from smaller areas.
SKIN CARE
It only makes sense to follow the topic of hair removal with that of skin care, as there is some
overlap. All those days baking in the sun, sweating in the gym, and 
ravishing it with sharp steel
or creams can leave the skin looking years, if not decades, older than it really is. Given that the
skin is the body’s first line of defense against invading germs, you have to treat it with care and
kindness. Also, keep in mind that you’re involved in a sport that is concerned primarily with
looks – especially healthy, youthful looks.
Even if the damage you inflict now is not visible for 10 or 20 years, you’re still
accelerating the aging process. The primary culprits that cause wrinkly skin are prolonged

exposure to sunlight, facial expressions, and unhealthy habits such as drinking, smoking and
eating nutritionally bereft foods.
Weight-training athletes often scrunch their faces up into strange expressions when
working on heavy weights, and they also subject their skin to the harsh conditions brought on
by excessive sweating. Sweat contains more than just water. It’s loaded with salt and the waste
byproducts of exercise – all of which tend to dry out and wrinkle the skin. When you add in the
various rashes and acne that often accompanies regular exercise, I think you’ll see why skin
care should be a high priority.
The following skin-care techniques will take just four or five minutes to perform in the
morning and before bed, but the results will keep your skin looking healthy and youthful. Now,

before you skip ahead to the next section, don’t think skin care is a “women-only” issue. If
you’ve ever seen the aged and weathered skin of a 50-year-old alcoholic, you’ll understand how
unattractive it is to have prematurely aged skin.
Cleansing
The first step in skin care is to clean it with a mild non-detergent lotion. If possible use an
unscented brand, as the scented versions often leave an oily clogging residue behind. Also
avoid rubbing with a harsh cloth, as this may irritate the skin and spread or cause acne. Most
skin-care experts recommend cleansing the skin first thing in the morning and again before bed
in the evening.
Toning
The next step to healthy skin care is toning. Toners remove the residue left behind by washing.
No matter what type of soap or cleansing solution you use, there’ll always be some residue left

Toning
behind. The best applicator to use is a small cotton ball or quilted pad, but a light cloth will do
just as well. Use circular motions as you apply the toner and avoid getting close to the eyes.
You may also want to apply some toner just after your workout to help remove some of the dirt
left by sweating. And if your gym buddies razz you when they see the cotton balls, just
remember that in 20 or 30 years, while your skin still looks youthful, theirs will begin to look
like an old pineapple!
481

Moisturizing
One of the primary reasons skin begins to look terrible is dehydration. Just imagine two pieces
of leather left out in the sun. One is left untreated and the other regularly covered with a thin
layer of oil. Which one do you think will dry out and crack the fastest? Well your skin behaves
in much the same way.
Although the body continuously tries to keep the skin hydrated with water, much of it
evaporates. Sealing the water in with a moisturizer will keep your skin soft and pliable
(stretchable). The type of moisturizer you select depends on the type of skin you have. If you
have dry skin you can go for a heavier moisturizing cream. Those with normal to slightly oily
skin may want to use a light moisturizing lotion.
Exfoliating
Besides the three previous skin-care techniques, which should be performed on a daily basis,
it’s also a good idea to exfoliate about once a week. Exfoliation is the process by which old,

dead cells are removed. Although your skin does this naturally, and regular shaving also helps
remove dead skin cells, a good exfoliant will speed up the process.
There are numerous exfoliant products on the market but some can be very harsh on the
skin and actually cause burning, a rash and even skin damage. In some 
respects exfoliation is
like scrapping off old paint before you apply a new coat. You don’t want to scrub so hard that
you damage the wood underneath – just remove the old peeled paint. The same applies to skin
exfoliation. The goal is to use a product that removes the old dead cells yet does not harm the
underlying new cells. Unfortunately some commercial products will do just that. If in doubt
check with a licensed cosmetician or dermatologist beforehand.

No matter which exfoliant product you use, don’t scrub too hard and never rub in the same
place for more than a few seconds. Keep moving your hand over your entire face and avoid
getting the product into your eyes or mouth. After you’ve finished rinse with cold water or, as
some experts recommend, run an ice cube over the face.
STRETCH MARKS
The next time you’re in the gym take a close (but discreet!) look at some of the larger
bodybuilders. Many will have long purplish streaks along their bodies, particularly around the
pec-delt tie-in region (where the chest muscles join the front shoulders). These streaks are
called stretch marks and are in fact tears in the skin. They are caused by a number of factors,
including rapid weight gain and poor nutrition.
Basically what happens is that the underlying muscles grow faster than the overlying skin.

The end result is stretching and eventually tearing of the skin, which leads to that purplish
streaking look. The reason the pec-delt tie-in is prone to stretch marks is because it’s the site of
the most rapid muscle growth in the body.
Virtually every bodybuilder will develop stretch marks. In fact many bodybuilders
welcome them and consider them a rite of passage. If you’d rather not have so many purple
streaks in your skin, make sure you are following a diet that is well balanced and fortified with
all the essential vitamins and minerals. A diet deficient in nutrients causes the skin to become
less elastic and stretchable, so instead of expanding to accommodate the growing muscle, the
skin tears.
Another suggestion is to avoid following the old concept of “bulking up” in the off-season.
482

While bulking up will help you gain muscle size, the extra calories will also pack excess fat on
your body. The result: stretch marks.
If you’ve already developed stretch marks, a number of over-the-counter products may
help. A good place to start is with vitamin E capsules. Break them open and spread the oil on
the affected area. Cocoa butter is also supposed to help. Many skin-care companies produce
stretch-mark creams that are supposed to help. Also, dark tanning products are not only
necessary for competition, but they also help camouflage stretch marks.
When the natural collagen and elastin fibers within the body are strained due to rapid
changes in weight and muscle, the underlying tissue tears and the body responds by
forming unsightly scar tissue. Skin structure is genetically determined; we are
predisposed to developing stretch marks. The skin has lost much of its original
elasticity and will never look quite the same. Stretch marks do not go away entirely;

however, you can massage your skin with a massage brush or glove to increase
circulation; apply moisturizing cream on a daily basis to keep the skin supple; and eat
foods that contribute to the overall health of the skin, such as those high in vitamins C
and E, zinc and silica (which helps to form collagen). Treat stretch marks as early as
possible to minimize their appearance.
483

E
“
CHAPTER 59
Tanning and Oiling
“They often look more stupid than muscular. Not applying under the chin
gives them the ‘white strap around the neck’ look. Not rubbing color into the
hairline or eye sockets, behind the ears, or under the arms can also distract
from the physique big time.”
tanning mistakes some novice bodybuilders make.
veryone these days seems to be after the California Golden look, whether a competitive
bodybuilder or a sedentary accountant. Those living in northern climates spend thousands of
dollars on trips down south, tanning beds and creams. Kind of ironic, given that just over 100
years ago tanned skin was the sign of the lower classes and anyone with money was expected to
remain lily white.
He starts tanning in a tanning bed four times a week for 20 minutes, 10 weeks before
a contest. He stops tanning one week before the show. On the Thursday night before

prejudging, he applies three coats of Pro Tan. On Friday, with one last application of
Pro Tan to his face, he is ready to go.”
– Larry Pepe, 
 contributor, commenting on the skin darkening
preparations of IFBB pro, Will Harris.
For bodybuilders tanning has two purposes. Regular suntanning helps tighten the skin,
making it hug the muscles. The end result is a more striated and ripped appearance. This is why
most African American bodybuilders spend as much time tanning as their Caucasian
counterparts.
The second and most important reason is that all things being equal the darker bodybuilder
will invariably place higher than a lighter opponent. The bright stage lights that flood down on
the competitors tend to wash out and blur muscle definition and separation, and a light skin

emphasizes this. Under any circumstances a bodybuilder with fairer skin will look smoother
than one with darker skin. During bodybuilding’s early days of the 1940s and early 1950s it was
discovered that those bodybuilders from California (and to a 
lesser extent Florida), with their
dark tans, looked better onstage than their northern rivals. It wasn’t long before tanning – either
natural or through artificial means – became as much a part of the bodybuilder’s pre-contest
preparations as dieting, posing and increased cardio.
Things were going along quite nicely until scientists spoiled the party by announcing that
sunbathing leads to skin cancer.
Besides the risk of skin cancer, excessive exposure to sunlight destroys the skin’s

elasticity, leaving it wrinkled and old looking (again I remind readers of the dried out leather
analogy). You can see this with laborers who spend most of their day outside in the sun. Their
484

skin has a dark leathery look often covered with moles.
THANK YOUR ANCESTORS
When humans first evolved in the equatorial regions of Africa, the intense sunlight necessitated
protection in the form of dark skin pigmentation. As humans migrated northward the reduced
sunlight caused the evolution of lighter, thinner skin to aid in the development of vitamin D in
sun-scarce winters. Increased sunlight causes fairer skin to darken as a form of protection. We
call this temporary darkening tanning, and while most people view it in social terms (i.e. it
looks healthier and more attractive) it’s really a defensive measure against solar radiation.
For most people, true tanning takes a week to 10 days. For light-skinned individuals (i.e.
Nordic ancestry) it could take two weeks or more to develop what could be considered a dark
tan. For extremely fair red and light blond hair it can take months to get even a moderate tan.
Given this, it doesn’t make sense to spend three or four hours in the sun a couple of days before

a contest. All you’ll end up with is a severe sunburn and look like an overripe, probably
peeling, tomato. You also run the risk of developing 1st, 2nd, or even 3rd degree burns, which
will leave you puffy, swollen, and in all probability bandaged.
The best procedure for developing a natural-looking tan is to start weeks in advance. How
early depends on your skin type. If you tan easily then you might start only two or three weeks
out. Light to fair-skinned individuals may need a month or more. Also keep in mind that you
want to tan the whole body. I have often seen competitors standing onstage sporting a great tan
only to ruin the effect when they raise their arms for their first pose, revealing two brilliant
white armpits. Every inch of your body except for what lies behind a skimpy suit will be

displayed during the contest, so you must tan every part of your body. This won’t happen if you
lie on your back all the time. You’ll need to lie at awkward angles to let the sun’s rays reach
every part of your skin.
SUNSCREEN
“Scientists have determined that exposure to ultraviolet (UV) is the major cause of melanoma.
This is an invading type of cancer that develops deep in the skin, arising from cells that
produce the skin-coloring pigment called melanin.”
– Jean-Claude Favreaux, 
No matter what your ancestry – from almost black African American to lily-white Nordic – I
strongly urge you to wear a sunscreen or sun block. A good sunscreen will help filter out some
of he sun’s harmful rays and will allow you to stay out in the sun longer. Suncreen is rated by a

system developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) back in the 1970s, called SPF or
sun protection factor. The scale ranks lotions based on their effectiveness in blocking UV rays.
Initially the scale ranked from 2 to 22, but every year a manufacturer releases a higher number.
As of this publication the FDA is re-evaluating the entire SPF scale.
Don’t let the numbers confuse you. They do not correspond to minutes or hours. An SPF of
10 does not mean you can stay out in the sun for 10 hours. It simply means that you can stay
out in the sun 10 times longer without burning than if you didn’t wear a lotion. For example if
you normally start to burn after 10 minutes, then using a sunscreen with an SPF of 10 will
allow you to stay out in the sun for about 100 minutes. However, for these num
bers to be
485

accurate you must make sure to slather on enough of the stuff, make sure to cover the tiniest
spot of skin, and you can’t swim or sweat it off.
Tanning beds don’t prevent sun damage. Newer beds have much of the harmful radiation filtered out, but the light
intensity is more concentrated and you will burn more quickly.
Photo of Tom Platz by Art Zeller
And keep in mind that by the time you start noticing your skin turning red, it’s too late.
You’ve already become sunburned and you won’t know the full extent until later in the
evening.
The following guidelines can be used for suntanning. Just remember that everyone
responds differently so know your limits.
Apply the first layer of sunscreen at least a half-hour before going out in the sun. This
gives the lotion time to be absorbed by the skin.
To help reduce the risk of skin cancer, use a suncreen a minimum SPF of 6. Some doctors
recommend no less than 15.
No matter how dark your skin, never stay in direct sunlight for more than an hour.

Put multiple coats of suncreen on throughout the day, as much of it will be washed away
by sweat.
It takes at least two weeks to develop a good tan, so slowly build your exposure time.
Contrary to what most people believe, water-based sunscreens are better if you’re
exercising, as oil-based products interfere with sweating.
For those who are extremely sensitive to the sun, apply a zinc-oxide product to such areas
as the nose, ears, lips, and – dare I say – bald spots!
If you live in an area that receives ozone warnings, pay attention. On days that the levels
are high, either avoid the sun or use a 15+ suncreen.
To prevent accidentally looking into the sun and damaging your eyes, wear sunglasses
when you lie on your back.
ARTIFICAL TANNING

“Tanning alone won’t cut it. You’ll definitely need to use some type of tanning or skin-coloring
product.”
– Scott Abey, master trainer and 
artificial tanning products.
486

For those of you who live in areas that don’t receive much sun, there are alternatives. Tanning
beds are everywhere these days. There are two basic types – the 
lie down waffle-iron version
and the stand-up tanning booth. Both will give you much the same tan as sunlight but have the
added benefit of being quicker and available when ever it’s convenient for you. Of course with
speed and convenience comes a cost (usually 50 cents to $1 per minute), but most tanning
salons will let you buy in bulk for a cheaper fee.
One of the myths about tanning beds is that they won’t cause cancer. While the newer beds
do have much of the harmful radiation filtered out, they still carry a risk. Light is a form of
radiation and over time will cause skin damage. (Why do you think your body is releasing
pigment to protect you from it?!) You should also remember that the intensity of artificial
tanning lights is more concentrated than sunlight and will burn you more quickly. Start out with

just a couple of minutes and slowly work up to 15 or 20 minutes.
For those who want to avoid any exposure to light sources, there is another option you can
use. For the past couple of decades skin-care companies have made available a number of
products that will, for want of a better phrase, paint you to perfection. They’re called artificial
tanning lotions or dyes, and if used properly will have you looking as dark as if you’d spent
three weeks in the Caribbean.
There are two types of artificial tanning products. Some of the products work by
interacting with enzymes in the skin. Just spread them on and wait a few hours and before you
know it you’re chocolate brown – at least that’s the theory. How dark you become depends
heavily on your individual genetics. Some individuals go orange or yellow instead of brown,

and every now and then you’ll see some bodybuilder step out onstage looking as if he’s in the
final stages of liver disease.
The other type of artificial tanning products can be considered body painting. They’re
nothing more than brown dyes that you apply with a brush (or spray bottle). While they’ll
probably give you a darker color than the enzyme-reactors, you’ll still need to put on three or
four coats. Most bodybuilders put on one coat before the Friday night weigh-in, another after
the weigh-in, and then a third early Saturday morning before the prejudging. Depending on how
they look onstage Saturday morning, many will add a fourth coat Saturday afternoon. There’s
an old saying among competitive bodybuilders that you can never be too dark.

Like hair removers, artificial tanners can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, so
you should probably test a small amount of the product on your skin before applying to the
whole body. As many of the enzyme-reactors are accelerated by sunlight, you should alternate a
few days of tanning lotion application with using natural or artificial light. Most artificial
tanning lotions don’t contain a sunscreen, so even if you look tanned you’ll still need to use
your normal sunscreen product.
Whatever you use, you should apply all over your body – including your face! Many
bodybuilders totally forget to apply the spray or lotion to their face. Also, don’t neglect the
hard-to-see areas such as under the armpits and inner thighs.
A word of caution about applying lotion to your face. The area around the eyebrows and

hairline tends to stain slightly darker than the surrounding skin, so try to minimize your use of
the product on these areas. Don’t make the mistake of applying the lotion with your bare hands,
either. Your hands are covered with skin after all and they’ll darken just as much as the rest of
your body. In fact your palms will go darker, given that thicker skin seems to soak up the lotion
more than thinner skin. Either use a pair of disposable latex gloves or have someone else apply
it for you.
487

The most popular brands these days are Pro Tan, Dream Tan, Quick Tan, and Jan Tana. If
your local drug store or health food store doesn’t carry them, check out the ads in 
MuscleMag
.
TAN IN A PILL?
Before leaving this topic I need to say a word on tanning pills. Like most things these days, if
you look hard enough you’ll find manufacturers that offer pills that supposedly 
speed up the
tanning process. As of this publication none of these products are FDA approved. At the very
least you’ll be wasting your money, but more important they may be downright dangerous.
Photo of Frank McGrath by Irvin Gelb
While on the topic of tanning pills, you should check with your doctor to see if any
medication you might be on makes your skin more sensitive to sunlight. For example, many
antibiotics will increase the sensitivity of your skin to sunlight, so check with your doctor or
pharmacist before hopping in the tanning booth.
OIL RIGHT THEN!

The bright stage lights used at bodybuilding lighten the body and make it less muscular
looking. They also tend to “wash out” the physique, making it look flat. The reason for this is
that the skin – whether light or dark – is flat and absorbs most of the light. The old-time
strongmen found that by putting a light coat of oil on the skin they could offset the detrimental
effects of lights and make their bodies look that much more impressive. Modern bodybuilders
have adopted this technique and use oil to emphasize their bodies’ shape and musculature.
TYPES
Like most things associated with competitive bodybuilding there is a right and wrong approach
to oiling. For one thing there are two primary types of oil – vegetable and mineral – and they
have major differences when it comes to bodybuilding applications. Mineral oils are poorly

absorbed by the skin and tend to sit on top of it rather than sink into it. So while you may be
tempted to go out and buy baby oil, the end result is a high-gloss finish that makes it look like
488

your body is wrapped in cellophane. Vegetable oils, on the other hand, absorb quite nicely and
then are slowly released as you sweat. Instead of the high luster produced by the mineral oil,
you’re left with a muscle-highlighting sheen. Olive and almond oils seem to be the most
popular, but tons of bodybuilders use Pam cooking spray.
YOUR OILER
One of the most important ships in any navy is the fleet oiler, and backstage at a bodybuilding
contest is no different. Most federations allow the competitors to bring an assistant backstage,
and on contest day this trusty individual will be worth his or her weight in gold (or protein
powder). Some contests have general assistants backstage to help, but do they know how to
apply oil correctly? More important, are they friends with other competitors in your weight
class? The last thing you want is someone doing a half-assed job of your oiling. The same
caution should be considered before you ask another competitor – especially someone in your

weight-class. Bodybuilders are very close knit as a group, but competition is competition, and
you really don’t want to put too much faith in your opponents on contest day.
Have your assistant practice your oiling one to two weeks before the show. This way you
can get the bugs out early. The big thing to watch out for is applying too much oil. Walking
onstage looking like an advertisement for Exxon or Mobil will not get you any extra points.
Finally, common courtesy dictates that you should try to clean up after yourself. A pool of
oil on the floor is an accident waiting to happen. At the very least, wipe up after you apply the
oil. Even better, stand on a towel as you’re being oiled.
489

M
CHAPTER 60
Hair Style
“Receding hairline? Don’t despair. Bodybuilders these days are taking a cue
from athletes in many other sports. The bald look is in. Even athletes with
naturally full heads of hair are taking a razor and buzzing it all off.”
Reps!
on bodybuilding, on losing hair.
ost bodybuilders take great pride in how their hair looks. Besides the extra touch it will
add to your physical appearance, there are practical reasons for keeping your hair neat and
tidy. For instance, a large mass of hair will actually make your shoulders look smaller. Just
look at many of the great African American bodybuilders from the ’70s with their afro
hairstyles and compare them with photos from the early ’80s. See the difference? While the
afro may have been all the rage, it certainly didn’t do the bodybuilders of that era any favors.
Of course, if you have long flowing locks, much of your musculature won’t just look smaller by

comparison, it will actually be hidden. If your hair tends to be fuzzy, curly, or you just have too
much of it, seriously consider getting it trimmed way back. Your traps and shoulders (and the
bodybuilding judges!) will thank you for it.
Another reason to avoid long hair will quickly become apparent at the contest. Given the
heat of the lights plus the sweat you’ll work up from posing, it won’t be long before that long
hair of yours will become soaked and strung out. This is fine if you’re going for the drowned-
rat look, but odds are it won’t garner you any extra points from the judges. If you must wear
your hair long, tie it up and out of the way.
The other extreme of hairstyles is to get rid of it all completely. Many bodybuilders start

balding prematurely because of steroid use, and decide to shave it all off instead of having hair
in patches. There are numerous advantages to the cue-ball look. For starters it’s one less issue
to worry about on contest day (or any other day, for that matter). And as we already saw, short
or no hair creates the illusion of wider shoulders. Finally, a bald head is considered downright
sexy by many women. You’ll have more women trying to touch you than you ever dreamed
possible. Give it a thought.
THE LOOK
If you have any doubt as to whether your hairstyle suits your body, get a second or third
opinion. While your buddies can offer suggestions, I’ll have to admit that the best people to
talk to are women. Women tend to be best at judging men’s hairstyles (and clothes). Head to a
men’s hair salon and drop a few dollars. Ask the hairstylist to recommend something that will

suit your face and lifestyle. Even better, experiment a few months in advance and see which
hairstyle most people think suits you best.
491

Some hairstyles will detract from your physique. Take the time to figure out which style will best suit your features.
Photo of Lee Priest by Raymond Cassar
492

T
CHAPTER 61
The Brief on Briefs
“My manhood hid, only just, beneath briefs bought at Kmart not two hours
before. The Sandman had put me through hell preparing for a contest, but
had neglected to tell me not to wear underwear onstage.”
– Paul Dillett, IFBB champion, writing about his first contest.
hirty or 40 years ago all a competitive bodybuilder had to do was haul on a pair of swim
trunks and hit the posing dias. But times have changed. Posing trunks can make or break
your appearance. There are numerous factors to consider when choosing your posing trunks.
Everything from style and color to cost and availability will need to be evaluated before you
stroll out onstage. It takes time to make a proper assessment, so don’t leave it until the last
minute. For example, you may need to order your trunks online and you could wait weeks to
receive them.
WITH STYLE
Probably the most important characteristic to consider when buying your posing trunks is their

WITH STYLE
style or “cut.” You want to choose a style that complements your physique. The most important
point in this regard is the length of your legs and torso. A bodybuilder with a long torso and
legs can get away with low-cut trunks. A short bodybuilder will want to create the illusion of
leg length and will need to wear high-cut trunks. The higher cut (i.e. the less material) will
reveal more of the leg and will help a shorter bodybuilder look more balanced.
Besides leg and torso length, body type will also need to be considered. Those with slender
builds can get away with smaller trunks while thicker bodybuilders will probably look better
wearing fuller styles.
Another factor is the condition of your legs. If you’re in great shape and the separation in
your thighs goes right up to your lower abs, you want to emphasize this to the judges. In this
case a high cut pair of trunks will show

case a high cut pair of trunks will show 
more of your legs. You might also want to consider
your glutes. If you’re ripped and have great glutes, you don’t want to hide them behind too full
a cut. Show them off!
494

Although the trend nowadays is to go for smaller trunks, most bodybuilding federations
won’t allow trunks with less than one inch of material between the upper leg and lower waist.
Anything less is considered G-string territory and while this may win you points with the
ladies, it’s frowned upon by the judges. If there’s any doubt in your mind, contact your local
bodybuilding federation.
COLOR
Besides style, the color of your posing trunks must be carefully considered. Most federations,
including the IFBB, state that the trunks must be solid – no patterns, lines, or dots. They also
must not be “too shiny.” While this one is a bit harder to define, stay away from metallic colors
such as silver and gold. The color of your trunks should absorb most of the light and not reflect
it back to the audience.
Try to stay with basic colors such as purple, red and blue. Black will work for Caucasian
bodybuilders but African American bodybuilders will need to avoid black as it will blend in

with their skin and give the illusion that they’re wearing nothing at all. Likewise, most
bodybuilders of all racial backgrounds should avoid brown, as this is the color their skin will
be. You should also avoid light colors including white, as lighter colors tend to make the waist
look bigger than it actually is.
WHERE TO BUY
Those who live in larger centers may be able to buy posing trunks in a store that sells regular
beach wear. If they don’t have actual bodybuilding trunks some of the smaller briefs may work.
If you know someone who is handy with a needle and thread, maybe you can get a pair made by
hand. Many gyms and health food stores sell bodybuilding clothes or have a member who sells
them, so there’s another option. Finally, there are a number of reputable companies that sell
posing trunks through ads in

posing trunks through ads in 
. Perhaps the best known is former Mr.
International Andreas Cahling’s line at www.andreascahling.com. The average pair of men’s
posing trunks will set you back $40 to $50.
BRIEF POINTS
If you can afford it, buy two pairs of posing trunks and bring both with you to the show. Posing
oils and quick tanning lotions can stain trunks and if you really make a mess of one pair, you
have the other pair as a back up. You may even want to change colors between the prejudging
and evening show. Finally, competitors have been known to play numerous tricks backstage
(with Ken Waller stealing Mike Katz’s shirt in 
 being the most famous). There
you are backstage getting ready for your weight class when you discover that some trickster has
stolen your only pair of posing trunks. Do yourself a favor and keep an extra pair on hand.

Finally, you must consider the issue of size. You may fit comfortably into a size large two
or three months out, but odds are you’ll drop to a medium or even small by contest time. If
possible, check around with other competitive bodybuilders of your frame size to see what size
briefs they wore on contest day. If you’re in doubt, either order two different sizes or order the
smaller size. It’s better to put up with the discomfort of a pair of briefs that are too small than
having to keep pulling up a pair that are too large.
Ultimately the style and color of your trunks is your decision. As with hairstyle, why not
497

try a number of different styles and colors and take a few pictures. If you can’t obtain the
genuine article, modern computer photo software will easily allow you to change the color of
your trunks. Simply wear a pair, take a digital picture and open it up in Photoshop or some
other photo editing program. With one or two clicks of the mouse you can change the color of
the trunks. The bottom line is that your posing trunks should highlight your physique to its
fullest. As the crusader knight said to Indiana Jones in 
The Search for the Holy Grail
: “Choose
wisely.”
498

T
“
CHAPTER 62
Showtime!
“King uses Pam spray as his posing oil of choice. He also has a backstage
routine he follows before going onstage.”
– 
 Precontest Report
he big moment has arrived. In less than 24 hours you’re going to compete in your first
bodybuilding contest. The years of training and months of dieting have left you in the best
shape of your life. All three heads of your deltoids are clearly visible and you can separate your
quads into four slabs of meat at a second’s notice. Your pecs have striations and cross striations
and your abs remind your grandmother of an old-time washboard. Your posing routine is poetry
in motion and you just can’t wait to do battle. Well done. You’re already a winner in my book.
YOUR CONTEST KIT
Before taking you through the contest from weigh-in to post-contest pig-out, I need you to take
a few minutes and put together a gym bag containing some items that will be invaluable on

contest day. We’ll call it your contest kit. While some of the items may seem common sense,
you’d be surprised what gets omitted in the excitement and confusion the day or two before the
show.
Two Pairs of Posing Trunks:
 The first item to pack is really two items. While I discussed this
before it deserves a second mention. Your most important piece of clothing on contest day is
your posing trunks. Given their importance it only makes sense to have two pairs. Wear one
pair to the venue and have another pair in your gym bag.
It was the greatest feeling in my life and I hope it was not the last win of my career. To
work so hard and finally get that reward is beyond words. Now I know why Ronnie
Coleman cries every time he wins the Olympia.”
– Markus Ruhl, IFBB pro, on his Toronto Pro International win.
499

Posing Oil:
 Include at least one bottle of oil. If you’re the generous type and want to make
friends, bring an extra bottle. Who knows maybe some fitness or figure contestant will have
forgot hers!
Tanning Lotion:
 Even though you’ll have on at least three coats of tanning lotion, the sweat
and clothes will rub some of it off. Bring along a bottle of the instant tan to touch up any light
areas that appear on your body.
Towels:
 The odds of towels being supplied backstage are slim, so bring along a few. It makes
sense to use cheap towels, as quick-tan stains are extremely difficult to remove. Bring at least
one large towel to stand on and one or two smaller towels for wiping off sweat.
Warmup Clothes:
 You may be under the hot lights onstage, but you’ll be standing around
throughout the women’s fitness and figure and throughout all the other weight classes. Most
backstage areas are cold, so make sure to bring along some warmup clothes. A tracksuit is best.

Besides keeping you warm, the extra clothes give the added psychological benefit of keeping
your physique hidden from the other competitors until the last minute (more on psychological
warfare later).
Portable Exercise Equipment:
 Some contest venues may have a few light dumbells backstage,
but most won’t. Therefore it’s up to the contestants themselves to bring something along.
Probably the most convenient is a chest-expander spring set (a misleading name, since the
springs can be used to train just about every muscle but the chest!). These sets are small, light,
and easy to stuff into a gym bag.
A Small Toiletry Kit Containing:
Soap
Shampoo
Deodorant
Brush or comb
Small mirror
500

Small hair dryer
Toothbrush and toothpaste
Other items to consider are rubbing alcohol to remove oil, bottled water, slippers or sandals,
and a lock, in case lockers are provided.
Luke Wood watches the scale reading at weigh-in.
 
Photo of Luke Wood by Irvin Gelb
WEIGH-IN
The weigh-in for most bodybuilding federations is Friday night. If you’re not familiar with the
area, you may want to get directions beforehand and give yourself extra time to find your way
there. It’s far better to be too early than too late. At the weigh-in a representative from the
federation will go through the rules and procedures for the show and then give competitors an
opportunity to ask questions. Don’t be shy. If there’s something you’re not sure of, ask. Once it
seems everyone understands how the contest will proceed, you’ll be weighed. If you’re over
your weight class limit by a couple of pounds most federations will give you an hour to lose it.

Some bodybuilders hit the sauna. Others who had an idea that they’d be over will rely on
diuretics to shed the weight in the form of water. If you’re still over at the second weigh-in
you’ll just have to be content to go in at the bottom of the next weight class. If you’re ripped
501

then you still have a fighting chance, but odds are you’ll be giving up 10 to 15 pounds against
guys just as hard as you are. Such are the perils of mistiming your dieting or water loss.
After the weigh-in I strongly suggest that you head back to wherever you’re staying and
turn in for the night. You have a big day ahead of you tomorrow and you’ll need all the rest you
can get. Save the late night partying for Saturday night after the show. Oh, and don’t forget to
set the alarm clock.
As most federations start the prejudging around 10, you’ll be required to be there by 9. This
means that you should get up around 7 to give yourself time to prepare. As you’ll probably be
wearing instant tan, I suggest giving the shower a pass. In fact you probably won’t shower from
when you put on your first coat on Thursday or Friday night, to after the evening show Saturday
night. By all means eat some breakfast, but keep it light. You’ll want full control over your abs

in a couple of hours and a stomach full of food is not that easy to flex. A piece of fruit and a
glass of juice or coffee will probably suffice. 
Before you leave go through your checklist to see
that you have everything you need. At times like this it wouldn’t hurt to have a second person
double check for you.
Victor Martinez pumps up his biceps before hitting the stage.
If you happen to be in one of the heavier weight classes you can watch some of the
women’s events and lighter men’s classes from the audience. This probably won’t be an option
at the evening show as they tend to be sold out. Likewise, if you’re in an earlier show you can
probably watch the heavier divisions from the audience as well.

The prejudging will be conducted by weight class, with the men’s and women’s light or
502

bantamweights coming on first and then progressing upwards. A women’s figure contest will
usually be divided into tall and short classes and fit in somewhere between the light and
middleweight bodybuilding classes. Procedures vary from federation to federation, so don’t be
surprised if the order of judging is different. To help the competitors out, most promoters will
have someone organizing the classes and making sure everyone receives enough warning to go
backstage and get ready.
Also popular nowadays are guest posers. At the very least you will have a top national
competitor as guest poser, but there’s a good chance it will be a top pro such as Jay Cutler,
Ronnie Coleman or Gustavo Badell. As these guys will easily be the largest bodybuilders in the
venue, most promoters put them on toward the end of the show. It’s bad enough that the light
heavyweights or heavyweights have to follow one of these behemoths but it would look

ridiculous to have 290 pounds of Jay Cutler come and then have the bantamweights stroll on
stage!
PUMPING UP
Once you head backstage, immediately strip down to your posing trunks and start getting ready.
The first order of business is to pump up. For those new to the sport, pumping up is the practice
of performing a few high-rep sets of different exercises to force blood into the muscles. While
a few bodybuilders find that flexing alone is sufficient, most bodybuilders like to use some
light weights to get a good pump going before hitting the stage.
The primary advantage to pumping up is that it enlarges the muscles to a certain degree.
Now I’m not talking inches here, but it’s no problem increasing your arm from 17 ½ to 18
inches. Likewise a good lat pump will make you feel ready to take on Ronnie Coleman.

As you might expect, pumping up has a few disadvantages as well. A muscle fully
engorged with blood is sometimes harder to control than an unpumped muscle. Also, fully
pumped muscles may lose some sharpness and definition because of the extra blood. You also
have to consider the process of pumping up and its impact on your energy level. You’ll need all
the energy you can manage when posing onstage. It would be pretty big mistake to perform a
full workout backstage before you go on.
With regards to which muscles to pump up, the consensus is to pump up your weakest
muscles. Years ago the biceps and chest received the most pumping but in most bodybuilders
these muscles are overdeveloped to begin with. It makes more sense to try and enlarge your
weaker areas to help balance out your physique.
503

Photo of Mustafa Mohammad by Irvin Gelb
Three muscles you don’t want to pump up are the calves, forearms and abdominals. The
calves and forearms won’t pump up that much, and the calves are notorious for cramping,
especially onstage when posing. Given your dehydrated state the last thing you want to do is
give the calves another reason to cramp up. As for the abdominals, this is not a muscle group
you want enlarged. Besides, pumping up the abs makes it much more difficult to flex and
control them.
The following muscles are my recommendations for pumping up before hitting the stage.
Try to hit as many poses as possible between sets. This helps speed the influx of blood to the
muscles as well as loosen you up for the show.
The Shoulders:
 One of the statements you’ll never hear at a bodybuilding contest is: “His
shoulders are too wide.” If light dumbells are supplied backstage, do a few sets of front, side
and bent-over raises. Getting a good pump in the shoulders will not only make your shoulders

appear larger, it will also bring out the separation between the three deltoid heads. If there are
no dumbells around, break out your chest expander set and anchor one handle to the floor by
standing on it. From here you can do one-arm front and side raises just the same as if in the
gym using a cable machine. To hit the rear shoulders, grab a handle in each hand, bend over
slightly at the waist and pull outwards until your arms are locked out straight. Great rear
deltoids are rarely seen at beginner or intermediate-level contests. If you’ve got them, you want
to get a good pump in there to show the judges.
The Lats:
 The V-taper is perhaps the bodybuilder’s trademark. Even in clothes the classic
inverted triangle should be evident. To really give the lats a good pump you can do one-arm

The Lats:
dumbell rows or barbell rows if a light barbell is available. While there probably won’t be a
chin-up bar, an exposed overhead pipe may work. Just make sure it will support your weight
before grabbing hold. The last thing you want is to flood out the backstage area! The most
common lat-pumping exercise is the towel pull. As the name suggests, you have your partner
hold one end of a towel while you pull it toward you.
504

Chest and Triceps:
 Dumbell presses are great for these muscles if they’re available. If not, hit
the floor and bang out 15 or 20 push-ups. To add variety to the exercise try doing push-ups with
your feet or hands elevated. If there are a couple of chairs available (or two benches) you can
do dips.
Thighs:
 As most thigh exercises require a considerable amount of weight, there’s not much you
can do backstage. One option is sissy squats. Simply grab a stationary upright, lean slightly
backwards, and squat down. You can also do dumbell squats. Don’t go overboard training the
legs. As I said earlier, you’ll need most of your energy for the contest.
Biceps:
 Your biceps will probably get a good pump from working your lat muscles. They’ll
also be heavily stimulated from all the arm shots you’re no doubt hitting every couple of
minutes. If you want to get extra blood in there you can use your spring set again. Stand on one
handle with your foot, as before, and perform one-arm cable curls.
POST PUMP-UP

Once you’re fully pumped up, have your assistant apply your oil. Make sure it’s applied evenly
over your entire body. Don’t put it on too thick, as you’ll be making a mess backstage as well
as looking too shiny and reflective onstage. You’ll probably be given a five-minute warning, so
use it wisely. Make a few quick checks in the mirror. Is your entire body oiled? Are there any
glaring light patches on your body? Is your hair neat and tidy? Is your competitor number
pinned to your trunks? This is a must, as the judges won’t call you by name. From now on
you’re competitor number such and such and you must have your number memorized. You’ll
look stupid just standing there as the head judge calls out your number three or four times.
One of the first things you’ll notice when you walk out onstage is how bright the lights are.

It will take a few minutes before your eyes become fully accustomed to the brightness. Try to
avoid staring at the lights. This is not only dangerous for your eyes, but could make you dizzy.
If there’s one advantage to such brilliance it’s that you’ll only be able to see the first few rows.
It will be far less stressful to see only a couple of dozen people in the audience as opposed to
many hundreds or thousands.
Once you’re standing in line onstage it’s only a matter of following the instructions of the
head judge. You’ll first go through the mandatory poses and then the various comparisons will
be made. If you find yourself involved in a number of comparisons you can be reasonably
confident that you’re in the top three to five. Who knows, you might even be battling for the
top spot!
POST-PREJUDGING

top spot!
Once the prejudging has ended you’ll want to spend the rest of the day in an appropriate
fashion. The first order of priority is replacing your lost fluids. That bottle of water I told you
to pack earlier will now be worth its weight in gold. Don’t make the mistake of gulping down
the whole bottle all at once. This could give you cramps. Sip it slowly over the next hour or so.
The only exception is if you are severely dehydrated from trying to make a weight class using
the sauna or other water-loss techniques. In this case try consuming the bottle in about 15 to 20
minutes.
Before putting on your clothes either take a quick shower if facilities are available or wipe
505

the excess sweat and oil off your body with an old towel. You’ll want to use an old towel
because oil and instant tan stains are virtually impossible to remove. The same goes for your
clothes. It makes sense to wear the oldest in your closet. If you don’t have anything that you
consider disposable, head to a thrift store and you can no doubt pick up an old pair of sweats for
a few bucks.
After you get dressed check with someone to confirm when you have to return for the
evening show. As with the prejudging it will probably be an hour before curtain time but check
to make sure. Also keep in mind that there will be a much bigger crowd at the evening show
and you might have difficulty finding a parking spot.
The next four to six hours are yours to do with as you please. Most competitive
bodybuilders go for a quick meal to recharge their energy levels. Nothing major, just a light
snack containing a few carbs, maybe a baked potato or some steamed rice. The goal is to

alleviate your hunger pangs without giving you a bloated-looking stomach. If there is a guest
poser he may give a seminar during the afternoon. By all means attend if you feel up to it. For
the sake of $10 to $20 you can listen as one of the sport’s top superstars reveals his training,
nutritional and competitive strategies.
If you’re really dragged out I suggest going back to your home or hotel room and taking a
nap. As you’ll be dragged out from both the prejudging and lack of sleep the night before, I
strongly urge you to set the alarm clock or have a trusted friend call you after an hour or two.
Don’t sleep any longer than this or your body could slip into deep sleep and when you wake up
you’ll need a couple of hours to fully wake up. The goal is to sleep long enough to recharge

your batteries without shutting your body down for the day.
As soon as you wake up, lie back for a few minutes and visualize the morning’s
proceedings. How did your posing routine go? Was the audience’s reaction favorable or
subdued? Who do you think are your closest competitors? From watching them backstage and
onstage you probably know where you stack up bodypart by bodypart. Keep this in mind if you
make it to the posedown.
Give yourself at least two hours to prepare for the evening show. Before you leave you can
use the same checklist you used in the morning. Once you and your assistant have determined
that you’re ready, leave for the contest venue.
“This is your night. Look at those abs! Enjoy the attention. Share the camaraderie of your

fellow competitors. You all have a common bond. Revel in fact that this is not something that
just anyone can do.”
There’s no need to go into detail on the evening show. With the exception of a few minor
additions such as one or two appearances by the guest poser and perhaps some sort of
demonstration by a local martial arts or gymnastics club, it’s identical to the prejudging. The
first three rounds will be the same, and even though most of the placings will have been
determined in the morning, you may have to go through comparison call outs again. Once the
top three to five competitors in each class have been determined, they’ll be given a minute to
“flex off” against one another in the posedown.
Perhaps the most important aspect to the whole evening show is your reaction to your
506

placing. Obviously if you win all I have to say is congratulations and well done. Hold up your
winner’s trophy with style and grace, pose for a few photos for the local press and then exit the
stage. If you place second or third or don’t even make the top three, accept the results
wholeheartedly. Even if you and a majority of the audience felt that you were robbed, don’t
make a scene. Don’t stand there with a peculiar look on your face, give the judges the finger, or
throw your trophy backstage. Everyone loves a great sportsman and hates a sore loser. The best
example I can use to illustrate this was Tom Platz’s reaction to placing third at the 1981 Mr.
Olympia. By all accounts Tom was at his all-time best that day. Conversely the winner, Franco
Columbu, was woefully deficient in the leg department. Lesser bodybuilders would have
stormed off the stage cursing and swearing. But not Tom. True to the gentleman he was, Tom
accepted the results with professionalism and congratulated the winner. It was this stellar

display of sportsmanship that garnered Tom thousands of new fans and no doubt contributed
greatly to his future success in business.
The lesson to be learned here is that the judges are only human and occasionally they make
mistakes. One of the best guides for this is the audience’s response to the placings. The
occasional boo is to be expected, but if the whole audience erupts in one negative chorus, then
chances are the judges missed one. I’ll be the first to admit that in a few cases politics may
determine the placings – but very rarely and certainly not as often as is rumored. If you are the
victim of such blatant injustice then you have my sympathy. It’s not fair to you (or any other
wrongly placed competitor) to go through the rigors of pre-contest training and dieting only to

lose because someone else is a friend of the head judge. As I said, the odds of this happening
are very slim but if it happens it happens. Jumping up and down and cursing a blue streak at the
judges won’t change things. In fact it may ruin your chances the next time you compete, since
at the local and state levels the judging panels usually consist of the same individuals. They
have long memories for competitors who insult their ancestry or give them the finger. My
advice is to take a page from Tom Platz’s book and accept the results with class. Afterward in
private you can vent to your friends and channel that excess negative energy towards your
training. Make it so next year you’re in such outstanding shape that the judges have no choice
but to award you first place.
507

O
CHAPTER 63
Psychological Warfare
“Winning comes from the mind far more than it comes from the body, and if
you find you are not reaching your goals, then look to your mind for the
answer.”
– Aidan Turrell, sports psychologist
ne of the highlights of the sporting world during the 1970s was listening to the great
Muhammad Ali before an upcoming fight. With a mastery of the English language that was
a combination of Shakespeare and rap, Ali would verbally spar with opponents and convince
them of his superiority before he even stepped into the ring. Whether it had any influence on
guys like Joe Frazier or Ken Norton, who knows? But no doubt many a lesser opponent had
their confidence shaken by Ali’s colorful rhetoric.
While psychological warfare has probably existed as long as competition itself, Ali was
probably the first superstar athlete to refine it to an art form. Also during the 1970s,
bodybuilding had its own Ali – the one and only Arnold Schwarzenegger. Arnold is the first to

admit that a couple of his contests were won as much with his brain as with his body. The most
frequent victim of these psychological tactics was the Cuban-born Sergio Oliva.
Even by today’s Synthol-steroid-growth hormone-induced standards, Sergio Oliva was an
awesome sight. From that 28-inch waist to those cannonball-sized deltoids to those larger-than-
his-head arms, Oliva took a backseat to no one when it came to pure muscle mass. After his
second-place finish to Sergio at the 1969 Mr. Olympia, Arnold realized that he would need
more than a great physique to beat Oliva. As the story goes, Arnold suggested to Oliva at the
1970 Mr. World contest that he would need a few extra pounds at the upcoming Mr. Olympia
contest. Oliva, who was always a bit insecure in his younger days, took the advice to heart. He

came in heavier but softer at the Olympia and lost to a rather confident Arnold.
510

Arnold was a master of psychological tactics during his bodybuilding career.
Two years later Oliva was yet again the victim of Arnold’s “advice.” From both the photos
and witness reports, Oliva was in the best shape of his life. Realizing that he was “up against it”
Arnold suggested to the judges that they hold the prejudging in another room. What he failed to
point out was that the room had brown walls. While his lighter skin stood out, the Cuban-born
Oliva blended right in. Whether a different prejudging setting would have made any difference
is debated to this day. The bottom line is that Arnold wasn’t prepared to let his physique alone
do battle. When the need arose he would use every psychological trick in the book.
Another victim of Arnold’s was Lou Ferrigno in 1975. With the groundbreaking film
 being shot that year, Arnold invited the entire Ferrigno family to breakfast on the

morning of the contest. As the 19-year-old Ferrigno hung on every word, Arnold casually
mentioned how it was a pity that Ferrigno didn’t have another two weeks of preparation to
perhaps win the title. But then Arnold added that if Ferrigno had another two weeks so would
he, and the outcome would be just the same – another win for Arnold! Poor Lou took the
comments seriously and he was never sure of himself afterward.
Of course Arnold may have won all those contests regardless of his psychological games.
With the possible exception of Oliva in 1972, no one had a physique to rival Arnold during the
’70s.
With the amount of prize money being offered at today’s contests, pro competitors rarely
play tricks on one another backstage like Ken Waller did stealing Mike Katz’s shirt in 
Pumping
Iron

’70s.
Pumping
Iron
. As for verbal sparring, most of it takes place in the magazines with such stars as Shawn
Ray, Paul Dillet and King Kamali. All of these pros developed reputations for saying what’s on
their minds – particularly as it relates to other bodybuilders.
If you decide to engage in a little psychological warfare, keep it light-hearted and simple.
511

Such comments as: “Maybe you should have started dieting two weeks earlier,” or “I thought
your arms were bigger than that,” probably won’t get you into trouble. Just don’t make the
mistake of making your comments seem serious and personal. With the carb-depleted states
some bodybuilders are in these days, there could be fireworks!
If you happen to be on the receiving end of another competitor’s barbs or negative
comments, simply let it go in one ear and out the other. You know the old saying about sticks
and stones? Well it’s not just for schoolyards. If you’ve dieted properly and prepared a great
posing routine, you have nothing to worry about. Bodybuilders who make a habit of insulting
and putting down other competitors are usually covering up their own insecurities.
One trick you can try is to keep your opponents guessing as to the shape you’re in. About a
month out from the show start wearing a full-length tracksuit when you work out. This will

hide your physique from your opponents. The only time they’ll get to take a peek is when
you’re oiling up just before you go onstage. The advantage of doing this is that it never allows
them time to plan a strategy to challenge you, whereas you’ll have been watching them all
along.
512

C
CHAPTER 64
Making a Living Through Bodybuilding
“A good trainer is worth his weight in gold. Don’t hire some skinny kid still
wet behind the ears, but rather someone who looks the part because he or she
actually lives the lifestyle.”
, answering a reader’s inquiry about how to start
working out.
hapter sixty-four will deal with making a living as a professional bodybuilder. But even if
your genetics aren’t up to par, or if you simply don’t want to become the next Mr. Olympia,
you can still make a living through your love of training. Here are some ideas.
PERSONAL TRAINING
Five to 10 years ago the personal-training industry held great promise for bodybuilders, but
things have changed, and not for the better I’m afraid. Most gyms 10 years ago allowed
independent personal trainers to access their facilities, provided that both trainer and client had
memberships or paid a day fee. But a combination of legal liability and greed has changed all

that. Because of a few lawsuits, gyms started banning independent trainers from their premises.
Even with proper certification and with both parties having insurance, a number of legal cases
ended up costing gyms and fitness centers big bucks.
Then the gyms started thinking profit. With the average personal trainer making $50 to
$100 per hour, it’s not surprising that gym owners wanted in on 
the action. So many gyms (not
all, but most) banned independent trainers and hired their own. The problem with this is that
gyms keep most of the money and pay their trainers only $20 to $30 per hour. Not a bad hourly
wage, but a far cry from what they were making before. Besides, as a personal trainer you
might work one hour and then wait an hour for your next appointment. It’s not like you are

working an eight-hour shift each day. So it’s not surprising that many of the best trainers got
out of the personal-training business. Trainers employed by gyms these days tend to be young
and inexperienced. Of course the clients can be sure the trainer is certified, and some of these
young trainers know their stuff and have the youthful enthusiasm to go along with it. But you
just can’t beat experience when it comes to designing a safe and effective exercise program and
helping clients reach their goals.
If you’re still interested in becoming a personal trainer I strongly recommend you get
certified. It’s true that you don’t have to, as long as someone is willing to pay you money for
your services. But be aware that virtually no gym will look at you if you’re not certified – if

they hired an uncertified trainer and a client got injured, their insurance would not cover
damages. Likewise, if you’re going to be training clients on your own you’ll need to obtain
insurance, and guess what? No insurance company will even consider you if you’re not
certified.
516

“
At last count there were nearly 500 certifying agencies in the United States and Canada. As
expected, some are considered more worthwhile than others. Their reputation is usually based
on the thoroughness of the course itself. Some courses invlove nothing more than sending in
$50 and answering a short quiz. Others are almost as in depth as a college course. While on the
pricier side, these will establish you as an expert in the personal-training field. Some of the
more credible agencies that grant personal-training certification are:
American Council on Exercise - ACE
American College of Sports Medicine - ACSM
Cooper Institute - CI
National Academy of Sports Medicine - NASM
National Strength & Conditioning Association - NSCA
National Council on Strength and Fitness - NCSF
National Federation of Professional Trainers
Can-Fit-Pro
Working out with a trainer makes bodybuilding easier. On my own I would simply
wander around aimlessly, lifting each piece of equipment only once or twice. Then comes

the masochistic part. The trainer fulfills the role of timer, cheerleader and slave driver.
Reminding me of some of my old college professors, he is not happy until he sees me cry
out in pain and fail.”
– Dr. Glen Joshpe, 
 contributor, after a session with his personal
trainer; a Christmas gift from his family.
YOUR WAY OR THEIR WAY?
“When you work for someone else, obviously they are going to take a percentage. This cut is
usually 40 percent or more. It’s not that they’re greedy, but that’s the only way the company
could be profitable. Their expenses of running a business are higher than yours and the money
has to come from somewhere.”
– John Platero, 
 contributor, commenting on one of the primary
disadvantages of working as a personal trainer for someone else.

Once you become certified your next step is deciding whether you want to go it alone or work
for a gym. Going it alone gives you freedom, a much higher salary if you can get the clients and
the ability to set your own hours of work. The downside is that your income will never be
guaranteed and will change from week to week. You may also have a hard time finding clients,
as most people look for a trainer at their gym. You’ll also need to find a training facility that
will allow access to you and your clients. In a large city this may be possible, but in small cities
and towns you’re out of luck if the local gym has their own staff and bans independent trainers,
as is usually the case. And don’t forget that if you’re working for yourself you’ll need to cover
all your

all your 
expenses including traveling, training, re-certification, supplies and insurance.
If you’re the type of person who prefers stability, working for a gym is probably your best
option. Not only will your income be more consistent and regular, you’ll have sales personnel
working with you to book clients. The gym will cover all expenses, and, while you won’t get
rich making $20 to $30 per hour, it’s a respectable living that allows you to do what you love.
517

Before moving on I should mention that personal training is one of the most rewarding
careers you’ll ever become involved in. You’ll be helping people improve both their physical
and mental health, and this will have a profound change in their overall self-confidence. In
short, you’ll literally be saving lives. Not many people can honestly say the same about their
jobs.
MAIL-ORDER AND INTERNET TRAINING COURSES
When Arnold Schwarzenegger first came to America, one of the first business ventures he got
involved in was mail-order training courses. There was nothing fancy about the courses, just
good basic training and nutrition information, laid out in small training booklets. With
overhead cost kept to a minimum, the courses made Arnold a tidy sum of money. In fact,
 was started from money made from mail-order bodybuilding courses
that 
MMI
’s editor-in-chief and I put out together. That was how we made our living back then,
and the magazine was a natural transition.

that 
MMI
Most of the top bodybuilders these days offer individualized training programs online, but
mail-order courses have pretty much gone the way of the dodo.
BODYBUILDING CAMPS AND CONFERENCES
For some bodybuilders and fitness enthusiasts, reading books and magazine articles is not
enough. They want a more personalized, hands-on approach. To meet this demand a number of
ingenious promoters have established training centers where individuals can go and do nothing
but think, talk and practice bodybuilding and fitness. The fees can range from a few hundred to
a few thousand dollars, depending on the length of stay and list of presenters.
Perhaps the greatest benefit of training camps is the degree of individual attention. At
some point every bodybuilder tries to follow other people’s training programs and then

wonders why he isn’t seeing results. An expert can observe your training and make adjustments
depending on your individual body mechanics. He can look at your workouts and your body and
see where you might want to make some changes. This kind of thoroughness is not possible
through the mail or Internet, or even private phone consultations.
These days the trend is for a promoter to organize the camp and book various experts to
hold workshops and perform one-on-one training. In this regard bodybuilding camps have
evolved into something more like conferences.
Bodybuilding camps are not for everyone. You have to pay travel costs and registration
fees, and you may have to take time off school or work. Still, if you have the time and money,
spending some time in Florida or California working out with some of your bodybuilding

heroes is an experience of a lifetime. So why is this section in the “making money” chapter
instead of the “spending money” chapter? Because you, my friend, could present one of these
camps. If you do it right, you will not only make money, but you’ll get to attend the camp and
hang out with your favorite bodybuilders. There is risk with this type of venture, because you’ll
have to pay your experts no matter how many attend. Your best bet is to go to some of these
yourself, see how they do it, see how they market it, and then go for it.
BEING AN EXPERT
You can also make money being one of the hired experts. If you decide you want to be a
518

“
presenter you’ll need to send a press package to the promoter. Besides a list of your
accomplishments – both academic and previous pre
sentations – you should send along a DVD
showing you presenting a seminar. This doesn’t have to be a two-hour documentary. Something
as simple as 10 minutes from a previous presentation is more than adequate to give the
promoter an idea of your presenting style and appearance.
The key to being a popular presenter is a combination of knowledge and delivery.
Obviously being a top bodybuilding competitor is an asset, but many of the top presenters in
the world have never even won an amateur event much less a pro contest. Once you establish a
reputation as someone who knows his stuff and has an engaging delivery style, your problem
won’t be trying to land conference dates, but rather trying to fit in all the requests.
WRITING
When Arnold works with you on a project he is very hands-on. He isn’t one to hire a

WRITING
ghost-writer and let it go at that. He gets involved and is very demanding, so it was a lot of
work.”
– Bill Dobbins, one of bodybuilding’s most famous writers, promoters and photographers.
Bodybuilding magazines have always featured training tips from the stars, but the truth is that
most articles were written by the magazines’ staff. Even articles attributed to certain pros were
in all likelihood ghost written. That all changed in the late ’70s and early ’80s as many pro
bodybuilders put down the barbell in favor of the pen. In fact, Arnold himself wrote for
 for a couple of years in the ’70s. A couple of former Mr. Universe
winners, Rick Wayne and Mike Mentzer, became as famous for their articles and books as for
their competitive accomplishments. Mike influenced millions with his articles on overtraining

and high-intensity training, and Rick’s articles, particularly those on bodybuilding history and
behind-the-scenes politics, are considered classics.
Many of the top bodybuilding stars over the past 50 years have released training and
autobiography books (again either penned by themselves or ghost written). Arnold’s 
Education
of a Bodybuilder
 and 
Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding
 have sold millions. Likewise
Franco Columbu’s 
Coming on Strong
 is a best seller. Bill Pearl’s 
Keys to the Inner Universe
 is
one of the all-time classics.
Besides bodybuilders, such notables as the late Bill Reynolds, Joe Weider, Ellington
Darden, George Snyder and Bill Dobbins have authored or co-authored hundreds of books
between them. I have also written over 50 books on bodybuilding, some of them 
New York
Times
 bestsellers.

New York
Times
SO YOU WANT TO BE A WRITER
Unless you happen to be Mr. Olympia or an established nonfiction writer, you don’t just write a
book on bodybuilding (or any other topic for that matter) and get it 
published. Just like a
struggling actor or musician, you have to break into the business.
519

Arnold stands beside me showing the camera an early issue of 
.
Photo of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Robert Kennedy
521

“
Most aspiring writers start by writing training and nutrition articles and submitting them
to bodybuilding and fitness magazines. As hundreds of other writers will be doing the same,
you have to make your article jump out at the editor. They get hundreds of articles called:
“How to Build Bigger Arms,” but what about “Biceps Building After an Injury” or “The Top-
Five Biceps Exercises of All Time?” Submit a few articles to local publications and Web sites,
too. All magazines are more likely to publish your work if you’ve been published elsewhere,
and the more times the better. Most newspapers have a health and fitness column these days,
and they often accept articles from free-lance writers. You may have to deviate from your first
love of hardcore bodybuilding and make it more about fitness. Don’t go looking for money at
this stage, either. Your number-one goal is to get published and build a resumé for yourself.
Once you have a number of articles to your name, the magazine publishers may even come

looking for you. You can also approach bodybuilders and other fitness professionals about
ghost writing for them.
MAGAZINE PUBLISHING
It’s been well over 30 years since I took a little bit of money made from a mail-order business
and sat with my good friend Johnny Fitness at the kitchen table creating the first issue of
. Since those first few lean years 
MuscleMag
 has jumped to and
remained at or near the top of the bodybuilding magazines.
Bodybuilding magazines, or muscle mags as they are affectionately called, are the
unofficial journals of the bodybuilding world. Most are published on a monthly basis and
feature a mix of training, nutrition, supplement and competition articles.
Besides educating millions of aspiring Mr. Olympia wannabes, the monthly magazines

play a huge role in promoting the top bodybuilding stars. Pro and top amateur bodybuilders
know that one training article in 
 or 
Flex
 can catapult them to the very
top of the bodybuilding world and help their careers enormously.
Besides the star profiles and training articles, bodybuilding magazines also contain
advertisements for bodybuilding merchandise. While clothing and equipment accounts for
some of the advertising, it’s the full-page glossy ads for food supplements that dominate the
pages. As annoying as these ads may be to readers, they are vital to publishers as most of the
magazine’s operating revenue is derived from the supplement manufacturers.
ACTING
Although Arnold Schwarzenegger has unquestionably done the most to sell bodybuilding to the

ACTING
masses, it was Steve Reeves who first demonstrated the drawing potential of the bodybuilding
physique to Hollywood. In fact, for a couple of years during the 1950s, Steve Reeves was the
number-one box-office draw in the world. Until Reeves emerged on the scene, the Olympic
pool was where Hollywood producers turned for great-looking physiques (with Johnny
Weissmuller and Buster Crabbe being two of the most famous). But with his manly good looks
and Greek God-like physique, Reeves was the perfect choice to play Hercules during the 1950s.
Consider that bodybuilders in Venice are a dime a dozen. If you have dreams of the silver
screen and modeling, get a reality check. Don’t get me wrong. You can do it. Dreams do
come true. However you need to be strong-willed and dedicated. A little dash of genetics
522

helps.”
 contributor, giving her views on leaping from
competitive bodybuilding to stardom.
During the 1960s such bodybuilders as Reg Park, Dave Draper and Larry Scott appeared in
a number of movies – Park in a series of Hercules movies and Draper and Scott in a number of
beach movies with Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello.
Although 
 is considered Arnold’s first starring role, he actually appeared as
Hercules in the 
rather forgettable 1970 movie 
Hercules in New York
. Because of his thick
accent his voice was dubbed, and his last name changed to Strong. Not exactly the most
promising start for the future governor of California.
Starting with 
 in 1982 and 
Terminator
 in 1984, Arnold quickly
vaulted to the head of Hollywood’s A-list of action heroes, and by the early 1990s had
established himself as the biggest box-office draw in the world. Not bad for the 19-year-old

who stepped off the plane in 1968 with little formal education and who spoke no English.
Besides Arnold, 
 helped launch the career of another bodybuilder turned
actor – Lou Ferrigno. As Lou was getting ready for the 1977 Mr. Olympia, TV producers were
casting for a big bodybuilder to play the title role in “The Incredible Hulk.” At 6‘5” and 275
pounds, Lou was the biggest bodybuilder around, and during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he
played the avenging green character on TV and in a couple of TV movies. He later appeared in
a number of movies, including 
Hercules
 and 
Cage
. Lou never enjoyed the phenomenal success
of Arnold, but he nevertheless helped lay the groundwork for other bodybuilders to become
successful actors.
523

In 1982 Arnold played the action hero in 
Conan the Barbarian.
YOUR FIRST BIG BREAK
“I was in the ‘Beverly Hillbillies’ for an episode where Granny was trying to cure my illness. I
was sick with barbell disease or something.”
– Dave “The Blond Bomber” Draper, bodybuilding legend, reminiscing about his acting days in
the 1960s.
As most action movies require a heavy or two, there are a number of small acting parts for
bodybuilders available in the movies. Unfortunately, you’ll almost certainly need to be based in
Los Angeles to get a chance to audition for the roles. Before you head to the airport with
visions of stardom in your eyes, please heed these words of advice: Every week sees hundreds
of acting hopefuls depart planes at LAX hoping to be the next Arnold. It’s safe to say that
during a typical year tens of thousands of aspiring actors and actresses head to Hollywood to
break into show business. Most end up with nothing more than a very expensive trip, and return

home broke. In your hometown you may be the big fish, but in L.A. you’re just another minnow
in a sea of hungry sharks. And what a feeding frenzy it is. For every small movie role there are
hundreds if not thousands of actors seeking the role. And you can be sure that most of them
have a physique at least as good as yours.
Virtually every bodybuilder who made it in the movies had achieved a high level of
bodybuilding success. From Steve Reeves and Reg Park to Arnold and Lou Ferrigno, all had
won the Mr. America or Mr. Universe. In fact it was their bodybuilding accomplishments that
first brought them to the attention of TV and movie producers. I don’t mean to discourage you,
but it’s virtually impossible for an unknown to walk off a plane and right onto a movie or TV
set.

set.
If you still have your sights set on the silver screen my 
first suggestion is to stay where
you are and try to break into the business in your own region. Unless you live in a small town,
most cities have drama clubs and theater groups. Not only will there be far less competition,
but you’ll get a taste for the acting profession. It may seem glamorous to walk the red carpet at
the Academy Awards, but what you don’t see under all the flashbulbs and glitz are the 18-hour
days in all forms of weather most foul, staying in character for hour upon hour as you shoot the
same scene again and again, only to find out that you have to come back and try again
tomorrow. If you can’t handle a few days of rehearsal for a local play, how do you think you’ll

manage on a movie set for six months? Many people start out fantasizing about being a TV or
movie star, but when they actually get involved in the industry they realize it’s not at all what
they really had in mind. Besides, even experience on a local level will be worth something
when you’re looking for your first acting gigs.
OWNING A GYM
Many of the most popular bodybuilding gyms were started by former bodybuilders. Two of the
most famous, Gold’s and World Gym, were founded by Joe Gold. While he never won the Mr.
Universe, Joe was one of the original Muscle Beach gang in the 1940s and 1950s, and at one
time was part of Mae West’s entourage.
If you’re like most serious bodybuilders, the idea of owning and operating your own gym
524

“
will probably cross your mind. It could be that the one or two gyms in your town are crowded
and you see potential for another. Or maybe you feel there is a whole untapped market of
bodybuilders that are not being catered to by existing gyms. Whatever the reason, the business
bug has bitten you and you want to own your own establishment. In the following section I’ll
look at the two primary types of gyms and what’s involved in owning and operating one.
Bodybuilders could never repay what they owe Joe Gold. Without his ingenuity, weight
training would remain a little-known pastime instead of the widespread passion it is today.
Joe’s gyms have helped lift bodybuilding from obscurity to worldwide acceptance.”
– Loren Franck, 
Franchise and Private Gyms
The largest and most familiar gyms in bodybuilding are franchise gyms. Franchise gyms are
part of a chain, just like McDonald’s, 7-Eleven, or any other franchise. When you go into one

of these establishments you know exactly what you’re getting, since all of them must meet the
same standards set by the head office. Such names as Gold’s, World, and Powerhouse have
become cemented in the minds of bodybuilders the world over. Franchise gyms are large and
outfitted with multiple lines of weight training and cardio equipment.
Like all gyms, franchise gyms owe much of their existence to Joe Gold, who started the
original Gold’s Gym in 1965 in Venice Beach, California. With Joe’s gift for manufacturing
training equipment, it wasn’t long before Gold’s Gym was the place to train. During the late
’60s and ’70s the top bodybuilding stars trained there as they prepared for the top titles. If you
strolled into Gold’s during the early 1970s you’d see Arnold and Franco Columbu in one corner

pumping away on their chests, while in another corner, Robby Robinson would be inflating his
enormous biceps like two balloons. A quick glance around would see such other ’70s superstars
as Mike Katz, Ken Waller, Bill Grant, Frank Zane and Ed Corney.
After selling the gym in the early ’70s and taking a break from bodybuilding, Joe decided
to get back into the business. However, since his name was now a trademark, he opened up his
new gym with the name World Gym. With the fitness boom of the 1980s both Gold’s and
World decided to license out their names across North America. Soon other gyms did the same,
and the era of franchise gyms had arrived.
Private gyms are just that – privately owned by one or two individuals. There is no head
office and all expenses

office and all expenses 
are incurred by the owners. Private gyms tend to be smaller than
franchise gyms and more specialized with regards to their clientele (i.e. hardcore bodybuilding,
women only, health spa). While they might not have the same amount of equipment as the
larger franchise gyms, they do offer personal service that the larger facilities can’t match. You
can be just a number at the big gyms, and many of the bigger gyms seem to care more about
signing members than servicing the members they already have.
GETTING STARTED
If you’re looking for a challenge in your life, starting a gym will definitely fit the bill. With a
combination of hard work, long hours and luck you can make a comfortable living. On the other
hand, if you don’t manage your money well, try to take too much time off, trust your business

to other people or simply don’t manage it well, you may end up spending many years paying
525

“
off your debts after your business shuts its doors.
The first decision you’ll have to make is whether to go the franchise or private route. The
advantage of the franchise gym is that from day one you’ll have instant name recognition. As
soon as you open a World, Gold’s, Powerhouse or other franchise you’ll immediately attract a
large clientele strictly on the name alone. In addition, most people will know exactly what
they’re going to get before they even enter your gym. You’ll get new members and take
members from competing gyms. You’ll also get a lot of support and advice from the franchise
head office. This only makes sense, as they have a vested interest in your business as well.
Of course this close contact with head office can work both ways. You will need to have
all your i’s dotted and t’s crossed before you approach a franchise head office. Before they
grant you a license to use their name they’ll want to see a business plan. And do you blame

them? Who wants to lend their name to a business venture that may be bankrupt in six months?
In your business plan you’ll need to outline such things as location, start-up costs, whether
you’ll rent a building or build from the ground up, the number of potential members you hope
to attract and how you plan to do it, maintenance costs, staff training, salary costs, as well as
growth potential. Only after assessing the feasibility of your business proposal will a major
gym chain grant you the rights to use their name on your gym.
If you decide to go it alone, the previous considerations still apply, but even then not all of
the decision-making will be yours. Instead of bringing your business plan to a franchise head
office you go to a bank or other financial institution. Chances are you’ll have to go to at least a

few before hearing a yes. If the bank does decide to grant you a loan, you’ve cleared your first
hurdle. You now have to implement your business plan. The facility will need to be renovated
or built and the equipment bought or leased and delivered. If you can, arrange for a grand
opening featuring a top bodybuilder – even if just for an hour or two. Nothing will attract
potential new members like a pro bodybuilder.
The first few months will be hectic. Keep the operation simple and hire minimal staff. But
make sure your training staff are all certified. You don’t want a lawsuit because some idiot put
a 70-year-old newbie under the squat rack.
Shortly after I sold my Pacific Avenue gym, Arnold and Franco begged me to open
another gym. ‘I’ll support you,’ they said. And they did. Arnold put World Gym on the

map. I give a lot of credit to Arnold and Franco.”
– Joe Gold, founder of both the Gold’s and World Gym franchises
I’ll be honest. You’ll need to put in long hours at the beginning to get your gym up and
running, and that beginning may last two or three years. But with a little luck and perseverance,
you’ll slowly build up a client base and start turning a profit. And who knows? Maybe down the
road someone will approach you and want to use your name on his gym. Congratulations!
You’ve just started a franchise!
526

Joe Gold laid the groundwork for two of the most famous franchise gyms: Gold’s and World Gym.
Photos of Joe Gold
527

W
CHAPTER 65
Turn that Winning Body into Cash
“In addition to having his image portrayed on the covers of over 50 romance
novels, Frank has appeared five times in skits on ‘Late Night With Conan
O’Brien,’ as well as being a regular on the ‘Howard Stern’ radio and
television shows.”
 contributor, commenting on the success of
top bodybuilding model, Frank Sepe.
hen the first bodybuilding contests were held back in the 1940s the top prizes consisted of
a trophy, a medal and perhaps a few tins of protein powder. But as the saying goes: Times,
they are a-changin’. Today’s bodybuilders can look forward to making a decent living from the
sport, provided they see themselves as a product to be marketed and sold. It’s no use to win a
big title and sit back waiting for someone like me to come knocking on your door. Every year
sees a whole new crop of title winners and it’s a very competitive world out there. Time after

time the sport has witnessed the “next Arnold” go crashing down in flames because the
individual failed to seize the moment and capitalize on the opportunity. Ask yourself: Wouldn’t
you rather be making a living from the sport you love than from doing whatever it is you’re
doing right now? Thought so!
The key to complete bodybuilding success (as opposed to simply winning a few titles) is to
get out of the gym and expend just as much energy marketing yourself as you would doing that
all-out set of squats or deadlifts. Earlier in the 
book I talked about setting long-term and short-
term goals for building your physique. Now you must do the same with any business venture
you would like to pursue.
528

“
Prize money is a definite reward for so much hard work, but making a living as a pro is a challenge.
As soon as Arnold established himself as the sport’s top bodybuilder he began working on
the business side of things. First he set up a mail-order business to sell his training programs.
Next he started taking business courses. He also began taking acting classes. He began writing
for 
. Finally he learned as much as he could about real estate and
began investing. In short, Arnold didn’t sit on his squat-built ass and wait for things to
magically happen. He took the bull by the horns and went after it.
Now, I’m by no means suggesting that you’ll end up winning seven Mr. Olympia titles, be
Hollywood’s top box-office draw and get elected governor. But there’s no reason why you can’t
convert that great physique of yours into hard cash with a little bit of ingenuity and drive.

Virtually all the top pro and amateur bodybuilders have business sidelines these days. In fact
most make far more money from these other businesses than from prize money.
The following are some of the primary areas in which a resourceful bodybuilder can make
money. Some will yield direct income while others can be used to increase your marketing
potential. If you plan on making a living from the sport someday, this section is a must read.
Unless you’re winning the Mr. Olympia you probably can’t afford the lifestyle of a pro
bodybuilder. That’s the reality.”
– 1980s pro, Mike Christian, commenting on the realities of being a pro bodybuilder.
PRIZE MONEY
“Turning pro is such a long shot. It all boils down to why you work out in the first place. If

you’re in bodybuilding only for fame and money, you’re grasping for the wrong stars. If you’re
more interested in living a good, healthy lifestyle with balance among family, career and
training, your odds of success are infinitely better.”
 contributor, commenting on what it sometimes
takes to make it to the pro level in bodybuilding.
Despite the name, prize money is one of the least lucrative sources of income in
bodybuilding. While the winner of the Mr. Olympia or Arnold Classic may receive upwards of
$150,000, the money for the remaining placings diminishes rapidly. With only six to eight pro
contests each year, a bodybuilder would have to win a couple or place high in many to bring in
what could be called real money. The future might see the prize money for bodybuilding

contests increasing, but the truth is that prize money comes from sponsorship. Until Nike,
Adidas or some other multinational conglomerate takes on bodybuilding, making a living as a
pro will be a challenge. As it stands now there are easier ways to make money from
bodybuilding. Read on.
GUEST POSING
Back in the old days the top bodybuilders were lucky to get a trophy and some protein powder
for their wins. Then pro bodybuilding began. But while being professional means you make
money, many pros don’t even make enough from competition to pay for their supplements each
year.
529

Modern bodybuilders can thank Arnold Schwarzenegger and Franco Columbu for the
income they can make from guest posing. Up until Arnold and Franco came on the scene, guest
posing was more of a sideline. But Arnold and Franco saw the potential income guest posing
could generate and turned it into the lucrative endeavor it is today. Most pro bodybuilders now
make far more money from guest posing than from competing.
Guest posing has changed the fitness strategy of bodybuilders. Instead of the old practice
of bulking up by 30 or 40 pounds in the off-season, most bodybuilders now try to stay within 15
or 20 pounds of their competitive weight. If a promoter pays a pro a couple of thousand to guest
pose at his contest, the last thing he wants is for the Pillsbury Doughboy to show up – the
audience wants to see their favorite stars bearing some resemblance to their magazine photos.
If their favorite pro weighs 250 pounds for a contest, they won’t be too happy when a 300-

pound blimp lumbers onto the stage. Having said this, a few pro bodybuilders guest pose
looking more like sumo wrestlers than competitive bodybuilders. However, these guys are at
the top of their game and get away with it.
For those future guest posers reading, I have a few suggestions to offer:
First of all, don’t allow your weight to drift more than 15 to 20 pounds above your contest
weight. If you’re on the tall side you may be able to stretch this to 30 pounds, but there is no
reason to look like the “before” picture in a weight-loss contest. Keep in mind that the
bodybuilding fraternity is a close-knit one. All it takes is one or two fat appearances and your
guest-posing career will dry up faster than spit in the desert.
Second, always be on time. Bodybuilding contests, especially evening shows, run on tight

schedules. The whole evening can be thrown off if you stroll in late. Besides, showing up early
gives you a chance to interact with fans and perhaps sell some merchandise. And let’s not
forget the extra points you’re adding to your reputation. News travels fast and promoters
quickly hear whether certain guest posers are professional or cause headaches.
SEMINARS
As the two often go hand in hand, it only makes sense to follow the section on guest posing
with the topic of seminars. Most bodybuilders who guest pose at a contest also do a seminar.
The usual time is Saturday between the prejudging and evening show, but some bodybuilders
hold two or three sessions on Friday night, Saturday afternoon and even Sunday. The typical
seminar is broken down into three sections: training, nutrition and supplementation, and

competition. If you get a chance to attend one of these sessions, go! As great as books and
magazines are, they’re nothing like having a top pro (or top amateur, for that matter) talking to
you in person. Virtually all are walking libraries of knowledge, and instead of spending weeks
or months looking for the answer to a particular problem, you may get the answer with just one
well-directed question. Don’t be afraid to take notes, either. Topics that seem irrelevant now
may become crucial in a 
year or two. For example, if you’re a beginner your primary focus
should be building muscle mass, not pre-contest dieting. But this time next year you may
decide to enter your first contest, and in that case the pro’s pre-contest advice will be
invaluable.
For those readers who do decide to conduct seminars there are two primary areas that

you’ll need to become adept in. The first is knowledge. The second is delivering the knowledge.
Just the fact that you’ve reached this level in bodybuilding and have been asked to conduct a
seminar indicates that you know your stuff, but knowing something and being able to pass that
530

“
knowledge on to other people are two different skills. Some of the most highly educated people
in the world haven’t got a clue about teaching. I need only point you in the direction of the
nearest university or college to confirm this. Conversely, there are those who have a true gift
for passing along what information they do possess.
So what does all this have to do with conducting a bodybuilding seminar? This: You’ll be
getting in front of dozens, if not hundreds, of enthusiastic bodybuilders who will be hanging on
your every word. Do you have any experience in public speaking? If not you’re going to have a
tough couple of hours. Not only will you stress yourself out, but you’ll also sadly disappoint a
lot of potential fans.
I’m gone at least 20 weekends out of the year. The busiest time is the main contest season
from March to July, when I’m booked every weekend.”
– Jay Cutler, Mr. Olympia winner, commenting on his hectic seminar and posing schedule.

Unless you’re one of those naturally gifted individuals who thrives on public attention,
you’re probably going to be nervous speaking in front of a large group of people. If so, my first
suggestion is to enroll in a public-speaking course. These range from the Toastmaster program
to once-a-week community college courses to full-fledged business courses offered by such
prestigious organizations as Dale Carnegie. At the very least, pick up a good book on public
speaking. If you’re in high school or college or university, jump at every opportunity to get up
in front of an audience. Yes the first couple of sessions will probably be nerve racking. But like
most things you’ll get better and become more relaxed with time.
Many bodybuilders, like Jay Cutler, will guest pose and do a seminar at a contest.
Photo of Jay Cutler by Garry Bartlett

Perhaps the most important aspect of good public speaking is learning to relax. Remaining
calm often takes 
care of many of the other facets of public communication. If you get nervous
and uptight at the mere sight of a microphone it’s going to have a profound effect on what you
say and how you say it.
531

Signed photographs are a great way to promote yourself.
Photo of Lee Priest by Rich Baker
Good public speaking also depends on the speed at which you talk. Don’t race along trying
to fit as many words as possible into one sentence. Try to speak slowly and deliberately.
If your day-to-day speaking involves frequent use of words of the four-letter variety, I
suggest you start cleaning it up right now. Coarse and vulgar language may be fine with your
friends but it’s a no-no in public. Besides, you want to appear professional and intelligent, not
like some piece of gutter trash.
Another suggestion is to record yourself at some point just to see how you sound. Don’t be
shocked the first time you play it back. Most people don’t realize how they sound to others.
Once you get over the initial “do I really sound like that?” shock, replay the recording a couple
of times and analyze it. Pay particular attention to how fast you’re speaking and how you

pronounce each letter. If you have a sharp dialect you may want to consider modifying it. It’s
not that accents and dialects are wrong, but what you’re saying should be clear and
understandable. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Lou Ferrigno spent years working on speech –
Arnold because of his thick Austrian accent and Lou because of a hearing loss suffered in
childhood. Both ended up among the sport’s best public speakers.
You must also be conscious of how many “uhs” and “ahs” you work into your speech. Try
not to string sentences along with such idiosyncratic grunts. Finish one sentence and then start
the next. Don’t pause in between with an “uh” or “ah.”
A final mistake many people make when first learning to speak in public is trying to use as

many big, unfamiliar words as possible. Trust me. Trying to imitate a thesaurus will not make
you look more intelligent – just foolish.
PHOTOS
Virtually all the new bodybuilding stars have photos for sale including Ronnie Coleman, Jay
Cutler, Gustavo Badell, Mustafa Mohammad, Markus Ruhl and Toney Freeman. But it’s not
just the new generation’s photos that sell. Classic shots of Schwarzenegger, Zane, Oliva,
Ferrigno, Columbu, Park and Reeves also do brisk business. Besides showing the various poses,
these photos serve as inspiration. In fact, you might have some inspirational bodybuilding
photos on your wall right now! These photos may be color or black and white and usually sell
for $10 to $20. In many cases you’ll get a discount if your order them in sets.
When your physique starts winning top amateur contests, get a series of photos done while
532

you’re in contest shape. Take them with you to seminars and posing exhibitions to sell
(autographed, of course). They’ll not only please your fans but they’ll also improve your
marketability. There’s no such thing as overexposure in bodybuilding.
DVDs
“You have to know your competition, so do some research. Setting a price is always a
balancing act of maximizing your profits while not overwhelming the consumer. This is a good
time to step back and objectively evaluate the chances of success for your new product.”
– Don Mochrie, 
Older bodybuilders remember the filmstrips of the top bodybuilding stars of the ’50s and ’60s
that were available through ads in the various muscle magazines. With the intro
duction of VHS
and DVD video technology there has been an explosion in the number of such products.
There are generally three categories of bodybuilding videos available. The first consists of

posing videos, featuring bodybuilding stars both past and present posing at exotic locations
around the world. Besides serving as a source of inspiration, such videos are great educational
tools when it comes time to putting together your posing routine.
The second is DVDs of the major contests. Every year the Arnold Classic, Mr. Olympia,
Iron Man, and the various Grand Prix events are recorded by professional filmographers and
made available on VHS tapes and DVDs to the general public. A double DVD normally costs
around $39.99.
The third category is training videos released by the individual bodybuilding superstars.
Most are shot in commercial gyms and follow the stars as they go through a workout for each
bodypart. Although such videos were available in the 1980s, it was six-time Mr. Olympia

Dorian Yates who really established such products with his 
Blood and Guts
 video released in
the 1990s. While previous videos had been more fluff than anything, Yates got down and dirty
and showed viewers just how hard pro bodybuilders really train. He used real workout
poundage, and that was real sweat dripping off his forehead. 
 set the standard
for training videos, and virtually every top bodybuilding star now has a series of similarly
styled videos. You can see Ronnie Coleman blasting those enormous arms of his and Jay Cutler
hammering his tree-trunk-sized thighs.
If you start winning top amateur titles, you should seriously consider making your own
training DVDs. Start with a shorter full-body training DVD and if the sales are decent, you can

expand to include DVDs for individual bodyparts. Don’t cut corners on the production costs,
either. Having a buddy chase you around with a $300 video camcorder won’t come close to the
quality of a professional filmographer with thousands of dollars in lighting and video
equipment. You want to establish a reputation for professionalism, and if someone pays once
for an unprofessional product, you can bet he won’t be paying twice.
533

SUPPLEMENT ENDORSING
By far the most lucrative form of financial reward for bodybuilders is endorsing food
supplements. Every year the top supplement lines such as MuscleTech, Twin Lab EAS, Pro Lab
and Weider battle it out for a piece of the billion-dollar supplement pie. A flip through a recent
copy of any one of the major bodybuilding magazines and you’ll see just how competitive this
industry is. Those full-color, multi-page ads that you see cost thousands of dollars per page.
While perhaps interruptive to readers, the ads are vital to the survival of the magazines.
Given the competition in this industry it’s not surprising that virtually all the supplement
companies hire top bodybuilders to promote and endorse their products. Super bodybuilding
promoter and publisher Joe Weider was the first to recognize the potential of this arrangement
back in the 1950s and 1960s. Weider protein powder ads with such top stars as Larry Scott,

Dave Draper, or Arnold surrounded by a bevy of beach babes have become classics. They also
helped Weider become by far the biggest name in the supplement industry, a position that went
unchallenged until the mid 1990s, when such newcomers as EAS, Twin Lab and MuscleTech
came on the scene.
Weider responded to the new competition by putting many of the top pro bodybuilders
under contract. This meant they could endorse only his products, no matter how much money
the other companies offered. Initially this worked well, as Weider had the deepest pockets and
the top stars naturally went to him. But once the other companies started building their bank
accounts they immediately started offering the next generation of body
builders similar-sized

deals. It wasn’t long before some of the established pros switched camps when their contracts
with Weider expired. It’s reached the point now that the Weider line of supplements is just
another player on the scene. Most bodybuilders under the age of 30 or 40 have no idea of the
monopoly that Weider had before the arrival of the new guns.
534

Advertisements from supplement companies are crucial to the financial survival of bodybuilding magazines.
Photo by Rich Baker
535

While many readers no doubt hope to be in the enviable position of signing a supplement
contract with one of the major supplement companies, I’ll be the first to admit that it’s a tough
road to travel. Supplement companies won’t even look at you until you reach the upper
echelons of the pro bodybuilding ranks. You might not need to win the Mr. Olympia or Arnold
Classic, but you must consistently place in the top 10, and you must be very popular with the
fans.
You also need to have “the right look.” This is hard to define, but essentially means that
you have good facial features to match your phenomenal physique. The only goal of putting
you on supplement labels or featuring you in the ads is to increase sales. Every year supplement
companies spend millions of dollars on marketing research, trying to determine what approach
has the greatest impact on sales. If they don’t feel that you have the “look,” then there’s not
much you can do to change their opinions.

