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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: ArrowInvalid
Message: JSON parse error: Invalid value. in row 0
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 174, in _generate_tables
df = pandas_read_json(f)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 38, in pandas_read_json
return pd.read_json(path_or_buf, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 791, in read_json
json_reader = JsonReader(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 905, in __init__
self.data = self._preprocess_data(data)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pandas/io/json/_json.py", line 917, in _preprocess_data
data = data.read()
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/utils/file_utils.py", line 813, in read_with_retries
out = read(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/codecs.py", line 322, in decode
(result, consumed) = self._buffer_decode(data, self.errors, final)
UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0x89 in position 0: invalid start byte
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1815, in _prepare_split_single
for _, table in generator:
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 177, in _generate_tables
raise e
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/packaged_modules/json/json.py", line 151, in _generate_tables
pa_table = paj.read_json(
File "pyarrow/_json.pyx", line 308, in pyarrow._json.read_json
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 154, in pyarrow.lib.pyarrow_internal_check_status
File "pyarrow/error.pxi", line 91, in pyarrow.lib.check_status
pyarrow.lib.ArrowInvalid: JSON parse error: Invalid value. in row 0
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1456, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1055, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 894, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 970, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1702, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1858, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
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FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT (EXCERPT)
Act 442 of 1976
15.240.amended Options by requesting person; appeal; actions by public body; receipt of written appeal; judicial review; civil
action; venue; de novo proceeding; burden of proof; private view of public record; contempt; assignment of action or appeal
for hearing, trial, or argument; attorneys' fees, costs, and disbursements; assessment of award; damages.
Sec. 10.
(1) If a public body makes a final determination to deny all or a portion of a request, the requesting person may do 1 of the following at
his or her option:
(a) Submit to the head of the public body a written appeal that specifically states the word "appeal" and identifies the reason or
reasons for reversal of the denial.
(b) Commence a civil action in the circuit court, or if the decision of a state public body is at issue, the court of claims, to
compel the public body's disclosure of the public records within 180 days after a public body's final determination to deny a
request.
(2) Within 10 business days after receiving a written appeal pursuant to subsection (1)(a), the head of a public body shall do 1 of the
following:
(a) Reverse the disclosure denial.
(b) Issue a written notice to the requesting person upholding the disclosure denial.
(c) Reverse the disclosure denial in part and issue a written notice to the requesting person upholding the disclosure denial in part.
(d) Under unusual circumstances, issue a notice extending for not more than 10 business days the period during which the
head of the public body shall respond to the written appeal. The head of a public body shall not issue more than 1 notice of
extension for a particular written appeal.
(3) A board or commission that is the head of a public body is not considered to have received a written appeal under subsection (2)
until the first regularly scheduled meeting of that board or commission following submission of the written appeal under subsection
(1)(a). If the head of the public body fails to respond to a written appeal pursuant to subsection (2), or if the head of the public body
upholds all or a portion of the disclosure denial that is the subject of the written appeal, the requesting person may seek judicial review
of the nondisclosure by commencing a civil action under subsection (1)(b).
(4) In an action commenced under subsection (1)(b), a court that determines a public record is not exempt from disclosure shall order
the public body to cease withholding or to produce all or a portion of a public record wrongfully withheld, regardless of the location of
the public record. Venue for an action against a local public body is proper in the circuit court for the county in which the public record
or an office of the public body is located has venue over the action. The court shall determine the matter de novo and the burden is on
the public body to sustain its denial. The court, on its own motion, may view the public record in controversy in private before reaching
a decision. Failure to comply with an order of the court may be punished as contempt of court.
(5) An action commenced under this section and an appeal from an action commenced under this section shall be assigned for hearing
and trial or for argument at the earliest practicable date and expedited in every way.
(6) If a person asserting the right to inspect, copy, or receive a copy of all or a portion of a public record prevails in an action
commenced under this section, the court shall award reasonable attorneys' fees, costs, and disbursements. If the person or public body
prevails in part, the court may, in its discretion, award all or an appropriate portion of reasonable attorneys' fees, costs, and
disbursements. The award shall be assessed against the public body liable for damages under subsection (7).
(7) If the court determines in an action commenced under this section that the public body has arbitrarily and capriciously violated this
act by refusal or delay in disclosing or providing copies of a public record, the court shall order the public body to pay a civil fine of
$1,000.00, which shall be deposited into the general fund of the state treasury. The court shall award, in addition to any actual or
compensatory damages, punitive damages in the amount of $1,000.00 to the person seeking the right to inspect or receive a copy of a
public record. The damages shall not be assessed against an individual, but shall be assessed against the next succeeding public body
that is not an individual and that kept or maintained the public record as part of its public function.
History: 1976, Act 442, Eff. Apr. 13, 1977 ;-- Am. 1978, Act 329, Imd. Eff. July 11, 1978 ;-- Am. 1996, Act 553, Eff. Mar. 31, 1997 ;--
Am. 2014, Act 563, Eff. July 1, 2015
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Cortical Specifi cation and Neuronal Migration
27
In general, these theories can be simplifi ed as mechanisms operating at the
level of the precursor cells within each neocortical area and to those influenced
by migrating and differentiating neurons and to afferent cortical projections.
For example, both of the expansion hypotheses rest on differential cell pro-
duction, either in the radial domain (i.e., laminar differences) or the tangential
domain (i.e., cortical column number). Both, therefore, suggest that isolated
programs of neurogenesis along the protomap-specifi ed areas yield the result-
ing pattern of cortical folding most appreciated after birth. Incidentally, while
the axonal tension hypothesis primarily focuses on forces generated by dif-
ferentiated neurons, it also invokes the area-specifi c projection and targeting
patterns that must be conferred to the neocortical layers upon their generation
from the underlying precursor cells. Thus, all theories for gyrifi cation require a
signifi cant role for precursor cells in establishing the regions that will eventu-
ally undergo convolution.
Recent studies have provided a role for precursor gene expression and its
consequences on neurogenesis as a predictor of gyrifi cation. In particular, a
key study identifi ed the cell-adhesion molecules FLRT1 and FLRT3 in regulat-
ing area-specifi c formation of gyri and sulci (Del Toro et al. 2017). These two
genes are upregulated in the lissencephalic mouse neocortical wall and down-
regulated in the gyrencephalic ferret and human neocortical wall in regions
of incipient gyrus formation. This study shows that perturbations to lower the
levels of FLRT1/3 expression lead to faster neuronal migration rates and to
clusters of neurons expressing a similar level of these adhesion molecules.
The increased radial and tangential pressure caused by these clustered neurons
is postulated to lead to localized formation of a gyrus, even in the normally
smooth mouse neocortex. Another gene recently identifi ed in the germinal
zones that plays a role in neocortical folding is Trnp1, which encodes a nuclear
protein potentially involved in chromatin state (Stahl et al. 2013). Knockdown
of Trnp1 alters the pattern of cell division in the VZ, causing overproduc-
tion of bIPCs and bRGCs. The hypothesis of this study is that increases in
the numbers of resulting neurons, and their tangential spread afforded by the
increased number of bRGC fi bers, result in gyrus formation in the overlying
neocortical sheet. A study by de Juan Romero et al. (2015) offers perhaps the
most convincing argument for a link between differential gene regulation in
the germinal zones, expansion of bRGCs, and formation of overlying cortical
convolutions. In this study, regions of the ferret neocortical wall, which later
develop either a gyrus or a sulcus, were isolated at a stage in early develop-
ment prior to the formation of these folds. Upon microarray profi ling, many
hundreds of genes were differentially expressed between these two areas, and
clear expression of these genes in the oSVZ in the future gyrus site was con-
trasted to the lack of their expression in the oSVZ of the neighboring future
sulcus site. In addition, a human RGC-specifi c gene, ARGAP11B, was shown
to increase basal precursor proliferation and cortical folding when introduced
into the developing mouse germinal zones (Florio et al. 2015).
From "The Neocortex," edited by W. Singer, T. J. Sejnowski and P. Rakic.
Strüngmann Forum Reports, vol. 27, J. R. Lupp, series editor.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-04324-3
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The handling and disposal or treatment of regulated waste carries with it the risk of personal injury to employees and
others.
Our business requires us to handle materials that may be infectious or hazardous to life and property in other ways. Although
our products and procedures are designed to minimize exposure to these materials, the possibility of accidents, leaks, spills,
and acts of God always exists. Human beings, animals or property could be injured, sickened or damaged by exposure to
regulated waste. This in turn could result in lawsuits in which we are found liable for such injuries, and substantial damages
could be awarded against us. While we carry liability insurance intended to cover these contingencies, particular instances
may occur that are not insured against or that are inadequately insured against. An uninsured or underinsured loss could be
substantial and could impair our profitability and reduce our liquidity.
An inability to win additional government contracts could have a material adverse effect on our operations and adversely
affect our future revenue.
A material amount of our revenues were generated through a contract with a major U.S. government agency for the period
from March 2009 through the contract's termination in January 2012 totaling $33 million. Subsequent to the contract's
termination, our Company-wide revenues have experienced a decrease compared to prior periods. Although the Company is
attempting to secure large additional U.S. Government contracts, including programs with the Veterans Administration,
there can be no assurances that such efforts will be successful. All contracts with, or subcontracts involving, the federal
government are terminable, or subject to renegotiation, by the applicable governmental agency on 30 days' notice, at the
option of the governmental agency. If a material contract is terminated or renegotiated in a manner that is materially adverse
to us, our revenues and future operations could be materially adversely affected.
As a government contractor, we are subject to extensive government regulation, and our failure to comply with applicable
regulations could subject us to penalties that may restrict our ability to conduct our business.
Governmental contracts or subcontracts involving governmental facilities are often subject to specific procurement
regulations, contract provisions and a variety of other requirements relating to the formation, administration, performance
and accounting of these contracts. Many of these contracts include express or implied certifications of compliance with
applicable regulations and contractual provisions. If we fail to comply with any regulations, requirements or statutes, our
existing governmental contracts or subcontracts involving governmental facilities could be terminated or we could be
suspended from government contracting or subcontracting. If one or more of our governmental contracts or subcontracts are
terminated for any reason, or if we are suspended or debarred from government work, we could suffer a significant reduction
in expected revenues and profits. Furthermore, as a result of our governmental contracts or subcontracts involving
governmental facilities, claims for civil or criminal fraud may be brought by the government for violations of these
regulations, requirements or statutes.
The possibility of postal work interruptions and restrictions on shipping through the mail would adversely affect the
disposal or treatment element of the Company's business and have an adverse effect on our operations, results of
operations and financial condition.
We currently transport (from the patient or user to the Company's facility) the majority of our solution offerings using
USPS; therefore, any long-term interruption in USPS delivery services would disrupt the return transportation and treatment
element of our business. Postal delivery interruptions are rare. Additionally, since USPS employees are federal employees,
such employees may be prohibited from engaging in or continuing a postal work stoppage, although there can be no
assurance that such work stoppage can be avoided. As noted above, we entered into an arrangement with UPS whereby UPS
transports our TakeAway Recovery System™ line of solution offerings. The ability to ship items, whether through the USPS
or UPS, is regulated by the government and related agencies. Any change in regulation restricting the shipping of medical
waste, used healthcare materials or unused or expired dispensed pharmaceuticals through these channels would be
detrimental to our ability to conduct operations. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any disruption in the transportation of
products would have an adverse effect on our operations, results of operations and financial condition.
The Company's stock has experienced, and may continue to experience, low trading volume and price volatility.
Our common stock has been listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market ("NASDAQ") under the symbol "SMED" since May 6,
2009. The daily trading volumes for our common stock are, and may continue to be, relatively small compared to many
other publicly traded securities. Since trading on the NASDAQ, our average daily trading volume has been approximately
16
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geometries, e.g. handling multiple classes of ShapeNet [8] simultaneously. The attention mechanism
at the core of our architecture has the potential to enforce local control of the interpolation, as seen in
Figure 5. Further investigation is needed to explore the possibility to introduce additional priors on
the attention to force a semantically meaningful localization and interpolation behavior. Our method
shares a common drawback with most transformed-based architectures, requiring long training and
post-processing time due to the nature of the refinement procedure. All code and data is publicly
available 1.
7
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by the ERC Grant No. 802554 (SPECGEO) and the MIUR under grant
"Dipartimenti di eccellenza 2018-2022".
References
[1] Scan the world project. https://www.myminifactory.com/scantheworld, [Online; ac-
cessed 04-June-2021]
[2] Allen, B., Curless, B., Popovi´c, Z.: The space of human body shapes: reconstruction and
parameterization from range scans. ACM transactions on graphics (TOG) 22(3), 587–594
(2003)
[3] Amberg, B., Romdhani, S., Vetter, T.: Optimal step nonrigid icp algorithms for surface regis-
tration. In: 2007 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. pp. 1–8. IEEE
(2007)
[4] Anguelov, D., Srinivasan, P., Koller, D., Thrun, S., Rodgers, J., Davis, J.: Scape: shape
completion and animation of people. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers, pp. 408–416 (2005)
[5] Besl, P.J., McKay, N.D.: A method for registration of 3-d shapes. IEEE Transactions on Pattern
Analysis and Machine Intelligence 14(2), 239–256 (Feb 1992)
[6] Bhatnagar, B.L., Sminchisescu, C., Theobalt, C., Pons-Moll, G.: Loopreg: Self-supervised
learning of implicit surface correspondences, pose and shape for 3d human mesh registration.
In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) (December 2020)
[7] Bogo, F., Romero, J., Loper, M., Black, M.J.: FAUST: Dataset and evaluation for 3D mesh
registration. In: Proceedings IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).
IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, USA (Jun 2014)
[8] Chang, A.X., Funkhouser, T., Guibas, L., Hanrahan, P., Huang, Q., Li, Z., Savarese, S., Savva,
M., Song, S., Su, H., et al.: Shapenet: An information-rich 3d model repository. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1512.03012 (2015)
[9] Charlier, B., Feydy, J., Glaunès, J.A., Collin, F.D., Durif, G.: Kernel operations on the gpu,
with autodiff, without memory overflows. Journal of Machine Learning Research 22(74), 1–6
(2021), http://jmlr.org/papers/v22/20-275.html
[10] Cheng, S., Bronstein, M., Zhou, Y., Kotsia, I., Pantic, M., Zafeiriou, S.: Meshgan: Non-linear
3d morphable models of faces. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.10384 (2019)
[11] Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional
transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the
North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language
Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). pp. 4171–4186. Association for Computa-
tional Linguistics, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Jun 2019). https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/N19-1423,
https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1423
[12] Donati, N., Sharma, A., Ovsjanikov, M.: Deep geometric functional maps: Robust feature
learning for shape correspondence. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition (CVPR) (June 2020)
[13] Dosovitskiy, A., Beyer, L., Kolesnikov, A., Weissenborn, D., Zhai, X., Unterthiner, T., Dehghani,
M., Minderer, M., Heigold, G., Gelly, S., Uszkoreit, J., Houlsby, N.: An image is worth 16x16
words: Transformers for image recognition at scale (2020)
1https://github.com/GiovanniTRA/transmatching
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normative property. The story cannot be that we were exposed to verbal exhortations in previous
lives and thus became aware of to-be-done-ness. For that story does not explain why we only
selectively remember to-be-doneness but not the linguistic expressions that refer to it or the
relevant semantic relations. And, if we could remember not only to-be-done-ness, but also these
expressions and their semantic relations with to-be-done-ness, then it would be hard to explain
why we ever need to learn what these expressions mean. Thus, the epistemological mystery
around to-be-done-ness remains unsolved.58
Given this problem, Maṇḍana could insist that the object of pratibhā, i.e, to-be-done-ness,
is nothing other than the property of being a means to a desired end. As Maṇḍana himself notes,
his own theory—on which an awareness of this latter property gives rise to actions—does no
worse than his opponent's in explaining how children and other languageless animals perform
various skilled activities without any instruction or antecedent observation. He says:
Just as [on your view] temporally remote language is the cause of pratibhā in children,
birds, etc. due to the continuity of impressions, why shall it not be accepted that the same
kind of awareness with respect to a means is the cause of undertaking or refraining from
action due to the continuity of impressions? And differences with respect to species, etc.
awaken the impressions left by the awareness of a means just as they awaken the linguistic
impressions [on your view].59
The point is that we do not need linguistic impressions to explain how languageless animals and
children perform various actions without any instruction or antecedent observation. We can
simply assume that such actions are produced by an awareness of those actions as means to
desired ends. How does that arise? Just as the opponent appeals to linguistic impressions to
explain the awareness of to-be-done-ness, so also can we appeal to impressions or memory traces
left in our past lives by the awareness of the relevant actions as means to desired ends. So, there is
no need for us to think that the object of pratibhā is anything other than the property of being a
means to a desired end.
Let us take stock. Maṇḍana has shown two things so far. On the one hand, he has noted,
using his opponent as a mouthpiece, that we sometimes act just on the basis of the judgement
that something is to be done, without considering explicitly whether that action is a means to any
end we desire. Cases of skilled unreflective activities performed by children and animals, e.g.,
suckling, birdsong, etc., support this intuition. On the other hand, we have no good
epistemological story about how we become aware of to-be-done-ness at least if the property is
irreducibly normative. Then, the only way of preserving the intuitions about cases of skilled
58 VVS §11.9, 563.9-20 and VVMG 213.4-6 and 214.1-4.
59 VVS 11.6, 540.24-25-541.1-2: śiśuśakuntādīnāṃ yathā viprakṛṣṭaḥ śabdo nimittam bhāvanānugamāt pratibhāyāḥ tathā tādṛśam
evopāyajñānaṃ pravṛttnivṛttinibandhanaṃ bhāvanānugamamukhena kiṃ neṣyate | jātiviśeṣādayaś ca śabdabhāvanāyā
ivopāyajñānabhāvanāyāḥ prabodhakāḥ | For a variant, see VVMG 202.4-6.
37
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thermal shock problems with a crack [47, 40, 58, 1, 48, 30], and rotating disks [33].
For finite strain thermoplasticity, FEM methods have been developed for simulat-
ing large deformation problems, such as necking processes [50, 3, 56, 7], modelling of
welding [37], ballistic penetration of metallic targets [8], and orthogonal high-speed
machining [41].
Other mesh-based methods also have been used to simulate the
necking process, for example, the mixed finite element method [50] and the updated
enhanced assumed strain finite element formalism [2]. Of course, these finite element-
based methods suffer from mesh distortion issues under large deformations, and are
ineffective at dealing with material flow and separation [36, 11].
Recently, meshfree approximations have been used to study the generalized ther-
moelasticity theories. Various methods have been used, for example, the Meshless
local Petrov–Galerkin method [29] as well as methods using radial basis functions
[57]. Meshfree methods have also been developed for finite-strain thermoplasticity.
Simulations have included ductile fracture [49] and friction drilling [43, 54]. Based
on variational thermomechanical constitutive updates and the optimal transportation
meshfree (OTM) method [34], the hot OTM method (HOTM) [53] has been devel-
oped for modeling external heating and cooling behavior. The HOTM method has
mostly been applied to laser cladding technology [23]. Yet, virtually none of these
meshfree approaches to thermomechanical equations discussed consider any advanced
domain integration techniques other than [43, 54], regardless of the use of classical or
generalized equations. For a review of existing techniques and an in-depth discussion
on meshfree quadrature including [43, 54], see Part I of this paper.
