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0 | ACT AIEEE in India AP ASVAB AMC Australian Mathematics Competition CFA CISSP CLEP COMLEX CLAT Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education F = ma, leading up to the United States Physics Olympiad FE GCE Ordinary Level GED GRE GATE IB Diploma Programme science subject exams IIT-JEE in India, which had, until 2006, a high-st... | Multiple choice question | 0.885657 |
1 | The process of completing the square makes use of the algebraic identity x 2 + 2 h x + h 2 = ( x + h ) 2 , {\displaystyle x^{2}+2hx+h^{2}=(x+h)^{2},} which represents a well-defined algorithm that can be used to solve any quadratic equation. : 207 Starting with a quadratic equation in standard form, ax2 + bx + c = 0 Di... | Quadratic equations | 0.884408 |
2 | In algebra, a quadratic equation (from Latin quadratus 'square') is any equation that can be rearranged in standard form as where x represents an unknown value, and a, b, and c represent known numbers, where a ≠ 0. (If a = 0 and b ≠ 0 then the equation is linear, not quadratic.) The numbers a, b, and c are the coeffici... | Quadratic equations | 0.884408 |
3 | The equation given by Fuss' theorem, giving the relation among the radius of a bicentric quadrilateral's inscribed circle, the radius of its circumscribed circle, and the distance between the centers of those circles, can be expressed as a quadratic equation for which the distance between the two circles' centers in te... | Quadratic equations | 0.884408 |
4 | Given the cosine or sine of an angle, finding the cosine or sine of the angle that is half as large involves solving a quadratic equation. The process of simplifying expressions involving the square root of an expression involving the square root of another expression involves finding the two solutions of a quadratic e... | Quadratic equations | 0.884408 |
5 | {\displaystyle x={\frac {{\sqrt {4ac+b^{2}}}-b}{2a}}.} The Bakhshali Manuscript written in India in the 7th century AD contained an algebraic formula for solving quadratic equations, as well as quadratic indeterminate equations (originally of type ax/c = y). Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (9th century), possibly inspir... | Quadratic equation | 0.881942 |
6 | In the days before calculators, people would use mathematical tables—lists of numbers showing the results of calculation with varying arguments—to simplify and speed up computation. Tables of logarithms and trigonometric functions were common in math and science textbooks. Specialized tables were published for applicat... | Quadratic equation | 0.881942 |
7 | Statistics show that waste collection is one of the most dangerous jobs, at times more dangerous than police work, but consistently less dangerous than commercial fishing and ranch and farm work. On-the-job hazards include broken glass, medical waste such as syringes, caustic chemicals, objects falling out of overloade... | Garbage collector | 0.881522 |
8 | Students reconstructed a chain of events in the Dr. Biology laboratory and field site, writing their own narrative for the story. Early in 2007, Ask A Biologist became one of the early content channels on iTunes U with its audio podcast of the same name. Hosted by Dr. Biology, the program was soon listed as one of five... | Ask a Biologist | 0.875125 |
9 | The Virtual Bird Aviary, included the majority of bird species found in the Southwest United States including more than 400 vocal recordings and companion sonograms, bird images, text descriptions, and range maps. In 2005, the website was peer reviewed by the Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teac... | Ask a Biologist | 0.875125 |
10 | Ask A Biologist is a pre-kindergarten through high school program dedicated to answering questions from students, their teachers, and parents. The primary focus of the program is to connect students and teachers with working scientists through a question and answer Web e-mail form. The companion website also includes a... | Ask a Biologist | 0.875125 |
11 | Stories about Biology Stories about Biologists Games and Simulations Body Depot Biology Bits PLOSable Image Gallery Puzzles – Word Search & Crossword Coloring Pages Mysterious World of Dr. Biology comic book adventure activity Audio Podcasts Co-host Contest Ugly Bug Contest Bird Finder Tool Virtual Pocket Seed Experime... | Ask a Biologist | 0.875125 |
12 | In 2011, statistics of each post-translational modification experimentally and putatively detected have been compiled using proteome-wide information from the Swiss-Prot database. The 10 most common experimentally found modifications were as follows: | Post-translational modification | 0.874406 |
13 | In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, Fs = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total pos... | Spring Constant | 0.873215 |
14 | In the shorter term, efforts are underway to commercialize algae-based fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel. Cyanobacteria have been also engineered to produce ethanol and experiments have shown that when one or two CBB genes are being over expressed, the yield can be even higher.Cyanobacteria may possess the a... | Cyanobacteria | 0.872223 |
