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1117999
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Tenofovir-associated kidney toxicity in HIV-infected patients: a review of the evidence.
Tenofovir (TDF) is an effective and widely used treatment for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus infection. Although studies suggest that TDF has a low overall toxicity profile and only a modest effect on estimated glomerular filtration rate, numerous case reports have since appeared in the literature describing TDF-associated renal tubular dysfunction, and this is now a significant source of HIV-related referrals to nephrologists. The main target of toxicity appears to be the proximal tubule, and in severe cases, patients can develop renal Fanconi syndrome. We review findings from recent studies in this area performed by ourselves and others and discuss our direct experience as practicing nephrologists. In particular, we discuss: (1) the nature and extent of TDF-associated kidney toxicity in the HIV-infected population, (2) potential underlying mechanisms of toxicity in the proximal tubule, (3) risk factors for developing tubular dysfunction, and (4) suggested strategies to monitor patients on TDF therapy.
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118009
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[Construction of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector co-expressing hVEGF165 and hBMP-7 genes].
To construct the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector co-expressing hVEGF165 and hBMP-7 depending on internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence, to measure the virus titer and to verify the correct recombination. The AAV helper-free system was used to generate the rAAV co-expressing hVEGF165 and hBMP-7 genes. The IRES sequence from the bicistronic eukaryotic expression plasmid pIRES was cut down and subcloned into the ITR/MCS containing vector pAAV-MCS to get pAAV-MCS A-IRES-MCS B, in which upstream MCS A and downstream MCS B was constructed. The hVEGF165 and hBMP-7 genes were amplified by PCR and inserted into MCS A and MCS B respectively. The recombinant expression plasmid pAAV-hVEGF165-IRES-hBMP-7 was co-transfected into AAV-293 cells with pHelper and pAAV-RC for packaging of recombinant AAV. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled rAAV-IRES-GFP was simultaneously packaged by using the parallel plasmid pAAV-IRES-GFP. The efficiency of rAAV packaging was monitored under fluorescent microscope and recombinant viral particles were harvested from infected AAV-293 cells. The virus titer was measured through infecting AAV-HT1080 cells, and the recombinant rAAV-hVEGF165-IRES-hBMP-7 was verified by PCR of the exogenous interest genes of hVEGF165 and hBMP-7. The recombinant plasmid pAAV-hVEGF165-IRES-hBMP-7 was verified by double digestion. Using the AAV helper-free system, GFP expression could be observed under fluorescent microscope 72 hours after triple plasmid co-transfection and the system provided a high packing ratio of 95%-100%. The rAAV has a high purity and high titer of 5.5 x 10(11) vp/mL, and AAV-HT1080 cell could be infected at a ratio of 90%. The recombinant virus was confirmed by PCR of exogenous hBMP-7 and hVEGF165 genes. Recombinant rAAV-hVEGF165-IRES-hBMP-7 was successfully constructed with a high virus titer, which may offer the basement of in vitro and in vivo experiments of hVEGF165 and hBMP-7 co-expressing for gene therapy of bone regeneration.
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118017
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Monitoring the organization and dynamics of bovine hippocampal membranes utilizing differentially localized fluorescent membrane probes.
Previous work from our laboratory has established bovine hippocampal membranes as a convenient natural source for studying neuronal receptors such as the G-protein coupled serotonin1A receptor. In this paper, we have explored the organization and dynamics of bovine hippocampal membranes using environment-sensitive and differentially localized fluorescent probes NBD-PE and NBD-cholesterol, utilizing wavelength-selective and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The NBD group in NBD-PE is localized at the membrane interface while in NBD-cholesterol it is localized deeper in the membrane. Our results show that native hippocampal membranes offer considerable motional restriction as evidenced from red edge excitation shift of NBD probes. However, this effect progressively decreases with increasing cholesterol depletion in the case of NBD-cholesterol, possibly indicating a reduction in membrane heterogeneity. In contrast, REES of NBD-PE in hippocampal membranes does not show any significant change upon cholesterol depletion indicating relative lack of sensitivity of the membrane interface to cholesterol depletion. These observations are supported by changes in fluorescence polarization with cholesterol depletion. Taken together, these results imply that the deeper hydrocarbon region of the hippocampal membrane is more sensitive to changes in membrane organization and dynamics due to cholesterol depletion than the interfacial region. The motional restriction in native membranes is maintained even in the absence of proteins. The fluorescence lifetimes of both the NBD probes show slight reduction upon cholesterol depletion indicating a change in micro-environmental polarity possibly due to water penetration. These results are relevant in understanding the complex organization of hippocampal membranes and could have possible functional implications.
| 263 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118025
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Risk of acute bronchospasm and bronchial hyperreactivity from inhaled acid aerosol in healthy subjects: randomized, double-blind controlled trial.
To determine the risk of developing acute bronchial spasm and bronchial hyperreactivity in healthy subjects after inhaling hydrochloric acid aerosol of different pH, since various characteristics of inhaled aerosol, particularly its acidity, contribute to the reduction in lung function in patients with a pre-existing disease. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included 79 healthy volunteers. After submitting a written consent, they were randomized in 4 groups with approximately equal number of participants. Each group was exposed to acid aerosol of different pH. The respiratory lung function expressed by forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced expiratory flow at 50% (FEF50), 75% (FEF25), and between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25/75), and non-specific bronchial reactivity were measured after inhalation of hydrochloric acid aerosol of pH 7.0, pH 5.0, pH 3.0, and pH 2.0 and compared with baseline values. Twelve subjects, who reached the threshold doses in both bronchial challenges, were tested again after receiving a systemic beta-blockade with a single oral dose of propranolol. Significant bronchospasm developed after the inhalation of hydrochloric acid aerosol of pH 5.0, 3.0, and 2.0. After the inhalation of aerosols of pH 5.0 and pH 2.0, all parameters of respiratory lung function (FEV1, FEF50, FEF25, and FEF25/75) significantly decreased. After the inhalation of aerosol of pH 3.0, all parameters significantly decreased except for FEF25, which showed no significant difference (1.84+/-0.46 before vs 1.58+/-0.49 after inhalation; p=0.07). The inhalation of hydrochloric acid aerosol had no significant effect on the level of non-specific bronchial reactivity irrespective of its pH. Eight out of 12 subjects tested again after pretreatment with propranolol and with no significant change in the heart rate showed no change in non-specific bronchial reactivity in comparison with the 4 subjects who reacted with a significant decrease in the heart rate (>10%), as well as in non-specific bronchial reactivity (p=0.023). Inhalation of acid aerosol in healthy subjects induced a bronchial spasm, but had no effect on non-specific bronchial reactivity except in subjects under systemic adrenergic inhibition.
| 343 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118030
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The apparent viscoelastic behavior of articular cartilage--the contributions from the intrinsic matrix viscoelasticity and interstitial fluid flows.
Articular cartilage was modeled rheologically as a biphasic poroviscoelastic material. A specific integral-type linear viscoelastic model was used to describe the constitutive relation of the collagen-proteoglycan matrix in shear. For bulk deformation, the matrix was assumed either to be linearly elastic, or viscoelastic with an identical reduced relaxation spectrum as in shear. The interstitial fluid was considered to be incompressible and inviscid. The creep and the rate-controlled stress-relaxation experiments on articular cartilage under confined compression were analyzed using this model. Using the material data available in the literature, it was concluded that both the interstitial fluid flow and the intrinsic matrix viscoelasticity contribute significantly to the apparent viscoelastic behavior of this tissue under confined compression.
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118040
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Psoriatic arthritis: new evidence for old concepts.
The review gives an updated overview of some of the new concepts in the management of psoriatic arthritis (PsA): early diagnosis, remission as an objective, treat-to-target, and treatment guidelines. Early diagnosis, targeting remission as part of a treatment strategy, and new guidelines providing evidence-based support to these concepts are main topics in recent publications. Dermatologists and rheumatologists should work together to reduce the number of patients remaining undiagnosed, and the time to do so.Remission definition in PsA is still controversial. There is good evidence and convincing arguments for both multidimensional measures, such as minimal disease activity, or unidimensional ones, as disease activity index for PsA. New data on the analysis of tight control of inflammation in early PsA trial showed that the strategy might not be cost-effective on the short term, and that oligoarthritis is less benefited.The new European League Against Rheumatism and Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and PsA recommendations exhibit differences. Methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors are favored in European League Against Rheumatism guidelines, whereas other conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologics are equally positioned in Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and PsA recommendations.
| 198 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118041
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Comparison of direct and indirect methods of measuring the precursors of beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone and their application to the analysis of Sessile oak wood.
A new indirect method for measuring the level of beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone precursors in oak wood by GC-MS is described. This level is calculated from the difference between the amount of free beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone and the amount formed after hydrolysis and lactonization. It is compared to the level of a precursor of cis-beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone, a 6'-O-gallate derivative of (3S,4S)-4-[3-beta-glucopyranosyloxy-3-methyloctanoic acid, determined directly by HPLC. These two methods are applied to 12 powdered samples of Sessile oak wood and the results show that the 6'-O-gallate derivative of (3S,4S)-4-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3-methyloctanoic acid is by far the most abundant precursor of beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone in this wood.
| 117 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118058
|
The disease of addiction.
Drug use is a preventable behavior, and addiction is a treatable disease. More than two decades of scientific research have yielded tremendous understanding concerning the nature of addiction and what to do about it. Many tools that can be used by health care providers to aid in the recognition, referral, and treatment for drug abuse and addiction also have been developed. To assist in these efforts, the National Institute on Drug Abuse recently has published the first ever science-based guide to drug treatment: Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment. This guide articulates some essential characteristics of addiction and its treatment and lays out the principles derived from two decades of scientific research that characterize effective treatment programs. This article elaborates many of those points.
| 126 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118066
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Organization of spliceosomal U6 snRNA genes in the mouse genome.
U6 RNA is an abundant small nuclear RNA (snRNA) required for splicing of pre-mRNAs. In mammalian cells, the genes for U1 to U4 snRNAs consist of multigene families ranging from 10 to 100 copies of real genes per haploid genome, and are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. In contrast, results obtained in this study indicate that U6 RNA, which is transcribed by RNA polymerase II and III, may be coded for in mouse cells by only two genes. These two U6 genes are at least 9 kb apart from each other, and the flanking sequences are highly conserved, indicating that the organization of U6 genes is similar to that observed for other mammalian U-snRNA genes.
| 124 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118073
|
Effect of D-penicillamine on collagen, glycosaminoglycans, DNA and RNA of granulation tissue and connective tissue of skin, bone and aorta in rats.
Granulation tissue was produced by subcutaneous implantation of viscose-cellulose sponges on rats. The effect of D-penicillamine 500 mg/kg/day for 10 days on granulation tissue and the connective tissue of skin, bone and aorta was studied ny comparison of treated animals with operated and unoperated controls. In addition, the effect of sponge implantation on intact tissues was studied by comparison between the control groups. The amount of granulation tissue was not affected by D-penicillamine, and the granulomas-DNA content even increased. D-penicillamine increased the amount of salt soluble collagen in all tissues consistent with an inhibition of collagen crosslinking as reflected by increased aldehyde content and alpha/beta chain ratio in soluble skin collagen. Skin appeared to be most sensitive. The content of free hydroxyproline and RNA and the RNA/DNA ratio in skin decreased suggesting a decreased collagen biosynthesis. The hydroxylation of proline and lysine was not affected by the treatment. The water percentage of aorta increased during D-penicillamine treatment, and the 35S-sulphate uptake in the sulphated glycosaminoglycans was stimulated in all tissues, in granulation tissue mainly in the chondroitin-4/6-sulphate fraction. No quantitative glycosaminoglycan changes occurred in granulation tissue. Sponge implantation caused an increase in the amount of salt soluble skin collagen without any change in alpha/beta chain ratio and aldehyde content of purified, soluble collagen. D-penicillamine plus operation reduced the collagen content of aorta. The effects of D-penicillamine on connective tissue compounds may be of importance for its antirheumatic efficacy, but the accompanying effect on normal tissues may imply side effects.
| 270 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118093
|
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during epinephrine infusion in three patients with insulomas.
An epinephrine infusion (6 mug/min) in three patients with insulomas inhibited insulin secretion induced by OGTT and increased glucagon secretion in two patients, with an exceptional rise in a case of poly-adenomatosis.
| 44 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118094
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Intermediate-dose melphalan improves survival of myeloma patients aged 50 to 70: results of a randomized controlled trial.
High-dose therapy is an effective standard treatment for multiple myeloma patients. Evidence that intermediate-dose therapy improves survival is limited. At diagnosis, about 70% of patients are older than 65. Intermediate-dose regimen is very well tolerated in older patients. In a multicenter study, 194 patients were randomized to receive at diagnosis either conventional chemotherapy (6 courses of oral melphalan and prednisone [MP]) or intermediate-dose therapy (2 courses of melphalan at 100 mg/m(2) [MEL100]) with stem cell support. Response rate was higher after MEL100. Near-complete remission (nCR) was 6% after MP and 25% after MEL100 (P = .0002). At 3 years, MEL100 increased event-free survival (EFS) from 16% to 37% and overall survival (OS) from 62% to 77% (P < .001). Similar results were observed in patients aged 65 to 70: nCR was 8% after MP and 25% after MEL100 (P = .05); at 3 years, MEL100 improved EFS from 18% to 31% (P = .01) and OS from 58% to 73% (P = .01). Patients aged 65 to 70 had a median OS of 37.2 months (MP) versus 58 months (MEL100). Intermediate-dose melphalan improves response rate, EFS, and OS in myeloma patients, specifically in those aged 65 to 70. It constitutes a more effective first-line regimen than standard treatment for elderly patients.