In this work, the methods developed in the prequel are developed for generalized
thermoelasticity, and generalized thermoplasticity. Namely, the variationally consis-
tent naturally stabilized nodal integration (VC-NSNI) technique is extended to both
of these problems. For generalized thermoelasticity, the extension of these two meth-
ods is straightforward. Strains and temperature gradients are expanded with implicit
gradient approximations for stabilization as before, and the correction remains the
same. In finite-strain thermoplasticity, the Cauchy stress and associated variation on
strain are instead expanded to stabilize the results. Finally, since the propagation
speed of temperature is not well-characterized for most engineering materials, and in
most settings (typically this is reported near absolute zero for special materials such as
superfluids), equating the second sound speed to the first is investigated. This yields
a critical time step in explicit analysis that is the same as in pure solid mechanics
problems, but meanwhile very small relaxation times such that the solution is close to
the classical theory, which is widely accepted as a good model for thermomechanical
problems.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The general governing equa-
tions of the coupled thermomechanical theory are discussed in Section 2. In Section 3
classical and generalized thermoelasticity are introduced as special cases, with the
RKPM discretization of the weak form given. Section 4 develops thermoplasticity
as another more general case, with the Lagrangian RKPM discretization given along
with associated explicit algorithms. In Section 5 the time-step criteria is discussed.
Benchmarks are then solved for generalized thermoelasticity and classical and gener-
alized thermoplasticity in Section 6, where equating the first and second sound speed
3
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Let us now take up the problem of converting our present credit banking system into a deposit banking
system in which the per capita supply of dollars is kept constant. The method of converting our present
system into the new system is best understood by taking one bank and analyzing what needs to be done to
convert it into a deposit bank with 100% reserves behind checking accounts. For this purpose, let us take the
Wells Fargo Bank and Union Trust Co., of San Francisco, California. Their Statement of Condition on June
30, 1954 was as follows:
]Statement of Condition not reproduced from the original. Totals only are provided here: Total Assets:
$515,724,038.74; Total Liabilities: $481,413,566.65; Undivided Profits: $24,853,408.24
Member Federal Reserve System & Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.
*$48,311,886.94 in securities and $500,000.00 of other assets are pledged to secure Public & Trust
Deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.
Our objective will be to divide this bank into two separate and distinct sections -- a Deposit Section and a
Savings and Loan Section. The function of the Deposit Section will be that of a warehouse, pure and simple.
It will operate as the Bank of Amsterdam operated before it became corrupt. Deposits will be accepted for
safekeeping. The bank would not be allowed to use these deposits, but would merely facilitate the transfer of
claims to these deposits by means of checking accounts. All checks drawn against such deposits would
therefore be backed 100% by actual money.
The function of the Savings and Loan Section will be to obtain the savings of the community for the purpose
of making loans to the community. The ideal toward which we should strive is a Savings and Loan Section
that obtains lendable funds by selling the bank's bonds. In other words, the ideal Savings and Loan Section of
a bank should have a bonded indebtedness to the public rather than deposits that are withdrawable on 30
days' notice. And of course, all the bank's loans should mature on or before its outstanding bonds. When
operating this way, the bank is free to lend all the savings of the community that have been placed with it --
rather than having to retain a 5% or 10% cash reserve to honor requests for withdrawals. And the person
holding a bank bond always has a liquid asset that can be exchanged for money in the event of an emergency.
It is not possible, of course, to attain this ideal overnight. But as a start, the Savings and Loan Section of the
bank should be set up much the same as a Savings and Loan Association. It should have a minimum cash
reserve of 5% to honor occasional requests for withdrawals. Then, as its outstanding loans are paid back, it
should approach the savings depositors -- one by one -- and tell them that their savings can no longer be held
as deposits that can be withdrawn within 30 days. Each depositor would have to decide how long a period he
wished to make his money available to the bank and buy a bank bond for that period of time. Eventually all
savings deposits held by banks at the time of conversion to deposit banks would be converted into bonded
indebtedness to the public.
Now let's get down to the practical job of dividing this bank into two separate sections as outlined above.
The bank has total demand deposits of $332,395,486.71. These are the deposits against which checks are
being drawn and which should therefore be in the newly formed Deposit Section with a 100% reserve behind
them. The bank already has cash reserves of $129,940,071.76. (Although these cash reserves include
deposits with other banks, the entire amount can be treated as actual cash if all banks are converted to 100%
reserves.) To bring the cash reserves of the Deposit Section up to 100% of its deposits requires an additional
$202,455,414.95. However, the newly formed Savings and Loan Section will also need $7,450,904.00 to
give it a 5% reserve behind its deposits (which total $149,018,079.94). So the bank will need a total of
$209,906,318.95 in order to split itself into a Deposit Section with 100% reserves and a Savings and Loan
Section with a 5% reserve.
The government will print the required amount of money and lend it to the bank. But since the government
already owes the bank $200,563,124.32 (U.S. Government Securities held by the bank), the government will
advance the entire $209,906,318.95 to the bank, cancel the government securities held by the bank, and
accept the bank's bonds in the amount of $9,343,194.63 to cover the difference.
The bank's new statement [not produced here from the original] would then appear as follows:
One point needs to be made crystal clear before going any further. The preceding plan for converting a
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Man: But God, I still don't understand why you say that the supply of money should be maintained by the
government.
God: Because the proper functioning of the law of supply and demand necessitates your having a reliable
standard of value. The accuracy of your standard of value depends upon how well you maintain a constant
relationship between the supply of money and the number of people using that money. Your government
maintains the accuracy of your standards of weight and length -- doesn't it? (Man nods) Then isn't it logical
that your government should maintain the accuracy of your standard of value also? Doesn't that make sense?
Man: Yes, God, I understand now.
God: It grieves me to see what is happening down there. You have made such magnificent progress in so
many other fields. You could have had a veritable heaven on earth had you made equal progress in
economics. But because you failed so miserably in the science of economics, you have never -- as a whole --
enjoyed the fruits of your labors. An honest money -- together with a free market and a sensible system of
taxation -- would allow each of you to enjoy the fruits of your labor. But a dishonest money robs most of you,
and unjustly rewards a few of you who know how to benefit from a dishonest money. Then you react against
this injustice by abandoning my natural laws instead of providing yourselves with an honest money. (Man
remains silent -- so God continues.) I have given you the intelligence to solve your problems. But I can't -- at
least I won't -- force you to use that intelligence. I am not a dictator. You people are free agents -- at least
those of you who have had the wisdom to maintain your freedom. But unless you act a little more intelligently
than you have in the past, you who are still free are going to lose your freedom also. Your destiny is in your
hands.
Man: But God, even though some of us solved our monetary problem, I'm afraid there's not much we could
do about it. It would be too difficult to arouse the people to action.
God: (with an unbelieving look in his eyes) Too difficult to arouse the public? I can't believe it! Surely they're
indignant at having over half the value of their savings taken away from them! Surely they haven't lost their
sense of justice! When they lose that, they will lose everything.
Man: No, God. They haven't lost their sense of justice. But they are confused as to what's causing all the
injustice. They know they're being robbed. But half of them think inflation is caused by businessmen raising
prices unnecessarily. And the other half think inflation is caused by labor forcing wages higher than they ought
to be.
God: That's just what's going to destroy you. You are fighting between yourselves instead of fighting your
common enemy. Can't you see that inflation is a direct result of having the supply of money increase faster
than the number of people using that money? My law of supply and demand makes that inevitable.
Man: That makes sense to me. And it ought to make sense to everyone else. But even supposing everybody
understood this, there's still no hope of making such a basic change in our banking system.
God: No hope? Have you deteriorated to that extent? (Pause) But then, it's understandable. Naturally, if
you've lost faith in me, you would have lost all hope also. Tell me -- how do you expect to survive the
emergencies that confront you without faith and hope?
Man: But God, we do have faith in You. Our leaders proclaim that faith daily.
God: Faith in me must include faith in my laws, and faith in the minds I gave you to understand those laws and
use them intelligently. You don't have that faith. The sort of faith you have is not adequate to see you through
the difficulties that lie ahead. It is your kind of faith that is destroying you -- slowly but surely. Nothing but a
rebirth of a true faith in me and my laws will save you.
Man: But God, let's be practical about this thing....
God: Practical? I always thought I was very practical. One of the most practical things I ever did was to
decide to govern the universe by natural laws rather than by direct intervention. It is Man that isn't being
practical. You persist in defying my laws and then have the temerity to ask me to help you out of the chaos
that results.
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LRWC 2003 Annual Report
Letters for Lawyers
which he represented the children of political
activists who were murdered in 1998, allegedly
by officials of the Ministry of Intelligence. Mr.
Zarafshan had criticized the manner in which
these murders had been investigated, including
the absence of important information from court
files.
Qasem Sho'leh Sa'di, lawyer
On February 24, 2003, Qasem Sho'leh Sa'di , a
lawyer and political science professor at Tehran
University, was arrested on his return to Iran
after a visit to France. Qasem Sho'leh Sa'di had
published an open letter addressed to the Leader
of Iran on December 6, 2002. The letter, which
respectfully questioned the basis of the Leader's
position and criticized a range of the Leader's
policies, was published on the writer's own
website. Amnesty international fears that Mr.
Sa'di, whose lawyer was not permitted to meet
him, may be facing torture or ill treatment in
incommunicado detention.
11. LIBERIA
Tiawon Gongloe, lawyer
Tiawon Gongloe, a leading Liberian human
rights lawyer, was arrested without charges on
April 24, 2002, and believed to have been beaten
while in custody. Amnesty International
believes that his treatment was precipitated
solely by his human rights advocacy. Tiawon
Gongloe was discharged from hospital on May 1,
2002. The police put him in the charge of
Archbishop Michael Francis, a prominent
advocate
of
human
rights
and
he
was
subsequently hospitalized for the injuries he
received while in custody. Dato Param
Cumaraswamy, UN Special Rapporteur on the
Independence of Judges and Lawyers has
advised that Liberian lawyers are in need of
assistance.
12. MEXICO
Sergio Dante Amaraz, lawyer
Sergio Dante Amaraz, who represents one of two
men accused of the murder of eight young
women in Ciudad Jurarez, is believed to be in
danger because of his involvement with this
case. Before being arrested by the police, the
two men subsequently charged were kidnapped
and tortured to confess to the killings. One of
the accused was later found murdered in his cell.
On February 2, 2002, Mario Escolbedo Anaya,
the lawyer for the murdered accused, was shot
dead by state police who have since claimed self-
defence saying the lawyer fired first. The Inter-
American Commission on Human Rights has
issued protective measures on behalf of Sergio
Dante Amaraz and Miriam Garcia, the wife of
the surviving accused. Despite these protection
measures Miriam Garcia was threatened with
death by men who broke into her home.
Ernesto Ledesma Arronte, human rights
defender
LRWC
received
information
that
Ernesto
Ledesma Arronte, director of the Centre for
Political Analysia and Social and Economic
Research (CAPISE) received a death threat by
phone and was subjected to two break-ins: one to
his home and the other to the CAPISE office.
Mr. Arronte is a human rights advocate in the
state of Chiapas, Mexico. He has been active in
denouncing human rights violations alleged to
have been committed by both armed forces and
paramilitary groups.
Arturo Requenses Galnares, human rights
defender
Arturo Requenses Galnares, a human rights
defender working with Christian Action for the
Abolition of Torture (Acción de los Cristianos
para la Abolición de la Tortura - ACAT), was
reported to have been under surveillance on July
16, 2002 and to have received a threatening
phone call on July 17, 2002. Mr. Galnares had
been working on a number of politically
sensitive cases for ACAT, including several
cases
involving
torture
and
a
possible
disappearance. On October 12, 2002, Director
General of Human Rights for the Federal District
of Mexico City replied to LRWC's letter
advising that an investigation into the matter had
been concluded, Mr. Galnares was safe and
Attorney General Bernardo Bátiz Vázquez was
committed to complying strictly with human
rights.
Samuel Alfonso Castellanos Pinon, lawyer
Samuel Alfonso Castellanos Pinon, a lawyer
acting on behalf of those accused of the Agua
Fria killings, received an anonymous death
threat. The written threat warned Mr. Pinon that
he
would
be
killed
unless
he
stopped
representing the accused. A similar threat had
been made earlier against members of Christian
Action for the Abolition of Torture (ACAT) and
10
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for development of a model that predicts lymph node
involvement.
RESULTS
Patient and cervical cancer characteristics are
included in Table 1 with 54% of patients with lymph node
metastases. Based on primary tumor pathology, 86% of
patients had squamous cell carcinoma, and the remainder
had either adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous.
Using the training set of 57 samples, genes that
were differentially expressed between LN+ patients and
LN- were identified. 22 genes showed 1.5 or greater fold
difference in expression between the groups with FDR ≤
0.01 (Table 2). A heatmap of the differentially expressed
genes is shown in Figure 1.
Out of the 22 differentially expressed genes, 5 were
identified as potential candidates for the predictive model
using forward selection: BIRC2, BIRC3, CD300LG,
FAM196A, and PHYHIPL. 2 of these genes, FAM196A
and PHYHIPL, have very limited gene annotation or
relevant clinical background and were therefore excluded
from model development. The final three genes, BIRC2,
BIRC3, and CD300LG, were included in the training
set Random Forest model. The subset of BIRC3 and
CD300LG showed the best test set accuracy, 88.2%,
and was therefore selected as the final model. In the
training set, BIRC3 (Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing
3) was upregulated 1.7-fold in LN+ patients. CD300LG
(Nepmucin), on the other hand, was downregulated 1.5-
fold in LN+ patients. Table 3 compares the accuracy of
the various models tested, while Figure 2 shows the ROC
curve comparison of the 4 models. Figure 3 shows the
Random Forest decision surface and a decision tree using
the 2 genes with the training set.
Alternative models were developed using the final 2
genes with different algorithms, but these models showed
slightly lower performance than the Random Forest model.
A Support Vector Machine with Radial Basis Function
(RBF) kernel had 94.4% ROC-AUC, and a Gaussian
Naïve Bayes model had 84.7% ROC-AUC.
The Random Forest model correctly classified
88.2% of the test set patients, n = 17. All 8 of the LN+
patients were correctly classified; out of the 9 LN-
patients, 7 were correctly classified. The test set ROC-
AUC was 98.6%, 95% CI [66.7%, 100%]. Sensitivity for
detection of LN involvement was 100%, and specificity
was 77.8%. Precision was 80.0% and Negative Predictive
Potential was 100%.
DISCUSSION
Lymph node involvement represents one of the most
significant determinants of cervical cancer prognosis and
impacts treatment approach [3–6]. Our pilot study shows
that lymph node involvement in cervical cancer can be
predicted with RNA-seq data, and our two-gene lymph
node predictive signature showed 88% predictive accuracy
when evaluated in a separate cohort.
Cervical cancer lymph node involvement can be
determined by surgical staging or imaging, such as FDG-
PET/CT or MRI. Several studies suggest that lymph
node status on FDG-PET is a more significant predictor
of disease outcome than clinical FIGO stage [6–8].
The presence of lymph nodes also influences treatment
decisions, such as the need for adjuvant chemoradiation
after surgery or the extent of the radiation field and dose
for definitive chemoradiation treatment. Currently, no
simple lab test that accurately predicts cervical cancer
lymph node involvement exists. Additionally, the
incidence of cervical cancer is increasing in developing
countries with limited health care resources for surgery,
imaging, and treatment. A simple pathologic tool that
could help stratify patients based on predicted lymph node
status could be particularly beneficial for determining
the best utilization of treatment resources. If treatment
or radiation resources are particularly limited, knowing
which patients have no lymph nodes could help identify
the patients to treat with a definitive or curative approach
versus those to treat more palliatively. Alternatively, if
imaging resources are limited but surgical and/or radiation
resources are available, it might be that patients with a
biomarker predicting for lymph nodes undergo surgical
lymph node resection and/or extended field radiation or
additional chemotherapy.
A limited number of microarray gene expression
studies have been performed involving cervical cancer, and
a few groups have attempted to identify a gene expression
signature that can predict lymph node involvement in
cervical cancer [9–12]. Many of these studies were
relatively small and lacked a validation cohort. Grigsby
et al., for example, included 8 cervical cancer patients, 3
with supraclavicular metastases, and identified 75 out of
12,000 genes with at least 3-fold differential expression
to create a 12 gene signature to distinguish the groups [9].
Biewenga et al. evaluated tumor samples from 35 patients
(16 with lymph node metastases) and found that 5 genes
with differential expression had a prediction accuracy of
64.5% [10]. Using 43 primary cervical cancer samples (16
with lymph node metastases), Kim et al. created a lymph
node prediction model using 156 genes with a prediction
accuracy of 77% [11]. While Huang and colleagues did
include a validation cohort, they evaluated early stage
cervical cancer patients undergoing hysterectomy with
fairly low rates of lymph node metastases [12]. In contrast,
our study includes a range of stages, a greater proportion
of advanced stage, a higher proportion with lymph node
metastases, and also used deep sequencing with RNA-seq
that assayed over 16,000 genes, as opposed to microarrays
with fewer than 1,500 genes. Unfortunately, these different
microarray studies for cervical cancer had minimal
overlap in significant genes, suggesting that a new, more
www.oncotarget.com
2303
Oncotarget
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ix
proposition since prices may vary considerably during that year. The best way to deal with the
problem is to combine forward sales with two-step payments by observing three principles: (i) setting
a floor price on the basis of realistic market expectations, notably by relying on prices already locked
in through forward sales; (ii) incorporating a safety margin which should be wider if the floor price is
announced before sowing than before marketing; and (iii) calculating the level of the second payment
in a transparent manner according to changes in the CFAF value of Index A and sharing losses or
gains proportionally between producers and cotton companies. The calculation could be done easily
from daily quotations of the euro/dollar exchange rate and Index A.
The third principle departs from the past practices which linked the bonus to the company's profit.
This practice had three drawbacks: (i) calculated profits can be and have been tampered with; (ii)
profits are known only after closing the books, which explains why, in Burkina Faso and Benin, the
bonus distributed in year t+1 is based on profits made in year t; and (iii) private companies are
reluctant to show their books.
The proposed system could be implemented quickly and would be easier to administer than the
previous one. Producers could easily check whether they received their due and cotton companies
would be induced to reduce their costs since they would not have to share the fruits of their savings
with others.
The two-step payment provides a protection against future price falling only up to a point. Beyond it,
a subsidy is needed if there is no stabilization fund. Requests for subsidies normally come when
world prices reach a bottom, and a producer price has to be announced urgently to avoid delaying the
opening of the marketing season. The subsidy calculated on the basis of prevailing prices would be
too high if prices were to recover. The way for dealing with the price risk in setting the subsidy is
similar to the one outlined in setting the floor price. It consists of linking the value of the subsidy to
a specified value of Index A and, at the end of the season, adjusting the subsidy according to the
difference between the specified value and the actual value.
