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UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Choosing a Specialization | Crash Course | How to College
|
pTyMNvoBbSk
| 560 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.",
"timestamp": [
0,
3.68
]
},
{
"text": " So the 21st century should have been triumphant given the promise of innovation, EU expansion,",
"timestamp": [
3.68,
9.76
]
},
{
"text": " open borders, newfound freedoms, and the advancement of rights and connectedness and prosperity.",
"timestamp": [
9.76,
15.9
]
},
{
"text": " But a series of ever greater economic crises connected to globalism drew the attention",
"timestamp": [
15.9,
20.8
]
},
{
"text": " of many Europeans away from that promise and toward issues of survival",
"timestamp": [
20.8,
26.08
]
},
{
"text": " and identity.",
"timestamp": [
26.08,
27.44
]
},
{
"text": " Can the systems we've built to support ourselves withstand the shocks that seem inherent to",
"timestamp": [
27.44,
33.16
]
},
{
"text": " those systems?",
"timestamp": [
33.16,
34.6
]
},
{
"text": " And as we move forward, should people in Europe think of themselves as first belonging to",
"timestamp": [
34.6,
39.12
]
},
{
"text": " a nationality or ethnic group, or should they imagine themselves instead first as European?",
"timestamp": [
39.12,
46.16
]
},
{
"text": " By the way, those are not rhetorical questions.",
"timestamp": [
46.16,
48.58
]
},
{
"text": " These days more than ever, I have no answers.",
"timestamp": [
48.58,
51.96
]
},
{
"text": " But I hope that together we can at least ask the right questions about our historical moment. Let's start in the 1990s, when the rapid electronic movement of funds across the globe",
"timestamp": [
51.96,
72.58
]
},
{
"text": " caused the bankruptcy of Thailand when profit-seeking investors poured hot money into the country,",
"timestamp": [
72.58,
78.92
]
},
{
"text": " called hot because it was supposed to make quick and massive profits.",
"timestamp": [
78.92,
83.16
]
},
{
"text": " What actually happened is that this massive borrowing led to a decline in the value of",
"timestamp": [
83.16,
87.22
]
},
{
"text": " the baht, the Thai currency, and that made it impossible to repay debts in foreign currencies.",
"timestamp": [
87.22,
93
]
},
{
"text": " Global investors lost billions.",
"timestamp": [
93,
95.3
]
},
{
"text": " And more importantly, Thailand went bankrupt and millions of people suffered.",
"timestamp": [
95.3,
99.94
]
},
{
"text": " And the crisis snowballed.",
"timestamp": [
99.94,
100.94
]
},
{
"text": " The next year Russia defaulted on its debts, in part because cash-strapped East and Southeast",
"timestamp": [
100.94,
105.56
]
},
{
"text": " Asian economies cut back on their purchase of Russian oil and metals.",
"timestamp": [
105.56,
109.88
]
},
{
"text": " Then in 2000, the dot-com bubble in the United States burst.",
"timestamp": [
109.88,
114.2
]
},
{
"text": " Again, hot money had driven prices of internet enterprises far beyond their actual worth,",
"timestamp": [
114.2,
120.36
]
},
{
"text": " causing huge losses to individuals and widespread economic distress. So we tend to pay attention to the wealthy in these financial crises,",
"timestamp": [
120.36,
128
]
},
{
"text": " like when we say investors lost billions, we mean mostly very rich investors.",
"timestamp": [
128,
133.4
]
},
{
"text": " But the real victims of financial crises are almost always the most vulnerable.",
"timestamp": [
133.4,
138.8
]
},
{
"text": " In Russia, for instance, unemployment grew in the late 90s and early 2000s,",
"timestamp": [
138.8,
143.6
]
},
{
"text": " and life expectancy declined.",
"timestamp": [
143.6,
146.04
]
},
{
"text": " And around the world, millions of people lost their livelihoods and their savings.",
"timestamp": [
146.04,
150.32
]
},
{
"text": " Also, Pets.com, which was this website that sent dog food to your house, went bust.",
"timestamp": [
150.32,
155.88
]
},
{
"text": " If you want to know what the vibe was like, it was a lot of jokes about Pets.com.",
"timestamp": [
155.88,
159.44
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, in the early 2000s, the European population was on edge and civilian anger",
"timestamp": [
159.44,
164.4
]
},
{
"text": " exploded.",
"timestamp": [
164.4,
165.38
]
},
{
"text": " In the fall of 2005, after the death of two young men hiding from police, youth in the",
"timestamp": [
165.38,
170.32
]
},
{
"text": " mostly Muslim suburbs of Paris demonstrated over those deaths and also over joblessness",
"timestamp": [
170.32,
175.84
]
},
{
"text": " and police harassment.",
"timestamp": [
175.84,
177.64
]
},
{
"text": " The protests spread to other cities, leading to the burning of thousands of cars and numerous",
"timestamp": [
177.64,
182.68
]
},
{
"text": " injuries.",
"timestamp": [
182.68,
183.8
]
},
{
"text": " That violence lasted for a month.",
"timestamp": [
183.8,
185.8
]
},
{
"text": " In the spring of 2006, young people again took to the streets to protest unemployment.",
"timestamp": [
185.8,
190.9
]
},
{
"text": " People often faulted the European Union for these problems because it was felt to embody",
"timestamp": [
190.9,
195.26
]
},
{
"text": " the inequities and uncertainties of globalization.",
"timestamp": [
195.26,
199.08
]
},
{
"text": " And then there was the stunning financial crisis that began in 2007 and which further",
"timestamp": [
199.08,
204.5
]
},
{
"text": " showcased the downsides",
"timestamp": [
204.5,
206.28
]
},
{
"text": " of global connectedness.",
"timestamp": [
206.28,
207.84
]
},
{
"text": " For several years, US lenders had been making home mortgages available to consumers who",
"timestamp": [
207.84,
212.52
]
},
{
"text": " could not afford them.",
"timestamp": [
212.52,
214.12
]
},
{
"text": " Private European banks and investors were eager to buy up this debt.",
"timestamp": [
214.12,
217.6
]
},
{
"text": " The many fees and thin slices of profit involved in these transactions added up to literally trillions of dollars. But in fact, very little of actual worth was backing this swirl of loans and counterloans.",
"timestamp": [
217.6,
232.48
]
},
{
"text": " And then in 2008, the worldwide bubble burst.",
"timestamp": [
232.48,
235.52
]
},
{
"text": " When people were unable to make their monthly mortgage payments in the United States, the",
"timestamp": [
235.52,
239.16
]
},
{
"text": " credit system collapsed.",
"timestamp": [
239.16,
241.08
]
},
{
"text": " And like with the Great Depression in the 1930s, while the crisis started in the US, it quickly became",
"timestamp": [
241.08,
246.34
]
},
{
"text": " global. Nations in Eastern Europe were hit particularly hard when investors in those emerging economies",
"timestamp": [
246.64,
251.8
]
},
{
"text": " withdrew their funds, causing the collapse of local currencies. In what came to be called the Great Recession,",
"timestamp": [
251.88,
256.88
]
},
{
"text": " the EU spent billions propping up Eastern European governments and economies,",
"timestamp": [
257.08,
261.44
]
},
{
"text": " but even so, many people lost their homes and their",
"timestamp": [
261.52,
265.12
]
},
{
"text": " savings and their jobs, and they were outraged.",
"timestamp": [
265.12,
268.5
]
},
{
"text": " One of the big challenges of our financial system is that it's hard to figure out how",
"timestamp": [
268.5,
272.38
]
},
{
"text": " to stop a decline.",
"timestamp": [
272.38,
274.32
]
},
{
"text": " Like when an economy is working and businesses are employing people and those people are",
"timestamp": [
274.32,
278.68
]
},
{
"text": " spending money and creating opportunities for new businesses and starting their own",
"timestamp": [
278.68,
282.54
]
},
{
"text": " new businesses, it feels like things just naturally get better.",
"timestamp": [
282.54,
287.12
]
},
{
"text": " But then, when an economy starts to decline, it's very difficult to figure out how to",
"timestamp": [
287.12,
292.68
]
},
{
"text": " stop that decline and reset the economy at a smaller number.",
"timestamp": [
292.68,
297.08
]
},
{
"text": " Austerity, or belt tightening, again like in the 1930s, was supposed to solve the problem",
"timestamp": [
297.08,
301.72
]
},
{
"text": " but may have just made matters worse.",
"timestamp": [
301.72,
304.12
]
},
{
"text": " And as people lost jobs in the resulting economic crisis,",
"timestamp": [
304.12,
306.88
]
},
{
"text": " they often blamed not financial manipulators,",
"timestamp": [
306.88,
309.84
]
},
{
"text": " but immigrants and foreigners and supranational organizations",
"timestamp": [
309.84,
313.28
]
},
{
"text": " that were seen to be encouraging the free movement of people",
"timestamp": [
313.28,
316.48
]
},
{
"text": " and the free exchange of goods and services.",
"timestamp": [
316.48,
318.64
]
},
{
"text": " This is also not new in history.",
"timestamp": [
318.64,
320.48
]
},
{
"text": " Every economic crisis has been blamed on outsiders.",
"timestamp": [
320.48,
323.6
]
},
{
"text": " Vocal groups organized against the EU and promoted white supremacy as the solution.",
"timestamp": [
323.6,
328.78
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, attempts were made to reform the financial sector to prevent similar collapses",
"timestamp": [
328.78,
333.06
]
},
{
"text": " in the future.",
"timestamp": [
333.06,
334.06
]
},
{
"text": " Which, you know, doesn't seem to have gone great.",
"timestamp": [
334.06,
337.38
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, around the world, the aftermath of decolonization continued to play out, and",
"timestamp": [
337.38,
341.98
]
},
{
"text": " indeed continues to play out.",
"timestamp": [
341.98,
344.02
]
},
{
"text": " And that set off the Arab Spring of protest across the Middle East as pro-democracy movements",
"timestamp": [
344.02,
348.9
]
},
{
"text": " began throughout the region, but then came disunion and crackdowns by tyrannical regimes,",
"timestamp": [
348.9,
354.62
]
},
{
"text": " and in Syria a horrifically destructive civil war broke out.",
"timestamp": [
354.62,
358.84
]
},
{
"text": " By 2017, 22 million refugees had been forced to leave the region.",
"timestamp": [
358.84,
364.18
]
},
{
"text": " Many sought refuge in Europe, where in response anti-Muslim sentiments soared, encouraged",
"timestamp": [
364.18,
369.08
]
},
{
"text": " by politicians who saw Islamophobia as their ticket to power.",
"timestamp": [
369.08,
373.42
]
},
{
"text": " They added Roma people to their list of hatreds and began sponsoring the building of new detention",
"timestamp": [
373.42,
378.72
]
},
{
"text": " camps for refugees across Europe.",
"timestamp": [
378.72,
381.16
]
},
{
"text": " And amid the rise of white nationalism, Russia's leader Vladimir Putin relaxed his announced",
"timestamp": [
381.16,
385.92
]
},
{
"text": " commitment to democracy and the rule of law.",
"timestamp": [
385.92,
389.04
]
},
{
"text": " Using profits from oil wealth, he fought wars in Chechnya and promoted urban renewal.",
"timestamp": [
389.04,
394
]
},
{
"text": " He also annexed Crimea to Russia and used the technical skills of his military to disrupt",
"timestamp": [
394,
399.16
]
},
{
"text": " major rivals, from meddling in US elections to spreading disinformation on social media platforms. He's behind me, isn't he Stan? At home Putin's critics were active but",
"timestamp": [
399.16,
412.68
]
},
{
"text": " rightly fearful. In 2012 three members of Pussy Riot, a feminist rock band, were",
"timestamp": [
412.68,
417.92
]
},
{
"text": " arrested for performing their song Punk Prayer in a Moscow Cathedral. Songs such",
"timestamp": [
417.92,
422.8
]
},
{
"text": " as Putin Pissed Himself resulted in the",
"timestamp": [
422.8,
425.3
]
},
{
"text": " harassment, beatings, and imprisonment and also poisoning of group members. Still",
"timestamp": [
425.3,
430.56
]
},
{
"text": " across the region approval for authoritarian leaders swelled in these",
"timestamp": [
430.56,
434.56
]
},
{
"text": " hard times. In 2010 Viktor Orban came to power in Hungary announcing that it was",
"timestamp": [
434.56,
439.2
]
},
{
"text": " time to leave behind the regulations and rights of the European Union in favor of",
"timestamp": [
439.2,
444.36
]
},
{
"text": " illiberal democracy.",
"timestamp": [
444.36,
446.62
]
},
{
"text": " He would rule without traditional hard-won liberties such as freedom of the press and",
"timestamp": [
446.62,
450.6
]
},
{
"text": " equal protection for everyone under the law.",
"timestamp": [
450.6,
453.04
]
},
{
"text": " In 2018, Orban outlawed gender studies and closed the prestigious Central European University",
"timestamp": [
453.04,
458.32
]
},
{
"text": " founded and funded by Hungarian-born U.S. citizen George Soros because Orban believed",
"timestamp": [
458.32,
463.8
]
},
{
"text": " it represented not only Jewishness,",
"timestamp": [
463.8,
466.3
]
},
{
"text": " but also non-Hungarian liberal values.",
"timestamp": [
466.3,
468.96
]
},
{
"text": " It's hard to say Orban's efforts have been successful.",
"timestamp": [
468.96,
472.28
]
},
{
"text": " Hungary's growth has lagged behind neighbors, and some one million citizens have left Hungary",
"timestamp": [
472.28,
477.48
]
},
{
"text": " in the past decade.",
"timestamp": [
477.48,
479.16
]
},
{
"text": " But Orban's following is part of a growing populism across Europe and the United States.",
"timestamp": [
479.16,
485.4
]
},
{
"text": " Populism is an upswelling of opposition politics that doesn't really focus on a coherent",
"timestamp": [
485.4,
489.76
]
},
{
"text": " ideology.",
"timestamp": [
489.76,
490.76
]
},
{
"text": " Instead, it mobilizes citizens disadvantaged by a current economic or political situation.",
"timestamp": [
490.76,
497.36
]
},
{
"text": " Populists rarely address the root causes of a real crisis, like the massive economic downturn,",
"timestamp": [
497.36,
502.64
]
},
{
"text": " but instead they blame cultural shifts, like the presence of foreigners speaking a second language or practicing a non-Christian religion",
"timestamp": [
502.64,
510.4
]
},
{
"text": " or majoring in gender studies.",
"timestamp": [
510.4,
512.52
]
},
{
"text": " And we can see how populism works in the example of Brexit.",
"timestamp": [
512.52,
515.72
]
},
{
"text": " In 2016, 51% of British citizens voted to leave the European Union, in large part so",
"timestamp": [
515.72,
521.68
]
},
{
"text": " that the kingdom would not have to adhere to the EU policy of accepting",
"timestamp": [
521.68,
525.56
]
},
{
"text": " refugees, especially those that whites and Christians considered racial and religious",
"timestamp": [
525.56,
530.4
]
},
{
"text": " others.",
"timestamp": [
530.4,
531.64
]
},
{
"text": " The vote was much less defined by whether you were a member of one political party or",
"timestamp": [
531.64,
537.04
]
},
{
"text": " another, and much more about whether you identified with populist beliefs.",
"timestamp": [
537.04,
542.2
]
},
{
"text": " As you may remember, Britain had joined the EU in the 1970s because its economy was lagging",
"timestamp": [
542.2,
546.82
]
},
{
"text": " behind those in the common European market.",
"timestamp": [
546.82,
549.54
]
},
{
"text": " The EU subsequently poured massive funds into Britain.",
"timestamp": [
549.54,
552.88
]
},
{
"text": " However, in 2016, arguments against staying in the EU included that Britain did not want",
"timestamp": [
552.88,
557.8
]
},
{
"text": " refugees and that the EU cost too much.",
"timestamp": [
557.8,
560.84
]
},
{
"text": " Although, for the record, Britain received more money from the EU than it paid",
"timestamp": [
560.84,
565.24
]
},
{
"text": " in dues.",
"timestamp": [
565.24,
566.24
]
},
{
"text": " All right, let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
566.24,
568.2
]
},
{
"text": " Alongside 21st century xenophobia, citizens across Europe experienced greater diversity",
"timestamp": [
568.2,
572.88
]
},
{
"text": " and cosmopolitanism than ever before in history.",
"timestamp": [
572.88,
576.68
]
},
{
"text": " Television, film, and the internet exposed viewers to the world's people as performers",
"timestamp": [
576.68,
581.76
]
},
{
"text": " and newsreaders and authors and Olympic athletes. Bollywood and Hong Kong films, Latin American soap operas, and U.S. sitcoms entered European",
"timestamp": [
581.76,
590.32
]
},
{
"text": " homes on a daily basis.",
"timestamp": [
590.32,
592.16
]
},
{
"text": " And maybe the most unifying phenomenon for Europe's diverse citizenry was soccer, which",
"timestamp": [
592.16,
596.5
]
},
{
"text": " included players of every race, ethnicity, religious belief, and social background.",
"timestamp": [
596.5,
601.36
]
},
{
"text": " One study even found a decline in Islamophobia in the English city of Liverpool following",
"timestamp": [
601.36,
606.28
]
},
{
"text": " the breakout season of Liverpool football club's Egyptian winger Mohamed Salah.",
"timestamp": [
606.28,
611.24
]
},
{
"text": " Popular music of every type and place of origin was another unifying force, as were video",
"timestamp": [
611.24,
616.16
]
},
{
"text": " games from diverse creators.",
"timestamp": [
616.16,
618.08
]
},
{
"text": " And monuments memorialized the contributions of people from foreign lands who had endured",
"timestamp": [
618.08,
622.72
]
},
{
"text": " colonialism or whose immigrant descendants were innovators in their adopted nations.",
"timestamp": [
622.72,
627.52
]
},
{
"text": " And there was growing attention paid to the diverse lives of individuals",
"timestamp": [
627.52,
630.8
]
},
{
"text": " instead of just kings and queens and big historical trends.",
"timestamp": [
630.8,
634.56
]
},
{
"text": " Like Nobel Prize winner Svetlana Alexeyevich, a journalist originally from Belarus,",
"timestamp": [
634.56,
638.8
]
},
{
"text": " captured the robust individual voices of Europeans during these times.",
"timestamp": [
638.8,
643.28
]
},
{
"text": " She interviewed thousands of ordinary citizens.",
"timestamp": [
643.28,
645.92
]
},
{
"text": " A street for me is a choir, a symphony, Alex Iovitch said in 2013.",
"timestamp": [
645.92,
651.56
]
},
{
"text": " She saw government workers, grocers, retirees, or veterans as individuals with stories, not",
"timestamp": [
651.56,
657
]
},
{
"text": " part of just a category or a cliché.",
"timestamp": [
657,
659.68
]
},
{
"text": " Instead, her interviewees' heartbreak and bitterness appeared alongside bravery and",
"timestamp": [
659.68,
665.2
]
},
{
"text": " the will to survive in the 21st century.",
"timestamp": [
665.2,
668.24
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
668.24,
669.24
]
},
{
"text": " And now, of course, we see those great human paradoxes chronicled by Alexeyevich everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
669.24,
675.04
]
},
{
"text": " We're making this video in a moment of immense global uncertainty as a disease pandemic sweeps",
"timestamp": [
675.04,
681.36
]
},
{
"text": " the world and all manner of human systems are suddenly under tremendous strain. And when I look around at the world today I",
"timestamp": [
681.36,
688.22
]
},
{
"text": " see bravery and sacrifice and I see heartbreak and bitterness. I see",
"timestamp": [
688.22,
692.54
]
},
{
"text": " compassion and I see greed. I see injustice and iniquity, but I also see",
"timestamp": [
692.54,
698.06
]
},
{
"text": " people trying to make the world more just and more equitable. Much right now",
"timestamp": [
698.06,
703.1
]
},
{
"text": " feels very new, but those paradoxes",
"timestamp": [
703.1,
706.32
]
},
{
"text": " of human nature aren't new because in truth human nature is something we make",
"timestamp": [
706.32,
712.52
]
},
{
"text": " up together as we go along. So what does the future of Europe look like? Now more",
"timestamp": [
712.52,
718.52
]
},
{
"text": " than ever I have no idea, but perhaps there is some future in embracing",
"timestamp": [
718.52,
724.32
]
},
{
"text": " Alexeyevich's way of looking at",
"timestamp": [
724.32,
726.8
]
},
{
"text": " humanity and its history as a great choir or symphony, a story of many voices that must",
"timestamp": [
726.8,
734.8
]
},
{
"text": " find a way to sing together.",
"timestamp": [
734.8,
738.12
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching. for our final European history video.",
"timestamp": [
738.12,
756.36
]
}
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UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Martin Luther King, Jr: Crash Course Black American History #36
|
BmeUT7zH62E
| 793 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.",
"timestamp": [
0,
2.92
]
},
{
"text": " So obviously the Allies of World War II were a diverse bunch when it came to big questions",
"timestamp": [
2.92,
8
]
},
{
"text": " like whether democracy was good and also whether capitalism was good.",
"timestamp": [
8,
12.32
]
},
{
"text": " But while fighting the total war that was World War II, they managed to hold themselves",
"timestamp": [
12.32,
17.08
]
},
{
"text": " together as an alliance and negotiate with one another on the conduct of the war.",
"timestamp": [
17.08,
21.44
]
},
{
"text": " But as we've seen again and again in history, once a shared enemy is vanquished, friends",
"timestamp": [
21.44,
26.8
]
},
{
"text": " discover that maybe they aren't so friendly after all.",
"timestamp": [
26.8,
30.4
]
},
{
"text": " A post-war conflict was brewing between the United States and the USSR, which would come",
"timestamp": [
30.4,
36
]
},
{
"text": " to be called the Cold War. So, in February 1945, as the war was drawing to a close in Europe and the defeat of Germany",
"timestamp": [
36,
51.88
]
},
{
"text": " looked certain, Allied leaders Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin, and Winston Churchill met at",
"timestamp": [
51.88,
57.08
]
},
{
"text": " Yalta.",
"timestamp": [
57.08,
58.08
]
},
{
"text": " This was followed by a final meeting at Potsdam outside Berlin in the summer of 1945 after",
"timestamp": [
58.08,
63.38
]
},
{
"text": " Germany's surrender, but before Japan surrendered",
"timestamp": [
63.38,
66.48
]
},
{
"text": " that August.",
"timestamp": [
66.48,
67.48
]
},
{
"text": " So, Churchill and Stalin, in Roosevelt's absence, had already made tentative agreements",
"timestamp": [
67.48,
71.9
]
},
{
"text": " to divide Europe into eastern and western zones.",
"timestamp": [
71.9,
75.16
]
},
{
"text": " But at the Yalta meeting, the Big Three agreed that the German surrender needed to be total",
"timestamp": [
75.16,
80.4
]
},
{
"text": " and unconditional.",
"timestamp": [
80.4,
81.76
]
},
{
"text": " By that time, Soviet forces were within 40 miles of Berlin, and the Soviets gained concessions",
"timestamp": [
81.76,
87.2
]
},
{
"text": " from Churchill and Roosevelt on Soviet influence in Poland, which had, after all, frequently",
"timestamp": [
87.2,
93.2
]
},
{
"text": " been adversary's main invasion route to Russia.",
"timestamp": [
93.2,
98.16
]
},
{
"text": " Unless you're the Mongols.",
"timestamp": [
98.16,
101.6
]
},
{
"text": " Or the Japanese.",
"timestamp": [
101.6,
102.6
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry, Stan, you ran the mongoltage too soon.",
"timestamp": [
102.6,
105.12
]
},
{
"text": " But speaking of Japan, the United States was also keen to compromise with the Soviets because",
"timestamp": [
105.12,
109.56
]
},
{
"text": " the US wanted help in defeating Japan.",
"timestamp": [
109.56,
112.88
]
},
{
"text": " Then at Potsdam, the status of post-war Germany was finalized.",
"timestamp": [
112.88,
116.5
]
},
{
"text": " The defeated nation was divided four ways among the three main powers and France.",
"timestamp": [
116.5,
121.64
]
},
{
"text": " Berlin, deep in the Soviet zone, was similarly divided into four sections.",
"timestamp": [
121.64,
126.72
]
},
{
"text": " And the agreement also decreed that German leaders would be tried and punished if found",
"timestamp": [
126.72,
131.04
]
},
{
"text": " guilty, which many eventually were at the Nuremberg trials.",
"timestamp": [
131.04,
134.68
]
},
{
"text": " As Allied leaders hammered out these post-war arrangements, their representatives created",
"timestamp": [
134.68,
138.6
]
},
{
"text": " the United Nations to replace the League of Nations.",
"timestamp": [
138.6,
142.42
]
},
{
"text": " The early alliance against the Axis had also called itself the United Nations, and the",
"timestamp": [
142.42,
147.2
]
},
{
"text": " name stuck as the title of a new institution for global cooperation, because, you know,",
"timestamp": [
147.2,
152.6
]
},
{
"text": " branding is hard.",
"timestamp": [
152.6,
153.76
]
},
{
"text": " The idea for the United Nations is that it would, like the League, adjudicate disputes,",
"timestamp": [
153.76,
158.64
]
},
{
"text": " but unlike the League, the UN would also be able to take collective action in case of",
"timestamp": [
158.64,
163.72
]
},
{
"text": " aggression threatening member",
"timestamp": [
163.72,
165.36
]
},
{
"text": " states, both through international economic sanctions and via a truly global armed force,",
"timestamp": [
165.36,
171.96
]
},
{
"text": " which had never existed before.",
"timestamp": [
171.96,
173.44
]
},
{
"text": " The UN's ruling structures, however, were of course created via international negotiation,",
"timestamp": [
173.44,
178.36
]
},
{
"text": " and during that process Stalin got the group to agree that any permanent member of the",
"timestamp": [
178.36,
182.8
]
},
{
"text": " Security Council would have veto power.",
"timestamp": [
182.8,
185.36
]
},
{
"text": " And even today, China, the US, the UK, France, and Russia are the five nations that can veto",
"timestamp": [
185.36,
191.36
]
},
{
"text": " any measure put before the UN Security Council which has limited its power dramatically.",
"timestamp": [
191.36,
196.48
]
},
{
"text": " Still, the UN created many important documents and guidelines in its early history, perhaps",
"timestamp": [
196.48,
201.2
]
},
{
"text": " most notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which sought to enumerate the rights every human should have, including the rights to be free",
"timestamp": [
201.2,
209.46
]
},
{
"text": " from slavery, torture, and the right to equal protection under the law.",
"timestamp": [
209.46,
214.3
]
},
{
"text": " After the war, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as powerful military states,",
"timestamp": [
214.3,
219.46
]
},
{
"text": " replacing the dominance of Western European nations in global politics, because those countries had collapsed",
"timestamp": [
219.46,
225.36
]
},
{
"text": " economically and suffered massive destruction to their agriculture, transportation, and",
"timestamp": [
225.36,
230.92
]
},
{
"text": " industrial capacity, not to mention loss of life.",
"timestamp": [
230.92,
234.1
]
},
{
"text": " In contrast, the United States was less in harm's way during the war, and post-war",
"timestamp": [
234.1,
238.82
]
},
{
"text": " productivity boomed, making the US the wealthiest country in the world.",
"timestamp": [
238.82,
243
]
},
{
"text": " I mean, the United States gained two-thirds of the world's total supply of gold",
"timestamp": [
243,
248.3
]
},
{
"text": " through sales of military equipment and other products.",
"timestamp": [
248.3,
251.5
]
},
{
"text": " The USSR also became a militarized state with powerful weaponry,",
"timestamp": [
251.5,
254.76
]
},
{
"text": " but Soviet losses had been immense in the war, not just in terms of damaged infrastructure.",
"timestamp": [
254.76,
260.2
]
},
{
"text": " I mean, recent studies show the Soviet Union may have suffered as many as 47 million wartime",
"timestamp": [
260.2,
266.72
]
},
{
"text": " dead.",
"timestamp": [
266.72,
267.72
]
},
{
"text": " But it had growing industrial capacity, lots of natural resources, and of course was able",
"timestamp": [
267.72,
271.62
]
},
{
"text": " to draw a lot of support from Eastern Europe.",
"timestamp": [
271.62,
274.74
]
},
{
"text": " Many in Europe credited the USSR with having contributed the most toward defeating the",
"timestamp": [
274.74,
279.58
]
},
{
"text": " Axis powers on the continent.",
"timestamp": [
279.58,
281.9
]
},
{
"text": " But the costs, not profits, like in the United States—had been",
"timestamp": [
281.9,
286.08
]
},
{
"text": " huge.",
"timestamp": [
286.08,
287.08
]
},
{
"text": " And even as the war ended, these two powers were already facing off, both of them racing",
"timestamp": [
287.08,
292.24
]
},
{
"text": " in the last year of the war to take as much territory as possible and thereby to block",
"timestamp": [
292.24,
296.88
]
},
{
"text": " the influence of the other.",
"timestamp": [
296.88,
298.56
]
},
{
"text": " With victory declared, US President Harry Truman immediately cut off aid to the USSR,",
"timestamp": [
298.56,
303.36
]
},
{
"text": " whose people were literally starving due to the massive destruction, and the USSR believed that the United States was",
"timestamp": [
303.36,
308.94
]
},
{
"text": " weaponizing food in an attempt to destroy their access to it.",
"timestamp": [
308.94,
312.86
]
},
{
"text": " For their part, U.S. diplomats interpreted the Soviet move westward as a step toward",
"timestamp": [
312.86,
317.54
]
},
{
"text": " taking over all of Europe, which seemed plausible on a couple levels.",
"timestamp": [
317.54,
322.14
]
},
{
"text": " First off, the world was just coming out of a war in which one state had tried to take",
"timestamp": [
322.14,
325.92
]
},
{
"text": " over all of Europe.",
"timestamp": [
325.92,
327.1
]
},
{
"text": " But also, the USSR had forced the ejection of non-communist politicians from Soviet-influenced",
"timestamp": [
327.1,
332.88
]
},
{
"text": " governments in Eastern Europe.",
"timestamp": [
332.88,
334.4
]
},
{
"text": " By 1950, communists backed by the USSR were more or less running major states in Eastern",
"timestamp": [
334.4,
339.22
]
},
{
"text": " Europe, such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.",
"timestamp": [
339.22,
342.72
]
},
{
"text": " That task was made easier for the USSR by the fact that the Soviet army still occupied",
"timestamp": [
342.72,
347.84
]
},
{
"text": " much of Eastern Europe.",
"timestamp": [
347.84,
349.12
]
},
{
"text": " The USSR also began seizing industrial machinery from its zones of influence in Germany.",
"timestamp": [
349.12,
354.8
]
},
{
"text": " Scientists, industrial workers, engineers, and other prized professionals were also taken",
"timestamp": [
354.8,
359.28
]
},
{
"text": " forcibly to the USSR to help rebuild.",
"timestamp": [
359.28,
362.36
]
},
{
"text": " And that violated the Allied plan that the Eastern Zone would",
"timestamp": [
362.36,
365.84
]
},
{
"text": " provide agricultural products to the Western Zones, and the Western Zones would produce",
"timestamp": [
365.84,
370.5
]
},
{
"text": " industrial products for the Eastern.",
"timestamp": [
370.5,
372.8
]
},
{
"text": " And so the Allies decided to combine their zones and plan the creation of a West German",
"timestamp": [
372.8,
377.76
]
},
{
"text": " state.",
"timestamp": [
377.76,
378.76
]
},
{
"text": " Partly to advance the recovery of Western Europe so that it wouldn't be susceptible",
"timestamp": [
378.76,
382.02
]
},
{
"text": " to Soviet influence, the United States began sending vast funds and goods to help war-torn nations in the West rebuild in what would",
"timestamp": [
382.02,
391.04
]
},
{
"text": " be formalized as the Marshall Plan in 1948.",
"timestamp": [
391.04,
394.6
]
},
{
"text": " From the Soviet perspective, this seemed like a bribe to gain European support for America.",
"timestamp": [
394.6,
400.64
]
},
{
"text": " Which it sort of was.",
"timestamp": [
400.64,
402.24
]
},
{
"text": " And the USSR was too impoverished by the war to provide similar bribes.",
"timestamp": [
402.24,
407.4
]
},
{
"text": " It's also worth noting that throughout this period in Europe, communist parties did have",
"timestamp": [
407.4,
412.12
]
},
{
"text": " some popular support.",
"timestamp": [
412.12,
413.92
]
},
{
"text": " Many saw the Soviets as the major liberators from German fascism and felt that communists",
"timestamp": [
413.92,
418.56
]
},
{
"text": " were attuned to the needs of the poor and hungry, while some argued American capitalism",
"timestamp": [
418.56,
423.84
]
},
{
"text": " seemed mostly to benefit the rich and hungry, while some argued American capitalism seemed mostly to benefit",
"timestamp": [
423.84,
425.72
]
},
{
"text": " the rich and well-fed.",
"timestamp": [
425.72,
427.4
]
},
{
"text": " So it wasn't as simple as East Communist, West Capitalist.",
"timestamp": [
427.4,
431.9
]
},
{
"text": " It never is that simple.",
"timestamp": [
431.9,
433.56
]
},
{
"text": " In June of 1948, Stalin fought back against the Marshall Plan with his only ace, a display",
"timestamp": [
433.56,
439.56
]
},
{
"text": " of military might.",
"timestamp": [
439.56,
440.92
]
},
{
"text": " He blockaded goods and aid from entering the city of Berlin, which you'll recall was",
"timestamp": [
440.92,
445.56
]
},
{
"text": " deeply in Soviet-held territory.",
"timestamp": [
445.56,
447.84
]
},
{
"text": " Americans, British, and other allies responded with a massive airlift of food and fuel nicknamed",
"timestamp": [
447.84,
454.38
]
},
{
"text": " Operation Vittles.",
"timestamp": [
454.38,
456.4
]
},
{
"text": " Now there is a good name for an operation.",
"timestamp": [
456.4,
459.26
]
},
{
"text": " At any rate, Stalin claimed the entire city of Berlin as fully part of the Soviet zone",
"timestamp": [
459.26,
463.76
]
},
{
"text": " of influence and expected the US bloc to give in, but instead the airlift continued to great publicity and",
"timestamp": [
463.76,
469.96
]
},
{
"text": " with great success, leading the Soviets eventually to call off the blockade in May of 1949.",
"timestamp": [
469.96,
476.48
]
},
{
"text": " Berlin became a divided city, and eventually the wall that was built between the Berlins",
"timestamp": [
476.48,
480.44
]
},
{
"text": " came to symbolize the tense and fractured world of the Cold War.",
"timestamp": [
480.44,
484.8
]
},
{
"text": " And on both sides, governments didn't really present this to their people as a struggle",
"timestamp": [
484.8,
488.44
]
},
{
"text": " for power or influence.",
"timestamp": [
488.44,
490.32
]
},
{
"text": " Instead, it was publicized as a competition between good and evil.",
"timestamp": [
490.32,
495.3
]
},
{
"text": " When I was growing up, I was taught in school that Soviet communism was evil, and kids in",
"timestamp": [
495.3,
499.72
]
},
{
"text": " the Soviet Union were taught that American capitalism was evil.",
"timestamp": [
499.72,
503.72
]
},
{
"text": " And so amid that, the vicious political aspects of the Cold War just kept accelerating.",
"timestamp": [
503.72,
508.84
]
},
{
"text": " In 1949, communists under Mao Zedong took over China, while Stalin opened new purges,",
"timestamp": [
508.84,
515.28
]
},
{
"text": " including ones against doctors charged with murdering citizens and Jews accused of disloyalty.",
"timestamp": [
515.28,
520.84
]
},
{
"text": " And other purges occurred in newly communist Eastern European countries.",
"timestamp": [
520.84,
524.28
]
},
{
"text": " In Czechoslovakia, for example, Mlada Hrakova, a feminist middle-class lawyer imprisoned",
"timestamp": [
524.28,
529.28
]
},
{
"text": " by the Nazis, was charged by the communist government with being among the professional",
"timestamp": [
529.28,
534.16
]
},
{
"text": " agents of the American, English, or French imperialists.",
"timestamp": [
534.16,
538.24
]
},
{
"text": " She was executed in 1950.",
"timestamp": [
538.24,
540.16
]
},
{
"text": " The United States also launched a massive hunt for communists, although with fewer executions.",
"timestamp": [
540.16,
545.36
]
},
{
"text": " Also, very few communists were actually found, although tens of thousands of citizens were",
"timestamp": [
545.36,
550.88
]
},
{
"text": " investigated and many innocent people lost their jobs for not cooperating in this harassment.",
"timestamp": [
550.88,
557.28
]
},
{
"text": " On both sides of the so-called Iron Curtain, fear became a dominant emotion.",
"timestamp": [
557.28,
562.56
]
},
{
"text": " And there was much to fear. In 1949, the Soviets exploded an atom bomb of their own, and both adversaries proceeded",
"timestamp": [
562.56,
570
]
},
{
"text": " to develop ever more lethal nuclear weapons along with powerful rocketry.",
"timestamp": [
570,
575.32
]
},
{
"text": " Budgets for weapons and other military capacity soared in the 1950s.",
"timestamp": [
575.32,
580.12
]
},
{
"text": " And then in 1957, the Soviets sent the satellite Sputnik into orbit around the Earth, moving",
"timestamp": [
580.12,
585.52
]
},
{
"text": " the Cold War into space.",
"timestamp": [
585.52,
587.68
]
},
{
"text": " In response, the United States launched a similar craft and also formed NASA to lead",
"timestamp": [
587.68,
592.2
]
},
{
"text": " the American side in the space race.",
"timestamp": [
592.2,
594.72
]
},
{
"text": " Soon, military resources surged toward what they had been during World War II.",
"timestamp": [
594.72,
600.24
]
},
{
"text": " And around this time, the division of the world into two camps was institutionalized",
"timestamp": [
600.24,
605.12
]
},
{
"text": " geopolitically.",
"timestamp": [
605.12,
606.28
]
},
{
"text": " The Allied bloc organized their sections of Germany into the Federal Republic of Germany",
"timestamp": [
606.28,
611.36
]
},
{
"text": " or West Germany in 1949, followed swiftly by the creation of an East German state, the",
"timestamp": [
611.36,
617.8
]
},
{
"text": " German Democratic Republic.",
"timestamp": [
617.8,
619.28
]
},
{
"text": " The US bloc also created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, in 1949 to bind together allies in",
"timestamp": [
619.28,
626.16
]
},
{
"text": " Western Europe and in the world, such as Canada, to meet threats from the East.",
"timestamp": [
626.16,
630.72
]
},
{
"text": " In 1955, the Soviet bloc formed a similar alliance in the Warsaw Pact.",
"timestamp": [
630.72,
635.44
]
},
{
"text": " Alright, let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
635.44,
637
]
},
{
"text": " The Cold War involved many facets of everyday life.",
"timestamp": [
637,
640.48
]
},
{
"text": " For one, both sides sought to outdo the other in restoring the standard of living.",
"timestamp": [
640.48,
645.2
]
},
{
"text": " Radio, television, household appliances, and motorized transportation held out the promise",
"timestamp": [
645.2,
649.92
]
},
{
"text": " of longer, healthier lives full of travel and leisure.",
"timestamp": [
649.92,
654.38
]
},
{
"text": " But ease came at the price of constant fear.",
"timestamp": [
654.38,
658.34
]
},
{
"text": " Radio and TV regularly reminded audiences that the opposing bloc could blow them to",
"timestamp": [
658.34,
663.16
]
},
{
"text": " bits or lethally poison the atmosphere with radiation.",
"timestamp": [
663.16,
666.74
]
},
{
"text": " In schools, including my elementary school in Orlando, Florida,",
"timestamp": [
666.74,
670.78
]
},
{
"text": " nuclear attack drills were held in which students would practice hiding under their desks as air raid sirens wailed.",
"timestamp": [
670.78,
677.66
]
},
{
"text": " This was at once both terrifying—I had and retain an extremely strong desire not to die in a nuclear war, and also somehow ludicrous because I knew hiding behind my desk wouldn't save me.",
"timestamp": [
677.66,
689.84
]
},
{
"text": " And there was also endless propaganda. The United States launched Voice of America,",
"timestamp": [
689.84,
693.6
]
},
{
"text": " which broadcast news and propaganda in 38 languages. The Soviets similarly transmitted",
"timestamp": [
693.6,
698.96
]
},
{
"text": " messages about communist values and beliefs while trying to jam their opponents' airwaves.",
"timestamp": [
698.96,
704.16
]
},
{
"text": " Spy novels proliferated, with Ian Fleming creating the dashing James Bond.",
"timestamp": [
704.16,
708.96
]
},
{
"text": " Fleming's Russian counterpart, Yulian Semyonov, created his hero, Max Otto von Stierlitz,",
"timestamp": [
708.96,
714.78
]
},
{
"text": " which so captivated Soviet pilots that they refused to fly when his work was playing on",
"timestamp": [
714.78,
719.7
]
},
{
"text": " radio or television.",
"timestamp": [
719.7,
721.14
]
},
{
"text": " But there was also cooperation.",
"timestamp": [
721.14,
722.6
]
},
{
"text": " To cite just one example, physicians and drug manufacturers from the West managed to get",
"timestamp": [
722.6,
727.12
]
},
{
"text": " the newest vaccines to Hungary, where a polio epidemic devastated children and young people",
"timestamp": [
727.12,
732.42
]
},
{
"text": " in the 1950s.",
"timestamp": [
732.42,
733.96
]
},
{
"text": " Such exchanges occurred despite governments' efforts on both sides to instill hatred and",
"timestamp": [
733.96,
739.04
]
},
{
"text": " fear.",
"timestamp": [
739.04,
740.04
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
740.04,
741.04
]
},
{
"text": " So the Cold War never materialized as an outright military conflict between the two so-called",
"timestamp": [
741.04,
745.68
]
},
{
"text": " superpowers.",
"timestamp": [
745.68,
747.3
]
},
{
"text": " When East Germans rebelled and Hungarians rose up in revolution in 1956, the United",
"timestamp": [
747.3,
752.76
]
},
{
"text": " States did not intervene.",
"timestamp": [
752.76,
754.44
]
},
{
"text": " Rather, countries across Europe and other parts of the world were crammed with missile",
"timestamp": [
754.44,
758.38
]
},
{
"text": " sites and army bases and their personnel and vast stores of weaponry.",
"timestamp": [
758.38,
763.46
]
},
{
"text": " But there were hot wars.",
"timestamp": [
763.46,
765.28
]
},
{
"text": " They were just mostly carried out via proxies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, which",
"timestamp": [
765.28,
771.2
]
},
{
"text": " primarily devastated the states and people in those places rather than the Soviets or",
"timestamp": [
771.2,
777.16
]
},
{
"text": " Americans themselves.",
"timestamp": [
777.16,
778.88
]
},
{
"text": " The Korean War that killed millions of Koreans between 1950 and 1953 was one such conflict that pitted US-backed",
"timestamp": [
778.88,
786
]
},
{
"text": " forces against communist armed ones.",
"timestamp": [
786,
788.76
]
},
{
"text": " Wars over Cold War ideology also occurred among competing forces during decolonization",
"timestamp": [
788.76,
793.96
]
},
{
"text": " in Africa and Asia.",
"timestamp": [
793.96,
795.84
]
},
{
"text": " And so if you're able to shift historical perspectives, you realize that for many perspectives,",
"timestamp": [
795.84,
801.28
]
},
{
"text": " the Cold War wasn't a Cold War. In 1949, British author George Orwell published 1984, a novel based on life in impoverished",
"timestamp": [
801.28,
810.52
]
},
{
"text": " London.",
"timestamp": [
810.52,
811.52
]
},
{
"text": " Language had been turned into what today we would call spin, which Orwell knew well, having",
"timestamp": [
811.52,
816.46
]
},
{
"text": " served in the Office of Propaganda during World War II.",
"timestamp": [
816.46,
819.96
]
},
{
"text": " Televisions broadcast news of nonstop wars that produced constant anxiety, and it was",
"timestamp": [
819.96,
825.5
]
},
{
"text": " forbidden to turn them off.",
"timestamp": [
825.5,
827.58
]
},
{
"text": " In poor neighborhoods, citizens cheered their armies and repeatedly spewed hatred for the",
"timestamp": [
827.58,
832.5
]
},
{
"text": " supposed enemy.",
"timestamp": [
832.5,
833.96
]
},
{
"text": " These days when we read 1984, we tend to focus on the surveillance stuff, and for good reason.",
"timestamp": [
833.96,
839
]
},
{
"text": " But it also captured the reality of life during what seemed like a never-ending conflict that",
"timestamp": [
839,
844.72
]
},
{
"text": " perpetually threatened",
"timestamp": [
844.72,
846.26
]
},
{
"text": " to be apocalyptic.",
"timestamp": [
846.26,
848.14
]
},
{
"text": " Next time we'll dig deeper into everyday life during the Cold War as Europe recovered",
"timestamp": [
848.14,
852.1
]
},
{
"text": " its footing and experienced 30 glorious years, as they say.",
"timestamp": [
852.1,
856.86
]
},
{
"text": " We're due for 30 glorious years after so many bad ones.",
"timestamp": [
856.86,
860.82
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
860.82,
861.82
]
},
{
"text": " I'll see you then.",
"timestamp": [
861.82,
862.82
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course is filmed here in the Jaden Smith Studios in Indianapolis and it's made possible Thanks for watching, I'll see you then.",
"timestamp": [
862.82,
879.56
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Randolph, Rustin, & the Origins of the March on Washington: Crash Course Black American History #32
|
vDNkw13NAA0
| 769 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Intro",
"end_time": 47
},
{
"start_time": 47,
"title": "Philip Randolph",
"end_time": 135
},
{
"start_time": 135,
"title": "Organizing",
"end_time": 223
},
{
"start_time": 223,
"title": "The Pullman Company",
"end_time": 378
},
{
"start_time": 378,
"title": "World War II",
"end_time": 481
},
{
"start_time": 481,
"title": "Benjamin Rustin",
"end_time": 540
},
{
"start_time": 540,
"title": "Respectability Politics",
"end_time": 657
},
{
"start_time": 657,
"title": "Conclusion",
"end_time": 769
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm Clint Smith and this is Crash Course Black American History.",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.48
]
},
{
"text": " And today, we're continuing our exploration of the Harlem Renaissance.",
"timestamp": [
4.48,
9
]
},
{
"text": " In our last episode, we talked about the proliferation of Black artistry across the Harlem Renaissance.",
"timestamp": [
9,
15.08
]
},
{
"text": " Over a million Black people migrated to the North and changed the cultural landscape of",
"timestamp": [
15.08,
19.28
]
},
{
"text": " New York and other northern cities.",
"timestamp": [
19.28,
21.52
]
},
{
"text": " But the Harlem Renaissance wasn't just about the books, the musicians, the singers, and",
"timestamp": [
21.52,
27.64
]
},
{
"text": " the dancers.",
"timestamp": [
27.64,
28.64
]
},
{
"text": " It was also about the larger political messages that were conveyed both on the stage and on",
"timestamp": [
28.64,
34.96
]
},
{
"text": " the page.",
"timestamp": [
34.96,
35.96
]
},
{
"text": " As we've discussed, while many of the most famous contributors to the Harlem Renaissance",
"timestamp": [
35.96,
40.72
]
},
{
"text": " were indeed artists, much of their work was deeply political, and many",
"timestamp": [
40.72,
45.68
]
},
{
"text": " of their own political ideologies were shaped by other black activists and intellectuals",
"timestamp": [
45.68,
50.64
]
},
{
"text": " of the day.",
"timestamp": [
50.64,
51.64
]
},
{
"text": " Today, we'll be focusing on those thinkers and activists.",
"timestamp": [
51.64,
56.68
]
},
{
"text": " Let's start the show. Often, we revere the Harlem Renaissance as generally a fun time, full of artistic production,",
"timestamp": [
56.68,
74.04
]
},
{
"text": " possibilities, and enlightenment.",
"timestamp": [
74.04,
76.64
]
},
{
"text": " But being black in early 20th century America was an undoubtedly rough time.",
"timestamp": [
76.64,
82.88
]
},
{
"text": " Both the systemic and interpersonal manifestations of racism,",
"timestamp": [
82.88,
87
]
},
{
"text": " even in the North, were everywhere. While they were able to create such beautiful work,",
"timestamp": [
87,
92.48
]
},
{
"text": " many artists struggled, and very few could pursue their art full time. They often worked",
"timestamp": [
92.48,
98
]
},
{
"text": " in unstable and dangerous roles at industrial plants or on seaports, and often for lower",
"timestamp": [
98,
103.68
]
},
{
"text": " wages than their white counterparts.",
"timestamp": [
103.68,
105.6
]
},
{
"text": " This was the reality for Black folks in urban cities throughout the country.",
"timestamp": [
106.16,
109.84
]
},
{
"text": " Many may have escaped the violence of the South, but they still had to deal with the",
"timestamp": [
110.56,
114.72
]
},
{
"text": " enormous amount of injustice in the North. One aspect of the Harlem Renaissance was the",
"timestamp": [
114.72,
120.56
]
},
{
"text": " work of Black theorists and political thinkers who debated the most effective ways to help Black communities.",
"timestamp": [
120.56,
127.04
]
},
{
"text": " Many Northerners were not as keen on Booker T. Washington's rhetoric from the South,",
"timestamp": [
127.04,
130.88
]
},
{
"text": " which propped up accommodation to segregation",
"timestamp": [
130.88,
133.56
]
},
{
"text": " and the slow but steady aggregation of Black economic freedom through vocational labor.",
"timestamp": [
133.56,
138.76
]
},
{
"text": " Washington rose to prominence as a race leader as the 19th century came to a close,",
"timestamp": [
138.76,
143.56
]
},
{
"text": " and he championed dignifying",
"timestamp": [
143.56,
146.34
]
},
{
"text": " and glorifying common labor, while remaining separate from white Americans, even if it",
"timestamp": [
146.34,
152.1
]
},
{
"text": " meant having less rights than white people.",
"timestamp": [
152.1,
154.94
]
},
{
"text": " But as we've discussed before, recognizing that Washington was born into slavery and",
"timestamp": [
154.94,
160.68
]
},
{
"text": " still lived in the South, his views prioritizing peace, safety, and calm seemed more understandable.",
"timestamp": [
160.68,
168.36
]
},
{
"text": " Still, this class of New Negroes, as they described themselves at the time, just weren't",
"timestamp": [
168.36,
175
]
},
{
"text": " down with any notions of accommodation, segregation, or having to wait for their freedom. Northern",
"timestamp": [
175,
181.32
]
},
{
"text": " labor activist A. Philip Randolph and economist Chandler Owen took",
"timestamp": [
181.32,
185.6
]
},
{
"text": " time to define what the New Negro was looking for in The Messenger, an independent magazine",
"timestamp": [
185.6,
191.82
]
},
{
"text": " they founded in 1917. They described the New Negro as uncompromising when it came to political",
"timestamp": [
191.82,
197.7
]
},
{
"text": " equality and universal suffrage. And because economic mobility was difficult for Black",
"timestamp": [
197.7,
202.92
]
},
{
"text": " Americans, Randolph and Owen also",
"timestamp": [
202.92,
205.32
]
},
{
"text": " proposed that the new Negro be afforded the same protection through labor unions that",
"timestamp": [
205.32,
209.92
]
},
{
"text": " their white counterparts had, and that they wouldn't have to be exploited by people",
"timestamp": [
209.92,
214.12
]
},
{
"text": " trying to price gouge them for things they needed to survive.",
"timestamp": [
214.12,
218.24
]
},
{
"text": " During this era, New York City became home to the headquarters of major organizations",
"timestamp": [
218.24,
222.26
]
},
{
"text": " for Black liberation, like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which was founded in 1909, and the National Urban",
"timestamp": [
222.26,
229.5
]
},
{
"text": " League, which was founded in 1911. These groups were heavily involved in grassroots activism",
"timestamp": [
229.5,
235.56
]
},
{
"text": " to combat discrimination and segregation.",
"timestamp": [
235.56,
238.84
]
},
{
"text": " The 1920s were the golden era for the National Urban League. Under the direction of Executive",
"timestamp": [
238.84,
244.12
]
},
{
"text": " Secretary Eugene K. Jones, the group boycotted businesses that refused to hire Black people were the golden era for the National Urban League. Under the direction of Executive Secretary",
"timestamp": [
244.12,
245.12
]
},
{
"text": " Eugene K. Jones, the group boycotted businesses that refused to hire Black people and put",
"timestamp": [
245.12,
250.72
]
},
{
"text": " pressure on city schools to provide training for Black workers. The 1920s were also a time",
"timestamp": [
250.72,
257.04
]
},
{
"text": " of major growth for the NAACP. At the start of the decade, they appointed James Weldon Johnson",
"timestamp": [
257.04,
262.64
]
},
{
"text": " as the organization's first Black Executive secretary and with his leadership, increased their membership to 100,000 people",
"timestamp": [
262.64,
270.12
]
},
{
"text": " in 300 chapters nationwide. Meanwhile, Walter White, who would eventually himself become",
"timestamp": [
270.12,
275.28
]
},
{
"text": " the executive secretary of the organization, investigated lynchings in the South, often",
"timestamp": [
275.28,
280.08
]
},
{
"text": " passing as White in the NAACP's unsuccessful effort to pass a national anti-lynching bill.",
"timestamp": [
280.08,
286.16
]
},
{
"text": " But the NAACP did win some important victories. In 1917, in Buchanan v. Worley, it convinced the",
"timestamp": [
286.16,
293.28
]
},
{
"text": " U.S. Supreme Court to overturn city ordinances mandating where blacks could and couldn't live.",
"timestamp": [
293.28,
299.44
]
},
{
"text": " In 1926, the association was also able to successfully defend Ocean Sweet,",
"timestamp": [
299.44,
304.4
]
},
{
"text": " a Black physician",
"timestamp": [
304.4,
305.32
]
},
{
"text": " from Detroit, for murder charges after an attack on his home.",
"timestamp": [
305.32,
309.74
]
},
{
"text": " Another important moment for Black Americans came with the creation of Negro History Week",
"timestamp": [
309.74,
313.78
]
},
{
"text": " in 1926.",
"timestamp": [
313.78,
315.86
]
},
{
"text": " The predecessor to Black History Month, Negro History Week was the brainchild of Carter",
"timestamp": [
315.86,
320.6
]
},
{
"text": " G. Woodson, who received his Ph.D PhD in history from Harvard in 1912, becoming",
"timestamp": [
320.6,
326.08
]
},
{
"text": " only the second black person to receive a PhD from Harvard after W. E. E. Du Bois.",
"timestamp": [
326.08,
331.6
]
},
{
"text": " Woodson was adamant about treating African American history and culture as formal fields",
"timestamp": [
331.6,
336.2
]
},
{
"text": " of study. Along with other activists, he charged schools and organizations to use this week",
"timestamp": [
336.2,
341.44
]
},
{
"text": " in February to highlight and honor African-American contributions.",
"timestamp": [
341.44,
346.24
]
},
{
"text": " In the early 1970s, the week extended into a month-long celebration. In 1976, it became",
"timestamp": [
346.24,
353.08
]
},
{
"text": " federally recognized. But of all the organizations enacting fresh and exciting initiatives to",
"timestamp": [
353.08,
358.34
]
},
{
"text": " achieve equal rights for Black people, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, UNIA, was the largest and most militant.",
"timestamp": [
358.34,
366.72
]
},
{
"text": " Marcus Garvey and his first wife, Amy Ashwood Garvey, founded the UNIA in Jamaica in 1914,",
"timestamp": [
366.72,
374.04
]
},
{
"text": " but it failed to gain the traction that they hoped for in their native country.",
"timestamp": [
374.04,
378.16
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey immigrated to the U.S. and began doing public speaking in New York City.",
"timestamp": [
378.16,
382.64
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey was known as what people would call",
"timestamp": [
382.64,
385.66
]
},
{
"text": " a step ladder preacher.",
"timestamp": [
385.66,
387.66
]
},
{
"text": " Like he'd literally grab a step ladder",
"timestamp": [
387.66,
389.9
]
},
{
"text": " and preach to anyone who'd listen in the streets of Harlem.",
"timestamp": [
389.9,
393.34
]
},
{
"text": " Eventually, he was able to pull in mass support",
"timestamp": [
393.34,
396.46
]
},
{
"text": " from the black working class.",
"timestamp": [
396.46,
398.32
]
},
{
"text": " And in May of 1917,",
"timestamp": [
398.32,
400.42
]
},
{
"text": " he launched the New York branch of the UNIA,",
"timestamp": [
400.42,
403.2
]
},
{
"text": " basing the headquarters in Harlem.",
"timestamp": [
403.2,
405.96
]
},
{
"text": " The UNIA's militant weekly newspaper, The Negro World, began in 1918 and amassed more",
"timestamp": [
405.96,
412.38
]
},
{
"text": " than 200,000 readers.",
"timestamp": [
412.38,
414.44
]
},
{
"text": " Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey's second wife, was the editor for the popular Women's",
"timestamp": [
414.44,
419.32
]
},
{
"text": " Page and wrote articles that spoke specifically to the concerns of Black women. According to Marcus Garvey, who is known to sometimes exaggerate numbers, by 1922, the",
"timestamp": [
419.32,
430.32
]
},
{
"text": " UNIA had amassed 1,000 chapters with 4 million members across the United States, Caribbean,",
"timestamp": [
430.32,
436.96
]
},
{
"text": " Central America, Canada, and Africa, including the parents of the soon-to-be famous civil",
"timestamp": [
436.96,
442.6
]
},
{
"text": " rights leader, Malcolm X. Marcus Garvey",
"timestamp": [
442.6,
446.42
]
},
{
"text": " is an interesting figure in Black American history, to say the least, and his story is",
"timestamp": [
446.42,
452.16
]
},
{
"text": " one that's worth digging into a little deeper.",
"timestamp": [
452.16,
454.88
]
},
{
"text": " Let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
454.88,
457.28
]
},
{
"text": " Marcus Garvey was fueled by an ideology known as Pan-Africanism, which emphasizes the dispersal",
"timestamp": [
457.28,
463.36
]
},
{
"text": " of African-descended people across the globe",
"timestamp": [
463.36,
466.04
]
},
{
"text": " due to the transatlantic slave trade.",
"timestamp": [
466.04,
467.84
]
},
{
"text": " It is based on the idea that black people dispersed everywhere across the world experience",
"timestamp": [
467.84,
472.56
]
},
{
"text": " the same kind of issues like oppression and have the same interests like freedom, and",
"timestamp": [
472.56,
478.72
]
},
{
"text": " that black people across the globe should join together in their collective fight for",
"timestamp": [
478.72,
483.2
]
},
{
"text": " liberation. He believed in an end to colonial rule in Africa and the unification of people across",
"timestamp": [
483.2,
490.22
]
},
{
"text": " the continent.",
"timestamp": [
490.22,
491.22
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey's approach differed from those of the NAACP and the National Urban League, organizations",
"timestamp": [
491.22,
497.14
]
},
{
"text": " who were integrationists.",
"timestamp": [
497.14,
499.58
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey believed that Black people should live separately from whites, and that many of them should",
"timestamp": [
499.58,
505.32
]
},
{
"text": " take it upon themselves to go back to Africa, where they would have enough land and resources",
"timestamp": [
505.32,
511.04
]
},
{
"text": " to set up their own nation state. This approach became known as black nationalism.",
"timestamp": [
511.04,
516.6
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey's life and career were nothing short of animated. The famous photo of him wearing",
"timestamp": [
516.6,
522.72
]
},
{
"text": " an Afro-centric headdress and military garb was taken at a",
"timestamp": [
522.72,
526.24
]
},
{
"text": " parade up Lenox Avenue in Harlem.",
"timestamp": [
526.24,
529.2
]
},
{
"text": " He authored his own Declaration of the Rights of Negro Peoples of the World, and at the",
"timestamp": [
529.2,
533.76
]
},
{
"text": " 1920 UNIA convention, he declared himself the Provisional President of Africa.",
"timestamp": [
533.76,
540.72
]
},
{
"text": " Garvey's large following and influence even prompted the hiring of the first black",
"timestamp": [
540.72,
545.36
]
},
{
"text": " FBI agent who was tasked with infiltrating the UNIA. J. Edgar Hoover, who would later",
"timestamp": [
545.36,
550.96
]
},
{
"text": " become the infamous director of the FBI, once referred to Garvey as the notorious Negro",
"timestamp": [
550.96,
556.68
]
},
{
"text": " agitator.",
"timestamp": [
556.68,
557.68
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
557.68,
559.6
]
},
{
"text": " This emphasis on black separatism also led Garvey to some pretty strange allies, like the racist Ku",
"timestamp": [
559.6,
566.24
]
},
{
"text": " Klux Klan, who in their own way agreed with the idea of having black people leaving the",
"timestamp": [
566.24,
571.88
]
},
{
"text": " US and settling somewhere else.",
"timestamp": [
571.88,
574.82
]
},
{
"text": " This relationship with the KKK, in addition to his pretty terrible views on mixed-race",
"timestamp": [
574.82,
579.96
]
},
{
"text": " people, made Garvey an even more divisive figure among other Black leaders.",
"timestamp": [
579.96,
585.98
]
},
{
"text": " Some even launched a Garvey Must Go campaign because they thought his alignment with the",
"timestamp": [
585.98,
590.74
]
},
{
"text": " Klan was so abhorrent.",
"timestamp": [
590.74,
593.42
]
},
{
"text": " Still, the UNIA did engage in racial uplift and reform on American soil, and in doing",
"timestamp": [
593.42,
600.34
]
},
{
"text": " so, focused their efforts on making conditions better for Black people here.",
"timestamp": [
600.34,
605.56
]
},
{
"text": " And while the larger goal was creating a new nation-state, local units of the UNIA did",
"timestamp": [
605.56,
611.52
]
},
{
"text": " cater to their community's immediate needs, addressing issues like voter registration,",
"timestamp": [
611.52,
617.36
]
},
{
"text": " health care, education.",
"timestamp": [
617.36,
619.72
]
},
{
"text": " To help achieve the UNIA's founding members' dream of getting many Black Americans back to the motherland, the Black Star Line Steamship Company was developed in 1919. Using these",
"timestamp": [
619.72,
630.64
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"text": " ships to bring people to the continent, they hoped to unite African-descended people from",
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"text": " Jamaica. And with Garvey having been effectively exiled from the United States, the UNIA collapsed.",
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"text": " throughout history. He is credited with coining the phrase, Black is Beautiful, and is a major",
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"text": " figure in both the history of the Rastafarian movement and the Black Power movement. The",
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[
[
"Intro",
" Hi, I'm Clint Smith and this is Crash Course Black American History. And today, we're continuing our exploration of the Harlem Renaissance. In our last episode, we talked about the proliferation of Black artistry across the Harlem Renaissance. Over a million Black people migrated to the North and changed the cultural landscape of New York and other northern cities. But the Harlem Renaissance wasn't just about the books, the musicians, the singers, and the dancers. It was also about the larger political messages that were conveyed both on the stage and on the page. As we've discussed, while many of the most famous contributors to the Harlem Renaissance were indeed artists, much of their work was deeply political, and many of their own political ideologies were shaped by other black activists and intellectuals"
],
[
"Philip Randolph",
" of the day. Today, we'll be focusing on those thinkers and activists. Let's start the show. Often, we revere the Harlem Renaissance as generally a fun time, full of artistic production, possibilities, and enlightenment. But being black in early 20th century America was an undoubtedly rough time. Both the systemic and interpersonal manifestations of racism, even in the North, were everywhere. While they were able to create such beautiful work, many artists struggled, and very few could pursue their art full time. They often worked in unstable and dangerous roles at industrial plants or on seaports, and often for lower wages than their white counterparts. This was the reality for Black folks in urban cities throughout the country. Many may have escaped the violence of the South, but they still had to deal with the enormous amount of injustice in the North. One aspect of the Harlem Renaissance was the work of Black theorists and political thinkers who debated the most effective ways to help Black communities. Many Northerners were not as keen on Booker T. Washington's rhetoric from the South, which propped up accommodation to segregation and the slow but steady aggregation of Black economic freedom through vocational labor."