15 | are estimated at 12–15 Mb, as large as yeast. Recent research has suggested the potential application of cyanobacteria to the generation of renewable energy by directly converting sunlight into electricity. Internal photosynthetic pathways can be coupled to chemical mediators that transfer electrons to external electro... | Cyanobacteria | 0.872223 |
16 | Since DNA is an informative macromolecule in terms of transmission from one generation to another, DNA sequencing is used in evolutionary biology to study how different organisms are related and how they evolved. In February 2021, scientists reported, for the first time, the sequencing of DNA from animal remains, a mam... | DNA Sequencing | 0.87157 |
17 | Systems of linear inequalities can be simplified by Fourier–Motzkin elimination.The cylindrical algebraic decomposition is an algorithm that allows testing whether a system of polynomial equations and inequalities has solutions, and, if solutions exist, describing them. The complexity of this algorithm is doubly expone... | System of inequalities | 0.870745 |
18 | DNA sequencing may be used to determine the sequence of individual genes, larger genetic regions (i.e. clusters of genes or operons), full chromosomes, or entire genomes of any organism. DNA sequencing is also the most efficient way to indirectly sequence RNA or proteins (via their open reading frames). In fact, DNA se... | Next Generation Sequencing | 0.869318 |
19 | The problem of managing the deallocation of garbage is well-known in computer science. Several approaches are taken: Many operating systems reclaim the memory and resources used by a process or program when it terminates. Simple or short-lived programs which are designed to run in such environments can exit and allow t... | Garbage (computer science) | 0.868862 |
20 | In computer science, garbage includes data, objects, or other regions of the memory of a computer system (or other system resources), which will not be used in any future computation by the system, or by a program running on it. Because every computer system has a finite amount of memory, and most software produces gar... | Garbage (computer science) | 0.868862 |
21 | The grade distributions for the Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism scores since 2010 were: | AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism | 0.868815 |
22 | The exam is typically administered on a Monday afternoon in May. The exam is configured in two categories: a 35-question multiple choice section and a 3-question free response section. Test takers are allowed to use an approved calculator during the entire exam. The test is weighted such that each section is worth half... | AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism | 0.868815 |
23 | E&M is equivalent to an introductory college course in electricity and magnetism for physics or engineering majors. The course modules are: Electrostatics Conductors, capacitors, and dielectrics Electric circuits Magnetic fields Electromagnetism.Methods of calculus are used wherever appropriate in formulating physical ... | AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism | 0.868815 |
24 | Advanced Placement (AP) Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism (also known as AP Physics C: E&M or AP E&M) is an introductory physics course administered by the College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program. It is intended to proxy a second-semester calculus-based university course in electricity and magnetism.... | AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism | 0.868815 |
25 | The AP examination for AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism is separate from the AP examination for AP Physics C: Mechanics. Before 2006, test-takers paid only once and were given the choice of taking either one or two parts of the Physics C test. | AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism | 0.868815 |
26 | The mathematical abstraction of the statistics of coin flipping is described by means of the Bernoulli process; a single flip of a coin is a Bernoulli trial. In the study of statistics, coin-flipping plays the role of being an introductory example of the complexities of statistics. A commonly treated textbook topic is ... | Coin-tossing problem | 0.868806 |
27 | A geometry: it is equipped with a metric and is flat. A topology: there is a notion of open sets.There are interfaces among these: Its order and, independently, its metric structure induce its topology. Its order and algebraic structure make it into an ordered field. Its algebraic structure and topology make it into a ... | Mathematical structures | 0.868502 |
28 | The set of real numbers has several standard structures: An order: each number is either less or more than any other number. Algebraic structure: there are operations of multiplication and addition that make it into a field. A measure: intervals of the real line have a specific length, which can be extended to the Lebe... | Mathematical structures | 0.868502 |
