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UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Choosing a Specialization | Crash Course | How to College
|
pTyMNvoBbSk
| 560 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.",
"timestamp": [
0,
3.68
]
},
{
"text": " So the 21st century should have been triumphant given the promise of innovation, EU expansion,",
"timestamp": [
3.68,
9.76
]
},
{
"text": " open borders, newfound freedoms, and the advancement of rights and connectedness and prosperity.",
"timestamp": [
9.76,
15.9
]
},
{
"text": " But a series of ever greater economic crises connected to globalism drew the attention",
"timestamp": [
15.9,
20.8
]
},
{
"text": " of many Europeans away from that promise and toward issues of survival",
"timestamp": [
20.8,
26.08
]
},
{
"text": " and identity.",
"timestamp": [
26.08,
27.44
]
},
{
"text": " Can the systems we've built to support ourselves withstand the shocks that seem inherent to",
"timestamp": [
27.44,
33.16
]
},
{
"text": " those systems?",
"timestamp": [
33.16,
34.6
]
},
{
"text": " And as we move forward, should people in Europe think of themselves as first belonging to",
"timestamp": [
34.6,
39.12
]
},
{
"text": " a nationality or ethnic group, or should they imagine themselves instead first as European?",
"timestamp": [
39.12,
46.16
]
},
{
"text": " By the way, those are not rhetorical questions.",
"timestamp": [
46.16,
48.58
]
},
{
"text": " These days more than ever, I have no answers.",
"timestamp": [
48.58,
51.96
]
},
{
"text": " But I hope that together we can at least ask the right questions about our historical moment. Let's start in the 1990s, when the rapid electronic movement of funds across the globe",
"timestamp": [
51.96,
72.58
]
},
{
"text": " caused the bankruptcy of Thailand when profit-seeking investors poured hot money into the country,",
"timestamp": [
72.58,
78.92
]
},
{
"text": " called hot because it was supposed to make quick and massive profits.",
"timestamp": [
78.92,
83.16
]
},
{
"text": " What actually happened is that this massive borrowing led to a decline in the value of",
"timestamp": [
83.16,
87.22
]
},
{
"text": " the baht, the Thai currency, and that made it impossible to repay debts in foreign currencies.",
"timestamp": [
87.22,
93
]
},
{
"text": " Global investors lost billions.",
"timestamp": [
93,
95.3
]
},
{
"text": " And more importantly, Thailand went bankrupt and millions of people suffered.",
"timestamp": [
95.3,
99.94
]
},
{
"text": " And the crisis snowballed.",
"timestamp": [
99.94,
100.94
]
},
{
"text": " The next year Russia defaulted on its debts, in part because cash-strapped East and Southeast",
"timestamp": [
100.94,
105.56
]
},
{
"text": " Asian economies cut back on their purchase of Russian oil and metals.",
"timestamp": [
105.56,
109.88
]
},
{
"text": " Then in 2000, the dot-com bubble in the United States burst.",
"timestamp": [
109.88,
114.2
]
},
{
"text": " Again, hot money had driven prices of internet enterprises far beyond their actual worth,",
"timestamp": [
114.2,
120.36
]
},
{
"text": " causing huge losses to individuals and widespread economic distress. So we tend to pay attention to the wealthy in these financial crises,",
"timestamp": [
120.36,
128
]
},
{
"text": " like when we say investors lost billions, we mean mostly very rich investors.",
"timestamp": [
128,
133.4
]
},
{
"text": " But the real victims of financial crises are almost always the most vulnerable.",
"timestamp": [
133.4,
138.8
]
},
{
"text": " In Russia, for instance, unemployment grew in the late 90s and early 2000s,",
"timestamp": [
138.8,
143.6
]
},
{
"text": " and life expectancy declined.",
"timestamp": [
143.6,
146.04
]
},
{
"text": " And around the world, millions of people lost their livelihoods and their savings.",
"timestamp": [
146.04,
150.32
]
},
{
"text": " Also, Pets.com, which was this website that sent dog food to your house, went bust.",
"timestamp": [
150.32,
155.88
]
},
{
"text": " If you want to know what the vibe was like, it was a lot of jokes about Pets.com.",
"timestamp": [
155.88,
159.44
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, in the early 2000s, the European population was on edge and civilian anger",
"timestamp": [
159.44,
164.4
]
},
{
"text": " exploded.",
"timestamp": [
164.4,
165.38
]
},
{
"text": " In the fall of 2005, after the death of two young men hiding from police, youth in the",
"timestamp": [
165.38,
170.32
]
},
{
"text": " mostly Muslim suburbs of Paris demonstrated over those deaths and also over joblessness",
"timestamp": [
170.32,
175.84
]
},
{
"text": " and police harassment.",
"timestamp": [
175.84,
177.64
]
},
{
"text": " The protests spread to other cities, leading to the burning of thousands of cars and numerous",
"timestamp": [
177.64,
182.68
]
},
{
"text": " injuries.",
"timestamp": [
182.68,
183.8
]
},
{
"text": " That violence lasted for a month.",
"timestamp": [
183.8,
185.8
]
},
{
"text": " In the spring of 2006, young people again took to the streets to protest unemployment.",
"timestamp": [
185.8,
190.9
]
},
{
"text": " People often faulted the European Union for these problems because it was felt to embody",
"timestamp": [
190.9,
195.26
]
},
{
"text": " the inequities and uncertainties of globalization.",
"timestamp": [
195.26,
199.08
]
},
{
"text": " And then there was the stunning financial crisis that began in 2007 and which further",
"timestamp": [
199.08,
204.5
]
},
{
"text": " showcased the downsides",
"timestamp": [
204.5,
206.28
]
},
{
"text": " of global connectedness.",
"timestamp": [
206.28,
207.84
]
},
{
"text": " For several years, US lenders had been making home mortgages available to consumers who",
"timestamp": [
207.84,
212.52
]
},
{
"text": " could not afford them.",
"timestamp": [
212.52,
214.12
]
},
{
"text": " Private European banks and investors were eager to buy up this debt.",
"timestamp": [
214.12,
217.6
]
},
{
"text": " The many fees and thin slices of profit involved in these transactions added up to literally trillions of dollars. But in fact, very little of actual worth was backing this swirl of loans and counterloans.",
"timestamp": [
217.6,
232.48
]
},
{
"text": " And then in 2008, the worldwide bubble burst.",
"timestamp": [
232.48,
235.52
]
},
{
"text": " When people were unable to make their monthly mortgage payments in the United States, the",
"timestamp": [
235.52,
239.16
]
},
{
"text": " credit system collapsed.",
"timestamp": [
239.16,
241.08
]
},
{
"text": " And like with the Great Depression in the 1930s, while the crisis started in the US, it quickly became",
"timestamp": [
241.08,
246.34
]
},
{
"text": " global. Nations in Eastern Europe were hit particularly hard when investors in those emerging economies",
"timestamp": [
246.64,
251.8
]
},
{
"text": " withdrew their funds, causing the collapse of local currencies. In what came to be called the Great Recession,",
"timestamp": [
251.88,
256.88
]
},
{
"text": " the EU spent billions propping up Eastern European governments and economies,",
"timestamp": [
257.08,
261.44
]
},
{
"text": " but even so, many people lost their homes and their",
"timestamp": [
261.52,
265.12
]
},
{
"text": " savings and their jobs, and they were outraged.",
"timestamp": [
265.12,
268.5
]
},
{
"text": " One of the big challenges of our financial system is that it's hard to figure out how",
"timestamp": [
268.5,
272.38
]
},
{
"text": " to stop a decline.",
"timestamp": [
272.38,
274.32
]
},
{
"text": " Like when an economy is working and businesses are employing people and those people are",
"timestamp": [
274.32,
278.68
]
},
{
"text": " spending money and creating opportunities for new businesses and starting their own",
"timestamp": [
278.68,
282.54
]
},
{
"text": " new businesses, it feels like things just naturally get better.",
"timestamp": [
282.54,
287.12
]
},
{
"text": " But then, when an economy starts to decline, it's very difficult to figure out how to",
"timestamp": [
287.12,
292.68
]
},
{
"text": " stop that decline and reset the economy at a smaller number.",
"timestamp": [
292.68,
297.08
]
},
{
"text": " Austerity, or belt tightening, again like in the 1930s, was supposed to solve the problem",
"timestamp": [
297.08,
301.72
]
},
{
"text": " but may have just made matters worse.",
"timestamp": [
301.72,
304.12
]
},
{
"text": " And as people lost jobs in the resulting economic crisis,",
"timestamp": [
304.12,
306.88
]
},
{
"text": " they often blamed not financial manipulators,",
"timestamp": [
306.88,
309.84
]
},
{
"text": " but immigrants and foreigners and supranational organizations",
"timestamp": [
309.84,
313.28
]
},
{
"text": " that were seen to be encouraging the free movement of people",
"timestamp": [
313.28,
316.48
]
},
{
"text": " and the free exchange of goods and services.",
"timestamp": [
316.48,
318.64
]
},
{
"text": " This is also not new in history.",
"timestamp": [
318.64,
320.48
]
},
{
"text": " Every economic crisis has been blamed on outsiders.",
"timestamp": [
320.48,
323.6
]
},
{
"text": " Vocal groups organized against the EU and promoted white supremacy as the solution.",
"timestamp": [
323.6,
328.78
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, attempts were made to reform the financial sector to prevent similar collapses",
"timestamp": [
328.78,
333.06
]
},
{
"text": " in the future.",
"timestamp": [
333.06,
334.06
]
},
{
"text": " Which, you know, doesn't seem to have gone great.",
"timestamp": [
334.06,
337.38
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, around the world, the aftermath of decolonization continued to play out, and",
"timestamp": [
337.38,
341.98
]
},
{
"text": " indeed continues to play out.",
"timestamp": [
341.98,
344.02
]
},
{
"text": " And that set off the Arab Spring of protest across the Middle East as pro-democracy movements",
"timestamp": [
344.02,
348.9
]
},
{
"text": " began throughout the region, but then came disunion and crackdowns by tyrannical regimes,",
"timestamp": [
348.9,
354.62
]
},
{
"text": " and in Syria a horrifically destructive civil war broke out.",
"timestamp": [
354.62,
358.84
]
},
{
"text": " By 2017, 22 million refugees had been forced to leave the region.",
"timestamp": [
358.84,
364.18
]
},
{
"text": " Many sought refuge in Europe, where in response anti-Muslim sentiments soared, encouraged",
"timestamp": [
364.18,
369.08
]
},
{
"text": " by politicians who saw Islamophobia as their ticket to power.",
"timestamp": [
369.08,
373.42
]
},
{
"text": " They added Roma people to their list of hatreds and began sponsoring the building of new detention",
"timestamp": [
373.42,
378.72
]
},
{
"text": " camps for refugees across Europe.",
"timestamp": [
378.72,
381.16
]
},
{
"text": " And amid the rise of white nationalism, Russia's leader Vladimir Putin relaxed his announced",
"timestamp": [
381.16,
385.92
]
},
{
"text": " commitment to democracy and the rule of law.",
"timestamp": [
385.92,
389.04
]
},
{
"text": " Using profits from oil wealth, he fought wars in Chechnya and promoted urban renewal.",
"timestamp": [
389.04,
394
]
},
{
"text": " He also annexed Crimea to Russia and used the technical skills of his military to disrupt",
"timestamp": [
394,
399.16
]
},
{
"text": " major rivals, from meddling in US elections to spreading disinformation on social media platforms. He's behind me, isn't he Stan? At home Putin's critics were active but",
"timestamp": [
399.16,
412.68
]
},
{
"text": " rightly fearful. In 2012 three members of Pussy Riot, a feminist rock band, were",
"timestamp": [
412.68,
417.92
]
},
{
"text": " arrested for performing their song Punk Prayer in a Moscow Cathedral. Songs such",
"timestamp": [
417.92,
422.8
]
},
{
"text": " as Putin Pissed Himself resulted in the",
"timestamp": [
422.8,
425.3
]
},
{
"text": " harassment, beatings, and imprisonment and also poisoning of group members. Still",
"timestamp": [
425.3,
430.56
]
},
{
"text": " across the region approval for authoritarian leaders swelled in these",
"timestamp": [
430.56,
434.56
]
},
{
"text": " hard times. In 2010 Viktor Orban came to power in Hungary announcing that it was",
"timestamp": [
434.56,
439.2
]
},
{
"text": " time to leave behind the regulations and rights of the European Union in favor of",
"timestamp": [
439.2,
444.36
]
},
{
"text": " illiberal democracy.",
"timestamp": [
444.36,
446.62
]
},
{
"text": " He would rule without traditional hard-won liberties such as freedom of the press and",
"timestamp": [
446.62,
450.6
]
},
{
"text": " equal protection for everyone under the law.",
"timestamp": [
450.6,
453.04
]
},
{
"text": " In 2018, Orban outlawed gender studies and closed the prestigious Central European University",
"timestamp": [
453.04,
458.32
]
},
{
"text": " founded and funded by Hungarian-born U.S. citizen George Soros because Orban believed",
"timestamp": [
458.32,
463.8
]
},
{
"text": " it represented not only Jewishness,",
"timestamp": [
463.8,
466.3
]
},
{
"text": " but also non-Hungarian liberal values.",
"timestamp": [
466.3,
468.96
]
},
{
"text": " It's hard to say Orban's efforts have been successful.",
"timestamp": [
468.96,
472.28
]
},
{
"text": " Hungary's growth has lagged behind neighbors, and some one million citizens have left Hungary",
"timestamp": [
472.28,
477.48
]
},
{
"text": " in the past decade.",
"timestamp": [
477.48,
479.16
]
},
{
"text": " But Orban's following is part of a growing populism across Europe and the United States.",
"timestamp": [
479.16,
485.4
]
},
{
"text": " Populism is an upswelling of opposition politics that doesn't really focus on a coherent",
"timestamp": [
485.4,
489.76
]
},
{
"text": " ideology.",
"timestamp": [
489.76,
490.76
]
},
{
"text": " Instead, it mobilizes citizens disadvantaged by a current economic or political situation.",
"timestamp": [
490.76,
497.36
]
},
{
"text": " Populists rarely address the root causes of a real crisis, like the massive economic downturn,",
"timestamp": [
497.36,
502.64
]
},
{
"text": " but instead they blame cultural shifts, like the presence of foreigners speaking a second language or practicing a non-Christian religion",
"timestamp": [
502.64,
510.4
]
},
{
"text": " or majoring in gender studies.",
"timestamp": [
510.4,
512.52
]
},
{
"text": " And we can see how populism works in the example of Brexit.",
"timestamp": [
512.52,
515.72
]
},
{
"text": " In 2016, 51% of British citizens voted to leave the European Union, in large part so",
"timestamp": [
515.72,
521.68
]
},
{
"text": " that the kingdom would not have to adhere to the EU policy of accepting",
"timestamp": [
521.68,
525.56
]
},
{
"text": " refugees, especially those that whites and Christians considered racial and religious",
"timestamp": [
525.56,
530.4
]
},
{
"text": " others.",
"timestamp": [
530.4,
531.64
]
},
{
"text": " The vote was much less defined by whether you were a member of one political party or",
"timestamp": [
531.64,
537.04
]
},
{
"text": " another, and much more about whether you identified with populist beliefs.",
"timestamp": [
537.04,
542.2
]
},
{
"text": " As you may remember, Britain had joined the EU in the 1970s because its economy was lagging",
"timestamp": [
542.2,
546.82
]
},
{
"text": " behind those in the common European market.",
"timestamp": [
546.82,
549.54
]
},
{
"text": " The EU subsequently poured massive funds into Britain.",
"timestamp": [
549.54,
552.88
]
},
{
"text": " However, in 2016, arguments against staying in the EU included that Britain did not want",
"timestamp": [
552.88,
557.8
]
},
{
"text": " refugees and that the EU cost too much.",
"timestamp": [
557.8,
560.84
]
},
{
"text": " Although, for the record, Britain received more money from the EU than it paid",
"timestamp": [
560.84,
565.24
]
},
{
"text": " in dues.",
"timestamp": [
565.24,
566.24
]
},
{
"text": " All right, let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
566.24,
568.2
]
},
{
"text": " Alongside 21st century xenophobia, citizens across Europe experienced greater diversity",
"timestamp": [
568.2,
572.88
]
},
{
"text": " and cosmopolitanism than ever before in history.",
"timestamp": [
572.88,
576.68
]
},
{
"text": " Television, film, and the internet exposed viewers to the world's people as performers",
"timestamp": [
576.68,
581.76
]
},
{
"text": " and newsreaders and authors and Olympic athletes. Bollywood and Hong Kong films, Latin American soap operas, and U.S. sitcoms entered European",
"timestamp": [
581.76,
590.32
]
},
{
"text": " homes on a daily basis.",
"timestamp": [
590.32,
592.16
]
},
{
"text": " And maybe the most unifying phenomenon for Europe's diverse citizenry was soccer, which",
"timestamp": [
592.16,
596.5
]
},
{
"text": " included players of every race, ethnicity, religious belief, and social background.",
"timestamp": [
596.5,
601.36
]
},
{
"text": " One study even found a decline in Islamophobia in the English city of Liverpool following",
"timestamp": [
601.36,
606.28
]
},
{
"text": " the breakout season of Liverpool football club's Egyptian winger Mohamed Salah.",
"timestamp": [
606.28,
611.24
]
},
{
"text": " Popular music of every type and place of origin was another unifying force, as were video",
"timestamp": [
611.24,
616.16
]
},
{
"text": " games from diverse creators.",
"timestamp": [
616.16,
618.08
]
},
{
"text": " And monuments memorialized the contributions of people from foreign lands who had endured",
"timestamp": [
618.08,
622.72
]
},
{
"text": " colonialism or whose immigrant descendants were innovators in their adopted nations.",
"timestamp": [
622.72,
627.52
]
},
{
"text": " And there was growing attention paid to the diverse lives of individuals",
"timestamp": [
627.52,
630.8
]
},
{
"text": " instead of just kings and queens and big historical trends.",
"timestamp": [
630.8,
634.56
]
},
{
"text": " Like Nobel Prize winner Svetlana Alexeyevich, a journalist originally from Belarus,",
"timestamp": [
634.56,
638.8
]
},
{
"text": " captured the robust individual voices of Europeans during these times.",
"timestamp": [
638.8,
643.28
]
},
{
"text": " She interviewed thousands of ordinary citizens.",
"timestamp": [
643.28,
645.92
]
},
{
"text": " A street for me is a choir, a symphony, Alex Iovitch said in 2013.",
"timestamp": [
645.92,
651.56
]
},
{
"text": " She saw government workers, grocers, retirees, or veterans as individuals with stories, not",
"timestamp": [
651.56,
657
]
},
{
"text": " part of just a category or a cliché.",
"timestamp": [
657,
659.68
]
},
{
"text": " Instead, her interviewees' heartbreak and bitterness appeared alongside bravery and",
"timestamp": [
659.68,
665.2
]
},
{
"text": " the will to survive in the 21st century.",
"timestamp": [
665.2,
668.24
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
668.24,
669.24
]
},
{
"text": " And now, of course, we see those great human paradoxes chronicled by Alexeyevich everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
669.24,
675.04
]
},
{
"text": " We're making this video in a moment of immense global uncertainty as a disease pandemic sweeps",
"timestamp": [
675.04,
681.36
]
},
{
"text": " the world and all manner of human systems are suddenly under tremendous strain. And when I look around at the world today I",
"timestamp": [
681.36,
688.22
]
},
{
"text": " see bravery and sacrifice and I see heartbreak and bitterness. I see",
"timestamp": [
688.22,
692.54
]
},
{
"text": " compassion and I see greed. I see injustice and iniquity, but I also see",
"timestamp": [
692.54,
698.06
]
},
{
"text": " people trying to make the world more just and more equitable. Much right now",
"timestamp": [
698.06,
703.1
]
},
{
"text": " feels very new, but those paradoxes",
"timestamp": [
703.1,
706.32
]
},
{
"text": " of human nature aren't new because in truth human nature is something we make",
"timestamp": [
706.32,
712.52
]
},
{
"text": " up together as we go along. So what does the future of Europe look like? Now more",
"timestamp": [
712.52,
718.52
]
},
{
"text": " than ever I have no idea, but perhaps there is some future in embracing",
"timestamp": [
718.52,
724.32
]
},
{
"text": " Alexeyevich's way of looking at",
"timestamp": [
724.32,
726.8
]
},
{
"text": " humanity and its history as a great choir or symphony, a story of many voices that must",
"timestamp": [
726.8,
734.8
]
},
{
"text": " find a way to sing together.",
"timestamp": [
734.8,
738.12
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching. for our final European history video.",
"timestamp": [
738.12,
756.36
]
}
] |
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UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Martin Luther King, Jr: Crash Course Black American History #36
|
BmeUT7zH62E
| 793 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.",
"timestamp": [
0,
2.92
]
},
{
"text": " So obviously the Allies of World War II were a diverse bunch when it came to big questions",
"timestamp": [
2.92,
8
]
},
{
"text": " like whether democracy was good and also whether capitalism was good.",
"timestamp": [
8,
12.32
]
},
{
"text": " But while fighting the total war that was World War II, they managed to hold themselves",
"timestamp": [
12.32,
17.08
]
},
{
"text": " together as an alliance and negotiate with one another on the conduct of the war.",
"timestamp": [
17.08,
21.44
]
},
{
"text": " But as we've seen again and again in history, once a shared enemy is vanquished, friends",
"timestamp": [
21.44,
26.8
]
},
{
"text": " discover that maybe they aren't so friendly after all.",
"timestamp": [
26.8,
30.4
]
},
{
"text": " A post-war conflict was brewing between the United States and the USSR, which would come",
"timestamp": [
30.4,
36
]
},
{