],
[
"Organizing",
" Washington rose to prominence as a race leader as the 19th century came to a close, and he championed dignifying and glorifying common labor, while remaining separate from white Americans, even if it meant having less rights than white people. But as we've discussed before, recognizing that Washington was born into slavery and still lived in the South, his views prioritizing peace, safety, and calm seemed more understandable. Still, this class of New Negroes, as they described themselves at the time, just weren't down with any notions of accommodation, segregation, or having to wait for their freedom. Northern labor activist A. Philip Randolph and economist Chandler Owen took time to define what the New Negro was looking for in The Messenger, an independent magazine they founded in 1917. They described the New Negro as uncompromising when it came to political equality and universal suffrage. And because economic mobility was difficult for Black Americans, Randolph and Owen also proposed that the new Negro be afforded the same protection through labor unions that their white counterparts had, and that they wouldn't have to be exploited by people trying to price gouge them for things they needed to survive. During this era, New York City became home to the headquarters of major organizations for Black liberation, like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, which was founded in 1909, and the National Urban"
],
[
"The Pullman Company",
" League, which was founded in 1911. These groups were heavily involved in grassroots activism to combat discrimination and segregation. The 1920s were the golden era for the National Urban League. Under the direction of Executive Secretary Eugene K. Jones, the group boycotted businesses that refused to hire Black people were the golden era for the National Urban League. Under the direction of Executive Secretary Eugene K. Jones, the group boycotted businesses that refused to hire Black people and put pressure on city schools to provide training for Black workers. The 1920s were also a time of major growth for the NAACP. At the start of the decade, they appointed James Weldon Johnson as the organization's first Black Executive secretary and with his leadership, increased their membership to 100,000 people in 300 chapters nationwide. Meanwhile, Walter White, who would eventually himself become the executive secretary of the organization, investigated lynchings in the South, often passing as White in the NAACP's unsuccessful effort to pass a national anti-lynching bill. But the NAACP did win some important victories. In 1917, in Buchanan v. Worley, it convinced the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn city ordinances mandating where blacks could and couldn't live. In 1926, the association was also able to successfully defend Ocean Sweet, a Black physician from Detroit, for murder charges after an attack on his home. Another important moment for Black Americans came with the creation of Negro History Week in 1926. The predecessor to Black History Month, Negro History Week was the brainchild of Carter G. Woodson, who received his Ph.D PhD in history from Harvard in 1912, becoming only the second black person to receive a PhD from Harvard after W. E. E. Du Bois. Woodson was adamant about treating African American history and culture as formal fields of study. Along with other activists, he charged schools and organizations to use this week in February to highlight and honor African-American contributions. In the early 1970s, the week extended into a month-long celebration. In 1976, it became federally recognized. But of all the organizations enacting fresh and exciting initiatives to achieve equal rights for Black people, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, UNIA, was the largest and most militant. Marcus Garvey and his first wife, Amy Ashwood Garvey, founded the UNIA in Jamaica in 1914, but it failed to gain the traction that they hoped for in their native country."
],
[
"World War II",
" Garvey immigrated to the U.S. and began doing public speaking in New York City. Garvey was known as what people would call a step ladder preacher. Like he'd literally grab a step ladder and preach to anyone who'd listen in the streets of Harlem. Eventually, he was able to pull in mass support from the black working class. And in May of 1917, he launched the New York branch of the UNIA, basing the headquarters in Harlem. The UNIA's militant weekly newspaper, The Negro World, began in 1918 and amassed more than 200,000 readers. Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey's second wife, was the editor for the popular Women's Page and wrote articles that spoke specifically to the concerns of Black women. According to Marcus Garvey, who is known to sometimes exaggerate numbers, by 1922, the UNIA had amassed 1,000 chapters with 4 million members across the United States, Caribbean, Central America, Canada, and Africa, including the parents of the soon-to-be famous civil rights leader, Malcolm X. Marcus Garvey is an interesting figure in Black American history, to say the least, and his story is one that's worth digging into a little deeper. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. Marcus Garvey was fueled by an ideology known as Pan-Africanism, which emphasizes the dispersal of African-descended people across the globe due to the transatlantic slave trade. It is based on the idea that black people dispersed everywhere across the world experience the same kind of issues like oppression and have the same interests like freedom, and that black people across the globe should join together in their collective fight for"
],
[
"Benjamin Rustin",
" liberation. He believed in an end to colonial rule in Africa and the unification of people across the continent. Garvey's approach differed from those of the NAACP and the National Urban League, organizations who were integrationists. Garvey believed that Black people should live separately from whites, and that many of them should take it upon themselves to go back to Africa, where they would have enough land and resources to set up their own nation state. This approach became known as black nationalism. Garvey's life and career were nothing short of animated. The famous photo of him wearing an Afro-centric headdress and military garb was taken at a parade up Lenox Avenue in Harlem. He authored his own Declaration of the Rights of Negro Peoples of the World, and at the 1920 UNIA convention, he declared himself the Provisional President of Africa."
],
[
"Respectability Politics",
" Garvey's large following and influence even prompted the hiring of the first black FBI agent who was tasked with infiltrating the UNIA. J. Edgar Hoover, who would later become the infamous director of the FBI, once referred to Garvey as the notorious Negro agitator. Thanks, Thought Bubble. This emphasis on black separatism also led Garvey to some pretty strange allies, like the racist Ku Klux Klan, who in their own way agreed with the idea of having black people leaving the US and settling somewhere else. This relationship with the KKK, in addition to his pretty terrible views on mixed-race people, made Garvey an even more divisive figure among other Black leaders. Some even launched a Garvey Must Go campaign because they thought his alignment with the Klan was so abhorrent. Still, the UNIA did engage in racial uplift and reform on American soil, and in doing so, focused their efforts on making conditions better for Black people here. And while the larger goal was creating a new nation-state, local units of the UNIA did cater to their community's immediate needs, addressing issues like voter registration, health care, education. To help achieve the UNIA's founding members' dream of getting many Black Americans back to the motherland, the Black Star Line Steamship Company was developed in 1919. Using these ships to bring people to the continent, they hoped to unite African-descended people from around the world in a shared place. But it was more than that. The BSL was also created with the intention of serving as an economic tool for black folks, to give them a place in the global economy by using these ships to transport goods throughout the African diaspora and increase the value and influence of the black dollar. Garvey wanted to foster the growth of a self-reliant and resilient global black economy."
],
[
"Conclusion",
" A weird thing about Garvey though is that as much as he talked about Africa and how important it was for black people to return there, some of his own views about African people were pretty terrible. He said that one of the reasons he wanted to get to the continent was to quote, assist in civilizing the backward tribes of Africa. Which itself is a pretty backwards view. Ultimately, Garvey would sell shares of the ship, which he named Phyllis Wheatley, after the first black American woman to publish a book of poetry. Except it didn't actually own the ship. And this gave J. Edgar Hoover and associates an opportunity to prosecute Garvey, something that they had long been trying to do. During the trial, Garvey fired his attorney and decided to represent himself. And it didn't go well. Garvey was convicted of mail fraud in 1923 and was given a five-year sentence. And in 1927, he was deported to his native Jamaica. And with Garvey having been effectively exiled from the United States, the UNIA collapsed. Despite the controversy surrounding Marcus Garvey's legacy, his impact has reverberated throughout history. He is credited with coining the phrase, Black is Beautiful, and is a major figure in both the history of the Rastafarian movement and the Black Power movement. The Harlem Renaissance was a historic, world-changing incubator of art and culture, and it existed alongside shifting political sensibilities in the black community. And while not all black people agreed on the tactics, or even the end goal, of their activism,"
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Political Thought in the Harlem Renaissance: Crash Course Black American History #27
|
0HY8d4ABHQA
| 811 |
[
{
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"title": "THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE",
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{
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"title": "RASTAFARIAN MOVEMENT",
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{
"text": " And on top of that the audience that they have",
"timestamp": [
194.84,
197.6
]
},
{
"text": " naturally been curating is a really good fit for the type of audience that we",
"timestamp": [
197.6,
204.52
]
},
{
"text": " think would appreciate the work we're doing.",
"timestamp": [
204.52,
207
]
},
{
"text": " So we found Thought Cafe because they just decided to make an animation of a video that John made",
"timestamp": [
207,
214
]
},
{
"text": " that got a lot of views and that was, you know, a really good summary of American healthcare system.",
"timestamp": [
214,
219
]
},
{
"text": " And we reached out to them and we were like, can we do more of this?",
"timestamp": [
219,
222
]
},
{
"text": " And they were like, yes, here's our budget. And we were like, no, we can't.",
"timestamp": [
222,
229.16
]
},
{
"text": " For years, we held onto this dream that someday we would be able to make",
"timestamp": [
231.12,
232.96
]
},
{
"text": " high quality educational video with cool production values",
"timestamp": [
232.96,
236.28
]
},
{
"text": " that looked like YouTube, but at the same time",
"timestamp": [
236.28,
240.04
]
},
{
"text": " was rigorous and intellectually engaged and nuanced.",
"timestamp": [
240.04,
243.44
]
},
{
"text": " Ultimately, the reason that we have",
"timestamp": [
243.44,
244.44
]
},
{
"text": " to know that the square root of four is two",
"timestamp": [
244.44,
246.36
]
},
{
"text": " is because it helps us to build cathedrals",
"timestamp": [
246.36,
248.68
]
},
{
"text": " and think about space and make out with people,",
"timestamp": [
248.68,
251.48
]
},
{
"text": " but more on that in a second.",
"timestamp": [
251.48,
252.64
]
},
{
"text": " YouTube came to us because they wanted",
"timestamp": [
252.64,
254.4
]
},
{
"text": " some more professional looking content on the site",
"timestamp": [
254.4,
256.86
]
},
{
"text": " with some grant money to get channels started up.",
"timestamp": [
256.86,
259.16
]
},
{
"text": " And we said, well, that's awesome",
"timestamp": [
259.16,
260.7
]
},
{
"text": " because we really wanna make",
"timestamp": [
260.7,
262.2
]
},
{
"text": " these two educational YouTube shows,",
"timestamp": [
262.2,
264.6
]
},
{
"text": " SciShow and Crash Course.",
"timestamp": [
264.6,
266.4
]
},
{
"text": " John pitched me Crash Course and I knew that it was an amazing idea, but it to me sounded too hard.",
"timestamp": [
266.4,
273.4
]
},
{
"text": " And I pitched him SciShow.",
"timestamp": [
273.4,
276.6
]
},
{
"text": " Well hopefully YouTube will pick one of these.",
"timestamp": [
276.6,
278.8
]
},
{
"text": " But I guess our ideas were significantly cheaper than some of the Hollywood production studios' ideas,",
"timestamp": [
278.8,
286.56
]
},
{
"text": " so they felt like it wasn't that much of an extra risk to fund both of them.",
"timestamp": [
286.56,
291.2
]
},
{
"text": " Like all truly meaningful relationships, my relationship with Crash Course",
"timestamp": [
295.52,
299.52
]
},
{
"text": " began with a Craigslist ad.",
"timestamp": [
299.52,
301.04
]
},
{
"text": " I was constantly looking for work, reading the one ads.",
"timestamp": [
302.08,
305.2
]
},
{
"text": " I was on Japanese television once and a roller coaster show.",
"timestamp": [
305.2,
309.2
]
},
{
"text": " I found this job listing that said,",
"timestamp": [
309.2,
312.6
]
},
{
"text": " looking for an assistant slash video assistant",
"timestamp": [
312.6,
316.1
]
},
{
"text": " for New York Times bestselling author and video blogger.",
"timestamp": [
316.1,
319.7
]
},
{
"text": " And I called my mom, who's a high school English teacher,",
"timestamp": [
319.7,
322
]
},
{
"text": " and said, have you heard of this John Green guy?",
"timestamp": [
322,
324.5
]
},
{
"text": " She was like, oh, yes, he's the real deal.",
"timestamp": [
324.5,
327.68
]
},
{
"text": " Hank mentioned that he was starting a production company",
"timestamp": [
327.68,
330.32
]
},
{
"text": " in Missoula, and he asked me if I wanted to work there.",
"timestamp": [
330.32,
333.48
]
},
{
"text": " And I was like, okay.",
"timestamp": [
333.48,
335.34
]
},
{
"text": " So two months later, I packed my bags",
"timestamp": [
335.34,
338.84
]
},
{
"text": " into my Mustang in the winter",
"timestamp": [
338.84,
340.6
]
},
{
"text": " and drove through some very snowy conditions",
"timestamp": [
340.6,
343.54
]
},
{
"text": " to get myself to Missoula, Montana.",
"timestamp": [
343.54,
345
]
},
{
"text": " Well I heard about Crash Course, I think just through Vlogbrothers,",
"timestamp": [
345,
348
]
},
{
"text": " just being a long-time Nerdfighter.",
"timestamp": [
348,
350
]
},
{
"text": " And then I heard about the job, and John tweeted about it one time in 2014",
"timestamp": [
350,
355
]
},
{
"text": " and just applied on a whim and happened to get it.",
"timestamp": [
355,
358
]
},
{
"text": " So I had been working as a teacher and as a freelance videographer,",
"timestamp": [
358,
363
]
},
{
"text": " and then I got an email from Hank's assistant at the time.",
"timestamp": [
363,
366.74
]
},
{
"text": " I'd had a bad day or something and decided, okay, I'll respond",
"timestamp": [
366.74,
370.86
]
},
{
"text": " because this sounds interesting to me.",
"timestamp": [
370.86,
373.42
]
},
{
"text": " I was a fan of John and Hank in high school",
"timestamp": [
373.42,
376.22
]
},
{
"text": " and so in college I thought that John was going to be speaking locally",
"timestamp": [
376.22,
380.1
]
},
{
"text": " and I went to that. I was very excited and I actually met him",
"timestamp": [
380.1,
383.42
]
},
{
"text": " beforehand and we kind of got along and luckily he offered me the internship and I've to that, I was very excited, and I actually met him beforehand and we kind of got",
"timestamp": [
383.42,
385.6
]
},
{
"text": " along and luckily he offered me the internship and I've been here since. Stan had, was looking",
"timestamp": [
385.6,
391.92
]
},
{
"text": " for help for new, you know, for other producers and editors and we set up an interview and",
"timestamp": [
391.92,
397.36
]
},
{
"text": " it ended up being with John even though I didn't realize it was going to be with John",
"timestamp": [
398.72,
402.32
]
},
{
"text": " and I panicked a little,",
"timestamp": [
402.32,
405.6
]
},
{
"text": " but I guess it went well enough that they hired me, so.",
"timestamp": [
405.6,
409
]
},
{
"text": " I saw this job listing on Tumblr,",
"timestamp": [
409,
410.72
]
},
{
"text": " and I made a green screen in my brother's bedroom",
"timestamp": [
410.72,
415.72
]
},
{
"text": " and made a very silly video explaining",
"timestamp": [
417.08,
420.52
]
},
{
"text": " why they should hire me,",
"timestamp": [
420.52,
422.32
]
},
{
"text": " and then I sent it off and thought nothing would come of of it but they they hired me so now I'm here.",
"timestamp": [
422.32,
429.8
]
},
{
"text": " The first thing I worked on for Crash Course was Crash Course Biology which I",
"timestamp": [
431.04,
436.92
]
},
{
"text": " loved. It also was incredibly hard because we were building the car as you",
"timestamp": [
436.92,
441.32
]
},
{
"text": " are driving it. We had the script, and we had a general idea",
"timestamp": [
441.32,
445.68
]
},
{
"text": " of how we wanted it to be used,",
"timestamp": [
445.68,
448.16
]
},
{
"text": " but not necessarily what it was gonna look like specifically.",
"timestamp": [
448.16,
451.86
]
},
{
"text": " We were testing a lot of things, and it was scary.",
"timestamp": [
451.86,
454.16
]
},
{
"text": " Terrifying, really.",
"timestamp": [
454.16,
455.72
]
},
{
"text": " John had lots of ideas about how it should be shot.",
"timestamp": [
455.72,
459.44
]
},
{
"text": " I kept saying to Stan that I wanted it to look",
"timestamp": [
459.44,
463.72
]
},
{
"text": " like I was in heaven, that I wanted it to look like I was in heaven and I wanted",
"timestamp": [
463.72,
466.52
]
},
{
"text": " everything to be super crazy white and my face to be way overexposed and my",
"timestamp": [
466.52,
471.56
]
},
{
"text": " shirt to be overexposed and I was like trust me this is what YouTube looks like",
"timestamp": [
471.56,
475.48
]
},
{
"text": " right now Stan you don't understand and he was like I think this is gonna look",
"timestamp": [
475.48,
479.4
]
},
{
"text": " very blue and weird and I was like Stan we're gonna do it this way and it looked",
"timestamp": [
479.4,
484.08
]
},
{
"text": " very blue and weird. The way Hank described it to me once is that I asked him, who are we trying to",
"timestamp": [
484.08,
490.14
]
},
{
"text": " reach? Because I was used to working for these online operations where the answer was always",
"timestamp": [
490.14,
495.28
]
},
{
"text": " everybody, just as many clicks as possible. And he said, first, I want to make sure that",
"timestamp": [
495.28,
499.88
]
},
{
"text": " people who need to know this stuff are going to need it and watch it. And also people who",
"timestamp": [
499.88,
504.18
]
},
{
"text": " are just interested in it are going to watch it. And that was very clarifying for me, you",
"timestamp": [
504.18,
508.88
]
},
{
"text": " know? We didn't have to be clickbaity about it.",
"timestamp": [
508.88,
513.76
]
},
{
"text": " It was so fun to be working with Stan, working with someone I liked so much, who I respected",
"timestamp": [
513.76,
519.8
]
},
{
"text": " so much, and also working on something that felt bigger than me. And in September 1774, a group of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies Georgia.",
"timestamp": [
519.8,
530.04
]
},
{
"text": " This is actually a Morula, or Morula, at least according to this guy.",
"timestamp": [
530.04,
534.2
]
},
{
"text": " Morula, or Morula.",
"timestamp": [
534.2,
535.96
]
},
{
"text": " I wonder what's in today's secret compartment.",
"timestamp": [
535.96,
538
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, shocking, it's a golf club.",
"timestamp": [
538,
540.68
]
},
{
"text": " The writing I find is often the hardest part.",
"timestamp": [
540.68,
543
]
},
{
"text": " Once we've got scripts and have shaped them up to something that sounds right to us,",
"timestamp": [
543,
548
]
},
{
"text": " we'll schedule our out-of-town talent to come in, shoot the thing.",
"timestamp": [
548,
553
]
},
{
"text": " There's a very small community of science communicators,",
"timestamp": [
553,
556
]
},
{
"text": " and I've been presenting science and technology for quite a number of years now in television.",
"timestamp": [
556,
562
]
},
{
"text": " I'm at the National Wind Institute",
"timestamp": [
562,
565.4
]
},
{
"text": " at Texas Tech University.",
"timestamp": [
565.4,
567.4
]
},
{
"text": " And then I came to Missoula and met the team,",
"timestamp": [
567.4,
569.4
]
},
{
"text": " and I just completely fell in love with the whole concept",
"timestamp": [
569.4,
572.8
]
},
{
"text": " and everyone working on it.",
"timestamp": [
572.8,
574.4
]
},
{
"text": " For me, Brandon, Nicole, and Stan,",
"timestamp": [
574.4,
577.7
]
},
{
"text": " we each are sort of masterminding",
"timestamp": [
577.7,
580.3
]
},
{
"text": " the production process of a Crash Course series.",
"timestamp": [
580.3,
583.5
]
},
{
"text": " It takes us around an hour per episode to film the episode.",
"timestamp": [
583.5,
587.68
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Computer Science Episode 19, take 3.",
"timestamp": [
587.68,
592.88
]
},
{
"text": " Computer Science Episode 21, take 4.",
"timestamp": [
592.88,
597.04
]
},
{
"text": " The editor, whoever it is for that series, takes the footage, cuts it.",
"timestamp": [
597.04,
601.2
]
},
{
"text": " The consultant then looks at that and makes sure that we didn't say",
"timestamp": [
601.2,
605.2
]
},
{
"text": " anything that was egregiously wrong or problematic. Once we get the okay from",
"timestamp": [
605.2,
610.08
]
},
{
"text": " the consultant, we send that off to Thought Cafe and they do their magic.",
"timestamp": [
610.08,
617.68
]
},
{
"text": " When we got the deal from Google to start making Crash Course, the first",
"timestamp": [
619.04,
624.12
]
},
{
"text": " people I thought of were Thought Cafe because they're passionate, because they love learning, because they love",
"timestamp": [
624.12,
631.22
]
},
{
"text": " to make funny little jokes in their animation.",
"timestamp": [
631.22,
635.52
]
},
{
"text": " That attention to detail I think is what makes Thought Cafe so special.",
"timestamp": [
635.52,
638.62
]
},
{
"text": " When we were brainstorming early on about Crash Course, we wanted to come to a style that would be",
"timestamp": [
638.62,
646.04
]
},
{
"text": " easy to reproduce and that would still be able to be expressive. So you, you know,",
"timestamp": [
646.04,
651.24
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course had this thing where it was really educational and really serious",
"timestamp": [
651.24,
655.2
]
},
{
"text": " but at the same time didn't take itself seriously and has this witty humorous",
"timestamp": [
655.2,
659.68
]
},
{
"text": " side to it. They're not just doing graphics, they're not just realizing the",
"timestamp": [
659.68,
664.2
]
},
{
"text": " script, they're also inserting their own personalities into the script",
"timestamp": [
664.2,
669
]
},
{
"text": " and adding jokes and adding teachable moments.",
"timestamp": [
669,
671
]
},
{
"text": " You have the script with a description of what should happen",
"timestamp": [
671,
674
]
},
{
"text": " and then that gets passed on to an illustrator",
"timestamp": [
674,
677
]
},
{
"text": " and then all that stuff gets thrown onto the animator.",
"timestamp": [
677,
680
]
},
{
"text": " And so while there's the instructions, you still have this element of",
"timestamp": [
680,
683
]
},
{
"text": " not so much broken telephone, but you've got the possibility of each person sort of inserting their own ideas.",
"timestamp": [
683,
691.36
]
},
{
"text": " I think working on Crash Course has helped show me how difficult it is to teach people",
"timestamp": [
691.36,
702
]
},
{
"text": " things.",
"timestamp": [
702,
703
]
},
{
"text": " Most teachers will tell you that the most effective teaching is done",
"timestamp": [
703,
706.6
]
},
{
"text": " when students have a really close personal bond with people who are teaching them.",
"timestamp": [
706.6,
713.2
]
},
{
"text": " And you wouldn't think that that's possible in an online medium,",
"timestamp": [
713.2,
716.1
]
},
{
"text": " but Hank and John have proven that it is possible.",
"timestamp": [
716.1,
719.4
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course is used by students and teachers",
"timestamp": [
719.4,
722.6
]
},
{
"text": " at every level of who those people are and where",
"timestamp": [
722.6,
726.08
]
},
{
"text": " they are. It's like I'm consistently surprised to find out that there are",
"timestamp": [
726.08,
730.24
]
},
{
"text": " like 10 year olds watching Crash Course because it's pretty complicated stuff",
"timestamp": [
730.24,
734
]
},
{
"text": " but like kids are smart and then we have you know a ton of people who watch the",
"timestamp": [
734,
737.96
]
},
{
"text": " courses just because they want to learn not because they're trying to do well on",
"timestamp": [
737.96,
741.64
]
},
{
"text": " a test or because they're trying to get a job. They just want to learn about stuff.",
"timestamp": [
741.64,
746
]
},
{
"text": " I really don't think there's another resource out there",
"timestamp": [
746,
748
]
},
{
"text": " for high school and college students that's free",
"timestamp": [
748,
750
]
},
{
"text": " and as easily accessible as most people,",
"timestamp": [
750,
752
]
},
{
"text": " at least in the U.S., can access YouTube.",
"timestamp": [
752,
754
]
},
{
"text": " I think Crash Course does something very serious",
"timestamp": [
754,
757
]
},
{
"text": " and very important, which is to provide education",
"timestamp": [
757,
760
]
},
{
"text": " for everybody.",
"timestamp": [
760,
762
]
},
{
"text": " ♪♪ We knew coming out of our period of Google funding that Crash Course was going to become",
"timestamp": [
762,
769.96
]
},
{
"text": " kind of unsustainable overnight.",
"timestamp": [
769.96,
772.24
]
},
{
"text": " Equipment is expensive, people are expensive, talent is expensive.",
"timestamp": [
772.24,
776.84
]
},
{
"text": " There's just a lot that goes into making a quality product and on educational content,",
"timestamp": [
776.84,
783.12
]
},
{
"text": " you want it to have a long life.",
"timestamp": [
783.12,
785.56
]
},
{
"text": " Not just making it correct, but also making it accessible and fun and enjoyable.",
"timestamp": [
785.56,
791.24
]
},
{
"text": " All those things have a lot of work that go into them.",
"timestamp": [
791.24,
793.2
]
},
{
"text": " To effectively make good educational content, I think it requires people to edit, people",
"timestamp": [
793.2,
797.28
]
},
{
"text": " to write, people to research, people to be very engaging on camera.",
"timestamp": [
797.28,
802.76
]
},
{
"text": " You know, when you look at the budget, there aren't that many things that are like,",
"timestamp": [
802.76,
806.16
]
},
{
"text": " this is the big lion's share of the budget.",
"timestamp": [
806.16,
808.52
]
},
{
"text": " It's a bunch of things that are all very valuable",
"timestamp": [
808.52,
811.28
]
},
{
"text": " and that we need to be putting resources toward.",
"timestamp": [
811.28,
812.96
]
},
{
"text": " In funding, you wanna not lose the integrity",
"timestamp": [
812.96,
817.88
]
},
{
"text": " of the videos that you're making.",
"timestamp": [
817.88,
819.52
]
},
{
"text": " So making really smart funding choices",
"timestamp": [
819.52,
822.32
]
},
{
"text": " takes a lot of energy and a lot of research and trusted partners.",
"timestamp": [
822.32,
827.12
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course and PBS to me is the most natural partnership that I could imagine.",
"timestamp": [
827.12,
832.56
]
},
{
"text": " PBS calls itself America's largest classroom and I think Crash Course has the potential",
"timestamp": [
832.56,
837.88
]
},
{
"text": " to be the world's largest classroom.",
"timestamp": [
837.88,
839.88
]
},
{
"text": " So Digital Studios has been around for about four years and we started because PBS on television really had an audience problem. They had kids locked up of",
"timestamp": [
839.88,
848.84
]
},
{
"text": " course and then it really dropped off until about 65 plus so we saw a real",
"timestamp": [
848.84,
853.68
]
},
{
"text": " opportunity to build an audience of kind of loyal engaged fans of PBS that",
"timestamp": [
853.68,
859.56
]
},
{
"text": " probably never watched on TV.",
"timestamp": [
859.56,
861.4
]
},
{
"text": " It's a natural partnership. It feels like of course we",
"timestamp": [
861.4,
865.4
]
},
{
"text": " and they should be working on the same thing. And really we were inspired by a",
"timestamp": [
865.4,
868.96
]
},
{
"text": " lot of the work that John and Hank were already doing in the education space and",
"timestamp": [
868.96,
872.92
]
},
{
"text": " we saw that people were really looking for content that was both smart and",
"timestamp": [
872.92,
877
]
},
{
"text": " entertaining so we jumped in. So before we went into crowdfunding we had kind of",
"timestamp": [
877,
882
]
},
{
"text": " two ways to get a Crash Course series off the ground. The first was obviously ad revenue.",
"timestamp": [
882,
886.86
]
},
{
"text": " But then there's also partnering, and we partnered with PBS.",
"timestamp": [
886.86,
889.54
]
},
{
"text": " As we know, ad revenue can be very volatile, so it's up and down and you can't really depend on it.",
"timestamp": [
889.54,
895.8
]
},
{
"text": " But what we can depend on is, turns out, crowdfunding.",
"timestamp": [
895.8,
900.18
]
},
{
"text": " The biggest surprise for me when we launched our Patreon was that it worked.",
"timestamp": [
900.18,
904.3
]
},
{
"text": " I was just astonished and relieved that people valued Crash Course and that they were willing to support it on a monthly basis.",
"timestamp": [
904.3,
911.4
]
},
{
"text": " Anybody who has elected to give us money to produce Crash Course,",
"timestamp": [
911.4,
917.48
]
},
{
"text": " Mike, I'm so glad that we proved to you that we're worth that. I don't think there is a way to adequately communicate",
"timestamp": [
917.48,
926.76
]
},
{
"text": " to the people who have given money to this",
"timestamp": [
926.76,
930.16
]
},
{
"text": " how meaningful and important that is.",
"timestamp": [
930.16,
933.88
]
},
{
"text": " We have brainstorming meetings",
"timestamp": [
933.88,
935.04
]
},
{
"text": " where we're trying to figure out",
"timestamp": [
935.04,
936.4
]
},
{
"text": " how best to give back to the patrons.",
"timestamp": [
936.4,
939.72
]
},
{
"text": " And mostly what we keep coming up with",
"timestamp": [
939.72,
941.56
]
},
{
"text": " is that people just like Crash Course",
"timestamp": [
941.56,
943.32
]
},
{
"text": " and they just like supporting us.",
"timestamp": [
943.32,
944.8
]
},
{
"text": " Obviously we want Crash Course to continue. we want to keep making educational content,",
"timestamp": [
944.8,
949.44
]
},
{
"text": " but we also want to know what's working and what's not working.",
"timestamp": [
949.44,
951.92
]
},
{
"text": " Patreon allows us to do that, allows us to have a much more immediate contact with people who really care about us",
"timestamp": [
951.92,
956.6
]
},
{
"text": " and care about what we're going to be doing.",
"timestamp": [
956.6,
958.72
]
},
{
"text": " It's not an exaggeration to say that Crash Course would not exist without the people who support us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
958.72,
963.32
]
},
{
"text": " We never would have made it to this moment.",
"timestamp": [
963.32,
965
]
},
{
"text": " And I also hope that you feel as we do, like this is something that we're in together.",
"timestamp": [
965,
970.44
]
},
{
"text": " We're working to solve this big, complex, multifaceted problem of getting high quality",
"timestamp": [
970.44,
976.76
]
},
{
"text": " information to the kids and adults who need it and will benefit from it.",
"timestamp": [
976.76,
981.68
]
},
{
"text": " This model opens it up to people that can afford it to help out for the people that can't, which is great.",
"timestamp": [
981.68,
987.72
]
},
{
"text": " And that's exactly what we've been",
"timestamp": [
987.72,
989.56
]
},
{
"text": " trying to do for this year, the fact that it keeps it free.",
"timestamp": [
989.56,
992.02
]
},
{
"text": " Most people who watch Crash Course cannot afford",
"timestamp": [
992.02,
994.36
]
},
{
"text": " to support us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
994.36,
995.64
]
},
{
"text": " And that's OK.",
"timestamp": [
995.64,
996.3
]
},
{
"text": " In fact, that's the way we want it.",
"timestamp": [
996.3,
997.88
]
},
{
"text": " It's supposed to be free.",
"timestamp": [
997.88,
999.2
]
},
{
"text": " That's why we're doing it this way.",
"timestamp": [
999.2,
1001.4
]
},
{
"text": " My hope is just that those who can support it",
"timestamp": [
1001.4,
1004
]
},
{
"text": " and those who care about it will choose to do so.",
"timestamp": [
1004,
1009.66
]
},
{
"text": " Five years from now, we're going to be covering more detailed, more in-depth topics. We're",
"timestamp": [
1009.66,
1016.66
]
},
{
"text": " going to get deeper into stuff.",
"timestamp": [
1018.32,
1020.08
]
},
{
"text": " More and more subjects being communicated.",
"timestamp": [
1020.08,
1023.16
]
},
{
"text": " There's so many courses that could be done that aren't ever taught in schools",
"timestamp": [
1023.16,
1026.64
]
},
{
"text": " that are so important to being a grown-up.",
"timestamp": [
1026.64,
1029.2
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course translated into as many languages as possible, not just the subtitles,",
"timestamp": [
1029.2,
1032.8
]
},
{
"text": " but actually with hosts who speak those languages and",
"timestamp": [
1032.8,
1036.88
]
},
{
"text": " corresponding graphics in those languages.",
"timestamp": [
1036.88,
1039.6
]
},
{
"text": " I'm most excited about the curriculum project we're working on,",
"timestamp": [
1039.6,
1042.92
]
},
{
"text": " where we're creating classroom materials for teachers to use with their students and I think having a",
"timestamp": [
1042.92,
1047.6
]
},
{
"text": " textbook alternative like that was going to be so valuable and if we can manage",
"timestamp": [
1047.6,
1050.92
]
},
{
"text": " to do that in five years I'll be super happy. I also really want Crash Course to",
"timestamp": [
1050.92,
1054.4
]
},
{
"text": " support lots of different kinds of learners which I feel like it doesn't do",
"timestamp": [
1054.4,
1057.92
]
},
{
"text": " a great job of right now. Maybe some sort of you know game development and that",
"timestamp": [
1057.92,
1062.08
]
},
{
"text": " kind of thing I think there's a lot of potential for where Crash Course can go.",
"timestamp": [
1062.08,
1067.08
]
},
{
"text": " I'd like to see 300 more subjects at least.",
"timestamp": [
1067.08,
1070.46
]
},
{
"text": " My hope and my ambition is that Crash Course is seen as the definitive online educational",
"timestamp": [
1070.46,
1075.72
]
},
{
"text": " resource.",
"timestamp": [
1075.72,
1076.56
]
},
{
"text": " I want it to have the most impact that it can have. I know that we're already having",
"timestamp": [
1076.56,
1080.12
]
},
{
"text": " a ton of impact, but I'm ready for it to grow as much as it can. I'm excited in five years, ten years, in fifty years, if Crash Course is still a thing, to",
"timestamp": [
1080.12,
1089.76
]
},
{
"text": " just be able to look back and see this huge amount of knowledge that has been encapsulated",
"timestamp": [
1089.76,
1098.16
]
},
{
"text": " inside of Crash Course, ready for anyone to choose where they want to start, what they",
"timestamp": [
1098.16,
1103.12
]
},
{
"text": " want to learn.",
"timestamp": [
1103.12,
1104.12
]
},
{
"text": " My biggest hope is that in five years Crash Course will still be around and that it will",
"timestamp": [
1104.12,
1107.44
]
},
{
"text": " still be teaching lots of people.",
"timestamp": [
1107.44,
1109.12
]
},
{
"text": " And not just teaching people about various topics, but helping people to get excited",
"timestamp": [
1109.12,
1113.5
]
},
{
"text": " about learning and to feel that unironic enthusiasm that you can have in those moments where you",
"timestamp": [
1113.5,
1119.12
]
},
{
"text": " realize that this is not just something that you have to do so that you can get a diploma.",
"timestamp": [
1119.12,
1123.94
]
},
{
"text": " This is not some random hurdle that the system put in your way that you have to jump over",
"timestamp": [
1123.94,
1128.34
]
},
{
"text": " in order to achieve adulthood or whatever.",
"timestamp": [
1128.34,
1130.78
]
},
{
"text": " This is instead like the work of adulthood.",
"timestamp": [
1130.78,
1133.78
]
},
{
"text": " And that's what I think Crash Course can be best at.",
"timestamp": [
1133.78,
1137.3
]
},
{
"text": " Not just sharing information, but also getting people excited about learning.",
"timestamp": [
1137.3,
1142.18
]
},
{
"text": " And so my hope is that five years from now, we'll still be doing that.",
"timestamp": [
1142.18,
1146
]
},
{
"text": " We'll be doing it for many more people",
"timestamp": [
1146,
1147.76
]
},
{
"text": " in different languages and not just video.",
"timestamp": [
1147.76,
1150.72
]
},
{
"text": " Right now, just under 8,000 people",
"timestamp": [
1150.72,
1152.64
]
},
{
"text": " support Crash Course on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
1152.64,
1154.3
]
},
{
"text": " And that support has allowed us to create content",
"timestamp": [
1154.3,
1157.24
]
},
{
"text": " that helps over half a million students,",
"timestamp": [
1157.24,
1159.72
]
},
{
"text": " teachers, and learners every day.",
"timestamp": [
1159.72,
1162.82
]
},
{
"text": " But we really wanna get our total number",
"timestamp": [
1162.82,
1164.4
]
},
{
"text": " of patrons up over 10,000.",
"timestamp": [
1164.4,
1166.42
]
},
{
"text": " So whether you want to give $1 a month, $5 a month, or $10 a month, you can be a part",
"timestamp": [
1166.42,
1172.2
]
},
{
"text": " of that, and a part of our work to make education easier and better for students and teachers",
"timestamp": [
1172.2,
1177.82
]
},
{
"text": " all over the world at patreon.com slash crash course.",
"timestamp": [
1177.82,
null
]
}
] |
[
[
"THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE",
" Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course. I'm Hank Green and I want to teach you chemistry. This is Crash Course Games. Crash Course Economics. Crash Course Astronomy. It's a free educational tool for everyone. Crash Course's vision was so big. But I do remember thinking, oh man, it is fun. This is fun. It was so fun. If I had had this material oh man, it is fun. This is fun. It was so fun. If I had had this material when I was studying, it would have changed the way I learned. It was being explained in this way that I actually understood it. And this is Crash Course Government. Crash Course Intellectual Property. Crash Course Sociology. It was wild. We were just trying to figure out what it was. Crash Course Film History. Crash Course Mythology. Crash Course Computer Science. I remember mythology. Crash course computer science. I remember just having a huge smile on my face while I was watching those videos. We want to be useful to schools and teachers and students, but we also want to be useful to people who are just excited about learning because it's possibly the meaning of life. ♪♪ Way back in 2006, my brother and I communicated almost exclusively over AOL Instant Messenger. John was a fan of weird internet shows. Sports racer, racing sports, what's your power move? It's interesting the emotional... God bless you. And he thought, hey, we should do that. Hey John, I guess you've heard by now. Auto power off. Why the f- Still some glitches to work out. I'm not going to be good at this. When you're making as many videos as we did, sometimes you just don't have any good ideas. One, two, three. Oh! So we decided at one point to make some educational videos. Good morning, Hank, it's Friday. Today I share with you a story about guns, indoor tennis courts, guillotines, humorous outfits, and competing historical narratives. That's right, it's time to learn about the French Revolution. Hank and I got really interested in the problem of educational video online. Like, it was"
],
[
"BOOKER T. WASHINGTON",
" expensive to make, which made it kind of impossible to make on the YouTube of that era. Our audience would always respond very positively, and we would enjoy doing it. It's just that it was way too much work, and we had to pay people to do what little graphics there were, and so it just, there was no way to make it work from an economic perspective. At some point, I think it may have been 2008, John made a video about the American healthcare system. We came upon this vlogger who had a really great rant about why, you know, healthcare reform was kind of like this fat pig that he had met at this fair. So what do you do when you have a pig that's so big he can't walk? You either kill him, put him on a diet,"
],
[
"NEW NEGROES",
" or keep feeding him, which is more or less what the healthcare debate boils down to. Wow, we could really just use this voiceover, make a really awesome motion graphic video, and it explains it all right in this in this narration. To us at that moment he was just a really intelligent guy who was able to describe"
],
[
"THE MESSENGER",
" this issue really really well. And on top of that the audience that they have naturally been curating is a really good fit for the type of audience that we think would appreciate the work we're doing. So we found Thought Cafe because they just decided to make an animation of a video that John made that got a lot of views and that was, you know, a really good summary of American healthcare system. And we reached out to them and we were like, can we do more of this? And they were like, yes, here's our budget. And we were like, no, we can't."
],
[
"NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE",
" For years, we held onto this dream that someday we would be able to make high quality educational video with cool production values that looked like YouTube, but at the same time was rigorous and intellectually engaged and nuanced. Ultimately, the reason that we have to know that the square root of four is two"
],
[
"EUGENE K. JONES",
" is because it helps us to build cathedrals and think about space and make out with people, but more on that in a second. YouTube came to us because they wanted some more professional looking content on the site with some grant money to get channels started up. And we said, well, that's awesome"
],
[
"JAMES WELDON JOHNSON",
" because we really wanna make these two educational YouTube shows, SciShow and Crash Course. John pitched me Crash Course and I knew that it was an amazing idea, but it to me sounded too hard."
],
[
"WALTER WHITE",
" And I pitched him SciShow. Well hopefully YouTube will pick one of these. But I guess our ideas were significantly cheaper than some of the Hollywood production studios' ideas, so they felt like it wasn't that much of an extra risk to fund both of them."
],
[
"BUCHANAN V. WARLEY",
" Like all truly meaningful relationships, my relationship with Crash Course began with a Craigslist ad. I was constantly looking for work, reading the one ads."
],
[
"OSSIAN SWEET",
" I was on Japanese television once and a roller coaster show. I found this job listing that said, looking for an assistant slash video assistant"
],
[
"NEGRO HISTORY WEEK",
" for New York Times bestselling author and video blogger."