The classic example occurred with Joe Weider back in the late 1960s. At the time Sergio
Oliva was the number-one bodybuilder in the world, but despite his success on the posing
platform he just didn’t sell products. Whether it was his Cuban birth, his shy presence around
fans, or his African ancestry (remember this was the 1960s, when African Americans still
fought to go to school with whites). Who knows? But the bottom line for Weider was that
having Sergio endorse supplements wasn’t paying off. Then along came the Austrian-born
Schwarzenegger. He possessed an equal body, was white and had a charisma that to this day has
been unmatched. It’s easy to see why Weider immediately started promoting Arnold. He
brought Arnold to America, helped him set up his mail-order business, and began featuring him

in his magazines. The rest, as they say, is history. Arnold’s close association with Weider
greatly benefited both: Arnold got paid to support a lifestyle which allowed him to win a then-
record six straight Mr. Olympia titles, and sales of Weider’s supplements went through the
roof.
CLOTHING
It was only a matter of time before bodybuilders joined the fashion set. Tattered, worn-out T-
shirts have been replaced by the latest in workout fashions. Besides, bodybuilders need their
own clothing lines. Most clothes are built for either big fat people or small lean people. It’s
hard to get clothes that will fit big broad shoulders and lats and a lean waist. Many
bodybuilders have turned their talents to endorsing workout clothing lines and a few, such as
Gary Strydom and Mike Christian, have created their own clothing lines.

Normally you would get into the clothing business as a product endorser. This is similar to
being taken on by a supplement company. First you need to establish yourself as a top-ranked
competitor and win or place high in a few contests. Since you’ll be endorsing clothes you’ll
need that certain “look.” How can you expect customers to buy the clothes if you don’t look
good in them?
The other option for getting involved with the clothing business is to create your own. This
is not as simple as it seems. You can’t just slap a few pieces of material together and call it a
workout suit (although with some of the items that pass for fashion these days I sometimes
wonder). The clothes must be both stylish and functional. The material should keep you cool
and be able to endure repeated stretching and chaffing. It should also be capable of surviving

heavy doses of human sweat. Once you have the material picked out you’ll need to design the
clothes (or have someone else design them), manufacture them and find a distributor to market
536

them to various retail stores. Oh, and one other thing, the price must be competitive with the
workout clothes offered by department and sports specialty stores. Getting into the clothing
industry is not a piece of cake. But if you make a success of it, the financial rewards can be
huge.
537

L
CHAPTER 66
Contest Promotion
“The fact is, the purpose of promoting a competition is to make money. The
risks are huge with questionable rewards.”
 correspondent, on Joe Spinello and the return
of the Montreal Pro Classic.
ike any business venture, contest promotion is tough and there are financial risks involved.
The following is by no means an all-encompassing guide to contest promoting. Instead I’ll
touch on the main points that will need to be addressed if you want to ensure that your show is
both financially successful and enjoyable for both the audience and competitors.
AFFILIATION
Before you decide to get into the contest-promoting business, you’ll need to first become
affiliated with one of the bodybuilding federations. Although the IFBB (International
Federation of Bodybuilders) is the largest, there are others, so check out what’s available in
your region.
Once you have your affiliation with a certain federation, the next step is to see if there’s an

opportunity available to run a contest in your area. If the given federation is already running a
contest in your area, the odds are good to excellent that the parent federation will let that
promoter keep managing it. You don’t fix a wheel that’s not broke.
However, if the previous promoter decides to retire or is asked to step aside, then the door
is now open for you to become involved. But there’s a good chance 
that you won’t be the only
interested party; other budding entrepreneurs might also jump at the chance. This means that
you’ll have to bid on the rights to hold the show. And just like most business tenders, the
lowest bidder normally wins (although higher bidders with better overall presentation packages
occasionally get the nod, and you will certainly be given the upper hand if you have previous
experience hosting events of this nature).
538

Gustavo Badell shows his muscles before the 2007 Mr. Olympia contest.
Photo Gustavo Badell by Irvin Gelb
GET SOME BACKGROUND
If you are lucky enough to be successful in your bid to hold the contest, the fun begins. You
now have a year or two to prepare. The job can be done is less time, but if you want your first
contest to be successful you’ll want to give yourself plenty of time to work out the bugs – and I
assure you there’ll be plenty.
One of the first things you should do is contact previous promoters or promoters from
other (similar) regions. If contest promotion has not left a sour taste in their mouths, and
assuming they’re the friendly types, they should be happy to help you out. Of course if you find
out that they lost money three years in a row you may want to rethink the whole venture. In fact
it wouldn’t hurt to scope this out before you even start bidding on contest rights.
Besides the financial dirt, previous promoters can also give you a list of people you’ll need

to help run the contest. For the sake of an hour or two on the phone, you can make contact with
a few people who will make your life a whole lot easier. Also, people who have been involved
before can let you in on all the little issues that usually crop up that you couldn’t possibly know
about yet. They can also get you some names of reliable people to work with. Once you’re
armed with a decent plan of attack it’s simply a case of executing it.
GETTING THE VENUE READY
One of the first and most important tasks is arranging the contest venue. For a smaller local
contest you can probably get by with a high school gym, but as you rise up the competitive
ladder, the audience and competitors expect better facilities. Most cities and large towns have

arts centers and theatres that make ideal contest venues, but you don’t just phone up a week
539

before. Most will be booked months if not years in advance – especially on Friday and Saturday
nights. And as expected the more posh and ritzier the facility the higher the cost. You’ll need to
factor this into your operating expenses.
Once you have the venue booked your next step is hiring a lighting contractor. It’s true
that most high schools and arts theaters have their own lighting, but odds are it won’t be
suitable for a bodybuilding contest. A good lighting contractor will have his own lights and the
expertise to go along with them. Lighting contractors can cost from a few hundred to many
thousands of dollars, and as with ven
ues, should be booked months or even years in advance.
You should also arrange to have the contractor set up the night before if possible and test out
the lights using real people. I’ve attended contests where the promoters and lighting contractors
didn’t test the lights until an hour before prejudging. In many cases they had to stop the contest

because some spots on the stage were better lit than others.
The contest venue is critical for the success of the contest itself – think size, lighting and sound.
Photo by Irvin Gelb
Besides lighting you’ll need a sound person to look after the music for the competitors’
posing routines plus the posedown. Once again the venue may have its own stereo system, but
if there’s any doubt as to the quality of the in-house sound system, hire a contractor. As with
lighting, see if the person can set up and check things out the night before so any potential
issues and acoustics can be ironed out.
MARKETING
With the venue, lighting and sound taken care of, the next step is promotion. The greatest show
in the world is useless if people don’t attend because they didn’t know about it. For a

MARKETING
bodybuilding contest it’s not just the audience that you’re trying to entice either. What’s a
bodybuilding contest without bodybuilders? In fact, the more bodybuilders you attract to
compete in your show the larger the audience turnout, since each competitor is bound to bring a
dozen or more friends and relatives.
540

If you leave the advertising until too late you’ll doom your show to mediocrity at best, but
more likely total failure right from the start. The average competitive bodybuilder needs at
least three months to diet and prepare for a contest. If you don’t give potential competitors
enough time to both decide to compete and then prepare for competition, most will simply skip
your show. Let all the gyms in the contest area know about your show at least four to six
months in advance. Besides the gyms it wouldn’t hurt to send advertising flyers to high schools
and food supplement stores either. Teenage bodybuilding is growing by leaps and bounds and
virtually every bodybuilder goes into a supplement store at some point. You should also send a
brief description of your contest to the major bodybuilding magazines so they can post it in
their “Upcoming Events” section. And remember that magazines plan these sections three to
four months before the magazine comes out, so this should be done first and often.

One great source of advertising is the local media such as newspapers and TV. Newspapers
are always looking for something different, and bodybuilding can fit that bill. If you have a
contact at the local paper, try to convince him or her to write a story on bodybuilding featuring
a couple of the contestants. You’ll get free advertising and they’ll get a catchy story about local
personalities. If you can’t get a story, at least buy some advertising space – preferably in the
sports section – and run an ad. Besides, 
the way most papers work (especially smaller papers) is
that they’ll do a story if you run an ad.
If you have the cash, a brief mention on the radio wouldn’t hurt either. Radio ads are much
cheaper than TV and you’ll be sure that you’re reaching a wide audience. If money is tight,

limit the ad to whatever radio station in your area caters to the 15- to 30-year-old age bracket.
The bulk of your competitors will be coming from this age group and it won’t make sense to
advertise on an oldies radio station.
If you really have deep pockets then you can do up a catchy TV ad. Of course this will set
you back thousands of dollars. If a full-blown TV ad is out of your reach, most local cable
companies have community channels offering scroll news that features upcoming events. Given
the prevalence of remote-controlitis in our society, odds are good to excellent that potential
competitors and audience members will see your ad.
OTHER PEOPLE YOU’LL NEED
Another important task is to book an emcee. Radio or TV personalities make great emcees, as

they’re usually personable and know how to keep an audience entertained. Besides, most in the
audience will know them and treat them like a local celebrity (which in a way they are). One
piece of advice is to avoid hiring some wisecracking comedian. Chances are good that he will
use the stage as a platform to try out his latest repertoire of anti-bodybuilding jokes. The last
thing you want is someone belittling the sport. It’s taken bodybuilding decades to achieve a
decent level of credibility and such idiots don’t further our cause. No matter how popular a
radio or TV personality might be, ditch them if you think they’ll treat our sport with disrespect.
In fact, you should build right into their contract a clause that they may not demean the sport or
competitors in any way.

Another individual you’ll need to consider is a guest poser. An average contest can be
quickly turned into a once-in-a-lifetime event if you have a top Mr. Olympia-level pro turn up.
Once local bodybuilders know that someone of the caliber of Jay Cutler, Ronnie Coleman or
Dexter Jackson will be in attendance, your problem won’t be unsold seats, but scalpers!
Most pros charge between $3,000 and $5,000 for an appearance, but someone like Ronnie
541

Coleman or Jay Cutler could set you back $10,000 or more. Besides the appearance fees,
virtually every pro will want traveling, food and accommodation expenses included as well. On
the surface this may sound like a lot of money, but you’ll easily recoup this expense from the
number of extra seats you’ll sell if you do book them. If you set up a seminar or two with him,
you’ll stand to make even more money.
With all the commotion going on there is one group of individuals that you may forget to
line up – the judges! Not much use parading a group of bodybuilders onstage if there’s no one
to judge them. Rounding up the judges is usually fairly easy. Odds are the previous promoter
will have a list. Judges may approach you to offer their services. Unless the decisions made at
the last few contests were way off, you’re safe to use the same judges. It never hurts to train in
new judges in case you need to change the judging panel in future years (you’ll also lose a few

by normal attrition). Most federations require prospective new judges to serve as test judges for
a few contests before becoming qualified. Test judges sit at the judging table and go through
exactly the same procedures as the regular judges, but their decisions don’t count. At the end of
the contest the head judge will compare the test judge scores to the actual scores. As long as the
test judges placed the contestants in the same range as the regular judges, then after a few years
they can serve as full judges in future shows. Different federations have different rules on
qualifying test judges, so check things out.
You’ll need a number of volunteers to carry out an assortment of tasks including
collecting and selling tickets, helping out backstage, ushering audience members, and looking

after the guest poser. There shouldn’t be a need to pay any of these people. Many will gladly do
it just for the thrill of being associated with the contest in some way. The free pass plus maybe
some free food afterward is all it should cost. Make sure to have a volunteer coordinator, 
too.
The advantage of delegating many of these tasks to other people is that it frees up your time to
coordinate the whole show.
Running a contest is no small feat, but starting local may just be the first step to becoming a top promoter.
OTHER STUFF
542

You will need to pick up a few items. Have a local printer run off the exact number of
prejudging and evening show tickets that you’ll need. Under no circumstances do you take a
page out of the airlines’ handbook and oversell the show. Bodybuilding fans are a loyal bunch
and you can be sure that 99 percent of them will show up. You don’t want a dozen VERY
LARGE individuals being turned away at the door. If your theater seats 2,000 people you print
2,000 tickets. Period.
I can’t guarantee that your first show will be successful or problem free, but it certainly
will be rewarding and challenging. But if you take the time and plan it out well in advance, and
you have some good people helping you, there’s no reason that the contestants and fans won’t
be pleased with your efforts. If you do manage to put together a number of great shows and
develop a reputation for promotion, don’t be surprised if you’re asked to run a state or regional

contest. And who knows, maybe one day you’ll be in charge of the Nationals or a Grand Prix
event. Just like bodybuilders, most of the top promoters got their first big break at the local
level. There’s no reason why you can’t do the same.
543

B
CHAPTER 67
The Barbell Row
“While wide-grip chins and lat pulldowns widen the lat muscles, they do not
add a great deal to the actual mass of the lats, especially the lower areas. The
bent-over row is the answer.”
, on giving your lats more mass in the lower
regions.
e honest and admit it. Your back training hasn’t been nearly as intense as it could be. How
do I know? Take a look around any gym and you’ll see for yourself. With all the super-
smooth machines and cable devices designed to train this bodypart almost an entire generation
of bodybuilders has all but forgotten one of the most effective back developers around: the
bent-over barbell row.
The main reason for the abandonment of the barbell row is that it’s uncomfortable. Unlike
cable pulldowns, low-cable rows or even machines designed to simulate the action of a barbell
row, a free-weight row requires the back to stabilize on its own accord. You have nothing to sit

or lie on – no back supports, no knee braces and no platforms – just the natural support of your
spine and the erector muscles in your lower back.
Not only does the bent-over position place stress on your spinal erectors, it places
additional stress on your ability to breathe. To top it all off, the hamstrings are placed under
tension (to stabilize the upper body) and too many factors appear to be working against you for
you to efficiently work the latissimus dorsi muscles you’re looking to target. But hold on just a
second. All is not as it seems.
When the body is fully braced, as it is in a machine, the lats may be more specifically
isolated, but the end results are subpar because the back is a muscle group that works as a unit.
The lats, rhomboids and erectors are all components integrated to work in tandem. Even the

traps get involved, yet most bodybuilders treat this muscle group as a separate entity.
Many bodybuilders think traps are primarily shoulder muscles. They don’t realize this
bodypart extends down along the spine to the bottom of the ribcage. When these muscles
contract they affect muscles throughout the entire back. For instance, when the traps are
activated the scapula moves down and in, resulting in deeply etched grooves throughout the
back.
When performing isolated exercises such as lat pulldowns, other back muscles barely
come into play. That’s the reason trainers who rely on machines have shallow backs. They may
have decent lat development when viewed from the front, but when they turn around to the side
or back … well, there’s just nothing there.
TEAMWORK

TEAMWORK
If you want thick, dense muscle throughout your back you must work the area the way nature
547

intended: as a unit. The back muscles must all be forced to stabilize. All the muscles must
come into play. This bodypart must also be worked heavy, with no support and no assistance.
That means awkward, painful and uncomfortable barbell rows, which may cause difficulties
with your breathing. There’s just no way around it.
PROPER FORM
Proper technique when performing barbell rows is important. Loose lifting and heaving of the
weight won’t work the muscles sufficiently and can lead to potential damage. You need to
remain strict and contract completely. Again, a very uncomfortable action, but one that’s vital
for complete development. Remember, the function of the back is not only to pull, but to arch.
If you do not complete the final phase of the exercise (the contraction), you simply will not
achieve full development.
INJURY PREVENTION
Your back must also remain in a contracted, or arched, position to prevent injury. As long as

the lower back is flat and slightly arched (as opposed to rounded), you shouldn’t have a
problem. Be careful, though. Back injuries are the most common of all training injuries. This is
almost always the result of rounding the back, which compromises the integrity of the small
muscles in the lower region. Every day people hurt their backs merely by picking up something
light if they are rounding their backs, so you can imagine what happens when you add a couple
of hundred pounds. As soon as the lower-back muscles are stabilized they can lift tremendous
poundage.
548

Photo of Jae Jung by Paul Buceta
Photo of Con Demetriou by Alex Ardenti
549

BARBELL ROWS – PROPER TECHNIQUE
Bend down over the barbell while consciously keeping your lower back
horizontally straight and tight. Stick your butt out to help with the correct
positioning.
Lower your arms to grab the barbell while keeping your back straight. Trainers
normally use an overhand grip, but an underhand grip is an excellent variation to
place more emphasis on the lower lats. The underhand barbell row was a favorite
of six-time Mr. Olympia Dorian Yates.
Maintain a straight, slightly arched back and keep your arms extended (shoulders a
tad higher than your hips). Find a spot on the wall directly in front of you and keep
your eyes focused on that spot throughout. Doing so helps you keep your back
arched. You can also look into your own eyes in the mirror for the same effect.
Row the bar up and just under your chest while keeping your torso parallel to the
floor and your legs slightly bent. Once the bar is in the fully contracted position,

hold it and squeeze the back muscles and shoulder blades together for one or two
seconds.
Slowly lower the bar. Once again, keep your back arched. Think of your arms as
handles, serving as hooks for the back muscles. Make your back do the work.
Repeat for 8 to 10 reps.
That’s all there is to it. Easier said than done, right? Heavy barbell rows are brutal. They not
only demand a lot physically, but to derive the ultimate benefit and prevent injury they also
require extreme concentration. They aren’t a knock-out-a-few-sets and get-it-over-with
exercise by any means. They’re the real deal. But I guarantee that when you set your mind and
motivation toward making this exercise the main movement in your back training, you’re going
to see some drastic changes. Thick, defined back mass from all angles will be yours. All you

need to do is supply the effort. In the end, you’re going to look big and broad – coming and
going.
550

Performing the barbell row with good form is crucial. Poor technique won’t work your muscles effectively and may
551

T
CHAPTER 68
The Squat
“If you spend enough time working in a gym you’ll hear plenty of reasons for
not squatting. Usually they’re not good reasons. We had a category for those
who left the squat out of their training. We called them ‘lightbulb lifters’
because we could envision the developed upper body tapering down to thin,
underdeveloped underpinnings.”
– Bob Shaefer, 
 contributor, giving his views on bodybuilders who
avoid doing squats.
he regular back squat is undeniably the best-known builder of quad mass. When you squat
you simultaneously involve all the biggest muscle groups: the back, glutes and quads. This
increases your lung efficiency, revs the metabolism and causes release of growth hormone,
stimulating all-over muscular body growth. But unfortunately squats are also one of the most
neglected and abused of bodybuilding exercises. Go into any gym and you may have to wait 20
minutes to use a leg-extension machine, but odds are you’ll be able to walk right up to the squat

or power rack. Why? Because squats separate the men from the wusses, that’s why! Besides
working the legs and lower back, squats stress just about the whole body. When you have that
amount of muscle mass being stimulated all at once the end result is pain and fatigue. Many
would-be bodybuilders are unwilling to endure either and instead opt for the leg extensions.
Then are those who claim that squats are bad for the knees. While it is true that this area is
subjected to some stress during squats, and some people truly cannot do them – or at least not
heavy squats – the same holds true for leg extensions. In fact from a kinesiological point of
view leg extensions are actually 
harder on the knees than squats. Extensions are an example of

an “open-chain movement.” This means that while the quads are contracting and pulling on the
knee ligaments and attachments, there is little or no counter action by the hamstrings. During
squats, the contracting hamstrings help to stabilize the knee region (which is why the squat is
considered a closed-chain exercise). Done properly squats are no more dangerous than leg
extensions. In fact many kinesiologists and physical therapists recommend doing squats as
opposed to extensions because squats mimic a natural movement while leg extensions don’t
resemble any movement you’d make during the day.
Some people avoid squats because they think they’ll build huge glutes. Again some myths
never seem to disappear. While squats do stimulate the glutes more than leg extensions, they

won’t build you a wide ass! Large asses are usually the result of overeating. Besides, you need
a decent set of glutes to both balance out the physique and reduce the pressure on the lower
back. A bodybuilder with an ironing board for a butt won’t win any contests.
Now, it’s safe to say that the main reason why many people avoid squats is because of
sheer laziness. They just don’t want to work hard at the squat rack. Well I’m here to tell you
that if you have any hopes of building a great set of legs, you will have a very difficult go of it
unless you squat on a regular basis. Not only will squats give you pillars of power, they’ll add
553

slabs of muscle to your upper body as well. As Peary Radar, the original publisher of 
Iron Man
magazine said first (though others followed), “If you want big arms, squat!” This may surprise
you. But as I said earlier, the more muscle mass being stimulated the more of an indirect
growth-promoting effect is placed on the rest of the muscles.
TYPES OF SQUATS
There are three main squatting routines, and each serves its own purpose. Bodybuilders intent
on building muscle mass and shape can benefit from all three to give variety to their training
sessions. Keep surprising the muscles and they will keep growing.
Straight Sets with Increasing Weight
This is the most common squatting routine. Do 4 to 6 sets of squats with a three-minute rest
between sets. Repetitions should be between 8 and 12 per set. Add weight disks each set,
building up to your maximum weight on the final set.
Powerlifting Routine
This is the quickest way to build true quad power. Put your feet a little more than shoulder-

width apart. Add weight plates on each set for 8 sets. Keep repetitions between 2 and 6 per set.
Because of the extra-heavy resistance, make sure the descent into the squat position is careful,
slow and controlled, or you may blow out a knee.
The Breathing Squat
The breathing squat made its first appearance over 60 years ago. The science behind it is to
increase the size of 
the ribcage (in addition to the quads) and to rev up the metabolism so the
whole body benefits with added muscle growth. Do the first 10 reps of the 20-rep set without
pausing between reps. For the last 10 reps, pause between each repetition. During the pause,
take three deep breaths before squatting down for the next rep.
554

Proper technique is essential in the squat if you want a functional spine.
555

Photo of Geovanny Govea by Paul Buceta
WATCH THOSE KNEES
Older bodybuilders find that those 500-pound squats they used to crank out begin to
take their toll. To keep your knees healthy always use correct form when squatting,
lunging and leg pressing. If you feel aches and pains in or around your knees, rest and
consult your physician.
At the conclusion of each 20-rep set, go straight to the flat bench for 15 to 20 reps of light
straight-arm pullovers, breathing deeply between each repetition.
FREQUENCY
Once-a-week leg training is adequate to build both power and mass. The most important factors
in making training progress are hard work and recuperation. If you are missing either of these
aspects you won’t grow.
If you train all bodyparts once a week, full recuperation is not too difficult with correct
rest, nutrition and supplementation. Training a bodypart twice a week can improve progress,
but it also makes complete recuperation more difficult. Should you want to specialize on

squatting for an 8- to 12-week period, you can do your leg (squat) workouts twice a week while
holding your other bodypart training frequency to once each week.
SQUATTING TIPS
A squat rack is essential. The bar should be a 7-foot Olympic bar, placed on the
squat rack just a few inches below shoulder height.
Clothing should be comfortable so as to not restrict breathing. Track pants should
be reasonably tight so they are snug against the upper legs, giving a sense of
security. Footwear should be solidly constructed.
The warmup should be for 2 or 3 sets of 12 to 15 reps using light to medium
weight.
Tighten the belt to maximum just before the working set. This gives a stronger
sense of security and ultimate confidence.
Do not bounce out of the squat. Do not lower all the way to the ground.

Approach the racked bar, addressing it with studied concentration and seriousness
of purpose. Grab the bar with a hand width comfortably wider than your shoulders.
Duck under the bar, feet side by side and shoulder-width apart, butt out, back
arched – not rounded. Lift the bar from the racks and back up in small steps until
you are clear of the racks and catchers.
Keep your head up and back flat, feet shoulder-width apart, toes pointing slightly
out. Lower under control until your thighs are parallel to the floor or just below.
Push up through the hips and heels without excessive forward lean.
556

T
CHAPTER 69
The Bench Press
“A good bencher will plant his feet tightly on the floor, and he will maintain
his tight grip throughout the movement. Think of gripping the floor with your
toes and keep them that way. Don’t let your feet move, slip or rise.”
he bench press has always been a mainstay in bodybuilding routines because it is such a
great exercise for building an impressive upper body. Strength athletes such as shot putters
and football players benefit from handling heavy weights in this exercise.
Two events occurred to increase the popularity of bench pressing. The first was the
emergence of the sport of powerlifting, in which the bench press was and still is a part of the
competition. The other was the acceptance and inclusion of strength training for athletes. In
high schools and colleges the flat bench was shown to be an ideal exercise to improve upper-

body strength and could be done with a minimum of equipment. Some schools even kept the
benches in the locker room. Not ideal, but it worked. Another bonus was that the exercise was
easy to teach.
In a short period of time the bench press replaced the military press as the standard of
strength. When someone asks, “How much can you bench?” he’s really asking: “How strong are
you?” Personally I’m more impressed with a big squat, deadlift or even incline press, but
there’s no disputing that the flat bench press is king in the eyes of many people.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CORRECT TECHNIQUE
The-end-justifies-the-means attitude has caused many of the injuries associated with bench
pressing. When sloppy form is practiced consistently, the areas of the body usually injured are

the elbows, crowns of the shoulders and the rotator cuffs. If the lifter bangs the bar off his chest
continuously over an extended period of time he can expect some damage to his pecs.
The rapid rise in rotator-cuff injuries can be traced directly to the burgeoning popularity of
the bench press in the early 1970s. Up to that point the military, or overhead, press was the
gauge of strength. Rotator-cuff problems were very rare. However, once the flat bench replaced
the military press as the king of upper-body exercises, trainers and doctors began seeing a
succession of injuries to the rotator cuff.
Keep in mind the exercise is not the villain. Done correctly the bench press is a safe and
beneficial exercise. Sloppy form and overuse are the causes of injury, not the bench press itself.

The shoulders, elbows and rotator cuffs are delicate, and if they are abused repeatedly with
improper technique – often with heavy weights – they will become traumatized. If the
individual ignores the warning signs and continues to pound away, he may hurt himself so
severely he will be forced to stop benching. In some cases he has to stop training altogether.
Maintaining proper form also makes the exercise more effective because you hit the target
558

muscles more thoroughly. Done correctly, the bench press works the pecs, deltoids and triceps
completely. However, when technique is abused, these muscle groups do not receive as much
work. For example, bouncing the bar off the chest bypasses the particular pec muscles that are
responsible for driving the bar from the chest. Similarly, bridging denies the triceps the
opportunity to finish the lift. (Bridging is when a lifter arches his back off the bench to give
himself more power. This movement is illegal in powerlifting.)
Bouncing the bar off your chest may cause a broken rib or sternum.
Photo of Brian Wiefering by Robert Reiff
559

Photo of Fouad Abiad by Paul Buceta
I believe one reason so many people do the exercise incorrectly is because the lift is
560

thought of as being very simple to do. Compared to such exercises as the power clean, the flat
bench is relatively easy to learn – which often prompts coaches and personal trainers to spend
much time teaching the finer points of squatting or cleaning while allowing the lifter to do his
benches without any guidance. After all, the flat bench is just a matter of taking a bar from the
rack, lowering the bar to the chest, and then pressing it back, right? Those instructions are fine
when using light weights, but when the bar gets loaded up you need to know a great deal more
about bench pressing. Younger lifters need to learn how to press correctly. Doing so is
extremely important. The flat bench is generally their favorite exercise and also the most
dangerous. Since the bar is suspended over the lifter’s face and neck, a slip or mistake can be
disastrous. Every year a number of young men die while doing unsupervised bench presses. I

am not trying to be an alarmist. Rather I am pointing out the necessity of learning how to do the
lift correctly, part of which means having a spotter present.
BENCH PRESSING 101
These tips are geared toward beginners and those who are just starting back to training after a
layoff:
The Grip
Hold the bar so your wrists are directly above your elbows. This means your forearms will
always be vertical. If your grip is too close or too wide you are giving up some power because
you are putting a portion of your energy into moving the bar laterally rather than vertically. If
you’re doing a high-rep light-weight set then a slight variation in your grip will not matter
much. However, if the poundage is heavy an ideal grip is critical. Many coaches urge benchers

to use a very wide grip in order to involve the pecs more. I prefer a narrower grip so the
deltoids and triceps are forced to contribute more to the exercise. A narrower grip also helps
build up the inner chest where the muscles attach to the sternum. This helps produce the line
that gives the chest that two-slabs-of-armor look. As well, an exaggerated, wide grip can be
most stressful to the shoulders of any beginner. The strength base has to be firm before the grip
can be moved out wider. All this being said, different grips will work better for different
people, and you may find a wider grip is best for you.
After finding a grip that suits you, learn to lock your wrists and keep them locked
throughout the entire exercise. Many lifters pick up the habit of cocking or turning their wrists

while the bar is in motion, trying to coax it through the sticking point of the exercise. The
trouble is, all the twisting and turning of the wrists isn’t helping. In fact, the twists and turns
work against you. The unnecessary movement of the wrists diminishes the power generated by
your chest, shoulders and arms. When you keep your wrists locked, that power goes upward
into the bar. Bear in mind the wrists are small joints that are very susceptible to injury. The
constant twisting of the wrists while benching can irritate them. Once you hurt your wrists, they
are extremely difficult to rehabilitate and you may in fact have problems with them for the rest
of your life. Avoiding the trouble is far easier.
If you have developed the habit of cocking or twisting your wrists during the bench press,

or any other pressing movement for that matter, start taping your wrists. Taping the wrists will
help keep them locked and straight, and will also protect them from being dinged.
Another point concerning the grip is that you must hold the bar securely. Grip the bar
firmly, making sure your thumbs are secured around the bar. I realize many trainers prefer the
561

false grip, in which the thumbs are not around the bar. But using this grip is far too risky,
especially for beginners. The slightest slip will send you to the dentist, doctor or possibly the
morgue. I am aware of the argument that a false grip allows the lifter to apply more upward
thrust, but such an advantage is not worth your health and safety, I assure you. Besides, I’m not
convinced the false grip even increases the amount one can lift.
I’ve noticed those who employ the false grip have a habit of bridging once the bar hits the
sticking point 
because they are not able to keep the bar from running forward. Without their
thumbs around the bar they have no way to guide it backward into the proper groove. Having
the thumbs around the bar is much safer, and safety should always be your prime consideration.
On the subject of safety, always, always, always use a spotter when doing benches. The
spotter’s job is to assist the lifter in taking the bar on and off the rack, and helping if the lifter
gets stuck.

Once the Grip is Set
Let’s move from the hands down to the feet. This part of benching – what the feet should be
doing – is often overlooked. But bench pressing starts with the feet. All too often the lifter will
merely lie down on a bench and allow his legs to dangle freely while he does the exercise.
When the going gets tough his feet will move around, sometimes even leaving the floor.
Bracing your feet on the floor before lying back on the bench assures you a solid base
throughout the exercise. Then, when the bar hits the sticking point – it always does, sooner or
later – you can bring power up to the pressing muscles from that firm foundation. However,
without that base, no source of power is available. The only way, then, to nudge the bar upward
is by twisting or bridging – two major no-nos.
Instead of just lying back on the bench as you would on a couch, push down into the bench

until you become almost a part of it. Lock your buttocks and shoulder blades tightly to it.
Following these steps, along with planting your feet firmly on the floor, will ensure you
maintain a solid foundation throughout the lift.
Lifting and Lowering
Once your hands and feet are set, have the spotter hand you the bar. Some trainers prefer to take
the weight off the rack themselves because this helps them feel more in control. Either way is
fine. With locked wrists, lower the bar in a controlled manner to the lower end of your sternum
(breastbone). Naturally, some variations exist in which the bar touches the chest, but don’t let it
touch down too low or high on the chest, as this will adversely affect the lift. Remember, you
always want your wrists to stay directly above your elbows.
562

Photo of Tito Raymond by Alex Ardenti
When the bar touches your chest, pause briefly. A half-second is enough and will keep you
from the ugly habit of rebounding the bar off your chest. Rebounding may seem like a good
idea early on because you will be able to use a bit more weight than when you include a pause
before you lift. However, in the long run this bad habit will work against you. First of all,
rebounding the bar causes you to neglect those muscles that initiate the start of the press from
your chest. In other words, by pausing you will ultimately get stronger than you would if 
you
bounce the weight off your chest, even though at the time this may not seem to be the case.
Besides, excessive banging of the bar will eventually damage the pecs. I have found that if
someone is disciplined enough to pause on his bench presses from the very beginning he will
always pause, even when he starts handling big weights.
VARY YOUR BENCH GRIP

If you want to clearly outline your pecs, vary your routine by simply changing the grip
you use on your bench press. Try two easy variations: wide grip and close grip. Wide-
grip bench press means you hold the bar with as wide a grip as possible. You will notice
you do not have the same range of motion as with your usual grip, and you cannot lift as
much weight. The wide grip gives you a great stretch in your pectorals as you lift and
lower the bar. This method hits the outer pecs, bringing high definition to the area. To
do the narrow-grip bench press, lie on a bench with your elbows out to your sides. Grip
the bar with hands about one to two hand widths apart. The movement will feel
awkward at first, and you may have difficulty balancing the weight. Using a narrow grip
will add mass to those inner pecs.

Once the barbell is in position on your chest, drive it upward in a forceful manner. Until
you learn the proper groove, this upward thrust will be more deliberate than forceful. With
practice and concentration you will be able to drive the bar off your chest in a perfectly straight
563

line. Then the bar will glide slightly backward at the conclusion of the lift so it ends up above
your chin or neck. However, the bar should not move any further back. It will travel in an arc,
but only a slight one.
Throughout the exercise your elbows have to remain below your wrists. This, too, takes
practice, but affords you a great deal of control of the bar as well as ensuring the power source
is always under the bar where it needs to be. Remember, if your elbows move ahead or behind
the bar, you are diluting the upward thrust. Try to make every rep exactly as the one before.
Over time you will establish a tight, hairline groove.
When to breathe while benching is an important consideration, and many trainers breathe
improperly – primarily because they have been taught to breathe in and out during the
execution of the exercise. If you’re doing 12 or 15 reps with a light weight, how you breathe
really doesn’t matter. However, if you are doing heavy fives, threes or singles, your breathing

matters very much. Inhaling or exhaling while the bar is in motion forces your ribcage to relax,
thereby preventing you from maintaining a solid foundation. Here’s the correct breathing
procedure. Take the bar from the rack, lock your arms, set yourself and take a deep breath.
Lower the bar to your chest, pause, drive the bar to lockout and exhale. Pause, take another
breath and do the next rep. If you exhale too soon on a rep, it is going to be much more difficult
to complete.
Only a few seconds at the most is required to do a rep in the bench press, so holding your
breath isn’t a big deal. And this may seem unimportant, but it’s critical for handling heavy
weights because holding your breath ensures your diaphragm stays locked, creating positive
intrathoracic pressure.

The bar should be lowered to your chest in a controlled manner, slower rather than faster.
This control keeps the bar from crashing onto your chest and also helps you to place the bar in
the exact same spot on every rep. Take a brief pause, then explode into the bar and follow
through that strong drive to the lockout position. Go down slow, up fast. Think of the start as a
boxing punch – short and powerful.
Concentrate on using perfect form, all the way from the light warmup sets to the heavy
working sets. Once you have mastered the technique on the bench press the numbers will take
care of themselves. Most importantly, your gains will be made safely.
564

C
CHAPTER 70
“No biceps exercise has such an extensive track record for bulking up even the
scrawniest biceps as the good old barbell curl.”
 contributor, on surefire ways to blast your
biceps.
onsidered the bench press of curling, barbell curls allow you to curl the greatest amount of
weight. Sadly, they are also the most abused biceps exercise in terms of form. Go into any
gym and you’ll see bodybuilders loading up bars and lobbing them to the midpoint by hip
thrusting and then simply leaning back so the bar essentially falls toward their shoulders. Sure
they’re moving a lot of weight, but they’re not building great biceps.
PROPER TECHNIQUE
To execute a strict barbell curl, stand up straight with your feet no further than shoulder-width
apart. Begin with the bar a couple of inches from the bottom position. This will discourage any
heaving or swinging to initiate the movement. Also, keep your elbows pressed firmly at your

sides for the entire set. If your elbows move even remotely forward during a curl, your biceps
will lose the tension and the stress will shift to the front shoulders. From here slowly curl the
bar up until your biceps are fully contracted. Don’t let the bar touch your chest at any time.
Depending on your arm length, your biceps should reach full 
contraction at about the point
where the bar clears your nipples. Another suggestion is to pay attention to the feeling in your
biceps. The cramping sensation you feel when you’ve completely contracted the muscle is what
you should aim for with every rep. After contracting your biceps hard against the resistance for
a full count, slowly lower the bar back down to the start position.
565

Don’t worry if you can only lift half the weight you were normally swinging and cheating
up. You could choose to spend the next 10 years lifting too much weight with poor form and
getting nowhere with your biceps or you can be sensible and select a weight that exhausts your
biceps within 8 to 12 strict reps. When you can no longer move the bar with proper form, the
set is over.
Many bodybuilders prefer to use an EZ-curl bar for this exercise to protect their wrists.
Either a straight bar or an EZ-curl bar is fine. Keep in mind, however, that the EZ-curl bar’s
shape impacts which head of the biceps is hit hardest. A close grip will target the outer head,
while gripping the bars at the wider bend will work the inner head. Utilize both grips equally to
ensure full development of the muscle.
TO CHEAT OR NOT
There’s nothing wrong with adding a few cheat reps, but you must do so at the end of the set.
And the key word there is “adding.” If you start swinging right from the beginning of the set,

you’re only defeating the purpose of the exercise. To build great biceps you want them to do
virtually all of the lifting until they start fatiguing toward the end of the set. It’s then – and only
then – that you add a little bit of body momentum to help the biceps complete a few additional
reps. Now you are getting the full strict set, then are giving your biceps the stimulation of a few
more reps even if they do not offer full stimulation.
567

Mark Dugdale performs strict reps.
568

E
CHAPTER 71
The Deadlift
“Remember, deadlifts take a lot more out of you than leg extensions. Make
sure you get lots of rest and make sure you eat for mass.”
– Rahim Kassam, strength-training columnist for 
ver wandered over to a fully loaded bar, checked to make sure no one was watching, and
then tried to lift it? Sure you have. Most bodybuilders just can’t resist having a go. Have
you ever tried to lift a bar and find yourself unable to make it clear the ground even a quarter-
inch?
Few gym scenes are more impressive than a 250-pounder grabbing a barbell loaded with a
quarter-ton or more of weight and lifting it from the floor in one continuous motion. Serious
deadlifting ranks right up there with squatting for separating the men from the boys. Traps
strain; delts swell to bursting; bis, tris and forearms struggle; quads scream out in pain; and
knuckles turn white in the attempt to defy gravity.
Deadlifts are one of those exercises that stimulate just about every muscle in the human

body. They’ll pack meat on your upper back as well as any rowing exercise, and build you a set
of python-like spinal erectors. And they are about the only exercise other than squats that will
build you a thunder
ous set of thighs. In fact it’s likely the aspects of deadlifts that are similar to
squats that keep many bodybuilders from adding them to their arsenal of exercises – this
exercise is tough. And like squats, deadlifts must be performed with flawless technique.
ARNOLD’S FAVE: THE DEADLIFT
You’re always wise to wear a weight belt when doing any heavy barbell work. While
the exercise might be referred to in full as the stiff-leg deadlift, do not straighten your
legs completely. Straight-leg exercises will destroy your lower back in a heartbeat.
Stand on a bench or a chair with a loaded barbell within reach. Slowly bend

forward and feel the stretch deep in your hamstrings. Keep your back straight and resist
the temptation to round your spine. Lift the bar, exploding from the hams. Don’t bob or
jerk. If you can’t get your rep out cleanly, use less weight. For a serious increase in
muscular strength keep the reps in the 5-to-7 range for 3 sets.
WANT TO TEST YOUR DEADLIFTING POWER?
Before trying to hoist some serious iron off the floor there are a few pointers you need to
follow. First, always warm up thoroughly. Safe deadlifting requires a strong back, and warm
back muscles are stronger and more capable of effort than cold ones. Begin with a few minutes
of cardio followed by lots of stretching, back bending and toe touching. Once the lower back is
569

warm and loose, move on to 3 sets of light back extensions, free squats and dumbell shrugs.
These exercises are great for warming up the three primary muscles stressed by deadlifts – the
lower back, quads and traps. Finally, do at least 3 sets of strict, non-bouncing barbell deadlifts
working your way up to a weight that enables you to do 3 comfortable reps. I should add that
you shouldn’t attempt heavy deadlifts if you have a history of back injuries or have not lifted
before.
Photo of Michael Ferrer by Paul Buceta
HOW TO DO DEADLIFTS
Although a few prefer to deadlift with both hands in either an overhand or underhand position,
by far the best way to lift really heavy is with the one-over/one-under (knuckles up and
knuckles down) grip. The bar is more secure with this grip.
Once you’ve warmed up thoroughly, add two 20-pound disks to the weight you could
manage to lift for 3 reps, squat down, take your grip (without straps), take three deep breaths,

flatten your back and slowly lift the bar off the floor by straightening your legs. In a manner of
speaking a deadlift is just a squat with the bar held by the hands and not across the shoulders.
Make sure you don’t ever lower the bar too quickly and bounce the weight. If you do you will
jar your lower back. Settle the bar and release both your grip and your back muscles slowly. If
you experience any pain whatsoever, discontinue.
570

Deadlifts work the entire body – from traps and spinal erectors to forearms and hamstrings.
572

T
CHAPTER 72
Dips
“Struggling to pack size onto your arms? Simply start dipping – with weights.
Once you can dip with 50 to 100 pounds, you should have created a couple of
bazookas.”
– Terrance Abbott, 
here was a time in the not-so-distant past when just about everyone who trained with
weights – bodybuilders, competitive weightlifters and strength athletes – did some form of
dips. Some did them with bodyweight only, while others made them a strength event and piled
on lots of weight. For recreational bodybuilders and those interested in general fitness,
freehand dips are sufficient. But if you want to add size and strength to your upper body, you
have to add weight.
Although you can fix a dumbell between your legs to do weighted dips, at some point this
method becomes awkward and troublesome. At this point a dip belt comes in handy. This is a
simple apparatus – little more than a leather lifting belt with a chain and hook. You loop the

chain through the hole in the center of a plate and secure it to the belt with a hook. Dip belts are
readily available, not expensive and an absolute necessity if you are serious about doing dips
with big weights.
Before you start adding weight, do freehand dips. This is advisable for anyone, regardless
of his strength level. The weighted dip is a core exercise 
that you need to approach like any
other primary movement. You have to build a solid base before climbing to a higher level. The
rule is to hold off on adding resistance until you are able to do 4 sets of at least 20 reps with
bodyweight only.
HOW TO DO DIPS
Most people find the dip to be a natural movement and do the exercise correctly from the very
beginning. Start the exercise by grabbing the two bars (either parallel or V-shaped) with your

palms facing inward and arms locked out straight. Slowly lower your torso between the bars by
bending the elbows. Lower to a comfortable stretch (for most the nipple region of the chest will
be in line with the bars), and then return to the starting position by locking the arms out
straight.
Like most weight-training exercises, the fuller the range of motion the better, so the lower
you stretch, the more muscle groups become involved. But bodybuilders who experience
shoulder and elbow pain when they dip should try experimenting with different dipping depths
and stopping just short of the range that gives you pain. If there’s pain before or just as you
bend at the elbows then you should avoid the exercise.
574

Dips done vertically, with elbows in, work triceps. Dips done leaning forward, with elbows out, work chest.
Photo of Peter Putnam by Robert Reiff
575

Bench dips are another common variation to hit the triceps and pack on mass.
DIP VARIATIONS
There are a number of different variations of the dip. The late Vince Gironda, the Iron Guru,
was the champion of wide-grip dips for enhancing pec development. I have always believed
they help enhance the lower pec line.
Wide-grip dips do work, but be careful when you do them for the first time. Move your
grip out cautiously. Let your elbows flare out wide and lean your torso forward slightly. Wide-
grip dips place much more stress on the lower and outer chest.
TRICEPS
Many bodybuilders like to do dips for the triceps, so they use a narrower grip and keep the
torso vertical. They also keep their elbows close to their sides. This position takes much of your
chest out of play, so you will use less weight. You’ll probably discover that your bodyweight is
sufficient, unlike with wide grips, where the involvement of the chest will probably necessitate
adding weight to the exercise.

Whether you have limited facilities and can do only bodyweight dips or are able to take
advantage of a nicely equipped gym, add dips to your routine. They’ve long been standard
procedure for building Herculean shoulders, horseshoe triceps and well-defined pecs.
WIDE-GRIP DIPS
Vince Gironda had a unique way of executing parallel bar dips that built his side pecs,
enhancing his V-shape. To do this version, your hands should be at least 31 inches
apart. Throughout the dipping motion it is important to keep your feet forward, chin on
chest, and elbows out to the sides of the body. (This is a completely different movement
than regular triceps dips that are done with elbows close to the body, feet tucked under
the torso, and head up.) Stretch down as far as you can, and rise. The effect will be felt
in the pectorals after a few sets.
577

R
CHAPTER 73
Chin-Ups
“This one is simplicity itself. Find a bar and chin is what you do, and thicker,
wider lats are what you get.”
– Greg Zulak, 
 contributor, discussing the most effective
exercises.
emember those physical fitness tests you performed in junior high and high school? Each
student performed as many chin-ups as possible and was then ranked according to national
scores. Arguments have raged over whether these tests were a good idea, but regardless, why
did we stop doing chin-ups? Whether or not machines are the reason, the decline of chin-ups
seemed to coincide directly with the increasing popularity of pulldown machines. Some people
call the lat pulldown the lazy man’s chin-up.
Chin-ups are the best back-widening exercise. In fact the top bodybuilders of all levels
make them the mainstay of their back routines. They are an important part of building that
great V-shape. When doing the movement, concentrate on pulling with the large back muscles

(latissimus dorsi) and not the biceps and forearms. And don’t drop back to the starting position
in such a manner that you practically yank your arms out of the shoulder sockets. Do the
exercise nice and slow.
Chinning is tough – but the effort is worth it.
Chins primarily work the large latissimus dorsi muscles (lats). They also stress the smaller
579

back muscles such as the teres major. Finally, the rear delts and biceps are brought into play.
You will find that by pulling to the front, the lower parts of the lats are worked the most.
Conversely, pulling behind the head stresses the upper section. Keep in mind that these
divisions are not carved in stone, and at the beginning level, it is adequate to do either one. If
you have the strength, you might alternate the two on the same day or alternate days. Also keep
in mind that behind the head chin-ups can put extra stress on the rotator cuff complex.
HOW TO DO CHIN-UPS
You will need access to an overhead bar to perform this exercise. Most Universal multi-stations
have one attached, but a wall-mounted version is just as good. Jump up and grab the bar with a
grip about twice your shoulder width. Now pull yourself up and try to touch the bar with your
chest. Lower back to the starting position in a controlled manner. If you find the wide-grip

version too difficult, try taking a shoulder-width reverse grip (i.e. your palms are facing you).
If even this version is too difficult, most gyms have an assisted chin-up machine that will help
you. You simply stand or kneel on a pad and add weight to the assisting stack. Unlike other
machines, with this one your goal is to use less and less weight until you can lift your
bodyweight.
Besides wide- and reverse-grip chins you can hook numerous attachments onto the bar for
variety. The double-D, often used for seated rows, is a popular attachment.
While you don’t have to do chins in your back workout, personally I think you’ll be
missing out if you don’t. The chin is a core exercise that just can’t be duplicated by machines.
Together with rows they’ll build you a back that will impress judges and fellow competitors
alike.
580

Y
CHAPTER 74
The M.A.S.S. System of Training – Phase I
“Basic, compound free-weight exercises are the toughest to perform, but they
are by far the most effective at stimulating muscle growth.”
ou can consider Phase I of the 
MuscleMag
 Anabolic Size & Strength (M.A.S.S.) system
your ticket to putting on a solid 15 to 20 pounds of muscle over a period of three months.
The program consists of three phases, each based on basic free-weight and machine exercises,
which are combined in the most effective manner to maximize your size and strength gains.
You’ll be training with heavy weights and making changes to your reps and exercises over the
course of the three-month period to add variety and continue muscle growth. If you follow the
workouts closely you’ll make strength and size gains that you previously thought impossible.
Make sure to put aside a little extra money, because you’ll need to invest in a new wardrobe as

your body expands and fills out over the next few months.
Phase-One Highlights
For the first five weeks of the M.A.S.S. program the focus is primarily on building muscle size
(hypertrophy) using basic compound exercises, performed in the optimal sets-and-reps ranges
to stimulate solid muscle growth.
TRAINING SPLITS
You’ll start by doing three different workouts that cover all the major muscle groups, training
on a three-days-on/two-days-off schedule, repeating that cycle 
for the entire phase. This means
every sixth day you’ll be repeating a workout, which provides enough muscle recovery time
without too much off time between sessions. If your schedule prevents you from working out
on consecutive days, you’ll have the option of moving workouts and rest days around, as long

as you train three out of every five days and then repeat the cycle.
584

MuscleMag’s
 Anabolic Size & Strength program consists of three phases that will help you put on 15 to 20 pounds of
585

muscle over a three-month period.
The three workouts are Push (pushing muscles include the chest, delts and triceps), Pull
(back, biceps and abs) and Legs (glutes, quads, hamstrings and calves). You can do the three
workouts in any order (I describe Pull followed by Push and then Legs), but some individuals
like to precede their leg training with a rest day, so feel free to make whatever adjustments you
like. Just be sure to meet the three-days-out-of-five requirement.
To generate the maximal amount of hormonal response and to overload the working
muscles in the most effective manner, you’ll be doing 3 working sets of each movement over
the course of this five-week program. Note that this doesn’t include warmup sets. You may
include as many warmup sets as you need, especially toward the beginning of your workout
when your muscles, ligaments and tendons are less pliable. The appropriate number of warmup

sets typically depends on your age, experience and working weight, but always make sure to
use a controlled speed and perfect technique. The total number of working sets amounts to
about 9 for larger muscle groups (remember, you’re training up to three muscle groups in a
single workout during Phase I, so increasing the volume will adversely affect your strength
toward the end of your workout) and 6 for smaller ones. Calves and abs are worked with just
one exercise each at the end of your workout.
EXERCISE SELECTION
I’ve selected the M.A.S.S. exercises with one purpose in mind: to stimulate as much muscle
gain as possible. To do this, M.A.S.S. recommends that a majority of the movements consist of
compound, or multijoint, exercises. These include the squat, leg press, row and pressing

movements for both chest and shoulders. These exercises engage the greatest number of muscle
fibers because more than one joint is being activated. For example, the bench press involves
movement at both the elbow and shoulder joint. It therefore recruits the triceps and shoulders
into the action as well as the chest.
Compound movements call on several muscles at once, so you’ll be able to lift
significantly more weight. Because of this, compound exercises stimulate better overall mass
development than isolation (also called single-joint) exercises. Another benefit follows from
including movements that tax the body more heavily: they promote a higher anabolic hormonal
response, flooding your system in a natural way with the very hormones most responsible for

muscle building. While I included some single-joint movements in this program, their role is
limited to working smaller muscle groups (such as the arms) or to help work the target muscle
from a slightly different angle than the main compound move.
Exercise order is crucial: You want to use compound exercises earlier in your workout
when your strength levels are highest. Unless your goal is to pre-exhaust a particular muscle
group that has plateaued, starting a workout with an isolation movement (such as leg
extensions) will limit your ability to lift heavier weights with compound movements (such as
squats).
Perform all moves with textbook form through a full range of motion, from a completely
stretched position to a peak-contracted position, using a smooth and controlled rep speed.
REPS & WEIGHT
586

When considering how much weight to use for a given exercise, look first at your target rep
number. During the first week, that target is 8 reps. This means (after your warmup sets) you
choose a weight with which you can complete just 8 reps with good form – that is, you can’t do
a 9th rep. So the muscle will reach positive failure by the 8th rep. It might also mean that you
have to experiment with the poundage until you find the right resistance. Unless you’ve got a
memory like one of the kids at the national spelling bee, jot down those weights, because
you’re going to be using the exact same poundage on each set for every workout during Phase I.
M.A.S.S. SYSTEM PHASE 1 FIVE-WEEK TRAINING CYCLE
WEEK 1
MONDAY
Pull #1
TUESDAY
Push #1
WEDNESDAY
Leg #1
THURSDAY
Rest
FRIDAY
Rest
SATURDAY
Pull #2
SUNDAY
Push #2
WEEK 2
MONDAY
LEGS #2
TUESDAY
Rest
WEDNESDAY
Rest
THURSDAY
Pull #3
FRIDAY
Push #3
SATURDAY
Legs #3
SUNDAY
Rest
WEEK 3
MONDAY
Rest
TUESDAY
587

Pull #4
WEDNESDAY
Push #4
THURSDAY
Legs #4
FRIDAY
Rest
SATURDAY
Rest
SUNDAY
Pull #5
WEEK 4
MONDAY
Push #5
TUESDAY
Legs #5
WEDNESDAY
Rest
THURSDAY
Rest
FRIDAY
Pull #6
SATURDAY
Push #6
SUNDAY
Legs #6
WEEK 5
MONDAY
Rest
TUESDAY
Rest
WEDNESDAY
Pull #7
THURSDAY
Push #7
FRIDAY
Legs #7
SATURDAY
Rest
SUNDAY
Rest
This three-days-on/two-days-off configuration starts with pulling movements (back,
biceps, abs), followed by pushing exercises (chest, shoulders, triceps) and finishes with legs
588

(quads, glutes, hamstrings, calves). Though I chose to start with Pull, you can rearrange
your workout schedule depending on your own timetable and needs, as long as you
continue to train each group every sixth day and take two days off for optimal recovery.
Phase I of the M.A.S.S. program consists of three workouts: Push, Pull and Legs, which are done in a three-days-out-of-
five format.
PULL WORKOUT
EXERCISE
Bent-over barbell rows
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
WORKOUT 2–3
SETS
589

3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
WORKOUT 5–6
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
One-arm dumbell rows
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
590

WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Front lat pulldowns
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Standing barbell curls
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
591

SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Alternating dumbell curls
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
592

REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Machine crunches
WORKOUT 1
SETS
4
REPS
8
SETS
4
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
4
REPS
10
SETS
4
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
4
REPS
12
593

The Pull workout involves dumbell, barbell and machine moves.
PUSH WORKOUT
EXERCISE
Bench presses
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
594

10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Incline dumbell presses
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
595

Dips
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Barbell overhead presses
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
596

3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
EZ-bar upright rows
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
597

EXERCISE
Dumbell lateral raises
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Skullcrushers
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
598

SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Dumbell extensions
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
599

12
The Push workout focuses on your chest, delts and triceps.
Photos of Will Harris by Robert Reiff
LEG WORKOUT
EXERCISE
Squats
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
600

3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Leg presses
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
601

EXERCISE
Leg extensions
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Stiff-leg deadlifts
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
602

SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
EXERCISE
Lying leg curls
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
603

12
EXERCISE
Standing calf raises
WORKOUT 1
SETS
3
REPS
8
SETS
3
REPS
9
WORKOUT 4
SETS
3
REPS
10
SETS
3
REPS
11
WORKOUT 7
SETS
3
REPS
12
604

Some people prefer to train their legs after a rest day – you can adjust the order of the cycle to whatever works best
for you.
Rest just long enough for your working muscles to recover, and strive to hit the same
target rep for each of the additional sets. Don’t employ high-intensity techniques (such as
forced reps or drop sets), which can adversely affect your strength on succeeding sets; just do
straight sets, using the same weight for the same target rep.
The goal here is to be able to complete an additional rep for the same exercise in all 3 sets
the next time you do this workout. That is, if you did 8 reps today, in six days you’ll be
reaching for 9. Progressive overload occurs when you increase either your working weight or
the number of reps you perform. During the first phase, we’re trying to add a single rep on all
three sets with each successive workout for that bodypart. But don’t increase the weight as you

get stronger. Because you may not always be able to achieve this goal with every workout,
we’re giving you seven workouts to increase your reps by 4. So by the end of the five weeks
(seven workouts for each bodypart), you’ll be doing 12 reps with the same weight, not 8. And at
the end of the five weeks, you’ll also have a new, higher working weight with which you can do
just 8 reps when you start the next M.A.S.S. phase.
The repetition range you’re working through (starting at 8, finishing at 12) is generally
considered the best for achieving maximum muscular development and the consequent
hormonal response. On the other hand, completing a relatively low number of reps (fewer than
6) generates greater strength (but not muscle growth).
605

GETTING WARMED UP
Precede each workout with a 5- to 10-minute cardio warmup, which can be done on a stationary
bicycle or similar piece of cardio equipment at low-to-medium intensity. This will help to get
your muscles and connective tissues warm and to elevate your core temperature, preparing you
for vigorous weight training.
Unless you have particularly tight muscles, do stretching moves after your workout, not
before. If you do need to stretch before training, do it after your warmup. Stretching a cold,
inelastic muscle is far less effective and more dangerous. Finally, don’t forget to start your
workout with warmup sets of the actual exercise you’ll be performing. This will help with both
mental and physical rehearsal of the move before you tackle the heavy weights. While warming
up may seem to be a waste, you’ll actually be able to lift heavier poundage – meaning your
muscles will be working harder and therefore growing more afterward – if you have properly

warmed up. Besides, part of successful weight training is having the proper neuropathways, and
a warmup set helps to set those pathways.
OVERTRAINING & REST
To reduce the possibility of overtraining – a state in which muscle growth can actually reverse
itself – don’t do more work than is prescribed here, and don’t attempt to train more frequently.
Each muscle group needs time to recover and will grow stronger over time, assuming you are
following proper nutrition and getting enough sleep. Muscle growth, as you may recall, occurs
not in the gym but rather when the muscles are rebuilding themselves after a hard workout. If
you like to party all night or do too many other physical activities, you won’t be making the
gains you might otherwise be. Train hard, eat well and get plenty of rest. Intense weight

training with an emphasis on basic movements is one of the most incredible stresses you can
inflict on your body. Depriving it of adequate rest, sleep and nutrition will not only diminish
your potential gains but also predispose you to injury and illness (by weakening your immune
system). In that sense, too much enthusiasm and energy can have a reverse effect on your body.
Ultimately, combining the right mass-building workouts with a weight-gain nutrition
program and getting plenty of rest will help your physique explode with new growth. Here’s all
the info you need to get started. You’ve got to supply the sweat.
606

W
CHAPTER 75
The M.A.S.S. System of Training – Phase II
“If you think cycle training is a principle used only by weightlifters obsessed
with complicated formulas like percentage of maximums for various lifts and
exercises, think again. Cycling is a very important principle for bodybuilders
too.”
elcome to the second phase of the M.A.S.S. system. Here you’ll build on the progressive
workouts from the previous chapter. Phase II of the 
MuscleMag
 Anabolic Size & Strength
system is not for beginners; it’s a challenging multi-day training system that works every
bodypart with greater volume and intensity and then gives you time off for your muscles to
recover. Whereas Phase I focused on increasing the number of reps you could complete over
the five-week course with a given weight, this four-week companion makes a number of
significant changes to promote further gains in strength and size:

You’ll go from a three-day to a four-day split, meaning you’ll work each muscle
group with more exercises and volume.
You’ll do completely different moves in a different order to work each bodypart
from a variety of angles, promoting optimal muscular development.
You’ll stack on the plates and train in fairly low rep ranges (early in your workout
when your energy levels are highest), a method proven to build strength, and
eventually size. You’ll also extend your rest periods between sets for better
recovery.
On the last exercise for each bodypart, you’ll up the intensity by adding an
advanced technique such as drop sets or partial reps, pushing your body to its limit
and delivering a monster muscle pump.
You’ll follow a four-day split, doing back, hamstrings and calves on day 1; shoulders, triceps

and abs on day 2; quads, glutes and calves on day 3; and chest, biceps and abs on day 4.
Depending on your personal recovery needs, you can follow each workout with one to two rest
days. Be careful about moving your training days around; the split presented here ensures you
won’t overtrain a particular muscle group. The hams, which get worked to some degree on
quad/glutes day, will get at least 48 hours’ rest after you train them with shoulders, and the
same goes for triceps, chest and shoulders. Your back and biceps will get plenty of rest between
their workouts as well.
607

Once again you’ll start with compound exercises, but you’ll use different exercises from new
angles to ensure you work each muscle a bit differently than you did in Phase I. For example,
you started with flat bench presses for chest last month. Now you’ll do your inclines first to hit
your upper-pec fibers when your energy levels are highest.
With Phase I you started the program with a weight that allowed you to do only 8 reps with
good form, and your goal was to increase your number of reps (rather than weight) over the
five-week period. This time, after your warmup sets, you’ll be going heavier, challenging the
target muscles with weights that allow you to complete only 6 reps. The focus here will be to
increase overall strength. This applies to the first two working sets of your first two compound
exercises for each major muscle group. You’ll slightly decrease the weight for higher reps on
compound exercises that come later in your workout and for isolation (single-joint exercises)

such as leg extensions, pec-deck flyes and straight-arm raises.
4-DAY SPLIT
DAY
MUSCLE GROUPS WORKED
1
Back, Hamstrings, Calves
2
Shoulders, Triceps, Abs
3
Quads/Glutes, Calves
4
Chest, Biceps, Abs
5
Rest Day
6
REPEAT CYCLE
608

M.A.S.S. Phase II involves moving to a four-day split where you’ll work each muscle group with more exercises and
volume.
Photos of Mike Ergas by Robert Reiff
DAY 1
TARGET MUSCLES: Back, Hamstrings, Calves
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Wide-grip chin-ups
 
40
T-bar rows
4
10,6,6,6,10
Seated cable rows
3
6, 6, 10
Neutral-grip pulldowns
3
8, 8, 8
Romanian deadlifts
4
10, 6, 6, 10
Single-leg curls
4
10, 6, 6, 10
Donkey calf raises
4
15, 15, 15, 15
609

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Dumbell overhead presses
5
12, 10, 6, 6, 10
Bent-over lateral raises
3
10, 10, 10
Front cable raises with rope
3
10, 10, 10
Leaning dumbell lateral raises
3
10, 10, 10
Dumbell shrugs
4
12, 6, 6, 10
Close-grip bench presses
4
12, 6, 6, 10
Triceps dip machine
3
6, 6, 10
Cable kickbacks
3
10, 10, 10
Weighted incline crunches
4
Crunches
4
to failure
611

During Phase II you’ll be going heavier in order to challenge the target muscles with a focus to increase overall
strength.
DAY 3
TARGET MUSCLES: Quads/Glutes, Calves
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Hack squats
5
3
10, 10, 10
Walking lunges
3
10, 10, 10
Single-leg extensions
3
10, 10, 10
4
12, 6, 6, 10
613

You’re aiming to reach muscle failure on each set by the target rep, so using the correct weight is critical.
DAY 4
TARGET MUSCLES: Chest, Biceps, Abs
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
5
614

Smith-machine decline presses
4
10, 6, 6, 10
Machine bench presses
3
8, 8, 8
Pec-deck flyes
3
10, 10, 10
EZ-bar preacher curls
4
10, 6, 6, 10
Two-arm upper cable curls
3
10, 10, 10
Standing one-arm cable curls
3
6, 6, 10
4
Crunches
4
to failure
615

Choosing the correct weight is critical, and your goal is to reach muscle failure on each set
by the target rep. Keep a log so you can remember your weights and reps next time around.
That way you won’t waste valuable energy on sets that are either too heavy or too light to
produce the effect you desire. Also, if you can complete more than the listed number of reps
(say, you’ve become stronger between workouts, which happens), don’t do extra reps. Instead,
616

add more weight so you’ll still be training within the target rep range.
THE LAST SET
Finally, on the last set for each bodypart, I want you to employ one of the advanced training
techniques I discussed earlier in the book. The idea is to work the muscle well past the point of
failure by doing drop sets, partial reps, cheat reps or any other advanced training principle that
super-fatigues the muscle group. If you still have energy after you’ve completed these
workouts, you simply didn’t train at a high enough intensity level.
POINTS TO CONSIDER:
Your first set of many exercises (listed by higher reps) is a warmup set, but do as
many warmup sets as you need before tackling the heavy weights.
After your warmup sets, choose a weight that allows you to reach muscle failure by
the listed rep number.
On the wide-grip chin-ups, do as many sets as it takes for you to complete 40 total
reps with good form.
On your heavy sets (all sets for which you’re doing just 6 reps), take an extra 45-

second rest between sets to ensure full recovery.
After your heavy sets do a back-off set in which you choose a slightly lighter
weight to further pump the muscle for a few extra reps (where indicated).
On your last set(s) of certain exercises for each major muscle group, you’ll use an
advanced technique to increase the intensity of your workout.
For the Smith-machine squat, do 2 sets with your feet underneath your torso and 2
sets with your feet about 18 inches in front of you (after your warmup set).
Unlike the stiff-leg deadlift, where your knees are slighty bent, during the
Romanian deadlift your knees are straight. You slide the bar down your legs,
pushing your hips back farther than in the stiff-leg version. Use this when you want
to target the glutes and hamstrings without placing added stress on your lower

back. Given that you’ll be sliding the bar along your lower legs, you might want to
wear some sort of protection such as wraps or track pants. 
Execution:
 Stand
upright with your feet about shoulder-width apart and grab the barbell with an
overhand grip. Slowly lower the bar by pushing your hips back and centering your
weight over your heels, always keeping the bar in contact with your legs. Lower the
bar until it touches just below your knees and you feel a good stretch in your
hamstrings. Return to the starting position by contracting your hamstrings and
glutes, forcing the weight of your body down through your heels as you push your
hips forward. Always keep your legs completely locked and maintain the natural
curve in your lower back throughout the movement.
617

During Phase II moving your training days around isn’t as simple because the split is designed to ensure you won’t
619

I
CHAPTER 76
The M.A.S.S. System of Training – Phase III
“Rest-pause training was popularized through the writings of the late Mike
Mentzer in the 1980s, and more recently has gained converts through the
followers of DC (DoggCrapp) Training.”
f you’ve been diligently following the M.A.S.S. program, you’ve no doubt added pounds of
new muscle tissue to your physique and have seen your motivation level go through the roof.
Great! You’re right on track. But you’re not done yet.
During the five weeks of Phase III you’ll follow a five-day split. You’ll never do more than one
major bodypart in a given workout (though you will train both biceps and triceps together, and
you’ll add either calves or abs after each larger muscle group). This split will allow for
maximal recuperation because the intensity and volume are so demanding.
You’ll use some new exercises in this workout, but you’ll always start with the best mass-

builders (called compound movements), and you’ll hit each muscle group from a number of
angles.
Because you’ll be pushing yourself beyond levels that you’re probably accustomed to,
barbells and machines are better for you to use than dumbells, which can become harder to
control toward the end of a workout.
Earlier in your workout, while you’re still fresh, you’ll start with moves for which you’ll
use relatively heavier weights, progressing to lighter-weight exercises as you fatigue.
REST INTERVALS
You’ll take slightly longer rest periods after you complete each five-segment set. Rest two
minutes for smaller muscle groups and up to three with larger ones.
DECREASED EXERCISES – INCREASED INTENSITY
You’ll finish off many workouts for larger muscle groups with a single-joint exercise for

straight sets. The overall workload might look meager – the leg day includes only five
exercises, for example. But the total volume is high because each set consists of 15 to 25 total
reps done at a very high intensity. You’ll do abs and calves in regular sets after you train the
larger bodyparts. Most of the exercises will not require a spotter, but it may be a good idea to
have one for certain moves such as the Smith-machine squat and bench press.
621

By Phase III you should be seeing noticeable changes to your physique in the form of added pounds of new muscle
tissue.
Photo of Quincy Taylor by Robert Reiff
TO THE NEXT LEVEL WITH REST-PAUSE
At the heart of Phase III of the M.A.S.S. system is an advanced training principle that’s both
highly intense and highly regarded for its mass-building qualities. The principle is called rest-
pause, and just about every top bodybuilder today uses it to some degree in his training.
Rest-pause is a method of training in which you do one rep of a heavy weight – think
around 80 percent of your one-rep max, place the weight down, wait for 10 to 20 seconds and
then do it again. One set of rest-pause might be 6 or 8 reps, but remember this is a weight you
normally might only get 2 or 3 reps with, so you’ve vastly increased the work you would
normally do.
Do 2 or 3 such sets for each exercise, hitting the working muscles from a couple of
different angles, and your system will be flooded with powerful muscle-building anabolic

hormones. This method is simple, but it’s downright brutal and hugely growth inspiring.
Some trainers use different variations of the rest-pause method, including relative weight
used, the number of reps you do, the amount of time you spend resting between segments, the
number of segments that constitute a single set, the number of sets you complete for a single
move, and the number of exercises you do for a given bodypart. But most bodybuilders do one
rep then rest, and the rest period is under 20 seconds. Too much rest and you are no longer
622

doing rest-pauses, but rather one-rep sets.
M.A.S.S. PHASE III SPLIT
DAY
1
*
Chest, Abs
2
Back, Calves
3
Shoulders, Upper Traps, Abs
4
Quads/Glutes, Hamstrings
5
Rest Day
6
Rest Day
7
*
 Try swapping the order of these muscle groups on a regular basis.
DAY 1
TARGET MUSCLES: Chest, Abs
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
2
1+1+1+1+1
Smith-machine incline presses
2
4+4+4+4+4
Decline machine presses
2
5+5+5+5+5
3
15, 15, 15
Cable crunches
4
Floor crunches
3
20, 20, 20
623

TARGET MUSCLES: Back, Calves
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
2
1+1+1+1+1
Wide-grip front pulldowns
2
4+4+4+4+4
2
5+5+5+5+5
Straight-arm pulldowns
3
12, 12, 12
4
Seated calf raises
3
15, 15, 15
625

Rest intervals are slightly longer in Phase III – two minutes for smaller muscle groups and up to three for larger
groups.
Photos of Quincy Taylor by Robert Reiff
626

DAY 3
TARGET MUSCLES: Shoulders, Upper Traps, Abs
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Seated barbell overhead presses
2
1+1+1+1+1
Barbell upright rows
2
4+4+4+4+4
Machine lateral raises
2
5+5+5+5+5
Reverse pec-deck flyes
3
12, 12, 12
2
4+4+4+4+4
4
15, 15, 15
3
20, 20, 20
627

Phase III involves working one major bodypart in each workout and includes either abs or calves after each larger
muscle group.
628

DAY 4
TARGET MUSCLES: Quads/Glutes, Hamstrings
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
2
1+1+1+1+1
2
4+4+4+4+4
2
5+5+5+5+5
Smith-machine Romanian deadlifts
2
1+1+1+1+1
3
5+5+5+5+5
629

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
2
1+1+1+1+1
Incline dumbell curls
2
4+4+4+4+4
Machine preacher curls
2
5+5+5+5+5
2
3+3+3+3+3
2
4+4+4+4+4
Pressdowns
2
5+5+5+5+5
4
3
15, 15, 15
631

Given that bodybuilding is not an exact science and your personal characteristics (such as
632

training level, age, recuperative abilities, etc.) must be taken into account, your routine will
likely need some adjusting. Still, start with the program as presented here, follow a solid mass-
gaining nutrition plan, get plenty of rest when you’re not in the gym, and give the program five
good weeks before passing judgment. The science may be inexact, but the results are anything
but.
M.A.S.S. PHASE III WORKOUT
After your warmup sets for each muscle group, choose a fairly heavy weight for your first
exercise. The weight you select should barely allow you to complete 3 reps, but do only 1. Rack
the weight and rest for 10 to 20 seconds. Repeat this process a total of five times to make 1
extended set. Rest for two to three minutes before repeating the entire cycle. (Rest periods
should be closer to two minutes for smaller muscle groups such as arms, and three minutes for
larger muscle groups such as legs, chest and back.)
On your second exercise for the same bodypart, choose a lighter weight – one with which

you can complete just 7 reps with good form, but do only 4. Rack the weight and rest for 20
seconds. Then immediately continue the set, repeating this process a total of five times. After a
two-to-three-minute break, do a second set in similar fashion, again resting for two to three
minutes afterward.
On your third exercise for each bodypart, choose a weight with which you can complete
only 9 reps with good form, but do only 5. Rack it and rest 20 seconds, continuing this process
a total of five times. After a two-to-three-minute rest, repeat for another set.
Keep your rest periods for all sets in which you’re not using rest-pause to between 60 and
90 seconds.
A solid nutrition program and ample rest are just as important as the actual workouts in the M.A.S.S. program.
633

W
“
CHAPTER 77
Back Training
“A man’s back is a statement of sorts. A narrow back suggests frailty. A wide
one exudes power. Even the term ‘a strong backbone’ stems from the fact that
the back is the source of all upper-body power. Bulging biceps and a big chest
are less impressive without it.”
– Nelson Montana, longtime bodybuilding writer, commenting on how a large, powerful
back symbolizes powerful masculinity.
hen properly developed, the muscles of the upper and outer back give bodybuilders their
classic V-shape. Great back shape and size create the illusion of a small waist and enhance
the overall look of the upper body. Current bodybuilders famous for their backs include Ronnie
Coleman, Dexter Jackson, Gustavo Badell and Jay Cutler. Previous-generation bodybuilders
who dominated back poses include Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sergio Oliva, Franco Columbu,
Roy Callander, Lee Haney and Dorian Yates.
The truth is, as the upper back accumulates more muscle mass it becomes wider

simply because it is expanding away from the spine. Both vertical and horizontal
pulling movements contribute to this phenomenon, so no one should rely on either at
the expense of the other.”
 contributor, explaining why you should do both
types of back exercises in your back training.
ANATOMY
When we say “back” we are really talking about a group of muscles. The largest are the
latissimus dorsi (lats), which are shaped like two large wings. When properly developed they
give the bodybuilder a manta-ray look. The primary function of the lats is to draw the arms
downwards and back. They also play a major role in scapular retraction (pulling the shoulder
blades together).
Other large muscles of the back include the teres major and minor, and the rhomboids,
which attach to and are primarily used to stabilize and move the shoulder blades. They also

assist the lats in moving the arms.
The trapezius muscles (traps) are also technically part of the back region, but most
bodybuilders prefer to train them with shoulders. The trapezius muscles attach to the base of
the skull and extend down the center of the back. Their primary function is to lift and rotate the
shoulder girdle complex. They also help protect the neck. Well-built traps help football players
and wrestlers to get that “no neck” look.
Finally, the back contains two long, thin but powerful snake-like muscles called the spinal
erectors that attach to the pelvic girdle and run up the center of the back. Although the larger
637

upper back muscles tend to look more impressive and receive the most attention by
bodybuilders, the spinal erectors are the real power behind many of the primary mass-building
exercises such as squats, deadlifts and bent-over rows.
TRAINING THE BACK
Bodybuilders tend to divide back-training exercises into three categories: those for width, those
for thickness and those for the lower back.
Width exercises place most of their stimulation on the outer edges of the upper and
lower lats, helping to emphasize the V-shape. The best width exercises are
variations of chin-ups and pulldowns.
Thickness exercises tend to place most of their stress on the center of the back,
giving it a meaty look. Many bodybuilders have good back width but their central
back area looks shallow. The best exercises for adding mass to the center of the
back are rowing movements.
Finally, the spinal erectors are directly trained using back-extension exercises and
indirectly with rowing and deadlift movements.

The following exercises are among the most popular used by pro bodybuilders for adding
width, thickness and strength to the upper, lower and central back areas. I left out trap exercises
because most bodybuilders train traps with shoulders.
WIDTH EXERCISES
Narrow-grip chin-ups
Chin-ups using V-grip attachment
Reverse-grip chin-ups
Front pulldowns
Narrow-grip pulldowns
Pulldowns using V-grip attachment
Reverse pulldowns
One-arm pulldowns
Behind-the-head pulldowns (This exercise is not recommended because it puts
your shoulders in a vulnerable position, but it is still performed by a few
bodybuilders.)
THICKNESS EXERCISES
Wide-grip barbell rows
Reverse-grip barbell rows
T-bar rows
638

Ronnie Coleman displays his well-developed back, highlighting his classic V-shape.
Photo of Ronnie Coleman by Jason Mathas
THE CHAMPS’ ROUTINES
“I tend to get bigger as I diet. My calories don’t increase when I diet but I eat better foods
more frequently and that seems to make me bigger.”
– Dexter Jackson, multi-time Arnold Classic winner, commenting on his body’s unique
response to dieting.
Despite routinely being outweighed by 50 pounds or more, top IFBB pro Dexter Jackson has
more than held his own on today’s highly competitive bodybuilding stage, having won
numerous pro contests around the world, including the Arnold Classic on three occasions as of
this printing.
Dexter has a unique philosophy on training. He works his entire body over three workouts,
hitting each bodypart just once per week. He also keeps the total number of sets below 10 for
every muscle group. With one of the widest and most detailed backs in bodybuilding today, it’s

hard to believe he maintains it with just two exercises per workout!
Dexter starts his back workout with one of the two staple width exercises – front chins or
front pulldowns. If he does chins he’ll use just his body weight and aim for 3 or 4 sets of 10 to
15 reps. If he opts for pulldowns he’ll use enough weight to keep the reps in the 6-to-8 range.
To add thickness to his central back, Dexter will do 3 or 4 sets of 6 to 8 reps of either
barbell rows or one-arm dumbell rows.
JACKSON’S BACK WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Chins
3-4
10-15
3-4
6-8
639

Barbell or Dumbell Rows
3-4
6-8
Dexter does either chins or front pulldowns.
Dexter Jackson maintains one of the widest backs in bodybuilding today with just two exercises per workout.
Photo of Dexter Jackson by Raymond Cassar
640

King credits most of his back development to rowing movements – he does three in his back workout.
641

Photo of King Kamali by Robert Reiff
King Kamali
“You want to feel your back muscles doing most of the work. As you pull the weight back
toward you, lift and expand your chest and your shoulder blades will almost touch together.”
– King Kamali, top bodybuilding pro and regular 
 columnist
With his 1999 NPC heavyweight class win and fourth place at the 2001 Arnold Classic – his
first pro contest – King Kamali (real name Shahriar Kamali) was quick to cement himself as
one of the new forces in bodybuilding. Never afraid to speak his mind, Kamali quickly gained a
reputation as one of bodybuilding’s bad boys. This strategy paid off, as he’s one of the most
sought-after guest posers and speakers in the sport. He also writes an outspoken column in
 magazine.
Packing 240 to 250 pounds in contest shape on his 5‘10” frame, Kamali is no slouch in the
mass department and easily holds his own with most of the mass monsters on the pro circuit.

magazine.
One of Kamail’s best bodyparts is his back. He attributes most of his back development to
rowing exercises, and a typical back workout will see him doing three rowing exercises and
only one pulldown or chin-up exercise.
Kamali usually starts his back workout with quarter deadlifts. Over the years he has found
this exercise great for building up his lower back. He also discovered that it’s a great way to
add thickness to his traps and central upper back. During a typical workout King will do 4 sets
of 12 to 15 reps.
King’s next exercise is a seldom-seen back movement: one arm barbell rows. He starts by
putting one end of an Olympic bar in a corner or against the base of a machine and has a
training partner stand on it with one foot. He then bends forward and grabs the bar just below

the sleeve. With the elbow of his free arm braced across his knee, he slowly pulls the bar up as
if doing a T-bar row. Again he does 4 sets of 12 to 15 reps.
For his third exercise King moves on to seated cable rows. He begins by sitting on the
machine’s pad and, with his feet on the foot rests and knees slightly bent, he slowly pulls the
handle in to his lower ribcage. He then returns to the starting position by slowly stretching his
torso forward. King says the key to this exercise is to pull with the lat muscles and not jerk the
weight up with the lower back. Not only does the jerking movement defeat the purpose of the
exercise, it’s a great way to injure your lower back ligaments. As you might have guessed by
now, he does 4 sets of 12 to 15 reps.