29 | In 1939, the French group with the pseudonym Nicolas Bourbaki saw structures as the root of mathematics. They first mentioned them in their "Fascicule" of Theory of Sets and expanded it into Chapter IV of the 1957 edition. They identified three mother structures: algebraic, topological, and order. | Mathematical structures | 0.868502 |
30 | In computer science, a sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list into an order. The most frequently used orders are numerical order and lexicographical order, and either ascending or descending. Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the efficiency of other algorithms (such as search and mer... | Sorting Algorithm | 0.868355 |
31 | Given three fields arranged in a tower, say K a subfield of L which is in turn a subfield of M, there is a simple relation between the degrees of the three extensions L/K, M/L and M/K: = ⋅ . {\displaystyle =\cdot .} In other words, the degree going from the "bottom" to the "top" field is just the product of the degr... | Degree of an extension | 0.867439 |
32 | In mathematics, more specifically field theory, the degree of a field extension is a rough measure of the "size" of the field extension. The concept plays an important role in many parts of mathematics, including algebra and number theory — indeed in any area where fields appear prominently. | Degree of an extension | 0.867439 |
33 | An ideal constant-force spring is a spring for which the force it exerts over its range of motion is a constant, that is, it does not obey Hooke's law. In reality, "constant-force springs" do not provide a truly constant force and are constructed from materials which do obey Hooke's law. Generally constant-force spring... | Constant-force spring | 0.866986 |
34 | This series of steps continues for a specific number of cycles, as determined by user-defined instrument settings. The 3' blocking groups were originally conceived as either enzymatic or chemical reversal The chemical method has been the basis for the Solexa and Illumina machines. Sequencing by reversible terminator ch... | Next-Generation Sequencing | 0.86686 |
35 | In the theory of quadratic forms, the parabola is the graph of the quadratic form x2 (or other scalings), while the elliptic paraboloid is the graph of the positive-definite quadratic form x2 + y2 (or scalings), and the hyperbolic paraboloid is the graph of the indefinite quadratic form x2 − y2. Generalizations to more... | Parabola | 0.865891 |
36 | If one replaces the real numbers by an arbitrary field, many geometric properties of the parabola y = x 2 {\displaystyle y=x^{2}} are still valid: A line intersects in at most two points. At any point ( x 0 , x 0 2 ) {\displaystyle (x_{0},x_{0}^{2})} the line y = 2 x 0 x − x 0 2 {\displaystyle y=2x_{0}x-x_{0}^{2}} is t... | Parabola | 0.865891 |
37 | Any parabola can be described in a suitable coordinate system by an equation y = a x 2 {\displaystyle y=ax^{2}} . Proof: straightforward calculation for the unit parabola y = x 2 {\displaystyle y=x^{2}} . Application: The 4-points property of a parabola can be used for the construction of point P 4 {\displaystyle P_{4}... | Parabola | 0.865891 |
38 | This can be done with calculus, or by using a line that is parallel to the axis of symmetry of the parabola and passes through the midpoint of the chord. The required point is where this line intersects the parabola. Then, using the formula given in Distance from a point to a line, calculate the perpendicular distance ... | Parabola | 0.865891 |
39 | A theorem equivalent to this one, but different in details, was derived by Archimedes in the 3rd century BCE. He used the areas of triangles, rather than that of the parallelogram. See The Quadrature of the Parabola. | Parabola | 0.865891 |
40 | The above proofs of the reflective and tangent bisection properties use a line of calculus. Here a geometric proof is presented. In this diagram, F is the focus of the parabola, and T and U lie on its directrix. P is an arbitrary point on the parabola. | Parabola | 0.865891 |
41 | Let three tangents to a parabola form a triangle. Then Lambert's theorem states that the focus of the parabola lies on the circumcircle of the triangle. : Corollary 20 Tsukerman's converse to Lambert's theorem states that, given three lines that bound a triangle, if two of the lines are tangent to a parabola whose focu... | Parabola | 0.865891 |
42 | Application: The 2-points–2-tangents property can be used for the construction of the tangent of a parabola at point P 2 {\displaystyle P_{2}} , if P 1 , P 2 {\displaystyle P_{1},P_{2}} and the tangent at P 1 {\displaystyle P_{1}} are given. Remark 1: The 2-points–2-tangents property of a parabola is an affine version ... | Parabola | 0.865891 |