],
[
"BLACK HISTORY MONTH",
" And I called my mom, who's a high school English teacher,"
],
[
"CARTER G. WOODSON",
" and said, have you heard of this John Green guy? She was like, oh, yes, he's the real deal. Hank mentioned that he was starting a production company in Missoula, and he asked me if I wanted to work there. And I was like, okay. So two months later, I packed my bags into my Mustang in the winter and drove through some very snowy conditions to get myself to Missoula, Montana. Well I heard about Crash Course, I think just through Vlogbrothers, just being a long-time Nerdfighter. And then I heard about the job, and John tweeted about it one time in 2014"
],
[
"1976",
" and just applied on a whim and happened to get it. So I had been working as a teacher and as a freelance videographer, and then I got an email from Hank's assistant at the time. I'd had a bad day or something and decided, okay, I'll respond"
],
[
"MARCUS GARVEY",
" because this sounds interesting to me. I was a fan of John and Hank in high school and so in college I thought that John was going to be speaking locally and I went to that. I was very excited and I actually met him beforehand and we kind of got along and luckily he offered me the internship and I've to that, I was very excited, and I actually met him beforehand and we kind of got along and luckily he offered me the internship and I've been here since. Stan had, was looking for help for new, you know, for other producers and editors and we set up an interview and it ended up being with John even though I didn't realize it was going to be with John and I panicked a little, but I guess it went well enough that they hired me, so."
],
[
"NEGRO WORLD",
" I saw this job listing on Tumblr, and I made a green screen in my brother's bedroom"
],
[
"200,000 READERS",
" and made a very silly video explaining why they should hire me, and then I sent it off and thought nothing would come of of it but they they hired me so now I'm here. The first thing I worked on for Crash Course was Crash Course Biology which I loved. It also was incredibly hard because we were building the car as you are driving it. We had the script, and we had a general idea of how we wanted it to be used, but not necessarily what it was gonna look like specifically. We were testing a lot of things, and it was scary. Terrifying, really. John had lots of ideas about how it should be shot. I kept saying to Stan that I wanted it to look"
],
[
"PAN-AFRICANISM",
" like I was in heaven, that I wanted it to look like I was in heaven and I wanted everything to be super crazy white and my face to be way overexposed and my shirt to be overexposed and I was like trust me this is what YouTube looks like right now Stan you don't understand and he was like I think this is gonna look very blue and weird and I was like Stan we're gonna do it this way and it looked very blue and weird. The way Hank described it to me once is that I asked him, who are we trying to reach? Because I was used to working for these online operations where the answer was always everybody, just as many clicks as possible. And he said, first, I want to make sure that people who need to know this stuff are going to need it and watch it. And also people who are just interested in it are going to watch it. And that was very clarifying for me, you know? We didn't have to be clickbaity about it. It was so fun to be working with Stan, working with someone I liked so much, who I respected"
],
[
"BLACK NATIONALISM",
" so much, and also working on something that felt bigger than me. And in September 1774, a group of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies Georgia. This is actually a Morula, or Morula, at least according to this guy. Morula, or Morula. I wonder what's in today's secret compartment. Oh, shocking, it's a golf club. The writing I find is often the hardest part. Once we've got scripts and have shaped them up to something that sounds right to us, we'll schedule our out-of-town talent to come in, shoot the thing."
],
[
"J. EDGAR HOOVER",
" There's a very small community of science communicators, and I've been presenting science and technology for quite a number of years now in television. I'm at the National Wind Institute at Texas Tech University."
],
[
"KU KLUX KLAN",
" And then I came to Missoula and met the team, and I just completely fell in love with the whole concept and everyone working on it. For me, Brandon, Nicole, and Stan, we each are sort of masterminding the production process of a Crash Course series. It takes us around an hour per episode to film the episode. Crash Course Computer Science Episode 19, take 3."
],
[
"GARVEY MUST GO",
" Computer Science Episode 21, take 4. The editor, whoever it is for that series, takes the footage, cuts it. The consultant then looks at that and makes sure that we didn't say anything that was egregiously wrong or problematic. Once we get the okay from the consultant, we send that off to Thought Cafe and they do their magic. When we got the deal from Google to start making Crash Course, the first people I thought of were Thought Cafe because they're passionate, because they love learning, because they love"
],
[
"BLACK STAR LINE",
" to make funny little jokes in their animation. That attention to detail I think is what makes Thought Cafe so special. When we were brainstorming early on about Crash Course, we wanted to come to a style that would be easy to reproduce and that would still be able to be expressive. So you, you know, Crash Course had this thing where it was really educational and really serious"
],
[
"BLACK DOLLAR",
" but at the same time didn't take itself seriously and has this witty humorous side to it. They're not just doing graphics, they're not just realizing the script, they're also inserting their own personalities into the script and adding jokes and adding teachable moments. You have the script with a description of what should happen and then that gets passed on to an illustrator and then all that stuff gets thrown onto the animator. And so while there's the instructions, you still have this element of not so much broken telephone, but you've got the possibility of each person sort of inserting their own ideas. I think working on Crash Course has helped show me how difficult it is to teach people things. Most teachers will tell you that the most effective teaching is done when students have a really close personal bond with people who are teaching them. And you wouldn't think that that's possible in an online medium, but Hank and John have proven that it is possible. Crash Course is used by students and teachers at every level of who those people are and where they are. It's like I'm consistently surprised to find out that there are"
],
[
"1927",
" like 10 year olds watching Crash Course because it's pretty complicated stuff but like kids are smart and then we have you know a ton of people who watch the courses just because they want to learn not because they're trying to do well on a test or because they're trying to get a job. They just want to learn about stuff. I really don't think there's another resource out there for high school and college students that's free"
],
[
"RASTAFARIAN MOVEMENT",
" and as easily accessible as most people, at least in the U.S., can access YouTube. I think Crash Course does something very serious and very important, which is to provide education for everybody. ♪♪ We knew coming out of our period of Google funding that Crash Course was going to become kind of unsustainable overnight. Equipment is expensive, people are expensive, talent is expensive. There's just a lot that goes into making a quality product and on educational content, you want it to have a long life. Not just making it correct, but also making it accessible and fun and enjoyable. All those things have a lot of work that go into them. To effectively make good educational content, I think it requires people to edit, people to write, people to research, people to be very engaging on camera. You know, when you look at the budget, there aren't that many things that are like, this is the big lion's share of the budget. It's a bunch of things that are all very valuable"
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
21st Century Challenges: Crash Course European History #49
|
-_6978boAQ8
| 766 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 67
},
{
"start_time": 67,
"title": "Financial Crisis",
"end_time": 159
},
{
"start_time": 159,
"title": "The Great Recession",
"end_time": 410
},
{
"start_time": 410,
"title": "Populism",
"end_time": 566
},
{
"start_time": 566,
"title": "Thought Bubble",
"end_time": 667
},
{
"start_time": 667,
"title": "Conclusion",
"end_time": 766
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Ready? You're rolling? Okay, everything's good, we're sure. Okay. Okay. I'm not gonna",
"timestamp": [
0,
10.24
]
},
{
"text": " just- we're not doing this again. Okay. So today we're talking about why we have political-",
"timestamp": [
10.24,
14.84
]
},
{
"text": " uh oh. My wedding ring. I gotta get used to that. Group of individuals that make policy",
"timestamp": [
14.84,
20.32
]
},
{
"text": " related appeals. So that's why political parties exist. But... So let's look at three reasons why we have political parties. One, just cuz. Two, I don't",
"timestamp": [
20.32,
29.44
]
},
{
"text": " know. And three, let's go to the bar. Party affiliation can help legislators who represent",
"timestamp": [
29.44,
33.32
]
},
{
"text": " very different geographic and social interests work together.",
"timestamp": [
33.32,
37
]
},
{
"text": " Excuse me. Heartfelt apology for that burp. And since in many districts... Take a breath, take a breath.",
"timestamp": [
37,
46
]
},
{
"text": " Phew.",
"timestamp": [
46,
48
]
},
{
"text": " Meh.",
"timestamp": [
48,
50
]
},
{
"text": " Partly because there were almost universal agr...",
"timestamp": [
50,
52
]
},
{
"text": " It was almost universal agreement that the first",
"timestamp": [
52,
54
]
},
{
"text": " president of the U.S. should be",
"timestamp": [
54,
56
]
},
{
"text": " Jorge Washington.",
"timestamp": [
56,
58
]
},
{
"text": " Oh! Beard flies!",
"timestamp": [
58,
60
]
},
{
"text": " Favored the more revolutionary French",
"timestamp": [
60,
62
]
},
{
"text": " with their frites",
"timestamp": [
62,
64
]
},
{
"text": " and their foie gras.",
"timestamp": [
64,
65.5
]
},
{
"text": " It was all food-based decision-making back then.",
"timestamp": [
65.5,
69.5
]
},
{
"text": " Falling apart, guys. We're falling apart.",
"timestamp": [
69.5,
72.5
]
},
{
"text": " I'm doing great.",
"timestamp": [
72.5,
73.5
]
},
{
"text": " And they remain one of the most consistent groups in terms of their party affiliation.",
"timestamp": [
73.5,
76.5
]
},
{
"text": " Philly. Philly.",
"timestamp": [
76.5,
78
]
},
{
"text": " That was the last word!",
"timestamp": [
78,
79.5
]
},
{
"text": " And that it's often historical contingencies that cause these shifts.",
"timestamp": [
79.5,
83
]
},
{
"text": " Also take away that the word contingencies is hard to say.",
"timestamp": [
83,
85.56
]
},
{
"text": " But one more thing about interest groups and bureaucra-",
"timestamp": [
85.56,
87.56
]
},
{
"text": " Bureaucra-",
"timestamp": [
87.56,
89.56
]
},
{
"text": " Sort of like the idea of wisdom of crowds or Condorcet's jury theorem. With more interest",
"timestamp": [
89.56,
93.84
]
},
{
"text": " groups providing more-",
"timestamp": [
93.84,
94.84
]
},
{
"text": " We will get-",
"timestamp": [
94.84,
96.84
]
},
{
"text": " Flippity blue.",
"timestamp": [
96.84,
98.84
]
},
{
"text": " People will say that in the US, labor is well represented through-",
"timestamp": [
98.84,
100.84
]
},
{
"text": " Pow. Bing. Pang. Boop.",
"timestamp": [
100.84,
104.84
]
},
{
"text": " Politicians hope that- is well represented through... Pow! Bing! Pang! Boop!",
"timestamp": [
104.84,
105
]
},
{
"text": " Politicians hope that...",
"timestamp": [
105,
106
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
106,
108
]
},
{
"text": " But most people still think of it as providing campaign contribution in return for favorable policy outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
108,
112
]
},
{
"text": " There's no real evidence of this quid pro...po...po...",
"timestamp": [
112,
116
]
},
{
"text": " There's no real evidence of this quid...",
"timestamp": [
116,
118
]
},
{
"text": " It's so hard to say.",
"timestamp": [
118,
119
]
},
{
"text": " Quid pro quo.",
"timestamp": [
119,
120
]
},
{
"text": " It's a little bit tricky to write about how the internet affects politics because it's a changing...",
"timestamp": [
120,
124
]
},
{
"text": " It's a changing so rapidly. It's a... I say... It's a... It's a little bit tricky to write about how the internet affects politics because it's a changing so rapidly. I say it's a changing so rapidly. Some of you might be saying, Craig",
"timestamp": [
124,
129.8
]
},
{
"text": " get real, the government doesn't regulate the media, we live in a free market, Craig.",
"timestamp": [
129.8,
136
]
},
{
"text": " And politically minded economists, railroads were, bring it in, bring it in. I'm the media,",
"timestamp": [
136,
143
]
},
{
"text": " Railroad, bring it in, bring it in. I'm the media, I'm the media.",
"timestamp": [
142.94,
144.66
]
},
{
"text": " Trucks, trucks!",
"timestamp": [
146.08,
149
]
},
{
"text": " There should be an interest group against trucks.",
"timestamp": [
149,
151.98
]
},
{
"text": " Maybe, there probably is.",
"timestamp": [
153.48,
154.36
]
},
{
"text": " Ain't gonna do it, wouldn't be prudent.",
"timestamp": [
154.36,
157.34
]
},
{
"text": " No re-election, ain't gonna,",
"timestamp": [
157.34,
159.16
]
},
{
"text": " Dana Carvey, everybody remember him?",
"timestamp": [
159.16,
161.36
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, I'm not gonna discuss the details of the theory",
"timestamp": [
161.36,
163.72
]
},
{
"text": " or even whether it's right or wrong",
"timestamp": [
163.72,
165.08
]
},
{
"text": " because it's stupid and wrong.",
"timestamp": [
165.08,
166.36
]
},
{
"text": " Ready?",
"timestamp": [
166.36,
167.2
]
},
{
"text": " Yes.",
"timestamp": [
167.2,
168.04
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, sorry.",
"timestamp": [
168.04,
168.88
]
},
{
"text": " I thought you were ready.",
"timestamp": [
169.96,
172.24
]
},
{
"text": " Are you recording?",
"timestamp": [
172.24,
173.6
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
173.6,
174.44
]
},
{
"text": " I'm picking my nose, so.",
"timestamp": [
174.44,
175.36
]
},
{
"text": " Okay.",
"timestamp": [
175.36,
176.2
]
},
{
"text": " Blooper reel.",
"timestamp": [
177.4,
178.24
]
},
{
"text": " Come on and take a free ride.",
"timestamp": [
178.24,
180.64
]
},
{
"text": " Like Savage Garden, my favorite band from the 90s.",
"timestamp": [
180.64,
184.32
]
},
{
"text": " Have you seen the show Hoarders?",
"timestamp": [
184.32,
185.88
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
185.88,
187.04
]
},
{
"text": " Whew, it'll motivate you to clean.",
"timestamp": [
187.04,
189.08
]
},
{
"text": " I need to punch that eagle here pretty soon.",
"timestamp": [
189.08,
191.04
]
},
{
"text": " Can I do this one as a movie narrator, Stan?",
"timestamp": [
191.04,
192.96
]
},
{
"text": " I will.",
"timestamp": [
192.96,
193.8
]
},
{
"text": " Part of the 1996 telecommunications law.",
"timestamp": [
193.8,
196.72
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, no I won't.",
"timestamp": [
196.72,
197.56
]
},
{
"text": " China and I have been watching Gilmore Girls.",
"timestamp": [
197.56,
200.2
]
},
{
"text": " It's, it is, it is super good.",
"timestamp": [
200.2,
204.06
]
},
{
"text": " You know, that Max guy has bad hair.",
"timestamp": [
204.06,
206.2
]
},
{
"text": " She should get together with Luke.",
"timestamp": [
206.2,
207.7
]
},
{
"text": " Okay.",
"timestamp": [
207.7,
208.2
]
},
{
"text": " Oh no!",
"timestamp": [
208.2,
210.2
]
},
{
"text": " Oh no!",
"timestamp": [
211.5,
212.7
]
},
{
"text": " Because that's the main way the Fed controls the money supply.",
"timestamp": [
212.7,
215.7
]
},
{
"text": " Bless you, Stan.",
"timestamp": [
216.7,
217.7
]
},
{
"text": " Thank you.",
"timestamp": [
217.7,
218.7
]
},
{
"text": " I think I made up the time.",
"timestamp": [
218.7,
220.2
]
},
{
"text": " You did, but you almost interrupted me.",
"timestamp": [
220.2,
222.2
]
},
{
"text": " Never again, Stan.",
"timestamp": [
223.7,
225
]
},
{
"text": " That's it, I'm only doing three more of these.",
"timestamp": [
225,
227.5
]
},
{
"text": " Let's try to talk like Hank.",
"timestamp": [
227.5,
229.5
]
},
{
"text": " And it can be caused by a number of things.",
"timestamp": [
229.5,
232.5
]
},
{
"text": " More like quantitative wheezing, am I right?",
"timestamp": [
232.5,
237.5
]
},
{
"text": " I hope this series on American government and politics",
"timestamp": [
237.5,
240.5
]
},
{
"text": " has provided you with a little bit of understanding",
"timestamp": [
240.5,
242.5
]
},
{
"text": " about the way the U.S. works,",
"timestamp": [
242.5,
244
]
},
{
"text": " and that it encourages everyone to participate in the political process, wherever",
"timestamp": [
244,
247.48
]
},
{
"text": " you live.",
"timestamp": [
247.48,
248.48
]
},
{
"text": " Except for you, I saw that.",
"timestamp": [
248.48,
265.5
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course is made with the help of all of these hardline...",
"timestamp": [
265.5,
268
]
},
{
"text": " Is this the right direction?",
"timestamp": [
268,
269
]
},
{
"text": " Dang it.",
"timestamp": [
269,
270
]
},
{
"text": " Government and politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.",
"timestamp": [
270,
273.5
]
},
{
"text": " Support for Crash Course U.S. Government comes from Voqal.",
"timestamp": [
273.5,
276
]
},
{
"text": " Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media at...",
"timestamp": [
276,
279
]
},
{
"text": " Ah, and media to advance social equity.",
"timestamp": [
279,
281.5
]
},
{
"text": " You'd think I'd have this memorized by now.",
"timestamp": [
281.5,
283.5
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
" Ready? You're rolling? Okay, everything's good, we're sure. Okay. Okay. I'm not gonna just- we're not doing this again. Okay. So today we're talking about why we have political- uh oh. My wedding ring. I gotta get used to that. Group of individuals that make policy related appeals. So that's why political parties exist. But... So let's look at three reasons why we have political parties. One, just cuz. Two, I don't know. And three, let's go to the bar. Party affiliation can help legislators who represent very different geographic and social interests work together. Excuse me. Heartfelt apology for that burp. And since in many districts... Take a breath, take a breath. Phew. Meh. Partly because there were almost universal agr... It was almost universal agreement that the first president of the U.S. should be Jorge Washington. Oh! Beard flies! Favored the more revolutionary French with their frites and their foie gras. It was all food-based decision-making back then."
],
[
"Financial Crisis",
" Falling apart, guys. We're falling apart. I'm doing great. And they remain one of the most consistent groups in terms of their party affiliation. Philly. Philly. That was the last word! And that it's often historical contingencies that cause these shifts. Also take away that the word contingencies is hard to say. But one more thing about interest groups and bureaucra- Bureaucra- Sort of like the idea of wisdom of crowds or Condorcet's jury theorem. With more interest groups providing more- We will get- Flippity blue. People will say that in the US, labor is well represented through- Pow. Bing. Pang. Boop. Politicians hope that- is well represented through... Pow! Bing! Pang! Boop! Politicians hope that...... But most people still think of it as providing campaign contribution in return for favorable policy outcomes. There's no real evidence of this quid pro...po...po... There's no real evidence of this quid... It's so hard to say. Quid pro quo. It's a little bit tricky to write about how the internet affects politics because it's a changing... It's a changing so rapidly. It's a... I say... It's a... It's a little bit tricky to write about how the internet affects politics because it's a changing so rapidly. I say it's a changing so rapidly. Some of you might be saying, Craig get real, the government doesn't regulate the media, we live in a free market, Craig. And politically minded economists, railroads were, bring it in, bring it in. I'm the media, Railroad, bring it in, bring it in. I'm the media, I'm the media. Trucks, trucks! There should be an interest group against trucks. Maybe, there probably is. Ain't gonna do it, wouldn't be prudent. No re-election, ain't gonna,"
],
[
"The Great Recession",
" Dana Carvey, everybody remember him? Oh, I'm not gonna discuss the details of the theory or even whether it's right or wrong because it's stupid and wrong. Ready? Yes. Oh, sorry. I thought you were ready. Are you recording? Yeah. I'm picking my nose, so. Okay. Blooper reel. Come on and take a free ride. Like Savage Garden, my favorite band from the 90s. Have you seen the show Hoarders? Yeah. Whew, it'll motivate you to clean. I need to punch that eagle here pretty soon. Can I do this one as a movie narrator, Stan? I will. Part of the 1996 telecommunications law. Okay, no I won't. China and I have been watching Gilmore Girls. It's, it is, it is super good. You know, that Max guy has bad hair. She should get together with Luke. Okay. Oh no! Oh no! Because that's the main way the Fed controls the money supply. Bless you, Stan. Thank you. I think I made up the time. You did, but you almost interrupted me. Never again, Stan. That's it, I'm only doing three more of these. Let's try to talk like Hank. And it can be caused by a number of things. More like quantitative wheezing, am I right? I hope this series on American government and politics has provided you with a little bit of understanding about the way the U.S. works, and that it encourages everyone to participate in the political process, wherever you live. Except for you, I saw that. Crash Course is made with the help of all of these hardline... Is this the right direction? Dang it. Government and politics is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Support for Crash Course U.S. Government comes from Voqal. Voqal supports non-profits that use technology and media at... Ah, and media to advance social equity. You'd think I'd have this memorized by now."
],
[
"Populism",
""
],
[
"Thought Bubble",
""
],
[
"Conclusion",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Post-World War II Recovery: Crash Course European History #42
|
nlp068CmQaE
| 956 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 64
},
{
"start_time": 64,
"title": "The Welfare State",
"end_time": 345
},
{
"start_time": 345,
"title": "The Common Market",
"end_time": 525
},
{
"start_time": 525,
"title": "The Thought Bubble",
"end_time": 621
},
{
"start_time": 621,
"title": "Consumer Products",
"end_time": 801
},
{
"start_time": 801,
"title": "Conclusion",
"end_time": 956
}
] |
[
{
"text": " In much of the natural sciences, the environment in which research is done is completely controlled by scientists.",
"timestamp": [
0,
5.5
]
},
{
"text": " By one scientist.",
"timestamp": [
5.5,
9.5
]
},
{
"text": " INTRO",
"timestamp": [
9.5,
20.5
]
},
{
"text": " Martineau's observations included some of the first academic observations of American gender roles and she dedicated much of the third volume to the study of",
"timestamp": [
20.5,
27.78
]
},
{
"text": " marriage. Female occupations in the health of women. When we asked at the very beginning why you",
"timestamp": [
27.78,
34.48
]
},
{
"text": " raise your hand to ask a question in mead, while the ascribed",
"timestamp": [
34.48,
38.08
]
},
{
"text": " statuses of middle-aged... while the ascribed status of middle age, have been held for later in life. Boom.",
"timestamp": [
38.08,
45.08
]
},
{
"text": " Books such as The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir",
"timestamp": [
47.58,
49.62
]
},
{
"text": " and The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan.",
"timestamp": [
49.62,
51.62
]
},
{
"text": " People were producing more than they needed to survive,",
"timestamp": [
54.8,
57.12
]
},
{
"text": " but instead of that surplus, surplus, the surplus.",
"timestamp": [
57.12,
60.96
]
},
{
"text": " Social facts and their coercive power",
"timestamp": [
60.96,
62.76
]
},
{
"text": " represent a form of social,",
"timestamp": [
62.76,
64.24
]
},
{
"text": " represent a form of social cohesion, cohesion. Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion.",
"timestamp": [
64.24,
66
]
},
{
"text": " Cohesion.",
"timestamp": [
66,
67
]
},
{
"text": " Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion.",
"timestamp": [
67,
70.4
]
},
{
"text": " Why?",
"timestamp": [
70.4,
71.4
]
},
{
"text": " Why?",
"timestamp": [
71.4,
72.4
]
},
{
"text": " Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion.",
"timestamp": [
72.4,
80.08
]
},
{
"text": " As a result, we've seen a lot of important changes in organizations that house these",
"timestamp": [
80.08,
83.68
]
},
{
"text": " kinds of newer jobs.",
"timestamp": [
83.68,
85.16
]
},
{
"text": " This is the age-old question.",
"timestamp": [
90.16,
91.94
]
},
{
"text": " Nurture, nature, or nurture?",
"timestamp": [
91.94,
94.06
]
},
{
"text": " This...",
"timestamp": [
94.06,
94.9
]
},
{
"text": " Nurture, nature, or nurture?",
"timestamp": [
96.6,
98.38
]
},
{
"text": " So you have to define your concepts,",
"timestamp": [
98.38,
99.9
]
},
{
"text": " which becomes even more important",
"timestamp": [
99.9,
101.28
]
},
{
"text": " when you get to the next step of the research process,",
"timestamp": [
101.28,
103.42
]
},
{
"text": " stating a hypothesis. A hypothesis. A hypohoobish. But, social location also…",
"timestamp": [
103.42,
108.8
]
},
{
"text": " We're talking, we're bringing, brbrbr. On the micro level, these ideas were picked up by what's",
"timestamp": [
112.72,
116.72
]
},
{
"text": " known as the symbolic interactionist paradigm and theorists like Erving Goffman. Goff, Erving",
"timestamp": [
116.72,
121.04
]
},
{
"text": " Goffman. Erving Goffman. Wow. Erving Goffman. Martineving Goffman. Irving Goffman.",
"timestamp": [
121.04,
126.12
]
},
{
"text": " Martineau started out kind of like",
"timestamp": [
126.12,
127.56
]
},
{
"text": " the crash course of her time,",
"timestamp": [
127.56,
129.12
]
},
{
"text": " bringing resource, resorch.",
"timestamp": [
129.12,
131.04
]
},
{
"text": " She did the resorch.",
"timestamp": [
131.04,
133.04
]
},
{
"text": " Benjamin Lee Whorf, the American linguist",
"timestamp": [
133.04,
134.8
]
},
{
"text": " who helped shape this theory,",
"timestamp": [
134.8,
136.04
]
},
{
"text": " did his original resort, reserch.",
"timestamp": [
136.04,
138.6
]
},
{
"text": " You're starting every cut like this. Yeah. And his list goes on.",
"timestamp": [
141.76,
147.84
]
},
{
"text": " Every life stage from when you're born to when you're die.",
"timestamp": [
147.84,
152.72
]
},
{
"text": " And his ambitious book called K'bibu.",
"timestamp": [
152.72,
155.42
]
},
{
"text": " For our purposes as sociologists, we'll mainly be focusing on this second type of culture",
"timestamp": [
155.42,
159.26
]
},
{
"text": " and its three main elements.",
"timestamp": [
159.26,
160.88
]
},
{
"text": " Symbols, values, beliefs, and norms. Okay, I was like, that's not three!",
"timestamp": [
160.88,
169.72
]
},
{
"text": " It's great to watch it happen. Oh no!",
"timestamp": [
169.72,
176.72
]
},
{
"text": " If you look back at early human history, say about 30 to 40,000 years ago, you find a lot",
"timestamp": [
176.72,
183.16
]
},
{
"text": " of what Lenski called hunting and gathering societies.",
"timestamp": [
183.16,
186.38
]
},
{
"text": " Hunting?",
"timestamp": [
186.38,
187.22
]
},
{
"text": " Hunting, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
188.08,
189.68
]
},
{
"text": " I was trying.",
"timestamp": [
189.68,
190.52
]
},
{
"text": " Don't you know about hunting?",
"timestamp": [
190.52,
192.64
]
},
{
"text": " You find a lot of what Lenski called",
"timestamp": [
192.64,
193.8
]
},
{
"text": " hunting and gathering societies.",
"timestamp": [
193.8,
196.6
]
},
{
"text": " I almost said hunting.",
"timestamp": [
196.6,
197.8
]
},
{
"text": " I could tell, but you didn't.",
"timestamp": [
197.8,
199.14
]
},
{
"text": " People in hunting and gathering...",
"timestamp": [
199.14,
201.98
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know why. I don't know why. So by their very nature, such societies tend to be small.",
"timestamp": [
207.8,
210.72
]
},
{
"text": " Huntering and gathering- I did it again!",
"timestamp": [
210.72,
216.16
]
},
{
"text": " Take for instance the consistent finding that named resumes... Compared to old-style bureaucracies, average employees in the information industry have",
"timestamp": [
216.16,
229.44
]
},
{
"text": " a more direct connection to their leadership.",
"timestamp": [
229.44,
232.24
]
},
{
"text": " That wasn't the teleprompter, that was just me.",
"timestamp": [
232.24,
235.24
]
},
{
"text": " I can tell your reaction is different.",
"timestamp": [
235.24,
238.24
]
},
{
"text": " It's the worst.",
"timestamp": [
238.24,
239.24
]
},
{
"text": " It's a teleprompter, you know, there's nothing it can do, but I can not suck.",
"timestamp": [
239.24,
246.2
]
},
{
"text": " Usually when it's a teleprompter, it's exasperation. When it's you, it's anger.",
"timestamp": [
246.2,
250.2
]
},
{
"text": " The ideals of liberty and justice for all enshrined in our founding documents?",
"timestamp": [
250.2,
256.4
]
},
{
"text": " Heavily influenced by French philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire,",
"timestamp": [
256.4,
259.7
]
},
{
"text": " and British philosophers like Hobbes and Locke,",
"timestamp": [
259.7,
261.6
]
},
{
"text": " as well as the Iroquois Confederacy and its ideas of representative democracy.",
"timestamp": [
261.6,
265.78
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, you were nailing that.",
"timestamp": [
265.78,
266.88
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, man.",
"timestamp": [
266.88,
267.88
]
},
{
"text": " I was just like, oh, she's going to do it.",
"timestamp": [
267.88,
271.76
]
},
{
"text": " Heavily influenced by French philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire,",
"timestamp": [
271.76,
274.72
]
},
{
"text": " and British philosophers like Hobbes and Locke, as well as by the Iroquois",
"timestamp": [
274.72,
277.8
]
},
{
"text": " Confederacy and its ideas of representative democracy.",
"timestamp": [
277.8,
281.36
]
},
{
"text": " It's fine. It's all fine. Today we learned about what culture is and the difference between material representative democracy! Buh!",
"timestamp": [
281.36,
285.04
]
},
{
"text": " It's fine, it's fine. Today we learned about what culture is",
"timestamp": [
286.48,
288.24
]
},
{
"text": " and the difference between material",
"timestamp": [
288.24,
289.7
]
},
{
"text": " and non-material culture.",
"timestamp": [
289.7,
291.28
]
},
{
"text": " We learned about the three, we learned about three things.",
"timestamp": [
291.28,
294.4
]
},
{
"text": " I'm getting worse.",
"timestamp": [
294.4,
296.02
]
},
{
"text": " I'm getting worse.",
"timestamp": [
296.02,
297.84
]
},
{
"text": " I'm getting worse.",
"timestamp": [
297.84,
299.34
]
},
{
"text": " And just as leaders may differ in what they're trying to do,",
"timestamp": [
301.12,
304.1
]
},
{
"text": " so too can they go",
"timestamp": [
304.1,
305.06
]
},
{
"text": " about doing it in different ways. I'm talking here about leadership styles, of",
"timestamp": [
305.06,
309
]
},
{
"text": " which there are three.",
"timestamp": [
309,
311.88
]
},
{
"text": " Can you hit that three when you say three?",
"timestamp": [
311.88,
313.88
]
},
{
"text": " Okay.",
"timestamp": [
313.88,
315.88
]
},
{
"text": " Your European three.",
"timestamp": [
315.88,
317.88
]
},
{
"text": " This isn't...",
"timestamp": [
317.88,
319.88
]
},
{
"text": " This is a European three.",
"timestamp": [
319.88,
321.88
]
},
{
"text": " This is...this is...this is Central California three. This is Central California three.",
"timestamp": [
321.88,
325.68
]
},
{
"text": " This is weird.",
"timestamp": [
327.68,
328.52
]
},
{
"text": " Well then, if you just.",
"timestamp": [
329.56,
331.92
]
},
{
"text": " It goes one, two, three, four, five.",
"timestamp": [
331.92,
336.68
]
},
{
"text": " I don't like it.",
"timestamp": [
338.76,
339.6
]
},
{
"text": " The one that you're doing, does it start with a pinky?",
"timestamp": [
339.6,
343.82
]
},
{
"text": " No, I don't know.",
"timestamp": [
343.82,
344.74
]
},
{
"text": " I don't, I don't know. I don't, I don't.",
"timestamp": [
344.74,
345.72
]
},
{
"text": " I don't like this.",
"timestamp": [
345.72,
346.72
]
},
{
"text": " I don't enjoy this at all.",
"timestamp": [
346.72,
353.72
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
" In much of the natural sciences, the environment in which research is done is completely controlled by scientists. By one scientist. INTRO Martineau's observations included some of the first academic observations of American gender roles and she dedicated much of the third volume to the study of marriage. Female occupations in the health of women. When we asked at the very beginning why you raise your hand to ask a question in mead, while the ascribed statuses of middle-aged... while the ascribed status of middle age, have been held for later in life. Boom. Books such as The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir and The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan. People were producing more than they needed to survive, but instead of that surplus, surplus, the surplus. Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social,"
],
[
"The Welfare State",
" represent a form of social cohesion, cohesion. Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion. Cohesion. Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion. Why? Why? Social facts and their coercive power represent a form of social cohesion. As a result, we've seen a lot of important changes in organizations that house these kinds of newer jobs. This is the age-old question. Nurture, nature, or nurture? This... Nurture, nature, or nurture? So you have to define your concepts, which becomes even more important when you get to the next step of the research process, stating a hypothesis. A hypothesis. A hypohoobish. But, social location also… We're talking, we're bringing, brbrbr. On the micro level, these ideas were picked up by what's known as the symbolic interactionist paradigm and theorists like Erving Goffman. Goff, Erving Goffman. Erving Goffman. Wow. Erving Goffman. Martineving Goffman. Irving Goffman. Martineau started out kind of like the crash course of her time, bringing resource, resorch. She did the resorch. Benjamin Lee Whorf, the American linguist who helped shape this theory, did his original resort, reserch. You're starting every cut like this. Yeah. And his list goes on. Every life stage from when you're born to when you're die. And his ambitious book called K'bibu. For our purposes as sociologists, we'll mainly be focusing on this second type of culture and its three main elements. Symbols, values, beliefs, and norms. Okay, I was like, that's not three! It's great to watch it happen. Oh no! If you look back at early human history, say about 30 to 40,000 years ago, you find a lot of what Lenski called hunting and gathering societies. Hunting? Hunting, yeah. I was trying. Don't you know about hunting? You find a lot of what Lenski called hunting and gathering societies. I almost said hunting. I could tell, but you didn't. People in hunting and gathering... I don't know why. I don't know why. So by their very nature, such societies tend to be small. Huntering and gathering- I did it again! Take for instance the consistent finding that named resumes... Compared to old-style bureaucracies, average employees in the information industry have a more direct connection to their leadership. That wasn't the teleprompter, that was just me. I can tell your reaction is different. It's the worst. It's a teleprompter, you know, there's nothing it can do, but I can not suck. Usually when it's a teleprompter, it's exasperation. When it's you, it's anger. The ideals of liberty and justice for all enshrined in our founding documents? Heavily influenced by French philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire, and British philosophers like Hobbes and Locke, as well as the Iroquois Confederacy and its ideas of representative democracy. Oh, you were nailing that. Oh, man. I was just like, oh, she's going to do it. Heavily influenced by French philosophers like Rousseau and Voltaire, and British philosophers like Hobbes and Locke, as well as by the Iroquois Confederacy and its ideas of representative democracy. It's fine. It's all fine. Today we learned about what culture is and the difference between material representative democracy! Buh! It's fine, it's fine. Today we learned about what culture is and the difference between material and non-material culture. We learned about the three, we learned about three things. I'm getting worse. I'm getting worse. I'm getting worse. And just as leaders may differ in what they're trying to do, so too can they go about doing it in different ways. I'm talking here about leadership styles, of which there are three. Can you hit that three when you say three? Okay. Your European three. This isn't... This is a European three. This is...this is...this is Central California three. This is Central California three. This is weird. Well then, if you just. It goes one, two, three, four, five. I don't like it. The one that you're doing, does it start with a pinky? No, I don't know. I don't, I don't know. I don't, I don't."
],
[
"The Common Market",
" I don't like this. I don't enjoy this at all."
],
[
"The Thought Bubble",
""
],
[
"Consumer Products",
""
],
[
"Conclusion",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Post-War Rebuilding and the Cold War: Crash Course European History #41
|
-rkIqtV07HE
| 885 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 46
},
{
"start_time": 46,
"title": "Yalta and Potsdam",
"end_time": 105
},
{
"start_time": 105,
"title": "The United Nations",
"end_time": 196
},
{
"start_time": 196,
"title": "After the War",
"end_time": 287
},
{
"start_time": 287,
"title": "The Marshall Plan",
"end_time": 433
},
{
"start_time": 433,
"title": "Operation Vittles",
"end_time": 508
},
{
"start_time": 508,
"title": "Purges",
"end_time": 635
},
{
"start_time": 635,
"title": "Everyday Life",
"end_time": 689
},
{
"start_time": 689,
"title": "Propaganda",
"end_time": 795
},
{
"start_time": 795,
"title": "George Orwells 1984",
"end_time": 885
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today we head to the Americas",
"timestamp": [
0,
7
]
},
{
"text": " at a time when Broadway was just another unpaved part of not-yet-even New Amsterdam.",
"timestamp": [
7,
12.72
]
},
{
"text": " So we're gonna head to Mexico to learn about a woman who brought the Spanish Golden Age",
"timestamp": [
12.72,
17.6
]
},
{
"text": " to the so-called New World.",
"timestamp": [
17.6,
19.66
]
},
{
"text": " And guess what?",
"timestamp": [
19.66,
20.66
]
},
{
"text": " She was a nun.",
"timestamp": [
20.66,
21.66
]
},
{
"text": " Why is it always the nuns, Yorick?",
"timestamp": [
21.66,
32.68
]
},
{
"text": " We shouldn't get too far before being super clear.",
"timestamp": [
32.68,
35.22
]
},
{
"text": " There was theater in Central America way before any Europeans, and it will probably seem familiar.",
"timestamp": [
35.22,
40.94
]
},
{
"text": " Pre-Columbian theater looks like religious ritual and is associated with various religious",
"timestamp": [
40.94,
45.8
]
},
{
"text": " festivals.",
"timestamp": [
45.8,
46.8
]
},
{
"text": " When Aztecs conducted a sacrifice, they did it in style, with costumes and parades and",
"timestamp": [
46.8,
53.6
]
},
{
"text": " animals.",
"timestamp": [
53.6,
54.6
]
},
{
"text": " Though maybe don't get too attached to those animals.",
"timestamp": [
54.6,
57.6
]
},
{
"text": " Or some of the people wearing the costumes.",
"timestamp": [
57.6,
59.48
]
},
{
"text": " In the 16th century, an indigenous onlooker whose words were later copied by a missionary",
"timestamp": [
59.48,
63.72
]
},
{
"text": " described a celebration for the feathered serpent creator deity Quetzalcoatl.",
"timestamp": [
63.72,
68
]
},
{
"text": " The actors came out and performed short comic pieces, pretending to be deaf, afflicted with",
"timestamp": [
68,
73.56
]
},
{
"text": " colds, halt, blind, and missing an arm, all coming to the idol to ask for health.",
"timestamp": [
73.56,
79.92
]
},
{
"text": " The deaf ones would give foolish answers, and those with colds coughed.",
"timestamp": [
79.92,
83.9
]
},
{
"text": " The halt, limping about, described their miseries and complaints, and made the people laugh",
"timestamp": [
83.9,
88.68
]
},
{
"text": " heartily.",
"timestamp": [
88.68,
90
]
},
{
"text": " Others came out representing vermin, with some dressed as beetles, others as toads,",
"timestamp": [
90,
94.8
]
},
{
"text": " others as lizards, and so on.",
"timestamp": [
94.8,
97.96
]
},
{
"text": " After this was over, they performed a dance with all of these actors, and the festival",
"timestamp": [
97.96,
102.88
]
},
{
"text": " ended.",
"timestamp": [
102.88,
103.88
]
},
{
"text": " There you have it folks, ability-related comedy and vermin dance.",
"timestamp": [
103.88,
106.88
]
},
{
"text": " Fun times for all?",
"timestamp": [
106.88,
109.12
]
},
{
"text": " But lizards aside, we don't have to look especially hard to draw connections between this",
"timestamp": [
109.12,
113.52
]
},
{
"text": " and the kind of medieval comedy that informed the cycle plays,",
"timestamp": [
113.52,
116.64
]
},
{
"text": " or even all the way back to ancient farce.",
"timestamp": [
116.64,
119.04
]
},
{
"text": " Things change after the Spanish arrive, obviously, for a lot of reasons,",
"timestamp": [
119.04,
123.44
]
},
{
"text": " not the least of which being genocide.",
"timestamp": [
123.44,
126.12
]
},
{
"text": " If you've watched Crash Course World History, you'll know that the attitude of the Spaniards",
"timestamp": [
126.12,
129.52
]
},
{
"text": " towards native religious practices was not exactly chill.",
"timestamp": [
129.52,
133.56
]
},
{
"text": " Admittedly, some native religious practices did involve human sacrifice.",
"timestamp": [
133.56,
138.56
]
},
{
"text": " The invading Spanish practice forced conversion, stamping out native Aztec rituals, often violently. Missionaries had",
"timestamp": [
138.56,
145.4
]
},
{
"text": " native peoples perform Bible stories and take part in historical pageants on fun",
"timestamp": [
145.4,
151.76
]
},
{
"text": " topics like how the great and honorable Spaniards had conquered the evil and",
"timestamp": [
151.76,
155.88
]
},
{
"text": " terrible Moors. Guess which side the indigenous peoples played. Turns out",
"timestamp": [
155.88,
160.52
]
},
{
"text": " performance is a pretty useful way to spread religious and imperial propaganda",
"timestamp": [
160.52,
164.2
]
},
{
"text": " and impose your preferred historical narratives.",
"timestamp": [
164.2,
166.8
]
},
{
"text": " We know about some of this because of the Franciscan monk Alonzo Ponce.",
"timestamp": [
166.8,
170.08
]
},
{
"text": " From 1584 to 1589, he toured more than 170 convents and had his secretary write down",
"timestamp": [
170.08,
176.08
]
},
{
"text": " all of the performances he saw.",
"timestamp": [
176.08,
177.84
]
},
{
"text": " Ponce saw a lot of European-style Bible stories and battle reenactments with",
"timestamp": [
177.84,
182.48
]
},
{
"text": " indigenous actors basically acting out",
"timestamp": [
182.48,
185.36
]
},
{
"text": " their own defeat.",
"timestamp": [
185.36,
186.7
]
},
{
"text": " But the secretary also noted games and acrobatics, which had a non-European vibe and probably",
"timestamp": [
186.7,
192.48
]
},
{
"text": " reflected earlier indigenous performance.",
"timestamp": [
192.48,
194.8
]
},
{
"text": " Throughout the 16th century, colonial authors translated religious dramas imported from",
"timestamp": [
194.8,
198.68
]
},
{
"text": " Spain into indigenous languages, and then began writing their own plays, also in local",
"timestamp": [
198.68,
204.28
]
},
{
"text": " languages, to pros began writing their own plays, also in local languages,",
"timestamp": [
204.28,
205.1
]
},
{
"text": " to proselytize with.",
"timestamp": [
205.1,
206.54
]
},
{
"text": " These were mostly religious allegories or takes on Bible stories, such as the Three",
"timestamp": [
206.54,
210.8
]
},
{
"text": " Kings or the Sacrifice of Isaac.",
"timestamp": [
210.8,
213.44
]
},
{
"text": " But by the end of the century, Spanish was becoming the dominant language of theater,",
"timestamp": [
213.44,
218.06
]
},
{
"text": " and Mexico City was becoming the theatrical center of the Spanish Empire.",
"timestamp": [
218.06,
222.84
]
},
{
"text": " In 1565, the city established a prize for the best",
"timestamp": [
222.84,
226.48
]
},
{
"text": " Corpus Christi play, and by the early 1600s people were building Spanish-style",
"timestamp": [
226.48,
231.48
]
},
{
"text": " theaters and starting professional acting companies. That brings us to",
"timestamp": [
231.48,
235.32
]
},
{
"text": " Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, the first feminist of the Americas, the last great",
"timestamp": [
235.32,
240.6
]
},
{
"text": " writer of the Spanish Golden Age, and the only one to get her own steamy Netflix show, Juana Inés.",
"timestamp": [
240.6,
246.6
]
},
{
"text": " Take that, Lope de Vega.",
"timestamp": [
246.6,
248.52
]
},
{
"text": " Like Rosvita, she too had some dope nicknames, the Tenth Muse, the Phoenix of America.",
"timestamp": [
248.52,
253.96
]
},
{
"text": " And like Rosvita, she wrote in a lot of genres, including philosophy, theology, a ton of poems,",
"timestamp": [
253.96,
259.68
]
},
{
"text": " several carol sequences, and 27 plays, most of them introductions to Autos Sacramentales, including",
"timestamp": [
259.68,
266.92
]
},
{
"text": " The Loa of the Divine Narcissus, which we'll look at in a minute.",
"timestamp": [
266.92,
269.96
]
},
{
"text": " She wrote a few full-length comedies, including Pawns of a House, which includes a strong-minded",
"timestamp": [
269.96,
274.88
]
},
{
"text": " young woman who wants to become a nun, and Love is More a Labyrinth, about Theseus, Ariadne,",
"timestamp": [
274.88,
281.4
]
},
{
"text": " and Phaedra.",
"timestamp": [
281.4,
282.4
]
},
{
"text": " Doesn't really sound like a comedy, but that hasn't stopped anyone yet.",
"timestamp": [
282.4,
285.8
]
},
{
"text": " Sor Juana was born in Mexico in 1648, the illegitimate daughter of a Spanish military",
"timestamp": [
285.8,
290.96
]
},
{
"text": " officer.",
"timestamp": [
290.96,
291.96
]
},
{
"text": " She was mostly self-educated, and said that she wrote her first play at the age of 8,",
"timestamp": [
291.96,
296.12
]
},
{
"text": " so she was pretty precocious, too.",
"timestamp": [
296.12,
297.6
]
},
{
"text": " She later moved to Mexico City, where she begged to be allowed to dress as a boy so",
"timestamp": [
297.6,
301.96
]
},
{
"text": " she could attend university, but she had to continue her education",
"timestamp": [
301.96,
305.52
]
},
{
"text": " privately.",
"timestamp": [
305.52,
306.52
]
},
{
"text": " She became a favorite of the Spanish viceroy and his wife, and lived at court, where she",
"timestamp": [
306.52,
311.24
]
},
{
"text": " continued her education, learning Latin and also Nahuatl.",
"timestamp": [
311.24,
314.76
]
},
{
"text": " She spent a few years as a lady in waiting, and then in 1669 she decided to join an order",
"timestamp": [
314.76,
319.32
]
},
{
"text": " of Hieronymite nuns, a comparatively relaxed order.",
"timestamp": [
319.32,
322.76
]
},
{
"text": " She'd already received several offers of marriage, but she knew that if she got married,",
"timestamp": [
322.76,
327.24
]
},
{
"text": " she would have to devote herself to her family and be subservient to her husband.",
"timestamp": [
327.24,
331.52
]
},
{
"text": " Boring.",
"timestamp": [
331.52,
332.52
]
},
{
"text": " But if she became a nun, she could determine her own intellectual life.",
"timestamp": [
332.52,
336.38
]
},
{
"text": " And she did.",
"timestamp": [
336.38,
337.38
]
},
{
"text": " Nice.",
"timestamp": [
337.38,
338.38
]
},
{
"text": " During her lifetime, one of her essays was published, though the bishop who published",
"timestamp": [
338.38,
341.48
]
},
{
"text": " it also added a critique of it, saying that a woman She was wrong to concern herself with worldly stuff like writing and philosophy",
"timestamp": [
341.48,
350.4
]
},
{
"text": " The bishop also wrote the critique under the pseudonym Sor Philotea",
"timestamp": [
350.44,
353.76
]
},
{
"text": " Pretending to be another nun. Sor Juana wrote a response to the response",
"timestamp": [
354.08,
357.76
]
},
{
"text": " Reply to sister Philotea and it's here that we find most of her biographical information",
"timestamp": [
357.92,
363.2
]
},
{
"text": " But basically she writes, heck no, Philatea.",
"timestamp": [
363.2,
366.88
]
},
{
"text": " She quotes the mystic St. Teresa who said,",
"timestamp": [
366.88,
369.6
]
},
{
"text": " One can perfectly well philosophize while cooking supper.",
"timestamp": [
369.6,
374.08
]
},
{
"text": " And wrote that if more women teach, maybe young girls could learn without being harassed",
"timestamp": [
374.08,
378.68
]
},
{
"text": " so much.",
"timestamp": [
378.68,
379.68
]
},
{
"text": " The bishop censured her, not using a pseudonym this time, and later in her life she probably",
"timestamp": [
379.68,
384.64
]
},
{
"text": " had to give up writing to avoid punishment.",
"timestamp": [
384.64,
387.74
]
},
{
"text": " She died in 1695 when she caught the plague while caring for other afflicted nuns, which",
"timestamp": [
387.74,
393.38
]
},
{
"text": " is heartbreaking but also righteous as heck.",
"timestamp": [
393.38,
396.34
]
},
{
"text": " Let's look at one of Sor Juana's plays, The Loa of the Divine Narcissus.",
"timestamp": [
396.34,
400.68
]
},
{
"text": " The Loa, which comes from the Latin laus or praise, began as a prologue at the beginning",
"timestamp": [
400.68,
405.32
]
},
{
"text": " of a comedy that told the audience what the comedy would be about.",
"timestamp": [
405.32,
409.12
]
},
{
"text": " But eventually it evolved into a kind of short allegorical drama that emphasized Christian",
"timestamp": [
409.12,
414.26
]
},
{
"text": " teachings and was typically associated with the autos sacramentales.",
"timestamp": [
414.26,
417.48
]
},
{
"text": " Lope, Calderón, Tirso de Molina, and all of those golden age guys, they all wrote Loas,",
"timestamp": [
417.48,
422.12
]
},
{
"text": " but Sor Juana's Loa does what Loas and Autos are supposed to do.",
"timestamp": [
422.12,
426
]
},
{
"text": " It celebrates humankind's redemption via the Eucharist.",
"timestamp": [
426,
430.32
]
},
{
"text": " But as a Mexican woman of Spanish descent, Juanes Loa also has a sneaky reverence for",
"timestamp": [
430.32,
436.16
]
},
{
"text": " native cultural practices, and might even function as a critique of doctrinaire colonial",
"timestamp": [
436.16,
441.78
]
},
{
"text": " rule.",
"timestamp": [
441.78,
442.78
]
},
{
"text": " Let's speak truth to power, Thought Bubble. Occident, a crowned Aztec dude, enters alongside America, a queenly Aztec woman.",
"timestamp": [
442.78,
450.8
]
},
{
"text": " Occident and America are regal as heck, and the first words of the play acknowledge that.",
"timestamp": [
450.8,
456.96
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, noble Mexicans, whose ancient ancestry comes forth from the clear light and brilliance of the sun.",
"timestamp": [
456.96,
463.6
]
},
{
"text": " The character of Music tells them that since it's harvest time,",
"timestamp": [
463.6,
466.64
]
},
{
"text": " they must honor the great god of the sun and war, Huitzilopochtli.",
"timestamp": [
466.64,
470.84
]
},
{
"text": " How do they honor him?",
"timestamp": [
470.84,
472.34
]
},
{
"text": " By mixing seeds with human blood, shaping it into a statue, and then eating the statue.",
"timestamp": [
472.34,
478.64
]
},
{
"text": " Other figures enter, dressed in ponchos, and perform a tocotin, a kind of indigenous dance.",
"timestamp": [
478.64,
484.94
]
},
{
"text": " Already, the play acknowledges two cultures and two performance styles,",
"timestamp": [
484.94,
489.28
]
},
{
"text": " European allegorical drama and Aztec dance.",
"timestamp": [
489.28,
492.72
]
},
{
"text": " Now, the Spaniards show up.",
"timestamp": [
492.72,
494.56
]
},
{
"text": " First, Religión appears as a Spanish woman, and Zil as a Spanish conquistador.",
"timestamp": [
494.56,
499.52
]
},
{
"text": " Religión is freaked out by the whole human sacrifice thing,",
"timestamp": [
499.52,
502.96
]
},
{
"text": " and Zil is like,",
"timestamp": [
502.96,
503.84
]
},
{
"text": " Relax, I got a sword, it's taken care of.",
"timestamp": [
503.84,
506.68
]
},
{
"text": " And religion goes, maybe we can try mercy before killing?",
"timestamp": [
506.68,
510.78
]
},
{
"text": " So religion is like, hey, Occident and America, maybe don't be heretics.",
"timestamp": [
510.78,
515.6
]
},
{
"text": " And Occident and America respond, leave us alone, we are worshipping our god.",
"timestamp": [
515.6,
520.76
]
},
{
"text": " So Zeal is like, okay, back to plan A. Die, impudent America. There's a huge battle, and yeah, no prize for guessing who wins, but Occident and America",
"timestamp": [
520.76,
530.14
]
},
{
"text": " are still defiant, saying yes, they're defeated, but they're gonna go on worshipping their",
"timestamp": [
530.14,
535.36
]
},
{
"text": " god their way.",
"timestamp": [
535.36,
537.12
]
},
{
"text": " And religion is like, look, your false god is just a huge theological misunderstanding",
"timestamp": [
537.12,
542.52
]
},
{
"text": " of the true god, so maybe we can all just get on the same page.",
"timestamp": [
542.52,
546.8
]
},
{
"text": " We worship our God with bread and wine, so maybe it's not so different after all.",
"timestamp": [
546.8,
551.76
]
},
{
"text": " And Occident and America are like, huh, well argued. We'll adopt your God now. Let's all get baptized.",
"timestamp": [
551.76,
558.56
]
},
{
"text": " Thank you Thought Bubble. In the Loa of the Divine Narcissus' exciting conclusion,",
"timestamp": [
558.56,
562.16
]
},
{
"text": " religion is like, before we do the baptism, let's watch an auto to learn more about how great the Eucharist is. We're going to call this auto",
"timestamp": [
562.16,
569.68
]
},
{
"text": " Divine Narcissus because in the Narcissus myth, Narcissus and Echo both worship false idols. Get",
"timestamp": [
569.68,
575.68
]
},
{
"text": " it? And zeal is all, religion, as a woman in Mexico, isn't it wrong that you're writing auto",
"timestamp": [
575.68,
580.72
]
},
{
"text": " sacramentales to be performed in Spain? And then religion is like, it comes from my faith, so nope, we good, lights down.",
"timestamp": [
580.72,
588.72
]
},
{
"text": " In the end, Christianity takes the win.",
"timestamp": [
588.72,
590.64
]
},
{
"text": " The Aztecs are successfully converted.",
"timestamp": [
590.64,
593
]
},
{
"text": " But here's the thing, Occident and America aren't portrayed as savages.",
"timestamp": [
593,
597.28
]
},
{
"text": " And even though their ritual is definitely stomach-churning, unless you're a vampire",
"timestamp": [
597.28,
601.32
]
},
{
"text": " who also is into whole grains, it isn't represented as violent or grotesque.",
"timestamp": [
601.32,
605.92
]
},
{
"text": " As the character Religion makes it clear, it sounds a lot like the Eucharist, if the",
"timestamp": [
605.92,
610.1
]
},
{
"text": " blood of Christ thing wasn't at least partially symbolic.",
"timestamp": [
610.1,
612.7
]
},
{
"text": " By incorporating indigenous forms of performance and treating native characters with dignity,",
"timestamp": [
612.7,
617.22
]
},
{
"text": " the Loa both emphasizes Christian teachings and critiques the forced conversion of native",
"timestamp": [
617.22,
621.96
]
},
{
"text": " peoples, favoring a gentler and more respectful",
"timestamp": [
621.96,
625.2
]
},
{
"text": " approach.",
"timestamp": [
625.2,
626.2
]
},
{
"text": " It also includes a shout-out to Greek myth, an implicit acknowledgment of yet another",
"timestamp": [
626.2,
630.34
]
},
{
"text": " faith tradition.",
"timestamp": [
630.34,
631.34
]
},
{
"text": " Guess what else Sor Juana does?",
"timestamp": [
631.34,
632.52
]
},
{
"text": " By including the tocotin, an indigenous dance performed using traditional music and costumes,",
"timestamp": [
632.52,
637.88
]
},
{
"text": " she allows that performance style to continue on as even other Christians were busy stamping",
"timestamp": [
637.88,
643.48
]
},
{
"text": " it out.",
"timestamp": [
643.48,
644.48
]
},
{
"text": " Which is a classy bit",
"timestamp": [
644.48,
645.42
]
},
{
"text": " of subversion.",
"timestamp": [
645.42,
646.42
]
},
{
"text": " So, thanks, Orjuana.",
"timestamp": [
646.42,
648.06
]
},
{
"text": " No wonder you made it onto the peso.",
"timestamp": [
648.06,
649.58
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
649.58,
650.58
]
},
{
"text": " Next time, get your exaggerated eye makeup ready because we are heading over to Japan",
"timestamp": [
650.58,
654.22
]
},
{
"text": " for Kabuki, a wild, hilarious counterculture performance style which is pretty much the",
"timestamp": [
654.22,
659.3
]
},
{
"text": " closest that a repressive 18th century society gets to punk rock.",
"timestamp": [
659.3,
663.86
]
},
{
"text": " But until then, curtain. The host, Toussaint Morrison, looks at the many ways our country has and hasn't changed since its founding in 1776.",
"timestamp": [
663.86,
686.24
]
},
{
"text": " Subscribe to America from Scratch at the link below.",
"timestamp": [
686.24,
689.28
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.",
"timestamp": [
689.28,
692.72
]
},
{
"text": " Head over to their channel to check out some of their shows like The Art Assignment and Eons and It's Okay to be Smart.",
"timestamp": [
692.72,
698.16
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is filmed in EAP Chat and Stacey Emigolz's studio in Indianapolis, Indiana,",
"timestamp": [
698.16,
702.72
]
},
{
"text": " and is produced with the help of all of these very nice people. Our animation team is Thought Cafe. that is.",
"timestamp": [
702.72,
723.32
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
" Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today we head to the Americas at a time when Broadway was just another unpaved part of not-yet-even New Amsterdam. So we're gonna head to Mexico to learn about a woman who brought the Spanish Golden Age to the so-called New World. And guess what? She was a nun. Why is it always the nuns, Yorick? We shouldn't get too far before being super clear. There was theater in Central America way before any Europeans, and it will probably seem familiar. Pre-Columbian theater looks like religious ritual and is associated with various religious festivals."