After two rowing movements and the deadlifts you’d think King might be finished, but
there’s still more to be done. Next up is wide front pulldowns. With a grip just slightly wider
than shoulder width, he pulls the bar down to his collarbone and then slowly stretches it back
over his head to just short of lockout. For variety King likes to use different grips on the bar
(i.e. wide, narrow, reverse). As usual, he does 4 sets of 12 to 15 reps.
To finish off his back, King does one final rowing movement: one-arm cable rows. Unlike
most people, who brace themselves on a bench, King does cable rows while standing, bent
slightly forward. He also rotates his hand as he pulls the cable to his hips. He starts with his
palms facing inward and then rotates his arm so at the top of the exercise his palms face
rearward. Again it’s 4 sets of 12 to 15 reps.
642

KAMALI’S BACK WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Quarter Deadlifts
4
12-15
One-Arm Barbell Rows
4
12-15
Seated Rows
4
12-15
Wide-Grip Front Pulldowns
4
12-15
One-Arm Cable Rows
4
12-15
Mark focuses on form and feeling when training his back.
Photo of Mark Dugdale by Jason Mathas
Mark Dugdale
“Don’t get me wrong, I still train as heavy as I can, but my focus is on feeling the back muscles
through the entire range of motion. So I guess you could say I made one major change: I
switched my focus from poundage to feel.”
– Mark Dugdale, IFBB pro, discussing how he modified his back-training philosophy.
Like many inexperienced bodybuilders, Mark Dugdale had trouble developing his back. Even
after winning the 2004 USA Championships, Mark felt that his back was way behind the rest of
his physique. It may have been sufficient to win the USAs, but it was nowhere good enough to
stand an assault from the likes of Jay Cutler, Victor Martinez and Ronnie Coleman on the
Olympia stage.

As Mark discovered, it wasn’t a lack of busting ass that kept his back development
lagging. No, it was that common trap of using too much weight and letting his form get sloppy.
This way of training may work with some other muscle groups, but not the back.
Nowadays when he hits his back, Mark keeps his mind focused on every single rep. He
still trains heavy, but his form is immaculate and the priority is on how much stimulation his
back muscles receive and not how much weight is on the stack or bar.
643

Mark typically starts his back workouts with seated pulley rows. If you want to see what
Mark means by proper form, you need look no further than this exercise. With a slight bend at
his knees to reduce lower back stress, Mark pulls the V-shaped attachment into his lower
ribcage, fully contracting his shoulder blades as he pulls. He then stretches his arms out to just
short of a locked-out position, being careful to stretch his torso forward only a few degrees.
Many bodybuilders stretch all the way forward and set up a rocking motion. In Mark’s mind
this is defeating the purpose of the exercise, not to mention placing unwanted stress on the
lower back. After 2 warmup sets Mark does 2 working sets of 6 to 12 reps.
For his second back exercise Mark pulls out one of six-time Mr. Olympia Dorian Yates’s
favorites: reverse-grip pulldowns. With a shoulder-width reverse grip, Mark slowly pulls the
bar down to his mid-chest, being careful to fully contract his shoulder blades and arch his chest

at the bottom. He then stretches his arms above his head to just short of a locked-out position.
Again he does 2 working sets of 6 to 12 reps.
Exercise number three is bent-over rows on the Smith machine. He prefers the straight-
line motion of the Smith machine to the barbell, as it allows him to focus on working his back
muscles rather than concentrating on balancing the bar. With his torso just short of parallel
with the floor, Mark pulls the bar to his lower waist. There is absolutely no rocking or jerking
the weight on this exercise. As you might guess, it’s 2 sets of 6 to 12 reps.
To finish off his back, Mark supersets 2 sets of 6 to 12 reps of wide-grip front pulldowns
with straight-arm rope pushdowns. While wide pulldowns are familiar to most readers, rope

pushdowns may need a brief description. Mark attaches a rope attachment to a high pulley and,
with just a slight bend at his (locked) elbows, pushes it down to his thighs. He finds this
exercise great for the lower lats and serratus.
DUGDALE’S BACK WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
2
6-12
Reverse-Grip Pulldowns
2
6-12
Smith-Machine Rows
2
6-12
Rope Pushdowns (superset with)
Wide Pulldowns
2
6-12
644

Dennis Wolf is quickly becoming a force to be reckoned with in the bodybuilding world.
Dennis Wolf
Following in the footsteps of Markus Ruhl, Gunter Schlierkamp and of course Arnold
Schwarzenegger, 260-pound Dennis Wolf is yet another Germanic bodybuilder who seems to
have come from nowhere to frighten the current crop of IFBB pros. After winning overall titles
at the 2005 German and World Championships, Dennis quickly placed in the top 10 in a
number of pro shows before winning the 2007 Keystone Pro Classic. His 5th place finish at the
2007 Mr. Olympia – many had him as high as third – only furthered his reputation as one of the
new faces (and chests, and backs, and arms …) to be feared.
Dennis typically starts his back workout with front pulldowns to his chest. Unlike many
bodybuilders, who use body momentum to train their egos and simply lift more weight, Dennis
keeps his torso stationary and concentrates on pulling only with his lats.

Next up: He does 3 sets of seated pulley rows. He uses a wide underhand grip on this one
to bring in more of his lower lats.
Dennis’ third exercise is one of his favorites: one-armed seated pulley rows. He finds this
movement one of the most effective for working the lower, outer edges of his lats.
To finish his back workout Dennis does straight-arm pushdowns. Like many other champs,
Dennis looks to Dorian Yates for inspiration, as this exercise was one of Dorian’s favorites.
Dennis adds that the key to this exercise is to use just enough weight to work the lats and
serratus without having to swing the body or bend the elbows, which would bring the triceps
into play.
WOLF’S BACK WORKOUT
645

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
10-12
3
10-12
One-Arm Pulley Rows
3
10-12
Straight-Arm Pushdowns
3
10-12
Jay Cutler
“Deadlifts and barbell rows were two exercises I got really strong on, but I was just lifting the
weight. I wasn’t feeling my back work at all, and so it wasn’t improving in spite of my ability to
use huge weight.”
– Jay Cutler, multi-Mr. Olympia, commenting on how his back didn’t respond the way he
wanted although he was very strong.
Lesser individuals would have given up the second time. The more determined among them
might have given it just one more shot. But Jay Cutler is made of sterner stuff than most.
Despite placing second to Ronnie Coleman at the Mr. Olympia on four occasions he vowed that
come hell or high water he would win bodybuilding’s ultimate prize.
Since his first runner-up placing in 2001, Jay knew that although he could hold his own or
surpass Coleman on many poses, the contest was all but over when they turned around.

Coleman’s back had set new standards in size, thickness and detail. Jay knew that if he hoped to
snatch the Sandow trophy from big Ronnie some day, he would need to bring his back up to
Coleman’s level. The rest, as they say, is history. Jay did just that and relegated Coleman to
second place in 2006. He then proved it was no fluke by defending his title in 2007, pushing
Ronnie down to fourth place.
One of the first things Jay did to improve his back was to split his training into two parts.
He did mostly upper back in the morning and lower back and traps in the evening. Jay is quick
to point out that the average bodybuilder would quickly overtrain by following such a heavy
workload.
Jay usually starts his back attack with front pulldowns. Even though he admits chins are

workload.
probably a better exercise, there’s just no way a guy like him weighing over 300 pounds in the
off-season could chin effectively with that kind of weight. He usually does 6 sets of 8 to 12
reps, using two different grip styles.
His first is the shoulder-width reverse-grip pulldown made popular by six-time Mr
Olympia, Dorian Yates. He follows this up by using a standard grip with a slightly wider than
shoulder-width grip.
Jay’s second exercise is the T-bar row. He attributes this movement more than any other
for adding the extra thickness he needed in his center back. He’ll typically do one set with two
45-pound plates and then work up to four or five plates for 3 sets of 6 to 8 reps.
After T-bar rows it’s on to one-arm dumbell rows. Initially he did the standard hands-on-

the-bench version, but found that his lower back got involved, so now he does them in a more
vertical manner, with his free hand holding a dumbell rack. He starts with a 120-pound dumbell
and then does 2 sets with a 140-pounder for 7 to 9 reps.
646

For his fourth back exercise Jay does another basic mass-builder: the barbell row. As with
one-arm rows he discovered that when he stands at 70 degrees as opposed to the traditional 45
degrees, his back receives more stimulation. He found he had a tendency to swing more when
in the lower position. Jay normally does 3 sets of 6 to 8 reps, using about 315 pounds.
Exercise number five is the seated cable row. Jay does the basic exercise, doing 2 to 3
working sets of 6 to 8 reps.
CUTLER’S UPPER BACK WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Pulldowns (two grips)
6
8-12
T-Bar Rows
3
6-8
2
7-9
3
6-8
2–3
6-8
647

Jay’s approach to improve his back involved splitting his training into two parts – upper back and lower back with
648

As opposed to his arms, which respond quickly to training, Lee had to work very hard to bring up his back.
650

Photo of Lee Priest by Jason Mathas
Lee Priest
“But the real proof came during the quarter turns in round one. Lee looked great from the front
with his tremendous delts and eight-pack abs. From the side his amazing arms were evident.
Now for the back. Long considered a bit of an Achilles’ heel, Lee’s back looked better than it
has in a long time … maybe ever.”
– Larry Pepe, regular 
 contributor, commenting on Lee Priest’s
condition at the 2004 Iron Man.
It’s not so much the 220 pounds of striated beef that he carries into combat. Nor is it those 22-
inch guns that swell from his shoulders. What really causes fans and fellow competitors to
stand back in awe is the fact that all of this weaponry is displayed on a 5‘4” frame. Most
bodybuilders with these dimensions are strutting around with frames pushing six feet or more.
While his arms have always responded quickly to training, Lee’s back took a concentrated

effort of determination and persistence on his part to bring it up to the same level as the rest of
his physique. When he started evaluating his back, Lee immediately noted that it definitely
needed more width. This is why he usually starts his back training with front pulldowns. Unlike
many bodybuilders who load up the machine and then throw their whole body into it, Lee’s reps
are rock solid. No body sway or jerking for the Australian pocket Hercules. A typical day will
see him doing 5 sets of 8 to 12 reps.
Lee’s second exercise is another width movement: front chins. Like most bodybuilders,
Lee doesn’t do this exercise year-round, as he is usually too heavy (Lee sometimes gets up to
270 pounds in the off-season), but as soon as his weight starts dropping he does 4 to 5 sets to
failure, averaging 10 to 15 reps per set.

With two width exercises completed, Lee moves on to rowing exercises to add thickness
and density. One of his favorites is seated cable rows. Again, Lee does not cheat by rocking his
body back and forth. With the exception of a slight stretch forward at the end, Lee keeps his
torso relatively straight throughout. Again it’s 4 to 5 sets of 8 to 12 reps.
Exercises four and five are a unique Priest combination. Lee will load up an EZ-bar with
three or four 45-pound plates per side and bang out 8 to 12 reps of bent-over rows. He prefers
the EZ-bar over the straight bar as it’s both easier on his back and seems to provide a stronger
back contraction. As soon as he completes the last rep he stands up straight and squeezes out 8
to 12 reps of shrugs. Lee typically does 5 supersets of both exercises.

Most bodybuilders would be done by now but not Lee. For his sixth exercise, Lee does 5
sets of V-bar pulldowns. He finds this exercise excellent for filling in the area of his back
between his lower traps and lower lats. He’s always careful to keep his torso arched throughout
the full range of motion on this exercise.
To finish off his back workout Lee does 3 or 4 sets of 12 to 15 reps of back extensions. Lee
does this all-important exercise both to balance out his lower back with his upper back and to
provide his lower back with the strength necessary to endure such heavy movements as squats,
deadlifts and rows.
651

PRIEST’S BACK WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
chins
5
8-12
5
8-12
5
8-12
EZ-Bar Rows
5
8-12
EZ-Bar Shrugs
5
8-12
V-Bar Pulldowns
5
8-12
Back Extensions
3–4
12-15
652

W
CHAPTER 78
Chest Training
“Striated mountains of pectoral mass – a sight to behold, on or off the stage.”
– Casey Gately, 
ith the possible exception of the biceps, no other muscle group receives the same degree of
attention as the chest. It’s one of the primary symbols of toughness and masculinity.
There are several reasons chest training is so popular. For one thing the chest is the center
of the upper body’s power. You rarely hear bodybuilders asking one another how much they
can row or pressdown, but it seems all bodybuilders are preoccupied with their bench press.
The location of the chest also makes it easy to see as you train it, and whenever you look in the
mirror. Unlike the back or shoulders, you can see every muscle fiber contract as you perform
chest exercises. Training chest is also fun compared to such other muscles as calves, back or
thighs, which often end up shortchanged because of visibility or difficulty. Not so with the

chest. It’s a low-pain, highly visible muscle, and once pumped up it feels like two plates of
armor.
Bodybuilders famous for their chests include Ronnie Coleman, Lee Haney, Arnold
Schwarzenegger, Serge Nubret, Franco Columbu, Branch Warren, Jay Cutler and Markus Ruhl.
ANATOMY
When we talk about the chest we are primarily referring to two regions: the larger outer chest
muscles called the pectoralis major and the smaller pectoralis minor that are located
underneath the pectoralis major. Although they play a role in adding strength and size to your
chest, bodybuilders don’t really focus on the pectoralis minor when training. For the purposes
of this book, when I talk about chest exercises I’m referring to the pectoralis major.
The primary function of the chest muscles is to draw the arms and shoulders toward the

center of the body. To put it simply, the chest muscles allow you to make a bear-hug type
motion with your arms. These muscles can be considered in opposition to the back muscles.
TRAINING
Bodybuilders generally divide chest training into two parts: upper and lower. As time goes on
you may have to specialize on such areas as the inner, outer and pec-delt tie-in regions. At the
intermediate level of training you should include at least one lower-chest and one upper-chest
exercise in your workouts.
CHEST EXERCISES
Flat barbell bench presses
Incline barbell bench presses
653

Decline barbell bench presses
Flat dumbell presses
Decline dumbell presses
Flat dumbell flyes
Incline dumbell flyes
Decline dumbell flyes
Dips
Pullovers
Cable crossovers
Vertical press machine
Pec-deck machine
Branch Warren sports one of the most famous chests in bodybuilding.
654

Jay credits his chest development to changing his exercises to those that allowed him to feel his chest muscles working.
Photo of Jay Cutler by Irvin Gelb
655

Jay Cutler
“When people try to criticize me for not using as much weight as they think I should be using, I
always remember how crappy my chest was when I was caught up in using the heaviest weights
possible.”
– Jay Cutler, multi-Mr. Olympia winner, responding to a reporter’s question on why he doesn’t
train heavier.
 
When Jay Cutler snatched the Mr. Olympia crown from eight-time winner Ronnie Coleman in
2006, he did it by playing Ronnie’s game: carrying the maximum amount of striated beef on his
frame. From thighs to back to arms, Jay’s physique was complete, and he was rewarded for his
efforts with the coveted Sandow statue.
Despite the two armor plates that he sports across his ribcage nowadays, his chest wasn’t
always one of his best bodyparts. As he’s quick to point out, the problem was self-inflicted.
Like many bodybuilders he got too hung up on seeing how much weight he could handle on the

flat barbell bench press. The end result was a massive set of shoulders that made his chest look
shallow.
Once he realized the error of his ways he ditched the barbell presses in favor of exercises
that allowed him to squeeze and feel his chest muscles working. Another change he made was
to alternate compound exercises with isolation movements. He finds this puts less stress on his
joints and greatly reduces the risk of injuries.
Jay usually starts his chest training with flat dumbell presses. He finds that not only do the
dumbells allow him to work his chest through a greater range of motion, they allow him to
move his hands closer together at the top of the exercise. He starts off with a couple of warmup
sets of 10 to 12 reps using from 75 to 100 pounds, and then does 2 to 3 sets of 8 reps using 125-
to 130-pound dumbells.

Jay’s second exercise is high cable crossovers. While most bodybuilders consider cable
crossovers more of a shaping exercise, Jay is convinced that this exercise has added extra size
to his inner chest. Since his chest is fully warmed up from the flat dumbell presses, Jay dives
straight into his 3 working sets for 10 to 12 reps.
Next up is incline dumbell presses. Jay offers this advice to beginner and intermediate
bodybuilders: “If the development of your upper chest does not match your middle and lower
chest, you should do this exercise first in your routine.” On most days Jay will do one lighter
set of 10 reps and then 2 to 3 sets of 6 to 8 reps using much the same weight as with the flat
dumbell presses.
For his fourth exercise Jay does 2 sets of 10 to 12 reps of dumbell pullovers using a 100-
pound dumbell. While most bodybuilders do this exercise early in their careers to try and

expand their ribcages, Jay uses them to add size to his chest.
To finish off his chest, Jay does 3 sets of low cable crossovers. For those not familiar with
the exercise, you start by putting the cable pulley at the floor. With a slight bend at the elbow,
slowly sweep the arms upwards and together to just below the chest.
656

CUTLER’S CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
2–3
8
High Cable Crossovers
3
10-12
2–3
6-8
2
10-12
Low Cable Crossovers
3
9-12
657

To shock his muscles and keep them guessing, Victor rotates his starting chest exercise every three workouts.
Photo of Victor Martinez by Raymond Cassar
Victor Martinez
“As a kid I overtrained the hell out of my chest. I would do two kinds of flat press every
workout, plus two kinds of incline presses, along with pullovers and pec-deck. I was doing
drop sets on every set – and this was twice a week! I honestly wasn’t feeling my chest work
at all and it didn’t grow very much during that time.”
– Victor Martinez, top IFBB pro, commenting on the training mistakes he made when younger.
With his win at the 2007 Arnold Classic and second place to Jay Cutler at the 2007 Mr.
Olympia, Victor Martinez has locked himself into place as one of the top pro bodybuilders in
the world. Many in the know believe it’s only a matter of time before he wins bodybuilding’s
most coveted crown.
As expected of a second-place Olympia competitor, Victor’s physique is densely packed

from head to toe. Victor attributes much of this mass to his career as a powerlifter before
switching to bodybuilding. At a weight of 198 pounds, Victor has done an official 475-pound
bench press and lifted over 500 pounds in the gym.
During the off-season, when adding new mass is Victor’s goal, he relies primarily on
pressing movements and weighted dips. As contest time approaches he’ll add in cable
crossovers and machines. He also rotates the starting exercise every three chest workouts, to
keep his muscles shocked and off guard.
658

A typical Martinez chest workout will start with flat barbell bench presses. His warmup is
impressive to say the least: he does 225 pounds for 20 fast-tempo reps. He’ll then go 315 for 10
reps, 405 for 10 reps, and then 455 for 10 reps. Victor will penalize himself at this point if he
can’t do 10 reps with 455. He’ll drop the weight to 315 and again to 225 and force out as many
reps as possible.
Victor’s second exercise is often incline dumbell presses. He’ll start with 80-pound
dumbells for two quick warmup sets of 20 reps each, and then do 4 sets of 10 reps using the
100s, 120s, 125s, and 150s. During the off-season he’ll occasionally go up to the 170s or 180s if
he feels strong.
To finish off his chest, Victor does 3 sets of incline dumbell flyes using 75- to 95-pound
dumbells for 10 to 12 reps. This is the only isolation exercise he does in the off-season.
MARTINEZ’S CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
5
*
10
6
**
10
3
10–12
*
 3 working sets

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
5
*
10
6
**
10
3
10–12
*
**
 4 working sets
659

Dexter finds that doing three exercises of 3 sets works best for his chest routine.
“I think I’m very balanced, and that has been the key to my success.”
– Dexter Jackson, top IFBB pro, with an understatement about how well balanced his physique
is.
In a sport dominated by 270- to 280-pound freaks, 220-pound Dexter Jackson has managed to
do quite well for himself, thank you very much. Since winning the 1998 North American
Championships, Dexter has vaulted to the upper echelon of pro bodybuilding. With the
exception of the Mr. Olympia, Dexter has won just about every pro bodybuilding contest,
660

including the Iron Man and two Arnold Classic titles.
You’ll likely be surprised to discover how simple his chest routine actually is. Never one
for high-volume training, Dexter does just three exercises of 3 sets each. He has found over the
years that any more than 9 or 10 sets per muscle group is just too taxing on his recovery
system.
His first exercise is usually a pressing movement – either barbell or dumbell. As this is his
first chest exercise he’ll do 2 to 3 light warmup sets and then 3 working sets of 4 to 8 reps.
To hit his upper chest Dexter relies on an incline movement – usually incline Smith
presses. As his chest is fully warmed up from the 5 to 6 sets of flat presses, he’ll go straight
into his 3 working sets of 4 to 8 reps.
Dexter usually concludes his chest training with a flye exercise – either flat dumbell or
pec-deck. Again it’s 3 sets but he’ll go slightly higher on the rep range – usually 6 to 8.
JACKSON’S CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
4-8
Incline Smith Presses

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
4-8
3
4-8
Flat Dumbell or Pec-Deck Flyes
3
6-8
Photos of Troy Alves by Robert Reiff
Troy Alves
661

“I couldn’t even get the ball from center field to the pitcher. You can imagine how depressing
that was for me.”
– Troy Alves, 2002 NPC Nationals champion, commenting on how an injury forced him to
abandon his major league baseball ambitions and focus on bodybuilding instead.
Troy Alves is a perfect example of how an accident can be a blessing in disguise. As the future
2002 NPC Nationals champion was growing up, his idols weren’t Arnold or Lee Haney, but
baseball legends Hank Aaron and Reggie Jackson. Troy eventually became good enough at
baseball to be scouted by the California Angels and earn a scholarship to Arizona Community
College. Unfortunately, an injury that occurred while attempting a heavy bench press ended his
baseball future and his educational scholarship. But Troy’s gray cloud had a silver lining. He
soon discovered that he had the type of body that responded quickly to any type of resistance
training. Even the push-ups he did in his preteen years for karate changed his chest
dramatically.

Troy has one of the most proportionate chests on the pro tour, but it wasn’t always that
way. Like many bodybuilders, Troy spent too many years starting his chest workouts with flat
barbell presses. The end result was great lower and outer pec development but a shallow upper
chest.
Once Troy realized that to make a name for himself as a pro bodybuilder he would have to
bring his chest up to standard, he redesigned his workouts. He now begins virtually every
workout with an incline pressing movement – either barbell or dumbell. If using barbells he’ll
do warmup sets with 135 and 225 pounds and then work up to 405 for 3 to 4 sets of 6 to 10 reps.
These are not half reps, either. Troy makes sure to lower the bar all the way to his collarbone. If

using dumbells Troy will work up to 150 to 160 pounders for 3 to 4 sets of 6 to 10 reps.
Troy’s second exercise is a flat press – usually dumbells. Whether barbell or dumbell,
Troy doesn’t begin the exercise until he has a slight arch in his lower back and his shoulder
blades are pulled together. These two little movements shift most of the stress from the front
shoulders to the pecs. When using the dumbells Troy will work up to the 150s for 3 to 4 sets of
6 to 10 reps. If doing flat barbell presses he’ll use about 405 pounds for the same number of
sets and reps.
For his third exercise Troy moves back to the incline bench and does what he calls an
incline press/flye. With his hands in the traditional palms-facing-inwards flye position, Troy

pushes the dumbells straight up like a press. He doesn’t “hug” them together as in a flye
movement. He knows this isn’t a typical way to do these exercises but he finds it the best
variation for stressing his upper chest. He usually does 3 sets of 6 to 10 reps using 75 to 85
pounds.
Troy finishes his chest by alternating the incline press/flye exercise with the flat version.
On most days he’ll use 85 to 100 pounds for 3 to 4 sets of 6 to 10 reps.
ALVES’ CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Incline Barbell or Dumbell Presses
3-4
6-10
662

Flat Dumbell or Barbell Presses
3-4
6-10
Incline or Flat Presses/Flyes
3-4
6-10
To maintain one of the most proportionate chests on the pro tour, Troy starts every workout with an incline pressing
move.
663

Chris “The Real Deal” Cormier now limits his barbell work since overcoming a lower-back infection in 2006.
664

Chris Cormier
“I don’t expect people to kiss my ass or bow down to me but I wish my fellow pros would
recognize the longevity I have had in this sport, and my accomplishments.”
– Chris Cormier, top IFBB pro, responding to a reporter’s question on how he deals with the
negative comments of some of the newer members of the sport.
When it comes to longevity, Chris Cormier is at the top of the list. Nicknamed “The Real Deal”
because of his facial resemblance to former Heavyweight boxing champion Evander “The Real
Deal” Holyfield, Chris is one of the true superstars in the sport of bodybuilding. With over 100
contests to his credit and dozens of wins and second-place finishes, Chris is always a force to
be reckoned with. A serious lower-back infection in 2006 temporarily paralyzed him, but even
that couldn’t send him into retirement, and he came back with a very respectable 4th place
finish at the 2007 Montreal Grand Prix.

An ironic aspect to Chris’s longevity is that he’s also one of the sport’s stronger
individuals. Most guys who throw around huge poundage have short careers. However, save for
the lower-back injury in 2006, Chris seems to have escaped serious injury. How strong is
Chris? Well at one time he was doing 12 reps with 405 pounds on the incline barbell press.
Most bodybuilders would be lucky to do one rep with this weight on the flat barbell press. Chris
could also use 200-pound dumbells for flat and incline dumbell presses. You just have to see it
to believe it.
Nowadays Chris limits his barbell work. Since he has both great chest mass and a more
cautious view to training, he now uses more flyes and machines in his training. Chris usually
starts his chest training with incline Hammer Strength presses. He’ll typically do a couple of

warmup sets and then work up to four or five 45-pound plates a side for 4 sets of 12 to 15 reps.
For his second exercise, Chris switches over to the flat version of the Hammer Strength
press. Again he finds that he can go as heavy as he wants without the same joint pain
experienced while using barbells. A normal day will see Chris throwing six 45-pound plates on
each side and doing 4 sets of 12 to 15 reps.
Chris’ third exercise is incline dumbell presses. Instead of the 180 to 200 pounders that he
used years ago, he now keeps the weight “down” in the 120- or 130-pound zone. To keep up the
intensity, he does higher reps – 12 to 15 versus 6 to 8. This not only puts less stress on his
joints but gives his upper chest a much better pump. Again he does 4 sets of this exercise.

To finish off his chest, Chris adds in 4 sets of 12 to 15 reps of incline dumbell flyes. By
this point his chest is tired, so there’s no need to go super heavy. Chris will typically use 75 to
90 pounds for ultra slow and strict reps. As he says: “Most guys don’t do these right. They use
too much weight and treat it as some half-assed press.”
CORMIER’S CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Incline Hammer Strength Presses
4
12-15
665

Flat Hammer Strength Presses
4
12-15
4
12-15
4
12-15
Photos of Chris Cormier by Robert Reiff
To maintain his exceptional proportions, Craig keeps his workouts short but intense.
Craig Richardson
“As I developed, I noticed two things were happening to my physique. First: my front delts were
getting huge, but were really overshadowing my chest development. Second: my upper-pec area
was lacking.”
666

– Craig Richardson, IFBB pro, on the common peril of young bodybuilders relying too much on
the flat barbell press for chest development.
Although he’s competed in only a dozen or so pro contests since 2003, Craig Richardson has
made a mark on the bodybuilding scene. With the exception of his first Night of Champions
and the 2005 Mr. Olympia, he has consistently placed in the top 10. Like Dexter Jackson and
Shawn Ray before him, Craig holds his own against guys who outweigh him by 50 pounds by
displaying near flawless proportions.
Like many bodybuilders who came of age during the 1990s, Craig was heavily influenced
by the training philosophy of Dorian Yates, and keeps his workouts short but intense.
Craig realized early on that he was relying on the flat barbell press too much for his chest
development. Like many bodybuilders, his lower chest and front shoulders were far outpacing
his upper chest. As tough as it was, Craig decided to drop the flat barbell press altogether and

concentrate on incline movements to 
balance out his upper chest. He was rewarded for his
efforts by winning the Light Heavyweight class at the 2000 NPC Nationals.
Nowadays Craig starts his chest training with either incline Smith-machine presses or
incline dumbell presses. Unlike most bodybuilders, he finds angles of 30 degrees or less still
place most of the stress on his lower chest. For this reason he sets the bench angle at 45
degrees. Craig typically does a few light warmup sets and then does 3 sets of 6 to 8 reps.
With his upper chest training out of the way, Craig’s next exercise is the decline Hammer
Strength press. He prefers pressing on Hammer Strength machines to dumbells or barbells
because he can concentrate on squeezing and contracting his pecs. There’s no having to worry

about getting the dumbells into position or controlling them. Again he does 3 heavy working
sets of 6 to 8 reps.
To finish off his chest Craig does 3 sets of 12 to 15 reps of either cable crossovers or pec-
deck flyes.
667

Photos of Craig Richardson by Jason Breeze
RICHARDSON’S CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Incline Smith or Dumbell Presses
3
6-8
Decline Hammer Strength Presses
3
6-8
Cable Crossovers or Pec-Deck Flyes
3
12-15
668

Lee Priest and Paul Dillett go head-to-head showing off their chests.
669

Photo of Lee Priest and Paul Dillett by Josef Adlt
Photos of Lee Priest by Jason Mathas
Lee Priest
When you’re one of the sport’s most popular and controversial bodybuilders you’d better have
the physique to back up your words. In this regard, Australia’s Lee Priest easily surpasses all
expectations. Carrying 220 pounds on his 5‘4” frame (275 to 280 in the off-season!), Lee is one
of the most massive bodybuilders of all time. He’s also one of the strongest, with 800-pound
squats and 500-pound bench presses a common occurrence in the off-season.
Lee comes from the old school of training styles and a chest workout will see him easily
do 4 or 5 exercises for at least 20 sets in total. He rotates his exercises on a regular basis,
gravitating more toward machines during the pre-contest season. The following is a typical Lee
Priest pre-contest chest workout.
His first exercise, which he doesn’t even consider part of his chest routine, is the standing

cable crossover. He finds this exercise great for warming up his chest and he’ll use a moderate
amount of weight for 4 sets of 12 to 15 reps. Lee is especially proud of the fact that in all the
670

years he has been training he has never had a chest or shoulder injury.
Lee’s second exercise is usually a seated machine press. During the off-season he’ll do flat
dumbell presses with 180-pound dumbells, but he finds the machine better for stability and
injury prevention during the pre-contest season. He starts with 3 lighter sets and then works up
to as much weight as he can handle for 5 sets of 6 to 8 reps.
Lee’s one free-weight exercise during the pre-contest season is the incline dumbell flye.
He’ll typically use 100-pound dumbells for 5 sets of 6 to 8 reps, going for a full stretch at the
bottom of the exercise and bringing his arms to a lockout position at the top.
To finish off his pro-sized pecs, Lee bangs out 4 sets of bodyweight dips to failure. He
doesn’t need to strap weight around his waist, as his chest is already well fatigued by this point.
PRIEST’S CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Cable Crossovers
4
12-15
Seated Machine Presses
5
6-8
5
6-8
Dips
4
failure

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4
12-15
5
6-8
5
6-8
Dips
4
failure
Photo of Quincy Taylor by Ralph DeHaan
671

Quincy Taylor
“I’ve never trained heavier or harder, and that has made all the difference in bringing my chest
and back up to pro standards. When we get to the gym we’re like two warriors going into
battle.”
– Quincy Taylor, IFBB pro, commenting on working with his training partner, former
powerlifting champion Jesse Esparza.
Although he now displays a chest that rivals anything on the Olympia stage, it wasn’t always
that way for Quincy Taylor. Even once he reached the national level, his gargantuan arms and
shoulders were overpowering his chest and back.
Not willing to be just another big-armed bodybuilder on the pro circuit, Quincy set about
modifying his workout schedule so his chest and back could catch up to his arms and shoulders.
One of his first changes was to train chest as his first muscle group following a complete day
off. This allowed him to attack his chest workouts in a fresh state. He also found he made better

gains by hitting his chest hard only once every seven or eight days.
Quincy usually starts his chest training with incline dumbell presses. After a couple of
warmup sets in the 70- to 120-pound range he does 4 all-out sets, working up to 150- or 160-
pound dumbells for 10 to 12 reps. These are not sloppy; nor are they half-reps. He starts at the
top with his arms locked completely out and lowers the dumbells down until his elbows are
below his back.
Next up are flat dumbell presses. As his chest is now fully warmed up from the inclines,
Quincy goes right into his working sets. He typically does 4 sets of 10 to 12 reps, working up to
180-pound dumbells.
With his two basic dumbell exercises out of the way, Quincy next moves on to vertical

machine presses. He’ll do 4 sets of 8 to 10 full reps and then have his training partner help him
do another 8 half-reps. By this point his pecs are all but destroyed.
As if they needed it, Quincy finishes off his chest training with 4 sets of pec-deck flyes.
Quincy has his own unique style on this exercise. Instead of placing his elbows and forearms on
the vertical pads, he places his palms right in the middle of the pads and squeezes his arms
together. As with the vertical machine press, Quincy does 8 to 10 full reps followed by 8 half-
reps.
TAYLOR’S CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4
10-12
4
10-12
Vertical Machine Presses
4
8–10
*
4
8–10
*
*
 Plus 8 half-reps.
672

Quincy Taylor proves that he’s not just another big-armed bodybuilder – his chest rivals anything on the Olympia
stage.
Photo of Quincy Talyor by David Paul
Will Harris
“It was frustrating as hell. I would pound it [his chest] and pound it year after year, and it
improved but never got close to the rest of my upper body. I needed a chest bad! Then in 2001 I
made some changes and it exploded.”
– Will Harris, 2004 NPC USA heavyweight champion, commenting on how his chest wasn’t
always one of his best bodyparts.
Like many bodybuilders trying to bring up a lagging bodypart, Will Harris made the classic
mistake of doing more sets rather than fewer. The end result was a chronic state of
overtraining. Luckily he wasn’t willing to settle for mediocrity and took a page out of Dorian
Yates’ book. He made two changes to his chest training. He cut the total number of sets in half
– from 25 down to about 12. He also increased his rep range from 8 to 12 to 12 to 20. The end

result was that his chest vaulted from being one of his worst bodyparts to one of his best.
Will’s a big fan of Hammer Strength and usually starts his chest training with their
vertical press machine. Although many bodybuilders prefer the balance factor required by
dumbells and barbells, Will finds that not having to balance the weight leads to a better chest
workout. He’ll typically do 4 or 5 sets of 12 to 15 reps.
To hit his upper chest, Will moves on to Hammer Strength’s incline press machine. As his
chest is fully warmed up from the vertical press, he’ll go slightly heavier on this exercise and
do lower reps – in the neighborhood of 8 to 12.
With the two Hammer Strength machines out of the way, Will moves on to good old-
fashioned dips. He performs these in the same manner recommended by the late Iron Guru,

Vince Gironda: elbows out, chin on chest, torso leaning forward. Will tries to bang out 3 sets of
15 reps using his bodyweight.
To finish off his chest Will does 3 sets of either cable crossovers or pec-deck flyes. He’s
not really fussy which one he uses and goes by instinct. Rather than get too worried about
weight on these exercises, Will goes relatively light and keeps the reps in the 15-to-20 range.
HARRIS’ CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Vertical Hammer Strength Presses
4-5
12-20
4
8-12
Dips
3
15
3
15-20
674

Will often finishes his chest routine with pec-deck flyes.
Photo of Will Harris by Jason Mathas
Dennis James
When he won the super heavyweight class and overall title at the 1998 USA Championships,
many in the audience had a feeling that the 5‘8” Dennis James would be making his mark on
the pro scene. These predictions were to quickly come true, as within a few years Dennis had
won the Hungary Grand Prix and achieved a host of top-five finishes.
Dennis was among a new generation of pros who emerged on the scene in the late 1990s.
He carried as much mass on his 5‘8” frame as do most guys over 6 feet tall. Although solid
from head to toe, Dennis’ chest is noteworthy.
He’s a traditionalist when it comes to training: 3 or 4 exercises for 3 or 4 sets each. A
typical day will see Dennis start with incline Smith presses. There was a time when machine
exercises were frowned upon by most bodybuilders, but nowadays you’re just as likely to see a

Mr. Olympia competitor repping out on a machine as using barbells or dumbells. Dennis is one
such convert. He starts by setting the bench at about 30 degrees. Then, using a slightly wider
than shoulder-width grip, he lowers the bar to his collarbone. One thing Dennis likes to do on
this exercise is pause at the top of the exercise, when his arms are fully locked out, and contract
his pecs forcefully. He does 3 or 4 sets of 8 to 12 reps.
For his second exercise Dennis moves on to flat Hammer Strength presses. Once again he
finds the machine gives his chest a better workout than the barbell. Dennis typically does 3 or 4
sets of 8 to 12 reps. Again the reps are performed in a slow, fluid, piston-like motion.
With his two primary pressing exercises out of the way, Dennis moves on to flat or incline

dumbell flyes. He performs these in the traditional “hugging the tree” motion and makes sure
never to bounce at the bottom of the exercise. He does 3 or 4 sets of 8 to 12 reps.
Dennis’ fourth exercise is either cable crossovers or pec-deck flyes. He does either of
these exercises to emphasize the inner section of his chest and help bring out that clean line
that divides his chest into two equal but massive slabs. Dennis prefers the version of the pec-
deck with the 90-degree pads to the vertical-handled version that also doubles as a reverse flye.
While he’s the first to admit that this machine can be harder on the rotator cuff, he has never
had any problems in this area. As expected, he does 3 or 4 sets of 8 to 12 reps.
675

Incline Smith presses and flat Hammer Strength presses are Dennis’ two primary pressing exercises.
Photo of Dennis James by Irvin Gelb
To finish off his Grand Prix-winning chest, Dennis does 3 or 4 sets of machine dips. The
machine Dennis uses is similar in function to a decline press and helps put that clean line under
his lower pecs. While he usually sticks to his standard 8-to-12 range, he’ll occasionally go as
high as 15.
JAMES’ CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3-4
8-12
3-4
8-12
Incline or Flat Dumbell Flyes
3-4
8-12
Pec-Deck or Cable Crossovers
3-4
8-12
Machine Dips
3-4
8-12
676

Markus Ruhl is one of bodybuilding’s true titans, and his chest is one of the best in the sport.
Markus Ruhl
“He has built every muscle group to the maximum and the end result is a physique many feel is
the most representative of the word ‘bodybuilding.’ As he was inspired over a decade ago in his
native Germany by Arnold Schwarzenegger, images of him in magazines all around the world
are now motivation for the next generation of young iron pumpers to follow in his footsteps.”
 contributor, commenting on 2000 Toronto Pro
Invitational winner, Markus Ruhl.
Back in the 1980s Wendy’s had one of the most memorable ads in history. It featured three
elderly ladies, one of whom asked: “Where’s the beef?” Well, one look at Germany’s Markus
Ruhl and that question is easily answered. At a little under six feet tall and weighing an

incredible 285 pounds in contest shape, Markus Ruhl is one of the true behemoths in the sport.
Markus’ first love was soccer, but at age 17 (and 140 pounds!) he took up weight training.
It wasn’t long before his outstanding genetics for building muscle emerged, and within a few
years he was bench pressing 500 pounds on both flat and incline exercises. In recent years
Markus has given up most flat pressing movements in favor of more incline work. As thick and
as powerful as his upper chest is, he feels that a bodybuilder can never overdevelop this area.
For his first exercise, Markus usually does incline dumbell presses. Given the poundage he
will be working up to, Markus does four warmup sets of 8 to 12 
reps to really prepare his
muscles and joints for the assault that is about to come. He then does anywhere from 6 to 10

working sets using as much weight as he can handle for 5 to 6 reps. As an example of how
strong he is, Markus regularly uses anywhere from 170- to 200-pound dumbells in the off-
677

season.
Photos of Markus Ruhl by Josef Adlt
With a flip of his wrist Markus moves on to his second exercise – incline dumbell flyes.
Again the strength displayed by the big German is unbelievable and he’ll do 4 to 5 sets of 8 to
12 reps using 130- to 150-pound dumbells. Most bodybuilders can’t even flat press dumbells
this heavy, let alone incline flye them.
For his third chest exercise Markus likes to dip back to the glory years of bodybuilding:
Arnold’s Gold’s Gym days in California in the 1970s. One of the most popular exercises for
Arnold and the other regulars at the time was dumbell pullovers. Besides working the chest and
back muscles, the exercise was great for stretching the ribcage ligaments. This could easily add
a couple of inches to a bodybuilder’s chest measurement. Markus is convinced that much of his
ribcage size and overall chest shape is from doing heavy dumbell pullovers since day one. He
678

prefers the cross bench version as it allows him to arch and get a better stretch. Again he does 4
to 5 sets of 8 to 12 reps.
To finish off those two slabs of meat that he calls his chest, Markus hits the cable
crossover machine. During the off-season he’ll just do the movement with the pulleys in the
high position, but close to a contest he adds in mid and low versions of the exercise. Unlike
most bodybuilders, who prefer to do higher reps on this exercise, Markus stays true to his 8-to-
12 range with heavy weights.
RUHL’S CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
6-10
5-6
4-5
8-12
4-5
8-12
4-5
8-12
679

“
O
CHAPTER 79
Shoulder Training
“We all want them, don’t we? Wide shoulders that scream to the world we are
muscular stallions, powerful and virile enough to take on any challenge. Every
male heroic figure through the ages, from Samson to Superman, has been
depicted as owning a set of imposing, broad deltoids.”
f all the major muscles on display at a bodybuilding competition, few are as hard to hide as
the shoulders. Creative posing can hide most of the other muscles but the shoulders are

visible in every single pose you do. The shoulders are also one of the few muscles that will
stand out even when you are dressed. It’s possible to hide a set of 22-inch arms under a jacket,
and the largest of chests can be kept from view with loose clothing, but no matter what you
wear there’ll be no hiding a wide set of shoulders. Virtually all the top pro bodybuilders have
great shoulder development these days. In the past such bodybuilders as Sergio Oliva, Lee
Haney, Paul Dillett, Mike Matarazzo and Larry Scott were famous for their cannonball-like
deltoids.
ANATOMY
Like the back, the shoulders, or deltoids, are really a series of muscles. The deltoids are
composed of three sub-muscles called heads – the front (anterior), side (lateral or medial) and
rear (posterior). Each head raises the arm in

rear (posterior). Each head raises the arm in 
the direction for which it is named. In other words,
the front deltoid lifts the arms to the front, the side deltoid raises the arms to the side and, you
guessed it, the rear deltoid draws the arms back and raises them rearward.
Besides the deltoids the shoulder muscles also include the trapezius (the traps). Earlier I
mentioned that, while they are technically part of the back musculature, most bodybuilders
train traps with their shoulders.
SHOULDER TRAINING
For maximum shoulder impressiveness you must ensure equal development of all four distinct
but important areas. Having said this, you rarely see it at bodybuilding contests. Most
680

bodybuilders have great front shoulder development from all the years of pressing movements
for their chest, but rare is the great set of rear shoulders. Chest training may bring up the front
shoulders, but back training rarely leads to great rear deltoids. This is why you must include
rear deltoid exercises to balance out your shoulder development. With regards to the side
shoulders, let me say here and now that there has never been a bodybuilder penalized for having
shoulders too wide!
Before performing any heavy shoulder training you really should warm up the shoulder
region. Along with the knees and lower back, the shoulders are among the most injured areas.
The unfortunate part of shoulder injuries is that they don’t happen all at once but gradually
from many years of heavy pressing exercises. By the time you realize you have a problem with
this joint, the damage becomes cumulative and it’s far more difficult to treat. Always take a

couple of minutes to warm up the shoulders with some light exercises before moving on to
heavier pressing and lateral movements. And always be sure to do rotator-cuff exercises two or
three times a week. Guys hate to do these because the weights are so low. Besides, they feel as
if they are wasting their time because they get no muscular development from the movement.
But look at it this way: if you do rotator-cuff exercises, a few years down the road you will still
be able to do heavy chest, back, shoulder and arm work, whereas those who did not strengthen
their inner shoulders will be using pansy-ass weights trying in vain to save whatever muscle
they already built.
Shoulder exercises can be divided into pressing movements, raises and shrugs. You can

also throw upright rows in there. Pressing exercises tend to work the front and side shoulders,
while raises isolate the three heads separately. Shrugs are the main exercise aimed at
developing the traps, but bodybuilders also use narrow-grip upright rows to hit this muscle.
Wide-grip upright rows target the delts with some trap involvement. Most bodybuilders use
medium-grip upright rows to target both areas equally and to avoid too much wrist strain from
close-grip uprights.
Photo of Paul Dillett
BEST SHOULDER EXERCISES
681

Front barbell presses
Dumbell presses
Front raises
Sidelaterals
Bent-over laterals
Upright rows
Shrugs
Cable raises
Phil Heath
It didn’t take Phil Heath long to cement his reputation on the IFBB pro circuit. He had barely
walked away with the overall 2005 NPC championships when he won the first two pro
tournaments he entered: the 2006 New York Pro and Colorado Pro championships. With a
second-place finish to Dexter Jackson at the 2008 Arnold Classic and a win at the 2008 Iron
Man, Phil is a force to be reckoned with.
He is packed head to toe with 240 pounds of striated muscle on his 5‘9” frame, but Phil’s
shoulders are among his most impressive bodyparts. Unlike many of the current pros, Phil
loves to incorporate lots of sets in his shoulder training. A typical shoulder workout will see
Phil bang out 15 to 20 sets for those cannonball-sized delts. He usually starts with 3 solid sets
of front military presses for overall size and then incorporates numerous dumbell lateral

exercises to bring out the separation between the three shoulder heads. He then achieves a
slightly different angle from the barbell military press by doing dumbell military presses. He
both finishes off his delts and ties in his traps with 3 sets of upright rows.
Here’s a typical shoulder workout from one of bodybuilding’s most exciting pros.
HEATH’S SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Barbell Military Presses
3
8-10
Side Laterals
3
8-10
3
8-10
Rear Laterals
3
10
Dumbell Military Presses
3
12
3
12
682

Phil Heath exhibits one of his best bodyparts: his shoulders.
Photos of Phil Heath by Irvin Gelb
684

Using dumbells for shoulder training is a technique that Armin feels gives him a better contraction.
685

Armin Scholz
“Personally I don’t think they’re so overpowering or incredible. Maybe it’s because I have
always thought of the shoulders as the one part of the body that can never be too big.”
– Armin Scholz, German pro bodybuilder, expressing modesty on two of the largest sets of
deltoids in bodybuilding.
There must be something in the blood of the ancient Teutonic Knights, as some of the largest
pro bodybuilders have originated in Germanic countries. First there was Arnold
Schwarzenegger, from Austria. Two of the largest pros on the circuit are Germans Markus Ruhl
and Gunter Schlierkamp. Now a fourth name can be added to the list of German giants – Armin
Scholtz.
At 6‘2” and 270 pounds, Armin easily stands out in a pro lineup. It was this size that
helped him to easily win three Mr. Germany titles. In the fall of 2005 he used his 23-inch arms
and outstanding muscle mass to place a respectable 10th at his first pro contest: the Europa
Super Show.

Armin starts his shoulder training with that most basic and productive of all shoulder
exercises: presses. Armin prefers to use dumbells, as he feels they give him a better
contraction. He finds pressing to the front with a barbell too much for his front shoulder, and
pressing behind the head too stressful on his shoulder joints. He usually pyramids up in weight
from 60 to 90 pounds, averaging 3 or 4 sets of 10 to 12 reps per set.
To hit his side shoulders, Armin bangs out 3 drop sets of dumbell lateral raises. He starts
with a pair of 90s and just manages to get 8 reps. He’ll then have a training partner help him get
4 more reps. Finally he’ll drop the 90s and grab the 45s, grinding out another 8 reps on his own
and 4 reps assisted. For variety Armin substitutes one-arm lateral raises for 3 or 4 sets of 8 to
12 reps. Again he does 8 strict reps and then uses slight body momentum to complete an

additional 4 reps.
For his third exercise Armin includes 4 sets of one-arm cable raises. Armin adds in the
second side raise exercise as he feels that the side shoulders can never be too big. He uses about
35 pounds for 4 sets of 15 reps per arm.
For his fourth and final exercise, Armin finishes off with 3 or 4 sets of bent-over dumbell
raises. To really isolate the rear delts and reduce the stress on his lower back, Armin performs
the movement lying facedown on a 30-degree incline bench. Over the years Armin has
discovered that his rear delts respond better to higher rep ranges so he keeps the reps in the 18-
to-20 range using 25- to 30-pound dumbells.
SCHOLZ’S SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3-4
10-12
Side Dumbell Laterals
3
*
12
One-Arm Cable Raises
3-4
15
686

3-4
18-20
*
 Drop sets
Photos of Armin Scholz by Robert Reiff
Jay Cutler
“Being a successful bodybuilder is all about being smart, not feeding your ego with such heavy
weight that you can’t feel the muscle you’re supposed to be working.”
– Jay Cutler, Mr. Olympia, commenting on what separates great bodybuilders from average
bodybuilders: intelligence.
In 2006 Jay Cutler did what many deemed impossible: he prevented Ronnie Coleman from
winning an unprecedented ninth consecutive Mr. Olympia title. With his four second-place
finishes to Coleman and a physique that improved with each passing year, many in the
bodybuilding world expected that the title would one day be his, but the win over Coleman was
still a shock when it came.
Given his chest and arm thickness it’s not surprising that Jay has had to work hard to keep
his shoulders in proportion. He has tried many training styles over the years but the one that

seems to yield the best results is pre-exhaustion. Pre-exhaustion involves doing an isolation
exercise for a particular muscle group and then following up with a compound exercise that
brings other fresh muscles into play.
Jay starts with that old-school side-delt builder: standing dumbell laterals. Jay does the
687

movement using both arms simultaneously rather than one arm at a time. Starting with the
dumbells by his sides he raises them outwards and upwards until his arms are parallel with the
floor. Any higher, he says, and you’ll be bringing in more of the traps. At all times he tries to
keep his elbows slightly bent. He starts with his palms facing his body and ends with them
facing the floor. He’ll first do 2 warmup sets of 15 to 20 reps and then 4 or 5 working sets of 6
to 12 reps.
With his shoulders now fully warmed up and pre-exhausted, Jay moves on to his second
exercise: seated dumbell raises. He keeps his hands facing to the front at all times and is
careful never to bounce at the bottom of the exercise. He’ll do one set with an 80-pound
dumbell and then 2 or 3 work sets, going up to 100- to 130-pound dumbells.
For his third exercise Jay bangs out 2 or 3 sets of alternate front raises. He doesn’t bother
to do warmup sets on this exercise, as his shoulders are fully warmed up from the previous

movements. He’s tried different hand positions over the years, but the one that feels the most
effective and comfortable is having his hands facing the floor at all times. A typical rep range
is 8 to 10.
To give his shoulders the complete look, Jay finishes off with bent-over dumbell raises.
Again he goes straight into the working sets without a warmup. Unlike some bodybuilders who
prefer to lie down on an incline bench, Jay does them standing but bent over at the midsection,
making sure his back is arched. He’ll typically perform 2 or 3 sets of 8 to 10 reps.
CUTLER’S SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4-5
6-12
Seated Dumbell Presses
2-3
5-8
Alternating Front Raises
2-3
8-10
2-3
8-10
688

Jay works hard to keep his shoulders in proportion to his arms and chest.
690

Photo of Jay Cutler by David Paul
“In his first weeks of serious lifting he gained an average of two pounds of muscle every day.
This makes him one of the easiest gainers ever reported in the history of bodybuilding.”
– Ron Harris, 
 contributor, commenting on the awesome genetic
potential of IFBB pro Dennis James.
When he burst on to the pro bodybuilding scene in 2000/2001, few had ever heard of the 5‘8”
260-pound Dennis James. It didn’t take Dennis long, however, to make his mark. After several
top-five finishes, he won the 2001 Hungary Grand Prix, then followed that up with a second at
the Australian Grand Prix and a third at the Arnold Classic. With training and nutrition advice
from Milos Sarcev, Dennis has now had numerous top-10 finishes in over 75 pro contests.
Photo of Dennis James by Robert Kennedy
While densely packed with meaty muscle, Dennis’s shoulders are particularly impressive.

He usually begins his shoulder workouts with one-arm cable laterals. Dennis got the idea for
this exercise from watching six-time Mr. Olympia Dorian Yates train. Like Yates, Dennis likes
to do the exercise behind his back rather than to the front. He finds that the standard front
version brings too much of his front shoulders into play. He wants to isolate his side shoulders
as much as possible. During a typical workout he’ll do 4 sets of 8 to 12 reps.
691

Next up is seated dumbell presses. Unlike many bodybuilders, who try to hoist up as much
weight as possible without any thought to proper form, Dennis maintains immaculate form on
this exercise. He does this to effectively stimulate his front and side shoulders as well as reduce
the risk of developing a shoulder injury. As with cable raises, Dennis will do 4 sets of 8 to 12
reps. I should add that during the pre-contest season, when he’s lower in bodyweight and more
susceptible to injury, Dennis substitutes machine presses for dumbell presses.
To bring in his traps, Dennis does 3 or 4 sets of upright rows using a narrow grip on an EZ-
curl bar. Unlike many bodybuilders, who stop the movement at mid-chest level, Dennis pulls
the bar all the way up to his chin.
For the fourth and final exercise, Dennis does 4 sets of bent-over cable laterals. As with
side cable laterals, Dennis prefers the feel of the cables to that of dumbells. He’ll stand between

the two pulley machines and grab the lower left handle with his right hand and the lower right
handle with his left hand. From here he’ll bend forward and pull the handles outwards and
upwards until his arms are parallel to the floor.
JAMES’ SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Side Cable Laterals
4
8-12
Dumbell or Machine Presses
4
8-12
3-4
8-12
Bent-Over Cable Laterals
4
8-12
“When I first saw pictures of Dorian in the magazines, he had a look of ruggedness and power
that I had never seen in a bodybuilder before. You just knew that he was incredibly strong. As
soon as I started to find out how he trained, my respect grew for him more. The way he pushed
himself beyond normal limits of pain and effort was even more impressive to me than his

physique. I resolved to model myself after him.”
– Markus Ruhl, mass monster and 2002 New York Night of Champions winner, commenting on
England’s Dorian Yates – the main inspiration for his training style.
It’s not surprising that a guy who modeled his training after Dorian Yates would sport the
degree of rugged muscle mass that highlights Markus Ruhl’s physique. While he’ll never win
any awards for aesthetics, few bodybuilders thrill audiences as this German behemoth does.
Markus usually starts his shoulder training with a basic pressing movement, either
dumbell or front barbell. At one time in his career he did both during the same workout but now
that he has most of the mass he needs, he alternates between the two. A typical workout will see
692

him doing 10 to 12 working sets on the pressing exercise. Although he favors a higher volume
of work than his idol Dorian did, the last 4 to 6 sets might be done for just 4 or 5 reps, so it’s
not as extreme as it first sounds.
To add extra width to his already yard-wide shoulders, Markus moves on to one-arm side
laterals. Like most bodybuilders he spent years doing the two-arm version but on a whim one
day he tried the one-arm version and became hooked on the extra degree of concentration it
gave him in the side head of his shoulders. With his free arm braced on a power rack or Smith
machine, Markus performs 8 to 10 sets of 8 to 10 reps.
For his third exercise Markus likes to do front dumbell raises – again working one arm at a
time. Markus believes he neglected his front delts for many years, feeling that they received
adequate stimulation from all his chest exercises. But once his side shoulders began to
overpower his front shoulders he knew he’d need to modify his training. A typical day will see

Markus perform 6 to 8 sets for 8 to 10 reps.
Another favorite exercise on shoulder day is upright rows. Markus feels that this is one of
the most underrated of all shoulder exercises and is a great way to work both the side shoulders
and traps. Markus usually uses an EZ-curl bar as it places less stress on his wrist than a straight
bar. As his shoulders are starting to fatigue by this point, Markus usually limits the sets to 4 or
5, with reps in the 8-to-10 range.
To finish off his shoulder workout, Markus performs 6 to 8 sets of rear lateral raises. He
prefers the lying version to the standing version, as lying on the bench places less stress on his
lower back. Most days will see him work up to 45- to 60-pound dumbells for 8 to 10 reps.
693

RUHL’S SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Dumbell or Barbell Front Presses
10-15
4-10
One-Arm Side Laterals
8-10
8-10
4-5
8-10
6-8
8-10
694

Lee Priest
“Anyone who has weak shoulders would probably be better off training them first on a separate
day, maybe pairing them with biceps or triceps.”
– Lee Priest, top IFBB pro, offering advice to bodybuilders who find their shoulder
development lagging behind.
When you’re just 5‘4” and 220 pounds and competing against guys in the 280- to 300-pound
range, you need every single muscle developed to the max. Australia’s Lee Priest has
accomplished this and then some. His arms and legs are as large as those on guys a foot taller,
and his back and chest can hold their own with just about anyone. Then you have his shoulders.
Has there ever been a bodybuilder at such a diminutive height who sported such deltoid mass?
Lee’s shoulders had never been his best bodypart, but after nearly 25 years of training they now
give our pocket Hercules that yard-wide look.

Given the size of his arms, Lee realized his side deltoids needed the most size for purposes
of visual proportion. It’s for this reason that he usually begins his shoulder workout with side
dumbell raises. He starts with the dumbells in front of his thighs and lifts them to just above
shoulder level. To reduce the stress on his shoulder joint Lee keeps a slight bend at his elbows
at all times. Typically he does 5 sets of 8 to 12 reps.
Most bodybuilders at this point would move on to presses, but Lee realizes his rear delts
will garner him more points at contests than his front delts, so for his second exercise he moves
on to bent-over lateral raises. To begin, Lee grabs a set of dumbells and bends forward so his
torso is nearly parallel to the floor. From here he raises the dumbells outwards and upwards. To

keep the traps and rhomboids from taking over, Lee never allows his shoulder blades to touch.
696

Lee’s third shoulder exercise is a pressing movement. He’s not that fussy which one he
does, and therefore rotates barbell, dumbell, machine and Smith-machine presses on a regular
basis. A typical day will see Lee banging out 5 or 6 sets of 8 to 15 reps.
To finish off his shoulders, Lee will do 5 or 6 sets of dumbell shrugs. He prefers the
increased range of motion that dumbells provide. At one point Lee would go up to 200-pound
dumbells in this exercise, but now keeps the weight in the 120- to 150-pound range.
PRIEST’S SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
5
8-12
5
8-12
Front Presses
5-6
8-15
5
8-12
697

“I like cables for isolation and getting a very deep pump in the muscle, but my own experience
has shown that dumbells are better for me in the off-season.”
– Quincy Taylor, IFBB pro, comparing the effectiveness of cable laterals to dumbells for
adding mass to his shoulders.
At nearly 300 pounds in contest shape, Quincy Taylor is an imposing sight. He’s one of the few
men on the pro circuit who can stand next to such guys as Jay Cutler, Ronnie Coleman and
Victor Martinez and not look out of place. In fact big Quincy outweighs all three and towers
over them at 6‘4”. While picking a “best bodypart” on the Taylor physique is difficult, his
shoulders ooze special quality.
A typical Taylor shoulder workout will start with side lateral raises. Although he’ll
occasionally do cable laterals during the pre-contest season, most of his off-season training is

done with dumbells. Quincy is quick to point out that he alternates both the exercises and their
order – the following is but one shoulder routine in his arsenal. Quincy will alternate one- and
two-arm laterals depending on how he’s feeling that day. He typically does 3 sets of 8 to 10
reps using 50 to 60 pounds.
Quincy’s second exercise is often a pressing movement – usually the Smith machine.
Quincy adds that no matter which pressing exercise he does, he’ll press to the front. Behind-
the-head presses are murder on the rotator cuff, he adds. Quincy is especially strong on this
exercise, going up to 315 pounds for 3 sets of 8 to 12 reps.
To finish off his side shoulders and bring in his traps, Quincy does 3 sets of barbell upright
rows. Like most bodybuilders Quincy takes a medium-width grip and pulls the bar up to his

clavicles. Again the reps are in the 8 to 12 range.
For his fourth and final exercise, Quincy does bent-over laterals using dumbells or cables,
or uses a rear-delt machine. He uses such variety because, unlike his side shoulders, which
always responded to dumbells, he’s had more difficulty bringing his rear shoulders up. He
usually does 3 sets of 10 to 12 reps.
TAYLOR’S SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
8-10
Smith-Machine Presses
3
8-12
Barbell Upright Rows
3
8-12
   or Rear-Delt Machine
3
10-12
698

“When I did an honest assessment of my genetics I realized that I am not structurally broad.
Therefore I felt I had to prioritize my shoulders to create as much muscular width as possible.”
– Mark Dugdale, new IFBB pro, commenting on how being honest with one’s self can lead to
positive results.
As if guys like Jay Cutler and Ronnie Coleman didn’t have enough to worry about, along comes
Mark Dugdale. Packing an incredible 220 pounds on a 5‘6” frame, Mark is proportionally one
of the thickest competitors on the pro circuit. He’s also one of the most symmetrical and
balanced.
One of Mark’s most impressive bodyparts is his shoulders. Round, full and striated, each
coconut is the envy of his opponents everywhere.
Mark’s approach to shoulder training is a little different than most, in that he tends to
superset a lot of his deltoid exercises with trap exercises. His first superset combo is likely to

be standing Hammer Strength shrugs and seated side laterals. He’ll do one warmup set of each
and then two supersets of 6 to 12 reps.
699

His next superset consists of seated barbell raises and seated dumbell shrugs. The seated
shrugs are probably self-explanatory, but the front barbell raises may be new to many readers.
He starts by placing a barbell on his thighs and grabbing it with a palms-up, shoulder-width
grip (as if doing a barbell curl). From here he lifts the bar in an arc until it’s above his
forehead. He then lowers it slowly to just short of touching his thighs. Again he keeps the reps
in the 6-to-12 range.
Mark’s next two exercises are done as straight sets. For front presses he prefers a machine
to free weights. The machine at his gym goes straight up as opposed to having a backward arc.
The machines with a backward movement, says Mark, threaten to damage your rotator cuff.
He’ll do 2 sets of 6 to 12 reps.
For his fourth and final exercise, Mark bangs out 2 sets of 6 to 12 reps of reverse pec-deck
flyes. Mark adds that you have to really concentrate on pulling with the rear delts and not the

lats on this exercise. The body tends to get lazy and tries to use the larger back muscles to pull
the handles.
DUGDALE’S SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Hammer Strength Shrugs (superset with) Side
Laterals
2
6-12
Front Barbell Raises (superset with) Seated
2
6-12
2
6-12
2
6-12
700

“I’ve always been a big fan of the seated dumbell press and I always keep things simple. I don’t
move or twist my hands during the movement. I’ve seen too many guys blow out their shoulders,
so I’m not taking any unnecessary risks.”
– Will Harris, IFBB pro, talking about how strict form is essential during pressing exercises.
Despite the hundreds of pounds of beef that make up Will Harris’ physique, three bodyparts
immediately jump out at you: First he has a tight, rock-hard midsection that most lightweights
would kill for. Then there’s his back, which can easily hold its own with such top guns as Jay
Cutler and Ronnie Coleman. Finally, his shoulders give his physique that coveted yard-wide
look.
It’s not surprising that Will likes to train his shoulders using basic movements. You won’t
find a lot of cable or fluffy exercises in the Harris shoulder workout. His first exercise is

look.
invariably seated dumbell or Hammer Strength presses. Regardless of which exercise he does,
Will uses relatively high reps. He finds that higher reps not only give his shoulders a better
workout, but the lighter weight he’s forced to use greatly reduces the stress on his shoulder
joints. Will typically does 3 or 4 sets of 12 to 20 reps.
For his second exercise Will does standing dumbell laterals for his side shoulders.
Although there are different versions of this exercise, Will finds dumbells give him the desired
feeling in his side delts. To keep the stress on his side shoulders and not his front shoulders or
traps, Will lifts the dumbells just to shoulder height and tries to keep his elbows as the highest
point at all times. He does 3 to 5 sets of 12 to 20 reps.

To finish off those contest-winning monsters of his, Will does 3 or 4 sets of 12 to 20 reps
of either reverse pec-deck flyes or bent-over dumbell raises. If using the pec-deck he pulls his
arms back until they are in line with his body. Any further, he says, and the traps and lats take
over.
Will prefers bent-over laterals to lying rear laterals. He is careful not to swing his body or
pull with his lower back.
HARRIS’ SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Dumbell or Hammer Strength Presses
3-4
12-20
3-5
12-20
Reverse Pec-Deck or Bent-Over Laterals
3-4
12-20
701

History records that Jay Cutler successfully defended his Mr. Olympia title in 2007, but it
wasn’t a free ride. Hot on his heels was Victor Martinez. With his convincing win at the 2007
Arnold Classic, Victor was one of the favorites going into Las Vegas, and he didn’t disappoint.
Carrying 250 pounds of striated beef on a 5‘9” frame, Victor was one of the thickest yet best-
proportioned bodybuilders onstage at the Olympia, and he pushed Cutler to the limit. Most
bodybuilding experts feel the sport’s grandest prize will be his some day.
Photo of Victor Martinez
As expected of an Arnold Classic winner, Victor’s shoulders are a sight to behold. All
three heads are fully developed and help give his upper body a supreme V-taper. Besides his
shoulder mass, Victor is proud of the fact that his deltoids have the same separation and quality
as a light or middleweight. He achieved this result by training intelligently. Unlike most

bodybuilders, who have oversized front shoulders from beginning their shoulder training with
front presses, Victor always starts his shoulder workout with rear delts. He’ll typically do 4 or 5
sets of either bent-over cable or dumbell raises. If using dumbells he’ll start with the 40s for 1
set of 10 to 12 and then do 3 or 4 sets of 10 to 12 reps using the 60s.
Next up is side dumbell laterals. Victor finds that by bringing the dumbells up from beside
his body, rather than in front, he can keep stricter exercise form. He typically does 3 or 4 sets of
10 to 12 reps using 50- to 70-pound dumbells.
702

Exercise number three is either dumbell or barbell presses. At one point he did behind-the-
head presses, but he gave up the exercise when he started feeling twinges in his rotator cuffs. If
he uses dumbells he’ll work up to a pair of 140s. Barbell presses usually see Victor maxing out
at anywhere from 275 to 315 pounds. In either case it’s 3 or 4 sets of 10 to 12 reps.
To finish off his Olympia-level shoulders, Victor does either front raises or upright rows.
He primarily does the uprights for his side shoulders, so he uses a shoulder-width grip. If it’s a
relatively light day he’ll use a straight bar on the uprights, but on heavy days he’ll use an EZ-
curl bar as it’s easier on his wrists. Again he does 3 or 4 sets of 10 to 12 reps.
MARTINEZ’S SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4-5
10-12
3-4
10-12
Dumbell or Barbell Presses
3-4
10-12
Shoulder-Width Grip Upright Rows
3-4
10-12
703

“
T
CHAPTER 80
Quad and Hamstring Training
“Hamstring strength and flexibility are not only crucial in the size and shape
of the rear portion of your upper leg, they also assist in the development of
your quadriceps and lower back, and contribute to any type of movement that
is performed while you are on your feet.”
– John S. Comereski, 
As almost any bodybuilder will admit, even those who loathe and fear the exercise,
squatting is the best way to develop large muscular thighs. Squats, squats and more squats
have been the main mass-building leg exercise for bodybuilding champions for the past 75
years.”
 contributor, commenting on the importance of
squatting for leg building.
hose who follow boxing have no doubt heard announcers saying how a certain boxer lost
because “his legs gave out.” And just where would soccer or hockey players be without
great leg development?

Most sports require great leg strength and power, and bodybuilding is no different. In fact,
not only must your legs be strong but they must also be well developed and proportionate to the
rest of your body. Nothing in bodybuilding looks as dumb as a 50-inch chest and set of 20-inch
arms teetering about on a set of 23-inch quads.
When I released my bestselling book 
Hardcore Bodybuilding
 back in the early 1980s, I
could have selected any photo from my archive of hundreds of thousands. Instead of using a
great chest shot or double biceps pose, I chose a mind-blowing photo of Tom Platz doing a leg
pose. Even by today’s standards Tom is considered to have the greatest set of legs in
bodybuilding history. From his massive quads to steel-chord hamstrings to balloon-sized

calves, Tom’s legs were the envy of millions. Today such bodybuilders as Ronnie Coleman, Jay
Cutler, Mustafa Mohammad, Paco Bautista and Branch Warren set the standard for leg
development.
ANATOMY
“You must first separate your quad training from your hamstring training. When training the
quads and hamstrings together, most lifters put most of their energy into their quad training.
They are just going through the motions by the time they get to their hamstrings.”
– Rahim Kassam, 
 columnist, answering a reader’s question on how to
bring up his lagging hamstrings.
704

The legs consist of three primary muscle groups. The largest is the four-headed quadriceps that
runs from the pelvis to the knee. The quads are the “triceps” of the lower body and as such are
extensors. Their primary function is to extend the lower leg at the knee joint, but they also play
a role in hip flexion. The hamstrings can be considered the leg version of the biceps and in fact
are often referred to as the leg biceps. Their function is to flex, or bend, the leg at the knee
joint, drawing the lower leg toward the upper leg. The alternating of quad and hamstring
relaxing and contracting allows for such movements as walking, running and climbing stairs.
The calf is made up of two muscles: the gastrocnemius is the diamond-shaped muscle
located at the back of the lower leg. The soleus is located underneath the gastrocnemius. Both
these muscles are used to extend the foot at the ankle joint. Ballet dancers and gymnasts

usually have great calves because of the amount of time they spend on their toes. Since most
bodybuilders treat their calves as a separate entity all their own, I’m going to devote an entire
chapter to them later in the book.
LEG TRAINING
Unlike the upper body, for which most bodybuilders train the larger muscles separately, the
vast majority of pro bodybuilders train the quads and hamstrings during the same workout. As
time goes on you may want to split them up, especially if you notice your quads starting to
overshadow your hamstrings.
Most bodybuilders begin leg training with the quads, as they require the most energy. You
may want to train hamstrings first if you notice them lagging behind.
705

Training the hamstring is limited to two primary exercises: leg curls and stiff-leg deadlifts.
Photo of Michael Francois by Irvin Gelb
By far the best all-round leg exercise is the barbell squat. Although leg presses are a good
substitute in some cases (more on this later), squats have built more championship legs than
any other exercise. It’s safe to say that every top bodybuilder over the past 50 years has spent
thousands of hours at the squat rack.
Having said all that, there may be cases where you should limit or avoid squats altogether.
For starters, squats tend to place tremendous stress on the lower back. Now, lower-back
strength should keep pace with your quad development, provided you gradually increase the
weight. But if you have lower-back problems or make a sudden jump in weight, your legs may
be capable of handling it but your back probably won’t. Likewise if you injure your lower back
by some other means, squats may only prolong the healing process or aggravate it further.

Then there are the knees to consider. Again, knee problems shouldn’t come from squatting
if you gradually increase the weight over the years. But knee injuries take place for many
reasons, and if you have bad knees you should probably not do squats – at least not heavy
squats.
Another reason to cut back on squats is proportion. Squats are a terrific quad builder, but
they’ll also build a powerful set of glutes. You do need some glute size to balance out your
lower body, but if you start getting a butt that would do J-Lo proud, either narrow your stance
when doing squats (so most of the stress shifts to the center/outer quads) or avoid them
altogether, at least for awhile. You will also find that if squats are your main leg builder your
quads will eventually out-pace your hamstrings, so sometimes you may want to take a break

from squats to bring your legs into balance.
707

Unless you have one of these issues, I can’t emphasize enough the value of squats to your
bodybuilding workouts. They’ll not only build you a powerful set of legs, but they’ll even help
you gain muscle on your upper body. There are two reasons for this. For one, you’ll need to
contract every muscle in your upper body just to support the barbell on your shoulders. And it
won’t be long before you’ll be easily squatting with 300+ pounds on your shoulders. The
second reason is not fully understood, but because squatting is such a challenging exercise for
so many large muscle groups it makes the body release extra growth hormone, which helps
increase the size of all your muscles. So get thee to thy squat rack!
The other primary quad exercise is the leg press, which, while not quite as effective as the
squat, is a close second. The advantages of leg press over squat are that you can alter your foot
position on the platform and thus have more control over the angle of stimulation, protect your

knees and avoid glute involvement. For these reasons leg presses make a good substitute for
those who have pre-existing lower-back or knee problems or wish to reduce the amount of glute
Without repeating the exercise description found later in the book, I must stress an
important point about leg presses. Within a few months you’ll be using a few hundred pounds
on the leg press, and after a year or so you’ll likely be capable of moving 500+ pounds. The last
thing you want to do with this amount of weight is slam the legs into a locked-out position.
There is a great risk of hyperextending the legs at the knee joint if you do this. I suggest doing
the exercise in a three-quarters style, where you lower the weight until you have an 80- to 90-

degree angle between the upper and lower legs, and then extend upward to just short of a
lockout.
Besides squats and leg presses, two other quad exercises performed by most bodybuilders
are leg extensions and hack squats. Leg extensions are great for total isolation, while hack
squats put a nice sweep to the outer quads. Both exercises play a major role in separating the
four heads in the months leading up to a contest.
Unlike most muscle groups, for which you literally have dozens of exercises to choose
from, training the hamstrings is limited to two primary exercises: leg curls and stiff-leg
deadlifts. For this reason you must make frequent use of the advanced training techniques
discussed earlier in the book.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

While warming up is recommended for all muscle groups, it’s an absolute must before leg
training. You don’t just walk in off the street and start doing 300-pound squats or 500-pound
leg presses. If you’re working up to, say, 315 pounds on the squat, perform 15 to 20 reps with
just the bar, and then go 135, 225, 275 and then 315. These are suggested weights and you will
need to modify the weight to suit your own strength levels. The bottom line is that one set of
135 pounds before your work sets is not a warmup; it’s an accident waiting to happen. Not only
the leg muscles are at risk. The knees and lower back play a huge role in stabilizing and moving
that weight. Both must be warmed up as well. All it takes is a few minutes of your time to
enjoy a lifetime of injury-free leg training.
BEST QUADRICEPS EXERCISES
Squats
708

Lunges
BEST HAMSTRING EXERCISES
Seated leg curls
Standing leg curls
Back extensions
Photo of Ronnie Coleman by Irvin Gelb
With his record-tying run of eight Mr. Olympia wins, Ronnie Coleman has secured his place in
bodybuilding history. When you talk about the greatest bodybuilders ever, Ronnie’s name has
709

to be in the top few.
Ronnie continued the trend of ever-heavier Mr. Olympia winners. It started with Sergio
Oliva at 230, Arnold at 240, Lee Haney at 250, Dorian Yates at 260, and finally Coleman’s 280
to 290. With Jay Cutler also weighing in the 280+ range it’s only a matter of time before we see
the first 300-pounder hoisting the coveted Sandow statue.
Ronnie’s success was built on his overall size and balance. At his best the man had no
weakness. Although Ronnie’s back and arms tend to receive the most attention, his legs are also
among the best in bodybuilding history. They are huge and crisscrossed with splits and cuts. As
you might expect, Ronnie has performed just about every leg exercise and training combination
over the years, and the following routine is but one of the many he used during his Mr. Olympia
run.
A typical leg workout would see Ronnie start with the king of leg exercises: squats. Ronnie
would usually pyramid up in weight from 135 to over 500 and even up to 800 pounds. It’s

run.
difficult to nail Ronnie down on rep ranges, but he probably did sets of 12 most often.
With his basic power movement out of the way, Ronnie would move on to hack squats.
Again he would pyramid up in weight from four to five to six plates or more per side. Again he
favored sets of 12 reps.
Until Ronnie, many bodybuilders considered lunges a sissy exercise. One look at Ronnie’s
legs convinced them otherwise. Ronnie typically did 3 to 5 sets of walking lunges using from
135 to 185 pounds and lunging a distance of about 100 yards per leg.
After murdering his quads, Ronnie moves on to hamstrings. One of his favorite routines is
to superset lying with seated leg curls. A typical day would see him do 4 or 5 such supersets.
COLEMAN’S QUAD WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
4-5
12
4-5
12
Walking Lunges
3-5
100 yds

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
4-5
12
4-5
12
3-5
100 yds
COLEMAN’S HAMSTRING WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Lying Leg Curls (superset with) Seated Leg Curls
4-5
12
710

Ronnie’s superior quads and hamstrings helped him achieve his eight Mr. Olympia titles.
711

Quincy always fully warms up his thighs because of the heavy weight he uses on basic mass exercises.
712

One of the problems faced by tall bodybuilders is managing to keep their legs in proportion to
their upper bodies. Ironically for 6‘4” Quincy Taylor, his legs have always been one of his best
bodyparts despite having 300 pounds of beef spread over his frame.
Given the weight he uses on basic mass exercises such as squats and leg presses, Quincy
likes to fully warm up his quads with leg extensions before beginning. During a typical workout
he’ll do four good warmup sets of leg extensions. Although the reps may vary, he generally
does 10 to 12 reps per set.
With his quads now warmed up it’s on to his first compound exercise: leg presses. There’s
no need to list the weight he uses here. Suffice it to say that he might as well be pressing a
small car. During a typical workout he’ll blast out 4 excruciating sets of 8 to 10 reps.
Next up is 4 sets of Smith-machine squats. While he’ll occasionally perform barbell

squats, Quincy finds the Smith machine better for isolating his quads and reducing the stress on
his lower back. It also allows him to position his feet in such a way that his glutes are not as
heavily involved.
During the pre-contest season Quincy will go back to the leg extension and do another 8
sets of 10 to 12 reps. Yes, you read that correctly – 8 sets! Is it any wonder that his wheels are
among the most striated and separated on the pro circuit?
With his quads annihilated Quincy moves on to inflict the same degree of punishment on
his hamstrings. He usually starts with stiff-leg deadlifts. When doing this exercise Quincy pays
strict attention to technique. It’s very easy to get carried away and pull with the lower back
rather than forcing the hamstrings to do most of the lifting. He typically does 4 sets of 15 to 20
reps.

reps.
Next up: 4 sets of lying leg curls. Again strict style is important and Quincy makes sure
not to throw his butt into the air or pull with his arms. As he considers this his basic power
movement for hamstrings he’ll go as heavy as possible for 10 to 12 reps.
713

Photos of Quincy Taylor by Jason Mathas
To finish off his hamstrings Quincy will do 4 sets of either seated or standing leg curls. On
some days he’ll superset the two together for 4 sets of 10 to 12 reps.
TAYLOR’S QUAD WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4
10-12
4
8-10
Smith-Machine Squats
4
8-10
Leg Extensions (pre-contest)
8
10-12
TAYLOR’S HAMSTRING WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4
15-20
4
10-12
714

Seated or Standing Leg Curls
4
10-12
Lee Priest
“Leg days were the worst you could imagine. He would have us do supersets, giant sets, high
reps, forced reps, anything to inflict more pain. After this hellish workout he would expect me
to be lying on the floor moaning for an hour. Instead I would act exhausted for a minute and
then start doing a little dance. That used to drive him nuts.”
– Lee Priest, top pro bodybuilder, describing what a leg day was like when training with Tom
Platz.
Despite his 5‘4” height, Australia’s Blond Myth, Lee Priest, is not afraid to mix it up onstage
with the “big boys.” Why would he be intimidated? At 220 pounds he packs more muscle mass
on his frame than just about any bodybuilder in history. While famous for his over-22-inch
arms, Lee’s legs are among the best on bodybuilding stages these days as well.
Of course Lee’s workouts change often, so the following is just a sample of the exercises
he has used over the years to pack mass on his quads.

Lee often starts his quad training with leg extensions. They serve to warm up and pre-
exhaust his quads, so he doesn’t need to go as heavy on leg presses and squats. A typical day
will see Lee perform 4 or 5 sets of 15 to 20 reps of leg extensions.
With his legs now fully warmed up, Lee moves on to his second exercise – often squats.
Over the years Lee has discovered that his legs respond both to heavy weight for low reps and
lighter weight for high reps. At one time he squatted 800 pounds for 3 reps and has banged out
an incredible 30 reps with 405 pounds. Unlike many bodybuilders, Lee will occasionally
substitute Smith-machine squats for barbell squats. One thing is for sure though, whether
barbell or Smith machine, Lee comes from the old school regarding depth and tries to squat
down until his butt is just short of the floor.