"text": " to be called the Cold War. So, in February 1945, as the war was drawing to a close in Europe and the defeat of Germany",
"timestamp": [
36,
51.88
]
},
{
"text": " looked certain, Allied leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, and Winston Churchill met at",
"timestamp": [
51.88,
57.08
]
},
{
"text": " Yalta.",
"timestamp": [
57.08,
58.08
]
},
{
"text": " This was followed by a final meeting at Potsdam outside Berlin in the summer of 1945 after",
"timestamp": [
58.08,
63.38
]
},
{
"text": " Germany's surrender, but before Japan surrendered",
"timestamp": [
63.38,
66.48
]
},
{
"text": " that August.",
"timestamp": [
66.48,
67.48
]
},
{
"text": " So, Churchill and Stalin, in Roosevelt's absence, had already made tentative agreements",
"timestamp": [
67.48,
71.9
]
},
{
"text": " to divide Europe into eastern and western zones.",
"timestamp": [
71.9,
75.16
]
},
{
"text": " But at the Yalta meeting, the Big Three agreed that the German surrender needed to be total",
"timestamp": [
75.16,
80.4
]
},
{
"text": " and unconditional.",
"timestamp": [
80.4,
81.76
]
},
{
"text": " By that time, Soviet forces were within 40 miles of Berlin, and the Soviets gained concessions",
"timestamp": [
81.76,
87.2
]
},
{
"text": " from Churchill and Roosevelt on Soviet influence in Poland, which had, after all, frequently",
"timestamp": [
87.2,
93.2
]
},
{
"text": " been adversary's main invasion route to Russia.",
"timestamp": [
93.2,
98.16
]
},
{
"text": " Unless you're the Mongols.",
"timestamp": [
98.16,
101.6
]
},
{
"text": " Or the Japanese.",
"timestamp": [
101.6,
102.6
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry, Stan, you ran the mongoltage too soon.",
"timestamp": [
102.6,
105.12
]
},
{
"text": " But speaking of Japan, the United States was also keen to compromise with the Soviets because",
"timestamp": [
105.12,
109.56
]
},
{
"text": " the US wanted help in defeating Japan.",
"timestamp": [
109.56,
112.88
]
},
{
"text": " Then at Potsdam, the status of post-war Germany was finalized.",
"timestamp": [
112.88,
116.5
]
},
{
"text": " The defeated nation was divided four ways among the three main powers and France.",
"timestamp": [
116.5,
121.64
]
},
{
"text": " Berlin, deep in the Soviet zone, was similarly divided into four sections.",
"timestamp": [
121.64,
126.72
]
},
{
"text": " And the agreement also decreed that German leaders would be tried and punished if found",
"timestamp": [
126.72,
131.04
]
},
{
"text": " guilty, which many eventually were at the Nuremberg trials.",
"timestamp": [
131.04,
134.68
]
},
{
"text": " As Allied leaders hammered out these post-war arrangements, their representatives created",
"timestamp": [
134.68,
138.6
]
},
{
"text": " the United Nations to replace the League of Nations.",
"timestamp": [
138.6,
142.42
]
},
{
"text": " The early alliance against the Axis had also called itself the United Nations, and the",
"timestamp": [
142.42,
147.2
]
},
{
"text": " name stuck as the title of a new institution for global cooperation, because, you know,",
"timestamp": [
147.2,
152.6
]
},
{
"text": " branding is hard.",
"timestamp": [
152.6,
153.76
]
},
{
"text": " The idea for the United Nations is that it would, like the League, adjudicate disputes,",
"timestamp": [
153.76,
158.64
]
},
{
"text": " but unlike the League, the UN would also be able to take collective action in case of",
"timestamp": [
158.64,
163.72
]
},
{
"text": " aggression threatening member",
"timestamp": [
163.72,
165.36
]
},
{
"text": " states, both through international economic sanctions and via a truly global armed force,",
"timestamp": [
165.36,
171.96
]
},
{
"text": " which had never existed before.",
"timestamp": [
171.96,
173.44
]
},
{
"text": " The UN's ruling structures, however, were of course created via international negotiation,",
"timestamp": [
173.44,
178.36
]
},
{
"text": " and during that process Stalin got the group to agree that any permanent member of the",
"timestamp": [
178.36,
182.8
]
},
{
"text": " Security Council would have veto power.",
"timestamp": [
182.8,
185.36
]
},
{
"text": " And even today, China, the US, the UK, France, and Russia are the five nations that can veto",
"timestamp": [
185.36,
191.36
]
},
{
"text": " any measure put before the UN Security Council which has limited its power dramatically.",
"timestamp": [
191.36,
196.48
]
},
{
"text": " Still, the UN created many important documents and guidelines in its early history, perhaps",
"timestamp": [
196.48,
201.2
]
},
{
"text": " most notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which sought to enumerate the rights every human should have, including the rights to be free",
"timestamp": [
201.2,
209.46
]
},
{
"text": " from slavery, torture, and the right to equal protection under the law.",
"timestamp": [
209.46,
214.3
]
},
{
"text": " After the war, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as powerful military states,",
"timestamp": [
214.3,
219.46
]
},
{
"text": " replacing the dominance of Western European nations in global politics, because those countries had collapsed",
"timestamp": [
219.46,
225.36
]
},
{
"text": " economically and suffered massive destruction to their agriculture, transportation, and",
"timestamp": [
225.36,
230.92
]
},
{
"text": " industrial capacity, not to mention loss of life.",
"timestamp": [
230.92,
234.1
]
},
{
"text": " In contrast, the United States was less in harm's way during the war, and post-war",
"timestamp": [
234.1,
238.82
]
},
{
"text": " productivity boomed, making the US the wealthiest country in the world.",
"timestamp": [
238.82,
243
]
},
{
"text": " I mean, the United States gained two-thirds of the world's total supply of gold",
"timestamp": [
243,
248.3
]
},
{
"text": " through sales of military equipment and other products.",
"timestamp": [
248.3,
251.5
]
},
{
"text": " The USSR also became a militarized state with powerful weaponry,",
"timestamp": [
251.5,
254.76
]
},
{
"text": " but Soviet losses had been immense in the war, not just in terms of damaged infrastructure.",
"timestamp": [
254.76,
260.2
]
},
{
"text": " I mean, recent studies show the Soviet Union may have suffered as many as 47 million wartime",
"timestamp": [
260.2,
266.72
]
},
{
"text": " dead.",
"timestamp": [
266.72,
267.72
]
},
{
"text": " But it had growing industrial capacity, lots of natural resources, and of course was able",
"timestamp": [
267.72,
271.62
]
},
{
"text": " to draw a lot of support from Eastern Europe.",
"timestamp": [
271.62,
274.74
]
},
{
"text": " Many in Europe credited the USSR with having contributed the most toward defeating the",
"timestamp": [
274.74,
279.58
]
},
{
"text": " Axis powers on the continent.",
"timestamp": [
279.58,
281.9
]
},
{
"text": " But the costs, not profits, like in the United States—had been",
"timestamp": [
281.9,
286.08
]
},
{
"text": " huge.",
"timestamp": [
286.08,
287.08
]
},
{
"text": " And even as the war ended, these two powers were already facing off, both of them racing",
"timestamp": [
287.08,
292.24
]
},
{
"text": " in the last year of the war to take as much territory as possible and thereby to block",
"timestamp": [
292.24,
296.88
]
},
{
"text": " the influence of the other.",
"timestamp": [
296.88,
298.56
]
},
{
"text": " With victory declared, US President Harry Truman immediately cut off aid to the USSR,",
"timestamp": [
298.56,
303.36
]
},
{
"text": " whose people were literally starving due to the massive destruction, and the USSR believed that the United States was",
"timestamp": [
303.36,
308.94
]
},
{
"text": " weaponizing food in an attempt to destroy their access to it.",
"timestamp": [
308.94,
312.86
]
},
{
"text": " For their part, U.S. diplomats interpreted the Soviet move westward as a step toward",
"timestamp": [
312.86,
317.54
]
},
{
"text": " taking over all of Europe, which seemed plausible on a couple levels.",
"timestamp": [
317.54,
322.14
]
},
{
"text": " First off, the world was just coming out of a war in which one state had tried to take",
"timestamp": [
322.14,
325.92
]
},
{
"text": " over all of Europe.",
"timestamp": [
325.92,
327.1
]
},
{
"text": " But also, the USSR had forced the ejection of non-communist politicians from Soviet-influenced",
"timestamp": [
327.1,
332.88
]
},
{
"text": " governments in Eastern Europe.",
"timestamp": [
332.88,
334.4
]
},
{
"text": " By 1950, communists backed by the USSR were more or less running major states in Eastern",
"timestamp": [
334.4,
339.22
]
},
{
"text": " Europe, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.",
"timestamp": [
339.22,
342.72
]
},
{
"text": " That task was made easier for the USSR by the fact that the Soviet army still occupied",
"timestamp": [
342.72,
347.84
]
},
{
"text": " much of Eastern Europe.",
"timestamp": [
347.84,
349.12
]
},
{
"text": " The USSR also began seizing industrial machinery from its zones of influence in Germany.",
"timestamp": [
349.12,
354.8
]
},
{
"text": " Scientists, industrial workers, engineers, and other prized professionals were also taken",
"timestamp": [
354.8,
359.28
]
},
{
"text": " forcibly to the USSR to help rebuild.",
"timestamp": [
359.28,
362.36
]
},
{
"text": " And that violated the Allied plan that the Eastern Zone would",
"timestamp": [
362.36,
365.84
]
},
{
"text": " provide agricultural products to the Western Zones, and the Western Zones would produce",
"timestamp": [
365.84,
370.5
]
},
{
"text": " industrial products for the Eastern.",
"timestamp": [
370.5,
372.8
]
},
{
"text": " And so the Allies decided to combine their zones and plan the creation of a West German",
"timestamp": [
372.8,
377.76
]
},
{
"text": " state.",
"timestamp": [
377.76,
378.76
]
},
{
"text": " Partly to advance the recovery of Western Europe so that it wouldn't be susceptible",
"timestamp": [
378.76,
382.02
]
},
{
"text": " to Soviet influence, the United States began sending vast funds and goods to help war-torn nations in the West rebuild in what would",
"timestamp": [
382.02,
391.04
]
},
{
"text": " be formalized as the Marshall Plan in 1948.",
"timestamp": [
391.04,
394.6
]
},
{
"text": " From the Soviet perspective, this seemed like a bribe to gain European support for America.",
"timestamp": [
394.6,
400.64
]
},
{
"text": " Which it sort of was.",
"timestamp": [
400.64,
402.24
]
},
{
"text": " And the USSR was too impoverished by the war to provide similar bribes.",
"timestamp": [
402.24,
407.4
]
},
{
"text": " It's also worth noting that throughout this period in Europe, communist parties did have",
"timestamp": [
407.4,
412.12
]
},
{
"text": " some popular support.",
"timestamp": [
412.12,
413.92
]
},
{
"text": " Many saw the Soviets as the major liberators from German fascism and felt that communists",
"timestamp": [
413.92,
418.56
]
},
{
"text": " were attuned to the needs of the poor and hungry, while some argued American capitalism",
"timestamp": [
418.56,
423.84
]
},
{
"text": " seemed mostly to benefit the rich and hungry, while some argued American capitalism seemed mostly to benefit",
"timestamp": [
423.84,
425.72
]
},
{
"text": " the rich and well-fed.",
"timestamp": [
425.72,
427.4
]
},
{
"text": " So it wasn't as simple as East Communist, West Capitalist.",
"timestamp": [
427.4,
431.9
]
},
{
"text": " It never is that simple.",
"timestamp": [
431.9,
433.56
]
},
{
"text": " In June of 1948, Stalin fought back against the Marshall Plan with his only ace, a display",
"timestamp": [
433.56,
439.56
]
},
{
"text": " of military might.",
"timestamp": [
439.56,
440.92
]
},
{
"text": " He blockaded goods and aid from entering the city of Berlin, which you'll recall was",
"timestamp": [
440.92,
445.56
]
},
{
"text": " deeply in Soviet-held territory.",
"timestamp": [
445.56,
447.84
]
},
{
"text": " Americans, British, and other allies responded with a massive airlift of food and fuel nicknamed",
"timestamp": [
447.84,
454.38
]
},
{
"text": " Operation Vittles.",
"timestamp": [
454.38,
456.4
]
},
{
"text": " Now there is a good name for an operation.",
"timestamp": [
456.4,
459.26
]
},
{
"text": " At any rate, Stalin claimed the entire city of Berlin as fully part of the Soviet zone",
"timestamp": [
459.26,
463.76
]
},
{
"text": " of influence and expected the US bloc to give in, but instead the airlift continued to great publicity and",
"timestamp": [
463.76,
469.96
]
},
{
"text": " with great success, leading the Soviets eventually to call off the blockade in May of 1949.",
"timestamp": [
469.96,
476.48
]
},
{
"text": " Berlin became a divided city, and eventually the wall that was built between the Berlins",
"timestamp": [
476.48,
480.44
]
},
{
"text": " came to symbolize the tense and fractured world of the Cold War.",
"timestamp": [
480.44,
484.8
]
},
{
"text": " And on both sides, governments didn't really present this to their people as a struggle",
"timestamp": [
484.8,
488.44
]
},
{
"text": " for power or influence.",
"timestamp": [
488.44,
490.32
]
},
{
"text": " Instead, it was publicized as a competition between good and evil.",
"timestamp": [
490.32,
495.3
]
},
{
"text": " When I was growing up, I was taught in school that Soviet communism was evil, and kids in",
"timestamp": [
495.3,
499.72
]
},
{
"text": " the Soviet Union were taught that American capitalism was evil.",
"timestamp": [
499.72,
503.72
]
},
{
"text": " And so amid that, the vicious political aspects of the Cold War just kept accelerating.",
"timestamp": [
503.72,
508.84
]
},
{
"text": " In 1949, communists under Mao Zedong took over China, while Stalin opened new purges,",
"timestamp": [
508.84,
515.28
]
},
{
"text": " including ones against doctors charged with murdering citizens and Jews accused of disloyalty.",
"timestamp": [
515.28,
520.84
]
},
{
"text": " And other purges occurred in newly communist Eastern European countries.",
"timestamp": [
520.84,
524.28
]
},
{
"text": " In Czechoslovakia, for example, Mlada Hrakova, a feminist middle-class lawyer imprisoned",
"timestamp": [
524.28,
529.28
]
},
{
"text": " by the Nazis, was charged by the communist government with being among the professional",
"timestamp": [
529.28,
534.16
]
},
{
"text": " agents of the American, English, or French imperialists.",
"timestamp": [
534.16,
538.24
]
},
{
"text": " She was executed in 1950.",
"timestamp": [
538.24,
540.16
]
},
{
"text": " The United States also launched a massive hunt for communists, although with fewer executions.",
"timestamp": [
540.16,
545.36
]
},
{
"text": " Also, very few communists were actually found, although tens of thousands of citizens were",
"timestamp": [
545.36,
550.88
]
},
{
"text": " investigated and many innocent people lost their jobs for not cooperating in this harassment.",
"timestamp": [
550.88,
557.28
]
},
{
"text": " On both sides of the so-called Iron Curtain, fear became a dominant emotion.",
"timestamp": [
557.28,
562.56
]
},
{
"text": " And there was much to fear. In 1949, the Soviets exploded an atom bomb of their own, and both adversaries proceeded",
"timestamp": [
562.56,
570
]
},
{
"text": " to develop ever more lethal nuclear weapons along with powerful rocketry.",
"timestamp": [
570,
575.32
]
},
{
"text": " Budgets for weapons and other military capacity soared in the 1950s.",
"timestamp": [
575.32,
580.12
]
},
{
"text": " And then in 1957, the Soviets sent the satellite Sputnik into orbit around the Earth, moving",
"timestamp": [
580.12,
585.52
]
},
{
"text": " the Cold War into space.",
"timestamp": [
585.52,
587.68
]
},
{
"text": " In response, the United States launched a similar craft and also formed NASA to lead",
"timestamp": [
587.68,
592.2
]
},
{
"text": " the American side in the space race.",
"timestamp": [
592.2,
594.72
]
},
{
"text": " Soon, military resources surged toward what they had been during World War II.",
"timestamp": [
594.72,
600.24
]
},
{
"text": " And around this time, the division of the world into two camps was institutionalized",
"timestamp": [
600.24,
605.12
]
},
{
"text": " geopolitically.",
"timestamp": [
605.12,
606.28
]
},
{
"text": " The Allied bloc organized their sections of Germany into the Federal Republic of Germany",
"timestamp": [
606.28,
611.36
]
},
{
"text": " or West Germany in 1949, followed swiftly by the creation of an East German state, the",
"timestamp": [
611.36,
617.8
]
},
{
"text": " German Democratic Republic.",
"timestamp": [
617.8,
619.28
]
},
{
"text": " The US bloc also created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, in 1949 to bind together allies in",
"timestamp": [
619.28,
626.16
]
},
{
"text": " Western Europe and in the world, such as Canada, to meet threats from the East.",
"timestamp": [
626.16,
630.72
]
},
{
"text": " In 1955, the Soviet bloc formed a similar alliance in the Warsaw Pact.",
"timestamp": [
630.72,
635.44
]
},
{
"text": " Alright, let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
635.44,
637
]
},
{
"text": " The Cold War involved many facets of everyday life.",
"timestamp": [
637,
640.48
]
},
{
"text": " For one, both sides sought to outdo the other in restoring the standard of living.",
"timestamp": [
640.48,
645.2
]
},
{
"text": " Radio, television, household appliances, and motorized transportation held out the promise",
"timestamp": [
645.2,
649.92
]
},
{
"text": " of longer, healthier lives full of travel and leisure.",
"timestamp": [
649.92,
654.38
]
},
{
"text": " But ease came at the price of constant fear.",
"timestamp": [
654.38,
658.34
]
},
{
"text": " Radio and TV regularly reminded audiences that the opposing bloc could blow them to",
"timestamp": [
658.34,
663.16
]
},
{
"text": " bits or lethally poison the atmosphere with radiation.",
"timestamp": [
663.16,
666.74
]
},
{
"text": " In schools, including my elementary school in Orlando, Florida,",
"timestamp": [
666.74,
670.78
]
},
{
"text": " nuclear attack drills were held in which students would practice hiding under their desks as air raid sirens wailed.",
"timestamp": [
670.78,
677.66
]
},
{
"text": " This was at once both terrifying—I had and retain an extremely strong desire not to die in a nuclear war, and also somehow ludicrous because I knew hiding behind my desk wouldn't save me.",
"timestamp": [
677.66,
689.84
]
},
{
"text": " And there was also endless propaganda. The United States launched Voice of America,",
"timestamp": [
689.84,
693.6
]
},
{
"text": " which broadcast news and propaganda in 38 languages. The Soviets similarly transmitted",
"timestamp": [
693.6,
698.96
]
},
{
"text": " messages about communist values and beliefs while trying to jam their opponents' airwaves.",
"timestamp": [
698.96,
704.16
]
},
{
"text": " Spy novels proliferated, with Ian Fleming creating the dashing James Bond.",
"timestamp": [
704.16,
708.96
]
},
{
"text": " Fleming's Russian counterpart, Yulian Semyonov, created his hero, Max Otto von Stierlitz,",
"timestamp": [
708.96,
714.78
]
},
{
"text": " which so captivated Soviet pilots that they refused to fly when his work was playing on",
"timestamp": [
714.78,
719.7
]
},
{
"text": " radio or television.",
"timestamp": [
719.7,
721.14
]
},
{
"text": " But there was also cooperation.",
"timestamp": [
721.14,
722.6
]
},
{
"text": " To cite just one example, physicians and drug manufacturers from the West managed to get",
"timestamp": [
722.6,
727.12
]
},
{
"text": " the newest vaccines to Hungary, where a polio epidemic devastated children and young people",
"timestamp": [
727.12,
732.42
]
},
{
"text": " in the 1950s.",
"timestamp": [
732.42,
733.96
]
},
{
"text": " Such exchanges occurred despite governments' efforts on both sides to instill hatred and",
"timestamp": [
733.96,
739.04
]
},
{
"text": " fear.",
"timestamp": [
739.04,
740.04
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
740.04,
741.04
]
},
{
"text": " So the Cold War never materialized as an outright military conflict between the two so-called",
"timestamp": [
741.04,
745.68
]
},
{
"text": " superpowers.",
"timestamp": [
745.68,
747.3
]
},
{
"text": " When East Germans rebelled and Hungarians rose up in revolution in 1956, the United",
"timestamp": [
747.3,
752.76
]
},
{
"text": " States did not intervene.",
"timestamp": [
752.76,
754.44
]
},
{
"text": " Rather, countries across Europe and other parts of the world were crammed with missile",
"timestamp": [
754.44,
758.38
]
},
{
"text": " sites and army bases and their personnel and vast stores of weaponry.",
"timestamp": [
758.38,
763.46
]
},
{
"text": " But there were hot wars.",
"timestamp": [
763.46,
765.28
]
},
{
"text": " They were just mostly carried out via proxies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, which",
"timestamp": [
765.28,
771.2
]
},
{
"text": " primarily devastated the states and people in those places rather than the Soviets or",
"timestamp": [
771.2,
777.16
]
},
{
"text": " Americans themselves.",
"timestamp": [
777.16,
778.88
]
},
{
"text": " The Korean War that killed millions of Koreans between 1950 and 1953 was one such conflict that pitted US-backed",
"timestamp": [
778.88,
786
]
},
{
"text": " forces against communist armed ones.",
"timestamp": [
786,
788.76
]
},
{
"text": " Wars over Cold War ideology also occurred among competing forces during decolonization",
"timestamp": [
788.76,
793.96
]
},
{
"text": " in Africa and Asia.",
"timestamp": [
793.96,
795.84
]
},
{
"text": " And so if you're able to shift historical perspectives, you realize that for many perspectives,",
"timestamp": [
795.84,
801.28
]
},
{
"text": " the Cold War wasn't a Cold War. In 1949, British author George Orwell published 1984, a novel based on life in impoverished",
"timestamp": [
801.28,
810.52
]
},
{
"text": " London.",
"timestamp": [
810.52,
811.52
]
},
{
"text": " Language had been turned into what today we would call spin, which Orwell knew well, having",