],
[
"Yalta and Potsdam",
" When Aztecs conducted a sacrifice, they did it in style, with costumes and parades and animals. Though maybe don't get too attached to those animals. Or some of the people wearing the costumes. In the 16th century, an indigenous onlooker whose words were later copied by a missionary described a celebration for the feathered serpent creator deity Quetzalcoatl. The actors came out and performed short comic pieces, pretending to be deaf, afflicted with colds, halt, blind, and missing an arm, all coming to the idol to ask for health. The deaf ones would give foolish answers, and those with colds coughed. The halt, limping about, described their miseries and complaints, and made the people laugh heartily. Others came out representing vermin, with some dressed as beetles, others as toads, others as lizards, and so on. After this was over, they performed a dance with all of these actors, and the festival ended. There you have it folks, ability-related comedy and vermin dance."
],
[
"The United Nations",
" Fun times for all? But lizards aside, we don't have to look especially hard to draw connections between this and the kind of medieval comedy that informed the cycle plays, or even all the way back to ancient farce. Things change after the Spanish arrive, obviously, for a lot of reasons, not the least of which being genocide. If you've watched Crash Course World History, you'll know that the attitude of the Spaniards towards native religious practices was not exactly chill. Admittedly, some native religious practices did involve human sacrifice. The invading Spanish practice forced conversion, stamping out native Aztec rituals, often violently. Missionaries had native peoples perform Bible stories and take part in historical pageants on fun topics like how the great and honorable Spaniards had conquered the evil and terrible Moors. Guess which side the indigenous peoples played. Turns out performance is a pretty useful way to spread religious and imperial propaganda and impose your preferred historical narratives. We know about some of this because of the Franciscan monk Alonzo Ponce. From 1584 to 1589, he toured more than 170 convents and had his secretary write down all of the performances he saw. Ponce saw a lot of European-style Bible stories and battle reenactments with indigenous actors basically acting out their own defeat. But the secretary also noted games and acrobatics, which had a non-European vibe and probably reflected earlier indigenous performance. Throughout the 16th century, colonial authors translated religious dramas imported from"
],
[
"After the War",
" Spain into indigenous languages, and then began writing their own plays, also in local languages, to pros began writing their own plays, also in local languages, to proselytize with. These were mostly religious allegories or takes on Bible stories, such as the Three Kings or the Sacrifice of Isaac. But by the end of the century, Spanish was becoming the dominant language of theater, and Mexico City was becoming the theatrical center of the Spanish Empire. In 1565, the city established a prize for the best Corpus Christi play, and by the early 1600s people were building Spanish-style theaters and starting professional acting companies. That brings us to Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, the first feminist of the Americas, the last great writer of the Spanish Golden Age, and the only one to get her own steamy Netflix show, Juana Inés. Take that, Lope de Vega. Like Rosvita, she too had some dope nicknames, the Tenth Muse, the Phoenix of America. And like Rosvita, she wrote in a lot of genres, including philosophy, theology, a ton of poems, several carol sequences, and 27 plays, most of them introductions to Autos Sacramentales, including The Loa of the Divine Narcissus, which we'll look at in a minute. She wrote a few full-length comedies, including Pawns of a House, which includes a strong-minded young woman who wants to become a nun, and Love is More a Labyrinth, about Theseus, Ariadne, and Phaedra. Doesn't really sound like a comedy, but that hasn't stopped anyone yet. Sor Juana was born in Mexico in 1648, the illegitimate daughter of a Spanish military"
],
[
"The Marshall Plan",
" officer. She was mostly self-educated, and said that she wrote her first play at the age of 8, so she was pretty precocious, too. She later moved to Mexico City, where she begged to be allowed to dress as a boy so she could attend university, but she had to continue her education privately. She became a favorite of the Spanish viceroy and his wife, and lived at court, where she continued her education, learning Latin and also Nahuatl. She spent a few years as a lady in waiting, and then in 1669 she decided to join an order of Hieronymite nuns, a comparatively relaxed order. She'd already received several offers of marriage, but she knew that if she got married, she would have to devote herself to her family and be subservient to her husband. Boring. But if she became a nun, she could determine her own intellectual life. And she did. Nice. During her lifetime, one of her essays was published, though the bishop who published it also added a critique of it, saying that a woman She was wrong to concern herself with worldly stuff like writing and philosophy The bishop also wrote the critique under the pseudonym Sor Philotea Pretending to be another nun. Sor Juana wrote a response to the response Reply to sister Philotea and it's here that we find most of her biographical information But basically she writes, heck no, Philatea. She quotes the mystic St. Teresa who said, One can perfectly well philosophize while cooking supper. And wrote that if more women teach, maybe young girls could learn without being harassed so much. The bishop censured her, not using a pseudonym this time, and later in her life she probably had to give up writing to avoid punishment. She died in 1695 when she caught the plague while caring for other afflicted nuns, which is heartbreaking but also righteous as heck. Let's look at one of Sor Juana's plays, The Loa of the Divine Narcissus. The Loa, which comes from the Latin laus or praise, began as a prologue at the beginning of a comedy that told the audience what the comedy would be about. But eventually it evolved into a kind of short allegorical drama that emphasized Christian teachings and was typically associated with the autos sacramentales. Lope, Calderón, Tirso de Molina, and all of those golden age guys, they all wrote Loas, but Sor Juana's Loa does what Loas and Autos are supposed to do. It celebrates humankind's redemption via the Eucharist. But as a Mexican woman of Spanish descent, Juanes Loa also has a sneaky reverence for"
],
[
"Operation Vittles",
" native cultural practices, and might even function as a critique of doctrinaire colonial rule. Let's speak truth to power, Thought Bubble. Occident, a crowned Aztec dude, enters alongside America, a queenly Aztec woman. Occident and America are regal as heck, and the first words of the play acknowledge that. Oh, noble Mexicans, whose ancient ancestry comes forth from the clear light and brilliance of the sun. The character of Music tells them that since it's harvest time, they must honor the great god of the sun and war, Huitzilopochtli. How do they honor him? By mixing seeds with human blood, shaping it into a statue, and then eating the statue. Other figures enter, dressed in ponchos, and perform a tocotin, a kind of indigenous dance. Already, the play acknowledges two cultures and two performance styles, European allegorical drama and Aztec dance. Now, the Spaniards show up. First, Religión appears as a Spanish woman, and Zil as a Spanish conquistador. Religión is freaked out by the whole human sacrifice thing, and Zil is like, Relax, I got a sword, it's taken care of. And religion goes, maybe we can try mercy before killing?"
],
[
"Purges",
" So religion is like, hey, Occident and America, maybe don't be heretics. And Occident and America respond, leave us alone, we are worshipping our god. So Zeal is like, okay, back to plan A. Die, impudent America. There's a huge battle, and yeah, no prize for guessing who wins, but Occident and America are still defiant, saying yes, they're defeated, but they're gonna go on worshipping their god their way. And religion is like, look, your false god is just a huge theological misunderstanding of the true god, so maybe we can all just get on the same page. We worship our God with bread and wine, so maybe it's not so different after all. And Occident and America are like, huh, well argued. We'll adopt your God now. Let's all get baptized. Thank you Thought Bubble. In the Loa of the Divine Narcissus' exciting conclusion, religion is like, before we do the baptism, let's watch an auto to learn more about how great the Eucharist is. We're going to call this auto Divine Narcissus because in the Narcissus myth, Narcissus and Echo both worship false idols. Get it? And zeal is all, religion, as a woman in Mexico, isn't it wrong that you're writing auto sacramentales to be performed in Spain? And then religion is like, it comes from my faith, so nope, we good, lights down. In the end, Christianity takes the win. The Aztecs are successfully converted. But here's the thing, Occident and America aren't portrayed as savages. And even though their ritual is definitely stomach-churning, unless you're a vampire who also is into whole grains, it isn't represented as violent or grotesque. As the character Religion makes it clear, it sounds a lot like the Eucharist, if the blood of Christ thing wasn't at least partially symbolic. By incorporating indigenous forms of performance and treating native characters with dignity, the Loa both emphasizes Christian teachings and critiques the forced conversion of native peoples, favoring a gentler and more respectful approach. It also includes a shout-out to Greek myth, an implicit acknowledgment of yet another faith tradition. Guess what else Sor Juana does? By including the tocotin, an indigenous dance performed using traditional music and costumes,"
],
[
"Everyday Life",
" she allows that performance style to continue on as even other Christians were busy stamping it out. Which is a classy bit of subversion. So, thanks, Orjuana. No wonder you made it onto the peso. Thanks for watching. Next time, get your exaggerated eye makeup ready because we are heading over to Japan for Kabuki, a wild, hilarious counterculture performance style which is pretty much the closest that a repressive 18th century society gets to punk rock. But until then, curtain. The host, Toussaint Morrison, looks at the many ways our country has and hasn't changed since its founding in 1776. Subscribe to America from Scratch at the link below."
],
[
"Propaganda",
" Crash Course Theater is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Head over to their channel to check out some of their shows like The Art Assignment and Eons and It's Okay to be Smart. Crash Course Theater is filmed in EAP Chat and Stacey Emigolz's studio in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is produced with the help of all of these very nice people. Our animation team is Thought Cafe. that is."
],
[
"George Orwells 1984",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Migration: Crash Course European History #29
|
MN8fjAjLLpg
| 838 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 75
},
{
"start_time": 75,
"title": "Emigration",
"end_time": 614
},
{
"start_time": 614,
"title": "Thought Bubble",
"end_time": 712
},
{
"start_time": 712,
"title": "Outro",
"end_time": 838
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Heya, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today I'm going to move my hands",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.26
]
},
{
"text": " in very intricate and meaningful ways as we discuss Katakali, the Indian dance drama that",
"timestamp": [
4.26,
9.26
]
},
{
"text": " followed Sanskrit drama and is still being performed today.",
"timestamp": [
9.26,
12.94
]
},
{
"text": " Katakali performances would last all night and climax at dawn with the killing of a demon,",
"timestamp": [
12.94,
18.7
]
},
{
"text": " because after eight hours you need a big finish.",
"timestamp": [
18.7,
21.1
]
},
{
"text": " Do you like colorful and frightening stage makeup?",
"timestamp": [
21.1,
23.1
]
},
{
"text": " Then you have come to the right place.",
"timestamp": [
23.1,
24.7
]
},
{
"text": " Eww. Nice. Do you like colorful and frightening stage makeup? Then you have come to the right place!",
"timestamp": [
24.7,
25.52
]
},
{
"text": " Eww.",
"timestamp": [
25.52,
27.52
]
},
{
"text": " Nice.",
"timestamp": [
27.52,
29.52
]
},
{
"text": " INTRO",
"timestamp": [
29.52,
31.52
]
},
{
"text": " By the 13th century, Sanskrit drama wasn't performed much anymore.",
"timestamp": [
31.52,
39.72
]
},
{
"text": " But some plays had been adapted for a form of dance worship called kutiyatam.",
"timestamp": [
39.72,
44.64
]
},
{
"text": " Another form that absorbed Sanskrit drama is the krishnatam, a cycle of eight dance",
"timestamp": [
44.64,
48.74
]
},
{
"text": " dramas created around 1650 and dedicated to the god Krishna, with one drama performed",
"timestamp": [
48.74,
54.3
]
},
{
"text": " every night for eight consecutive nights.",
"timestamp": [
54.3,
56.88
]
},
{
"text": " As religious works, Kutiyattam and Krishnatam were mostly performed in temples in the state",
"timestamp": [
56.88,
61.38
]
},
{
"text": " of Kerala for any gods who happened to be watching. Though high-caste people were also allowed to attend.",
"timestamp": [
61.38,
67.22
]
},
{
"text": " That's a pretty small audience, so enter Kattakali.",
"timestamp": [
67.22,
70.72
]
},
{
"text": " As with most ancient and early modern forms of drama, everyone say it with me, we don't",
"timestamp": [
70.72,
75.36
]
},
{
"text": " know exactly when it began, but it was fully developed by the 17th century.",
"timestamp": [
75.36,
79.92
]
},
{
"text": " Historically, Kattakali was performed in the outer courtyards of temples, so anyone could",
"timestamp": [
79.92,
85
]
},
{
"text": " attend evening performances winter to spring.",
"timestamp": [
85,
87.84
]
},
{
"text": " Thousands showed up for popular works, like Kutiyatam and Krishnatam Kathakali, whose",
"timestamp": [
87.84,
92.48
]
},
{
"text": " name literally means story play, is a fusion of music, dance, and acting, plus some awesome",
"timestamp": [
92.48,
98.22
]
},
{
"text": " martial arts.",
"timestamp": [
98.22,
99.22
]
},
{
"text": " Most kathakali, like Sanskrit drama, borrows stories from the great Hindu epics, the Mahabharata",
"timestamp": [
99.22,
104.6
]
},
{
"text": " and the Ramayana.",
"timestamp": [
104.6,
105.86
]
},
{
"text": " But some Kattakali plays borrow from other sacred texts, especially the Puranas.",
"timestamp": [
105.86,
110.8
]
},
{
"text": " More recently there have been Kattakali adaptations of Shakespeare and other Western dramas too.",
"timestamp": [
110.8,
114.72
]
},
{
"text": " There's a repertoire of 60 plays still performed today, most written in Malayalam, the most",
"timestamp": [
114.72,
120.44
]
},
{
"text": " widely spoken language in Kerala.",
"timestamp": [
120.44,
123.04
]
},
{
"text": " But there are portions in Sanskrit.",
"timestamp": [
123.04,
125.24
]
},
{
"text": " The plays typically were and still are performed by men,",
"timestamp": [
125.24,
128.24
]
},
{
"text": " but some contemporary troupes include women.",
"timestamp": [
128.24,
130.44
]
},
{
"text": " And honestly, underneath all that makeup and those fake demon breasts,",
"timestamp": [
130.44,
133.96
]
},
{
"text": " how can you even tell?",
"timestamp": [
133.96,
135.04
]
},
{
"text": " The Kattakali stage is a square of ground in the temple courtyard",
"timestamp": [
135.04,
138.44
]
},
{
"text": " with a satin curtain at the front, which represents worldly illusions,",
"timestamp": [
138.44,
143.24
]
},
{
"text": " and a brass lamp which welcomes divine presence.",
"timestamp": [
143.24,
147.04
]
},
{
"text": " At dusk a drum invites the gods to take their seats, and then two to three hours of preliminaries",
"timestamp": [
147.04,
153.56
]
},
{
"text": " begin—prayers, warm-up acts, and drum solos before the eight-hour performance.",
"timestamp": [
153.56,
160.16
]
},
{
"text": " There are no set pieces, except for a wooden stool, and there are no props, except for weapons.",
"timestamp": [
160.16,
165.7
]
},
{
"text": " The play usually ends at dawn, with the slaying of a demon, or a demon king,",
"timestamp": [
165.7,
171.3
]
},
{
"text": " followed by a dance thanking the gods and asking for blessings on the audience.",
"timestamp": [
171.3,
176
]
},
{
"text": " Then, the lamp is extinguished.",
"timestamp": [
176,
178.5
]
},
{
"text": " Contemporary audiences may not have the stamina for an all-night dance theater extravaganza that culminate in demon killing, so these days performances last about three hours and usually include scenes from three",
"timestamp": [
178.5,
189.24
]
},
{
"text": " different plays.",
"timestamp": [
189.24,
190.64
]
},
{
"text": " In Katakali there are three kinds of performers, actor-dancers, percussionists, and singers.",
"timestamp": [
190.64,
196.12
]
},
{
"text": " Actors were once drawn from the ranks of martial artists and would pledge to their patrons",
"timestamp": [
196.12,
201.04
]
},
{
"text": " that they would perform until their dying day.",
"timestamp": [
201.04,
205.44
]
},
{
"text": " Now things are a little less strict.",
"timestamp": [
205.44,
207.12
]
},
{
"text": " Still, you have to apprentice for 20 years to be considered a fully trained Katakali",
"timestamp": [
207.12,
211.88
]
},
{
"text": " performer.",
"timestamp": [
211.88,
213
]
},
{
"text": " Characters are typically based on archetypes—kings, heroines, demons, demonesses, gods, animals,",
"timestamp": [
213,
217.52
]
},
{
"text": " priests—though some seem drawn from life.",
"timestamp": [
217.52,
220.56
]
},
{
"text": " Actor-dancers create their roles by learning highly regimented choreography and—I was",
"timestamp": [
220.56,
224.44
]
},
{
"text": " not kidding—500 distinct hand gestures called mudras.",
"timestamp": [
224.44,
229.76
]
},
{
"text": " As Nandikeshwar as medieval Tredas Abhinay Darpanam says,",
"timestamp": [
229.76,
233.16
]
},
{
"text": " \"'For wherever the hand moves, there the glances flows.",
"timestamp": [
233.16,
237.68
]
},
{
"text": " Where the glances go, the mind follows.",
"timestamp": [
237.68,
240.4
]
},
{
"text": " Where the mind goes, the mood follows.",
"timestamp": [
240.4,
243.04
]
},
{
"text": " And where the mood goes, there is the flavor.",
"timestamp": [
243.04,
246.74
]
},
{
"text": " These gestures and a huge range of facial expressions allow them to tell the stories",
"timestamp": [
246.74,
250.92
]
},
{
"text": " with just their bodies and reflect the inner state, or bhava, of each character.",
"timestamp": [
250.92,
256.86
]
},
{
"text": " As we mentioned in Sanskrit drama, there are nine bhavas—the erotic, the comic, the pathetic,",
"timestamp": [
256.86,
261.84
]
},
{
"text": " the angry, the heroic, the fearful, the repulsive, the wondrous, and peace.",
"timestamp": [
261.84,
266.68
]
},
{
"text": " Here is how to perform the erotic Bala. Open the upper lids as wide as possible.",
"timestamp": [
267.28,
273.16
]
},
{
"text": " Keep the lower lids slightly closed. With the lips make a soft, relaxed smile,",
"timestamp": [
273.16,
278.76
]
},
{
"text": " but do not show the teeth. Keep the gaze focused straight ahead.",
"timestamp": [
278.76,
282.36
]
},
{
"text": " Having assumed this position, begin to flutter the eyebrows.",
"timestamp": [
282.76,
286.76
]
},
{
"text": " Keeping the shoulders still, using the neck, move the head first to the right and then",
"timestamp": [
286.76,
292.64
]
},
{
"text": " to the left, back and forth.",
"timestamp": [
292.64,
295.52
]
},
{
"text": " Move the head to a 45-degree angle to the right, continuing to flutter the eyebrows.",
"timestamp": [
295.52,
301.52
]
},
{
"text": " Repeat to the left.",
"timestamp": [
301.52,
303.2
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, a three-drum percussion orchestra is keeping time while two onstage vocalists",
"timestamp": [
303.2,
307.92
]
},
{
"text": " clank brass cymbals and sing the text, both the third-person narration and the first-person",
"timestamp": [
307.92,
314.76
]
},
{
"text": " dialogue, because trying to perform any bhava and sing throughout an entire all-night show",
"timestamp": [
314.76,
320.16
]
},
{
"text": " would be exhausting.",
"timestamp": [
320.16,
322.32
]
},
{
"text": " Scripts for the Kachikali dramas typically run 30 or 40 pages, and if you're",
"timestamp": [
322.32,
325.76
]
},
{
"text": " thinking, um, that sounds really short for an all-night performance, you're right! That's because",
"timestamp": [
325.76,
331.92
]
},
{
"text": " the scripted words are only one component, and not even the most important one. The music and",
"timestamp": [
331.92,
337.6
]
},
{
"text": " the singing and the dancing matter just as much. Once an actor has become an expert in a role,",
"timestamp": [
337.6,
342.64
]
},
{
"text": " he's encouraged to add some passages of dance and dialogue that he has created.",
"timestamp": [
342.64,
348.16
]
},
{
"text": " This dialogue is always spoken, and never sung.",
"timestamp": [
348.16,
351.42
]
},
{
"text": " Audiences expect to see these improvisations, and it's one of the ways that they judge",
"timestamp": [
351.42,
355.56
]
},
{
"text": " a performance's success.",
"timestamp": [
355.56,
357.64
]
},
{
"text": " Lots of stuff makes Katakali awesome, but the stage makeup is really something to behold.",
"timestamp": [
357.64,
364.28
]
},
{
"text": " So hold on to your blending sponges, people.",
"timestamp": [
364.28,
366.6
]
},
{
"text": " We're going to go to the thumb.",
"timestamp": [
366.6,
368.2
]
},
{
"text": " There are seven types of characters in Katakali,",
"timestamp": [
368.2,
371.12
]
},
{
"text": " and every type gets his or her or its own makeup, which",
"timestamp": [
371.12,
375.52
]
},
{
"text": " takes two to four hours to apply.",
"timestamp": [
375.52,
378.52
]
},
{
"text": " Green, or pacha, is for gods and epic heroes like Arjuna.",
"timestamp": [
378.52,
383.04
]
},
{
"text": " They're upright, moral, and full of calm inner poise.",
"timestamp": [
383.04,
387.28
]
},
{
"text": " Ripe, or payupu, is an orange-red shade",
"timestamp": [
387.28,
390.4
]
},
{
"text": " that's used for the gods Balarama, Brahma, Shiva,",
"timestamp": [
390.4,
393.52
]
},
{
"text": " and Surya.",
"timestamp": [
393.52,
394.52
]
},
{
"text": " Knife, a.k.a.",
"timestamp": [
394.52,
395.48
]
},
{
"text": " Kati, refers to the sinister mustache",
"timestamp": [
395.48,
397.8
]
},
{
"text": " that evil king characters wear.",
"timestamp": [
397.8,
399.92
]
},
{
"text": " Their faces are green, just like a hero's,",
"timestamp": [
399.92,
402.8
]
},
{
"text": " but the red mustache lets us know that this",
"timestamp": [
402.8,
405
]
},
{
"text": " green person is up to no good.",
"timestamp": [
405,
407.84
]
},
{
"text": " Beard or tati is pretty self-explanatory.",
"timestamp": [
407.84,
409.96
]
},
{
"text": " White beards are for divine types like the monkey king Hanuman.",
"timestamp": [
409.96,
414.12
]
},
{
"text": " Black beards are for evil schemers.",
"timestamp": [
414.12,
416.6
]
},
{
"text": " Red beards are for evil characters who aren't schemers.",
"timestamp": [
416.6,
420.16
]
},
{
"text": " Black stage makeup called kari is for demonesses.",
"timestamp": [
420.16,
423.56
]
},
{
"text": " Radiant or shining makeup called minuku is used for heroines and spiritually woke",
"timestamp": [
423.56,
428.92
]
},
{
"text": " heroes.",
"timestamp": [
428.92,
429.92
]
},
{
"text": " Special, or Teppu, is for the other characters in the repertory, about 18 of them, who don't",
"timestamp": [
429.92,
435
]
},
{
"text": " fit any of the above types.",
"timestamp": [
435,
437.08
]
},
{
"text": " After the actors are made up and dressed, they place a crushed seed, called kuntupuvu,",
"timestamp": [
437.08,
441.72
]
},
{
"text": " under each eyelid.",
"timestamp": [
441.72,
443.04
]
},
{
"text": " Supposedly, the seed doesn't hurt, it irritates the eye just enough that the eyes turn red,",
"timestamp": [
443.04,
448.76
]
},
{
"text": " which is considered more expressive.",
"timestamp": [
448.76,
451.28
]
},
{
"text": " Evil beard characters insert fangs, black demon-esque characters strap on fake breasts,",
"timestamp": [
451.28,
456.6
]
},
{
"text": " elaborate headdresses are affixed, and just before going on stage, actors apply long,",
"timestamp": [
456.6,
462.44
]
},
{
"text": " silver nails to their left hand, which helps accentuate",
"timestamp": [
462.44,
466.22
]
},
{
"text": " those hand gestures.",
"timestamp": [
466.22,
467.22
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
467.22,
468.22
]
},
{
"text": " While katakali is a more secular form than its predecessors and intended for a larger",
"timestamp": [
468.22,
472.66
]
},
{
"text": " audience, it still draws from both sacred and secular traditions.",
"timestamp": [
472.66,
476.84
]
},
{
"text": " And its stories often show the gods engaged in a form of divine play.",
"timestamp": [
476.84,
481.56
]
},
{
"text": " Because even gods need a break from all that God stuff to enjoy some amateur dramatics.",
"timestamp": [
481.56,
486.2
]
},
{
"text": " Let's look at an example from a popular Kantakali drama, one still performed today, with a story drawn from the Mahabharata.",
"timestamp": [
486.2,
493
]
},
{
"text": " Ladies and gentlemen, it's Kiratam. Arjuna, one of the Pandava brothers and pretty much the greatest archer the world has ever known,",
"timestamp": [
493.14,
499.96
]
},
{
"text": " discovers that he's gonna need an incredible weapon to defeat his mean Kaurava cousins. The Paschupatastra should do. It's the most destructive",
"timestamp": [
500.32,
508.2
]
},
{
"text": " weapon in the universe. Kind of like an arrow with a nuclear warhead on the tip.",
"timestamp": [
508.2,
512.24
]
},
{
"text": " In order to convince the god Shiva to give it to him, he goes to the Himalayas",
"timestamp": [
512.24,
515.84
]
},
{
"text": " and does a bunch of penance in advance because Shiva likes austerity. Shiva is",
"timestamp": [
515.84,
521.4
]
},
{
"text": " impressed but he still wants to test Arjuna. So Sheva disguises himself as a hunter named Kirata.",
"timestamp": [
521.4,
527
]
},
{
"text": " In disguise, he starts giving Arjuna a hard time about which of them killed a wild boar,",
"timestamp": [
527,
532.44
]
},
{
"text": " and they fight.",
"timestamp": [
532.44,
533.44
]
},
{
"text": " So here's some advice, don't go up against a god.",
"timestamp": [
533.44,
536.62
]
},
{
"text": " Because Sheva wins easily.",
"timestamp": [
536.62,
538.24
]
},
{
"text": " But luckily, Arjuna has the good sense to realize he's been subdued by a god.",
"timestamp": [
538.24,
543.08
]
},
{
"text": " Instead of getting mad, he humbles himself and goes back to",
"timestamp": [
543.08,
546.16
]
},
{
"text": " penance. This self-discipline impresses Shiva, who gives him the arrow. Arjuna thanks him and",
"timestamp": [
546.16,
552.08
]
},
{
"text": " praises his play-acting and disguise by saying, by means of your play, you protect the whole",
"timestamp": [
552.08,
558.56
]
},
{
"text": " universe. Which is a pretty good review. Kheratam isn't the most dramatic of",
"timestamp": [
558.56,
562.96
]
},
{
"text": " Katakali plays. There's no demon to kill at the end, but it's a play that shows how the form dances",
"timestamp": [
562.96,
567.98
]
},
{
"text": " between the secular and the sacred and honors values dear to Hinduism like bravery and humility.",
"timestamp": [
567.98,
576
]
},
{
"text": " And it argues that playing around with makeup and costumes and fancy dialogue can also be",
"timestamp": [
576,
582.02
]
},
{
"text": " a holy act.",
"timestamp": [
582.02,
583.38
]
},
{
"text": " Most theories of theater have the art form beginning with song and dance, and while in",
"timestamp": [
583.38,
587.76
]
},
{
"text": " the Western theater, the written word has gained primacy, in many Asian and Southeast",
"timestamp": [
587.76,
592.84
]
},
{
"text": " Asian countries, highly communicative forms of music and dance remain essential components",
"timestamp": [
592.84,
598.6
]
},
{
"text": " of performance.",
"timestamp": [
598.6,
600.08
]
},
{
"text": " So join us next time as we look at Beijing opera, a form with even more elaborate headdresses.",
"timestamp": [
600.08,
606.7
]
},
{
"text": " Until then, worldly illusion- I mean, curtain.",
"timestamp": [
606.7,
610.06
]
},
{
"text": " PBS Digital Studios is conducting its annual audience survey.",
"timestamp": [
610.06,
614.42
]
},
{
"text": " 35,000 responses last year helped us make decisions on what experiments to try and even",
"timestamp": [
614.42,
619.54
]
},
{
"text": " what shows to make.",
"timestamp": [
619.54,
620.98
]
},
{
"text": " If you have a few minutes, please click the link.",
"timestamp": [
620.98,
622.9
]
},
{
"text": " 25 random participants will receive an awesome PBS Digital Studios t-shirt.",
"timestamp": [
622.9,
629
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios, our animation team,",
"timestamp": [
629,
633
]
},
{
"text": " and the Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
633,
635
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course exists thanks to the generous support of our patrons at Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
635,
639
]
},
{
"text": " Patreon is a voluntary subscription service where you can support the content you love",
"timestamp": [
639,
643
]
},
{
"text": " through a monthly donation and help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever. and I'll see you in the next video.",
"timestamp": [
643,
649.06
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
" Heya, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today I'm going to move my hands in very intricate and meaningful ways as we discuss Katakali, the Indian dance drama that followed Sanskrit drama and is still being performed today. Katakali performances would last all night and climax at dawn with the killing of a demon, because after eight hours you need a big finish. Do you like colorful and frightening stage makeup? Then you have come to the right place. Eww. Nice. Do you like colorful and frightening stage makeup? Then you have come to the right place! Eww. Nice. INTRO By the 13th century, Sanskrit drama wasn't performed much anymore. But some plays had been adapted for a form of dance worship called kutiyatam. Another form that absorbed Sanskrit drama is the krishnatam, a cycle of eight dance dramas created around 1650 and dedicated to the god Krishna, with one drama performed every night for eight consecutive nights. As religious works, Kutiyattam and Krishnatam were mostly performed in temples in the state of Kerala for any gods who happened to be watching. Though high-caste people were also allowed to attend. That's a pretty small audience, so enter Kattakali. As with most ancient and early modern forms of drama, everyone say it with me, we don't"
],
[
"Emigration",
" know exactly when it began, but it was fully developed by the 17th century. Historically, Kattakali was performed in the outer courtyards of temples, so anyone could attend evening performances winter to spring. Thousands showed up for popular works, like Kutiyatam and Krishnatam Kathakali, whose name literally means story play, is a fusion of music, dance, and acting, plus some awesome martial arts. Most kathakali, like Sanskrit drama, borrows stories from the great Hindu epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. But some Kattakali plays borrow from other sacred texts, especially the Puranas. More recently there have been Kattakali adaptations of Shakespeare and other Western dramas too. There's a repertoire of 60 plays still performed today, most written in Malayalam, the most widely spoken language in Kerala. But there are portions in Sanskrit. The plays typically were and still are performed by men, but some contemporary troupes include women. And honestly, underneath all that makeup and those fake demon breasts, how can you even tell? The Kattakali stage is a square of ground in the temple courtyard with a satin curtain at the front, which represents worldly illusions, and a brass lamp which welcomes divine presence. At dusk a drum invites the gods to take their seats, and then two to three hours of preliminaries begin—prayers, warm-up acts, and drum solos before the eight-hour performance. There are no set pieces, except for a wooden stool, and there are no props, except for weapons. The play usually ends at dawn, with the slaying of a demon, or a demon king, followed by a dance thanking the gods and asking for blessings on the audience. Then, the lamp is extinguished. Contemporary audiences may not have the stamina for an all-night dance theater extravaganza that culminate in demon killing, so these days performances last about three hours and usually include scenes from three different plays. In Katakali there are three kinds of performers, actor-dancers, percussionists, and singers. Actors were once drawn from the ranks of martial artists and would pledge to their patrons that they would perform until their dying day. Now things are a little less strict. Still, you have to apprentice for 20 years to be considered a fully trained Katakali performer. Characters are typically based on archetypes—kings, heroines, demons, demonesses, gods, animals, priests—though some seem drawn from life. Actor-dancers create their roles by learning highly regimented choreography and—I was not kidding—500 distinct hand gestures called mudras. As Nandikeshwar as medieval Tredas Abhinay Darpanam says, \"'For wherever the hand moves, there the glances flows. Where the glances go, the mind follows. Where the mind goes, the mood follows. And where the mood goes, there is the flavor. These gestures and a huge range of facial expressions allow them to tell the stories with just their bodies and reflect the inner state, or bhava, of each character. As we mentioned in Sanskrit drama, there are nine bhavas—the erotic, the comic, the pathetic, the angry, the heroic, the fearful, the repulsive, the wondrous, and peace. Here is how to perform the erotic Bala. Open the upper lids as wide as possible. Keep the lower lids slightly closed. With the lips make a soft, relaxed smile, but do not show the teeth. Keep the gaze focused straight ahead. Having assumed this position, begin to flutter the eyebrows. Keeping the shoulders still, using the neck, move the head first to the right and then to the left, back and forth. Move the head to a 45-degree angle to the right, continuing to flutter the eyebrows. Repeat to the left. Meanwhile, a three-drum percussion orchestra is keeping time while two onstage vocalists clank brass cymbals and sing the text, both the third-person narration and the first-person dialogue, because trying to perform any bhava and sing throughout an entire all-night show would be exhausting. Scripts for the Kachikali dramas typically run 30 or 40 pages, and if you're thinking, um, that sounds really short for an all-night performance, you're right! That's because the scripted words are only one component, and not even the most important one. The music and the singing and the dancing matter just as much. Once an actor has become an expert in a role, he's encouraged to add some passages of dance and dialogue that he has created. This dialogue is always spoken, and never sung. Audiences expect to see these improvisations, and it's one of the ways that they judge a performance's success. Lots of stuff makes Katakali awesome, but the stage makeup is really something to behold. So hold on to your blending sponges, people. We're going to go to the thumb. There are seven types of characters in Katakali, and every type gets his or her or its own makeup, which takes two to four hours to apply. Green, or pacha, is for gods and epic heroes like Arjuna. They're upright, moral, and full of calm inner poise. Ripe, or payupu, is an orange-red shade that's used for the gods Balarama, Brahma, Shiva, and Surya. Knife, a.k.a. Kati, refers to the sinister mustache that evil king characters wear. Their faces are green, just like a hero's, but the red mustache lets us know that this green person is up to no good. Beard or tati is pretty self-explanatory. White beards are for divine types like the monkey king Hanuman. Black beards are for evil schemers. Red beards are for evil characters who aren't schemers. Black stage makeup called kari is for demonesses. Radiant or shining makeup called minuku is used for heroines and spiritually woke heroes. Special, or Teppu, is for the other characters in the repertory, about 18 of them, who don't fit any of the above types. After the actors are made up and dressed, they place a crushed seed, called kuntupuvu, under each eyelid. Supposedly, the seed doesn't hurt, it irritates the eye just enough that the eyes turn red, which is considered more expressive. Evil beard characters insert fangs, black demon-esque characters strap on fake breasts, elaborate headdresses are affixed, and just before going on stage, actors apply long, silver nails to their left hand, which helps accentuate those hand gestures. Thanks, Thought Bubble! While katakali is a more secular form than its predecessors and intended for a larger audience, it still draws from both sacred and secular traditions. And its stories often show the gods engaged in a form of divine play. Because even gods need a break from all that God stuff to enjoy some amateur dramatics. Let's look at an example from a popular Kantakali drama, one still performed today, with a story drawn from the Mahabharata. Ladies and gentlemen, it's Kiratam. Arjuna, one of the Pandava brothers and pretty much the greatest archer the world has ever known, discovers that he's gonna need an incredible weapon to defeat his mean Kaurava cousins. The Paschupatastra should do. It's the most destructive weapon in the universe. Kind of like an arrow with a nuclear warhead on the tip. In order to convince the god Shiva to give it to him, he goes to the Himalayas and does a bunch of penance in advance because Shiva likes austerity. Shiva is impressed but he still wants to test Arjuna. So Sheva disguises himself as a hunter named Kirata. In disguise, he starts giving Arjuna a hard time about which of them killed a wild boar, and they fight. So here's some advice, don't go up against a god. Because Sheva wins easily. But luckily, Arjuna has the good sense to realize he's been subdued by a god. Instead of getting mad, he humbles himself and goes back to penance. This self-discipline impresses Shiva, who gives him the arrow. Arjuna thanks him and praises his play-acting and disguise by saying, by means of your play, you protect the whole universe. Which is a pretty good review. Kheratam isn't the most dramatic of Katakali plays. There's no demon to kill at the end, but it's a play that shows how the form dances between the secular and the sacred and honors values dear to Hinduism like bravery and humility. And it argues that playing around with makeup and costumes and fancy dialogue can also be a holy act. Most theories of theater have the art form beginning with song and dance, and while in the Western theater, the written word has gained primacy, in many Asian and Southeast Asian countries, highly communicative forms of music and dance remain essential components of performance. So join us next time as we look at Beijing opera, a form with even more elaborate headdresses. Until then, worldly illusion- I mean, curtain. PBS Digital Studios is conducting its annual audience survey."
],
[
"Thought Bubble",
" 35,000 responses last year helped us make decisions on what experiments to try and even what shows to make. If you have a few minutes, please click the link. 25 random participants will receive an awesome PBS Digital Studios t-shirt. Crash Course Theater is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios, our animation team, and the Thought Cafe. Crash Course exists thanks to the generous support of our patrons at Patreon. Patreon is a voluntary subscription service where you can support the content you love through a monthly donation and help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever. and I'll see you in the next video."
],
[
"Outro",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
The Rise of Russia and Prussia: Crash Course European History #17
|
FBzRaxLdjZE
| 895 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "<Untitled Chapter 1>",
"end_time": 89
},
{
"start_time": 89,
"title": "WEALTHY TRADERS",
"end_time": 188
},
{
"start_time": 188,
"title": "SYNOD",
"end_time": 231
},
{
"start_time": 231,
"title": "STRELTSY",
"end_time": 596
},
{
"start_time": 596,
"title": "HOUSE OF BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA",
"end_time": 619
},
{
"start_time": 619,
"title": "fig 17.2 GREAT ELECTOR FREDERICK WILLIAM",
"end_time": 647
},
{
"start_time": 647,
"title": "FREDERICK III",
"end_time": 652
},
{
"start_time": 652,
"title": "KING FREDERICK I OF PRUSSIA",
"end_time": 667
},
{
"start_time": 667,
"title": "fig 17.4 KING FREDERICK WILLIAM I",
"end_time": 763
},
{
"start_time": 763,
"title": "GENERAL DIRECTORY",
"end_time": 895
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm...oh dear! Oh dear! Are we rolling?",
"timestamp": [
0,
7
]
},
{
"text": " Oh yeah!",
"timestamp": [
7,
8
]
},
{
"text": " Okay. What are we doing? Legal purists will quibble with you. We'll quibble with you.",
"timestamp": [
8,
14
]
},
{
"text": " Quibble. I like that word. Quibble. Quibble.",
"timestamp": [
14,
16
]
},
{
"text": " Judicial review is a form of appellate activity.",
"timestamp": [
16,
19
]
},
{
"text": " Hi. I'm Craig. How do you say words, guys? How do you say them?",
"timestamp": [
19,
24
]
},
{
"text": " As they're written. As they're written? Okay, thanks, Stan.",
"timestamp": [
24,
27.44
]
},
{
"text": " The first one was the identity clause, and then it became...",
"timestamp": [
27.44,
30.6
]
},
{
"text": " and then it was the ultimatum clause.",
"timestamp": [
30.6,
33
]
},
{
"text": " It's a boring trilogy. You know what I'm talking about.",
"timestamp": [
33,
35.36
]
},
{
"text": " You went to the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus.",
"timestamp": [
35.36,
38.32
]
},
{
"text": " Mandamus?",
"timestamp": [
38.32,
39.48
]
},
{
"text": " Mandomus.",
"timestamp": [
39.48,
40.52
]
},
{
"text": " Mondamus.",
"timestamp": [
40.52,
41.52
]
},
{
"text": " Mayandamus.",
"timestamp": [
41.52,
42.4
]
},
{
"text": " Get him an old writ of mandamus.",
"timestamp": [
42.4,
44.12
]
},
{
"text": " And thus an anti-democratic usurpation of the legislature's power.",
"timestamp": [
44.12,
47
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, so close.",
"timestamp": [
47,
49
]
},
{
"text": " It's not stopping.",
"timestamp": [
49,
50
]
},
{
"text": " Okay.",
"timestamp": [
50,
51
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry, I got angry there.",
"timestamp": [
51,
52.84
]
},
{
"text": " That the future courts would throw out convictions of defendants who hadn't been informed of",
"timestamp": [
52.84,
56
]
},
{
"text": " their rights.",
"timestamp": [
56,
57
]
},
{
"text": " Congress, we're going to make it through this.",
"timestamp": [
57,
59.56
]
},
{
"text": " We've probably raised as many questions as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've,",
"timestamp": [
59.56,
64
]
},
{
"text": " as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we sent with we lose well there's a bad wolf easy",
"timestamp": [
64,
65.34
]
},
{
"text": " waiter overturn the judgment of the elected reflux hob how good enough let's",
"timestamp": [
65.34,
68.94
]
},
{
"text": " move on truck truck and keep on trucking I'm gonna wait for that giant tank that's",
"timestamp": [
68.94,
77.46
]
},
{
"text": " driving past you pass us was that a flying car that's not like a flying car",
"timestamp": [
77.46,
83.98
]
},
{
"text": " I haven't been to a lot of parties, I can't think of...",
"timestamp": [
83.98,
86
]
},
{
"text": " I'm never invited to parties, so I can't think of any more parties.",
"timestamp": [
86,
89
]
},
{
"text": " Be nice to POTUS if you want to be SCOTUS, you know what I'm saying?",
"timestamp": [
89,
92
]
},
{
"text": " Ah, hair. I wish I had that.",
"timestamp": [
92,
93
]
},
{
"text": " Government is overstepping...",
"timestamp": [
93,
94
]
},
{
"text": " Over... over...",
"timestamp": [
94,
95
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, we can all agree that pickles, in some cases, are great.",
"timestamp": [
99,
102
]
},
{
"text": " But not...",
"timestamp": [
102,
103
]
},
{
"text": " Pickles, in some cases, are acceptable. not... Pickles in some cases are acceptable. Okay. I think some cases are great.",
"timestamp": [
103,
107.88
]
},
{
"text": " Gathered from warrantless surgeses.",
"timestamp": [
107.88,
109.88
]
},
{
"text": " Surgeses?",
"timestamp": [
109.88,
111.88
]
},
{
"text": " What is happening?",
"timestamp": [
111.88,
113.88
]
},
{
"text": " First of all, the justices engaged in...",
"timestamp": [
113.88,
115.88
]
},
{
"text": " I said justices.",
"timestamp": [
115.88,
117.88
]
},
{
"text": " Justices.",
"timestamp": [
117.88,
118.88
]
},
{
"text": " It's probably better than having what legal scholars like to call a bright...",
"timestamp": [
118.88,
121.88
]
},
{
"text": " I can't even talk anymore.",
"timestamp": [
121.88,
122.88
]
},
{
"text": " Don't hire robots, Dan.",
"timestamp": [
122.88,
123.88
]
},
{
"text": " Let's now exercise our right to three...",
"timestamp": [
123.88,
127.32
]
},
{
"text": " It's given what is called preferred...",
"timestamp": [
127.32,
128.92
]
},
{
"text": " Talk.",
"timestamp": [
128.92,
129.76
]
},
{
"text": " Pooh.",
"timestamp": [
129.76,
130.58
]
},
{
"text": " Constitutional guarantees of free spree.",
"timestamp": [
130.58,
132.8
]
},
{
"text": " Public universities that try to punish hates beef...",
"timestamp": [
132.8,
135.16
]
},
{
"text": " Speef.",
"timestamp": [
135.16,
136
]
},
{
"text": " They used to call me hates beef in college,",
"timestamp": [
136,
137.44
]
},
{
"text": " in my dirt, when I was a vegetarian in college.",
"timestamp": [
137.44,
140
]
},
{
"text": " The liberty of the press is indeed essential, governor.",
"timestamp": [
140,
143.08
]
},
{
"text": " Question of national security.",
"timestamp": [
143.08,
145.04
]
},
{
"text": " National national security.",
"timestamp": [
145.04,
146.76
]
},
{
"text": " Supported are primarily procedural.",
"timestamp": [
146.76,
149.08
]
},
{
"text": " Procedural.",
"timestamp": [
149.08,
149.92
]
},
{
"text": " Procedural.",
"timestamp": [
149.92,
150.92
]
},
{
"text": " Procedural.",
"timestamp": [
150.92,
151.76
]
},
{
"text": " Protections courts have supported",
"timestamp": [
151.76,
152.72
]
},
{
"text": " are primarily procedural.",
"timestamp": [
152.72,
154.48
]
},
{
"text": " Procedural.",
"timestamp": [
154.48,
155.64
]
},
{
"text": " Procedural.",
"timestamp": [
155.64,
156.48
]
},
{
"text": " And the protections courts have supported",
"timestamp": [
156.48,
160
]
},
{
"text": " are primarily procedural.",
"timestamp": [
160,
162.52
]
},
{
"text": " Okay?",
"timestamp": [
162.52,
163.36
]
},
{
"text": " Excuse me.",
"timestamp": [
163.36,
164.4
]
},
{
"text": " Glad we were recording for that though. are primarily procedural. Okay? Burp. Excuse me.",
"timestamp": [
165.02,
167.32
]
},
{
"text": " Glad we were recording for that though. So today we are gonna talk about Vanilla Ice's poor choices,",
"timestamp": [
168.72,
172.4
]
},
{
"text": " robbing a house while in the middle",
"timestamp": [
172.4,
173.68
]
},
{
"text": " of shooting his reality show.",
"timestamp": [
173.68,
175.12
]
},
{
"text": " Are we recording?",
"timestamp": [
177.48,
178.48
]
},
{
"text": " Yes.",
"timestamp": [
178.48,
179.32
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, good.",
"timestamp": [
179.32,
180.14
]
},
{
"text": " Burp, burp, burp.",
"timestamp": [
180.14,
181.16
]
},
{
"text": " The old specific six, they call it,",
"timestamp": [
181.16,
183.2
]
},
{
"text": " rolls off the tongue.",
"timestamp": [
183.2,
184.08
]
},
{
"text": " I'm falling apart guys. I'm falling apart.",
"timestamp": [
184.08,
185.52
]
},
{
"text": " Because of such individual... it wouldn't stop scrolling. How do you say the word probably? How does anyone say that word?",
"timestamp": [
185.84,
191.14
]
},
{
"text": " It's a little slurry.",
"timestamp": [
191.14,
193
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, I was drunk. I sobered up though. That I've led to discrimination.",
"timestamp": [
193,
197.52
]
},
{
"text": " Blah blah blah. Still drunk.",
"timestamp": [
197.52,
199.24
]
},
{
"text": " To all employees. I was a little bit drunk on that one.",
"timestamp": [
199.24,
202.02
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, but you should allow me to be. Because it's supposed to be a friendly...",
"timestamp": [
202.02,
207
]
},
{
"text": " This is a pretty friendly environment,",
"timestamp": [
207,
209
]
},
{
"text": " and then I should be able to be drunk.",
"timestamp": [
209,
211
]
},
{
"text": " Clean it up, not me.",
"timestamp": [
211,
212
]
},
{
"text": " Okay. Dang it.",
"timestamp": [
212,
213
]
},
{
"text": " I wanted to punch the eagle at the end of this,",
"timestamp": [
213,
215
]
},
{
"text": " but I realize it's probably not in the shot, is it?",
"timestamp": [
215,
217
]
},
{
"text": " No, but I can make it.",
"timestamp": [
217,
219
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
219,
220
]
},
{
"text": " He's looking pretty rough.",
"timestamp": [
220,
222
]
},
{
"text": " He's getting chipped off his head.",
"timestamp": [
222,
224
]
},
{
"text": " I wonder why. Will there be another outtakes reel? Okay good then I",
"timestamp": [
224,
230.6
]
},
{
"text": " will continue being dumb.",
"timestamp": [
230.6,
234.96
]
}
] |
[
[
"<Untitled Chapter 1>",
" Hi, I'm...oh dear! Oh dear! Are we rolling? Oh yeah! Okay. What are we doing? Legal purists will quibble with you. We'll quibble with you. Quibble. I like that word. Quibble. Quibble. Judicial review is a form of appellate activity. Hi. I'm Craig. How do you say words, guys? How do you say them? As they're written. As they're written? Okay, thanks, Stan. The first one was the identity clause, and then it became... and then it was the ultimatum clause. It's a boring trilogy. You know what I'm talking about. You went to the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus. Mandamus? Mandomus. Mondamus. Mayandamus. Get him an old writ of mandamus. And thus an anti-democratic usurpation of the legislature's power. Oh, so close. It's not stopping. Okay. Sorry, I got angry there. That the future courts would throw out convictions of defendants who hadn't been informed of their rights. Congress, we're going to make it through this. We've probably raised as many questions as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we've, as we sent with we lose well there's a bad wolf easy waiter overturn the judgment of the elected reflux hob how good enough let's move on truck truck and keep on trucking I'm gonna wait for that giant tank that's driving past you pass us was that a flying car that's not like a flying car I haven't been to a lot of parties, I can't think of... I'm never invited to parties, so I can't think of any more parties."