The need for subsidies cannot be eliminated. But subsidies should be used only in last resort, which
means that alternatives should be found to compensate growers when world prices fall sharply. On
the one hand, stabilization funds managed by governments did not function properly because the
surplus accumulated in high price years had often disappeared by the time money was needed. On
the other hand, funds owned jointly by producers and private cotton companies could be
unmanageable. A fund managed by producers may be the only solution left and such a fund has been
working reasonably well in Burkina. Producer prices (net of subsidies) would increase at a rate no
lower than world prices; but producer associations would become responsible for supporting the
revenues of their members when world prices fall. Producers would not be left out in good years, but
they would have to protect themselves against bad years.
An assessment of the impact of the reforms of the cotton sector on poverty has to be crafted with
great caution for three reasons. First, reforms in the three CFA countries remain at an intermediate
stage and the process followed by any of the three Anglophone countries in liberalizing their cotton
sector does not provide a model that CFA countries should copy. Second, the choice of institutional
structures has to be fitted to the socio-political context of the country concerned. The model best
fitted to Burkina Faso may not fit Benin and vice-versa. Third, the natures of the reforms and their
sequence have to be fitted to the initial conditions and the results may be affected by the quality of
management as much as by the nature of the reforms. For these reasons, the study does not lead to
the choice of a particular model. It does, nevertheless, suggest that, whichever model is selected, a
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Modifying the balance and the consolidated uses and meanings attached to
heritage may generate frictions and even spark conflicts among different groups
benefiting or losing ground with reference to certain heritage pieces, historic places
or the cultural practices and intangible values attached to it. This conflict can be
anticipated and dealt through cultural activities, events and the arts, that can
creatively generate new platforms for dialogue. Hull is an important example for
this practice. Intercultural initiatives were envisioned since the start, given the
relevant presence of migrant workers and their weak recognition within official
cultural policy making. In addition, the use of arts and playful events for mobilizing
heritage building and activating historic places for building a new and more
attractive narrative of the city and community proved to be successful. In Wrocław,
the collective processing of a difficult cultural identity and social history was
stimulated through recognizing specific heritage buildings and places pertaining to
multiple communities of the past and of the present. This was a way not only done
to valorise heritage for tourists, but also to input social learning and cultural
innovation. All the cases showed that promoting social dialogue about and through
heritage is much cheaper and less time consuming than managing conflicts that may
derive from a different or more intense use of heritage and historic places. While a
majority of events occurred in the UNESCO recognized city centre of Matera in
2019, the ECoC also served as an opportunity to recognize and promote other
aspects of the city's less recognized heritage. Several pathways were developed to
highlight the modernist neighbourhoods of the city and the unused quarry, Cava del
Sole, was converted into an event space with performances taking place throughout
the year and utilizing past industrial and landscape heritage spaces in new ways.
Communication regarding mega-events typically requires one single strong
narrative or image for the city and program. This may clash with the multiple
interests and perspectives of actors and stakeholders on the transformation of the
city in general and it may limit the rich interpretations of heritage and places in
particular. In the case of Hull, despite the difficulties and painful memories attached
to it, rediscovering the maritime heritage of the city became a great opportunity for
planning long-term interventions, as well as for mobilizing different strata and
groups of the local and regional population. In this sense, expanding the cultural
ownership and the possible narratives for the mega-events and the involved heritage
can become strategic also for inclusivity. Clearly, the case of Pafos had to face the
heritage of the Turkish Cypriot population, to make sense of the places that
historically hosted that community and that became deserted after the 1974 conflict
which divided the island's territory. This was part of the core narrative (despite the
overarching motto of the event: "Linking Continents-Bridging Cultures") but
resurfaced in multiple concrete projects as the revitalization of the Mouttallos
Turkish-Cypriots neighbourhood that was partially abandoned.
4. From the specificities of case studies to heritage-conscious mega-event
policies
The propositions presented in this article are based on the in-depth study of the five
cases and real-time observation of the Matera-Basilicata 2019 ECoC. Given the
51
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2) All moneys and funds shall be received by and paid to the Treasurer and shall be deposited
by him/her in the name of the Society in the bank or banks approved by The Council.
3) No payments shall be paid out of the bank account without a resolution of the Council
authorizing such payment and all cheques on such bank account shall be signed by the
Treasurer and the President or Vice-President of the Society.
4) The Council shall have the power to suspend or remove any office bearer who it has
reasonable cause to believe is not properly accounting for any of the funds or property of the
Society, subject to the provisions laid out under Article 24 of this Constitution.
5) The financial year of the Society shall be from $1^{st}$ January to $31^{st}$ December. All annual
subscriptions for any one-year shall be due and payable on or before $31^{st}$ January of each
year, subject to Article 7(3). The annual subscription shall be paid in a single payment and
shall not be paid by way of installments or otherwise unless approved by the Society at a
General Meeting.
ARTICLE 34 - AUDITOR
1) An auditor shall be appointed for the following year by the Annual General meeting.
2) All the Society's accounts, records and documents shall be open to the inspection of the
Auditor at any time.
3) The Treasurer shall produce an account of his receipts and payments, and a statement of
assets and liabilities made up to date which shall be not less than six weeks and not more
than three months before the date of the annual general meeting.
4) The Auditor shall examine such annual accounts and statements and either certify that they
are correct, duly vouched and in accordance with the law, or report to the Society in what
respect they are found to be incorrect, unvouched or not in accordance with the law.
5) A copy of the Auditor's report on the accounts and statements together with such accounts
and statements shall be furnished to all members at the same time as the notice convening
the annual general meeting is sent out. An Auditor may be paid such honorarium as may be
resolved by the annual general meeting appointing him/her.
6) No auditor shall be an office bearer or a member of The Council of the Society.
ARTICLE 35 - INSPECTION OF ACCOUNTS, LIST OF MEMBERS AND REGISTERS
1) The books of account, documents relating thereto and a list of members and registers of the
Society shall be available for inspection at the registered office of the Society by any member
on giving not less than seven (7) days' notice in writing to the Society.
2) The Council shall publish the list of members once every year, on $31^{st}$ March.
ARTICLE 36 - AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
Amendments to the constitution of the Society including amendments to the code of professional
conduct must be approved by at least a two-thirds majority of full members present at a general
meeting of the Society. Amendments to the constitution, however, cannot, however be implemented
without the prior consent in writing of the Registrar of Societies obtained upon application to him/her
made in writing and signed by three of the office bearers.
ARTICLE 37 - DISSOLUTION
1) The Society shall not be dissolved except by a resolution passed at a general meeting of
members by a vote of two-thirds of the full members present. The quorum at such a
15
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vi
Summary
A number of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have a comparative advantage in cotton
production. In the last twenty years, the share of SSA in world cotton exports increased from 6.9
percent to 17.3 percent. The increase was modest (from 2.0 to 2.1 percent) in Ghana, Tanzania and
Zimbabwe, but it was very large (from 2.4 to 9.4 percent) in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and
Mali.
Following the crises encountered by several public monopolies, reforms were undertaken to improve
the competitive position of the cotton sectors. However, as shown in this report, not all reforms were
successful. In the Francophone countries, there was no competition on price paid to growers, but the
ginning and input sectors have been privatized to various degrees in the last ten years. Reforms are
much more advanced in Benin than in Burkina Faso, but results were no better in Benin; as a matter
of fact, following the devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994, production increased faster in
Burkina Faso than in Benin. In the three Anglophone countries, the cotton sector has been
liberalized since 1985 in Ghana, 1994 in Tanzania, and 1995 in Zimbabwe. The liberalization was
initially a success, but it did not last. In Ghana and Tanzania, production and yields are now lower
than they were ten years ago.
In Burkina Faso, SOFITEX still has a monopoly for the purchase of seed cotton, but producers
acquired 30 percent of the company's shares in 1999 and obtained a majority in the committee
responsible for the selection of input bids. Producers participate in the management of the sector and
relations between various stakeholders are good; however, producers' associations remain fragile.
In Côte d'Ivoire, the CIDT was split into three companies of comparable size in 1998 and, after a
two-year transition period, the two new private companies and the remaining part of the CIDT have
been operating independently. One of the two new companies was managed better than the old
CIDT, but the other was not. Conflicts among stakeholders were frequent; they were fuelled by the
north-south political conflict which became open conflicts toward the end of 2002 and led to a
confused situation in 2003.
In Benin, privatization started with the provision of inputs in 1992 and included ginning in 1995.
The sequence of measures was not always well designed and a number of problems soon emerged.
Most of those have now been solved, notably by establishing a clearing house for all financial
transactions of the sector (CSPR); but the sector remains heavily regulated. Producer prices are fixed
for the entire country and announced at the beginning of the marketing season, as in the past. With
eight cotton companies, surplus ginning capacities, and no competition to clear the market, a new
distribution system had to be designed. As a result, a professional association1 allocates quotas to
each company on the basis of its installed capacity, and each company is told where to buy its cotton.
In Ghana, the cotton sector was liberalized in 1985 and this had a stimulating effect. However,
production reached a peak in 1998/99 and declined steadily afterward. Free entry led to widespread
poaching and the virtual collapse of input credits.2 In March 2002, Ghana had 12 cotton companies
with three more applying for registration while the production of seed cotton had fallen to 15,000
1 L' Association Interprofessionnelle du Coton (ACI) includes all major stakeholders of the cotton sector: input suppliers,
producers' associations, ginneries, manufacturers and transporters.
2 Poaching is a way of selling seed cotton without clearing the input credit obtained for producing the seed cotton.
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236
C. D. Randazzo and H. P. L. Luna and P. Mahey
will follow the notation given in [BMM94b] and will denote the two kinds of links by "primary links"
(optical fiber) and "secondary links" (copper). The copper cable has a fixed cost smaller than that of the
optical fiber, but its variable cost is greater than the variable cost of the optical fiber. We also work with
primary connectivity constraints that require that primary links be connected to the origin node by a path
consisting of primary links only. The reason for using such constraints is that a message which flows
from one technology link to another technology link has to undergo some kind of data transformation
which implies that a switching device has to be installed at every node where a change of technology
takes place. In our problem, the primary connectivity constraints ensure that the number of such devices
will be small and the cost of installing these devices is not considered. Another reason for requiring the
primary connectivity constraints is that they imply that more paths can benefit from the higher quality of
the primary links.
There are many possible variations of the LAND-2T problem that result in new problems. Balakrishnan
et al. [BMM94a] have worked with a problem similar to the LAND-2T where a minimum cost spanning
tree that contains an embedded primary subtree connecting all the primary nodes (and optionally includ-
ing secondary nodes) has to be found. As in the LAND-2T, one can install one of two available cable
technologies for each arc. Note that they divide the set of nodes into primary and secondary nodes. The
primary nodes have to be connected to the origin node by primary arcs. The secondary nodes can be
linked to the origin node by primary or secondary arcs. They have proposed a dual-ascent algorithm to
find an approximate solution.
Gouveia and Janssen [GJ98] have worked with a similar problem that is an extension of the minimal
spanning tree problem, but with two cable technologies too. The model that they explore has generalized
hop constraints and primary connectivity constraints. Hop constraints limit the number of links (hops)
between the root node and any terminal and measure in a certain way the reliability of the tree network.
The primary connectivity constraints are the same that we described above. The problem is shown to be
NP-hard and procedures to obtain lower and upper bounds are presented. They formulate the problem
as a directed multicommodity flow model. To derive lower bounds they use Lagrangean relaxation with
subgradient optimization. A Lagrangean heuristic is developed to construct feasible solutions. Moreover,
they discuss several different ways of modeling the primary connectivity constraints. One outcome of their
discussion is that an extended and compact representation of the convex hull of directed rooted subtrees
when the underlying graph is series-parallel can be derived.
De Jongh et al. [dJGL99] have also worked with a closely related problem in which a pair of nodes
has to be linked by two node disjoint paths with minimum total cost and two cable technologies. This
problem is a little different from the LAND-2T since for each arc of the network there is only one available
technology, that is, each arc has a specified technology and there are arcs of type 1 and arcs of type 2. In
the LAND-2T problem, for each arc we have two available technologies. They also consider a transition
cost that is associated with each node. This cost is incurred only when a flow enters and leaves the
corresponding node on arcs of different types. Two heuristics were proposed in [dJGL99] and a lower
bounding procedure based on Lagrangean relaxation is provided. These procedures are used in a branch-
and-bound strategy to solve the problem.
In a previous paper, we worked with the local access network design problem [LRM98]. In this article,
we studied two formulations of the problem: single commodity flow formulation; multicommodity flow
formulation. The problem was solved exactly by CPLEX (with the two formulations), by a branch-and-
bound algorithm, by a branch-and-cut algorithm and by a Benders decomposition. The success obtained
by Benders decomposition to solve this problem has induced us to extend the algorithm developed to the
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3 Government Gazette 29 December 2005
No. 3566
Act No. 15, 2005 ESTATES AND SUCCESSION AMENDMENT ACT, 2005
or after the date of commencement of this Act, are governed by the Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act
No. 66 of 1965).
(2) The estate of a person who died before the date of commencement of this Act which was
administered, immediately before that date, in terms of the Native Administration Proclamation, 1928 or the
Administration of Estates (Rehoboth Gebiet) Proclamation, 1941, must be liquidated and distributed and any
matter relating to the liquidation and distribution of such estate must be dealt with as if this Act had not been
passed.
(3) Despite subsection (2), if, in the case of an estate referred to in that subsection the liquidation and
distribution of which immediately before the commencement of this Act was being administered in terms of
the Native Administration Proclamation, 1928 or the Administration of Estates (Rehoboth Gebiet)
Proclamation, 1941 and which has not been completed by the date of such commencement, any person
having an interest in the estate in writing requests the Master of the High Court to administer the estate in
question in terms of the Administration of Estates Act, 1965, the Master must
(a)
in writing request the magistrate in charge of the supervision of the estate in question to
transfer such estate to the Master's supervision and control; and
(b)
upon receipt of the relevant documents and information pertaining to the estate in question
exercise jurisdiction in respect of the estate in terms of the Administration of Estates Act,
1965.
(4) Upon receipt of a request of the Master in terms of subsection (3)(a), the magistrate concerned
must forthwith provide the Master with all documents pertaining to the estate in question which have been
lodged with the magistrate or which are under his or her control as well as a written report in relation to any
matter concerning the estate of which the magistrate has knowledge and which is reasonably required for
assisting the Master in the performance of any function under the Administration of Estates Act, 1965 in
relation to the estate.
Amendment of Administration of Estates Act, 1965
4. The Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act No. 66 of 1965) is amended by the insertion after
section 4 of the following section:
"Minister may assign functions of Master to magistrates
4A. (1) The Minister after consultation with the Master and the Chief of lower courts, may by notice
in the Gazette -
(a)
determine that any powers or functions vested in or assigned to the Master by this Act, as are
specified in the notice, be vested in and assigned also to a magistrate for the purpose of
assisting in the performance of the Master's functions under the Act in relation to estates
contemplated in section 18(3); and
(b)
determine conditions or restrictions in relation to the exercise of an powers or performance of
any functions by magistrates referred to in paragraph (a) and prescribe procedures to be
followed
in
connection
therewith.
63
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Crown Investments Corporation of Saskatchewan
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
March 31, 2019
47
4. Significant accounting policies
The accounting policies set out below have been applied consistently to all periods presented in these consolidated
financial statements. The accounting policies have been consistently applied by CIC's subsidiaries.
a) Basis of consolidation
Subsidiaries
Saskatchewan provincial Crown corporations are either designated as subsidiary Crown corporations of CIC or
created as CIC Crown corporations under The Crown Corporations Act, 1993 (the Act). The Act assigns specific
financial and other responsibilities regarding these corporations to CIC.
In addition to the Crown corporations listed below, the Corporation also consolidates the accounts of
Gradworks Inc., a wholly-owned non-profit subsidiary, and the following wholly-owned share capital
subsidiaries: CIC Asset Management Inc.; First Nations and Métis Fund Inc.; CIC Economic Holdco Ltd.; and
Saskatchewan Immigrant Investor Fund Inc. (SIIF), all of which are domiciled in Canada. As at March 31, 2018,
Gradworks Inc. was dissolved.
Separate audited financial statements for CIC have been prepared to show the financial position and results of
operations of the corporate entity. In addition, audited financial statements for each of the undernoted Crown
corporations, which are consolidated in these financial statements, are prepared and released publicly:
Wholly-owned subsidiaries domiciled in Canada
Principal Activity
SaskEnergy Incorporated (SaskEnergy)
Natural gas storage and delivery
Saskatchewan Gaming Corporation (SGC)
Entertainment
Saskatchewan Government Insurance (SGI CANADA)
Property and casualty insurance
Saskatchewan Opportunities Corporation (SOCO)
Research parks
Saskatchewan Power Corporation (SaskPower)
Electricity
Saskatchewan Telecommunications Holding Corporation and
Saskatchewan Telecommunications (collectively SaskTel)
Information and communications
technology
Saskatchewan Transportation Company (STC) (Note 10)
Passenger and freight transportation
Saskatchewan Water Corporation (SaskWater)
Water and wastewater management
Associates and joint ventures (investments in equity accounted investees)
Associates are those entities in which the Corporation has significant influence, but not control over strategic
financial and operating decisions. Significant influence is presumed to exist when the Corporation holds
between 20.0 and 50.0 per cent of the voting power of another entity.
Joint ventures are those entities over whose activities the Corporation has joint control, established by
contractual agreement and requiring unanimous consent for strategic financial and operating decisions, and
provide the Corporation with rights to the net assets of the arrangement.
Associates and joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method and are recognized initially at cost.
The Corporation's investment includes any goodwill identified at acquisition, net of accumulated impairment
losses. The consolidated financial statements include the Corporation's share of the total comprehensive
income and equity movements of equity accounted investees, after adjustments to align the accounting
policies with those of the Corporation, from the date that significant influence or joint control commences until
the date that significant influence or joint control ceases. When the Corporation's share of losses exceeds its
interest in equity accounted investees, the carrying amount of that interest is reduced to Nil and the recognition
of further losses is discontinued except to the extent that the Corporation has an obligation or has made
payments on behalf of the investee.
84
CIC Consolidated
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Implicit Learning Dynamics in Stackelberg Games
Jin, C., Netrapalli, P., and Jordan, M. I. What is local opti-
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Kingma, D. P. and Ba, J. Adam: A method for stochastic
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Knutson, A. and Tao, T. Honeycombs and sums of hermitian
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Kushner, H. J. and Yin, G. G. Stochastic approximation
and recursive algorithms and applications, volume 35.
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Lee, J. Introduction to smooth manifolds. Springer, 2012.
Lee, J. D., Simchowitz, M., Jordan, M. I., and Recht, B.
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Maclaurin, D., Duvenaud, D., and Adams, R. Gradient-
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Mazumdar, E., Jordan, M., and Sastry, S. S. On finding
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based learning in continuous games. SIAM Journal on
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Mertikopoulos, P., Lecouat, B., Zenati, H., Foo, C.-S., Chan-
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in saddle-point problems: Going the extra (gradient) mile.
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payment plan, a health FSA, or an HRA, but only if the coverage offered does not consist solely
of excepted benefits. See 26 C.F.R. §1.36B-2(c)(3)(vii). If an employee enrolls in any
employer-sponsored minimum essential coverage, the employee is ineligible for individual
coverage subsidized by the Code § 36B premium tax credit.