"timestamp": [
811.52,
816.46
]
},
{
"text": " served in the Office of Propaganda during World War II.",
"timestamp": [
816.46,
819.96
]
},
{
"text": " Televisions broadcast news of nonstop wars that produced constant anxiety, and it was",
"timestamp": [
819.96,
825.5
]
},
{
"text": " forbidden to turn them off.",
"timestamp": [
825.5,
827.58
]
},
{
"text": " In poor neighborhoods, citizens cheered their armies and repeatedly spewed hatred for the",
"timestamp": [
827.58,
832.5
]
},
{
"text": " supposed enemy.",
"timestamp": [
832.5,
833.96
]
},
{
"text": " These days when we read 1984, we tend to focus on the surveillance stuff, and for good reason.",
"timestamp": [
833.96,
839
]
},
{
"text": " But it also captured the reality of life during what seemed like a never-ending conflict that",
"timestamp": [
839,
844.72
]
},
{
"text": " perpetually threatened",
"timestamp": [
844.72,
846.26
]
},
{
"text": " to be apocalyptic.",
"timestamp": [
846.26,
848.14
]
},
{
"text": " Next time we'll dig deeper into everyday life during the Cold War as Europe recovered",
"timestamp": [
848.14,
852.1
]
},
{
"text": " its footing and experienced 30 glorious years, as they say.",
"timestamp": [
852.1,
856.86
]
},
{
"text": " We're due for 30 glorious years after so many bad ones.",
"timestamp": [
856.86,
860.82
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
860.82,
861.82
]
},
{
"text": " I'll see you then.",
"timestamp": [
861.82,
862.82
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course is filmed here in the Jaden Smith Studios in Indianapolis and it's made possible Thanks for watching, I'll see you then.",
"timestamp": [
862.82,
879.56
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Randolph, Rustin, & the Origins of the March on Washington: Crash Course Black American History #32
|
vDNkw13NAA0
| 769 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Intro",
"end_time": 47
},
{
"start_time": 47,
"title": "Philip Randolph",
"end_time": 135
},
{
"start_time": 135,
"title": "Organizing",
"end_time": 223
},
{
"start_time": 223,
"title": "The Pullman Company",
"end_time": 378
},
{
"start_time": 378,
"title": "World War II",
"end_time": 481
},
{
"start_time": 481,
"title": "Benjamin Rustin",
"end_time": 540
},
{
"start_time": 540,
"title": "Respectability Politics",
"end_time": 657
},
{
"start_time": 657,
"title": "Conclusion",
"end_time": 769
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm Clint Smith and this is Crash Course Black American History.",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.48
]
},
{
"text": " And today, we're continuing our exploration of the Harlem Renaissance.",
"timestamp": [
4.48,
9
]
},
{
"text": " In our last episode, we talked about the proliferation of Black artistry across the Harlem Renaissance.",
"timestamp": [
9,
15.08
]
},
{
"text": " Over a million Black people migrated to the North and changed the cultural landscape of",
"timestamp": [
15.08,
19.28
]
},
{
"text": " New York and other northern cities.",
"timestamp": [
19.28,
21.52
]
},
{
"text": " But the Harlem Renaissance wasn't just about the books, the musicians, the singers, and",
"timestamp": [
21.52,
27.64
]
},
{
"text": " the dancers.",
"timestamp": [
27.64,
28.64
]
},
{
"text": " It was also about the larger political messages that were conveyed both on the stage and on",
"timestamp": [
28.64,
34.96
]
},
{
"text": " the page.",
"timestamp": [
34.96,
35.96
]
},
{
"text": " As we've discussed, while many of the most famous contributors to the Harlem Renaissance",
"timestamp": [
35.96,
40.72
]
},
{
"text": " were indeed artists, much of their work was deeply political, and many",
"timestamp": [
40.72,
45.68
]
},
{
"text": " of their own political ideologies were shaped by other black activists and intellectuals",
"timestamp": [
45.68,
50.64
]
},
{
"text": " of the day.",
"timestamp": [
50.64,
51.64
]
},
{
"text": " Today, we'll be focusing on those thinkers and activists.",
"timestamp": [
51.64,
56.68
]
},
{
"text": " Let's start the show. Often, we revere the Harlem Renaissance as generally a fun time, full of artistic production,",
"timestamp": [
56.68,
74.04
]
},
{
"text": " possibilities, and enlightenment.",
"timestamp": [
74.04,
76.64
]
},
{
"text": " But being black in early 20th century America was an undoubtedly rough time.",
"timestamp": [
76.64,
82.88
]
},
{
"text": " Both the systemic and interpersonal manifestations of racism,",
"timestamp": [
82.88,
87
]
},
{
"text": " even in the North, were everywhere. While they were able to create such beautiful work,",
"timestamp": [
87,
92.48
]
},
{
"text": " many artists struggled, and very few could pursue their art full time. They often worked",
"timestamp": [
92.48,
98
]
},
{
"text": " in unstable and dangerous roles at industrial plants or on seaports, and often for lower",
"timestamp": [
98,
103.68
]
},
{
"text": " wages than their white counterparts.",
"timestamp": [
103.68,
105.6
]
},
{
"text": " This was the reality for Black folks in urban cities throughout the country.",
"timestamp": [
106.16,
109.84
]
},
{
"text": " Many may have escaped the violence of the South, but they still had to deal with the",
"timestamp": [
110.56,
114.72
]
},
{
"text": " enormous amount of injustice in the North. One aspect of the Harlem Renaissance was the",
"timestamp": [
114.72,
120.56
]
},
{
"text": " work of Black theorists and political thinkers who debated the most effective ways to help Black communities.",
"timestamp": [
120.56,
127.04
]
},
{
"text": " Many Northerners were not as keen on Booker T. Washington's rhetoric from the South,",
"timestamp": [
127.04,
130.88
]
},
{
"text": " which propped up accommodation to segregation",
"timestamp": [
130.88,
133.56
]
},
{
"text": " and the slow but steady aggregation of Black economic freedom through vocational labor.",
"timestamp": [
133.56,
138.76
]
},
{
"text": " Washington rose to prominence as a race leader as the 19th century came to a close,",
"timestamp": [
138.76,
143.56
]
},
{
"text": " and he championed dignifying",
"timestamp": [
143.56,
146.34
]
},
{
"text": " and glorifying common labor, while remaining separate from white Americans, even if it",
"timestamp": [
146.34,
152.1
]
},
{
"text": " meant having less rights than white people.",
"timestamp": [
152.1,
154.94
]
},
{
"text": " But as we've discussed before, recognizing that Washington was born into slavery and",
"timestamp": [
154.94,
160.68
]
},
{
"text": " still lived in the South, his views prioritizing peace, safety, and calm seemed more understandable.",
"timestamp": [
160.68,
168.36
]
},
{
"text": " Still, this class of New Negroes, as they described themselves at the time, just weren't",
"timestamp": [
168.36,
175
]
},
{
"text": " down with any notions of accommodation, segregation, or having to wait for their freedom. Northern",
"timestamp": [
175,
181.32
]
},
{
"text": " labor activist A. Philip Randolph and economist Chandler Owen took",
"timestamp": [
181.32,
185.6
]
},
{
"text": " time to define what the New Negro was looking for in The Messenger, an independent magazine",
"timestamp": [
185.6,
191.82
]
},
{
"text": " they founded in 1917. They described the New Negro as uncompromising when it came to political",
"timestamp": [
191.82,
197.7
]
},
{
"text": " equality and universal suffrage. And because economic mobility was difficult for Black",
"timestamp": [
197.7,
202.92
]
},
{
"text": " Americans, Randolph and Owen also",
"timestamp": [
202.92,
205.32
]
},
{
"text": " proposed that the new Negro be afforded the same protection through labor unions that",
"timestamp": [
205.32,
209.92
]
},
{
"text": " their white counterparts had, and that they wouldn't have to be exploited by people",
"timestamp": [
209.92,
214.12
]
},
{
"text": " trying to price gouge them for things they needed to survive.",
"timestamp": [
214.12,
218.24
]
},
{
"text": " During this era, New York City became home to the headquarters of major organizations",
"timestamp": [
218.24,
222.26
]
},
{
"text": " for Black liberation, like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which was founded in 1909, and the National Urban",
"timestamp": [
222.26,
229.5
]
},
{
"text": " League, which was founded in 1911. These groups were heavily involved in grassroots activism",
"timestamp": [
229.5,
235.56
]
},
{
"text": " to combat discrimination and segregation.",
"timestamp": [
235.56,
238.84
]
},
{
"text": " The 1920s were the golden era for the National Urban League. Under the direction of Executive",
"timestamp": [
238.84,
244.12
]
},
{
"text": " Secretary Eugene K. Jones, the group boycotted businesses that refused to hire Black people were the golden era for the National Urban League. Under the direction of Executive Secretary",
"timestamp": [
244.12,
245.12
]
},
{
"text": " Eugene K. Jones, the group boycotted businesses that refused to hire Black people and put",
"timestamp": [
245.12,
250.72
]
},
{
"text": " pressure on city schools to provide training for Black workers. The 1920s were also a time",
"timestamp": [
250.72,
257.04
]
},
{
"text": " of major growth for the NAACP. At the start of the decade, they appointed James Weldon Johnson",
"timestamp": [
257.04,
262.64
]
},
{
"text": " as the organization's first Black Executive secretary and with his leadership, increased their membership to 100,000 people",
"timestamp": [
262.64,
270.12
]
},
{
"text": " in 300 chapters nationwide. Meanwhile, Walter White, who would eventually himself become",
"timestamp": [
270.12,
275.28
]
},
{
"text": " the executive secretary of the organization, investigated lynchings in the South, often",
"timestamp": [
275.28,
280.08
]
},
{
"text": " passing as White in the NAACP's unsuccessful effort to pass a national anti-lynching bill.",
"timestamp": [
280.08,
286.16
]
},
{
"text": " But the NAACP did win some important victories. In 1917, in Buchanan v. Worley, it convinced the",
"timestamp": [
286.16,
293.28
]
},
{
"text": " U.S. Supreme Court to overturn city ordinances mandating where blacks could and couldn't live.",
"timestamp": [
293.28,
299.44
]
},
{
"text": " In 1926, the association was also able to successfully defend Ocean Sweet,",
"timestamp": [
299.44,
304.4
]
},
{
"text": " a Black physician",
"timestamp": [
304.4,
305.32
]
},
{
"text": " from Detroit, for murder charges after an attack on his home.",
"timestamp": [
305.32,
309.74
]
},
{
"text": " Another important moment for Black Americans came with the creation of Negro History Week",
"timestamp": [
309.74,
313.78
]
},
{
"text": " in 1926.",
"timestamp": [
313.78,
315.86
]
},
{
"text": " The predecessor to Black History Month, Negro History Week was the brainchild of Carter",
"timestamp": [
315.86,
320.6
]
},
{
"text": " G. Woodson, who received his Ph.D PhD in history from Harvard in 1912, becoming",
"timestamp": [
320.6,
326.08
]
},
{
"text": " only the second black person to receive a PhD from Harvard after W. E. E. Du Bois.",
"timestamp": [
326.08,
331.6
]
},
{
"text": " Woodson was adamant about treating African American history and culture as formal fields",
"timestamp": [
331.6,
336.2
]
},
{
"text": " of study. Along with other activists, he charged schools and organizations to use this week",
"timestamp": [
336.2,
341.44
]
},
{
"text": " in February to highlight and honor African-American contributions.",
"timestamp": [
341.44,
346.24
]
},
{
"text": " In the early 1970s, the week extended into a month-long celebration. In 1976, it became",
"timestamp": [
346.24,
353.08
]
},
{
"text": " federally recognized. But of all the organizations enacting fresh and exciting initiatives to",
"timestamp": [
353.08,
358.34
]
},
{
"text": " achieve equal rights for Black people, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, UNIA, was the largest and most militant.",
"timestamp": [
358.34,
366.72
]
},
{
"text": " Marcus Garvey and his first wife, Amy Ashwood Garvey, founded the UNIA in Jamaica in 1914,",
"timestamp": [
366.72,
374.04
]
},
{
"text": " but it failed to gain the traction that they hoped for in their native country.",
"timestamp": [
374.04,
378.16
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey immigrated to the U.S. and began doing public speaking in New York City.",
"timestamp": [
378.16,
382.64
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey was known as what people would call",
"timestamp": [
382.64,
385.66
]
},
{
"text": " a step ladder preacher.",
"timestamp": [
385.66,
387.66
]
},
{
"text": " Like he'd literally grab a step ladder",
"timestamp": [
387.66,
389.9
]
},
{
"text": " and preach to anyone who'd listen in the streets of Harlem.",
"timestamp": [
389.9,
393.34
]
},
{
"text": " Eventually, he was able to pull in mass support",
"timestamp": [
393.34,
396.46
]
},
{
"text": " from the black working class.",
"timestamp": [
396.46,
398.32
]
},
{
"text": " And in May of 1917,",
"timestamp": [
398.32,
400.42
]
},
{
"text": " he launched the New York branch of the UNIA,",
"timestamp": [
400.42,
403.2
]
},
{
"text": " basing the headquarters in Harlem.",
"timestamp": [
403.2,
405.96
]
},
{
"text": " The UNIA's militant weekly newspaper, The Negro World, began in 1918 and amassed more",
"timestamp": [
405.96,
412.38
]
},
{
"text": " than 200,000 readers.",
"timestamp": [
412.38,
414.44
]
},
{
"text": " Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey's second wife, was the editor for the popular Women's",
"timestamp": [
414.44,
419.32
]
},
{
"text": " Page and wrote articles that spoke specifically to the concerns of Black women. According to Marcus Garvey, who is known to sometimes exaggerate numbers, by 1922, the",
"timestamp": [
419.32,
430.32
]
},
{
"text": " UNIA had amassed 1,000 chapters with 4 million members across the United States, Caribbean,",
"timestamp": [
430.32,
436.96
]
},
{
"text": " Central America, Canada, and Africa, including the parents of the soon-to-be famous civil",
"timestamp": [
436.96,
442.6
]
},
{
"text": " rights leader, Malcolm X. Marcus Garvey",
"timestamp": [
442.6,
446.42
]
},
{
"text": " is an interesting figure in Black American history, to say the least, and his story is",
"timestamp": [
446.42,
452.16
]
},
{
"text": " one that's worth digging into a little deeper.",
"timestamp": [
452.16,
454.88
]
},
{
"text": " Let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
454.88,
457.28
]
},
{
"text": " Marcus Garvey was fueled by an ideology known as Pan-Africanism, which emphasizes the dispersal",
"timestamp": [
457.28,
463.36
]
},
{
"text": " of African-descended people across the globe",
"timestamp": [
463.36,
466.04
]
},
{
"text": " due to the transatlantic slave trade.",
"timestamp": [
466.04,
467.84
]
},
{
"text": " It is based on the idea that black people dispersed everywhere across the world experience",
"timestamp": [
467.84,
472.56
]
},
{
"text": " the same kind of issues like oppression and have the same interests like freedom, and",
"timestamp": [
472.56,
478.72
]
},
{
"text": " that black people across the globe should join together in their collective fight for",
"timestamp": [
478.72,
483.2
]
},
{
"text": " liberation. He believed in an end to colonial rule in Africa and the unification of people across",
"timestamp": [
483.2,
490.22
]
},
{
"text": " the continent.",
"timestamp": [
490.22,
491.22
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey's approach differed from those of the NAACP and the National Urban League, organizations",
"timestamp": [
491.22,
497.14
]
},
{
"text": " who were integrationists.",
"timestamp": [
497.14,
499.58
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey believed that Black people should live separately from whites, and that many of them should",
"timestamp": [
499.58,
505.32
]
},
{
"text": " take it upon themselves to go back to Africa, where they would have enough land and resources",
"timestamp": [
505.32,
511.04
]
},
{
"text": " to set up their own nation state. This approach became known as black nationalism.",
"timestamp": [
511.04,
516.6
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey's life and career were nothing short of animated. The famous photo of him wearing",
"timestamp": [
516.6,
522.72
]
},
{
"text": " an Afro-centric headdress and military garb was taken at a",
"timestamp": [
522.72,
526.24
]
},
{
"text": " parade up Lenox Avenue in Harlem.",
"timestamp": [
526.24,
529.2
]
},
{
"text": " He authored his own Declaration of the Rights of Negro Peoples of the World, and at the",
"timestamp": [
529.2,
533.76
]
},
{
"text": " 1920 UNIA convention, he declared himself the Provisional President of Africa.",
"timestamp": [
533.76,
540.72
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey's large following and influence even prompted the hiring of the first black",
"timestamp": [
540.72,
545.36
]
},
{
"text": " FBI agent who was tasked with infiltrating the UNIA. J. Edgar Hoover, who would later",
"timestamp": [
545.36,
550.96
]
},
{
"text": " become the infamous director of the FBI, once referred to Garvey as the notorious Negro",
"timestamp": [
550.96,
556.68
]
},
{
"text": " agitator.",
"timestamp": [
556.68,
557.68
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
557.68,
559.6
]
},
{
"text": " This emphasis on black separatism also led Garvey to some pretty strange allies, like the racist Ku",
"timestamp": [
559.6,
566.24
]
},
{
"text": " Klux Klan, who in their own way agreed with the idea of having black people leaving the",
"timestamp": [
566.24,
571.88
]
},
{
"text": " US and settling somewhere else.",
"timestamp": [
571.88,
574.82
]
},
{
"text": " This relationship with the KKK, in addition to his pretty terrible views on mixed-race",
"timestamp": [
574.82,
579.96
]
},
{
"text": " people, made Garvey an even more divisive figure among other Black leaders.",
"timestamp": [
579.96,
585.98
]
},
{
"text": " Some even launched a Garvey Must Go campaign because they thought his alignment with the",
"timestamp": [
585.98,
590.74
]
},
{
"text": " Klan was so abhorrent.",
"timestamp": [
590.74,
593.42
]
},
{
"text": " Still, the UNIA did engage in racial uplift and reform on American soil, and in doing",
"timestamp": [
593.42,
600.34
]
},
{
"text": " so, focused their efforts on making conditions better for Black people here.",
"timestamp": [
600.34,
605.56
]
},
{
"text": " And while the larger goal was creating a new nation-state, local units of the UNIA did",
"timestamp": [
605.56,
611.52
]
},
{
"text": " cater to their community's immediate needs, addressing issues like voter registration,",
"timestamp": [
611.52,
617.36
]
},
{
"text": " health care, education.",
"timestamp": [
617.36,
619.72
]
},
{
"text": " To help achieve the UNIA's founding members' dream of getting many Black Americans back to the motherland, the Black Star Line Steamship Company was developed in 1919. Using these",
"timestamp": [
619.72,
630.64
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"text": " ships to bring people to the continent, they hoped to unite African-descended people from",
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"text": " Jamaica. And with Garvey having been effectively exiled from the United States, the UNIA collapsed.",
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"text": " throughout history. He is credited with coining the phrase, Black is Beautiful, and is a major",
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"text": " figure in both the history of the Rastafarian movement and the Black Power movement. The",
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[
[
"Intro",
" Hi, I'm Clint Smith and this is Crash Course Black American History. And today, we're continuing our exploration of the Harlem Renaissance. In our last episode, we talked about the proliferation of Black artistry across the Harlem Renaissance. Over a million Black people migrated to the North and changed the cultural landscape of New York and other northern cities. But the Harlem Renaissance wasn't just about the books, the musicians, the singers, and the dancers. It was also about the larger political messages that were conveyed both on the stage and on the page. As we've discussed, while many of the most famous contributors to the Harlem Renaissance were indeed artists, much of their work was deeply political, and many of their own political ideologies were shaped by other black activists and intellectuals"
],
[
"Philip Randolph",
" of the day. Today, we'll be focusing on those thinkers and activists. Let's start the show. Often, we revere the Harlem Renaissance as generally a fun time, full of artistic production, possibilities, and enlightenment. But being black in early 20th century America was an undoubtedly rough time. Both the systemic and interpersonal manifestations of racism, even in the North, were everywhere. While they were able to create such beautiful work, many artists struggled, and very few could pursue their art full time. They often worked in unstable and dangerous roles at industrial plants or on seaports, and often for lower wages than their white counterparts. This was the reality for Black folks in urban cities throughout the country. Many may have escaped the violence of the South, but they still had to deal with the enormous amount of injustice in the North. One aspect of the Harlem Renaissance was the work of Black theorists and political thinkers who debated the most effective ways to help Black communities. Many Northerners were not as keen on Booker T. Washington's rhetoric from the South, which propped up accommodation to segregation and the slow but steady aggregation of Black economic freedom through vocational labor."