43 | A short calculation shows: line Q 1 Q 2 {\displaystyle Q_{1}Q_{2}} has slope 2 x 0 {\displaystyle 2x_{0}} which is the slope of the tangent at point P 0 {\displaystyle P_{0}} . Application: The 3-points-1-tangent-property of a parabola can be used for the construction of the tangent at point P 0 {\displaystyle P_{0}} ,... | Parabola | 0.865891 |
44 | At higher speeds, such as in ballistics, the shape is highly distorted and does not resemble a parabola. Another hypothetical situation in which parabolas might arise, according to the theories of physics described in the 17th and 18th centuries by Sir Isaac Newton, is in two-body orbits, for example, the path of a sma... | Parabola | 0.865891 |
45 | In nature, approximations of parabolas and paraboloids are found in many diverse situations. The best-known instance of the parabola in the history of physics is the trajectory of a particle or body in motion under the influence of a uniform gravitational field without air resistance (for instance, a ball flying throug... | Parabola | 0.865891 |
46 | The same effects occur with sound and other waves. This reflective property is the basis of many practical uses of parabolas. The parabola has many important applications, from a parabolic antenna or parabolic microphone to automobile headlight reflectors and the design of ballistic missiles. It is frequently used in p... | Parabola | 0.865891 |
47 | Electrodynamic fields are electric fields which do change with time, for instance when charges are in motion. In this case, a magnetic field is produced in accordance with Ampère's circuital law (with Maxwell's addition), which, along with Maxwell's other equations, defines the magnetic field, B {\displaystyle \mathbf ... | Electrical field | 0.86507 |
48 | In computer science, manual memory management refers to the usage of manual instructions by the programmer to identify and deallocate unused objects, or garbage. Up until the mid-1990s, the majority of programming languages used in industry supported manual memory management, though garbage collection has existed since... | Manual memory management | 0.864882 |
49 | A graded quadratic algebra A is determined by a vector space of generators V = A1 and a subspace of homogeneous quadratic relations S ⊂ V ⊗ V (Polishchuk & Positselski 2005, p. 6). Thus A = T ( V ) / ⟨ S ⟩ {\displaystyle A=T(V)/\langle S\rangle } and inherits its grading from the tensor algebra T(V). If the subspace of... | Quadratic algebra | 0.864868 |
50 | Tensor algebra, symmetric algebra and exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional vector space are graded quadratic (in fact, Koszul) algebras. Universal enveloping algebra of a finite-dimensional Lie algebra is a filtered quadratic algebra. | Quadratic algebra | 0.864868 |
51 | In mathematics, a quadratic algebra is a filtered algebra generated by degree one elements, with defining relations of degree 2. It was pointed out by Yuri Manin that such algebras play an important role in the theory of quantum groups. The most important class of graded quadratic algebras is Koszul algebras. | Quadratic algebra | 0.864868 |
52 | Note that there are 3 translation "windows", or reading frames, depending on where you start reading the code. Finally, use the table at Genetic code to translate the above into a structural formula as used in chemistry. This will give you the primary structure of the protein. | Protein translation | 0.864804 |
53 | In Systema Naturae, Linnaeus described the genera Volvox and Corallina, and a species of Acetabularia (as Madrepora), among the animals. In 1768, Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744–1774) published the Historia Fucorum, the first work dedicated to marine algae and the first book on marine biology to use the then new binomial ... | Algae | 0.864344 |
54 | Alginic acid, or alginate, is extracted from brown algae. Its uses range from gelling agents in food, to medical dressings. Alginic acid also has been used in the field of biotechnology as a biocompatible medium for cell encapsulation and cell immobilization. Molecular cuisine is also a user of the substance for its ge... | Algae | 0.864344 |
55 | It developed over time to chromosomal analysis, then genetic marker analysis, and eventual genomic analysis. Identifying traits and their underlying genetics allowed for transferring useful genes and the traits they controlled from either wild or mutant plants to crop plants. Understanding and manipulating of plant gen... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
56 | The strict requirements for producing hybrid seed led to the development of careful population and inbred line maintenance, keeping plants isolated and unable to out-cross, which produced plants that better allowed researchers to tease out different genetic concepts. The structure of these populations allowed scientist... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
57 | Castle discovered that while individual traits may segregate and change over time with selection, that when selection is stopped and environmental effects are taken into account, the genetic ratio stops changing and reach a sort of stasis, the foundation of Population Genetics. This was independently discovered by G. H... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