Question 12: Section 125(f)(3) of the Code, effective for taxable years beginning after
December 31, 2013, provides that the term "qualified benefit" does not include any QHP (as
defined in ACA § 1301(a)) offered through an Exchange.$^{11}$ This prohibits an employer from
providing a QHP offered through an Exchange as a benefit under the employer's Code § 125
plan. Some states have already established Exchanges and employers in those states may have
Code § 125 plan provisions that allow employees to enroll in health coverage through the
Exchange as a benefit under a Code § 125 plan. If the employer's Code § 125 plan operates on a
plan year other than a calendar year, may the employer continue to provide the Exchange
coverage through a Code § 125 plan after December 31, 2013?
Answer 12: For Code § 125 plans that as of September 13, 2013 operate on a plan year other
than a calendar year, the restriction under Code § 125(f)(3) will not apply before the first plan
year of the Code § 125 plan that begins after December 31, 2013. Thus, for the remainder of a
plan year beginning in 2013, a QHP provided through an Exchange as a benefit under a Code
§ 125 plan will not result in all benefits provided under the Code § 125 plan being taxable.
However, individuals may not claim a Code § 36B premium tax credit for any month in which
the individual was covered by a QHP provided through an Exchange as a benefit under a Code
§ 125 plan.
IV. APPLICABILITY DATE AND RELIANCE PERIOD
This Technical Release applies for plan years beginning on and after January 1, 2014, but
the guidance provided in this Technical Release may be applied for all prior periods. If
legislative action by any State, local, or Indian tribal government entity is necessary to modify
the terms of a pre-existing HRA, a health FSA that does not qualify as excepted benefits, an
employer payment plan, or other similar arrangement, sponsored by any State, local, or Indian
tribal government entity, as an employer, to avoid a failure to comply with the market reforms
(including action to terminate such arrangement) and such action may only be taken by a State,
local, or Indian tribal government entity legislative body, the applicability date of the portions of
this Technical Release under which such arrangement would otherwise fail to comply with the
market reforms is extended to the later of (1) January 1, 2014, or (2) the first day of the first plan
year following the first close of a regular legislative session of the applicable legislative body
after September 13, 2013.
${}^{11}$ This rule does not apply with respect to any employee if the employee's employer is a qualified employer (as
defined in ACA § 1312(f)(2)) offering the employee the opportunity to enroll through an Exchange in a qualified
health plan in a group market. See Code § 125(f)(3)(B).
13
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which could be undertaken for the development of
information enterprises in under-developed countries,
with an evaluation of the material, financial and
professional
requirements
and resources
for
the
implementation of this programme ",
Recalling that Council resolution 718 (XXVII) of
24 April 1959 requested the United Nations Educa-
tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization to undertake
a survey designed to provide the elements for the
programme of concrete action desired by the General
Assembly,
Noting with satisfaction the survey which has been
carried out by means of a series of regional meetings
in Asia, Africa and Latin America,
Expressing its concern that the survey discloses 70 per
cent of the population of the world to be lacking in
adequate information facilities and to be thus denied
effective enjoyment of the right to information,
Considering that the information media have an
important part to play in education and in economic
and social progress generally,
1. Invites the Governments concerned to include
adequate provision in their economic plans for the
development of national information media ;
2. Reiterates the invitation contained in Council
resolution 819 A (XXXI) of 28 April 1961 to the
Technical Assistance Board, the Special Fund, the
specialized agencies concerned, the regional economic
commissions and other public and private agencies and
institutions to assist, as appropriate, the less developed
countries in developing and strengthening their national
information media ;
3. Requests the United Nations Educational, Scien-
tific and Cultural Organization to continue to further
the programme for development of information media
and in particular to keep up to date as far as possible
its survey on this subject and to report thereon as
appropriate to the Commission on Human Rights and
the Economic and Social Council ;
4. Transmits to the General Assembly, in accordance
with its requests, the reports $^{28}$ on the survey carried
out by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization as the basis of a programme of
concrete action for development of the information
media in less developed countries ;
5. Recommends that the General Assembly
(a) Take this programme into account in connexion
with the United Nations Development Decade ; and
(b) Invite the Governments of the more developed
countries to co-operate with less developed countries
with a view to meeting the urgent needs of the less
developed countries in connexion with this programme
for the development of independent national informa-
tion media, with due regard for the culture of each
country.
V
National advisory committees on human rights2t>
The Economic and Social Council,
Recalling resolutions 9 (II) and 772 B (XXX) of
26 June 1946 and 21 June 1960 respectively concerning
national and local advisory committees on human
rights,
Having examined the report of the Secretary-General
(E/CN.4/828 and Add.l),
1. Expresses its satisfaction at the fact that a number
of Governments have submitted reports on the activities
of national advisory committees on human rights and
of similar bodies ;
2. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit his
report, as also any information which may reach him
at a later date, to the Governments of all States
Members of the United Nations and of the specialized
agencies ;
3. Invites again the said Governments to favour, in
the light of conditions in their countries, the formation
of the bodies referred to in resolution 772 B (XXX)
of the Economic and Social Council and to encourage
the activities of those already in existence.
Such
bodies could, for example, study questions relating to
human rights, consider the situation as it exists
nationally, offer advice to the Government and assist
in the formation of a public opinion in favour of
respect for human rights.
VI
Guide to national legal institutions and procedures
for the protection or promotion of human rights $^{30}$
The Economic and Social Council,
Recognizing that the experience of nations in the
protection or promotion of human rights may be
profitably shared,
Recognizing that the preparation of a guide to
national legal institutions and procedures for the pro-
tection or promotion of human rights would be useful,
Requests the Secretary-General to prepare and
publish, in instalments if necessary, a guide to national
legal institutions and procedures for the protection or
promotion of human rights.
VII
Report of the Commission on Human Rights
The Economic and Social Council
Takes note of the report of the Commission on
Human Rights (eighteenth session).$^{31}$
$^{28}$ Official Records of the Economic and Social Council,
Thirty-first Session, Annexes, agenda item 10 (part I), document
E/3437 and Add.l ; see also E/CN.4/820 and Add.l and 2.
$^{29}$ See paragraph 285.
$^{30}$ See paragraph 300 and annex II B.
$^{31}$ Official Records of the Economic and Social Council,
Thirty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 8.
43
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297. It was felt by most speakers that the guide
would be of considerable value since there was much
to be gained from an exchange of experience in
relation to the matters envisaged for treatment therein.
298. While no speaker opposed the draft resolution,
several expressed misgivings concerning its financial
implications (set out in document E/CN.4/L.616/Add.l
and see annex II B of this report).
Others felt that
the usefulness of the guide would outweigh the cost
involved in its preparation and printing.
299. The draft resolution was adopted by 15 votes
in favour, with none against and 4 abstentions.
300. The text of the resolution as adopted at the
735th meeeting on 12 April 1962 is as follows :
10 (XVIII).
GUIDE TO NATIONAL LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
AND PROCEDURES FOR THE PROTECTION OR PROMOTION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The Commission on Human Rights
Recommends that the Economic and Social Council
adopt the following draft resolution :
[For the text of the draft resolution, see chapter XII,
draft resolution VI.]
MEASURES
TO BE TAKEN FOR
THE SPEEDIEST
IMPLEMENTATION OF UNITED NATIONS DECISIONS
CONCERNING
FUNDAMENTAL
HUMAN
RIGHTS
AND FREEDOMS
301. The representative of the Ukrainian Soviet
Socialist
Republic
submitted
a
draft
resolution
(E/CN.4/L.632), which read as follows :
" The Commission on Human
Rights,
" Recalling that one of the purposes of the United
Nations expressed in the Charter is to promote
and encourage respect for human rights and for
fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as
to race, sex, language or religion ;
" Mindful
of the importance of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights in securing universal
and effective recognition and observance of funda-
mental human rights and freedoms,
" Considering that the Declaration on the granting
of independence to colonial countries and peoples
states that the subjection of peoples to alien subjuga-
tion, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial
of fundamental human rights, is contrary to the
United Nations Charter and is an impediment to the
promotion of world peace and co-operation,
" Mindful also of other decisions of the United
Nations concerning fundamental human rights and
freedoms,
" 1. Decides to include in the provisional for its
nineteenth session an item entitled ' Measures to be
taken for the speediest implementation of United
Nations decisions concerning fundamental
human
rights and freedoms ' ;
" 2. Requests
the Acting
Secretary-General
to
prepare
a
survey
of United
Nations
decisions
concerning fundamental human rights and freedoms."
302. In presenting the draft resolution, the repre-
sentative of the Ukrainian SSR stated that the United
Nations had adopted a number of very important
declarations and resolutions on human rights and
fundamental freedoms, including the Universal Decla-
ration of Human Rights, the Declaration on the granting
of independence
to colonial countries and peoples
and the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.
However, he pointed out, the situation remained
unsatisfactory in parts of the world, both in the field
of civil and political rights and in the field of economic,
social and cultural rights.
The time had come for
the United Nations to make a survey of all its decisions
concerning human rights and fundamental
freedoms
and to take measures for the speediest implementation
of those decisions.
A complete survey of the United
Nations decisions would enable the Commission to
examine the human rights situation as a whole and
to consider and recommend appropriate and effective
measures, within the framework of the United Nations
Charter, which would enable all peoples and nations to
enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms.
303. The draft resolution was put to the vote ; it
was rejected, the vote being 6 in favour, 8 against, with
4 abstentions.
After the vote some representatives
regretted the failure of the Commission to adopt the
resolution which, according to their view, would have
constituted a significant development in the Commis-
sion's programme of work.
DRAFT PRINCIPLES ON FREEDOM AND NON-DISCRI-
MINATION IN THE MATTER OF RELIGIOUS RIGHTS
AND PRACTICES
304. The representative of the Philippines submitted
a draft resolution (E/CN.4/L.6I2), which read as
follows :
" The Commission on Human
Rights,
"Considering that the draft principles on freedom
and non-discrimination in the matter of religious
rights and practices were submitted to it in 1960 by
the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination
and Protection of Minorities,
" Considering further that the Commission has
been unable to complete the examination of (he draft
principles at its eighteenth session,
" Considering finally that it is desirable lo have
sufficient time at its next session to complete the
examination of the draft principles as well as other
items on its agenda,
" 1. Decides to continue consideration of the draft
principles at its nineteenth session ; and
" 2. Requests the Economic and Social Council
to provide for the nineteenth session of the Com-
mission lo last for at least six weeks. "
305. In presenting the draft resolution, the repre-
sentative of the Philippines stated that the Commission
39
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|
Compartmentalising the tank can significantly reduce the effect of slosh by allowing the
compartments to be unloaded one at a time. Only a proportion of the load is free to slosh
at any one time and so the effect is reduced. It has been shown (UMTRI, 2001) that if no
more than 20% of the total load is free to slosh at any one time the rollover stability of the
partially loaded vehicle will always be greater than that of a fully loaded vehicle.
Current New Zealand regulations for hazardous goods transport require compartments of
less than 10,000 litres if fitted with baffles (these are transverse baffles) or less than 7,000
litres if not fitted with baffles. In practice this means that typical petrol tanker semi-
trailers have more than five compartments and thus, provided they are unloaded correctly,
will always have better rollover stability when partially laden than when fully laden. This
is not necessarily the case for tankers not carrying hazardous goods. To facilitate
cleaning, milk tankers are generally not compartmentalised. They are usually fitted with
baffles but only in the transverse direction. In their favour most of their travel distance is
done with the tank either empty or fully laden.
Hanging Meat Loads
In hanging meat loads, the meat is suspended by hooks on rails suspended from the ceiling
or walls of a refrigerated van body. In New Zealand there are two basic types of vehicle
configuration used for transporting hanging meat. The first of these is a dedicated vehicle
in which case the rails run longitudinally along the length of the vehicle with, typically,
five rails across the width of the vehicle. These vehicles are typically a little over 2m from
floor to ceiling because the driver has to be able to reach the rails to take carcasses on and
off. Two of the vehicle/loads we inspected were of this type (see Figure 4 and Figure 5).
In both these cases the floor-to-ceiling height was 2.1m. The alternative is a general-
purpose vehicle in which case removable cross-beams are fitted with slots that act as
transverse rails. A single longitudinal rail is used as a feeder to the transverse rails. The
third load we inspected was of this type as shown in Figure 6. The feeder rail runs along
the left hand side of the vehicle. General-purpose vehicles typically have a greater
internal height to allow for other high volume loads but the hanging meat rails are hung at
a height where the driver can reach them and so there is relatively little difference in
payload height between these vehicles when carrying a hanging meat load. In the
particular example shown in Figure 6 the transverse beams are 2.25m above the floor.
Broadly speaking, the transport of hanging meat can be categorised as involving one of
two freight tasks; the line haul task where meat is moved from a meat processing facility
to a cool store or distribution centre and the local delivery task where meat is moved from
a distribution centre to retail outlets such as supermarkets or butchers' shops. The line
haul task generally involves full vehicle loads of a single species while local delivery
vehicles may carry a mix of species and may make multiple stops so that, at least some of
the time, they are only partially loaded. In practice this distinction is not so clear cut.
Line haul loads may involve multiple drop-off points so that significant parts of the
journey are done with part-loads. Local delivery operations are not limited to urban
driving and may involve open-road speeds with high-speed cornering so rollover stability
is important for these loads as well. Figure 4 shows a line haul load of pig carcasses which
was transported from the South Island to Auckland. In the case parts of the load were
delivered to several North Island centre en-route so that the load as photographed is only a
part-load. Figure 5 shows a typical local delivery hanging meat load showing the less
tight packing and the mixture of species, while Figure 6 is also a line haul part load.
|
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|
25
players may not be interested in establishing one. URECOS-CI might feel that it could fulfill the
functions of a CSPR.
Burkina Faso will not need a CSPR before the two new zones are managed independently. It
would not need one either in the transition period, if SOFITEX and the two new zones were given
exclusive purchasing rights during that period.
Input supply had already been partly liberalized for some time. This has been the case for
herbicides in Côte d'Ivoire since 1988. Herbicides were bought on credit by unions which were
selling them to cooperatives which, in turn, were selling them to growers, but the scheme was not
very successful. On one hand, growers complained of being overcharged because of commissions
collected at each step of the distribution chain. On the other hand, suppliers complained of payment
arrears (close to CFAF 6 billion). Arrears represent a cost for suppliers who have to recover it in
some way; ultimately, cotton producers have to pay for them. In Burkina Faso, cereal inputs and
herbicides were recently purchased through cooperatives, but it was a small-scale experiment which
ended with credit recovery problems.
4.3
The input problem in non-CFA countries
In Zimbabwe, the input credit scheme was launched shortly before privatization, and it was
expanded by Cotpro and Cottco after privatization. This scheme became increasingly relevant with
the replacement of commercial by small-scale farmers. Poaching recently became a problem in
Zimbabwe, and it has been a major problem in Ghana and Tanzania. Poaching was largely due to the
presence of small traders with no significant investment in the sector and no interest in the future of
the sector. CFA countries may, therefore, take appropriate measures to prevent such traders from
entry when they liberalize their cotton sector.
The Farmer Input Voucher system recently launched by Cargill in Zimbabwe does not
provide any credit, since the cost of inputs for crop t+1 is deducted from the payment for crop t. But
the simplicity of the scheme is attractive. It is attractive for the company which sells its goods when
the buyer feels rich because he is being paid; moreover, the buyer of fertilizer today may become the
seller of seed cotton in the next crop year, which will help the company in expanding its turnover.
The deal may also be attractive to the grower, since he can load his inputs on the truck he used to
bring his seed cotton and can return home feeling secure about his next crop.
4.4
Credit repayment may be hampered by drought and disease
Because small-scale farmers in Zimbabwe do not have the resources to irrigate their fields,
their yields are lower than those of commercial farmers and their yields are more dependent on
rainfall levels.$^{34}$ From an average of 800 kg per ha in the last 30 years, the average yield of small-
scale farmers fell to 158 kg in 1991/92, 335 kg in 1994/95 and a projected 524 kg in 2001/02. With
an input cost equivalent to some 250 kg of seed cotton, it is clear that many farmers will not be able
to repay input credits in 2001/02. Cottco will have to reschedule a number of its loans, which will
increase its risk exposure.
$^{34}$ Over the last 32 years, yields of small-scale farmers were correlated with the level of rainfalls in December, January and
February (Rsq 0.43); a 10 percent increase in rainfalls during these three months led to a 7 percent increase in yields. The
correlation was much weaker for commercial farmers (Rsq = 0.04), because the latter irrigated their fields whenever needed.
Yields for small and large scale farms are shown for the last 8 years in Annex Table 2.
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Retail Employment
As of the second quarter of 2015, there were 130,550
retail jobs in San Francisco (Table 6). About 37,400
(29%) of these jobs are found in the C-3 District
(Table 7). This is roughly the same share of retail jobs
reported in 2014.
Hotel Employment
San Francisco's hotel jobs are heavily concentrated
downtown. As of the second quarter of 2015, there
were approximately 16,700 hotel jobs in the city.
About 10,660 (64%) of these jobs were in the C-3
District.
Revenue
This section reports tax revenues from business taxes
(including registration and payroll), property taxes
(including transfer tax and annual tax), sales and use
taxes, and the hotel tax for the 2015-2016 fiscal year
(FY).$^{7}$ The information reported for FY15-16 are
revenue projections for the full fiscal year, and are
based on the amount collected as of March 31, 2016.
In general, the FY 2015-16 budget assumed increases
in tax revenue thanks to continued economic growth.$^{8}$
Business Taxes
Business tax revenue (Table 8) in FY 2015-16 is esti-
mated at $654.7 million, up 6% from $616 million in
FY 2014-15. In November 2012, San Francisco voters
approved the Gross Receipts Tax and Business Registra-
tion Fees Ordinance (Proposition E), which introduced
major changes to the way businesses are taxed in the
city. On January 1, 2014, the City started collecting a
Gross Receipts tax, and phasing out the existing Payroll
tax. In this fiscal year, total business tax revenue is
comprised of business payroll tax, registration tax, gross
receipts tax, and administrative office tax.
Business payroll taxes assess the payroll expense of
persons and associations engaging in business in
San Francisco and continue to represent the vast
majority of business taxes collected. This tax imposes a
fee on all businesses that employ or contract with one
or more employees to perform work or render services
within the city. In FY 2015-16, the Controller's Office
estimated that it will collect $464.2 million in payroll
taxes, down 8.3% from $506.4 million in FY 2014-15.
Business registration tax is an annual fee assessed for
general revenue purposes on all business in the city.
The formula for calculating this fee was amended as
part of Prop E, resulting in significantly higher col-
lections starting in FY 13-14. The Controller's Office
estimates that approximately $35.7 million in business
registration fees will be collected in FY 2015-16, up
5.3% from $33.9 million in FY 2014-15.
Gross receipts and Administrative office taxes are based
on a business's gross receipts from business done in San
Francisco, rather than on a business's payroll expense.
As the Gross Receipts Tax is phased in to replace the
Payroll Tax, collections have grown significantly, to
an estimated $133.1 million in FY 2015-16, a 141%
increase over FY 14-15. The Controller's Office esti-
mates that approximately $21.7 in administrative office
taxes will be collected in FY 2015-16.