],
[
"Organizing",
" Washington rose to prominence as a race leader as the 19th century came to a close, and he championed dignifying and glorifying common labor, while remaining separate from white Americans, even if it meant having less rights than white people. But as we've discussed before, recognizing that Washington was born into slavery and still lived in the South, his views prioritizing peace, safety, and calm seemed more understandable. Still, this class of New Negroes, as they described themselves at the time, just weren't down with any notions of accommodation, segregation, or having to wait for their freedom. Northern labor activist A. Philip Randolph and economist Chandler Owen took time to define what the New Negro was looking for in The Messenger, an independent magazine they founded in 1917. They described the New Negro as uncompromising when it came to political equality and universal suffrage. And because economic mobility was difficult for Black Americans, Randolph and Owen also proposed that the new Negro be afforded the same protection through labor unions that their white counterparts had, and that they wouldn't have to be exploited by people trying to price gouge them for things they needed to survive. During this era, New York City became home to the headquarters of major organizations for Black liberation, like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which was founded in 1909, and the National Urban"
],
[
"The Pullman Company",
" League, which was founded in 1911. These groups were heavily involved in grassroots activism to combat discrimination and segregation. The 1920s were the golden era for the National Urban League. Under the direction of Executive Secretary Eugene K. Jones, the group boycotted businesses that refused to hire Black people were the golden era for the National Urban League. Under the direction of Executive Secretary Eugene K. Jones, the group boycotted businesses that refused to hire Black people and put pressure on city schools to provide training for Black workers. The 1920s were also a time of major growth for the NAACP. At the start of the decade, they appointed James Weldon Johnson as the organization's first Black Executive secretary and with his leadership, increased their membership to 100,000 people in 300 chapters nationwide. Meanwhile, Walter White, who would eventually himself become the executive secretary of the organization, investigated lynchings in the South, often passing as White in the NAACP's unsuccessful effort to pass a national anti-lynching bill. But the NAACP did win some important victories. In 1917, in Buchanan v. Worley, it convinced the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn city ordinances mandating where blacks could and couldn't live. In 1926, the association was also able to successfully defend Ocean Sweet, a Black physician from Detroit, for murder charges after an attack on his home. Another important moment for Black Americans came with the creation of Negro History Week in 1926. The predecessor to Black History Month, Negro History Week was the brainchild of Carter G. Woodson, who received his Ph.D PhD in history from Harvard in 1912, becoming only the second black person to receive a PhD from Harvard after W. E. E. Du Bois. Woodson was adamant about treating African American history and culture as formal fields of study. Along with other activists, he charged schools and organizations to use this week in February to highlight and honor African-American contributions. In the early 1970s, the week extended into a month-long celebration. In 1976, it became federally recognized. But of all the organizations enacting fresh and exciting initiatives to achieve equal rights for Black people, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, UNIA, was the largest and most militant. Marcus Garvey and his first wife, Amy Ashwood Garvey, founded the UNIA in Jamaica in 1914, but it failed to gain the traction that they hoped for in their native country."
],
[
"World War II",
" Garvey immigrated to the U.S. and began doing public speaking in New York City. Garvey was known as what people would call a step ladder preacher. Like he'd literally grab a step ladder and preach to anyone who'd listen in the streets of Harlem. Eventually, he was able to pull in mass support from the black working class. And in May of 1917, he launched the New York branch of the UNIA, basing the headquarters in Harlem. The UNIA's militant weekly newspaper, The Negro World, began in 1918 and amassed more than 200,000 readers. Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey's second wife, was the editor for the popular Women's Page and wrote articles that spoke specifically to the concerns of Black women. According to Marcus Garvey, who is known to sometimes exaggerate numbers, by 1922, the UNIA had amassed 1,000 chapters with 4 million members across the United States, Caribbean, Central America, Canada, and Africa, including the parents of the soon-to-be famous civil rights leader, Malcolm X. Marcus Garvey is an interesting figure in Black American history, to say the least, and his story is one that's worth digging into a little deeper. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Marcus Garvey was fueled by an ideology known as Pan-Africanism, which emphasizes the dispersal of African-descended people across the globe due to the transatlantic slave trade. It is based on the idea that black people dispersed everywhere across the world experience the same kind of issues like oppression and have the same interests like freedom, and that black people across the globe should join together in their collective fight for"
],
[
"Benjamin Rustin",
" liberation. He believed in an end to colonial rule in Africa and the unification of people across the continent. Garvey's approach differed from those of the NAACP and the National Urban League, organizations who were integrationists. Garvey believed that Black people should live separately from whites, and that many of them should take it upon themselves to go back to Africa, where they would have enough land and resources to set up their own nation state. This approach became known as black nationalism. Garvey's life and career were nothing short of animated. The famous photo of him wearing an Afro-centric headdress and military garb was taken at a parade up Lenox Avenue in Harlem. He authored his own Declaration of the Rights of Negro Peoples of the World, and at the 1920 UNIA convention, he declared himself the Provisional President of Africa."
],
[
"Respectability Politics",
" Garvey's large following and influence even prompted the hiring of the first black FBI agent who was tasked with infiltrating the UNIA. J. Edgar Hoover, who would later become the infamous director of the FBI, once referred to Garvey as the notorious Negro agitator. Thanks, Thought Bubble. This emphasis on black separatism also led Garvey to some pretty strange allies, like the racist Ku Klux Klan, who in their own way agreed with the idea of having black people leaving the US and settling somewhere else. This relationship with the KKK, in addition to his pretty terrible views on mixed-race people, made Garvey an even more divisive figure among other Black leaders. Some even launched a Garvey Must Go campaign because they thought his alignment with the Klan was so abhorrent. Still, the UNIA did engage in racial uplift and reform on American soil, and in doing so, focused their efforts on making conditions better for Black people here. And while the larger goal was creating a new nation-state, local units of the UNIA did cater to their community's immediate needs, addressing issues like voter registration, health care, education. To help achieve the UNIA's founding members' dream of getting many Black Americans back to the motherland, the Black Star Line Steamship Company was developed in 1919. Using these ships to bring people to the continent, they hoped to unite African-descended people from around the world in a shared place. But it was more than that. The BSL was also created with the intention of serving as an economic tool for black folks, to give them a place in the global economy by using these ships to transport goods throughout the African diaspora and increase the value and influence of the black dollar. Garvey wanted to foster the growth of a self-reliant and resilient global black economy."
],
[
"Conclusion",
" A weird thing about Garvey though is that as much as he talked about Africa and how important it was for black people to return there, some of his own views about African people were pretty terrible. He said that one of the reasons he wanted to get to the continent was to quote, assist in civilizing the backward tribes of Africa. Which itself is a pretty backwards view. Ultimately, Garvey would sell shares of the ship, which he named Phyllis Wheatley, after the first black American woman to publish a book of poetry. Except it didn't actually own the ship. And this gave J. Edgar Hoover and associates an opportunity to prosecute Garvey, something that they had long been trying to do. During the trial, Garvey fired his attorney and decided to represent himself. And it didn't go well. Garvey was convicted of mail fraud in 1923 and was given a five-year sentence. And in 1927, he was deported to his native Jamaica. And with Garvey having been effectively exiled from the United States, the UNIA collapsed. Despite the controversy surrounding Marcus Garvey's legacy, his impact has reverberated throughout history. He is credited with coining the phrase, Black is Beautiful, and is a major figure in both the history of the Rastafarian movement and the Black Power movement. The Harlem Renaissance was a historic, world-changing incubator of art and culture, and it existed alongside shifting political sensibilities in the black community. And while not all black people agreed on the tactics, or even the end goal, of their activism,"
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Political Thought in the Harlem Renaissance: Crash Course Black American History #27
|
0HY8d4ABHQA
| 811 |
[
{
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"title": "THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE",
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{
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"title": "RASTAFARIAN MOVEMENT",
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{
"text": " And on top of that the audience that they have",
"timestamp": [
194.84,
197.6
]
},
{
"text": " naturally been curating is a really good fit for the type of audience that we",
"timestamp": [
197.6,
204.52
]
},
{
"text": " think would appreciate the work we're doing.",
"timestamp": [
204.52,
207
]
},
{
"text": " So we found Thought Cafe because they just decided to make an animation of a video that John made",
"timestamp": [
207,
214
]
},
{
"text": " that got a lot of views and that was, you know, a really good summary of American healthcare system.",
"timestamp": [
214,
219
]
},
{
"text": " And we reached out to them and we were like, can we do more of this?",
"timestamp": [
219,
222
]
},
{
"text": " And they were like, yes, here's our budget. And we were like, no, we can't.",
"timestamp": [
222,
229.16
]
},
{
"text": " For years, we held onto this dream that someday we would be able to make",
"timestamp": [
231.12,
232.96
]
},
{
"text": " high quality educational video with cool production values",
"timestamp": [
232.96,
236.28
]
},
{
"text": " that looked like YouTube, but at the same time",
"timestamp": [
236.28,
240.04
]
},
{
"text": " was rigorous and intellectually engaged and nuanced.",
"timestamp": [
240.04,
243.44
]
},
{
"text": " Ultimately, the reason that we have",
"timestamp": [
243.44,
244.44
]
},
{
"text": " to know that the square root of four is two",
"timestamp": [
244.44,
246.36
]
},
{
"text": " is because it helps us to build cathedrals",
"timestamp": [
246.36,
248.68
]
},
{
"text": " and think about space and make out with people,",
"timestamp": [
248.68,
251.48
]
},
{
"text": " but more on that in a second.",
"timestamp": [
251.48,
252.64
]
},
{
"text": " YouTube came to us because they wanted",
"timestamp": [
252.64,
254.4
]
},
{
"text": " some more professional looking content on the site",
"timestamp": [
254.4,
256.86
]
},
{
"text": " with some grant money to get channels started up.",
"timestamp": [
256.86,
259.16
]
},
{
"text": " And we said, well, that's awesome",
"timestamp": [
259.16,
260.7
]
},
{
"text": " because we really wanna make",
"timestamp": [
260.7,
262.2
]
},
{
"text": " these two educational YouTube shows,",
"timestamp": [
262.2,
264.6
]
},
{
"text": " SciShow and Crash Course.",
"timestamp": [
264.6,
266.4
]
},
{
"text": " John pitched me Crash Course and I knew that it was an amazing idea, but it to me sounded too hard.",
"timestamp": [
266.4,
273.4
]
},
{
"text": " And I pitched him SciShow.",
"timestamp": [
273.4,
276.6
]
},
{
"text": " Well hopefully YouTube will pick one of these.",
"timestamp": [
276.6,
278.8
]
},
{
"text": " But I guess our ideas were significantly cheaper than some of the Hollywood production studios' ideas,",
"timestamp": [
278.8,
286.56
]
},
{
"text": " so they felt like it wasn't that much of an extra risk to fund both of them.",
"timestamp": [
286.56,
291.2
]
},
{
"text": " Like all truly meaningful relationships, my relationship with Crash Course",
"timestamp": [
295.52,
299.52
]
},
{
"text": " began with a Craigslist ad.",
"timestamp": [
299.52,
301.04
]
},
{
"text": " I was constantly looking for work, reading the one ads.",
"timestamp": [
302.08,
305.2
]
},
{
"text": " I was on Japanese television once and a roller coaster show.",
"timestamp": [
305.2,
309.2
]
},
{
"text": " I found this job listing that said,",
"timestamp": [
309.2,
312.6
]
},
{
"text": " looking for an assistant slash video assistant",
"timestamp": [
312.6,
316.1
]
},
{
"text": " for New York Times bestselling author and video blogger.",
"timestamp": [
316.1,
319.7
]
},
{
"text": " And I called my mom, who's a high school English teacher,",
"timestamp": [
319.7,
322
]
},
{
"text": " and said, have you heard of this John Green guy?",
"timestamp": [
322,
324.5
]
},
{
"text": " She was like, oh, yes, he's the real deal.",
"timestamp": [
324.5,
327.68
]
},
{
"text": " Hank mentioned that he was starting a production company",
"timestamp": [
327.68,
330.32
]
},
{
"text": " in Missoula, and he asked me if I wanted to work there.",
"timestamp": [
330.32,
333.48
]
},
{
"text": " And I was like, okay.",
"timestamp": [
333.48,
335.34
]
},
{
"text": " So two months later, I packed my bags",
"timestamp": [
335.34,
338.84
]
},
{
"text": " into my Mustang in the winter",
"timestamp": [
338.84,
340.6
]
},
{
"text": " and drove through some very snowy conditions",
"timestamp": [
340.6,
343.54
]
},
{
"text": " to get myself to Missoula, Montana.",
"timestamp": [
343.54,
345
]
},
{
"text": " Well I heard about Crash Course, I think just through Vlogbrothers,",
"timestamp": [
345,
348
]
},
{
"text": " just being a long-time Nerdfighter.",
"timestamp": [
348,
350
]
},
{
"text": " And then I heard about the job, and John tweeted about it one time in 2014",
"timestamp": [
350,
355
]
},
{
"text": " and just applied on a whim and happened to get it.",
"timestamp": [
355,
358
]
},
{
"text": " So I had been working as a teacher and as a freelance videographer,",
"timestamp": [
358,
363
]
},
{
"text": " and then I got an email from Hank's assistant at the time.",
"timestamp": [
363,
366.74
]
},
{
"text": " I'd had a bad day or something and decided, okay, I'll respond",
"timestamp": [
366.74,
370.86
]
},
{
"text": " because this sounds interesting to me.",
"timestamp": [
370.86,
373.42
]
},
{
"text": " I was a fan of John and Hank in high school",
"timestamp": [
373.42,
376.22
]
},
{
"text": " and so in college I thought that John was going to be speaking locally",
"timestamp": [
376.22,
380.1
]
},
{
"text": " and I went to that. I was very excited and I actually met him",
"timestamp": [
380.1,
383.42
]
},
{
"text": " beforehand and we kind of got along and luckily he offered me the internship and I've to that, I was very excited, and I actually met him beforehand and we kind of got",
"timestamp": [
383.42,
385.6
]
},
{
"text": " along and luckily he offered me the internship and I've been here since. Stan had, was looking",
"timestamp": [
385.6,
391.92
]
},
{
"text": " for help for new, you know, for other producers and editors and we set up an interview and",
"timestamp": [
391.92,
397.36
]
},
{
"text": " it ended up being with John even though I didn't realize it was going to be with John",
"timestamp": [
398.72,
402.32
]
},
{
"text": " and I panicked a little,",
"timestamp": [
402.32,
405.6
]
},
{
"text": " but I guess it went well enough that they hired me, so.",
"timestamp": [
405.6,
409
]
},
{
"text": " I saw this job listing on Tumblr,",
"timestamp": [
409,
410.72
]
},
{
"text": " and I made a green screen in my brother's bedroom",
"timestamp": [
410.72,
415.72
]
},
{
"text": " and made a very silly video explaining",
"timestamp": [
417.08,
420.52
]
},
{
"text": " why they should hire me,",
"timestamp": [
420.52,
422.32
]
},
{
"text": " and then I sent it off and thought nothing would come of of it but they they hired me so now I'm here.",
"timestamp": [
422.32,
429.8
]
},
{
"text": " The first thing I worked on for Crash Course was Crash Course Biology which I",
"timestamp": [
431.04,
436.92
]
},
{
"text": " loved. It also was incredibly hard because we were building the car as you",
"timestamp": [
436.92,
441.32
]
},
{
"text": " are driving it. We had the script, and we had a general idea",
"timestamp": [
441.32,
445.68
]
},
{
"text": " of how we wanted it to be used,",
"timestamp": [
445.68,
448.16
]
},
{
"text": " but not necessarily what it was gonna look like specifically.",
"timestamp": [
448.16,
451.86
]
},
{
"text": " We were testing a lot of things, and it was scary.",
"timestamp": [
451.86,
454.16
]
},
{
"text": " Terrifying, really.",
"timestamp": [
454.16,
455.72
]
},
{
"text": " John had lots of ideas about how it should be shot.",
"timestamp": [
455.72,
459.44
]
},
{
"text": " I kept saying to Stan that I wanted it to look",
"timestamp": [
459.44,
463.72
]
},
{
"text": " like I was in heaven, that I wanted it to look like I was in heaven and I wanted",
"timestamp": [
463.72,
466.52
]
},
{
"text": " everything to be super crazy white and my face to be way overexposed and my",
"timestamp": [
466.52,
471.56
]
},
{
"text": " shirt to be overexposed and I was like trust me this is what YouTube looks like",
"timestamp": [
471.56,
475.48
]
},
{
"text": " right now Stan you don't understand and he was like I think this is gonna look",
"timestamp": [
475.48,
479.4
]
},
{
"text": " very blue and weird and I was like Stan we're gonna do it this way and it looked",
"timestamp": [
479.4,
484.08
]
},
{
"text": " very blue and weird. The way Hank described it to me once is that I asked him, who are we trying to",
"timestamp": [
484.08,
490.14
]
},
{
"text": " reach? Because I was used to working for these online operations where the answer was always",
"timestamp": [
490.14,
495.28
]
},
{
"text": " everybody, just as many clicks as possible. And he said, first, I want to make sure that",
"timestamp": [
495.28,
499.88
]
},
{
"text": " people who need to know this stuff are going to need it and watch it. And also people who",
"timestamp": [
499.88,
504.18
]
},
{
"text": " are just interested in it are going to watch it. And that was very clarifying for me, you",
"timestamp": [
504.18,
508.88
]
},
{
"text": " know? We didn't have to be clickbaity about it.",
"timestamp": [
508.88,
513.76
]
},
{
"text": " It was so fun to be working with Stan, working with someone I liked so much, who I respected",
"timestamp": [
513.76,
519.8
]
},
{
"text": " so much, and also working on something that felt bigger than me. And in September 1774, a group of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies Georgia.",
"timestamp": [
519.8,
530.04
]
},
{
"text": " This is actually a Morula, or Morula, at least according to this guy.",
"timestamp": [
530.04,
534.2
]
},
{
"text": " Morula, or Morula.",
"timestamp": [
534.2,
535.96
]
},
{
"text": " I wonder what's in today's secret compartment.",
"timestamp": [
535.96,
538
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, shocking, it's a golf club.",
"timestamp": [
538,
540.68
]
},
{
"text": " The writing I find is often the hardest part.",
"timestamp": [
540.68,
543
]
},
{
"text": " Once we've got scripts and have shaped them up to something that sounds right to us,",
"timestamp": [
543,
548
]
},
{
"text": " we'll schedule our out-of-town talent to come in, shoot the thing.",
"timestamp": [
548,
553
]
},
{
"text": " There's a very small community of science communicators,",
"timestamp": [
553,
556
]
},
{
"text": " and I've been presenting science and technology for quite a number of years now in television.",
"timestamp": [
556,
562
]
},
{
"text": " I'm at the National Wind Institute",
"timestamp": [
562,
565.4
]
},
{
"text": " at Texas Tech University.",
"timestamp": [
565.4,
567.4
]
},
{
"text": " And then I came to Missoula and met the team,",
"timestamp": [
567.4,
569.4
]
},
{
"text": " and I just completely fell in love with the whole concept",
"timestamp": [
569.4,
572.8
]
},
{
"text": " and everyone working on it.",
"timestamp": [
572.8,
574.4
]
},
{
"text": " For me, Brandon, Nicole, and Stan,",
"timestamp": [
574.4,
577.7
]
},
{
"text": " we each are sort of masterminding",
"timestamp": [
577.7,
580.3
]
},
{
"text": " the production process of a Crash Course series.",
"timestamp": [
580.3,
583.5
]
},
{
"text": " It takes us around an hour per episode to film the episode.",
"timestamp": [
583.5,
587.68
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Computer Science Episode 19, take 3.",
"timestamp": [
587.68,
592.88
]
},
{
"text": " Computer Science Episode 21, take 4.",
"timestamp": [
592.88,
597.04
]
},
{
"text": " The editor, whoever it is for that series, takes the footage, cuts it.",
"timestamp": [
597.04,
601.2
]
},
{
"text": " The consultant then looks at that and makes sure that we didn't say",
"timestamp": [
601.2,
605.2
]
},
{
"text": " anything that was egregiously wrong or problematic. Once we get the okay from",
"timestamp": [
605.2,
610.08
]
},
{
"text": " the consultant, we send that off to Thought Cafe and they do their magic.",
"timestamp": [
610.08,
617.68
]
},
{
"text": " When we got the deal from Google to start making Crash Course, the first",
"timestamp": [
619.04,
624.12
]
},
{
"text": " people I thought of were Thought Cafe because they're passionate, because they love learning, because they love",
"timestamp": [
624.12,
631.22
]
},
{
"text": " to make funny little jokes in their animation.",
"timestamp": [
631.22,
635.52
]
},
{
"text": " That attention to detail I think is what makes Thought Cafe so special.",
"timestamp": [
635.52,
638.62
]
},
{
"text": " When we were brainstorming early on about Crash Course, we wanted to come to a style that would be",
"timestamp": [
638.62,
646.04
]
},
{
"text": " easy to reproduce and that would still be able to be expressive. So you, you know,",
"timestamp": [
646.04,
651.24
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course had this thing where it was really educational and really serious",
"timestamp": [
651.24,
655.2
]
},
{
"text": " but at the same time didn't take itself seriously and has this witty humorous",
"timestamp": [
655.2,
659.68
]
},
{
"text": " side to it. They're not just doing graphics, they're not just realizing the",
"timestamp": [
659.68,
664.2
]
},
{
"text": " script, they're also inserting their own personalities into the script",
"timestamp": [
664.2,
669
]
},
{
"text": " and adding jokes and adding teachable moments.",
"timestamp": [
669,
671
]
},
{
"text": " You have the script with a description of what should happen",
"timestamp": [
671,
674
]
},
{
"text": " and then that gets passed on to an illustrator",
"timestamp": [
674,
677
]
},
{
"text": " and then all that stuff gets thrown onto the animator.",
"timestamp": [
677,
680
]
},
{
"text": " And so while there's the instructions, you still have this element of",
"timestamp": [