Another favorite mass-builder for Lee is leg presses on the vertical press machine. Lee got
inspired to do vertical leg presses from looking at old photos of Arnold, Dave Draper and
Franco Columbu doing the exercise at the old Gold’s Gym in Venice Beach, California.
715

Photo of Lee Priest
After squats or leg presses, Lee likes to finish off his quads with hack squats. Lee credits
this exercise with putting the most sweep on his outer quads over the years. Although at one
time he could work up to 1,000 pounds on hack squats, these days he usually does 4 or 5 sets of
10 to 12 reps using between 315 and 495 pounds.
PRIEST’S QUAD WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4-5
15-20
4-5
3-30
4-5
10-12
716

To develop and maintain his famous legs, Lee changes his quad exercises fairly often.
Photos of Lee Priest by Paul Buceta
717

Jay Cutler
“I remember trying to squat 135 and not being able to budge it, though I already weighed about
180.”
– Jay Cutler, multi-Mr. Olympia winner, telling an interviewer about his early days at the gym.
When he dethroned Ronnie Coleman from the Mr. Olympia perch in 2006, many in the
audience said that sure he was the best that day, but look out next year. Ronnie will be back.
Well Ronnie did come back, but so did Jay – bigger and harder than ever. The end result was a
second Mr. Olympia title for Jay and fourth place for Ronnie. With his second Mr. Olympia
title, Jay proved it was no fluke and he cemented himself as the number one bodybuilder in the
world.
What gives Jay the nod over his closest rivals is his completeness. From head to toe you’ll
see nothing but Grade A beef. And speaking of beef, you need look no further than Jay’s quads
to see what I’m talking about. Not since Tom Platz has the Mr. Olympia stage witnessed such a
pair of striated quads.

Jay attributes much of his quad development to his early years watching a local
bodybuilder named Rich Warfield training legs. Rich had huge legs and spent a considerable
amount of time at the squat rack. Although he had done various machine exercises, it wasn’t
until he began squatting that Jay’s legs began to grow. It wasn’t long before the days of
struggling with one 45-pound plate per side disappeared and he started loading up the bar with
six or seven plates instead.
Jay’s legs responded so well that he actually had to back off the heavy squats. He now
limits the weight to 400 pounds or less and does the exercise on an infrequent basis.
A typical Cutler quad workout nowadays starts with leg extensions. He doesn’t really
consider this exercise part of his workout and only does a couple of light sets to warm up his

joints and leg muscles. He usually keeps the weight at about 60 pounds and does two easy sets
of 15 to 20 reps.
With his quads and knees warmed up Jay moves on to his first power movement: leg
presses. He does 2 medium-weight sets for 12 to 15 reps and then moves on to 2 heavy sets for
7 to 10 reps. To maintain stress on his quads and not his knees, Jay never locks out at the top of
the exercise. Nor does he bounce at the bottom and use his knees as springs.
Jay’s second quad exercise is the hack squat. Jay finds this exercise is great for putting
that superior sweep on his outer quads. Unlike many bodybuilders who go only partway down
because they use too much weight, Jay has opted for quality over quantity. All his reps are rock
bottom. He does 3 sets of 6 to 8 reps.

To finish off his over-30-inch quads, Jay goes back to the leg extension machine. This
time the exercise is not a warmup, however, and these last 3 sets are done to absolute failure.
He also limits his rest period to 30 seconds or less to emphasize the burn and pumped feeling.
719

Photos of Jay Cutler by Irvin Gelb
CUTLER’S QUAD WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
2
15-20
4
12-15
3
6-8
3
10
720

“You have to get in the gym, hit your legs hard, and then get out and let them rest. If you don’t
you won’t have the energy to train as hard as you should.”
– Dexter Jackson, top IFBB pro, commenting on his approach to training legs.
When you ask the question who the top bodybuilders are in the world today, you are likely to
hear the names Ronnie Coleman and Jay Cutler. But if you modify the question and ask which
bodybuilder would you most like to look like, then more often than not the name mentioned is
Dexter “The Blade” Jackson.
Standing just 5‘6”, Dexter carries 230 pounds of prime beef into battle. And unlike some
of the 280-pounders in the sport, Dexter’s physique looks both functional and athletic. He
doesn’t have a bunched-up blocky look, and his waist resembles those of the bodybuilders of
old – small, tight, wasp-like … and ripped.
While picking a “best” bodypart on the Jackson physique is difficult, his legs deserve

special mention. When you have one of the best upper bodies in the business it only makes
sense to keep the wheels in proportion, and his is the perfect X-frame.
721

When it comes to training his quads, Dexter’s a traditionalist. You won’t find many exotic
machine exercises in his quad routine. He usually starts his quad workouts with barbell squats.
While he can handle some tremendous weight in this movement, he doesn’t jump right into his
top weight. He’ll do two warmup sets with 185 pounds and then 5 sets of 8 to 10 reps, working
up from 225 to 545 pounds.
For his second exercise, Dexter moves on to hack squats. Like most bodybuilders he finds
this exercise great for putting that wide sweep on his outer quads. He’ll typically do a warmup
set using 135 pounds and then pyramid up in weight from 225 to 405 pounds for sets of 10 reps.
Exercise number three is the seated leg extension. As his quads are warmed up by now, he
goes straight into his working sets, doing 4 sets of 10 reps using half, two-thirds, three-quarters
and the full stack.
To finish off his quads, Dexter adds in 3 sets of 15 to 20 reps (steps) of walking dumbell

lunges. The way Dexter looks at it, it doesn’t make sense to build muscle if it’s not functional.
JACKSON’S QUAD WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Barbell Squats
7
10
4
10
4
10
Walking Dumbell Lunges
3
20
*
*
 Number of steps per leg
When Will Harris decided he wanted to get serious about bodybuilding he realized that he’d
need to bring his legs up to the level of his upper body. Will was blessed with a unique ability
to add mass to his back, arms and delts almost by looking at weights. His legs, on the other
hand, continued to display a degree of stubbornness. Realizing that normal training techniques
just weren’t cutting it, Will adopted a high-rep training style for his leg workouts. Instead of
the usual 8 to 12 reps he was using with success for his other muscle groups, Will started doing

30 reps per set on all his leg exercises. His second-place finish at the 2007 Europa Super Show
demonstrates that Will’s philosophy has paid off.
Will typically begins his leg workouts with leg extensions. He likes the intense burn that
leg extensions give his quads. He also believes that leg extensions are probably the best
warmup exercise for the quads and one of the primary reasons he has never had a serious leg
injury over the years. Will normally does 4 sets of 30 reps of leg extensions. As you can
imagine his quads are literally exploding with pain by the time he reaches those last couple of
reps.
Exercise number two for big Will is the 45-degree leg press. Again it’s 4 sets of 30 reps,
but don’t be misled into thinking that these are light sets or half-rep sets. He brings his knees
722

down until they touch his chest. He also uses considerable weight, starting with six 45-pound
plates per side and working up to 10 to 14 plates per side.
To really kill his quads, Will finishes off with three sets of bodyweight squats. As his
quads are pretty well spent from the two previous exercises, Will finds that he doesn’t need to
use a barbell. He’ll typically go to failure, which on many days is upwards of 100 reps per set.
For those who consider this a wussy exercise, Will challenges you to give them a try and just
see how your quads will howl with pain!
Will’s hamstring workouts are very similar to his quad training: high-rep sets in the 20-to-
30 range. He starts with lying leg curls. The key to this, says Will, is to not throw your butt up
into the air. This not only cheats the hamstrings out of getting the maximum stimulation, but
also puts stress on the lower back. He’ll typically do 3 or 4 sets of 20 to 30 reps.

Hamstring exercise number two is the Hammer Strength seated leg curl – 3 or 4 sets of 20
to 30 reps.
Will finishes his hamstrings in the same manner as his quads, with a bodyweight-only
exercise. In this case it’s lunges (which actually work all the muscles of the leg, plus the
glutes). Will prefers to step back as opposed to forward, but the finished position is the same.
He’ll go to failure on one leg and then switch legs. Once again it could be 50 reps or a hundred.
It all depends on the day.
HARRIS’ QUAD WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4-5
30
723

45-Degree Leg Presses
4
30
Bodyweight Squats
3
failure
HARRIS’ HAMSTRING WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3-4
20-30
3-4
20-30
Bodyweight Lunges
3
failure
724

“
I
CHAPTER 81
Calf Training
“My dad was wearing shorts and I noticed that he had the exact same calves
as mine, and you think my dad ever trained them? Not a single day in his
life!”
– Stan McQuay, 2006 NPC light heavyweight champion, commenting on the secret to his
great calves – outstanding genetics.
The fact is, calves are difficult and stubborn and don’t often respond to the type of
training and basic exercises that other bodyparts do. That’s because calf development
depends largely on genetics. The good news is, genetics can mostly be bypassed – even
overridden – with the correct type of training.”
– Lori Grannis, regular 
f one word can be used to describe the calves, it’s stubborn. We often hear bodybuilders
complaining that despite the “blasting” they give their calves, they just refuse to grow. While
in some cases genetics are in fact the primary culprit, in most cases it’s the bodybuilders’

generous use of the word “blasting” that lies at the heart of the problem. Blasting does not
mean performing a few half-hearted sets at the end of the workout. Blasting means training
your calves like every other muscle group and then some. You’re doing 8, 10, 12 or more sets
each for your biceps and chest. Shouldn’t you treat the calves with the same diligence?
Unfortunately most bodybuilders don’t. After a few months of half-assed training they give up,
citing “poor genetics” as the reason for the poor calf development.
Sure there are exceptions. I’m sure you’ve seen guys with monster calves who never did a
calf raise in their lives. These genetically gifted wonders then have the audacity to say how
their mother or great-aunt has even bigger lower legs! The winner of the 1982 Mr. Olympia,

Chris Dickerson, owner of two of the greatest calves in bodybuilding history, was fond of
saying that his two brothers (Chris was one of a set of triplets) had calves nearly the same size
as he did, and yet neither worked out.
At the other extreme we find the genetically disadvantaged who do in fact spend years
blasting their calves with just about every exercise known, and still can’t get the little buggers
to stretch the tape to more than 15 or 16 inches.
So why is it that so many bodybuilders have poor to mediocre calves? Well for starters
you don’t know what pain is until you start training your calves properly. Like the thighs and
abdominals, calf training is downright agonizing. Training the calves might not fatigue you like
thigh training, but the little devils take a backseat to no one when it comes to misery. Many

bodybuilders are simply unwilling to put up with such pain – especially for what will probably
be a long period of training.
Another reason lies with their location. Unlike the biceps and pectorals, which are
displayed prominently for all to see, the calves are “way down there” and usually covered by a
725

pair of pants. Many bodybuilders just don’t want to devote that much time and effort in
developing a muscle that rarely gets seen.
The calf muscles don’t always respond to basic training – monster calves require the correct exercises and focused
effort.
A third reason can be blamed on ego. When people know that you work out they’ll often
ask you to “show me your muscles.” Now, you don’t pull up your pants leg and flex a calf; you
hit a double biceps. No matter how big and impressive your calves, they’ll never be considered
“muscles” by the general population. Though a great set of calves will make bodybuilders the
envy of their gym buddies and hold them in great esteem by the judges, the fact remains that
bodybuilders would sooner spend most of their time working the big showy muscles like the
chest and arms.
A final reason relates to what I mentioned earlier. Unless you’re that naturally blessed one
in a million, odds are you’re going to have to work hard – very hard – to get your calves to

respond. The calves are among the most stubborn muscles when it comes to growth. You may
spend months if not years doing standing and seated calf raises with little observable growth.
Conversely, some of the other muscle groups such as your chest, back or thighs may start
shaping up in weeks. The bottom line is that you must – absolutely must – work your calves if
you hope to do well in any contest these days.
ANATOMY
The calf is made up of two muscles: the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The bulk of the calf is
726

made up of the gastrocnemius, the large heart- or diamond-shaped muscle at the rear of the
lower leg. The primary function of the gastrocnemius is to flex the foot at the ankle and raise
you onto your toes when your legs are straight.
The other main part of the calf is the soleus, a broad but flat muscle that connects to the
Achilles tendon. This muscle is located partially underneath and partially below the
gastrocnemius. The soleus also flexes the foot at the ankle joint, but plays a bigger role when
the knees are bent.
727

When working his calves with donkey calf raises, Arnold routinely had more than one person sit across his back.
728

Photo of Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bill Grant and Franco Columbu by Art Zeller
TRAINING
Yes, training the calves is both painful and tedious. But it’s also necessary and highly
rewarding – especially when other bodybuilders start admiring those diamond-shaped lower
legs of yours. If you need a lesson in determination look no further than Arnold
Schwarzenegger. When Arnold first started winning contests in Europe he usually had the
biggest upper body onstage. But then he began losing contests to smaller bodybuilders with
better proportions, including better calves. After watching his idol Reg Park training his calves
with 1,000+ pounds on the calf machine, Arnold changed his mindset and made calf training a
priority.
Calf training exercises generally fall into two types: standing and seated. Standing calf
exercises such as the standing calf raise machine primarily work the larger gastrocnemius
muscle and allow you to use hundreds of pounds of weight. Seated calf raises primarily work

the smaller soleus section of the calves, and will not take as much weight.
Besides machine raises, one of the best calf exercises is the donkey calf raise. Flip through
an old issue of 
 or 
Muscle Builder/Power
 and you might see Arnold
bent over, working calves with one or two people sitting across his back. While seldom seen in
gyms anymore because of the “look” of the exercise, you can’t dispute its effectiveness.
Besides using different exercises, you can also target different parts of the calf by turning
the toes in or out. You can also train calves in your socks or bare feet. The theory behind this is
that having the feet free of the constraints of a sneaker allows for a greater range of motion.
While this is true, keep in mind that you will need some ankle support when doing calf raises

with a couple of hundred pounds of weight. Also keep in mind that many gyms have policies
against going barefoot in their gyms (both for safety and hygiene reasons).
There’s no magic time to train your calves. Most bodybuilders work them after they train
thighs. You can do the same as long as your calves don’t start lagging behind your other
muscles. As soon as you notice your upper legs overshadowing your lower legs, revise your
training and either do calves first or switch them to a separate day. You may even want to
perform staggered sets – train between other muscle groups.
No matter which calf routine you follow you must train at least as hard as you do the other
muscle groups. You’ll also notice that traditional reps and sets (i.e. 3 to 4 sets of 8 to 12 reps)

don’t often yield results. Most bodybuilders find alternating high-rep (15 to 20) days and low-
rep (6 to 8) days to be the best approach.
THE BEST CALF EXERCISES
Standing calf raises and seated calf raises
Toe presses on leg-press machine
Calf raises on hack machine
Given the limited number of exercises for calf training, it’s not surprising that most of the top
pros follow similar routines. The following are a few sample calf workouts:
729

MARTINEZ’S CALF WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
15-20
3
15-20
Toe Presses on Leg-Press Machine
3
15-20
JACKSON’S CALF WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
15-20
3
15-20
CUTLER’S CALF WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
10-12
3
10-12
3
8-12
730

I
CHAPTER 82
Biceps and Triceps Training
“I knew after the 2003 USA that if I was going to come back and fulfill my
goal of winning in 2004 I was going to need to bring up my arms a bit more
and continue to improve my back.”
– Mark Dugdale, IFBB pro, as told to Larry Pepe
t’s safe to say the photo on the cover of Arnold Schwarzenegger’s book 
Education of a
Bodybuilder
 did more to inspire the 1980s generation of bodybuilders than any other. Even by
today’s standards, no one has been able to duplicate that single biceps pose performed by
Arnold on a California hilltop.
Building a bigger set of arms is probably the No. 1 goal of just about every bodybuilder.
Even if the arms are among the body’s smaller major muscles, there’s something highly
desirable about having a set of “hams” hanging from your shoulders.
While it’s true that two of the sport’s greatest Mr. Olympias, Dorian Yates and Lee Haney,
had average-sized arms (compared to their other muscle groups), most of the top bodybuilders

of the past 40 years have had outstanding arms. From Sergio Oliva and Arnold to Ronnie
Coleman and Jay Cutler, it seems bodybuilding’s greatest are synonymous with arm
ANATOMY
Perhaps the most ironic thing about the arms is that while the biceps get the most attention, it’s
the triceps that make up most of the upper arms’ mass. Furthermore, it’s the triceps that play
the biggest role in most sports. In a manner of speaking you can think of the arms as upper-
body legs. In fact human arms were at one point a second pair of legs, but became adapted for
other functions when our ancestors stood up on two legs years ago.
But the largest muscle in your leg – the quadriceps – just happens to correspond to the
largest muscle in your arms – the triceps. Both work to 
straighten, or extend, their respective

limbs. Likewise, both the legs and arms have biceps muscles (in the legs we call them the
hamstrings) for flexing the limbs.
While the arms and legs are virtually identical from an anatomical point of view, most
bodybuilders start their leg training with the quads but start their arm training with the biceps.
This doesn’t make a lot of sense, given the larger size of the triceps. If your goal is building the
largest pair of arms possible, you should train the triceps as hard as, if not harder than, the
biceps.
TRAINING
With the possible exception of the barbell bench press, by far the most popular exercise seen in
free-weight gyms is the standing barbell curl. There are numerous reasons for the popularity of
731

barbell curls. For starters it’s probably the best exercise for building the biceps. And any
exercise that builds the biceps is going to place very high on the popularity scale. Another
reason for the popularity of barbell curls is their simplicity. All you need is a barbell and a few
plates. No cables, pulleys or racks are needed. Finally, you can perform barbell curls just about
anywhere – in gyms, basements, even hotel rooms.
Besides barbells, bodybuilders use dumbells, cables and machines to work the biceps.
Dumbell curls are virtually as effective as barbell curls and have the advantage of placing less
stress on the wrists. Cables are great for pre-contest and keep the tension on the biceps for the
full range of motion (as opposed to barbells, where there is less tension on the biceps as the
forearm approaches the vertical). Machine curls are loved and hated. Take your pick. I usually
suggest giving them all a try and seeing how they feel. If you seem to be getting something out

of them, include them in your training.
As I stressed earlier, the real key to building large arms is triceps development. Unlike
biceps training, where the barbell curl is by far the most popular exercise, there doesn’t seem to
be one favorite movement for working the triceps. The most popular and effective are
variations of lying extensions, pushdowns and dips. I should stress that because the biceps and
triceps receive a great deal of stimulation when training the large torso muscles, you don’t need
to kill them when you work out. Chest and shoulder training is heavily dependent on the
triceps, and the biceps are given a great workout on most back exercises. For most bodybuilders
6 to 8 sets in total is probably sufficient. Even the top pro bodybuilders rarely go over 10 to 12

sets when they train their biceps and triceps.
BEST BICEPS EXERCISES
Barbell curls
Dumbell curls
Preacher curls
Cable curls
Incline curls
732

Machine curls
BEST TRICEPS EXERCISES
Lying barbell extensions
Lying dumbell extensions
Behind-head dumbell extensions
Kickbacks
Pushdowns
Narrow presses
Dips
Bench dips
Jay Cutler
“They always had good shape, but I knew they needed a lot more size to match.”
– Jay Cutler, commenting on probably the most sought-after goal in bodybuilding: larger arms!
When you’re trying to dethrone an eight-time Mr. Olympia who has two of the largest arms in
history, you need a decent pair of your own. Jay always had a great set of guns, but just didn’t
have the necessary mass to trade arm shots with Ronnie Coleman. One of the first things he did
was get his ego under control and not worry about how much he could curl. Now he goes for
733

quality and slightly higher reps.
Jay has a group of favorite biceps and triceps exercises that he picks from, but the
following usually make up the core of his arm workouts.
His first biceps exercise is usually preacher curls with a dumbell. He finds one-arm
preacher curls a great way to pre-exhaust his biceps and keeps him from getting too carried
away with heavier weight on the barbell curls. He’ll start with a couple of light warmup sets,
then a 35-pound dumbell for 15 reps and then two additional sets of 8 to 15 reps using a 45-
pound dumbell.
With his biceps now fully warmed up, Jay moves on to standing barbell curls. At one point
in his career he was using over 225 pounds on this exercise, but no longer. Now he’ll do one set
with just 75 pounds and then bring the weight up to 135 pounds and bang out 3 sets of 12 to 15
reps.
Next up our multi-Mr. Olympia winner moves on to standing alternating dumbell curls. He

reps.
certainly needs no warmup sets at this point and he launches right into 3 sets of 8 to 12 reps
using between 50- and 
60-pound dumbells. Like most bodybuilders, Jay supinates his hands as
he curls the dumbells.
For his fourth exercise Jay does 3 sets of cable curls. Besides keeping the tension on his
biceps throughout the full range of motion, Jay finds cable curls an excellent exercise for drop
sets or rest-pause. If doing rest-pause he’ll pick as heavy a weight as he can handle for 5 reps,
put it down and count to 5, and then pick it back up and try to squeeze out another 5 reps.
Jay ends his biceps onslaught with one-arm cable curls. With his free hand placed on his
hip for balance Jay squeezes every rep as hard as he can. Again it’s 3 sets of anywhere from 8
to 15 reps, depending on the mood he’s in.
TRICEPS

TRICEPS
For his first triceps exercise Jay likes to do one-arm cable pushdowns. This exercise serves the
same purpose as one-arm preacher curls for his biceps – it both warms up his triceps and pre-
exhausts them before the heavier compound exercises come later. Jay typically does 3 sets of
10 to 12 reps.
For his second exercise, Jay does 3 sets of 10 to 12 reps of straight-bar pushdowns. Unlike
most bodybuilders, who use a narrow, 6- to 8-inch grip on this exercise, Jay says his triceps
seem to get the most out of a shoulder-width grip.
Next up is two-arm behind-the-head dumbell extensions. Although many bodybuilders
consider dumbell triceps exercises more shaping than mass-building exercises, Jay disagrees.
This is not surprising given the 200+ pound dumbells he uses. Again it’s 3 sets of 10 to 12 reps.

Exercise number four is bodyweight dips. For those who question a Mr. Olympia using
just his bodyweight, remember that Jay weighs over 300 pounds in the off-season. As you can
imagine that’s plenty to stimulate his triceps after his previous sets. Jay typically does 3 sets of
Jay adds a fifth exercise to blast his triceps: close-grip barbell presses. It’s amazing to
think that after four exercises he’s still strong enough to use 250 pounds on this exercise, but
such is the power of those Cutler horseshoes!
734

CUTLER’S BICEPS WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
One-Arm Preacher Curls
5
8-15
3
8-15
3
8-15
3
8-15
One-Arm Cable Curls
3
8-12
CUTLER’S TRICEPS WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
One-Arm Cable Pushdowns
3
10-12
Wide-Grip Pushdowns
3
10-12
Two-Arm Dumbell Extensions
3
10-12
Bodyweight Dips
3
10-12
Close-Grip Bench Presses
3
10-12
Photo of Jay Cutler by Alex Ardenti
735

Melvin has amazing 21-inch guns, which he achieves with high-volume training.
736

Photo of Melvin Anthony by Jim Amentler
Photo of Melvin Anthony by Robert Reiff
737

Melvin Anthony
Since the 2000 New York Night of Champions, “Marvelous” Melvin Anthony has placed out of
the top 10 only twice in the dozens of IFBB pro contests he has entered. Along the way he won
the 2004 New York Night of Champions and came 2nd at both the 2008 Australian and New
Zealand Grand Prix. Over the years Melvin has developed a reputation for being one of the
sport’s greatest posers.
BICEPS
Melvin is one of the thickest competitors on the pro scene, carrying 240 to 245 pounds on his
5‘8” physique. Among his greatest attributes are his 21-inch arms.
In this age of heavy-duty or high-intensity training, Melvin is not one to shy away from
high volume. He typically does 25 to 30 sets for his biceps. Most would consider this
overtraining, but it works for him and in his mind, that’s all that counts. Melvin’s also a big fan
of supersets and he often performs six biceps exercises in three groups of two exercises each.
ANTHONY’S BICEPS WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Standing Barbell Curls (superset with) Dumbell
5
10
Standing Alternating Dumbell Curls (superset
with) Standing Straight-Bar Cable Curls
5
10
One-Arm Preacher Curls (superset with) Incline
5
10
738

“Bodybuilding is purely a visual sport anyway, so why would you even bother to exaggerate
any of that stuff?”
– Quincy Taylor, 2001 NPC champion and bodybuilding pro, responding to a reporter’s
question about other competitors exaggerating the size of their arms.
At 6‘4” and 330 pounds in contest shape, Quincy is another of those supersized pros favored to
win the coveted Mr. Olympia title some day. With arms that measure a genuine 22 inches,
Quincy is not afraid to trade front double biceps shots with guys like Ronnie Coleman and Jay
Cutler.
Quincy always tries to train his biceps and triceps at least two days before or after his
chest and back training, since the arm muscles are heavily stimulated by training chest and
back.
Quincy’s first biceps exercise is preacher curls using a straight bar. He typically starts
with a couple of warmup sets using 60 and 80 pounds for 12 reps, and then pyramids up in

back.
weight for four sets, going from 100 to 150 pounds. Quincy is quick to add that while he could
739

go heavier, he’s not one of those bodybuilders who rocks the weight up with body momentum.
Nothing but raw biceps power is where Quincy’s at.
His next exercise is alternating dumbell curls. Quincy prefers to do this exercise seated to
prevent body momentum. He also supinates his palms as he raises the dumbells. Quincy starts
with 2 sets of 12 reps using 50- and 60-pound dumbells and works up to 2 sets using 70s.
For his third exercise Quincy does a very seldom seen biceps exercise: biceps curls on a lat
pulldown machine. He learned this exercise from eight-time Mr. Olympia Lee Haney. Quincy
starts by leaning back on a preacher bench and grabbing the straight lat bar attachment with a
reverse (palms up) shoulder-width grip. He usually does 4 sets of 8 to 12 reps using a moderate
amount of weight.
Next up is overhead cable curls using the cable crossover machine. Quincy figured if Mr.
Biceps himself, Ronnie Coleman, does them, they must be good. 
The exercise looks similar to

the front double biceps pose except you hold on to a set of handles attached to the upper pulleys
on the crossover machine. Again it’s 4 sets of 8 to 12 reps.
To finish off his enormous biceps and to help fill in the gap between his biceps and
forearms, Quincy does 4 sets of dumbell hammer curls using 50- or 55-pound dumbells. This
exercise is one of the best for developing the brachialis muscle, and one look at Quincy’s and
you’ll see the proof.
TRICEPS
With biceps out of the way it’s on to triceps. Quincy’s first exercise is invariably skullcrushers.
While he rotates most of the other exercises on a regular basis, skullcrushers have always been
part of his triceps workouts. He prefers to do the movement on a flat bench. He starts with a 25-

pound plate on each side of the EZ-curl bar and does 15 slow, easy reps. He then puts a 45 on
each side and does a few more warmup sets. From here he does 4 work sets, going from 150 to
more than 200 pounds for 10 to 12 reps.
Next up it’s 3 sets of close-grip cable pushdowns. It’s not surprising that someone as
strong as Quincy needs to pin an extra 45-pound plate or two to the whole weight stack to keep
his reps in the 10-to-12 range. These are strict reps, too, with his elbows pinned close to his
sides.
Exercise number three takes just a flip of the wrist and a slighty wider grip as he bangs out
3 sets of reverse-grip pushdowns. Although the bar is harder to hold on to, Quincy still manages
to use some tremendous poundages on this exercise. Reps are still kept in the 10-to-12 range.

With three heavy movements out of the way, Quincy moves on to single-arm reverse
pushdowns. As he’s using his exercise to isolate his triceps, he doesn’t use near the same
amount of weight as for the previous cable exercises. He’s also careful to squeeze into a fully
locked-out position at the bottom of the exercise. Each arm gets 3 sets of 10 to 12 reps.
As if the four previous execises were not enough, Quincy adds in a fifth exercise – rope
pushdowns – to finish off his triceps. This is the one exercise where he often deviates from his
normal 10-to-12 rep range and often goes as high as 20 reps to really finish off his triceps with
a good pump.
740

TAYLOR’S BICEPS WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4
12
4
12
Lat-Machine Curls
4
8-12
Standing Cable Crossover Curls
4
8-12
Hammer Curls
4
12
TAYLOR’S TRICEPS WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
6-7
10-12
Close-Grip Pushdowns
3
10-12
Reverse Pushdowns
3
10-12
One-Arm Reverse Pushdowns
3
10-12
3
15-20
741

Currently with eight Mr. Olympia titles, Ronnie is inarguably one of history’s greatest bodybuilders.
“I’ve always had big arms. I hate to say it but they’ve been the easiest thing in the world for me
to build.”
- Ronnie Coleman, eight-time Mr. Olympia, telling 
 contributor Lori
Grannis how lucky he was in the arm-building department.
Although he didn’t win that coveted ninth-straight Mr. Olympia title, Ronnie Coleman is
undoubtedly one of the greatest bodybuilders in history. During his record-tying stretch of eight
Mr. Olympia titles, Ronnie had no equals. It’s also safe to say that Ronnie’s arms – particularly
his biceps – are among the greatest of all time. They rank right up there with Arnold
Schwarzenegger, Robby Robinson and Lee Priest.
Typical of most of the bodybuilders who refined their art during the 1990s, Ronnie favors
742

shorter, more intense workouts to the high-volume training style that was popular in the ’70s
and ’80s. His biceps workout is a perfect example. Ronnie has two workouts for his biceps,
each consisting of 3 exercises performed for 3 sets of 10 to 12 reps. Ronnie has experimented
with numerous rep ranges over the years but keeps coming back to the 10-to-12 range. He just
doesn’t find that lower rep ranges keep his biceps contracted long enough for adequate
stimulation.
COLEMAN’S BICEPS WORKOUT (A)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
10-12
3
10-12
Barbell Preacher Curls
3
10-12
COLEMAN’S BICEPS WORKOUT (B)
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Standing Barbell Curls or Barbell 21s
3
10-12
3
10-12
Low Narrow-Grip Cable Curls
3
10-12
743

Gustavo Badell
In a sport where huge arms are almost a must for popularity (two notable exceptions being
Dorian Yates and Lee Haney), Puerto Rico’s Gustavo Badell ranks right up there with such big-
gunned greats as Ronnie Coleman, Jay Cutler and Arnold.
Gustavo is definitely from the old school of high-volume training, as he averages four to
six exercises for his biceps and triceps, doing 4 sets per exercise.
As expected of someone who sports 21- to 22-inch arms, Gustavo begins most biceps
workouts with standing barbell curls. He usually uses a straight bar and holds it with a slightly
wider than shoulder-width grip. He normally does 4 sets of 8 to 10 reps working up to about
200 pounds.
To target his brachialis Gustavo usually makes standing alternating hammer curls his
second exercise. For variety he likes to change his foot stance. Although most bodybuilders

don’t find foot stance makes much difference on biceps exercises, Gustavo has discovered that
by changing his foot position he gets a different feel as he works his biceps. Again he does 4
sets of 8 to 10 reps.
For his third exercise Gustavo does 4 sets of seated alternating dumbell curls. Depending
on the day he may supinate his hands or keep them facing straight up at all times. One thing
he’s careful to do is not swing. He sees so many young bodybuilders cheating just to lift
heavier dumbells. It’s no wonder, he says, they’re not getting the results they want.
Next up is concentration curls. Gustavo prefers to do this in a standing bent-over position,
the version made famous by Arnold. Unlike most bodybuilders who alternate from side to side,
Gustavo does 4 complete sets with one arm before switching to the other arm.

By now most bodybuilders are in the shower or have moved on to another muscle group –
but not Mr. Badell. For his fifth exercise he does 4 sets of seated preacher curls using an EZ-
curl bar. For variety he alternates between a wide and narrow grip: “My training is never boring
and never dull,” he says.
To finish off his biceps, Gustavo does 4 sets of one-arm concentration curls. As this is his
final exercise, he tends to go lighter and perform higher reps – say 12 to 15.
TRICEPS
Gustavo almost always starts his triceps training with skullcrushers. Although other
bodybuilders like to do a lighter pumping exercise first, Gustavo prefers to go straight into his
primary mass-builder. He usually starts with two light sets of 20 to 30 reps and then adds a set

of 45-pound plates to the bar for another set of 15 to 20 reps. He then keeps adding weight and
decreasing the reps until he has two 45-pound plates on each side of the bar, at which time he
does 10 to 12 reps.
Gustavo is such a fan of skullcrushers that he makes his second exercise another version of
the same exercise – this time on an incline bench. As his triceps are fully warmed up by now,
he launches straight into 3 sets of 10 to 12 reps.
With his two basic mass-building exercises complete, Gustavo moves on to overhead rope
extensions as his third exercise. With the pulley wheel set in the top position, Gustavo leans
745

forward and extends the rope to an arms-locked-out position. While many bodybuilders flare
the rope ends apart at the end, Gustavo prefers to keep them together at all times. Over the
years he found that separating the rope ends limited the amount of weight he could use and
didn’t really add anything extra to the exercise. Typically he’ll do 3 sets of 10 to 12 reps.
For his fourth and final exercise, Gustavo bangs out 3 sets of 10 to 12 reps of rope
pushdowns. Again he does not flare the rope at the end.
BADELL’S TRICEPS WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
5
10-20
Incline Skullcrushers
3
10-12
Overhead Rope Extensions
3
10-12
3
10-12
Lee Priest
“Much of Lee Priest’s mystique stems from his spectacular arms. He stands just 5‘4” but by the
time he won three Mr. Australia titles, those gifted guns were already tapping out at the magic
number that separates the genetic have’s from the have-not’s in our sport: 20 inches.”

 contributor, commenting on the arms of top IFBB pro,
Lee Priest.
He’s called the Blond Myth and for good reason. Australia’s Lee Priest is one of the most
densely packed bodybuilders of all time. When he goes into battle he carries 220 heavily
striated pounds, topped off by a set of guns that measure upwards of 22 inches.
Given his superior genetics and love of training, it’s not surprising that Lee prefers the
high-volume approach to working out. You won’t catch him doing one of the late Mike
Mentzer’s one-set-to-failure workouts.
The first exercise in Lee’s biceps attack is that old standby: barbell curls. As Lee is fond of
saying, if it worked for Arnold, Oliva and most of the other greats in the past, why not him? On
most days he’ll do 5 sets of 6 to 8 reps, but if the energy and strength is there he’ll bang out 7

or 8 sets. Lee is exceptionally strong on this exercise and at one time could cheat curl 310
pounds. These days he keeps the weight in the 185- to 225-pound range. Although he tries to
maintain strict style, he’s not immune to adding a few cheat reps towards the end of his sets.
Next up for the Blond Myth is standing alternating dumbell curls. At his heaviest
bodyweight Lee can use 100-pound dumbells on this exercise, but most times he keeps the
weight in the 65- to 80-pound range and does 4 or 5 sets of 6 to 8 reps. Like most bodybuilders
Lee supinates his hands as he curls the dumbells upwards.
When you have upper arms as large as Lee’s it only makes sense to keep the forearms in
746

proportion. For this reason Lee usually makes reverse barbell curls his third exercise. He
prefers to use a straight bar on this exercise and uses a shoulder-width grip. He typically works
up to 120 to 150 pounds for 4 or 5 sets of 6 to 8 reps.
Exercise number four is likely to be standing cable curls. Lee calls them “crucifix curls,”
as that’s the position he’s in during the exercise – like Christ on the cross. Lee sets the pulley
wheels just slightly above his head and performs the movement as if doing a front double
biceps pose. He usually does 4 or 5 sets of 6 to 8 reps.
Lee’s fifth and final exercise (although he admits that sometimes he makes this his first
exercise) is standing cable curls. Whether warming up or finishing off his biceps, this is the one
exercise where Lee deviates from his normal 6 to 8 reps, preferring instead to go up to 15 reps
per set.
TRICEPS
Given the stress that his triceps and elbows will be under with some of the other exercises, Lee

per set.
TRICEPS
usually does rope pushdowns as his first triceps exercise. He finds this exercise great for
warming up his triceps and joints. Unlike with the other exercises, Lee’s not too concerned with
weight and he usually pumps out 3 sets of 15 to 30 reps.
With his triceps now fully warmed up, Lee moves on to his first mass-building exercise:
close-grip bench presses. When I tell you that Lee works up to 385 pounds on this exercise
you’ll begin to understand why he started out with the high-rep sets of rope pushdowns. He
doesn’t start with this weight, however. He’ll first put 75 pounds on the bar and then work up to
375 over the course of 4 or 5 sets. He keeps the reps in the 6 to 8 range. One thing Lee has
learned over the years is that a lot of the elbow pain experienced by many bodybuilders while
doing this exercise is from doing it with the elbows flared outwards. The key to reducing joint

pain and stimulating the triceps to the maximum is to keep the elbows pointing at the feet.
Lee next moves on to skullcrushers. Again he goes super heavy and will work up to 4 or 5
sets using anywhere from 200 to 250 pounds. If it’s one of those days that his elbows are sore,
he’ll limit the weight to 120 to 180 pounds. Lee likes to lower the bar to within a few 
inches of
his forehead rather than behind his head. Lee finds that the latter version turns the exercise into
more of a pullover and brings his lats and chest into play.
747

Lee’s third exercise is either one- or two-arm dumbell extensions. Although he prefers to
sit down for this exercise, he doesn’t use any back support. No matter which version he does,
Lee tries to keep his elbows pointed at the ceiling and his upper arms locked perpendicular to
the floor (vertical). He usually does 4 or 5 sets of 6 to 8 reps working up to 60 to 70 pounds for
the two-handed version.
Exercise number four is seated cable extensions. He does this exercise by using an EZ-bar
attachment on a low pulley. As with the dumbell extensions he keeps his elbows pointed at the
ceiling throughout the full range of the exercise. He does 4 or 5 sets of 6 to 8 reps.
For his fifth and final exercise Lee likes to do one-arm reverse cable pushdowns. This
exercise is great for bringing out the long rear head of the triceps. As this is more of an
isolation exercise, Lee doesn’t get too carried away with the weight. He goes more for the

muscle pump and will do slightly higher reps – in the 12-to-15 range.
PRIEST’S BICEPS WORKOUT
748

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4-5
6-8
4-5
6-8
Reverse Barbell Curls
4
6-8
“Crucifix” Curls
4
6-8
4
12-15
PRIEST’S TRICEPS WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4-5
6-8
4-5
6-8
One- or Two-Arm Dumbell Extensions
4-5
6-8
Seated Cable Extensions
4-5
6-8
4-5
12-15
749

“
O
CHAPTER 83
Forearm Training
“Virtually every exercise we do works the forearms to some degree, but only a
few bodybuilders actually concentrate on the forearms with specialized lower-
arm exercises such as wrist curls using both underhand and overhand grips. If
you have weak forearms you should make a habit of doing specialized
forearm work.”
, explaining the importance of forearm work.
Bill Pearl had forearms to die for, no doubt built in part from his habit of tearing car
license plates in half, three at a time, which he did at his frequent strongman
demonstrations some years ago.”
– Gerard Thorne,
Reps!
 magazine contributor
ne of the most popular cartoons of the 1950s and ’60s was “Popeye the Sailorman.” Unlike
most superheros, who were built from head to toe, Popeye had but one notable feature: his
gargantuan forearms. All it took was one can of spinach and heaven help anyone who got
between him and his girl, Olive Oyl!

There was a time when large muscular forearms were a necessity for survival. Most
occupations required gripping tools and equipment. Sailors needed to be able to grab and haul
thick ropes in the worst kind of weather. Fishermen relied on their gripping power to haul nets
and fish lines. Carpenters and lumberjacks needed great forearm strength to cut wood.
With the advent of the industrial revolution many positions that stressed physical strength
were eliminated. With the exception of plumbers and a few other occupations requiring some
degree of physical labor, great forearm development has gone the way of the dinosaur.
ANATOMY
Contrary to popular belief it’s the muscles of the forearm, and not the hand, that give you a
powerful grip. It’s true that there are small muscles located in the fingers that help in holding

ANATOMY
on to objects, but they have nowhere near the strength and power of the larger forearm muscles.
The forearms are made up of a number of muscles, including the flexor digitorum, flexor
carpi ulnaris, and extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis. The forearm muscles interact to
contract and relax the fingers, allowing you to grip and twist such objects as barbells, bottle
caps and ropes. From a bodybuilding perspective the forearm muscles are involved in just
about every upper-body exercise and most of the lower-body exercises. In fact, the forearms
often give out before the primary muscles being worked.
750

TRAINING
In many respects the forearms are the calves of the arms. And as such, they are composed of
the same dense muscle tissue that hurts like hell when you train them. The reason the forearms
are composed of such dense muscle fibers is that they are in continuous use just about every
minute you are awake. Nature compensated for this by packing in a high percentage of muscle
fibers that can endure long periods of exercise. From a biological point of view this makes
sense, but from a training point of view it can be pure murder.
There are two trains of thought with regards to forearm training. Many bodybuilders find
that they get all the forearm stimulation they need from training their other muscle groups.
Let’s face it, just about every exercise you perform requires you to grip a barbell, dumbell or
handle. This is often enough to keep the forearms in proportion to the upper arms. The less
fortunate bodybuilders who find that indirect training is not adequate will need to incorporate

some forearm training into their workouts. Even here there will be differences, with some
bodybuilders responding better to high rep ranges (15 to 20) and others finding that heavy
weight and low reps (6 to 8) work best. My advice is to experiment with both ranges and see
which works for you. You may even need to perform both rep ranges to shock the forearms into
growth.
Forearm exercises generally fall into two categories: flexor and extensor movements.
Variations of the wrist curl (where you curl the hands toward the insides of your forearms)
primarily work the flexors, while reverse wrist curls (curling the backs of the hands toward the
top of the forearms) primarily work the extensors. Besides the flexors and extensors,
bodybuilders like to train the brachialis muscles with their forearms. The brachialis is a

medium-sized muscle that connects the forearms to the upper arms and when developed helps
fill in the gap between the upper and lower arms. The best exercise for training the brachialis is
called the reverse curl. It’s performed like a regular barbell curl, but the bar is gripped with the
hands facing downwards and not palms up.
You should train your forearms after your other muscles – especially the upper body torso
muscles, and even lower body, if you use free weights. As I said earlier, the forearms will be
needed for gripping when you train the chest, back and shoulders. But you also gripa barbell
when squatting, don’t you? If you fatigue your forearms first, you’ll have trouble gripping
when you train the other muscles, and for some exercises tired forearms are downright
dangerous.

Another option is to train your forearms entirely on their own. This is definitely an option
for those who need to do extra work on their forearms. Even though training the forearms is
painful, it doesn’t require much energy or time. So you don’t have to worry about depleting
your recovery system by adding in an extra couple of 10- or 15-minute workouts. A couple of
months of such specialization will not only give you bigger and stronger forearms, but will also
enable you to lift more weight on the exercises for your larger torso muscles.
BEST FOREARM EXERCISES
Barbell wrist curls
Dumbell wrist curls
Reverse barbell wrist curls
Dumbell reverse wrist curls
Reverse barbell curls
751

Hammer curls
Although exceptional forearm development is largely genetic, certain exercises and techniques are necessary for
maximal potential.
Photo of Frank McGrath by Robert Kennedy
Frank McGrath
As with calves, many of the best forearms around are owned by the genetically blessed. Still no
matter how favorable a person’s DNA, he’ll need to spend countless hours to bring out that
great genetic potential.
When 250-pound Frank McGrath stepped onstage at the 2003 Canadian Nationals he gave
the audience members a view of two of the greatest arms to ever grace the national stage. In
fact, Frank’s arms surpass most pro bodybuilders. From forearms to biceps to triceps, Frank’s
arms are complete in every way. It’s safe to say that no one on the pro scene – save perhaps Lee
Priest – has forearms that compare to Frank’s.
While Frank’s forearms have never been a weak point, he still had to work hard to turn
them into the steel chords of power that burst forth from his shirtsleeves.

Like many bodybuilders, Frank doesn’t have a rigid schedule when it comes to training.
He has a core group of exercises that he rotates on a regular basis. Forearms are no different.
One of his favorites is the standing barbell reverse curl. This exercise is almost identical to
the barbell curl, except you grab the bar with a palms-down rather than 
palms-up grip. This
shifts most of the stress from the biceps to the forearm extensors. On most days Frank will
bang out 3 or 4 sets of 12 to 20 reps.
Another McGrath favorite is hammer curls. This exercise is similar to regular dumbell
curls except you keep the palms facing inward at all times. This movement is great for working
the brachialis – the muscle that joins the biceps to the forearms. There are two versions of this

exercise. You can curl the dumbell straight up and down or across the front of the chest, as
Frank prefers. Again it’s 3 or 4 sets of 12 to 20 reps.
To work the extensor muscles of his forearms, Frank will do the old tried-and-true barbell
wrist curls. No less an authority than Dorian Yates has said that barbell wrist curls across a
bench are probably the best overall forearm exercise there is. Typically sets and reps for Frank
752

are 3 or 4 sets of 15 to 20 reps.
McGRATH’S FOREARM WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3-4
12-20
Across-Body Hammer Curls
3-4
12-20
Barbell Wrist Curls
3-4
15-20
Jay Cutler
In some respects, placing second to Ronnie Coleman at the Mr. Olympia on four different
occasions was a blessing in disguise. It forced Jay to keep re-evaluating and trying to improve
his physique rather than resting on his laurels. For the first few years of his bodybuilding life
his forearms kept pace because of all the indirect stimulation they received from his other
training. But once his upper arms passed the 20-inch mark Jay realized that he’d need to work
hard to keep his forearms in proportion. Although he’s tried numerous exercises in the past, the
two he keeps coming back to are reverse curls and wrist curls. He’s also experimented with
different rep ranges, and despite the popularity of high-rep sets for the forearms, Jay discovered
that his responded better to lower reps using heavy weight.

CUTLER’S FOREARM WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Wrist Curls
3
8-10
3
8-10
753

If he hadn’t concentrated on building up his forearms, Lee’s superior biceps and triceps might have easily
overshadowed his lower arms.
Lee Priest
While packed with muscle from head to toe, Lee’s arms are easily one of his best muscle
756

groups. Most bodybuilding experts place them in the top five in bodybuilding history. Given
the great guns that have appeared on the scene over the past 50 years or so, that’s quite the
accomplishment on Lee’s part. What makes the Aussie’s arms stand out is their completeness.
His baseball-sized biceps are balanced out by a tremendous set of horseshoe-shaped triceps.
And as for those forearms … the creators of “Popeye the Sailorman” must have had Lee in
mind when they created the character all those years ago.
Like Jay Cutler, Lee realized that carrying such a huge set of upper arms had one
disadvantage: their ability to make his forearms look small. With his eyes set firmly on the
bodybuilding pro circuit, Lee had no intentions of being held back by mediocrity in his lower
arms. He set out to give them the same harsh treatment as his gargantuan upper arms. Given the
mass of muscle that protrudes from his shirtsleeves, I think it’s safe to say that he succeeded.
PRIEST’S FOREARM WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Cambered-Bar Reverse Curls
3
12-18
Alternating Dumbell Hammer Curls
3
12-18
3
12-18
757

N
CHAPTER 84
Abdominal Training
“By far the biggest misconception surrounding abdominal training is that
exercising the abs will burn the fat that covers them. What you eat, when you
eat and in what portions, the amount of cardio you do and when you do it –
these things will determine how much body fat you carry and whether you can
see your abs.”
 contributor, explaining the real secret to
great-looking abs.
o one with a full deck wants a big waist. It’s safe to say that just about everyone who joins a
gym has the shrinking of their waistline as one of their primary goals. That’s why the
manufacturers of those abdominal contraptions you see advertised on TV make hundreds of
millions of dollars.
For the average person, keeping the pants size stationary is probably adequate. But for
competitive bodybuilders, a small waist is not good enough. It also must be rock hard, with all

abdominal ridges clearly separated and visible. Anything less than a fat-free six-pack just
won’t cut it.
Besides impressing the judges, a small, tight waist will go a long way in improving your
success with the ladies. Interviews with women show that next to a small, tight butt, a slim
waist is considered very sexy by women. So guys, the beer-belly look is definitely out.
Hopefully by now most readers are aware of the keys to developing a small midsection.
The average Joe or Jill off the street still thinks that performing endless sets and reps of
crunches and leg raises will somehow magically shrink their waists. Abdominal exercises only
target the muscle, not 
the overlying fat. Fat is stored energy and must be burnt off with cardio
and by boosting the body’s metabolism with an overall weight-training program. While

abdominal exercises do burn calories, cardio exercises such as cycling, swimming and running
burn far more calories per unit of time. An extra five minutes on the treadmill or cycle will do
more for your abs than 15 or 20 minutes of crunches or leg raises. Also, keep in mind that you
can’t spot reduce. The advertisers of those top-selling gizmos make it seem that if you perform
crunches for the waist you’ll somehow be telling the body where to take the fat from.
Unfortunately it doesn’t work that way. The body will take stored fat from all over, and as the
waist is usually the first place fat is stored, it’s usually the last place that fat will remain.
Super abdominals are built with exercise and honed with diet. In other words, you use
various abdominal exercises to strengthen and tone the muscles, and then keep your fat levels

low with diet. It’s a two-front war, and performing thousands of crunches is not the answer.
A final point to be made concerns stomach distension. Think of your stomach as a series of
springs. If you repeatedly stretch a spring it eventually won’t go all the way back to its original
length. The smooth muscle lining your stomach walls is similar. If you keep overstretching it
by stuffing your stomach with huge volumes of food and drink, you’ll end up with that paunch,
758

or beer-belly look. This is another reason you should eat four to six small meals per day rather
than two or three large ones. It’s also a great reason why you should limit your alcohol intake
(not to mention the calories you’ll save by not overindulging on a regular basis).
ANATOMY
When we think of abs, we normally picture the rectus abdominis. This muscle starts at the
ribcage and attaches to the pelvic region. A properly developed and fat-free midsection is
arranged in four to eight “blocks” (normally six) and resembles an old-time washboard (hence
the terms “six-pack” and “washboard abs”). There is considerable variation among individuals
with regards to abdominal development. Some bodybuilders show eight distinct blocks of
abdominal muscles (four complete rows) while others are lucky to get four blocks to peak out
(two rows). This may be in spite of the fact that these bodybuilders may have similar bodyfat
percentages. If you don’t have a full six- or eight-pack, don’t worry. As long as your

midsection is fat free you’ll be just as competitive as someone with four distinct rows.
The primary function of the abdominals is to contract and shorten the distance between the
upper and lower body. If you’re lying on your back, a full ab contraction will move your
shoulders only about eight to ten inches off the floor. Those old sit-ups you may have done in
gym class (where you go all the way up to your knees) are rarely done anymore, as most of the
movement is being carried out by your hip flexors.
Other muscles that make up the abdominal region are the obliques, serratus and
intercostals. They all contribute to core stability and movement by helping to twist and
stabilize the torso. They also play a role in helping you breathe.
TRAINING
Abdominal training generally falls into two categories: upper and lower. In a way this is

TRAINING
misleading. From an anatomical point of view there are no upper and lower abs. This
misconception arises because the abdominal ridges (those blocks I talked about earlier) are
arranged left to right, not up and down. But the abdominal fibers run from ribcage to pelvis.
Still, from an exercise point of view it is possible to target the upper and lower regions with
different exercises.
Generally speaking, to hit the upper abdominals you perform movements where the legs
are stationary and your sternum moves toward the legs (e.g. crunches). Conversely, to bring in
more of the lower abdominals you keep the upper body stationary and move the legs toward the
sternum (e.g. reverse crunches, leg raises).
One of the big changes in abdominal-training strategy in recent years concerns the number

of sets and reps performed. Back in the ’60s and ’70s bodybuilders routinely banged out sets of
50 to 100 reps or more for their abs. They also trained their abs four to six times per week. But
it eventually became apparent that those bodybuilders who treated their abs like any other
muscle had abs as good as the 100-reppers. Most pros now pick two or three exercises and
perform three or four sets of 20 to 25 reps for their abs and that’s it. Occasionally they may use
a 10-pound plate or dumbell to add a little bit of extra resistance to the exercise, but for the
most part the exercises are done with just bodyweight.
As a final comment I should address the issue of overtraining the abdominals. Unlike most
muscles, where training every day or even three or four days per week would quickly lead to
759

burnout and overtraining, the abs seem to recover much more quickly. Theoretically you could
train the abs every day and not have to worry about overtraining. The question is why would
you want to? The goal, remember, is to strengthen and tone the muscles. This can easily be
accomplished by training them a couple of times per week. The real key to great-looking
abdominals is a low body fat percentage, and all the crunches and leg raises in the world won’t
make a difference. Only by following a clean diet and burning excess calories with cardio will
you develop eye-catching, contest-winning abdominals.
THE BEST ABDOMINAL EXERCISES
Crunches
Reverse crunches
Swiss-ball crunches
Leg raises
Hanging leg raises
Roman-chair sit-ups
Rope crunches
Medicine-ball twists
Ball passes
Photo of Frank Zane by George Greenwood
760

A majority of today’s pro bodybuilders pick two or three ab exercises and do them with just bodyweight.
762

Photo of Ahmad Haidar by Robert Reiff
Photo of Quincy Taylor by Jason Mathas
“The abs are critical, especially if you’re a big guy. So many of the other monsters in the sport
don’t have great abs that mine really give me an advantage when I battle them come
showtime.”
– Quincy Taylor, top pro, commenting on the importance of great abdominals to his success.
Quincy Taylor has established himself as one of the true mass monsters in the sport. But unlike
many of the other 280- to 300-pounders, Quincy sports a set of abdominals that rival the best
lightweights.
Quincy prefers to train abdominals at the beginning of his workout – not at the end. He
finds that training the abs first not only warms up the entire body, it also gives him time to
concentrate and plan out what he’ll be doing for the rest of his workout. He also differs from
763

most other bodybuilders in that he does only crunches – no leg raises or direct serratus work.
The way he looks at it: “I’ve been training abs that way for years and I see no reason to change
what’s working.”
Quincy’s first exercise is usually lying crunches. He lies on his back and, with his hands
crossed across his chest, he raises his shoulder girdle about 8 to 10 inches off the floor. Once at
the top he holds the contracted position for about two seconds and then slowly lowers back
down to the starting position. He usually does 4 sets of 20 reps.
For his second and last (yes, last!) exercise, Quincy does 4 sets of 20 reps on the machine
crunch. He uses the version that you sit in and grab the handles by the sides of the head. He
performs machine crunches in the same manner as floor crunches. At one time he did this
exercise using extra weight, but once his abs developed the thickness he desired, he dropped the
weight and now just uses his bodyweight.
TAYLOR’S AB WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS

EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Lying Floor Crunches
4
20
Machine Crunches
4
20
Jeramy Freeman
“Unlike many bodybuilders terrified that weights will thicken the abs and waistline, Jeramy
trains abs heavy, just as he would any other muscle group.”
– Jon Simmons, 
 contributor, commenting on the ab-training
approach of 270-pound 2001 North American super heavyweight champion Jeramy Freeman.
When he won the 2001 North American Championships at 270 pounds, super heavyweight
Jeramy Freeman displayed a set of abdominals and intercostals that were the envy of most
lightweights and middleweights.
A typical day will see Jeramy start with hanging leg raises from a chin-up bar. Instead of
doing high reps he’ll hold a dumbell between his feet and do three sets of 15 reps. Jeramy says

the key to this exercise is to rock the pelvis forward and upward as you do the movement.
Failure to add this little movement in will result in the hip flexors doing most of the exercise.
For his second exercise Jeramy will bang out 3 sets of reverse crunches lying on a flat
bench. As with hanging leg raises, he prefers to hold a dumbell between his feet and do lower
reps.
For his third and final exercise, Jeramy does 3 sets of 15 reps of decline sit-ups. As he
crunches forward he blows all the air from his lungs so he can get the maximum ab contraction.
He also forgoes going all the way up or down on the movement, to minimize the stress on his
lower back or bring his hip flexors into play.
764

FREEMAN’S AB WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
15
Reverse Crunches on Flat Bench
3
15
Incline Sit-Ups
3
15
Photo of Jeramy Freeman by Alex Ardenti
765

Ahmad’s abs are so great that he’s been nicknamed “Abzilla” in their honor.
Photos of Ahmad Haidar by Robert Reiff
Ahmad Haidar
“Many bodybuilders don’t work their abs in the off-season. They train them for only a few
months before the show. That’s why they don’t have really good abs.”
– Ahmad Haidar, IFBB pro, commenting on the mistake many bodybuilders make in their
abdominal training.
You know you have a great bodypart when people start nicknaming you in honor of it. Take
Lebanon-born Ahmad Haidar. Despite weighing 230 pounds at a height of 5‘7”, Ahmad sports a
set of abdominals that rival the lightweights at a national championship. So good were his abs
that it wasn’t long before people were calling him “Abzilla” (in the same manner that the late
Paul DeMayo was nicknamed “Quadzilla” because of his huge quads).
When it comes to developing his washboard abs, Ahmad is a firm believer in both high
reps and frequency. He typically does sets of 50 to 150 reps on every workout day.

Typically he’ll start with 4 sets of crunches, doing an astounding 150 reps per set. Like
most bodybuilders Ahmad finds that crunches are probably the best exercise for bringing out
the upper abs.
Next up it’s 4 sets of leg raises, averaging 40 to 50 reps per set. Whereas the crunches are
the best upper ab exercise, Ahmad finds that leg raises really rip up his lower abs.
To balance out his abs, Ahmad finishes off with 4 sets of side crunches. He does 100 reps
766

per set on each side to develop his obliques and intercostals.
HAIDAR’S AB WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Crunches
4
150
Leg Raises
4
40-50
Side Crunches
4
*
100
*
 Number of sets per side.
767

Photo of Troy Alves by Robert Reiff
Troy Alves
“When they relax, their guts often stick out farther than their chests. I don’t think that’s how a
bodybuilder should look.”
– Troy Alves, commenting on some of the bigger bodybuilders on the pro circuit.
While Troy Alves is not the biggest man on the pro circuit, he doesn’t need to be. Some guys
keep trying to pack more mass on their frames, but Troy has kept his competitive weight in the
215-to-220 range at 5‘8” and symbolizes what the Greeks had in mind when they began to
sculpt statues out of marble. Like Lee Labrada, Frank Zane and Shawn Ray before him, Troy
prefers to focus on symmetry, size and proportion.
Unlike those “large gut” bodybuilders he was alluding to in the opening quote, Troy’s
midsection is nothing but small, tight and rock hard. No 40-inch bellies for him – just 29 inches
of chiseled granite.
Troy usually trains his abs twice per week using three exercises for 3 sets of 15 to 20 reps.

His first exercise is often leg raises on a flat bench. With his legs straight and feet just inches
from the floor, Troy lifts his legs until they are at about a 45-degree angle to the floor. To keep
momentum out of the picture and really feel the burn, Troy takes about 4 to 6 seconds to
perform each rep.
Next up are 3 sets of crunches. Troy frequently sees bodybuilders performing this exercise
incorrectly and says the key to isolating the abs and reducing the stress on the lower back is to
keep your lower to mid back on the floor at all times. As soon as your lower back leaves the
floor your hip flexors start taking over.
769

To give his midsection that finished look, Troy switches from straight crunches to twisting
crunches. Curling up to one side forces the obliques and intercostals to do much of the work.
ALVES’ AB WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Leg Raises
3
15-20
Crunches
3
15-20
Twisting Crunches
3
15-20
Rodney Davis
“I must lose about eight inches when I get ready for a contest. In fact, during the first four
weeks of my diet, the only thing that changes on my body is that my waist just keeps getting
smaller and smaller.”
– Rodney Davis, 2006 NPC Masters super heavyweight champion, commenting on his
midsection during the weeks leading up to a contest.
Rodney Davis is another bodybuilder who proves that just because you’re a super heavyweight
doesn’t mean you can’t display a tight, trim midsection. In this age of 40-inch waists on 280-
pound bodybuilders, Rodney sports a waist that is the envy of lighweights and super
heavyweights alike.

Rodney has a “one from column A and one from column B” approach to ab training. He
has two exercises for his upper abs and two for his lower abs. During a typical workout he’ll
pick one from each column. Close to a contest he’ll add in an intercostal/serratus exercise. He
also trains fast, resting only 45 seconds between sets, and usually completes his ab workout in
10 to 12 minutes.
Rodney’s two upper-ab exercises are lying crunches or incline board sit-ups. If doing the
crunches he’ll squeeze out 30 to 35 reps for 4 sets. To reduce the stress on his lower back he
keeps his thighs perpendicular to the floor. When he does incline sit-ups he’ll set the incline
board at about 20 degrees and anchor his feet in under the roller pads. He does 4 sets of 20 to 25

reps, stopping each rep when he feels the tension coming off his abs.
For lower abs Rodney does either hanging leg raises or knee-ins at the end of a bench. At
his gym the chinning bar has a set of straps that allow him to hang from the bar without having
to grip with his forearms. This allows him to bring his lower abs to failure rather than having to
stop because his forearms give out. To reduce the stress on his lower back, Rodney keeps his
knees bent as he lifts his thighs up to his midsection. He does 4 sets of 15 to 20 reps.
For knee-ins on the end of a flat bench he leans back at about 45 degrees and grabs the
bench behind his butt with his hands. From here he lifts his knees to his chest and then back
down to the starting position. Again it’s 4 sets of 15 to 20 reps.
770

About 4 to 6 weeks out from a contest, Rodney adds in one-arm cable side crunches for his
intercostals and serratus. He starts by standing with his side toward a high pulley and grabs the
handle with one hand. From here he crunches his torso down toward his hip. He’ll typically do
2 sets per side.
DAVIS’ AB WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Lying Crunches or Incline Sit-Ups
4
20-35
Hanging Leg Raises or Knee-Ins
4
15-20
One-Arm Side Cable Crunches (pre-contest)
2
30-35
Photo of Rodney Davis by Jason Mathas
771

“
W
CHAPTER 85
Serratus, Lower Back and Neck
“There is no reason for a bodybuilder to get so out of shape that he looks fat.
Arnold said years ago that once you can no longer see at least the outlines of
your serratus, you are no longer a bodybuilder.”
– Stan McQuay, top model and IFBB pro
In a survey of those who did not engage in any strenuous physical activity, eight out of 10
adults indicated they experienced back pain that was severe enough to require medical
attention and often surgery as well.”
hile many bodybuilders develop these three regions indirectly from training the other
muscles, you may notice sooner or later that one or more of these areas starts lagging
behind. If this happens you’ll want to start specializing.
THE SERRATUS
Contest-Winning Fingers
Take a look at some photos of Robby Robinson from the 1970s and 1980s. Despite being
famous for his arms and back, Robby also displayed a set of serratus that literally looked like

two open hands laid against the sides of his ribcage. When properly developed they help frame
the midsection and give your physique a polished look. They also tell the judges about your
overall conditioning, especially your bodyfat percentage, as you have to be extremely ripped to
bring out the serratus.
772

Photos of Robby Robinson, Mohammed Makkawy and Shawn Ray
ANATOMY
The serratus are those long, thin, almost rib-like muscles located between the lats and obliques.
Although relatively small compared to most other muscles in the torso, they play an important
role in assisting the lats and chest to move the arms. They are also involved in helping with the
breathing process.
TRAINING THE SERRATUS
As with the abdominals, you have to approach serratus development from two fronts: training
and diet. The diet aspect was discussed earlier in the book. Suffice it to say that the greatest
serratus in the world are wasted if they’re covered by a layer of fat. If you want to see them you
have to get rid of the covering. Simple as that.
Training the serratus is relatively straightforward. Most bodybuilders consider pullovers –
both barbell and dumbell – to be the most effective movement for the job. The main difference
between the two is that for the barbell version you lie lengthwise on the bench, while for

dumbell pullovers you lie across the bench. The dumbell version tends to get the nod by more
bodybuilders, as lying across the bench allows you to arch the spine and stretch the ribcage
more. There’s no need to get carried away with the amount of weight, either. As with abs,
you’re not trying to build huge serratus muscles, but rather strengthen and tone them. Pick a
weight that allows you to perform 15 to 20 reps.
For variety you can substitute a pullover machine in place of the barbell or dumbell.
Machine pullovers are a great way to finish off chest and back training and begin serratus and
773

Besides pullovers, other great serratus builders are close-grip versions of chins and
pulldowns. These movements are great for emphasizing the connection between the lower lats
and serratus. Many bodybuilders find that wide-grip dips also bring the serratus into play.
Finally, a seldom seen but highly effective serratus exercise is the kneeling rope pulldown.
Attach the rope attachment to a high-cable machine and kneel down on the floor. With a firm
grip on the ends of the rope bend forward until you’re in the fetal position. Slowly return to the
starting position.
Posing can also help bring out these muscles. One of the best is what’s called the vacuum
pose – made famous by three-time Mr. Olympia Frank Zane. Place both hands behind your
head and point your elbows at the ceiling. Now gently push forward with your hands and at the
same time take in a huge volume of air. Hold the pose for 15 to 20 seconds and then relax. Do

three to four sets of this pose after your abdominal workout. Not only will it help bring out your
serratus, it’s great practice for competition.
Photo of Dorian Yates by Jon Davey
THE LOWER BACK
Developing Your Back Pythons
It’s ironic that most bodybuilders spend countless hours working the large showy muscles such
as the chest, back and shoulders, and often totally neglect the one muscle group that could
potentially save their bodybuilding careers.
Besides the large upper-back muscles we think of as “the back,” there are two long snake-
like muscles that attach to the lower back and run up the center of the upper back. These
muscles, called the spinal erectors, serve to protect the spinal column as well as allowing the
body to remain upright and move. The spinal erectors play a huge role in allowing you to pick

heavy objects off the floor, and they stabilize you on such exercises as squats and deadlifts.
Given their importance you’d think that the spinal erectors would be given equal
opportunity in the gym, but unfortunately this is not the case. Unless they’re indirectly worked
on such exercises as seated and barbell rows, most bodybuilders ignore them and hope for the
best.
The problem with this attitude is that the lower back ranks right up there with the knees
774

and shoulders when it comes to becoming injured. Lower-back injuries have ended the careers
of thousands of athletes and curtailed the Mr. Olympia ambitions of numerous amateur
bodybuilders. This is crazy, considering that training the lower back is neither painful nor
difficult. All you have to do is put lower-back training into your schedule. Not only will you
prevent injuries, well-developed spinal erector muscles make the judges sit up and take notice.
ANATOMY
The two long spinal erector muscles start at the base of the spine and extend up the center of
the back to the base of the neck. For bodybuilding purposes it’s the lower regions that concern
us. The spinal erectors are relatively relaxed when sitting down and mainly come into play
when the torso bends backwards. In this regard the spinal erectors act to oppose the
abdominals, which contract to bring the torso forward.
TRAINING THE LOWER BACK
The first piece of advice I can give you with regards to training the lower back is to avoid any

exercise that causes pain in the area. Now I’m not talking muscle soreness, but rather pain that
is felt deep within the base of the spinal chord and perhaps radiates down one or both legs,
especially if that pain is sharp. You’re trying to strengthen the lower-back muscles, not end up
in traction for six months! If you find that virtually all the exercises involving lower-back
movement cause such pain, go see a physician, chiropractor or physiotherapist. You’ve
obviously got something going on there that needs to be looked at.
The next suggestion is to not get carried away with the amount of weight you’re using. In
the beginning you may not want to use any weight at all. Sure some powerlifters can lift
impressive weight with their lower back. But first of all you’re likely not a powerlifter, and

more important, these guys didn’t start out lifting that kind of weight. They worked up to it
over a period of a few years. You’ll get great results using moderate weight for 15 to 20 reps
per set. Above all, perform every set with impeccable style and technique. Lower-back
exercises are not movements to cheat on.
Always start your lower-back training with a light warmup. Two of the best are back
extensions and good mornings. For back extensions you can lie facedown on the floor, a Swiss
ball, or a specially designed machine. Good mornings are performed in a standing position.
Don’t hold any weight at this point. Your torso weight is more than sufficient for a warmup.
Perform 15 to 20 slow easy reps for one or two sets of both exercises. Once your back is fully

warmed up, do the following triset. If you are a real beginner then do only one. As you get
stronger you can move up to two, then three trisets.
Good Mornings:
 Stand straight up with your legs locked straight. Slowly bend forward, trying
to reach a point where your torso is parallel with the floor. Slowly return to the starting
position.
Back Extensions (formerly known as hyperextensions):
 Lying facedown on a Swiss ball with
your hands behind your head, gently lower your torso down in front of the ball. Slowly lift your
torso back up until it’s just slightly past being in line with your legs. Don’t arch excessively, as
the human spine was not designed to hyperextend to any great degree. You can also do this
exercise on the hyperextension machine, but again do not lift your shoulders far above the line
775

with your legs.
Stiff-Leg Deadlifts:
 You should do this exercise as part of your hamstring training, but it also
makes a great lower-back exercise. If you have the flexibility, stand on a bench or low platform
so you can lower the bar past your feet level. Keep in mind that your legs do not have to be
completely straight, but they should not have more than a slight bend. As with the two previous
exercises, always perform stiff-leg deadlifts in a slow and controlled manner with no bouncing
or jerking movements.
Once you reach a point at which 15 to 20 reps is excessively easy, start adding light weight
to the exercises. Just pay close attention to any warning signals your back may give you.
Remember your goal is to prevent future injuries, not cause one.
Photos of Monty Rogers by Robert Reiff
THE NECK
776

Hold Your Head Up
Sooner or later after the start of football season you’ll hear some reporter referring to a player
as having “no neck.” Despite the 300 pounds of musculature the person may be carrying, it’s
the bull-like neck that seems to grab the reporter’s attention.
While a few bodybuilders over the years have made neck training a priority, by far most
avoid it altogether. They think only wrestlers and football players have thick necks. This may
have been true years ago, but no longer. In today’s highly competitive bodybuilding arena, a
well-developed neck is a big advantage. And if you play such sports as wrestling, rugby,
football and judo, a powerful neck is an absolute necessity.
ANATOMY OF THE NECK
The neck is one of the body’s most complex regions and includes various “hyoid” muscles (i.e.
thyrohyoid, sternocleidomastoid, mylohyoid) that interact to move the head forward, backward
and sideways. They also allow you to twist the head upward of 200 degrees. Besides moving the

skull, the neck muscles form a strong support network for protecting the head. This is why
wrestlers and football players usually have such great neck development.
PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE
In many respects the neck is like the lower back – you’re not even aware of it until you injure
it. Everything’s going along great until you wake up one morning with a stiff neck. Next thing
you know you can barely even drive. Many of the best bodybuilding exercises can be dangerous
on the neck if performed incorrectly. For example, many bodybuilders balance most of their
bodyweight on their glutes and head when performing flat barbell presses. Then the next
morning they wake up with a stiff or sore neck and wonder where it came from. Another
exercise that may cause neck problems is the squat. Many bodybuilders force their heads back

against the bar as they perform the exercise.
Other exercises that can lead to neck problems are shoulder presses, shrugs, deadlifts and
lying barbell extensions. When performing these exercises (and all others for that matter), try
to keep your head in neutral alignment (i.e. in line with your spine).
TRAINING THE NECK
You can train the neck either directly or indirectly. You may need to be creative, as most gyms
don’t have neck-training equipment. With the exception of a few old Nautilus and Universal
machines, manufacturers have neglected to design devices for this important muscle group.
One of the simplest exercises to perform is to lie on a flat bench and rest a weight plate on
your forehead (you may want to wrap it in a towel). With your head positioned over the end of

the bench, tilt it backwards to a comfortable stretch, and then raise it so your chin nearly
touches your chest. You’ll need to hold the plate in position with your hand. Start out using
lighter weight for 15 to 20 reps, and work up to heavier weight for 8 to 12 reps. It’s probably
not a good idea to ever use extremely heavy weight for low reps (i.e. 4 to 6), as the risks
outweigh the benefits.
Another exercise that doesn’t require fancy equipment is the wrestler’s bridge. Lie on your
back on the floor and arch upward so you are supporting your body with just your head and feet.
777

Slowly rock back and forth as many times as possible.
Wrestler’s bridges are similar to chin-ups and dips in that it’s all or none from day one. By
this I mean you’ll need to be strong enough to support your entire bodyweight from the
beginning. If you can’t, or can only do one or two reps, I suggest you wait until your neck
muscles have strengthened from the other exercises before attempting to do it again.
At the other end are those who may be able to perform 20 or 30 reps with ease. In this case
you’ll need to 
add extra weight to the exercise. Wrestlers often get a partner to sit on their
chest, but since it’s unlikely you are that strong, it probably makes more sense to have your
partner place a weight plate across your chest. Start out with a 10- or 25-pound plate and work
up to a 35- or 45-pounder. Be careful not to let the plate slip and hit your throat.
If your gym has them you can use one of the commercial neck machines that are available.

The version by Nautilus has a pad that you rest your head on and then tilt in various directions.
The muscles on the side of the neck (sternocleidomastoids) give the neck a wide, bull-like
appearance. The muscles along the back that tie into the trapezius help give the upper back a
full look. The nice thing about the neck machine is that you can alternate directions just by
changing the position of your head. There are no cables, straps or partners involved. This makes
it ideal for supersetting and trisetting.
If your gym doesn’t have a proper neck machine you can use a strap or neck harness.
These can be bought or easily made. Simply slip the harness on over your head and attach a
weight plate to the other end. From here it’s just a matter of rotating your head in different

directions to target the different neck muscles. By leaning forward and nodding your head you
are working the neck muscles at the base of your skull. Lie faceup with your head hanging off a
bench and you target the neck muscles along the front. Lie to one side and you work the
muscles on the other side and vice versa.
There are also numerous ways to train the neck indirectly. Most versions of the shrug
bring the neck muscles into play. One of the best is the calf-machine shrug. You stand under
the machine as if you were going to do calf raises, but instead of flexing at the ankles, you
simply shrug your shoulders up. You probably won’t get the same degree of motion as with a
regular barbell or dumbell shrug, but the exercise is still great for working the neck and traps.

Unless you are blessed with great genetics you’ll probably need to do some direct neck
training. Take a couple of the previous exercises and do two to three sets – either in a straight
set fashion or as supersets or trisets. Before long people will be referring to you as the one with
no neck.
778

“The neck is one of the body’s most complex regions … the muscles form a strong support network for protecting the
head.”
Photo of Will Harris by David Paul
779

H
CHAPTER 86
Classic Routines of the Superstars
“It’s interesting to note that in spite of all the new selectorized weight-stack
machines, the pulleys, cams and air-pressure apparatus, virtually every
successful bodybuilder agrees: nothing builds huge muscles faster than rugged
workouts with free weights. And it was in the golden era of bodybuilding,
from the ’50s to the ’70s, that all the principles of training were invented.”
aving looked at the training routines for many of the current champs, I thought it might be
interesting to show you how some of the champs from the past trained. As there are
virtually thousands of workouts to choose from I’ve selected what I call a “best bodyparts”
routine from some of the greatest bodybuilding superstars in the history of the sport. Enjoy.
ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER
Chest
When it comes to the most famous bodybuilders of all time, Arnold Schwarzenegger definitely

Chest
ranks number one. In fact Arnold’s name seems to get mentioned more often than all the rest
combined. What separates Arnold from the rest is that he became just as successful in movies
and politics as he did on the Olympia stage. It’s safe to say that the sport of body-
building
wouldn’t be where it is now without Arnold’s popularity. Not bad for a 19-year-old who got off
a plane in Los Angeles in 1968 with nothing but a great body – and ambition to spare.
Even by today’s standards Arnold’s chest was one of the greatest of all time. From
sternum to ribcage to pec-delt tie-in, Arnold’s chest was and still is the envy of millions. Given
that he trained during the 1960s and 1970s, it’s not surprising that he relied heavily on barbells
and dumbells to build those two slabs of beef. At that time, few machines were available with

the exceptions of the Universal multi-station and the cable crossover. By today’s standards
Arnold’s chest routine may seem outdated, but look at the results. How many current Mr.
Olympia competitors could have compared side chest shots with Arnold at his best? Not many,
I assure you.
A typical chest day would see Arnold and his good friend Franco Columbu starting out
with 4 or 5 sets of flat barbell presses for 8 to 10 reps. Most of his sets were carried to positive
failure, but occasionally he’d have Franco give him one or two forced reps.
After flat presses Arnold moved on to incline barbell presses for 5 quality sets to failure of
8 to 10 reps per set.
With his two primary mass-builders complete, Arnold’s third exercise was flat dumbell

flyes. For those who question the training intensity of the “old guys” of the sport, rent 
Pumping
Iron
 and take a look at Arnold doing flat flyes. If that doesn’t inspire you, please change sports!
To finish off his 58-inch chest, Arnold did 5 sets of standing cable crossovers. Again the
780

reps were carried to positive failure and performed in a slow and controlled manner.
SCHWARZENEGGER’S CHEST
WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
5
8-10
5
8-10
5
8-10
5
8-10
Arnold displays his still-envied chest in this side-chest shot.
781

Few people would disagree that the best legs of all time belonged to Tom Platz.
Photo of Tom Platz
TOM PLATZ
Legs
Given the thousands of bodybuilders who have made it to the national or pro level of the sport
it’s bold to claim that one bodybuilder or another had the best-ever version of any particular
bodypart. I say Arnold had the best chest; others counter with Serge Nubret or Lou Ferrigno.
Yates’ back gets top marks from many, but guys like Haney, Coleman and Cutler are right there
as well. For shoulders Oliva was considered king, but how about Christian and Dillett? For
every best there is a counter best.
When it comes to legs, however, few will argue that the best belonged to Tom Platz. Even
among today’s top pros, no one has the same degree of leg size, completion and separation as
Tom’s legs from the early 1980s. In many respects Tom’s legs actually held him back as he
could never bring his upper body up to the level of those 30+ inch monsters.