Property Taxes
Real property taxes (Table 9) are the largest single
source of tax revenue for the City. The Controller's
Office expects property taxes to increase in fiscal year
2015-16.$^{9}$ Together, an estimated $1.63 billion in
property related taxes will be collected in FY 2015-16,
up 2.7% from $1.59 billion last year.
Real property taxes allocated to the general fund in FY
2015-16 are estimated at $1.37 billion, up 8% from
$1.27 billion in FY 2014-15 (Table 9).
Property transfer taxes are estimated to decrease by
18.6% during the reporting period. Projected collec-
tions for FY 2015-16 are estimated to be about $256
million, down from $314.6 million in FY 2014-15.
(Table 9). Unlike real property taxes, which are col-
lected annually and based on property valuation assess-
ments, property transfer tax is highly volatile because
it is collected only at the time of sale and is based on
sales price.
$^{7}$ Fiscal Year 2015 begins on July 1, 2015 and ends on June 30, 2016.
$^{8}$ City and County of San Francisco, Controller's Office, FY 2015-16 Nine-Month Budget
Status Report, May 19, 2016.
$^{9}$ Ibid.
DOWNTOWN PLAN: ANNUAL MONITORING REPORT 2015
7
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has already been published in other issues of the Speaker,
it won't all be repeated here.
One of the mysteries about the turntable was how it
used a beam of light to trace the groove—especially
since LPs contain musically significant groove modula-
tions whose amplitude is smaller than the wavelength of
light. The Finial system is not the interferometer that
Mitchell had suspected; it simply detects the angle of re-
flection. A slit-like beam of light is projected across the
groove so that the upper part of the beam falls on the
"land" at the top of the groove, while the lower half falls
on the groove wall. The reflection off the land is detected
and used by a servo to maintain the optical system at a
constant height above the surface of the record. The re-
flection off the groove wall is detected and forms the
analog audio signal.
The key to the system is the "position-sensitive de-
tectors," or PSDs. Each is a long narrow row of CCD el-
ements similar to those in a video camera. The scanning
circuits associated with the CCD array produce two
voltages, one proportional to the position of a cell along
the row (X) and another proportional to the intensity of
the light striking that cell (I). By multiplying X times I
and adding, the circuit calculates the intensity-weighted
average position of the reflected image, with an accuracy
of about one-tenth the width of the spot. From the ge-
ometry of the situation, it is easy to show that X is pro-
portional to the tangent of 2A (where A is the groove-
modulation angle), and for normally small angles it is
linearly proportional to the groove-modulation velocity
(which is what the mechanical stylus in a conventional
magnetic pickup detects).
This method has one obvious limitation. The angle
between the projected laser beam and its reflection is
twice the groove modulation angle. With normal modu-
lations this is fine, but if the groove angle exceeds 45 de-
grees the reflection angle exceeds 90 degrees, meaning
that the reflection never makes it back across the groove
to the detector. In fact, as Finial admitted, the PSD ac-
commodates groove angles only up to 38 degrees; larger
modulations are handled by a different technique. (They
didn't explain it; this part of the turntable's operation
remains a mystery.)
The Finial turntable has a full complement of CD-like
controls that provide automatic cueing to the start of any
band, elapsed- and remaining-time display, pro-
grammed random-access playback, automatic repeat,
and other conveniences. And it contains a tick-and-pop
suppressor that works very well. The playback speed is
continuously adjustable from 33 to 50 rpm. It won't
handle 78s, but there is strong demand for a future ver-
sion that would—if the player ever sees the light of day.
Would the laser turntable be popular among audio-
philes? Mitchell and Moran guessed that it might get the
same reception as the Shure V-15 cartridge, respected for
its accuracy but lacking the euphonious qualities of the
best MC pickups. (This prompted Micha Shattner to ob-
serve that in comparing two pickups that are identical
except for stylus shape—conical vs. van den Hul—the
main difference, surprisingly, seemed not to be in the
highs but in low/midrange definition, perhaps because
of a difference in the way the stylus sinks into the groove
wall.)
Blind listening tests
David Clark organized blind listening tests at the AES
convention. In one, three amplifiers were compared (a
Crown pro model, a VTL tube amp, and a Threshold
FET amp), driving large Infinity speakers. In another,
Belden 10-gauge and Monster M1000 speaker cable were
compared. In a third, Peter Sutheim switched varying
amounts of phase shift and nonlinear distortion into the
signal path. About half of the total population of engi-
neers guessed correctly in the amp and cable compar-
isons, a result consistent with random guessing. But a
small subset of listeners scored very high, supporting
their own claim to hear cable and amp differences reli-
ably.
At the end of the convention these results were dis-
cussed by panelists seated left to right as follows: Noel
Lee (Monster), Michael Fremer (The Absolute Sound), Ian
Eales (a cable believer), Peter Sutheim, Eugene Pitts,
Richard Greiner, and Floyd Toole. Clark said this seating
order was accidental, but nobody believed him. The
two-hour discussion was argumentative, unrevealing,
and inconclusive. Audience "questions" were mostly
speeches defending pro or anti ideologies. The only
agreement that emerged was that people who report
hearing cable and amp differences should become part
of a controlled testing program to find out what they are
hearing.
One interesting point emerged from the panel discus-
sion: Monster doesn't design cables, it's just a marketing
company. Monster hires outside consultants like Bruce
Brisson to design cables; Noel Lee listens to prototype
designs and makes decisions purely by subjective lis-
tening. Apparently he is one of those people acutely sen-
sitive to cable differences. When he hears a design that
he likes, Monster farms out the production to a wire-
manufacturing company. So it's not surprising that
Monster has never tried to document any scientific basis
for its performance claims; the company has no engi-
neering staff or measuring labs. Noel Lee knows of no
measurement that correlates with the differences that he
hears; he referred questions on that subject to a consul-
tant, a youngish Oriental who claimed that audible dif-
ferences among cables are due to measured differences
in time dispersion on the order of 0.1 microsecond. Bris-
son's ads for his MIT cables make the same claim, but
that time-scale corresponds to frequencies around 10
MHz, not to audio. Monster's current marketing cam-
paign for microphone cable is based on testimonials
from recognized engineers who have tried the cable and
liked it.
Jack Mullin Historical Exhibit
Entering Germany at the end of World War II, Sgt.
Jack Mullin of the Army Signal Corps discovered Mag-
netophon tape decks, the first recorders that used ac bias
page 6
The BAS Speaker • volume 17 number 2
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Health Care Service Coordination: As described in detail above, the SEAGO AAA issues a
competitive Request for Applications to select the best-qualified service providers and ensure competition
in arranging for services for elderly individuals and their caregivers. In their proposals, prospective
service providers are asked to describe how they will coordinate benefits with any other programs that
serve the elderly or disabled, how they will coordinate activities with county long-term care programs,
Medicare and ALTCS, and how the provider will ensure that these fund sources are maximized to use
AAA funding only when no other source is available, in order to ensure coordination of services and
integration of multiple funding sources. Cost Share is encouraged, and case managers, service providers,
and AAA monitor these contributions.
Title VII Efforts: The SEAGO AAA will continue to host the Region VI Conference of Aging, where
information on Long Term Care Ombudsman, SHIP, and SMP programs are featured. While it was not
possible to host the conference during SFY21, our intention stands once we can do it safely from Covid.
SEAGO will continue to hold workshops on Medicare, advanced directives, and selecting LTC policies,
as well as scam jams across the region. Besides, case-managed services target those who lack a support
system, low income, and those who are most vulnerable, including adult protective service referrals.
Participation in community meetings, training, health and resource fairs, and other events will offer
opportunities to get the word out about LTC Ombudsman, SHIP, SMP programs and services, and how to
prevent, detect, and report abuse neglect, and financial exploitation of older adults. As new training
modules are out at the state level, these modules will be adopted, and once completed, the LTCO will
make an effort to recruit more volunteers in the area. The Long Term Care Ombudsman program and the
State Health Insurance Program are collaborating in building an Elder Fraud and Abuse taskforce in
Cochise county. We see that with the multiple changes happening since COVID, we must educate and
inform our communities. We have organizations that work with the elderly as partners that will help the
Area Agency on Aging address the needs of those affected or reduce the number of cases throughout our
region.
Other: SEAGO-AAA Management Analyst oversees the Case Management program, and since her
partaking, we see even more impact in the program. She coordinates services and funding availability
amongst the case managers and service providers to assist the director in projecting future spending. She
provides training and guidance to our case managers on changes happening within the organization. The
modification is preparing our Management Analysis for when SEAGO-AAA begins to bring the case
management in-house.
With a grant obtained through the Legacy Foundation of Southeast Arizona and the David and Lura
Lovell Foundation, the Area Agency on Aging has successfully adopted End of Life Care Matters since
2018. With the dedication and support from Veronica "Ronnie" Squyres, we are successfully going into
our third year. Thus far, we have accomplished our goal to expand our services throughout the four-
county region by hosting Thoughtful Life Conversations workshops. Our goal has been to normalize and
increase conversations by providing several venues for discussing and planning for end-of-life issues and
healthcare planning, including advance directives. We have developed our Workplace Initiative (WPI) to
provide education to organizations that provide healthcare and social services to patients and clients. We
have reached over 600 participants, over 40 workshops and partnered with 19 local organizations. There
is representation from the Area Agency on Aging in the AZ Health Directive Registry committee for the
transition. We commit ourselves to help make this transition a huge success.
27
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3.8
Effects on birds
A first indication of the effect of cockle fisheries on birds was obtained through
comparison of the development of their usage (measured as the number of bird days
per year) of areas open and closed for shellfish fishery (Leopold et al., 2003b). These
trends must be studied within the trends observed for the Wadden Sea as a whole.
For many bird species that feed on the intertidal flats of the Wadden Sea, a change in
trend in the annual usage of the flats occurs somewhere at the end of the 1980s,
beginning of the 1990s (Figure 47, Figure 48, Figure 49, Figure 50). This corresponds
to the disappearance of the intertidal mussel beds. In the graphs we fitted a trend line
using splines (Hastie & Tibshirani, 1990) for the entire period, and for the periods
before and after the disappearance of the intertidal mussel beds. We subsequently
tested whether the change in trend was statistically significant. Changes from a
negative trend towards a positive trend outnumber changes from a positive trend
towards a negative trend. For species feeding either primarily on worms or shellfish,
the greater the percentage shellfish in the diet, the larger the decline during the last
ten years (van Roomen et al., 2004). The only species not fitting the trend is the
avocet, which feeds on worms, yet showed a decline in recent years. For species that
feed primarily on prey other than bivalves or worms (Figure 50), and for species
whose diet is a mixture of shellfish, worms and other prey (Figure 49), no simple
patterns emerge.
Four species of birds were identified as shellfish eaters: common eider, oystercatcher,
herring gull and knot. All these species have declined in recent years, although the
onset of the decline varies between the species (Figure 47). Of these, the common
eider and the oystercatcher feed on large shellfish, whereas knot and herring gull feed
on small shellfish. Since common eiders depend primarily on the subtidal areas for
their food supply, we did not investigate the effect of closing intertidal areas. In
contrast to waders, several counts of eiders covering the entire Wadden Sea are
available for the period before 1975. We did not include these counts in (Figure 47)
to facilitate comparison with the other bird species. However, including these counts
makes clear that the suggestion that eiders have continually decreased from 1975
onwards is an artefact of this selection of the data. Eiders have increased during the
1960s, fluctuated in numbers during the 1970s and 1980s, and declined during the
1990s. The recent decline in the Wadden Sea was accompanied by an increase in the
number of eiders using the North Sea coastal zone (see Figure 72 in chapter 5), but
this increase did not fully compensate for the decline in the Wadden Sea (Ens &
Kats, 2004). The interpretation of these changes is discussed in chapter 5, where the
policy of food reservation for common eiders is evaluated.
The numbers of oystercatchers declined after about 1990 (Figure 47). The decline in
the number of oystercatchers started in the first half of the 1990s. Since the strong
and sudden decline due to the severe winter of 1996/1997, no further decline has
occurred, nor have numbers recovered. The lowered numbers are largely due to the
disappearance of the intertidal mussel beds in 1990 (Smit et al., 1998; Rappoldt et al.,
2003a), see also chapter 5. The fact that we did not see a sudden decline in the
number of oystercatchers following the rather sudden disappearance of the intertidal
Alterra-rapport 1011; RIVO-rapport C056/04; RIKZ-rapport RKZ/2004.031
75
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on the other hand, UNESCO recognition, first, and designation as European Capital
of Culture in 2019, then, tried to overturn this vision.
The staging of memory: Matera European Capital of Culture 2019
The idea to apply for Matera as European Capital of Culture for 2019 was born in
2008 and it belonged to an association of citizens and, after alternating political and
institutional events, took shape in 2014, when, on 17 October, the Minister for
Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism Dario Franceschini, following the
assessment of an international jury, proclaimed Matera European Capital of Culture
for 2019. About a month before, the Fondazione Matera-Basilicata 2019 was
established, with the aim of managing, monitoring and evaluating the entire process.
The application file, drawn up by the Matera 2019 Committee, is based on
five thematic strands, which find their raison d'être in the relationship with the past:
Remote Future, Continuity and Ruptures, Utopias and Dystopias, Roots and Paths,
Reflections and Connections. The five themes are the common thread along which
the entire file is developed, as well as most of the initiatives financed and carried
out by the Foundation during the year 2019. The "functional manipulation of
memory", and its staging, has played a decisive role and has certainly influenced the
rhetoric of representation and communication linked to the city and its relationship
with the past, especially with reference to the past-future dichotomy. The, then
mayor of the city, Salvatore Adduce, wrote in the first pages of the file:
"The unique experience of a community which, in the immediate post-war
period, was able to face the terrible question of the uninhabitable nature of its
beautiful city, allows us to tell the whole world that from a great emergency, such as
that of the emptying of the Sassi, it is possible to ensure, through intelligent
planning, new hospitality to an entire population. [...] The new challenge consists in
proposing to the citizens to "regenerate" the city together, overcoming the distrust
and fatalism that often characterize our territories. Matera and Basilicata want to
announce to Europe that another South is possible, putting behind them the
stereotypes of a Southern Italy bent on itself and in perennial waiting for
assistance."$^{5}$
The objective, therefore, clearly stated by the two files, is to contribute to
creating, on the part of the Matera community, but also on the part of the
institutional powers, a new collective conscience, which reappropriates its own
memory and makes it a source of pride. The tourism factor favours, and in some
cases accelerates, this process of re-appropriation.
Without going into the merits of what was, or could have been, such an
opportunity, let us try to examine some examples of how the functional use of
"memory" has contributed in many cases to overturning the hitherto stereotyped
vision of a timeless reality, a symbol of archaism and backwardness as a reason for
pride, contributing to defining, through the elaboration, construction, attribution and
use of elements linked to the past and tradition, what Eugenio Imbriani, the Italian
$^{5}$ Salvatore Adduce, Matera città candidata capitale europea della cultura 2019 Dossier finale di candidatura
(Matera: Fondazione Matera-Basilicata 2019, 2008), 3-4.
85
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increase in our assisted living facility customer base.
Cost of revenues for the year ended June 30, 2011 of $13.2 million was 67.9% of revenues. Cost of revenues for the year
ended June 30, 2010 of $15.5 million was 39.6% of revenues. The lower gross margin for the fiscal year ended June 30,
2011 of 32.1% (versus 60.4% for the prior fiscal year) was a result of lower volume. The Company, which is largely
leveraged on volume, made investments in its infrastructure during the first half of calendar year 2010 in order to provide for
the capacity to take on large increases in volume. As a result, the combination of lower volume and greater capacity creates
negative leverage and adversely impacts gross margin.
Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses for the year ended June 30, 2011 of $9.8 million, increased by $1.0
million, from SG&A expenses of $8.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2010. The increase in SG&A expense is primarily
due to higher (i) professional expenses of $0.4 million (primarily due to regulatory and consulting related fees, legal fees,
audit and related fees, and other sales-related consulting fees), (ii) compensation and benefit expense including payroll tax of
$0.2 million (primarily due to timing of employee hires and terminations), (iii) costs associated with a legal settlement of
$0.35 million and (iv) severance costs of $0.05 million.
Regarding costs associated with a legal settlement included in SG&A expense, the Company settled a suit in which the
plaintiff alleged violations of the Telephone Consumer Protection Act. Although the Company believes it did not violate any
laws, the Company settled the lawsuit in the interest of avoiding additional legal costs and diverting time and focus from
growing the business.
During the first quarter of fiscal year 2011, the Company recorded a special charge of $0.6 million on a pre-tax basis, or
$0.02 per diluted loss per share, which represents expenses incurred with the retirement of the Company's former Chief
Executive Officer, Dr. Burton Kunik. The special charge consists of (i) severance-related items totaling $0.5 million, (ii)
non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $0.1 million (resulting from accelerated vesting of stock option awards),
and (iii) legal fees related to the separation agreement of less than $0.1 million. The Company paid Dr. Kunik $0.1 million
in September 2010 and $0.4 million in April 2011 related to the expenses noted above.
The Company generated an operating loss of $4.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2011 compared to an operating
income of $14.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2010. The operating margin was (23.4%) for the year ended June 30,
2011 compared to 36.8% for the year ended June 30, 2010. The decrease in operating income and operating margin is a
result of the above mentioned decrease in revenue and operating leverage inherent in the Company's business model.
The Company generated a loss before income taxes of $4.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2011 versus income before
income taxes of $14.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2010. The decrease in income before income taxes is a result of
lower operating income (discussed above).
The Company's effective tax rate for the year ended June 30, 2011 was 33.8% compared to 35.2% for the year ended June
30, 2010. The Company uses estimates in providing for income taxes on a year to date basis and those estimates may change
in subsequent interim periods.
The Company generated a net loss of $3.0 million for the year ended June 30, 2011 compared to net income of $9.4 million
for the year ended June 30, 2010. The decrease in net income is a result of lower operating income (discussed above).
The Company reported diluted loss per share of ($0.20) for the year ended June 30, 2011 versus diluted earnings per share of
$0.63 for the year ended June 30, 2010. The decrease in diluted earnings per share is a result of a lower net income
(discussed above).
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70
Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities 41(1)
We are aware that if Judith had not done so, someone else would likely have conceptualized something
like Circles. It is, in fact, an ancient concept. However, it was time to begin reviving mutuality and interde-
pendence in our societies, and it was Judith who was the spark, the catalyst, and thus, the connector for so
many of us.
Asking the Great Questions
Judith once said, "A great question refuses to be answered; so it keeps leading us into deeper connections
with each other and into deeper thinking." As Judith's life depended on the asking of great questions, she
became a master of questioning. In so doing, she made it possible for others to pursue great questions,
taking them to places they did not even know existed. As a philosopher, as a scientist, as a researcher, as
an engineer, as a guru, and ultimately as an artist, Judith learned and in turn taught us to pursue the ques-
tion of "How do I make the invisible, visible?" The implicit and explicit questions she stewarded led
engineers to discover how a woman with only movement in one thumb could control a 300 lb motorized
wheelchair; and when her thumb no longer worked, how her breath could; how burly bouncers in upstairs
nightclubs could make a building accessible; how adventurers could make canoeing and rock climbing
possible; and how artists, engineers, and programmers could make it possible for her to paint and sculpt.