680,
683
]
},
{
"text": " not so much broken telephone, but you've got the possibility of each person sort of inserting their own ideas.",
"timestamp": [
683,
691.36
]
},
{
"text": " I think working on Crash Course has helped show me how difficult it is to teach people",
"timestamp": [
691.36,
702
]
},
{
"text": " things.",
"timestamp": [
702,
703
]
},
{
"text": " Most teachers will tell you that the most effective teaching is done",
"timestamp": [
703,
706.6
]
},
{
"text": " when students have a really close personal bond with people who are teaching them.",
"timestamp": [
706.6,
713.2
]
},
{
"text": " And you wouldn't think that that's possible in an online medium,",
"timestamp": [
713.2,
716.1
]
},
{
"text": " but Hank and John have proven that it is possible.",
"timestamp": [
716.1,
719.4
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course is used by students and teachers",
"timestamp": [
719.4,
722.6
]
},
{
"text": " at every level of who those people are and where",
"timestamp": [
722.6,
726.08
]
},
{
"text": " they are. It's like I'm consistently surprised to find out that there are",
"timestamp": [
726.08,
730.24
]
},
{
"text": " like 10 year olds watching Crash Course because it's pretty complicated stuff",
"timestamp": [
730.24,
734
]
},
{
"text": " but like kids are smart and then we have you know a ton of people who watch the",
"timestamp": [
734,
737.96
]
},
{
"text": " courses just because they want to learn not because they're trying to do well on",
"timestamp": [
737.96,
741.64
]
},
{
"text": " a test or because they're trying to get a job. They just want to learn about stuff.",
"timestamp": [
741.64,
746
]
},
{
"text": " I really don't think there's another resource out there",
"timestamp": [
746,
748
]
},
{
"text": " for high school and college students that's free",
"timestamp": [
748,
750
]
},
{
"text": " and as easily accessible as most people,",
"timestamp": [
750,
752
]
},
{
"text": " at least in the U.S., can access YouTube.",
"timestamp": [
752,
754
]
},
{
"text": " I think Crash Course does something very serious",
"timestamp": [
754,
757
]
},
{
"text": " and very important, which is to provide education",
"timestamp": [
757,
760
]
},
{
"text": " for everybody.",
"timestamp": [
760,
762
]
},
{
"text": " ♪♪ We knew coming out of our period of Google funding that Crash Course was going to become",
"timestamp": [
762,
769.96
]
},
{
"text": " kind of unsustainable overnight.",
"timestamp": [
769.96,
772.24
]
},
{
"text": " Equipment is expensive, people are expensive, talent is expensive.",
"timestamp": [
772.24,
776.84
]
},
{
"text": " There's just a lot that goes into making a quality product and on educational content,",
"timestamp": [
776.84,
783.12
]
},
{
"text": " you want it to have a long life.",
"timestamp": [
783.12,
785.56
]
},
{
"text": " Not just making it correct, but also making it accessible and fun and enjoyable.",
"timestamp": [
785.56,
791.24
]
},
{
"text": " All those things have a lot of work that go into them.",
"timestamp": [
791.24,
793.2
]
},
{
"text": " To effectively make good educational content, I think it requires people to edit, people",
"timestamp": [
793.2,
797.28
]
},
{
"text": " to write, people to research, people to be very engaging on camera.",
"timestamp": [
797.28,
802.76
]
},
{
"text": " You know, when you look at the budget, there aren't that many things that are like,",
"timestamp": [
802.76,
806.16
]
},
{
"text": " this is the big lion's share of the budget.",
"timestamp": [
806.16,
808.52
]
},
{
"text": " It's a bunch of things that are all very valuable",
"timestamp": [
808.52,
811.28
]
},
{
"text": " and that we need to be putting resources toward.",
"timestamp": [
811.28,
812.96
]
},
{
"text": " In funding, you wanna not lose the integrity",
"timestamp": [
812.96,
817.88
]
},
{
"text": " of the videos that you're making.",
"timestamp": [
817.88,
819.52
]
},
{
"text": " So making really smart funding choices",
"timestamp": [
819.52,
822.32
]
},
{
"text": " takes a lot of energy and a lot of research and trusted partners.",
"timestamp": [
822.32,
827.12
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course and PBS to me is the most natural partnership that I could imagine.",
"timestamp": [
827.12,
832.56
]
},
{
"text": " PBS calls itself America's largest classroom and I think Crash Course has the potential",
"timestamp": [
832.56,
837.88
]
},
{
"text": " to be the world's largest classroom.",
"timestamp": [
837.88,
839.88
]
},
{
"text": " So Digital Studios has been around for about four years and we started because PBS on television really had an audience problem. They had kids locked up of",
"timestamp": [
839.88,
848.84
]
},
{
"text": " course and then it really dropped off until about 65 plus so we saw a real",
"timestamp": [
848.84,
853.68
]
},
{
"text": " opportunity to build an audience of kind of loyal engaged fans of PBS that",
"timestamp": [
853.68,
859.56
]
},
{
"text": " probably never watched on TV.",
"timestamp": [
859.56,
861.4
]
},
{
"text": " It's a natural partnership. It feels like of course we",
"timestamp": [
861.4,
865.4
]
},
{
"text": " and they should be working on the same thing. And really we were inspired by a",
"timestamp": [
865.4,
868.96
]
},
{
"text": " lot of the work that John and Hank were already doing in the education space and",
"timestamp": [
868.96,
872.92
]
},
{
"text": " we saw that people were really looking for content that was both smart and",
"timestamp": [
872.92,
877
]
},
{
"text": " entertaining so we jumped in. So before we went into crowdfunding we had kind of",
"timestamp": [
877,
882
]
},
{
"text": " two ways to get a Crash Course series off the ground. The first was obviously ad revenue.",
"timestamp": [
882,
886.86
]
},
{
"text": " But then there's also partnering, and we partnered with PBS.",
"timestamp": [
886.86,
889.54
]
},
{
"text": " As we know, ad revenue can be very volatile, so it's up and down and you can't really depend on it.",
"timestamp": [
889.54,
895.8
]
},
{
"text": " But what we can depend on is, turns out, crowdfunding.",
"timestamp": [
895.8,
900.18
]
},
{
"text": " The biggest surprise for me when we launched our Patreon was that it worked.",
"timestamp": [
900.18,
904.3
]
},
{
"text": " I was just astonished and relieved that people valued Crash Course and that they were willing to support it on a monthly basis.",
"timestamp": [
904.3,
911.4
]
},
{
"text": " Anybody who has elected to give us money to produce Crash Course,",
"timestamp": [
911.4,
917.48
]
},
{
"text": " Mike, I'm so glad that we proved to you that we're worth that. I don't think there is a way to adequately communicate",
"timestamp": [
917.48,
926.76
]
},
{
"text": " to the people who have given money to this",
"timestamp": [
926.76,
930.16
]
},
{
"text": " how meaningful and important that is.",
"timestamp": [
930.16,
933.88
]
},
{
"text": " We have brainstorming meetings",
"timestamp": [
933.88,
935.04
]
},
{
"text": " where we're trying to figure out",
"timestamp": [
935.04,
936.4
]
},
{
"text": " how best to give back to the patrons.",
"timestamp": [
936.4,
939.72
]
},
{
"text": " And mostly what we keep coming up with",
"timestamp": [
939.72,
941.56
]
},
{
"text": " is that people just like Crash Course",
"timestamp": [
941.56,
943.32
]
},
{
"text": " and they just like supporting us.",
"timestamp": [
943.32,
944.8
]
},
{
"text": " Obviously we want Crash Course to continue. we want to keep making educational content,",
"timestamp": [
944.8,
949.44
]
},
{
"text": " but we also want to know what's working and what's not working.",
"timestamp": [
949.44,
951.92
]
},
{
"text": " Patreon allows us to do that, allows us to have a much more immediate contact with people who really care about us",
"timestamp": [
951.92,
956.6
]
},
{
"text": " and care about what we're going to be doing.",
"timestamp": [
956.6,
958.72
]
},
{
"text": " It's not an exaggeration to say that Crash Course would not exist without the people who support us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
958.72,
963.32
]
},
{
"text": " We never would have made it to this moment.",
"timestamp": [
963.32,
965
]
},
{
"text": " And I also hope that you feel as we do, like this is something that we're in together.",
"timestamp": [
965,
970.44
]
},
{
"text": " We're working to solve this big, complex, multifaceted problem of getting high quality",
"timestamp": [
970.44,
976.76
]
},
{
"text": " information to the kids and adults who need it and will benefit from it.",
"timestamp": [
976.76,
981.68
]
},
{
"text": " This model opens it up to people that can afford it to help out for the people that can't, which is great.",
"timestamp": [
981.68,
987.72
]
},
{
"text": " And that's exactly what we've been",
"timestamp": [
987.72,
989.56
]
},
{
"text": " trying to do for this year, the fact that it keeps it free.",
"timestamp": [
989.56,
992.02
]
},
{
"text": " Most people who watch Crash Course cannot afford",
"timestamp": [
992.02,
994.36
]
},
{
"text": " to support us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
994.36,
995.64
]
},
{
"text": " And that's OK.",
"timestamp": [
995.64,
996.3
]
},
{
"text": " In fact, that's the way we want it.",
"timestamp": [
996.3,
997.88
]
},
{
"text": " It's supposed to be free.",
"timestamp": [
997.88,
999.2
]
},
{
"text": " That's why we're doing it this way.",
"timestamp": [
999.2,
1001.4
]
},
{
"text": " My hope is just that those who can support it",
"timestamp": [
1001.4,
1004
]
},
{
"text": " and those who care about it will choose to do so.",
"timestamp": [
1004,
1009.66
]
},
{
"text": " Five years from now, we're going to be covering more detailed, more in-depth topics. We're",
"timestamp": [
1009.66,
1016.66
]
},
{
"text": " going to get deeper into stuff.",
"timestamp": [
1018.32,
1020.08
]
},
{
"text": " More and more subjects being communicated.",
"timestamp": [
1020.08,
1023.16
]
},
{
"text": " There's so many courses that could be done that aren't ever taught in schools",
"timestamp": [
1023.16,
1026.64
]
},
{
"text": " that are so important to being a grown-up.",
"timestamp": [
1026.64,
1029.2
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course translated into as many languages as possible, not just the subtitles,",
"timestamp": [
1029.2,
1032.8
]
},
{
"text": " but actually with hosts who speak those languages and",
"timestamp": [
1032.8,
1036.88
]
},
{
"text": " corresponding graphics in those languages.",
"timestamp": [
1036.88,
1039.6
]
},
{
"text": " I'm most excited about the curriculum project we're working on,",
"timestamp": [
1039.6,
1042.92
]
},
{
"text": " where we're creating classroom materials for teachers to use with their students and I think having a",
"timestamp": [
1042.92,
1047.6
]
},
{
"text": " textbook alternative like that was going to be so valuable and if we can manage",
"timestamp": [
1047.6,
1050.92
]
},
{
"text": " to do that in five years I'll be super happy. I also really want Crash Course to",
"timestamp": [
1050.92,
1054.4
]
},
{
"text": " support lots of different kinds of learners which I feel like it doesn't do",
"timestamp": [
1054.4,
1057.92
]
},
{
"text": " a great job of right now. Maybe some sort of you know game development and that",
"timestamp": [
1057.92,
1062.08
]
},
{
"text": " kind of thing I think there's a lot of potential for where Crash Course can go.",
"timestamp": [
1062.08,
1067.08
]
},
{
"text": " I'd like to see 300 more subjects at least.",
"timestamp": [
1067.08,
1070.46
]
},
{
"text": " My hope and my ambition is that Crash Course is seen as the definitive online educational",
"timestamp": [
1070.46,
1075.72
]
},
{
"text": " resource.",
"timestamp": [
1075.72,
1076.56
]
},
{
"text": " I want it to have the most impact that it can have. I know that we're already having",
"timestamp": [
1076.56,
1080.12
]
},
{
"text": " a ton of impact, but I'm ready for it to grow as much as it can. I'm excited in five years, ten years, in fifty years, if Crash Course is still a thing, to",
"timestamp": [
1080.12,
1089.76
]
},
{
"text": " just be able to look back and see this huge amount of knowledge that has been encapsulated",
"timestamp": [
1089.76,
1098.16
]
},
{
"text": " inside of Crash Course, ready for anyone to choose where they want to start, what they",
"timestamp": [
1098.16,
1103.12
]
},
{
"text": " want to learn.",
"timestamp": [
1103.12,
1104.12
]
},
{
"text": " My biggest hope is that in five years Crash Course will still be around and that it will",
"timestamp": [
1104.12,
1107.44
]
},
{
"text": " still be teaching lots of people.",
"timestamp": [
1107.44,
1109.12
]
},
{
"text": " And not just teaching people about various topics, but helping people to get excited",
"timestamp": [
1109.12,
1113.5
]
},
{
"text": " about learning and to feel that unironic enthusiasm that you can have in those moments where you",
"timestamp": [
1113.5,
1119.12
]
},
{
"text": " realize that this is not just something that you have to do so that you can get a diploma.",
"timestamp": [
1119.12,
1123.94
]
},
{
"text": " This is not some random hurdle that the system put in your way that you have to jump over",
"timestamp": [
1123.94,
1128.34
]
},
{
"text": " in order to achieve adulthood or whatever.",
"timestamp": [
1128.34,
1130.78
]
},
{
"text": " This is instead like the work of adulthood.",
"timestamp": [
1130.78,
1133.78
]
},
{
"text": " And that's what I think Crash Course can be best at.",
"timestamp": [
1133.78,
1137.3
]
},
{
"text": " Not just sharing information, but also getting people excited about learning.",
"timestamp": [
1137.3,
1142.18
]
},
{
"text": " And so my hope is that five years from now, we'll still be doing that.",
"timestamp": [
1142.18,
1146
]
},
{
"text": " We'll be doing it for many more people",
"timestamp": [
1146,
1147.76
]
},
{
"text": " in different languages and not just video.",
"timestamp": [
1147.76,
1150.72
]
},
{
"text": " Right now, just under 8,000 people",
"timestamp": [
1150.72,
1152.64
]
},
{
"text": " support Crash Course on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
1152.64,
1154.3
]
},
{
"text": " And that support has allowed us to create content",
"timestamp": [
1154.3,
1157.24
]
},
{
"text": " that helps over half a million students,",
"timestamp": [
1157.24,
1159.72
]
},
{
"text": " teachers, and learners every day.",
"timestamp": [
1159.72,
1162.82
]
},
{
"text": " But we really wanna get our total number",
"timestamp": [
1162.82,
1164.4
]
},
{
"text": " of patrons up over 10,000.",
"timestamp": [
1164.4,
1166.42
]
},
{
"text": " So whether you want to give $1 a month, $5 a month, or $10 a month, you can be a part",
"timestamp": [
1166.42,
1172.2
]
},
{
"text": " of that, and a part of our work to make education easier and better for students and teachers",
"timestamp": [
1172.2,
1177.82
]
},
{
"text": " all over the world at patreon.com slash crash course.",
"timestamp": [
1177.82,
null
]
}
] |
[
[
"THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE",
" Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course. I'm Hank Green and I want to teach you chemistry. This is Crash Course Games. Crash Course Economics. Crash Course Astronomy. It's a free educational tool for everyone. Crash Course's vision was so big. But I do remember thinking, oh man, it is fun. This is fun. It was so fun. If I had had this material oh man, it is fun. This is fun. It was so fun. If I had had this material when I was studying, it would have changed the way I learned. It was being explained in this way that I actually understood it. And this is Crash Course Government. Crash Course Intellectual Property. Crash Course Sociology. It was wild. We were just trying to figure out what it was. Crash Course Film History. Crash Course Mythology. Crash Course Computer Science. I remember mythology. Crash course computer science. I remember just having a huge smile on my face while I was watching those videos. We want to be useful to schools and teachers and students, but we also want to be useful to people who are just excited about learning because it's possibly the meaning of life. ♪♪ Way back in 2006, my brother and I communicated almost exclusively over AOL Instant Messenger. John was a fan of weird internet shows. Sports racer, racing sports, what's your power move? It's interesting the emotional... God bless you. And he thought, hey, we should do that. Hey John, I guess you've heard by now. Auto power off. Why the f- Still some glitches to work out. I'm not going to be good at this. When you're making as many videos as we did, sometimes you just don't have any good ideas. One, two, three. Oh! So we decided at one point to make some educational videos. Good morning, Hank, it's Friday. Today I share with you a story about guns, indoor tennis courts, guillotines, humorous outfits, and competing historical narratives. That's right, it's time to learn about the French Revolution. Hank and I got really interested in the problem of educational video online. Like, it was"
],
[
"BOOKER T. WASHINGTON",
" expensive to make, which made it kind of impossible to make on the YouTube of that era. Our audience would always respond very positively, and we would enjoy doing it. It's just that it was way too much work, and we had to pay people to do what little graphics there were, and so it just, there was no way to make it work from an economic perspective. At some point, I think it may have been 2008, John made a video about the American healthcare system. We came upon this vlogger who had a really great rant about why, you know, healthcare reform was kind of like this fat pig that he had met at this fair. So what do you do when you have a pig that's so big he can't walk? You either kill him, put him on a diet,"
],
[
"NEW NEGROES",
" or keep feeding him, which is more or less what the healthcare debate boils down to. Wow, we could really just use this voiceover, make a really awesome motion graphic video, and it explains it all right in this in this narration. To us at that moment he was just a really intelligent guy who was able to describe"
],
[
"THE MESSENGER",
" this issue really really well. And on top of that the audience that they have naturally been curating is a really good fit for the type of audience that we think would appreciate the work we're doing. So we found Thought Cafe because they just decided to make an animation of a video that John made that got a lot of views and that was, you know, a really good summary of American healthcare system. And we reached out to them and we were like, can we do more of this? And they were like, yes, here's our budget. And we were like, no, we can't."
],
[
"NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE",
" For years, we held onto this dream that someday we would be able to make high quality educational video with cool production values that looked like YouTube, but at the same time was rigorous and intellectually engaged and nuanced. Ultimately, the reason that we have to know that the square root of four is two"
],
[
"EUGENE K. JONES",
" is because it helps us to build cathedrals and think about space and make out with people, but more on that in a second. YouTube came to us because they wanted some more professional looking content on the site with some grant money to get channels started up. And we said, well, that's awesome"
],
[
"JAMES WELDON JOHNSON",
" because we really wanna make these two educational YouTube shows, SciShow and Crash Course. John pitched me Crash Course and I knew that it was an amazing idea, but it to me sounded too hard."
],
[
"WALTER WHITE",
" And I pitched him SciShow. Well hopefully YouTube will pick one of these. But I guess our ideas were significantly cheaper than some of the Hollywood production studios' ideas, so they felt like it wasn't that much of an extra risk to fund both of them."
],
[
"BUCHANAN V. WARLEY",
" Like all truly meaningful relationships, my relationship with Crash Course began with a Craigslist ad. I was constantly looking for work, reading the one ads."
],
[
"OSSIAN SWEET",
" I was on Japanese television once and a roller coaster show. I found this job listing that said, looking for an assistant slash video assistant"
],
[
"NEGRO HISTORY WEEK",
" for New York Times bestselling author and video blogger."
],
[
"BLACK HISTORY MONTH",
" And I called my mom, who's a high school English teacher,"
],
[
"CARTER G. WOODSON",
" and said, have you heard of this John Green guy? She was like, oh, yes, he's the real deal. Hank mentioned that he was starting a production company in Missoula, and he asked me if I wanted to work there. And I was like, okay. So two months later, I packed my bags into my Mustang in the winter and drove through some very snowy conditions to get myself to Missoula, Montana. Well I heard about Crash Course, I think just through Vlogbrothers, just being a long-time Nerdfighter. And then I heard about the job, and John tweeted about it one time in 2014"
],
[
"1976",
" and just applied on a whim and happened to get it. So I had been working as a teacher and as a freelance videographer, and then I got an email from Hank's assistant at the time. I'd had a bad day or something and decided, okay, I'll respond"
],
[
"MARCUS GARVEY",
" because this sounds interesting to me. I was a fan of John and Hank in high school and so in college I thought that John was going to be speaking locally and I went to that. I was very excited and I actually met him beforehand and we kind of got along and luckily he offered me the internship and I've to that, I was very excited, and I actually met him beforehand and we kind of got along and luckily he offered me the internship and I've been here since. Stan had, was looking for help for new, you know, for other producers and editors and we set up an interview and it ended up being with John even though I didn't realize it was going to be with John and I panicked a little, but I guess it went well enough that they hired me, so."
],
[
"NEGRO WORLD",
" I saw this job listing on Tumblr, and I made a green screen in my brother's bedroom"
],
[
"200,000 READERS",
" and made a very silly video explaining why they should hire me, and then I sent it off and thought nothing would come of of it but they they hired me so now I'm here. The first thing I worked on for Crash Course was Crash Course Biology which I loved. It also was incredibly hard because we were building the car as you are driving it. We had the script, and we had a general idea of how we wanted it to be used, but not necessarily what it was gonna look like specifically. We were testing a lot of things, and it was scary. Terrifying, really. John had lots of ideas about how it should be shot. I kept saying to Stan that I wanted it to look"
],
[
"PAN-AFRICANISM",
" like I was in heaven, that I wanted it to look like I was in heaven and I wanted everything to be super crazy white and my face to be way overexposed and my shirt to be overexposed and I was like trust me this is what YouTube looks like right now Stan you don't understand and he was like I think this is gonna look very blue and weird and I was like Stan we're gonna do it this way and it looked very blue and weird. The way Hank described it to me once is that I asked him, who are we trying to reach? Because I was used to working for these online operations where the answer was always everybody, just as many clicks as possible. And he said, first, I want to make sure that people who need to know this stuff are going to need it and watch it. And also people who are just interested in it are going to watch it. And that was very clarifying for me, you know? We didn't have to be clickbaity about it. It was so fun to be working with Stan, working with someone I liked so much, who I respected"
],
[
"BLACK NATIONALISM",
" so much, and also working on something that felt bigger than me. And in September 1774, a group of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies Georgia. This is actually a Morula, or Morula, at least according to this guy. Morula, or Morula. I wonder what's in today's secret compartment. Oh, shocking, it's a golf club. The writing I find is often the hardest part. Once we've got scripts and have shaped them up to something that sounds right to us, we'll schedule our out-of-town talent to come in, shoot the thing."