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118112
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Ovulation induction with gonadotropins in women with polycystic ovary disease.
Seventy-two infertile women with polycystic ovary disease (PCOD) and clomiphene citrate treatment failure underwent 220 human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment cycles for ovulation induction over a period of 19 months. Forty-two patients ovulated but failed to conceive on clomiphene, and the remaining 30 failed to ovulate on clomiphene. Monitoring of treatment consisted of serum 17 beta-estradiol (E2) levels and ultrasonic assessment of follicular growth. Treatment was withheld whenever the E2 levels exceeded 1,500 pg/mL and/or when more than two follicles greater than or equal to 17 mm in diameter each were encountered on ultrasonography. Twenty-nine patients conceived (40.2%), and 23 delivered viable infants. Twenty-three of the 29 pregnancies were achieved in the 42 patients who ovulated on clomiphene, while only 6 pregnancies resulted in the 32 anovulatory patients on clomiphene. Six patients (20.6%) aborted in the first trimester. Multiple pregnancies consisted of only two sets of twins (6.9%). There were only two cases of mild hyperstimulation (2.7%) and no severe hyperstimulation. Because of the low occurrence of multiple pregnancies and hyperstimulation and the reasonable success rate, all PCOD patients should be started on this protocol.
| 199 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118117
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Impact of a collagen matrix on early healing, aesthetics and patient morbidity in oral mucosal wounds - a randomized study in humans.
To test whether a collagen matrix (CM) can improve early wound healing and aesthetics, and decrease wound sensitivity compared with spontaneous healing. In 15 volunteers, 6-mm punch biopsies were harvested at both palatal sites. A CM was sutured in one site; the other one was left untreated (control). Measurements included the remaining defect area, the colour match to surrounding tissue and somatosensory parameters at various time-points (pre-operative, post-operative, 4, 8, 15, 29 days). The defect area decreased over time for both treatments. Re-epithelization was completed in all subjects by day 15. The defect area was significantly smaller for CM (mean ± SD: 19.3 ± 3.4 mm(2)) compared with control (21.3 ± 3.3 mm(2)) at day 4 (p < 0.05), and at day 8 (CM: 11.7 ± 2.5 mm(2) ; control: 13.6 ± 2.9 mm(2) ; p < 0.01). The colour match was more favourable for CM at day 4, 8 and 29 (p > 0.05). Somatosensory measurements revealed slightly lower wound sensitivity at day 4 for CM compared with control. The use of CM can enhance wound healing compared with spontaneous healing during the first week. This was mainly documented by a faster re-epithelization. Colour match and wound sensitivity measurements did not reach statistical significance between CM and control sites.
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118138
|
Special applications of intracytoplasmic sperm injection: the influence of sperm count, motility, morphology, source and sperm antibody on the outcome of ICSI.
The relationship between the three basic parameters of ejaculated spermatozoa, i.e. concentration, motility and morphology, and the results of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were investigated in 838 microinjection cycles. A further 123 ICSI treatment cycles in which testicular spermatozoa were used for microinjection were also evaluated. The influence of anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) on the outcome of ICSI was investigated by analysing 55 cycles where the proportion of ASA-bound spermatozoa was > or =80%. After microinjection, oocyte intactness, fertilization, embryo cleavage, transfer and pregnancy rates were recorded and compared. The results showed that neither the type nor the extent of sperm impairment had an important influence on the outcome of ICSI when ejaculated spermatozoa were used. Only two very rare conditions had a strongly negative influence on the result of ICSI, i.e. where immotile (presumably dead) spermatozoa or where round-headed spermatozoa were injected into the oocyte. Neither the proportion of ASA-bound spermatozoa, the type of dominantly present ASA, nor the location of ASA on the spermatozoa had an important influence on fertilization, embryo development or pregnancy rates after ICSI. In most of the cycles combined with testicular biopsy (79%), there were enough motile spermatozoa present in the wet preparation for injection of all the oocytes. Injection of motile testicular spermatozoa led to a higher normal fertilization rate than did injection of non-motile spermatozoa (65 versus 21%). It can be concluded that injection of motile (living) spermatozoa into oocytes is the most important factor in determining good results with ICSI and that other sperm parameters do not have a strong influence on the outcome of ICSI.
| 285 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118147
|
Experimental study on plasticity of proliferated neural stem cells in adult rats after cerebral infarction.
To investigate whether there is endogenous neural stem cell proliferation and whether these proliferated neural stem cells represent neural plasticity in the adult rats after cerebral infarction. Cerebral infarction models of rats were established and the dynamic expression of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), BrdU/polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. BrdU was used to mark dividing neural stem cells. PSA-NCAM was used to mark the plasticity of neural stem cells. Compared with controls, the number of BrdU-positive cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and hippocampus increased significantly at 1st day after cerebral infarction (P < 0.05), reached maximum at 7th day, decreased markedly at 14th day, but it was still elevated compared with that of the controls (P < 0.05). The number of BrdU-labeled with PSA-NCAM-positive cells increased significantly at 7th day (P < 0.05), reached maximum at 14th day, markedly decreased at 28th day, but it was still elevated compared with that of the controls (P < 0.05). It was equal to 60% of the number of BrdU-positive cells in the same period. Cerebral infarction may stimulate the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells in situ and most proliferated neural stem cells represent neural plasticity.
| 214 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118150
|
Quality of life improvements among cancer patients in remission following the consumption of Agaricus blazei Murill mushroom extract.
The aim of this preliminary clinical study was to assess if the daily intake of Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) granulated powder (SSI Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) for 6 months improved the quality of life (QOL) in cancer patients in remission. Open study. Subjects diurnally took 1 (1.8 g; N=23), 2 (3.6 g; N=22), or 3 (5.4 g; N=22) packs/day orally for 6 months. The SF-8 Health Survey questionnaire was used to evaluate the QOL. The differences between the SF-8 baseline scores at the time of entry and 6-months after ABM treatment were evaluated. The results showed a significant improvement in QOL in both physical and mental components. More specifically, QOL effects of ABM in different genders showed males improved physical components, while females improved only mental components. QOL effects in the different age groups showed that ages 65 and under improved mental components, while ages 66 and older improved physical components. Furthermore, with respect to optimal dose effects of ABM with respect to QOL improvement, two packs per day for 6 months showed improvements in both physical and mental components. This preliminary longitudinal clinical study demonstrated that daily intake of ABM appears to improve both physical and mental components based on SF-8 qualimetric analysis.
| 221 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118152
|
The coding sequence mediates induction of 5-lipoxygenase expression by Smads3/4.
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) expression is strongly induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in Mono Mac 6 cells. Since Smads have been described as downstream effectors of TGFbeta, we have investigated the role of the TGFbeta/Smad signalling system in the regulation of 5-LO gene expression. The rapid induction of 5-LO mRNA, determined with real-time quantitative RT-PCR, suggests that 5-LO is a primary TGFbeta target gene. In reporter gene assays with plasmids containing the 5-LO promoter plus different parts of the gene, Smads3/4 mediate a prominent upregulation of reporter activity that strongly depends on the coding sequence and to a lesser extent on the 3'-UTR and introns J-M. Deletion studies revealed the most profound decrease of inducibility by Smads3/4 when exons 10-14 are deleted. Sequence analysis and deletion studies indicate the existence of up to four Smad binding elements and at least one TGFbeta responsive element far downstream of the transcriptional start site.
| 162 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118153
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Leigh syndrome associated with West syndrome.
Leigh syndrome (LS) (sub-acute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy) is characterized by symmetric brain lesions occurring mainly in the basal ganglia and associated with variable clinical manifestations such as hypotonia, psychomotor retardation, and feeding difficulties. Patients with LS may develop seizures. Only three patients with LS have been identified in the literature as having West syndrome (WS). We have seen 12 children with LS in the past 20 years, and noticed that as many as five of them developed WS. This report discusses five LS children with WS, comparing them with seven LS children without WS. In all five patients, infantile spasms developed after LS had become evident, in addition to other type(s) of seizures. The onset of LS in all the patients with WS was before 10 months of age. Although not statistically proven, early onset of LS, spasticity, nystagmus, apnea, poor feeding, and cardiac problems seemed to be associated with the development of WS. We were not able to conclude that certain types of symptoms or examination results of patients with LS indicated the development of WS. The association of LS with WS did not markedly influence the prognoses of the children. WS may not be a rare complication of LS, especially in infants under 12 months of age. This report is the first review of LS associated with WS.
| 224 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118166
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Orthologue selectivity and ligand bias: translating the pharmacology of GPR35.
GPR35 is a poorly characterized G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and asthma. Two endogenously produced ligands have been suggested as activators of GPR35, although the relevance of these remains unclear. Recently, a series of surrogate agonist ligands and the first antagonists of GPR35 have been identified. However, marked differences in the potency of agonists at species orthologues of GPR35 have been noted, and this presents substantial challenges in translating the pharmacology at the cloned human receptor to ex vivo and in vivo studies of the physiological function of this receptor in animal models. Currently identified agonists will probably not display high selectivity for GPR35. By contrast, comparisons of the potency of ligands at species orthologues of GPR35 have provided insight into the nature of the ligand binding pocket and could result in the identification of more potent and selective ligands.
| 163 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118177
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Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate loaded PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced oral absorption: Effect of experimental variables and in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation.
In this study, PLGA based nanoparticles of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) were designed for enhancing its oral absorption. To develop PLGA based TDF nanoparticles with the goal of minimum particle size and maximum entrapment efficiency statistical optimization techniques (factorial design and response surface methodology) were employed. The optimized nanoparticles were characterized for size, shape, charge and physical state. Further, the stability, cytotoxicity and metabolic protective effect of the nanoparticles were evaluated. Single dose pharmacokinetic study in rats was conducted to evaluate the oral absorption of the designed nanoparticles. Ex vivo everted gut sac studies were performed to evaluate the role of active uptake mechanisms in the absorption of the designed nanoparticles. The results showed that the statistical models employed could determine the interaction effects of the critical factors which were used in the optimization of the nanoparticles. The optimized nanoparticles with a particle size of 218±3.85nm and an entrapment efficiency of 57.3±1.6%. The nanoparticles were able to increase the AUC of tenofovir by 5.8 fold. It was observed that active uptake mechanisms predominantly via clathrin-mediated uptake played a key role in increasing the oral absorption of TDF.
| 209 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118178
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Neutrophil mediated inflammatory lung damage following single Sub lethal inhalation exposure to plant protein toxin abrin in mice.
Abrin, a highly toxic plant protein found in the seeds of Abrus precatorius plant. To date, there is no antidote against abrin intoxication. Abrin is toxic by all routes of exposure, but inhalation exposure is the most toxic of all routes. Present study was conducted to evaluate the acute inhalation toxicity of aerosolized abrin in BALB/c mice. Animals were exposed to 0.2 and 0.8LC50 doses of aerosolized abrin and evaluated at 1 and 3 day post toxin exposure. Bronchoalveolar fluid from lungs was used for evaluation of markers for lung injury. Abrin inhalation exposure caused rise in LDH activity, protein content, increase in β-glucuronidase and myeloperoxidase activity. Increase in CRP activity, MMP-9 expression and recruitment of CD11b + inflammatory cells in lungs was also observed which was associated with severe inflammation and lung damage. Histopathological findings support the lung damage after abrin exposure. Our results indicate lung injury after single aerosol inhalation exposure, associated with excessive inflammation, oxidative stress, pulmonary edema followed by lung damage. These results could supplement treatment strategies and planning for therapeutic approaches against aerosolized abrin inhalation exposure.
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118182
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A retrospective evaluation of the aesthetics of the nasolabial complex after unilateral cleft lip repair using the Tennison-Randall technique: a study of 44 cases treated in a single cleft center.
Among numerous techniques that have been described for lip repair, the Tennison-Randall method has gained popularity over time and is preferred by many surgeons due to the predictability of the outcome. This study aims to evaluate the esthetic outcome reached in the nasolabial region following primary lip repair with the use of this method. Forty-four patients with unilateral cleft lip (with or without alveolar cleft) were assessed retrospectively through a photographic evaluation by two clinicians with regard to the aesthetics of the lip and nose separately as anatomical subunits as well as of the nasolabial region as an anatomical complex. The collected data were statistically analyzed with regard to the cleft subtype and the performance of corrective surgeries for the lip and/or the nose. The method was associated with good results, especially when it comes to the appearance of the nose as an anatomical subunit, as well as of the nasolabial region as a complex, regarding cleft lip patients without an alveolar cleft. The Tennison-Randall technique proved to be a very satisfying method in terms of the esthetic long-term outcome in our patient collective.
| 213 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118191
|
Effect of methylmercury on glutamate metabolism in cerebellar astrocytes in culture.
The effect of methylmercury (MeHg) on [U-13C]glutamate metabolism was studied in cerebellar astrocytes using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The cells were preincubated in medium containing 25 or 50 microM MeHg and 10% fetal calf serum for 4h and then in medium with [U-13C]glutamate (0.5mM) for 2h. Labeled glutamate, glutamine and aspartate were observed both in the cell extracts and media, labeled glutathione in the cell extracts and labeled lactate and alanine in the media. The amount of glutamate removed from the media was decreased in the 50 microM MeHg group, furthermore, the levels of both labeled and unlabeled glutamine were decreased. This might indicate a decreased synthesis and/or increased degradation. An increase was observed for glutathione in the 25 microM group, which might be due to an upregulated synthesis of glutathione in response to the toxic effects of MeHg. The percentage of [U-13C]glutamate used for the synthesis of metabolites via the tricarboxylic acid cycle was increased in the presence of 50 microM MeHg. However, the percentage used for energy production was decreased in both groups, indicating selective mitochondrial vulnerability due to the inhibitory effect of MeHg.
| 197 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118194
|
Acute hypertensive crisis in pregnancy.