One writer from the 1980s said watching Tom Platz train legs was like watching a freight
train careening out of control. How does 600-pound squats for 20 reps grab you?
During his heyday Tom had three different leg workouts that he rotated. On the first leg
workout he’d do squats and hack squats. The second he’d do all hack squats. Finally for his
782

third leg workout he’d do high-rep squats. Then close to a competition he’d add in leg
extensions on day two.
Although Tom’s hamstrings were also among the best of all time, his hamstring workout
usually consisted of just one exercise: lying leg curls (remember there weren’t many seated or
standing leg curls available in the ’70s and early ’80s).
PLATZ’S LEG WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Squats
8–10
5–35
5–8
10–15
6–8
10–15
Photos of Sergio Oliva
783

Sergio believed in training opposing muscles together – his superior chest and back were proof that this practice
worked.
SERGIO OLIVA
He was nicknamed “The Myth,” and for good reason. Most competitors didn’t believe that he
was for real. Pound for pound the Cuban-born Oliva carried as much muscle as any bodybuilder
in history – past or present. But what made Oliva’s physique so devastating was that in this age
of 35- and even 40-inch midsections, Oliva’s waist was down in the 28-inch range. When you
combined this with his over-55-inch chest and two of the largest sets of delts and arms in
history, the end result was nothing short of frightening. Even Arnold Schwarzenegger was taken
aback the first time he saw Oliva in person.
Oliva was a firm believer that since the body’s opposing muscles evolved to function
together they should be trained together. For this reason he often trained chest and back
together in a superset fashion. A typical Oliva chest-and-back day would look something like

this:
OLIVA’S CHEST-AND-BACK WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Wide-Grip Chins (superset with)
     Flat Bench Presses
4–5
8–10
Narrow-Grip Chins (superset with)
     Incline Barbell Presses
3–4
6–8
Wide-Grip Rows (superset with)
     Narrow-Grip Rows
3–4
6–8
Deadlifts (superset with)
     Good Mornings
3–4
6–8
T-Bar Rows (superset with) Machine Pullovers
3–4
6–8
784

MIKE CHRISTIAN
Shoulders
Although Lee Haney dominated bodybuilding for most of the 1980s, it wasn’t a complete walk
in the park for the big Georgian. One of his fiercest competitors was Mike Christian. While
Haney had the edge in most muscle groups, as far as shoulders went, mighty Mike held his own
and then some.
Mike is the first to admit that his shoulders always responded quickly to training. In fact
he often went long stretches without even training them as they received adequate stimulation
from just doing his chest and back workouts.
When he did train them, Mike liked to alternate a heavy day with a light day. He was also
more partial to free weights, primarily using barbells and dumbells for most of his shoulder
exercises. The only exception was the reverse pec-deck for his rear deltoids.
CHRISTIAN’S SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Behind-the-Neck Barbell Presses
4
10–12
4
10–12
4
10–12
Reverse Pec-Deck
4
10–12
785

Mike’s shoulders responded well to training and he used this genetically gifted bodypart to his advantage.
Photo of Mike Christian
Flex flexes one of his greatest assets: his back.
Photo of Flex Wheeler
FLEX WHEELER
Back
According to many bodybuilding fans, bodybuilding reached its zenith in the early to mid-
1990s with Flex Wheeler. At his best (around 1993) Flex carried about 230 pounds on his near-
flawless physique. Many believed he combined the best of both worlds: massive size along
with shape and proportions. No part of the Wheeler physique was underdeveloped or
overpowering. It was perfect balance all around.
It’s not surprising that a physique this proportioned was built with great variety. Flex was
a firm believer in rotating his exercises on a regular basis and his back training was no
different. Flex was one of the few guys in the 1990s who could hold his own in back shots with
six-time Mr. Olympia Dorian Yates. Here’s a typical back workout for Flex:
786

WHEELER’S BACK WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
5–6
10
5–6
10
Close-Grip Pulldowns
5–6
10
Calves
It’s hard to believe that a guy who became famous for his calves had at one time totally
neglected them. But repeated goading from Reg Park and Joe Weider (and a desire to be the
absolute best in the sport) convinced Arnold to get serious about his calf training. Once Arnold
decided to start blasting his calves it was all-out war. Typically he’d pick four exercises and do
5 or 6 sets of higher reps of each exercise. Within five years Arnold’s calves had become full-
blown cows, and to this day few bodybuilders sport the same calf development as did the
Austrian Oak.
SCHWARZENEGGER’S CALF WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
5-6
15-20
5-6
12-15
5-6
12-15
Toe Presses on Leg Press Machine
5-6
12-15
787

The Oak had a set of calves still largely unrivaled in the sport.
SERGE NUBRET
788

Chest
Serge Nubret, born in Guadeloupe in the French West Indies, won just about every top
bodybuilding contest. If not for a combination of Arnold Schwarzenegger and politics, Serge
Nubret may well have been the dominant bodybuilder of the 1970s. Odds are he would have
won the Mr. Olympia if not for Arnold’s presence.
Realizing that he probably could never beat Arnold, and having had a falling out with the
IFBB, Serge started competing in rival organizations during the late ’70s and early ’80s. While
his lower body was never his strong point, his upper body is considered one of the greatest of
all time. With one of the greatest waist/chest differentials in history, it’s safe to say that few
bodybuilders looked as good as Serge did just standing there.
Serge’s training style was as unique as it was effective. In a time of high-volume training
Serge took things to the extreme. He routinely did 20 to 30 sets for his muscle groups and used

weights that most modern bodybuilders would consider warmup weights. But the results speak
for themselves.
Other than perhaps his abdominals, Serge’s chest was his greatest asset. From collarbone
to lower ribcage, Serge’s chest resembled two oversized balloons. Perhaps the most amazing
thing about Serge’s chest was how he built it. Believe it or not, he used just one exercise
throughout his long training career: the flat barbell press. During a typical workout Serge
would use from 185 to 225 pounds and do 20 sets of 15 to 20 reps. That was it. If you’ve been
doing multiple-exercise chest workouts using heavy weight without seeing results, why not
give Serge’s workout a try?
NUBRET’S CHEST WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
20
15-20
789

Serge followed a unique training style and possessed one of the greatest upper bodies of all time.
Photo of Serge Nubret by Chris Lund
MOHAMMED MAKKAWY
When you weigh 170 to 175 pounds at your best and you’re competing against guys weighing
240 and 250 pounds, you quickly realize that you need to present the judges with a complete
package if you hope to have any chance of winning. Such a complete package was Egypt’s
Mohammed Makkawy. During the early 1980s, this near-perfect example of humanity won
numerous Grand Prix events, including victories over future eight-time Mr. Olympia winner
Lee Haney.
Mohammed won these contests by playing his own game, not by trying to match mass with
the 240-pounders. Once he figured out that nothing less than perfect proportions would beat
Haney and company, he modified his training to accomplish this goal. At the center of his great
physique was a small, tight, rock-hard set of abdominals. Mohammed never believed that diet

alone would bring out the abs, so he treated them like any other muscle.
During a typical ab workout he would do various combinations of crunches, leg raises and
twists, to bring out his upper and lower abs and obliques.
790

MAKKAWY’S AB WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4-5
15-20
Bench Leg Raises
4-5
15-20
Crunches
4-5
15-20
Stick Twists
4-5
40-50
Because he weighed less than most of his opponents, Mohammed focused on perfecting his proportions.
Photo of Mohammed Makkawy by Roger Shelley
ROBBY ROBINSON
Biceps
Robby Robinson is one of the true legends of the sport, having won pro contests in three
decades. Robby first got inspired to compete after seeing pictures of Sergio Oliva competing at
791

the 1967 Mr. Olympia. From his first major win at the 1975 Mr. America to his win at the 50-
and-over Masters Mr. Olympia in 1997, Robby Robinson has served as a role model for
millions of bodybuilders the world over.
While Robby could be criticized for having calves a tad too small to be proportionate with
the rest of his physique, they never held him back in competition. As for his upper body,
Robby’s was one of the greatest ever. The centerpiece of Robby’s awe-inspiring physique was
his pair of arms. In short, they were perfect. His biceps resembled two baseballs and his triceps
had that beefy horseshoe look. Unlike some bodybuilders with one arm slighter bigger or
higher peaked than the other (Arnold being the best example), Robby’s arms were like mirror
images of one another.
Robby usually began his biceps workout with standing barbell curls. After a couple of light
warmup sets Robby would blast out 4 sets of 6 to 8 reps.

Another favorite Robinson exercise was preacher curls. While on occassion he’d substitute
dumbells, more often than not he’d use the barbell. As with standing curls he typically did 4
To finish off those great guns of his, Robby did 4 sets of one-arm dumbell concentration
curls. Every rep was performed in a slow and deliberate manner with no bouncing or jerking.
As this was his last exercise, he did slightly higher reps – usually in the 8-to-12 range.
Photo of Robby Robinson by Ralph DeHaan
792

A true bodybuilding legend, Robby Robinson had an impressive upper body.
Photo of Robby Robinson by Alex Ardenti
ROBINSON’S BICEPS WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Standing Barbell Curls
4
6-8
4
6-8
4
8-12
DORIAN YATES
Back
If Arnold owned the 1970s and Lee Haney dominated the 1980s, then the 1990s were surely the
era of “The Shadow” – England’s Dorian Yates. Dorian didn’t fit the mold of the typical
champion bodybuilder. Not only did he live far away from the sandy beaches of California, his
training style was also unique for the time. Borrowing heavily on the writings of Dr. Arthur
Jones and Mike Mentzer, Dorian averaged about 6 to 8 sets per muscle group. At the time, the
vast majority of bodybuilders followed the high-volume approach to training and it wasn’t
uncommon to see bodybuilders slaving away in the gym for two, three or more hours every day.
While Mentzer had some success on the competitive stage, it was Yates with his six straight
793

Mr. Olympia wins that influenced a whole generation of bodybuilders.
Of all the parts that made up his solid 260-pound body his back stood out the most. He was
probably the first bodybuilder to demonstrate that white athletes could develop a back just as
thick and detailed as black athletes. In fact, for most of his Mr. Olympia years, Dorian’s back
was the standard by which all others were measured.
Many consider the 1990s to have been dominated by Dorian Yates, “The Shadow,” from England.
Photo of Dorian Yates
YATES’ BACK WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
3
8-15
Reverse-Grip Barbell Rows
2
8-12
2
8-12
Back Extensions or Deadlifts
2
8-12
794

LOU FERRIGNO
Chest
Not counting Arnold Schwarzenegger, the most famous bodybuilder of the 1970s was Lou
Ferrigno. Standing 6‘5” and weighing around 270 in contest condition, Lou was by far the
largest bodybuilder competing at the time. With wins at the Mr. America and Mr. Universe and
a starring role in the 1975 groundbreaking documentary 
, big Lou was set to
inherit Arnold’s Mr. Olympia title. But then Hollywood came calling. Lou was cast as the
Marvel comics super-hero The Incredible Hulk, and every week millions tuned in to see mild-
mannered David Banner turn into the hulking green socially conscious monster. When Lou
(playing the Hulk) hit those famous most-muscular growls, his upper body would explode into
a series of bulges, bumps and striations. At the center of this eruption was Lou’s 60-inch chest.
As expected of someone who idolized Sergio and Arnold, Lou’s chest routines were
primarily done with barbells and dumbells. He didn’t add in cables until close to contest time.

A typical chest workout from Lou’s Incredible Hulk days would look like this:
FERRIGNO’S SHOULDER WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
Flat Barbell or Dumbell Presses
4
8-10
4
8-10
4
8-10
4
8-10
795

Lou idolized Arnold and Sergio and performed his chest training mostly with barbell and dumbell moves.
Photo of Lou Ferrigno
796

The most famous set of biceps in the history of bodybuilding.
Photos of Arnold Schwarzenegger by Art Zeller
Biceps
It only makes sense to end this chapter with perhaps the most famous set of biceps in
bodybuilding history. Today’s champions may be popular and their routines may be followed,
but Arnold’s biceps routines are probably still the most popular in the world. The photo on the
cover of his autobiography 
 has yet to be duplicated.
Although he varied his exercises on a regular basis, Arnold always included a couple of
barbell and dumbell exercises in his biceps workouts. He also tended to divide his training into
nine months of mass building and three months of pre-contest refining. A typical
Schwarzenegger off-season workout would look like this:
797

SCHWARZENEGGER’S BICEPS WORKOUT
EXERCISE
SETS
REPS
4-5
8-10
4-5
8-10
Standing Alternate Dumbell Curls
4-5
8-10
Standing Bent-Over Concentration Curls
4-5
8-10
798

A
CHAPTER 87
Tips for the Traveling Bodybuilder
“I suggest you watch your eating habits closely when traveling. The less you
do, the fewer calories you need.”
– Bill Pearl, one of the top bodybuilders of all time, offering suggestions on traveling as a
bodybuilder.
n unexpected business trip or even a planned vacation can seriously interfere with a
bodybuilder’s training and goals. But your workouts don’t need to go down the toilet just
because you’re in another city, or even another country. You can find ways to keep up your
training while on the road.
The first thing to understand is that you have to make training a priority, regardless of
where you are or why you are there. Your success will depend upon your being both dedicated
and organized. One of the best ways to do this is to have a detailed itinerary prepared before
your departure. If you leave it until the last minute, both your workout and your nutrition will
falter. You will make dismal food choices and your workouts will be forgotten at worst or

mediocre at best.
Tip #1: Know your hotel
Most hotels feature a Web site that lists their services. Before booking into the cheapest
accommodations, compare the different hotels in the area where you’ll be staying. For a few
extra dollars you may get access to a pool and fitness center. Many hotels also put their menus
on their site. If possible, select a hotel that offers healthy nutritional choices. This way you will
have no excuse for not eating healthy the majority of the time. You can also phone them ahead
to ask if they will cook special items for you such as egg-white omelets. Sometimes you may
have to go somewhere with limited choices, so you are 
allowed an occasional cheat meal. Just
make sure the majority of your meals are sound.
Tip #2: A man and his kitchenette

Although you’ll have to pay more for a room equipped with a kitchenette, it’s well worth the
money. Instead of relying on someone else to prepare your meals (with goodness only knows
what kind of high-fat, high-sodium ingredients) you can prepare your own. At the first
opportunity, drop by a supermarket to stock up on fresh meat, fruits and vegetables. Then you
can whip up tasty, homemade, low-fat, high-protein bodybuilding meals in no time. Besides,
you’ll likely save more in the long run by not having to purchase every meal at a restaurant.
Tip #3: Check the gyms
If your hotel does not have a gym, or you would rather have access to more equipment, buying
a short-term pass at a local gym is a great way to go. The easiest way to see if there is an
801

adequate gym in the area is to go online and type in the name of the town or city you are going
to. The business bureaus of most towns and cities will list what’s available. They’ll also give
you a little map to show you where each gym is located. You can then check the gyms out
online or give them a call. You can also simply call your hotel and ask them about the gyms
nearby.
Tip #4: Scope out the restaurants
While you are checking out the gyms online, check out your restaurant selection as well. Like
hotels, most of the better eating establishments have Web sites that post their menus. You can
save time – and your waistline – by browsing the menu before you even go through the doors.
By pre-planning your selection, there is less chance you’ll order an inappropriate meal in the
spur of the moment.
Tip #5: Pack your workout clothes first
You’d be surprised what gets left behind in the hassle of packing a suitcase prior to an

important business trip or vacation. Before any shirts, dress pants or swim trunks get folded
into your suitcase, toss in at least one workout outfit. You don’t need anything fancy – a T-shirt
or two, a pair of shorts and sneakers are sufficient.
Tip #6: Bring equipment
If your trip is to be taken by car, you have another way to get your workout in: bring your own
equipment. You don’t have to lug around squat and bench-press racks, but there’s no reason
you can’t pop a few adjustable dumbells – and maybe even a barbell – into the trunk. If you
have the room, toss in a small adjustable bench (you know, the $50 one that most guys get for
Christmas at least once in their lives!). You don’t need a truckload of fancy equipment to get a
good workout. When he was young and living in Germany, Arnold Schwarzenegger would take

one day each week, go into the woods with a few buddies and do nothing but barbell exercises.
Need I say more?
Tip #7: Experiment with weight-training routines
Sometimes not being able to use the same familiar equipment is a blessing in disguise. Most
people are creatures of habit and bodybuilders are no different. There’s nothing like changing
up your training routine to shock the muscles into new growth. Even if the gym has most of
what you’re used to, give it a pass and experiment with new exercises and new equipment.
You’ll probably experience a degree of soreness the next day that you haven’t felt in a while.
802

Tip #8: Experiment with different forms of cardio
Even though your primary goal as a bodybuilder is to build muscle mass, you don’t want it
covered by a layer of 
fat. You should be doing at least three sessions of 20 to 30 minutes of
cardio each week. Sorry to break it to you, but being on the road is no excuse for missing your
cardio workouts. As with weight training, try a new cardio machine if the opportunity presents
itself. Better still, check out the gym’s cardio classes. If regular aerobics doesn’t grab your
fancy, try a spinning class or one of the martial arts-based classes.
EATING ON THE GO
Traveling can put a wrench in your diet plans, but if you think ahead you can come out
on top. First of all, avoid airport food whenever possible. When flying, drink lots of
water to keep hydrated. Choose snacks that have a high water content such as apples
and pears. If you have a small cooler with you, yogurt and cheese will provide you with

amino acids to help increase blood flow and tryptophan, which helps with relaxation
(especially helpful if you’re scared of flying). Almonds make good snacks while low-
sodium beef jerky will keep you feeling full and provide you with lots of protein.
Tip #9: Go for a walk
If you are tied up in meetings until late every night, you can always rely on that reliable old
standby of physical activity: walking. Walking is the most natural form of exercise there is, and
can be tailored to just about any intensity level. If this is too low impact for you, how about
changing it to a jog? Both walking and jogging provide you with an opportunity to explore the
area you are staying in.
Tip #10: Stay bodybuilding and fitness minded
Perhaps the best tip is to stay focused. Sometimes all it takes is a loss of focus to derail your

eating and training habits. If you’re on the road for only a day or two, then taking time off
training and loosening your diet won’t set you back. But if you’re traveling for four days or
more, you’ll want to get organized and stay committed. Buy some bodybuilding magazines for
inspiration.
THE EXERCISES
Although the following exercises are great for those on the road, they can be followed by just
about anyone. All you need are a few inexpensive pieces of equipment and some items that can
be found around your house or hotel room. Not only will they help you maintain your present
condition but they may help you improve on it, since the exercises will be a shock to the body.
For simplicity I have divided the body into muscle groups. The exercises are arranged to

target the largest muscle groups first. In most cases I have included three or four exercises for
each muscle group. You can pick a couple of them and perform three or four straight sets, or do
them all in one or two giant sets.
803

EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
Two chairs
Two books
Set of chest-expander springs
Hand grips
Bed
Legs
You probably won’t find a squat rack in your hotel room, but that’s not a reason to neglect
training your legs. Here are a few exercises that will keep your legs in shape while on the road.
Sissy squats:
 Sissy squats are definitely not for sissies and should not be limited to hotel
rooms. You should also incorporate them into your regular workouts at the gym. Position
yourself in a doorway and grab one side with your hand. Lean back slightly on your heels and
squat down so your legs are parallel to the floor. Return to the starting position. Try to keep
your thighs and glutes tensed throughout the entire range of motion. If you have something
heavy on hand (dumbell, heavy book, brief-
case, etc.), hold it to your upper chest. You’ll be
surprised at the difference five or ten pounds will make.
Chair lunges:
 Most hotel rooms contain at least one chair, but the bed can also be used. Place

one foot on the chair and step far forward, lowering yourself until your hamstring is just short
of touching your calf. Pause at the bottom and then return to the standing position. Perform 15
to 20 reps per leg.
Limbo squats, or between-door squats:
 Open the bathroom door (you could use the main door
but the other guests may get the wrong idea!) and grab both sides with your hands. Lean back as
far as possible and squat down into a full squat position. Pause for a second and then return to
the starting position. Limbo squats are similar to sissy squats, but by holding on with both
hands you can lean back further and place more stress on the quads.
One-leg squats:
 Those with knee or back problems may want to avoid this exercise. Even with
good technique there is some slight lateral stress on the knees and lower back. As the name

suggests, you perform this exercise as you would regular squats, but you stand on just one leg.
Hold a doorframe or the back of a chair for balance. One-leg squats are very challenging, and
don’t be surprised if you can only manage 8 to 10 reps. A slightly different version involves
bending the opposite leg to the one being worked, and using just your toes for balance. This can
allow for better positioning, but you will likely need a weight.
One-leg calf raises:
 All you need for this exercise is a three- or four-inch block or thick book
to stand on. Position the block or book in a doorway and stand on the edge with the ball of one
foot. With the other foot bent behind you, lower your heel as far as possible. To make up for the
lack of weight you’ll need to do ultraslow reps for high reps – at least 20 to 30.

Squat-down calf raises:
 This exercise is almost identical to one-leg calf raises, except you
perform the movement in a squat position. This shifts most of the stress from the
804

gastrocnemius (upper calf) to the soleus (lower calf). Since your lower calves are not as strong
as your upper, you may need to do the exercise using both legs. Again do high reps, however.
Chest
Despite the popularity of barbell and dumbell presses for working the chest, you can give the
area a great workout with just your bodyweight and two chairs. Dips and pushups were building
pectoral muscles long before barbells and dumbells arrived on the scene.
Push-ups:
 Push-ups are one of the most basic and effective bodyweight exercises. Besides
working the chest, they give the front shoulders and triceps a great workout. This exercise is
basically a reverse bench press. Instead of lying faceup and pushing the weight away from you,
you lie facedown and push yourself away from the floor. If you’re not used to doing push-ups
you may want to start with half push-ups, whereby you keep your knees on the floor. You can
also do sets of both full and half push-ups to ensure a good chest workout.

Photo of Diego Azizi by Paul Buceta
Push-ups with feet elevated:
 To shift most of the stress from the lower to the upper chest,
position your feet on a chair or bed. From here the exercise is performed like standard push-
ups.
Dips between chairs:
 Place two chairs just slightly wider than shoulder width apart and, with
your hands resting on the seat of the chair and feet on the ground, slowly lower your torso
between them. As with dips on V-shaped or parallel bars, don’t bounce at the bottom of the
exercise, as you could tear the pec-delt tie-in region. Although this exercise works your whole
chest, this angle places most of the stress on the lower and outer chest regions.
Dips between chairs with feet elevated:
 Perform this exercise in the same manner, but with

your feet placed on a third chair or side of the bed. Because of the change in angle, your upper
chest is brought more into play. Being elevated on the chairs also allows for a greater range of
motion, for both push-ups and dips.
805

Back
Although the back is one of the harder areas to train without specialized equipment, it can be
done. You just need a chest-expander set and a long piece of strong, solid rounded wood such as
a broom handle or a solid piece of pipe instead.
Chins between chairs:
 Place two chairs about three to four feet apart and place your bar or
stick across them. Make sure it’s secure. Lie on your back between the chairs and grab the bar
with a slightly wider than shoulder-width grip. Slowly pull your body up to the bar as if doing a
chin-up. If the bar is of sufficient strength (eg. a piece of iron pipe) you can perform the
exercise with a narrow reverse grip. Chins between chairs are sort of a cross between a chin-up
and a row. You’re pulling yourself upward like a standard chin-up, but the angle is closer to
that of a rowing motion. Perform as many reps as you can.
Spring rows:
 Spring sets, more commonly called chest-expander sets, are a godsend for those

on the road. They consist of a series of springs attached by two handles. The more springs
attached at any given time, the more tension. Anchor one handle on a leg of the bed and grab
the other handle with both hands. With your knees and torso slightly bent, slowly pull the
handle toward the lower ribcage. Stretch your arms back out. Try to stand (or sit) far enough
from the anchored handle that the tension remains on your lats even when your arms are fully
extended. You can also use the spring set in this manner to do one-arm rows.
Shoulders
Although your shoulders have received some work from the chest and back exercises, it’s still a
good idea to perform some direct work for them. Two heavy books and the chest-expander set
will do the trick.
Front, side and rear raises:
 As these three exercises are similar I’ll describe them all here. To

work the front shoulders grab a pair of heavy books and lift them to the front as you would a
pair of dumbells. Likewise, for the side shoulders lift them to the sides as if doing dumbell side
laterals. To hit the rear delts, lean forward and perform bent-over raises, again holding the
books.
Spring raises:
 Anchor one handle of the chest-expander set under your foot and slowly lift the
other handle to the front or side. To hit the rear shoulders, bend over, grab a handle in each
hand and slowly pull outwards to an arms-locked position.
Upright rows:
 Again lock one handle of the chest-expander set under your foot. Grab the other
handle with both hands and slowly pull straight up the center of the body.
You can perform dozens of arm exercises on the road. Give the following a try.
Triceps chair dips:
 This exercise is performed exactly the same as the gym version of bench

dips, except you use two chairs instead of two benches. Set the two chairs about four feet apart
and, with your heels resting on one chair and your hands on the other, slowly bend at the elbows
806

and lower yourself to a comfortable stretch. Pause at the bottom and then push back up to an
arms-locked position. If you find one chair is not wide enough for both hands, you can set two
side by side. Make sure they won’t tip!
Close-grip push-ups:
 Just like the standard push-up, but place your hands about 8 to 10 inches
apart. This shifts most of the stress from the front shoulders and chest to the triceps.
Spring curls:
 With one end of the chest-expander set anchored beneath your feet, grasp the
other end and curl upward. For variety you can lift with the opposite arm and curl across the
front of the body.
Book curls:
 While the handles on the chest-expander set are more convenient to hold on to,
you can also use a book. It will take some practice to find out the most comfortable grip to use,
but in time you’ll be able to give the biceps a good workout. With the heaviest books only
weighing five pounds or so, you’ll need to use an ultraslow motion to make up for the lack of

weight. You can also use a towel for this exercise. Stand on the end of a towel and curl the
other end up.
As most abdominal exercises don’t require specialized equipment, you can perform just about
any ab exercise while on the road. Simply lie back on the floor and alternate various versions of
leg raises, crunches and reverse crunches. To make things more challenging, try holding a
weight or other heavy object.
Now you have some great tips and exercises for staying in shape while on the road. Just
remember that a change of environment and in your normal routine doesn’t have to signal an
end to your workouts. Remember muscles grow in response to new stimuli, and while
increasing the weight is one way, changing the exercises also shocks them into new growth. So

don’t be surprised if you actually make gains while traveling.
Photo of Billy Begovic by Alex Ardenti
807

I
CHAPTER 88
The Corporate Quickie
“You can always find an excuse not to succeed. Instead you have to find a
way to make sure you do succeed.”
f you’re like many people, time seems to be in short supply. There may be 24 hours in the day
but there are weeks when 30-hour days wouldn’t cut it. Whether from school, work or family
responsibilities, there will be times when your training will need to be put on hold. But does it
really need to be put on hold? What if you could train the entire body in 20 minutes with just
seven basic compound exercises? The beauty of compound exercises is that they work more
than one muscle group. This is why beginning trainers are told to put most of their emphasis on
compound movements rather than isolation exercises. By utilizing multiple muscles, compound
exercises allow you to lift more weight and hence stimulate more muscle mass.
Compound exercises also save you time. For example, barbell bench presses – either flat

or incline – will work the chest, front shoulders and triceps. Chin-ups or pulldowns –
particularly the reverse narrow versions – will target the back, rear shoulders and biceps. These
two exercises alone will work virtually all of the upper body. Add in a couple of sets of side
raises and you’re done.
The same approach can be used with the lower body. Squats, lunges and leg 
presses work
the thighs, hamstrings and glutes, all in one motion. Add in toe presses or calf raises and
you’ve worked your entire lower body. To complete your workout, perform a little circuit of
crunches and back extensions for the abdominals and lower-back muscles.
808

TONE UP WHILE AT WORK
Everywhere you go, opt for the stairs over taking the elevator. Stair-climbing burns 100
calories every 11 minutes (the same as jogging), as well as toning your hamstrings,
quads and glutes. Why be limited to gym exercises to develop a great butt? Avoid
calling or e-mailing co-workers when you can actually get out of your chair and walk
around the office to speak to them in person. Every extra step throughout the day adds
up to more calories burned.
The same workout using isolation movements would take you over an hour – perhaps two
if you did three or four sets per exercise. But these seven movements can be performed in as
little as 10 to 15 minutes if you do only one set of each, or 25 to 30 minutes if you have enough
time to do three sets.
THE CORPORATE QUICKIE
EXERCISE
MUSCLES
SETS
REPS
Leg presses, lunges or squats
Quads/Hamstrings/Calves
2
10–12
809

Flat or incline barbell bench
presses
Chest/Shoulders/Triceps
2
10–12
Narrow reverse-grip pulldowns
or chin-ups
Back/Shoulders/Biceps
2
10–12
Dumbell or machine lateral
raises
Shoulders
2
10–12
Crunches
2
15–20
Lower Back
2
15–20
Toe presses or calf raises
Calves
2
15–20
Pick compound exercises (to work more than one muscle group).
You can add a cardio component to the workout by reducing the weight and keeping
between-set rest intervals to less than 20 seconds.
810

O
CHAPTER 89
PHA Training
“The good news is that there is a way for you to get your cardio exercise and
lose the love handles that suits your personality more than a 10K jog does. It’s
called circuit training.”
– Wendy Morley, contributing editor of 
Reps!
 magazine
kay so you’ve been squatting with enough weight to make a rhino cower in fear and you
routinely bench a small car off your chest. Your leg presses require every 45-pound plate in
the gym and most members view your workouts with the same air of bewilderment as a space
shuttle launch. You’ve yelled and screamed your way to the top of the gym hierarchy and have
the slabs of muscle all over your body to show for it. Unfortunately you’re also carrying a spare
tire around your waist, and climbing a set of stairs nearly puts you in labor. You’ve known for
months that you have to address this situation, but you’re not exactly sure how to go about
doing it. Just the thought of running on a treadmill or hopping on a crosstrainer causes you to

barf up your last two protein shakes. So how do you do it? How do you burn off that extra layer
of blubber without sacrificing your hard-earned muscle mass?
If you hate to run, refuse to join an aerobics class and the idea of spending even one
minute in a spinning class makes you question your sanity, then why not give PHA training a
try. PHA stands for Peripheral Heart Action. It was first developed and popularized by former
Mr. America Bob Gajda back in the 1960s. Over the years it has evolved (and in many cases
been watered down) into what we now commonly call circuit training. Numerous athletes,
bodybuilders and famous actors, including the late Bruce Lee, have used it 
over the years to
shred their physiques while maintaining muscle mass.

The primary benefit of PHA training over traditional cardio is that you’ll be using standard
weight-training exercises. This will enable you to maintain most if not all of your hard-earned
muscle mass as you ditch the fat.
811

PHA training differs from normal weight training in that you do one set of an exercise and
then quickly move on to another exercise that works a completely different muscle group,
rather than doing multiple sets for one particular bodypart before moving on to the next. You
also try to switch exercises as quickly as possible to keep your heart rate elevated and in the
cardio zone. PHA is also different than the more familiar circuit training because you alternate
upper and lower body movements instead of performing random exercises. The idea is to
provide continuous blood flow throughout the entire body while taking little to no rest between
sets.
I’ll warn you from the start that PHA training is not some sissy little circuit routine that
you’ll see at the local health and beauty spa. The constant motion will tax your cardiovascular
system to the max. But here lies the beauty of PHA training. You’ll be building endurance and

burning fat while lifting weights that are also stressing the muscles. Such an expenditure of
energy quickly translates into fat loss. When you add in a revamping of your diet, you’ll be
amazed at how quickly you’ll harden up and lean out.
Gelb Photo of Alfonso Del Rio by Jason Breeze
812

You can’t show your muscles off to their full dimensions until you lose the excess bodyfat that lies on top.
Photo of Henrik Jansson by Alex Ardenti
813

One of the more common PHA routines is to perform three rounds, or circuits, of one
group of exercises and then perform three rounds of a second group of exercises. Try to pick
compound exercises as opposed to isolation movements, since compound exercises target more
muscle mass and require more energy.
Here is an example of a four-week PHA program:
GROUP 1:
Squats –15 reps
Bench presses –15 reps
Lying leg curls – 15 reps
Military presses –15 reps
Reverse crunches – 20 reps
Barbell rows – 15 reps
Complete three rounds without stopping, take a bit of a rest, and then quickly move to the next
group of exercises. If this is too much for your cardiovascular system, do just two rounds. You
may also want to rest a bit between exercises in the beginning and then gradually reduce the
rest interval until you can perform the full group with no rest. For all exercises in each group,
pick a weight that is relatively light for the first round, a bit heavier for the second, and the
heaviest for the third.
GROUP 2:

GROUP 2:
Incline dumbbell presses – 15 reps
Leg presses – 15 reps
Chin-ups (or front pulldowns) – 10 to 15 reps
Calf raises – 15 reps
Lying triceps extensions (or skullcrushers) – 15 reps
Stiff-leg deadlifts – 20 reps
Perform your PHA workouts on alternate days (i.e. Monday, Wednesday and Friday, or
Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday). An alternative approach is to perform two days per week of
PHA and two days of traditional weight training. This “50-50” approach will work on strength
and endurance with equal emphasis. You won’t shed fat as quickly as you would by performing
just PHA training alone, but it’s a great way to transition from regular strength training into
PHA. Here are a few tips to keep in mind:
Before each workout, do a couple of minutes of light cardio to get your heart rate
slightly elevated and your body warmed up.

Perform compound rather than isolation exercises to stimulate the most muscle
mass.
Use medium weight for 15 to 20 reps.
Keep your rest interval to a minimum (only as long as it takes to move from one
exercise to the next).
At no point should you train to total muscle failure.
814

After you finish the workout, cool down by walking around for a few minutes to
bring your heart rate back to normal.
Have a low-calorie protein shake after each workout to enhance recovery.
Photo of Antoine Vaillant by Irvin Gelb
815

A
CHAPTER 90
To the Heart of the Matter with Cardio Training
“My emphasis is not on building muscle anymore, but on holding muscle and
getting as lean as I can. I eat less and do more cardio, so I have to balance my
energy expenditure. This new focus also cuts down on any risk of injury.”
lthough once shunned by most weight trainers it’s now accepted that bodybuilders should
do some sort of aerobic exercise, especially during the pre-contest phase of their training.
Not only does it help get rid of body fat, it improves the health of the cardiovascular system,
and everyone can use help with that.
Also keep in mind that a muscle completely fatigued in the absence of oxygen will build
up lactic acid at a rate 25 times the normal level. And a fatigued muscle can only generate one-
tenth the energy of a muscle that is rich in oxygen. Since there is only one way for oxygen to
reach your muscles – by your cardiovascular system – it stands to reason that you must do

everything possible to keep yours in top shape.
AEROBIC EXERCISE – WITH OXYGEN
Although you may be primarily concerned with the development of your skeletal muscles,
don’t forget that the heart is also a muscle. And while a well-developed heart won’t win you
extra points onstage, it is your most important muscle when it comes to overall long-term
health.
In simple terms aerobic exercise is any extended activity that makes you breathe hard while
using the large muscle groups at a regular, even pace. Aerobic activities help make your heart
stronger and more efficient. They also use more calories than other activities. Some examples
of aerobic activities include:
- Jogging
- Bicycling
- Swimming
- Aerobics class
- Boxing class
- Spinning
- Racquet sports
- Rowing
- Ice or roller skating
- Cross-country or downhill skiing

- Jogging
- Swimming
- Spinning
- Rowing
- Using cardio equipment (i.e. treadmill, stationary bike)
816

“
- Brisk walking
- Hiking
BENEFITS OF AEROBIC EXERCISE
When oxygen enters your lungs it’s grabbed by red blood cells and transported back to the heart
and then pumped throughout the body to the various tissues and cells. At the cellular level the
oxygen is released and various waste products, including carbon dioxide, are carried back to the
lungs and exhaled. One of the benefits of aerobic exercise is that after a period of time blood
volume will increase. An average male can increase his circulating blood volume by up to a
liter with regular aerobic exercise. More blood means more red blood cells. More red blood
cells means more oxygen and waste-carrying capacity. I think you can see how this would be
beneficial to hard-training bodybuilders. Not only will your muscles be receiving more oxygen,
waste products will be removed that much faster.
The large majority of heavier strength athletes have a bodyfat percentage that’s too high.

That puts them at risk for heart conditions and cardiovascular disease down the road.
Powerlifters and other strength athletes suffer from heart attacks more frequently than do
athletes in any other sport.”
– Rahim Kassam, regular 
 columnist
Photo of Pasi Schalin by Ricky Marconi
A second benefit is that the body compensates for the increased blood volume by
increasing the number of blood vessels. Besides the biological effect, the extra blood vessels
give bodybuilders a much more vascular look.
A final benefit to regular cardio exercise is that it increases the body’s digestive abilities
817

and mental alertness, and plays an important role in combating stress and ill temper.
STARTING AN AEROBIC PROGRAM
As with most forms of physical exercise you don’t just dive right in at the highest intensity
level. Just because you can squat 315 pounds for 12 reps doesn’t mean your legs are capable of
enduring an hour of cycling or running. Start out by doing two to three 15- to 20-
minute
sessions at a light to moderate pace and gradually increase the duration to 30 to 45 minutes,
four to five times per week.
For bodybuilding success you must learn to use cardio to lose fat while retaining muscle.
Photo of Armon Adibi by Alex Ardenti
UNDERSTANDING THE TARGET HEART-RATE ZONE
To get the most health benefits from aerobic activity, you should exercise at a level strenuous
enough to raise your heart rate to what’s called your target heart rate zone. Your target heart
rate zone is 65 to 80 percent of your maximum heart rate (the fastest your heart can beat). To

find your theoretical maximum heart rate subtract your age from 220. For a 30-year-old that
equals 190 (220 - 30 = 190). Now take this number and multiply it by .65 and .80 to give you
your target heart rate zone. For our 30-year-old that would be 124 to 152.
818

“
Check to see if you’re in your ZONE
To see if you are exercising within your target heart rate zone, count the number of pulse beats
at your wrist or neck for 10 seconds, then multiply by six to get the beats per minute. If your
heart is beating faster than your target heart rate, you are exercising too hard and should slow
down. If your heart is beating slower than your target heart rate, you should exercise a little
harder.
Go easy!
When you begin your exercise program, aim for the lower end of your target zone (65 percent).
As you get into better shape, slowly build up to the higher end of your target zone (80 percent).
FAT-LOSS ZONE AND CARDIO ZONE
You will no doubt hear about training in a lower-intensity fat-burning zone (60 to 70 percent of
maximal heart rate) as opposed to a cardio zone (80 to 90 percent of maximal heart rate). The
debate rages as to which is the best zone. While it’s true that exercising at the lower zone will
burn more calories in the form of fat by percentage, exercising in

burn more calories in the form of fat by percentage, exercising in 
the higher zone will burn
more calories overall for the same amount of time. And since total calorie expenditure is the
key to losing fat, theoretically the higher zone should be the best zone. The key word there is
“should,” as everyone’s body responds differently. The lower zone may work best for you.
Working out in the lower zone may also help you to keep all your muscle while leaning out.
My advice is to start out at the lower zone and gradually work into the upper zone and see
what happens. If there is a noticeable difference then select the one that works best. If on the
other hand both seem to be yielding equal results, then alternate them. You can alternate them
on a daily basis (i.e. high, low, high, low, etc.), or you can do one month high and the next low.

Another great alternative is to do high-intensity interval training (HIIT). This is great for
both fitness and fat loss. In HIIT you exercise at a lower intensity for a while and then at a very
high intensity to get your heart rate right up into the high cardio zone for a brief period, then
back to low intensity until you can catch your breath enough to go back into the high cardio
zone. You keep going back and forth this way until your whole workout is done.
Man I do a lot of cardio. From the first week of my prep I do two 45-minute sessions a
day, six days a week and one 45-minute session on the other day, which is my leg day.”
– Craig Richardson, IFBB pro, commenting on how much cardio he does during the pre-contest
phase of training.
WHEN TO PERFORM YOUR CARDIO WORKOUTS

“If you live in the real world and your time is limited, you may want to do your weights and
cardio in one long session at the gym. Think about investing in a piece of cardio equipment for
your home so you have more options and don’t always have to do your cardio at the gym. But
plenty of bodybuilders do it all in one shot, both weights and cardio, and still manage to get
decent results.”
819

While generally speaking there is no best time to perform your cardio workouts, there are
a few guidelines that you might want to follow. It probably doesn’t make much sense to do
your cardio workout before a hard leg workout. Few bodybuilders can go for a 30- to 45-minute
bike ride or jog and then bang out multiple sets with many hundreds of pounds on the squat or
leg press. (And if you are used to squatting 315 then your legs won’t be growing much when
you reach failure at 6 reps with 135.) The opposite is also true – just how effective will your
run or cycle be after a grueling leg workout? Besides, a 45- to 60-minute leg workout is highly
aerobic anyway so why waste time doing both back to back?
There are numerous cardio/weight training combinations that you can follow. You could
do all your cardio on your days off. The advantage to this is that you’re only doing one form of
exercise on each day. The disadvantage is that you’re working out seven days a week. Give it a

try and see how you feel. If none of the symptoms of overtraining start appearing, by all means
keep going. Another option is to do your cardio on your upper-body weight-training days and
then one or two of your days off. The benefit of this approach is that you give your body at least
two days off from exercise each week.
If you have the time you can do your cardio and weight training at different times on the
same day. Many bodybuilders like to do their cardio early in the morning before work or school
and then go back later in the day for their weight training.
There is no right combination for your cardio and weight training. My advice is to try
different combinations and see which one works best for you. And keep in mind that the best

program is the one that fits into your schedule. You can map out the perfect training and cardio
program, but if you find you skip workouts because the times don’t work for you, then your
physique will never benefit from your “perfect” program.
820

EARLY MORNING CARDIO?
Every now and then some bodybuilding writer will suggest that doing cardio first thing in the
morning before breakfast is by far the best time to do cardio exercise. The theory is that since
the brain primarily burns carbohydrates while you’re asleep, when you wake up in the morning
the only thing left to burn is fat. While there may be some truth to this, keep in mind that you
don’t deplete all your carbohydrate supplies while asleep. The difference in fat-burning early in
the morning versus later in the day is so small that it’s not really necessary that you haul
yourself out of bed at 5:00 or 6:00 in the morning – unless you’re an early riser to begin with.
Besides, the few extra calories you burn might be made up for by the fact that your metabolism
doesn’t kick in until you eat.
The key to success is consistency far more than time of the day. As long as you’re doing
those three to five 30- to 45-minute sessions per week you’re doing fine. Don’t let anyone tell

you that you must exercise at any particular time.
PRECAUTIONS
Before looking at some of the more popular cardio machines a few precautionary points are in
order. For starters, if you’re overweight and/or new to exercise I strongly encourage you to
check with your doctor before hopping on that cardio cycle or treadmill. That old ticker of
yours is probably not used to exercise and a doctor’s office is a much better place to find out its
weakness than trotting along on the gym floor.
A second point concerns feedback signals from your body. Different machines put
different stresses on the joints – particularly the knees and ankles. If you start experiencing
pain in any of the joints (or lower back), stop the exercise and switch machines. For some

people running on a treadmill is the most effective and enjoyable form of cardio. For others it’s
a fast route to destroyed knees. Switching from a flat run to an inclined power walk may
prevent your having to use a cane in a few years. If the pain persists regardless of the machines,
go see your doctor.
OPTIMAL TIME FOR TRAINING
You can boost the success of your aerobic workout by training at specific times. Early
morning is one of the best possible times to get in an aerobic workout, but it’s not the
only time that offers extra fat-burning benefits. Right after a weight-training session
your body is in fat-burning mode. Your metabolism is high from the weight training
and you have used most of your glycogen stores during the strength-training session.

Your body burns off more fat for fuel sooner. Post-weightlifting is an excellent time to
squeeze in an aerobic workout and take advantage of the fat-burning processes already
at work.
Finally, (though this doesn’t happen to most bodybuilders) you may become addicted to
cardio exercise. Cardio releases endorphins that give you a natural high. Yes there are worse
addictions, but cardio is meant to complement your bodybuilding, not interfere with it. Spend
too much time running, cycling or crosstraining, and you could lose much of your hard-earned
822

“
muscle mass. This is especially true once your body fat percentage starts dipping into single
digits. You only have so many calories to work with, and once your fat and carbohydrate levels
are low, the body will switch to protein (in the form of muscle tissue) as a fuel source.
Ectomorphs may want to heed this advice for the same reasons. By definition ectomorphs
have low body fat levels and high metabolisms to begin with. They should probably limit their
cardio training to two or three 20-minute sessions per week.
CHOOSING A CARDIO MACHINE
Years ago the only choices bodybuilders had for indoor cardio were cycling and swimming, but
today the choices are almost endless. You have treadmills for walking, jogging and running on;
cycles for biking; rowers for rowing and a whole assortment of ellipticals, steppers and
crosstrainers. The beauty is that one form of cardio is no better than the next. They all burn
about the same number of calories per unit time (assuming equal exercise intensities). There

might be a huge difference in comfort (i.e. how it feels on the joints), but as long as your heart
rate is the same, most forms of cardio will give you the same results.
Is it just me or is training on cardio machinery about as much fun as watching paint dry?
I won’t lie. There are days when I simply don’t feel like hopping on that motionless bike or
treadmill for yet another session of what seems to be an eternity in aerobic hell. On those
days I have to dig deep down to muster the fortitude I need to get my cardio done.”
WHAT TYPE IS BEST?
My first piece of advice is to test each type of cardio machine and choose the one that feels
best. Virtually all will work the legs and a few will bring in the arms, but there may be a huge

difference in how they feel. If you don’t notice any difference in the machines with regards to
comfort, then alternate them on a daily or weekly basis. This keeps things entertaining and
more challenging. Here’s the scoop on each piece of cardio equipment:
Treadmill
The great thing about treadmills is that you can walk, jog or run on them. Walking stresses the
joints the least, but jogging and running will burn more calories per minute. Most modern
treadmills have a solid wooden deck that is cushioned by shock absorbers. It’s for this reason
that many joggers and runners prefer treadmills to running outside on the concrete sidewalk or
pavement. Most treadmills also have handrails to hold on to, but you’ll need to let your hands
and arms swing by your sides as you jog or run. For those who find jogging and running

difficult (or who don’t have the cardiovascular conditioning just yet) you can get a great
workout by walking uphill at a good speed. Most treadmills allow you to increase the angle
from flat to 15 degrees. While 15 degrees doesn’t sound like much, trust me you’ll easily reach
your target heart rate zone after five to ten minutes of power walking up this angle.
823

Stationary Bike
Stationary bikes or cardio cycles provide fairly intense workouts with little stress on the knees.
Cardio cycles come in two styles: upright and recumbent. Upright cycles usually have two sets
of handlebars: those that allow you to sit straight up and those that let you lean forward like a
Tour De France racer. They are equally effective, but the racing version may be slightly more
stressful on the lower back for some.
Recumbent Cycle
As the name suggests, recumbent cycles allow you to sit down with your legs in front of the
body. Recumbent cycles are not more or less effective than uprights, but they are less stressful
on the lower back. For both upright and recumbent cycles you adjust the chair height until your
outstretched leg is never able to completely lock out. There are two ways to increase the
intensity of cycling: you can peddle faster and you can increase the tension on the peddles.
Many cardio cycles have heart rate sensors built into the handles that will compare your actual

heart rate to where it should be based on your age (you simply program in your age and
duration at the beginning). From then on the bike will increase or decrease the tension to
increase or decrease your heart rate in much the same way that a furnace and thermostat will
work together to keep the temperature constant.
824

Rowing Machine
Although on the surface rowing appears to work mostly the upper body, a proper rowing stroke
derives about 75 percent of its force from the legs. Despite its effectiveness, rowing is often
perceived as being the most boring of indoor cardio exercises. Whether because it requires an
unfamiliar movement or because it’s difficult to row and watch TV or read at the same time,
who knows?
However, rowing is just as effective for stimulating fat loss and increasing cardiovascular
fitness as any of the other cardio machines, and you’ll rarely have to wait for one.
Make sure when rowing that you sit up straight and don’t overarch your back as you
complete each stroke. Keep your elbows close to your body when pulling. You should be
pulling with your arms and pushing with your legs. There should be little to no lower back
involvement.
Stepper or StairMaster
®
Other than the manually operated cardio cycle, and perhaps the treadmill, steppers were
probably the first mass-produced

®
probably the first mass-produced 
indoor cardio machine. The version by StairMaster became so
popular that most steppers became known as StairMasters.
Steppers consist of two steps connected to a motor. As you increase the speed the steps
move faster, forcing you to increase your pace to keep up. Although the exercise is very easy to
do, the constant up-and-down motion can play havoc on the ankles and knees. When ellipticals
and crosstrainers came on the scene in the early 1990s, most step users switched because
ellipticals and crosstrainers place far less stress on the ankles and knees. Most gyms these days
have far fewer stepper machines than in their glory days of the 1980s.
Elliptical and Crosstrainer
Equipment manufacturers addressed the issue of joint injury from stepping by designing
machines that forced the legs to make a circular or ellipse-type motion rather than a straight

up-and-down motion. Although the names are often used interchangeably, crosstrainers have
both moving peddles and arms, whereas ellipticals have stationary handles to hold on to. At no
time does the path your foot takes become a straight up-and-down motion.
There is a misconception that because the crosstrainer has moving arms it is somehow
more effective than the elliptical, but this is not the case. Both machines heavily stress the legs
and the legs are such a large muscle group that once they start exercising they quickly bring
your heart rate up to the target heart rate zone. The addition of the relatively small arm muscles
is not really contributing that much extra. My suggestion is to try both and see which machine
feels the most comfortable.
Step Mill

Step Mill
Although this machine is not often seen in gyms anymore, if your gym has one then be sure to
give it a try. You can think of the step mill as a small escalator – except it never brings you
anywhere (except to a superior level of fitness)! The step mill consists of a moving set of stairs
that you can vary the speed on. Unlike some of the other cardio machines there is no coasting
on this machine. If you coast you fall off. Simple as that.
825

Photo of Reggie McKee by Paul Buceta
Given their high cost, size (often between seven and eight feet high) and the fact that, like
steppers, step mills can be hard on the knees and ankles for some, they’ve fallen out of favor
over the last 10 years. Actually, they’ve probably also fallen out of favor because they work
you hard! Still, if you have access to one, give it a try. Your target heart rate zone will be mere
seconds away!
826

I
CHAPTER 91
Spin Classes
“Spinning classes offer upbeat music and an instructor that pushes you to
your max. You will sweat like crazy and you’ll get an amazing cardio
workout. Perfect for the bodybuilder who hates cardio machines and can’t
stand complicated moves.”
– Carol Lepine, fitness coordinator, City of Richmond
f you just can’t seem to talk yourself into traditional forms of cardio exercise, give spinning a
try. Spinning
®
 is a perfect example of an aerobic activity that seems to have staying power.
The term “Spinning
®
” is actually a registered trademark of the Schwinn Corporation. However,
most people use the word to describe any group cycling class on stationary cycles.
Spin classes are popular because they offer numerous fitness-related benefits while
remaining gender neutral. Despite all the advances made in the last couple of decades, weight
training is still seen as masculine, and cardio as feminine. But spin classes are for everyone,

and most classes have an even mixture of men and women. It’s a great way to stimulate the
cardiovascular system as well as strengthen the muscles, particularly the leg muscles.
A lesser-known reason for the popularity of spin classes over other forms of cardio fitness
is that it is very motivational. A combination of small class size, a dynamic instructor and
tailored music all contribute to keeping participants interested and determined to finish the
class. In a large aerobics class it’s easy to slack off and simply go through the motions, but a
spin class leaves no room for stragglers. Everyone is motivated to keep up, and it’s far more
fun than spending 30 minutes doing the exact same movement on a piece of stationary cardio

A typical class consists of one instructor and 10 participants. Instructors have different
cycle arrangements, but most use a semi-circle pattern. Other 
than the cycle, the only
equipment you need is a water bottle and a towel. The cycle itself bears little resemblance to
those $5,000 cardio cycles that inhabit gyms these days. You won’t find any bells or whistles –
in fact you won’t find electronics of any kind. This is cycling at its purist. The cycle will have a
lever located just beneath the handlebars that allows you to increase the tension on the pedals.
Push the lever all the way down and it acts as a brake. Keep this in mind – the large front
flywheel weighs 40 or 50 pounds, and once it gets going you can’t automatically stop it by just

locking your legs. You must either gradually slow down and stop or push the brake lever down.
If spin cycles have one big disadvantage over regular cardio cycles it’s comfort, or lack
thereof. The seat on a typical cardio cycle is rather small and not blessed with the greatest
amount of padding. After 10 or 15 minutes sitting on it, your squat-built hindquarters are going
to start talking to you in unpleasant terms. However, during a spin class you’ll be alternating
sitting with standing and sprinting, so you won’t be sitting on the seat for long stretches.
The class itself is like most forms of physical activity and can be divided into three
phases: warmup, middle and cool-down. The warmup consists of various stretches that start
827

while standing on the floor and then progress to the cycle. Most instructors start with slow- to
moderate-paced peddling, and then progress to the faster-paced peddling and sprinting, either
seated or standing. During a typical class you’ll alternate various speeds with different tensions
on the wheels.
Spin classes are conducted in the presence of music. Most gyms have the stereo system
controls located next to the instructor’s cycle so he or she can alternate various music tempos
throughout the class. Slow music is typically used for the warmup and cool-down, and faster-
paced music for the heart of the class. Some instructors use rock music, while others go for
upbeat dance music.
The average spin class lasts 45 to 60 minutes, and is as good as it gets when it comes to
cardiovascular conditioning. Spinning has an advantage over most other forms of aerobic
exercise because of its strengthening effects on the muscles. Most forms of cardio only use the

weight of the body as resistance. For the first couple of weeks this may provide some
strengthening benefits, but the leg muscles quickly adapt. With spinning the tension lever
allows you to increase the resistance on demand. Many weight trainers report that their legs get
as pumped from a spinning class as from a regular squat workout.
Some gyms charge extra for spin classes. Others include these classes in their fee
structure. One suggestion is to check out different instructors. They should all have the same
qualifications, but personality can play a big role. One instructor may motivate you to the point
where you could go for two hours, while another may make you decide to give up after 15
minutes. Or you may hate the music one instructor chooses while another plays your favorite

motivational tunes. The bottom line is to choose the class and instructor that motivates you to
keep coming back.
828

Y
CHAPTER 92
Shaping Up at School
“I believe education is important. I played college sports and modeled, but
neither was as important as my education.”
– Bart Blackwell, 
American Health and Fitness
importance of education.
ou thought the day would never come but here it is. You’re on your own at college or
university. The U-haul has been unloaded, the parents are gone and you’re ready to meet
new people, experience new things and prepare for your future. It’s a great time of challenges,
and hopefully some enjoyment along the way. Whether you’re just starting out or in the middle
of your college experience, you’ll want to know how to keep training while balancing
academics and your social life.
THE RIGHT ATTITUDE
Perhaps the best piece of advice I can give you is to bring a fit attitude to campus. When you
were growing up you probably kept yourself reasonably active, even if you never thought of

your activities as exercise. You may not have played organized sports or attended a gym on a
regular basis, but all through school you kept your circulatory system pumping with walking to
friends’ houses, using a bicycle as transportation before you had a car and just playing around.
Your life now will likely be different. If you are taking a full course load, partying on the
weekends and holding down a part-time job to help offset the Photo 
high tuition and living
expenses, time is something you don’t have in abundance. You will need to make a special
effort to remain active. The first step is to cultivate the attitude and the determination that you
are going to stay fit.
829

Photo of James Davila by Alex Ardenti
The most straightforward way to gain, or re-gain, that attitude is to train consistently. If
you’ve been going to the library to study every night, working at your part-time job or partying
(after all it is college!), you’ll likely notice that your energy level has decreased significantly.
Don’t worry, you’ll quickly begin to feel better once you become active.
GET IN THE FITNESS HABIT
Getting into the habit of fitness does not have to take a lot of effort. Simply take an extra walk
across campus. Ride your bike around town once or twice a week after class. Walk to class
instead of taking the bus. If it’s winter and outdoor activities are limited, do some ab work –
crunches and leg raises – when you get up in the morning. Twice a week throw in some
bodyweight exercises such as push-ups, chin-ups and sissy squats. The bottom line is to be
smart, be consistent and most of all, be active.
GET WALKING

Even if you’re not in pre-contest mode, if you’re logging fewer than 5,000 steps daily
830

“
on your pedometer you need to step up your efforts. Walking 5,000 or fewer steps
throughout the course of the day (about 2 1/2 miles) is deemed sedentary behavior,
according to new activity guidelines. Most people log between 2,000 and 5,000 steps
daily by doing everyday activities. To land in the “active” category you need to step it
up to 10,000 steps daily. You’ll look and feel better for it.
FITNESS UNITS
If you have trouble fitting in your activities, try to rearrange your schedule. If Monday consists
of eight hours of class followed by two or three hours of study, take a 10- or 15-minute break
during the day to stretch or go for a walk. Or take a half-hour to do something physical between
your classes and your study time. If this is not feasible, do something the day before and day
after. One of the disadvantages of college life is that the days lack repeated structure, so you
can’t always have a workout at 4 p.m., for example. No worries, though. Make the commitment

to slot it in where you can at least four days a week and the rest of the time simply pick up your
activity level.
Now that you have made the mental commitment, you can make accommodations that fit
your schedule. You may no longer get the two-hour training sessions you had been used to. But
that doesn’t mean you have to give up. Think in terms of small segments of time. Find 15
minutes here, a half-hour there. Contact your campus athletic department to find out what
recreational sports are offered. Check out the gym, pool and classes. Make note of the hours.
Make the campus rec center your second home, and get in the habit of going there every time
you have a break rather than sitting in a coffee shop.
Most fad diets work to help you shed those extra pounds – in the short term. But by the

time you actually get to wear your new swim trunks, you’re back to being harpooned while
sunbathing on the beach! Fad diets are just that – fads. If you want to lose weight and keep
it off you have to make lasting lifestyle changes. Learn to cook, shop and dine in a healthy
way and those pounds will stay off.”
– Melissa Swain O’Neill, 
inefficacy of fad diets.
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
Every campus is different in regard to its fitness facilities. You may or may not have
reasonable access to an indoor court if you want to play some basketball, volleyball or other
activity that requires a relatively large area. You might have better access to handball or squash
courts. Weight room availability and equipment also vary greatly. Some campuses have

facilities where students can lift heavy iron; some restrict use of the best equipment to varsity
teams. Some have an abundance of machines and free weights; others have just the basics. You
may even have to join a gym off campus to get access to some decent workout facilities. Off-
campus gyms often offer great deals for students, so you might want to look into this option.
As for outdoor sports and recreation, geography will play a role. Campuses located in
Florida or California offer endless outdoor fitness opportunities. If you are in an area of less
than ideal weather conditions you may need to be a bit more creative. On sunny days do your
workouts outdoors and save the indoor stuff for those rainy days. Likewise the seasons will
831

dictate your activities. If you’re in a northern climate try skiing, snowboarding or hiking to jazz
up your recreation. There’s nothing as refreshing as a hike through the woods on a cold, clear,
crisp winter’s day.
ON-CAMPUS NUTRITION
In the dark days of college life, just 10 or 20 years ago, most campuses offered only “dorm
food,” which consisted of endless mounds of macaroni and unidentifiable meat. It was all about
calories. Thankfully most colleges now offer healthier alternatives. Granted there are still guys
who live on pizza and beer, but you can eat clean if you want to. Good selections include turkey
or chicken breast, whole grain cereals, fruit and vegetables, and eggs.
When time is of the essence, try a meal replacement bar or shake. Make sure to read the
ingredients! If you live off campus in your own apartment, you’re better off as you’ll have
more control over what you eat.
Whatever your fitness goals or aspirations, college life can be a great time for setting you

on a lifetime path of fitness success and enjoyment. Don’t be afraid to be creative and
experiment. Be determined. Get out there and do something!
832

Bodybuilding is important and takes thought and effort, but make sure to get enjoyment from other areas of life, too.
833

E
CHAPTER 93
Don’t Drag from Jet Lag
“Travel complicates things more than any other variable when it comes to
consistency. Again planning ahead helps. If you are vacationing in a certain
area, check to see if there is a hotel with a gym. It may not have the equipment
you need, but it will allow you to be consistent. Any workout is better than
none.”
– Bill Starr, 
 contributor, commenting on training while on the
road.
ver since the late 1950s, when jet aircraft made traveling the globe a matter of hours and not
days, people have been grappling with the effects of the biological upheaval of jet lag.
Jet lag is a temporary condition that some people experience following air travel across
several time zones in a short period of time. This causes the traveler’s internal clock to be out
of sync with his/her external environment. People experiencing jet lag have a difficult time
maintaining their internal sleep-wake pattern in their new location because external stimuli,

like sunshine and local timetables, dictate a different pattern. For this reason, one can feel
lethargic one moment and excited the next. Jet lag creates a double bind for vacationers and
business people who must cross several time zones to reach their destination, but who are also
intent on maximizing sightseeing or productivity. As travelers attempt to adjust their internal
clocks to a new external environment, symptoms result with varying intensity.
TIPS ON REDUCING JET LAG
Eat Properly
One of the first steps in reducing the effects of jet lag is to try and maintain your daily routine.
You don’t want to deviate from your diet when you travel. Bad nutrition only makes a case of
jet lag worse. This is ironic given that the first food you’ll probably eat on your trip is airline

food! If you plan on taking a trip that involves more than two time zones, avoid airline food
and bring your own. This is actually a good idea no matter where you are flying to.
Meal replacement bars can help in this regard, as long as the ingredients are clean.
Carrying some raw almonds along with some fruit is also a great idea. These items don’t take
up a lot of room in your carry-on luggage. You can also eat them anytime you want. No more
waiting for the food cart to reach your aisle.
Supplement
You should also pack some vitamins and minerals. Vitamins and minerals help reduce cramps,
which become all too common on today’s overcrowded aircraft. They also boost your immune
system, which will be under attack from all the germs being circulated by the aircraft’s air-
835

conditioning system. Think of it this way: you are going to be stuffed into a narrow tube with
200 other people for many hours. Visualize the number of bacteria and viruses harbored by
such a population. You want all the help you can get in warding off such an assault.
Drink Your Fill
I can’t stress enough the importance of drinking water. The constantly changing air pressure
inside the cabin will quickly dehydrate you. Besides keeping you hydrated, drinking lots of
water will force you to get out of your seat and visit the washroom. This may not seem
important (it may even seem a pain), but visiting the washroom means you get to stretch and
flex your leg muscles. This helps prevent cramps and keeps the body from getting lethargic.
TRAVELING TOO OFTEN
Do you travel a lot for business? Attend every bodybuilding competition you can?
During these trips, do you suffer from jet lag? The most important thing you should do
to help prevent jet lag is to maintain your routine as much as possible. Stick to your diet

whenever you can. Avoid airline meals. Pack a bag with meal replacement bars, healthy
snacks and plenty of water to get through the trip. Relax during the flight and get in a
nap.
Keep Your Body Aligned
Another suggestion is to pack a good neck pillow. Sure, the airlines sometimes provide them
but the quality is pathetic. And do you really believe they clean all pillows between each flight?
For the sake of $20 or so, pick up a good pillow to enable you to rest in comfort. Proper neck
and body alignment will go a long way in reducing post-flight aches and pains. These pains
alone have been known to cause jet lag.
Stay Informed and Inspired
Unless you’re lucky enough to be treated to a just-released movie, odds are you’ve seen the
onboard entertainment before (multiple times if you are a regular airline traveler). A useful

way to pass the many hours is to read some fit
ness magazines. Most airports have a bookstore
or magazine stand that offers the latest issues of 
, 
836

and 
Reps!
. Or maybe you have a stack of them at home waiting to be read. Bring a couple along
and brush up on your bodybuilding knowledge and inspiration.
Stay in Tune
Bring along an MP3 player. Sure, the airlines offer onboard music, but chances are you won’t
like their selections. Bringing your own allows you to listen to what you want when you want.
Besides the music, a portable music player insulates you from the many noises around you, like
the annoying guy next to you, or the crying baby in the seat behind you.
Sleep Tight
Another must is to get a good night’s sleep after you travel. Try to grab at least eight good
hours of sleep the first night you arrive, and try to make sure to wake up close to the actual
morning time.
Eat a Healthy Breakfast
As soon as you wake up, head to the nearest restaurant and have a nutritious meal. If you’re
thinking that means sausages and bacon, think again. Try hot cooked whole grain cereal,

scrambled egg whites and a piece of fresh fruit. Then go back to your hotel room and take your
supplements.
Work Out
A final suggestion is to hit a gym for a workout. Unless you are going to be in the area for a
long period of time – say three weeks or more – your goal is maintenance, not setting any new
records. Do at least 10 to 15 minutes of cardio to warm up and get the blood flowing, and then
do some light stretching. Let’s face it: your muscles were cramped up for many hours. They
want to be eased back into operation. Perform a light to medium weight-training routine –
nothing too intense. Performing one exercise and one set per bodypart is great. Keep the rep
range between 12 and 15.
837

If your hotel gym leaves much to be desired, pick up a day or week pass from a local full-service gym. Doing so is well
worth the few bucks.
Photo of Denis Sergovskiy by Irvin Gelb
838

T
CHAPTER 94
Bodybuilding in the Golden Years
“I didn’t start training until I was in my 30s and was 34 at my first show.
People told me I was too old to get into bodybuilding, that I couldn’t build size
and strength past my 20s. I never believed any of that and proved them all
wrong. I won the California on my fourth try and I won most of my big titles
in my 40s, so you’re never too old.”
– Ed Corney, bodybuilding legend and one of the stars of 
Pumping Iron,
 letting “older”
readers know that it’s never too late to compete.
here’s an old saying that the only things you can be sure of in life are death and taxes.
However, you can also be sure that your body will slow down, you’ll take longer to heal and
muscle will come less easily. No matter how much you may try to stop the biological clock, it’s
inevitable that as you get older things will begin to slow down. Digestion and circulation suffer
at the hands of father time. Our reflexes slow down and our strength levels begin to decline.

Drs. William J. Evans and Irwin H. Rosenberg have broken aging down into 10 categories
that can be used as markers for measuring how fast an individual is aging:
839

Albert Beckles won the 1991 Niagara Falls Pro Invitational at the age of 61!
Photos of Albert Beckles
TEN CATEGORIES OF AGING:
Muscle mass
Strength
Basal (resting) metabolism
Body fat percentage
Aerobic capacity
Blood-sugar tolerance
LDL and HDL cholesterol ratios
Blood pressure
Bone density
Temperature regulation
Besides biological changes we also experience psychological changes as we age. Most people
find that as they get older their priorities change and they no longer have the same training
drive or enthusiasm that they had when they were younger. The law of diminishing returns
doesn’t help – no matter how hard you try you just can’t seem to hold on to the form that you
had earlier in your life. There are exceptions of course, but as the years go by most
840

“
bodybuilders change their values and attitudes towards training. The question is, should they?
THE “OLDER” BODYBUILDER
Young and old are relative terms. There are 20-year-olds whose health profiles might be
similar to those of 50-year-old heart attack victims. Conversely we have 60-year-olds running
marathons. While the 60-year-old is chronologically older than the 20-year-old, the 20-year-old
might be older with regards to physical shape.
My role model was Albert Beckles. The guy was awesome. When he was over 40 he beat
much younger men. Too much!”
– Quincy Taylor, IFBB pro, talking about his idol.
The late Vince Gironda was still going through body building workouts in his 80s and
Albert Beckles was winning pro bodybuilding contests in his 50s. Bodybuilding legend Bill
Pearl looks better in his 70s than most body-
builders do in their 20s and 30s. After a five-year
layoff, 51-year-old Vince Taylor placed third at the 2006 Australian Grand Prix. Even eight-

time Mr. Olympia Ronnie Coleman was winning bodybuilding’s top contest at 41 years of age.
For these guys (and many others) age is just a number and they have no intentions of slowing
down.
IT’S NEVER TOO LATE
Exercise not only improves your health, it can also reverse the aging process to an
extent. Researchers have found strength training can reverse age-related effects on
muscle. A study from the May online journal 
PLoS One
 suggests resistance training
actually rejuvenates muscle tissue in healthy senior citizens.
Researchers took tissue samples from 25 healthy, nontraining older men and
women (average age 70) and analyzed before and after gene-expression profiles. The
participants did strength training twice a week for six months. The researchers

compared their results with those from a similar analysis of younger healthy men and
women (average age 26). They found the strength training resulted in a reversal of the
genetic fingerprint, reaching levels similar to those of the younger adults tested. Muscle
strength increased for all participants, improving by 50 percent on average.
Bodybuilding really could be the fountain of youth!
Source: IDEA 
Fitness Journal
, Sept. ’07
841

Believe it or not I remember almost every day of my youthful training. Now after 50 years
of working out with weights, I still love to train. True enough my former three-and-a-half-hour
workouts are now only 45 minutes, but I train faster, follow a split routine and train an average
of four days a week rather than six.
THE KEYS TO LONGEVITY
If I still haven’t convinced you there’s bodybuilding life after 40, let’s look at it another way. If
muscle size diminishes with age and gaining body fat becomes easier, doesn’t it make sense to
be doing something that can slow down these changes? Arnold Schwarzenegger once said: “It’s
not that you’re too old to bodybuild; you’re too old not to!” Sure you’re probably not going to
be a threat to Jay Cutler or Ronnie Coleman, but just look at all the positive effects
bodybuilding will have on your body.
There’s a famous study involving Boston nursing home patients, most of whom were in

wheelchairs. After just two months of regular weight training many of the subjects were
walking again, two without the use of canes. The only negative aspect to the whole story is that
after the researchers left, no one kept the exercise program going and all the patients ended up
back in wheelchairs.
For those “older” people either new to bodybuilding or getting back to the weights after a
20- or 30-year layoff, the 
key is to make adjustments where necessary. You first must realize
that your recovery system can’t handle the same workouts it did 20 or 30 years ago. You’ll get
far better results following a 30- to 45-minute workout than you will trying to do those two-
hour marathons you performed in the past.
Another consideration is your type of workout. At 20 you may have been able to skip
cardio exercise and still stay lean, but no longer. One of the virtual guarantees of aging is a

slowdown in your basal metabolism. Your body will store more calories as fat than when you
were younger. You can still train for strength and size, but you must include some sort of
842

cardio exercise to burn off those extra calories as well as maintain your overall cardiovascular
health.
THE KEY IS CONSISTENCY
No matter what your age you won’t make the progress you desire if you skip workouts. If your
goal is to look lousy and sport a potbelly, then by all means replace the gym with booze. But
don’t blame me if you start feeling your age.
Consistency may be king, but intensity is also important. Just because your birth
certificate is slightly wrinkled doesn’t mean you need to hold back. As long as you have no
injuries, your energy level is high and your recovery abilities are up to scratch, give it your all
(that is, once your body is used to working out again). One of the best ways to keep motivation
levels high is to work out with a younger person. His (or her!) youth will keep you inspired 
and
force you to keep up. And let’s face it, your age will have the same effect on your partner. No
30-year-old wants a 50- or 60-year-old to outlift him!

and
Your first gray hairs should inspire you to train more – not less.
You may also want to start considering vitamins and minerals if you haven’t already done
so. As we age our digestive systems become less efficient at breaking down and absorbing
food. In many cases the minor health problems experienced by older people are simply a matter
of nutrient deficiency. While you don’t need to load up on hundreds of dollars’ worth of
supplements, I strongly urge you to take a multivitamin and a good protein supplement. Such
other proven supplements as creatine and glutamine probably wouldn’t hurt either.
If you follow the advice in this book, there is no reason not to make progress in your 50s, 60s,
843

70s and beyond. Always keep in mind that much of what we associate with aging is
psychological, and as long as you keep a positive attitude, you’ll be ahead of the game with
regards to slowing the clock down. Instead of dwelling on what you used to bench press or
squat, focus on what you can lift now. So what if you aren’t as strong and fit as you were at 20?
Not only will you be stronger, healthier, in better shape and more independent than practically
everyone in your age group, you’ll no doubt be in better physical condition than 90 percent of
the general population.
Photo of Clancy Ross
Photo of Ed Corney by Robert Kennedy
844

Y
CHAPTER 95
How You Fit In
“A guy left a huge puddle of sweat on a flat bench. As he started to walk off, a
lady nearby said, ‘That’s an awful nice puddle of sweat you’ve got there.’
‘Thank you,’ he replied sarcastically and walked away.”
ou may find once you start looking like a bodybuilder that having a great physique doesn’t
necessarily attract the type of attention you desire. Much of the general public thinks
bodybuilders are knuckleheads. Sometimes bodybuilders bring this on themselves. Let’s face it,
bodybuilding is no different than most sports in that it attracts a few idiots. Unfortunately,
when these idiots happen to be loud and obnoxious 250-pound idiots, the effect is magnified.
The following chapter is a guide to the various social and behavioral manners by which
bodybuilders should conduct themselves when working out. This chapter also takes a look at
the unsavory side of the bodybuilding subculture.
WIPE IT DOWN

Yes, we all know you sweat. We don’t have to either sit in the puddle you left behind on the
bench or clean it up to know how hard you work. Most gyms provide paper towels and
antibacterial cleansers. Use them. And while you’re at it, bring a towel around from bench to
bench and from machine to machine to sit or lie on. That way you’ll have a lot less mess to
clean up, too.
THAT’S GROSS!
Visualize this for a minute: You’re having a great workout and lifting more iron than
Pittsburgh. Those lost abs of yours are starting to reappear, and you’ve finally broken through
the defenses of that cute redhead you see on the treadmill every day. Yes it’s great to be a
bodybuilder. The one blemish is that you’ve forgotten your water bottle. No big deal. You head
to the water fountain. And then the person in front of you spits a wad of gum into the water

basin and follows it up with a large yellow ball of spit. I’ve even seen bodybuilders spit on the
benches.
Besides being a great way to spread such diseases as hepatitis and mononucleosis, it’s this
type of gross behavior that gives bodybuilders such a bad reputation. Lots of people already
think we’re big and dumb, and such disgusting behaviors only reinforce these stereotypes.
Maybe some bodybuilders will ignore or tolerate such behavior, but you shouldn’t. If your gym
doesn’t have such rules posted, go see the owner and request them. If some people want to act
like animals, then fine, they can go to the nearest barnyard. I’m sure the farmers could use the
extra muscle.
850

WEIGHTS BACK
There are few things as irritating during a workout as spending half your time looking for the
weights you want to use. Unless it’s tripping over the weights that someone left lying on the
floor. Or maybe having to remove the 800 pounds of plates left on the leg press before you
work on rehabbing your left knee. Get the picture? As the old saying goes: if you’re strong
enough to use it, you’re strong enough to put it back.
ON THE OFFENCE AGAINST BEING OFFENSIVE
One of the signs of a great workout is working up a good sweat. Unfortunately, in the process of
releasing water to cool down, the body also takes the opportunity to flush out the waste
products of exercise, including the bacteria that live in our skin pores. All it takes is a couple of
days of sitting in your workout clothes and you’re left with a stench that makes a zoo smell like
a flower shop.
No doubt you’ve heard the expression: “This place smells like a gym.” Well it shouldn’t –

at least not if you wash your clothes regularly. And I don’t mean one day a month, or even once
a week. If possible wash your clothes either daily or every second day. Why not have two or
three sets of workout clothes? This way you’ll need to wash only once or twice per week.
Besides your clothes, there’s something else that needs to be washed regularly: you! You
may think this point is self evident, but you should shower immediately after your workout. If
the gym shower room turns you off, head straight home and do it. Don’t leave the gym and go
to a social gathering with an offensive layer of sweat adhering to your body. Maybe you can’t
smell it, but trust me others can. Grab a bar of soap and lather up.
Here’s another tip you may not think of. It wouldn’t hurt to brush your teeth before
working out. You’re going to be doing some heavy breathing, and a mouth smelling like a
851

freshly opened coffin won’t make it easy to get a spot – especially the second time. And what if
by chance that sexy redhead on the treadmill starts chatting you up? How sexy do you think
you’ll come across with a disgusting case of bad breath? At the very least use some
mouthwash.
With regards to sharing personal items in the locker room, my advice is don’t – not under
any circumstances. Let’s start with razors. Razors and straight edges are designed to cut hair,
but they also nick skin and draw blood. Do you really want to mix someone else’s blood with
your own? Not only is this a great way to spread skin diseases, but you could contract AIDS or
hepatitis this way. Even something as simple as sharing your comb could get you a case of head
lice. The same goes for water bottles. You’d be surprised the soup of nastiness that brews in
people’s mouths, and people are often contagious before they even know they have a flu or
cold.
EWWWW…

cold.
EWWWW…
Continuous use of the same towel after workouts without washing it can be hazardous
to your health. It just takes a couple of days for infectious bacteria and fungi to breed
on your towel and enter your nose or mouth when you use it. Can you say “disgusting”?
We recommend that you wash your gym towel every day – hanging it out to dry isn’t
enough.
852

You know the old saying: “If you’re strong enough to use the weight, you’re strong enough to put it back.”
853

M
CHAPTER 96
Can’t We All Just Get Along?
“You may know the best way to do skullcrushers. But that doesn’t mean the
guy doing them wants to hear about it.”
, stating some things they’ve learned over the years.
ost bodybuilding gyms have a social hierarchy, and the sooner you recognize it the sooner
you’ll adapt and fit in. At the bottom of the list we have the newbies – that is, people
working out for the first time. Next up could be called the new regulars – people who have been
working out for a couple of months to a year. At the top of the heap are the veteran
bodybuilders who have been training for a year or more. Even within this dominant group there
may be subgroups consisting of competitive and noncompetitive bodybuilders.
As with any social hierarchy there are unwritten rules. In bodybuilding gyms those
bodybuilders getting ready for contests get the right of way. This doesn’t mean that they can (or

will) kick you off a piece of equipment. But if the state champion is doing flat barbell bench
presses on Monday at 5 p.m. there should be at least one rack free at this time. It doesn’t matter
that you might have waited half an hour for the rack. Move aside and wish the guy 
luck. It’s not
just the size or experience of competitive bodybuilders that gives them priority. Remember the
last time some friend or relative tried to give up smoking or was on a diet? They were a barrel
of chuckles and laughs, right? Well you have no idea how mean-spirited someone can get when
they’re on a pre-contest carb-depleted diet. And you don’t want to find out! All it takes is a bit
of watchfulness and you’ll be accepted. Once you are one of the boys, these same individuals

will go out of their way to help you prepare for your first contest. It’s called the brotherhood of
iron. While it takes a bit of patience to work your way in, once you are in, you have friends for
life.
You should also avoid staring. Humans are primates after all, and in primates staring is a
sign of aggression and challenge. There are times that bodybuilders want to be looked at and
admired (i.e. onstage or when practicing posing), but not as they’re working out. Sure, keep an
eye on someone if you are spotting them or they asked you to check out their form on a
particular exercise. But don’t let your staring be misinterpreted as a sign of aggression, or even
sexual interest. Given the emphasis on the male body’s masculine beauty in bodybuilding it’s

not surprising that homosexuality is often associated with the sport. The last thing you want is
some super-aggressive, straight 250-pound bodybuilder to start thinking you’re “checking him
out.” And guys, contrary to popular belief, women go to the gym to work out – not to be ogled
or drooled over. Many could probably kick your ass at the squat rack, so show some respect and
discretion.
855

ASKING FOR AND GIVING ADVICE
Offering and asking for advice can be a double-edged sword. Some over-enthusiastic young
bodybuilders memorize what they read in the magazines and then strut around the gym acting
as if they’re Charles Poliquin or Scott Able. Those who have this trait often have a lack of self-
confidence. They are insecure and over-eager to become accepted. If a person risks serious
injury by what he is doing, then go ahead and say something, but don’t become the gym know-
it-all, or the other trainers will start running in the opposite direction every time you come
around.
You must also be wary about asking for advice. Most veteran bodybuilders are flattered
and happy to help when some new trainer asks them for advice. Everyone likes to be recognized
for having expertise, and bodybuilders are no different. But don’t become a patronizing
nuisance. Ask for advice on training or nutrition maybe once every week or two, not every five

minutes. There is a fine line between flattering someone’s ego and getting on their nerves.
THE SEEDIER SIDE
The local gym is normally a very safe and friendly place to hang out. You are all pursuing a
healthy interest. You and your gym buddies have work issues, family issues and other things
going on in your lives, and your workouts are often a source of stress relief. There’s nothing
like a great workout after a hard day at school or the office. Genuine friendships are forged at
the gym and bodybuilders will go to great lengths to help and support one another. Because
there is no money or top title to fight over, the local gym normally has a very relaxed and
encouraging atmosphere.
The L.A. scene is entirely different. Southern California – particularly Santa Monica – is a
856

“mecca” for the sport of bodybuilding. Every year thousands of eager young iron pumpers from
around the world make the pilgrimage to Gold’s or World Gyms in Santa Monica hoping to be
discovered as the next Arnold or Jay Cutler.
Hundreds of bodybuilding hopefuls, all trying to earn their pro card and then win the top
titles. After the titles hopefully come the endorsement deals, movie roles and ulti
mately fame
and fortune. When the stakes are that high some people will have no reservations of walking
over whoever gets in their way. It’s a dog-eat-dog atmosphere and greenhorns (i.e. you!) are
nothing more than something to be taken advantage of, exploited and used.
Photo of Chris Jalali and Samir Bannout by Alex Ardenti
Of the millions of amateur bodybuilders only a few hundred ever make it to the pro ranks.
And of these probably fewer than a dozen earn six-figure salaries. It makes far more sense to
invest your few dollars in furthering your education than to buy a plane ticket to L.A. A

bodybuilder needs something to fall back on in the most likely event that he never reaches the
857

“
pro ranks. Besides, most pros do not make a great income. In fact, the income many pros make
does nothing more than pay their supplement bill. Those without a decent education can look
forward to traditional bodybuilding jobs such as bouncing, security and construction. Bouncing
and security will hardly support you, and though construction pays well when the economy is
good, when the real estate market dries up you may be out of a job. Besides, construction work
often means long tiring hours that might derail your bodybuilding efforts.
No doubt you’ve heard tales of young girls falling into the trap of prostitution after failing
to make it as a star in Hollywood. Well I hate to break it to you but the same thing happens to
guys – especially well-built guys trying to make it to the bodybuilding pro ranks. When the
money runs low, many turn to hustling to pay the rent and put protein on the table. Their clients
are often older men who prefer young male bodybuilders to women. As you might expect, the

young male becomes confused, degraded and loses all self-respect, whether he is gay or
straight.
THE DRUG SCENE
Later in the book I’ll be looking at the issue of performance-enhancing drugs in more detail.
For now I’ll limit the discussion to the social side of things. If you haven’t already, it won’t be
long before you encounter the bodybuilding drug scene. It’s a fact that a number of amateur and
virtually all pro bodybuilders use anabolic steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs. A
few have done jail time for trafficking in such drugs. While most keep their drug use to
themselves, a few will be quite open about it. Often the guys who are most open about it are the
ones selling the stuff.
If you become curious about steroids then I suggest doing your research on the Internet

and from magazines or books – not the gym. With anabolic steroids classified as illegal drugs,
law enforcement types routinely mount undercover operations in gyms. How do you know that
the person you are asking the question about Winstrol prices is not an ambitious cop who’s part
of a sting operation? You could easily get dragged into something much bigger. You could lose
your job, relationship and reputation, all because you wanted to know how much a bottle of
Dianabol would cost.
You also have to be careful about the steroid dealers themselves. Dealers get very nervous
when strangers start asking them about their “products.” Their first reaction is that you’re an
undercover narc who’s trying to take them down. Why risk the black glove treatment in the
parking lot when a few minutes on the Internet could get you the same information?