],
[
"J. EDGAR HOOVER",
" There's a very small community of science communicators, and I've been presenting science and technology for quite a number of years now in television. I'm at the National Wind Institute at Texas Tech University."
],
[
"KU KLUX KLAN",
" And then I came to Missoula and met the team, and I just completely fell in love with the whole concept and everyone working on it. For me, Brandon, Nicole, and Stan, we each are sort of masterminding the production process of a Crash Course series. It takes us around an hour per episode to film the episode. Crash Course Computer Science Episode 19, take 3."
],
[
"GARVEY MUST GO",
" Computer Science Episode 21, take 4. The editor, whoever it is for that series, takes the footage, cuts it. The consultant then looks at that and makes sure that we didn't say anything that was egregiously wrong or problematic. Once we get the okay from the consultant, we send that off to Thought Cafe and they do their magic. When we got the deal from Google to start making Crash Course, the first people I thought of were Thought Cafe because they're passionate, because they love learning, because they love"
],
[
"BLACK STAR LINE",
" to make funny little jokes in their animation. That attention to detail I think is what makes Thought Cafe so special. When we were brainstorming early on about Crash Course, we wanted to come to a style that would be easy to reproduce and that would still be able to be expressive. So you, you know, Crash Course had this thing where it was really educational and really serious"
],
[
"BLACK DOLLAR",
" but at the same time didn't take itself seriously and has this witty humorous side to it. They're not just doing graphics, they're not just realizing the script, they're also inserting their own personalities into the script and adding jokes and adding teachable moments. You have the script with a description of what should happen and then that gets passed on to an illustrator and then all that stuff gets thrown onto the animator. And so while there's the instructions, you still have this element of not so much broken telephone, but you've got the possibility of each person sort of inserting their own ideas. I think working on Crash Course has helped show me how difficult it is to teach people things. Most teachers will tell you that the most effective teaching is done when students have a really close personal bond with people who are teaching them. And you wouldn't think that that's possible in an online medium, but Hank and John have proven that it is possible. Crash Course is used by students and teachers at every level of who those people are and where they are. It's like I'm consistently surprised to find out that there are"
],
[
"1927",
" like 10 year olds watching Crash Course because it's pretty complicated stuff but like kids are smart and then we have you know a ton of people who watch the courses just because they want to learn not because they're trying to do well on a test or because they're trying to get a job. They just want to learn about stuff. I really don't think there's another resource out there for high school and college students that's free"
],
[
"RASTAFARIAN MOVEMENT",
" and as easily accessible as most people, at least in the U.S., can access YouTube. I think Crash Course does something very serious and very important, which is to provide education for everybody. ♪♪ We knew coming out of our period of Google funding that Crash Course was going to become kind of unsustainable overnight. Equipment is expensive, people are expensive, talent is expensive. There's just a lot that goes into making a quality product and on educational content, you want it to have a long life. Not just making it correct, but also making it accessible and fun and enjoyable. All those things have a lot of work that go into them. To effectively make good educational content, I think it requires people to edit, people to write, people to research, people to be very engaging on camera. You know, when you look at the budget, there aren't that many things that are like, this is the big lion's share of the budget. It's a bunch of things that are all very valuable"
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
21st Century Challenges: Crash Course European History #49
|
-_6978boAQ8
| 766 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 67
},
{
"start_time": 67,
"title": "Financial Crisis",
"end_time": 159
},
{
"start_time": 159,
"title": "The Great Recession",
"end_time": 410
},
{
"start_time": 410,
"title": "Populism",
"end_time": 566
},
{
"start_time": 566,
"title": "Thought Bubble",
"end_time": 667
},
{
"start_time": 667,
"title": "Conclusion",
"end_time": 766
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Ready? You're rolling? Okay, everything's good, we're sure. Okay. Okay. I'm not gonna",
"timestamp": [
0,
10.24
]
},
{
"text": " just- we're not doing this again. Okay. So today we're talking about why we have political-",
"timestamp": [
10.24,
14.84
]
},
{
"text": " uh oh. My wedding ring. I gotta get used to that. Group of individuals that make policy",
"timestamp": [
14.84,
20.32
]
},
{
"text": " related appeals. So that's why political parties exist. But... So let's look at three reasons why we have political parties. One, just cuz. Two, I don't",
"timestamp": [
20.32,
29.44
]
},
{
"text": " know. And three, let's go to the bar. Party affiliation can help legislators who represent",
"timestamp": [
29.44,
33.32
]
},
{
"text": " very different geographic and social interests work together.",
"timestamp": [
33.32,
37
]
},
{
"text": " Excuse me. Heartfelt apology for that burp. And since in many districts... Take a breath, take a breath.",
"timestamp": [
37,
46
]
},
{
"text": " Phew.",
"timestamp": [
46,
48
]
},
{
"text": " Meh.",
"timestamp": [
48,
50
]
},
{
"text": " Partly because there were almost universal agr...",
"timestamp": [
50,
52
]
},
{
"text": " It was almost universal agreement that the first",
"timestamp": [
52,
54
]
},
{
"text": " president of the U.S. should be",
"timestamp": [
54,
56
]
},
{
"text": " Jorge Washington.",
"timestamp": [
56,
58
]
},
{
"text": " Oh! Beard flies!",
"timestamp": [
58,
60
]
},
{
"text": " Favored the more revolutionary French",
"timestamp": [
60,
62
]
},
{
"text": " with their frites",
"timestamp": [
62,
64
]
},
{
"text": " and their foie gras.",
"timestamp": [
64,
65.5
]
},
{
"text": " It was all food-based decision-making back then.",
"timestamp": [
65.5,
69.5
]
},
{
"text": " Falling apart, guys. We're falling apart.",
"timestamp": [
69.5,
72.5
]
},
{
"text": " I'm doing great.",
"timestamp": [
72.5,
73.5
]
},
{
"text": " And they remain one of the most consistent groups in terms of their party affiliation.",
"timestamp": [
73.5,
76.5
]
},
{
"text": " Philly. Philly.",
"timestamp": [
76.5,
78
]
},
{
"text": " That was the last word!",
"timestamp": [
78,
79.5
]
},
{
"text": " And that it's often historical contingencies that cause these shifts.",
"timestamp": [
79.5,
83
]
},
{
"text": " Also take away that the word contingencies is hard to say.",
"timestamp": [
83,
85.56
]
},
{
"text": " But one more thing about interest groups and bureaucra-",
"timestamp": [
85.56,
87.56
]
},
{
"text": " Bureaucra-",
"timestamp": [
87.56,
89.56
]
},
{
"text": " Sort of like the idea of wisdom of crowds or Condorcet's jury theorem. With more interest",
"timestamp": [
89.56,
93.84
]
},
{
"text": " groups providing more-",
"timestamp": [
93.84,
94.84
]
},
{
"text": " We will get-",
"timestamp": [
94.84,
96.84
]
},
{
"text": " Flippity blue.",
"timestamp": [
96.84,
98.84
]
},
{
"text": " People will say that in the US, labor is well represented through-",
"timestamp": [
98.84,
100.84
]
},
{
"text": " Pow. Bing. Pang. Boop.",
"timestamp": [
100.84,
104.84
]
},
{
"text": " Politicians hope that- is well represented through... Pow! Bing! Pang! Boop!",
"timestamp": [
104.84,
105
]
},
{
"text": " Politicians hope that...",
"timestamp": [
105,
106
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
106,
108
]
},
{
"text": " But most people still think of it as providing campaign contribution in return for favorable policy outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
108,
112
]
},
{
"text": " There's no real evidence of this quid pro...po...po...",
"timestamp": [
112,
116
]
},
{
"text": " There's no real evidence of this quid...",
"timestamp": [
116,
118
]
},
{
"text": " It's so hard to say.",
"timestamp": [
118,
119
]
},
{
"text": " Quid pro quo.",
"timestamp": [
119,
120
]
},
{
"text": " It's a little bit tricky to write about how the internet affects politics because it's a changing...",
"timestamp": [
120,
124
]
},
{
"text": " It's a changing so rapidly. It's a... I say... It's a... It's a little bit tricky to write about how the internet affects politics because it's a changing so rapidly. I say it's a changing so rapidly. Some of you might be saying, Craig",
"timestamp": [
124,
129.8
]
},
{
"text": " get real, the government doesn't regulate the media, we live in a free market, Craig.",
"timestamp": [
129.8,
136
]
},
{
"text": " And politically minded economists, railroads were, bring it in, bring it in. I'm the media,",
"timestamp": [
136,
143
]
},
{
"text": " Railroad, bring it in, bring it in. I'm the media, I'm the media.",
"timestamp": [
142.94,
144.66
]
},
{
"text": " Trucks, trucks!",
"timestamp": [
146.08,
149
]
},
{
"text": " There should be an interest group against trucks.",
"timestamp": [
149,
151.98
]
},
{
"text": " Maybe, there probably is.",
"timestamp": [
153.48,
154.36
]
},
{
"text": " Ain't gonna do it, wouldn't be prudent.",
"timestamp": [
154.36,
157.34
]
},
{
"text": " No re-election, ain't gonna,",
"timestamp": [
157.34,
159.16
]
},
{
"text": " Dana Carvey, everybody remember him?",
"timestamp": [
159.16,
161.36
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, I'm not gonna discuss the details of the theory",
"timestamp": [
161.36,
163.72
]
},
{
"text": " or even whether it's right or wrong",
"timestamp": [
163.72,
165.08
]
},
{
"text": " because it's stupid and wrong.",
"timestamp": [
165.08,
166.36
]
},
{
"text": " Ready?",
"timestamp": [
166.36,
167.2
]
},
{
"text": " Yes.",
"timestamp": [
167.2,
168.04
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, sorry.",
"timestamp": [
168.04,
168.88
]
},
{
"text": " I thought you were ready.",
"timestamp": [
169.96,
172.24
]
},
{
"text": " Are you recording?",
"timestamp": [
172.24,
173.6
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
173.6,
174.44
]
},
{
"text": " I'm picking my nose, so.",
"timestamp": [
174.44,
175.36
]
},
{
"text": " Okay.",
"timestamp": [
175.36,
176.2
]
},
{
"text": " Blooper reel.",
"timestamp": [
177.4,
178.24
]
},
{
"text": " Come on and take a free ride.",
"timestamp": [
178.24,
180.64
]
},
{
"text": " Like Savage Garden, my favorite band from the 90s.",
"timestamp": [
180.64,
184.32
]
},
{
"text": " Have you seen the show Hoarders?",
"timestamp": [
184.32,
185.88
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
185.88,
187.04
]
},
{
"text": " Whew, it'll motivate you to clean.",
"timestamp": [
187.04,
189.08
]
},
{
"text": " I need to punch that eagle here pretty soon.",
"timestamp": [
189.08,
191.04
]
},
{
"text": " Can I do this one as a movie narrator, Stan?",
"timestamp": [
191.04,
192.96
]
},
{
"text": " I will.",
"timestamp": [
192.96,
193.8
]
},
{
"text": " Part of the 1996 telecommunications law.",
"timestamp": [
193.8,
196.72
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, no I won't.",
"timestamp": [
196.72,
197.56
]
},
{
"text": " China and I have been watching Gilmore Girls.",
"timestamp": [
197.56,
200.2
]
},
{
"text": " It's, it is, it is super good.",
"timestamp": [
200.2,
204.06
]
},
{
"text": " You know, that Max guy has bad hair.",
"timestamp": [
204.06,
206.2
]
},
{
"text": " She should get together with Luke.",
"timestamp": [
206.2,
207.7
]
},
{
"text": " Okay.",
"timestamp": [
207.7,
208.2
]
},
{
"text": " Oh no!",
"timestamp": [
208.2,
210.2
]
},
{
"text": " Oh no!",
"timestamp": [
211.5,
212.7
]
},
{
"text": " Because that's the main way the Fed controls the money supply.",
"timestamp": [
212.7,
215.7
]
},
{
"text": " Bless you, Stan.",
"timestamp": [
216.7,
217.7
]
},
{
"text": " Thank you.",
"timestamp": [
217.7,
218.7
]
},
{
"text": " I think I made up the time.",
"timestamp": [
218.7,
220.2
]
},
{
"text": " You did, but you almost interrupted me.",
"timestamp": [
220.2,
222.2
]
},
{
"text": " Never again, Stan.",
"timestamp": [
223.7,
225
]
},
{
"text": " That's it, I'm only doing three more of these.",
"timestamp": [
225,
227.5
]
},
{
"text": " Let's try to talk like Hank.",
"timestamp": [
227.5,
229.5
]
},
{
"text": " And it can be caused by a number of things.",
"timestamp": [
229.5,
232.5
]
},
{
"text": " More like quantitative wheezing, am I right?",
"timestamp": [
232.5,
237.5
]
},
{
"text": " I hope this series on American government and politics",
"timestamp": [
237.5,
240.5
]
},
{
"text": " has provided you with a little bit of understanding",
"timestamp": [
240.5,
242.5
]
},
{
"text": " about the way the U.S. works,",
"timestamp": [
242.5,
244
]
},
{
"text": " and that it encourages everyone to participate in the political process, wherever",
"timestamp": [
244,
247.48
]
},
{
"text": " you live.",
"timestamp": [
247.48,
248.48
]
},
{
"text": " Except for you, I saw that.",
"timestamp": [
248.48,
265.5
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course is made with the help of all of these hardline...",
"timestamp": [
265.5,
268
]
},
{
"text": " Is this the right direction?",
"timestamp": [
268,
269
]
},
{
"text": " Dang it.",
"timestamp": [
269,
270
]
},
{
"text": " Government and politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.",
"timestamp": [
270,
273.5
]
},
{
"text": " Support for Crash Course U.S. Government comes from Voqal.",
"timestamp": [
273.5,
276
]
},
{
"text": " Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media at...",
"timestamp": [
276,
279
]
},
{
"text": " Ah, and media to advance social equity.",
"timestamp": [
279,
281.5
]
},
{
"text": " You'd think I'd have this memorized by now.",
"timestamp": [
281.5,
283.5
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
" Ready? You're rolling? Okay, everything's good, we're sure. Okay. Okay. I'm not gonna just- we're not doing this again. Okay. So today we're talking about why we have political- uh oh. My wedding ring. I gotta get used to that. Group of individuals that make policy related appeals. So that's why political parties exist. But... So let's look at three reasons why we have political parties. One, just cuz. Two, I don't know. And three, let's go to the bar. Party affiliation can help legislators who represent very different geographic and social interests work together. Excuse me. Heartfelt apology for that burp. And since in many districts... Take a breath, take a breath. Phew. Meh. Partly because there were almost universal agr... It was almost universal agreement that the first president of the U.S. should be Jorge Washington. Oh! Beard flies! Favored the more revolutionary French with their frites and their foie gras. It was all food-based decision-making back then."
],
[
"Financial Crisis",
" Falling apart, guys. We're falling apart. I'm doing great. And they remain one of the most consistent groups in terms of their party affiliation. Philly. Philly. That was the last word! And that it's often historical contingencies that cause these shifts. Also take away that the word contingencies is hard to say. But one more thing about interest groups and bureaucra- Bureaucra- Sort of like the idea of wisdom of crowds or Condorcet's jury theorem. With more interest groups providing more- We will get- Flippity blue. People will say that in the US, labor is well represented through- Pow. Bing. Pang. Boop. Politicians hope that- is well represented through... Pow! Bing! Pang! Boop! Politicians hope that...... But most people still think of it as providing campaign contribution in return for favorable policy outcomes. There's no real evidence of this quid pro...po...po... There's no real evidence of this quid... It's so hard to say. Quid pro quo. It's a little bit tricky to write about how the internet affects politics because it's a changing... It's a changing so rapidly. It's a... I say... It's a... It's a little bit tricky to write about how the internet affects politics because it's a changing so rapidly. I say it's a changing so rapidly. Some of you might be saying, Craig get real, the government doesn't regulate the media, we live in a free market, Craig. And politically minded economists, railroads were, bring it in, bring it in. I'm the media, Railroad, bring it in, bring it in. I'm the media, I'm the media. Trucks, trucks! There should be an interest group against trucks. Maybe, there probably is. Ain't gonna do it, wouldn't be prudent. No re-election, ain't gonna,"
],
[
"The Great Recession",
" Dana Carvey, everybody remember him? Oh, I'm not gonna discuss the details of the theory or even whether it's right or wrong because it's stupid and wrong. Ready? Yes. Oh, sorry. I thought you were ready. Are you recording? Yeah. I'm picking my nose, so. Okay. Blooper reel. Come on and take a free ride. Like Savage Garden, my favorite band from the 90s. Have you seen the show Hoarders? Yeah. Whew, it'll motivate you to clean. I need to punch that eagle here pretty soon. Can I do this one as a movie narrator, Stan? I will. Part of the 1996 telecommunications law. Okay, no I won't. China and I have been watching Gilmore Girls. It's, it is, it is super good. You know, that Max guy has bad hair. She should get together with Luke. Okay. Oh no! Oh no! Because that's the main way the Fed controls the money supply. Bless you, Stan. Thank you. I think I made up the time. You did, but you almost interrupted me. Never again, Stan. That's it, I'm only doing three more of these. Let's try to talk like Hank. And it can be caused by a number of things. More like quantitative wheezing, am I right? I hope this series on American government and politics has provided you with a little bit of understanding about the way the U.S. works, and that it encourages everyone to participate in the political process, wherever you live. Except for you, I saw that. Crash Course is made with the help of all of these hardline... Is this the right direction? Dang it. Government and politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Support for Crash Course U.S. Government comes from Voqal. Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media at... Ah, and media to advance social equity. You'd think I'd have this memorized by now."