Severe pre-eclampsia is a state of acute afterload increase where compensation may be total by use of the Frank-Starling mechanism and/or increased adrenergic drive, or may be uncompensated in a patient with limited or exhausted preload reserve. As such, we are presented with a diverse group of patients and antihypertensive therapy ideally should be individualized. In reality we are dealing with a complex situation because of the presence of the fetus raising concerns about direct effects on the fetus as well as on uteroplacental blood flow. This limits our choice of agents to those with extensive use in pregnancy except in complicated or resistant cases. For these reasons, hydralazine is the antihypertensive agent of choice for treatment of acute hypertensive emergencies in pregnancy. In the complicated case other agents such as sodium nitroprusside or nitroglycerin may be more appropriate and, in these cases, hemodynamic monitoring should be performed to allow not only greater safety, but also to tailor therapy to the individual hemodynamic profile.
| 168 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118203
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Characterization of Benomyl Resistance in Mycosphaerella fijiensis, Cause of Black Sigatoka of Banana, in Costa Rica.
Sixty-eight and eighty-six percent of monoascosporic isolates of Mycosphaerella fijiensis from two banana plantations in Costa Rica, in which benomyl was used for ≈10 years to control black Sigatoka, were resistant to benomyl in February and November 1994, respectively. No resistance to benomyl was detected in isolates collected during February 1994 from farms with no history of benomyl use that were located ≈50 km from the nearest banana plantations. Only 1% of isolates was resistant to benomyl in a sample taken during November 1994. In three additional banana farms where benomyl had not been used for 3 to 5 years before sampling, ben-omyl resistance persisted at a high frequency. Benomyl-resistant and -sensitive isolates were distributed equally throughout the range of isolate sensitivity to propiconazole, indicating no relationship between resistance to benomyl and lower sensitivity to propiconazole but double resistance to these two compounds. Five benomyl-resistant and five benomyl-sensitive isolates of M. fijiensis were inoculated to banana plants under greenhouse conditions. Benomyl-resistant isolates were more aggressive than benomyl-sensitive isolates, as determined by measures of disease severity, incubation time, and number of lesions at 40 days after inoculation.
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118204
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A study of the cough reflex in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Little is known about the pathogenesis of cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We hypothesized that abnormalities of respiratory tract tachykinin-containing sensory nerves may be implicated. We studied cough response to capsaicin, substance P (SP), and bradykinin in 10 healthy control subjects and 10 patients with IPF. Six patients were tested before and after steroid therapy. Induced sputum cell counts and neurotrophic factor levels were also measured in 13 patients and 13 control subjects. The results show that cough sensitivity to capsaicin was greater in patients (p < 0.01). Neither SP nor bradykinin induced cough in normal subjects. SP and bradykinin induced cough in 7/10 patients (p < 0.002) and 2/10 patients (not significant) with IPF, respectively. Prednisolone caused a reduction in cough sensitivity to capsaicin (p < 0.05) and SP (p < 0.05) in all six patients treated. There were significantly more neutrophils (p = 0.001) and higher levels of nerve growth factor (p < 0.01) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p < 0.01) in patient's sputa. These findings suggest functional upregulation of lung sensory neurones in IPF. The cough response to inhaled SP in most patients may reflect disrupted respiratory epithelium. The response to corticosteroids demonstrates that the cough is amenable to therapy.
| 213 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118212
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Effects of glucocorticoids in ventilated piglets with severe pneumonia.
There is clinical evidence suggesting that glucocorticoids may be useful in severe pneumonia, but the pathogenic mechanisms explaining these beneficial effects are unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of adding glucocorticoids to antibiotic treatment in an experimental model of severe pneumonia. In total, 15 Lagerwhite-Landrace piglets were ventilated for 96 h. After intubation, a 75 mL solution containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10(6) cfu x mL(-1)) was bronchoscopically inoculated. The animals were randomised into three groups 12 h after inoculation: 1) untreated; 2) treated with ciprofloxacin; and 3) treated with ciprofloxacin plus methylprednisolone. Physiological and laboratory parameters were monitored throughout the study. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Histopathology of the lungs and cultures from blood, BAL and lungs were performed. At the end of the study, piglets receiving the antibiotic plus glucocorticoids showed: 1) a decrease in the concentration of interleukin-6 in BAL; and 2) a decrease in the global bacterial burden both in BAL and lung tissue. In conclusion, in this experimental model of pneumonia, the association of glucocorticoids with antibiotics attenuates local inflammatory response and decreases bacterial burden in the lung.
| 200 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118216
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Training residents and nurses to work as a patient-centered care team on a medical ward.
To train medical residents and nurses to work together as a patient-centered care (PCC) team on a medical ward and test its feasibility, nurses' learning, and patient outcomes. Working with administrative leadership, we consolidated residents' patients on one 32-bed ward. Already training residents in an evidence-based patient-centered method, we now trained 5 nurse leaders similarly, and they then trained all staff nurses. A national consultant visited twice. Specific team-building activities for nurses and residents fostered ward interactions. We used a retrospective pre/post/6-month post-design to evaluate nurses' knowledge and self-efficacy of patient-centered skills. Patients were assigned non-randomly to our unit or comparison units from our emergency room; using a post-test only design, the primary endpoint was patient satisfaction. 28 trained nurses showed improvement in knowledge (p=0.02) and self-efficacy (p=0.001). 81 treatment patients showed no improvement in satisfaction (p=0.44). Training nurses in patient-centered practices were effective. Unique in this country, we also trained nurses and residents together as a PCC team on a medical ward and showed it was feasible and well accepted. We provide a template for team training and urge that others explore this important new area and contribute to its further development.
| 207 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118253
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A systematic review on identifying risk factors associated with early sexual debut and coerced sex among adolescents and young people in communities.
To review literature on identifying the risk factors associated with early sexual coerced debut with the aim to facilitate the healthcare workers' planning of relevant health services to improve intervention strategies for delaying of early coerced sexual debut or forced sexual debut (CSD/FSD) in the communities. Identifying the risk factors associated with coercion at first sex is crucial for developing appropriate sexual and reproductive health information and health promotion in response. However, current knowledge about the risk factors associated with coercion, sexual debut (SD) and delayed SD among young people is limited. Health information programmes are important during adolescence, when young people are developing their values and beliefs about sexual activity and sexual norms. However, little is known about those risk factors on initiation of early sexual debut to plan relevant interventions that can delay SD and prevent CSD/FSD in this population. A systematic review. An extensive literature search using MEDLINE (PubMed), Nursing Journals (PubMed), Web of Science, PsychINFO and CINAHL. The search generated 39 published studies that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirty-two articles passed the quality appraisal and were selected. This review identified six domains of risk factors, categorised as: (1) the individual domain, (2) the family domain, (3) the partner/peer domain, (4) the school domain, (5) the community domain and (6) the cultural domain. These factors highlight the influences on sexual decision-making among adolescents and young people and the timing of their first sexual intercourse. It is important to use the outcome of this review's categorisation of identified risk factors to facilitate the healthcare workers and plan relevant sexual and reproductive health programmes more accessible to adolescents, especially young females and their parents. There is a need to evaluate the impact of these programmes that can delay SD and prevent CSD/FSD in this population. The results of this study could provide guidance on the planning of effective interventions for delaying of early CSD/FSD in the communities.
| 341 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118258
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A unique isolate of Malassezia from a cat.
An isolate of Malassezia from a cat with otitis externa was examined mycologically as well as molecularly. The isolate was similar to M. sympodialis in morphological and biochemical characteristics. In molecular analysis, however, it differed from the 7 species of Malassezia previously reported. Therefore, this clinical isolate from a cat might be a new species of Malassezia.
| 64 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118259
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Radiation boosts immunotherapy.
Instead of thwarting immunotherapy, radiotherapy might enhance its cancer-fighting effects, experiments in mice show, by increasing the population of CD8+ T cells.
| 24 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118265
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Characterization of a large transferrin-binding protein from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 7.
The binding of transferrin at the surface of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pp.) is mediated by two proteins of approximately 60 and 100 kDa. The 60 kDa protein has been shown to be highly divergent among different serotypes and to induce a serotype-specific protective immune response. In this study we have characterized the 100 kDa transferrin-binding protein of A. pp. serotype 7 and designated it as TfbB. The tfbB gene was found to be located immediately downstream of the tfbA gene. It was cloned and sequenced, and antibodies raised against the isolated recombinant protein detected, with a constant intensity, a 100 kDa protein in A. pp. serotypes 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, and a polypeptide of approximately 103 kDa in serotypes 1, 3, 5A and 12. In addition, comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence showed more than 40% identity with the large transferrin-binding proteins of Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae. The TfbB protein was expressed in E. coli outer membranes in a conformation eliciting porcine transferrin-specific binding activity. Sera of pigs immunized with these TfbB-containing E. coli membranes recognized functional membrane-associated TfbB protein whereas no such reaction was observed upon immunization with isolated recombinant TfbB protein. A preliminary animal experiment showed that TfbB-containing outer membrane preparations from recombinant E. coli can reduce significantly the mortality of an A.pp. infection with the homologous strain.
| 238 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118273
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Effects of supplementation frequency on performance, reproductive, and metabolic responses of Brahman-crossbred females.
Two experiments were conducted to compare performance and metabolic responses of beef females consuming low-quality forages and offered an energy supplement based on fibrous byproducts daily (S7) or 3 times per week (S3) at similar weekly rates. In Exp. 1, BW gain, reproductive performance, mRNA expression of hepatic and skeletal muscle genes associated with nutritional metabolism and growth, and concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma glucose, insulin, and IGF-I were assessed in 56 Brahman x Angus heifers supplemented at a daily rate of 1.0% of BW. Mean BW gain was greater (P = 0.03) for S7 compared with S3 heifers. Treatment x sampling day interactions were detected (P < 0.01) for all blood measurements. Heifers provided S7 had less daily variation in concentrations of BUN, glucose, and insulin, and frequently had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of IGF-I compared with S3 heifers. Expression of liver IGF-I mRNA was greater (P = 0.04) for S7 heifers compared with S3 heifers. Treatment x day interactions were detected (P </= 0.05) for mRNA expression of liver IGFBP-3, gluconeogenic enzymes, and muscle myostatin because the expression of these transcripts was greater (P < 0.05) for S3 heifers when both treatment groups were supplemented, but was similar or greater (cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; P = 0.04) for S7 heifers when only these were supplemented. Attainment of puberty and pregnancy were hastened (P = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively) in S7 heifers compared with S3 heifers. In Exp. 2, 12 Brahman x British mature cows received S3 or S7 for a 3-wk period at a daily rate of 0.5% of BW. Concentrations of BUN were greater for S7 compared with S3 cows (P < 0.03). A treatment x time interaction was detected (P = 0.01) for insulin concentrations because a time effect was significant (P < 0.01) for S3 but not S7 cows. With the advance of the experiment, concentrations of IGF-I increased for S7 (P < 0.01) but not S3 cows (treatment x week interaction; P = 0.02). The combined expression of gluconeogenic enzymes mRNA tended to be greater (P = 0.09) for S3 cows when both treatment groups received supplements, but was greater (P = 0.03) for S7 cows when only these were supplemented (treatment x day interaction; P < 0.01). In conclusion, offering an energy supplement based on fibrous byproducts daily instead of 3 times weekly enhanced the nutritional and metabolic status of forage-fed Brahman-crossbred females, resulting in improved growth and reproductive performance of developing heifers.
| 424 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118276
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Sensitive determination of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in tea infusion using a novel ionic liquid carbon paste electrode.
This paper investigates the electrocatalytic oxidation of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main monomer flavanol found in green tea, with a novel ionic liquid, n-octylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (OPFP) carbon paste electrode (CPE). Due to the natural viscosity and high conductivity of OPFP, this novel OPFP-CPE exhibited very attractive properties, such as high stability and electrochemical reactivity, low background current, and wide electrochemical window. Therefore, this electrode is a very good alternative to traditional chemically modified electrodes because the electrocatalytic effect can achieved without any further electrode modification. Comparative experiments were carried out using CPE and a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). With OPFP-CPE, highly reproducible and well-defined cyclic voltammograms were obtained for EGCG. Under optimal experimental conditions, the peak current of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) response increased linearly with EGCG concentration over the range of 5.0 × 10(-7)-1.25 × 10(-5) M. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.32 × 10(-7) and 4.35 × 10(-7) M, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of EGCG in green tea infusion samples, and the recovery of the spiked EGCG to the diluted (10-fold) tea extract was from 87.62 to 99.51%.
| 206 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118277
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Insulin treatment affects the behaviour of Tetrahymena pyriformis and T. malaccensis.
Populations of Tetrahymena pyriformis and T. malaccensis were treated with insulin, then washed and treated again 24 h later. The ethograms of controls, treated, washed and retreated populations were drawn. Statistical analysis showed that T. pyriformis was affected by insulin more severely than T. malaccensis. In T. pyriformis the effects of the 'memory' of the first treatment seem to be more relevant than those of the first and second treatments themselves. On the contrary in T. malaccensis treatments with insulin per se seem to affect the behaviour more strongly than the memory of the first treatment itself. These results are discussed in detail in the context of previous work.
| 119 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118288
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Studies on the heterotropic interaction of hemoglobin. I. Mass spectrometric method for determination of the pKa of the beta-146 histidine residue in human hemoglobin.