],
[
"WEALTHY TRADERS",
" Be nice to POTUS if you want to be SCOTUS, you know what I'm saying? Ah, hair. I wish I had that. Government is overstepping... Over... over... Okay, we can all agree that pickles, in some cases, are great. But not... Pickles, in some cases, are acceptable. not... Pickles in some cases are acceptable. Okay. I think some cases are great. Gathered from warrantless surgeses. Surgeses? What is happening? First of all, the justices engaged in... I said justices. Justices. It's probably better than having what legal scholars like to call a bright... I can't even talk anymore. Don't hire robots, Dan. Let's now exercise our right to three... It's given what is called preferred... Talk. Pooh. Constitutional guarantees of free spree. Public universities that try to punish hates beef... Speef. They used to call me hates beef in college, in my dirt, when I was a vegetarian in college. The liberty of the press is indeed essential, governor. Question of national security. National national security. Supported are primarily procedural. Procedural. Procedural. Procedural. Protections courts have supported are primarily procedural. Procedural. Procedural. And the protections courts have supported are primarily procedural. Okay? Excuse me. Glad we were recording for that though. are primarily procedural. Okay? Burp. Excuse me. Glad we were recording for that though. So today we are gonna talk about Vanilla Ice's poor choices, robbing a house while in the middle of shooting his reality show. Are we recording? Yes. Okay, good. Burp, burp, burp. The old specific six, they call it, rolls off the tongue. I'm falling apart guys. I'm falling apart. Because of such individual... it wouldn't stop scrolling. How do you say the word probably? How does anyone say that word?"
],
[
"SYNOD",
" It's a little slurry. Yeah, I was drunk. I sobered up though. That I've led to discrimination. Blah blah blah. Still drunk. To all employees. I was a little bit drunk on that one. Yeah, but you should allow me to be. Because it's supposed to be a friendly... This is a pretty friendly environment, and then I should be able to be drunk. Clean it up, not me. Okay. Dang it. I wanted to punch the eagle at the end of this, but I realize it's probably not in the shot, is it? No, but I can make it. Yeah. He's looking pretty rough. He's getting chipped off his head. I wonder why. Will there be another outtakes reel? Okay good then I will continue being dumb."
],
[
"STRELTSY",
""
],
[
"HOUSE OF BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA",
""
],
[
"fig 17.2 GREAT ELECTOR FREDERICK WILLIAM",
""
],
[
"FREDERICK III",
""
],
[
"KING FREDERICK I OF PRUSSIA",
""
],
[
"fig 17.4 KING FREDERICK WILLIAM I",
""
],
[
"GENERAL DIRECTORY",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Into Africa and Wole Soyinka: Crash Course Theater #49
|
kn-ER4bL7f8
| 752 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "<Untitled Chapter 1>",
"end_time": 370
},
{
"start_time": 370,
"title": "TOWNSHIP MUSICAL",
"end_time": 492
},
{
"start_time": 492,
"title": "MYTH, LITERATURE AND THE AFRICAN WORLD",
"end_time": 518
},
{
"start_time": 518,
"title": "DEATH AND THE KING'S HORSEMAN",
"end_time": 752
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Heat engines, like the steam engine, turn thermal energy into mechanical work and they",
"timestamp": [
0,
7.76
]
},
{
"text": " do it in a re-",
"timestamp": [
7.76,
8.8
]
},
{
"text": " If there's no heat transfer between systems at all, at all, that's called thermal equilibrium.",
"timestamp": [
8.8,
31.48
]
},
{
"text": " At all.",
"timestamp": [
31.48,
32.48
]
},
{
"text": " At all.",
"timestamp": [
32.48,
33.48
]
},
{
"text": " At all!",
"timestamp": [
33.48,
34.48
]
},
{
"text": " Oh my god.",
"timestamp": [
34.48,
35.48
]
},
{
"text": " Rip the pair off the table, then separate the pieces.",
"timestamp": [
35.48,
43.34
]
},
{
"text": " Say you know that a gas's temperature is 300 Kelvin and the mass of each molecule is 5.3",
"timestamp": [
43.34,
47.52
]
},
{
"text": " times 10 to the minus 26 kilograms.",
"timestamp": [
47.52,
50.84
]
},
{
"text": " I'm going to make a joke.",
"timestamp": [
50.84,
53.12
]
},
{
"text": " I'm going to insert some personality.",
"timestamp": [
53.12,
57.44
]
},
{
"text": " And in many cases a real gas is close enough to an ideal gas so that these umptions...",
"timestamp": [
57.44,
62.44
]
},
{
"text": " these umptions...",
"timestamp": [
62.44,
64.12
]
},
{
"text": " The first is called Boyle's Law",
"timestamp": [
64.12,
65.6
]
},
{
"text": " and it says that as you increase the pressure of... all three of these laws could be...",
"timestamp": [
65.6,
76.96
]
},
{
"text": " All four properties of a gas including how much gas you have. half. Outtake of Gina D.",
"timestamp": [
76.96,
86.72
]
},
{
"text": " It also made a lot of,",
"timestamp": [
88.2,
89.12
]
},
{
"text": " a lot of sense. No, it didn't.",
"timestamp": [
92.6,
93.96
]
},
{
"text": " These changes in length and volume work in a very similar way to the changes in",
"timestamp": [
94.56,
97.56
]
},
{
"text": " length and volume from stress and strain that we talked about in our episode on",
"timestamp": [
97.56,
100.84
]
},
{
"text": " statics.",
"timestamp": [
100.84,
101.68
]
},
{
"text": " Was that obvious? Heat flow depends on physical contact between molecules which transfer their kinetic energy",
"timestamp": [
110.32,
115.56
]
},
{
"text": " among each other.",
"timestamp": [
115.56,
120.88
]
},
{
"text": " For a long time, scientists described... So that's how he affects face your body",
"timestamp": [
120.88,
129.48
]
},
{
"text": " loses heat in all kinds of ways your body not mine I'm freezing here your So logical.",
"timestamp": [
129.48,
145.24
]
},
{
"text": " But meanwhile your refrigerator...",
"timestamp": [
145.24,
148.12
]
},
{
"text": " Can you say fridge?",
"timestamp": [
148.12,
152.72
]
},
{
"text": " I mean...",
"timestamp": [
152.72,
155.6
]
},
{
"text": " But meanwhile your fridge is putting out heat as it works to keep itself cold inside.",
"timestamp": [
155.6,
162.6
]
},
{
"text": " And all of them are equally likely...",
"timestamp": [
162.6,
164.48
]
},
{
"text": " Ooh, sorry.",
"timestamp": [
164.48,
166.28
]
},
{
"text": " Ooh!",
"timestamp": [
166.28,
168.28
]
},
{
"text": " Oh no, don't lose it, don't lose it, don't lose it.",
"timestamp": [
168.28,
172.28
]
},
{
"text": " OK.",
"timestamp": [
172.28,
174.28
]
},
{
"text": " That's you.",
"timestamp": [
174.28,
176.28
]
},
{
"text": " If I had to pick the biggest game changer in human technology, it would probably...",
"timestamp": [
176.28,
179.28
]
},
{
"text": " My voice just dropped. Do you notice that? That's weird.",
"timestamp": [
179.28,
182.28
]
},
{
"text": " Ha ha!",
"timestamp": [
182.28,
184.28
]
},
{
"text": " Breathe! Do you notice that? That's weird. Breathe.",
"timestamp": [
184.28,
188
]
},
{
"text": " Can I do that again?",
"timestamp": [
188,
189
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
189,
190
]
},
{
"text": " Ran out of breath.",
"timestamp": [
190,
191
]
},
{
"text": " Can I do that one more time?",
"timestamp": [
191,
192
]
},
{
"text": " Can I do that again?",
"timestamp": [
192,
193
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
193,
194
]
},
{
"text": " Can I do that again?",
"timestamp": [
194,
195
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
195,
196
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry, just one more time for luck.",
"timestamp": [
196,
197
]
},
{
"text": " We just need to do it again.",
"timestamp": [
197,
199
]
},
{
"text": " But the toy isn't a...",
"timestamp": [
199,
201
]
},
{
"text": " That was hard.",
"timestamp": [
201,
204
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
204,
205
]
},
{
"text": " I think no matter how many times, I wouldn't have got it.",
"timestamp": [
205,
208
]
},
{
"text": " Where it's released, which also makes the volume expand and the pressure decrease.",
"timestamp": [
209,
215
]
},
{
"text": " The Idle Gas Law includes the three...",
"timestamp": [
215,
217
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry, three is not done like that.",
"timestamp": [
217,
220
]
},
{
"text": " The Idle Gas Law...",
"timestamp": [
220,
222
]
},
{
"text": " The ideal gas law...",
"timestamp": [
222,
227
]
},
{
"text": " I'm going to have all these kids running around America with really strange accents.",
"timestamp": [
231,
232
]
},
{
"text": " Creating an imbalance that wants to be returned to...",
"timestamp": [
235,
236
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry.",
"timestamp": [
237,
239
]
},
{
"text": " Scary. And where life could possibly survive or have survived.",
"timestamp": [
240,
243
]
},
{
"text": " A process that's known as sublimation",
"timestamp": [
245.32,
247.4
]
},
{
"text": " if it goes from solid to gas and...",
"timestamp": [
247.4,
249.4
]
},
{
"text": " Ha ha! Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha It's because it's right at the end and I'm like... I know, the tension mounts.",
"timestamp": [
251.4,
265
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
265,
266
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
270,
271
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
271,
272
]
},
{
"text": " The equation.",
"timestamp": [
273,
275
]
},
{
"text": " Right, get back into it.",
"timestamp": [
276,
278
]
},
{
"text": " You don't know what's been happening since the camera's been off, right?",
"timestamp": [
284,
289.52
]
},
{
"text": " You're just coming into this going, why are they laughing like mad people?",
"timestamp": [
289.52,
292.32
]
},
{
"text": " All right.",
"timestamp": [
292.32,
293.32
]
},
{
"text": " There's a whole story.",
"timestamp": [
293.32,
294.32
]
},
{
"text": " There's a whole story.",
"timestamp": [
294.32,
295.32
]
},
{
"text": " Right.",
"timestamp": [
295.32,
296.08
]
}
] |
[
[
"<Untitled Chapter 1>",
" Heat engines, like the steam engine, turn thermal energy into mechanical work and they do it in a re- If there's no heat transfer between systems at all, at all, that's called thermal equilibrium. At all. At all. At all! Oh my god. Rip the pair off the table, then separate the pieces. Say you know that a gas's temperature is 300 Kelvin and the mass of each molecule is 5.3 times 10 to the minus 26 kilograms. I'm going to make a joke. I'm going to insert some personality. And in many cases a real gas is close enough to an ideal gas so that these umptions... these umptions... The first is called Boyle's Law and it says that as you increase the pressure of... all three of these laws could be... All four properties of a gas including how much gas you have. half. Outtake of Gina D. It also made a lot of, a lot of sense. No, it didn't. These changes in length and volume work in a very similar way to the changes in length and volume from stress and strain that we talked about in our episode on statics. Was that obvious? Heat flow depends on physical contact between molecules which transfer their kinetic energy among each other. For a long time, scientists described... So that's how he affects face your body loses heat in all kinds of ways your body not mine I'm freezing here your So logical. But meanwhile your refrigerator... Can you say fridge? I mean... But meanwhile your fridge is putting out heat as it works to keep itself cold inside. And all of them are equally likely... Ooh, sorry. Ooh! Oh no, don't lose it, don't lose it, don't lose it. OK. That's you. If I had to pick the biggest game changer in human technology, it would probably... My voice just dropped. Do you notice that? That's weird. Ha ha! Breathe! Do you notice that? That's weird. Breathe. Can I do that again? Yeah. Ran out of breath. Can I do that one more time? Can I do that again? Yeah. Can I do that again? Yeah. Sorry, just one more time for luck. We just need to do it again. But the toy isn't a... That was hard. Yeah. I think no matter how many times, I wouldn't have got it. Where it's released, which also makes the volume expand and the pressure decrease. The Idle Gas Law includes the three... Sorry, three is not done like that. The Idle Gas Law... The ideal gas law... I'm going to have all these kids running around America with really strange accents. Creating an imbalance that wants to be returned to... Sorry. Scary. And where life could possibly survive or have survived. A process that's known as sublimation if it goes from solid to gas and... Ha ha! Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha It's because it's right at the end and I'm like... I know, the tension mounts. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. The equation. Right, get back into it. You don't know what's been happening since the camera's been off, right? You're just coming into this going, why are they laughing like mad people? All right. There's a whole story. There's a whole story. Right."
],
[
"TOWNSHIP MUSICAL",
""
],
[
"MYTH, LITERATURE AND THE AFRICAN WORLD",
""
],
[
"DEATH AND THE KING'S HORSEMAN",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Little Theater and American Avant Garde: Crash Course Theater #40
|
sYJosVHkwgo
| 679 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 59
},
{
"start_time": 59,
"title": "Realism in America",
"end_time": 82
},
{
"start_time": 82,
"title": "Margaret Fleming",
"end_time": 225
},
{
"start_time": 225,
"title": "Eugene ONeill",
"end_time": 584
},
{
"start_time": 584,
"title": "Outro",
"end_time": 679
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Oh, sorry.",
"timestamp": [
0,
1
]
},
{
"text": " Is it a good, should I move it down or is it?",
"timestamp": [
1,
16.04
]
},
{
"text": " One of the towering figures in this new way of studying myths was the Scottish, Scottish,",
"timestamp": [
16.04,
22.76
]
},
{
"text": " he was an adherent to Scottism.",
"timestamp": [
22.76,
25
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, yeah, yeah, okay, all right, all right, good.",
"timestamp": [
28.16,
32.8
]
},
{
"text": " Structuralism, structuralism.",
"timestamp": [
32.8,
36.94
]
},
{
"text": " You're such a Scottist.",
"timestamp": [
38.48,
39.68
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
39.68,
40.52
]
},
{
"text": " The name's Levis Strauss. Sorry, I think that's my mouth.",
"timestamp": [
48.88,
52.36
]
},
{
"text": " These more contemporary ways of looking at myths fit well within the complex view of",
"timestamp": [
52.36,
56.64
]
},
{
"text": " the world that we try toakes reel at some point.",
"timestamp": [
56.64,
67
]
},
{
"text": " Nope, nope.",
"timestamp": [
67,
68
]
},
{
"text": " My hands don't sleep.",
"timestamp": [
68,
70
]
},
{
"text": " That might just be heart attack.",
"timestamp": [
70,
73
]
},
{
"text": " I'm actually just wildly unhealthy.",
"timestamp": [
73,
76
]
},
{
"text": " Oh boy.",
"timestamp": [
76,
86
]
},
{
"text": " Now?",
"timestamp": [
90,
92
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, it's funny.",
"timestamp": [
92,
94
]
},
{
"text": " It's a hilarious joke about this one that killed all of humanity.",
"timestamp": [
94,
96
]
},
{
"text": " Several times over.",
"timestamp": [
96,
98
]
},
{
"text": " Me and my family are doomed.",
"timestamp": [
102,
104
]
},
{
"text": " Me and my family are doomed! It's the end of days!",
"timestamp": [
109.08,
112.92
]
},
{
"text": " Should I wear these the whole time? This is the most efficient way to do this.",
"timestamp": [
112.92,
127
]
},
{
"text": " Alil, Ninurta, Enugi, and Ea put their divine heads together and decided to-",
"timestamp": [
127,
135.32
]
},
{
"text": " This is weird, right? This is a group of gods put their divine heads together.",
"timestamp": [
135.32,
140
]
},
{
"text": " Thought they were lazy, bad-tempered, and they always forgot his birthday.",
"timestamp": [
140,
143.4
]
},
{
"text": " I bet you can guess how he decided to get rid of those...",
"timestamp": [
143.4,
145.84
]
},
{
"text": " forgetful...",
"timestamp": [
145.84,
146.84
]
},
{
"text": " just like me.",
"timestamp": [
146.84,
147.84
]
},
{
"text": " Friggin' me.",
"timestamp": [
147.84,
148.84
]
},
{
"text": " Friggin'.",
"timestamp": [
148.84,
149.84
]
},
{
"text": " Sassafrasin'.",
"timestamp": [
149.84,
150.84
]
},
{
"text": " Pulsing sexual energy.",
"timestamp": [
150.84,
151.84
]
},
{
"text": " Is it getting hot in here or is it just these mother goddesses?",
"timestamp": [
151.84,
159.48
]
},
{
"text": " Too much collar tugging?",
"timestamp": [
159.48,
160.48
]
},
{
"text": " Is that alright?",
"timestamp": [
160.48,
162.12
]
},
{
"text": " And guess what?",
"timestamp": [
162.12,
163.28
]
},
{
"text": " He opens the box. All of the years that had passed surround him like a mist, and his body withers into",
"timestamp": [
163.28,
169.6
]
},
{
"text": " dust.",
"timestamp": [
169.6,
170.6
]
},
{
"text": " He chose poorly.",
"timestamp": [
170.6,
174.56
]
},
{
"text": " He chose poorly.",
"timestamp": [
174.56,
177.48
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course, some credits.",
"timestamp": [
177.48,
179.52
]
},
{
"text": " Scene 1, take 1. Thanks for watching. wait, thanks for",
"timestamp": [
179.52,
192
]
},
{
"text": " watching and as this is on camera or",
"timestamp": [
192,
193.8
]
},
{
"text": " just voiceover?",
"timestamp": [
193.8,
194.8
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, thanks for watching and as they say",
"timestamp": [
194.8,
197.12
]
},
{
"text": " in the mythop- thanks for watching and",
"timestamp": [
197.12,
199.08
]
},
{
"text": " as they say in the myths of my people",
"timestamp": [
199.08,
201.12
]
},
{
"text": " don't forget to be awesome. Emoji.",
"timestamp": [
201.12,
null
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
" Oh, sorry. Is it a good, should I move it down or is it? One of the towering figures in this new way of studying myths was the Scottish, Scottish, he was an adherent to Scottism. Yeah, yeah, yeah, okay, all right, all right, good. Structuralism, structuralism. You're such a Scottist. Yeah. The name's Levis Strauss. Sorry, I think that's my mouth. These more contemporary ways of looking at myths fit well within the complex view of the world that we try toakes reel at some point."
],
[
"Realism in America",
" Nope, nope. My hands don't sleep. That might just be heart attack. I'm actually just wildly unhealthy. Oh boy."
],
[
"Margaret Fleming",
" Now? Yeah, it's funny. It's a hilarious joke about this one that killed all of humanity. Several times over. Me and my family are doomed. Me and my family are doomed! It's the end of days! Should I wear these the whole time? This is the most efficient way to do this. Alil, Ninurta, Enugi, and Ea put their divine heads together and decided to- This is weird, right? This is a group of gods put their divine heads together. Thought they were lazy, bad-tempered, and they always forgot his birthday. I bet you can guess how he decided to get rid of those... forgetful... just like me. Friggin' me. Friggin'. Sassafrasin'. Pulsing sexual energy. Is it getting hot in here or is it just these mother goddesses? Too much collar tugging? Is that alright? And guess what? He opens the box. All of the years that had passed surround him like a mist, and his body withers into dust. He chose poorly. He chose poorly. Crash Course, some credits. Scene 1, take 1. Thanks for watching. wait, thanks for watching and as this is on camera or just voiceover? Okay, thanks for watching and as they say in the mythop- thanks for watching and as they say in the myths of my people don't forget to be awesome. Emoji."
],
[
"Eugene ONeill",
""
],
[
"Outro",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
A History of Crash Course
|
1Q5cPfbmSD8
| 1,191 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Intro",
"end_time": 225
},
{
"start_time": 225,
"title": "YouTube",
"end_time": 291
},
{
"start_time": 291,
"title": "Crash Course",
"end_time": 428
},
{
"start_time": 428,
"title": "Crash Course Biology",
"end_time": 691
},
{
"start_time": 691,
"title": "Who Uses Crash Course",
"end_time": 761
},
{
"start_time": 761,
"title": "Funding Crash Course",
"end_time": 1006
},
{
"start_time": 1006,
"title": "Future of Crash Course",
"end_time": 1191
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm Clint Smith and this is Crash Course Black American History.",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.8
]
},
{
"text": " Perhaps the most notable figure of the modern civil rights movement is Dr. Martin Luther",
"timestamp": [
4.8,
9.28
]
},
{
"text": " King Jr.",
"timestamp": [
9.28,
10.28
]
},
{
"text": " Dr. King has become a symbol of peace, courage, sacrifice, and impeccable leadership.",
"timestamp": [
10.28,
16.72
]
},
{
"text": " But it's important to remember that he didn't do this alone.",
"timestamp": [
16.72,
21.24
]
},
{
"text": " Together with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Dr. King played a pivotal role in changing the tide of civil rights legislation in the United States from 1956",
"timestamp": [
21.24,
30.32
]
},
{
"text": " to 1968.",
"timestamp": [
30.32,
31.68
]
},
{
"text": " Another important thing is that we're often taught about Dr. King in a two-dimensional",
"timestamp": [
31.68,
36.18
]
},
{
"text": " sort of way, that often flattens and oversimplifies or just ignores the totality of his political",
"timestamp": [
36.18,
42.72
]
},
{
"text": " beliefs. But we're not gonna do that today.",
"timestamp": [
42.72,
45.94
]
},
{
"text": " So let's start the show.",
"timestamp": [
45.94,
47.14
]
},
{
"text": " ♪♪",
"timestamp": [
47.14,
56.14
]
},
{
"text": " Martin Luther King Jr. was born in 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia.",
"timestamp": [
56.14,
60.78
]
},
{
"text": " At just 15 years old,",
"timestamp": [
60.78,
62.3
]
},
{
"text": " King was admitted into Morehouse College,",
"timestamp": [
62.3,
64.46
]
},
{
"text": " which is an HBCU in Atlanta.",
"timestamp": [
64.46,
66.84
]
},
{
"text": " There, he pledged Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Incorporated, the oldest black fraternity",
"timestamp": [
66.84,
71.48
]
},
{
"text": " in the United States, and one that I joined when I was in college, too.",
"timestamp": [
71.48,
75.88
]
},
{
"text": " At Morehouse, he studied law and medicine.",
"timestamp": [
75.88,
79.04
]
},
{
"text": " At first, he had no intention of following in the footsteps of his father, who was a",
"timestamp": [
79.04,
84.12
]
},
{
"text": " minister. That is,",
"timestamp": [
84.12,
85.28
]
},
{
"text": " until he met Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays. Mays was then the president of Morehouse College,",
"timestamp": [
85.28,
90.88
]
},
{
"text": " and he was also a minister. He'd established a reputation of advocating for racial equality,",
"timestamp": [
90.88,
96.88
]
},
{
"text": " and his work had an enormous influence on the young Martin.",
"timestamp": [
96.88,
100.16
]
},
{
"text": " So after graduating from Morehouse, King received a Bachelor's of Divinity in Theology from",
"timestamp": [
100.16,
105.12
]
},
{
"text": " Crozer Theological Seminary in Upland, Pennsylvania, and then a PhD in Systematic Theology from",
"timestamp": [
105.12,
111.44
]
},
{
"text": " Boston University in 1955.",
"timestamp": [
111.44,
114.4
]
},
{
"text": " While in Boston, he met the woman who would become his wife, Miss Coretta Scott, and they",
"timestamp": [
114.4,
119.12
]
},
{
"text": " married and soon settled down in Montgomery, Alabama, where King began as pastor at Dexter Avenue",
"timestamp": [
119.12,
125.36
]
},
{
"text": " Baptist Church.",
"timestamp": [
125.36,
126.6
]
},
{
"text": " Not even a year into settling into their new home, the city began to bubble with tension",
"timestamp": [
126.6,
131.24
]
},
{
"text": " because of the monumental Brown v. Board decision that declared key tenants of Plessy v. Ferguson",
"timestamp": [
131.24,
136.2
]
},
{
"text": " unconstitutional.",
"timestamp": [
136.2,
138.08
]
},
{
"text": " The desegregation of schools sparked unrest among black citizens in Montgomery who wanted",
"timestamp": [
138.08,
142.76
]
},
{
"text": " to see Jim Crow segregation undone",
"timestamp": [
142.76,
145.5
]
},
{
"text": " in all areas of life.",
"timestamp": [
145.5,
147.32
]
},
{
"text": " And this is how Martin met Rosa Parks.",
"timestamp": [
147.32,
151
]
},
{
"text": " The black citizens of Montgomery had long awaited an opportunity to launch an attack",
"timestamp": [
151,
155.68
]
},
{
"text": " on the horrid abuse that took place within the segregationist system of public transportation.",
"timestamp": [
155.68,
161.12
]
},
{
"text": " The 1955 arrest of Rosa Parks was the last straw. While community members",
"timestamp": [
161.12,
165.78
]
},
{
"text": " and leaders were ready to take action, they sought out a leader who had an impeccable",
"timestamp": [
165.78,
170.66
]
},
{
"text": " reputation. And as someone new in town, King also had the benefit of having a clean slate",
"timestamp": [
170.66,
177
]
},
{
"text": " to work with.",
"timestamp": [
177,
178
]
},
{
"text": " So Dr. King got his first taste of leadership when he was asked to head the Montgomery Improvement",
"timestamp": [
178,
182.32
]
},
{
"text": " Association and lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott.",
"timestamp": [
182.32,
185.48
]
},
{
"text": " Soon after the successful boycott, King was invited to Atlanta, Georgia to create an effort",
"timestamp": [
185.48,
190.02
]
},
{
"text": " similar to the Montgomery Bus Boycott that could be executed across the South.",
"timestamp": [
190.02,
195.04
]
},
{
"text": " Over January 10th and 11th of 1957, 60 black ministers and civil rights leaders convened",
"timestamp": [
195.04,
201.36
]
},
{
"text": " in Atlanta at the renowned Ebenezer Baptist Church to replicate the successful Montgomery strategy. This group would soon become",
"timestamp": [
201.36,
209.36
]
},
{
"text": " known as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference or SCLC. As an",
"timestamp": [
209.36,
215.04
]
},
{
"text": " organization inextricably linked to the black church, it is no surprise that the",
"timestamp": [
215.04,
219.16
]
},
{
"text": " SCLC regarded churches as pivotal organizing spaces for civil rights",
"timestamp": [
219.16,
224
]
},
{
"text": " activism. The ministers of the SCLC soon chose Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. to be",
"timestamp": [
224,
229.54
]
},
{
"text": " their first president and in its later years the SCLC would address other",
"timestamp": [
229.54,
234.1
]
},
{
"text": " pressing issues like war and poverty. Reverend Ralph Abernathy Sr. co-founded",
"timestamp": [
234.1,
239.86
]
},
{
"text": " the SCLC and served as the organization's treasurer. Another",
"timestamp": [
239.86,
243.3
]
},
{
"text": " individual key to the success of Dr. King was Bayard Rustin.",
"timestamp": [
243.3,
248.14
]
},
{
"text": " While he did not hold a specific leadership position, he served as King's advisor and",
"timestamp": [
248.14,
252.82
]
},
{
"text": " right-hand man since the Montgomery Bus Boycott.",
"timestamp": [
252.82,
255.84
]
},
{
"text": " During the Montgomery demonstrations, Rustin helped King develop the movement's nonviolent",
"timestamp": [
255.84,
259.86
]
},
{
"text": " rhetoric that became the foundation of the SCLC's work.",
"timestamp": [
259.86,
263.98
]
},
{
"text": " From the beginning, the SCLC identified nonviolence as their cornerstone strategy.",
"timestamp": [
263.98,
268.82
]
},
{
"text": " They also soon decided to make the SCLC movement open to all individuals, regardless of race,",
"timestamp": [
268.82,
275.46
]
},
{
"text": " religion, or background.",
"timestamp": [
275.46,
277.46
]
},
{
"text": " King and the SCLC grew determined to bring national attention to the plight of Black",
"timestamp": [
277.46,
281.96
]
},
{
"text": " Americans in Birmingham, a city that was regarded",
"timestamp": [
281.96,
285.42
]
},
{
"text": " as one of the most segregated places in all of the United States.",
"timestamp": [
285.42,
289.3
]
},
{
"text": " The objective of this campaign was to end discriminatory practices in hiring, desegregate",
"timestamp": [
289.3,
294.54
]
},
{
"text": " stores, and accelerate the desegregation of schools.",
"timestamp": [
294.54,
298.46
]
},
{
"text": " And in a direct violation of a ruling against protests, King held a Good Friday demonstration",
"timestamp": [
298.46,
303.66
]
},
{
"text": " on April 12, 1963.",
"timestamp": [
303.66,
306.32
]
},
{
"text": " That day, he and 50 others were arrested.",
"timestamp": [
306.32,
310
]
},
{
"text": " And later, a friend smuggled a copy of the local newspaper to Dr. King while he was in",
"timestamp": [
310,
314.72
]
},
{
"text": " his cell.",
"timestamp": [
314.72,
315.72
]
},
{
"text": " He opened the paper to find that eight white clergymen had published an essay that criticized",
"timestamp": [
315.72,
320.76
]
},
{
"text": " the march that he had led and other similar demonstrations against racial inequality.",
"timestamp": [
320.76,
325.86
]
},
{
"text": " In the piece, entitled A Call for Unity, the clergymen urged Black locals to refrain from",
"timestamp": [
325.86,
331.86
]
},
{
"text": " letting outsiders sway them toward unwise and untimely behaviors that might incite violence",
"timestamp": [
331.86,
340.3
]
},
{
"text": " and told them to stick to petitioning the local courts for their rights. Deeply frustrated by what he had just read,",
"timestamp": [
340.3,
347
]
},
{
"text": " King, in that moment, began to write a response,",
"timestamp": [
347,
350
]
},
{
"text": " doing so in the margins of the very newspaper he had read the column in.",
"timestamp": [
350,
356
]
},
{
"text": " And King didn't hold back,",
"timestamp": [
356,
359
]
},
{
"text": " and this document became one of the most central documents of the entire Civil Rights Movement.",
"timestamp": [
359,
364
]
},
{
"text": " In his letter from a Birmingham jail, King rejected the idea that what was happening",
"timestamp": [
364,
368.64
]
},
{
"text": " in Birmingham wasn't his business. Quote,",
"timestamp": [
368.64,
371.68
]
},
{
"text": " I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham.",
"timestamp": [
372.32,
377.36
]
},
{
"text": " Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
377.36,
380.48
]
},
{
"text": " Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly.\"",
"timestamp": [
381.28,
385.2
]
},
{
"text": " He pushed back against the idea that if Black people were just patient, equality would soon",
"timestamp": [
385.2,
391
]
},
{
"text": " come.",
"timestamp": [
391,
392
]
},
{
"text": " Quote,",
"timestamp": [
392,
393
]
},
{
"text": " We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor.",
"timestamp": [
393,
398.4
]
},
{
"text": " It must be demanded by the oppressed. For years now I have heard the word, wait. It rings in the ear of every Negro with",
"timestamp": [
398.4,
406.94
]
},
{
"text": " piercing familiarity. This, wait, has almost always meant never.\"",
"timestamp": [
406.94,
414.22
]
},
{
"text": " And then he made his famous assertion that the white moderate was an immense danger to",
"timestamp": [
414.22,
419.42
]
},
{
"text": " the success of the Civil Rights Movement.",
"timestamp": [
419.42,
421.66
]
},
{
"text": " Quote,",
"timestamp": [
421.66,
422.66
]
},
{
"text": " I must confess that over the past few years I have been gravely disappointed with the of the Civil Rights Movement. white moderate, who is more devoted to order than to justice, who prefers a negative peace,",
"timestamp": [
422.66,
447.52
]
},
{
"text": " which is the absent of tension, to a positive peace, which is the presence of justice, who",
"timestamp": [
447.52,
453.36
]
},
{
"text": " constantly says, I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods",
"timestamp": [
453.36,
459
]
},
{
"text": " of direct action, who paternalistically believes he can set the timetable for another man's freedom.",
"timestamp": [
459,
466.52
]
},
{
"text": " When he was finished, he had written nearly 7,000 words.",
"timestamp": [
466.52,
470.48
]
},
{
"text": " And with the help of his attorney, those words were smuggled out of the jail and printed",
"timestamp": [
470.48,
476.32
]
},
{
"text": " in newspapers and magazines across the country.",
"timestamp": [
476.32,
479.52
]
},
{
"text": " King's letter did not just speak directly to the clergymen, it was also an appeal to",
"timestamp": [
479.52,
486.24
]
},
{
"text": " America's soul.",
"timestamp": [
486.24,
487.24
]
},
{
"text": " The SCLC was not the only organization working toward the desegregation of public services",
"timestamp": [
487.24,
492.92
]
},
{
"text": " in search of racial equality.",
"timestamp": [
492.92,
495.22
]
},
{
"text": " So too was the more radical Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, also known as SNCC.",
"timestamp": [
495.22,
502.04
]
},
{
"text": " These two organizations were largely working toward a similar set of goals,",
"timestamp": [
502.04,
506.34
]
},
{
"text": " but often had different ideas of how to get there. You see, the SCLC strictly applied",
"timestamp": [
506.34,
512.14
]
},
{
"text": " a model of propping up one charismatic central leader. In this case, it was Dr. King. SNCC,",
"timestamp": [
512.14,
519.46
]
},
{
"text": " on the other hand, emphasized group-centered leadership. But despite their differences",
"timestamp": [
519.46,
523.78
]
},
{
"text": " in approach, there were also times when the two organizations",
"timestamp": [
523.78,
527.32
]
},
{
"text": " work together.",
"timestamp": [
527.32,
528.32
]
},
{
"text": " Like the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the 1965 March on Selma.",
"timestamp": [
528.32,
535.28
]
},
{
"text": " The combined efforts of SNCC, the SCLC, Black and White citizens, and ministers from across",
"timestamp": [
535.28,
540.76
]
},
{
"text": " the country proved successful, finally applying enough pressure",
"timestamp": [
540.76,
545.32
]
},
{
"text": " to get Lyndon B. Johnson to sign the Civil Rights Act of 1964",
"timestamp": [
545.32,
549.48
]
},
{
"text": " and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.",
"timestamp": [
549.48,
551.76
]
},
{
"text": " In late 1967, the SCLC opened a new chapter",
"timestamp": [
551.76,
555.82
]
},
{
"text": " with its Poor People's Campaign.",
"timestamp": [
555.82,
557.48
]
},
{
"text": " It was launched to close the wealth gap",
"timestamp": [
557.48,
559.44
]
},
{
"text": " between whites and blacks",
"timestamp": [
559.44,
561.04
]
},
{
"text": " and to combat the growing and racialized threat",
"timestamp": [
561.04,
563.66
]
},
{
"text": " of poverty in the United States.",
"timestamp": [
563.66,
565.54
]
},
{
"text": " As Dr. King put it, what good is having the right to sit at a lunch counter if you can't",
"timestamp": [
565.54,
570.7
]
},
{
"text": " afford to buy a hamburger?",
"timestamp": [
570.7,
572.7
]
},
{
"text": " Just as King was pivoting SCLC's work toward economic justice, he was assassinated in Memphis,",
"timestamp": [
572.7,
577.78
]
},
{
"text": " Tennessee on April 4, 1968.",
"timestamp": [
577.78,
581.38
]
},
{
"text": " Unfortunately, the Poor People's Campaign collapsed in his absence.",
"timestamp": [
581.38,
586.14
]
},
{
"text": " After King's death, the SCLC remained active in aiding Black voter registration and supporting",
"timestamp": [
586.14,
591.94
]
},
{
"text": " protests across the South.",
"timestamp": [
591.94,
593.74
]
},
{
"text": " But the late 1960s met the growth of a more militant sect of protesters, leaders, and",
"timestamp": [
593.74,
600.26
]
},
{
"text": " intellectuals.",
"timestamp": [
600.26,
601.26
]
},
{
"text": " The burgeoning Black Power movement was taking root, and people were",
"timestamp": [
601.26,
605.28
]
},
{
"text": " becoming disillusioned with the idea of nonviolent, peaceful protests.",
"timestamp": [
605.28,
610.08
]
},
{
"text": " Speaking of nonviolence, there is another important point to make here. Sometimes people",
"timestamp": [
610.08,
615.54
]
},
{
"text": " can turn Dr. King into a caricature of himself that strips him of any political complexity",
"timestamp": [
615.54,
622.52
]
},
{
"text": " that was central to who he was. People loved to cite his line,",
"timestamp": [
622.52,
626.24
]
},
{
"text": " I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will",
"timestamp": [
626.24,
631.72
]
},
{
"text": " not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.",
"timestamp": [
631.72,
636.24
]
},
{
"text": " And in doing so, they basically turn him into a single line in the I have a dream speech",
"timestamp": [
636.24,
641.96
]
},
{
"text": " and make him out to be some sort of non-violent kumbaya teddy bear.",
"timestamp": [
641.96,
646
]
},
{
"text": " And while it is true that Dr. King was deeply committed to nonviolence,",
"timestamp": [
646,
650.16
]
},
{
"text": " a deeper analysis of his work, writing, and speeches reveal that King's political views",
"timestamp": [
650.8,
657.04
]
},
{
"text": " were often more radical and more expansive than they have often been made out to be.",
"timestamp": [
657.04,
662.16
]
},
{
"text": " For example, King advocated for a guaranteed universal basic income and guaranteed employment",
"timestamp": [
662.16,
668.84
]
},
{
"text": " for anyone willing to work.",
"timestamp": [
668.84,
670.58
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},
{
"text": " One of his basic principles was that no one should be forced to live in poverty while",
"timestamp": [
670.58,
676.14
]
},
{
"text": " others live in luxury.",
"timestamp": [
676.14,
678.22
]
},
{
"text": " Additionally, he spoke out against the war in Vietnam and American imperialism more broadly.",
"timestamp": [
678.22,
684.06
]
},
{
"text": " In a 1967 speech, he called the United States government, quote, the greatest purveyor of",
"timestamp": [
684.06,
689.88
]
},
{
"text": " violence in the world.",
"timestamp": [
689.88,
691.68
]
},
{
"text": " And while King seems to be widely loved and respected today, it wasn't always that way.",
"timestamp": [
691.68,
697.24
]
},
{
"text": " In 1966, just two years before he was killed, according to Gallup polls, two-thirds of Americans",
"timestamp": [
697.24,
704.08
]
},
{
"text": " didn't approve of him or his work.",
"timestamp": [
704.08,
707.04
]
},
{
"text": " All of this is a reminder that advocating for social change, pushing against the status",
"timestamp": [
707.04,
711.98
]
},
{
"text": " quo, and fighting against those in positions of power doesn't mean you'll be popular",
"timestamp": [
711.98,
718.2
]
},
{
"text": " when you're doing it.",
"timestamp": [
718.2,
719.84
]
},
{
"text": " In fact, you might be vilified, just like King was. But attempting to build a better society has never been about being popular or well-liked.",
"timestamp": [
719.84,
729.96
]
},
{
"text": " It's about trying to build the sort of world that we all deserve to live in, even if it",
"timestamp": [
729.96,
736.04
]
},
{
"text": " means you won't get to see that world yourself.",
"timestamp": [
736.04,
739.82
]
},
{
"text": " And King, more than anyone, he knew this. He famously said in the last speech he ever delivered, on the day before he was assassinated,",
"timestamp": [
739.82,
751.64
]
},
{
"text": " quote, I've been to the mountaintop.",
"timestamp": [
751.64,
755
]
},
{
"text": " I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight that we, as a people, will",
"timestamp": [
755,
763.28
]
},
{
"text": " get to the promised land.",
"timestamp": [
763.28,
765.12
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching, I'll see you next time. Crash Course Learner Coin, and thank you to our patrons on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
null,
null
]
}
] |
[
[
"Intro",
" Hi, I'm Clint Smith and this is Crash Course Black American History. Perhaps the most notable figure of the modern civil rights movement is Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King has become a symbol of peace, courage, sacrifice, and impeccable leadership. But it's important to remember that he didn't do this alone. Together with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Dr. King played a pivotal role in changing the tide of civil rights legislation in the United States from 1956 to 1968. Another important thing is that we're often taught about Dr. King in a two-dimensional sort of way, that often flattens and oversimplifies or just ignores the totality of his political beliefs. But we're not gonna do that today. So let's start the show. ♪♪ Martin Luther King Jr. was born in 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. At just 15 years old, King was admitted into Morehouse College, which is an HBCU in Atlanta. There, he pledged Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Incorporated, the oldest black fraternity in the United States, and one that I joined when I was in college, too. At Morehouse, he studied law and medicine. At first, he had no intention of following in the footsteps of his father, who was a minister. That is, until he met Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays. Mays was then the president of Morehouse College, and he was also a minister. He'd established a reputation of advocating for racial equality, and his work had an enormous influence on the young Martin. So after graduating from Morehouse, King received a Bachelor's of Divinity in Theology from Crozer Theological Seminary in Upland, Pennsylvania, and then a PhD in Systematic Theology from Boston University in 1955. While in Boston, he met the woman who would become his wife, Miss Coretta Scott, and they married and soon settled down in Montgomery, Alabama, where King began as pastor at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. Not even a year into settling into their new home, the city began to bubble with tension because of the monumental Brown v. Board decision that declared key tenants of Plessy v. Ferguson unconstitutional. The desegregation of schools sparked unrest among black citizens in Montgomery who wanted to see Jim Crow segregation undone in all areas of life. And this is how Martin met Rosa Parks. The black citizens of Montgomery had long awaited an opportunity to launch an attack on the horrid abuse that took place within the segregationist system of public transportation. The 1955 arrest of Rosa Parks was the last straw. While community members and leaders were ready to take action, they sought out a leader who had an impeccable reputation. And as someone new in town, King also had the benefit of having a clean slate to work with. So Dr. King got his first taste of leadership when he was asked to head the Montgomery Improvement Association and lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Soon after the successful boycott, King was invited to Atlanta, Georgia to create an effort similar to the Montgomery Bus Boycott that could be executed across the South. Over January 10th and 11th of 1957, 60 black ministers and civil rights leaders convened in Atlanta at the renowned Ebenezer Baptist Church to replicate the successful Montgomery strategy. This group would soon become known as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference or SCLC. As an organization inextricably linked to the black church, it is no surprise that the SCLC regarded churches as pivotal organizing spaces for civil rights activism. The ministers of the SCLC soon chose Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. to be"
],
[
"YouTube",
" their first president and in its later years the SCLC would address other pressing issues like war and poverty. Reverend Ralph Abernathy Sr. co-founded the SCLC and served as the organization's treasurer. Another individual key to the success of Dr. King was Bayard Rustin. While he did not hold a specific leadership position, he served as King's advisor and right-hand man since the Montgomery Bus Boycott. During the Montgomery demonstrations, Rustin helped King develop the movement's nonviolent rhetoric that became the foundation of the SCLC's work. From the beginning, the SCLC identified nonviolence as their cornerstone strategy. They also soon decided to make the SCLC movement open to all individuals, regardless of race, religion, or background. King and the SCLC grew determined to bring national attention to the plight of Black Americans in Birmingham, a city that was regarded as one of the most segregated places in all of the United States. The objective of this campaign was to end discriminatory practices in hiring, desegregate"
],
[
"Crash Course",
" stores, and accelerate the desegregation of schools. And in a direct violation of a ruling against protests, King held a Good Friday demonstration on April 12, 1963. That day, he and 50 others were arrested. And later, a friend smuggled a copy of the local newspaper to Dr. King while he was in his cell. He opened the paper to find that eight white clergymen had published an essay that criticized the march that he had led and other similar demonstrations against racial inequality. In the piece, entitled A Call for Unity, the clergymen urged Black locals to refrain from letting outsiders sway them toward unwise and untimely behaviors that might incite violence and told them to stick to petitioning the local courts for their rights. Deeply frustrated by what he had just read, King, in that moment, began to write a response, doing so in the margins of the very newspaper he had read the column in. And King didn't hold back, and this document became one of the most central documents of the entire Civil Rights Movement. In his letter from a Birmingham jail, King rejected the idea that what was happening in Birmingham wasn't his business. Quote, I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly.\" He pushed back against the idea that if Black people were just patient, equality would soon come. Quote, We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor. It must be demanded by the oppressed. For years now I have heard the word, wait. It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This, wait, has almost always meant never.\" And then he made his famous assertion that the white moderate was an immense danger to the success of the Civil Rights Movement. Quote, I must confess that over the past few years I have been gravely disappointed with the of the Civil Rights Movement. white moderate, who is more devoted to order than to justice, who prefers a negative peace,"
],
[
"Crash Course Biology",
" which is the absent of tension, to a positive peace, which is the presence of justice, who constantly says, I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action, who paternalistically believes he can set the timetable for another man's freedom. When he was finished, he had written nearly 7,000 words. And with the help of his attorney, those words were smuggled out of the jail and printed in newspapers and magazines across the country. King's letter did not just speak directly to the clergymen, it was also an appeal to America's soul. The SCLC was not the only organization working toward the desegregation of public services in search of racial equality. So too was the more radical Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, also known as SNCC. These two organizations were largely working toward a similar set of goals, but often had different ideas of how to get there. You see, the SCLC strictly applied a model of propping up one charismatic central leader. In this case, it was Dr. King. SNCC, on the other hand, emphasized group-centered leadership. But despite their differences in approach, there were also times when the two organizations work together. Like the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the 1965 March on Selma. The combined efforts of SNCC, the SCLC, Black and White citizens, and ministers from across the country proved successful, finally applying enough pressure to get Lyndon B. Johnson to sign the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In late 1967, the SCLC opened a new chapter with its Poor People's Campaign. It was launched to close the wealth gap between whites and blacks and to combat the growing and racialized threat of poverty in the United States. As Dr. King put it, what good is having the right to sit at a lunch counter if you can't afford to buy a hamburger? Just as King was pivoting SCLC's work toward economic justice, he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. Unfortunately, the Poor People's Campaign collapsed in his absence. After King's death, the SCLC remained active in aiding Black voter registration and supporting protests across the South. But the late 1960s met the growth of a more militant sect of protesters, leaders, and intellectuals. The burgeoning Black Power movement was taking root, and people were becoming disillusioned with the idea of nonviolent, peaceful protests. Speaking of nonviolence, there is another important point to make here. Sometimes people can turn Dr. King into a caricature of himself that strips him of any political complexity that was central to who he was. People loved to cite his line, I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. And in doing so, they basically turn him into a single line in the I have a dream speech and make him out to be some sort of non-violent kumbaya teddy bear. And while it is true that Dr. King was deeply committed to nonviolence, a deeper analysis of his work, writing, and speeches reveal that King's political views were often more radical and more expansive than they have often been made out to be. For example, King advocated for a guaranteed universal basic income and guaranteed employment for anyone willing to work. One of his basic principles was that no one should be forced to live in poverty while others live in luxury. Additionally, he spoke out against the war in Vietnam and American imperialism more broadly. In a 1967 speech, he called the United States government, quote, the greatest purveyor of violence in the world."
],
[
"Who Uses Crash Course",
" And while King seems to be widely loved and respected today, it wasn't always that way. In 1966, just two years before he was killed, according to Gallup polls, two-thirds of Americans didn't approve of him or his work. All of this is a reminder that advocating for social change, pushing against the status quo, and fighting against those in positions of power doesn't mean you'll be popular when you're doing it. In fact, you might be vilified, just like King was. But attempting to build a better society has never been about being popular or well-liked. It's about trying to build the sort of world that we all deserve to live in, even if it means you won't get to see that world yourself. And King, more than anyone, he knew this. He famously said in the last speech he ever delivered, on the day before he was assassinated, quote, I've been to the mountaintop. I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight that we, as a people, will"
],
[
"Funding Crash Course",
" get to the promised land."