But mostly, Judith's mastery of the great question magnetically drew people to join in the quest; all were
welcomed and ultimately the community that emerged would seek a bigger question, calling us all to go
deeper.
Asset-Based Community Development and More
Although Judith was deeply engaged in issues around disability, her interests and commitments were so
much broader. Judith fulfilled a dream that she had for many years: to be rooted in her local community,
with all the diversity, joys, challenges, and problems that are integral to all communities. As a neighbor and
active leader in community development projects with her friends and neighbors, and in the local commu-
nity health center (LAMP) as an executive member of the Board, Judith was a great neighbor and a respected
agent for change by those who knew her in the Lakeshore community.
Judith was a founding member of the Marsha Forest Centre, and while the Center supported Judith,
she supported families and the development of Circles with the Center for 25 years. She joined the fac-
ulty of the ABCD Institute with John McKnight, and was a key thinker and provocateur with that remark-
able team of 52. She took community development into politics and challenged the nature of our
democracy by being a member of the communist party, running as a candidate in three Canadian elec-
tions. She was a live exhibit at the Royal Ontario Museum for an extended showing of 9 months. It was
an art exhibit, with Judith as a living part of the exhibit, shocking unsuspecting patrons and staff into a
deeper understanding of possibility. She was key to a team of gamers who are still working on a comput-
erized "Zombie" game where, to survive, you must help the Zombies to be included: a game of inclusion,
now that is a Judith twist.
Respectful Interdependence
The first time one met Judith they might have been struck with the thought that she was the epitome of
independent living. Those of us who were fortunate enough to come to know Judith more intimately quickly
learned that her life was lived in respectful interdependence. Judith depended on friends and allies to help
her carry her message, which became our message.
Early on, Judith showed people what an independent minded woman who used a wheelchair could do.
Later on in her career and life, Judith showed us what respectful interdependence could look like in so many
different ways. As Judith spoke about the idea of gifts and giftedness, she was calling forward the idea of
interdependence rather than independence.
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American people had better find out about money -- and quick!
"That which people use to pay for things they buy consists of their coin and paper currency in
hand and their check deposits in banks. These add up to a certain number of dollars which is
what I call the money supply. This is the item usually tabulated in monetary statistics under the
caption, 'Total demand deposits adjusted and currency outside banks.' Most people come into
possession of some of this money only by selling their competitively acceptable goods or
services to others. The supplying of goods and services is their method of acquiring dollars. If
that were always true for everybody, America would be rid for always of inflationary booms and
their reactionary busts. To the extent that this is not true America has a boom-and-bust money
system.
"Thus suppose no one could get money to spend except by concurrently selling goods or
services. Then it follows that the money each one gets to spend in markets equals the goods or
services he supplies to markets. Hence the total of goods and services going to markets is
matched by the total money going to markets. There is balance. This is true even if some lend or
give their money to others, for the lender takes himself out of the markets to the extent that his
loan enables the borrower to enter them. Money would then be a medium of exchange for
goods and services -- and that only. It would also meet my personal definition of 'honest'
money because each person could then be sure that with the money he got from selling his
services or goods he could obtain, over time-spans, equivalent goods and services of
others. The buying power of his money could not be taken away from him during the periods he
held it; and money contracted to be received in the future would represent buying power over
goods approximately equivalent to that currently relinquished in entering into the contract. This
would be the kind of money that gold would be in a community in which payments were
exclusively made by its physical transfer and the total supply of which could only be
increased very slowly, if at all, by its mining." (Italics added)
"In this sort of situation the prices and costs of some goods and services in markets could go up
while others went down reflecting shifts in customer preferences, inducing corresponding shifts in
production. These would be desirable. They would represent the competitive markets efficiently
at work, keeping production continuously and closely adjusted to the shifting demands of a
nation at work and progressing. Prices in general could even trend gradually downward,
reflecting technical achievement in the efficiency of production.
"The roots of inflationary boom are public ignorance about or indifference to the meaning of
honest money and the means of maintaining it; the fruits of boom are injustice, wasted resources
and economic maladjustment while it lasts, and deflationary depression, unemployment and
social unrest when it is over."
Now it should be obvious that the "physical transfer" of gold is not essential to the establishment of "honest
money" as envisaged by Smith. The same objective would be reached if all paper money -- notes and checks
-- were made fully representative of gold and kept fully representative of gold at all times. In other words, a
deposit banking system in which the total supply of money increased very slowly would provide us with an
"honest" money as described by Smith. (We shall have occasion to discuss Smith's views further in the next
chapter.)
History has shown quite conclusively that credit banking would have died a natural death in its infancy -- had
it not been for government protection and the propagation of a mass of illogical theory. The public has
become so confused that they now look upon the system as the "spring from which all blessings flow," "the
handmaiden of industry and commerce," and "the creator of our modern economic society." In a very real
sense, our banking system actually is the creator of modern economic society. Our society could not exist
without an adequate supply of money. But our banking system -- because of its inherent instability -- is also
the creator of all that goes with our modern economic system: Unemployment, poverty-in-the-midst-of-
plenty, and strife between capital and labor. We could have had the same progress without the attendant
collapses if we had only been building with a money that would not collapse.
We have been using an elastic money -- a money that expands and contracts. Our entire price structure,
which is supposed to regulate production, was determined by a supply of money that was very unstable. No
wonder free enterprise appears to have failed and is being challenged on the grounds that it cannot regulate
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the RIKZ (Berrevoets et al., 2003). Older counts, which are available from 1978
onwards, have been analyzed as part of EVA II, after correcting for missing counts
through imputing (Rappoldt et al., 2003b). Compared to the Delta area, the frequency
of counts in the Wadden Sea covering the entire area has been decidedly lower, on
average three times a year (Meltofte et al., 1994; van Roomen et al., 2003).
The longest uninterrupted counting series for the Wadden Sea (from 1973/1974
onwards) is available for the month of January. A logical choice is therefore to
restrict analyses of bird numbers to this month (Leopold et al., 2003b; Verhulst et al.,
2004). However, January counts have a problem due to ice winters. When the mud
flats become covered with ice during a sufficiently long period of frost, a large
number of oystercatchers may leave the Wadden Sea to winter elsewhere (Hulscher,
1989; Hulscher et al., 1996; Camphuysen et al., 1996). During the past century, such
hard-weather movements from the Dutch Wadden Sea have occurred in at least 10
of 92 years (Hulscher et al., 1996). Very low counts of oystercatchers in the winters of
1986/87 and 1996/97 are due to hard-weather movement and not to a change in the
number of oystercatchers that arrived in autumn to spend the winter in the area. One
solution is to include integral counts for other months in the imputing exercise. To
the 29 integral counts for January, 33 counts during other months in the period
August-December can be included (Leopold et al., 2003b). This provides only a
partial solution. For the winter of 1996/97 there were additional counts in August
and December, so the new estimate is clearly higher. However, for the winter of
1986/87 only the January count is available, so the procedure makes no difference.
Apart from integral counts of the whole Dutch Wadden Sea, there are many sites
throughout the Wadden Sea that are counted on a much more regular basis. These
counts can also be included in the imputing to yield an estimate of the number of
oystercatchers in each site in each month. For the studies of Leopold et al. (2003b)
and Rappoldt et al. (2003a) counting data of individual counting sites were first
clustered into larger areas and then imputing was done for these larger cluster areas.
More recently, SOVON has performed imputing directly on the individual counting
sites, without first clustering these sites into larger areas (van Roomen & van
Winden, pers. comm.). Including the counts of sites counted more regularly leads to
estimated numbers that vary smoothly over the years. Such gradual changes in
numbers are what one would expect for a long-lived species like the oystercatcher.
We therefore conclude that imputing using all counts offers the best estimate of the
number of oystercatchers deciding to spend the winter in the Dutch Wadden Sea.
The precise estimate of the total number depends on the details of the imputing and
this requires further study.
A distinction was made between areas open for fishing, areas closed for shellfish
fishing and areas that could not be classified (Figure 7). Since bird counts take place
during high tide, the assignment to the low tide feeding areas had to be based on
expert judgement and is open to further improvement. Especially for species that
travel long distances to reach the feeding grounds, errors are likely.
28
Alterra-rapport 1011; RIVO-rapport C056/04; RIKZ-rapport RKZ/2004.031
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services business will provide some level of funding, a critical source of funding available to the Company will
consist of equity financing. There can be no assurance that additional capital or other types of financing will be
available if needed or that, if available, the terms of such financing will be favourable to the Company. In addition,
from time to time, the Company may enter into transactions to acquire assets or the shares of other corporations.
These transactions may be financed wholly or partially with debt, which may temporarily increase the Company's
debt levels.
Attraction and retention of key personnel
The Company has a small management team and the loss of a key individual or inability to attract suitably
qualified staff could have a material adverse impact on its business. The Company may also encounter difficulties
in obtaining and maintaining suitably qualified staff. Prodigy has sought to and will continue to ensure that
management, directors and any key employees are provided with appropriate incentives; however, their services
cannot be guaranteed.
Prodigy's future growth and success will depend upon its ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain
talented personnel with outstanding skills. There is no guarantee that it will be able to retain the services of any
of its employees or other members of senior management in the future. Competition for talent is intense,
particularly in technology driven industries such as Prodigy's, and its competitors may be able to offer Prodigy's
potential or current personnel better pay, experience, benefits or opportunities. Failure to effectively recruit and
retain talent could limit Prodigy's ability to increase sales, expand operations and achieve other strategic
objectives.
Competition
The industries in which Prodigy operates are highly competitive. The Company faces strong competition from
other companies in the industry. Many of these companies have greater financial resources, operational
experience and technical capabilities than Prodigy. As a result of this competition, the Company may be unable
to maintain its operations or develop them as currently proposed, on terms it considers acceptable or at all.
Consequently, the revenues, operations and financial condition of the Company could be materially adversely
affected.
To remain competitive, the Company will require a continued high level of investment in research and
development, marketing, sales and client support. The Company may not have sufficient resources to maintain
research and development, marketing, sales and client support efforts on a competitive basis.
Key Executives
Prodigy is dependent on the services of key executives, including its directors and has a small number of highly
skilled and experienced executives and personnel. Due to the relatively small size of Prodigy, the loss of these
persons or either company's inability to attract and retain additional highly skilled employees may adversely affect
its business and future operations.
Prodigy operates in an industry with the risk of intellectual property litigation. Claims of infringement against it
may hurt its business
Prodigy's success depends, in part, upon non-infringement of intellectual property rights owned by others and
being able to resolve claims of intellectual property infringement without major financial expenditures or adverse
consequences. Participants that own, or claim to own, intellectual property may aggressively assert their rights.
From time to time, Prodigy may be subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property
rights of others.
Future litigation may be necessary to defend Prodigy or its clients by determining the scope, enforceability, and
validity of third-party proprietary rights or to establish its proprietary rights. Some competitors have substantially
greater resources and are able to sustain the costs of complex intellectual property litigation to a greater degree
and for longer periods of time. Regardless of whether claims that Prodigy are infringing patents or other
intellectual property rights have any merit, these claims are time-consuming and costly to evaluate and defend
and could:
17
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supply, expressed as amount of food per bird, is poor. Whether or not we will
observe the predicted positive correlation between return rate and amount of food
per bird depends on the time scale over which the local population becomes adjusted
to a lowered or increased food supply. If the population becomes adjusted within a
single winter, we will not observe a significant correlation between return rate and
food supply. In that case, the return rate will not depend on the mismatch between
the number of birds and the food supply in the current year, but on the difference
between the food stock in the current year and the next year. If, on the other hand,
adjustment takes many years, as seems to be the case for the oystercatchers in the
Dutch Wadden Sea, we may not observe a correlation either. The slow response of
the oystercatchers in the Dutch Wadden Sea may be explained by the fact that they
comprise more than half of the continental European population (Goss-Custard et
al., 1996a). Thus, changes in the Wadden Sea population will be largely determined
by natality and mortality, instead of immigration and emigration. Both natality and
mortality are low in the long-lived oystercatcher, so adjustment will be slow, except
when extreme events cause high mortality. Thus, the absence of a significant
correlation cannot be taken as evidence that the population does not respond to
changes in the size of the food stock.
Uncertainty in the estimates of the population size, related to imputing, poses an
additional problem. The estimated trend in the total number of wintering
oystercatchers is quite robust to the precise details of imputing. However, return rate
depends on the difference in numbers between two consecutive years. Since
oystercatchers population numbers generally change slowly over the years, this
difference is generally small. As a result, small differences in the estimated total
number of oystercatchers, which do not matter for the overall trend, can have a big
effect on the estimated return rate. According to recent insights it is better to impute
missing data on the basis of individual counting sites and not first clustering these
counting sites into larger units (Soldaat et al., 2004). Preliminary calculations indicate
that return rate is quite sensitive to the method of imputing and that the new method
adopted by SOVON leads to poorer correlations for the Dutch Wadden Sea than the
correlation depicted in Figure $74^{11}$.
Given the uncertainties surrounding the estimate of return rate for the Dutch
Wadden Sea, it was necessary to invest most effort in developing a model describing
how oystercatchers deplete a given food stock and whether they are stressed for food
in the process. A short description of the model, including the most important
parameters and assumptions is provided in section 1.5.7. For a detailed account we
refer to (Rappoldt et al., 2003d). The amount of food stress calculated with the model
increases with a decreasing food supply. In addition, and as expected, the return rate
$^{11}$ The problems with estimating return rate in the Dutch Wadden Sea do not apply to the
Oosterschelde. First, the entire Oosterschelde is counted every month, so the extent of imputing
needed is small compared to the Wadden Sea. Second, the Oosterschelde is much smaller, so
changes in numbers between years may depend more on immigration and emigration than
mortality and reproduction. Thus, adjustment to a changed food supply may occur on a shorter
time scale compared to the Wadden Sea. This may explain why the relationship between return
rate on the one hand and food supply and food stress on the other hand is much tighter for the
Oosterschelde than for the Wadden Sea.
114
Alterra-rapport 1011; RIVO-rapport C056/04; RIKZ-rapport RKZ/2004.031
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experienced object (anubhūtārtha). It also does not have anything ultimately existent
(paramārthasat) as its intentional object, since its intentional object is devoid of the three
times, like a sky-flower. Certainly, an utterance, "He should do this," (kuryād) does not
refer to the present. For then it would have the same content as the utterance, "He does
this." It is not the case that it refers to the future, like the utterance, "He will do this." It is
also not the case that it refers to the past, like the utterance, "He did this." Pratibhā is not
a means of knowing, since its intentional object is non-existent. It is not a doubt, since it
involves exclusive determination. It is not an error, since it makes everyone undertake
actions everywhere.$^{30}$
According to Vācaspati, instances of pratibhā represent an action as something to be done. This,
in turn, gives rise to an awareness of the action along with its goal, the means to achieve it, and
the way to perform it, and results in the performance of the action. This action may be
something mundane, like cooking pasta, where the goal of the action is the prepared pasta, the
means of action involves the ingredients and utensils needed for cooking, and the way to do it is
laid out in the recipe. People have performed this action in the past, are perhaps performing it
now, and will perform it in the future. In that sense, it may be described by means of declarative
sentences. This is why Vācaspati says that the action in question may be delimited by the three
times. The catch, however, is this. Even though the action in question may be delimited by the
three times, it is represented by instances of pratibhā as delimited by neither the past, nor the
present, nor the future. That ensures that the content of that awareness cannot be expressed by
means of declarative sentences like, "He does this," "He will do this," and "He did this." In this
respect, pratibhā, unlike our other sources of knowledge, is directed at an object that is ultimately
non-existent. Yet, it is not uncertain in the same way as a state of doubt is. It decisively tells the
agent what is to be done. Moreover, since it gives rise to successful action everywhere, it also is
not like a state of error.
The lesson: an instance of pratibhā is an awareness which does not represent an action as
something that an agent has performed, or is performing, or will perform. In this respect, it does
not have any descriptive content at all: it has a distinctively normative content. In this respect,
the relevant theory of pratibhā is distinct from the Vaiśeṣika theory of pratibhā that Maṇḍana
criticises elsewhere (see footnote 25). For the Vaiśeṣikas, the content of pratibhā, e.g., in the case of
the girl's premonition that her brother will arrive the next day, or in the farmer's premonition
that it will rain, is descriptive. But, on this theory, it is irreducibly normative.
$^{30}$ NK on VV §11.3, 485.3-11: na hi te pratibhāvido ye saṃvedanam aniścayātmakaṃ pratibhām ācakhyuḥ | saṃśayo hi saḥ |
vayaṃ tu sādhyasādhanetikartavyyatāvacchinnāyāḥ kriyāyāḥ pratipattāv anukūlāṃ tatpratipattyā kārye 'nuṣṭhānalakṣaṇe kartavye
sahakāriṇīṃ kartavyam iti prajñāṃ pratibhām adhyagīṣmahi | evaṃ tarhi kriyaivāsyā viṣaya iti na nirviṣayety āha – pratibheti |
kriyāviṣayatve hi kriyāpratītiḥ | sā ca traikālyāvacchinnakriyāgocarā yathā pacati pakṣyaty apākṣīd iti| iyaṃ punar
atītānāgatavartamānānām anyatamenāpy anavacchinnam anubhūtārtham iva pratibhāsayantī pratibhā| na punar asyāḥ
paramārthasadviṣayaḥ kālatrayarahitatvāt khapuṣpavat | na khalu kuryād iti vartamānākhyā karotīty aviśeṣaprasaṅgāt | nānāgatā
kariṣyatīti| nātītā akārṣīd iti | tad eṣā na pramāṇam asadviṣayatvāt | na saṃśayaḥ ekāntāvasāyāt | na viparyayaḥ sarveṣāṃ sarvatra
vyavahārapravartanāt | For a variant, see VVMG 176.6-18.
22
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many an honest man who wanted to marry her. She insisted that she deserved no less than a prince.
The years passed by and her beauty was fading when a very handsome suitor swept her off her feet. She
knew her prince had finally come. She fell madly in love with him. The man asked her parents for her hand in
marriage and they were engaged. Rosamada, that was her name, was the happiest woman in the world. They
were married in a fabulous wedding, the groom was more handsome than ever in his high hat and tuxedo. A
reception followed with plenty to eat and drink. She looked beautiful in her lace wedding gown, her veil, and
flower crown. After the reception, the newlyweds went on their honeymoon.
When they arrived at a castle in the forest that the groom had chosen, she embraced and smiled at her
husband lovingly. lie returned the smile and she noticed that his teeth were very long, sharp, and shone like
gold. Rosamada was quite surprised; she had not noticed that his teeth were like this before. Her husband
then took off his coat and then she saw that he had a two-pointed tail. She started to tremble with horror.
What was happening? She had married a very handsome young man, who was this person?
Her husband very abruptly took off Ids hat and the new wife almost fainted. The man had two horns and two
very big and pointed ears. He then took off his shirt and she saw that his chest was covered with long black
hairs. When he started taking off his gloves, Rosamada tried to escape from his sight but he caught her with
his hairy arms and very long claws. He held her while he took off his shoes and she was able to see that his
feet were hoofs. She started to scream for help but no one could hear her. She understood at once that she
had married the devil himself, and that she was being punished for her arrogance.