],
[
"Populism",
""
],
[
"Thought Bubble",
""
],
[
"Conclusion",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Post-World War II Recovery: Crash Course European History #42
|
nlp068CmQaE
| 956 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 64
},
{
"start_time": 64,
"title": "The Welfare State",
"end_time": 345
},
{
"start_time": 345,
"title": "The Common Market",
"end_time": 525
},
{
"start_time": 525,
"title": "The Thought Bubble",
"end_time": 621
},
{
"start_time": 621,
"title": "Consumer Products",
"end_time": 801
},
{
"start_time": 801,
"title": "Conclusion",
"end_time": 956
}
] |
[
{
"text": " In much of the natural sciences, the environment in which research is done is completely controlled by scientists.",
"timestamp": [
0,
5.5
]
},
{
"text": " By one scientist.",
"timestamp": [
5.5,
9.5
]
},
{
"text": " INTRO",
"timestamp": [
9.5,
20.5
]
},
{
"text": " Martineau's observations included some of the first academic observations of American gender roles and she dedicated much of the third volume to the study of",
"timestamp": [
20.5,
27.78
]
},
{
"text": " marriage. Female occupations in the health of women. When we asked at the very beginning why you",
"timestamp": [
27.78,
34.48
]
},
{
"text": " raise your hand to ask a question in mead, while the ascribed",
"timestamp": [
34.48,
38.08
]
},
{
"text": " statuses of middle-aged... while the ascribed status of middle age, have been held for later in life. Boom.",
"timestamp": [
38.08,
45.08
]
},
{
"text": " Books such as The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir",
"timestamp": [
47.58,
49.62
]
},
{
"text": " and The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan.",
"timestamp": [
49.62,
51.62
]
},
{
"text": " People were producing more than they needed to survive,",
"timestamp": [
54.8,
57.12
]
},
{
"text": " but instead of that surplus, surplus, the surplus.",
"timestamp": [
57.12,
60.96
]
},
{
"text": " Social facts and their coercive power",
"timestamp": [
60.96,
62.76
]
},
{
"text": " represent a form of social,",
"timestamp": [
62.76,
64.24
]
},
{
"text": " represent a form of social cohesion, cohesion. Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion.",
"timestamp": [
64.24,
66
]
},
{
"text": " Cohesion.",
"timestamp": [
66,
67
]
},
{
"text": " Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion.",
"timestamp": [
67,
70.4
]
},
{
"text": " Why?",
"timestamp": [
70.4,
71.4
]
},
{
"text": " Why?",
"timestamp": [
71.4,
72.4
]
},
{
"text": " Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion.",
"timestamp": [
72.4,
80.08
]
},
{
"text": " As a result, we've seen a lot of important changes in organizations that house these",
"timestamp": [
80.08,
83.68
]
},
{
"text": " kinds of newer jobs.",
"timestamp": [
83.68,
85.16
]
},
{
"text": " This is the age-old question.",
"timestamp": [
90.16,
91.94
]
},
{
"text": " Nurture, nature, or nurture?",
"timestamp": [
91.94,
94.06
]
},
{
"text": " This...",
"timestamp": [
94.06,
94.9
]
},
{
"text": " Nurture, nature, or nurture?",
"timestamp": [
96.6,
98.38
]
},
{
"text": " So you have to define your concepts,",
"timestamp": [
98.38,
99.9
]
},
{
"text": " which becomes even more important",
"timestamp": [
99.9,
101.28
]
},
{
"text": " when you get to the next step of the research process,",
"timestamp": [
101.28,
103.42
]
},
{
"text": " stating a hypothesis. A hypothesis. A hypohoobish. But, social location also…",
"timestamp": [
103.42,
108.8
]
},
{
"text": " We're talking, we're bringing, brbrbr. On the micro level, these ideas were picked up by what's",
"timestamp": [
112.72,
116.72
]
},
{
"text": " known as the symbolic interactionist paradigm and theorists like Erving Goffman. Goff, Erving",
"timestamp": [
116.72,
121.04
]
},
{
"text": " Goffman. Erving Goffman. Wow. Erving Goffman. Martineving Goffman. Irving Goffman.",
"timestamp": [
121.04,
126.12
]
},
{
"text": " Martineau started out kind of like",
"timestamp": [
126.12,
127.56
]
},
{
"text": " the crash course of her time,",
"timestamp": [
127.56,
129.12
]
},
{
"text": " bringing resource, resorch.",
"timestamp": [
129.12,
131.04
]
},
{
"text": " She did the resorch.",
"timestamp": [
131.04,
133.04
]
},
{
"text": " Benjamin Lee Whorf, the American linguist",
"timestamp": [
133.04,
134.8
]
},
{
"text": " who helped shape this theory,",
"timestamp": [
134.8,
136.04
]
},
{
"text": " did his original resort, reserch.",
"timestamp": [
136.04,
138.6
]
},
{
"text": " You're starting every cut like this. Yeah. And his list goes on.",
"timestamp": [
141.76,
147.84
]
},
{
"text": " Every life stage from when you're born to when you're die.",
"timestamp": [
147.84,
152.72
]
},
{
"text": " And his ambitious book called K'bibu.",
"timestamp": [
152.72,
155.42
]
},
{
"text": " For our purposes as sociologists, we'll mainly be focusing on this second type of culture",
"timestamp": [
155.42,
159.26
]
},
{
"text": " and its three main elements.",
"timestamp": [
159.26,
160.88
]
},
{
"text": " Symbols, values, beliefs, and norms. Okay, I was like, that's not three!",
"timestamp": [
160.88,
169.72
]
},
{
"text": " It's great to watch it happen. Oh no!",
"timestamp": [
169.72,
176.72
]
},
{
"text": " If you look back at early human history, say about 30 to 40,000 years ago, you find a lot",
"timestamp": [
176.72,
183.16
]
},
{
"text": " of what Lenski called hunting and gathering societies.",
"timestamp": [
183.16,
186.38
]
},
{
"text": " Hunting?",
"timestamp": [
186.38,
187.22
]
},
{
"text": " Hunting, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
188.08,
189.68
]
},
{
"text": " I was trying.",
"timestamp": [
189.68,
190.52
]
},
{
"text": " Don't you know about hunting?",
"timestamp": [
190.52,
192.64
]
},
{
"text": " You find a lot of what Lenski called",
"timestamp": [
192.64,
193.8
]
},
{
"text": " hunting and gathering societies.",
"timestamp": [
193.8,
196.6
]
},
{
"text": " I almost said hunting.",
"timestamp": [
196.6,
197.8
]
},
{
"text": " I could tell, but you didn't.",
"timestamp": [
197.8,
199.14
]
},
{
"text": " People in hunting and gathering...",
"timestamp": [
199.14,
201.98
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know why. I don't know why. So by their very nature, such societies tend to be small.",
"timestamp": [
207.8,
210.72
]
},
{
"text": " Huntering and gathering- I did it again!",
"timestamp": [
210.72,
216.16
]
},
{
"text": " Take for instance the consistent finding that named resumes... Compared to old-style bureaucracies, average employees in the information industry have",
"timestamp": [
216.16,
229.44
]
},
{
"text": " a more direct connection to their leadership.",
"timestamp": [
229.44,
232.24
]
},
{
"text": " That wasn't the teleprompter, that was just me.",
"timestamp": [
232.24,
235.24
]
},
{
"text": " I can tell your reaction is different.",
"timestamp": [
235.24,
238.24
]
},
{
"text": " It's the worst.",
"timestamp": [
238.24,
239.24
]
},
{
"text": " It's a teleprompter, you know, there's nothing it can do, but I can not suck.",
"timestamp": [
239.24,
246.2
]
},
{
"text": " Usually when it's a teleprompter, it's exasperation. When it's you, it's anger.",
"timestamp": [
246.2,
250.2
]
},
{
"text": " The ideals of liberty and justice for all enshrined in our founding documents?",
"timestamp": [
250.2,
256.4
]
},
{
"text": " Heavily influenced by French philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire,",
"timestamp": [
256.4,
259.7
]
},
{
"text": " and British philosophers like Hobbes and Locke,",
"timestamp": [
259.7,
261.6
]
},
{
"text": " as well as the Iroquois Confederacy and its ideas of representative democracy.",
"timestamp": [
261.6,
265.78
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, you were nailing that.",
"timestamp": [
265.78,
266.88
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, man.",
"timestamp": [
266.88,
267.88
]
},
{
"text": " I was just like, oh, she's going to do it.",
"timestamp": [
267.88,
271.76
]
},
{
"text": " Heavily influenced by French philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire,",
"timestamp": [
271.76,
274.72
]
},
{
"text": " and British philosophers like Hobbes and Locke, as well as by the Iroquois",
"timestamp": [
274.72,
277.8
]
},
{
"text": " Confederacy and its ideas of representative democracy.",
"timestamp": [
277.8,
281.36
]
},
{
"text": " It's fine. It's all fine. Today we learned about what culture is and the difference between material representative democracy! Buh!",
"timestamp": [
281.36,
285.04
]
},
{
"text": " It's fine, it's fine. Today we learned about what culture is",
"timestamp": [
286.48,
288.24
]
},
{
"text": " and the difference between material",
"timestamp": [
288.24,
289.7
]
},
{
"text": " and non-material culture.",
"timestamp": [
289.7,
291.28
]
},
{
"text": " We learned about the three, we learned about three things.",
"timestamp": [
291.28,
294.4
]
},
{
"text": " I'm getting worse.",
"timestamp": [
294.4,
296.02
]
},
{
"text": " I'm getting worse.",
"timestamp": [
296.02,
297.84
]
},
{
"text": " I'm getting worse.",
"timestamp": [
297.84,
299.34
]
},
{
"text": " And just as leaders may differ in what they're trying to do,",
"timestamp": [
301.12,
304.1
]
},
{
"text": " so too can they go",
"timestamp": [
304.1,
305.06
]
},
{
"text": " about doing it in different ways. I'm talking here about leadership styles, of",
"timestamp": [
305.06,
309
]
},
{
"text": " which there are three.",
"timestamp": [
309,
311.88
]
},
{
"text": " Can you hit that three when you say three?",
"timestamp": [
311.88,
313.88
]
},
{
"text": " Okay.",
"timestamp": [
313.88,
315.88
]
},
{
"text": " Your European three.",
"timestamp": [
315.88,
317.88
]
},
{
"text": " This isn't...",
"timestamp": [
317.88,
319.88
]
},
{
"text": " This is a European three.",
"timestamp": [
319.88,
321.88
]
},
{
"text": " This is...this is...this is Central California three. This is Central California three.",
"timestamp": [
321.88,
325.68
]
},
{
"text": " This is weird.",
"timestamp": [
327.68,
328.52
]
},
{
"text": " Well then, if you just.",
"timestamp": [
329.56,
331.92
]
},
{
"text": " It goes one, two, three, four, five.",
"timestamp": [
331.92,
336.68
]
},
{
"text": " I don't like it.",
"timestamp": [
338.76,
339.6
]
},
{
"text": " The one that you're doing, does it start with a pinky?",
"timestamp": [
339.6,
343.82
]
},
{
"text": " No, I don't know.",
"timestamp": [
343.82,
344.74
]
},
{
"text": " I don't, I don't know. I don't, I don't.",
"timestamp": [
344.74,
345.72
]
},
{
"text": " I don't like this.",
"timestamp": [
345.72,
346.72
]
},
{
"text": " I don't enjoy this at all.",
"timestamp": [
346.72,
353.72
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
" In much of the natural sciences, the environment in which research is done is completely controlled by scientists. By one scientist. INTRO Martineau's observations included some of the first academic observations of American gender roles and she dedicated much of the third volume to the study of marriage. Female occupations in the health of women. When we asked at the very beginning why you raise your hand to ask a question in mead, while the ascribed statuses of middle-aged... while the ascribed status of middle age, have been held for later in life. Boom. Books such as The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir and The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan. People were producing more than they needed to survive, but instead of that surplus, surplus, the surplus. Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social,"
],
[
"The Welfare State",
" represent a form of social cohesion, cohesion. Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion. Cohesion. Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion. Why? Why? Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion. As a result, we've seen a lot of important changes in organizations that house these kinds of newer jobs. This is the age-old question. Nurture, nature, or nurture? This... Nurture, nature, or nurture? So you have to define your concepts, which becomes even more important when you get to the next step of the research process, stating a hypothesis. A hypothesis. A hypohoobish. But, social location also… We're talking, we're bringing, brbrbr. On the micro level, these ideas were picked up by what's known as the symbolic interactionist paradigm and theorists like Erving Goffman. Goff, Erving Goffman. Erving Goffman. Wow. Erving Goffman. Martineving Goffman. Irving Goffman. Martineau started out kind of like the crash course of her time, bringing resource, resorch. She did the resorch. Benjamin Lee Whorf, the American linguist who helped shape this theory, did his original resort, reserch. You're starting every cut like this. Yeah. And his list goes on. Every life stage from when you're born to when you're die. And his ambitious book called K'bibu. For our purposes as sociologists, we'll mainly be focusing on this second type of culture and its three main elements. Symbols, values, beliefs, and norms. Okay, I was like, that's not three! It's great to watch it happen. Oh no! If you look back at early human history, say about 30 to 40,000 years ago, you find a lot of what Lenski called hunting and gathering societies. Hunting? Hunting, yeah. I was trying. Don't you know about hunting? You find a lot of what Lenski called hunting and gathering societies. I almost said hunting. I could tell, but you didn't. People in hunting and gathering... I don't know why. I don't know why. So by their very nature, such societies tend to be small. Huntering and gathering- I did it again! Take for instance the consistent finding that named resumes... Compared to old-style bureaucracies, average employees in the information industry have a more direct connection to their leadership. That wasn't the teleprompter, that was just me. I can tell your reaction is different. It's the worst. It's a teleprompter, you know, there's nothing it can do, but I can not suck. Usually when it's a teleprompter, it's exasperation. When it's you, it's anger. The ideals of liberty and justice for all enshrined in our founding documents? Heavily influenced by French philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire, and British philosophers like Hobbes and Locke, as well as the Iroquois Confederacy and its ideas of representative democracy. Oh, you were nailing that. Oh, man. I was just like, oh, she's going to do it. Heavily influenced by French philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire, and British philosophers like Hobbes and Locke, as well as by the Iroquois Confederacy and its ideas of representative democracy. It's fine. It's all fine. Today we learned about what culture is and the difference between material representative democracy! Buh! It's fine, it's fine. Today we learned about what culture is and the difference between material and non-material culture. We learned about the three, we learned about three things. I'm getting worse. I'm getting worse. I'm getting worse. And just as leaders may differ in what they're trying to do, so too can they go about doing it in different ways. I'm talking here about leadership styles, of which there are three. Can you hit that three when you say three? Okay. Your European three. This isn't... This is a European three. This is...this is...this is Central California three. This is Central California three. This is weird. Well then, if you just. It goes one, two, three, four, five. I don't like it. The one that you're doing, does it start with a pinky? No, I don't know. I don't, I don't know. I don't, I don't."
],
[
"The Common Market",
" I don't like this. I don't enjoy this at all."
],
[
"The Thought Bubble",
""
],
[
"Consumer Products",
""
],
[
"Conclusion",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Post-War Rebuilding and the Cold War: Crash Course European History #41
|
-rkIqtV07HE
| 885 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 46
},
{
"start_time": 46,
"title": "Yalta and Potsdam",
"end_time": 105
},
{
"start_time": 105,
"title": "The United Nations",
"end_time": 196
},
{
"start_time": 196,
"title": "After the War",
"end_time": 287
},
{
"start_time": 287,
"title": "The Marshall Plan",
"end_time": 433
},
{
"start_time": 433,
"title": "Operation Vittles",
"end_time": 508
},
{
"start_time": 508,
"title": "Purges",
"end_time": 635
},
{
"start_time": 635,
"title": "Everyday Life",
"end_time": 689
},
{
"start_time": 689,
"title": "Propaganda",
"end_time": 795
},
{
"start_time": 795,
"title": "George Orwells 1984",
"end_time": 885
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today we head to the Americas",
"timestamp": [
0,
7
]
},
{
"text": " at a time when Broadway was just another unpaved part of not-yet-even New Amsterdam.",
"timestamp": [
7,
12.72
]
},
{
"text": " So we're gonna head to Mexico to learn about a woman who brought the Spanish Golden Age",
"timestamp": [
12.72,
17.6
]
},
{
"text": " to the so-called New World.",
"timestamp": [
17.6,
19.66
]
},
{
"text": " And guess what?",
"timestamp": [
19.66,
20.66
]
},
{
"text": " She was a nun.",
"timestamp": [
20.66,
21.66
]
},
{
"text": " Why is it always the nuns, Yorick?",
"timestamp": [
21.66,
32.68
]
},
{
"text": " We shouldn't get too far before being super clear.",
"timestamp": [
32.68,
35.22
]
},
{
"text": " There was theater in Central America way before any Europeans, and it will probably seem familiar.",
"timestamp": [
35.22,
40.94
]
},
{
"text": " Pre-Columbian theater looks like religious ritual and is associated with various religious",
"timestamp": [
40.94,
45.8
]
},
{
"text": " festivals.",
"timestamp": [
45.8,
46.8
]
},
{
"text": " When Aztecs conducted a sacrifice, they did it in style, with costumes and parades and",
"timestamp": [
46.8,
53.6
]
},
{
"text": " animals.",
"timestamp": [
53.6,
54.6
]
},
{
"text": " Though maybe don't get too attached to those animals.",
"timestamp": [
54.6,
57.6
]
},
{
"text": " Or some of the people wearing the costumes.",
"timestamp": [
57.6,
59.48
]
},
{
"text": " In the 16th century, an indigenous onlooker whose words were later copied by a missionary",
"timestamp": [
59.48,
63.72
]
},
{
"text": " described a celebration for the feathered serpent creator deity Quetzalcoatl.",
"timestamp": [
63.72,
68
]
},
{
"text": " The actors came out and performed short comic pieces, pretending to be deaf, afflicted with",
"timestamp": [
68,
73.56
]
},
{
"text": " colds, halt, blind, and missing an arm, all coming to the idol to ask for health.",
"timestamp": [
73.56,
79.92
]
},
{
"text": " The deaf ones would give foolish answers, and those with colds coughed.",
"timestamp": [
79.92,
83.9
]
},
{
"text": " The halt, limping about, described their miseries and complaints, and made the people laugh",
"timestamp": [
83.9,
88.68
]
},
{
"text": " heartily.",
"timestamp": [
88.68,
90
]
},
{
"text": " Others came out representing vermin, with some dressed as beetles, others as toads,",
"timestamp": [
90,
94.8
]
},
{
"text": " others as lizards, and so on.",
"timestamp": [
94.8,
97.96
]
},
{
"text": " After this was over, they performed a dance with all of these actors, and the festival",
"timestamp": [
97.96,
102.88
]
},
{
"text": " ended.",
"timestamp": [
102.88,
103.88
]
},
{
"text": " There you have it folks, ability-related comedy and vermin dance.",
"timestamp": [
103.88,
106.88
]
},
{
"text": " Fun times for all?",
"timestamp": [
106.88,
109.12
]
},
{
"text": " But lizards aside, we don't have to look especially hard to draw connections between this",
"timestamp": [
109.12,
113.52
]
},
{
"text": " and the kind of medieval comedy that informed the cycle plays,",
"timestamp": [
113.52,
116.64
]
},
{
"text": " or even all the way back to ancient farce.",
"timestamp": [
116.64,
119.04
]
},
{
"text": " Things change after the Spanish arrive, obviously, for a lot of reasons,",
"timestamp": [
119.04,
123.44
]
},
{
"text": " not the least of which being genocide.",
"timestamp": [
123.44,
126.12
]
},
{
"text": " If you've watched Crash Course World History, you'll know that the attitude of the Spaniards",
"timestamp": [
126.12,
129.52
]
},
{
"text": " towards native religious practices was not exactly chill.",
"timestamp": [
129.52,
133.56
]
},
{
"text": " Admittedly, some native religious practices did involve human sacrifice.",
"timestamp": [
133.56,
138.56
]
},
{
"text": " The invading Spanish practice forced conversion, stamping out native Aztec rituals, often violently. Missionaries had",
"timestamp": [
138.56,
145.4
]
},
{
"text": " native peoples perform Bible stories and take part in historical pageants on fun",
"timestamp": [
145.4,
151.76
]
},
{
"text": " topics like how the great and honorable Spaniards had conquered the evil and",
"timestamp": [
151.76,
155.88
]
},
{
"text": " terrible Moors. Guess which side the indigenous peoples played. Turns out",
"timestamp": [
155.88,
160.52
]
},
{
"text": " performance is a pretty useful way to spread religious and imperial propaganda",
"timestamp": [
160.52,
164.2
]
},
{
"text": " and impose your preferred historical narratives.",
"timestamp": [
164.2,
166.8
]
},
{
"text": " We know about some of this because of the Franciscan monk Alonzo Ponce.",
"timestamp": [
166.8,
170.08
]
},
{
"text": " From 1584 to 1589, he toured more than 170 convents and had his secretary write down",
"timestamp": [
170.08,
176.08
]
},
{
"text": " all of the performances he saw.",
"timestamp": [
176.08,
177.84
]
},
{
"text": " Ponce saw a lot of European-style Bible stories and battle reenactments with",
"timestamp": [
177.84,
182.48
]
},
{
"text": " indigenous actors basically acting out",
"timestamp": [
182.48,
185.36
]
},
{
"text": " their own defeat.",
"timestamp": [
185.36,
186.7
]
},
{
"text": " But the secretary also noted games and acrobatics, which had a non-European vibe and probably",
"timestamp": [
186.7,
192.48
]
},
{
"text": " reflected earlier indigenous performance.",
"timestamp": [
192.48,
194.8
]
},
{
"text": " Throughout the 16th century, colonial authors translated religious dramas imported from",
"timestamp": [
194.8,
198.68
]
},
{
"text": " Spain into indigenous languages, and then began writing their own plays, also in local",
"timestamp": [
198.68,
204.28
]
},
{
"text": " languages, to pros began writing their own plays, also in local languages,",
"timestamp": [
204.28,
205.1
]
},
{
"text": " to proselytize with.",
"timestamp": [
205.1,
206.54
]
},
{
"text": " These were mostly religious allegories or takes on Bible stories, such as the Three",
"timestamp": [
206.54,
210.8
]
},
{
"text": " Kings or the Sacrifice of Isaac.",
"timestamp": [
210.8,
213.44
]
},
{
"text": " But by the end of the century, Spanish was becoming the dominant language of theater,",
"timestamp": [
213.44,
218.06
]
},
{
"text": " and Mexico City was becoming the theatrical center of the Spanish Empire.",
"timestamp": [
218.06,
222.84
]
},
{
"text": " In 1565, the city established a prize for the best",
"timestamp": [
222.84,
226.48
]
},
{
"text": " Corpus Christi play, and by the early 1600s people were building Spanish-style",
"timestamp": [
226.48,
231.48
]
},
{
"text": " theaters and starting professional acting companies. That brings us to",
"timestamp": [
231.48,
235.32
]
},
{
"text": " Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, the first feminist of the Americas, the last great",
"timestamp": [
235.32,
240.6
]
},
{
"text": " writer of the Spanish Golden Age, and the only one to get her own steamy Netflix show, Juana Inés.",
"timestamp": [
240.6,
246.6
]
},
{
"text": " Take that, Lope de Vega.",
"timestamp": [
246.6,
248.52
]
},
{
"text": " Like Rosvita, she too had some dope nicknames, the Tenth Muse, the Phoenix of America.",
"timestamp": [
248.52,
253.96
]
},
{
"text": " And like Rosvita, she wrote in a lot of genres, including philosophy, theology, a ton of poems,",
"timestamp": [
253.96,
259.68
]
},
{
"text": " several carol sequences, and 27 plays, most of them introductions to Autos Sacramentales, including",
"timestamp": [
259.68,
266.92
]
},
{
"text": " The Loa of the Divine Narcissus, which we'll look at in a minute.",
"timestamp": [
266.92,
269.96
]
},
{
"text": " She wrote a few full-length comedies, including Pawns of a House, which includes a strong-minded",
"timestamp": [
269.96,
274.88
]
},
{
"text": " young woman who wants to become a nun, and Love is More a Labyrinth, about Theseus, Ariadne,",
"timestamp": [
274.88,
281.4
]
},
{
"text": " and Phaedra.",
"timestamp": [
281.4,
282.4
]
},
{
"text": " Doesn't really sound like a comedy, but that hasn't stopped anyone yet.",
"timestamp": [
282.4,
285.8
]
},
{
"text": " Sor Juana was born in Mexico in 1648, the illegitimate daughter of a Spanish military",
"timestamp": [
285.8,
290.96
]
},
{
"text": " officer.",
"timestamp": [
290.96,
291.96
]
},
{
"text": " She was mostly self-educated, and said that she wrote her first play at the age of 8,",
"timestamp": [
291.96,
296.12
]
},
{
"text": " so she was pretty precocious, too.",
"timestamp": [
296.12,
297.6
]
},
{
"text": " She later moved to Mexico City, where she begged to be allowed to dress as a boy so",
"timestamp": [
297.6,
301.96
]
},
{
"text": " she could attend university, but she had to continue her education",