58 | His discoveries, deduction of segregation ratios, and subsequent laws have not only been used in research to gain a better understanding of plant genetics, but also play a large role in plant breeding. Mendel's works along with the works of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace on selection provided the basis for much of g... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
59 | Mendel died in 1884. The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. Its rediscovery prompted the foundation of modern genetics. | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
60 | Mendel's work tracked many phenotypic traits of pea plants, such as their height, flower color, and seed characteristics. Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follows two particular laws, which were later named after him. His seminal work on genetics, “Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden” (Experiments on Plan... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
61 | The earliest evidence of plant domestication found has been dated to 11,000 years before present in ancestral wheat. While initially selection may have happened unintentionally, it is very likely that by 5,000 years ago farmers had a basic understanding of heredity and inheritance, the foundation of genetics. This sele... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
62 | Genetic modification has been the cause for much research into modern plant genetics, and has also led to the sequencing of many plant genomes. Today there are two predominant procedures of transforming genes in organisms: the "Gene gun" method and the Agrobacterium method. | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
63 | Arabidopsis thaliana, also known as thale cress, has been the model organism for the study of plant genetics. As Drosophila, a species of fruit fly, was to the understanding of early genetics, so has been A. thaliana to the understanding of plant genetics. It was the first plant to ever have its genome sequenced in the... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
64 | In plant breeding, people create hybrids between plant species for economic and aesthetic reasons. For example, the yield of Corn has increased nearly five-fold in the past century due in part to the discovery and proliferation of hybrid corn varieties. Plant genetics can be used to predict which combination of plants ... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
65 | Speciation can be easier in many plants due to unique genetic abilities, such as being well adapted to polyploidy. Plants are unique in that they are able to produce energy-dense carbohydrates via photosynthesis, a process which is achieved by use of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts, like the superficially similar mitochondr... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
66 | Much of Mendel's work with plants still forms the basis for modern plant genetics. Plants, like all known organisms, use DNA to pass on their traits. Animal genetics often focuses on parentage and lineage, but this can sometimes be difficult in plant genetics due to the fact that plants can, unlike most animals, be sel... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
67 | Plant genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in plants. It is generally considered a field of biology and botany, but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems. Plant genetics is similar in many ways to animal g... | Plant genetics | 0.863828 |
68 | Arora, Sanjeev; Barak, Boaz (2009), Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-42426-4, Zbl 1193.68112 Downey, Rod; Fellows, Michael (1999), Parameterized complexity, Monographs in Computer Science, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 9780387948836 Du, Ding-Zhu; Ko, Ker-... | Complexity of algorithms | 0.863827 |
69 | In the computer science subfield of algorithmic information theory, Chaitin's constant is the real number representing the probability that a randomly chosen Turing machine will halt, formed from a construction due to Argentine-American mathematician and computer scientist Gregory Chaitin. Chaitin's constant, though no... | Mathematical constants | 0.863743 |
70 | The square root of 2, often known as root 2, radical 2, or Pythagoras' constant, and written as √2, is the positive algebraic number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the number 2. It is more precisely called the principal square root of 2, to distinguish it from the negative number with the same property. Geometr... | Mathematical constants | 0.863743 |
71 | Secosteroids (Latin seco, "to cut") are a subclass of steroidal compounds resulting, biosynthetically or conceptually, from scission (cleavage) of parent steroid rings (generally one of the four). Major secosteroid subclasses are defined by the steroid carbon atoms where this scission has taken place. For instance, the... | Steroid | 0.863628 |