A mass spectrometric method was developed to determine pH-dependent hydrogen-deuterium exchange at the C-2 position of the imidazole ring of histidine, after converting the amino acid to the methylthiohydantoin derivative. The amount of deuterium exchange in N-acetyl-histidine estimated by the present method was confirmed to be in good agreement with that determined by NMR spectrometry. N-Acetylhistidine was deuterated at various pH's. From the amount of deuterium exchange, a pseudo-first order rate constant (kpsi) was calculated. A pKa value of 7.2 for the amino acid was obtained from the relation between kpsi and pH. This method was applied to estimate the pKa value of beta-146 histidine in human hemoglobin. Human hemoglobin deuterated at various pH's was digested with carboxypeptidase A [EC 3.4.12.2] to release the beta-146 histidine. The amount of deuterium exchange in the isolated histidine was determined to obtain kpsi. From these measurements pKa values of 7.0 for the histidine in oxyhemoglobin and of 8.2 for that in deoxyhemoglobin were found at 36.5 degrees, respectively.
| 188 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118293
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Comparative analysis of the virion polypeptides specified by herpes simplex virus type 2 strains.
This paper reports on the variability of structural polypeptides of 32 strains of Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) isolated from various locations in the United States and Italy. Most strains were passaged a limited number of times at low multiplicity outside the human host; a few strains were characterized by numerous passages at variable multiplicities in cell culture. The acrylamide gel electrophoresis of polypeptides from purified virions revealed very few differences. Considering these differences the HSV-2 strains analysed can be classified into 3 groups according to the variability of three polypeptides. The study of polypeptides in HSV-2 infected cells revealed more differences than those seen in the structural proteins. Comparisons of the structural proteins specified by HSV-2 and HSV-1 virions, revealed clear variant features of the electrophoretic profiles, especially when pH of main gel was 8.9.
| 149 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118304
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Fabrication and characterization of subwavelength nanostructures on freestanding GaN slab.
We develop a novel way to fabricate subwavelength nanostructures on the freestanding GaN slab using a GaN-on-silicon system by combining self-assemble technique and backside thinning method. Silicon substrate beneath the GaN slab is removed by bulk silicon micromachining, generating the freestanding GaN slab and eliminating silicon absorption of the emitted light. Fast atom beam (FAB) etching is conducted to thin the freestanding GaN slab from the backside, reducing the number of confined modes inside the GaN slab. With self-assembled silica nanospheres acting as an etching mask, subwavelength nanostructures are realized on the GaN surface by FAB etching. The reflection losses at the GaN interfaces are thus suppressed. When the InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) active layers are excited, the light extraction efficiency is significantly improved for the freestanding nanostructured GaN slab. This work provides a very practical approach to fabricate freestanding nanostructures on the GaN-on-silicon system for further improving the light extraction efficiency.
| 162 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118309
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Estimating amounts of iron oxide from gradient echo images.
Rat legs directly injected with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) were studied by dual-echo, gradient-echo imaging. The amount of iron injected was estimated using a point dipole model for the SPIO injection site. Saturation magnetization of 6:1 PEG/amino modified silane-coated iron oxide particles with 5- to 6-nm core and 20-25 hydrodynamic diameter was approximately 110 emu/g of iron. Estimates of the amount of iron injected made from signal void volumes surrounding SPIO centers yielded erroneous results varying with sample orientation in the scanner and echo time (TE). For example, a 10 microL, 3-microg iron injection produced signal void volumes of 80 and 210 microL at TE of 9.8 and 25 ms, respectively, giving apparent iron contents of 6 +/- 1 and 10 +/- 2 microg respectively. A more effective approach uses the phase difference between two gradient recalled echo images. To estimate iron content, this approach fits the expected (3 cos(2)theta - 1)/(/r/3) spatial phase distribution to the observed phase differences. Extraneous phase effects made fitting phase at a single TE ineffective. With the dual echo method, 18 independent estimates were 2.48 +/- 0.26 microg std, independently of sample orientation. Estimates in empty control regions were -90 and -140 ng. A 1-microg injection indicated 0.5, 1.2, and 1.2 microg.
| 216 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118313
|
Nutritional analysis of a long-term care menu before and after an increase in the raw food cost allowance.
Regular, nontherapeutic menus were compared before and after an increase in the Ontario long-term care (LTC) raw food cost allowance (RFCA). The purpose was to determine whether any significant nutritional differences existed between the old and new menus and whether they met target values for adequacy, according to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) nutrient recommendations or other target values relevant to Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care standards. A southeastern Ontario LTC facility fall/winter 2006/2007 menu and fall/winter 2007/2008 menu were used for nutrient analysis with ESHA Food Processor SQL 10.1.0. Each menu was compared with target values based on Canada's Food Guide (CFG) for 1992 and 2007, and with DRI nutrient recommendations. The 2007/2008 menu provided significantly more servings of vegetables and fruit, meeting the 2007 CFG recommendations, and significantly greater amounts of some nutrients (e.g., vitamin C, protein, magnesium, potassium, fibre, and total water). It also came closer to meeting DRI target recommendations. While some improvements have been made to the menu in this specific facility, further improvements, possibly through supplementation, must be made to ensure nutritional adequacy for all residents.
| 200 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118318
|
Human papillomaviruses are identified in a subgroup of sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas with favorable outcome.
The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the sinonasal tract and its clinicopathological implications were evaluated. All SCCs of the sinonasal tract diagnosed in the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona from 1981 to 2006 were retrospectively evaluated (N = 60). Clinical and pathological data were reviewed. HPV infection was determined and typed by amplification of HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction using the SPF-10 primers. p16(INK4a) expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Overall and progression-free survival for HPV-positive and -negative patients was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and by the use of a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. HPV DNA was detected in tumor tissue of 12 of 60 (20%) patients. HPV16 was identified in 11 tumors and HPV35 in 1. Immunohistochemistry for p16(INK4a) stained all HPV-positive and no HPV-negative tumors (P < .001). No differences were observed in terms of site and histological grade or stage at presentation between HPV-positive and -negative tumors. However, HPV-positive patients had a significantly better 5-year progression-free survival (62%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 23%-86% vs 20%; 95% CI, 9%-34%; P = .0043, log-rank test) and overall survival (80%; 95% CI, 20%-96% vs 31%; 95% CI, 15%-47%; P = .036, log-rank test) than patients with HPV-negative tumors. In multivariate analysis, HPV-positive tumors were associated with improved progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.17-0.98; P = .012). A subgroup of sinonasal SCCs is associated with HPV infection. These tumors have a significantly better prognosis.
| 258 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118320
|
Mapping piezoelectric response in nanomaterials using a dedicated non-destructive scanning probe technique.
There has been tremendous interest in piezoelectricity at the nanoscale, for example in nanowires and nanofibers where piezoelectric properties may be enhanced or controllably tuned, thus necessitating robust characterization techniques of piezoelectric response in nanomaterials. Piezo-response force microscopy (PFM) is a well-established scanning probe technique routinely used to image piezoelectric/ferroelectric domains in thin films, however, its applicability to nanoscale objects is limited due to the requirement for physical contact with an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip that may cause dislocation or damage, particularly to soft materials, during scanning. Here we report a non-destructive PFM (ND-PFM) technique wherein the tip is oscillated into "discontinuous" contact during scanning, while applying an AC bias between tip and sample and extracting the piezoelectric response for each contact point by monitoring the resulting localized deformation at the AC frequency. ND-PFM is successfully applied to soft polymeric (poly-l-lactic acid) nanowires, as well as hard ceramic (barium zirconate titanate-barium calcium titanate) nanowires, both previously inaccessible by conventional PFM. Our ND-PFM technique is versatile and compatible with commercial AFMs, and can be used to correlate piezoelectric properties of nanomaterials with their microstructural features thus overcoming key characterisation challenges in the field.
| 204 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118332
|
Effect of hematocrit on accuracy of two point-of-care glucometers for use in dogs.
To determine the effect of Hct on blood glucose readings of dogs obtained by use of 2 point-of-care (POC) blood glucometers and a laboratory analyzer. 184 dogs, including 139 Greyhounds. Venous blood samples collected from 184 dogs with a range of Hcts (measured in EDTA-anticoagulated blood) were immediately analyzed with a handheld glucometer specifically developed for veterinary use and a glucometer developed for use in humans. The remainder of each blood sample was placed in fluoride oxalate tubes, and plasma glucose concentration was measured with a laboratory analyzer. Agreement between results for the POC glucometers and laboratory analyzer and effect of Hct on glucometer accuracy was assessed via regression analysis. Significant differences were detected between results of the glucometers and the reference laboratory analyzer. The Hct affected the correlation between results for the glucometers and the laboratory analyzer. Deviations of the glucometers from the reference interval varied with Hct. The glucometer for veterinary use more closely correlated with the glucose concentration when Hct was within or above its reference interval. The glucometer for use in humans more closely approximated laboratory reference glucose concentrations in anemic dogs. Hct had a relevant impact on the correlation between whole blood and plasma glucose concentrations in dogs. Significant variations between results obtained with the 2 glucometers could be critical when interpreting blood glucose measurements or selecting a POC glucometer for an intensive care setting and precise glycemic control in critically ill dogs.
| 250 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118334
|
[Human papillomatosis viruses and cervical cancer].
Recent data on the role of human papillomaviruses in the arising and development of cervical neoplasia are reviewed. Cervical dysplasia is characterized, its natural history and the role of papillomaviruses in arising of dysplasia and cervical cancer are described. Modern results on identification of the capsid antigen and DNA of human papillomaviruses in different cervical lesions are presented. Several types of papillomaviruses with different oncogenic potential, as well as molecular aspects of the virus gene expression and cellular differentiation are discussed.
| 86 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118365
|
The relationship between diurnal cortisol secretion and climacteric-related symptoms.
Chronic stress, also associated with climacteric-related symptoms, may influence cortisol secretion. We studied cortisol metabolism in peri- and postmenopausal women with diverse climacteric-related symptoms. The study population was 35 women, aged 45-70 years. Plasma cortisol levels were measured from blood samples collected every 20 min over 24 h. Urinary cortisol was analysed from 24-hour urine collections. Climacteric-related symptoms (vasomotor, sleep, depressive, anxiety, cognitive, sexual, menstrual, and somatic) were evaluated with the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ). Associations between cortisol variables (24-hour, night, day, maximum, minimum, morning baseline, cortisol awakening response (CAR), area under the curve, slope, and 24-hour urinary cortisol) and the symptoms were first examined with a correlation analysis. Then, the women were divided into two groups according to their climacteric symptomatology, and differences in cortisol variables between the groups were investigated. Diurnal cortisol curves by symptomatology were also analyzed visually. In the correlation analysis, more frequent vasomotor symptoms were associated with a higher CAR (rs = 0.37, p = 0.039) and lower 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion (rs= -0.45, p = 0.012), and more frequent depressive symptoms were associated with a higher minimum cortisol level (rs = 0.33, p = 0.0498). When the women were divided into two groups, women with more frequent vasomotor (p = 0.012) or somatic symptoms (p = 0.021) had a lower 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion than less symptomatic women. Although previous studies have reported associations between climacteric-related symptoms and cortisol secretion, these two factors were not substantially interrelated in our study.
| 254 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118376
|
Fabricating and controlling molecular self-organization at solid surfaces: studies by scanning tunneling microscopy.
This account presents a summary of recent work describing the control and fabrication of self-organized molecular adlayers on solid substrates. These results demonstrate that molecules, under appropriate conditions, will self-organize into well-ordered monolayers on various solid surfaces. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to probe the structure of these molecular architectures, it is possible to determine the surface quality to single molecule resolution. The surface structures can be controlled by external stimuli such as electrode potential and UV-light. The ability to control how these adlayers form is important for constructing surface molecular architectures with useful properties.
| 107 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118379
|
Is duplex ultrasonography an effective single modality for the preoperative evaluation of peripheral vascular disease?
The purpose of this study was to determine whether duplex ultrasonography can be used as an effective modality for the preoperative evaluation of lower-extremity arterial occlusive disease. The records of all patients undergoing both color flow duplex scanning and contrast arteriography of the lower extremities during a 13-month period were reviewed. Comparisons between the two modalities were made at the femoral, popliteal, and tibial artery levels. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy were calculated for duplex scanning using angiography as the gold standard. Three hundred fifteen arterial segments were evaluated. Color flow imaging overestimated the degree of stenosis in seven vessels and underestimated the degree of stenosis in four vessels. Overall duplex ultrasonography accurately determined lower-extremity arterial anatomy as defined by contrast arteriography with a sensitivity of 96.9 per cent, a specificity of 96.2 per cent, a positive predictive value of 94.6 per cent, a negative predictive value of 97.8 per cent, and an overall accuracy of 96 per cent. The accuracy of duplex ultrasonography must be determined in each individual vascular laboratory. Once this is satisfactorily accomplished color flow scanning may be used as the single imaging modality for lower-extremity arterial occlusive disease in selected patients deemed to be at high risk for contrast angiography.
| 225 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118394
|
Acetabular Global Insufficiency in Patients with Down Syndrome and Hip-Related Symptoms: A Matched-Cohort Study.