"timestamp": [
301.96,
305.52
]
},
{
"text": " privately.",
"timestamp": [
305.52,
306.52
]
},
{
"text": " She became a favorite of the Spanish viceroy and his wife, and lived at court, where she",
"timestamp": [
306.52,
311.24
]
},
{
"text": " continued her education, learning Latin and also Nahuatl.",
"timestamp": [
311.24,
314.76
]
},
{
"text": " She spent a few years as a lady in waiting, and then in 1669 she decided to join an order",
"timestamp": [
314.76,
319.32
]
},
{
"text": " of Hieronymite nuns, a comparatively relaxed order.",
"timestamp": [
319.32,
322.76
]
},
{
"text": " She'd already received several offers of marriage, but she knew that if she got married,",
"timestamp": [
322.76,
327.24
]
},
{
"text": " she would have to devote herself to her family and be subservient to her husband.",
"timestamp": [
327.24,
331.52
]
},
{
"text": " Boring.",
"timestamp": [
331.52,
332.52
]
},
{
"text": " But if she became a nun, she could determine her own intellectual life.",
"timestamp": [
332.52,
336.38
]
},
{
"text": " And she did.",
"timestamp": [
336.38,
337.38
]
},
{
"text": " Nice.",
"timestamp": [
337.38,
338.38
]
},
{
"text": " During her lifetime, one of her essays was published, though the bishop who published",
"timestamp": [
338.38,
341.48
]
},
{
"text": " it also added a critique of it, saying that a woman She was wrong to concern herself with worldly stuff like writing and philosophy",
"timestamp": [
341.48,
350.4
]
},
{
"text": " The bishop also wrote the critique under the pseudonym Sor Philotea",
"timestamp": [
350.44,
353.76
]
},
{
"text": " Pretending to be another nun. Sor Juana wrote a response to the response",
"timestamp": [
354.08,
357.76
]
},
{
"text": " Reply to sister Philotea and it's here that we find most of her biographical information",
"timestamp": [
357.92,
363.2
]
},
{
"text": " But basically she writes, heck no, Philatea.",
"timestamp": [
363.2,
366.88
]
},
{
"text": " She quotes the mystic St. Teresa who said,",
"timestamp": [
366.88,
369.6
]
},
{
"text": " One can perfectly well philosophize while cooking supper.",
"timestamp": [
369.6,
374.08
]
},
{
"text": " And wrote that if more women teach, maybe young girls could learn without being harassed",
"timestamp": [
374.08,
378.68
]
},
{
"text": " so much.",
"timestamp": [
378.68,
379.68
]
},
{
"text": " The bishop censured her, not using a pseudonym this time, and later in her life she probably",
"timestamp": [
379.68,
384.64
]
},
{
"text": " had to give up writing to avoid punishment.",
"timestamp": [
384.64,
387.74
]
},
{
"text": " She died in 1695 when she caught the plague while caring for other afflicted nuns, which",
"timestamp": [
387.74,
393.38
]
},
{
"text": " is heartbreaking but also righteous as heck.",
"timestamp": [
393.38,
396.34
]
},
{
"text": " Let's look at one of Sor Juana's plays, The Loa of the Divine Narcissus.",
"timestamp": [
396.34,
400.68
]
},
{
"text": " The Loa, which comes from the Latin laus or praise, began as a prologue at the beginning",
"timestamp": [
400.68,
405.32
]
},
{
"text": " of a comedy that told the audience what the comedy would be about.",
"timestamp": [
405.32,
409.12
]
},
{
"text": " But eventually it evolved into a kind of short allegorical drama that emphasized Christian",
"timestamp": [
409.12,
414.26
]
},
{
"text": " teachings and was typically associated with the autos sacramentales.",
"timestamp": [
414.26,
417.48
]
},
{
"text": " Lope, Calderón, Tirso de Molina, and all of those golden age guys, they all wrote Loas,",
"timestamp": [
417.48,
422.12
]
},
{
"text": " but Sor Juana's Loa does what Loas and Autos are supposed to do.",
"timestamp": [
422.12,
426
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},
{
"text": " It celebrates humankind's redemption via the Eucharist.",
"timestamp": [
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430.32
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},
{
"text": " But as a Mexican woman of Spanish descent, Juanes Loa also has a sneaky reverence for",
"timestamp": [
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436.16
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{
"text": " native cultural practices, and might even function as a critique of doctrinaire colonial",
"timestamp": [
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441.78
]
},
{
"text": " rule.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": " Let's speak truth to power, Thought Bubble. Occident, a crowned Aztec dude, enters alongside America, a queenly Aztec woman.",
"timestamp": [
442.78,
450.8
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},
{
"text": " Occident and America are regal as heck, and the first words of the play acknowledge that.",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": " Oh, noble Mexicans, whose ancient ancestry comes forth from the clear light and brilliance of the sun.",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": " The character of Music tells them that since it's harvest time,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": " they must honor the great god of the sun and war, Huitzilopochtli.",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": " How do they honor him?",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " By mixing seeds with human blood, shaping it into a statue, and then eating the statue.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " Other figures enter, dressed in ponchos, and perform a tocotin, a kind of indigenous dance.",
"timestamp": [
478.64,
484.94
]
},
{
"text": " Already, the play acknowledges two cultures and two performance styles,",
"timestamp": [
484.94,
489.28
]
},
{
"text": " European allegorical drama and Aztec dance.",
"timestamp": [
489.28,
492.72
]
},
{
"text": " Now, the Spaniards show up.",
"timestamp": [
492.72,
494.56
]
},
{
"text": " First, Religión appears as a Spanish woman, and Zil as a Spanish conquistador.",
"timestamp": [
494.56,
499.52
]
},
{
"text": " Religión is freaked out by the whole human sacrifice thing,",
"timestamp": [
499.52,
502.96
]
},
{
"text": " and Zil is like,",
"timestamp": [
502.96,
503.84
]
},
{
"text": " Relax, I got a sword, it's taken care of.",
"timestamp": [
503.84,
506.68
]
},
{
"text": " And religion goes, maybe we can try mercy before killing?",
"timestamp": [
506.68,
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]
},
{
"text": " So religion is like, hey, Occident and America, maybe don't be heretics.",
"timestamp": [
510.78,
515.6
]
},
{
"text": " And Occident and America respond, leave us alone, we are worshipping our god.",
"timestamp": [
515.6,
520.76
]
},
{
"text": " So Zeal is like, okay, back to plan A. Die, impudent America. There's a huge battle, and yeah, no prize for guessing who wins, but Occident and America",
"timestamp": [
520.76,
530.14
]
},
{
"text": " are still defiant, saying yes, they're defeated, but they're gonna go on worshipping their",
"timestamp": [
530.14,
535.36
]
},
{
"text": " god their way.",
"timestamp": [
535.36,
537.12
]
},
{
"text": " And religion is like, look, your false god is just a huge theological misunderstanding",
"timestamp": [
537.12,
542.52
]
},
{
"text": " of the true god, so maybe we can all just get on the same page.",
"timestamp": [
542.52,
546.8
]
},
{
"text": " We worship our God with bread and wine, so maybe it's not so different after all.",
"timestamp": [
546.8,
551.76
]
},
{
"text": " And Occident and America are like, huh, well argued. We'll adopt your God now. Let's all get baptized.",
"timestamp": [
551.76,
558.56
]
},
{
"text": " Thank you Thought Bubble. In the Loa of the Divine Narcissus' exciting conclusion,",
"timestamp": [
558.56,
562.16
]
},
{
"text": " religion is like, before we do the baptism, let's watch an auto to learn more about how great the Eucharist is. We're going to call this auto",
"timestamp": [
562.16,
569.68
]
},
{
"text": " Divine Narcissus because in the Narcissus myth, Narcissus and Echo both worship false idols. Get",
"timestamp": [
569.68,
575.68
]
},
{
"text": " it? And zeal is all, religion, as a woman in Mexico, isn't it wrong that you're writing auto",
"timestamp": [
575.68,
580.72
]
},
{
"text": " sacramentales to be performed in Spain? And then religion is like, it comes from my faith, so nope, we good, lights down.",
"timestamp": [
580.72,
588.72
]
},
{
"text": " In the end, Christianity takes the win.",
"timestamp": [
588.72,
590.64
]
},
{
"text": " The Aztecs are successfully converted.",
"timestamp": [
590.64,
593
]
},
{
"text": " But here's the thing, Occident and America aren't portrayed as savages.",
"timestamp": [
593,
597.28
]
},
{
"text": " And even though their ritual is definitely stomach-churning, unless you're a vampire",
"timestamp": [
597.28,
601.32
]
},
{
"text": " who also is into whole grains, it isn't represented as violent or grotesque.",
"timestamp": [
601.32,
605.92
]
},
{
"text": " As the character Religion makes it clear, it sounds a lot like the Eucharist, if the",
"timestamp": [
605.92,
610.1
]
},
{
"text": " blood of Christ thing wasn't at least partially symbolic.",
"timestamp": [
610.1,
612.7
]
},
{
"text": " By incorporating indigenous forms of performance and treating native characters with dignity,",
"timestamp": [
612.7,
617.22
]
},
{
"text": " the Loa both emphasizes Christian teachings and critiques the forced conversion of native",
"timestamp": [
617.22,
621.96
]
},
{
"text": " peoples, favoring a gentler and more respectful",
"timestamp": [
621.96,
625.2
]
},
{
"text": " approach.",
"timestamp": [
625.2,
626.2
]
},
{
"text": " It also includes a shout-out to Greek myth, an implicit acknowledgment of yet another",
"timestamp": [
626.2,
630.34
]
},
{
"text": " faith tradition.",
"timestamp": [
630.34,
631.34
]
},
{
"text": " Guess what else Sor Juana does?",
"timestamp": [
631.34,
632.52
]
},
{
"text": " By including the tocotin, an indigenous dance performed using traditional music and costumes,",
"timestamp": [
632.52,
637.88
]
},
{
"text": " she allows that performance style to continue on as even other Christians were busy stamping",
"timestamp": [
637.88,
643.48
]
},
{
"text": " it out.",
"timestamp": [
643.48,
644.48
]
},
{
"text": " Which is a classy bit",
"timestamp": [
644.48,
645.42
]
},
{
"text": " of subversion.",
"timestamp": [
645.42,
646.42
]
},
{
"text": " So, thanks, Orjuana.",
"timestamp": [
646.42,
648.06
]
},
{
"text": " No wonder you made it onto the peso.",
"timestamp": [
648.06,
649.58
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
649.58,
650.58
]
},
{
"text": " Next time, get your exaggerated eye makeup ready because we are heading over to Japan",
"timestamp": [
650.58,
654.22
]
},
{
"text": " for Kabuki, a wild, hilarious counterculture performance style which is pretty much the",
"timestamp": [
654.22,
659.3
]
},
{
"text": " closest that a repressive 18th century society gets to punk rock.",
"timestamp": [
659.3,
663.86
]
},
{
"text": " But until then, curtain. The host, Toussaint Morrison, looks at the many ways our country has and hasn't changed since its founding in 1776.",
"timestamp": [
663.86,
686.24
]
},
{
"text": " Subscribe to America from Scratch at the link below.",
"timestamp": [
686.24,
689.28
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.",
"timestamp": [
689.28,
692.72
]
},
{
"text": " Head over to their channel to check out some of their shows like The Art Assignment and Eons and It's Okay to be Smart.",
"timestamp": [
692.72,
698.16
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is filmed in EAP Chat and Stacey Emigolz's studio in Indianapolis, Indiana,",
"timestamp": [
698.16,
702.72
]
},
{
"text": " and is produced with the help of all of these very nice people. Our animation team is Thought Cafe. that is.",
"timestamp": [
702.72,
723.32
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
" Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today we head to the Americas at a time when Broadway was just another unpaved part of not-yet-even New Amsterdam. So we're gonna head to Mexico to learn about a woman who brought the Spanish Golden Age to the so-called New World. And guess what? She was a nun. Why is it always the nuns, Yorick? We shouldn't get too far before being super clear. There was theater in Central America way before any Europeans, and it will probably seem familiar. Pre-Columbian theater looks like religious ritual and is associated with various religious festivals."
],
[
"Yalta and Potsdam",
" When Aztecs conducted a sacrifice, they did it in style, with costumes and parades and animals. Though maybe don't get too attached to those animals. Or some of the people wearing the costumes. In the 16th century, an indigenous onlooker whose words were later copied by a missionary described a celebration for the feathered serpent creator deity Quetzalcoatl. The actors came out and performed short comic pieces, pretending to be deaf, afflicted with colds, halt, blind, and missing an arm, all coming to the idol to ask for health. The deaf ones would give foolish answers, and those with colds coughed. The halt, limping about, described their miseries and complaints, and made the people laugh heartily. Others came out representing vermin, with some dressed as beetles, others as toads, others as lizards, and so on. After this was over, they performed a dance with all of these actors, and the festival ended. There you have it folks, ability-related comedy and vermin dance."
],
[
"The United Nations",
" Fun times for all? But lizards aside, we don't have to look especially hard to draw connections between this and the kind of medieval comedy that informed the cycle plays, or even all the way back to ancient farce. Things change after the Spanish arrive, obviously, for a lot of reasons, not the least of which being genocide. If you've watched Crash Course World History, you'll know that the attitude of the Spaniards towards native religious practices was not exactly chill. Admittedly, some native religious practices did involve human sacrifice. The invading Spanish practice forced conversion, stamping out native Aztec rituals, often violently. Missionaries had native peoples perform Bible stories and take part in historical pageants on fun topics like how the great and honorable Spaniards had conquered the evil and terrible Moors. Guess which side the indigenous peoples played. Turns out performance is a pretty useful way to spread religious and imperial propaganda and impose your preferred historical narratives. We know about some of this because of the Franciscan monk Alonzo Ponce. From 1584 to 1589, he toured more than 170 convents and had his secretary write down all of the performances he saw. Ponce saw a lot of European-style Bible stories and battle reenactments with indigenous actors basically acting out their own defeat. But the secretary also noted games and acrobatics, which had a non-European vibe and probably reflected earlier indigenous performance. Throughout the 16th century, colonial authors translated religious dramas imported from"
],
[
"After the War",
" Spain into indigenous languages, and then began writing their own plays, also in local languages, to pros began writing their own plays, also in local languages, to proselytize with. These were mostly religious allegories or takes on Bible stories, such as the Three Kings or the Sacrifice of Isaac. But by the end of the century, Spanish was becoming the dominant language of theater, and Mexico City was becoming the theatrical center of the Spanish Empire. In 1565, the city established a prize for the best Corpus Christi play, and by the early 1600s people were building Spanish-style theaters and starting professional acting companies. That brings us to Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, the first feminist of the Americas, the last great writer of the Spanish Golden Age, and the only one to get her own steamy Netflix show, Juana Inés. Take that, Lope de Vega. Like Rosvita, she too had some dope nicknames, the Tenth Muse, the Phoenix of America. And like Rosvita, she wrote in a lot of genres, including philosophy, theology, a ton of poems, several carol sequences, and 27 plays, most of them introductions to Autos Sacramentales, including The Loa of the Divine Narcissus, which we'll look at in a minute. She wrote a few full-length comedies, including Pawns of a House, which includes a strong-minded young woman who wants to become a nun, and Love is More a Labyrinth, about Theseus, Ariadne, and Phaedra. Doesn't really sound like a comedy, but that hasn't stopped anyone yet. Sor Juana was born in Mexico in 1648, the illegitimate daughter of a Spanish military"
],
[
"The Marshall Plan",
" officer. She was mostly self-educated, and said that she wrote her first play at the age of 8, so she was pretty precocious, too. She later moved to Mexico City, where she begged to be allowed to dress as a boy so she could attend university, but she had to continue her education privately. She became a favorite of the Spanish viceroy and his wife, and lived at court, where she continued her education, learning Latin and also Nahuatl. She spent a few years as a lady in waiting, and then in 1669 she decided to join an order of Hieronymite nuns, a comparatively relaxed order. She'd already received several offers of marriage, but she knew that if she got married, she would have to devote herself to her family and be subservient to her husband. Boring. But if she became a nun, she could determine her own intellectual life. And she did. Nice. During her lifetime, one of her essays was published, though the bishop who published it also added a critique of it, saying that a woman She was wrong to concern herself with worldly stuff like writing and philosophy The bishop also wrote the critique under the pseudonym Sor Philotea Pretending to be another nun. Sor Juana wrote a response to the response Reply to sister Philotea and it's here that we find most of her biographical information But basically she writes, heck no, Philatea. She quotes the mystic St. Teresa who said, One can perfectly well philosophize while cooking supper. And wrote that if more women teach, maybe young girls could learn without being harassed so much. The bishop censured her, not using a pseudonym this time, and later in her life she probably had to give up writing to avoid punishment. She died in 1695 when she caught the plague while caring for other afflicted nuns, which is heartbreaking but also righteous as heck. Let's look at one of Sor Juana's plays, The Loa of the Divine Narcissus. The Loa, which comes from the Latin laus or praise, began as a prologue at the beginning of a comedy that told the audience what the comedy would be about. But eventually it evolved into a kind of short allegorical drama that emphasized Christian teachings and was typically associated with the autos sacramentales. Lope, Calderón, Tirso de Molina, and all of those golden age guys, they all wrote Loas, but Sor Juana's Loa does what Loas and Autos are supposed to do. It celebrates humankind's redemption via the Eucharist. But as a Mexican woman of Spanish descent, Juanes Loa also has a sneaky reverence for"
],
[
"Operation Vittles",
" native cultural practices, and might even function as a critique of doctrinaire colonial rule. Let's speak truth to power, Thought Bubble. Occident, a crowned Aztec dude, enters alongside America, a queenly Aztec woman. Occident and America are regal as heck, and the first words of the play acknowledge that. Oh, noble Mexicans, whose ancient ancestry comes forth from the clear light and brilliance of the sun. The character of Music tells them that since it's harvest time, they must honor the great god of the sun and war, Huitzilopochtli. How do they honor him? By mixing seeds with human blood, shaping it into a statue, and then eating the statue. Other figures enter, dressed in ponchos, and perform a tocotin, a kind of indigenous dance. Already, the play acknowledges two cultures and two performance styles, European allegorical drama and Aztec dance. Now, the Spaniards show up. First, Religión appears as a Spanish woman, and Zil as a Spanish conquistador. Religión is freaked out by the whole human sacrifice thing, and Zil is like, Relax, I got a sword, it's taken care of. And religion goes, maybe we can try mercy before killing?"
],
[
"Purges",
" So religion is like, hey, Occident and America, maybe don't be heretics. And Occident and America respond, leave us alone, we are worshipping our god. So Zeal is like, okay, back to plan A. Die, impudent America. There's a huge battle, and yeah, no prize for guessing who wins, but Occident and America are still defiant, saying yes, they're defeated, but they're gonna go on worshipping their god their way. And religion is like, look, your false god is just a huge theological misunderstanding of the true god, so maybe we can all just get on the same page. We worship our God with bread and wine, so maybe it's not so different after all. And Occident and America are like, huh, well argued. We'll adopt your God now. Let's all get baptized. Thank you Thought Bubble. In the Loa of the Divine Narcissus' exciting conclusion, religion is like, before we do the baptism, let's watch an auto to learn more about how great the Eucharist is. We're going to call this auto Divine Narcissus because in the Narcissus myth, Narcissus and Echo both worship false idols. Get it? And zeal is all, religion, as a woman in Mexico, isn't it wrong that you're writing auto sacramentales to be performed in Spain? And then religion is like, it comes from my faith, so nope, we good, lights down. In the end, Christianity takes the win. The Aztecs are successfully converted. But here's the thing, Occident and America aren't portrayed as savages. And even though their ritual is definitely stomach-churning, unless you're a vampire who also is into whole grains, it isn't represented as violent or grotesque. As the character Religion makes it clear, it sounds a lot like the Eucharist, if the blood of Christ thing wasn't at least partially symbolic. By incorporating indigenous forms of performance and treating native characters with dignity, the Loa both emphasizes Christian teachings and critiques the forced conversion of native peoples, favoring a gentler and more respectful approach. It also includes a shout-out to Greek myth, an implicit acknowledgment of yet another faith tradition. Guess what else Sor Juana does? By including the tocotin, an indigenous dance performed using traditional music and costumes,"
],
[
"Everyday Life",
" she allows that performance style to continue on as even other Christians were busy stamping it out. Which is a classy bit of subversion. So, thanks, Orjuana. No wonder you made it onto the peso. Thanks for watching. Next time, get your exaggerated eye makeup ready because we are heading over to Japan for Kabuki, a wild, hilarious counterculture performance style which is pretty much the closest that a repressive 18th century society gets to punk rock. But until then, curtain. The host, Toussaint Morrison, looks at the many ways our country has and hasn't changed since its founding in 1776. Subscribe to America from Scratch at the link below."
],
[
"Propaganda",
" Crash Course Theater is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Head over to their channel to check out some of their shows like The Art Assignment and Eons and It's Okay to be Smart. Crash Course Theater is filmed in EAP Chat and Stacey Emigolz's studio in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is produced with the help of all of these very nice people. Our animation team is Thought Cafe. that is."
],
[
"George Orwells 1984",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Migration: Crash Course European History #29
|
MN8fjAjLLpg
| 838 | [{"start_time":0.0,"title":"Introduction","end_time":75.0},{"start_time":75.0,"title":"Emigration","(...TRUNCATED) | [{"text":" Heya, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today I'm going to move my han(...TRUNCATED) | [["Introduction"," Heya, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today I'm going to mov(...TRUNCATED) |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
The Rise of Russia and Prussia: Crash Course European History #17
|
FBzRaxLdjZE
| 895 | [{"start_time":0.0,"title":"<Untitled Chapter 1>","end_time":89.0},{"start_time":89.0,"title":"WEALT(...TRUNCATED) | [{"text":" Hi, I'm...oh dear! Oh dear! Are we rolling?","timestamp":[0.0,7.0]},{"text":" Oh yeah!","(...TRUNCATED) | [["<Untitled Chapter 1>"," Hi, I'm...oh dear! Oh dear! Are we rolling? Oh yeah! Okay. What are we do(...TRUNCATED) |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Into Africa and Wole Soyinka: Crash Course Theater #49
|
kn-ER4bL7f8
| 752 | [{"start_time":0.0,"title":"<Untitled Chapter 1>","end_time":370.0},{"start_time":370.0,"title":"TOW(...TRUNCATED) | [{"text":" Heat engines, like the steam engine, turn thermal energy into mechanical work and they","(...TRUNCATED) | [["<Untitled Chapter 1>"," Heat engines, like the steam engine, turn thermal energy into mechanical (...TRUNCATED) |
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