],
[
"Future of Crash Course",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Dada, Surrealism, and Symbolism: Crash Course Theater #37
|
Fx0Z6y2HmlM
| 745 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "<Untitled Chapter 1>",
"end_time": 23
},
{
"start_time": 23,
"title": "SYMBOLISM, SURREALISM, & DADAISM",
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},
{
"start_time": 224,
"title": "ALEATORY",
"end_time": 369
},
{
"start_time": 369,
"title": "AUTOMATISM",
"end_time": 745
}
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[
{
"text": " Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today we're going to the",
"timestamp": [
0,
7.12
]
},
{
"text": " land of the free and the home of the showboat.",
"timestamp": [
7.12,
10.8
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},
{
"text": " That's right, it's America.",
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10.8,
13.16
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},
{
"text": " He's loving it.",
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13.16,
14.16
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},
{
"text": " We'll look at pre-colonial performance, post-colonial performance, some attempts to exoticize indigenous",
"timestamp": [
14.16,
19.44
]
},
{
"text": " cultures, and a theater-related riot.",
"timestamp": [
19.44,
22.56
]
},
{
"text": " Lights up! INTRO",
"timestamp": [
22.56,
32.36
]
},
{
"text": " As you'll remember from our episode on Sor Juana, performance in the Americas doesn't",
"timestamp": [
32.36,
36.84
]
},
{
"text": " begin with colonizers.",
"timestamp": [
36.84,
38.6
]
},
{
"text": " In North America, many of the indigenous communities practiced ritual performances, including song",
"timestamp": [
38.6,
43.52
]
},
{
"text": " and dance and varieties of",
"timestamp": [
43.52,
45.76
]
},
{
"text": " storytelling.",
"timestamp": [
45.76,
46.76
]
},
{
"text": " These performances transmitted histories and reinforced beliefs.",
"timestamp": [
46.76,
50.24
]
},
{
"text": " Before and after the American Revolution, governments often suppressed and outlawed",
"timestamp": [
50.24,
54.48
]
},
{
"text": " these performances.",
"timestamp": [
54.48,
56.1
]
},
{
"text": " Maybe because settlers didn't understand them, or because they realized that suppressing",
"timestamp": [
56.1,
60.22
]
},
{
"text": " them weakened Indigenous communities, or both.",
"timestamp": [
60.22,
63.6
]
},
{
"text": " But Indigenous performance traditions do eventually meld with the theatrical traditions of colonists",
"timestamp": [
63.6,
69.2
]
},
{
"text": " in sometimes surprising ways, surviving efforts to stamp them out or starve them of an audience.",
"timestamp": [
69.2,
75.76
]
},
{
"text": " Later, some versions of these performances resurface as popular entertainment for white",
"timestamp": [
75.76,
80.16
]
},
{
"text": " audiences via 19th century spectacles like Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West show.",
"timestamp": [
80.16,
85.34
]
},
{
"text": " The first scripted play performed in North America is performed in Canada, or as colonists",
"timestamp": [
85.34,
90.08
]
},
{
"text": " call it at the time, New France.",
"timestamp": [
90.08,
92.18
]
},
{
"text": " The play is called The Theatre of Neptune, and it's performed in a harbor outside the",
"timestamp": [
92.18,
96.78
]
},
{
"text": " French settlement of Port Royal in 1606.",
"timestamp": [
96.78,
100.22
]
},
{
"text": " The play is basically a bunch of speeches by Mimac chiefs swearing allegiance to the king of France, saying,",
"timestamp": [
100.22,
106.04
]
},
{
"text": " No, it's fine. Please, colonize us.",
"timestamp": [
106.04,
109.72
]
},
{
"text": " And then Neptune, who I guess is tight with the king of France, is all like,",
"timestamp": [
109.72,
113.72
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks, let's get together with my tritons and have a banquet.",
"timestamp": [
113.72,
116.96
]
},
{
"text": " We don't know what the actual Micmacs of the time think about the play, but we can assume they'd have been...",
"timestamp": [
116.96,
122.92
]
},
{
"text": " surprised to see themselves depicted",
"timestamp": [
122.92,
125.72
]
},
{
"text": " as subjugated people, especially because Port Royal is barely hanging on at this point,",
"timestamp": [
125.72,
131.72
]
},
{
"text": " close to starvation and facing an uncertain future.",
"timestamp": [
131.72,
135.42
]
},
{
"text": " But the play also provides a record of early cultural exchanges.",
"timestamp": [
135.42,
139
]
},
{
"text": " Micmac words appear alongside French ones, suggesting that settlers were learning from",
"timestamp": [
139,
143.56
]
},
{
"text": " the First Peoples.",
"timestamp": [
143.56,
144.56
]
},
{
"text": " In the colonies to the south of Canada, theatre has some trouble catching on.",
"timestamp": [
144.56,
149.62
]
},
{
"text": " A lot of the first American colonists are Puritans, and if there's one thing we know",
"timestamp": [
149.62,
152.98
]
},
{
"text": " about Puritans, it's that they hate themselves some theatre.",
"timestamp": [
152.98,
157.46
]
},
{
"text": " Theatre is sinful, and America is going to be a city on a hill.",
"timestamp": [
157.46,
160.62
]
},
{
"text": " Which means a city with no theatres, apparently.",
"timestamp": [
160.62,
163.34
]
},
{
"text": " William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania and a Quaker, told lots of persecuted religious",
"timestamp": [
163.34,
167.9
]
},
{
"text": " minorities to come and hang out, but even he is like, how many plays did Jesus Christ",
"timestamp": [
167.9,
173.56
]
},
{
"text": " and his apostles recreate themselves at?",
"timestamp": [
173.56,
176.2
]
},
{
"text": " What poets, romances, comedies, and the like did the saints make use to pass their time",
"timestamp": [
176.2,
181.1
]
},
{
"text": " with all?",
"timestamp": [
181.1,
182.32
]
},
{
"text": " These are presumably rhetorical questions.",
"timestamp": [
182.32,
184.82
]
},
{
"text": " Another problem with the theater?",
"timestamp": [
184.82,
186.44
]
},
{
"text": " So British.",
"timestamp": [
186.44,
187.52
]
},
{
"text": " And America is trying really hard to not be like its parents.",
"timestamp": [
187.52,
191.66
]
},
{
"text": " During the Stamp Act riots, New Yorkers tear down a theater when they learn a British troop",
"timestamp": [
191.66,
196.4
]
},
{
"text": " is performing there.",
"timestamp": [
196.4,
197.72
]
},
{
"text": " During the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress issues an edict saying, We will discountenance and discourage every species of extravagance and dissipation,",
"timestamp": [
197.72,
207
]
},
{
"text": " especially all horse racing and all kinds of gaming, cockfighting, exhibition of shows, plays,",
"timestamp": [
207,
214
]
},
{
"text": " and other expensive diversions and entertainments.",
"timestamp": [
214,
218
]
},
{
"text": " Buzz kills.",
"timestamp": [
218,
220
]
},
{
"text": " But here's a surprise.",
"timestamp": [
220,
222
]
},
{
"text": " Theater sneaks in anyway.",
"timestamp": [
222,
224
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, that's not really a surprise.",
"timestamp": [
224,
226.2
]
},
{
"text": " I mean, you know what Jeff Goldblum says.",
"timestamp": [
226.2,
228.64
]
},
{
"text": " Theater, uh, finds a way.",
"timestamp": [
228.64,
230.88
]
},
{
"text": " For a long time, people believed that the first play performed in America was a production",
"timestamp": [
230.88,
235.16
]
},
{
"text": " of The Merchant of Venice in Williamsburg, Virginia, that the Hallam Company brought",
"timestamp": [
235.16,
239.46
]
},
{
"text": " over from England.",
"timestamp": [
239.46,
240.46
]
},
{
"text": " Remember the Hallams?",
"timestamp": [
240.46,
241.46
]
},
{
"text": " They got caught infringing on the licensing act and they had to leave London.",
"timestamp": [
241.46,
244.72
]
},
{
"text": " And ooooh, they were quick!",
"timestamp": [
244.72,
246.26
]
},
{
"text": " But first?",
"timestamp": [
246.26,
247.26
]
},
{
"text": " Maybe not.",
"timestamp": [
247.26,
248.32
]
},
{
"text": " As early as 1665, there's a record of an English-language play called Ye Bear and Ye",
"timestamp": [
248.32,
252.92
]
},
{
"text": " Cub being performed at a tavern elsewhere in Virginia.",
"timestamp": [
252.92,
256.82
]
},
{
"text": " We know this because the writer gets accused of public wickedness and he and the cast have",
"timestamp": [
256.82,
261.76
]
},
{
"text": " to perform the play in court, in costume.",
"timestamp": [
261.76,
264.56
]
},
{
"text": " They're found not guilty.",
"timestamp": [
264.56,
266.6
]
},
{
"text": " Huzzah!",
"timestamp": [
266.6,
267.6
]
},
{
"text": " Before the Revolutionary War, purpose-built theaters go up in Williamsburg, New York,",
"timestamp": [
267.6,
271.92
]
},
{
"text": " and Charleston.",
"timestamp": [
271.92,
273.26
]
},
{
"text": " Another professional company, led by Walter Murray and Thomas Keene, forms a few years",
"timestamp": [
273.26,
277.56
]
},
{
"text": " ahead of the Holloms and performs a bunch of plays in a Philadelphia warehouse in 1749.",
"timestamp": [
277.56,
283.44
]
},
{
"text": " The lineup includes Richard III, the Beggar's Opera, and the London Merchant, because who",
"timestamp": [
283.44,
288.08
]
},
{
"text": " doesn't need a friendly reminder that messing with rich people is bad news?",
"timestamp": [
288.08,
291.64
]
},
{
"text": " Yabare and Yacub aside, the pre-revolution repertory is pretty much all English at this",
"timestamp": [
291.64,
295.8
]
},
{
"text": " point.",
"timestamp": [
295.8,
296.8
]
},
{
"text": " A few Americans are writing plays, including Androboros, a really mean satire by the colonial",
"timestamp": [
296.8,
301.84
]
},
{
"text": " governor of New York and New Jersey making fun of his political",
"timestamp": [
301.84,
305.18
]
},
{
"text": " rival, but these are all closet dramas.",
"timestamp": [
305.18,
308.42
]
},
{
"text": " During the Revolution, satirical closet drama really takes off.",
"timestamp": [
308.42,
312.08
]
},
{
"text": " A bunch of American writers pen anti-British plays, a lot of them in blank verse.",
"timestamp": [
312.08,
316.72
]
},
{
"text": " So take that, Tories.",
"timestamp": [
316.72,
318.04
]
},
{
"text": " How do you like your sinful theater now?",
"timestamp": [
318.04,
321.08
]
},
{
"text": " But the edict from the Continental Congress means that these works aren't staged, so",
"timestamp": [
321.08,
324.92
]
},
{
"text": " Tories probably never saw them.",
"timestamp": [
324.92,
326.68
]
},
{
"text": " After the Revolution, New York is like, hooray for America, down with the British!",
"timestamp": [
326.68,
330.48
]
},
{
"text": " But maybe we can keep theater?",
"timestamp": [
330.48,
333.16
]
},
{
"text": " And they do, and so do other cities.",
"timestamp": [
333.16,
335.12
]
},
{
"text": " New York and Philadelphia become the early capitals of American theater.",
"timestamp": [
335.12,
339.2
]
},
{
"text": " Some troops are imported from London, some are made up of homegrown actors.",
"timestamp": [
339.2,
343.6
]
},
{
"text": " Most troops tour, and touring gets even easier when companies have the bright idea to make",
"timestamp": [
343.6,
348.4
]
},
{
"text": " theaters out of boats and send those showboats up and down the Mississippi.",
"timestamp": [
348.4,
352.92
]
},
{
"text": " The repertory is still mostly English, Shakespeare, and sentimental comedy, but after the war,",
"timestamp": [
352.92,
358
]
},
{
"text": " plays by American writers become increasingly popular.",
"timestamp": [
358,
361.28
]
},
{
"text": " The first homegrown hit is Royale Tyler's 1787 play, The Contrast.",
"timestamp": [
361.28,
366.64
]
},
{
"text": " The play is basically a ripoff of The School for Scandal by Richard Brinsley Sheridan,",
"timestamp": [
366.84,
371.32
]
},
{
"text": " but Tyler has the smart idea to make the bad characters snooty, wannabe English types and the good characters hardy",
"timestamp": [
371.32,
379.12
]
},
{
"text": " American types. American audiences love it.",
"timestamp": [
379.64,
383.2
]
},
{
"text": " They love Duncan on the Brits.",
"timestamp": [
383.2,
385.58
]
},
{
"text": " It also creates the Stage Yankee, a stock character known for his aw shucks, no-nonsense",
"timestamp": [
385.58,
390.66
]
},
{
"text": " attitude and hilarious New England dialect.",
"timestamp": [
390.66,
394.42
]
},
{
"text": " Some American plays even make it back to England.",
"timestamp": [
394.42,
396.52
]
},
{
"text": " The first is probably James Nelson Barker's 1808 work The Indian Princess or La Belle",
"timestamp": [
396.52,
401.6
]
},
{
"text": " Sauvage because, you know, exoticism.",
"timestamp": [
401.6,
405.44
]
},
{
"text": " This play is a version of the Pocahontas story written as a ballad opera.",
"timestamp": [
405.44,
409.7
]
},
{
"text": " It kicks off a trend of stories about, but definitely not by or for, Native Americans.",
"timestamp": [
409.7,
415.44
]
},
{
"text": " Let's look at another one as we meet America's first American-born stage star, macho man",
"timestamp": [
415.44,
421.08
]
},
{
"text": " Edwin Forrest.",
"timestamp": [
421.08,
422.74
]
},
{
"text": " He was so macho he supposedly used to wear prosthetic calf muscles on stage for a little",
"timestamp": [
422.74,
428.4
]
},
{
"text": " extra manliness in the game.",
"timestamp": [
428.4,
430.76
]
},
{
"text": " Edwin Forrest was born in 1806 in Philadelphia.",
"timestamp": [
430.76,
433.32
]
},
{
"text": " He was interested in theater from a young age and made his professional debut at 11",
"timestamp": [
433.32,
438.24
]
},
{
"text": " playing a girl.",
"timestamp": [
438.24,
439.32
]
},
{
"text": " He tried to become a printer or a cooper, but while he was under the influence of nitrous oxide,",
"timestamp": [
439.32,
445
]
},
{
"text": " he started reciting Shakespeare. And a lawyer who overheard him",
"timestamp": [
445.58,
450.56
]
},
{
"text": " arranged a spot for him at Philadelphia's most prominent theater. What a break!",
"timestamp": [
450.96,
456.26
]
},
{
"text": " America is bananas.",
"timestamp": [
456.86,
458.86
]
},
{
"text": " Forrest was an athletic, uninhibited actor. People called his school of acting physical or heroic.",
"timestamp": [
459.14,
465.12
]
},
{
"text": " Basically, Forrest was a manly guy and he took on manly roles. And a lot of those",
"timestamp": [
465.12,
470.02
]
},
{
"text": " roles were in blackface or redface. We'll talk about blackface in the next",
"timestamp": [
470.02,
474.62
]
},
{
"text": " episode, so let's take a moment for redface, a racist American phenomenon",
"timestamp": [
474.62,
478.78
]
},
{
"text": " stretching back at least as far as the Boston Tea Party in which white people",
"timestamp": [
478.78,
483.04
]
},
{
"text": " dress up as Native Americans.",
"timestamp": [
483.04,
485.64
]
},
{
"text": " After the success of The Indian Princess and James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Last of",
"timestamp": [
485.64,
489.84
]
},
{
"text": " the Mohicans, redface became a big deal on stage.",
"timestamp": [
489.84,
494.08
]
},
{
"text": " Though mostly in the Northeast, where the frontier wasn't a pressing issue.",
"timestamp": [
494.08,
498.8
]
},
{
"text": " Forrest's most popular redface role was in Metamora, a play he commissioned.",
"timestamp": [
498.8,
503.66
]
},
{
"text": " He played the title character, a noble Indian chief betrayed by his treacherous white enemies.",
"timestamp": [
503.66,
509.72
]
},
{
"text": " Is it daring to make a Native American character the good guy?",
"timestamp": [
509.72,
513.72
]
},
{
"text": " Maybe, but not that daring.",
"timestamp": [
513.72,
516.4
]
},
{
"text": " Metamora opened at the same time as the Indian Removals Act.",
"timestamp": [
516.4,
520.12
]
},
{
"text": " It made audiences cry, but it didn't make them oppose the persecution of indigenous",
"timestamp": [
520.12,
524.88
]
},
{
"text": " peoples.",
"timestamp": [
524.88,
525.6
]
},
{
"text": " Metamora isn't really about Native Americans, it's about white Americans wanting to believe in the dignity and naturalness and authenticity of the American character.",
"timestamp": [
525.6,
536.2
]
},
{
"text": " The play wants to help define America as a nation, but a nation by and for white people. Forrest's main rival was William Charles Macready, a Scottish actor who preferred a",
"timestamp": [
536.2,
547.82
]
},
{
"text": " subtler and more intellectual style of acting.",
"timestamp": [
547.82,
551.42
]
},
{
"text": " In a tribute, the poet Tennyson called him moral, grave, sublime.",
"timestamp": [
551.42,
555.68
]
},
{
"text": " On a visit to London in 1845, Forrest decided to play Macbeth, which is not a macho role,",
"timestamp": [
555.68,
563.12
]
},
{
"text": " and it did not go well. Audiences hissed at him, and Forrest decided that Macready, the most famous Macbeth, which is not a macho role, and it did not go well.",
"timestamp": [
563.12,
565.04
]
},
{
"text": " Audiences hissed at him, and Forrest decided that Macready, the most famous Macbeth of",
"timestamp": [
565.04,
569.36
]
},
{
"text": " the day, had put them up to it.",
"timestamp": [
569.36,
572.04
]
},
{
"text": " Actually, Macready had been really supportive of Forrest, but Forrest was not the kind of",
"timestamp": [
572.04,
576.56
]
},
{
"text": " guy to let logic stand in his way.",
"timestamp": [
576.56,
579.12
]
},
{
"text": " So Forrest went to Edinburgh, where Macready was playing Hamlet, and he hissed at him during",
"timestamp": [
579.12,
584.08
]
},
{
"text": " the performance.",
"timestamp": [
584.08,
586.22
]
},
{
"text": " Rivalry on.",
"timestamp": [
586.22,
587.6
]
},
{
"text": " And in the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
587.6,
589.06
]
},
{
"text": " Forrest had support among street toughs and the working class in America.",
"timestamp": [
589.06,
593.4
]
},
{
"text": " MacReady's fans were upper-class Anglophiles, and the animosity between the two groups reflected",
"timestamp": [
593.4,
598.64
]
},
{
"text": " a common tension at the time between the rich and the poor, between immigrants and nativists. A few years after those hissing incidents,",
"timestamp": [
598.64,
607.32
]
},
{
"text": " MacReady came to America for a tour, and Forrest's fans harassed him,",
"timestamp": [
607.32,
612
]
},
{
"text": " once throwing half a dead sheep carcass at MacReady while he was performing,",
"timestamp": [
612,
617.3
]
},
{
"text": " which is sort of worse than a whole sheep carcass.",
"timestamp": [
617.3,
620.2
]
},
{
"text": " In May of 1849, MacReady was playing Macbeth at the Astor Place Theater.",
"timestamp": [
620.2,
624.8
]
},
{
"text": " Forrest, who still hadn't figured out that he wasReady was playing Macbeth at the Astor Place Theatre.",
"timestamp": [
624.8,
625.04
]
},
{
"text": " Forrest, who still hadn't figured out that he was just plain bad at Macbeth, was also",
"timestamp": [
625.04,
629.82
]
},
{
"text": " playing him only a block away.",
"timestamp": [
629.82,
632.48
]
},
{
"text": " Forrest's fans bought lots of tickets to MacReady's performance and threw so many",
"timestamp": [
632.48,
637.34
]
},
{
"text": " lemons and potatoes and rotten eggs on stage that it stopped the show.",
"timestamp": [
637.34,
642.92
]
},
{
"text": " They also threw their own seats.",
"timestamp": [
642.92,
645.04
]
},
{
"text": " Macready tried to leave for England, but a bunch of New Yorkers, including Herman Melville, signed a petition",
"timestamp": [
645.6,
651.44
]
},
{
"text": " encouraging him to stay. Three days later, Macready played Macbeth again, and that's when things went really wrong.",
"timestamp": [
651.92,
658.4
]
},
{
"text": " Forrest's supporters were prevented from entering the theater by Macready's crew,",
"timestamp": [
658.92,
663.36
]
},
{
"text": " so they surrounded it,",
"timestamp": [
663.36,
665.04
]
},
{
"text": " throwing stones and trying to set it on fire.",
"timestamp": [
667.88,
668.36
]
},
{
"text": " MacReady had to sneak out in disguise, but the mob didn't disperse and the state militia, called in by the police chief and the mayor,",
"timestamp": [
670.36,
675.72
]
},
{
"text": " opened fire. More than 20 people were killed and more than a hundred were injured. Thank you Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
676.08,
682.72
]
},
{
"text": " Bananas.",
"timestamp": [
684.28,
685.14
]
},
{
"text": " Clearly, this is not a deadly riot about performance styles.",
"timestamp": [
685.14,
688.82
]
},
{
"text": " It's about nativism, anti-immigrant sentiment spurred by economic inequality.",
"timestamp": [
688.82,
694.16
]
},
{
"text": " But the Astor Place riots also show the anxieties that challenged theater in America, worries",
"timestamp": [
694.16,
699.26
]
},
{
"text": " about who was allowed to produce theater and who was allowed to enjoy it.",
"timestamp": [
699.26,
703.54
]
},
{
"text": " The Astor Place riots are upsetting,",
"timestamp": [
703.54,
705
]
},
{
"text": " but the upset isn't over yet.",
"timestamp": [
705,
707.52
]
},
{
"text": " We're staying in America for another episode,",
"timestamp": [
707.52,
709.7
]
},
{
"text": " exploring race melodrama, abolitionist drama,",
"timestamp": [
709.7,
712.76
]
},
{
"text": " and minstrelsy.",
"timestamp": [
712.76,
713.76
]
},
{
"text": " We're going to keep talking about who gets to make theater",
"timestamp": [
713.76,
716.16
]
},
{
"text": " and who gets to see it.",
"timestamp": [
716.16,
717.4
]
},
{
"text": " And we're going to see some pretty disturbing trends",
"timestamp": [
717.4,
719.64
]
},
{
"text": " in stage makeup.",
"timestamp": [
719.64,
720.84
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching us strut and fret.",
"timestamp": [
720.84,
723.36
]
},
{
"text": " We'll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
723.36,
724.44
]
},
{
"text": " Until then, curtain.",
"timestamp": [
724.44,
727
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.",
"timestamp": [
727,
729.92
]
},
{
"text": " Head over to their channel to check out some of their shows like Origin of Everything.",
"timestamp": [
729.92,
734.2
]
},
{
"text": " Origin of Everything, hosted by Danielle Bainbridge, PhD, explores the history behind the stuff",
"timestamp": [
734.2,
739
]
},
{
"text": " in our everyday life, from the words we use, the pop culture we love, the technology that",
"timestamp": [
739,
743.8
]
},
{
"text": " gets us through the day, or the identities we give ourselves.",
"timestamp": [
743.8,
747.88
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is filmed in Indianapolis, Indiana and is produced with the help of all",
"timestamp": [
747.88,
751.08
]
},
{
"text": " of these very nice people and our animation team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
751.08,
755.36
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course exists thanks to the generous support of our patrons at Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
755.36,
759.24
]
}
] |
[
[
"<Untitled Chapter 1>",
" Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today we're going to the land of the free and the home of the showboat. That's right, it's America. He's loving it. We'll look at pre-colonial performance, post-colonial performance, some attempts to exoticize indigenous cultures, and a theater-related riot. Lights up! INTRO"
],
[
"SYMBOLISM, SURREALISM, & DADAISM",
" As you'll remember from our episode on Sor Juana, performance in the Americas doesn't begin with colonizers. In North America, many of the indigenous communities practiced ritual performances, including song and dance and varieties of storytelling. These performances transmitted histories and reinforced beliefs. Before and after the American Revolution, governments often suppressed and outlawed these performances. Maybe because settlers didn't understand them, or because they realized that suppressing them weakened Indigenous communities, or both. But Indigenous performance traditions do eventually meld with the theatrical traditions of colonists in sometimes surprising ways, surviving efforts to stamp them out or starve them of an audience. Later, some versions of these performances resurface as popular entertainment for white audiences via 19th century spectacles like Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West show. The first scripted play performed in North America is performed in Canada, or as colonists call it at the time, New France. The play is called The Theatre of Neptune, and it's performed in a harbor outside the French settlement of Port Royal in 1606. The play is basically a bunch of speeches by Mimac chiefs swearing allegiance to the king of France, saying, No, it's fine. Please, colonize us. And then Neptune, who I guess is tight with the king of France, is all like, Thanks, let's get together with my tritons and have a banquet. We don't know what the actual Micmacs of the time think about the play, but we can assume they'd have been... surprised to see themselves depicted as subjugated people, especially because Port Royal is barely hanging on at this point, close to starvation and facing an uncertain future. But the play also provides a record of early cultural exchanges. Micmac words appear alongside French ones, suggesting that settlers were learning from the First Peoples. In the colonies to the south of Canada, theatre has some trouble catching on. A lot of the first American colonists are Puritans, and if there's one thing we know about Puritans, it's that they hate themselves some theatre. Theatre is sinful, and America is going to be a city on a hill. Which means a city with no theatres, apparently. William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania and a Quaker, told lots of persecuted religious minorities to come and hang out, but even he is like, how many plays did Jesus Christ and his apostles recreate themselves at? What poets, romances, comedies, and the like did the saints make use to pass their time with all? These are presumably rhetorical questions. Another problem with the theater? So British. And America is trying really hard to not be like its parents. During the Stamp Act riots, New Yorkers tear down a theater when they learn a British troop is performing there. During the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress issues an edict saying, We will discountenance and discourage every species of extravagance and dissipation, especially all horse racing and all kinds of gaming, cockfighting, exhibition of shows, plays, and other expensive diversions and entertainments. Buzz kills. But here's a surprise. Theater sneaks in anyway."
],
[
"ALEATORY",
" Okay, that's not really a surprise. I mean, you know what Jeff Goldblum says. Theater, uh, finds a way. For a long time, people believed that the first play performed in America was a production of The Merchant of Venice in Williamsburg, Virginia, that the Hallam Company brought over from England. Remember the Hallams? They got caught infringing on the licensing act and they had to leave London. And ooooh, they were quick! But first? Maybe not. As early as 1665, there's a record of an English-language play called Ye Bear and Ye Cub being performed at a tavern elsewhere in Virginia. We know this because the writer gets accused of public wickedness and he and the cast have to perform the play in court, in costume. They're found not guilty. Huzzah! Before the Revolutionary War, purpose-built theaters go up in Williamsburg, New York, and Charleston. Another professional company, led by Walter Murray and Thomas Keene, forms a few years ahead of the Holloms and performs a bunch of plays in a Philadelphia warehouse in 1749. The lineup includes Richard III, the Beggar's Opera, and the London Merchant, because who doesn't need a friendly reminder that messing with rich people is bad news? Yabare and Yacub aside, the pre-revolution repertory is pretty much all English at this point. A few Americans are writing plays, including Androboros, a really mean satire by the colonial governor of New York and New Jersey making fun of his political rival, but these are all closet dramas. During the Revolution, satirical closet drama really takes off. A bunch of American writers pen anti-British plays, a lot of them in blank verse. So take that, Tories. How do you like your sinful theater now? But the edict from the Continental Congress means that these works aren't staged, so Tories probably never saw them. After the Revolution, New York is like, hooray for America, down with the British! But maybe we can keep theater? And they do, and so do other cities. New York and Philadelphia become the early capitals of American theater. Some troops are imported from London, some are made up of homegrown actors. Most troops tour, and touring gets even easier when companies have the bright idea to make theaters out of boats and send those showboats up and down the Mississippi. The repertory is still mostly English, Shakespeare, and sentimental comedy, but after the war, plays by American writers become increasingly popular. The first homegrown hit is Royale Tyler's 1787 play, The Contrast. The play is basically a ripoff of The School for Scandal by Richard Brinsley Sheridan,"
],
[
"AUTOMATISM",
" but Tyler has the smart idea to make the bad characters snooty, wannabe English types and the good characters hardy American types. American audiences love it. They love Duncan on the Brits. It also creates the Stage Yankee, a stock character known for his aw shucks, no-nonsense attitude and hilarious New England dialect. Some American plays even make it back to England. The first is probably James Nelson Barker's 1808 work The Indian Princess or La Belle Sauvage because, you know, exoticism. This play is a version of the Pocahontas story written as a ballad opera. It kicks off a trend of stories about, but definitely not by or for, Native Americans. Let's look at another one as we meet America's first American-born stage star, macho man Edwin Forrest. He was so macho he supposedly used to wear prosthetic calf muscles on stage for a little extra manliness in the game. Edwin Forrest was born in 1806 in Philadelphia. He was interested in theater from a young age and made his professional debut at 11 playing a girl. He tried to become a printer or a cooper, but while he was under the influence of nitrous oxide, he started reciting Shakespeare. And a lawyer who overheard him arranged a spot for him at Philadelphia's most prominent theater. What a break! America is bananas. Forrest was an athletic, uninhibited actor. People called his school of acting physical or heroic. Basically, Forrest was a manly guy and he took on manly roles. And a lot of those roles were in blackface or redface. We'll talk about blackface in the next episode, so let's take a moment for redface, a racist American phenomenon stretching back at least as far as the Boston Tea Party in which white people dress up as Native Americans. After the success of The Indian Princess and James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Last of the Mohicans, redface became a big deal on stage. Though mostly in the Northeast, where the frontier wasn't a pressing issue. Forrest's most popular redface role was in Metamora, a play he commissioned. He played the title character, a noble Indian chief betrayed by his treacherous white enemies. Is it daring to make a Native American character the good guy? Maybe, but not that daring. Metamora opened at the same time as the Indian Removals Act. It made audiences cry, but it didn't make them oppose the persecution of indigenous peoples. Metamora isn't really about Native Americans, it's about white Americans wanting to believe in the dignity and naturalness and authenticity of the American character. The play wants to help define America as a nation, but a nation by and for white people. Forrest's main rival was William Charles Macready, a Scottish actor who preferred a subtler and more intellectual style of acting. In a tribute, the poet Tennyson called him moral, grave, sublime. On a visit to London in 1845, Forrest decided to play Macbeth, which is not a macho role, and it did not go well. Audiences hissed at him, and Forrest decided that Macready, the most famous Macbeth, which is not a macho role, and it did not go well. Audiences hissed at him, and Forrest decided that Macready, the most famous Macbeth of the day, had put them up to it. Actually, Macready had been really supportive of Forrest, but Forrest was not the kind of guy to let logic stand in his way. So Forrest went to Edinburgh, where Macready was playing Hamlet, and he hissed at him during the performance. Rivalry on. And in the Thought Bubble. Forrest had support among street toughs and the working class in America. MacReady's fans were upper-class Anglophiles, and the animosity between the two groups reflected a common tension at the time between the rich and the poor, between immigrants and nativists. A few years after those hissing incidents, MacReady came to America for a tour, and Forrest's fans harassed him, once throwing half a dead sheep carcass at MacReady while he was performing, which is sort of worse than a whole sheep carcass. In May of 1849, MacReady was playing Macbeth at the Astor Place Theater. Forrest, who still hadn't figured out that he wasReady was playing Macbeth at the Astor Place Theatre. Forrest, who still hadn't figured out that he was just plain bad at Macbeth, was also playing him only a block away. Forrest's fans bought lots of tickets to MacReady's performance and threw so many lemons and potatoes and rotten eggs on stage that it stopped the show. They also threw their own seats. Macready tried to leave for England, but a bunch of New Yorkers, including Herman Melville, signed a petition encouraging him to stay. Three days later, Macready played Macbeth again, and that's when things went really wrong. Forrest's supporters were prevented from entering the theater by Macready's crew, so they surrounded it, throwing stones and trying to set it on fire. MacReady had to sneak out in disguise, but the mob didn't disperse and the state militia, called in by the police chief and the mayor, opened fire. More than 20 people were killed and more than a hundred were injured. Thank you Thought Bubble! Bananas. Clearly, this is not a deadly riot about performance styles. It's about nativism, anti-immigrant sentiment spurred by economic inequality. But the Astor Place riots also show the anxieties that challenged theater in America, worries about who was allowed to produce theater and who was allowed to enjoy it. The Astor Place riots are upsetting, but the upset isn't over yet. We're staying in America for another episode, exploring race melodrama, abolitionist drama, and minstrelsy. We're going to keep talking about who gets to make theater and who gets to see it. And we're going to see some pretty disturbing trends in stage makeup. Thanks for watching us strut and fret. We'll see you next time. Until then, curtain. Crash Course Theater is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Head over to their channel to check out some of their shows like Origin of Everything. Origin of Everything, hosted by Danielle Bainbridge, PhD, explores the history behind the stuff in our everyday life, from the words we use, the pop culture we love, the technology that gets us through the day, or the identities we give ourselves."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
North America Gets a Theater...Riot: Crash Course Theater #29
|
DA16n8ilUp8
| 760 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 128
},
{
"start_time": 128,
"title": "Theater in America",
"end_time": 320
},
{
"start_time": 320,
"title": "American Theatre",
"end_time": 571
},
{
"start_time": 571,
"title": "Astor Place Riot",
"end_time": 760
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.",
"timestamp": [
0,
3.2
]
},
{
"text": " So in our last episode we saw the Habsburgs, with the help of Romanians and some others,",
"timestamp": [
3.2,
8.04
]
},
{
"text": " drive the Ottomans out of large swaths of Eastern Europe, which started the Habsburg",
"timestamp": [
8.04,
12.92
]
},
{
"text": " expansion eastward.",
"timestamp": [
12.92,
14.6
]
},
{
"text": " But there were some other important states making big moves during the 17th century.",
"timestamp": [
14.6,
19.44
]
},
{
"text": " Today we're going to focus on two of them, Russia, which sought stability after a time of troubles, and the",
"timestamp": [
19.44,
25.24
]
},
{
"text": " House of Brandenburg-Prussia, a small state that within two centuries would grow to become",
"timestamp": [
25.24,
31.72
]
},
{
"text": " extraordinarily powerful.",
"timestamp": [
31.72,
42.84
]
},
{
"text": " In the huge Russian Empire, Tsar Peter I became an outsized monarch.",
"timestamp": [
42.84,
47.68
]
},
{
"text": " Literally, he was 6 feet 9 inches tall.",
"timestamp": [
47.68,
50.16
]
},
{
"text": " Which is, uh, like 3 meters?",
"timestamp": [
50.16,
51.8
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, just say it with authority, Green.",
"timestamp": [
51.8,
53.48
]
},
{
"text": " He was 3 meters tall.",
"timestamp": [
53.48,
55.28
]
},
{
"text": " Don't write that on your tests.",
"timestamp": [
55.28,
57.2
]
},
{
"text": " Now early in Peter's life, his future didn't look particularly promising.",
"timestamp": [
57.2,
60.86
]
},
{
"text": " He was born in 1672 and he was not first in line to the Russian throne.",
"timestamp": [
60.86,
65.88
]
},
{
"text": " His half-sister Sophia was ruling Russia at the time as regent for the young Romanov brothers,",
"timestamp": [
65.88,
72.08
]
},
{
"text": " of whom Peter was the youngest.",
"timestamp": [
72.08,
74.6
]
},
{
"text": " Sophia wanted to become the permanent ruler, but Peter and his supporters had other ideas.",
"timestamp": [
74.6,
80.44
]
},
{
"text": " At the time, many interest groups in Russia helped shape who ended up with political power,",
"timestamp": [
80.44,
85.62
]
},
{
"text": " including the Orthodox Church, the army, the aristocracy, and wealthy traders.",
"timestamp": [
85.62,
90.58
]
},
{
"text": " And as Peter and his brothers came of age, these groups negotiated to arrive at a consensus",
"timestamp": [
90.58,
95.9
]
},
{
"text": " candidate for czar.",
"timestamp": [
95.9,
97.62
]
},
{
"text": " And then the Russian people had to seal the deal, so to speak, via public demonstrations",
"timestamp": [
97.62,
102.46
]
},
{
"text": " of acclaim and approval, which developed the",
"timestamp": [
102.46,
106.02
]
},
{
"text": " sacred trust between the ruler and the ruled.",
"timestamp": [
106.02,
109.24
]
},
{
"text": " In short, political power in this monarchy was not as simple as the Tsar has all of it.",
"timestamp": [
109.24,
115.9
]
},
{
"text": " And Peter only became Tsar with the help of his advisors and the support of powerful interest",
"timestamp": [
115.9,
120.98
]
},
{
"text": " groups in Russia.",
"timestamp": [
120.98,
122.24
]
},
{
"text": " He became an autocratic ruler, but the autocracy was intertwined with widespread, if certainly",
"timestamp": [
122.24,
128.52
]
},
{
"text": " not universal, public support from the Russian people.",
"timestamp": [
128.52,
132
]
},
{
"text": " What I'm getting at is that the relationship between the government and the governed is",
"timestamp": [
132,
136.52
]
},
{
"text": " always complex.",
"timestamp": [
136.52,
137.96
]
},
{
"text": " And the example of the Russian monarchy is important partly because it helps us to see",
"timestamp": [
137.96,
141.76
]
},
{
"text": " that even absolutist governments could only retain their power by having support from outside institutions and individuals.",
"timestamp": [
141.76,
150.28
]
},
{
"text": " Now Peter tackled every facet of state building.",
"timestamp": [
150.28,
153.2
]
},
{
"text": " He reorganized both the military and the nobility, and in doing so, also reorganized who had",
"timestamp": [
153.2,
158.4
]
},
{
"text": " political power and how they could wield it.",
"timestamp": [
158.4,
160.84
]
},
{
"text": " For the nobility, he created a precise table of ranks, with each promotion to a higher",
"timestamp": [
160.84,
165.44
]
},
{
"text": " rank depending on the aristocrat performing service to the state.",
"timestamp": [
165.44,
169.88
]
},
{
"text": " This reform aimed to end older political practices based on networking and nepotism and favoritism,",
"timestamp": [
169.88,
175.64
]
},
{
"text": " and instead make the aristocracy more of a meritocracy.",
"timestamp": [
175.64,
179.92
]
},
{
"text": " Peter also eliminated the power of the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church by leaving the post vacant and setting up a council or synod of laypeople as overseers, headed, of",
"timestamp": [
179.92,
190.48
]
},
{
"text": " course, by the Tsar.",
"timestamp": [
190.48,
192.2
]
},
{
"text": " Peter was also curious and adventurous.",
"timestamp": [
192.2,
194.32
]
},
{
"text": " He liked to tinker and build, focusing on clocks and military machinery and the deployment",
"timestamp": [
194.32,
199.34
]
},
{
"text": " of his toy soldiers.",
"timestamp": [
199.34,
200.96
]
},
{
"text": " And he was fascinated by Western Europe.",
"timestamp": [
200.96,
203.36
]
},
{
"text": " In fact, he set off in 1697 to see what Western rulers were up to.",
"timestamp": [
203.36,
208.28
]
},
{
"text": " The Dutch in particular attracted him.",
"timestamp": [
208.28,
210.26
]
},
{
"text": " You may remember that they were advanced in canal building and fire control and architecture",
"timestamp": [
210.26,
215.04
]
},
{
"text": " and urban lighting and also had lots of money from trading.",
"timestamp": [
215.04,
218.84
]
},
{
"text": " And having seen all these enterprises in action, Peter returned from Western Europe full of",
"timestamp": [
218.84,
223.28
]
},
{
"text": " determination to modernize and westernize",
"timestamp": [
223.28,
226.36
]
},
{
"text": " Russia.",
"timestamp": [
226.36,
227.36
]
},
{
"text": " While Peter was still in Western Europe in the spring of 1698, the Streltsy, a band of",
"timestamp": [
227.36,
232.12
]
},
{
"text": " infantrymen first initiated by Ivan the Terrible slash Awesome, rose up against the bad conditions",
"timestamp": [
232.12,
238.2
]
},
{
"text": " that they faced.",
"timestamp": [
238.2,
239.2
]
},
{
"text": " They had hopes of reviving the administration of the Regent Sophia, who at the time was",
"timestamp": [
239.2,
244
]
},
{
"text": " imprisoned. Peter ordered them crushed, and when he returned to Russia in August of 1698, he had hundreds",
"timestamp": [
244,
250
]
},
{
"text": " of the Streltsy tortured, exiled, or executed.",
"timestamp": [
250,
253.52
]
},
{
"text": " The purge of the Streltsy actually helped clear the way for the modern fighting force",
"timestamp": [
253.52,
257.58
]
},
{
"text": " that Peter envisioned.",
"timestamp": [
257.58,
259.24
]
},
{
"text": " A major innovation was giving Russia a standing army that ultimately included some 200,000",
"timestamp": [
259.24,
264.84
]
},
{
"text": " recruits, which was a",
"timestamp": [
264.84,
266.56
]
},
{
"text": " massive number for Europe at the time. And serious training of that army, as well as",
"timestamp": [
267.04,
271.28
]
},
{
"text": " modernization of weaponry, ultimately paid off when it came to battling Sweden. At first, during",
"timestamp": [
271.28,
276.96
]
},
{
"text": " an early battle of the Great Northern War, the ambitious and land-hungry ruler of Sweden, Charles XII, defeated Russian forces at Narva",
"timestamp": [
276.96,
285.2
]
},
{
"text": " in 1700.",
"timestamp": [
285.2,
287.04
]
},
{
"text": " Hold on a second, Sweden had twelve kings named Charles?",
"timestamp": [
287.04,
292.84
]
},
{
"text": " History never ceases to surprise, my friends.",
"timestamp": [
292.84,
295.04
]
},
{
"text": " Right, so Swedish Charles XII also defeated Poland in the war, but then Peter fortified",
"timestamp": [
295.04,
301.44
]
},
{
"text": " his army even more and formed an important alliance. He built a coalition of Denmark and Poland that ultimately conquered Sweden in 1721 and",
"timestamp": [
301.44,
311.16
]
},
{
"text": " ended its continental influence.",
"timestamp": [
311.16,
313.1
]
},
{
"text": " As a result of this victory, Russia obtained Sweden's continental territory, including",
"timestamp": [
313.1,
317.32
]
},
{
"text": " Estonia and Latvia.",
"timestamp": [
317.32,
319.46
]
},
{
"text": " Sweden had gone from being a rescuer in the Thirty Years' War to being almost entirely",
"timestamp": [
319.46,
324.52
]
},
{
"text": " stuck in Scandinavia,",
"timestamp": [
324.52,
326.68
]
},
{
"text": " where they would go on to engage in fewer wars and instead build a state with among",
"timestamp": [
326.68,
330.92
]
},
{
"text": " the world's lowest poverty rates and highest life expectancy.",
"timestamp": [
330.92,
334.72
]
},
{
"text": " The fools.",
"timestamp": [
334.72,
335.72
]
},
{
"text": " All right, back to Russia.",
"timestamp": [
335.72,
336.72
]
},
{
"text": " Let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
336.72,
338.26
]
},
{
"text": " During these years, Peter was also building a European-style city with an outlet to the",
"timestamp": [
338.26,
342
]
},
{
"text": " Baltic called, you'll never guess it, St.",
"timestamp": [
342,
345.16
]
},
{
"text": " Petersburg.",
"timestamp": [
345.16,
346.16
]
},
{
"text": " Tens of thousands of serfs were commandeered from aristocrats' workforces to build the",
"timestamp": [
346.16,
350.36
]
},
{
"text": " new city at a great cost in lives.",
"timestamp": [
350.36,
353.42
]
},
{
"text": " The marshy site needed to be entirely reclaimed through the building of canals—you'll",
"timestamp": [
353.42,
358.32
]
},
{
"text": " remember Peter's admiration for Amsterdam—and he ordered museums and libraries and universities",
"timestamp": [
358.32,
363.4
]
},
{
"text": " and stately government buildings",
"timestamp": [
363.4,
365.04
]
},
{
"text": " to adorn the city.",
"timestamp": [
365.04,
366.42
]
},
{
"text": " His aristocratic subjects were ordered to build lavish houses and to hold social events,",
"timestamp": [
366.42,
371.04
]
},
{
"text": " like dances.",
"timestamp": [
371.04,
372.04
]
},
{
"text": " Peter also saw the city as the backdrop for the reform of women's role in society.",
"timestamp": [
372.04,
376.48
]
},
{
"text": " They were to leave seclusion and appear at public events.",
"timestamp": [
376.48,
379.6
]
},
{
"text": " Peter decreed the end to veiling for women and an end toresses or caftans for boyars, that is, men",
"timestamp": [
379.6,
385.76
]
},
{
"text": " in the old aristocracy.",
"timestamp": [
385.76,
387.58
]
},
{
"text": " Further reforms aimed to develop his middle and upper class subjects as modern thinkers,",
"timestamp": [
387.58,
391.96
]
},
{
"text": " especially in math and the sciences.",
"timestamp": [
391.96,
394.16
]
},
{
"text": " To remain in the aristocratic ranks, for instance, sons had to study math, science, or engineering,",
"timestamp": [
394.16,
400.2
]
},
{
"text": " also requirements for serving as officers in the military.",
"timestamp": [
400.2,
403.12
]
},
{
"text": " Peter founded schools, including military schools, to teach these subjects,",
"timestamp": [
403.12,
406.64
]
},
{
"text": " and additional schools to teach women reading and writing and other skills.",
"timestamp": [
406.64,
410.56
]
},
{
"text": " And unlike earlier Russian rulers, Peter embraced foreigners,",
"timestamp": [
410.56,
414.08
]
},
{
"text": " not just their canal building and lamp lighting, but also their manners and fashion.",
"timestamp": [
414.08,
418.72
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks, Thought Bubble. So Peter also ended the practice of men wearing beards?",
"timestamp": [
418.72,
423.36
]
},
{
"text": " Did the center of the world just open?",
"timestamp": [
423.36,
424.88
]
},
{
"text": " They weren't easy to see back there, but it's Stan's favorite joke, the old stick-on mustache. Peter also ended the practice of men wearing beards? Did the center of the world just open?",
"timestamp": [
424.88,
425.14
]
},
{
"text": " They weren't easy to see back there, but it's Stan's favorite joke, the old stick-on mustache.",
"timestamp": [
425.14,
429.04
]
},
{
"text": " Movie?",
"timestamp": [
429.04,
430.04
]
},
{
"text": " Magic!",
"timestamp": [
430.04,
431.04
]
},
{
"text": " How do I look, Stan?",
"timestamp": [
431.04,
433.22
]
},
{
"text": " You would say that.",
"timestamp": [
433.22,
434.22
]
},
{
"text": " I once tried to do this when I was shaving my beard, and I came downstairs to show my",
"timestamp": [
434.22,
440.3
]
},
{
"text": " wife and she said, and I'm going to quote her directly, no.",
"timestamp": [
440.3,
444.44
]
},
{
"text": " So in Peter's Russia, you had to shave your beard so that you could be like a modern proper",
"timestamp": [
444.44,
448.88
]
},
{
"text": " European person, but just as in Elizabeth the first and Henry the eighth's England",
"timestamp": [
448.88,
454
]
},
{
"text": " you could pay a tax to keep your beard. And listen I don't like to get",
"timestamp": [
454,
457.88
]
},
{
"text": " political on this show, but if we reinstituted that tax the cities of New",
"timestamp": [
457.88,
462.68
]
},
{
"text": " York and Portland would pay for healthcare for everyone.",
"timestamp": [
462.68,
466.08
]
},
{
"text": " So despite his move toward the rational and refined and clean-shaven, Peter himself could",
"timestamp": [
466.08,
470.72
]
},
{
"text": " be rough, crude, heartless, and violent. That is the complete opposite of the kind of citizen he",
"timestamp": [
470.72,
476.88
]
},
{
"text": " wanted to populate his kingdom. And that is a lesson we keep learning over and over in history.",
"timestamp": [
476.88,
482.96
]
},
{
"text": " Paradox is not unusual. As for serfs, their lives became more difficult as new regulations meant to attract aristocratic",
"timestamp": [
482.96,
490.96
]
},
{
"text": " loyalty gave them fewer rights.",
"timestamp": [
490.96,
493.78
]
},
{
"text": " Serfs were stripped of the right to move from the noble estate where they worked.",
"timestamp": [
493.78,
498.28
]
},
{
"text": " Most lived precarious lives and were subjected to landowners' brutality.",
"timestamp": [
498.28,
502.66
]
},
{
"text": " They had little recourse to protect themselves from abuse and were forced to work in extremely",
"timestamp": [
502.66,
507.44
]
},
{
"text": " difficult conditions.",
"timestamp": [
507.44,
508.96
]
},
{
"text": " Most serfs did manual or agricultural labor, but some became highly skilled artisans to",
"timestamp": [
508.96,
514.18
]
},
{
"text": " embellish life for the upper classes, creating intricate cabinetry or music or paintings.",
"timestamp": [
514.18,
519.8
]
},
{
"text": " Some noble families even rented out their artist serfs or sent them touring to bring",
"timestamp": [
519.8,
524.04
]
},
{
"text": " in funds with their accomplishments.",
"timestamp": [
524.04,
526.36
]
},
{
"text": " These traveling serfs helped connect far-flung Russians to one another through paintings",
"timestamp": [
526.36,
530.78
]
},
{
"text": " of distant cities or landscapes or notable people, for example.",
"timestamp": [
530.78,
535.04
]
},
{
"text": " And peasant song also eventually found its way into Russian classical music as it developed",
"timestamp": [
535.04,
539.5
]
},
{
"text": " in the 19th century.",
"timestamp": [
539.5,
541
]
},
{
"text": " But to be clear, Peter's modernization did not mean increased protection or power",
"timestamp": [
541,
546.72
]
},
{
"text": " for the most vulnerable.",
"timestamp": [
546.72,
548.68
]
},
{
"text": " Which raises a question—does modernization generally result in protection or power for",
"timestamp": [
548.68,
554.28
]
},
{
"text": " the most vulnerable?",
"timestamp": [
554.28,
556
]
},
{
"text": " Should it?",
"timestamp": [
556,
557
]
},
{
"text": " And can we even generalize about what it means to be modern when there is so much variety",
"timestamp": [
557,
562.48
]
},
{
"text": " just on this one continent?",
"timestamp": [
562.48,
564.84
]
},
{
"text": " Or arguably subcontinent?",
"timestamp": [
564.84,
566.66
]
},
{
"text": " So the time of Tsar Peter had massively different effects depending on where you stood.",
"timestamp": [
566.66,
571.34
]
},
{
"text": " Some people were learning more about science or art than they'd ever been able to before.",
"timestamp": [
571.34,
576.26
]
},
{
"text": " Others were bound to land or lost their lives in the construction of St. Petersburg.",
"timestamp": [
576.26,
581.36
]
},
{
"text": " History is not just about what happened, but also about where you sit. Are",
"timestamp": [
581.36,
585.44
]
},
{
"text": " you a boy or son learning new mathematical discoveries, or a peasant born to a fate of",
"timestamp": [
585.44,
590.64
]
},
{
"text": " hard labor you can never escape? The other rising eastern kingdom during this time was",
"timestamp": [
590.64,
595.6
]
},
{
"text": " the House of Brandenburg-Prussia, a bird with an arm. Stan informs me that Brandenburg-Prussia",
"timestamp": [
595.6,
601.36
]
},
{
"text": " was actually headed by the Hohenzollern family. It grew over the centuries from a tiny holding to an extensive kingdom, albeit one that was",
"timestamp": [
601.36,
609.9
]
},
{
"text": " initially landlocked.",
"timestamp": [
609.9,
610.9
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, so I'm going to need you to brace yourselves because many Fredericks are coming.",
"timestamp": [
610.9,
615.44
]
},
{
"text": " It's going to be a little confusing, but we will get through this together.",
"timestamp": [
615.44,
618.7
]
},
{
"text": " The first one to know about is the great elector Frederick William, who was one of the seven",
"timestamp": [
618.7,
624.1
]
},
{
"text": " electors of the Holy",
"timestamp": [
624.1,
625.44
]
},
{
"text": " Roman Empire.",
"timestamp": [
625.44,
626.84
]
},
{
"text": " He worked to keep his territories together in the closing days of the Thirty Years'",
"timestamp": [
626.84,
630.52
]
},
{
"text": " War and to protect them from attack by Sweden in the 1650s.",
"timestamp": [
630.52,
634.04
]
},
{
"text": " But as Sweden started to weaken, Poland gave its dependent Prussia the status of kingdom,",
"timestamp": [
634.04,
639.62
]
},
{
"text": " and the title of king of that new kingdom went to the aforementioned great elector Frederick",
"timestamp": [
639.62,
644.42
]
},
{
"text": " William, and then",
"timestamp": [
644.42,
645.44
]
},
{
"text": " later to his son Frederick III.",
"timestamp": [
645.44,
648.58
]
},
{
"text": " At that point, Frederick III became known as King Frederick I of Prussia.",
"timestamp": [
648.58,
654.88
]
},
{
"text": " Because it wasn't already confusing enough.",
"timestamp": [
654.88,
656.76
]
},
{
"text": " Anyway, as a ruler, Frederick I was something of a connoisseur of all the fine things that",
"timestamp": [
656.76,
661.52
]
},
{
"text": " were coming to characterize increasingly affluent and worldly European",
"timestamp": [
661.52,
665.84
]
},
{
"text": " monarchs, while his son, King Frederick William I, was quite the opposite.",
"timestamp": [
665.84,
673.28
]
},
{
"text": " The Hohenzollern kings, who, like the Romanovs of Russia, ruled into the 20th century, created",
"timestamp": [
673.28,
678
]
},
{
"text": " very strong institutions.",
"timestamp": [
678,
680.28
]
},
{
"text": " Beginning with the great-elector Frederick William in the 17th century, the military",
"timestamp": [
680.28,
683.72
]
},
{
"text": " was especially important to Prussia's survival and growth.",
"timestamp": [
683.72,
687.84
]
},
{
"text": " He understood that Brandenburg-Prussia's lack of natural boundaries made it really",
"timestamp": [
687.84,
692.4
]
},
{
"text": " vulnerable to those wanting to expand their territory, which in the 17th century was everyone.",
"timestamp": [
692.4,
698.74
]
},
{
"text": " So state building in Prussia involved fortifying its borders.",
"timestamp": [
698.74,
702.34
]
},
{
"text": " A strong military isn't the only way to stabilize power, but it certainly is a way.",
"timestamp": [
702.34,
708.6
]
},
{
"text": " Additionally, the great elector Frederick William weakened the representative bodies,",
"timestamp": [
708.6,
712.52
]
},
{
"text": " or estates general, through which the nobility had its say in the kingdom's running.",
"timestamp": [
712.52,
717.24
]
},
{
"text": " But to make up for it, the monarchs allowed the nobility to intensify their grip on peasant",
"timestamp": [
717.24,
721.68
]
},
{
"text": " lives, very similar to what happened in Russia. That by the way is called re-infudation, which means additional regulations that tighten",
"timestamp": [
721.68,
730.16
]
},
{
"text": " serf obligations to their lords.",
"timestamp": [
730.16,
732.74
]
},
{
"text": " It happened often and in many places.",
"timestamp": [
732.74,
735.24
]
},
{
"text": " Monarchs would give noble families greater power over ordinary people's labor in exchange",
"timestamp": [
735.24,
740.02
]
},
{
"text": " for the nobles giving greater service to the kingdom's military and administration.",
"timestamp": [
740.02,
745.34
]
},
{
"text": " This strategy of power consolidation, by the way, still happens.",
"timestamp": [
745.34,
748.92
]
},
{
"text": " The most powerful placate the less powerful by giving them control over the least powerful.",
"timestamp": [
748.92,
754.76
]
},
{
"text": " The great elector's grandson, King Frederick William I, made the Prussian army the most",
"timestamp": [
754.76,
759.36
]
},
{
"text": " modern in Europe.",
"timestamp": [
759.36,
760.48
]
},
{
"text": " He created a branch of government called the General Directory that oversaw the operation",
"timestamp": [
760.48,
765
]
},
{
"text": " of the kingdom to the benefit of the army, raising taxes and recruiting administrators",
"timestamp": [
765,
769.42
]
},
{
"text": " and soldiers.",
"timestamp": [
769.42,
770.42
]
},
{
"text": " And Frederick William I sought a certain kind of recruit, specifically giant soldiers, at",
"timestamp": [
770.42,
775.4
]
},
{
"text": " least six feet in height, from all across Europe.",
"timestamp": [
775.4,
778.92
]
},
{
"text": " He sold off his father's more luxurious possessions, such as silver and works of art,",
"timestamp": [
778.92,
783.96
]
},
{
"text": " to boost military strength even more, Prussia was called a large army with a small state attached.",
"timestamp": [
783.96,
790.92
]
},
{
"text": " Kind of like Russia today.",
"timestamp": [
790.92,
792.16
]
},
{
"text": " He's back, isn't he?",
"timestamp": [
792.16,
794.56
]
},
{
"text": " He's very subtle, but I can feel his presence.",
"timestamp": [
794.56,
797.64
]
},
{
"text": " One of the weirdnesses of building a state or an empire is that in order for it to work,",
"timestamp": [
797.64,
802.4
]
},
{
"text": " you must convince both those outside of your borders",
"timestamp": [
802.4,
805.44
]
},
{
"text": " and those within them that your state is really real and also really powerful.",
"timestamp": [
805.44,
811.76
]
},
{
"text": " States do this partly through treaties, partly through state-building exercises like national",
"timestamp": [
811.76,
816.26
]
},
{
"text": " anthems and national histories, and partly by building structures within the state—armies,",
"timestamp": [
816.26,
822.52
]
},
{
"text": " government apparatuses, statewide laws—that strengthened",
"timestamp": [
822.52,
825.84
]
},
{
"text": " the state and made it less vulnerable to attack.",
"timestamp": [
825.84,
828.52
]
},
{
"text": " And the rising monarchies of Russia and Prussia were very effective at state-building, which",
"timestamp": [
828.52,
832.84
]
},
{
"text": " would allow them to shape the future of Europe as a whole and also aid in the final demise",
"timestamp": [
832.84,
837.96
]
},
{
"text": " of Poland-Lithuania over the 18th century.",
"timestamp": [
837.96,
841.32
]
},
{
"text": " Poland-Lithuania failed in part because its constitutional system failed.",
"timestamp": [
841.32,
845.68
]
},
{
"text": " The nobility wheeled and dealed instead of fortifying government institutions like Russia",
"timestamp": [
845.68,
850.4
]
},
{
"text": " and Prussia had.",
"timestamp": [
850.4,
851.88
]
},
{
"text": " And because of the ways Prussia and Russia organized political power, that wasn't as",
"timestamp": [
851.88,
856.2
]
},
{
"text": " much of a problem in their kingdoms.",
"timestamp": [
856.2,
858.16
]
},
{
"text": " There were problems, of course, which would eventually prove catastrophic, and we'll",
"timestamp": [
858.16,
862.2
]
},
{
"text": " get there eventually.",
"timestamp": [
862.2,
863.26
]
},
{
"text": " But first, things are about to get a bit brighter around here, because next time we get to turn",
"timestamp": [
863.26,
868.72
]
},
{
"text": " our attention to the Enlightenment.",
"timestamp": [
868.72,
871.04
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
871.04,
872.04
]
},
{
"text": " I'll see you then.",
"timestamp": [
872.04,
873.04
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course is filmed here in the Jaden Smith Studio in Indianapolis.",
"timestamp": [
873.04,
875.88
]
},
{
"text": " If you'd like some other Crash Courses, we've got lots of them in everything from",
"timestamp": [
875.88,
879.58
]
},
{
"text": " chemistry to literature.",
"timestamp": [
879.58,
881.54
]
},
{
"text": " Special thanks to all our patrons at patreon.com slash crash course for making all of this possible and to everybody who works on the show",
"timestamp": [
881.54,
887.38
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
" Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History. So in our last episode we saw the Habsburgs, with the help of Romanians and some others, drive the Ottomans out of large swaths of Eastern Europe, which started the Habsburg expansion eastward. But there were some other important states making big moves during the 17th century. Today we're going to focus on two of them, Russia, which sought stability after a time of troubles, and the House of Brandenburg-Prussia, a small state that within two centuries would grow to become extraordinarily powerful. In the huge Russian Empire, Tsar Peter I became an outsized monarch. Literally, he was 6 feet 9 inches tall. Which is, uh, like 3 meters? Yeah, just say it with authority, Green. He was 3 meters tall. Don't write that on your tests. Now early in Peter's life, his future didn't look particularly promising. He was born in 1672 and he was not first in line to the Russian throne. His half-sister Sophia was ruling Russia at the time as regent for the young Romanov brothers, of whom Peter was the youngest. Sophia wanted to become the permanent ruler, but Peter and his supporters had other ideas. At the time, many interest groups in Russia helped shape who ended up with political power, including the Orthodox Church, the army, the aristocracy, and wealthy traders. And as Peter and his brothers came of age, these groups negotiated to arrive at a consensus candidate for czar. And then the Russian people had to seal the deal, so to speak, via public demonstrations of acclaim and approval, which developed the sacred trust between the ruler and the ruled. In short, political power in this monarchy was not as simple as the Tsar has all of it. And Peter only became Tsar with the help of his advisors and the support of powerful interest groups in Russia. He became an autocratic ruler, but the autocracy was intertwined with widespread, if certainly"
],
[
"Theater in America",
" not universal, public support from the Russian people. What I'm getting at is that the relationship between the government and the governed is always complex. And the example of the Russian monarchy is important partly because it helps us to see that even absolutist governments could only retain their power by having support from outside institutions and individuals. Now Peter tackled every facet of state building. He reorganized both the military and the nobility, and in doing so, also reorganized who had political power and how they could wield it. For the nobility, he created a precise table of ranks, with each promotion to a higher rank depending on the aristocrat performing service to the state. This reform aimed to end older political practices based on networking and nepotism and favoritism, and instead make the aristocracy more of a meritocracy. Peter also eliminated the power of the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church by leaving the post vacant and setting up a council or synod of laypeople as overseers, headed, of course, by the Tsar. Peter was also curious and adventurous. He liked to tinker and build, focusing on clocks and military machinery and the deployment of his toy soldiers. And he was fascinated by Western Europe. In fact, he set off in 1697 to see what Western rulers were up to. The Dutch in particular attracted him. You may remember that they were advanced in canal building and fire control and architecture and urban lighting and also had lots of money from trading. And having seen all these enterprises in action, Peter returned from Western Europe full of determination to modernize and westernize Russia. While Peter was still in Western Europe in the spring of 1698, the Streltsy, a band of infantrymen first initiated by Ivan the Terrible slash Awesome, rose up against the bad conditions that they faced. They had hopes of reviving the administration of the Regent Sophia, who at the time was imprisoned. Peter ordered them crushed, and when he returned to Russia in August of 1698, he had hundreds of the Streltsy tortured, exiled, or executed. The purge of the Streltsy actually helped clear the way for the modern fighting force that Peter envisioned. A major innovation was giving Russia a standing army that ultimately included some 200,000 recruits, which was a massive number for Europe at the time. And serious training of that army, as well as modernization of weaponry, ultimately paid off when it came to battling Sweden. At first, during an early battle of the Great Northern War, the ambitious and land-hungry ruler of Sweden, Charles XII, defeated Russian forces at Narva in 1700. Hold on a second, Sweden had twelve kings named Charles? History never ceases to surprise, my friends. Right, so Swedish Charles XII also defeated Poland in the war, but then Peter fortified his army even more and formed an important alliance. He built a coalition of Denmark and Poland that ultimately conquered Sweden in 1721 and ended its continental influence. As a result of this victory, Russia obtained Sweden's continental territory, including Estonia and Latvia. Sweden had gone from being a rescuer in the Thirty Years' War to being almost entirely"
],
[
"American Theatre",
" stuck in Scandinavia, where they would go on to engage in fewer wars and instead build a state with among the world's lowest poverty rates and highest life expectancy. The fools. All right, back to Russia. Let's go to the Thought Bubble. During these years, Peter was also building a European-style city with an outlet to the Baltic called, you'll never guess it, St. Petersburg. Tens of thousands of serfs were commandeered from aristocrats' workforces to build the new city at a great cost in lives. The marshy site needed to be entirely reclaimed through the building of canals—you'll remember Peter's admiration for Amsterdam—and he ordered museums and libraries and universities and stately government buildings to adorn the city. His aristocratic subjects were ordered to build lavish houses and to hold social events, like dances. Peter also saw the city as the backdrop for the reform of women's role in society. They were to leave seclusion and appear at public events. Peter decreed the end to veiling for women and an end toresses or caftans for boyars, that is, men in the old aristocracy. Further reforms aimed to develop his middle and upper class subjects as modern thinkers, especially in math and the sciences. To remain in the aristocratic ranks, for instance, sons had to study math, science, or engineering, also requirements for serving as officers in the military. Peter founded schools, including military schools, to teach these subjects, and additional schools to teach women reading and writing and other skills. And unlike earlier Russian rulers, Peter embraced foreigners, not just their canal building and lamp lighting, but also their manners and fashion. Thanks, Thought Bubble. So Peter also ended the practice of men wearing beards? Did the center of the world just open? They weren't easy to see back there, but it's Stan's favorite joke, the old stick-on mustache. Peter also ended the practice of men wearing beards? Did the center of the world just open? They weren't easy to see back there, but it's Stan's favorite joke, the old stick-on mustache. Movie? Magic! How do I look, Stan? You would say that. I once tried to do this when I was shaving my beard, and I came downstairs to show my wife and she said, and I'm going to quote her directly, no. So in Peter's Russia, you had to shave your beard so that you could be like a modern proper European person, but just as in Elizabeth the first and Henry the eighth's England you could pay a tax to keep your beard. And listen I don't like to get political on this show, but if we reinstituted that tax the cities of New York and Portland would pay for healthcare for everyone. So despite his move toward the rational and refined and clean-shaven, Peter himself could be rough, crude, heartless, and violent. That is the complete opposite of the kind of citizen he wanted to populate his kingdom. And that is a lesson we keep learning over and over in history. Paradox is not unusual. As for serfs, their lives became more difficult as new regulations meant to attract aristocratic loyalty gave them fewer rights. Serfs were stripped of the right to move from the noble estate where they worked. Most lived precarious lives and were subjected to landowners' brutality. They had little recourse to protect themselves from abuse and were forced to work in extremely difficult conditions. Most serfs did manual or agricultural labor, but some became highly skilled artisans to embellish life for the upper classes, creating intricate cabinetry or music or paintings. Some noble families even rented out their artist serfs or sent them touring to bring in funds with their accomplishments. These traveling serfs helped connect far-flung Russians to one another through paintings of distant cities or landscapes or notable people, for example. And peasant song also eventually found its way into Russian classical music as it developed in the 19th century. But to be clear, Peter's modernization did not mean increased protection or power for the most vulnerable. Which raises a question—does modernization generally result in protection or power for the most vulnerable? Should it? And can we even generalize about what it means to be modern when there is so much variety just on this one continent? Or arguably subcontinent? So the time of Tsar Peter had massively different effects depending on where you stood."