The etiology of hip instability in Down syndrome is not completely understood. We investigated the morphology of the acetabulum and femur in patients with Down syndrome and compared measurements of the hips with those of matched controls. Computed tomography (CT) images of the pelvis of 42 patients with Down syndrome and hip symptoms were compared with those of 42 age and sex-matched subjects without Down syndrome or history of hip disease who had undergone CT for abdominal pain. Each of the cohorts had 23 male and 19 female subjects. The mean age (and standard deviation) in each cohort was 11.3 ± 5.3 years. The lateral center-edge angle (LCEA), acetabular inclination angle (IA), acetabular depth-width ratio (ADR), acetabular version, and anterior and posterior acetabular sector angles (AASA and PASA) were compared. The neck-shaft angle and femoral version were measured in the patients with Down syndrome only. The hips of the patients with Down syndrome were further categorized as stable (n = 21) or unstable (n = 63) for secondary analysis. The hips in the Down syndrome group had a smaller LCEA (mean, 10.8° ± 12.6° compared with 25.6° ± 4.6°; p < 0.0001), a larger IA (mean, 17.4° ± 10.3° compared with 10.9° ± 4.8°; p < 0.0001), a lower ADR (mean, 231.9 ± 56.2 compared with 306.8 ± 31.0; p < 0.0001), a more retroverted acetabulum (mean acetabular version as measured at the level of the centers of the femoral heads [AVC], 7.8° ± 5.1° compared with 14.0° ± 4.5°; p < 0.0001), a smaller AASA (mean, 55.0° ± 9.9° compared with 59.7° ± 7.8°; p = 0.005), and a smaller PASA (mean, 67.1° ± 10.4° compared with 85.2° ± 6.8°; p < 0.0001). Within the Down syndrome cohort, the unstable hips showed greater femoral anteversion (mean, 32.7° ± 14.6° compared with 23.6° ± 10.6°; p = 0.002) and worse global acetabular insufficiency compared with the stable hips. No differences between the unstable and stable hips were found with respect to acetabular version (mean AVC, 7.8° ± 5.5° compared with 7.6° ± 3.8°; p = 0.93) and the neck-shaft angle (mean, 133.7° ± 6.7° compared with 133.2° ± 6.4°; p = 0.81). Patients with Down syndrome and hip-related symptoms had more retroverted and shallower acetabula with globally reduced coverage of the femoral head compared with age and sex-matched subjects. Hip instability among those with Down syndrome was associated with worse global acetabular insufficiency and increased femoral anteversion, but not with more severe acetabular retroversion. No difference in the mean femoral neck-shaft angle was observed between the stable and unstable hips in the Down syndrome cohort. Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
| 463 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118403
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[Combined scapular/parascapular bilobar flaps for reconstruction of severe neck contracture].
To discuss the reconstruction of severe neck contracture by transplanting combined scapular/parascapular bilobar flaps, and the probability to reestablish three-dimensional movement of the neck. From January 2003 to November 2004, 9 cases of sustained severe neck contractures were treated (aged 9-32 years). The combined scapular/parascapular bilobar flaps, pedicled on the circumflex scapular vascular bundle, were microsurgically used to cover the soft tissue defect after excision of hypertrophic scar and release of contracture. The maximum size of the combined bilobar flap was 20 cm x 8 cm to 20 cm x 11 cm, while the minimum one was 15 cm x 4 cm to 15 cm x 6 cm. The combined scapular/parascapular flaps were successfully used to treat 9 cases of severe neck contracture. All patients were satisfied with the final functional and aesthetic results. There was no recurrence during 3-9 months follow-up for 8 patients. The cervicomental angle was 90-105 degrees. The combined bilobar scapular/parascapular flap, providing a large area of tissue for coverage in three dimensions with a reliable blood supply by only one pedicle anastomosis during operation, is a good option for reconstruction of the severe neck contracture.
| 199 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118405
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First-principles calculations of NMR parameters for phosphate materials.
In this short review, we discuss the ability to reproduce NMR parameters in the case of phosphates materials through electronic structure calculation within density functional theory linear response. Indeed, the gauge-including projector-augmented wave is today largely used by the solid-state NMR community as a tool for structural determination and it has been applied to a large variety of materials. We emphasise on the crucial points that should be taken into account to perform such calculations. In particular, we discuss the influence of the electronic structure and of the geometry on the calculation of NMR parameters. To illustrate the review, we present experimental and theoretical comparison of (31)P, (1)H and (23)Na NMR data on a series of sodium phosphate systems.
| 126 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118447
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Pretransplant model for end-stage liver disease score as a predictor of postoperative complications after liver transplantation.
The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) is used to determine organ allocation priorities for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), although its value to predict posttransplantation mortality and morbility is controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze postoperative courses and (to evaluate the relationships between MELD score and postoperative) complications. We retrospectively examined the courses of 242 patients including 186 males and 56 females of overall mean age of 53 +/- 10 years who underwent primary liver transplantation. The classification of Dindo-characterized 5 grades of severity to evaluate postoperative events. The data showed that 171 patients (70.7%) experienced complications, while 71 (29.3%) had none. We observed that MELD score and complications were related (P < .05). Patients with complicated courses post-OLT displayed a 22.80 mean value of the MELD score, while those without complications showed a 17.64 mean value. The MELD score was also significantly associated with the time of intensive care unit stay and in hospital. Finally, we noted that MELD score and mortality were significantly correlated (P < .05). In conclusion, MELD score can be considered to be an objective system to predict the prevalence and severity of postoperative complications after liver transplantation.
| 211 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118450
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The Role of Interpersonal Traits in Social Decision Making: Exploring Sources of Behavioral Heterogeneity in Economic Games.
Economic games are well-established experimental paradigms for modeling social decision making. A large body of literature has pointed to the heterogeneity of behavior within many of these games, which might be partly explained by broad interpersonal trait dispositions. Using the Big Five and HEXACO (Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience) personality frameworks, we review the role of personality in two main classes of economic games: social dilemmas and bargaining games. This reveals an emerging role for Big Five agreeableness in promoting cooperative, egalitarian, and altruistic behaviors across several games, consistent with its core characteristic of maintaining harmonious interpersonal relations. The role for extraversion is less clear, which may reflect the divergent effects of its underlying agentic and affiliative motivational components. In addition, HEXACO honesty-humility and agreeableness may capture distinct aspects of prosocial behavior outside the bounds of the Five-Factor Model. Important considerations and directions for future studies are discussed within the emerging personality-economics interface.
| 172 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118458
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CMML: Clinical and molecular aspects.
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia is a chronic myeloid neoplasm occurring mostly in the elderly with overlapping features of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) characterized by chronic monocytosis. Recent progresses in the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of CMML have stirred a renewed interest in this clinically heterogeneous disorder. Here, we review the recent progresses in the biology of CMML and how it affects its current and future clinical management.
| 73 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118461
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Contributions to variance in force-plate analysis of gait in dogs.
Coefficients of variation were calculated for peak vertical force and for vertical, cranial, and caudal impulses recorded from the left forelimb and left hind limb of 5 dogs that were trotted across a force plate 5 times by 5 handlers. To determine the percentages of variance attributable to dogs, handlers, and trial repetitions, data recorded for each force measurement were analyzed according to a two-factor ANOVA. Coefficients of variation for peak vertical forces and for vertical impulses varied between 5.8 and 8.5%. Coefficients of variation for the forelimb cranial and caudal impulses and for the hind limb cranial and caudal impulses were 26.4 and 30.5%, and 63.0 and 25.9%, respectively. The percentage of the total variance attributable to dogs and to trial repetitions ranged from 14 to 69% and from 29 to 85%, respectively, depending on the force or impulse evaluated. The percentage of variance attributable to handlers varied between 0 and 7%. The trivial amount of variation attributable to handlers indicated that multiple handlers may be used in experiments without an appreciable influence on the results.
| 186 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118467
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Febrile neutropenia in cancer patients in Kuwait: microbial spectrum and outcome.
A sample of 100 consecutive febrile neutropenic episodes in cancer patients in Kuwait was studied. Acute leukaemias (44%) and lymphomas (29%) were the most frequent underlying cancers; 21 bacteraemis (gram-positive 10, gram-negative 9, polymicrobial 2) were encountered. Staphylococcous epidermidis and Escherichia coli were the commonest organisms. Urinary tract infection occurred in 30% of the microbiologically documented cases. A total of 84 episodes responded to therapy and 9 of the 14 deaths were secondary to infection.
| 85 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118472
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The alteration of protein profile induced by cigarette smoking via oxidative stress in mice epididymis.
Smoking is associated with a declining quality of semen. The aim of this study was to screen and investigate the differential expression of proteins extracted from the epididymis of mice exposed daily with cigarette smoke. Using MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, we found that the protein profile of the mouse epididymis was altered by cigarette smoking and identified 27 proteins from the most abundant and differentially expressed spots in the 2-DE gels of epididymal samples. These proteins were classified into groups according to their functions such as energy metabolism, reproduction and structural molecule activity. Through pathway analysis, these proteins were associated with the glutathione metabolism and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. These results showed that the epididymis may experience oxidative stress following cigarette smoke exposure, which was confirmed using immunohistochemistry. We determine that cigarette smoking can induce oxidative stress in the mouse epididymis, which may cause protein profile altering, thereby impairing epididymis function, and leading to a decline in semen quality.
| 173 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118487
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New hydroxyapatite monolithic column for DNA extraction and its application in the purification of Bacillus subtilis crude lysate.
A hydroxyapatite (Hap) monolithic column with micrometer macropores skeleton structure was prepared by sol-gel technique for efficient DNA extraction. The main extraction mechanism of this monolithic column was attributed to the electrostatic interaction between the phosphate groups of DNA and the calcium ions (C site) of Hap. DNA extraction conditions, such as pH, ion concentration, ion type and loading capacity, on the monolithic column were optimized online by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Under the optimal condition, a 6 cm length monolithic column provided a capacity of 40 ng DNA with an extraction efficiency of 64+/-6.2% (X+/-RSD). As low concentration of salts were used in the extraction procedure, the purified PBE2 plasmid from the Bacillus subtilis crude lysate could be amplified by polymerase chain reaction. This result illustrated that Hap was a potential matrix for DNA purification from complex biological samples which was compatible with the subsequent genetic analysis in miniature format. Since the preparation of this monolithic column was very simple, it was possible to integrate this novel matrix with chip to allow rapid and efficient DNA purification in microscale. This study provided a new attractive solid-phase support for DNA extraction to meet the miniaturized and automated trends of genetic analysis.
| 220 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118490
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[Current concepts on celiac disease physiopathology].
Celiac sprue (CS) is defined as a chronic small bowel malabsorption disorder caused by ingestion of gluten, affecting those genetically predisposed individuals. It is characterized by intestinal villi atrophy, increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and extense inflammatory infiltrate in the intestinal lamina propria. The role of gluten as responsible for the intestinal damage seen in CS patients is clear, however, the physiopathological mechanisms involved are still unknown. Several factors and theories have been proposed: 1) Genetic predisposition, based on the association to mendelian factors as well to the presence of particular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes in CS patients; 2) Immunological factors, that consider the derangements that occur in the immune response of CS patients, and 3) Gliadin partial deamination by the tissular transglutaminase (tTG). In an effort to explain all these complex mechanisms, recently, all these theories have been unified, yielding one complex physiopathogenic mechanism that we tray to explain in the present review.
| 160 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118492
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[A new species of Blastocystis anseri (Protista: Rhizopoda) from domestic geese].
A new species, Blastocystis anseri, was found in domestic goose. Sizes of blastocyst in culture are 7.5-46.2 x 7.5-46.2 m. Method of cultivation of Blastocystis anseri on biphase egg medium was worked out. Liquid phase can be made of Hank's solution or 199 medium with an addition of 30-40% hen or bovine serum. Optimum temperature for cultivation is 39 +/- 0.5 degree, ph 7.0-7.2.
| 74 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118493
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Establishing cause of maternal death in Malawi via facility-based review and application of the ICD-MM classification.
Maternal death review (MDR) is an accepted process that is implemented across Malawi and 'underlying cause of death' is assigned by healthcare providers using a standard MDR form. Mixed-methods approach. Key informant interviews with eight stakeholders involved in MDR. Secondary analysis of MDR forms for 54 maternal deaths. Comparison of assigned cause of death by healthcare providers conducting MDR at health facility level with cause assigned by researchers using the International Classification of Diseases Maternal Mortality (ICD-MM) classification. MDR teams, analysts and policymakers reported facing challenges in completing the forms, analysing and using information. The concepts of underlying (primary) and contributing (secondary) causes of death are often misunderstood. Healthcare providers using only MDR forms reported cause of death as non-obstetric complications in 39.6% and pregnancy-related infection in 11.3% of cases. For 30.2% of cases, no clear clinical cause of death was recorded. The most commonly assigned underlying cause of death using ICD-MM was obstetric haemorrhage (32.1%), non-obstetric complications (24.5%) and pregnancy-related infection (22.6%). There was poor agreement between cause(s) of maternal death assigned by healthcare providers in the field and trained researchers using the new ICD-MM classification (κ statistic; 0.219). The majority of cases could be reclassified using the ICD-MM and this provided a more specific cause of death. A more structured and user-friendly MDR form is required. Accurate classification of cause of death is important. Dissemination of, and training in the use of the new ICD-MM classification system will be helpful to healthcare providers conducting MDR in Malawi.
| 264 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118505
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Ultrasonographic assessment of topographic anatomy in volunteers suggests a modification of the infraclavicular vertical brachial plexus block.
The infraclavicular vertical brachial plexus block, first described by Kilka and coworkers, offers a more proximal spread of anaesthesia for the upper extremity than the classic axillary approach. In this technique, the puncture site is defined as lying at the exact centre of an infraclavicular line (k) between the jugular fossa and the ventral process of the acromion. Our study was designed to determine whether the point so defined (P) corresponds with the optimal puncture site determined sonographically (S) and to develop an improved prediction model. High-resolution ultrasonography was carried out in 59 volunteers to visualize the plexus. Sonography-derived distances and morphometric measurements were used to test accuracy and calculate multiple regressions. We found a clear trend towards a more lateral puncture site. In women, S was significantly (P<0.001) lateral (8 mm) to P. The overall accuracy of the infraclavicular vertical brachial plexus block technique was not sufficient to predict the optimal puncture site reliably. Our resulting improved prediction model is valid for both sexes and is based not just on the centre point but on the absolute length of k (22-22.5 cm). We found that for every 1 cm decrease in k the optimal puncture site moved 2 mm laterally from the exact centre of k, and for every 1 cm increase in k it moved 2 mm medially. The suggested modification should help to increase the success rate of the infraclavicular vertical brachial plexus block while decreasing the rate of potentially severe complications, although individual ultrasonographic guidance is to be recommended whenever possible.
| 271 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118520
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Pd-catalyzed thiocarbonylation with stoichiometric carbon monoxide: scope and applications.