72 | The product of the prior and the likelihood, when normalized, results in a posterior probability distribution that incorporates all the information known to date. By Aumann's agreement theorem, Bayesian agents whose prior beliefs are similar will end up with similar posterior beliefs. However, sufficiently different pr... | Probability | 0.863489 |
73 | Augustus De Morgan and George Boole improved the exposition of the theory. In 1906, Andrey Markov introduced the notion of Markov chains, which played an important role in stochastic processes theory and its applications. The modern theory of probability based on measure theory was developed by Andrey Kolmogorov in 193... | Probability | 0.863489 |
74 | The objective wave function evolves deterministically but, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, it deals with probabilities of observing, the outcome being explained by a wave function collapse when an observation is made. However, the loss of determinism for the sake of instrumentalism did not meet with univers... | Probability | 0.863489 |
75 | Physicists face the same situation in the kinetic theory of gases, where the system, while deterministic in principle, is so complex (with the number of molecules typically the order of magnitude of the Avogadro constant 6.02×1023) that only a statistical description of its properties is feasible. Probability theory is... | Probability | 0.863489 |
76 | However, it is possible to define a conditional probability for some zero-probability events using a σ-algebra of such events (such as those arising from a continuous random variable).For example, in a bag of 2 red balls and 2 blue balls (4 balls in total), the probability of taking a red ball is 1 / 2 ; {\displaystyle... | Probability | 0.863489 |
77 | The theory of behavioral finance emerged to describe the effect of such groupthink on pricing, on policy, and on peace and conflict.In addition to financial assessment, probability can be used to analyze trends in biology (e.g., disease spread) as well as ecology (e.g., biological Punnett squares). As with finance, ris... | Probability | 0.863489 |
78 | An example of the use of probability theory in equity trading is the effect of the perceived probability of any widespread Middle East conflict on oil prices, which have ripple effects in the economy as a whole. An assessment by a commodity trader that a war is more likely can send that commodity's prices up or down, a... | Probability | 0.863489 |
79 | Probability theory is applied in everyday life in risk assessment and modeling. The insurance industry and markets use actuarial science to determine pricing and make trading decisions. Governments apply probabilistic methods in environmental regulation, entitlement analysis, and financial regulation. | Probability | 0.863489 |
80 | Since the coin is fair, the two outcomes ("heads" and "tails") are both equally probable; the probability of "heads" equals the probability of "tails"; and since no other outcomes are possible, the probability of either "heads" or "tails" is 1/2 (which could also be written as 0.5 or 50%). These concepts have been give... | Probability | 0.863489 |
81 | In Cox's theorem, probability is taken as a primitive (i.e., not further analyzed), and the emphasis is on constructing a consistent assignment of probability values to propositions. In both cases, the laws of probability are the same, except for technical details. There are other methods for quantifying uncertainty, s... | Probability | 0.863489 |
82 | In probability theory and applications, Bayes' rule relates the odds of event A 1 {\displaystyle A_{1}} to event A 2 , {\displaystyle A_{2},} before (prior to) and after (posterior to) conditioning on another event B . {\displaystyle B.} The odds on A 1 {\displaystyle A_{1}} to event A 2 {\displaystyle A_{2}} is simply... | Probability | 0.863489 |
83 | In quantum mechanics, the measurement problem is the problem of how, or whether, wave function collapse occurs. The inability to observe such a collapse directly has given rise to different interpretations of quantum mechanics and poses a key set of questions that each interpretation must answer. The wave function in q... | Problem of measurement | 0.86331 |
84 | The heuristic method In optimization problems, heuristic algorithms can be used to find a solution close to the optimal solution in cases where finding the optimal solution is impractical. These algorithms work by getting closer and closer to the optimal solution as they progress. In principle, if run for an infinite a... | Computer algorithms | 0.863147 |
85 | For some problems they can find the optimal solution while for others they stop at local optima, that is, at solutions that cannot be improved by the algorithm but are not optimum. The most popular use of greedy algorithms is for finding the minimal spanning tree where finding the optimal solution is possible with this... | Computer algorithms | 0.863147 |