],
[
"Astor Place Riot",
" Some people were learning more about science or art than they'd ever been able to before. Others were bound to land or lost their lives in the construction of St. Petersburg. History is not just about what happened, but also about where you sit. Are you a boy or son learning new mathematical discoveries, or a peasant born to a fate of hard labor you can never escape? The other rising eastern kingdom during this time was the House of Brandenburg-Prussia, a bird with an arm. Stan informs me that Brandenburg-Prussia was actually headed by the Hohenzollern family. It grew over the centuries from a tiny holding to an extensive kingdom, albeit one that was initially landlocked. Okay, so I'm going to need you to brace yourselves because many Fredericks are coming. It's going to be a little confusing, but we will get through this together. The first one to know about is the great elector Frederick William, who was one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire. He worked to keep his territories together in the closing days of the Thirty Years' War and to protect them from attack by Sweden in the 1650s. But as Sweden started to weaken, Poland gave its dependent Prussia the status of kingdom, and the title of king of that new kingdom went to the aforementioned great elector Frederick William, and then later to his son Frederick III. At that point, Frederick III became known as King Frederick I of Prussia. Because it wasn't already confusing enough. Anyway, as a ruler, Frederick I was something of a connoisseur of all the fine things that were coming to characterize increasingly affluent and worldly European monarchs, while his son, King Frederick William I, was quite the opposite. The Hohenzollern kings, who, like the Romanovs of Russia, ruled into the 20th century, created very strong institutions. Beginning with the great-elector Frederick William in the 17th century, the military was especially important to Prussia's survival and growth. He understood that Brandenburg-Prussia's lack of natural boundaries made it really vulnerable to those wanting to expand their territory, which in the 17th century was everyone. So state building in Prussia involved fortifying its borders. A strong military isn't the only way to stabilize power, but it certainly is a way. Additionally, the great elector Frederick William weakened the representative bodies, or estates general, through which the nobility had its say in the kingdom's running. But to make up for it, the monarchs allowed the nobility to intensify their grip on peasant lives, very similar to what happened in Russia. That by the way is called re-infudation, which means additional regulations that tighten serf obligations to their lords. It happened often and in many places. Monarchs would give noble families greater power over ordinary people's labor in exchange for the nobles giving greater service to the kingdom's military and administration. This strategy of power consolidation, by the way, still happens. The most powerful placate the less powerful by giving them control over the least powerful. The great elector's grandson, King Frederick William I, made the Prussian army the most modern in Europe."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
All Night Demon Dance Party - Kathakali: Crash Course Theater #24
|
5lp-HBv-3bA
| 658 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "<Untitled Chapter 1>",
"end_time": 227
},
{
"start_time": 227,
"title": "Mudras",
"end_time": 268
},
{
"start_time": 268,
"title": "Erotic Bhava",
"end_time": 612
},
{
"start_time": 612,
"title": "Audience Survey",
"end_time": 658
}
] |
[
{
"text": " INTRO Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash",
"timestamp": [
0,
5.08
]
},
{
"text": " Course Theater and today's episode should be in the form of a manifesto because we've",
"timestamp": [
5.08,
9.64
]
},
{
"text": " reached the 20th century and pretty much every new movement comes with multiple mission statements",
"timestamp": [
9.64,
14.68
]
},
{
"text": " at this point.",
"timestamp": [
14.68,
15.68
]
},
{
"text": " But did those mission statements include animated sequences and one charming cranium co-host?",
"timestamp": [
15.68,
20.92
]
},
{
"text": " They did not.",
"timestamp": [
20.92,
21.92
]
},
{
"text": " Today we'll be exploring symbolism, surrealism, and Dadaism, the movement that argued how",
"timestamp": [
21.92,
26.48
]
},
{
"text": " in a random and senseless universe, the only approach is to be more random.",
"timestamp": [
26.48,
31.2
]
},
{
"text": " Asteroid, several ducks in a giant teapot, cufflinks, roll title.",
"timestamp": [
31.2,
43.84
]
},
{
"text": " Writers like Ibsen, Strindberg, and Chekhov turned to symbolism later in life.",
"timestamp": [
43.84,
47.52
]
},
{
"text": " Although, the movement's main proponent was the almost all-symbolist, almost all-the-time",
"timestamp": [
47.52,
52.04
]
},
{
"text": " Belgian playwright Maurice Maderlink.",
"timestamp": [
52.04,
55.04
]
},
{
"text": " Symbolism argues that poetry is superior to reality, and that out of the chaos and evanescence",
"timestamp": [
55.04,
59.7
]
},
{
"text": " of human life, a quieter and more lasting truth can be discerned.",
"timestamp": [
59.7,
63.72
]
},
{
"text": " The movement got going in the 1860s and 1870s with folks like the famous poets Stéphane",
"timestamp": [
63.72,
68.1
]
},
{
"text": " Mallarmé and Charles Baudelaire.",
"timestamp": [
68.1,
70
]
},
{
"text": " It was formally announced in the 1886 manifesto published in the French paper Le Figaro.",
"timestamp": [
70,
75.38
]
},
{
"text": " Here are some of symbolism's basic tenets.",
"timestamp": [
75.38,
78.48
]
},
{
"text": " Truth in excess and extravagance.",
"timestamp": [
78.48,
81.28
]
},
{
"text": " Truth in apparent chaos and insanity.",
"timestamp": [
81.28,
84.48
]
},
{
"text": " Truth in subjective experience.",
"timestamp": [
84.48,
86.52
]
},
{
"text": " Platitudes and natural banality are dangerous. We need to be constantly ever more",
"timestamp": [
87.26,
93.84
]
},
{
"text": " audacious. The movement was anti-realism and resisted concentrating on the nitty-gritty of daily life. Instead, symbolists focused on",
"timestamp": [
94.52,
101.88
]
},
{
"text": " poetic ideals and mysticism,",
"timestamp": [
102.12,
104.12
]
},
{
"text": " investigating the profound",
"timestamp": [
104.64,
105.8
]
},
{
"text": " mystery of human existence.",
"timestamp": [
105.8,
108.18
]
},
{
"text": " The first symbolist theater was the Théâtre d'Art, founded by the 18-year-old Paul IV",
"timestamp": [
108.18,
112.96
]
},
{
"text": " in 1890.",
"timestamp": [
112.96,
114.54
]
},
{
"text": " This move got him expelled from high school.",
"timestamp": [
114.54,
117.54
]
},
{
"text": " A few years later, that theater became the Théâtre de la Houve, led by the director",
"timestamp": [
117.54,
121.04
]
},
{
"text": " Aurelien Lugny-Poe.",
"timestamp": [
121.04,
122.7
]
},
{
"text": " He produced plays by Manderlink, Ibsen, and Strindberg.",
"timestamp": [
122.7,
125.32
]
},
{
"text": " Where realism had accustomed theatergoers to a more lifelike style of acting,",
"timestamp": [
125.32,
129.28
]
},
{
"text": " the Théâtre de la Houve was big on non-representational sets,",
"timestamp": [
129.28,
132.88
]
},
{
"text": " and acting that looked like sleepwalking and lines that weren't spoken so much as chanted.",
"timestamp": [
132.88,
138.6
]
},
{
"text": " Maturlinck wrote that he went to the theater",
"timestamp": [
138.6,
141
]
},
{
"text": " hoping that the beauty, the grandeur, and the earnestness of my humble,",
"timestamp": [
141,
145.76
]
},
{
"text": " day-by-day existence would, for one instant, be revealed to me.",
"timestamp": [
145.76,
150.52
]
},
{
"text": " That I would be shown the I-know-not-what presence, power, or God that is ever with",
"timestamp": [
150.52,
155.84
]
},
{
"text": " me.\"",
"timestamp": [
155.84,
156.84
]
},
{
"text": " Honestly, seems like a big ask, but hey, small ambitions, small successes, am I right?",
"timestamp": [
156.84,
161
]
},
{
"text": " Dadaism had less lofty goals, but man, it did have a giant impact on the arts and the world at large.",
"timestamp": [
161,
167.52
]
},
{
"text": " The movement emerged in the cabarets of Zurich, Switzerland at the tail end of World War I.",
"timestamp": [
167.7,
172.22
]
},
{
"text": " The main idea was that if logic can lead to a global war,",
"timestamp": [
172.22,
176.22
]
},
{
"text": " then art should abandon logic and reason in favor of nonsense, intuition, and anarchy.",
"timestamp": [
176.38,
183.22
]
},
{
"text": " You want to get nuts? Let's get nuts.",
"timestamp": [
183.22,
185.88
]
},
{
"text": " Tristan Zara, a former symbolist and the movement's main spokesperson, put it like this,",
"timestamp": [
185.88,
189.98
]
},
{
"text": " The beginnings of Dada were not the beginnings of art, but of disgust.",
"timestamp": [
189.98,
194.5
]
},
{
"text": " Hugo Ball, Emmy Hemings, and Richard Hülsenbeck were early adherents, but in 1916 Zara created",
"timestamp": [
194.5,
199.42
]
},
{
"text": " maybe the first Dada performance at the Cabaret Voltaire.",
"timestamp": [
199.42,
203.56
]
},
{
"text": " This was a cavalcade of clowns and stilt walkers that featured Zara himself",
"timestamp": [
203.56,
208.08
]
},
{
"text": " distributing balled up pieces of paper to onlookers while he sang a song.",
"timestamp": [
208.64,
212.5
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, and no one agrees on what the word Dada means. Some Dadaists claim",
"timestamp": [
212.5,
217.84
]
},
{
"text": " it was chosen from the dictionary at random. Dada was big on randomness or what you can call the",
"timestamp": [
217.84,
223.16
]
},
{
"text": " aleatory, the thing left up to chance.",
"timestamp": [
223.4,
225.32
]
},
{
"text": " Dara's favorite mode of composition was to cut a bunch of words out of a newspaper,",
"timestamp": [
225.48,
229.16
]
},
{
"text": " put them in a hat, and then pick them out at random to make a poem.",
"timestamp": [
229.44,
233.24
]
},
{
"text": " Renaissance",
"timestamp": [
242.2,
244.2
]
},
{
"text": " Powerful. Artist.",
"timestamp": [
246.64,
250.36
]
},
{
"text": " Probably.",
"timestamp": [
250.36,
255.44
]
},
{
"text": " As he wrote in To Make a Dadaist Poem,",
"timestamp": [
255.44,
257.84
]
},
{
"text": " the poem will resemble you, and there you are,",
"timestamp": [
257.84,
260.92
]
},
{
"text": " an infinitely original author of charming sensibility,",
"timestamp": [
260.92,
264.84
]
},
{
"text": " even though",
"timestamp": [
264.84,
265.56
]
},
{
"text": " unappreciated by the vulgar herd.",
"timestamp": [
265.56,
268.76
]
},
{
"text": " Dada made no distinctions between high and low art, mastery and amateurism, or sense",
"timestamp": [
268.76,
274.16
]
},
{
"text": " and nonsense.",
"timestamp": [
274.16,
275.16
]
},
{
"text": " At a typical Dada performance, a bunch of things would be happening all at once—a",
"timestamp": [
275.16,
278.6
]
},
{
"text": " poem in a made-up language, a song, a dance, some very weird costumes—and it was up to",
"timestamp": [
278.6,
282.72
]
},
{
"text": " you to make sense of it, or you could just jeer and leave.",
"timestamp": [
282.72,
287.04
]
},
{
"text": " Upsetting the audience, especially the bourgeois audience, was part of the fun.",
"timestamp": [
287.04,
291.54
]
},
{
"text": " Maybe even most of the fun.",
"timestamp": [
291.54,
292.84
]
},
{
"text": " In the 1920s, the writer André Breton broke with Dadaism because he thought it was silly",
"timestamp": [
292.84,
298.48
]
},
{
"text": " and Breton wasn't wrong, per se.",
"timestamp": [
298.48,
301.36
]
},
{
"text": " Breton started surrealism, borrowing the term from the playwright Guillaume Apollinaire,",
"timestamp": [
301.36,
305
]
},
{
"text": " who called his 1903 drama The Breasts of Tiresias, une drame surrealiste, or a drama greater than",
"timestamp": [
305,
312.44
]
},
{
"text": " realism. So that settles that. Very surreal. Surrealism looked back toward symbolism for a",
"timestamp": [
312.44,
320
]
},
{
"text": " form that would unlock some greater truth of existence. The movement was influenced by the nascent theories of Freud and an emphasis on the unconscious,",
"timestamp": [
320,
329.28
]
},
{
"text": " as well as the world of dreams.",
"timestamp": [
329.28,
331.64
]
},
{
"text": " Surrealist theater sought a way to synthesize, as Breton wrote, life and death, the real",
"timestamp": [
331.64,
337.32
]
},
{
"text": " and the imagined, past and future, the communicable and the incommunicable, high and low, so that",
"timestamp": [
337.32,
344.52
]
},
{
"text": " these things ceased to be perceived as",
"timestamp": [
344.52,
347.18
]
},
{
"text": " contradictions. There were a lot of surrealist factions, splits, and fights,",
"timestamp": [
347.84,
352.78
]
},
{
"text": " but the basic idea was to merge the internal subjective world and external reality into one awesome",
"timestamp": [
352.78,
359.78
]
},
{
"text": " super-reality. Like Dada, surrealism found logic, drab and boring. Where Dada favored the random, Surrealism went big for",
"timestamp": [
360.24,
368.42
]
},
{
"text": " automatism, an idea that the artist should just write or do whatever came into their head. Sort of like stream of consciousness,",
"timestamp": [
368.94,
375.96
]
},
{
"text": " but with even less control. In the first Surrealist manifesto, Breton defined the movement as pure psychic",
"timestamp": [
376.28,
383.44
]
},
{
"text": " Breton defined the movement as pure psychic automatism, by which one intends to express verbally, in writing, or by any other method,",
"timestamp": [
384.7,
390.4
]
},
{
"text": " the real functioning of the mind.",
"timestamp": [
390.4,
393
]
},
{
"text": " This, the surrealists hope, would help the artist tap into something powerful, elemental,",
"timestamp": [
393,
398.5
]
},
{
"text": " and something fundamentally, unflinchingly human.",
"timestamp": [
398.5,
402.3
]
},
{
"text": " As Breton wrote in Surrealism's second manifesto,",
"timestamp": [
402.3,
405
]
},
{
"text": " the idea of Surrealism aims quite simply at the total recovery of our psychic force",
"timestamp": [
405,
410.5
]
},
{
"text": " by a means which is nothing other than the dizzying descent into ourselves,",
"timestamp": [
410.5,
415.5
]
},
{
"text": " the perpetual excursion into the midst of forbidden territory.",
"timestamp": [
415.5,
420.5
]
},
{
"text": " Even though The Breasts of Tiresias precedes the movement,",
"timestamp": [
420.5,
423
]
},
{
"text": " it's still probably the most famous surrealist play.",
"timestamp": [
423,
426.1
]
},
{
"text": " Therese is tired of being a woman. When her breasts turn into balloons and float away,",
"timestamp": [
426.52,
431.68
]
},
{
"text": " she becomes a man. And then she makes her husband dress up as a woman.",
"timestamp": [
432.14,
436.24
]
},
{
"text": " She sets off to conquer the world and campaign against childbirth, but her husband finds a way to have children.",
"timestamp": [
436.24,
443.04
]
},
{
"text": " 40,000 of them.",
"timestamp": [
444.2,
445.72
]
},
{
"text": " And he and Thérèse reconcile.",
"timestamp": [
445.72,
447.76
]
},
{
"text": " For a closer look at these movements, let's explore an influential play that was written",
"timestamp": [
447.76,
450.76
]
},
{
"text": " even before Apollinaire's.",
"timestamp": [
450.76,
452.76
]
},
{
"text": " It has elements of symbolism, Dadaism, surrealism, and even naturalism, but somehow manages to",
"timestamp": [
452.76,
458.64
]
},
{
"text": " be more vulgar than any manifesto would allow.",
"timestamp": [
458.64,
461.72
]
},
{
"text": " Meet Alfred Jarry's ugly, violent, and sadistically funny",
"timestamp": [
461.72,
465
]
},
{
"text": " Oubu Roi, which Jarry first drafted as a teenager.",
"timestamp": [
465,
468.8
]
},
{
"text": " Initially staged as a puppet play, it was a merciless satire of Jarry's high school physics teacher,",
"timestamp": [
468.8,
475
]
},
{
"text": " but also a parody of Macbeth.",
"timestamp": [
475,
477.5
]
},
{
"text": " Jarry convinced Lugnepo to stage it at the Théâtre de la Houve in 1896.",
"timestamp": [
477.5,
482.5
]
},
{
"text": " The play is naturalist in its emphasis on degradation, almost like a rough play, but",
"timestamp": [
482.5,
486.88
]
},
{
"text": " symbolist in its concentration on chaos and excess.",
"timestamp": [
486.88,
490.04
]
},
{
"text": " It's also a forerunner of Dada and Surrealism in its fascination with nonsense and nightmare.",
"timestamp": [
490.04,
496.36
]
},
{
"text": " The actors are supposed to wear full-body costumes that restrict their movements and",
"timestamp": [
496.36,
500.54
]
},
{
"text": " acoustic masks that flatten their voices into a monotone.",
"timestamp": [
500.54,
504.8
]
},
{
"text": " Translation has a hard time capturing just how crude and scatological this play is,",
"timestamp": [
504.8,
508.68
]
},
{
"text": " but know that its first word is merdre, which is a riff on the French word merde, meaning, um, poop.",
"timestamp": [
508.68,
516.68
]
},
{
"text": " And then everyone gets killed with a toilet brush.",
"timestamp": [
516.68,
520.08
]
},
{
"text": " We've come a long way from neoclassicism and the unities, haven't we?",
"timestamp": [
520.08,
523.52
]
},
{
"text": " Take us even further, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
523.52,
524.96
]
},
{
"text": " Pa Ubu is a noble who is? Take us even further, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
524.96,
525.16
]
},
{
"text": " Pa Ubu is a noble who is obsessed with food, money, and poop.",
"timestamp": [
525.16,
528.88
]
},
{
"text": " He's a creature of pure id.",
"timestamp": [
528.88,
530.4
]
},
{
"text": " Imagine Homer Simpson, but way less likable.",
"timestamp": [
530.4,
533
]
},
{
"text": " His wife, Ma Ubu, convinces him to kill the king of Poland.",
"timestamp": [
533,
536.6
]
},
{
"text": " He then holds a banquet and serves a poop-covered toilet brush, poisoning a bunch of people.",
"timestamp": [
536.6,
541.98
]
},
{
"text": " But the Polish king's son, Bugryla, escapes,",
"timestamp": [
541.98,
545
]
},
{
"text": " and his dad's ghost tells him to get revenge.",
"timestamp": [
545,
547
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, back at the palace, it turns out that a guy who came to the throne by murdering everyone in a really unsanitary way",
"timestamp": [
547,
553
]
},
{
"text": " is not a good king!",
"timestamp": [
553,
554
]
},
{
"text": " After holding an orgy to celebrate, he taxes the peasants and disembrains a lot of people,",
"timestamp": [
554,
560
]
},
{
"text": " including all the nobles.",
"timestamp": [
560,
562
]
},
{
"text": " He imprisons his sidekick, Captain Bordu,",
"timestamp": [
562,
564
]
},
{
"text": " who escapes and convinces the Russian Tsar to declare war against Ubu.",
"timestamp": [
564,
568.26
]
},
{
"text": " Ubu places a cardboard cutout of a horse around his neck and goes to battle while Ma ransacks a crypt looking for cash.",
"timestamp": [
568.26,
575.1
]
},
{
"text": " Ubu and the Tsar fight. Ubu loses and escapes to a cave in Lithuania where he's attacked by a bear.",
"timestamp": [
575.24,
581.14
]
},
{
"text": " Ma Ubu escapes and meets Pa at the cave.",
"timestamp": [
581.34,
584.3
]
},
{
"text": " attacked by a bear. Ma Ubu escapes and meets Pa at the cave.",
"timestamp": [
581.74,
584.9
]
},
{
"text": " He throws the bear corpse at her, then beats her up.",
"timestamp": [
584.9,
588.14
]
},
{
"text": " Buggala and his army arrive and beat both of them up.",
"timestamp": [
588.14,
591.24
]
},
{
"text": " But the Ubus escape on a boat bound for Paris, where Ubu's pretty sure he can get a job",
"timestamp": [
591.24,
595.76
]
},
{
"text": " as minister of finance.",
"timestamp": [
595.76,
598.56
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
598.56,
599.56
]
},
{
"text": " I'm queasy for all sorts of reasons.",
"timestamp": [
599.56,
601.74
]
},
{
"text": " On the first night, the audience heard the first word, POOP, and they rioted, closing down the show for 15 minutes. Yates was there and",
"timestamp": [
601.74,
610.08
]
},
{
"text": " he later wrote, What more is possible? After us, the savage god. The performance",
"timestamp": [
610.08,
616.16
]
},
{
"text": " eventually continued, but the play closed that same night and it wasn't revived",
"timestamp": [
616.16,
619.84
]
},
{
"text": " again until after Jari's early death from tuberculosis and excessive drinking,",
"timestamp": [
619.84,
625.2
]
},
{
"text": " specifically a cocktail of absinthe, vinegar, and ink.",
"timestamp": [
625.2,
629.52
]
},
{
"text": " Maybe the tale of the Oubous doesn't seem like a great play,",
"timestamp": [
629.52,
632.96
]
},
{
"text": " but it's a pivotal work in modernism because of the conventions that it upends,",
"timestamp": [
632.96,
636.96
]
},
{
"text": " and also because it's one of the first works of theater to take an openly hostile stance",
"timestamp": [
636.96,
642.24
]
},
{
"text": " toward the audience, actively trying to cause offense.",
"timestamp": [
642.24,
646.38
]
},
{
"text": " The play's whole argument, if you want to credit Ubuwop with having an argument, is",
"timestamp": [
646.38,
651.08
]
},
{
"text": " that greedy, grasping bourgeois life is dumb and ugly.",
"timestamp": [
651.08,
655.18
]
},
{
"text": " And that's how it made its bourgeois audience look and feel.",
"timestamp": [
655.18,
658.08
]
},
{
"text": " Weird as it seems, symbolism, surrealism, and Dadaism were all profoundly interested",
"timestamp": [
658.08,
662.2
]
},
{
"text": " in realism, and the ways that realism fails to convey the truth of human existence.",
"timestamp": [
662.2,
667.08
]
},
{
"text": " The symbolists, surrealists, and Dadaists argued that the truth isn't found in everyday conversation or",
"timestamp": [
667.24,
673.72
]
},
{
"text": " rigorously researched domestic interiors and costumes, but in dreams,",
"timestamp": [
674.08,
678.36
]
},
{
"text": " visions,",
"timestamp": [
679.02,
680.28
]
},
{
"text": " imaginings. The stuff buried deep in the psyche, the innermost recesses of the human brain,",
"timestamp": [
680.28,
687.28
]
},
{
"text": " and in the immensity of the universe that it perceives and creates.",
"timestamp": [
687.28,
692.84
]
},
{
"text": " And also sometimes in a hacked up newspaper article thrown into a hat.",
"timestamp": [
692.84,
695.64
]
},
{
"text": " Next time we're going to look at Expressionism, a movement that tries to convey the subjective,",
"timestamp": [
695.64,
700.04
]
},
{
"text": " distorting experience of emotion and mood.",
"timestamp": [
700.04,
703.96
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, a lot of those moods are bad. But until then, curtain. distorting experience of emotion and mood.",
"timestamp": [
703.96,
705
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, a lot of those moods are bad. But until then, curtain.",
"timestamp": [
708.44,
708.84
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios. Head over to their channel to check out some of their shows like The Art Assignment and Eons and It's Okay to be Smart.",
"timestamp": [
712,
717.32
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is filmed in the Chad and Stacey Emigolson studio in Indianapolis, Indiana,",
"timestamp": [
717.32,
721.48
]
},
{
"text": " and is produced with the help of all of these very nice people. Our animation team is Thought Cafe. to the world.",
"timestamp": [
721.48,
742.28
]
}
] |
[
[
"<Untitled Chapter 1>",
" INTRO Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater and today's episode should be in the form of a manifesto because we've reached the 20th century and pretty much every new movement comes with multiple mission statements at this point. But did those mission statements include animated sequences and one charming cranium co-host? They did not. Today we'll be exploring symbolism, surrealism, and Dadaism, the movement that argued how in a random and senseless universe, the only approach is to be more random. Asteroid, several ducks in a giant teapot, cufflinks, roll title. Writers like Ibsen, Strindberg, and Chekhov turned to symbolism later in life. Although, the movement's main proponent was the almost all-symbolist, almost all-the-time Belgian playwright Maurice Maderlink. Symbolism argues that poetry is superior to reality, and that out of the chaos and evanescence of human life, a quieter and more lasting truth can be discerned. The movement got going in the 1860s and 1870s with folks like the famous poets Stéphane Mallarmé and Charles Baudelaire. It was formally announced in the 1886 manifesto published in the French paper Le Figaro. Here are some of symbolism's basic tenets. Truth in excess and extravagance. Truth in apparent chaos and insanity. Truth in subjective experience. Platitudes and natural banality are dangerous. We need to be constantly ever more audacious. The movement was anti-realism and resisted concentrating on the nitty-gritty of daily life. Instead, symbolists focused on poetic ideals and mysticism, investigating the profound mystery of human existence. The first symbolist theater was the Théâtre d'Art, founded by the 18-year-old Paul IV in 1890. This move got him expelled from high school. A few years later, that theater became the Théâtre de la Houve, led by the director Aurelien Lugny-Poe. He produced plays by Manderlink, Ibsen, and Strindberg. Where realism had accustomed theatergoers to a more lifelike style of acting, the Théâtre de la Houve was big on non-representational sets, and acting that looked like sleepwalking and lines that weren't spoken so much as chanted. Maturlinck wrote that he went to the theater hoping that the beauty, the grandeur, and the earnestness of my humble, day-by-day existence would, for one instant, be revealed to me. That I would be shown the I-know-not-what presence, power, or God that is ever with me.\" Honestly, seems like a big ask, but hey, small ambitions, small successes, am I right? Dadaism had less lofty goals, but man, it did have a giant impact on the arts and the world at large. The movement emerged in the cabarets of Zurich, Switzerland at the tail end of World War I. The main idea was that if logic can lead to a global war, then art should abandon logic and reason in favor of nonsense, intuition, and anarchy. You want to get nuts? Let's get nuts. Tristan Zara, a former symbolist and the movement's main spokesperson, put it like this, The beginnings of Dada were not the beginnings of art, but of disgust. Hugo Ball, Emmy Hemings, and Richard Hülsenbeck were early adherents, but in 1916 Zara created maybe the first Dada performance at the Cabaret Voltaire. This was a cavalcade of clowns and stilt walkers that featured Zara himself distributing balled up pieces of paper to onlookers while he sang a song. Oh, and no one agrees on what the word Dada means. Some Dadaists claim it was chosen from the dictionary at random. Dada was big on randomness or what you can call the aleatory, the thing left up to chance. Dara's favorite mode of composition was to cut a bunch of words out of a newspaper,"
],
[
"Mudras",
" put them in a hat, and then pick them out at random to make a poem. Renaissance Powerful. Artist. Probably. As he wrote in To Make a Dadaist Poem, the poem will resemble you, and there you are, an infinitely original author of charming sensibility, even though unappreciated by the vulgar herd."
],
[
"Erotic Bhava",
" Dada made no distinctions between high and low art, mastery and amateurism, or sense and nonsense. At a typical Dada performance, a bunch of things would be happening all at once—a poem in a made-up language, a song, a dance, some very weird costumes—and it was up to you to make sense of it, or you could just jeer and leave. Upsetting the audience, especially the bourgeois audience, was part of the fun. Maybe even most of the fun. In the 1920s, the writer André Breton broke with Dadaism because he thought it was silly and Breton wasn't wrong, per se. Breton started surrealism, borrowing the term from the playwright Guillaume Apollinaire, who called his 1903 drama The Breasts of Tiresias, une drame surrealiste, or a drama greater than realism. So that settles that. Very surreal. Surrealism looked back toward symbolism for a form that would unlock some greater truth of existence. The movement was influenced by the nascent theories of Freud and an emphasis on the unconscious, as well as the world of dreams. Surrealist theater sought a way to synthesize, as Breton wrote, life and death, the real and the imagined, past and future, the communicable and the incommunicable, high and low, so that these things ceased to be perceived as contradictions. There were a lot of surrealist factions, splits, and fights, but the basic idea was to merge the internal subjective world and external reality into one awesome super-reality. Like Dada, surrealism found logic, drab and boring. Where Dada favored the random, Surrealism went big for automatism, an idea that the artist should just write or do whatever came into their head. Sort of like stream of consciousness, but with even less control. In the first Surrealist manifesto, Breton defined the movement as pure psychic Breton defined the movement as pure psychic automatism, by which one intends to express verbally, in writing, or by any other method, the real functioning of the mind. This, the surrealists hope, would help the artist tap into something powerful, elemental, and something fundamentally, unflinchingly human. As Breton wrote in Surrealism's second manifesto, the idea of Surrealism aims quite simply at the total recovery of our psychic force by a means which is nothing other than the dizzying descent into ourselves, the perpetual excursion into the midst of forbidden territory. Even though The Breasts of Tiresias precedes the movement, it's still probably the most famous surrealist play. Therese is tired of being a woman. When her breasts turn into balloons and float away, she becomes a man. And then she makes her husband dress up as a woman. She sets off to conquer the world and campaign against childbirth, but her husband finds a way to have children. 40,000 of them. And he and Thérèse reconcile. For a closer look at these movements, let's explore an influential play that was written even before Apollinaire's. It has elements of symbolism, Dadaism, surrealism, and even naturalism, but somehow manages to be more vulgar than any manifesto would allow. Meet Alfred Jarry's ugly, violent, and sadistically funny Oubu Roi, which Jarry first drafted as a teenager. Initially staged as a puppet play, it was a merciless satire of Jarry's high school physics teacher, but also a parody of Macbeth. Jarry convinced Lugnepo to stage it at the Théâtre de la Houve in 1896. The play is naturalist in its emphasis on degradation, almost like a rough play, but symbolist in its concentration on chaos and excess. It's also a forerunner of Dada and Surrealism in its fascination with nonsense and nightmare. The actors are supposed to wear full-body costumes that restrict their movements and acoustic masks that flatten their voices into a monotone. Translation has a hard time capturing just how crude and scatological this play is, but know that its first word is merdre, which is a riff on the French word merde, meaning, um, poop. And then everyone gets killed with a toilet brush. We've come a long way from neoclassicism and the unities, haven't we? Take us even further, Thought Bubble. Pa Ubu is a noble who is? Take us even further, Thought Bubble. Pa Ubu is a noble who is obsessed with food, money, and poop. He's a creature of pure id. Imagine Homer Simpson, but way less likable. His wife, Ma Ubu, convinces him to kill the king of Poland. He then holds a banquet and serves a poop-covered toilet brush, poisoning a bunch of people. But the Polish king's son, Bugryla, escapes, and his dad's ghost tells him to get revenge. Meanwhile, back at the palace, it turns out that a guy who came to the throne by murdering everyone in a really unsanitary way is not a good king! After holding an orgy to celebrate, he taxes the peasants and disembrains a lot of people, including all the nobles. He imprisons his sidekick, Captain Bordu, who escapes and convinces the Russian Tsar to declare war against Ubu. Ubu places a cardboard cutout of a horse around his neck and goes to battle while Ma ransacks a crypt looking for cash. Ubu and the Tsar fight. Ubu loses and escapes to a cave in Lithuania where he's attacked by a bear. Ma Ubu escapes and meets Pa at the cave. attacked by a bear. Ma Ubu escapes and meets Pa at the cave. He throws the bear corpse at her, then beats her up. Buggala and his army arrive and beat both of them up. But the Ubus escape on a boat bound for Paris, where Ubu's pretty sure he can get a job as minister of finance. Thanks Thought Bubble. I'm queasy for all sorts of reasons. On the first night, the audience heard the first word, POOP, and they rioted, closing down the show for 15 minutes. Yates was there and he later wrote, What more is possible? After us, the savage god. The performance"
],
[
"Audience Survey",
" eventually continued, but the play closed that same night and it wasn't revived again until after Jari's early death from tuberculosis and excessive drinking, specifically a cocktail of absinthe, vinegar, and ink. Maybe the tale of the Oubous doesn't seem like a great play, but it's a pivotal work in modernism because of the conventions that it upends, and also because it's one of the first works of theater to take an openly hostile stance toward the audience, actively trying to cause offense. The play's whole argument, if you want to credit Ubuwop with having an argument, is that greedy, grasping bourgeois life is dumb and ugly. And that's how it made its bourgeois audience look and feel."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Pre-Columbian Theater, Spanish Empire, and Sor Juana: Crash Course Theater #22
|
5gxHbYI0uy4
| 724 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "<Untitled Chapter 1>",
"end_time": 40
},
{
"start_time": 40,
"title": "Pre-Columbian Theater",
"end_time": 244
},
{
"start_time": 244,
"title": "Juana Ynez",
"end_time": 397
},
{
"start_time": 397,
"title": "The Lowa of the Divine Narcissus",
"end_time": 724
}
] |
[
{
"text": " 20th century American philosopher Robert Nozick asked us to remember that scientists have",
"timestamp": [
0,
8.16
]
},
{
"text": " developed the ultimate innovation in virtual reality.",
"timestamp": [
8.16,
22.36
]
},
{
"text": " It already happened.",
"timestamp": [
22.36,
27
]
},
{
"text": " Now, there are at least two pretty immediate responses to this line of thinking.",
"timestamp": [
27,
37
]
},
{
"text": " Why?",
"timestamp": [
37,
38
]
},
{
"text": " One, shut up.",
"timestamp": [
38,
41
]
},
{
"text": " Two, f*** are you? They were the immediate responses.",
"timestamp": [
41,
47
]
},
{
"text": " You guys are just like the internet over here.",
"timestamp": [
47,
55.36
]
},
{
"text": " One arbiter you might- one arbiter- one arbiter.",
"timestamp": [
55.36,
58.4
]
},
{
"text": " Arbiter.",
"timestamp": [
58.4,
59.4
]
},
{
"text": " They had you, or they kept you, or they adopted you because they wanted you, and they wanted",
"timestamp": [
59.4,
64.16
]
},
{
"text": " to give you because they wanted to.",
"timestamp": [
64.16,
67.32
]
},
{
"text": " It's not Jim's fault that the head soldier is a total dirtbag.",
"timestamp": [
67.32,
71.12
]
},
{
"text": " So now you can see why Aristotle's definition of virtue was totally vague.",
"timestamp": [
71.12,
75
]
},
{
"text": " Where the golden mean depends on the situation.",
"timestamp": [
75,
80.32
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know what happened to me.",
"timestamp": [
80.32,
83.52
]
},
{
"text": " You love her very much, and you've given her the best life you could.",
"timestamp": [
83.52,
86.62
]
},
{
"text": " But now, Fluffy is nearing the end of her life.",
"timestamp": [
86.62,
89.6
]
},
{
"text": " You'll care for her until the end, but when she dies, why not eat her?",
"timestamp": [
89.6,
95.28
]
},
{
"text": " I didn't read the script beforehand.",
"timestamp": [
95.28,
101.08
]
},
{
"text": " So that was a twist I didn't expect.",
"timestamp": [
101.08,
107
]
},
{
"text": " So if you learn virtue by watching it, you...",
"timestamp": [
113.12,
120.12
]
},
{
"text": " But what if I'm aiming my coconut at a pyramid of bottles?",
"timestamp": [
121.16,
125.24
]
},
{
"text": " In the 1950s, Canadian mathematician Albert E...",
"timestamp": [
125.24,
128.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
128.48,
129.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
129.48,
130.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
130.48,
131.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
131.48,
132.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
132.48,
133.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
133.48,
134.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
134.48,
135.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
135.48,
136.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
136.48,
137.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
137.48,
138.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
138.48,
139.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
139.48,
140.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
140.48,
141.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
141.48,
142.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
142.48,
143.48
]
},
{
"text": " E...",
"timestamp": [
143.48,
144.48
]
},
{
"text": " E... E... E... E... E... that acorns are built with the deva—devarrrvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Well, Singer argues here that if you can cr- Pfft. Thanks, Thought Bubble. The a-",
"timestamp": [
144.48,
165.24
]
},
{
"text": " Pfft.",
"timestamp": [
165.24,
166.24
]
},
{
"text": " If it's not okay to do it to a human, it's not okay to do it to an animal either.",
"timestamp": [
166.24,
170.44
]
},
{
"text": " That's a not-easy sentence to read.",
"timestamp": [
170.44,
174.32
]
},
{
"text": " All of those words are the same.",
"timestamp": [
174.32,
175.92
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, let's do it again then.",
"timestamp": [
175.92,
176.92
]
},
{
"text": " No, I, I, I, oh, I see what you meant.",
"timestamp": [
176.92,
179.92
]
},
{
"text": " Yes, no, let's not do it again.",
"timestamp": [
179.92,
181.96
]
},
{
"text": " Well, the school of thought laid out by 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant now",
"timestamp": [
181.96,
186.02
]
},
{
"text": " known as Naonaunaus, because it's our most caring r-",
"timestamp": [
186.02,
189.46
]
},
{
"text": " Pfft.",
"timestamp": [
189.46,
189.96
]
},
{
"text": " Over in the th-",
"timestamp": [
189.96,
191.16
]
},
{
"text": " Blah blah blah.",
"timestamp": [
191.16,
191.8
]
},
{
"text": " Everything has a function, and a thing is-",
"timestamp": [
191.8,
194.38
]
},
{
"text": " Gah. We w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w utilitarianism. R's and L's. Rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr When you use the standard of substituted anything, it's that things are not always",
"timestamp": [
194.38,
249.28
]
},
{
"text": " at they seem.",
"timestamp": [
249.28,
250.84
]
},
{
"text": " At?",
"timestamp": [
250.84,
251.92
]
},
{
"text": " Because you give simply…",
"timestamp": [
251.92,
255.8
]
},
{
"text": " You can't be held morally…",
"timestamp": [
255.8,
259.28
]
},
{
"text": " Singer offered…",
"timestamp": [
259.28,
261.08
]
},
{
"text": " And according to this…",
"timestamp": [
261.08,
262.76
]
},
{
"text": " The big… And according to this, the big... So contemporary American philosopher Hugh LaFollette believes that that that that that",
"timestamp": [
262.76,
269
]
},
{
"text": " blue...",
"timestamp": [
269,
270
]
},
{
"text": " Hugh LaFollette, back when we...",
"timestamp": [
270,
275.28
]
},
{
"text": " Is more likely to be acceptable than just...",
"timestamp": [
275.28,
278.84
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
278.84,
279.84
]
},
{
"text": " Thing or...",
"timestamp": [
279.84,
280.84
]
},
{
"text": " Or, should you have to demonstrate to...",
"timestamp": [
280.84,
284.2
]
},
{
"text": " Choosing to live this... just like a lifeboat?",
"timestamp": [
284.2,
287.52
]
},
{
"text": " And we discussed Aristotle's eudaimonistic picture of a good human life,",
"timestamp": [
287.52,
294.4
]
},
{
"text": " as well as the existentialist view that each determines the value of their own lives.",
"timestamp": [
294.4,
298.8
]
},
{
"text": " Things went wrong in a lot of different ways.",
"timestamp": [
298.8,
306
]
},
{
"text": " I had a British person once, first time I ever went to England,",
"timestamp": [
308,
310
]
},
{
"text": " they told me a joke.",
"timestamp": [
310,
311
]
},
{
"text": " Why was the washing machine laughing?",
"timestamp": [
311,
315
]
},
{
"text": " And the answer to the question was",
"timestamp": [
315,
317
]
},
{
"text": " because it was taking the piss out of the jeans.",
"timestamp": [
317,
320
]
},
{
"text": " And I was like... Is that surrealist? Like what is... I was very confused. I had to have the whole thing explained to me. I feel like why is the washing machine",
"timestamp": [
320,
351.84
]
},
{
"text": " laughing? Because its hair was on fire. It's just like it can say anything.",
"timestamp": [
351.84,
359.2
]
}
] |
[
[
"<Untitled Chapter 1>",
" 20th century American philosopher Robert Nozick asked us to remember that scientists have developed the ultimate innovation in virtual reality. It already happened. Now, there are at least two pretty immediate responses to this line of thinking. Why? One, shut up."