A general protocol for the Pd-catalyzed thiocarbonylation of aryl iodides with stoichiometric carbon monoxide has been established employing a catalytic system composed of Pd(OAc)(2) and DPEphos with low catalyst loading (1 mol %). Both electron-rich and -deficient aryl iodides proved effective for these couplings with aryl and alkyl thiols. The choice of the metal ligands and the solvent system was crucial for the efficiency and chemoselectivity of these transformations.
| 77 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118521
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Modeling to predict growth/no growth boundaries and kinetic behavior of Salmonella on cutting board surfaces.
This study developed models to predict the growth probabilities and kinetic behavior of Salmonella enterica strains on cutting boards. Polyethylene coupons (3 by 5 cm) were rubbed with pork belly, and pork purge was then sprayed on the coupon surface, followed by inoculation of a five-strain Salmonella mixture onto the surface of the coupons. These coupons were stored at 13 to 35°C for 12 h, and total bacterial and Salmonella cell counts were enumerated on tryptic soy agar and xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar, respectively, every 2 h, which produced 56 combinations. The combinations that had growth of ≥0.5 log CFU/cm(2) of Salmonella bacteria recovered on XLD agar were given the value 1 (growth), and the combinations that had growth of <0.5 log CFU/cm(2) were assigned the value 0 (no growth). These growth response data from XLD agar were analyzed by logistic regression for producing growth/no growth interfaces of Salmonella bacteria. In addition, a linear model was fitted to the Salmonella cell counts to calculate the growth rate (log CFU per square centimeter per hour) and initial cell count (log CFU per square centimeter), following secondary modeling with the square root model. All of the models developed were validated with observed data, which were not used for model development. Growth of total bacteria and Salmonella cells was observed at 28, 30, 33, and 35°C, but there was no growth detected below 20°C within the time frame investigated. Moreover, various indices indicated that the performance of the developed models was acceptable. The results suggest that the models developed in this study may be useful in predicting the growth/no growth interface and kinetic behavior of Salmonella bacteria on polyethylene cutting boards.
| 293 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118522
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Blood- and skin-derived monocytes/macrophages respond to C3a but not to C3a(desArg) with a transient release of calcium via a pertussis toxin-sensitive signal transduction pathway.
Controversial results have been published in the past regarding the functional reactivity of monocytes (Mo) and macrophages (M phi) to the anaphylatoxin C3a and its degradation product C3a(desArg). In this study we performed binding and calcium mobilization experiments with recombinant human C3a (rC3a) and rC3a(desArg). Blood Mo displayed non-inhibitable binding of FITC-labeled rC3a (rC3aFITC) but responded to rC3a with a transient release of the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), whereas rC3a(desArg) was completely inactive. In contrast, binding of rC3aFITC to eosinophilic granulocytes and the mast cell line HMC-1 which have been shown previously to express C3a binding sites could be blocked by a monoclonal anti-C3a antibody. The rC3a-induced [Ca2+]i release in blood Mo was pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive suggesting the involvement of G-proteins in the signal transduction pathway. Skin-derived Mo/M phi reacted similarly to blood Mo as no specific binding of rC3aFITC to these cells could be demonstrated, whereas an intracellular release of calcium ions in response to the anaphylatoxin was observed. Homologous desensitization to rC3a but not heterologous desensitization to rC5a was detected in further experiments. The functional effect of C3a, but not the unspecific binding of rC3aFITC to blood Mo and skin-derived Mo/M phi could be blocked by the monoclonal anti-C3a antibody. These results suggest the expression of the recently cloned G-protein-coupled receptor for C3a on human blood Mo and skin-derived Mo/M phi. However, the total number of specific C3a binding sites on these cells is distinctly lower as compared to eosinophilic granulocytes and cells of the mast cell line HMC-1. The small number of C3a receptors on Mo/M phi may be masked by a pronounced non-inhibitable binding of rC3aFITC. This binding, however, may contribute to the recently described biological effects of C3a(desArg) on Mo.
| 308 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118527
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Decreases of CD4- and CD8-positive T lymphocytes in retired chromate workers.
To investigate the effects of chromates on the human immune system, we measured total T lymphocytes and their two major subpopulations (CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes) in the peripheral blood of 19 retired male workers who had been exposed to chromate at a chemical plant. The results indicated that both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were significantly decreased, resulting in decreases in total T lymphocytes and total lymphocytes.
| 78 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118537
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Prognostic Role of the Immunoscore for Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder Who Underwent Radical Cystectomy.
Increasing evidence suggests that cancer progression is strongly influenced by the host immune response, which is represented by immune cell infiltrates. The T-lymphocyte-based Immunoscore is reported to be a reliable prognostic factor in colon cancer, but its significance in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is at an early stage of exploration. This study aimed to determine whether the tumor immune infiltrate, as evaluated by the Immunoscore, could act as a useful prognostic marker for UCB patients who have undergone radical cystectomy (RC). In this study, immunohistochemistry was used to examine the Immunoscore of 221 UCB patients who underwent RC. The Immunoscore of the patients was determined by the densities of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells at the tumor center and the invasive margin. A highly significant association between a low Immunoscore and a shortened patient survival (P < 0.001, log-rank test) was demonstrated. In different subsets of UCB patients, a low Immunoscore also was a prognostic indicator of pT ≤ 2, pN(-)-status tumors, negative vascular invasion, or both (P < 0.05). Importantly, the Immunoscore together with the patient's pT status provided significant independent prognostic parameters in the multivariate analysis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation (P = 0.003) of a low Immunoscore with an increased UCB labeling index of Ki-67 (a cell proliferation marker) was observed in this UCB cohort. The findings suggest that the Immunoscore, as examined by immunohistochemistry, might serve as a novel prognostic marker for UCB patients who have undergone RC.
| 262 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118541
|
Persistent hypoglossal artery: MRI, MRA and digital subtraction angiography.
We present the MRI, MRA and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) findings in a persistent hypoglossal artery found incidentally in a patient with cutaneous and intracranial haemangiomata.
| 34 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118573
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Analysis of a spatially dispersive displacement sensor utilizing an AlGaInP chip.
We present a demonstration and analysis of an industrialized design of a spatially dispersive displacement sensor, which is composed of an AlGaInP gain chip in visible range, optical assembly, and a spectrum analyzer. The sensor utilizes the spatial dispersion of focus from the optical assembly and wavelength spectrum's deviation induced by the displacement of the target. As a result, the sensor delivers a quick and simple way of measuring displacement. By adapting the magnification and resolution of the optical assembly, a displacement sensor with a middle measurement range, ~10 microm, was obtained. However, we should note that 25 nm resolution is limited by the bandwidth and temperature fluctuation of the gain chip.
| 122 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118583
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Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Pathological Lesions of Paranasal Sinuses.
Computed tomography is now the modality of choice for imaging paranasal sinuses and along with Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery has empowered the modern rhinologist to treat patients more effectively. This study aims to evaluate anatomical variation in paranasal sinuses; compare computed tomography with histopathological and surgical findings and establish its diagnostic value. A hospital based observational study including all patients referred from the department of Ear, Nose and Throat for computed tomography scan of paranasal sinus to the department of radiology and imaging of Trubhuvan University Teaching Hospital from August 2011 to July 2012. Both axial and coronal sections were evaluated and findings were correlated with surgical findings and histopathology. A total of 44 patients were included in the study. The most common clinical diagnosis was sinonasal polyposis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Most common anatomical variation was deviated nasal septum (68.2%) followed by choncha bullosa(27%). In most cases more than one sinus was involved. Maxillary sinus was involved in 90.9% followed by ethmoid sinus in 81.8%. Inflammatory pathology was seen in 35 (79.5%) patients with sinonasal polyposis pattern being the most common pattern of involvement. Findings of computed tomography were similar to surgical findings in 84.6% cases. The sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography was fairly good except for fungal rhinosinusitis. CT scan should be performed preoperatively in order to guide the surgeon for Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery or other surgical procedures.
| 241 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118589
|
Directed self-avoiding walks in random media.
Two types of directed self-avoiding walks (SAW's), namely, three-choice directed SAW and outwardly directed SAW, have been studied on infinite percolation clusters on the square lattice in two dimensions. The walks on the percolation clusters are generated via a Monte Carlo technique. The longitudinal extension R(N) and the transverse fluctuation W(N) have been measured as a function of the number of steps N. Slight swelling is observed in the longitudinal direction on the random lattices. A crossover from shrinking to swelling of the transverse fluctuations is found at a certain length N(c) of the walks. The exponents related to the transverse fluctuations are seen to be unchanged in the random media even as the percolation threshold is reached. The scaling function form of the extensions are verified.
| 132 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118593
|
Effects of dietary corn bran hemicellulose and neomycin on hepatic caspase-3 activity and glycoprotein concentration in rats treated with or without D-galactosamine.
The effects of dietary corn bran hemicellulose (CBH) and neomycin (Neo) on hepatic caspase-3 activity and glycoprotein concentration were investigated to explore the possible mechanism of the alleviative action of dietary CBH and Neo on the development of D-galactosamine (GalN)-hepatitis. Rats were fed a diet containing 5% CBH with or without neomycin (Neo) for 7 or 14 d. On the last day of feeding, the rats were treated with GalN (400 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), and their plasma transaminase activities, hepatic glycoprotein concentrations and hepatic caspase-3 activities were determined 6 or 24 h later. Although the elevations of plasma transaminase activities were suppressed by CBH or Neo 24 h after GalN-treatment, the activities were not affected by CBH or Neo at an early stage (6 h) of GalN action. At 6 h, hepatic caspase-3 activity was elevated by CBH diet alone as high as that of the GalN-injected control-diet group, and the activity was not elevated further by GalN. At the same time, both GalN-treatment and CBH feeding reduced the hepatic glycoprotein (Mw. 64,000-74,000) concentration, but Neo did not affect the caspase activity or the glycoprotein concentration. These results suggest that dietary CBH elevates hepatic caspase-3 activity and reduces hepatic glycoprotein concentration, and may imply that CBH would suppress GalN-hepatitis not at the early- or middle-step of apoptosis but at the late-step of apoptosis or necrosis, although the relation between these phenomena and the alleviative effects of CBH and Neo on GalN-induced hepatitis is yet to be clarified.
| 269 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118594
|
Comparison of the allergenic properties of bee venom and whole bee body extract.
The allergenic properties of bee venom and whole bee body extract were compared by in vivo and in vitro tests. The majority of patients with known bee sting sensitivity had positive intracutaneous skin test reactions with bee venom and had bee venom specific IgE in their sera. Of seventeen patients with ppsitive bee venom skin tests, nine had positive tests with whole bee body extract. Of thirty sera containing elevated levels of bee venom specific IgE obtained from untreated patients, fourteen sera contained whole body specific IgE but in much lower titres. In RAST inhibition experiments using both bee venom and whole bee body extract as coupling antigens, bee venom was a more potent inhibiting antigen than whole body extract. From these experiments we conclude that bee venom is a more potent allergen than whole bee body extract.
| 150 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118595
|
A comparative study between caudal bupivacaine and bupivacaine co-administered with neostigmine for postoperative analgesia in children.
The aim of this study was to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia and possible adverse effects produced by caudal bupivacaine 0.25% at 1 ml/kg with or without 1.5 ug/kg of neostigmine in children undergoing unilateral herniotomy. Sixty-six children aged 1-6 years, of ASA physical status classes I or II for elective unilateral herniotomy under general anaesthesia without premedication were studied. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 33 each. Group B received caudal analgesia with plain bupivacaine 0.25% at 1 ml/kg alone, while group BN received caudal analgesia using a mixture of plain bupivacaine 0.25% at 1 ml/kg and neostigmine 1.5 ug/ kg. Postoperatively, monitoring of pain scores and time to first analgesic request and, total dose of analgesics administered in the first 24 hours were recorded. All the patients participated throughout the study. There were no differences in the demographic characteristics (age, weight, ASA status)between the two groups. The mean duration of effective analgesia was significantly longer in group BN, 460 ± 60.2 min. compared to group B, 286.4 ± 47.8 mins, (p < 0.001). The analgesic requirement within the first 24 hours postoperatively was also significantly reduced in group BN, p < 0.001. The study shows that the addition of low dose neostigmine to caudal isobaric bupivacaine significantly prolonged the time to first analgesic request and hence significantly reduced postoperative analgesic requirement.
| 242 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118596
|
Perceived Instability Is Associated With Strength and Pain, Not Frontal Knee Laxity, in Patients With Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis.