They say that the devil and the castle disappeared all at once. By pure luck, a hunter found Rosamada lying
on the ground and took her back to the city. She ems sick six months with hot and cold chills and then she
died, which always happens.
FOLKTALE
J. Alden Mason and Aurelio M. Espinosa found three versions of the El Medio Pollito story that were being told
in Puerto Rico in the beginning of this century. These versions were European and probably were brought to
the island from Castile. R. S. Boggs in his article "The Halfchick Tale in Spain and France" summarizes the
story as it was basically being told in Puerto Rico, but also found a literary version that was being used in
schools in the United States. The story is retold in The Green Fairy Book by Andrew Lang from Fernan
Caballero. The version that I have translated seems to be closer to this version than to the original Castilian
story. Apparently this version was introduced in Puerto Rico after the island became a possession of the
United States in 1898. Marigloria Palma in her book Muestras del Folklore Puertorriqueno (in Spanish) tells the
story as she heard it as a child. I have translated her version of the story and illustrated the story as I see it.
Summary
Half-a-chick decides to travel to the capital to find a doctor to repair or add his missing half. He has one leg,
one eye, and one wing but believes he is better than everyone in the chicken coop and cannot stand being
there anymore. Before leaving, his mother gives him advice which he does not follow. On his way to the
capital he refuses to help river, wind, and fire. When he finally arrives to the big city, he confuses the king and
queen with the cooks of the palace. He is overcooked and thrown out of the kitchen window. The wind picks
him and takes him high in the air and puts him on top of the cathedral where he becomes a weathercock at
Curriculum Unit 93.02.12
6 of 14
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anything in God, but He will become
everything in you.
There are a lot of people running around
trying to become godly, some even declaring
that they are God, or they are Christ. You
have to be in the right realm to see this, or at
least you have to have a vision. Many people
today are seeing this, but they won't cross
over. They say, "Brother, it's blasphemous for
you to declare you are God." Well, I agree
with that, and I don't say I'm God. But I do
say this: If Adam is replaced, and God has
filled me with His life, and when we come
together we express, as the Word says, the
fullness
of
Him
who
fills
everything
everywhere with Himself, if I am not Christ,
then who am I? Can the Body be of a different
nature than the Head? The greatest problem in
the universe is man's mistaken identity. Yet
people hear this with Pentecostal ears and
they feel that it's New Age, or they feel it's
seducing spirits.
No Fear
Listen, as long as you're still in fear, of any
kind whatsoever, whether that fear is for
yourself, or for those you are ministering to,
or fear for the young ones in the Body of
Christ, as long as you have fear of any kind,
you have not yet entered into the realm of
Tabernacles. You have not yet seen that God
is all in all. You have not yet seen that
"Known unto God are all His works from
the beginning of the world" (Acts 15:18).
You do not understand that He truly is the
head of all principalities and powers in
heavenly realms and earthly realms, and
above the earth and below the earth, and in the
sea and under the sea. You have not yet seen
that He is Lord of all, because if you do, you
no longer have any fear. If you have fear of
being deceived and fear for others being
deceived, you don't know the fullness of
God's love. Known unto God are all of His
works.
Because I have been an avid seeker all my
life, I have seen deception. Yet God used that
very thing to teach me some things and give
me some understanding that I would never
have received anywhere else. Even deception
will work to your good. Do you think that
God birthed you into the world and then just
left you alone to work yourself into whatever
you needed to be? I know that before my feet
ever stepped on this earth, God had a perfect
plan and purpose for my life. Not for Gary,
not for that identity that I picked up at birth,
not really knowing who I was. He has no plan
for that. It takes several years of His dealings
and workings until you realize that is what
you need to let go of. Those who are living by
law and will power are afraid to let go of
Adam, because they think that if they let go, if
they don't keep Adam in check, then they are
going to backslide and go out into the world
and do some things they shouldn't do. I
understand that, because I've been there. But
until you let go, you'll never know if God is
able to keep you.
You have to understand what I'm saying here.
If God has really called you (and He has),
then you're going to go through some of the
most horrible fires of tribulation. You are
going to be molded to such a degree that
sometimes you will despair of life itself.
There have been times in my past when I
wished, literally, I could die, because I was on
the potter's wheel. There have been times
when I've said, "God, if when I was a young
Christian I could have had the vision that I
have now, I wouldn't have had to suffer so
much." And it's not even that I wouldn't have
had to suffer so much, but I could have done it
in joy. But see, we're short-sighted. Scripture
says that Jesus endured the Cross because He
saw beyond it (Heb. 12:2).
6
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associations, foundations, authorized physical persons, public institutions) on the condition of respecting
the quota of 30% disabled workers. As there is no reference regarding the social economy principles in
the legal regulations for sheltered workshops, in the recent report issued by Institute of Social Economy
(CSDF) in August 201318 it is considered that only sheltered workshops organized in traditional forms of
social economy (associations, foundations, cooperatives) could be included in the field of work integration
social enterprise. The sheltered workshops have the benefit of reserved markets as all employers in
Romania have to either hire disabled employees or to buy services of goods from protected workshops.
Sheltered workshops registered in Romania are in great majority for profit companies (69% from
total, 391 sheltered workshops), some of the companies being also commercial subsidiaries of non-profit
organisations (association or foundations). According to General Direction for Protection of Persons with
Disabilities, legal forms assimilated to social economy represented in August 2012 only 23% in total
sheltered workshops: 95 associations, 20 cooperatives and 14 foundations. At the end of 2012, sheltered
workshops employed an approximate number of 4600 persons, from which approximate 2000 persons
with disabilities, representing 42% in total employees for this type of organization, average close to legal
condition of 30%.
Besides the role of creating jobs for people with disabilities, according to the research results of
IES report 2013, 47% of total sheltered workshops provide supplementary services for employees with
disabilities like: professional training (27% from total sheltered workshops, 37% from sheltered workshops
developed by social economy organizations), counseling and information services (14% from total
sheltered workshops, 25% from sheltered workshops developed by social economy organization).
The draft Law on Social Economy from September 2012 introduces a new category of social
enterprises, work integration social enterprises which would lead to an extension of sheltered workshop
activities towards work integration of other categories of vulnerable groups than the disabled and also
incorporating the social economy principles in their operation, and without the benefit of the reserved
markets.
3. Case study of a pilot rural territory where a comprehensive social economy start-up project has
been developed Horezu Romania Idealis project. What would be the role of social economy in a
territorial development in Horezu? Value chain analysis.
The territory: general description and resources
The territory - five localities from the South West Carpathian region in Romania – Horezu – a market
town, and four rural municipalities Costesti, Vaideeni, Maldaresti and Slatioara as a strategic partnership
"Oltenia at the feet of the Mountains – Partnership for Local Economic Development". The Horezu micro
region lies at 200 km away from Romania's capital Bucharest, between the Căpăţânii Mountains to the
north, and little mountain rivers to the other parts. It is mainly a highland region, with mountains reaching
altitudes of up to 2.124 m in the Ursul Peak, two rows of hills and depressionary corridors, among which
stands out the Horezu Valley.
Horezu, the market town around which the network of localities has evolved has a population of
approximately 7,000 living in an area of 118 square kilometers. Horezu is reputed as an ethnographic
centre and as an age-old folk ceramics centre, famous for well preserved traditions and crafts, rich
cultural, spiritual and architectural heritage (old churches and monasteries, most famous traditional
pottery centers in Romania)
Traditional occupations include fruit production, animal rearing (bovines, goats, and sheep), ceramics/
pottery, and wood-processing industry. Horezu is also a traditional commercial centre; a market area for
farming products and (household) utilities exchange. Finally, the name of Horezu is linked with the
Monastery of Hurez, which is a monastic complex erected at the end of the XVII-th century, and which is
listed in the UN World Heritage Site, a masterpiece of orthodox religious architecture, and also a cultural
centre that influenced the development of crafts such as taspestry and ceramics in the region. The
Horezu ethnographical area blends elements specific of several civilizations: the clay civilisation – famous
potters, the wood civilization – talented wood-carvers and the pastoral civilization –on the alpine
18 Constantinescu St. (coord.), Social Economy and working force employment. Integration of vulnerable groups on
labor market, Institute of Social Economy (CSDF), 2013
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Herman et al.
91
Teacher Stress, Burnout, and Coping
Teaching is a high-stress profession, and many teachers
experience serious emotional problems related to the stress
of their job (Eaton, Anthony, Mandel, & Garrison, 1990;
Montgomery & Rupp, 2005). Stress interferes with personal
well-being and can weaken performance (Folkman, Lazarus,
Gruen, & DeLongis, 1986). When teachers are stressed and
not coping well, the relationships they have with students are
likely to suffer, leading to negative academic and behavioral
outcomes for students (Wentzel, 2010).
Persistent stress can result in professional burnout.
Burnout is the accumulation of responses to extended
stressors caused by one's job; characteristics of burnout are
emotional exhaustion, cynicism (depersonalization), and
low levels of self-efficacy (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter,
2001). Emotional exhaustion is a response to an over-
whelming amount of demand from one's job (Maslach
et al., 2001). Inefficacy comes from excessive demands and
not enough resources to meet those demands; it is defined
by self-perceived ineffectiveness (Maslach et al., 2001).
The transactional model of stress proposes that stress and
burnout occur when an individual has a negative appraisal
between the demands placed upon them and their abilities
to sufficiently cope with those demands (Sapolsky, 1998).
Thus, teacher burnout, stress, coping, and self-efficacy are
likely interrelated and multidirectional.
Teacher burnout has been linked to teacher turnover
intentions and job absenteeism (Belcastro & Gold, 1983) as
well as irritability and diminished performance (Huberman,
Grounauer, & Marti, 1993). A common conceptualization
of burnout includes three components that are related to
implementation of classroom practices, including emo-
tional exhaustion, depersonalization, and sense of personal
accomplishments from the job (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter,
1996). In particular, emotional exhaustion, defined as the
"tired and fatigued feelings that develop as emotional ener-
gies are drained" (Maslach et al., 1996, p. 28), is likely to
interfere with a teacher's efforts to implement effective
instructional practices and may influence the development
of negative attitudes about and interactions with students
(Lamude, Scudder, & Furno-Lamude, 1992).
Not surprisingly, teacher burnout and stress have been
shown to negatively influence teacher and student well-
being (Beer & Beer, 1992; Geving, 2007). Specifically,
Geving (2007) found that teacher behaviors elicited nega-
tive student behaviors, such as harming school property,
criticizing other students, and talking back to the teacher. In
addition, Kokkinos (2007) found that teacher burnout was
significantly associated with higher levels of student antiso-
cial and oppositional/defiant behaviors (e.g., cruelty/bull-
ing, rudeness, deceiving or makes fun of schoolmates).
Coping is a less considered aspect of teacher function-
ing, perhaps because it may be perceived as synonymous
with stress. In fact, stress and coping are distinct constructs
and each contributes important understanding to individual
adaptation. Stress results from an imbalance between
demands and resources that are available. Coping refers to
the person's cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage
(reduce, minimize, master, or tolerate) the internal and
external demands of this person–environment transaction
(Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Therefore, it is possible for
individuals to experience high levels of stress and still
report adequate coping skills (Brenner & Bartell, 1984).
This distinction may be especially relevant in today's high
pressure school settings where most, if not all adults, may
experience stressful environments but may have great vari-
ability in individual coping responses.
Teacher Self-Efficacy
Teacher self-efficacy is also negatively associated with
teacher stress and burnout with available evidence suggest-
ing reciprocal effects over time (Brouwers & Tomic, 1999).
Similar to teacher burnout and stress, self-efficacy is associ-
ated with classroom management (Reinke et al., 2013).
Conceptually, teachers who feel more confident in their
capacity to manage classroom behaviors are more likely to
deliver effective practices and observe positive student out-
comes. In turn, positive student responses to effective class-
room management serves as a positive feedback loop for
increasing self-efficacy and the likelihood the teacher will
deliver effective practices in the future (Han & Weiss,
2005). On the contrary, lack of confidence or efficacy may
interfere with a teacher's ability to be effective in meeting
the needs of students. For instance, Pas, Bradshaw,
Hershfeldt, and Leaf (2010) found that teachers with low
efficacy were less likely to make referrals for their students
to student support teams.
Teacher efficacy is also related to student academic
achievement. In a study on the academic gains made in a
school year of primary school students, Muijs and Reynolds
(2002) found that academic achievement and yearly gains
were best predicted by teacher behavior. In addition, they
found that teacher self-efficacy and subject knowledge
affected teacher behavior, thereby creating an indirect rela-
tionship to student academic achievement. Self-efficacy
predicts future behavior. Self-efficacy theory suggests that
if a teacher experiences success on a task, then he/she is
likely to believe that he/she will be successful again in that
task (Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2007). Conversely, if a
teacher perceives that he/she is not proficient in managing
student behaviors or promoting the academic achievement
of their students, then the teacher will be less likely to
attempt to further affect these areas. Notably, self-efficacy
is a malleable teacher characteristic that can be altered
through cognitive restructuring and mastery experiences
(Bandura, 1997). Thus, building self-efficacy and improved
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identification and parameter estimation in fluids that are precious or otherwise difficult to study in bulk.
[1] K. D. Housiadas and R. I. Tanner, A high-order perturbation solution for the steady sedimentation of a sphere
in a viscoelastic fluid, J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 233, 166 (2016).
[2] G. McKinley, Steady transient motion of spherical particles in viscoleastic liquids, in Transp. Process. Bubbles,
Drops, Part., edited by E. Chhabra and D. D. Kee (Taylor & Franics, 2001) 2nd ed.
[3] K. D. Housiadas and R. I. Tanner, Perturbation solution for the viscoelastic 3D flow around a rigid sphere subject
to simple shear, Phys. Fluids 23, 10.1063/1.3615518 (2011).
[4] H. Giesekus, Die simultane Translations- und Rotationsbewegung einer Kugel in einer elastoviskosen Fl¨ussigkeit,
Rheol. Acta 3, 59 (1963).
[5] K. D. Housiadas and R. I. Tanner, The angular velocity of a freely rotating sphere in a weakly viscoelastic matrix
fluid (2011).
[6] K. D. Housiadas and R. I. Tanner, Perturbation solution for the viscoelastic flow around a rigid sphere under
pure uniaxial elongation, J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 167-168, 75 (2012).
[7] S. D. Gkormpatsis, E. A. Gryparis, K. D. Housiadas, and A. N. Beris, Steady sphere translation in a viscoelastic
fluid with slip on the surface of the sphere, J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 275, 104217 (2020).
[8] L. E. Becker, G. H. McKinley, and H. A. Stone, Sedimentation of a sphere near a plane wall: Weak non-Newtonian
and inertial effects, J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 63, 201 (1996).
[9] C. Bodart and M. J. Crochet, The time-dependent flow of a viscoelastic fluid around a sphere, J. Non-Newton.
Fluid Mech. 10.1016/0377-0257(94)80029-4 (1994).
[10] L. E. Becker, G. H. McKinley, H. K. Rasmussen, and O. Hassager, The unsteady motion of a sphere in a
viscoelastic fluid, J. Rheol. 38, 377 (1994).
[11] M. Chilcott and J. Rallison, Creeping flow of dilute polymer solutions past cylinders and spheres, J. Non-Newton.
Fluid Mech. 29, 381 (1988).
[12] M. N. Moore and M. J. Shelley, A weak-coupling expansion for viscoelastic fluids applied to dynamic settling of
a body, J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 183-184, 25 (2012).
[13] A. M. Mollinger, E. C. Cornelissen, and B. H. Van Den Brule, An unexpected phenomenon observed in particle
settling: Oscillating falling spheres, J. Non-Newton. Fluid Mech. 10.1016/S0377-0257(98)00187-6 (1999).
[14] Y. Zhang and S. J. Muller, Unsteady sedimentation of a sphere in wormlike micellar fluids, Phys. Rev. Fluids 3,
10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.043301 (2018).
[15] L. G. Wilson and W. C. Poon, Small-world rheology: an introduction to probe-based active microrheology, Phys.
Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 10617 (2011).
[16] P. Dhar, Y. Cao, T. M. Fischer, and J. A. Zasadzinski, Active interfacial shear microrheology of aging protein
films, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.016001 (2010).
[17] M. L. Gardel, M. T. Valentine, and D. A. Weitz, Microrheology, Microscale Diagnostic Tech. , 1 (2005).
[18] M. Guo, A. J. Ehrlicher, S. Mahammad, H. Fabich, M. H. Jensen, J. R. Moore, J. J. Fredberg, R. D. Goldman,
and D. A. Weitz, The role of vimentin intermediate filaments in cortical and cytoplasmic mechanics, Biophys. J.
10.1016/j.bpj.2013.08.037 (2013).
[19] T. M. Squires and T. G. Mason, Fluid Mechanics of Microrheology, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 10.1146/annurev-
fluid-121108-145608 (2010).
[20] R. M. Robertson-Anderson, Optical Tweezers Microrheology: From the Basics to Advanced Techniques and
Applications, ACS Macro Lett. 7, 968 (2018).
[21] A. Meyer, A. Marshall, B. G. Bush, and E. M. Furst, Laser tweezer microrheology of a colloidal suspension, J.
Rheol. 50, 77 (2006).
[22] R. R. Brau, J. M. Ferrer, H. Lee, C. E. Castro, B. K. Tam, P. B. Tarsa, P. Matsudaira, M. C. Boyce, R. D.
Kamm, and M. J. Lang, Passive and active microrheology with optical tweezers, J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 9,
10.1088/1464-4258/9/8/S01 (2007).
[23] A. Yao, M. Tassieri, M. Padgett, and J. Cooper, Microrheology with optical tweezers, Lab Chip 9, 2568 (2009).
[24] S. K. Gupta and M. Guo, Equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium mechanics of living mammalian cytoplasm, J.
Mech. Phys. Solids 107, 284 (2017).
[25] F. Amblard, A. C. Maggs, B. Yurke, A. N. Pargellis, and S. Leibler, Subdiffusion and anomalous local viscoelas-
ticity in actin networks, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4470 (1996).
[26] A. R. Bausch, F. Ziemann, A. A. Boulbitch, K. Jacobson, and E. Sackmann, Local measurements of vis-
coelastic parameters of adherent cell surfaces by magnetic bead microrheometry, Biophys. J. 10.1016/S0006-
3495(98)77646-5 (1998).
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Education 1: abt. 1900, St Joseph's Church School, Elm Grove, Brighton, GB
Education 2: Aft. 1900, Boarder at Xaverian College, Mayfield, Sussex, GB
Military service 1: abt. 1917, Sergeant, Royal Sussex Regiment, 1/6th (cyclist) Battalion, Private Secretary
Military service 2: 1918, prisoner of war, Westphalia, Germany
Residence 1: abt. 1925, 18 Vale Road, Portslade, Sussex, GB
Residence 2: abt. 1908, 212 Preston Road, Brighton, Sussex, GB
More About MARY AGNES TEBBS:
Occupation: 1917, draper's assistant
Residence 1: 1917, 7 Carlisle Road, Aldrington, Hove, GB
Residence 2: 1901, 66 & 68 Church Road, Hove, Sussex, GB
More About EDWARD DONOVAN and MARY TEBBS:
Marriage: 18 Apr 1917
Children of EDWARD DONOVAN and MARY TEBBS are:
i.