These drugs are illegal in North America. Any time you buy them either through the mail
or via a local dealer, you never know when a DEA agent might be around the corner ready
to slap the cuffs on you.”
 contributor, offering some words of wisdom to
those who contemplate using anabolic steroids.
Besides cops and dealers, you have the owner to worry about. Even owners of the most
hardcore gyms don’t like open talk about steroids in their gyms. It’s bad for business and
they’ll probably revoke your membership.
If by chance you do get approached by a dealer, just politely say you’re not interested and
walk away. I doubt that they’ll persist as the last thing they want is to draw attention to
858

themselves. If steroids are legal in your country you can probably get a prescription from a
doctor and buy them much cheaper at a pharmacy (more on this later). If they’re illegal, as they
are in the U.S., then obey the law and avoid them like the plague.
859

M
CHAPTER 97
The Key to Anabolic Growth
“By cycling your training you alter the stress loads on your body, preventing
the exhaustion of the body’s stress-activated chemicals.”
 contributor, offering advice on how to
minimize catabolic reactions in the human body.
any novice bodybuilders view building muscle as some mysterous adventure that can be
achieved only by following the advice of pro bodybuilders. They think there is a dirty little
secret that, once discovered, will lead them to the Holy Grail of freaky muscularity and
maximum muscle size; that there is one best training routine or diet that will stimulate their
anabolic growth potential and turn their average-looking bodies into pillars of muscle and
power. I hate to break it to you if you fall victim to such beliefs, but there is no magic pill to
pack pounds of striated muscle mass on your frame, and no secret potion to push you into the

heavyweight class. Trust me, if there was, everybody would already be using it and gyms would
be filled with 250-pounders repping with 500 pounds on the bench press.
The real key to gaining maximum muscle size is to create what’s called an anabolic
environment in your body. Without the internal environment necessary to stimulate growth, it
doesn’t matter what crazy training routine you follow, the music you listen to or the time of
day you train.
ANABOLIC VS. CATABOLIC
Biochemists can be a funny lot. They love inventing new vocabulary – especially words that
have little use in other areas. Let’s take the word “metabolism” for example. Instead of just
saying all the chemical reactions that take place in your body, they had to coin the word

“metabolic.” And guess what – it doesn’t end there. Nope, metabolic itself can be subdivided
into two more words: anabolic and catabolic. Now you’ve probably heard of anabolic before,
since it applies to “anabolic steroids.” The word itself means chemical reactions where small
molecules are combined to create larger molecules. The best example of this occurs when
amino acids are combined to form polypeptide chains, which in turn are combined to form
protein strands and ultimately muscle tissue. The name “anabolic steroid” means exactly that –
a steroid molecule that stimulates anabolic reactions in the body.
Some compounds do just the opposite. They break down large molecules into smaller
molecules. Such compounds are called catabolic steroids, and the best example is the hormone

cortisol. During times of stress, the body releases large amounts of cortisol. On one hand
cortisol will help you survive the stressful event, but on the other hand it causes the body to
break muscle tissue down as an energy source. Not exactly what a hard-training bodybuilder
wants.
863

“
Cortisol’s major catabolic effect involves facilitating the conversion of protein in muscles
and connective tissue into glucose and glycogen. Known as gluconeogenesis, this process
involves both catabolizing protein already formed and discouraging the synthesis of new
protein. Bottom line: Your growth potential is somewhere bound and gagged in the
twilight zone.”
– Dr. George Redmon, 
ANABOLIC REACTIONS – A BODYBUILDER’S BEST FRIEND
It doesn’t take a genius to figure out that bodybuilders should be striving to create anabolic
reactions in their bodies. The last thing you want is to be in a catabolic state. Unless your body
is continously in a state of anabolism, you’re virtually wasting your time in the gym. Muscle
growth won’t be taking place. In fact you could be experiencing just the opposite – suffering
catabolism and losing muscle tissue. What’s the use of busting your ass in the gym for hours
every day only to be losing muscle and not gaining it?

PREVENTION IS THE KEY
Hopefully you’re just a little bit concerned about whether your environment is catabolic.
There’s an old saying in the medical field that it’s easier to prevent diseases than treat them.
The same applies to reducing catabolic situations. Prevention is by far the best cure, and as a
bodybuilder you can’t leave anything to chance that might stop you from making gains, or even
take away the gains you’ve already made.
The human body is either in an anabolic state, a catabolic state or a neutral state
somewhere between the two extremes. As we saw earlier, an anabolic state is the ideal
condition for your body, because this is where you’ll make your best gains in muscle size and
strength. The end result of anabolism is the synthesis of new cellular material, especially

muscle proteins, cells, membranes and tissues. In short, we’re talking about maximum muscle
size.
Catabolism, meanwhile, is the process whereby large, complex molecules are broken down
into simpler ones, especially for energy production. It’s very easy for a bodybuilder to slip into
a catabolic state. Ironically, the all-out high-intensity training we often subject ourselves to is
treated as a form of stress by the body, and one of its responses is to release the hormone
cortisol. Cortisol is often called a stress hormone because the body manufactures and releases it
in high concentrations during such stressful situations as disease, injury, and yes, even intense
exercise. The reason cortisol is so detrimental to bodybuilding is that it increases the
mobilization of amino

mobilization of amino 
acids from muscles and increases protein breakdown. As more and more
protein is broken down, you start losing valuable muscle tissue.
If you’re wondering how such things evolved, just blame your ancestors. Unlike most of
us, who live relatively safe lives, our ancestors never had it easy. Whether going weeks without
solid food or being chased by a sabre-tooth cat or cave bear, things were often stressful for our
cave-dwelling ancestors. To increase their chances of survival, their bodies evolved and passed
to us a number of preventative mechanisms – one of which is stress hormones. And while we
rarely have to worry about being some animal’s lunch these days, we still have these survival
mechanisms that will fight us as we try to put on muscle mass.
So what can you do to maximize anabolic reactions and minimize catabolic reactions?
864

How can you make sure that your body is always primed and ready to build new muscle tissue?
What can you do to keep those dreaded catabolic reactions at bay? The fact is, you can do quite
a lot. Let’s take a look.
TRAINING
Even though I just said that intense training would cause the body to release cortisol and other
stress hormones, weight training also stimulates the body to release such anabolic hormones as
testosterone and human growth hormone (HGH). Testosterone, as most readers are aware, is the
primary male sex hormone. Human growth hormone is also highly anabolic and can make huge
differences in strength and size. These hormones are so effective at building muscle that during
puberty a four-foot boy can add two feet to his height and gain 50 pounds or more. Now I’m not
going to proclaim that every time you train you’ll gain the equivalent of going through puberty.
But intense training does cause the body to increase the production and release of these two

hormones. The key is the type of training. It seems that short (45- to 60-minute) sessions of
high-intensity training will cause the maximum amount of testosterone and HGH release, while
at the same time produce the least amount of cortisol production. In other words, short to
medium-length training sessions keep the anabolic/catabolic ratio heavily weighted toward the
anabolic side of the equation. Conversely, training sessions of two hours or more seem to have
little impact on testosterone and HGH production but maximize cortisol production. This is the
worst situation for developing freaky muscularity and maximum muscle size.
Train intensely for short periods of time to optimize your balance of natural testosterone and growth hormone.
ENERGY, FATIGUE AND SLEEP

Most people require an average of eight to nine hours of sleep a night, but it varies from
person to person. If you’re only getting four you are denying your body the sleep it
needs to function properly. As a result, your natural immune system may become
865

weaker, making you more susceptible to disease or infection, or you may not be able to
concentrate as well. Muscle building is a growth process and most growth occurs during
sleep. Many trainers take a nap during the day and find that to be a great way to restore
energy.
REST
With all the information floating around, it’s amazing that some bodybuilders still think
muscle growth takes place while training. Afraid not. You stimulate the muscle in the gym but
actual recovery and growth take place while you rest. So if you want to maximize your muscle
and strength gains you must get adequate rest. If you’re the late-night party type, routinely
strolling in at 4 or 5 a.m., then you’re not going to achieve the success you want. Sleep is the
most anabolic time for the human body. In fact, both testosterone and GH levels reach their
peak during sleep. Almost all growth and repair take place during sleep. By interfering with

sleep you’re decreasing the body’s ability to maximize its anabolic state. The end result is less
muscle growth.
NUTRITION
The greatest bodybuilding routine in the world is virtually useless if you don’t consume the
right nutrients in the right amounts.
Intensive exercise is clearly a vital part of the whole muscle-building process, but
achieving optimum muscle mass depends on consuming the raw building materials the body
converts into muscle. Proper nutrition depends on numerous factors and while there are others,
the following are the most important:
Protein
When it comes to priming the anabolic environment and building freaky muscularity and
maximum muscle size, nothing plays as important a role as protein. You can think of protein

Protein
creating muscle as bricks creating a wall. Protein supplies all the amino acids the body uses to
repair and build muscle tissue following an intensive training session.
If you fail to consume enough protein you risk letting the body slip into a state of negative
nitrogen balance. Biochemists predict protein synthesis and muscle growth by measuring the
amount of nitrogen present. Nitrogen is one of the key ingredients in amino acid synthesis, and
the more of it present the greater the rate of synthesis. When levels are high it’s called positive
nitrogen balance and when levels are low the term is negative nitrogen balance. Positive
nitrogen balance, anabolism and muscle growth are all interlinked. If developing maximum
muscle size is your goal then you should try to eat 1 to 1.5 grams of protein per pound of body

weight each day from such high-protein food sources as beef, fish, poultry, eggs and low-fat
dairy products. Try to spread the protein over at least five or six meals to derive the optimum
benefits.
Carbohydrates
Think of your body as a high-performance racing car. It needs energy to operate. In the case of
866

your body the energy comes in the form of carbohydrates (carbs). Carbohydrates 
come in two
forms: simple and complex. Simple carbs (sugar, white bread, fruit juice, some fruits, etc.)
should be limited, as they tend to get stored as fat if not burned right away. Complex carbs
(whole wheat pastas, many fruits, whole wheat breads, rice) are released much more slowly
over time and less likely to be stored as fat. In order to maintain peak energy levels during your
workouts carbohydrates should make up at least 50 percent of your total calories throughout
most of the year. In the pre-contest diet you’ll have to cut that proportion down.
Besides energy, carbs are also vital to the muscle-building process. Carbohydrates
stimulate the release of insulin, which forces more amino acids into muscle cells to begin the
process of growth and repair. However, if your carb levels are so low that your body does not
have enough to fuel its daily activities, then your body will start cannibalizing its own muscle

to convert into glycogen in order to meet its energy requirements. In simple terms, failure to
eat enough quality carbs can put the body into a catabolic state.
INCREASE YOUR CALORIES
Unless you’re carrying excess weight or gain fat very easily you need a positive caloric balance
if you want to build new muscle tissue. Try to ensure that your daily caloric intake is about 10
percent higher than your daily energy expenditure for maintenance.
Eat Fat
One of the biggest changes in nutrition circles over the past 10 to 20 years is the viewpoint
867

regarding fats. There was a time when all fats were lumped together and considered evil, but no
longer. It’s now known that fats are definitely either good or bad for you. Fats can be
subdivided into two types: saturated and unsaturated. Saturated fats, including the evil trans
fats, are killers. They tend to be solid at room temperature. These fats deserve their bad
reputation. Over time they build up on arterial walls, causing heart disease and stroke. For
optimum health your goal is to try and eliminate all saturated and trans fat from your diet.
Unsaturated fat, including EFAs, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, are considered “good”
fats and are vital to life. They tend to be liquid at room temperature. These fats do everything
from lubricating the joints to protecting cellular walls to promoting protein synthesis by
increasing the production of hormones, including testosterone. It’s this last point that has led
some nutritionists and bodybuilding experts to label unsaturated fats “anabolic” compounds.

The best sources of unsaturated fats are fish and vegetable oils.
WATER WORKS
The human body is approximately 70 percent water by volume. While our ancestors left the
seas hundreds of millions of years ago, we are still dependent on this simple but vital life-
giving liquid. Failure to drink adequate quantities of water will lead to dehydration and will
adversely affect your muscle mass. Even though there are many myths about water and
nutrition floating around, one common saying that you’ve no doubt heard is true – you should
drink at least eight glasses of water per day. And this is not counting the extra water you should
be drinking on workout days. Water is cheap or free, depending on the source, and vital for life.
Since all the chemical reactions in the human body are directly or indirectly dependent on

water you should make consumption a priority.
SUPPLEMENTATION
Like fats, the role of supplementation in maximizing bodybuilding success has evolved over
the decades. From simple protein powders and multivitamins to creatine, CLA and glutamine,
the area of supplementation has been radically transformed. While some mainstream
nutritionists may question the value of supplementation, it’s pretty much accepted by most
bodybuilding experts (and bodybuilders themselves) that supplementing makes a huge
difference when it comes to building maximum-sized muscles.
Supplements can be divided into two categories: nutrients and performance enhancers. As
the name suggests, nutrient supplements are just extra amounts of common nutrients such as
protein, vitamins and minerals, and EFAs. While it is possible to receive adequate amounts

through the diet, they will make a big difference if levels are low to begin with, and taking a
little extra ensures you will always have enough. It only makes sense to supplement with
protein or EFAs to ensure the raw materials are available for synthesizing new muscle tissue.
Although the quality of nutrient supplements has improved over the years, it’s within the
area of performance enhancement that the biggest advances have been made. Such state-of-the-
art supplements as creatine, glutamine and nitric oxide are being used by millions of
bodybuilders to bring their muscularity to new levels.
What separates these supplements from the nutrients is their ability to boost strength and
size gains beyond what normal nutrition can provide. Creatine has a proven track record in

helping bodybuilders build bigger muscles. Likewise, glutamine can help combat the stress of
868

high-intensity workouts and keep the body in that all-important anabolic state of positive
nitrogen balance. Nitric oxide has the ability to increase the transport of other nutrients into
and from cells, as well as reduce joint and soft-tissue inflammation.
ZINC AND TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
Among its many functions, the evidence suggests that zinc plays a major role in
testosterone production. Despite the fact that it’s a trace element, zinc is involved in
virtually hundreds of metabolic actions.
Approximately two to three grams of zinc in the body is found within the bones.
The rest of the mineral is found mostly in the skin, nails and hair. To give you an idea
of zinc’s importance, most of the body’s hormones, such as insulin, estrogen,
testosterone and growth hormone, are dependent on zinc. This has been confirmed in
studies, which suggest that hard-training athletes are often deficient in zinc.
Zinc will not boost testosterone levels above normal. But if your zinc levels are

low from training hard, then supplementing helps to ensure optimum hormone
production. Unless you consume megadoses (500 to 1,000 milligrams per day), adverse
reactions to zinc are rare. Excessive zinc can interact with other minerals like copper
and iron, but this occurs only in extreme cases. Taking 15 to 30 milligrams per day as a
supplement is perfectly safe for healthy individuals. For hard-training athletes the
optimal dosage is 30 milligrams per day.
869

I
CHAPTER 98
The Medicated Edge
“I am no longer amazed at the size of the athletes of today. I am no longer
stunned by their contest weight of 290 pounds at 1.5 percent body fat. I am
amazed, rather, by the amount of chemicals they are putting into their
bodies.”
– Sean McDaniel, 
 guest writer, commenting on the state of
modern athletics.
f there is one topic 
 has never shied away from over the years it’s
the issue of drug use in sports – particularly bodybuilding. While most rival magazines either
ignore the issue or worse, distort the facts, 
MuscleMag
 does its utmost to present readers with a
balanced approach to this very complex issue. Until Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson tested
positive for anabolic steroids at the 1988 Summer Olympics, the vast majority of the general
public had never heard of anabolic steroids much less growth hormone, beta agonists or
Synthol. Despite steroids becoming front page news all over the world, it came as a shock to

many that steroids had been used in sports since the 1950s, and that drug use in sports can be
traced all the way back to the ancient Greeks.
While it is true that, as with all drugs, there are risks associated with using steroids, and
some of those risks might be severe, it’s also true that the majority of athletes who use steroids
do not experience the horrendous side effects often reported in the media. Be that as it may, the
following chapters are not meant to be “how to” guides on drug use. Since its founding in 1974,
 has emphasized that bodybuilding is about improving one’s overall
health, not just about building bigger muscles.
Performance-enhancing drugs do carry side effects, and in some individuals the
consequences can be deadly. You pays yer money you takes yer chances. So let me stress that

I’m in no way condoning drug use for bodybuilding purposes. Having said that I also realize
some of you will use drugs anyhow. For this reason I think it makes more sense to give you the
honest facts rather than preach horror stories. And who knows, if after reading these chapters
you decide not to use steroids or other performance-enhancing drugs, then all the better for you.
870

D
CHAPTER 99
Anabolic Steroids
“Many of the old-time bodybuilders look remarkably good for their ages. I
don’t think we’ll be saying the same about some of the walking science
projects competing today when they get to be around 50 years old.”
 contributor, comparing the
bodybuilding superstars of decades ago with many of today’s bodybuilders who are heavy
users of performance-enhancing drugs.
espite the increased popularity of some of the newer drugs, steroids are still by far the most
popular performance-enhancing drugs in bodybuilding. They go by many different names,
including anabolic steroids, steroids, anabolics, juice, gear and roids. But no matter what you
call them, these powerful muscle-building drugs are now ingrained in the consciousness of
bodybuilders and athletes everywhere. It’s safe to say that these drugs are rampant at all levels
of sport, from low-level amateur to upper-echelon professional.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a class of testosterone-mimicking drugs that were first
developed in the 1950s to stimulate muscle growth and treat males with endocrine problems.
As news of the drug’s muscle-promoting properties became known, it wasn’t long before
weightlifters, bodybuilders and athletes in other sports requiring strength and power started
taking them.
Medically, these anabolic drugs are used for treating such conditions as delayed puberty,
some forms of impotence, combating such wasting diseases as 
AIDS and cancer, anemia and
osteoporosis. Despite their legitimate medical uses, the biggest market for most of these drugs
is in sports, and the sport most closely associated with these drugs is bodybuilding. Virtually
all professional and top amateur competitive bodybuilders use steroids. And for every pro or

national competitor who uses them, there are probably a thousand recreational bodybuilders
using them who will never even compete. But it’s not just bodybuilders who use these muscle-
building agents. Many of the world’s top track and field athletes also use them. And such sports
as football, rugby and powerlifting see rampant usage. Steroids have even made their way to
Hollywood, and many of today’s biggest stars have used steroids to quickly get in shape for
movies that required the removal of their shirts.
872

“
Distended bellies are now a common sight on bodybuilding stages.
Unless you either make your living from competitive bodybuilding or have serious
potential to do so, I think you would be a fool to go on the gear. Steroids are illegal and
they can cause many different health problems.”
– Lee Priest, popular bodybuilding pro, responding to a beginner’s question about using
anabolic steroids.
HOW THEY ARE USED
Anabolic steroids can be taken in a number of different ways. The two most common are orally
(swallowing a pill) and injection (using a hypodermic needle to inject the steroid into the
muscle). Orals are easiest to use, but because of their chemical modifications they produce
more side effects. Injectables require the use of a needle and all the risks that accompany
breaking the body’s outer protective barrier. But this version is easier on the system, with fewer
side effects. A third method of delivery 
involves a patch containing creams or gels that get

absorbed through the skin directly into the body.
Cycles and Stacks
Most bodybuilders don’t just randomly pop pills and stick needles into their asses (at least the
smarter ones); they combine the drugs into stacks and cycles. A cycle is a period of drug use
followed by a period of nonuse. The most popular cycle would be eight to twelve weeks on and
873

two to three weeks off.
Probably the most popular variation of this cycle is called the pyramid cycle. In this case
the dosages start out low, gradually increase in potency, peak for a few weeks, and then start to
gradually decrease. A drug-free period follows after this cycle before the user may start again.
It’s thought that by arranging the dosages in this way, the body has time to adjust and avoid the
side effects that sometimes occur. This type of cycle also gives bodybuilders and other athletes
a better chance of passing drug tests.
Although the risks are greater the more they take, bodybuilders rarely take just one steroid
in a cycle. Instead they take two or more drugs at the same time in what’s called a stack.
Bodybuilders stack steroids because they find that drugs sometimes magnify each other’s
effects by a process known as synergism.
SIDE EFFECTS
While the side effects attributed to steroids may have been exaggerated by the media, these

drugs do present a risk. Most of the negative effects such as acne, oily skin and increased blood
pressure are transitory and will disappear after the drugs are stopped. In women the effects of a
deepened voice and masculinized genitalia may be permanent.
In males many steroids cause a suppression of the body’s natural testosterone levels. The
reason is associated with a mechanism called biofeedback. Essentially, the body continuously
monitors its own hormone levels. When levels reach a certain peak, the body shuts down
874

production. Conversely, when levels drop too low, the body increases production. Since the
body treats anabolic steroids as natural testosterone (this is after all what steroids are –
synthetic derivatives of the male hormone) it shuts down its own natural production. The
problem for users is that it may take the body weeks if not months to get testosterone levels
back to normal after steroid use is stopped. In some cases it could be a year or more. During
this time some, if not all, of the strength and size gains made while on the cycle may be lost.
This is why most bodybuilders take another drug called hCG (human 
Chorionic Gonadotropin)
after their steroid cycles. This drug stimulates the testes to begin testosterone production again,
allowing levels to quickly get back to normal.
Roid Rage
So far the jury is out on whether or not roid rage exists. There is no conclusive proof to support
its existence, but many in the medical community insist it is indeed real. Roid rage is probably

not, however, responsible for every incident it’s blamed for. It seems every act of violence
perpetrated by someone suspected of using steroids gets blamed on the steroids. For example,
in June of 2007 wrestling superstar Chris Benoit was found dead of an apparent suicide after
murdering his wife and young son. Despite the lack of evidence, the media is calling it a case of
roid rage. Did steroids have something to do with this tragedy? We’ll likely never know.
However, doctors do believe that if a person already has a psychological disorder then steroids
can intensify the problem.
Some steroid users do become more aggressive while on the juice, and those who are
already idiots may become more idiotic than usual. Luckily most users channel their aggression

toward the weights or out on the football field and not at their neighbors, friends or family
members.
I should point out that the risk of side effects, including aggression, is related to the nature
of drug usage. Users who take multiple drugs in high dosages for extended periods of time are
at greater risk of developing health problems than someone who does a one-drug, six-week
cycle. It’s also known that users of oral steroids are at much greater risk for developing side
effects than those who use injectable steroids. The problem with many oral steroids is that they
875

have been chemically modified to survive the harsh environment of the digestive system. This
chemical modification (called 17-alklylization, because the changes are made at the 17th
carbon position on the steroid molecule) places much more stress on the liver – the body’s
primary detoxifying organ.
Gynecomastia
“Gynecomastia (or gyno) is a common problem in the bodybuilding world among both pros and
amateurs. If you are using any compounds that elevate your testosterone, you are not only a
candidate for gyno, you are also a potential candidate for breast cancer. Yes, breast cancer!
Breast cancer is no different for men than women when the environment is the same. Men have
the same breast tissue and potential for breast growth as women.”
– Mark Foster, 
 contributor, adding yet another reason individuals
should think twice about using anabolic steroids.
One of the most unsightly scenes in bodybuilding is called gynecomastia, also known as gyno

contributor, adding yet another reason individuals
or “bitch tits.” As unflattering as the term is, this is essentially what the condition looks like –
the teats on a female dog!
Gyno occurs when an enzyme in the male body, called aromatase, breaks testosterone
down into the female hormone estrogen. The estrogen then stimulates estrogen receptors
throughout the male’s body, including in the nipple region. Since this same enzyme can also
break many anabolic steroids down into the female hormone, the risk of developing gyno is
always present with heavy steroid stacks.
876

“
This condition is usually first spotted by the appearance of a slight swelling or a small
lump under the nipples. If not treated it can grow into a very unsightly mass of tissue, often
irreversible without surgery. If you take a close look at many of today’s top pro bodybuilders
you’ll see numerous cases of gynecomastia – or the scars from the removal of breast tissue.
It’s for this reason that, besides the assortment of drugs that many pro bodybuilders use
(i.e. anabolic steroids, insulin, growth hormone and thyroid drugs), many add the drug
Nolvadex to their steroid stacks. Nolvadex is an estrogen blocker and helps reduce the risk of
developing gyno during a cycle.
For those bodybuilders who develop the condition, things can get complicated. In some
cases the condition will disappear after the steroids are stopped. Others find that post-steroid
therapy with Nolvadex and other estrogen blockers will reverse the problem. In some cases,
however, the only option is surgery. Besides the obvious cosmetic rea

sons for the surgery (most
males like to fondle breasts, but not their own!) untreated gyno can turn cancerous.
The fatty tissue that was surgically removed from a man with gynecomastia.
THE LONG ARM OF THE LAW
Ask the average citizen what anabolic steroids are and they’ll say they are vile and deadly
drugs used only by the depraved of society. The use of these drugs by adults for muscle
building and fat loss is routinely labeled “drug abuse” and, not surprisingly thanks to the
influence of the mainstream media, the average American puts steroid users into the same
degenerate group as heroin or cocaine users.
Until the late 1980s, obtaining these drugs for muscle building and fat loss was relatively
cheap, easy and safe. Doctors regularly prescribed them to athletes. If you didn’t want to go to

your doctor, you could easily find some at the local gym and purchase a six- to eight-week
supply for less than $100. But with Ben Johnson’s much-publicized positive drug test at the
1988 Olympics combined with the reclassifying of anabolic steroids as controlled substances in
1990, it’s not surprising that they became part of the drug war in 1990.
Buying drugs on the black market is a sketchy venture. You never know for certain if
what you’re getting is real. Even if it does have active ingredients, you can’t be sure the
compound is indeed sterile.”
Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990
The Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1990 added anabolic steroids to the federal list of
controlled substances, thereby making the possession of steroids for non-medical purposes a

criminal offense. The Act essentially put steroids in the same legal class as such drugs as
877

heroin, cocaine and barbiturates. Individuals caught illegally possessing anabolic drugs – even
purely for personal use – face immediate arrest and prosecution. Also, under this Act it is
unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally to possess these drugs for fat loss or muscle
building unless they were obtained directly by a prescription from a medical doctor. Other
subsections of the act include:
A first-offense simple possession conviction is punishable by a term of
imprisonment of up to one year and/or a minimum fine of $1,000.
Simple possession by a person with a previous conviction for certain offenses,
including any drug or narcotic crimes, must get imprisonment of at least 15 days
and up to two years, and a minimum fine of $2,500.
Individuals with two or more such previous convictions face imprisonment of no
less than 90 days but no more than three years, and a minimum fine of $5,000.
Distributing, or possession with intent to distribute, is a federal felony.

An individual who distributes or dispenses anabolic steroids or possesses with
intent to distribute or dispense, is punishable by up to five years in prison (with at
least two additional years of supervised release) and/or a $250,000 fine
($1,000,000 if the defendant is other than an individual). Penalties are higher for
repeat offenders.
Photo by Jim Amentler
878

I
CHAPTER 100
Insulin
“Yes, they are bigger, but at what cost? They have lost their aesthetics along
the way. I think the early ’90s was when the guys looked their best. Not long
after that they started using insulin and the guts came along. Not everyone
has suffered from this condition, but most have to some degree.”
– King Kamali, regular 
 columnist, voicing his concerns over the
state of modern bodybuilding.
nsulin is a perfect example of just how extreme some bodybuilders are willing to go to gain a
competitive edge. Not happy with “just” using steroids, some careless bodybuilders have
begun risking their lives with this potentially dangerous drug. In the minds of many
bodybuilders, insulin is almost the perfect drug. It’s cheap, difficult to detect and actually
enhances performance. Notice I said “almost,” as this “perfect drug” has another side to it – it
can be lethal.
Insulin is a natural peptide (protein) hormone secreted by the pancreas. Its primary role is

in controlling the levels of glucose in the blood. Diabetics need to inject it to prevent a rise in
blood glucose, as their pancreas produces either insufficient or no insulin. The dangerous fact
about the hormone is that if too much is injected it can drive blood sugar levels too low, putting
the individual into a diabetic coma or even leading to death. In fact, insulin injection has been
the suspected method of death in many murders.
So you may be wondering just why anyone in his right mind would use insulin for athletic
purposes. Insulin use is thought to have first started with endurance athletes, who used the drug
to force more glucose into muscle cells for storage as glycogen. Later, bodybuilders discovered
that the hormone could also be used for muscle building by speeding up protein synthesis and
increasing the delivery of amino acids to muscles.
A MEMBER OF THE BIG THREE!

Insulin probably became part of bodybuilding subculture around the same time as growth
hormone – the early 1990s. Up until the late 1980s drug stacks and cycles primarily consisted
of steroids and maybe an anti-estrogen. But as soon as word started circulating that a few pro
bodybuilders were experimenting with insulin, gym rats everywhere jumped on the bandwagon
and started using the drug for muscle building.
Together with anabolic steroids and growth hormone, insulin is one of the big three drugs
in bodybuilding. These three drugs together are believed to produce a synergistic effect. This
means each drug magnifies the others’ effects. Whereas 240 solid pounds was considered huge
back in the 1970s and 1980s, the new stacks pushed the average weight of the pros to 260

pounds, and it’s not unusual now to see bodybuilders weighing 280, 290 or even more in
contest shape.
879

For those readers contemplating using insulin, I strongly urge you to reconsider. Unlike
steroids and growth hormone, which may cause side effects down the road, this is one drug that
could literally kill you within minutes. The problem is that while you may be taking it to speed
up amino acid transport and muscle-tissue synthesis, the hormone will also start lowering blood
sugar levels. You could very quickly end up in a coma. A number of bodybuilders have died
from insulin-induced comas. You have to ask yourself if a few extra inches on your arms or
chest are worth dying for. I seriously doubt it.
880

L
CHAPTER 101
Human Growth Hormone
“Healthy aging is accompanied by a progressive reduction in production of
anabolic hormones like testosterone and growth hormone.”
– Dr. Nick Evans, bodybuilding expert and medical advice columnist for 
MuscleMag
ike insulin, human growth hormone (HGH) is a polypeptide hormone that has made inroads
from the legitimate medical field into bodybuilding and other sports. It is secreted by the
anterior pituitary gland and has numerous functions, including regulating tissue growth,
controlling energy levels, speeding fat loss and increasing muscle growth. Growth hormone is
often called the “master hormone,” because it is released by the anterior pituitary gland (often
called the “master gland”). While HGH is not necessary or critical to one’s survival, it plays a
vital role in human development.
During childhood a shortage of HGH leads to the condition of dwarfism, in which
individuals grow to only about three feet in height. Conversely, an overabundance of HGH can

lead to gigantism and heights of over eight feet are possible (the tallest being Robert Wadlow,
who stood 8‘11”).
Bodybuilders have long dabbled in human growth hormone use, but until the mid 1990s it
was limited to the very wealthy because of its cost. It was also one of the riskier drugs to use
because it was all derived from cadavers (that’s dead people), and sometimes contained a nasty
little virus that causes an extremely rare but invariably fatal infection called Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease 
(aka mad cow disease). It was when synthetic versions came onstream and the price
dropped that HGH use became rampant at the pro level for maximizing muscle size.
881

By itself HGH doesn’t seem to accomplish much, but when stacked with steroids and
insulin the results are nothing short of spectacular. You can almost pinpoint the exact week a
bodybuilder started taking HGH, as he’ll gain 20, 30 or more pounds in a few months and show
up onstage weighing 260 to 270, compared to his normal 220 to 230 from just six months
before. And keep in mind this is in individuals who hadn’t gained an ounce of new muscle
tissue in years. Because of this effect many experts refer to HGH as a plateau buster.
Despite the new manufacturing techniques, human growth hormone is still probably the
most expensive of bodybuilding drugs, and many pros are rumored to spend $5,000 to $10,000
per contest on growth hormone for maximizing muscle size.
882

Sure HGH helps your muscles grow larger than they would otherwise be. But it helps internal organs grow larger than
they would otherwise be, too.
883

T
CHAPTER 102
Synthol
“Synthol has no place in the sport at all. It’s not real muscle. It’s more like an
implant. Synthol and the GH bellies are two ugly trends that do nothing but
detract from physiques.”
– Lee Labrada, popular former IFBB pro and owner of Labrada nutrition, as told to Ron
Harris.
he genesis of Synthol was an Italian steroid called Esiclene that was quite popular in the
1980s. For those unfamiliar with Esiclene, it was not used for lasting mass gains, but instead
immediately before a contest as a quick fix for visually weak bodyparts.
Acting primarily as a muscle inflammatory agent, this steroid was injected directly into
the calves, arms or shoulders for a bit of extra size and fullness in whichever of these smaller
muscle groups were lagging. The effect was fleeting, but the drug served its purpose. In the
early ’90s, a German named Chris Clark began to toy with the idea of an injectable substance
that would yield more permanent gains in size. He came up with a formulation initially named

Synthol, which he later learned was already a registered and trademarked pharmaceutical name.
Clark quickly renamed his product Pump ’N Pose, but the first name stuck. Now, the word
Synthol is as much a part of the hardcore bodybuilding vocabulary as Dianabol or Deca. Clark
hit upon a gold mine, as there were thousands of steroid-using bodybuilders who were
dissatisfied with the size of their arms, delts and calves. Let’s face it, few have the genetics to
build 
an upper arm of 20 inches or more in lean condition, even with a boatload of anabolics
and the most brutal training regimens imaginable.
884

One of Synthol’s first users was a German strongman who billed himself as having “the
world’s largest arms” at 27 inches. The effect is quite obviously not natural, as the Synthol-
enhanced muscles take on shapes never found growing naturally on any actual human being.
You can go to any contest or large fitness expo and see several men who have injected enough
oil into their bis and tris to satisfy their most extreme desires. Gains of two inches or more in
the arms alone are quite commonplace. Synthol is also commonly used in the side delts and
calves, as was Esiclene. Ironically, it is available legally, since the $400 bottles are labeled as
posing oil. Despite the high price tag, its makers have found it difficult at times to keep up the
worldwide demand from bodybuilders.
WHAT IS SYNTHOL?
Synthol is composed of 85 percent medium-chain triglyceride oils (a fatty acid), 7.5 percent
lidocaine (painkiller) and 7.5 percent benzyl alcohol. The preparation is injected deep into the

muscle where it is encapsulated between the fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers). With repeated
injections, a larger volume of oil builds up inside the muscle, expanding its size like a balloon
filling up with air. About 30 percent of what is injected is metabolized by the body. The 
other
70 percent remains lodged in the muscle, where it breaks down very slowly over three to five
years. There seems to be some issue of debate among bodybuilders as to whether or not Synthol
actually lasts this long, and some believe it is even longer. Chris Clark is convinced that it
885

“
somehow leads to permanent muscle growth in the affected areas, though even he is unsure of
the mechanisms that would make this possible. Synthol users report amazing pumps while
training, though this could be a result of the extra pressure of the accumulated oil.
Photo by Bert Perry
All it takes is one little glob of this crap to plug one of your ventricles or the blood supply
to your brain and that’s it – you’re dead.”
 contributor, pulling no punches when it comes to
Synthol usage.
RISKS OF SYNTHOL USE
Although Mr. Clark claims Synthol is completely safe to use, he also said a few years ago that
he is not legally responsible for bodybuilders using it for any reason other than as a posing oil.
Of course, injecting any amount of fatty-acid material intramuscularly can be perilous. This is
complicated by the fact that few bodybuilders have any medical training. Without knowing the

location of major nerves, it’s easy to hit one by accident and cause permanent paralysis of
muscle fibers in the area. With an injection of any type, abscess infections at the injection site
are always a possibility. Often abscesses (extremely painful, large areas of infected tissue)
require surgery to remove, not unlike a tumor.
You haven’t heard the worst yet. Should you inject into a vein or artery by mistake
(avoided by drawing back on the syringe to make sure there is no blood, a simple precaution
many folks are too squeamish to take) the fatty acids could be transported to the lungs, causing
a pulmonary embolism, to the heart, causing a heart attack, or perhaps even into the brain,
leading to a cardioembolic stroke. All these cases are potentially fatal. Allegedly, IFBB 
pro

pro
Milos Sarcev had a scare when some of the Synthol in his arms traveled to his heart.
This sounds like an enormous amount of risk simply for the benefit of inflated arms and
calves, but bodybuilders are not normal people. To some, it’s worth the risk of death to finally
have 21-inch arms just like the big genetic freaks they idolize. To date, there have been no
publicized deaths related to Synthol or any of its several knock-offs currently available.
However, this is a fairly new product that has only skyrocketed in use over the past five to ten
years. Ultimately, Synthol users are adults who are responsible for their own health and safety
886

and are free to make the choice themselves.
887

T
CHAPTER 103
Thyroid Drugs
“An underactive thyroid will leave you so tired that you have to drag your
butt around all day and you’ll keep gaining weight. An overactive thyroid will
make you sweat, feel anxious, suffer heart palpitations, have diarrhea and lose
lots of weight like crazy.”
 contributor, in paraphrase.
here are literally dozens of products on the market that promote themselves as being the be-
all and end-all to fat-burning. In fact there is such a huge demand for drugs and natural
products to burn body fat that it has created an industry worth billions of dollars. In their quest
for ripped muscle mass and shredded muscularity many bodybuilders bypass the over-the-
counter choices and go straight to the prescription drugs. The most popular are thyroid
derivatives, but as I’ll show you later, messing around with the thyroid gland is not to be taken
lightly.
THE THYROID GLAND – YOUR BODY’S METABOLIC MASTER

lightly.
The thyroid is a small gland located just above the Adam’s apple in the neck. It produces
several hormones vital for regulating metabolism. The two primary hormones are T3 and T4,
and for many bodybuilders they play just as important a role in competition success as do
steroids or growth hormone.
So what’s the big deal about thyroid hormones and bodybuilding? Thyroid hormones play
a huge role in directing basal metabolism. The more T3 and T4 you produce, the more calories
the body burns, especially in the form of heat. One simple measure of thyroid functioning is to
take your temperature first thing in the morning. Lowered body temperature is one of the
classic signs of hypothyroidism.
The thyroid hormones are both anabolic and catabolic. A low to moderate level of T3 is
primarily anabolic. But the higher this level gets, the more the cata

bolic action will start to
predominate, while the anabolic activity comes to a halt. For optimum amounts of ripped
muscle mass and shredded muscularity, individuals need to keep their T3 levels from
skyrocketing out of control.
The thyroid hormones also have indirect actions. For example, thyroid hormones help you
reduce fat (and gain muscle) by increasing the number of beta-receptors in the fat and muscle
cells. You may have heard of these receptors because the popular fat-loss compound ephedrine
works by stimulating beta-receptors.
DIET AND THYROID IMPLICATIONS
As you are aware, carbohydrates are one of the key macronutrients. They have direct actions on
889

insulin and indirect actions on IGF-1. They also stimulate the production of thyroid hormones.
Therefore, the more you decrease your carbohydrate intake during a diet and the longer your
diet lasts, the more you will reduce the secretion of thyroid hormones. This is one of the big
problems of carbohydrate-reduced diets. They drastically reduce the individual’s basal
metabolism, eventually producing the opposite of the desired effect – weight gain as opposed to
weight loss. Therefore, replacing carbohydrates with protein may make some sense in the short
term, but you don’t want to stay on such a diet for too long. At the very least you should
periodically increase your carbohydrate intake to restart the thyroid.
Long-term diets can impact on the muscles in a big way. If insulin is present in sufficient
quantities, it can prevent the catabolism induced by the thyroid hormones. But when the level
of insulin is low because of caloric restriction, the catabolism increases and muscle tissue will

be lost. In fact the instant you go on a strict diet, your body starts decreasing the levels of
thyroid hormones to try and preserve muscle tissue. This, of course, means your metabolism is
lowered.
THYROID DRUGS
It’s not surprising that bodybuilders would turn to thyroid drugs once word got out about how
efficient they are for burning body fat. For the modern bodybuilder trying to develop ripped
muscle mass and shredded muscularity, thyroid medication seems like a logical step. The most
popular thyroid drug is Cytomel.
Cytomel contains a synthetically manufactured compound called liothyronine sodium,
890

which resembles the natural thyroid hormone T3. Bodybuilders seem to love Cytomel, as it
causes a faster burning of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The last point is especially
important. Increased lipolysis (fat-burning) will leave them hard as a rock on contest day.
Cytomel helps a competitor maintain 
an extremely low fat content without necessitating a loss
in muscle tissue, which is a difficult accomplishment. Bodybuilders also report that low
dosages of Cytomel combined with steroids make the steroids more effective. No one is sure of
the reason for this, but one theory is that Cytomel’s increased breakdown of protein leaves
more available to be converted into new muscle tissue.
I’d be remiss if I forgot to mention that it’s not just the men who are using Cytomel. The
drug is also very popular among female bodybuilders and fitness contestants. Since women on
average have slower metabolisms than men, in addition to having naturally higher body fat

levels, it is extremely difficult for them to develop the ripped muscle mass and shredded
muscularity that judges expect these days. Instead of a drastic reduction of food and calories,
the women simply add in Cytomel a few weeks before the show. While women are probably
more susceptible to side effects than men, they can usually get good results from 50 mcg/day.
RISKS
As with insulin, all is not rosy with thyroid usage. Most bodybuilders use only small dosages
two or three times per day rather than one large dosage all at once. They also stay on for no
more than six weeks in a row. There must be at least two months of total abstinence from the
drug following this usage. Those who fail to heed this advice and take high dosages of thyroid

drugs over a long period of time are at risk of developing a chronic thyroid insufficiency. There
are numerous stories circulating about bodybuilders and fitness stars having to take thyroid
medication for the rest of their lives from earlier thyroid drug abuse. It is also important that
the dosage be reduced gradually, rather than stopped cold turkey. Stopping abruptly places a
tremendous shock on the system.
My advice is to stay clear of thyroid drugs and stick with such safe alternatives as
increased cardio exercise and a reduced caloric intake. Avoid simple sugars. Why risk
damaging your thyroid gland for a slightly lower body fat percentage?
891

D
CHAPTER 104
Ephedrine
“In one study they took many samples of the top-10 weight-loss products
(ephedrine/caffeine), measured each product batch-to-batch six months later,
and guess what–huge differences between batches!”
– Dr. Serranno, bodybuilding nutrition expert, as told to John Paul Catanzaro
espite the negative press and increased restrictions on its use, ephedrine is still one of the
most popular bodybuilding supplements ever. Until it was banned a number of years back, it
was the primary ingredient in most over-the-counter weight-loss products. Ephedrine, however,
is not an invention of 20th-century pharmacology. It was used in China for thousands of years.
The most familiar form of ephedrine is derived from the Chinese herb ma huang (with
ephedrine being the active ingredient).
Chemically, ephedrine is an alkaloid, and it acts both as a sympathetic amine (stimulant)
and as a thermogenic aid (fat loss through heat generation). Medically, ephedrine is commonly

used as a smooth-muscle dilator in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis and nasal congestion. Its
close cousin pseudoephedrine is still one of the most common ingredients in cold and flu
As a sympathetic amine, ephedrine acts to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system (this
is the “flight or fight” system that kicks in when you’re faced with a dangerous or frightening
situation). It does this by causing nerve terminals to release norepinephrine – more commonly
called noradrenaline (NA)– into the synaptic space (space between two adjacent nerve fibers).
Ephedrine also has the ability to increase circulating levels of adrenaline, the body’s primary
beta-2 agonist. Once released, noradrenaline stimulates adrenergic 
receptors on the surface of

fat cells (called adipocytes). This in turn starts a chain of chemical events that ultimately leads
to fat-burning, called lipolysis.
Bodybuilders use ephedrine products for its stimulant effects in addition to its fat-burning
properties. Ephedrine ranks somewhere between caffeine and amphetamine on the stimulant
scale and provides a definite “kick” to one’s workout.
THE ECA (EPHEDRINE CAFFEINE ASPIRIN) STACK
894

Given their love for stacking multiple drugs together to produce a synergistic effect, it’s not
surprising that bodybuilders commonly combine ephedrine with two other compounds to
increase its effectiveness. It didn’t take long for bodybuilders to discover that stacking the
compound with caffeine and Aspirin
®
 magnified its fat-burning properties. In fact these three
compounds when combined together produce what is arguably the most potent fat-burning
product available.
The standard dosage is 24 to 25 mg of ephedrine, 200 mg of caffeine (about one large cup
of coffee) and one Aspirin
®
. However, ephedrine is now a restricted drug and cannot be
purchased in dosages of over 8 mg.
NO FREE RIDE
Anyone considering taking ephedrine, caffeine and Aspirin
®
 should be aware of potential side
effects. Certainly individuals with pre-existing high blood pressure or other heart problems
should not use stimulants such as ephedrine. If you are considering taking this product, please

have a complete physical first, including a stress test. Also, when taking herbal forms of
ephedrine, be sure you understand just how much is in each serving. Although herbal
preparations are standardized, you still can’t be sure exactly just how much you are taking with
each serving. There could be a huge discrepancy between equal dosages of two different
products. You should also be aware that virtually all sports organizations have added ephedrine
to their list of banned drugs.
One of the biggest detriments to taking drugs such as ephedrine is human nature. We
always seem to think that if some is good, more is better. Almost all the cases of deaths
associated with ephedrine use came about because the drug was abused. Excessive ephedrine
use will likely make you very thin indeed – skeletal, in fact.
895

L
CHAPTER 105
Diuretics (Lasix)
“I was still so new I didn’t know what Lasix was. I definitely didn’t know
what 40 mg of Lasix would do. The painful answer came soon enough.”
– Paul Dillett, IFBB champion, telling about the famous time he froze onstage and had to
be carried off.
asix is the trade name for the drug furosemide, a very powerful drug that belongs to a class
of drugs known as loop diuretics, which cause the body to excrete water as well as
potassium, sodium and chloride. Loop diuretics, and Lasix in particular, tend to be the drugs of
choice for promoting water loss, as they’re among the strongest such drugs available.
Bodybuilders and other athletes use diuretics for a number of different reasons. Many
individual sports (including bodybuilding) are divided into weight classes. The drugs are used
to drop water weight in an effort to make a lighter weight class. For most sports the goal is to
come in at the top of the weight class and not the bottom. Since the weigh-in is usually the day

before the competition, competitors can drop their bodyweight considerably and be back to
normal within hours of rehydration with water. Bodybuilders rely heavily on diuretics when
preparing for a contest, but they may or may not hydrate after the weigh-in. Unlike most sports,
for which appearance is not an issue, bodybuilding contests are heavily dependent on having a
ripped, defined look. And lower subcutaneous water concentrations play a huge role in
developing that rock-hard appearance. Virtually all pro bodybuilders use prescription diuretics
before a big contest.
Diuretics can remain active for many hours. If you take Lasix or other diuretics you may find
that you continue to dehydrate after you achieve the look you want. Since diuretics also cause a

loss of potassium and other electrolytes, serious effects on the body’s systems may occur,
including the nervous, muscular and cardiovascular systems. Everything from your cells to
your heart muscle depend on proper electrolyte balance to function properly.
897

Severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances have taken the lives of overambitious
athletes. The most famous case in bodybuilding was Mohammad Benaziza, who died of a
massive heart attack just after winning the Belgian Grand Prix in 1992. His death was believed
to be directly related to the diuretics he used before the contest to shed water. Another famous
dehydration incident involved Paul Dillett, whose body cramped up so badly onstage that he
literally could not move and had to be carried off as if he were a statue.
The warning signs that Lasix may be causing severe dehydration include dizziness,
cramping, vomiting, diarrhea, fainting and heart problems. I urge you to use extreme caution
when considering using Lasix or other diuretics. If you do decide to use them, stay clear of the
500 mg tablets. These are meant to be used only in severe medical conditions and contain a
dosage that could prove to be lethal for a healthy person.

In 1994 Paul Dillett famously (and painfully) froze onstage as if petrified. He had to be carried off. This was due to
using excessive diuretics before the contest.
898

F
CHAPTER 106
Acne
“Four out of every five steroid users experience at least one of the more
common side effects such as acne, gynecomastia, hair loss, stretch marks,
testicle shrinkage and mood swings. Users tend to accept these complications
as a necessary consequence.”
– Dr. Nick Evans, bodybuilding expert, author and 
 columnist
ew four letters have caused as much grief to teens, athletes and bodybuilders alike as acne.
For teens the arrival of the first facial blemish conjures up fears of rejection and the end to
their social lives. For bodybuilders the dreaded pineapple look only adds to the stress of pre-
contest dieting and training. And as for the rest of us, skin that bears a striking resemblance to
the lunar surface makes going shirtless at the beach all the more difficult.
One of the intriguing things about acne is that it’s not picky; just about everyone will
experience it to a greater or lesser degree at some point in their lives. It is the extent, however,

that shows marked variation. Some experience only one rash of pimples that quickly
disappears. Others have acne so bad they don’t want to leave the house.
Generally speaking there are three categories of individuals who experience acne: teens,
athletes and steroid users. Let’s look at all three.
TEENS
As if the dramatic physical and emotional changes that take place during puberty were not
enough, most teens can also look forward to developing acne. For some the first pimple is
welcome as it signifies the beginning of the 
changes that will lead them into adulthood. For
others, however, the slightest skin blemish is seen as an insult to their social standing.
899

“Bacne” – a common side effect of steroid use.
The development of acne can be very traumatic for many teens. At this stage in their lives
900

much of their self-worth is based on physical appearance. For a shy, 14-year-old male, those
extra facial pimples may be the difference between asking that cute girl to the junior prom or
not.
You’d think that something so common among the general population would be fully
understood, but such is not the case. The most commonly accepted theory is that the hormonal
changes that signal the beginning of puberty increase the skin’s oil production, which serves as
a perfect medium for bacteria-causing acne.
ATHLETES
The second group of individuals who may experience acne are athletes. Just about everyone
who exercises on a regular basis can be included. Once again the exact cause is unknown, but a
number of theories have been put forward. The first is that the increased amount of sweating
causes an increase in waste production. Some byproducts of cellular respiration then act as a
breeding ground for bacteria.
Another theory is that most sports cause an increase in testosterone production, and this

hormone has been linked to an overproduction of skin oil (from sebaceous glands). As a result,
a perfect growing medium for acne-causing bacteria has been produced.
The final theory is what could be called the chafing effect. Most sports require the athlete
to make repetitious movements of the arms and legs while wearing some sort of uniform. Often
the rubbing of the uniform material over the skin produces a rash, which in turn may become
inflamed, leading to acne.
STEROID USERS
Most steroid users will experience acne. While this acne could take the form of facial pimples,
it often reveals itself as large, blood-filled cysts along the shoulders and back. Minor skin
blemishes tend to clear up after steroid use is discontinued, but the large black cysts often
produce lifelong scars.
The prevailing theory for steroid-induced acne is related to oil production and an increase
in skin bacteria.

Photo by Steve Neece
901

TREATMENTS
Whether building a physique for the beach or stage, the last thing you want is a skin surface full
of indentations and protrusions. There are numerous ways to treat acne – some based on
folklore (don’t eat chocolate, etc.) and others based on medical science. As with cold remedies,
it seems everyone has a solution for clear skin.
Since oil is one of the prime conditions that leads to acne, it’s not surprising that various
acne cures are based on drying out the skin. The simplest is sunlight, which has the advantage
of being free and easily obtainable. The downside, of course, is that exposure to the sun has
been linked to skin damage. You may end up trading in acne for a dose of skin cancer. Despite
its sometimes gruesome look, acne is not life threatening, but I assure you skin cancer is.
The alternative to sunlight is a tanning bed. Most of the newer tanning beds have the
harmful rays filtered out, but there is a risk just the same. And unlike Mother Nature, which

gives you sunlight for free, tanning salons will charge you a pretty penny. For someone with
severe acne this may mean year-round visits – a considerable financial investment.
Besides light, various drying creams, oils and lotions have come on the market. They work
by reducing the buildup of oil, dead skin and other waste that serves as a breeding ground for
those dastardly little acne-causing bacteria. For some acne sufferers the results are nothing
short of miraculous, but for others the condition may in fact get worse, especially when using
some of the creams and lotions.
In extreme cases of acne, the weapons of choice are antibiotics and Acutane
®
. As the name
suggests, antibiotics work by killing the bacteria that cause acne. Again, the results vary from

®
individual to individual. One of the drawbacks to long-term antibiotic treatment is the
development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, such as MRSA. Since few antibiotics are
specific for one type of bacteria, the risk of developing drug-resistant disease-causing bacteria
is ever present.
Acutane
®
 is a powerful drug that is perhaps the most effective method for treating acne.
Virtually everyone who uses it shows a marked improvement in their skin, but unfortunately
there are drawbacks. For starters Acutane
®
 is very expensive and only available by
prescription. Not everyone has insurance that covers it. Perhaps the main reason physicians are
reluctant to prescribe Acutane is its side effects: fatigue, nausea, dry skin and eyes, headaches,
depression and fetal abnormalities.
BACNE

BACNE
Bacne, or back acne, causes red and purple pimples and bumps that line the upper back
and neck of many bodybuilders. Apart from being embarrassing at the beach and gym,
this skin condition can be painful and may cause more serious skin infections if it’s not
treated. If you suffer from bacne, here’s some advice to help clear things up and prevent
future breakouts.
Do avoid tight-fitting clothing that can trap sweat and prevent airflow.
Do avoid wearing backpacks for long periods of time.
Do wear clothes made of cotton that will absorb sweat better, decreasing the
chances of clogging pores.
Do remove sweaty clothes as soon as possible.
902

Do wash regularly with antibacterial soap. Scrub your back to remove dead cells
and impurities. This will unclog your pores.
Do avoid sun damage. Too much sun exposure can scar sensitive acne-covered
skin.
Don’t use steroids or supplements that contain hormones. These products can
increase your hormone levels, leading to severe body acne.
Don’t use moisturizing lotions or oils that clog pores and irritate your skin. They
may enhance the appearance of your muscles, but those zits will be emphasized as
well. Nobody wants to see that.
Don’t squeeze acne – it will spread bacteria and lead to scarring.
Do seek treatment if you have severe acne.
903

S
APPENDIX I
Questions and Answers
ince the first issue of 
 was published in 1974, I have received
thousands of letters at 
MuscleMag
 headquarters every year. While a few offer comments and
suggestions (some of which cannot be reprinted here!), the vast majority are inquiries from
bodybuilders, all looking for that one piece of advice that will catapult them to bodybuilding
stardom. I do my best to answer them all, either in the magazine or as a personal reply. The
following is a selection of questions and answers drawn from over 30 years of 
MuscleMag
. Perhaps you’ll see one of yours printed here. In any case, enjoy!
SQUATS – HOW HIGH AND HOW FAR?
Q.
 
Should I perform my squats with my heels on a block of wood? Also, who was the first
bodybuilder to employ this method? Last question: How far from the squat stands should
I place the block if I use one?
 
A.
 Bodybuilders almost always use a block of wood to lift their heels during squatting. This

A.
throws most of the action on to the thighs and minimizes the work done by the hips and
buttocks (provided you do not bend too far forward). Steve Reeves was the first bodybuilder to
raise his heels on a block when squatting. As for your last question, the answer should be
obvious. One step back from the squat stands to the block is the correct distance. With a heavy
weight on your shoulders there’s no reason to take a walk around town!
LOWER LEGS
Q.
 
How do you develop the front of the lower leg, over the shin area?
 
A.
 The best exercise to develop the tibialis, the muscle covering the shin bone, is to do toe
raises with a high block under the heels. Rise as high as you can and try to consciously flex and
stretch the tibialis. Do 10 to 15 reps, until the area burns. Regular calf work, running, cycling

and stretching the legs also works the area to some degree. To show a well-developed tibialis
you should keep a low bodyfat level. It’s hard to show any muscle if it’s covered in fat.
907

PEAKING THE BICEPS
Q.
 
Is there anything I can do to build a better peak on my biceps?
 
A.
 The best exercises to improve biceps peaks are concentration curls, pulley curls, supination
curls, and lat-machine pulldown curls. Use a full range of motion on these exercises and
consciously tense the biceps hard in the fully contracted position. Also, flex your biceps hard
without using weights. Lift your elbow as high as you can, flex, and tense the biceps until it
cramps. Some exceptionally peaked biceps are the result of a tear, though I don’t recommend
tearing your biceps for this purpose!
MACHINES VS. FREE WEIGHTS
Q.
 
My friends tell me the only way to build power and thickness is to use free weights,
meaning barbells and dumbells, and to stay away from machines. Is there any truth to
this?
 
A.
 The old free-weight vs. machines question rears its ugly head again! Well, your friends are
both right and wrong. It is definitely true that you need to train hard and heavy with free

this?
 
A.
weights to add overall thickness to your body, but some machines are also beneficial. There is
not a pro bodybuilder out there – or powerlifter, for that matter – who does not incorporate
some sort of machine into his daily training routine. Machines these days are superior to the
old-time machines because they mimic the actual free-lift movements.
The key to adding size and thickness is to train heavy, with or without the use of machines.
Just as we do in our everyday life, your muscles need some variety to stay stimulated. You have
to keep your body guessing into new-found growth. Mixing it up with free weights and
machines is the best approach.
MORE VEINS
Q.
 
I am 18 and a big fan of yours. I’ve been training for about a year now. My focus is on

MORE VEINS
Q.
 
creating a more proportionate, muscular, defined body. I know all gains come in time with
patience and correct training. My question is: How do you get vascular, or ripped? This
might sound weird, but I would really love to have my veins show, especially on my biceps.
My bodyfat is about 20 percent. Does vascularity come with time, or does it depend
completely on bodyfat?
 
A.
 Vascularity is partly genetic. Some people’s veins are naturally closer to the skin’s surface,
so they are more visible. But veins also show because of a low level of bodyfat. As you said
yourself, patience and hard, correct training are the answers. As time goes by your body will
become stronger, leaner, and yes, more vascular. I suggest you perform at least one set of 30
reps each biceps workout. High reps increase vascularity.
908

ARE SUPPLEMENTS NECESSARY?
Q.
 
I weigh only 140 pounds at six feet. I’m 18 and have always been naturally thin. I see so
many ads in the magazines that practically guarantee major gains in muscle size and
mass. Do I need to take these supplements? Money is a problem as I’m going to school and
working part time. Which supplements do you recommend I take?
 
A.
 The key to gaining size and mass is good eating and hard training. Supplements are just that:
a supplement to your meals. To get big, you need to take in far more protein and calories than
you currently manage (along with hard training, of course). Aim for one gram of protein per
pound of bodyweight and about 30 calories per pound of bodyweight per day. These are
minimums and you may need more.
As for supplements, I suggest you stick to the basics. Take a multivitamin/mineral and a
good-quality whey protein powder. Protein shakes can be really useful for getting extra protein

and calories, because drinking is easier than eating. Try to eat four or five meals a day, each of
which contain some kind of protein (meat, egg whites, fish, poultry, cottage cheese), some kind
of complex carbs (rice, potato, yams, steamed vegetables, salads), and some healthy simple
carbs (fruit). Have two or three protein shakes between meals.
PECTORAL IMBALANCE
Q.
 
I am having trouble with my pec development. Lately I’ve noticed my left pec has
developed better than my right pec. Is this common? It’s very annoying. I bench press
with elbows aligned with my shoulders, but when I use heavy weights my right elbow tends
to drift downward, bringing my right lat into play. What can I do to bring my right pec up
to the development of my left pec?
 
A.

A.
 It is fairly common for one lat, pec, arm or leg to be slightly more developed than the other.
The best way to bring up such asymmetrical development is through the use of dumbells or
one-arm exercises. When you use dumbells you force both sides to work equally hard. When
you use a barbell there is a natural tendency to let the stronger side do more work than the
weaker side. I suggest you try an all-dumbell chest routine for a while. Try flat dumbell bench
presses for 4 sets of 8 to 10 reps, followed by a superset of incline dumbell presses and flat or
incline flyes for another 4 sets of 8 to 12 reps. If the muscle imbalance is severe, try some one-
arm pec-deck flyes or one-arm cable crossovers for 3 sets of 10 to 15 reps. This should help.
FOOTWEAR
Q.
 
I have been bodybuilding for a couple of years, but I am still confused about the best

FOOTWEAR
Q.
 
footwear to use during workouts. Or is it best to train barefoot, like Arnold did?
 
A.
 Experts disagree about what is best. The late Vince Gironda said to do all calf work barefoot
909

to get a complete, full stretch. Most bodybuilders train in running shoes of one kind or another.
A few train in street shoes. You’ll even see the occasional pair of workboots strolling around
the gym. I do not recommend training barefoot.
TO TRAIN OR NOT TO TRAIN
Q.
 
Sometimes before my workouts I feel too tired to train. Should I not exercise and just
rest, or what?
 
A.
 In my experience a good workout is just what the doctor ordered in terms of renewed energy.
Think about 
the analogy of a car sitting in traffic and getting loaded up with carbon and sludge.
Once out of the city and away from traffic, the freely running car essentially cleans itself as it
runs at top speed. I think the same holds true for humans. Work, deadlines, family
responsibilities and stress all drain our energy. A workout will restore your energy levels,
unless you are truly sleep deprived or genuinely exhausted from physical activity.
BICEPS GAP
Q.

BICEPS GAP
Q.
 
I have a wide gap between my elbow and biceps. Is there anything I can do to fill it in?
 
A.
 You cannot lengthen your biceps, but you can reshape it to provide an illusion. Do strict
preacher curls on a 45-degree bench to build the lower biceps. Make sure you go all the way to
a complete stretch at the bottom or you will take the stress away from the lower biceps area
(but don’t bounce). However, you can expect only moderate success filling in your gap.
HITTING THE LOWER ABS
Q.
 
What are the best exercises for my lower abs? My upper abs are pretty good, but my
lower abs lack development.
 
A.
 Try lying leg raises on an incline board set at any angle greater than 20 degrees. Take your
legs back until your butt lifts off the board.
LOWER QUADS
Q.

A.
Q.
 
How can I get more development in my lower quads? All my development seems to be
at the top of the thigh. I do squats and leg presses and leg curls for the thighs. What are
the exercises that best hit the lower thigh?
 
A.
 While squats and leg presses are excellent quad exercises, they stress mostly the upper area,
910

especially if you do your squats flatfooted. To hit the lower thigh area try doing your squats
with your heels elevated on a two- or three-inch block. Hack squats and leg extensions
(concentrating on fully locking out) also hit the area near the knee.
The size of the gap between your biceps muscle and the crook of your elbow is genetically determined.
911

Great lats are visible from the front or the back.
912

THE INNER PECS
Q.
 
What’s the best exercise for the inner part of the pecs?
 
A.
 Try close-grip bench presses, keeping your elbows to the side. The pec-deck is also great for
the inner pecs, as are cable crossovers. Also, try squeezing the pecs together at the top of your
dumbell flyes and presses.
LIMITED TIME
Q.
 
My time for training is extremely limited. Can I build a decent physique on three or
four workouts a week of 30 to 40 minutes? What exercises do you recommend I do and
how many sets of each?
 
A.
 Some genetic superiors could build a fair body in 30 minutes a week, but most people could
not. You will have to make every minute count. Never rest more than 60 seconds between
exercises. Use a high degree of intensity. I suggest you superset your exercises (opposing
muscle groups) to allow maximum work in the shortest period of time.
HIGH AND SHORT LATS
Q.
 
My lats are high and short. How can I make my lats longer and lower?
 
A.

Q.
 
A.
 Unfortunately, the muscle insertions that give you your high, short lat structure cannot be
radically altered by exercise. What you should do is pick exercises that stress the lower lat area.
This will give you the illusion of larger lats. Narrow-grip exercises are better than wide-grip
exercises for hitting the lower lats. Try close-grip pulldowns or chins (normal or reverse grip)
narrow-grip bent-over rows, one-arm dumbell rows, and perhaps one of the best for lower lats,
reverse-grip bent-over rows. Use good style and concentrate on isolating the lower-lat area.
REAR DELTS
Q.
 
When I do bent-over laterals I can’t seem to feel it in the rear delts. What’s a good
exercise?
 
A.
 If you’re not feeling it in the delts then you are probably using too much weight. Drop the

Q.
 
exercise?
 
A.
weight and use better form. But to answer your question, laterals with cables is an excellent
exercise. Try pulling the cables from different heights. You can also do this as a bent-over
exercise.
913

LOCK OUT OR NOT?
Q.
 
Is it best to lock out during exercises, or should I maintain constant tension by stopping
the movement short of a full lockout?
 
A.
 This varies with each exercise. Personally I don’t lock out on the triceps dumbell extension,
but on triceps kickbacks I lock out and squeeze. On leg extensions I lock out, but on squats I
don’t. It’s often a matter of personal preference and sometimes a matter of joint safety. You
don’t want to lock out on leg presses, for example. You will have to experiment a little to find
out which exercises are made more effective by locking out.
THE OUTER PEC
Q.
 
I want to develop the outer part of my pecs. I seem to have plenty of muscle near the
center of my chest, but things get pretty thin in the outer region. What do you
recommend?
 
A.
 I was always impressed by the outer pectorals of Arnold Schwarzenegger, yet he never
handled more than 60-pound dumbells when he did flyes. And this was the exercise that gave

A.
him the wide outer pecs. I know for a fact that Arnold could have used more weight, but he
used lighter dumbells to concentrate on stretching all the way down.
Other great outer-pec exercises are: wide-grip bench presses, dumbell presses with a slow,
full stretch, and dips performed with the chin on the chest, leaning forward.
TRAINING VERSUS DIET
Q.
 
What’s more important to a bodybuilder’s success, training or diet?
 
A.
 Diet, definitely! You have to liken your body to a sports car. It won’t perform optimally if it
doesn’t receive the right kind of fuel. Super nutrition sets you up for maximum benefit in the
gym, and without the right fuel your efforts in the gym will probably be wasted. Remember,
lifting weights only stimulates growth. Proper recuperation requires plenty of rest and good

food. You can’t have one without the other. Ideally you should pay total attention to both diet
and exercise.
IS FIVE YEARS ENOUGH?
Q.
 
Do you think it’s possible to reach one’s ultimate potential in five years? I’ve been
training for longer than that and can’t seem to make any more gains.
 
914

A.
 Even though we are all definitely limited by our genetics, I don’t feel anyone ever fully
realizes his or her potential. There are always ways to push yourself further physically. Don’t
give up your fight in the gym. To break out of your training rut you probaby need a radical
change in either diet or routine. One of my favorite plateau-busting methods is “boatloading.”
Eat everything you can get your hands on for a few weeks. Of course, try to keep the nutrition
content high. Potato chips and chocolate bars won’t help! Sit down and eat something every
couple of hours. While I wouldn’t suggest following this regimen indefinitely, it can certainly
help kickstart your body into further muscle growth.
THE GREAT PUMP UP
Q.
 
Is a pump necessary for muscle growth? I get a good pump most workouts, but my
bodybuilding progress is slow and I wonder whether that might be because I don’t always
get a good pump.
 
A.
 A pump is not necessary for muscle growth. Many bodybuilders train regularly and seldom

A.
get a significant pump. Perhaps they either don’t change their exercises often enough, work
with low reps, or refrain from intense training. These same men do build muscle size, and this
proves that a big pump each workout is not necessary.
Also, as you appear to have found out, an almighty pump every workout does not by any
means indicate your muscles are on a positive growth pattern. Some bodybuilders train very
effectively and pump up to an impressive appearance by the end of each workout, only to
deflate by the time they walk out of the gym. Many do this month in, month out, and still do
not gain size. However, as a bodybuilder moves into the advanced stages, say 18-inch arms, he
has to get a pump to take his growth to the 19- or 20-inch-arm mark.
IF IT WORKS DON’T CHANGE IT
Q.

Q.
 
I have been training somewhat hard six days a week, occasionally five, and for the last
four months I have been making unbelievable gains everywhere. Will I build more muscle
mass training heavy every other day or the way I am training now?
 
A.
 Do not change a thing. I like the every-other-day split principle of training (train half the
body one day, rest next day, then train the other half the day after, indefinitely). But if you are
making great gains as you say, then keep training as you are until progress slows down or
comes to a halt.
UPRIGHT ROWS – HOW WIDE?
Q.
 
Must the upright-row exercise be done with a narrow grip to make the shoulder area
really grow?
 
915

A.
 The deltoids are worked with this exercise, but so are the trapezius, forearms and biceps. A
wider grip will give more deltoid development, and a narrower grip will develop the trapezius
to a greater degree.
Q.
 
Do you believe in training to failure?
 
A.
 Yes, I believe in training to failure, but perhaps not in the sense you mean. I believe in
training to failure with good form. It is useless to continue an exercise if you have to use every
muscle in the body to hoist it up in bad form.
CHINS OR PULLDOWNS?
Q.
 
I don’t have time (or energy) to use both the chinning bar and lat-pulldown machine.
Which is the best apparatus to use for wide lat development?
 
A.
 Each exercise has a unique use. There is more tensile strength and nervous energy involved
in chinning, but make sure to keep the elbows back throughout the entire movement. Most top
bodybuilders regularly perform wide-grip chins, and there is a definite “look” about the back of
a regular wide-grip chinner.

On the other hand, the lat pulldown is not quite so severe a movement. Less weight can be
used, and the bar can be pulled right to the sternum or below for complete movement. Few
bodybuilders can get this complete movement on the chinning bar, because they lack the
strength. Of the two movements, and because most top bodybuilders find them extremely
beneficial, I advise you to go with the chins, but don’t discount the lat machine. When you have
more time you should add a few sets of pulldowns to supplement your back training.
HALTING GAINS
Q.
 
Is there any truth to the theory that regular swimming and other mild sports such as
tennis or horseback riding will interfere with my bodybuilding gains?
 
A.
 You will lose muscle size if you swim and participate in other sports regularly. You have to

A.
fight hard to keep your capillaries and muscle cells at their fullest, and extra non-progressive
sports activity will hold back your gains.
However, if you are blessed with a huge number of muscle cells and gains come easily,
then a moderate amount of extra sports activity will not hold back your progress.
CALLUSES
916

Q.
 
Is there any way I can prevent getting calluses on my hands from regular weight
training? I’m a massage therapist and cannot have callused hands.
 
A.
 Some bodybuilders train with light leather gloves, which can be purchased at sporting goods
stores. If you can’t find weightlifting gloves, thin gloves used for other sports will do.
LEG MASS
Q.
 
I have been a serious bodybuilder for about a year now and cannot gain mass in my
legs. I am doing all the normal exercises – leg curls, extensions, squats, etc. Could it be my
diet? I eat as much salad as I can, along with tuna and steaks. Please help!
 
A.
 If you want size in your legs, lift heavy with compound exercises! Do fewer repetitions and
use the heaviest poundages you can handle. Do supersets and giant sets. You should feel almost
sick after leg training.
As far as your diet goes, you seem to be missing an important food type – carbohydrates!
Salad is a great diet food, but to put on size you need protein combined with good complex

carbs. Try adding carbs to your diet at least three times daily. Here are some good examples:
potatoes, yams, oatmeal, rice, pasta, and beans. Make sure to eat at least five meals a day.
DO I NEED LIFTING STRAPS?
Q.
 
Just how important are lifting straps in bodybuilding? I have friends who swear by
them and friends who insist they’re useless. Those who use them do not appear stronger or
better built. I want to do every single thing I 
can to help my muscles grow, but I’m a bit
lost. I see some guys with gloves and some without. Some who strap elbows and knees, and
some who never do. I do wear a belt when training, but I’m not sure if I really should.
Please help.
 
A.
 Bodybuilding, like any sport, will always attract people who buy all the latest clothing,

A.
trappings and accessories, whether useful or not. Remember, however, that if you are serious
about getting those muscles to grow then you must never discount any innovation.
Common sense and intelligent trial and error must be your guide. Straps are definitely
useful to the bodybuilder. They can help you maintain your grip when nursing an injury or
when using heavy weight. They can also help you forget the grip and concentrate on form.
Try them out for yourself and see. Strapping an injured joint or using straps as a safety
measure when going into heavy poundage is common sense.
Belts are a little different. While I advocate their use for the same two reasons – injury and
heavy training – they can be overused and result in a weakening of the back. This can come

about if you strap the belt on too tight and leave it on for the entire workout. To avoid a weaker
lower back down the road, tighten your belt only for heavy work and loosen it or take it off for
917

all other training.
THREE OR FOUR ROWS
Q.
 
My workout buddy and I have good abs. John has four distinct rows of abdominal
muscles above his navel, whereas I have only three. We have been arguing on and off as to
whether my three sets are the more normal shape, or if his four are. I told him that his abs
are deformed because his top row is divided. I bet him 10 bucks that his four-ab set-up is
so freakish that it is unique. What do you say?
 
A.
 Whereas your three sets of abs are the most common formation, there are lots of fours out
there. They look especially good when ripped, so many bodybuilders who have the three or
even two set-up wish they had the four. To be honest, while your abs are more common, his are
far from freakish. You’re going to have to hand over that 10!
CHEATING FOR SUCCESS
Q.
 
I have been a reader of 
 for several years and have enjoyed all
the articles, especially those by Greg Zulak, Dennis Weis, and yourself, Mr. Kennedy. My

Q.
 
question involves the value of cheating when performing the various bodybuilding
movements. After many years of bodybuilding I am still confused. Is it better to use loose
form (cheating) when exercising, or will more muscle growth result from using a very
strict exercise form?
 
A.
 I am glad you enjoy 
MuscleMag
. As for your question, you should not think in terms of
performing either a cheating workout or a strict workout. Rather you should adapt your chosen
style to each selected exercise, bearing in mind of course that one can get results from a variety
of training styles. Tailor your style to exhaust the area you are working in the most effective
manner. You should also take into consideration your allotted workout time, your efficiency,

energy levels and stage of development. Tune into your feelings, listen to your body’s feedback
and actively think out the effect you want to get from the exercise in question.
Age and condition have a lot to do with your decision. It would be madness to throw
yourself into cheating lateral raises, for example, if you haven’t worked your deltoids in
months.
Champion bodybuilders use instinctive “creative cheating.” Paying attention to their
body’s feedback is important. Before they start a set they know how they are going to approach
it – heavy or light, strict or loose, fast or slow, to failure or not … it’s all in the mind. Another
option is to do a full set then use cheating to crank out a few more reps.
TO SIT UP OR NOT?
Q.
 
Should I do sit-ups every day to keep my stomach flat? How many sets and reps would
be enough?

Q.
 
be enough?
918

A.
 I feel four times per week is plenty for training abs. With a proper (low-fat) diet and a good
overall workout program this will be enough to keep your stomach area nice and tight. I
recommend also including some type of leg raises in your abdominal training because they
stress the lower abs a bit more. True sit-ups are not useful – you are probably referring to
crunches.
WIDENING THE SHOULDERS
Q.
 
I have narrow shoulders. I realize that I cannot widen my scapulae, but what in your
opinion is the best exercise to make my delts look wider?
 
A.
 To look wider you must work on the side deltoid head. Lateral raises strongly work the side
head if you keep your little finger higher than your thumb as you raise the dumbell. But I think
the best shoulder broadener is the barbell upright row. To place emphasis on the side head, you
must use a wide grip. Grasp the barbell with your hands 15 inches apart. Stand upright with

your shoulders rounded, knees bent and the bar resting on the thighs. From this position, pull
the bar up to your neck. Be sure not to hunch your shoulders. Keep them down or you will work
the traps. You must keep the shoulders rounded and the elbows forward. Go for 4 sets of the
following reps: 10, 8, 6, 15.
HIP REDUCTION
Q.
 
I have been bodybuilding about 10 months and I have a problem. I can’t reduce the size
of my hips. My training partner tells me I shouldn’t do heavy squats, but I love to squat.
It’s one of my favorite exercises.
 
A.
 No exercise acts as a fat emulsifier. Exercise builds muscle. It does not reduce it. Lack of
exercise will cause muscle-tissue loss. To reduce hips that are too muscularly large you must
cut out exercises that throw stress on the area, such as squats, half-squats, and leg presses.

Instead, do exercises that throw stress on the legs and glutes: lunges, hack slides, sissy squats,
Roman-chair squats and leg extensions. Your hip area might be too large because you are
simply carrying too much fat. To solve this you must eat clean – plenty of lean meats and
vegetables and whole grains. Let no junk food pass your lips.
ALL BODYPARTS HARD?
Q.
 
Do professionals and top amateurs train all muscle groups equally hard all the time?
When I try to follow the types of training routines so often seen in the magazines, I burn
out after a few weeks.
 
919

A.
 The pros and world-class amateurs do not train all muscle groups equally hard all the time.
The goal of bodybuilders should be perfect symmetry and proportions, and this takes some
juggling when it comes to training the individual muscle groups. All top bodybuilders
concentrate more energy on their bodyparts that do not grow as easily. Sometimes you might
hear a pro say something like: “I’m training arms these days.” This does not mean the pro is
training only arms. It means he is specializing on his arms for six to eight weeks to bring them
up relative to the other bodyparts. During this time he does maintenance training for the other
muscle groups – just enough to maintain their size. I suggest you have something for every
bodypart in your training but specialize on one area at a time. Focus most of your energy on the
slower-growing muscle groups that give you trouble, and less on the muscle groups that grow
easily.
GYNO
Q.

easily.
GYNO
Q.
 
I’ve got gyno, which I assume is because I have been using steroids for a couple of
years. Is there any way to get rid of it without surgery?
 
A.
 Gynecomastia – feminization of the male breast – is a bitch isn’t it? Excuse the pun unless
you actually like having a pair of oh-so sensitive nipples protruding through your tank top.
This condition often disappears once you stop taking steroids. You may, however, have to
wait about six months for the extra fatty tissue under your nipples to clear. The standard
treatment for gyno is the anti-estrogen drug Nolvadex (Tamoxifen), 20 mg daily. Reducing
your bodyfat level can also help you clear up the condition. Surgical removal is the last resort
but may be needed in cases where the patient is unresponsive to drug treatment.
MUSCLE SORENESS
Q.
 
The day after a really good workout, my muscles are quite sore. Is this soreness good or

Q.
 
bad? If it is bad, how can I prevent it and what should I do when it occurs?
 
A.
 If the soreness is so severe that you can hardly move, obviously this is not good. Besides
being painful, it can inhibit your upcoming workouts. But a mild soreness is not bad, and
champs claim that if you do not feel some soreness after a workout then you haven’t worked
the muscle hard enough to stimulate growth. Whether this is true or not is debatable.
The best way to rid muscles of the lactic-acid buildup that causes soreness is by doing
light-weight, high-rep exercises to flood the muscles with blood and flush out the lactic acid.
Massage is also useful in eliminating muscle soreness. If you are getting sore after every
workout you might be overtraining, training too hard or getting insufficient nutrition.
TRAINING PARTNERS
Q.

Q.
 
I have often read about the importance of training partners in bodybuilding, and also
about the importance of increasing training intensity by reducing rest time between sets.
920

How can you train with a partner and still reduce time between sets? Obviously you have
to wait for your partner to finish his set before you can start yours, and that’s about as
fast as you can go, isn’t it?
 
A.
 It isn’t necessary to reduce time between sets to increase intensity. That’s only one way to
do it. You can superset, do pre-exhaust sets of super-high intensity, and you can have your
training partner help you with forced reps and perhaps a few negatives. While you rest, he can
do his pre-exhaust or superset. When doing this type of training, the length of time your partner
takes to do his sets is hardly long enough to allow you to rest and recuperate for your sets. You
wouldn’t want to take less than 60-to-90 seconds’ rest between his set and yours.
The whole idea of having a training partner is to train with greater intensity while using
heavier weights. If you train too fast, you must use much lighter weights and the cardiovascular

system is brought into greater play. Decide what your priorities are: more size, via heavier
weights and high intensity, or greater cardio fitness and reduced bodyfat, via light weights and
fast sets.
HEAVY OR LIGHT?
Q.
 
I’m pretty much a beginner, with three months of training. Should I be training heavy
(reps in the 6-to-8 range) or lighter (reps in the 10-to-15 range) if my goal is to gain size
and mass?
 
A.
 After a three-month break-in period you can start training heavy. The beginner must build a
good foundation through heavy weights and strict form. Except for calves, forearms, and abs, I
believe you should keep your reps in the 6-to-10 range. As you advance you can make good
gains with lighter training, but build your base first.
TENDONITIS
Q.

Q.
 
I am 17 years old and I have been lifting weights for almost two years. I have loved
every minute of it except for a painful knee. My doctor said I have tendonitis. She gave me
some advice on how to treat it, such as icing it 
and taking aspirin. I read that the best way
to treat tendonitis is rest, so I haven’t worked my legs lately. I am trying to search for the
right exercise that will build the surrounding muscles in order to protect the infected
joint. Is this the right thing to do?
921

A good trainer is worth his weight in gold – as a spotter and as a coach.
My problem is that I can’t find a leg exercise that doesn’t put pressure on my knee.
Can you help me? I don’t want to give up bodybuilding – I’ve just started.
 
A.
 First of all, don’t worry. With the right amount of exercise and rest you’ll get rid of the
tendonitis. Leg extensions are the best and safest exercise for you to start with. You must do
this exercise and any other exercises with perfect technique. Bring your legs to the upper
position, hold for a second, then slowly lower. Control the movement. Never do fast, bouncing
movements, and avoid overstretching.
Try other leg exercises, but if your tendonitis flares up, use only partial movements. For
instance, try hack squats or leg presses using only half the range. This should strengthen the
muscles gradually until you are able to do a more complete movement. Also, don’t use too
much resistance too soon.
STRENGTHENING THE LOWER BACK
Q.

Q.
 
I have been lifting weights for a number of years and have strained my lower back
several times. Could you please let me know which exercises will strengthen my lower
back and prevent further injury to that area?
 