Increased varus/valgus laxity and perceived knee instability are independently associated with poor outcomes in people with knee osteoarthritis. However, the relationship between laxity and perceived instability is unclear. To assess whether knee extensor strength, pain, and knee laxity are related to perceived knee instability in patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis. This was a secondary analysis of a prospective observational cohort study of 35 patients (24 female; mean ± SD age, 60 ± 8 years; body mass index, 33 ± 5 kg/m2) with knee osteoarthritis awaiting total knee arthroplasty (36 knees). Within 1 month before arthroplasty, we measured isometric knee extension strength and self-reported knee pain (using the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score pain subscale). Patients rated their perception of knee instability as moderate to severe (n = 20) or slight to none (n = 15 patients, n = 16 knees) using the Knee Outcome Survey. We measured intraoperative varus/valgus knee laxity. Lower knee extension strength (P = .01) and greater pain (P<.01) were associated with the perception of moderate to severe knee instability. Laxity was not related to perceived knee instability (P = .63). Knee extension strength and pain were associated with perceived instability in people with advanced osteoarthritis. Varus/valgus laxity was not related to perceived knee instability. Level 2, prognostic. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(7):513-517. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8619.
| 236 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118597
|
Amelioration of polyuria by amiloride in patients receiving long-term lithium therapy.
Vasopressin-resistant diabetes insipidus is a common side effect of the treatment of affective disorders with lithium. We studied the effect of amiloride on lithium-induced polyuria in nine such patients receiving maintenance lithium therapy who had a vasopressin-resistant defect in urinary concentrating ability. After a mean (+/- S.E.) of 24 +/- 6 days of amiloride administration, the urine volume fell (from 4.7 +/- 0.6 to 3.1 +/- 0.3 liters per 24 hours; P less than 0.005), and the urine osmolality increased (from 228 +/- 35 to 331 +/- 34 mOsm per kilogram of H2O; P less than 0.001). The decrease in urine output was sustained during six months of observation in the absence of any significant change in plasma levels of lithium, potassium, or bicarbonate; urinary excretion of sodium or lithium; or creatinine clearance. Amiloride administration was also associated with a significant increase in urine osmolality (from 575 +/- 54 to 699 +/- 48 mOsm per kilogram of H2O; P less than 0.005) measured after fluid deprivation and the injection of exogenous vasopressin. We conclude that amiloride mitigates lithium-induced polyuria, at least partly, by blunting the inhibitory effect of lithium on water transport in the renal collecting tubule. Thus, amiloride may provide a specific therapy for polyuria in lithium-treated patients while obviating the need for potassium supplementation in the treatment of this kind of polyuria.
| 234 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118605
|
Biosynthesis of catechin components is differentially regulated in dark-treated tea (Camellia sinensis L.).
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a crop with both commercial and medicinal value with remarkably high polyphenol content in the form of catechins. To understand the molecular regulation of catechin biosynthesis in tea, we treated the tea plants with darkness. We used qRT-PCR to validate the expression of genes involved in catechin biosynthesis. It indicated that dark treatment displayed different effects on the genes participating in tea flavonoid (FL) pathway. The early genes of FL biosynthesis pathway, CHSI, F3H and DFR, remained at steady expression levels when treated by darkness. It is noteworthy that the expression level of LAR increased and the level of ANS decreased under dark conditions. The vanillin assay showed that the dark-treated plants contained lower levels of total catechins than those grown under normal conditions. The HPLC analysis further demonstrated the changes in biosynthesis of catechins under these conditions. In accordance with the gene expression pattern, the content of epicatechins (ECs) declined and that of catechins (Cs) was elevated in response to the darkness. Our study uncovered the molecular mechanisms and biochemical changes of shading in tea cultivation.
| 194 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118611
|
Coronary arteriography in dogs following blunt cardiac trauma: a longitudinal assessment.
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of blunt cardiac trauma on the epicardial coronary arteries of dogs by using sequential coronary arteriographic studies. A direct impact to the anterior surface of the heart at a velocity of 12 m/sec was delivered by an air pressurized impactor in eight of ten dogs with the chest open and the pericardium intact. Selective coronary arteriograms were performed percutaneously with the chest closed starting just before trauma and repeated afterward at intervals of 3 hours, 3 days, 2 weeks, and 5 weeks. Two of ten dogs were sham operated and did not undergo impact to the heart. The coronary arteries in these two dogs remained angiographically normal throughout the study period. In dogs that underwent impact and were maintained for the entire duration of the study (seven of eight dogs), injury to the epicardial coronary arteries occurred in every instance. Injury was limited mostly to branches of the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries. The left circumflex coronary artery, which was posterior to the site of impact, was always spared. The types of injury included complete branch occlusion, partial coronary obstruction, extravasation, and in one instance, an arteriovenous fistula. In nearly all instances, these injuries became evident angiographically between 3 hours and 3 days after impact and usually were completely resolved after 2 to 5 weeks. These observations indicate that the epicardial coronary arteries may be compromised by nonpenetrating cardiac impact. The resulting coronary pathology, however, resolved within a few weeks after injury.
| 264 |
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118618
|
[Cognitive impairment and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Project CASCADE Kraków. III. Assessment of cognitive function in elderly women and men (65-78 years old)].
There are commonly used simple tests for cognitive function that allow for rather superficial assessment in population based study. The goal of the paper was to present the results of cognitive function assessment in elderly men and women recruited from Polish rural population obtained using the battery of tests designed for the CASCADE Project and to assess the relations between the results of tests included in the battery. Studied group were 182 persons at the age of 65-78 years. The battery of tests included: MMSE, Stroop Test, Test Purdue Pegboard (TPP), letter-digit substitution test, word recall test (3 word lists including one with distraction), word fluency test and prospective memory test. The battery allowed for the assessment of short, semantic and prospective memory, attention, speed of perception and processing, word fluency and motoric function. The results of all tests were strongly correlated and indicated for a decreased cognitive function in men and women at the age of 65-78 years with low level of education. Decreased level of cognitive function could be related both to physiological ageing of the brain and to the presence of pathological process.
| 208 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
1118621
|
Distribution and functional diversification of the ras superfamily in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The recent availability of the full Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence offers a first opportunity to analyze the composition, function and evolution of GTPases in the ras-p21 superfamily. This superfamily in yeast is composed of 29 proteins divided into five families: ras with four sequences implicated in cell signalling; rho, six genes related to the cell shape machinery; ypt-rab, ten proteins with different roles in intracellular trafficking; arf-sar, seven proteins related to vesicular trafficking in secretory pathways; and ran, two proteins acting as components of the nuclear transport system. The superfamily covers a wide range of cellular functions from signalling to intracellular trafficking, while conserving the structural framework and a common mechanism of GTP hydrolysis.
| 124 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118627
|
In vivo neurochemical monitoring by microdialysis and capillary separations.
Microdialysis is valuable for studying the neurochemical changes underlying behavior. Recent advances include the application of the high-sensitivity methods of capillary electrophoresis and capillary liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to dialysate analysis. These methods have improved temporal resolution, spatial resolution, multi-analyte capability and potential for compound discovery.
| 55 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118642
|
A general model of the P2 protein of peripheral nervous system myelin based on secondary structure predictions, tertiary folding principles, and experimental observations.
The amino acid sequence of the P2 protein of peripheral myelin was analyzed with regard to regions of probable alpha-helix, beta-structure, beta-turn, and unordered conformation by means of several algorithms commonly used to predict secondary structure in proteins. Because of the high beta-sheet content and virtual absence of alpha-helix shown by the circular dichroic spectra of the protein, a bias was introduced into the algorithms to favor the beta-structure over the alpha-helical conformation. In order to define those beta-sheet residues that could lie on the external hydrophilic surface of the protein and those that could lie in its hydrophobic interior, the predicted beta-strands were examined for charged and uncharged amino acids located at alternating positions in the sequence. The sequential beta-strands in the predicted secondary structure were then ordered into beta-sheets and aligned according to generally accepted tertiary folding principles and certain chemical properties peculiar to the P2 protein. The general model of the P2 protein that emerged was a "Greek key" beta-barrel, consisting of eight antiparallel beta-strands with a two-stranded ribbon of antiparallel beta-structure emerging from one end. The model has an uncharged, hydrophobic core and a highly hydrophilic surface. The two Cys residues, which form a disulfide, occur in a loop connecting two adjacent antiparallel strands. Two hydrophilic loops, each containing a cluster of acidic residues and a single Phe, protrude from one end of the molecule. The general model is consistent with many of the properties of the actual protein, including the relatively weak nature of its association with myelin lipids and the positions of amino acid substitutions. Alternative beta-strand orderings yield three specific models having different interstrand connections across the barrel ends.
| 298 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118643
|
Myocardial steatosis is an independent predictor of diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The purpose of this study was to compare myocardial triglyceride content and function between patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy subjects within the same range of age and body mass index (BMI), and to study the associations between myocardial triglyceride content and function. T2DM is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence is emerging that lipid oversupply to cardiomyocytes plays a role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, by causing lipotoxic injury and myocardial steatosis. Myocardial triglyceride content and myocardial function were measured in 38 T2DM patients and 28 healthy volunteers in the same range of age and BMI by proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and MR imaging, respectively. Myocardial triglyceride content was calculated as a percentage relative to the signal of myocardial water. Myocardial triglyceride content was significantly higher in T2DM patients compared with healthy volunteers (0.96 +/- 0.07% vs. 0.65 +/- 0.05%, p < 0.05). Systolic function did not significantly differ between both groups. Indexes of diastolic function, including the ratio of maximal left ventricular early peak filling rate and the maximal left ventricular atrial peak filling rate (E/A) and E peak deceleration, were significantly impaired in T2DM compared with those in healthy subjects (1.08 +/- 0.04 ml/s(2) x 10(-3) vs. 1.24 +/- 0.06 ml/s(2) x 10(-3) and 3.6 +/- 0.2 ml/s(2) x 10(-3) vs. 4.4 +/- 0.3 ml/s(2) x 10(-3), respectively, p < 0.05). Multivariable analysis indicated that myocardial triglyceride content was associated with E/A and E peak deceleration, independently of diabetic state, age, BMI, heart rate, visceral fat, and diastolic blood pressure. Myocardial triglyceride content is increased in uncomplicated T2DM and is associated with impaired left ventricular diastolic function, independently of age, BMI, heart rate, visceral fat, and diastolic blood pressure.
| 304 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
1118654
|
[Immune reconstitution after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation].
This study was purposed to investigate immune reconstitution at 12 months after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (all-PBSCT) and its relation with the influencing factors such as age, HLA compatibility, graft versus host disease and viral infection. The T lymphocyte subgroups (CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+)), B lymphocyte (CD19(+)) and NK (CD16(+)CD56(+)) cells in peripheral blood and serum immunoglobulin concentrations (IgG, IgA and IgM) of 37 patients were analyzed by flow cytometry and scatter turbidimetry, respectively at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after transplantation. The results showed that CD3(+) cell percentage was (47.5 +/- 23.2)% at 1 month, (75.1 +/- 6.4)% at 3 months, (69.7 +/- 12)% at 6 months and (71.7 +/- 4.2)% at 12 months. CD4(+) cell percentage was (13.3 +/- 6.4)% at 1 month, (20.2 +/- 11.4)% at 3 months, (46.9 +/- 10.3)% at 6 months and (29.1 +/- 18.7)% at 12 months. CD8(+) cell percentage was (43.1 +/- 23.2)% at 1 month, (42.6 +/- 16.9)% at 3 months, (69.7 +/- 12)% at 6 months and (47 +/- 5.6)% at 12 months. CD16(+)56(+) cell percentage was (14.4 +/- 8.4)% at 1 month, (15.9 +/- 7.6)% at 3 months, (14.7 +/- 6.6)% at 6 months and (13.6 +/- 3.4)% at 12 months. CD19(+) cell percentage was (6.4 +/- 5.6)% at 1 month, (11.7 +/- 2.4)% at 3 months, (13.3 +/- 7.3)% at 6 months and (16.7 +/- 5.7)% at 12 months. The serum concentration of IgA was (0.37 +/- 0.14) g/L at 1 month, (0.28 +/- 0.21) g/L at 3 months, (0.42 +/- 0.18) g/L at 6 months and (0.53 +/- 0.34) g/L at 12 months. The serum concentration of IgG was (12.7 +/- 3.8) g/L at 1 month, (16.3 +/- 5.2) g/L at 3 months, (14.3 +/- 6.2) g/L at 6 months and (15.4 +/- 6.9) g/L at 12 months. The serum concentration of IgM was (0.56 +/- 0.24) g/L at 1 month, (0.64 +/- 0.16) g/L at 3 months, (1.1 +/- 0.35) g/L at 6 months and (1.2 +/- 0.28) g/L at 12 months. There were no significant differences between percentage of T lymphocyte subgroups in peripheral blood and serum immunoglobulin concentrations of the patients > or = 45 years old and the patients < 45 years old. The CD19(+) cell percentage of the patients with chronic GVHD at 12 month was less than that of the other ones at 12 months after transplantation. CD4(+) and CD19(+) cell percentage recovery in the patients of haploidentical transplantation was later than that in patients of HLA complete identical transplantation. The CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell ratio and CD4(+) cell percentage of those patients infected with herpes zoster were significantly lower than those without herpes zoster. It is concluded that the CD3(+) cell percentage begins to recover at 3 months after allo-PBSCT. CD4(+) cell percentage begins to recover at 6 months after allo-PBSCT. CD8(+) cell percentage begins to recover at 1 month after allo-PBSCT. B cell percentage recovers at 3 to 6 months after allo-PBSCT. NK cell percentage recovers at 1 to 3 months after allo-PBSCT. The serum concentration of IgG recovers to normal at 1 month after transplantation which is associated with routine infusion of immunoglobulin. The concentration of IgM gradually recovers to normal at 3 months after transplantation. The concentration of IgA does not recover to normal at 12 months after transplantation. The function of B cells recovers slowly in patients with cGVHD. The CD4(+) cell absolute value and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio significantly decrease in patients with herpes zoster.
| 586 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118658
|
Medical treatment of acute poisoning with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are used as pesticides and developed as warfare nerve agents such as tabun, soman, sarin, VX and others. Exposure to even small amounts of an OP can be fatal and death is usually caused by respiratory failure. The mechanism of OP poisoning involves inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leading to inactivation of the enzyme which has an important role in neurotransmission. AChE inhibition results in the accumulation of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptor sites, producing continuous stimulation of cholinergic fibers throughout the nervous systems. During more than five decades, pyridinium oximes have been developed as therapeutic agents used in the medical treatment of poisoning with OP. They act by reactivation of AChE inhibited by OP. However, they differ in their activity in poisoning with pesticides and warfare nerve agents and there is still no universal broad-spectrum oxime capable of protecting against all known OP. In spite of enormous efforts devoted to development of new pyridinium oximes as potential antidotes against poisoning with OP only four compounds so far have found its application in human medicine. Presently, a combination of an antimuscarinic agent, e.g. atropine, AChE reactivator such as one of the recommended pyridinium oximes (pralidoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime and HI-6) and diazepam are used for the treatment of OP poisoning in humans. In this article the available data related to medical treatment of poisoning with OP pesticides are reviewed and the current recommendations are presented.
| 244 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
1118660
|
Central tolerance of T cells.