PATRICIA5 DONOVAN, b. 1920, Brighton, GB; d. 1920, Brighton, GB.
21.
ii.
PATRICIA CHRISTINE DONOVAN, b. 1921, Brighton, GB.
22.
iii.
ANTHONY DONOVAN, b. 03 May 1925, 4 Carlisle Road, Aldrington, Hove, Sussex, GB; d. 22 Feb
1951, Cyprus.
23.
iv.
THERESA MARGARET DONOVAN, b. 11 Apr 1932, 18 Vale Road, Portslade, Sussex, GB.
13. GRACE ELLEN4 DONOVAN (CHARLES EDWARD3, THOMAS2, JOHN1) was born 01 May 1893 in 53 Clyde
Road, Brighton, GB, and died in Seaford, Sussex, GB. She married RAYMOND LINTOTT 21 Aug 1922 in St
Mary's Church, Brighton, GB. He was born 11 Apr 1893 in Sussex, GB, and died 12 Apr 1949 in Formby,
Lancashire, GB.
Notes for GRACE ELLEN DONOVAN:
Called her family: Papa, Mama, 'Pannie' (Frank); Teddie (Edward) was living with Grandma & Grandpa?
Donovan (Victoria & Thomas).
When a year old (1894) the family moved from Clyde Road to 48 Chester Terrace.
Thought she had a small voice, and so was forced to play stooge to her brothers.
More About GRACE ELLEN DONOVAN:
Education 1: abt. 1900, St Joseph's Church School, Elm Grove, Brighton, GB
Education 2: abt. 1902, Blessed Sacrament Convent, Walpole Road, Brighton, GB
Education 3: abt. 1905, Ditchling Road School, Brighton, GB
Residence 1: 1917, Girls Collegiate School, Leicester, GB
Residence 2: 1922, Eversley, Lewis Road, Ditchling, Sussex, GB
Residence 3: 1926, 55 Tivoli Crescent, Brighton, GB
Residence 4: 1930, Richmond Road, Birkdale, Southport, Lancashire, GB
Residence 5: abt. 1933, Ash Lynn, Grange Lane, Freshfield, Lancashire, GB
Residence 6: 1936, Lane End, Timms Lane, Freshfield, Lancashire, GB
Residence 7: 1957, 27 Grove Road, Seaford, Sussex, GB
More About RAYMOND LINTOTT:
Military service: WWI, Royal Field Artillery, in India and Mesopotamia
Residence: abt. 1914, 42 Roundhill Crescent, Brighton, GB
More About RAYMOND LINTOTT and GRACE DONOVAN:
Marriage: 21 Aug 1922, St Mary's Church, Brighton, GB
Child of GRACE DONOVAN and RAYMOND LINTOTT is:
i.
GEOFFREY CHARLES5 LINTOTT, b. 18 Sep 1926, 55 Tivoli Crescent, Brighton, GB; m. CECILY.
Notes for GEOFFREY CHARLES LINTOTT:
born 4.45 am Saturday 18th September 1926, 7 lbs
More About GEOFFREY CHARLES LINTOTT:
Education: abt. 1933, Bishop's Court Preparatory School, Freshfield, Lancashire, GB
14. ARTHUR THOMAS4 DONOVAN (CHARLES EDWARD3, THOMAS2, JOHN1) was born 19 Dec 1899 in Sussex,
GB. He married VIOLET R. BLUCK Jun 1924 in Brighton, GB. She was born abt. 1900 in Headley, Surrey,
8
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regard it in the calm, intellectual manner of Dr. Kriz. I wish I could. I feel that humanity is
crucified by managed money and by 'wise and competent men' deciding what shall happen to
widow Jones and to the humble inventor who has saved up his money in the hope of doing
something with it. I have told this to Donald McLaughlin and he, I think, is dimly aware of my
thoughts -- that it is dishonest and cynical to deny to the people of the United States, as if they
were second-rate citizens, the right to convert their currency.
"Are we slaves that foreign central bankers can cynically decide whether their central bank is
going to draw some more gold, as they have drawn over $1 billion in the last nine months, while
American citizens are not afforded an equal choice of the kind of money they may prefer for
their individual or company protection? I believe that politically we can enact the gold-coin
standard of money and should do so. And the people who haven't felt the pulse of America are
going to feel it in no uncertain terms very soon." (pp. 58-59)
What Mr. McKenna is overlooking, of course, is that Mr. Kriz's "calm, intellectual manner" is backed by a
wealth of knowledge about central banking practices. Mr. Kriz is fully aware of the extent to which the
American people have been "robbed" and "crucified" in the past by the very type of gold convertibility that
Mr. McKenna wants. It was the convertible dollar of the 1920s that finally led to the collapse of credit and
resulting foreclosures, unemployment, and injustice between debtors and creditors during the depression of
the 1930s. Mr. Kriz was not alone in the belief that the program Mr. McKenna wants us to follow now
would result in the same type of drastic deflation from which we have suffered so often in the past. Several of
the men present voiced fears of a deflation if such a program were adopted now.
On the other hand, Mr. McKenna's righteous indignation with the present money system, which is tied to
nothing at all and which is steadily whittling away the value of our dollar, is also well justified. There is no
question but that many millions of hard-working Americans are being robbed under the present system. The
value of their savings is being destroyed by a steady inflation of the per-capita supply of dollars.
The only logical way out of this tangle is to abandon the gold-credit mechanism and adopt the type of system
that is implied in the views of Bradford B. Smith. There is no other way -- consistent with a free-enterprise
economy -- of protecting ourselves from both inflation and deflation.
Mr. George made the point that before the United States should consider restoring domestic convertibility, it
would be absolutely necessary that a number of other countries put into effect "reforms ... that would be
extremely radical and difficult and politically unpalatable." (p. 62). Mr. McKenna then asked:
"Is it wrong that Americans should have good money when foreigners have not yet attained
good money? Couldn't America have good money even though other countries can't afford
good money? Don't Americans deserve it because we work harder and cause the money to
come into the Treasury in exchange for our labor and our risk-taking? What is wrong with
Americans having better money? We have better automobiles and better everything else. Better
money would be a leadership for the world,/i>." (p. 65) (Italics added)
Mr. McKenna is absolutely right! America does deserve a good money. And without any question, "better
money would be a leadership for the world." But the hard fact is that gold is not as good a money as we
could have, because its supply does not keep pace with population. And gold-credit is a still worse money,
because it collapses periodically. And another hard fact is that gold is an international commodity -- and
therefore, if our money is linked to gold, we must consider the situations that exist in other gold-standard
countries. It would be foolhardy not to. You can rest assured that the speculators in foreign exchange are
keenly aware of the relative strength of the credit situations in different countries. For us to ignore the
situations that exist in other gold-standard countries would be to invite disaster.
In other words, if we stick to gold, it's unfortunate but true that Americans can't have as good a money as
they deserve. And it's also true, as Mr. George pointed out, that certain basic reforms in other countries are
needed before we can get the gold standard working as it used to work. And that means "meddling" in foreign
affairs -- a process that is repugnant to most Americans. If we don't meddle, there's no possibility of making
the gold standard work; and if we do meddle, we get a standard we don't want anyhow because of the
"barbarous" way in which it works. It should be easy for us to make up our minds what to do when
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1/30/2017
- Campus Labs
Please comment on how effective the instructor was in teaching this course. -
The instructor was very effective in explaining the course material, but not very effective in making a connection to the practical, how the lecture pertain to the
programming aspect of the course.
He is awesome, great personality, knowledgable, and enthusiastic about the material. I believe some aspects of his class are too diÕcult though. Maybe I just did not
prepare myself for the workload this semester, but I was under the impression a 4 credit class would reasonably take 8-12 hours of preparation outside of class per
week. The required time to complete the assignments easily doubled or tripled that each week. I understand that in Geoff's mind, an insane amount of time is not a
requirement to completing the assignments, but when the only undergraduate groups I know that got full points before the deadlines admitted to spending hundreds
of hours on them, it may as well be a requirement. In a situation like that, it is easy to feel like your performance is not being judged by your ability to grasp the
concepts expected by the course syllabus, but by your willingness and ability to spend inordinate amounts of time on a single course. However, I do understand that
Geoff wants the course to be challenging and worth the effort. I can say that every hour put into this class is worth it in terms of personal growth and learning, just not
everyone can afford to put in a lot of hours. Geoff was Óexible in allowing late submissions, and the curve (based on the midterm grades) was generous. Overall though
I feel as though students would be more receptive to learning when more manageable goals are laid out before them.
Geoffrey Challen beyond surpasses the cumulative quality of the CSE faculty. His integration of humor within course material was profound; indicative of a humble,
superior level of intelligence. I can't articulate how appreciative I am for the accessibility ease of lecture material. Some people are not fortunate enough to live the "full-
time residential student" life, and it's extremely discouraging when attending to responsibilities results in falling behind/missing announcements in classes. TLDR: 10/10
would recommend would tell a friend.
Dr. Challen (or gwa as he prefers) presented the material of the course in a way that was engaging, memorable, and funny (far more than a topic as dreadful as OS
structural implementation has any right to be), which greatly helped on examinations.
Enthusiastic and clear professor. Clearly spent time putting together course materials and designing infrastructure of course so that technical issues would not hold us
back from working on assignments. His personal assistance was accurate without giving away answers.
I felt like only smart questions should be asked, and I felt very insecure in asking dumb questions, this is a general feeling in the computer science department and I
believe should be addressed. Some students who felt like they were behind, only got more behind, because of fear of scrutiny of the TA's, other students, and the
Professor.
There are 2 sides to Geoff either he is in a great mood or he is in a bad mood. I think that he is generally a really nice guy but you do not what to get on his bad side.
He made students feel very unwelcome during oÕce hours, he seemed hostile and rude at times to students who were struggling but nice to others who had a better
understanding. I was personally scared of interacting with him due to the way he treated students during oÕce hours.
instructor assumes everyone has basic OS knowledge when teaching while that is not always true.
The prof was really good. Had loads of fun.
Very effective
Very effective. I liked how he used anecdotes throughout the lectures.
I found no faults in this course other than it being diÕcult, but in a good way.
Geoff made me want to come to lecture because of his engaging teaching style. He is entertaining and crams tons of information into each lecture, but it is very easy to
digest.
The enthusiasm that Challen exhibited was amazing, I really felt bad when I missed every single class. I never felt bored in class. The assignments were well supported
by the course staff, the opportunity to submit multiple times allowed us to experiment a lot. The 3rd assignment could've given less time for coremap and more time
for other two parts. Also, the targets could've been released early so that people could've got more time to test.
The lectures were among my favorite during my time at UB. But, the assignments were among my worst and most time consuming assignments.
It is so hard for me...but the thing is installing os was not easy
He is based on the slides that he made. And it is very effective! :)
This is by far the best professor I've had at UB and really makes the course an enjoyable experience. He's super knowledgeable when it comes to course material, and
you can tell he enjoys teaching it. The course is deÒnitely hard, but his oÕce hours are inviting and helpful, and he's always positive and funny. He's dedicated to the
learning of his students as well as the entire CSE department.
Geoff was excellent in this course. Giving me the correct balance of well presented material, well deÒned goals, and solid guidance when seeking help in oÕce hours.
The instructor presented the material in an organized, easy-to-follow, and entertaining manner.
Good, likes to say "right" a lot but he got better at it. Enthusiastic, likes to make jokes and funny during lecture.
He was very effective. Maybe the only thing would be to give more of a background on the assignments and more direction in doing them. Given the size of the
assignments, it seemed very diÕcult to have to rely on the TAs for instruction on how to do them even with a plethora of oÕce hours.
He taught well, and made class exciting.
He was very good in his teachings. Also, he IS cute :)
Challen was very effective and knowledgeable in his explanation of concepts. His enthusiasm showed in every class. He truly likes to teach Operating Systems.
I enjoyed having Geoff as a professor for this course! To me, Geoff was very effective in teaching the conceptual aspects of the course, and I enjoyed attending the
lectures. There was a disconnect in the diÕculty of the conceptual aspects of the course and the programming aspects. This disconnect could have been alleviated by a
more directed set of assignment descriptions, as stated earlier in my evaluation. This is my only "complaint", and it stems from the amount of struggling I did on the
assignments. I have heard that CSE421/521 is a little above the level of many UB students REGARDLESS of who teaches it. I think there is a systemic problem here:
either the 421/521 course itself, or the way UB's curriculum up to this point has (not) prepared us for this class. Everything being said, I would completely recommend
Geoff for any class. His enthusiasm, willingness to help, and the way that he makes the entire course (notes, lectures, recitations, etc.) available online show that he is
dedicated to students!
He is the best computer science teacher I have come across in my life so far!
His enthusiasm for the topic was greatly reÓected in his method of instruction; he explained topics quite thoroughly and made learning the material quite enjoyable
Proff GWA is really good and knows his stuff. His notes and lecture slides and videos really helped me learn the subject. :)
Unapproachable. Very knowledgable though. But expects you to already know too many things.
He is awesome ! I loved his teaching style, I was already interested in systems and OS, have worked in device drivers before. But he provided another angle to how to
design systems and tradeoffs. He is one of the best teachers I have listened to the date.
Great professor. He's a little intimidating but that just made me use every other possible resource before going for help
https://buffalo.campuslabs.com/faculty/FacultyReports/PrintableReports?courseSectionId=b2dbc681-b2d5-e511-80e0-000d3a00a…
10/13
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The Finnish paper reported a study of 24dB/octave
crossovers at 100Hz and at 200Hz, with an adjustable
delay unit switchable between the satellites and the
subwoofers. It seems that delay is more detectable on
speech than music, for starters. Also, it was found that
the amount of tolerable delay was roughly inversely
proportional to the crossover frequency.
With a 100Hz crossover, there was an audible change
in the sound by adding a 15ms delay to the satellites
(placing the subwoofers 5ms "ahead" of the satellites).
However, if the delay was added to the woofers, an ad-
ditional 45ms of delay (making a total of 55ms) was re-
quired for audibility. With a 200Hz crossover, the allow-
able additional delays became 9 and 22ms respectively.
So, said Poh Ser, by choosing a lower crossover fre-
quency, the designer can reduce the audibility of any
given amount of delay.
Turning to his current subwoofer design, Poh Ser ex-
plained that his goal was to reduce both distortion and
enclosure size while retaining high acoustic output at
low frequencies. The new subwoofer has half the internal
volume of his previous design (4 cu. ft. instead of 8), yet
has 5dB more output at 3% distortion.
Poh Ser's approach was to mount two 12" drivers fac-
ing each other at the same end of a cylindrical enclosure.
This presents each driver with a "virtual enclosure"
which is twice the apparent volume of the real one (each
driver "sees" only half the pressure in the enclosure,
hence each driver thinks that it is operating in an enclo-
sure which is twice as big). Also, by mounting them
facing each other, even-order distortion products are
mostly eliminated. By choosing drivers with very little
odd order-harmonics in the operating range, very low
distortion is achieved. On the flip side of the coin, effi-
ciency is 3dB lower. Luckily, power is cheap these days,
and the woofers used can handle very high power.
Like all Poh Ser's designs, this is a vented system (for
efficiency and more important, higher maximum output at
the lowest frequencies). In a direct comparison, it put out
more 16-20Hz than a Hartley 24" woofer, the latter de-
veloping a rubbing voice coil during the test). The port is
a large diameter (6 inches) tube, with the opening at the
bottom. (The drivers are mounted at the top.) Poh Ser
commented that most commercial systems use too small
a port, resulting in compression and "chuffing" noises
due to the extreme velocity of the air in the port. 18-inch
woofers are frequently coupled with a 4-inch port (in an
$80,000 system, for example). Poh Ser told us that his
system is usable from any normal subwoofer crossover
frequency—"200Hz, 100Hz, 50Hz, 30Hz"—down to be-
low 19Hz, where it is "1 or 2dB down." It still has sub-
stantial output at 16Hz.
There is less bass boost applied to equalize this sys-
tem than was used in his first design. The peak boost oc-
curs around 20Hz, and is only 3dB relative to the "high"
bass (above 30Hz or so), compared with 6dB boost of the
first design. There is also a 12dB/octave infrasonic filter,
so the net rolloff rate below cutoff is 36dB/octave. The
maximum output he has measured from this particular
pair of subwoofers is 116dB at 16Hz with under 3% dis-
tortion. This was in a 33'x14'x7.5' basement, the sub-
woofers against the middle of the front wall (i.e. about 5
feet from the corners), measured about 10 feet from the
speakers, at normal ear level. It was measured by Ira
using his Ivie and the CBS test disc. He did not measure
the corresponding input power, so we did not have an
efficiency figure. Poh Ser did say that the theoretical effi-
ciency of the system is about 87dB/watt at 1 meter
(87db/watt at 1 meter in half space corresponds to a lit-
tle under 2mW acoustic output, i.e., slightly under 0.2
percent efficiency).
The woofers have a voice-coil resistance of 5 ohms (at
dc). Since they are paralleled, the minimum impedance
presented to an amplifier is under 3 ohms (at the port
resonance, around 18Hz)—quite low. This results in a
fairly high sensitivity. However, if you are worried
about the low impedance combined with a possible
large phase angle at low frequencies, Poh Ser suggested
that the drivers could be wired in series instead of par-
allel, raising the minimum impedance to over 10 ohms.
"The sensitivity would of course be lower by 6dB." Effi-
ciency is clearly unaffected.
Poh Ser uses Carver amplifiers at home, by the way
(several M1.0ts and an M500t). He used his Carver
M500t for driving the subwoofers at this meeting. (It has
excellent meters, which allowed us to estimate the
power fed to the woofers during the demonstration. The
meters were calibrated before being brought to the
meeting.) It appeared to drive the under-3-ohm load of
the subwoofers without any audible distress, and re-
mained quite cool.
Each channel—Poh Ser recommends dual sub-
woofers—can handle 300 watts long-term average
power. He has not yet melted a driver.
Demonstrations followed, beginning with a Hin-
demith organ selection (on Argo) in which Poh Ser said
that the bass was louder (by about 6dB) than the rest of
the spectrum (measured using a spectrum analyzer in
peak-hold mode and playing through the entire disc).
With approximately 150 watts in, Ira Leonard reported
that we were getting about 110dB out. "It's almost all
around 19Hz, too," Poh Ser told us. When the selection
was first played, Al Foster was heard to exclaim,
"Wow!"
Without the subwoofers and crossover, the dbx 2500s
distorted badly on this track, because they were being
driven well below their port resonance, which is 1-1/2
octaves higher. Admittedly an unusual case, this is nev-
ertheless a good example of what happens to an unpro-
tected vented system below resonance, as it becomes un-
controlled (Note that in the case of Poh Ser's sub-
woofers, the built-in high-pass filter prevents such be-
havior by filtering out below-resonance signals). [Also
note that single 6" sealed 50Hz-resonance woofers
would
"distort
badly"
when
overdriven
at
19Hz.—DRM]
Of course we heard Poh Ser's favorite demo CD, the
Philips recording of Saint-Saens' Organ Symphony (Edo
page 10
The BAS Speaker • volume 17 number 2
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