A.
 No problem! The lower back is susceptible to injury, especially when training heavy on
922

basic exercises for the legs and back. Squats, deadlifts, bent-over rows, T-bar rows, and cable
rowing are often the culprits, usually because of poor form or too much weight. If you squat or
deadlift heavy, limit such workouts to no more than once a week. Do really heavy deadlifting
no more than twice a month. To strengthen your lower back I recommend hyperextensions, 4
sets of 15 reps, or good mornings, 3 or 4 sets of 12 to 20 reps. On lower-back work never go to
absolute failure, and never use really heavy weights. Try to get a nice pump, but never strain.
SQUATS ARE KING
Q.
 
I have skinny legs and a small flat butt. What would be the best exercise to build up my
legs and to fill out my glutes? Please advise me on sets and reps too.
 
A.
 That’s an easy question to answer. Squats are the absolute best builder of legs and glutes for
men and women. Try doing 4 sets of 10 to 15 reps, two or three times a week. Make your

A.
training progressive by regularly adding weight to the bar, working up to as heavy a weight as
you can. I suggest bodyweight for 15 reps as a minimum goal. Leg presses and leg curls will
also fill out the legs and glutes.
GETTING RID OF BODY HAIR
Q.
 
How do bodybuilders get rid of body hair?
 
A.
 Most bodybuilders just shave their hair off. Get a pack of those disposable razor blades. Get
in the shower and shave under the hot spray. As soon as one razor starts to pull and drag a bit,
use a new one. Be careful though! Don’t rush it. Don’t try and shave your whole body in five
minutes. Take your time or you’ll nick yourself.
You can also use commercial hair removers such as Veet. Test a small area to see if you
get an allergic reaction. If not, spread it over your arms, legs, chest and back if necessary; wait

the amount of time it states on the bottle, get in the shower and rinse it off. This is a fast and
convenient way to remove hair.
If you have the money, you can go to a salon and have your hair removed by waxing. But
this is more costly (and painful) than shaving or using hair removers. One final tip: if you
shave, do so three or four days before the contest. This gives small nicks, cuts and scratches a
chance to heal.
OBLIQUES?
Q.
 
It’s always been my understanding that most bodybuilders want to have little if any
obliques. But some do exercises that promote their growth. Where do you stand on this?
 
A.
 Obliques are only desirable if you have a small waist like Frank Zane. If you do not, you will
923

ruin your taper by increasing their size.
CONFUSED – HEAVY WEIGHTS OR LIGHT?
Q.
 
Should one use heavy, medium or light weights for a great body?
 
A.
 Opinions will always vary. One thing’s for sure; you can waste years of bodybuilding if you
don’t increase your weights. You have to push the poundage up, at least to a certain stage.
Nubret and Arnold both reached 500-pound bench presses. I can also recall seeing Arnold
deadlift 600 and cheat curl near 300. Every top bodybuilder alive can manage a 350-pound
bench and squat considerably more. You simply must push for more weight during your earlier
years in the sport to improve. Later you can moderate the weight used and learn to make the
body “feel” it, even if it isn’t heavy.
The best advice I can think of is try and make your workouts progressive from week to
week, year to year. This does not always mean increasing poundage. You can do it by
increasing sets, decreasing rest periods, Photo 
improving style, concentrating on the action,

using intensity techniques, adding reps, tensing and squeezing the muscles at the conclusion of
each rep, and by adding resistance to the bar.
FOREARMS
Q.
 
My forearms are so bad I am ashamed to wear a short-sleeve shirt. I have developed a
pretty good chest and my upper arms are fair (16-1/4), but my forearms are long and
skinny with virtually no development.
 
A.
 Many people have difficulty building forearms (and calves) because of insufficient cell
allocation to that particular area. On the other hand, some thick-wristed naturals never need to
do specific forearm work. Their forearms grow from regular exercises such as chins, rowing,
curls, and pulley machines, all of which stimulate and work the forearms strongly.
People like you, with a long-wrist appearance and only a small amount of development

near the crook of the elbow, should work their forearms regularly using the pre-exhaust system.
Try alternating wrist curls with overgrip chins, 4 sets each, your hands six inches apart, no
rest between sets. Rest briefly and then alternate palms-up wrist curls with undergrip chins, 4
sets of each and no rest between sets.
924

CANCER
Q.
 
I have heard that exercise can cure cancer. Is it true?
 
A.
 No! Exercise cannot cure cancer, but new findings indicate that regular vigorous exercise
can drastically reduce your risk of getting cancer. Many studies show that people who do not
exercise are 10 times more likely to get cancer than those who exercise vigorously.
According to noted cancer researcher, Dr. Ernst Van Asken, people who do not exercise
run the risk of having their healthy cells turn into cancerous tissue. The regular eating of junk
food and smoking of cigarettes and cigars intensifies this effect.
TRIPLE-DROP AND PYRAMIDING
Q.
 
Please explain the triple-drop and pyramid training methods.
 
A.
 The triple-drop method is a system whereby weight is systematically decreased during a set
to enable further repetitions to be achieved. Pyramid training involves increasing the weight
each successive set and then decreasing the poundage each subsequent set. Both methods are

used extensively by today’s champs and many other bodybuilders worldwide.
HITTING THE TRAPS
Q.
 
I have a long scraggly neck, no traps, and my clavicles angle up at about 30 degrees
even when I try and force my shoulders down. I want to win all the top bodybuilding titles,
so could you please give me the two best trap-building exercises in the book.
 
A.
 The two best trap exercises are high pulls from the floor and heavy shrugs. Your clavicle
structure indicates that you are predominately ectomorphic. Bodybuilding will help you gain
attractive muscular weight, but you will probably never win Mr. Olympia.
PRE-EXHAUST DETAILS
Q.
 
I am currently using your pre-exhaust system and would like to know one thing. After
you’ve done your isolation exercise could you use two combination movements in superset

Q.
 
fashion, so as to hit the muscle at different angles?
 
A.
 No! Just use isolation sets to really tire the smaller muscle, and then follow immediately
with only one set of a compound movement.
925

DOORWAY CHIN BARS
Q.
 
Can you give me your thoughts on doorway chin bars? Are they safe?
 
A.
 Doorway chin bars unscrew to fit solidly between the uprights of any doorway. Pressure on
the hard rubberized ends keeps the bar in place, not suction. If a bar is fitted properly it will
hold a 300-pound man easily. The disadvantage is that the doorway chin bar is not suited for
wide-grip chinning.
TRICEPS OUTER HEAD
Q.
 
Please list some exercises for building the outer head of the triceps. The only equipment
I have is a set of barbells and dumbells, an EZ-curl bar and an adjustable bench. Thanks
for any help you can give me.
 
A.
 The best exercise for the outer head of the triceps is the supine triceps extension done with a
light dumbell. Lie on your back on a bench and hold a single dumbell at arm’s length with your
right hand. Now lower the weight slowly with your thumb facing downward until the top of the
dumbell touches the left pectoral. Return to the straight-arm position without any bounce from

the weight, as this can defeat the purpose of the exercise. This was a great favorite of the late
Steve Reeves, who used the exercise extensively.
LOSE GUT WITH LEG RAISES?
Q.
 
I need to lose my gut. How many leg raises should I do each day?
 
A.
 Leg raises are a great exercise for the abdominal muscle, and the hard-to-reach lower abs in
particular. However, they will not help you get rid of your gut. To lose excess fat around your
middle – or anywhere else, for that matter, you have to eat clean and do some cardio. Avoid
junk food and eat six nutritious meals each day.
TOO MUCH SUGAR
Q.
 
I like to take sugar with my cereal at breakfast and also have it in my beverages. Is
sugar so bad? I do not want to get fat.
 
A.
 The big problem with sugar is that we simply eat too much of it. Often we are unaware of

A.
just how much we eat. You may not realize it, but you’re eating almost 50 percent sugar when
sucrose is a number three ingredient in a box of cereal, corn syrup is a number five, or when
honey is a number seven. It is beyond argument that sugar is a prime factor in tooth decay, and
926

it is also the villain in hypoglycemia. Sugar is also accepted as contributing directly or
indirectly to diabetes and heart disease. As a bodybuilder, sugar is your enemy. It has no
nutritional value, yet it can cause obesity.
Read labels carefully. Look for sucrose substitutes such as corn syrup or corn sugar, and
watch out for words that end in “ose” which indicates the presence of sugar. Keep clear of: soft
drinks, cakes, cookies, candies, canned fruits, ice cream, jams, desserts, and syrups.
STUBBORN CALVES
Q.
 
I have probably the worst set of calves in the world. I wouldn’t dare wear shorts in
public. Can you give me some tips or a routine that will help me build a decent set of
calves?
 
A.
 Calves are the most difficult muscle to build, as far as I am concerned. Most people with
outstanding calf development were blessed with great genes. That doesn’t mean you can’t make
improvements to your skinny calves. It just means it will take a lot of time and hard work to

bring them up to speed. The one tip that will help you most is this: Stretch.
Stretching is very important for complete calf development. It will help facilitate muscle
growth and increase circulation in the calves. Stretch both before and after a workout. Every set
you do for calves should be followed by plenty of free-stretching movements using only your
bodyweight. Here is a calf-specialization routine. Try this for four weeks. Then go back to a
standard mass-building routine for your calves.
 
CALF-SPECIALIZATION ROUTINE
Calf stretching:
(10 minutes)
Standing calf raises:
6 x 50/40/30/20/10/50
Seated calf raises:
3 x 6
Leg-press toe raises:
3 x 50/40/30
Donkey calf raises:
3 x 6
Stretching:
OLD-SCHOOL CARDIO
Q.
 
I have been training for three years now and I have made some great strides. I decided

3 x 6
Q.
 
I’m ready to enter a bodybuilding competition. My friend has been in a couple of contests
so I asked him to help put together a pre-contest training regimen for me. I can’t
understand why he put so much cardio in there! I told my friend this is a bodybuilding
competition, not the Tour de France. I’m trying to look like Ronnie Coleman, not Lance
Armstrong.
Now I find that most of today’s top bodybuilders do two hours of cardio a day. I
consider myself an old-school bodybuilder and I can’t honestly see myself doing any
cardio. I hate cardio. Can I get in good enough condition to win a bodybuilding contest
927

without doing cardiovascular exercise?
A.
 So you consider yourself an old-school bodybuilder. That’s cool. You might want to go out
and rent 
Pumping Iron.
 I am sure if you are an old-school bodybuilder you have heard about
. Ask the guy at the Blockbuster counter for the bodybuilding movie set in the
1970s starring the Governator; Arnold Schwarzenegger. Anyway, in this movie Lou Ferrigno, at
that time considered the largest of all bodybuilders, is getting ready for the Mr. Olympia. Lou
does an extremely intense, heavy weight-training workout that I am sure an old-school
bodybuilder like you would love. But if you listen carefully, you can hear Lou telling his trainer
he is going to run a couple of miles. So the largest bodybuilder of the 1970s was doing cardio.
I don’t know where you got the idea that old-school bodybuilders didn’t do cardio. There
is more to bodybuilding than training with heavy weights. So the answer 
to your question, “Can

I get in good enough condition to win a show without doing cardio?” is a definite no. You have
to drop the idea that bodybuilders who do cardio aren’t hardcore. You know where you can see
bodybuilders who don’t do cardio? You can see them walking off the stage and going home
after the top five in their class have been called out.
I don’t know if you have noticed this, but the standards for bodybuilders have changed
dramatically over the past 30 years. Having the biggest biceps won’t guarantee victory. You
have to come into a contest big, symmetrical and shredded, with nearly transparent skin, or you
can forget about winning anything. If you want to be competitive you have to come in with
ultralow bodyfat. Cardio burns bodyfat. It’s not rocket science.

I’m sure if you search long enough you can find a bodybuilder who says he doesn’t have to
928

do cardio, but such bodybuilders are as rare as two-dollar bills. Besides, many of these people
who say they are genetically gifted are taking dangerous medications for thyroid or prescription
fat-loss pills. I strongly suggest that you stay away from these medications and do it the old-
school way: Do your cardio. If you’re going to put all this time into your body then why not
create the healthiest body you can? Doing these drugs would wreak havoc on your heart and
central nervous system, so be smart.
SUPERSETS – TOO SEVERE?
Q.
 
I have heard many bodybuilders state that they only use supersets prior to an
important contest. They say supersets are too severe for the off-season and they would
soon burn out. My question is, wouldn’t supersets performed with less intensity during the
off-season lead to shorter workouts while keeping the muscles growing?
 
A.
 You are assuming that the superset principle can be used moderately. But supersetting is by

A.
definition an intensity technique. The superset principle is not clearly defined. Some people
superset chest and back, while others might superset two biceps exercises. The benefit of
supersetting is that it saves time. And obviously, when more work is done in a shorter period of
time, the benefit is increased greatly, and so is the intensity.
If you always keep in mind that muscle-building gains come about from increased
intensity (resulting in an increased blood flow – to pump up capillary size), as long as you
provide the system with adequate nourishment and rest (to allow compensational growth to
take place), you will not go wrong. No known exercise is “too severe,” but you should use
discretion on the number of sets performed. Too many sets can lead to overtraining and the
resultant loss of muscle size.
VITAMIN C – HOW IMPORTANT?
Q.

Q.
 
How important is vitamin C in the bodybuilder’s diet?
 
A.
 I don’t know if you could possibly single out any particular vitamin and stress its
importance over another, because they are all important. But here are a few facts about vitamin
C that might help you. Vitamin C is an antioxidant. One of its specific roles is promoting the
formation of collagen, the single most important connective tissue protein in the body.
Contrary to what I’m sure you have heard in the gym, the body also stores large amounts of
vitamin C in the adrenal glands, where it is needed to aid in the production of the hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
MEDIUM-CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES – MCTS
Q.
 
What are medium-chain triglycerides?
 
929

A.
 Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are special dietary nutrients derived from coconut oil.
MCTs have been used for over 30 years in hospital nutrition. They contain over twice the
energy of carbohydrates, but are absorbed and metabolized as easily as carbohydrates. Your red
muscle fibers (back and legs) prefer MCTs as an energy source during exercise.
MCTs have been shown to reduce bodyfat, improve 
the metabolism of carbohydrates and
proteins, and enhance the absorption of essential elements like calcium and potassium. MCTs
will give you extra energy during hard workouts and help you recover more quickly.
TOO SMALL A WAIST!
Q.
 
My question may seem unusual. My waist area is definitely too small. I do not want to
enter contests – I just want to look good on the beach. I have tried performing side bends
with a dumbell in both hands, but my oblique muscles are not thickening up. Please do not
doubt that my waist is too small; several friends have pointed it out to me. My waist

measures 22 inches and my chest is 43.
 
A.
 I guess there’s not much hope for Melvin Anthony or Dexter Jackson then, is there? At any
rate, the obliques are not really worked when you use two dumbells. You may as well use none
at all because you are balancing the weight when you use two. Try sidebends with one dumbell
(3 sets of 30 reps). You will also find that if you train with heavy weights in basic movements
like rows, squats and deadlifts, your waistline will balance up quickly. Besides, did you ever
consider that your friends might actually be envious?
HOW MUCH PROTEIN?
Q.
 
How much protein do you actually absorb at any one time? If I eat a steak with 100
grams of protein in it, how much do I really absorb and use? Is it better to take in slightly

Q.
 
too much protein than not enough? What are the side effects of eating too much protein?
 
A.
 The amount of protein that you can digest and absorb (called bioavailability of the protein)
is dependent on many factors, including the state of your digestive system and the type of
protein eaten. For example, about 90 percent of high-grade animal protein is bioavailable;
while some plant proteins, because they are poorly digested and absorbed, may have a
bioavailability of less than 50 percent. If you have diarrhea, then more of the protein will pass
right through without being digested and absorbed.
By taking in a very large amount of protein all at once, you may overload your digestive
system. It’s best not to overdo protein consumption at any one meal. Most athletes who want to

gain size will take their protein over several smaller meals rather than one or two larger ones –
it’s more efficient and you feel less bloated.
If you take 30 grams of a protein supplement, then you will likely digest and absorb about
25 grams. If you eat 100 grams of a high-protein food such as meat or fish then you are also
getting 25 grams of protein. High-protein foods usually contain about 25 percent protein by
weight.
930

MOTIVATION LEVELS
Q.
 
What is the best way to motivate myself to lift weights? I can’t go to a gym. Also –
which amino acids are the best to take and when should I take them?
 
A.
 If you cannot find the reasons to motivate yourself to train, I can’t do it for you. Set some
goals for yourself and go after them. All bodybuilders are self-motivators. Something drives
them into the gym, and makes them want to train harder. You have to get that “eye-of-the-
tiger” desire.
The best amino acids are the complete amino-acid complexes. Taken with your meals and
between meals they keep your blood-sugar levels elevated, keep you in a positive nitrogen
balance, curb your craving for sweets, help build muscle, and burn fat. Try five with each meal
and two every two hours between meals.
STICKING POINT
Q.
 
I’ve come to a point where I just cannot seem to increase my workout poundages any
more. I have been at a sticking point for over six months and my progress has stalled.
 
A.

Q.
 
A.
 Adding weight is not the only method of adding resistance. Trying constantly to increase
workout poundages leads to cheating, which limits muscle and strength growth. Try this trick:
do what I call one-and-a-halfs. Do a half rep followed by a full rep. This totals one rep. Do all
your reps for every exercise in this manner. The secret is to do only 3 sets. Any more will lead
to overtraining and a resulting loss of muscle tone and hormone depletion. I have found that
bodybuilders always add exercises, sets, and reps when they stop improving. This never
produces results. The real secret is to cut back on sets and use better form.
BETTER BICEPS
Q.
 
I can’t seem to make my biceps grow and respond. I haven’t gained in six months. How

Q.
 
can I make my biceps grow? I do barbell curls, dumbell curls and preacher curls, 3 sets of
each of 10 reps.
 
A.
 Try doing 21s for increased arm size. Do 7 partial barbell curls, moving the bar halfway up.
Next do 7 partial reps from the top, lowering halfway down. Next do 7 full reps. Your biceps
should be pumped to the max and on fire! Try also to eat more – protein in particular. I
recommend 30 grams of protein six times a day while on this biceps program. Also try taking
five free-form amino acid tablets and five desiccated liver tablets every three hours. This will
keep you in a positive nitrogen balance and your tissues will be saturated with protein.
OVERTONUS
931

Q.
 
What exactly is overtonus? How is it caused?
 
A.
 Overtonus is a term rarely used these days, but in short it is a condition caused by too many
sets and too many different exercises. The term used now is overtraining. This may cause
muscle loss, hormone depletion, weakness, and a smoothed-out appearance. Other effects
include an inability to produce a pump and general lassitude or weakness.
ENOUGH IS ENOUGH
Q.
 
How do you tell when you have done enough sets, and how much of a pump should you
aim for?
 
A.
 The right number of sets is the amount that produces maximum pump. To find out the right
number of sets, exercise until you are pumped to the maximum. Then continue to exercise until
you begin to lose some of your pump. At this point, refer to the number of sets, time tempo and
repetitions required to achieve this effect. This is your personal exercise requirement level.
When you lose your pump, you know you are doing too much. Next time do a little less.
EARLY-MORNING TRAINING
Q.

Q.
 
The only time I can train is 6 a.m., before I go to work. How do I eat before this
workout? A big meal is difficult at this time. Also, I wanted to know if my workouts can
still be productive at this hour.
 
A.
 Better you than me, that’s for sure! Seriously though, you’re going to have to eat your large
glycogen-loading meals the day before. These will fuel your early-morning workouts. Before
your workout just eat something like fruit or an energy bar. You can also drink a couple of cups
of coffee. You want energy to get through your workout, but not enough to make you puke after
3 sets.
As for productivity, sure your workouts can be productive at that hour. Whenever you can
work out, do so.
JAZZING UP TUNA
Q.
 
I hate tuna, but I want to eat it for its protein content. How do I get the stuff down?
 
A.
 Simple old bodybuilding trick, and I’m sure a lot of you out there have tried it: pineapple.

Q.
 
A.
Take a can of tuna and throw in a can of pineapple. (Make sure both are packed in water). The
pineapple kills the dry tuna taste. Great protein, great carbs, no fat.
932

GOING FOR THE V
Q.
 
Whenever I do T-bar rows and dumbell rows I can really feel my lats. When I do
barbell rows, however, I can’t seem to feel my lats at all. Do you have any idea what I’m
doing wrong?
 
A.
 You might be using so much weight on your barbell rows that you’re heaving and throwing
the weight up rather than rowing it up strictly. Sometimes guys go so heavy that their bent-over
rows look more like deadlifts. Try going lighter and concentrate on proper technique. Use a
weight that allows at least 6 strict reps and then cheat out 2 or 3 extras at the end for more
intensity.
LACKING LOWER TRICEPS
Q.
 
I need to build more lower-triceps thickness, especially near the elbow. What’s the best
lower-triceps exercise you know of?
 
A.
 You should understand that you may have high triceps insertions and may be incapable of
building much muscle mass near your elbows. Of course, you will never know unless you try. I

A.
think seated EZ-bar overhead extensions work the lower triceps more than the lying version;
but one of the very best lower-triceps builders of all is the close-grip pushup. Place your hands
together so they are almost touching and directly under your chest. For real lower-triceps work
make your hands into fists. Now do as many pushups as you can. Do your reps slowly, feeling
the lower-triceps work. Try 4 sets of max reps of close-grip “fist” pushups and see how much
lower triceps you can build.
DIET – HOW IMPORTANT?
Q.
 
Does diet play a big part in weight-training success? I’m asking this because I don’t
like taking all the supplements most bodybuilders take. Are they necessary? Also, what
kind of diet should a beginner follow?
934

A.
 Yes, diet does play a major role in your bodybuilding program if you are trying for a
muscular body. All experts agree that diet is responsible for at least 50 percent of your success
in bodybuilding and most people who work in bodybuilding put the figure even higher. Jay
Cutler and Larry Scott think it’s more like 80 percent, especially when dieting for a contest.
Food supplements are not an absolute necessity, but most bodybuilders take supplements
because results generally come a little faster and more easily with food supplements. This is
especially true if you are underweight and need extra protein and calories in your diet. Then
protein powders and weight-gain formulas really shine.
Generally speaking, you should try to eat low-fat protein sources such as fish, poultry, egg
whites, skim or 1% milk, and some lean red meat. Fresh fruit and vegetables are a must. For
starchy complex carbs try brown rice, yams, baked potatoes and some whole grains. Keep your

fat intake as low as possible. If you wish to gain weight you will of course consume more
calories daily than if you are overweight and needed to shed some pounds.
Most bodybuilders eat five or six small meals a day instead of three larger ones, as is
traditionally done. This allows you to digest and assimilate your food better and keeps the
blood sugar levels elevated throughout the day. Eating smaller, more frequent meals also keeps
your muscles constantly supplied with nutrients.
TRAINING AROUND A LOWER-BACK INJURY
Q.
 
I just received the bad news that I have to take a whole month off my weightlifting
because of a minor lower-back injury. How much strength do you think I’ll lose? How
long it will take to regain that strength?
 
935

A.
 If you take a whole month off, you will probably lose about 30 percent of your strength, but
you should regain most of that in a month or less. However, I do not suggest you take a
complete layoff. With your doctor’s okay, do some exercises that do not stress the lower back.
This means mostly isolation exercises. For example, instead of shoulder presses for the delts,
you might want to do light seated laterals, keeping the back straight and no cheating. For the
arms, instead of the barbell curl, you might do seated dumbell curls with your back braced
against a preacher bench or a wall. For legs, instead of squats, do light leg extensions and hack
squats. For the chest, do light bench presses to the neck with no arch. For the lats, do lat
pulldowns, which will help decompress the spine. For triceps, lying triceps extensions with an
EZ-curl bar will not stress the lower back if you keep it flat. Use strict form with no cheating,

arching, or throwing the weights around. You should also do slightly higher reps than normal,
say in the 15 to 20 range. If you follow these tips you shouldn’t lose any of your muscle size or
strength.
MUSCLE SIZE – HOW FAST?
Q.
 
How fast can muscles grow? I want to get my body in shape as fast as possible. I do not
want to wait 15 or 20 years to build up my body. How many pounds of muscle can I expect
to gain each month?
 
A.
 The average bodybuilder, if he trains hard and eats well, can expect to average about one
pound of weight gain per month (12 pounds a year). On the other hand, with a change up in
training (change of diet, equipment, gym, atmosphere, training partner, etc.) some seemingly
average bodybuilders have gained 12 pounds in a month! Needless to say, it all depends on

whether you are a natural gainer, your training intensity, your diet, and your rest habits.
A bodybuilder with a positive attitude and personal goals who trains regularly and hard,
eats five or six meals a day, takes the appropriate supplements and rests sufficiently between
workouts is going to make far better gains than someone with infrequent workouts who misses
breakfast, takes no supplements, plays tennis before his workout and goes to a club afterward.
ADDITIONAL ARM SIZE
Q.
 
I weigh 225 pounds and have been weight training for about nine months. My best
bench press is 300 pounds. My chest is 49 inches but my arms are only 17 inches. My
triceps are good, but my biceps are flat. I work my arms hard, but I can’t get them to
grow beyond 17.
 
A.

A.
 Eighteen-inch arms will come quickly for you with a “shock treatment.” Do four alternating
curls with 25-pound dumbells. Increase the weight five pounds each set until you can no longer
curl. Now turn around, and work down the rack. No rest between sets, just shake 
your arms and
take four deep breaths. Do no other biceps work, and work arms no more than three days a
week. Also, no abdominal work of any kind. Take in some protein, amino acids or desiccated
liver every two hours. In three weeks you will have that extra inch!
936

BREATHING
Q.
 
I have heard varying opinions about whether or not to hold my breath during
workouts. Should I or should I not? I’m confused.
 
A.
 It is impossible to give everything to the tough part of an exercise like squats without
holding your breath. All heavy exercises involve holding the breath during the most difficult
part of the movement, after which you immediately exhale.
There are many theories about breathing and exercises, but as long as you don’t run into an
oxygen debt there is no cause for alarm. In general, try to inhale and exhale for every rep of a
given exercise. This is good for pacing and concentration, and ensures your body has adequate
oxygen.
A DARKER, SAFER TAN
Q.
 
What is the safest way to get a dark tan? I like the way I look with a dark tan, but with
skin cancer and dry, aging skin, I’m concerned. How do bodybuilders always seem to have
that dark glow, even in winter? I have seen ads on sprays, creams, and pills that you can

take to give the skin color, but what’s the story on these? What is safe and what is not?
 
A.
 First I should point out that most bodybuilders do not have year-round dark tans – they tan
for shows and photo shoots. In the off-season and during the winter they have very little tan, if
any. But you are right to be concerned about skin cancer from tanning in the sun.
While a little sun is okay, the safest way to achieve that dark look is to use tanning lotions.
These allow you to get a tan without any exposure to ultraviolet rays. Tanning beds are your
next best bet, though their safety has also come into question. If you do tan in the sun, start
slowly – say, 10 or 15 minutes a day – and then gradually build up. Make sure you use
sunscreens to avoid burning.
WRIST PAIN
Q.

WRIST PAIN
Q.
 
I have recently started bodybuilding. After three months of workouts I have run into a
problem with my wrists and forearms. It feels like my biceps can curl more than my
wrists can hold. When I do any curling exercises, I get a pain in my wrists and in the
tendons and ligaments of my forearms. This has forced me to stop curling.
 
A.
 The problem is that your wrists aren’t able to take the strain while your biceps are. The
solution is twofold. First, you can support your wrists with either a splint or supportive wraps,
but only in your heavier sets. Next is to eventually become independent of any supports by
concentrating on your wrist and forearm strength during every workout. Pick two or three
exercises that give the wrists and forearms a good workout, such as wrist curls or reverse curls,

but be sure that your wrists don’t hurt regardless of which exercises you choose to do. If you
937

feel pain, don’t do that exercise – or modify it so that it still works the wrists and forearms but
doesn’t hurt.
SPLITTING THE PECS
Q.
 
I want to know how to develop a split between my upper and lower pecs like some of the
top bodybuilders have. Which exercises should I do?
 
A.
 A split between the pecs is not something that can be trained for. Just as some people cannot
build peaked biceps or long, full calves, most people cannot build a deep split between the
upper and lower pecs. The ability is strictly genetic. One of the best in this regard was former
Mr. Olympia, Franco Columbu.
You will need to do specific exercises for the upper and 
lower pecs – incline presses and
flyes for upper pecs, and decline presses and flyes for lower pecs. Also, very important, you
must have a low bodyfat level to show a split between the pecs. If you had this split it would be
visible only without a layer of fat overtop. Build your pecs, lower your bodyfat and you may
find that elusive split.
LACK OF ENDURANCE
Q.

Q.
 
I like doing squats, but I get so out of breath after only a couple of reps that I’m unable
to do a long enough set to work my legs. How can I train to improve my strength
endurance?
 
A.
 You need to get into better cardiovascular shape. Besides running a few miles two or three
times per week, try sprinting twice a week, either running or with a bicycle. Also, make sure
that you breathe in and out with each repetition when you do your squats. Don’t rush, but keep a
steady rhythm when performing the exercise.
ABS – NOT EVERY DAY!
Q.
 
If you work muscles hard and infrequently to build them up, and long, frequent
workouts cause muscles to get smaller and tighter, then shouldn’t I train abs every day for
long sets?
 
A.
 As with any muscle, if you work abdominals every day you will lose them! They will

long sets?
 
A.
smooth out and become bloated looking. Overtraining does not produce muscle tissue – it
destroys it. Work your abdominals just as you would any other muscle.
FULL CANNONBALL-SIZED DELTS
938

Q.
 
I want to build high deltoids that really look impressive when I do a double-biceps pose
from the back. I have a friend with impressive shoulder width – his lateral deltoids stand
out well from the side, but he doesn’t have fully developed shoulders when viewed from
the back. Please give me advice.
Photo of Kamal Elgargni by Robert Reiff
A.
 The exercises that contribute most to “high” deltoids when viewed from the back are the
press behind the neck, the incline-bench press, and alternating front raises with dumbells. The
muscle you admire is actually the frontal deltoid. Your friend must have spent more time on
those deltoid exercises that give a longer look to the deltoid muscle.
TURNING CALVES INTO COWS!
Q.
 
I don’t have a calf machine at home, and I want to build really good lower legs. What
do you advise? I live way out in the country, so I have to train at home.
 
A.
 Many bodybuilders train their calves without machines by doing such exercises as

A.
concentrated heel raises, single-leg calf raises and “burns.” However, the greatest calf
development has resulted from many, many sets of standing calf raises using a machine. The
best non-apparatus exercise for building lower leg size is the donkey calf raise. Place your toes
on a four-inch block of wood, bend over at the waist (supporting your body with your hands on
a chair or bench), and have a heavy training partner sit on your lower back. Try to do no fewer
than 20 reps and work up to the point where you are doing at least 8 sets three times a week.
939

FAT EMULSIFIERS
Q.
 
I want to know if choline and inositol help the body lose fat. Also, I have heard that
regular doses of cider vinegar, lecithin and kelp can help definition. Is this true?
 
A.
 This is a difficult question to answer. The medical profession tends to disagree with the
usefulness of any of these ingredients as fat mobilizers. However, many bodybuilders swear by
some or all of the above – especially when taken in conjunction with a low-calorie diet. The
difficulty is in knowing which, if any, of the supplements work, and whether or not any
increased definition is due to the supplements, or the low-calorie diet, or to both. The answer
would be more definite if some unbiased authority would arrange some strict controlled tests
on bodybuilders.
TOO OLD!
Q.
 
I am worried because I have just discovered the wonderful world of bodybuilding, but I
think I may be too old to make progress. My doctor says I am fit and recommended that I

TOO OLD!
Q.
 
take up weight training to gain bodyweight, but I am 26 years old.
 
A.
 Dear me! 26 years old! One foot in the grave … Now hear this, if you are in good physical
health, you can make fine bodybuilding progress at twice your age! Granted the ideal age to
start bodybuilding is the middle to late teens, but just because you’re a touch older doesn’t
mean you can’t make amazing progress. Just make sure you start right and don’t waste your
time on incorrect training methods.
TOO MUCH PROTEIN?
Q.
 
I follow a high-protein diet, trying for 50 grams of protein, six times daily. My doctor
tells me this is too much and that it will put a strain on my liver. How can I get the protein
I need without harming my liver?
 
A.
 Try free-form amino acids, which go directly into the bloodstream. This places little or no

A.
strain on the liver, and you get all the protein you need.
CUTTING THE PECS
Q.
 
I am a loyal reader of 
 and really enjoy it, and I hope you can
help me. I have been working out for over a year and have a big chest but can’t seem to get
my pectoral muscles tight or cut. I do a lot of decline and incline presses and flyes, but to
no avail. I am big, but not hard and tight. I would appreciate it if you could give me a few
pointers.
940

A.
 If you are big but not cut, you are carrying too much bodyfat everywhere, not just in the
pecs. You must lose some fat. Cut back on your calories. Your chest will be smaller, but cut
and better shaped. Eat only good, nutritious foods, no junk. As for exercises, I recommend that
you do more isolation exercises for your pecs, as well as trying supersets. For example, try
decline presses superset with decline flyes, incline presses superset with incline flyes, or dips
superset with dumbell pullovers.
Q.
 
What is the cause of stretch marks and how can I get rid of them?
 
A.
 Stretch marks occur when your muscles grow faster than your skin. They also occur when
individuals gain too much weight (usually fat), too quickly. It has also been suggested that poor
nutrition causes the skin to lose its elasticity, and therefore it doesn’t stretch when the
underlying muscle grows. The most common spots are the chest and delts, particularly the pec-

delt tie-in. Many authorities suggest that a lack of minerals, such as manganese, contribute to
the condition. Once you get stretch marks it’s virtually impossible to get rid of them. You can
reduce the chances of developing new ones by supplementing your diet with manganese and a
good vitamin-mineral tablet. Also, take extra vitamins A and E. Finally, some bodybuilders
have found that vitamin E-rich creams help alleviate already existing stretch marks, but the
effect is minimal.
HERNIA
Q.
 
I think I am developing a hernia. It hurts when I do squats and other leg and ab
exercises. Can I correct this problem through exercise? What should I do?
 
A.
 The first thing you should do is see your doctor and determine if you indeed have a hernia.

A.
You can prevent a hernia by strengthening the abdominal wall, but once you have one, only
surgery can correct it. The condition is aggravated by intrathoracic pressure (holding your
breath and straining). Do all your leg work sitting or lying on your back. Make sure you have
no downward pressure.
MASSIVE LEGS
Q.
 
I would like to know how to get massive leg size like Jay Cutler. I was wondering if a
person can diet, train hard and compete successfully without strong genetic potential?
 
A.
 Just as there’s no real substitute for a “winning hand” dealt by genetics, there’s no substitute
941

for the basic squat when it comes to quad growth. Whatever exercises you do for thighs – and
you should be doing at least two exercises for size and one for shape – base them around the
squat. Work up to 6 to 8 sets of 10 to 20 reps in the squat before performing your shaping
exercises. Treat the lower leg the same and do at least three exercises (with different foot
placements) for the calves. Base your calf workout around the standing calf raise.
BUILDING THE INNERS
Q.
 
I have two questions for you. One, how do you build up the inner-thigh area, and two,
will leg extensions hamper my squat strength?
 
A.
 On the first question, all you have to do is perform all your squats, leg presses and hacks
with your feet wide apart. Be sure to point your toes outward and go all the way down.
As for question number two, who knows for sure? I’ve always done both in my leg
workout, whether on the same leg day or consecutive leg days. As a bodybuilder you should

aim for total development, and this means hitting the muscles from all angles. Leg extensions
might hinder achievement of a one-rep lift record on the 
squat, but is this what you’re after? I
advise going for the maximum effect, and hitting the muscle with as many different exercises
as possible.
SIDE DELTS
Q.
 
It seems that I can’t get my side and rear delts to grow with regular standing laterals
and rear laterals. Do you recommend any exercise that works not only the side and rear
head, but also the tie-in between both heads?
 
A.
 I have just the exercise to meet your needs. It’s the lying one-arm lateral. You can do it
either lying on the floor or off a bench. The important thing is to lie on your side and to lift the
dumbell smoothly and strictly with delt power alone. Keep a slight bend in your elbow as you

lower the dumbell in front of your body. To take advantage of negative resistance, lower slowly
and with great control. Never allow the dumbell to rest or touch the floor – keep constant
tension on the delt. Keeping the little finger higher than the thumb at the top position will work
the side head, the rear head and the tie-in. This was Serge Nubret’s favorite delt exercise and he
had superb side and rear delts. Keep the reps in the 10-to-15 range and do at least 4 sets every
delt workout. And by the way, if you lower the dumbell along the body you work mostly the
side head. Lower behind the body and you hit mostly the front head, with some side head and
tie-in involvement.
UPSET STOMACH
Q.
 
Every time I take vitamins I get an upset stomach. Help!
 
942

A.
 The cause could be the brand of vitamins, the time of day you take them, or whether or not
you’ve eaten. Experiment with all of these variables and I’m sure you will find a plan that
works. If not, you might want to see your doctor, especially if you have allergies or are taking
prescription medicine.
MORE ON TRAINING TIME
Q.
 
I’ve always wondered if there was a specific time of day to train for better and faster
bodybuilding results. In all your years of experience have you found that any particular
time of day is better than all others for fast and superior results?
 
A.
 From the time one rises in the morning, energy levels build, so that by midafternoon,
between 3:30 and 6:00 p.m., they are supposed to be at their peak. This energy level depends on
a person’s habits, the amount of sleep he or she gets, and how well his or her diet meets the
demands of the body.
However, not everyone is in a position to train at four in the afternoon, regardlees of

energy levels. Besides, this energy peak can be disturbed by other frustrating or emotional
factors, which exact their toll on a person during the day. Therefore, there is no particular hour
better suited to training than the next. Make adjustments and fit your training schedule into
whatever hours are available. By far the most important thing is that you train consistently, so
the ideal time is whichever time you will actually go.
STARTING OVER
Q.
 
My interest in training with weights started at age 17, and now that I’m finished having
children I want to pursue bodybuilding. I need more information on fat-burning,
supplements, and muscle-building.
Most of my mass is in the lower half, so I have to work harder to burn fat. Burning fat and
building muscle at the same time seems contradictory. Could you please give me some advice?
Thanks!
 
A.

Thanks!
 
A.
 It is possible to burn fat and build muscle at the same time, but you must have a good solid
plan that balances training with nutrition.
To burn fat you need to follow a low-fat, moderate-carbohydrate, high-protein diet. Try to
eat at least every three hours, with your morning meals the largest, fol
lowed by decreasing
meal sizes throughout the day. Take a multivitamin-mineral supplement with your meals. Also,
drink at least eight glasses of water daily.
943

Serge Nubret performing his favorite delt exercise, the lying one-arm lateral.
944

Photo by Silvio Oliva
Photo of Lou Joseph by Jason Breeze
As for your training, work out with weights four or five times a week, training two
bodyparts each session. Add some sort of aerobic exercise five or six times a week (45 minutes
for maximum results). I recommend separating your weight training and aerobics because if
your total exercise session goes over 90 minutes, you will probably start losing muscle instead
of fat. All the best and good luck!
HOW MANY CALORIES?
Q.
 
I’m a beginning (female) bodybuilder who needs to lose weight. Every article I’ve read
says you need to eat 6,000 or even 7,000 calories to build muscle mass, but I need to lose
fat. Is it possible to do both at the same time, or do I have to lose fat, then build the muscle
mass?
 
A.
 Those articles do not apply to you or most any other women. To build muscle you do need to
eat plenty of protein (approximately one to one-and-a-half grams per pound of bodyweight per

mass?
 
A.
day), but the number of calories should probably range from a minimum of 1,600 to a
maximum of 2,500, depending on your current weight and metabolism.
Don’t think in terms of just losing weight. Replace excess bodyfat with good solid muscle
tissue. When this happens you are leaner, but your actual bodyweight may not go down because
fat takes up far more volume than muscle, pound for pound. Finally, while you need cardio for
health and to help lose bodyfat, don’t make the common mistake of doing hour upon hour of
cardio – especially if you aren’t eating enough. This makes you lose weight but you may still
appear fat, because you will have lost some muscle. Eat right and train right for sculpting a
lean, tight body.
945

16 AND NEEDS HELP!
Q.
 
I am a 16-year-old beginner in bodybuilding. I have been training for four and a half
weeks with no results. Please recommend a good training program for me, along with the
max amount of time I should spend in the gym. I would appreciate it if you would
recommend my daily calorie intake. Thank you very much for your help.
 
A.
 I’m going to answer this letter not just for the individual but for every beginning
bodybuilder out there. You see, today’s kids who are in the gym are not getting the right
picture. They want it all, they want it now, and they don’t want to sweat a drop to get it! Come
on dude, I’ve taken longer layoffs than four weeks. In a month I might train a bodypart only
four times. How can you expect anything to happen in a month?
Now let’s get a grip on reality here. I want to see some honest blood, sweat and tears in the
gym. Barbells, dumbells, clanging plates, rock and roll cranking loud, and sounds of pain and

groans throughout the concrete walls. Do all that and then talk to me in a year.
HIGH REPS OR LOW REPS
Q.
 
I am confused about how many repetitions I should do. Some guys at the gym say never
do more than 10 reps on any given set, or you will be overtraining. What do you
 
A.
 So you are looking for the magic number of repetitions? I searched for years, and to be
honest with you, I am not sure I have the answer. What I do know is this: Each muscle is
composed of two different types of muscle fiber: fast twitch and slow twitch. Fast twitch is
identified as the explosive type, and responds best to lower reps, while slow twitch are defined
as the endurance muscles, which respond best to higher reps. Logically, what follows is that to

thoroughly train the total muscle you should incorporate both high and low reps in your sets.
The following is a good rep sequence based on a 4-sets-per-exercise routine.
Set 1 – 12 reps with a medium weight
Set 2 – 8 reps with a heavier weight
Set 3 – 4 to 6 reps with your heaviest weight
Set 4 – 15 to 20 reps with your lightest weight
LACKS DEFINITION
Q.
 
I don’t know what to do. I’m 16 years old, 5‘9” and weigh 195 pounds. I train on a
three-days-on/one-day-off routine. While I’ve built my share of mass, I lack definition. My
problem areas are my abs, thighs, and obliques. Could you suggest a few exercises and a
diet I could follow?
 
946

A.
 You likely need to lose 15 to 20 pounds. You didn’t list your training routine, so I can’t
make any recommendations there. Keep your sets per bodypart to 12 or under for major muscle
groups, and 8 or fewer for minor ones. Keep your reps from 6 to 12 for upper-body exercises,
and 10 to 20 on lower-body exercises. Train abs, calves and forearms with higher reps.
I recommend that you start to do some cardio, such as jogging, biking, or classes. This will
increase fat burning and also give your physique a harder appearance. As for your diet, cut
down on your fat, salt, and sugar intake. Avoid packaged foods. Eat clean, five or six meals a
day, and reduce your portions slightly. When you reach the point that your abs are hard and
defined, no doubt the rest of your body will be the same.
JUST PLAIN SKINNY
Q.
 
I am a just plain skinny 15-year-old. I cannot gain weight. I train like crazy, never
missing workouts. My father says I am naturally skinny and that I’ll never be really built.

Q.
 
Please help me beat this thing.
 
A.
 If you are healthy, you will build up. You may never become a Mr. Olympia (few do!), but
with hard, regular training you will get bigger and add muscle. At 15 years of age your male
hormones are just kicking in. Look for good gains during the next few years. Train each
body-
part twice weekly, three exercises per bodypart, 5 sets of 8 to 12 reps. Split your workout
into two or three parts. Rest as much as possible when not training. Eat every couple of hours –
meats, eggs, sweet potatoes, rice, fruit, yogurt, nuts, and don’t forget the best gainer of all –
milk!
STILL IN PAIN
Q.
 
Two years ago I was really into lifting. I would exercise four days a week training
different bodyparts but making sure I worked all major muscle groups.

milk!
Q.
 
I hurt my leg and had to have surgery. It has since healed and I have resumed
training. Now my left elbow is giving me problems. No matter what the lift or weight it
still gives me great pain. What do you suggest?
 
A.
 Any pain, whether from an old injury or from training, must be treated with care. Ease up on
those exercises that cause pain in your elbow. If you find it still hurts after a good warmup,
don’t train. Rest that arm until the tendon or ligament is healed. If the pain continues to occur
after six weeks, see your doctor. If you can train with slight pain, then applying ice packs to the
elbow after workouts will help.
WHEN TO TRAIN
Q.
 
I am wondering if training a different bodypart every day would be the answer to my
problem of gaining muscle size. I have tried working the whole body on Mondays,

Q.
 
Wednesdays, and Fridays, but I just didn’t gain. I would appreciate your thoughts on this.
947

A.
 You are thinking about changing from training each bodypart three times a week to training
each bodypart only once a week. Bodybuilding researchers have determined that in most cases
our muscles grow best from two workouts a week. I suggest you split your routine in three parts
and train three days on, one day off, or else split your workout in two and train four days a
week. In both cases you will be exercising each bodypart twice a week.
BAREFOOT
Q.
 
I heard that you recommend calf work be done barefoot. I have tried this on the
standing calf machine at my gym, but my feet really hurt after the first few reps.
 
A.
 Yes I do recommend barefoot calf work, but only when the step of the calf machine is
covered with a thick layer of hard rubber. You get more range and action when you train your
lower legs with bare feet. In your case, however, wear proper exercise shoes; otherwise you
could damage the arch of your foot. If you find that the stiffness of the sole hinders your range

of motion, then undo the laces of your sneaker, and you will obtain both comfort and a full
range of motion.
EXERCISE SEQUENCE
Q.
 
Is it necessary follow a certain exercise sequence? I like to alternate my training
routine, though I actually use just about the same exercises. On one day I may begin with
a press, followed by a curl, etc. And the next day I will start by squatting or deadlifting, or
even do some abdominal work first in the routine. In the end I still do all the exercises I
am supposed to do, so what’s the difference? A friend tells me that I would make better
progress if I followed my exercises in a definite pattern every training day.
 
A.
 I personally do not subscribe to the idea that exercises must follow any specific pattern,

A.
although some do work better in a sequence. I am referring to leg exercises that should always
be followed by some chest-expansion movements such as breathing pullovers. All other
exercises can be used in whatever sequence you prefer.
The idea of proper exercise sequence, where you work the middle pecs before working the
upper pecs or delts before the triceps has some popularity, but what if your upper pecs and
triceps are the least responsive to training? Wouldn’t it be better to work them early on?
Also, many bodybuilders find that training one group of muscles completely then moving
on to another 
group has its limitations. The congestion associated with the first group often
interferes with training the second. To get around this I do one or two exercises for one muscle

group, and then work the antagonistic (opposite) muscles (i.e. biceps and triceps or chest and
back).
Most bodybuilders find that training the small arm muscles first interferes with training
the larger torso muscles. For this reason they leave the biceps, triceps, and forearms till last. Of
948

course, if your arm muscles are woefully weak you will have to give them priority.
100 SETS
Q.
 
I have a question that has been bothering me. From reading just about everything I can
lay my hands on regarding bodybuilding, I have concluded that every exercise hits a
muscle in a different way. Therefore, if someone did just one set of each exercise, but
performed 60 to 100 different exercises, would this give more development all round?
 
A.
 Theoretically, yes. In practice, however, the first set doesn’t seem to do the job of fully
stimulating the deeper muscle fibers. Most bodybuilders find at least 3 sets of a given exercise
is needed to fully work the muscle for overall size, and most prefer 5 sets (some even go to 8
sets). If anyone out there is using one set per exercise with a wide variety of movements, I
would like to hear from them about their results. I will gladly print the information in
.

.
BODYBUILDING – BAD FOR THE BONES?
Q.
 
I am 14 years old and have been bodybuilding for five months. My mother tells me
weight training is bad for the bones and that it will stop my growth. Can you tell me if this
949

is true?
 
A.
 There is no evidence to show that weight training, or indeed any form of vigorous exercise,
adversely effects bone growth. This is a myth. Every time you pull or push yourself up on a
piece of playground equipment, you are in effect training with weights.
Check with your doctor if you have any doubt. If you are in good health I am sure he or she
will heartily approve your weight training.
FIVE-HOUR WORKOUT?
Q.
 
I will be 15 soon. I have been lifting weights for just over a year, but I am not getting
any bigger and I need help. I am trying a new method. I am lifting weights five hours
every other day. I need to know what kind of foods I need to eat to gain weight.
A.
 Five hours’ training every other day is too much. Cut it down to two hours. Eat a varied diet
including fish, meat, vegetables, fruit, whole grains, nuts and milk. Many teenagers find
difficulty gaining because their hormone levels don’t kick in fully until their later teens.
NITROGEN BALANCE

Q.
 
I keep reading the term nitrogen balance in the different magazines. What is this
nitrogen balance?
 
A.
 When the body utilizes amino acids, nitrogen is liberated. Fat and carbohydrate contain no
nitrogen. When amino acids are used for energy, nitrogen is passed in the urine. If you
950

consumed no protein, 19 grams of protein each day could be catabolized from your muscles to
supply your needs. Even if you were to consume 19 grams of protein, you would be in a
negative nitrogen balance, because not every gram of protein has the necessary complement of
amino acids. A large quantity of protein must be available to provide the body with the
necessary balance of amino acids. Research has shown that the average person needs about 95
grams of protein a day to maintain a nitrogen balance. If enough protein is eaten to create a
positive nitrogen balance, the excess will be deposited as new tissue (provided the body’s
muscles have been stimulated by some form of exercise). This will ensure that a growing
muscle is well fed.
MILK INTOLERANCE
Q.
 
I have been drinking a lot of milk to gain weight over the years, but in recent years it
seems to cause loose bowels. I have tried milk that contains acidophilus, but it did not
help. Is there anything I can buy to put in my milk to correct the problem?
 
A.

A.
 A high percentage of people have this intolerance to milk. About 10 percent of the adult
white population is 
lactose intolerant, and estimates run as high as 85 percent for other ethnic
groups. The symptoms range from diarrhea, gas, distension, and abdominal pain to severe
illness.
These individuals lack sufficient amounts of the enzyme in the small intestine that breaks
down lactose, the disaccharide found in milk. Lactose cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream
if it is not digested into simple sugars. As a consequence, the undigested milk sugar ferments,
causing the previously mentioned problems.
Try a lactose-free milk. If this doesn’t work, you may have to switch to rice, soy, hemp or
almond milk. You may also find you have trouble with whey protein, but there are plenty of
protein alternatives.
MORE THAN JUST THE BASICS
Q.

Q.
 
I come from the old school of bodybuilding. I believe that to develop a top physique you
just need the basics: squats, deadlifts, bench presses, etc. Why do you advocate so many
isolation and sissy exercises, like sissy squats and side lateral raises?
 
A.
 As I glance through pages of various muscle magazines or look at the physiques of the
competitors at the contests I attend, rarely do I see a body that I consider fully developed.
Almost every bodypart has a weak area. This is because most bodybuilders don’t know the
proper exercise for bringing out the specific slow-developing portions of individual muscles
(weak points). To be a good bodybuilder you must train for shape. The basics work only the
belly of the muscle, but do nothing for the origins and insertions. If basics worked the entire

muscle, we would have no need for exercises such as preacher curls for low biceps
development, hack squats for lower thighs, lat pulldowns for lengthening the lats, dips for
lower and outer pecs, cables for inner pecs, lateral raises for side delts, incline presses for high
951

pecs, and incline side raises for rear delts. The point is, unless you do shaping exercises you
will get big but you will not look good.
FAST OR SLOW?
Q.
 
Should I do my reps at a fast pace (lighter weight, continued tension) or use heavy,
paused reps? Personally, I feel that pausing between reps because the weight is too heavy
is just another form of cheating. What’s your opinion?
 
A.
 Both methods of performing reps have proved useful. Beginners should stick to one method
for a few months until results slow or stop, at which point they should change it up.
The most important aspect of training is consistency, followed by constant efforts at
making your training progressive (getting more reps or adding more weight without sacrificing
style). Finally, you cannot expect to grow unless you are taking in plenty of wholesome food
every day, plus getting adequate relaxation and sleep.
NEED MORE CHEST DEVELOPMENT
Q.
 
I’ve got pretty good arms, which just seemed to arrive after six months of training. My

Q.
 
delts, back, and legs are developing well too, but my chest is under par. I have a fairly
deep rib cage, however. I do a lot of bench presses, especially with a wide grip. What am I
 
A.
 The bench press is a great chest exercise for some people, but it is not suitable for everyone.
Although a deep rib cage is desirable, it is probably a factor in holding back your pectoral
development. You are not getting the needed stretch in your pectorals because the bar cannot
travel low enough to really work the chest muscles.
Fortunately, there are hundreds of chest exercises to choose from. Try narrowing your grip
to a little more than shoulder width on presses. This will give your pectorals more stretch. If
you have access to a cambered bar, give it a try. The bar’s shape allows for a better stretch at

the bottom of the bench-press movement.
Other fine chest exercises are: flat and incline dumbell presses and flyes, pec-deck
machine flyes, and various cable-crossover movements. Do at least 10 sets for your pecs on
chest day.
EGG WHITES
Q.
 
Bodybuilders all seem to eat lots of egg whites in their diet. Why the whites and not the
yolk?
 
A.
 For many years bodybuilders have realized that eggs are one of nature’s most nearly perfect
952

foods. They actually rate higher than any other food for protein bioavailability. In the past
some bodybuilders have eaten as many as three-dozen eggs a day!
Egg whites are low in calories with zero fat but tons of protein. Egg whites have only 17
calories, compared to 75 calories for the whole egg. When attempting to get as ripped as
possible you must reduce your consumption of fat, and eliminating the yolk is a quick and
effective way to do so.
Egg whites may not appeal to you, but they are tasty scrambled with chopped onion and
vegetables or eaten with salsa.
NATURAL SIZE
Q.
 
I’m very skinny, and want to build big muscles without resorting to drugs. I am 19
years old and train hard on and off. I often feel tired after work and skip workouts, but I
do like playing other sports like basketball. Can you help?
 
A.
 You have three main problems with your bodybuilding quest. One, you are young and
probably have a fast metabolism, making it difficult for you to gain weight. Two, you skip

A.
workouts and do not train consistently. Three, you play other sports – they burn up precious
calories, making it even harder for you to gain weight.
To get big you have to 1) Train big – that means hard, heavy, progressively and regularly
on a proper routine. 2) Eat big – that means 5,000 to 6,000 calories a day, including at least one
gram of protein per pound of bodyweight per day. 3) Limit the other sports you play unless you
are willing to eat an additional 1,500 to 2,000 calories a day for all the calories you’ll burn up.
A few key points: When I say 5,000 to 6,000 a day, I’m talking all good food – no junk
food at all. You must eat: lean red meat, eggs, chicken, fish, baked potatoes, rice, beans, nuts,
fruits, raw vegetables and milk. Eat no sugar, unhealthy fats, salt or processed food. You must

eat this way every day until you obtain the size you desire.
As for training, lift two days on, one day off – half your body one day, the other half the
next. Take a day off, and then repeat the cycle. Use two exercises per muscle group, doing 4
sets of 6 to 10 reps each.
LACK OF ENERGY
Q.
 
Is there anything I can eat or take that will give me instant energy? I have the desire to
train but lack the energy to do it. Should I go off junk food or cut down on my cigarettes?
I drink heavily, but only on weekends. I am young (23) and need my fun!
Occasionally, I have a whole bunch of energy but when I train, this soon runs out. Any
suggestions?
 
A.
 Some people simply have more energy than others. But in your case you are responsible for

A.
your own lack of energy. First, your weekend binges have got to stop. Heavy drinking for two
or three days in a row can mess you up physically for several days. You will recover just in
time to start partying again. Better to have one drink a day, every day of the week, than go
953

crazy on the weekend. Junk foods will kill energy levels because most are loaded with refined
sugar and other garbage your body has to work hard to remove. You need natural complex
carbohydrates such as grains, fruits, and vegetables. They deliver a steady, long-lasting flow of
energy-rich high-grade fuel to the system.
Finally, I’m shocked that you smoke. Few things kill energy more quickly and effectively
than cigarettes. They leach your body of oxygen, vitamins and minerals. Cut them out
completely – now. Don’t even think about ever smoking again. It’s old-fashioned, causes all
sorts of diseases, and is a complete waste of money.
SHOULDER INJURY
Q.
 
I had been doing straight-arm barbell pullovers (3 sets of 10 to 15 reps with 40 pounds)
as part of my workout for about a month. While I was doing them recently I felt my
shoulder pop out of place. It popped back, but I have stopped working out. Is this a
common injury with this exercise? Is there some way I could avoid it in the future? How

long should I wait until I start to work out again?
 
A.
 Your first step should be to get checked out by a sports physician to make sure the injury is
not serious. If he gives you the okay to return to training, start back very light – say just an
empty barbell. Do 2 sets of 25 to 30 reps and do the reps very slowly and smoothly. It’s very
important that you use no bouncing, jerking, or momentum in your reps. Add weight only when
it is comfortable to do so. The way to avoid this injury in the future is to warm up well and
avoid heavy weights. Instead of adding weight, try to do higher reps.
954

A back that stops traffic.
FOR SUPERIOR BACK DEVELOPMENT
Q.
 
I’ve been bodybuilding for two years and have made great progress. I’ve studied
anatomy and now have good knowledge about muscles. Even so, I can’t figure out which
exercise will benefit my back the most. I am big-boned and have naturally broad
shoulders, so having a muscle-studded back would help my physique very much. I know
how to develop the lats and the infraspinatus, but have held off developing the other
muscles of my back. I would truly appreciate it if someone could help me.
 
A.
 If you have studied anatomy you should know that it’s nearly impossible to work any of the
back muscles independently. In fact, it’s quite impossible for any muscle to function
separately. Every muscle is dependent upon another in some way. Even biceps, which seem to
be totally isolated, depend on the delts, forearms, and even the trapezius. The muscles of the

back are even more closely associated and tied together, so it’s impossible for you to work the
rhomboids, teres muscles, lats, or infraspinatus separately. All back muscles work in unison
when any back exercise is done, though you can emphasize one muscle over another.
In order to better work your back and obtain as much muscularity and size as you’re
capable of, include a variety of back exercises to activate all the muscles to varying degrees. As
your back develops and improves, you will show greater mass and have the muscularity you
955

desire. All this, however, takes time and patience.
FULL DELTS
Q.
 
Recently I’ve gone on a deltoid binge. This makes me appear somewhat round-
shouldered. My side and front delts are well built, but I need some magic advice to beef up
the rear section.
 
A.
 The rear deltoid can be a little stubborn to build effectively, but with proper application you
can bring about plenty of growth. The best exercise is the bent-over lateral raise. Sit on the
edge of a bench with feet together. Lean forward so your chest and abdomen rest on your
thighs. Raise two light dumbells out to the side, keeping this position. Try 4 sets of 10
repetitions. In addition, remember that all rowing movements work the rear delts to some
extent.
HOW MANY EXERCISES PER BODYPART?
Q.
 
How many exercises per bodypart do you suggest? I’ve been told that as many as five
are necessary for full development. Can a bodypart be fully developed with only two or
three exercises if you vary the exercises every few months?

Also, how do you avoid building the upper portion of the glutes? I think this gives a
square, bulky look to the glutes. Is this a genetic factor, or from squatting? If it is from
squats, can I avoid the problem by doing front squats or leg presses instead?
 
A.
 I think two or three exercises per muscle group can give a muscle good development.
However, the longer you are in the sport the more quickly your body adapts to the stresses
placed on it from training, and the more frequently you need to change exercises. In other
words, the advanced bodybuilder needs more variety than the beginner or intermediate. Most
top bodybuilders have a repertoire of five to seven exercises for each muscle group that they
choose from – usually picking two to four exercises for each workout. The beginner should, of

course, pick only one or two exercises per muscle group each workout, do 2 or 3 sets each, and
not increase his sets or number of exercises until his recuperative powers increase.
Now for your glute question: If you train naturally and your glutes are getting a square,
blocky look from squats, the cause is probably genetic, although exercise style should be
considered too. If you squat with a wide stance and/or in a bent-over powerlifter style, your
glutes will get more stress than if you squat in a close-stanced, strict, upright style. Squatting
on the Smith machine may help. And do leg exercises that don’t stress the glutes: hack squats,
sissy squats, lunges, and leg extensions.
LACKING THIGH SWEEP
Q.
 
I have been doing all kinds of squats and leg presses for five years, but lack thigh

Q.
 
sweep. Which exercise will stimulate outer-thigh growth?
956

A.
 Squats with the toes pointed straight ahead or even slightly in (and feet close together – 12
inches or less) are superior for thigh sweep. Leg presses with the feet close together and toes
pointing straight are also very good. Probably the best exercise is the hack squat with toes
pointed out. Also, try Smith-machine squats with the toes pointing both in and out – 3 to 5 sets
each.
FOREARMS
Q.
 
My forearms are very skinny and weak. I just started bodybuilding three months ago
and find that my grip is really poor. Sometimes my grip gives out before my biceps do. Is
there any exercise that will improve my grip and build my forearms at the same time?
 
A.
 The best exercise you can use to improve your grip and build your forearms is the barbell
wrist curl. Sit at the end of a flat bench holding a barbell as you would for a regular curl. Rest
your forearms on your knees so your wrists and hands extend past the knees. Using wrist

strength only, lower the barbell and then wrist curl it up. To build your grip even more, allow
the barbell to roll 
down so just your fingers hold it. Pull it back into the palm of your hand then
wrist curl it up again. Wrist curls are a high-repetition exercise, so aim for 15 to 20 repetitions
per set. This one really burns, but that’s what you want. Four or 5 sets of 15 to 20 reps twice a
week should improve your wrist strength and forearms greatly.
957

A bodybuilder doesn’t look balanced without full leg development.
958

Will Harris demonstrates his most-muscular pose – with a smile.
MUSCLE-BLASTING TECHNIQUES
Q.
 
What muscle-blasting techniques do you advise during the off-season, and which ones
should be used in the pre-contest phase?
 
A.
 Most top champs train heavy and basic in the off-season – straight, heavy sets on basic
exercises, while always trying to handle heavier and heavier weights. The muscle-blasting
techniques are saved for the pre-contest phase, or for specialization on a weak muscle group
that isn’t responding to regular training. Supersets, trisets, giant sets and other intensity
techniques are too intense to be used year round and can lead to overtraining.
THE MOST-MUSCULAR POSE
Q.
 
I’m 18 years old and have been training hard for two years. I have recently signed up
for my first contest (a novice show, two months away), and have a question about posing.
How do I do a most-muscular pose to look my best? I feel that I look good on most of the

others. My double biceps from the front is the best, but I just don’t feel right about the
most muscular. It seems so awkward. Also, if it’s not too much trouble – would you tell me
what you consider to be the best color for posing trunks?
 
A.
 You should try to stay away from showing any weak areas. The same stage lighting that does
wonders for a hard, well-prepared muscle will magnify faults. This is also true of facial
expressions. A big smile and a confident look is a definite plus. However, you should learn to
pose to display your physique to full advantage, so here are some pointers on the most-
muscular “crab” pose: Start with one foot slightly forward. Flex your legs. Bring your arms out
to your sides. Rolling your shoulders forward, flex your trapezius while rotating your wrists so

your palms go downward. Flex your abdominals at the same time. Now bring both hands
together in front of you, slowly flexing your pectorals, rippling your chest upward. Lock your
fingers together and pull outwards, making your trapezius bulge. Hold your breath to bring out
the veins. Don’t lean too far forward or the shadow from the stage lights will darken the whole
of your upper body. Common mistakes are to hold the hands too high or too low, or to have the
elbows too close together. Remember to look forward and not down at yourself, and don’t
forget to smile. Check out photographs of the pros.
Remember the saying “practice makes perfect?” Get in front of the mirror every night
between now and the contest. Rigging up two mirrors will help you see your back. A friend can

help with the poses you cannot see – photos are also helpful.
As for the color of your trunks, who can say for sure? It depends on your skin, hair and eye
color. High cut or low cut will depend on whether you have long or short legs in relation to
your upper body. All I will say is get a good tan all over. Don’t try any fancy carb-loading this
first time out, and don’t wear trunks that contrast too much with your skin color unless you
960

have a small, well-muscled waist and great thighs. Good luck.
SHOULD I GO HEAVY?
Q.
 
I have been bodybuilding for 18 months now, following a basic routine of presses, rows,
bench presses, squats, curls, etc. My gains have recently come to a halt. I was wondering if
I should train really heavy using 2 or 3 reps per set, or perhaps even do some singles.
Thanks.
 
A.
 I guess every male bodybuilder has to have his fling using heavy weights, so you might as
well get it out of 
your system. But only use ultralow reps on multijoint exercises such as
deadlifts, bench presses and squats. You will destroy your tendons and joints if you try to
exceed your limit for poundages on lateral raises, dumbell curls, triceps extensions, and other
single-joint, isolation exercises.
Injury often occurs when we use heavy weights, because in the effort to increase the
poundage we move out of our normal exercise groove and bring about a tear or strain. Make

sure to warm up thoroughly before making one- or two-rep attempts. Personally, when I
performed singles in deadlifts, squats, presses behind the neck and bench presses, I found the
practice greatly interfered with my recuperative powers. I was always totally drained the day
after my workout. See how it goes for you.
FASTING TO CLEANSE
Q.
 
I recently read an article on fasting, and I understand that fasting “cleanses” and “re-
energizes” one’s body. I’d like to try fasting, but I’m afraid of losing muscle mass! Do you
think fasting is a bad idea for a “growing” bodybuilder? Have you ever tried it?
 
A.
 I’ve done a grapefruit fast for three days and I liked how I felt after the fast. I felt healthier
and lighter, and my energy level increased. I did lose a few pounds from my weight, but I think

A.
it was just because I didn’t have the usual amount of food in my stomach. I still have my
muscles.
I wouldn’t recommend any extreme fasting because you do need protein to keep your
muscles, but a short two- or three-day vegetable juice or fruit fast is fine. Check at your local
bookstore for books on fasting, and read how different fasts benefit your health.
DISTRACTIONS, DISTRACTIONS!
Q.
 I have a hard time keeping my concentration in the gym where I train, because all of my
friends train there and we always end up talking. I don’t feel like answering them but that
would be rude. How can I deal with this problem? Thanks.
 
961

A.
 I have run into the same problem at Gold’s Gym in Venice. I love all the people there, but I
have a hard time completing a set because someone always has to “tell me something quick.”
When your schedule is strict, as mine is, and your time is limited, it’s important to get in and
get out of the gym as quickly as possible while having a great workout. An iPod is great for
such times. When they see your earbuds they will probably not try to talk to you. But if they do,
the best thing is to be honest. Explain that you only have a little time to train and it’s important
that you get to finish your workout. Say: “You want me to win, don’t you?” If you’re not a
competitor then just tell your friends you’ll catch up with them later.
MORE ACHES AND PAINS
Q.
 
I have been training for some time now, and continually have a problem with aches and
pains in my elbow and knee areas. What do you think is the problem? Do you think I
should lighten up my weights?
 
A.

A.
 You have probably come to the correct conclusion that your pain is caused by heavy
poundages. I have had similar pain in the past, especially around the time of a contest. My
doctor explained to me the reason I have such pains is because the muscle surrounding the joint
becomes very tense. Deep tissue massage is helpful because it releases the tension.
TORN PEC?
Q.
 
I am a 16-year-old bodybuilder, and I have been training for about a year. When I
started, I didn’t have a clue which exercise builds which muscle. I soon found out that
bench presses build the chest. Not knowing any different, I overtrained my chest, and now
my left pec is developed nicely but my right pec has kind of a hole 
near the center, though
the outside part is built.
Something I recently read gave me the impression that I have torn a tendon off the

bone at the center of my chest. I also read that it can only be corrected through surgery.
What do you think I should do?
 
A.
 It sure sounds as though you have torn your pectoral muscle. I’m not a doctor so I cannot say
for sure, but I feel you should see a sports physician as soon as possible. It’s important that you
take care of it quickly, otherwise it will continue to develop in a deformed manner. Best of luck
with fixing this.
TROUBLE WITH LEG CURLS
Q.
 
I have trouble with leg curls because I have a weak back, and for some reason I just
cannot avoid tension in that area when I use a regular leg-curl machine. I hope you can
suggest something that would help me.
 
962

A.
 I’m glad you understand that it’s wise to seek a change when an exercise feels awkward and
causes the wrong kind of tension.
As you perform the exercise, make sure you hold on to the bench and keep your chest and
shoulders on it to avoid excessive arching of the back. You could also see if the gym where you
train has a seated or standing leg-curl machine. If nothing helps, try dumbell leg curls. Don’t
know what they are? Here’s a description: Have your partner place a light dumbell between
your feet as you lie on a flat bench, with your knees at the end of the bench. Move your legs up
and down slowly. Stop at the top of the movement as you feel the maximum contraction in your
hamstrings, and squeeze your glutes, pressing your hips against the bench. Make sure the
weight stays securely between your feet, and remain in complete control by holding the sides of
the bench or extending your hands to the floor.
963

F
Exercise Descriptions
ollowing are descriptions of the exercises I discuss throughout the book. Although I have
tried to be as clear as possible, you may occasionally need to check with a more advanced
bodybuilder or personal trainer. Have him or her observe you for a couple of sets to quickly
correct any mistakes you might be making. Finally, never perform an exercise if you are unsure
of the proper technique. Check its description in this book, a bodybuilding magazine, or with
someone at the gym.
ABDOMINALS
Crunches
You will need a flat bench or chair to perform this exercise. Lie down on the floor and rest your
calves on the bench. Adjust your distance from the bench so your thighs are perpendicular with
the floor. Raise your shoulders, trying to bring your chest toward your knees. Face the ceiling
throughout the movement.
Comments
Most bodybuilders consider crunches one of the best abdominal builders. At first you may want

Comments
to perform the movement with your hands by your sides. As you get stronger, place your hands
to the sides of your head – doing so adds the weight of the arms to your upper body, thus
making the exercise more difficult.
Muscles Involved
Crunches primarily work the upper abs, but there is some lower-ab stimulation as well. The
exercise also brings the hip flexors into play, although to a much lesser extent than sit-ups.
REVERSE CRUNCHES
Lie on your back, legs off the floor, legs up, toes pointing at the ceiling, knees bent. Keep your
hands at your sides. Lift your butt off the floor, using only your abdominal muscles. Your
pelvis should be aiming for your chest.
Comments
Make sure to use your abdominal muscles and not momentum from your legs. Keep legs bent.
Reverse crunches primarily work the lower abs, but the obliques, lower back, intercostals, and
964

upper abs also come into play.
SWISS-BALL CRUNCHES
Sit down on the ball. Slowly walk your feet forward. Lie back so the ball is positioned in the
natural curve of your lower back. From here the movement is virtually identical to the floor
crunch. With your hands behind your head, elbows pointing straight out and eyes focused on
the ceiling, slowly crunch your torso toward your pelvis. Slowly return to the starting position
so your torso is just below the horizontal.
Comments
The two primary advantages of ball crunches are that they allow you to exercise your abs
through a slightly greater range of motion, and they force the other smaller muscles of the core
to contract for stabilizing purposes.
Muscles Worked
Ball crunches primarily work the upper abs but the lower abs, obliques, lower back and
intercostals are also active in this exercise.
BALL PASSES
Lie back on the floor and hold a small swiss or medicine ball between your feet. Slowly draw

your knees toward your torso, and grab the ball with your hands. Bring the ball behind your
head with straight arms and stretch the legs out to just short of lock out. Pass the ball back to
your feet and repeat.
965

Comments
This is one of the toughest but most effective of all ab exercises. As with most abdominal
exercises you’ll want to watch your lower back as you stretch your legs out.
Ball passes work the entire abdominal area quite strongly.
MEDICINE-BALL TWISTS
Sit down on the floor with your legs out in front, a slight bend at the knees. Hold a medicine
ball at your upper chest, and slowly lean back. Slowly twist to one side and then back to the
center for a one-second pause. Twist to the other side and back to the center. Repeat.
Comments
To make this exercise more challenging, lift one foot off the ground. You could perform 15 to
20 reps and then switch legs, or you can alternate the feet every 4 or 5 reps. When lifting one
foot becomes easy, try performing the exercise with both feet off the ground.
Medicine-ball twists work the upper and lower abs, as well as the intercostals and obliques.
LEG RAISES

LEG RAISES
For this exercise you can use the chin-up bar on the Universal multi-station or you can use a
freestanding version. Jump up and grab the bar with both hands. Lift your legs up to the parallel
position, keeping them slightly bent. Lower them slowly until they are once again in line with
your upper body.
Comments
Some bodybuilders perform this movement with their knees locked. This places unwanted
stress on the lower back. This can lead to problems down the road.
Don’t swing your legs up and down. Doing so only defeats the purpose of the exercise.
You want to lift the lower body using abdominal power, not momentum.
This exercise primarily works the lower abdominals, but the upper abdominals and hip flexors
are also stimulated.
LYING LEG RAISES

Lie supine (face up) on a flat bench or slant board, and grab the bench or board behind your
head. Lift your legs until they reach a vertical position, keeping your butt on the ground. Keep a
slight bend in your knees. Pause a second and then slowly lower your legs. Try not to touch the
966

board or bench at the bottom. This will keep the tension on the abdominals throughout the
exercise.
Comments
Once again, don’t perform the movement with straight legs. Also, resist the urge to use your
upper body to pull your legs up. Use abdominal strength only. If using a slant board, start with
it in the lowest position. As you get stronger you can increase the board’s angle, thus making
the exercise more difficult.
Upper abs and hip flexors are both active, but the primary muscle area is the lower abdominals.
ROMAN-CHAIR SIT-UPS
The Roman chair looks similar to a low incline bench, but it has a pair of foot supports at one
end. Anchor your feet under the supports (they are usually round padded rollers) and lean back
on the bench. Pause at the bottom and then return to the starting position. Try to use only your
abdominals and not your hip flexors.
967

Photo of Dan Decker by Robert Reiff
Comments
Roman-chair sit-ups are very effective for working the lower abdominal region. By bending
and locking the legs, it’s virtually impossible to cheat. If there’s a disadvantage to this exercise
it’s the stress placed on the lower back. Many bodybuilders find arching the back in this
manner very painful. Give these sit-ups a try and see how they feel. If you encounter any back
pain, substitute one of the other abdominal exercises.
Roman-chair sit-ups primarily work the lower abdominal region, but the upper abs are also
stimulated. Depending on your ratio of leg/upper-body length, you may find the hip flexors
taking much of the strain. Only you can judge how effective the exercise is for the abdominals.
If you feel your abs are doing little of the work, switch to another exercise.
ROPE CRUNCHES
Kneel down facing a pulldown machine and grab the attached rope. Bend forward so the rope is

straddling your neck (i.e. one side of the rope touching each ear). With the knees and feet kept
firmly on the ground, bend forward until your forehead is a couple of inches from the floor.
Return to the starting position by raising the torso a foot to a foot-and-a-half from the floor.
Comments
This is one of the hardest exercises to master, because the body tries to cheat by rocking the
torso up and down. Even with good technique, some individuals get nothing out of this
exercise. Others find they have to tire the abs out first with another exercise before they derive
any benefit from rope crunches.
Rope crunches work the entire abdominal region. The obliques, hip flexors, and serratus also
come into play.
LEGS (QUADRICEPS)
SQUATS

SQUATS
Place the barbell on the squat rack, about shoulder height. Load with weight. Step under the bar
and rest it across your traps and shoulders. Step back, away from the rack, and place your feet
slightly less than shoulder width apart. Now in a slow and controlled manner bend your knees
and descend toward the floor. Stop when your thighs are approximately parallel to the floor.
Pause for a second and then return to the starting upright position.
Comments
968

Most trainers consider squats to be the king of the thigh builders. When done properly they will
build and you a phenomenal set of quadriceps. Done improperly and they may put you in
traction. Try to use a squat rack with “catchers.” These are pins set to stop the bar if you get
into trouble. If none are available, make sure you have one or two spotters watching you. In
fact, spotters are always a good idea when squatting.
Always wear a belt when performing squats. Also, don’t bounce at the top or bottom of the
exercise. Remember you have a loaded barbell on your shoulders, which is putting a lot of
stress on your spine. Keep control of the weight throughout the movement.
Rest the bar across your shoulders and traps, and not on the bony protrusion at the base of
your skull. Rest the bar on the bones and you will need regular chiropractic visits.
Keep your stance shoulder width or less. The wider the stance the more glute involvement.

(Powerlifters use a fairly wide stance because they need the tremendous power of the glutes to
help in lifting such huge weights).
While primarily a quad builder, squats stimulate the whole leg region. Even with a narrow
stance, the glutes do come into play. Also, your calves and hamstrings help stabilize your legs
as you move up and down.
Though you may not think of them in regards to squats, the spinal erectors (lower-back
muscles) are used to keep the body upright. In fact, they are often the weak link in the chain.
Most injuries obtained while doing squats center around the lower-back region. This is why you
must concentrate fully during this exercise.
SMITH-MACHINE SQUATS
Set the bar to a height just lower than your shoulders, and load it with the appropriate weight.

Step underneath, release the catches at the side, and lower as you would for a barbell squat.
Comments
As with regular squats, don’t bounce at the bottom of the exercise. Try experimenting with
different foot positions – both wide and narrow and forward and back. The Smith machine
allows foot positions that would be impossible with a regular barbell squat.
This exercise primarily works the quads and glutes, but the lower back, hamstrings, and calves
also come into play.
LEG PRESSES
You will need a leg-press machine to perform this exercise. Sit in the seat and place your feet
on the pressing board. The average foot placement is shoulder width, but you can vary this to
focus the stimulation on different areas. Extend your legs until straight, pause, then bring them

down until your knees touch your chest. Perform the movement in a slow, controlled manner.
969

Comments
Although leg presses don’t offer the same degree of thigh development as squats do, they are a
close second. Trainers with knee or back problems often find the leg press can adequately work
the thighs without aggravating these areas.
As with squats, the wider the stance, the more glute involvement. By making a V with the
feet (heels together, toes apart) you can do wonders for the difficult-to-reach teardrop area
above the knee (vastus medialis).
Perhaps the greatest advantage of leg presses is the amount of weight you can use. Unlike
squats, for which the lower back is a limiting factor, the leg press allows you to pile on
hundreds of pounds of plates. It won’t be long before you have six, seven, eight or more 45-
pound plates on each side. Provided you do the exercise in good style, you can really let your
ego go wild on this exercise. The lower back is virtually eliminated, and even the knees don’t
have huge stress placed on them.

One word of caution concerns hyperextending your legs. If you place your feet low on the
pressing board, you risk locking the legs and forcing them into a hyperextended position at the
knee joint. When performing the exercise, don’t forcefully lock out your legs, as this may
damage the knee’s supporting connective tissues.
The design of the leg press means most of the stress is placed on the quads. There is very little
glute involvement, and the spinal erectors are all but eliminated from the exercise. The calves
and hamstrings play only a small role in stabilizing the legs.
HACK SQUATS
These days this exercise is almost always done on a hack-squat machine. Place your feet about
shoulder width apart on the machine’s inclined footboard. Place your shoulders under the pads,
lift up and then slowly squat down until your thighs are parallel to the footboard. Using thigh

power alone, return to the starting position.
Comments
As with the leg press and Smith-machine squat, you can play around with your foot placement
to put stress on different parts of your thighs. With any type of squat, don’t bounce at the
bottom as this places tremendous strain on the knee ligaments.
970

This exercise can also be performed with a barbell. Stand with a loaded barbell behind you.
Bend down, reach behind you, grasp the barbell and stand up.
Hack squats are commonly used to create the nice sweeping look to the outer-quad area (vastus
lateralis). They also help you get that attractive “teardrop” (vastus medialis) just above the
knee in the inner-quad area.
LEG EXTENSIONS
If you’ve ever had a sport’s related knee injury, then this exercise should be familiar. Leg
extensions are among the most common rehabilitation exercises. Sit on the machine’s seat and
place your feet under the padded rollers. Raise your legs to a locked position and squeeze your
quads. Lower back to the starting position and repeat.
Comments
Many older gyms and home-gym apparatus have an area or separate machine that incorporates
both the leg curl and leg extension. The same weight stack is used, but for leg extensions you

Comments
sit on the end and use the lower rollers, while for leg curls you lie face down and use the upper
rollers. Most modern gyms have separate machines for each exercise. If you have access to a
leg extension that allows you to do the exercise lying on your back, take advantage of it. You
can’t use the same amount of weight, but this is made up for by working the quads through a
greater range of movement. The downside is that doing the exercise this way places some extra
stress on your lower back.
Resist the tendency to drop the weight into the starting position. As with other exercises, at
least 50 percent of the movement is the negative (lowering) phase of the exercise. For variety
you can perform the exercise one leg at a time.