The immune system is constructed to tolerate self antigens but give vigorous responses to foreign antigens. How this state of self/nonself discrimination is maintained is controversial. In the case of T cells, many self antigens are transported to the thymus via the bloodstream and induce tolerance (clonal deletion) of self-reactive thymocytes in situ. Although such central tolerance in the thymus is well documented, it is often argued that full induction of tolerance requires peripheral mechanisms such as suppression or induction of anergy. This article proposes that steady-state tolerance of T cells to self components is due solely to central tolerance to circulating self antigens combined with sequestration of tissue-specific antigens. Backup mechanisms for tolerance do exist but such immunoregulation only operates when self tolerance breaks. This scheme allows the immune system to give unrestricted primary responses to foreign antigens.
| 143 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118661
|
Peripheral venous hypertension of the hand: a complication of a proximal radial artery arteriovenous fistula.
Venous hypertension due to dialysis access is usually secondary to outflow obstruction. The bidirectional proximal radial artery arteriovenous fistula (PRAVF) has been proposed as a procedure to increase autogenous fistula utilization and is rarely reported to cause peripheral venous hypertension. We report here a case of peripheral venous hypertension from a PRAVF, the first report to our knowledge caused by a peripheral outflow obstruction. A proximal occlusion in the medial cephalic vein led to retrograde flow through the median antebrachial vein into the hand. We briefly discuss this complication and considerations of its management in relation to the bidirectional PRAVF creation.
| 115 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118663
|
Gabapentin potentiates the conductance increase induced by nipecotic acid in CA1 pyramidal neurons in vitro.
The anticonvulsant gabapentin (1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexane acetic acid) has been found to be effective for treatment of partial seizures, but the mechanism of action is unknown. Recent evidence from the rat optic nerve suggests that gabapentin may enhance promoted release of GABA, which is thought to be due to reverse operation of the GABA transporter. We have used whole-cell patch clamp recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices to directly measure currents induced by nipecotic acid (NPA) during exposure to gabapentin. Under control conditions, pressure microejection of NPA increased whole-cell conductance with a reversal potential equal to the chloride equilibrium potential. This response was mimicked by GABA application, and blocked by bicuculline. The response to NPA was also present after blockade of synaptic transmission in the presence of calcium-free solution. These results are consistent with NPA promoting nonvesicular release of GABA from neighboring neurons or glia via reverse operation of the GABA uptake system, which then activated GABAA receptors on the recorded neurons. In control solution, the response to NPA slowly decreased over 45 min to approximately 50% of the initial response, consistent with GABAA receptor 'rundown'. However, in the presence of gabapentin there was a slow increase in the response, reaching approximately 170% of the control level after 45 min of gabapentin exposure. These results demonstrate that gabapentin enhances the promoted release of GABA by more than three-fold. The potentiation of the NPA response may be due to gabapentin increasing cytosolic GABA in neighboring cells via a delayed metabolic effect, and would have the functional effect of increasing neuronal inhibition during periods of hyperexcitability.
| 278 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118682
|
A statistical evaluation of geometric total knee arthroplasties.
Seventy-five knees in 56 patients were examined preoperatively and at two years after geometric total knee surgery. Thirty-three knees were in 28 patients with osteoarthritis. Fourty-two knees were in 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pain was significantly decreased and the use of aids was significantly decreased in both groups. The distance walked increased significantly for the osteoarthritic group but not for the rheumatoid group. Rheumatoid patients did not fare as well as osteoarthritic patients in distance walked and use of aids. Knees with osteoarthritis had more evidence of lucent lines and implant loosening than did the rheumatoid patients.
| 105 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118687
|
Down-regulation of glycosyltransferase 8D genes in Populus trichocarpa caused reduced mechanical strength and xylan content in wood.
Members of glycosyltransferase protein families GT8, GT43 and GT47 are implicated in the biosynthesis of xylan in the secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis mutant irx8 has a 60% reduction in xylan. However, over-expression of an ortholog of Arabidopsis IRX8, poplar PoGT8D, in Arabidopsis irx8 mutant could not restore xylan synthesis. The functions of tree GT8D genes remain unclear. We identified two GT8 gene homologs, PtrGT8D1 and PtrGT8D2, in Populus trichocarpa. They are the only two GT8D members and are abundantly and specifically expressed in the differentiating xylem of P. trichocarpa. PtrGT8D1 transcript abundance was >7 times that of PtrGT8D2. To elucidate the genetic function of GT8D in P. trichocarpa, the expression of PtrGT8D1 and PtrGT8D2 was simultaneously knocked down through RNAi. Four transgenic lines had 85-94% reduction in transcripts of PtrGT8D1 and PtrGT8D2, resulting in 29-36% reduction in stem wood xylan content. Xylan reduction had essentially no effect on cellulose quantity but caused an 11-25% increase in lignin. These transgenics exhibit a brittle wood phenotype, accompanied by increased vessel diameter and thinner fiber cell walls in stem xylem. Stem modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were reduced by 17-29% and 16-23%, respectively, and were positively correlated with xylan content but negatively correlated with lignin quantity. These results suggest that PtrGT8Ds play key roles in xylan biosynthesis in wood. Xylan may be a more important factor than lignin affecting the stiffness and fracture strength of wood.
| 254 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118691
|
When a Red-NIR-Emissive Cs2 [Mo6 Br14 ] Interacts with an Active Diureasil-PEO Matrix: Design of Tunable and White-Light-Emitting Hybrid Material.
Hybrid materials that combine diureasil matrices and octahedral molybdenum clusters have been synthesized to design lead-, cadmium- and rare-earth-free emitters for lighting or optoelectronic applications. This association leads to homogeneous and stable hybrids, for which the emission color can be tailored in the entire visible range, including white light; this is thanks to effective energy transfers from the host to the nanocluster.
| 81 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
1118701
|
[Treatment and prevention of cognitive dysfunction in patients with arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of cerebrolysin].
To assess therapeutic and prophylactic effect of large-dose cerebrolysin (15 ml/day for 28 days) in hypertensive and atherosclerotic patients with cognitive disorders. Cerebrolysin was given annually (15 ml/day for 28 days) for 2 years to 42 patients in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. The effect was stated by clinical status, neuropsychological and neurophysiological data. In mild disturbances of cognitive functions in patients with arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis courses of cerebrolysin with one-year interval produce stable improvement of subjective status, productivity of memory, attention and thinking which persist for at least a year after the course. The clinical data agree with positive trend in neurophysiological parameters of cognitive component of the response of evoked potentials P-300. A course of 28-day annual treatment with cerebrolysin (15 ml/day) of patients with mild defects of cognitive functions stabilizes the process, leads to regression of cognitive disorders predicting vascular dementia.
| 166 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
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1118714
|
Staff attitudes toward seclusion and restraint: anything new?
The author claims that involuntary confinement of clients is a problematic and uncomfortable topic for nurses who are involved in such interventions. After reviewing some literature relevant to the topic of seclusion and restraint, she summarizes her findings from a survey regarding staff attitude toward client confinement.
| 54 |
thePile
|
PubMed Abstracts
|
1118731
|
An expression profile of active genes in human lung.
An expression profile of genes active in the human lung was obtained by collecting 797 partial sequences from a 3'-directed cDNA library. Three genes were found to produce mRNA each of which comprised more than 1% of total mRNA. These three have been identified as genes for pulmonary surfactant apoprotein (PSP-A), Clara cells 10-kDa secretory protein, and HLA-E heavy chain. In the remaining 745 clones, 221 were composed of 89 species that occurred recurrently, and 524 clones appeared only once. Because the 3'-directed cDNA library faithfully represents the mRNA population in the source tissue, these numbers represent the relative activities of the gene expression. Altogether 437 gene species were novel, and 179 gene species were identified in GenBank. A significant portion of these genes encode proteins found in secretory proteins, cell surface proteins, and components in the protein synthesis machinery, representing the function of the lung.
| 154 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
1118735
|
On-line electrogeneration of copper-peptide complexes in microspray mass spectrometry.
The interaction of copper ions with peptides was investigated by electrospray mass spectrometry. Two electrospray micro-emitters were compared, the first one with a platinum electrode using a copper(II) electrolyte solution containing a peptide sample, and the second one with a sacrificial copper anode in a water/methanol solution containing only a peptide (i.e., angiotensin III, bradykinin, or Leu-enkephalin). The former yielded mainly Cu(2+) complexes either with histidine residues or with the peptide backbone (Cu(+) complexes can be also formed due to gas-phase reactions), whereas the latter can generate a mixture of both Cu(+) and Cu(2+) aqueous complexes that yield different complexation patterns. This study shows that electrospray emitters with soluble copper anodes enable the study of Cu(I)-peptide complexes in solution.
| 127 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
1118738
|
Laparoscopic ovariopexy before irradiation for medulloblastoma.
Ovarian preservation before abdominal irradiation may be recommended for young patients with various types of invasive cancer. The most common site for ovarian transposition is just below the iliac crest or posterolateral to the uterus. Here, we demonstrate laparoscopic ovariopexy with an automatic stapling device to transpose the ovaries to an uncommon site, i.e. lower anterolateral abdomen, in a patient with medulloblastoma prior to her receiving irradiation of the craniospinal axis. The anterolateral transposition of the ovary not only kept it away from the irradiated field but allowed it also to be shielded by the uterus. Thus, ovarian function could be well preserved.
| 108 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
1118745
|
Two new flavans from the roots of Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC.
Two new flavans, named (2S)-2',4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-8-methylflavan (1) and (2S)-2'-hydroxy-4',7-dimethoxy-8-methylflavan (2) were isolated from the roots of Dianella ensifolia. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic measurements and comparison with data reported in literatures. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, B16-F10, HCT116 and A549.
| 58 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
1118756
|
Squamous odontogenic tumor.
The squamous odontogenic tumor is almost exclusively an intraosseous lesion of the jaw bones. Only 1 extraosseous variant has been reported. The tumor is histologically benign, with only occasional recurrences after surgical removal. Malignant alteration is unknown, but the lesion must be distinguished from intraosseous squamous cell carcinomas.
| 50 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
1118757
|
Origins of motility patterns in isolated arterially perfused rat intestine.
Assessment of the neuromuscular control of small intestinal motility and movement of luminal contents is hampered in vivo by measurement techniques and in vitro by tissue viability. The aim of this study was to establish the structural and functional integrity of an isolated segment of rat ileum and characterize its motility. Segments of rat ileum were perfused arterially with oxygenated fluorocarbon and luminally with saline. Oral and aboral pressures were correlated with conformational changes detected by concurrent video imaging. Light and electron microscopy showed no neuromuscular abnormalities after experiments, and acetylcholine-induced pressure amplitudes were unchanged during experiments. Under basal conditions, low-frequency contractions showing constant frequency (0.27/min) and amplitudes (oral, 17 hPa; aboral, 15 hPa) corresponded to luminally occlusive aborally propagated contractions, which were eliminated by tetrodotoxin. High-frequency contractions with a constant frequency (27/min) were also seen; their basal amplitude (0.3 hPa) increased immediately before and after low-frequency contractions and after tetrodotoxin. Tetrodotoxin also increased basal intestinal tone. An isolated, arterially perfused segment of rat ileum retains structural and functional integrity. It shows low-frequency propulsive contractions, controlled by the enteric nervous system, and myogenic high-frequency contractions, probably subject to tonic neural inhibition.
| 200 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
1118758
|
Human apolipoprotein CIII gene expression is regulated by positive and negative cis-acting elements and tissue-specific protein factors.
Apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) is a major protein constituent of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and is synthesized primarily in the liver. Cis-acting DNA elements required for liver-specific apoCIII gene transcription were identified with transient expression assays in the human hepatoma (HepG2) and epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines. In liver cells, 821 nucleotides of the human apoCIII gene 5'-flanking sequence were required for maximum levels of gene expression, while the proximal 110 nucleotides alone were sufficient. No expression was observed in similar studies with HeLa cells. The level of expression was modulated by a combination of positive and negative cis-acting sequences, which interact with distinct sets of proteins from liver and HeLa cell nuclear extracts. The proximal positive regulatory region shares homology with similarly located sequences of other genes strongly expressed in the liver, including alpha 1-antitrypsin and other apolipoprotein genes. The negative regulatory region is strikingly homologous to the human beta-interferon gene regulatory element. The distal positive region shares homology with some viral enhancers and has properties of a tissue-specific enhancer. The regulation of the apoCIII gene is complex but shares features with other genes, suggesting shuffling of regulatory elements as a common mechanism for cell type-specific gene expression.
| 212 |
thePile
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PubMed Abstracts
|
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