86 | For optimization problems there is a more specific classification of algorithms; an algorithm for such problems may fall into one or more of the general categories described above as well as into one of the following: Linear programming When searching for optimal solutions to a linear function bound to linear equality ... | Computer algorithms | 0.863147 |
87 | In rapid succession the following appeared: Alonzo Church, Stephen Kleene and J.B. Rosser's λ-calculus a finely honed definition of "general recursion" from the work of Gödel acting on suggestions of Jacques Herbrand (cf. Gödel's Princeton lectures of 1934) and subsequent simplifications by Kleene. Church's proof that ... | Computer algorithms | 0.863147 |
88 | The field of metagenomics involves identification of organisms present in a body of water, sewage, dirt, debris filtered from the air, or swab samples from organisms. Knowing which organisms are present in a particular environment is critical to research in ecology, epidemiology, microbiology, and other fields. Sequenc... | Next-gen sequencing | 0.862988 |
89 | Louis Georges Gouy in 1910 and David Leonard Chapman in 1913 both observed that capacitance was not a constant and that it depended on the applied potential and the ionic concentration. The "Gouy–Chapman model" made significant improvements by introducing a diffuse model of the DL. In this model, the charge distributio... | Electric surface potential | 0.861769 |
90 | For example, the color temperature of an A0V star is about 15000 K compared to an effective temperature of about 9500 K.For most applications in astronomy (e.g., to place a star on the HR diagram or to determine the temperature of a model flux fitting an observed spectrum) the effective temperature is the quantity of i... | Light temperature | 0.861203 |
91 | In astronomy, the color temperature is defined by the local slope of the SPD at a given wavelength, or, in practice, a wavelength range. Given, for example, the color magnitudes B and V which are calibrated to be equal for an A0V star (e.g. Vega), the stellar color temperature T C {\displaystyle T_{C}} is given by the ... | Light temperature | 0.861203 |
92 | Color temperature has important applications in lighting, photography, videography, publishing, manufacturing, astrophysics and other fields. In practice, color temperature is most meaningful for light sources that correspond somewhat closely to the color of some black body, i.e., light in a range going from red to ora... | Light temperature | 0.861203 |
93 | Most research in the area of memory models revolves around: Designing a memory model that allows a maximal degree of freedom for compiler optimizations while still giving sufficient guarantees about race-free and (perhaps more importantly) race-containing programs. Proving program optimizations that are correct with re... | Memory model (programming) | 0.861158 |
94 | The memory model stipulates that changes to the values of shared variables only need to be made visible to other threads when such a synchronization barrier is reached. Moreover, the entire notion of a race condition is defined over the order of operations with respect to these memory barriers.These semantics then give... | Memory model (programming) | 0.861158 |
95 | Or for some compilers assume no multi-threaded execution (so better optimized code can be produced), which can lead to optimizations that are incompatible with multi-threading - these can often lead to subtle bugs, that don't show up in early testing. Modern programming languages like Java therefore implement a memory ... | Memory model (programming) | 0.861158 |
96 | A memory model allows a compiler to perform many important optimizations. Compiler optimizations like loop fusion move statements in the program, which can influence the order of read and write operations of potentially shared variables. Changes in the ordering of reads and writes can cause race conditions. Without a m... | Memory model (programming) | 0.861157 |
97 | Using protein markers, gene-linkage studies were able to map the mutation to chromosome 7. Chromosome walking and chromosome jumping techniques were then used to identify and sequence the gene. In 1989, Lap-Chee Tsui led a team of researchers at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto that discovered the gene respons... | Cystic fibrosis | 0.861053 |
98 | She was the first to describe the characteristic cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and to correlate it with the lung and intestinal disease prominent in CF. She also first hypothesized that CF was a recessive disease and first used pancreatic enzyme replacement to treat affected children. In 1952, Paul di Sant'Agnese dis... | Cystic fibrosis | 0.861053 |
99 | A*: special case of best-first search that uses heuristics to improve speed B*: a best-first graph search algorithm that finds the least-cost path from a given initial node to any goal node (out of one or more possible goals) Backtracking: abandons partial solutions when they are found not to satisfy a complete solutio... | List of algorithms | 0.860834 |
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