Extensions are great for building the muscles around the knee area. They’re also a very
effective physiotherapy exercise. Following knee surgery, most athletes are limited in the
amount of direct leg exercise they can perform. Leg extensions are great for strengthening not
only the muscles, but also the associated tendons and ligaments.
SISSY SQUATS
Place your feet in a V position. Leaning back, squat down until your thighs are at least parallel
to the floor. If you have trouble holding your balance, grab a stationary upright for support. If
you can do 15 to 20 reps with relative ease, hold a weight plate against the chest with your free
hand. Don’t let the name fool you! This one’s tough.
Comments
You can also do this exercise with a dumbell held to your chest. Most bodybuilders find the

Comments
plate more convenient, but it’s personal preference. Don’t get carried away with the amount of
973

weight. Save the heavy poundages for your regular squats and leg presses.
Sissy squats are similar to hack squats, in that they will add a great sweep to your outer thighs.
Although more isolated to quads than regular squats, sissy squats do involve the glutes to some
degree.
LUNGES
Rest a barbell across your shoulders and slowly step far forward with your right leg, bending
down until you have a 90-degree angle between the upper and lower legs. Try to keep a slight
bend in the rear leg. Slowly return to the starting position and then step forward with your left
leg. Repeat.
Comments
Adjust your stance so the knee of the forward leg doesn’t go past the toes. Also, try not to
bounce in and out of the exercise, as this places extra stress on the knees. For variety you can
perform this exercise by holding two dumbells in your hands, but this limits the weight used.
As with squats, lunges primarily work the quads and glutes, but the hamstrings, lower back and

calves play a stabilizing role.
LEGS (HAMSTRINGS)
LYING LEG CURLS
Lie down on the leg-curl machine with your feet placed under the round foot supports (often
called rollers). Curl your foot toward your butt just as if you were curling your hand toward
your shoulder. In fact, the hamstrings are referred to as the leg biceps. Pause at the top, and
slowly lower the legs back to the starting position.
Comments
Three types of leg-curl machines are available. The most common is the lying leg curl, but your
gym may also have a seated leg-curl machine – you sit and push the rollers down toward the
floor. A third type of leg-curl machine allows you to stand up and work one leg at a time. This
is similar to one-arm concentration curls for the biceps.
Just as you wouldn’t do biceps curls in an awkward manner, leg curls must be performed

in a slow, rhythmic style. No jerking or bouncing the weight, and try to avoid lifting your bum
off the bench. If you have to raise your glutes, you’re probably using too much weight.
Leg curls primarily work the hamstrings, although there is some calf involvement. The glutes
974

and thighs come into play only to stabilize the legs during the exercise.
STANDING LEG CURLS
Position yourself in the machine with the knee of the working leg resting on the pad. With the
supporting leg locked straight, curl the other leg upward to just short of the butt. Lower back
until the leg is just short of lockout.
Comments
Standing leg curls can be considered the concentration curls of hamstring exercises. They offer
the advantage of allowing you to devote full attention to each leg separately. The downside is
that you have to support your bodyweight on one leg. For the average person this is no big deal,
but for someone with knee or back problems it may be too stressful. Also, you have to feel
comfortable with a substantial decrease in the weight you use.
Standing leg curls target all the muscles collectively known as the hamstrings. The glutes and
calves play a secondary role.
SEATED LEG CURLS

Once again you’ll need a special machine to do this exercise. Each seated leg-curl machine is
different, and you may need to get some help from the staff of your gym to understand how
yours works, but the basic movement is as follows: Adjust the weight stack pin to the desired
place. Position your feet on top of the roller. You will likely have some knee pads to hold your
upper legs in place. Lower these knee pads till your legs sit snug underneath. Curl your legs
back until they are just short of touching the main frame underneath. Allow the legs to slowly
return to the starting position just short of lockout.
Comments
The advantage of the seated over the lying leg curl is strictness. It’s very easy to cheat on the
lying leg curl, by throwing the butt up into the air or pulling with the arms. The seated leg curl,

however, forces you to move the weight with just your hamstrings. As a word of caution, many
seated leg curl machines allow the legs to go past the locked-out position, thus hyperextending
at the knee joint. Always keep control of the weight on the way up, and don’t let the legs
straighten completely out.
Seated leg curls primarily work the hamstrings, but the glutes and calves also play a small role.
975

Photo of Tarek Elsetouhi by Robert Reiff
STIFF-LEG DEADLIFTS
Place an Olympic bar on the floor in front of a block of wood or on the end of a very sturdy flat
bench. Stand on the block or bench and, with your legs slightly bent, grab the bar with a
shoulder-width grip. Lift your torso to the standing position, pause for a second, and then bend
forward until the plates are just short of touching the floor. Repeat.
976

Comments
Although the term “stiff-leg” is part of the name, keeping the legs completely locked can put
excessive stress on the lower back. Always keep a slight bend at the knee. Also, never bounce,
for the same reason. The lower-back ligaments receive enough abuse in life without you giving
them another reason to act up.
Muscle Worked
Although the lower legs do not bend as in a traditional leg curl, the hamstring muscles do cross
the hip joint and are thus stimulated by extension at the hip. The lower spinal erectors and
glutes also come into play on this exercise.
CHEST
FLAT BARBELL BENCH PRESSES
Lie on your back on a bench and take the barbell from the supports, using a grip 6 to 8 inches
wider than shoulder width. Lower the bar slowly to the nipple area and then press it back to the
locked-out position.
Comments
King of the chest exercises, bench presses are performed by virtually every top bodybuilder. A
few points to consider: Don’t drop the bar and bounce it off the chest. Yes you can lift more

Comments
weight this way, but you are robbing the exercise of its effectiveness. You also run the risk of
breaking ribs or splitting your sternum. Then you have to worry about the pec-delt tie-in.
Dropping the bar in a loose fashion increases the risk of tearing the area where your chest
muscles connect to your shoulder muscles. To keep the exercise safe and effective, lower the
weight in a slow, controlled manner, and then push it back to arms length.
Whether you lock the arms out or not is your 
personal preference. Some bodybuilders find
stopping just short of lockout keeps the tension on the muscles throughout the movement.
Others find locking out feels more comfortable. There is no physiological reason to perform
this exercise either one way or the other, so try both and see which one seems best for you.

Another point to consider: don’t arch your back off the bench (called bridging). Once
again you may increase your lift by a few pounds, but at what cost? Arching decreases the
amount of pectoral stimulation, and it certainly is no benefit to your lower back.
If you have trouble keeping your back on the bench, perform the movement with your legs
up in the air. You will not be able to use as much weight, but there is no way you can arch your
back when in this position.
Flat bench presses primarily work the lower chest region, but the whole pectoral-deltoid area is
stimulated. You will also find your triceps receiving a great deal of stimulation. Finally, the
muscles of the back and forearm are indirectly used for stabilizing the upper body during the
exercise.
977

INCLINE BARBELL PRESSES
If using an adjustable bench, set the bench to an angle of about 30 degrees. You perform incline
benches in pretty much the same manner as flat benches. However, instead of lowering the bar
to the nipple region, bring it down to the center of the chest, just under the chin.
Comments
Most bodybuilders find angles above 30 degrees place too much stress on the front delts and
not enough on the upper pectorals, but whether this is the case for you depends on your own
physiology. You may have to play around with the bench’s angle to see what works best for
you. If you don’t have access to an adjustable bench, make do with the fixed version. In many
cases these fixed benches are closer to 45 degrees, which is too steep for working the upper
pecs. You may find that slightly arching the back can shift most of the stress from the
shoulders to the chest. But be careful; the lower back was not meant to be arched to any degree.

A better solution is to raise one end of a flat bench. You can use a couple of pieces of wood,
another bench, or a specially constructed wooden block (most gyms have these for performing
bent-over rows) to prop up the flat bench.
The incline barbell press primarily works the upper pectorals. It also stresses the front delts and
triceps. Most bodybuilders find inclines excellent for the pec-delt tie-ins. Remember, as you
increase the angle, the stress shifts from the upper chest to the shoulders.
SMITH-MACHINE PRESSES
Flat, decline and incline Smith-machine presses are performed in much the same manner as
regular barbell presses. They are great when you don’t have a spotter.
Comments
For variety try lowering the bar to different areas of the chest, and different lifting tempos.

Comments
Depending on the angle, Smith presses work the lower, center and upper pecs, and the front
shoulders and triceps.
FLAT DUMBELL PRESSES
This exercise is similar to the barbell version, but you use two dumbells instead. Start by sitting
on a flat bench and cleaning (lifting) a pair of dumbells to your knees. Lie back on the bench,
and with the dumbells pointing end to end (i.e. they form a straight line across your chest like a
barbell) lower them to the sides of your chest. Pause at the bottom, and then press to arms’
length.
Comments
978

One advantage of using dumbells is the greater range of motion at the bottom. A barbell can be
lowered only to 
the rib cage, whereas dumbells can be brought below the rib cage. This gives
the chest muscles a greater stretch. But be careful not to stretch too far and stress your
ligaments too much. Dumbell presses are helpful for times when you do not have a spotter, as
you can drop them if you get into trouble.
Dumbell presses are great for developing the pec-delt tie-ins. If you squeeze the dumbells
together at the top, you also work the inner pecs. And no matter how much you try to eliminate
them, the triceps and shoulders will always be involved.
INCLINE DUMBELL PRESSES
This is the inclined version of the flat dumbell press. With the exception of the angle, the
exercise is performed in the same manner.
Comments
Because you have to hoist the dumbells up higher to get them into starting position, it might be

Comments
a good idea to obtain the help of a spotter for incline presses. Most bodybuilders lift one of the
dumbells up, and have a partner pass the other one. If you can, have both dumbells passed to
you.
Without sounding too repetitious, lower the dumbells slowly, and go for a full but
controlled stretch at the bottom.
979

Incline dumbell presses are an excellent exercise for developing the upper chest. Because of the
increased angle, they also hit the front deltoids. And, like most chest exercises, there is some
secondary triceps involvement. If your shoulders are taking too much of the weight, drop the
bench angle a few degrees.
DIPS
This is one of the simplest but most effective of chest exercises. Most gyms have a set of
parallel bars for doing dips. If your gym doesn’t, you can make do with the Universal shoulder
press. Start the exercise with your arms in a locked-out position. With your chin on your chest,
lower your body down between the bars, pause, and push yourself back to arms’ length.
Comments
Dips are considered by many to be one of the best chest exercises, if not 
the
 best. To keep the
stress on the chest, lean forward and flare your elbows out to the side. If you keep your body

the
vertical and your elbows in tight, the exercise becomes more of a triceps builder. As with other
chest exercises, don’t bounce at the bottom. Doing so places too much stress on the pec-delt
tie-ins.
Dips primarily work the lower, outer chest. They produce that clean line under the pecs. They
also stimulate the front delts and triceps. For this reason, dips are an excellent beginning
exercise.
980

FLAT FLYES
Start this exercise in the same position as dumbell presses. Instead of holding the dumbells end
to end, rotate your hands until the palms are facing and the dumbells are parallel with your
body. With your elbows slightly bent, lower the dumbells out to your sides for a full stretch.
Pause at the bottom, and then squeeze the dumbells up and together, over the center of the
chest.
Comments
Flyes are more a stretching exercise than a mass-building movement. Still, with practice, you’ll
eventually be using considerable weight. Always lower the dumbells 
in a controlled manner, no
matter what the poundage. Drop them too fast and you’ll rip the pec-delt tie-in. Treatment for
such an injury is surgery and many months of rehabilitation.
Flyes work the whole chest region. Fully stretching at the bottom works the outer chest and
squeezing together at the top develops the inner chest. This gives your chest that clean line up

the middle. This exercise can strain the pec-delt tie-in area, so be careful at the bottom of the
movement.
INCLINE FLYES
This is the same exercise as regular flyes, but you do them on an incline bench. Once again go
for a full, slow stretch at the bottom.
Comments
As with incline dumbell presses, the incline bench dictates lifting the dumbells up higher, so
you may need a partner to help you hoist the dumbells into position. In fact it’s probably a good
idea to have the dumbells passed to you, whether you can lift them or not. Jerking heavy
dumbells from the floor puts a great deal of stress on the biceps and lower back. Better to be
safe than macho.
Incline flyes put most of the stress on the upper pectorals. They also strongly affect your chest-

delt tie-ins. Once again, squeezing the dumbells together at the top will work the inner, upper
chest area.
DECLINE BARBELL PRESSES
Position a decline bench (you can also use the Roman chair) to bring the bar to the lower-chest
area. Perform the reps in the same manner as flat and incline bench presses, bringing the bar to
your lower chest.
Comments
981

Many gyms have decline benches with bar supports welded to the back of the bench. If the
bench’s angle is adjustable, vary the angle to get the maximum feel in your pectoral muscles.
You can substitute dumbells for a barbell and get more of a stretch.
Decline presses are similar to dips in that they work the lower, outer chest region. They are a
good substitute if you find your front delts doing most of the work during flat bench presses.
CABLE CROSSOVERS
Stand between the two cable uprights and grab an overhead pulley handle in each hand. Adopt a
runner’s stance (one leg forward and bent the other back and bent just slightly) and bring the
handles forward and down so they meet about waist height. Return to the starting position, with
your arms stretched out to the sides about head level. You can do this exercise from different
cable heights to stress the muscle differently.
Comments
Proper technique is an absolute must. If you let your arms fly back too fast you run the risk of

Comments
tearing the pec-delt tie-in. Also, to ease the stress on the shoulder joint, keep a slight bend in
the elbows.
Cable crossovers are great for working the center of the chest. There is some front delt
involvement as well.
PEC-DECK FLYES
Sit down on the machine’s chair and grab the handles or rest your forearms on the pads,
depending on the model of machine. Push your arms forward and together until the handles or
pads are just about touching. Return to the starting position with the handles or pad positioned
out to the sides or just behind the body.
Comments
Don’t let your arms fly back too quickly. Doing so is a great way to tear your pectoral or
deltoid muscles. Also, be conscious of using as little arm power as possible. Think of the arms
as nothing more than extensions of your chest muscles.

Pec-deck flyes are similar to cable crossovers in that they are great for hitting the inner chest.
They also work the pec-deck tie-ins.
BACK EXERCISES
982

CHIN-UPS
have one attached, but a wall-mounted version is just as good. For wide-grip chins, jump up and
grab the bar with a grip about twice your shoulder width. Now pull yourself up and try to touch
the bar with your chest. Lower back to the starting position in a controlled manner.
Comments
Chins are considered by most to be the best back-widening exercise. In fact bodybuilders of all
levels make them the mainstay of their back routines. They give the individual that great V-
shape. When doing the movement, try to pull with the large back muscles (latissimus dorsi),
not the biceps and forearms. Don’t drop back to the starting position in such a manner that you
yank your arms out of the shoulder socket. Do the exercise nice and slow.
At first you will find it easier to do the exercise to the front. As you get stronger you can

pull up so the bar is behind your head. There is little difference between the two. When you
reach a point that you are doing 12 to 15 easy reps, attach a weight around your waist or hold a
dumbell between your legs. This increases the resistance and keeps the muscles growing.
Chins primarily work the large latissimus muscles (lats). They also stress the smaller back
muscles like the teres. Finally, the rear delts and biceps are brought into play.
Wide-grip chins are the most common and help the V-taper the most, however you should
experiment with other grips to stress your muscles in different ways. Put a double-D grip over
the chin bar and pull yourself up to stress the lower-lat area, though your biceps also do some
extra work. Use Flex Straps on any chinning exercise to help take your biceps out of the
equation.

equation.
LAT PULLDOWNS
Although not quite as effective as chins, pulldowns enable you to adjust the amount of weight.
Chins force you to use your body weight, whereas the lat machine allows the user to select the
desired poundage. Instead of pulling yourself up to an overhead bar, the bar is brought down to
you. Take a wide grip (if doing wide-grip pulldowns) and sit on the attached seat, or kneel
down on the floor. Now pull the bar down to the front, so the bar almost touches your chest.
Pause at the bottom and squeeze your shoulder blades together. Return to the outstretched arm
position.
Comments
Many people find chinning very difficult. Lat pulldowns help build up your chinning strength.
Do as many chins as you can, and then finish the set with the heaviest pulldowns you can

Comments
manage. Each back workout, try to get one more chin. Your lat pulldowns will build your
strength and muscles, making chinning easier each time.
Again, a narrower grip places much of the stress on your biceps, and in fact many
bodybuilders use narrow-grip pulldowns as a biceps exercise! As with chins, using Flex Straps
is useful to help remove your biceps from the equation while still working lats from different
983

angles.
Because you have to grip the bar, the muscles of the forearms get a good workout. In fact
they may be the weak link in the chain, so keep them strong.
984

Lat pulldowns work the whole back region, from the large latissimus muscles, to the smaller
teres, rhomboids, and rear deltoids. They also stress the biceps and forearms.
BENT-OVER BARBELL ROWS
Bend over at the waist so your upper body is just short of parallel to the floor. Grab a standard
barbell and, using a wide grip, pull it up to your abdomen. Keep an arch in your back. No
rounding. Lower slowly and then repeat. Concentrate on using the upper back muscles and not
your spinal erectors.
Comments
You must be especially careful on this exercise. First, make sure to keep a straight (arched)
back. Second, any sudden bouncing or jerking will put great stress on your lower back. If you
have to throw your lower back into it, you are using far too much weight. Not only is this
dangerous, it’s ineffective. Use a weight that allows strict style. The only part of the body that
should move is the arms. Your upper body and legs should remain stationary. To get a full

stretch, stand on some sort of low platform. Most gyms have specially constructed boxes for
this purpose. The extra 10 to 12 inches of stretch will add greatly to the exercise’s
effectiveness.
As a final point, bend your knees slightly. This will help reduce the stress on your lower
back.
This exercise is considered one of the best back-builders. It’s particularly effective in
producing thickness in the back. Besides the full array of back muscles, bent-over rows stress
the biceps and forearms. Finally, because of the bent-over position, the exercise stresses the
hamstrings and spinal erectors.
T-BAR ROWS
Your gym may have a T-bar machine in which you rest on a pad, leaning forward, and grab
hold of a cross bar, or it may have a bar with one end bolted to the floor. Either way, T-bars

T-BAR ROWS
provide an effective alternative to barbell rows. Grab the cross bar and pull the plates up to the
chest/abdominal region. Squeeze at the top and then lower back toward the floor. After your
set, rest the bar on the floor or on its supports.
Comments
Once again don’t bounce or jerk the weight up. Like barbell rows, T-bar rows place a great deal
of stress on the lower back. Keep your upper body stationary, and lift the plates with only your
back muscles and arms. If your gym does not have a specially designed T-bar, or machine, you
can do the same movement with one end of a regular Olympic bar pinned in a corner. Check
with the gym’s management first, however. Rotating an Olympic bar on one end may damage
the bar’s sleeve/ball-bearing mechanism. If you are allowed to do the exercise, try to use an old
986

bar. In fact your gym may have an old bar set aside just for this purpose.
T-bar rows work the same muscles as the regular barbell row. The lats, teres, rhomboids, rear
delts, biceps, forearms, and lower back all come into play. Because of the assortment of
muscles worked, both types of rows are excellent mass-builders.
Note
: If you have lower back problems, you might want to avoid both barbell and T-bar rows.
If you must do them, start off by using light weight. Gradually build up the poundage over
time. Don’t make the mistake of slapping on 45-pound plates from day one. This will come
with time. Keep in mind that lower-back injuries often don’t heal. You may have them for life.
Therefore the emphasis should be on preventing them. In a manner of speaking, rows can be a
double-edged sword. Done properly they will help strengthen the lower back, thus reducing the
chances of future injuries. Done improperly they may be the cause of such an injury. So pay

strict attention to your exercise style. Don’t get carried away with the weight, and don’t lift
with the lower back.
SEATED PULLEY ROWS
You will need a cable machine to do this exercise. Grab the double-D pulley attachment, and sit
down on the floor or associated board. With your legs slightly bent, pull your hands into your
lower chest/upper abdomen. Pause for a second and squeeze the shoulder blades together. Now
bend forward and stretch the arms out fully.
Comments
Experiment with the different attachments, and select the one that feels the most comfortable,
or alternate different handles. Cable rows can also be performed on the lat pulldown machine.
To get the full effect, lean back and pull the hands to the lower chest. The direction of force
should be about 90 degrees to the body.

When doing the seated version, keep your legs slightly bent. Performing the exercise with
straight legs won’t do your lower back any good.
987

Photo of Steve Kapra and Simon Gimenez by Robert Reiff
Bend forward slightly when pulling, to get a full stretch, but don’t use your spinal erectors
to do the work. Make sure to sit straight up and pull right into your abdomen. Many people use
momentum and lower back for this exercise, and then wonder why they aren’t seeing the results
they desire. Of course, using the lower back also invites injury. This exercise creates interest in
the back area if done correctly.
Like most back exercises, seated rows work the whole back region, and also stimulate the
biceps and forearms. They are more a thickness movement than a width builder.
ONE-ARM DUMBELL ROWS
Instead of using a barbell or cable, you can do your rows using a dumbell. Bend over and grab a
bench for support. Make sure your back is not rounded. Looking up helps. Place one leg behind
the other in a running-type stance. Grab a dumbell with the arm not being used for bracing.

Stretch that arm down, pause at the bottom, and then pull the dumbell up until your arm is fully
bent. The exercise is comparable to sawing wood.
Comments
One-arm rows are great because they allow you to brace your upper body. This is essential if
you have a lower-back injury. Even though your biceps will be involved in the exercise, try to
concentrate on using just your back muscles. Once again, no bouncing or jerking the weight. If
you have to contort the body to lift the weight, the dumbell is too heavy.
STRAIGHT-ARM PUSHDOWNS
988

Stand two to three feet in front of the lat pulldown or triceps pushdown machine. Grab the
attached bar with a shoulder-width grip. With your arms in a locked-out position, push the bar
down to your thighs. Raise the bar back up until the moving plates are about an inch from the
stationary plates.
Comments
Taller trainers may find the plates touch before they get a good stretch at the top of the
exercise. One suggestion is to adopt a wide stance. The wider you spread your legs the lower
you’ll go to the floor. You can also try kneeling. Because of the virtual elimination of the
biceps and forearms, you won’t be able to use nearly as much weight as you can on a regular
pulldown.
This is as pure a back exercise as you’ll find. It is especially useful for hitting the upper and
outer lats, just under the armpits. Straight-arm pushdowns make an excellent first exercise in a
pre-exhaust superset.
DUMBELL PULLOVERS

Grab a dumbell and lie face up across a flat bench. With your hips dropped below bench height
and arms kept nearly straight, lower the dumbell behind your head to a comfortable stretch.
Return to the starting position with the dumbell positioned at arms’ length above your chest.
Comments
Some people prefer doing this exercise while lying lengthways on the bench. Others prefer
doing the movement with an EZ-curl bar. Try all three and see which works best for you.
Pullovers are one of those exercises that incorporate a large number of muscles. For some it’s a
great lat exercise, while others get a great chest stretch. The serratus and shoulders also play a
role.
MACHINE PULLOVERS
Sit on the machine’s chair and, depending on the model, either place your elbows behind the
pad or grab the overhead bar. Push down in front of your body to the machine’s maximum

range of motion. Return to the overhead position.
Comments
At the risk of being hounded out of the bodybuilding hall of fame, I think machine pullovers
are one of the few machine exercises that are actually better than the free-weight equivalent.
With dumbells you get only about 90 degrees of motion before gravity starts interfering. But
most pullover machines keep the tension on the lats for 150 degrees or more.
989

Machine pullovers are another great exercise to hit the back muscles without the biceps playing
a major role. The serratus and shoulders play a minor role.
SHOULDER EXERCISES
BEHIND-THE-HEAD SHOULDER PRESSES
With a grip about six to eight inches wider than shoulder width, take a barbell from the rack.
Lower the bar behind your head, stopping just short of your traps. Push the bar to arms’ length
and then repeat.
Comments
Don’t bounce the bar off your neck. If you strike either of the top vertebrae (atlas and axis) you
run the risk of nerve damage. Perform the exercise in a slow and controlled manner. You don’t
need a rack to position the bar, but cleaning a loaded bar to your shoulders, doing your reps,
and then having to lower it back to the floor is very energy-consuming. After a few months it
will be impossible. So use either the squat rack or, even better, the shoulder-press rack. Most

gyms have a special seat with a vertical back support. Two long supports enable the user to
position the bar behind the head. All you have to do is reach back and lift the bar from the
racks. Once your reps are finished, it’s a simple matter of placing the bar behind your head.
Finally, as with behind-the-head pulldowns, behind-the-head presses can play havoc with
the rotator-cuff complex. At the first sign of shoulder problems, stop the movement and switch
to the next exercise.
990

Behind-the-head presses work the entire shoulder region, particularly the front and side delts.
They also stress, to a lesser degree, the rear delts and traps. Finally, as with most pressing
movements, the triceps are brought into play.
FRONT MILITARY PRESSES
This exercise is performed in the same manner as behind-the-head presses, except instead of
lowering the bar behind the head, you lower to the front. Bring the bar down until it just
touches the upper chest. Once again, no bouncing, just smooth controlled reps.
Comments
Most bodybuilders find it more comfortable to lower the bar to the front. It also eliminates the
risk of striking the head or neck. There is a tendency to arch when doing the exercise, so be
careful. A slight arch to bring the bar to the upper chest is fine, but nothing excessive.
Front presses put most of the stress on the front and side delts. The rear delts and traps receive

some stimulation, but not as they do with rear presses. The upper pectorals are worked if you
lean back when doing the exercise.
DUMBELL PRESSES
Instead of performing your pressing movements with a barbell, grab two dumbells and hoist
them to shoulder level. You can stand or sit when pressing the dumbells, but if standing, be
991

careful not to excessively arch the lower back.
Comments
You can press both dumbells at the same time, or in an alternating fashion. As with the barbell
version, be careful of the lower back. Try not to arch excessively, and don’t drop the dumbells
into the starting position.
This exercise stresses the whole deltoid region. Particular emphasis is placed on the front and
side deltoids. There is some secondary trap and rear-deltoid involvement.
BARBELL SHRUGS
Grab a barbell using a shoulder-width grip. With your arms locked, lift the bar, trying to touch
your shoulders against your ears. Squeeze at the top of the movement, and then lower the bar.
Comments
There are a number of variations to this exercise. Instead of lifting and lowering the bar in a
straight line, you can lift the bar in a circular motion. Also, you’re not limited to using a barbell
for the exercise. Many bodybuilders find the Smith machine is more comfortable. Instead of

taking the bar from the floor, you can have it set at any desired height, making it easier on your
lower back. The Universal bench press can also be used for shrugs. (In fact serious
bodybuilders are far more likely to use the machine for shrugs than bench presses.) Try to keep
your arms, legs, and back straight throughout the movement. And watch the lower back!
Barbell shrugs are by far the best trapezius builder. Make them a regular part of your training
and you will have traps that give the Incredible Hulk pause. Besides traps, your forearms,
hamstrings, lower back and rear delts will be indirectly stimulated.
DUMBELL SHRUGS
This is simply a variation of the barbell version. Hold the dumbells about shoulder width apart
and perform the movement like the barbell variety.
Comments

Comments
You can hold the dumbells parallel or pointed end to end. The choice is yours. If you hold them
end to end, watch you don’t bang them off your thighs. Try keeping them in front of the body
and slide them up the front of the thighs.
Dumbell shrugs work the same muscles as the barbell version. Since you will be using less
weight (you can generally lift more weight with one barbell than two dumbells) the lower back
992

will not have the same strain placed on it. In fact I strongly recommend using dumbells if you
have a pre-existing back problem.
UPRIGHT ROWS
Start the exercise by holding a barbell at arms’ length in front of your thighs. Lift the bar up the
front of the body, keeping your elbows flared to the sides. Squeeze the traps together at the top,
and then lower into the starting position.
Comments
The muscles worked depends on the grip used. In general, any hand spacing five inches or less
puts most of the stress on the traps. The wider the grip, the more the side deltoids come into
play. In most of the routines throughout this book I suggest this as a trap-builder. But you can
easily substitute for one of the delt exercises. Just remember to keep the grip wide when doing
so.
If you have weak or injured wrists, you might want to think twice about performing this
exercise. Upright rows place tremendous stress on the forearms and wrists. If you experience

so.
minor pain when doing the exercise, try wrapping the wrists with support bandages. This should
enable you to complete your sets in comfort. Of course you’re the only one who can determine
if the pain is just a nuisance or representative of something more serious. If in doubt, skip the
exercise.
As with barbell curls, upright rows give you the option of adding a few cheat reps at the
end of the set. Limit such cheat reps to one or two. Don’t make the mistake of cheating from
rep one.
With a narrow grip, upright rows primarily work the traps, with some secondary deltoid
stimulation. A wide grip (six inches or more) will shift the work to the side delts, with the traps
now playing a secondary role. The forearms are worked no matter which grip you use.
DUMBELL LATERAL RAISES

You can perform this exercise seated or standing. Grab two dumbells and, with the elbows
slightly bent, lift them to the sides of the body. As you lift the dumbells, gradually rotate the
wrists so that the little finger points up – as if you are pouring a pitcher of milk.
993

Photo of Ahmad Ahmad by Alex Ardenti
Comments
To target the medial delts, keep your arms bent throughout this exercise. Lateral raises can be
done to the front, side, or rear, to target the different deltoid heads. You can use a cable instead
of dumbells, if you wish. Either version may be performed with one arm at a time, for some
unilateral training.
You can use lateral raises to work any head of the deltoid muscle. Most intermediate
bodybuilders use them for the side (medial) delts, as the front delts receive ample stimulation
from various pressing movements. Side laterals will give your delts that half-melon look.
There’s not much you can do to widen the clavicles, but you can increase your shoulder width
by adding inches to the side delts.
MACHINE SIDE RAISES
Sit down on the machine’s chair and place your elbows on the inside of the rollers or pads and
grab the handles (if applicable) with the palms facing inwards. Slowly raise the arms outward

and upward until they are parallel with the floor. Slowly return to the starting position with the
arms stopping a couple of inches from your sides.
Comments
Many bodybuilders prefer machine raises to dumbells, as dumbells place stress on the wrists
994

and shoulder joints. Try not to raise the arms above parallel, as this only brings in the traps as
well as adding extra stress to the rotator cuff.
Side machine raises primarily work the side shoulders but the front and rear shoulders as well
as the traps, also come into play.
BENT-OVER LATERALS
This is the bent-over version of regular side laterals. By bending over, the stress is shifted from
the side to the rear delts. You can do the exercise free standing, seated, 
or with your head
braced on a high bench. The latter is for those with lower back problems or individuals who
have a tendency to swing the weight up.
995

Comments
Concentrate on lifting the dumbells with your rear delts and not your traps and lats. For
variation try using a set of cables. You will have to grab the cable handles with your opposite
hands, so the cables form an X in front of you. This exercise is popular with bodybuilders in the
months leading up to a contest.
When performed properly, bent-over laterals primarily work the rear deltoids. There is,
however, secondary triceps, trap and lat stimulation. If you’re not sure what a fully developed
rear deltoid looks like, take a look at a recent picture of Paul Dillett. His rear delts contain as
much muscle mass as most bodybuilders’ whole deltoid region.
FRONT DUMBELL RAISES
Grab two dumbells and with the palms facing the floor, and arms locked straight, slowly raise
them to shoulder height (arms are parallel with the floor). Slowly return the dumbells to the
hips.
Comments
There are a number of different variations of this exercise. Some people find it easier to keep

hips.
Comments
the palms facing inwards or upwards. You can also lift the dumbells in an alternating fashion as
opposed to both at the same time.
Front raises primarily work the front delts but the medial and rear delts and the biceps also
receive secondary stimulation.
SMITH-MACHINE SHRUGS
With a shoulder-width grip, lift a bar from the support catches. Keeping your arms straight,
lower the bar as far as the traps will allow. Shrug your shoulders as high as you can, trying to
touch your ears with your shoulders. Pause, and then lower to the starting position.
997

Comments
Smith-machine shrugs are great for those with lower-back problems. Unlike a standard barbell,
which has to be taken from the floor, the Smith machine allows you to start and finish the
exercise at waist level.
As with barbell and dumbell shrugs, this exercise primarily works the trapezius muscle. It also
places secondary stress on the delts and forearms.
REVERSE PEC-DECK FLYES
Sit down in the pec-deck machine, facing the backrest. Depending on the model, either grab the
handles with your hands or place your elbows in front of the pads. Bring your arms back to a
comfortable stretch, which for most people means having the elbows slightly behind the body,
or the arms straight out to the sides (depending on the model). Return to the starting position.
Comments
The advantage of this exercise over bent-over laterals is that it puts little or no stress on the
lower back. The machine also makes it a bit more difficult to swing and bounce the weight up

Comments
with body momentum, something many people do on bent-over laterals.
998

Reverse pec-deck flyes primarily hit the rear delts, but the teres, rhomboids and traps also
TRICEPS EXERCISES
TRICEPS PUSHDOWNS
You will need to use the lat-pulldown machine for this exercise. Grab the bar with a narrow
grip, anywhere from two to eight inches. With your elbows tight to your side, press the bar
down to a locked-out position. Pause and squeeze the triceps at the bottom, and then return the
bar to about chest height.
Comments
Take a false (thumbs above the bar) grip when performing triceps pushdowns, and resist the
urge to flare the elbows out to the sides. If you have to swing to push the bar down, you are
likely using too much weight.
Triceps pushdowns work the entire triceps region, especially the outer head.
ONE-ARM DUMBELL EXTENSIONS
Grasp a dumbell and extend it above your head. Keeping your upper arm stationary, lower the
dumbell behind your head. Try to perform the movement in a slow rhythmic manner.
Comments

Comments
It’s possible to work up to 75-pound dumbells or more, but keep in mind the elbow joints and
associated tissues (ligaments, cartilage, and tendons) were not designed to support huge
poundages. Never bounce the dumbell at the bottom (arms in the bent position) of the exercise.
Try to place the emphasis on style rather than weight.
Although it works the whole triceps region, this exercise is great for the lower triceps.
TWO-ARM DUMBELL EXTENSIONS
Grab a single dumbell with both hands, thumbs forward, palms facing the ceiling. Slowly lower
the dumbell behind your head to a comfortable stretch. Slowly return the dumbell to the
starting position by locking the arms out straight.
Comments
As with the one-arm version, don’t bounce the dumbell at the bottom of the exercise.
999

Two-arm dumbell extensions are virtually indentical to the one-arm version. They target the
whole triceps muscle, particularly the long rear head.
LYING TRICEPS EXTENSIONS (SKULLCRUSHERS)
Place an EZ-curl bar on the end of a bench. Lie down on the bench so the bar is above your
head. Now reach back and grab the bar and extend your arms. Keeping your elbows in close,
lower the bar to your forehead. Extend the bar back to arms’ length.
1000

Comments
If you are wary about lowering the bar to your head, lower it down behind your head and lightly
touch the bench. Don’t bounce the bar off the bench, but merely pause and then extend the
arms. Try to keep the elbows in toward each other, tight to the body.
This is one of the main triceps mass-builders. It stresses the whole triceps, particularly the long
rear head of the muscle. Lowering the bar behind your head brings the lower lats and upper
chest into play. The exercise also works the intercostals, located just below the rib cage.
UPRIGHT DIPS
For this exercise, you use the same apparatus as when performing dips for the chest. With a few
minor modifications, you can shift the strain from the chest to the triceps. For starters, keep the
elbows tight against the body. Flaring them to the sides will work the chest. Also, unlike dips
for the chest, where you bend forward, keep your body as vertical as possible. In fact some

bodybuilders lean back slightly to get that extra degree of triceps stimulation.
Comments
As with most exercises that rely on lifting your bodyweight, you will eventually reach a point
where you can bang out 12 to 15 reps with ease. To increase the resistance, hold a dumbell
between your legs, or attach a plate to a special dipping chain. Before you know it you will be
dipping with 50 to 100 extra pounds!
With regards to safety, be careful at the bottom of the movement. Although dips are an
excellent triceps exercise, they also place much stress on the front delts, particular the pec-delt
tie-in. Don’t bounce at the bottom. Perform the exercise in a slow and controlled manner. (You
might want to write the phrase “in a slow and controlled manner” in black letters and post it to
your bedroom wall.)

Performed in an upright manner, dips place most of the strain on the long rear head of the
triceps. Because of the weight used (minimum of your bodyweight) they also work the other
two heads quite nicely. And even though you may attempt to eliminate other muscles from the
exercise, the front delts and chest will take some of the stress. Once again this is fine.
Compound exercises such as this help infinitely to add overall muscle mass.
BENCH DIPS
Place two benches about four feet apart. Rest the heels of the feet on one and the heels of the
hands on another. Slowly lower your body down between the benches by bending at the elbows.
Slowly return to the starting position so the arms are locked out straight.
Comments
As with upright bar dips, the key to this exercise is to keep the torso leaning back and elbows
1002

close to the sides. As soon as the torso tilts forward and the elbows flare out, the larger chest
muscles take over. Also, be careful not to bounce at the bottom of the exercise, as this places
excessive stress on the shoulder joint.
TRICEPS KICKBACKS
With your body braced on a bench and holding a dumbell, bend over and set your upper arm
parallel with the floor. Extend your lower arm until your elbow is locked – in other words, your
entire arm is parallel to the floor. Pause and squeeze at the top, and then lower back to the
Comments
Resist the urge to swing the dumbell up using body momentum. True, you can use more weight,
but it won’t give the same triceps development. Keep your upper arm locked against the side of
your body. As with bent-over laterals, if you have trouble keeping stationary or have a weak
lower back, place your free hand on a bench or other support.
Triceps kickbacks are great for giving the triceps that horseshoe look. They are especially

useful for developing the long rear head of the triceps. They are a favorite exercise during the
pre-contest months.
REVERSE PUSHDOWNS
This exercise is performed in the same manner as regular pushdowns. The main difference is
that you grab the bar with your palms facing up. Keep your elbows locked against the side and
extend (push) the bar downwards. Flex the triceps at the bottom, and then return to the starting
position.
Comments
You won’t be able to use as much weight in this version of pushdowns, so don’t become
alarmed if you have to drop the weight 20 to 30 pounds. This exercise is great for finishing the
triceps off after a basic movement like lying triceps extensions or dips. Concentrate more on
the feel than the weight used.
This is another great movement for the long rear head of the triceps. A couple of sets and you

will feel your triceps burning from elbow to armpit!
ONE-ARM CABLE PUSHDOWNS
With your body in the standing, upright position, grab one of the upper cable handles. Push the
handle down, lock out the arm at the bottom, and then return to the starting position.
1003

Comments
You can do this exercise either palms up or palms down. You might want to reach across with
your free hand and grab your shoulder on the same side that is being exercised. Besides the
bracing effect, you have your free hand in a position to spot yourself on the last couple of reps.
As with the reverse pushdowns, go for the burn rather than huge poundages.
This is another great finishing exercise for the triceps. A palms-up grip will place most of the
stress on the rear triceps, whereas a palms-down grip will hit more of the side head.
NARROW PRESSES
Lie on your back on a flat bench with an Olympic bar or EZ-curl bar placed on the supports
above you. Grab the bar with a narrow (shoulder-width or less) grip and lower it to mid chest.
Push upwards as if doing a regular bench press.
1005

Comments
You will need to experiment with different grip widths to find the one that maximizes triceps
involvement and minimizes wrist stress. As with flat bench presses, don’t bounce the bar off
your chest or arch your back.
Narrow presses primarily work the triceps, but the front delts and pecs also come into play.
ROPE EXTENSIONS
Attach a rope to the pulldown machine and set the pulley wheel just slightly above your head.
Grab the rope with both hands and twist around so your back is to the machine. Lean forward
and adopt a runner’s stance, or kneel with your upper arms on a bench. With your upper arms
kept parallel to the floor and elbows in line with your ears, slowly extend your arms to a
locked-out position. Slowly return to the starting position by bend
ing the elbows. Your hands
should be just behind your head at the end.
Comments
Try not to throw the body into the movement, as this only reduces the amount of triceps

Comments
stimulation. Always keep your legs bent to reduce the stress on the lower back. For variety
some bodybuilders like to set the pulley wheel on the floor and extend their arms straight up.
Like most extension exercises, rope extensions target the whole triceps, particularly the long
rear head.
BICEPS EXERCISES
STANDING BARBELL CURLS
Perhaps the most used (and abused!) exercise performed by bodybuilders. You can use the
standard Olympic bar, a smaller straight bar, or an EZ-curl bar. Grab the bar with a grip slightly
wider than shoulder width, and curl it up until the biceps are fully contracted. Try to keep your
elbows close to your sides, and don’t swing the weight up with your lower back. Lower the
weight back to the starting position in good style. Don’t simply let the thing drop! Not only

does this make you lose half the movement, but you run the risk of tearing your biceps tendon.
Comments
Barbell curls are considered the ultimate in biceps exercises. However, many bodybuilders
forget that the negative (lowering) part of the movement is just as important as the positive
(hoisting) segment. Try to lower the bar with about the same speed as you curl it up.
Keep your back straight, and don’t swing. If you want to cheat, save it for the last couple
of reps. You could perform 8 to 10 reps in good style and then “cheat” one or two more. Don’t
1006

abuse a good thing, however. One or two cheat reps is fine, but cheating from the start is
counterproductive. Beginners and intermediates will get all the stimulation they want from
strict reps.
If you have weak wrists or forearms, you might want to give the EZ-curl bar a try. The
bar’s bent shape allows you to rotate your forearms slightly, thus reducing the tension on the
wrists and forearms. Most bodybuilders use a straight bar, but play it by ear. Give both types a
try and pick the one that is the most comfortable for you, and that produces the greatest biceps
The barbell biceps curl works the entire biceps muscle. Also, because you have to forcibly grip
the bar, the exercise will give you a great set of forearms. Finally, the front delts and lower
back come into play for stabilizing purposes.
STANDING DUMBELL CURLS
Instead of using a barbell, grab two dumbells. Although it’s possible to simultanously lift both

dumbells, most bodybuilders do alternating dumbell curls. As the name implies, you curl the
dumbells one at a time. Start with the dumbells by your sides, the ends pointing forward and
back (i.e. the dumbells are parallel to one another). As you curl, rotate your palms from the
facing-in position to a facing-up position. This is called supination. Many bodybuilders are not
aware that the biceps has two main functions. Besides the better-known curling movement, the
biceps also rotate the forearms. You can see this if you hold your arm by your side and rotate
your hand back and forth. Notice the biceps flexing as the hand approaches the palms-up
position. Take advantage of this physiological trait by rotating your arms as you use your
dumbells. Arnold sure did!
Comments

Comments
Once again, limit any swinging to the last one or two reps. Do a complete set first and then use
cheating to get a few more. Don’t cheat to make it easier, rather cheat to get some additional
stimulation. Try to put total concentration into each and every rep.
Besides the psychological aspect of curling one dum
bell at a time, there may be a
physiological basis. Neurologists suggest that when two arms are used simultaneously, the
brain has to split the nerve impulses. By alternating the dumbells, you get full nerve
transmission to each biceps.
However, although you have no control over nerve impulses, you do have control over
exercise performance. So choose the version that feels most productive. As a final comment,
Arnold favored the alternating version. Need we say more?
Dumbell curls are great for working the belly of the biceps. They also reduce the stress on the

wrists and forearms. In fact many bodybuilders suggest starting your biceps workout (this only
applies to intermediate and advanced bodybuilders who are performing more than one exercise
for each muscle) with dumbells so as not to overstress the weaker areas.
1007

PREACHER CURLS
Also called Scott curls, for the first Mr. Olympia Larry Scott, who popularized it, this exercise
is great for working the lower biceps region. Start by sitting on the stool or bench connected to
the preacher board. Adjust yourself so that the padded board fits snugly under your armpits.
Take the barbell from the supports and curl it until the biceps are fully contracted – a couple of
inches from the shoulder. Lower to the starting position and repeat. You can also do this
exercise on the opposite side of the preacher bench.
Comments
Although biceps length is genetic, you can create the illusion of length by building the lower
regions. Some Scott benches are positioned fairly high and require you to stand up when doing
the movement. If your gym has both, give them each a try and pick the one that suits you.
Of all the biceps exercises, this one is the most dangerous if not performed in good style.
Under no circumstances drop the barbell to the bottom position. You can easily rip the biceps

tendon off from where it inserts on the forearm bone. The only option then is surgery and many
months of inactivity. With a little attention paid to good style, you can avoid this aggravation.
Although they work the whole biceps muscle, Scott curls are primarily a lower-biceps exercise.
Because you are braced by the padded board, it’s virtually impossible to cheat and bring your
lower back into the movement. Finally, you will notice a great deal of forearm stimulation.
This is fine, as you will need a strong grip for many of your other exercises.
INCLINE CURLS
You will need an incline bench to perform this exercise. Unlike incline presses for your chest,
use a bench with an angle of at least 45 degrees. Anything less will place too much strain on

your front delts. Lie back on the bench and grab two dumbells. Curl the dumbells up until the
biceps are fully flexed. All the tips suggested for standing dumbell curls apply here as well.
(Rotate the hands from a facing-in to a facing-up position, don’t swing the weight up, don’t
bounce at the bottom etc.)
Comments
Once again you have the option of curling both dumbells simultaneously or in an alternating
manner. When you lower the dumbells, be careful not to hit the side of the incline bench. In
fact, this is another reason for starting the dumbells in a forward-pointing position. If they were
in the standard end-to-end position, they would have less clearance with the bench.
The advantage of using the incline bench is that it limits the amount of cheating you can

do. Let’s face it, you can’t swing very much if you have your back braced against a rigid board.
Incline curls work the whole biceps region. Many bodybuilders find they are great for bringing
out the biceps 
peak. Of course this is more genetic than anything else. The exercise does
1008

provide some forearm stimulation, but not to the same extent as the various barbell curls.
CONCENTRATION CURLS
Sit down on the end of a bench and grab a dumbell. With your elbow resting on your inner
thigh, lower the dumbell and then curl it back up. Perform one set, and then switch arms.
Comments
Most bodybuilders perform concentration curls in the seated position. A few (including Arnold
Schwarzenegger) like to do the movement in the standing, bent-over position. Instead of
bracing the elbow against the thigh, they hold it down and away from the body. Keep the
shoulder on the exercising side lower than on the free side. Resist the urge to swing, and use
only biceps power. As with all dumbell curls, you may want to supinate the hands when
performing the exercise.
Photo of Nick Jones by Robert Reiff
Most bodybuilders consider concentration curls more a shaping and peaking exercise than a
mass-builder. Keep in mind that peak and shape are primarily due to genetics. Unless you have

the genetics, you will never develop biceps peaks like Robby Robinson’s. Still, you’ll never
know unless you try, and this is where concentration curls come in. The exercise cannot change
your genetics, but it can maximize whatever potential you might have.
1009

ONE-ARM PREACHER CURLS
Instead of using a barbell, try preacher curls with a single dumbell. Remember to lower slowly
and not bounce the weight at the bottom.
Comments
By using a dumbell you can adjust your upper body to take some of the stress off the biceps
tendon. Many bodybuilders find preacher curls hard on the forearms and elbows. Using a
dumbell allows you more flexibility than the rigidity of a barbell. A barbell puts the force at 90
degrees to the upper body. A dumbell allows you to vary this angle, thus placing less stress on
the forearms and elbows.
Dumbell preacher curls place most of the stress on the lower biceps. As discussed above, they
treat your forearms and elbows with more kindness than the barbell version!
STANDING CABLE CURLS
For variety, try standing biceps curls with a set of cables. Whether you work one arm or both at
the same time is up to you. If doing them one arm at a time, grab the machine with your free

hand for support. It’s extremely difficult to stay stationary when exercising one side of the
body.
Comments
As with most cable exercises, go for the feel rather than the amount of weight. Cable curls are
an excellent way to finish off the biceps after a basic movement such as standing barbell curls.
Of course you can take the opposite approach and use them as a warmup exercise.
Many bodybuilders suggest starting your biceps workout with cables or dumbells. This
warms up the area and doesn’t put the same stress on the elbows and forearms that barbell curls
do.
Standing cable curls are another so-called peaking and shaping exercise. They work the whole
biceps region, and if performed one arm at a time allow you to really concentrate. For a great

pump, try finishing your biceps workout with a couple of high-rep (15-20) sets of cable curls.
NARROW-GRIP REVERSE CHINS
Grab an overhead chinning bar with a shoulder-width reverse grip. Pull your body up until the
bar is touching your mid-chest. Lower back down until your arms are just short of a lockout.
Comments
Despite being a variation of the regular chin-up, one of the best back exercises, the narrow
reverse grip puts much of the stress on the biceps. As with regular chins, avoid swinging the
1010

body when performing the reps. You may need to experiment with different grip widths to
maximize biceps tension.
Narrow chins primarily work the biceps and lats, but the forearms, teres, and rhomboids also
CALF EXERCISES
STANDING CALF RAISES
You will need access to the appropriate machine to do this exercise. Rest your toes on the
attached block and rest the pads on your shoulders. From here the exercise is straightforward.
With your legs locked, rise up and down on your toes. Stretch all the way down and flex up on
your toes as far as possible. Go for that intense burn!
Comments
Even though this is primarily a stretching exercise, don’t be afraid to load the machine with
hundreds of pounds of weight. Keep your back and legs straight. The only movement is at the
ankle joint. Although calf injuries are extremely rare (the calf muscle is composed of
extremely dense muscle fiber, which makes tearing very difficult), you still shouldn’t bounce at

the bottom of the movement, as you might strain your Achilles’ tendon.
Standing calf raises work the entire calf muscle, with the primary focus on the upper
(gastrocnemius) calf region.
TOE PRESSES ON THE LEG-PRESS MACHINE
This is another example of using a machine for an exercise it was not designed for. Instead of
pressing the weight using your thighs, you push the weight platform using only your toes. As
with the standing version, go for the maximum amount of stretch at the top and bottom.
Comments
The advantage of this exercise is that you don’t have the entire weight pushing down on your
spine. The disadvantage is that it will take a bit of practice to get the foot positioning correct.
Still, the exercise is an adequate substitute if you don’t have access to a standing calf machine,

or if you find a calf machine hurts your shoulders.
This exercise hits the upper calf (gastrocnemius) and the lower calf (soleus). If you really want
to get that extra burn in the lower calf, use less weight and bend your legs slightly as you
perform the exercise. This will shift all the stress to the lower calf. After one set of these your
1011

calves will be burning like crazy.
DONKEY CALF RAISES
With your toes resting on a block of wood (at least four inches thick), bend over at the waist
and have a willing training partner sit on your lower back. Flex up and down on your toes,
going for maximum stretch. If you find one rider too light, try to fit a second on your back.
Comments
The bashful and shy might want to avoid this exercise. Also, many upper-class gyms (health
spas) advise you not to do them. The general public is intimidated by people riding on top of
one another, especially if they are doing so with an up-and-down motion.
Having said that, donkey calf raises are considered by many to be the best calf exercise.
Such bodybuilders as Arnold, Larry Scott, Franco Columbu, and Frank Zane made extensive
use of donkey calf raises. The exercise is seen less frequently in gyms today. Still, if you check
out Gold’s or World gyms in California, you will see numerous bodybuilders burning their

calves with donkey calf raises. And one look at their lower legs gives testament to the
exercise’s effectiveness.
You may be lucky enough to have a donkey calf-raise machine in your gym, and if so,
make good use of it.
Donkey calf raises work the whole calf region. If you keep your legs completely locked, most
of the work is done by the gastrocnemius. Bend the legs slightly and the lower calves take most
of the strain. For variety you might want to include both in your training. Remember, when
doing the bent-leg variety, you will need to use less weight as the lower calf cannot handle the
same weight as the upper calf. Nor can your knees.
SEATED CALF RAISES
You will need a special machine to do this exercise. (Or use a weight on a towel on your knees.)

Sit down on the machine’s chair and place the padded knee rests on your legs. With your toes
on the block, stretch up and down as far as you can.
Comments
Because it works the lower calf, you will need to use less weight than for other calf exercises.
Go for at least 20 reps and try to feel every one of them. No bouncing the weight on your legs.
Even though the supports are padded, improper style can injure your knees.
Since the legs are bent, most of the stress is placed on the lower calf (soleus), but there is some
secondary upper-calf involvement.
1012

Photo of Hidetada Yamagishi and James “Flex” Lewis by Alex Ardenti
1014

Glossary
Glossary
The series of muscles located on the lower midsection of the torso. They are used to contract
the body forward through a range of six to eight inches.
Acupuncture
The ancient Chinese practice whereby the body’s well-being is controlled by pressure points.
Acupuncture involves stimulating these points with long needles.
Aerobic Exercise
Any long-lasting exercise that can be carried on within the body’s ability to replenish oxygen in
working muscles.
AFWB
The American Federation of Women Bodybuilders. This organization is an affiliate of the
IFBB, and is responsible for organizing and running women’s bodybuilding contests in
America.
AIDS – Short for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS is caused by a virus and is contracted by the exchange of bodily fluids. There have been
some cases of bodybuilders contracting AIDS from the sharing of needles (used for anabolic
steroid injections).
Amenorrhea

Absence of menstrual periods due to a low bodyfat percentage. This condition is not dangerous
and is common in such sports as gymnastics, bodybuilding, and track and field.
Amino Acids
Called the “building blocks of life,” amino acids are biochemical subunits linked together by
chemical bonds to 
form polypeptide chains. Hundreds of polypeptides, in turn linked together,
form a protein molecule.
1017

Anabolic
Metabolic process whereby smaller units are assembled into larger units. For example, the
combining of amino acids into protein strands is a form of anabolism.
Anaerobic Exercise
Any high-intensity exercise that outstrips the body’s aerobic capacity and leads to an oxygen
debt. Because of its intensity, anaerobic exercise can be maintained for only short periods of
time.
APC
The American Physique Committee. This federation is responsible for organizing and running
men’s amateur bodybuilding contests in America. It is also an affiliate of the IFBB.
Arm Blaster
Short, curved metal training apparatus used for bracing the arms when performing exercises
such as biceps curls.
Arthritis
Chronic condition marked by an inflammation of the tissue surrounding the joints.
Any exercise that targets only one side of the body. One-arm dumbell curls, lateral raises and
triceps extensions are all examples of asymmetric training.
Back

Back
The series of muscles located on the dorsal region of the body. The back-muscle complex
includes the latissimus dorsi, spinal erectors, trapezius, rhomboids and teres minor and major.
Barbell
One of the most basic pieces of bodybuilding equipment. Barbells consist of a long bar, collars,
sleeves, and associated plates made of steel or iron. They may be either adjustable (allowing
the changing of plates) or fixed (the plates are kept in place by welded collars). Barbells
average between five and seven feet in length, and usually weigh between 25 and 45 pounds.
Basic Exercises
Exercises that work more than one muscle group simultaneously. Basic exercises form the
mainstay of a bodybuilder’s mass-gaining routine. Examples include: bench presses, shoulder
presses, squats, deadlifts, and bent-over rows. Also called compound exercises.

Belt
1018

Large leather support worn around the waist by bodybuilders. Weightlifting belts are usually
four to six inches wide. They provide support to the lower-back muscles and spine.
Biceps
Flexor muscles located on the upper arm. The biceps are composed of two “heads,” and are
responsible for bending the lower arm towards the upper arm.
Biofeedback
Physiological or psychological symptom given off by the body. The best bodybuilders are those
who recognize such biofeedback signals and use them to improve their training, eating, and
competitive preparation.
BMR
Short for Basal Metabolic Rate, the BMR is the speed at which the resting body consumes
energy (calories).
Bodybuilding
Competitive or noncompetitive sub-division of weight training in which the primary goal is the
improvement of one’s physique. For most, the objective is not competi
tion but for those who
do compete the final placings are determined by a panel of judges who look at such physical

qualities as muscle size, shape, symmetry, bodyfat percentage, and presentation (posing).
Bodyfat Percentage
The ration of fat to bodyweight. For most bodybuilders, 8 to 10 percent is the off-season goal,
while two to four percent is the competitive goal.
Breathing Pullovers
Specialized exercise important to a bodybuilder as it stretches the rib cartilage, producing a
large rib cage and therefore a larger chest measurement.
Bulking Up
Bodybuilding term which refers to the gaining of 30 to 40 pounds of bodyweight over a short
period of time. This practice has become less common, given the increased number of
competitions and the demand for guest posers on a year-round basis.
Burn
Term unique to the sport of bodybuilding, describing the feeling a muscle gets as it’s exercised.

Burn
The term also refers to partial reps done at the end of a set once performing full reps is
impossible.
1019

Bursae
Flat sacs filled with fluid. They support and protect joints.
Buttocks
Another term referring to the gluteus maximus, medius and minimus, extensors and abductors
of the thigh at the hip joint.
Cables
Long wire cords attached to weight stacks at one end and a hand grip at the other. Cable
exercises keep tension on the working muscle throughout a full range of motion.
Calves
Also called “lowers” and “bodybuilding’s diamonds,” the calves consist of the soleus and
gastrocnemius muscles, located on the backs of the lower leg bones. The calves are similar to
the forearms in that they are composed of extremely dense muscle tissue. Their function is to
flex the ankles.
Carbohydrate Loading
The practice of depleting and replenishing the body’s glycogen levels in the weeks leading up
to a bodybuilding contest. This technique allows bodybuilders to saturate their muscles with
stored water, thus making the muscles appear fuller and harder.
Cartilage

Cartilage
Connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. It’s found wherever two bones
articulate over one another – for example, in the knees.
Chalk
White, fine-grained powder, used to improve the grip on a barbell or dumbell. Chalk is formed
from the shells of dead marine microorganisms.
Cheating
An advanced training technique that consists of utilizing fresh muscles to assist in the
completion of an exercise when the muscle being trained is nearing fatigue.
Chelation
The process by which protein molecules are bonded to inorganic minerals, making them easier
to assimilate by the human body.
Chest
The large pectoral muscles located on the front of the upper torso, responsible for drawing the
1020

arms forward and in toward the center of the body.
Naturally occurring steroid molecule involved in the formation of hormones, vitamins and bile
salts, and in the transport of fats in the bloodstream to tissues throughout the body. Excessive
cholesterol in the diet can lead to cardiovascular disease.
Circuit Training
A specialized form of weight training which combines strength training and aerobic
conditioning. Circuit training consists of performing 10 to 20 different exercises, one after the
other, with little rest between sets.
Clean
Weightlifting technique whereby the barbell is hoisted to shoulder level using the arms, legs,
hips, and lower back. This is the first part of the competitive lift called the “clean and jerk,”
which finishes with the barbell held above the head, arms locked.
Collar
Small, round, iron or plastic clamp, used to anchor plates on a barbell or dumbell. In most cases
collars are screwed on, but some versions are held in a spring-like manner.
Compound Exercises

Collar
Any exercise that works more than one muscle group. Popular compound movements include:
bench presses, squats, shoulder presses, and bent-over rows.
Compulsory Poses
The seven poses used to compare contestants in a bodybuilding contest. These are the side
chest, rear lat spread, front lat spread, front double biceps, rear double biceps, side triceps, and
the abdominal and front thigh.
Cortisol
Catabolic hormone released by the body in response to stress (of which exercise is one form).
Cortisol speeds up the rate at which large units are broken down into smaller units
(catabolism), and increases fat storage.
Cut
Competitive term used to describe the physical appearance of a bodybuilder. To be “cut,”
implies that you are in great competitive shape, with extremely low bodyfat levels.
Cycle Training
1021

Form of training in which high-intensity workouts are alternated with those of low intensity.
The technique can be applied weekly or yearly.
Bench used to work the lower and outer pectorals. Decline benches require the user to place his
or her head at the low end and feet at the upper end of the bench.
Definition
Another term to describe the percentage of bodyfat carried by a competitive bodybuilder. A
bodybuilder with good definition shows a great deal of vascularity and muscular separation.
Dehydration
Biological state in which the body has insufficient water levels for proper functioning. Since
the human body is over 90 percent water, athletes must continuously replenish any water lost
during intense exercise.
Deltoids
The deltoid muscles – anterior, medial and posterior – are located at the top of the torso. The
deltoids are responsible for elevating and rotating the arms.
Density
Term used to describe the amount of muscle mass carried by a bodybuilder. It generally refers

Density
to muscle thickness and hardness.
Descending Sets
An advanced-training technique involving the removal of weight at the completion of a set, and
the performing of additional reps with the lighter weight.
Diet
A term that refers to a fixed eating pattern. In general usage it usually means to try and lose
weight.
Type of injury where the end of one bone (called a “ball”) slips out of a hollow indentation
(called the “socket”) of another bone. It is usually accompanied by tearing of the joint
ligaments, which makes the injury very painful.
Diuretics
Any natural or synthetic chemical that causes the body to excrete water. In most cases the drug
interacts with aldosterone, the hormone responsible for water retention. Some bodybuilders use
1022

diuretics before a contest as it improves their muscularity. But diuretics also flush electrolytes
from the body (one of their functions being the control of heart rate), therefore it is a dangerous
practice and a few pro bodybuilders have died of diuretic-induced heart attacks.
Down-the-Rack Training
An advanced training technique involving the use of two or three successively lighter dumbells
during the performance of one set.
Dumbell
Short bar on which plates are secured. Dumbells can be considered the one-arm version of a
barbell. In most gyms, the weight plates are welded on, and the poundage is written on the
dumbell.
Ectomorphs
Body type characterized by long thin bones, low bodyfat levels and difficulty in gaining muscle
mass.
Endomorphs
Body type characterized by large bones and an excess of bodyfat.
Endorphins
Chemicals released by the brain in response to pain. Often called “natural opiates,” endorphins
decrease the individual’s sensitivity to pain.
Epiphysis

Epiphysis
Locations on bones at which growth takes place. They fuse by the late teens or early twenties,
but they can prematurely close in young teens with anabolic steroid use.
Exercise
In general terms, any form of physical activity that increases the heart and respiratory rate. In
bodybuilding terms, an exercise is one specific movement for one or more muscle groups (i.e.
bench press, squat, curl, etc.).
EZ-Curl Bar
Short, S-shaped bar used for such exercises as biceps curls and lying triceps extensions. The
bar’s unique shape puts less stress on the wrists and forearms than a straight bar.
Fast-Twitch Muscle Fiber
Type of muscle fiber that is adapted for rapid but short duration contractions.
1023

Flexibility
The degree of muscle and connective tissue suppleness at a joint. The greater the flexibility, the
greater the range of motion in an individual’s limbs and torso.
Fluid Retention
Bodybuilding term referring to the amount of water held between the skin and muscles. A
bodybuilder “holding water” appears smooth, and his muscularity is blurred.
Forced Reps
An advanced training technique whereby a training partner helps you complete extra reps after
the exercised muscles reach the point of fatigue.
Fractures
Complete or partial break of one of the body’s bones.
Free Posing
Held in round three of a bodybuilding contest, free posing consists of individual poses set to the
bodybuilder’s personal choice of music.
Free Weights
Term given to barbells and dumbells. Free-weight exercises are the most popular types
performed by bodybuilders.
Genetics
The study of how biological traits or characteristics are passed from one generation to the next.

Genetics
In bodybuilding terms it refers to the potential each individual has for developing his or her
physique.
Giant Sets
An advanced training technique in which four or more exercises are performed consecutively.
In most cases the term refers to exercises for one muscle group, but bodybuilders have been
known to use exercises for four different muscle groups.
Gloves
Specialized hand apparel worn while working out. Gloves help prevent blisters and the buildup
of calluses.
Glycogen
Primary fuel source used by exercising muscles. Glycogen is one of the stored forms of
carbohydrate.
1024

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
Stretch receptors located at the ends of muscles. They terminate muscular contraction when too
much stress is placed on the muscle.
Gravity Boots
Specialized boots fitted with an attachment device that allows the user to perform various
exercises while hanging upside down on an overhead bar.
Gym
Although this can apply to almost any exercising venue (eg. high-school gym), for
bodybuilders the term refers to a weight-training club.
Condition characterized by a swelling of the nipple region in males. It may occur naturally at
puberty, but in most cases the term applies to the condition brought on by anabolic steroid use.
From a biological viewpoint, the condition occurs after excessive amounts of testosterone (or
anabolic steroids), is broken down into estrogen (a feminizing hormone), which then stimulate
estrogen receptors in the breast region. Gynecomastia is also known as “bitch tits.”

The leg biceps located on the back of the upper legs, responsible for curling the lower leg
toward the upper leg. The hamstrings are analogous to the biceps in the upper arm.
Head Straps
Leather or nylon harness that is placed over the head allowing the user to attach weight and
train the neck muscles.
Heavy Duty
Training style developed by former Mr. Universe, Mike Mentzer. Much of Mentzer’s theory is
based on the works of Dr. Arthur Jones, and involves performing just one or two high-intensity
sets for each muscle group.
Hypertrophy
Biological term that means muscle growth. Muscles are believed to primarily grow by
increasing the size of exist
ing muscle fibers although there is some evidence to suggest that
intense weight training can increase the actual number of muscle fibers.
IFBB

IFBB
International Federation of Bodybuilders. First founded in 1946 by Joe Weider, the IFBB is the
largest bodybuilding federation in the world.
1025

Bench where the body is tilted back in respect to the vertical. Incline benches are primarily
used to work the upper-chest region.
Injuries
In bodybuilding terms, injuries are any damage to bone, muscle, or connective tissue. The most
common bodybuilding injuries are muscle strains.
Instinctive Training
One of the most advanced training techniques, it means training according to how you and your
respective muscles feel, rather than training according to a structured routine. It takes many
years of experience to get to the point at which you are in tune enough with your body to train
instinctively in an effective manner.
Intercostals
Small, finger-like muscles located along the sides of the lower abdomen, between the rib cage
and obliques.
Isolation Exercises
Any exercise aimed at working only one muscle. In most cases, it’s virtually impossible to
totally isolate a muscle. Some common examples are: preacher curls, lateral raises, and triceps
pushdowns.
Isometric

Isometric
Type of muscle contraction where there is no shortening of the muscle’s length. Isometric
exercises were popularized by Charles Atlas.
Isotension
Exercise technique whereby continuous stress is placed on a given muscle. Extending the leg by
contracting the quadriceps and holding the position for 10 to 20 seconds or more is an example
of isotension. Bodybuilders make use of the technique during the pre-competition phase as it
improves muscle separation.
Isotonic
Type of muscle contraction where the contracting muscle shortens. The muscle may also be
lengthening, as when doing a “negative.” Most bodybuilding exercises are examples of isotonic
contraction.
Joint
The point at which two bones meet. Most joints have a hinge-type structure which allows the
1026

bones to articulate over one another.
Lactic Acid
A product given off during aerobic respiration. Lactic acid was once thought to be strictly a
waste product, however recent evidence suggests that a version of lactic acid called lactate is
used by the liver to replenish glycogen supplies.
Latissimus Dorsi
Called the lats, these large fan shaped muscles are located on the back of the torso, and when
properly developed give the bodybuilder the characteristic V-shape. The lats function to pull
the arms down and back.
Layoff
Any time spent away from the gym is called a layoff. It can be referred to as a training
vacation.
Ligament
Fibrous connective tissue that joins one bone to another.
Lymphatic System
Parallel system to the cardiovascular system, responsible for collecting and removing waste
products from the body. The system’s fluid is called lymph, and collects at nodes found in the
neck, armpits, and groin.
Mass
Term used to describe the degree of muscle size. Hence an especially large bodybuilder is

Mass
referred to as “massive.”
Massage
Recovery technique that involves a forceful rubbing, pinching, or kneading of the body’s
muscles. Massage speeds up the removal rate of exercise byproducts, helps athletes relax, and
improves performance. The most popular forms of massage are Soviet and Swedish.
Mesomorphs
Body type characterized by large bones, low bodyfat levels and a greater-than-average rate of
Muscle
The series of tissue bellies located on the skeleton that serve to move and stabilize the body’s
various appendages.
1027

Muscularity
Another term used to describe the degree of muscular definition. The lower the bodyfat
percentage the greater the degree of muscularity.
Nautilus
Type of exercise equipment invented by Dr. Arthur Jones. Nautilus machines employ a wide
assortment of cams, pulleys and weight stacks, to work the muscle over a wide range of
movement.
Negatives
A portion of the rep movement which goes in the same direction as gravity, but the user
concentrates on resisting it. In most cases negatives are the downward part of an exercise. For
example, during barbell curls, the downward part of the exercise is the negative half of the
movement (the upward, curling part, is the positive phase).
Neuromuscular System
The combination of nerves and muscles that interact to control body movement.
Nutrients
The various minerals, vitamins, proteins, fats, and carbohydrates needed by the body for proper
maintenance, health, and growth.
Nutrition

Nutrients
Nutrition
The art of combining foods in the right amounts so the human body receives all of its required
nutrients. In bodybuilding terms, eating to gain muscle size and keep bodyfat levels low is
considered proper nutrition.
Off-Season
Competitive bodybuilding term used to describe the period of the year primarily devoted to
gaining muscle mass.
Oil
Liquid used by bodybuilders to highlight the muscles while onstage. Most bodybuilders use
vegetable oils, as they are absorbed by the skin and give a better sheen.
Olympia, Mr. and Ms.
The top professional contest in men’s and women’s bodybuilding. The Mr. Olympia was first
held in 1965 (won by Larry Scott) and the first Ms. Olympia was held in 1980 (won by Rachel
McLish).
1028

Olympic Barbell
The most specialized barbell in weightlifting. Olympic barbells weigh 45 pounds and are made
from spring steel.
Overload
Term used to describe the degree of stress placed on a muscle. To overload means to
continuously increase the amount of resistance that a muscle has to work against. For
bodybuilders the stress is in the form of weight.
Overtraining
The physiological state whereby the individual’s recovery system is taxed to the limit. In many
cases, insufficient time is allowed for recovery between workouts. Among the more common
symptoms are: muscle loss, lack of motivation, insomnia, and reduced energy.
Peak
This can mean the degree of sharpness or shape held by a particular muscle (usually the
biceps), or it may refer to the shape a bodybuilder holds on a given contest day. A bodybuilder
who has “peaked” is in top condition (i.e. full, vascular muscles and a low bodyfat percentage).
Peliosis Hepatitis

Liver condition often associated with anabolic steroid use. As of yet no hard medical evidence
exists to support the claims that steroids do in fact cause the disease.
PHA
Short for Peripheral Heart Action, PHA was first developed by 1966 Mr. America, Bob Gajda.
The training style involves grouping sets of exercises into sequences, each one aimed at a
different muscle group. PHA is one of the best methods of combining weight training and
aerobics.
Plateau
A state of training during which no progress is being made. Plateaus usually occur after long
periods of repetitious training. Breaking the condition involves shocking the muscles with new
Plates
Varying-sized cast-iron weights that are placed on a barbell or dumbell. Plates range in size
from 1-1/4 pounds to 100 pounds. The most common plates in bodybuilding gyms weigh 5, 10,
25, 35, and 45 pounds.
Posedown
1029

Final round in a competitive bodybuilding contest. The top three to six contestants match poses
in a posing free-for-all.
Posing
The art of displaying the physique in a bodybuilding contest. Posing consists of mandatory
poses used to compare contestants and free posing, where the individual combines favorite
poses to highlight strong points, deemphasize weak body parts and let their personality show
through.
Posing Trunks
The small one- or two-piece suits worn by competitors in a bodybuilding contest. Posing trunks
allow the competitor to show as much of his or her physique as possible.
Positives
Part of the rep movement that goes against gravity. In barbell biceps curls, the positive phase
would occur during the curling of the barbell. The lowering of the bar is the negative phase.
Poundage
Another term used to describe the weight of a barbell, dumbell, or machine weight stack.
Powerlifting
The competitive sport that utilizes three lifts – the squat, deadlift, and bench press. The

objective is to lift more than your opponent both in the three individual events, and in total.
Precontest
Period of the year devoted primarily to refining muscle size and shape. Bodybuilders, on
average, devote the last three months before a contest to this type of training.
Pre-Exhaust
This advanced training technique involves fatiguing a desired muscle with an isolation
movement, and then using a compound exercise to stress the muscle even further. Pre-exhaust
is ideal for eliminating the “weakest link in the chain” effect often encountered when
performing compound exercises.
Prejudging
Section of a bodybuilding contest where most of the actual judging takes place. Although the
competitors may go through their free-posing routines, most of the emphasis is placed on the
compulsory rounds.
Priapism
1030

The persistent and often painful erection of the penis that sometimes occurs with steroid use.
Priority Training
Training strategy where an individual devotes most of his or her energy to targeting weak
muscle groups.
Proportion
Term used to describe the size of one muscle with respect to the whole body. A bodybuilder
with good “proportions” would have all his/her muscles in balance with regards to muscle size.
Protein
Nutrient composed of long chains of amino acids. Protein is primarily used in the production of
muscle tissue, hormones, and enzymes.
Any verbal or behavioral strategies employed by competitors to interfere with their opponents’
preparation or competition.
Pump
Biological condition where an exercised muscle swells and becomes engorged with blood.
Term coined by bodybuilders to refer to their sport. The name was immortalized by Charles
Gains and George Butler in their 1975 documentary, 
.
Pyramiding

.
Training technique whereby weight is added for the first couple of sets and then decreased for
the remaining sets. Bodybuilders may also perform a half-pyramid technique where the weight
is only added or decreased for the given number of sets.
Quadriceps
The quadriceps, normally called the “quads,” are the large, four-headed muscles located on the
front and sides of the upper legs. They are analogous to the triceps, and are the extensors of the
legs. Their primary function is to extend the lower leg forward (bringing the upper and lower
legs to a lock-out configuration).
Repetition
Abbreviated “rep” in gyms, this simply refers to one full movement of a particular exercise.
Resistance
1031

The amount of force being placed on a muscle. In bodybuilding circles it refers to the amount
of weight being lifted.
Rest-Pause
A training technique in which the user completes one set, and then rests only about 10 seconds
before starting the next set. The technique is based on the biological fact that a muscle recovers
about 90 percent of its strength within 10 to 15 seconds. Rest-pause allows the bodybuilder to
use heavy weight for every set.
Ripped
ripped bodybuilder has a very low fat percentage (2 to 4 percent).
Routine
Another word for program, schedule, agenda, etc. It refers to the complete number of sets, reps,
and exercises performed for a given muscle or muscles on a particular day.
Set
Term referring to a given number of consecutive reps. Ten non-stop reps would be called one
set of 10 reps.
Shocking
Training strategy that involves training the muscle with a new form of exercise. Shocking

Shocking
techniques are used to “kickstart” muscles that have become accustomed to repetitious training
routines.
Sleeve
Short, hollow, metal tube fitted over both ends of a barbell. The sleeve allows the plates to
rotate on the bar, thus reducing the stress on the user’s wrists.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fiber
Type of muscle fiber adapted for slow, long-duration contraction. The spinal erectors of the
lower back are primarily composed of slow-twitch muscle fiber.
Somatotype
Term referring to an individual’s body characteristics including such things as muscle size,
bone size, bodyfat level, and physical personality.
Soreness
The mild pain felt in muscles after a workout, it is primarily caused by a buildup of lactic acid,
1032

and usually appears 12 to 24 hours after exercising.
Spinal Erectors
Two long, snake-like muscles located at the center of the lower back. The spinal erectors help
maintain posture by keeping the upper body perpendicular with the floor.
Split Routines
Any routine for which different muscle groups are worked on separate days. The most common
bodybuilding split routines are four- and six-day splits.
Sponges
Sponges are used to protect the hands from blisters and callouses. Many bodybuilders find
sponges more convenient to work with than gloves.
Spot
In short, a helping hand when performing a particular exercise. A spot is provided by a training
partner when you fail during an exercise. In most cases it involves providing a few pounds of
upward pressure to keep the barbell, dumbell, or machine handle moving.
Staggered Sets
An advanced training technique whereby the user adds sets for a weak muscle group between
their regular training exercises. For example, many bodybuilders with weak calves add extra

calf training between other muscle groups. In many cases, the calf exercise is performed
instead of taking a rest.
Steroids
Synthetic derivatives of the hormone testosterone that allow the user to gain muscle mass and
strength more rapidly. In addition to their muscle-building effects, steroids (anabolic) increase
the oxidation rate of fat, thus giving the user a more “ripped” appearance.
Sticking Point
The point during an exercise where the user is in the weakest biomechanical position. In other
words, this is the most difficult part of the movement. The sticking point is usually close to the
bottom of the exercise.
Straps
Long, narrow pieces of material used to increase one’s gripping power on an exercise. Straps
are wrapped around the lower forearm and bar in such a manner that as the user grips the bar,

Straps
the straps get tighter. They are used on such exercises as deadlifts, shrugs, and chins.
1033

Stretching
Form of exercise where the primary goal is to increase flexibility. Stretching is also an
excellent way to warm up the body and prepare it for more stressful forms of exercise.
Stretch Marks
Red or purple lines caused by thinning and loss of elasticity in the skin. In most cases the
marks are the result of rapid muscle growth, but gaining large amounts of fat can also cause
them. The most common site for stretch marks on bodybuilders is the pec-delt tie-in. There is
no effective means of prevention or treatment.
Strict Form
Training technique which involves performing exercises in a slow, controlled manner, and
through a full range of motion, without the aid of a partner or cheating techniques.
Stripping Method
An advanced training technique whereby the individual removes a few plates at the end of a set
and forces out extra reps. The technique allows the user to force a muscle past the point of
normal failure.
Supersets

Supersets
Advanced training technique whereby two exercises are performed consecutively without any
rest. Supersets may consist of exercises for the same muscle group (eg. dumbell curls and
barbell curls) or exercises for different muscle groups (eg. triceps extensions and biceps curls).
If performing supersets for different muscle groups, bodybuilders usually pick opposing
muscle groups (triceps-biceps, quads-hamstrings, chest-back, etc).
Supination
Technique in which the palms start off facing the body during a dumbell curl and rotate
outward as the dumbell is raised. In fact supination refers to any movement in which a limb
rotates away from the center of the body.
Any form of vitamin, mineral, protein, or other nutrient taken separate from, or in addition to,
the regular diet. Supplements come in many forms, including tablet, capsule, power, oil, or
plant material.
Sweat Bands

Small pieces of material, usually cloth, wrapped around the forehead to absorb sweat. Bandanas
and “do-rags” are used far more commonly these days.
Symmetry
1034

In bodybuilding terms this refers to the overall look to the body in addition to its true meaning
of right-left similarity. Symmetry is closely related to proportion.
Tanning
Biochemical reaction where the skin releases pigment upon exposure to sunlight. Bodybuilders
tan because a darker color improves skin appearance in a contest or photo shoot and highlights
muscularity. Tanning is even done by bodybuilders of African descent.
Tendinitis
Form of inflammation involving tendons and the points at which they attach to muscles and
bones. Tendinitis is usually caused by overstressing a particular area. Bodybuilders often get
tendinitis in the biceps-tendon region.
Tendon
Tough cord of connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone.
Testosterone
Androgenic/anabolic hormone responsible for such physiological effects as: increasing muscle
size and strength, facial hair growth, scalp hair loss, decreasing sperm production (males), and

increasing aggression levels. Although both sexes have circulating testosterone, males have it
in greater concentrations.
Training Diary
Daily journal or record kept by bodybuilders. Diaries are useful for keeping track of such items
as weight, exercises, sets, reps, calories and overall motivation levels.
Training Partner
Any individual who matches you set for set during your workout. A training partner allows you
to go for that extra rep. He or she also acts as a spotter, and even a coach on days when you just
don’t feel like working out.
Training to Failure
Any time you refuse to terminate a set until the muscle simply cannot contract for additional
reps, you are training to failure. Most bodybuilders train to positive failure and then have a
training partner help them perform a few extra reps.
Triceps

Triceps
Extensor muscles of the upper arm. The triceps are composed of three heads that work in
opposition to the biceps – they extend the lower arm and straighten the elbow.
1035

Trisets
Similar to supersets but involving the use of three different exercises for the same muscle
group.
Twenty-ones
Advanced exercise technique where you perform 7 half-reps at the bottom of the movement, 7
half-reps at the top, and finish with 7 full reps.
Universal Machine
The most common type of training apparatus (not counting free weights) found in home and
bodybuilding gyms. The machines may train one muscle group, or have numerous stations to
train the whole body.
Vascularity
The degree of vein and artery visibility. In order to be “highly” vascular, a bodybuilder must
have an extremely low bodyfat percentage.
Visualization
Relaxation technique performed by clearing the mind and then concentrating and focusing on
particular goals. For bodybuilders, common visualization goals include an upcoming contest,
workout, or a new training strategy.
Warmup
Any form of light, short duration exercise that prepares the body for more intense exercise.

Warmup
Warming up should involve increasing the heart and respiratory rate, and stretching to prepare
the muscles for exercise. A good warmup helps prevent injury.
Weight
This term refers to the plates or weight stacks themselves, or it can be used to describe the
actual poundage on the bar.
Weight Class
Generally speaking, men’s bodybuilding competitions are subdivided into four categories
called weight classes: light, medium, light heavyweight, and heavyweight. Women’s events
have two divisions, lightweight and heavyweight.
Weightlifting
A general term used to describe the exercise form involving the use of weights, or an Olympic
event. The competitive version involves two lifts: the snatch and the clean and jerk.
1036

Workout
The program or schedule of exercises performed on any given day. Bodybuilders refer to
exercise as “going for a workout.”
Wraps
Long pieces of material (usually a first-aid bandage) that bodybuilders wrap around weak or
injured bodyparts. Wraps keep the area warm and provide extra security. Many bodybuilders
wrap the knees during squats and the wrists during bench presses.
1037