],
[
"Pre-Columbian Theater",
" Two, f*** are you? They were the immediate responses. You guys are just like the internet over here. One arbiter you might- one arbiter- one arbiter. Arbiter. They had you, or they kept you, or they adopted you because they wanted you, and they wanted to give you because they wanted to. It's not Jim's fault that the head soldier is a total dirtbag. So now you can see why Aristotle's definition of virtue was totally vague. Where the golden mean depends on the situation. I don't know what happened to me. You love her very much, and you've given her the best life you could. But now, Fluffy is nearing the end of her life. You'll care for her until the end, but when she dies, why not eat her? I didn't read the script beforehand. So that was a twist I didn't expect. So if you learn virtue by watching it, you... But what if I'm aiming my coconut at a pyramid of bottles? In the 1950s, Canadian mathematician Albert E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... E... that acorns are built with the deva—devarrrvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Well, Singer argues here that if you can cr- Pfft. Thanks, Thought Bubble. The a- Pfft. If it's not okay to do it to a human, it's not okay to do it to an animal either. That's a not-easy sentence to read. All of those words are the same. Oh, let's do it again then. No, I, I, I, oh, I see what you meant. Yes, no, let's not do it again. Well, the school of thought laid out by 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant now known as Naonaunaus, because it's our most caring r- Pfft. Over in the th- Blah blah blah. Everything has a function, and a thing is- Gah. We w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w utilitarianism. R's and L's. Rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr When you use the standard of substituted anything, it's that things are not always"
],
[
"Juana Ynez",
" at they seem. At? Because you give simply… You can't be held morally… Singer offered… And according to this… The big… And according to this, the big... So contemporary American philosopher Hugh LaFollette believes that that that that that blue... Hugh LaFollette, back when we... Is more likely to be acceptable than just... Thanks Thought Bubble. Thing or... Or, should you have to demonstrate to... Choosing to live this... just like a lifeboat? And we discussed Aristotle's eudaimonistic picture of a good human life, as well as the existentialist view that each determines the value of their own lives. Things went wrong in a lot of different ways. I had a British person once, first time I ever went to England, they told me a joke. Why was the washing machine laughing? And the answer to the question was because it was taking the piss out of the jeans. And I was like... Is that surrealist? Like what is... I was very confused. I had to have the whole thing explained to me. I feel like why is the washing machine laughing? Because its hair was on fire. It's just like it can say anything."
],
[
"The Lowa of the Divine Narcissus",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Comedies, Romances, and Shakespeare's Heroines: Crash Course Theater #16
|
ZjAqfh9aY9Y
| 681 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.",
"timestamp": [
0,
3.32
]
},
{
"text": " So between 1840 and 1914, an astonishing 40 million people left Europe.",
"timestamp": [
3.32,
10.5
]
},
{
"text": " It was one of the greatest migrations in human history.",
"timestamp": [
10.5,
13.88
]
},
{
"text": " And it might seem a little odd, because after all, Europe was leading in technological and",
"timestamp": [
13.88,
19.18
]
},
{
"text": " other innovations at the time.",
"timestamp": [
19.18,
21.4
]
},
{
"text": " Agriculture was thriving, railroads were creating an increasingly dense network across the continent",
"timestamp": [
21.4,
26.84
]
},
{
"text": " to move goods more efficiently and connect people to each other.",
"timestamp": [
26.84,
30.72
]
},
{
"text": " So why would anyone, let alone 40 million people, want to leave the most prosperous",
"timestamp": [
30.72,
35.92
]
},
{
"text": " region in the world?",
"timestamp": [
35.92,
37.32
]
},
{
"text": " Well, for one thing, in many European communities, the idea that people could move was new.",
"timestamp": [
37.32,
42.92
]
},
{
"text": " Peasants were less likely to be legally required to work the land",
"timestamp": [
42.92,
46.08
]
},
{
"text": " their ancestors had worked. But also, Europe's prosperity was not universal or even widely shared.",
"timestamp": [
46.08,
53.44
]
},
{
"text": " And so while nations became richer than ever before, many of the people in those nations",
"timestamp": [
53.44,
59.76
]
},
{
"text": " were left out of that prosperity. The more things change... roll the intro Stan, I'm about to get political.",
"timestamp": [
59.76,
67
]
},
{
"text": " INTRO",
"timestamp": [
67,
68
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, so one third of those 40 million immigrants were from the United Kingdom, which is surprising",
"timestamp": [
68,
81.02
]
},
{
"text": " because the UK was becoming a global world power and perhaps the most prosperous European nation.",
"timestamp": [
81.02,
86.8
]
},
{
"text": " But you have to remember that at the time all of Ireland was part of the UK and in the Hungry Forties some",
"timestamp": [
86.88,
93.92
]
},
{
"text": " 1.25 million Irish people migrated to avoid starvation. A good example that inequality often coexists with",
"timestamp": [
94.6,
102.08
]
},
{
"text": " prosperity. Then from 1850 until 1914, Irish people migrated at a rate of 65,000 per year, more than 2",
"timestamp": [
102.44,
110.48
]
},
{
"text": " million additional people.",
"timestamp": [
110.48,
112.6
]
},
{
"text": " Among them were two of my great-grandfathers.",
"timestamp": [
112.6,
115.36
]
},
{
"text": " This Irish diaspora, which stretched from Austria to India, was summarized famously",
"timestamp": [
115.36,
120.4
]
},
{
"text": " in Irish expat James Joyce's novel Ulysses, when the character Bloom says,",
"timestamp": [
120.4,
125.44
]
},
{
"text": " A nation is the same people living in the same place.",
"timestamp": [
125.44,
130.12
]
},
{
"text": " And then a moment later adds,",
"timestamp": [
130.12,
131.92
]
},
{
"text": " Or in different places.",
"timestamp": [
131.92,
133.22
]
},
{
"text": " The Western Hemisphere was a common destination for these new migrants, as were Australia",
"timestamp": [
133.22,
137.64
]
},
{
"text": " and New Zealand.",
"timestamp": [
137.64,
138.88
]
},
{
"text": " The first British immigrants to Australia were convicts, but later the British government",
"timestamp": [
138.88,
143.42
]
},
{
"text": " offered large tracts of land in Australia and New Zealand to wealthy entrepreneurs, land that was seen as available,",
"timestamp": [
143.42,
150.76
]
},
{
"text": " although in fact it was the traditional land of Aboriginal people.",
"timestamp": [
150.76,
154.48
]
},
{
"text": " People also moved in search of work opportunities, especially because projects around the world",
"timestamp": [
154.48,
158.92
]
},
{
"text": " needed laborers.",
"timestamp": [
158.92,
160.6
]
},
{
"text": " Once slavery was abolished, European-based entrepreneurs and colonial plantation owners",
"timestamp": [
160.6,
165.16
]
},
{
"text": " used agents to comb India and China in particular to find workers to indenture, that is, to",
"timestamp": [
165.16,
172.08
]
},
{
"text": " bind to a project through a written contract.",
"timestamp": [
172.08,
175.48
]
},
{
"text": " They would cajole and routinely lie about working conditions and the lengths of these",
"timestamp": [
175.48,
181.2
]
},
{
"text": " contracts.",
"timestamp": [
181.2,
182.2
]
},
{
"text": " Women, for instance, were often promised jobs as nursemaids in English households, and then",
"timestamp": [
182.2,
186.6
]
},
{
"text": " found themselves shipped to plantations in the Caribbean or the South Pacific, or even",
"timestamp": [
186.6,
191.36
]
},
{
"text": " to brothels.",
"timestamp": [
191.36,
192.36
]
},
{
"text": " Similarly, agents manipulated people in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, promising them a golden",
"timestamp": [
192.36,
198.3
]
},
{
"text": " future and convincing them to emigrate, especially after the global economic downturn of 1873.",
"timestamp": [
198.3,
205.14
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks to refrigeration and a more global market for meat, prices for food and livestock",
"timestamp": [
205.14,
210.46
]
},
{
"text": " were declining.",
"timestamp": [
210.46,
212.06
]
},
{
"text": " Villages in some areas were decimated, especially in places with shorter growing seasons, like",
"timestamp": [
212.06,
217.54
]
},
{
"text": " Scandinavia.",
"timestamp": [
217.54,
218.54
]
},
{
"text": " So land there was supporting fewer and fewer farmers as food prices declined.",
"timestamp": [
218.54,
223.2
]
},
{
"text": " Between 1886 and 1900, more than 10% of all Swedes emigrated.",
"timestamp": [
223.2,
229.4
]
},
{
"text": " Many went to North America, which is why the pickled herring is so good in Minnesota.",
"timestamp": [
229.4,
233.96
]
},
{
"text": " The experience of these emigrants was mixed.",
"timestamp": [
233.96,
235.98
]
},
{
"text": " In some cases, they built strong and prosperous communities.",
"timestamp": [
235.98,
239.28
]
},
{
"text": " In others, they struggled mightily.",
"timestamp": [
239.28,
240.92
]
},
{
"text": " Eventually, migration did lose its cluster in Sweden, in part because lots of people",
"timestamp": [
240.92,
245.44
]
},
{
"text": " had left, which meant there was more work opportunities for the people who remained,",
"timestamp": [
245.44,
249.04
]
},
{
"text": " and in part because hydroelectric energy yielded lots of new jobs and national wealth.",
"timestamp": [
249.04,
254.4
]
},
{
"text": " Renewable energy!",
"timestamp": [
254.4,
255.4
]
},
{
"text": " It's the future and the past.",
"timestamp": [
255.4,
257.44
]
},
{
"text": " In other cases, migrants followed their own family or village networks to new lands.",
"timestamp": [
257.44,
262.32
]
},
{
"text": " This is how, for instance, Sicilian emigration to North America often worked.",
"timestamp": [
262.32,
266.92
]
},
{
"text": " Sicily had long been denuded of its trees for Greek shipping, and locals were facing",
"timestamp": [
266.92,
271.36
]
},
{
"text": " taxation from a new national government that was dominated by manufacturers and financiers",
"timestamp": [
271.36,
276.7
]
},
{
"text": " in the north.",
"timestamp": [
276.7,
277.7
]
},
{
"text": " Sicilian men and some women migrated, whether alone or with family, many to North American",
"timestamp": [
277.7,
282.86
]
},
{
"text": " towns and villages where they worked a variety",
"timestamp": [
282.86,
285.44
]
},
{
"text": " of jobs.",
"timestamp": [
285.44,
286.44
]
},
{
"text": " A good number returned home after earning enough to set up a store or finance a family",
"timestamp": [
286.44,
290.38
]
},
{
"text": " member's business.",
"timestamp": [
290.38,
291.64
]
},
{
"text": " And the women who remained after their male relatives left created clusters and communities",
"timestamp": [
291.64,
296.76
]
},
{
"text": " of so-called widows-in-white, waiting for funds to be sent home or for their relatives",
"timestamp": [
296.76,
302.36
]
},
{
"text": " to return.",
"timestamp": [
302.36,
303.36
]
},
{
"text": " So, between 1870 and 1890, most of Europe's emigrants were from prosperous and powerful",
"timestamp": [
303.36,
309.08
]
},
{
"text": " countries.",
"timestamp": [
309.08,
310.08
]
},
{
"text": " 47% came from Britain, another 18% from Germany.",
"timestamp": [
310.08,
314.38
]
},
{
"text": " But between 1890 and World War I, other regions began to dominate.",
"timestamp": [
314.38,
319.64
]
},
{
"text": " Millions left Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire.",
"timestamp": [
319.64,
322.56
]
},
{
"text": " Entire regiments left in 1907 in order to earn money in America,\" wrote one observer",
"timestamp": [
322.56,
328.46
]
},
{
"text": " of the scene.",
"timestamp": [
328.46,
329.46
]
},
{
"text": " Many houses stood empty, and in many others only old women and small children remained",
"timestamp": [
329.46,
334.64
]
},
{
"text": " behind.",
"timestamp": [
334.64,
335.8
]
},
{
"text": " In some villages, the entire young generation left home.",
"timestamp": [
335.8,
339.98
]
},
{
"text": " Everyone believed that America was the promised land, a true paradise.",
"timestamp": [
339.98,
344.56
]
},
{
"text": " Ah, America, where the streets are paved with cheese.",
"timestamp": [
344.56,
348.16
]
},
{
"text": " Am I the only person who remembers the movie American Tale?",
"timestamp": [
348.16,
352.22
]
},
{
"text": " Possibly literally, yes.",
"timestamp": [
352.22,
353.22
]
},
{
"text": " Did the center of the world just open?",
"timestamp": [
353.22,
355.2
]
},
{
"text": " Is there an American flag stuck inside of a Diet Dr. Pepper can in there?",
"timestamp": [
355.2,
358.8
]
},
{
"text": " I'm a little worried this might be against the rules of how you're supposed to display",
"timestamp": [
358.8,
361.56
]
},
{
"text": " the flag, and I apologize, we didn't have anything else.",
"timestamp": [
361.56,
364.4
]
},
{
"text": " If you've watched a lot of Crash Course, you've seen a lot of this American flag. But",
"timestamp": [
364.4,
367.76
]
},
{
"text": " did you know that it is not just any American flag? It is the American flag that our friend",
"timestamp": [
367.76,
373.36
]
},
{
"text": " and colleague Mark was given when he became an American. Our office, like so many offices in the",
"timestamp": [
373.36,
378.72
]
},
{
"text": " United States, has been tremendously strengthened by immigration. And that shouldn't be a political",
"timestamp": [
378.72,
384.08
]
},
{
"text": " statement. In the Russian Empire, many people left, but especially Jews.",
"timestamp": [
384.08,
388.96
]
},
{
"text": " Christians had assaulted Jews and their property for generations in acts called pogroms.",
"timestamp": [
388.96,
394.08
]
},
{
"text": " And after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 by political radicals, Russians",
"timestamp": [
394.08,
399.68
]
},
{
"text": " launched more pogroms.",
"timestamp": [
399.68,
401.22
]
},
{
"text": " The government had tried integrating their vast empire composed of more than a hundred",
"timestamp": [
401.22,
405.46
]
},
{
"text": " different ethnic groups with a program called russification.",
"timestamp": [
405.46,
409.34
]
},
{
"text": " But when that did not work to its satisfaction, the government changed course toward negative",
"timestamp": [
409.34,
414.54
]
},
{
"text": " integration, vilifying non-Russian ethnic and religious groups, expelling or restricting",
"timestamp": [
414.54,
420.54
]
},
{
"text": " several of them.",
"timestamp": [
420.54,
421.9
]
},
{
"text": " Jews were foremost among those groups.",
"timestamp": [
421.9,
424.34
]
},
{
"text": " One act of vilification really stands out.",
"timestamp": [
424.34,
427.24
]
},
{
"text": " Officials in the police department of the Ministry of the Interior produced a phony",
"timestamp": [
427.24,
431.08
]
},
{
"text": " account called Protocols of the Elders of Zion.",
"timestamp": [
431.08,
435.28
]
},
{
"text": " It documented a Jewish plot entirely concocted by these Russian officials for a Jewish takeover",
"timestamp": [
435.28,
441.76
]
},
{
"text": " of the world.",
"timestamp": [
441.76,
443.16
]
},
{
"text": " And that forgery shows us just how determined people",
"timestamp": [
443.16,
446.16
]
},
{
"text": " were to demonize Jews so that they could be persecuted, expelled, and even killed.",
"timestamp": [
446.16,
451.68
]
},
{
"text": " In fact, the protocols spread across Europe and the world with increasingly disastrous results,",
"timestamp": [
451.68,
457.36
]
},
{
"text": " and even today it often fuels anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.",
"timestamp": [
457.36,
461.52
]
},
{
"text": " And in this atmosphere of escalating pogroms and persecution, Ukrainians, Lithuanians,",
"timestamp": [
461.52,
466.44
]
},
{
"text": " Poles, and others fled the Russian Empire at the turn of the 20th century, among them",
"timestamp": [
466.44,
471.88
]
},
{
"text": " tens of thousands of Jewish people.",
"timestamp": [
471.88,
474.48
]
},
{
"text": " In contrast, non-Jewish ethnic Russians were forbidden to leave.",
"timestamp": [
474.48,
478.76
]
},
{
"text": " So as in Ireland, migration from the Russian Empire had an ethnic, religious, and class",
"timestamp": [
478.76,
483.64
]
},
{
"text": " dimension that was fostered",
"timestamp": [
483.64,
485.18
]
},
{
"text": " by governments and their agents.",
"timestamp": [
485.18,
487.18
]
},
{
"text": " In Hungary, agents searched out Croatians, Ukrainians, and other ethnicities, often the",
"timestamp": [
487.18,
492.06
]
},
{
"text": " poorest in society, to sign up for foreign ventures.",
"timestamp": [
492.06,
495.78
]
},
{
"text": " This was part of Hungary's attempt to magyarize Hungarian society, that is, make the population",
"timestamp": [
495.78,
501.74
]
},
{
"text": " more culturally Hungarian.",
"timestamp": [
501.74,
503.78
]
},
{
"text": " In Austria-Hungary, some officials promoted migration, but others were opposed to it.",
"timestamp": [
503.78,
507.92
]
},
{
"text": " And each group of opponents had their own reasons.",
"timestamp": [
507.92,
510.7
]
},
{
"text": " Military planners saw villages emptied of potential recruits, nationalists wanted people",
"timestamp": [
510.7,
515.4
]
},
{
"text": " of their own ethnicity blocked from leaving their communities, and large landowners often",
"timestamp": [
515.4,
520.52
]
},
{
"text": " found that cheap local labor had fled to places where there were better jobs.",
"timestamp": [
520.52,
525.68
]
},
{
"text": " In 1903, the government decreed that Hungarian men would not be allowed to emigrate, although",
"timestamp": [
525.68,
530.88
]
},
{
"text": " loopholes kept this draconian law from ever being fully effective.",
"timestamp": [
530.88,
535.32
]
},
{
"text": " Austria had especially attempted to curb emigration without much luck.",
"timestamp": [
535.32,
539.44
]
},
{
"text": " Emperor Francis Joseph even sponsored a project to try to get emigres to return.",
"timestamp": [
539.44,
544.24
]
},
{
"text": " Other efforts to curb population outflows focused on the agents recruiting people to",
"timestamp": [
544.24,
548.68
]
},
{
"text": " emigrate.",
"timestamp": [
548.68,
549.94
]
},
{
"text": " Countries passed laws against recruiters after 1850 and brought some of them to trial as",
"timestamp": [
549.94,
554.86
]
},
{
"text": " illegal traffickers of women and children.",
"timestamp": [
554.86,
557.96
]
},
{
"text": " And British reformers even got legislation passed to check that Chinese and Indians entering",
"timestamp": [
557.96,
562.26
]
},
{
"text": " into indentured contracts were not being enslaved",
"timestamp": [
562.26,
565.4
]
},
{
"text": " by those contracts.",
"timestamp": [
565.4,
566.88
]
},
{
"text": " Across Europe, these agents were often stereotyped as being Jewish, and the Christian migrants",
"timestamp": [
566.88,
571.98
]
},
{
"text": " were seen as their innocent victims.",
"timestamp": [
571.98,
574.8
]
},
{
"text": " And because women might be drawn into prostitution, the supposed criminal activity of agents was",
"timestamp": [
574.8,
580.48
]
},
{
"text": " another reason for chivalrous men to remove not just women's rights, but",
"timestamp": [
580.48,
585.32
]
},
{
"text": " their mobility.",
"timestamp": [
585.32,
586.32
]
},
{
"text": " And so you see here how two marginalized communities become more marginalized by systems of power.",
"timestamp": [
586.32,
591.92
]
},
{
"text": " All that noted, officials tended to allow those deemed inferior in one way or another",
"timestamp": [
591.92,
597.4
]
},
{
"text": " to leave, often even encouraging their departure.",
"timestamp": [
597.4,
600.28
]
},
{
"text": " For instance, the Jewish Colonization Association, formed in 1891, was allowed to recruit across",
"timestamp": [
600.28,
606.02
]
},
{
"text": " Russia as the empire implemented more policies for ethnic purity.",
"timestamp": [
606.02,
610.64
]
},
{
"text": " How these immigrant voyagers fared varied widely.",
"timestamp": [
610.64,
613.72
]
},
{
"text": " Let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
613.72,
615.6
]
},
{
"text": " For most, the voyage out of Europe was grueling, even death-defying, as border guards and travel",
"timestamp": [
615.6,
621.24
]
},
{
"text": " personnel often stripped them of their already meager possessions.",
"timestamp": [
621.24,
625.88
]
},
{
"text": " Others experienced additional trauma, especially when epidemics broke out.",
"timestamp": [
625.88,
630.32
]
},
{
"text": " As Jews like the Irish were increasingly labeled as slovenly or germ-ridden, officials administered",
"timestamp": [
630.32,
636.9
]
},
{
"text": " shock remedies.",
"timestamp": [
636.9,
638.02
]
},
{
"text": " In her autobiography, Mary Anton, a Jewish migrant from Belarus to the United States",
"timestamp": [
638.02,
642.42
]
},
{
"text": " late in the 19th century, remembered being herded like animals, forced to remove her clothing, then a",
"timestamp": [
642.42,
648.96
]
},
{
"text": " slippery substance that might be any bad thing rubbed on her body, ending with the",
"timestamp": [
648.96,
654.6
]
},
{
"text": " steam of the shower blinding us. The treatment was a sanitary effort, but the",
"timestamp": [
654.6,
659.92
]
},
{
"text": " way it was administered felt cruel and dehumanizing. Others experienced the end of the journey as traumatic, although the time it took to",
"timestamp": [
659.92,
668.28
]
},
{
"text": " cross oceans had dramatically declined because of steamships.",
"timestamp": [
668.28,
672.36
]
},
{
"text": " Arriving in a big and unfamiliar coastal city could be profoundly disorienting.",
"timestamp": [
672.36,
678.28
]
},
{
"text": " People who'd been accustomed to a rural pace of life were now searching for arduous,",
"timestamp": [
678.28,
683.16
]
},
{
"text": " low-level work where they could be expected",
"timestamp": [
683.16,
685.24
]
},
{
"text": " to work ten or more hours per day, six or seven days per week.",
"timestamp": [
685.24,
690.6
]
},
{
"text": " Those left behind were also affected by emigration.",
"timestamp": [
690.6,
693.32
]
},
{
"text": " Dear husband, Teofila Burkowska of Warsaw, Poland, wrote in 1893 to her husband in the",
"timestamp": [
693.32,
699.28
]
},
{
"text": " United States,",
"timestamp": [
699.28,
700.28
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know what to do from longing and regret.",
"timestamp": [
700.28,
703.08
]
},
{
"text": " I comfort myself only that you won't forget me.",
"timestamp": [
703.08,
706.36
]
},
{
"text": " Teofila, living in poverty and shunned by her neighbors, never again heard from her",
"timestamp": [
706.36,
711.2
]
},
{
"text": " husband.",
"timestamp": [
711.2,
712.2
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
712.2,
713.2
]
},
{
"text": " I guess.",
"timestamp": [
713.2,
714.2
]
},
{
"text": " After centuries of serfdom and slavery, movement itself was sold as pure freedom, despite its",
"timestamp": [
714.2,
720.62
]
},
{
"text": " paradoxes and complexity.",
"timestamp": [
720.62,
722.72
]
},
{
"text": " To move from rural areas to urban spaces, or from one nation to another, or one continent",
"timestamp": [
722.72,
729
]
},
{
"text": " to another, did constitute a form of liberty and one that had not been available to most",
"timestamp": [
729,
735.04
]
},
{
"text": " of those 40 million emigrants' ancestors.",
"timestamp": [
735.04,
738.12
]
},
{
"text": " But the propaganda campaigns that encouraged movement also targeted certain classes of",
"timestamp": [
738.12,
743.08
]
},
{
"text": " people as undesirable to have in a",
"timestamp": [
743.08,
745.68
]
},
{
"text": " community. Those suffering from pogroms or famines were being further",
"timestamp": [
745.68,
750
]
},
{
"text": " marginalized and often blamed for their own suffering and for any other",
"timestamp": [
750,
754.92
]
},
{
"text": " suffering in the community. The Irish were accused of being famous everywhere",
"timestamp": [
754.92,
759.3
]
},
{
"text": " for their indolence and criticized for their cunning, brutalized features, they had themselves to",
"timestamp": [
759.3,
766.4
]
},
{
"text": " thank for their poverty.",
"timestamp": [
766.4,
768
]
},
{
"text": " Mary Anton, meanwhile, recalled being spit on by non-Jewish children, as well as enduring",
"timestamp": [
768,
773.8
]
},
{
"text": " the pogroms that often began with the trio of the crosses and the priests and the mob",
"timestamp": [
773.8,
780.44
]
},
{
"text": " passing through her neighborhood.",
"timestamp": [
780.44,
782.2
]
},
{
"text": " As it turns out, migration for many was coercive, dangerous, and even lethal.",
"timestamp": [
782.2,
787.64
]
},
{
"text": " For others, it was an escape from poverty and deprivation.",
"timestamp": [
787.64,
791.24
]
},
{
"text": " One Swedish immigrant, perhaps remembering his meager fare of brown bread and herring,",
"timestamp": [
791.24,
796.56
]
},
{
"text": " celebrated his move to the United States by saying,",
"timestamp": [
796.56,
799.12
]
},
{
"text": " God save me from all that is Swedish.",
"timestamp": [
799.12,
802.36
]
},
{
"text": " Except for the herring, one hopes.",
"timestamp": [
802.36,
804.08
]
},
{
"text": " But that perspective certainly wasn't universal.",
"timestamp": [
804.08,
807.52
]
},
{
"text": " Once again, how history looks depends upon where you are sitting.",
"timestamp": [
807.52,
813.68
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching. And indeed all of our patrons at patreon.com slash crash course We've got lots about the crash courses including one about artificial intelligence. That is absolutely fascinating",
"timestamp": [
813.68,
829.18
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks again for watching and as they say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome",
"timestamp": [
829.18,
832.84
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
The Hero's Journey and the Monomyth: Crash Course World Mythology #25
|
XevCvCLdKCU
| 800 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 85
},
{
"start_time": 85,
"title": "The Heros Journey",
"end_time": 190
},
{
"start_time": 190,
"title": "The Monomyth",
"end_time": 526
},
{
"start_time": 526,
"title": "Conquering Hunger",
"end_time": 583
},
{
"start_time": 583,
"title": "The Seven Sisters",
"end_time": 800
}
] |
[
{
"text": " As you rub the sleep from your woman...",
"timestamp": [
0,
5
]
},
{
"text": " Wake up, honey.",
"timestamp": [
5,
8
]
},
{
"text": " Like all languages, chemistrian, if you want to call it that, and I do,",
"timestamp": [
8,
12
]
},
{
"text": " can be tough to learn at first, but once you get, uh...",
"timestamp": [
12,
16
]
},
{
"text": " So I don't expect you to walk out of this video spouting off about 3-keto-2-carboxyl-arabinitol,",
"timestamp": [
16,
23
]
},
{
"text": " but I do want to get it so I don't expect you",
"timestamp": [
23,
27.16
]
},
{
"text": " to walk out of this video spouting off about three keto two and lots of you so",
"timestamp": [
27.16,
32.32
]
},
{
"text": " I don't expect you to walk out of this video spouting off about three keto two",
"timestamp": [
32.32,
36.04
]
},
{
"text": " so I don't expect you to walk out of here spouting off about three keto two",
"timestamp": [
36.04,
41.44
]
},
{
"text": " carboxyl arabinitol the enthalpy change for a reaction is equal to the sum of the standard",
"timestamp": [
41.44,
51.12
]
},
{
"text": " enthalpies of formation of the products minus the sum of the standard",
"timestamp": [
51.12,
55.2
]
},
{
"text": " enthalpies of formation of the reactants. I understand this and it makes sense.",
"timestamp": [
55.2,
59.68
]
},
{
"text": " I just, it's a lot of words. The reaction is between iron powder, which is in here, and oxygen, which is...",
"timestamp": [
59.68,
65.4
]
},
{
"text": " You know.",
"timestamp": [
65.4,
73.18
]
},
{
"text": " And fortunately for chemistrian, there's a kind of phrase.",
"timestamp": [
73.18,
77.02
]
},
{
"text": " Drunk.",
"timestamp": [
77.02,
78.02
]
},
{
"text": " And the ones we'll mostly be talking about today, I...",
"timestamp": [
78.02,
81.28
]
},
{
"text": " That's just...",
"timestamp": [
81.28,
82.28
]
},
{
"text": " It's...",
"timestamp": [
82.28,
83.28
]
},
{
"text": " I'm gonna do it again.",
"timestamp": [
83.28,
84.28
]
},
{
"text": " Whereas ones that gain electrons have ne- had- hblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblbl The gaunt, balding, swift, uh... I said swift again!",
"timestamp": [
84.28,
105.44
]
},
{
"text": " I said swift again.",
"timestamp": [
105.44,
106.88
]
},
{
"text": " Shower in a room full of people who I don't like, all while trying to build your first",
"timestamp": [
117.92,
123.44
]
},
{
"text": " real...",
"timestamp": [
123.44,
124.44
]
},
{
"text": " Uh... I got confused. That was fun, though.",
"timestamp": [
124.44,
127.4
]
},
{
"text": " Where orthodontics have a curfew, live on an allowance, what is happening over here?",
"timestamp": [
127.4,
132.3
]
},
{
"text": " Shower in a room full of people that they don't like,",
"timestamp": [
132.3,
135.3
]
},
{
"text": " all while trying to build your first real, lasting friendships and sex.",
"timestamp": [
135.3,
140.3
]
},
{
"text": " The most basic ions, called monatomicomic ions are formed from single atoms.",
"timestamp": [
141.7,
146.36
]
},
{
"text": " To write one as a formula you just have...",
"timestamp": [
146.36,
150.28
]
},
{
"text": " But the names of these ions change somewhat depending on where they're there.",
"timestamp": [
150.28,
155.04
]
},
{
"text": " But the names of these ions change somewhat.",
"timestamp": [
155.04,
159.12
]
},
{
"text": " Now when we name ionic compounds...",
"timestamp": [
159.12,
162.8
]
},
{
"text": " PV equals NRT, perv-nert, is that it can be understood",
"timestamp": [
162.8,
167.42
]
},
{
"text": " theoretically.",
"timestamp": [
167.42,
168.26
]
},
{
"text": " There is no light coming out of that.",
"timestamp": [
173.26,
174.82
]
},
{
"text": " What the?",
"timestamp": [
174.82,
175.32
]
},
{
"text": " But here's a wrinkle.",
"timestamp": [
175.32,
176.58
]
},
{
"text": " Many elements can form more than one kind of ion.",
"timestamp": [
176.58,
179.9
]
},
{
"text": " Iron, for example, iron, ion, iron ion, the iron iron, the iron ion, iron ion, iron...",
"timestamp": [
179.9,
192.52
]
},
{
"text": " But they can have either a charge of either two.",
"timestamp": [
192.52,
194.64
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
194.64,
195.64
]
},
{
"text": " But it's in this middle region of your language map where really unique dialects start to",
"timestamp": [
195.64,
199.94
]
},
{
"text": " crop up, changing how ions are named and written.",
"timestamp": [
199.94,
203.56
]
},
{
"text": " Let's do that again, that was written. Not quite enough energy for you?",
"timestamp": [
203.56,
208.24
]
},
{
"text": " In order to study this stuff carefully, he looked at the standard enthalpies of formation",
"timestamp": [
208.24,
212.08
]
},
{
"text": " of the reactants and the products of the reaction.",
"timestamp": [
212.08,
216
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
216,
218
]
},
{
"text": " Basically, it's just a set of criteria that chemists can......blah......blah......blah...",
"timestamp": [
218,
225
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
225,
226
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
226,
227
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
227,
228
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
228,
229
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
229,
230
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
230,
231
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
231,
232
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
232,
233
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
233,
234
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
234,
235
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
235,
236
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
236,
237
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
237,
238
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
238,
239
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
239,
240
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
240,
241
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
241,
242
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
242,
243
]
},
{
"text": "...blah...",
"timestamp": [
243,
244
]
},
{
"text": "...blah......blah......blah......blah......blah... thousand kilograms! Hmm. Hmm.",
"timestamp": [
244,
246
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, I don't know how to make it stop doing that.",
"timestamp": [
246,
248
]
},
{
"text": " And it helps us out in a lot of our calcul-",
"timestamp": [
248,
250
]
},
{
"text": " You just do it close.",
"timestamp": [
250,
252
]
},
{
"text": " I just told you, do not disturb.",
"timestamp": [
252,
254
]
},
{
"text": " No!",
"timestamp": [
254,
256
]
},
{
"text": " Sounds like the best-",
"timestamp": [
256,
258
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, quiet on the set, Cam-phone!",
"timestamp": [
258,
260
]
},
{
"text": " Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels",
"timestamp": [
260,
262
]
},
{
"text": " tried to make them name it the Hitler,",
"timestamp": [
262,
264
]
},
{
"text": " but they refused, thankfully.",
"timestamp": [
264,
266
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know.",
"timestamp": [
266,
269
]
},
{
"text": " It's on fire!",
"timestamp": [
269,
271
]
},
{
"text": " Yup! Roman numerals!",
"timestamp": [
271,
273
]
},
{
"text": " Waaah! Aaaaah!",
"timestamp": [
273,
275
]
},
{
"text": " Now acids are ionic compounds just like any other, but when they ionize, they're hydrogen ions, just lone proton.",
"timestamp": [
275,
282
]
},
{
"text": " What?! hydrogen ions, just lone protons. What? Using those numbers, we find that the new pressure",
"timestamp": [
282,
286.4
]
},
{
"text": " is 102.882.",
"timestamp": [
286.4,
291.32
]
},
{
"text": " See, at that time, scientists only knew how to ansel the",
"timestamp": [
291.32,
293.76
]
},
{
"text": " beha- ansel?",
"timestamp": [
293.76,
295.08
]
},
{
"text": " It starts to deviate from what the ideal gas law predicts.",
"timestamp": [
295.08,
300.28
]
},
{
"text": " Writing the formula of an acid is easy.",
"timestamp": [
300.28,
302.68
]
},
{
"text": " You've got...",
"timestamp": [
302.68,
305.1
]
},
{
"text": " Once you acquire the ear for it though, you can tell just from the name of an acid or its anion what its compo-position.",
"timestamp": [
305.1,
311.9
]
},
{
"text": " That's right, even though it's... acid.",
"timestamp": [
311.9,
317.7
]
},
{
"text": " It is identified by its con- by its content of oxygen.",
"timestamp": [
317.7,
321.3
]
},
{
"text": " By the con- by its the- by its content of- by its oxygen content.",
"timestamp": [
321.3,
325.2
]
},
{
"text": " There. Got it.",
"timestamp": [
326.3,
327.3
]
},
{
"text": " You might know that as the chlorate ion.",
"timestamp": [
327.3,
329.9
]
},
{
"text": " That's chlorate with an eight.",
"timestamp": [
329.9,
331.7
]
},
{
"text": " Not a number eight.",
"timestamp": [
332.1,
333
]
},
{
"text": " A-T-E.",
"timestamp": [
333,
333.9
]
},
{
"text": " Which is called chloric acid.",
"timestamp": [
334.5,
336.1
]
},
{
"text": " That's chloric with an I-C.",
"timestamp": [
336.1,
337.7
]
},
{
"text": " I-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-p-ding! Sup, boy! Uh-oh, uh-oh, I quoted Monty Python. Mixaw is let loose.",
"timestamp": [
346,
348
]
},
{
"text": " Can't control him now.",
"timestamp": [
348,
350
]
},
{
"text": " What are you doing in England?",
"timestamp": [
350,
352
]
},
{
"text": " They can also form other, many other, several other, a few other...",
"timestamp": [
352,
358
]
},
{
"text": " Acids.",
"timestamp": [
358,
360
]
},
{
"text": " Which we know as the clo-",
"timestamp": [
360,
362
]
},
{
"text": " Ha ha ha.",
"timestamp": [
362,
364
]
},
{
"text": " And, reboot. as the cl- With us acids and indeed all that with atoms ions ass us.",
"timestamp": [
364,
377.68
]
},
{
"text": " So if that's the case, get a pencil ready and pause the video now.",
"timestamp": [
377.68,
383.68
]
},
{
"text": " Copy this- not now, because you can't hear my instructions.",
"timestamp": [
383.68,
386.7
]
},
{
"text": " Gas!",
"timestamp": [
387.4,
388.3
]
},
{
"text": " Excellent.",
"timestamp": [
391.7,
392.8
]
},
{
"text": " Let's get this party started.",
"timestamp": [
392.8,
395.5
]
},
{
"text": " Let's get this party started.",
"timestamp": [
396.7,
399.4
]
},
{
"text": " Let us get this party started right.",
"timestamp": [
399.4,
402.1
]
},
{
"text": " The roof! The roof! The roof is on fire!",
"timestamp": [
402.9,
406
]
},
{
"text": " The English teacher...",
"timestamp": [
406,
408
]
},
{
"text": " Wait...",
"timestamp": [
408,
410
]
},
{
"text": " The science teacher from...",
"timestamp": [
410,
412
]
},
{
"text": " I mean, sorry, the science teacher",
"timestamp": [
412,
414
]
},
{
"text": " from England...",
"timestamp": [
414,
416
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, I get the joke now.",
"timestamp": [
416,
418
]
},
{
"text": " As he mixed the gases, he nosed...",
"timestamp": [
418,
420
]
},
{
"text": " he nostest...",
"timestamp": [
420,
422
]
},
{
"text": " And when they start to go bad, they release it.",
"timestamp": [
424,
427
]
},
{
"text": " Nope.",
"timestamp": [
427,
428
]
},
{
"text": " One key to understanding the behavior of a gas is its velocity.",
"timestamp": [
428,
430.84
]
},
{
"text": " That is, it is, bzzz.",
"timestamp": [
430.84,
432.64
]
},
{
"text": " You find the velocity, or speed, by dividing the distance that it traveled by the time",
"timestamp": [
432.64,
436.54
]
},
{
"text": " it took to do it, and that's the, blah, blah, blah.",
"timestamp": [
436.54,
440.66
]
},
{
"text": " Like the rotten egg smelling...",
"timestamp": [
440.66,
442.36
]
},
{
"text": " Smell.",
"timestamp": [
442.36,
444.88
]
},
{
"text": " We shall put the energy it contains in...",
"timestamp": [
444.88,
446.64
]
},
{
"text": " What, what, what, what, what, what?",
"timestamp": [
446.64,
448.64
]
},
{
"text": " Because this heavy thing here, which is full of pennies, oh god.",
"timestamp": [
448.64,
451.76
]
},
{
"text": " I unhooked it. That was dangerous.",
"timestamp": [
451.76,
456
]
},
{
"text": " Work is... what are you?",
"timestamp": [
456,
458.72
]
},
{
"text": " What? Why? Go away. Bye. Thank you.",
"timestamp": [
458.72,
463.2
]
},
{
"text": " No, away. Away. go away. Go. Go.",
"timestamp": [
463.2,
468.08
]
},
{
"text": " Can you see it in the camera? Or am I just like...",
"timestamp": [
468.08,
472.88
]
},
{
"text": " Instead, heat, just like work, is an energy...",
"timestamp": [
472.88,
476.16
]
},
{
"text": " Internal energy is represented by the letter E.",
"timestamp": [
476.16,
479.84
]
},
{
"text": " And most of the time we're interested...",
"timestamp": [
479.84,
481.84
]
},
{
"text": " We're...",
"timestamp": [
481.84,
483.84
]
},
{
"text": " And most of the time we're interested where... Enthalpy is technically the internal of a...",
"timestamp": [
486.88,
492.04
]
},
{
"text": " And for that we need to thank good old Cher-Bah.",
"timestamp": [
492.04,
494.24
]
},
{
"text": " This is weird.",
"timestamp": [
494.24,
506.64
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
" As you rub the sleep from your woman... Wake up, honey. Like all languages, chemistrian, if you want to call it that, and I do, can be tough to learn at first, but once you get, uh... So I don't expect you to walk out of this video spouting off about 3-keto-2-carboxyl-arabinitol, but I do want to get it so I don't expect you to walk out of this video spouting off about three keto two and lots of you so I don't expect you to walk out of this video spouting off about three keto two so I don't expect you to walk out of here spouting off about three keto two carboxyl arabinitol the enthalpy change for a reaction is equal to the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products minus the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants. I understand this and it makes sense. I just, it's a lot of words. The reaction is between iron powder, which is in here, and oxygen, which is... You know. And fortunately for chemistrian, there's a kind of phrase. Drunk. And the ones we'll mostly be talking about today, I... That's just... It's... I'm gonna do it again. Whereas ones that gain electrons have ne- had- hblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblbl The gaunt, balding, swift, uh... I said swift again!"
],
[
"The Heros Journey",
" I said swift again. Shower in a room full of people who I don't like, all while trying to build your first real... Uh... I got confused. That was fun, though. Where orthodontics have a curfew, live on an allowance, what is happening over here? Shower in a room full of people that they don't like, all while trying to build your first real, lasting friendships and sex. The most basic ions, called monatomicomic ions are formed from single atoms. To write one as a formula you just have... But the names of these ions change somewhat depending on where they're there. But the names of these ions change somewhat. Now when we name ionic compounds... PV equals NRT, perv-nert, is that it can be understood theoretically. There is no light coming out of that. What the? But here's a wrinkle. Many elements can form more than one kind of ion. Iron, for example, iron, ion, iron ion, the iron iron, the iron ion, iron ion, iron..."
],
[
"The Monomyth",
" But they can have either a charge of either two. Yeah. But it's in this middle region of your language map where really unique dialects start to crop up, changing how ions are named and written. Let's do that again, that was written. Not quite enough energy for you? In order to study this stuff carefully, he looked at the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants and the products of the reaction. What? Basically, it's just a set of criteria that chemists can......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah......blah... thousand kilograms! Hmm. Hmm. Okay, I don't know how to make it stop doing that. And it helps us out in a lot of our calcul- You just do it close. I just told you, do not disturb. No! Sounds like the best- Oh, quiet on the set, Cam-phone! Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels tried to make them name it the Hitler, but they refused, thankfully. I don't know. It's on fire! Yup! Roman numerals! Waaah! Aaaaah! Now acids are ionic compounds just like any other, but when they ionize, they're hydrogen ions, just lone proton. What?! hydrogen ions, just lone protons. What? Using those numbers, we find that the new pressure is 102.882. See, at that time, scientists only knew how to ansel the beha- ansel? It starts to deviate from what the ideal gas law predicts. Writing the formula of an acid is easy. You've got... Once you acquire the ear for it though, you can tell just from the name of an acid or its anion what its compo-position. That's right, even though it's... acid. It is identified by its con- by its content of oxygen. By the con- by its the- by its content of- by its oxygen content. There. Got it. You might know that as the chlorate ion. That's chlorate with an eight. Not a number eight. A-T-E. Which is called chloric acid. That's chloric with an I-C. I-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-p-ding! Sup, boy! Uh-oh, uh-oh, I quoted Monty Python. Mixaw is let loose. Can't control him now. What are you doing in England? They can also form other, many other, several other, a few other... Acids. Which we know as the clo- Ha ha ha. And, reboot. as the cl- With us acids and indeed all that with atoms ions ass us. So if that's the case, get a pencil ready and pause the video now. Copy this- not now, because you can't hear my instructions. Gas! Excellent. Let's get this party started. Let's get this party started. Let us get this party started right. The roof! The roof! The roof is on fire! The English teacher... Wait... The science teacher from... I mean, sorry, the science teacher from England... Oh, I get the joke now. As he mixed the gases, he nosed... he nostest... And when they start to go bad, they release it. Nope. One key to understanding the behavior of a gas is its velocity. That is, it is, bzzz. You find the velocity, or speed, by dividing the distance that it traveled by the time it took to do it, and that's the, blah, blah, blah. Like the rotten egg smelling... Smell. We shall put the energy it contains in... What, what, what, what, what, what? Because this heavy thing here, which is full of pennies, oh god. I unhooked it. That was dangerous. Work is... what are you? What? Why? Go away. Bye. Thank you. No, away. Away. go away. Go. Go. Can you see it in the camera? Or am I just like... Instead, heat, just like work, is an energy... Internal energy is represented by the letter E. And most of the time we're interested... We're... And most of the time we're interested where... Enthalpy is technically the internal of a... And for that we need to thank good old Cher-Bah. This is weird."
],
[
"Conquering Hunger",
""
],
[
"The Seven Sisters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course Sociology Outtakes #1
|
4jHwOavsT7A
| 354 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Your big monocytes eventually roll up to the battle and transform into hungry macrophages,",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.64
]
},
{
"text": " replacing the first line of now-dead neutrophils and bake- baking... baking... a bunch of pies.",
"timestamp": [
4.64,
10.82
]
},
{
"text": " Called spermatogonia, which...",
"timestamp": [
20.82,
23.12
]
},
{
"text": " We weren't expecting that, were we? Spermatogonia. No one expects spermatogonia which... We weren't expecting that, were we?",
"timestamp": [
23.12,
25
]
},
{
"text": " Spermatogonia!",
"timestamp": [
25,
26
]
},
{
"text": " No one expects spermatogonia.",
"timestamp": [
26,
28
]
},
{
"text": " Spermatogonia is where I buy all my outdoor gear. Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha Ur- urine activate the cytotoxic CCFF.",
"timestamp": [
28,
45.28
]
},
{
"text": " And this tells the anterior- anteri- anterior pituitary pili-",
"timestamp": [
45.28,
48.64
]
},
{
"text": " And this tells the anterior pituitary...",
"timestamp": [
48.64,
52.12
]
},
{
"text": " Just use your words.",
"timestamp": [
52.12,
55.66
]
},
{
"text": " By passing through an internal urethral... Ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-f-ff-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f-f Yeah. Stupid words. You've also got a few special outposts. Strategically.",
"timestamp": [
55.66,
65.8
]
},
{
"text": " I hate words.",
"timestamp": [
65.8,
67.56
]
},
{
"text": " They began by inviting hundreds of fail- and me-mail.",
"timestamp": [
67.56,
71.04
]
},
{
"text": " Mail and me-mail.",
"timestamp": [
71.04,
75.12
]
},
{
"text": " Tissue box worth of sticky mucus to help your viruses trap.",
"timestamp": [
75.12,
78.8
]
},
{
"text": " Something got, something got broken.",
"timestamp": [
78.8,
83.36
]
},
{
"text": " This stuff contains mainly citric acid and an enzyme cocktail.",
"timestamp": [
83.36,
89.54
]
},
{
"text": " This is where the blastocyst differentiates into various cell types and develops into",
"timestamp": [
89.54,
93.5
]
},
{
"text": " a legit embryo, surrounded by an amniotic sac and something about the placenta.",
"timestamp": [
93.5,
100.72
]
},
{
"text": " The antibodies help defend the patients from the virus before their own active immunity",
"timestamp": [
100.72,
104.22
]
},
{
"text": " could identify and...",
"timestamp": [
104.22,
105.46
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
105.46,
107.46
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
107.46,
109.46
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
109.46,
111.46
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
111.46,
113.46
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
113.46,
115.46
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
115.46,
117.46
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
117.46,
119.46
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
119.46,
121.46
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
121.46,
123.46
]
},
{
"text": "......... Blah blah blah. Professional antigen presen- Pfft.",
"timestamp": [
123.46,
126.68
]
},
{
"text": " Pfft.",
"timestamp": [
126.68,
127.68
]
},
{
"text": " Pfft.",
"timestamp": [
127.68,
128.68
]
},
{
"text": " Special security officers that have the ability to take care of officers.",
"timestamp": [
128.68,
134.48
]
},
{
"text": " It's best to arrive on the scene after your compadres have already at work been hard work",
"timestamp": [
134.48,
140.36
]
},
{
"text": " digesting holes through the pusra.",
"timestamp": [
140.36,
144
]
},
{
"text": " And it survives the sum of other...",
"timestamp": [
144,
145.88
]
},
{
"text": " Which, if that doesn't happen, then have to be rebuilt and...",
"timestamp": [
145.88,
149.04
]
},
{
"text": " in a shed.",
"timestamp": [
149.04,
152.08
]
},
{
"text": " For keeping you from collapsing from low blood...",
"timestamp": [
152.08,
154.44
]
},
{
"text": " blood pressure...",
"timestamp": [
154.44,
156.04
]
},
{
"text": " For keeping you from collapsing from low blood pressure...",
"timestamp": [
156.04,
158.64
]
},
{
"text": " Blood pressure is hard.",
"timestamp": [
158.64,
160.44
]
},
{
"text": " For keeping you from collapsing from low blood pres...",
"timestamp": [
160.44,
163.28
]
},
{
"text": " Blood pressure, blood pressure, blood pressure low blood pressure... blood pressure, blood",
"timestamp": [
163.28,
165.72
]
},
{
"text": " pressure, blood pressure, blood pressure, blood pressure, blood pressure, and later",
"timestamp": [
165.72,
170.32
]
},
{
"text": " through blaah.",
"timestamp": [
170.32,
173.52
]
},
{
"text": " Your body's main lymphoid organs, the lymph nodes, are where the lymph... lymph, lymph,",
"timestamp": [
173.52,
179.2
]
},
{
"text": " lymph, lymph, lymph, and controversial... controversial... soul soul soul and finally we have the",
"timestamp": [
179.2,
187.58
]
},
{
"text": " pea-sized bobo urethral that's not easy",
"timestamp": [
187.58,
191.76
]
},
{
"text": " and finally we have the pea-sized bobo",
"timestamp": [
191.76,
194.32
]
},
{
"text": " urethral glands cytotoxic t cytotoxic t",
"timestamp": [
194.32,
203.16
]
},
{
"text": " cells all of which will get a lot more",
"timestamp": [
203.16,
204.72
]
},
{
"text": " into in coming lessons allowing the Cytotoxic t... Pffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff Like, if that's a joke, I like it. Uh, I like that joke a lot, if it is a joke.",
"timestamp": [
204.72,
225.92
]
},
{
"text": " Covered from top to bottom in the dismembered parts of the enemies that they have vanquished.",
"timestamp": [
225.92,
230.72
]
},
{
"text": " Ha ha ha.",
"timestamp": [
230.72,
232
]
},
{
"text": " I haven't read the script, obviously.",
"timestamp": [
232,
234
]
},
{
"text": " That's great.",
"timestamp": [
234,
236
]
},
{
"text": " Some of which have been pretty nutty, like drinking cocktails laced with lead or wearing",
"timestamp": [
236,
239.76
]
},
{
"text": " amulets made of reeeasel testicles.",
"timestamp": [
239.76,
242
]
},
{
"text": " It's like I was just making that up.",
"timestamp": [
242,
246
]
},
{
"text": " Others, like the thymus and spleen, provide a nursery for maturing immune cells called",
"timestamp": [
246,
250.16
]
},
{
"text": " lympho...",
"timestamp": [
250.16,
251.16
]
},
{
"text": " Lymphophytes!",
"timestamp": [
251.16,
252.16
]
},
{
"text": " I was being so careful, too.",
"timestamp": [
252.16,
261.16
]
},
{
"text": " They tell the placenta to release even more estrogen to get the...",
"timestamp": [
261.16,
266.56
]
},
{
"text": " The release of neutrophils from...",
"timestamp": [
266.56,
270.64
]
},
{
"text": " Forming a little flap-like...",
"timestamp": [
270.64,
272.32
]
},
{
"text": " Forming little flap-like valves.",
"timestamp": [
272.32,
275.2
]
},
{
"text": " Flap-like valves.",
"timestamp": [
275.2,
276.56
]
},
{
"text": " Forming little flap-like...",
"timestamp": [
276.56,
277.56
]
},
{
"text": " Flap-like valves.",
"timestamp": [
277.56,
278.56
]
},
{
"text": " It's hard.",
"timestamp": [
278.56,
279.56
]
},
{
"text": " Lymph, lymph, lymph, lymph, lymph, lymph, lymph, lymph.",
"timestamp": [
279.56,
286.36
]
},
{
"text": " HCG is basically calling all the shots, triggering the release of other hormones that are crucial",
"timestamp": [
286.36,
290.84
]
},
{
"text": " to the blastocyst's development.",
"timestamp": [
290.84,
291.84
]
},
{
"text": " I felt like you gave up on that.",
"timestamp": [
291.84,
297.22
]
},
{
"text": " I give up, I gave up on everything.",
"timestamp": [
297.22,
298.72
]
},
{
"text": " It just happened.",
"timestamp": [
298.72,
299.72
]
},
{
"text": " You can see the moment when it happens. You can't. And maybe someday that little baby will get a twinkle in its eye and combine alleles with",
"timestamp": [
299.72,
310.32
]
},
{
"text": " somebody else and start the whole process all over again.",
"timestamp": [
310.32,
315.16
]
},
{
"text": " Gender neutral.",
"timestamp": [
315.16,
316.16
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, good, well done.",
"timestamp": [
316.16,
317.16
]
},
{
"text": " But you also, you dropped grow up.",
"timestamp": [
317.16,
318.16
]
},
{
"text": " That'll make it weird.",
"timestamp": [
318.16,
319.16
]
},
{
"text": " Someday.",
"timestamp": [
319.16,
320.16
]
},
{
"text": " Someday's in there. I'm not making it weird.",
"timestamp": [
320.16,
325.76
]
},
{
"text": " Someday.",
"timestamp": [
325.76,
326.76
]
},
{
"text": " Someday's in there.",
"timestamp": [
326.76,
328.2
]
},
{
"text": " Maybe someday that little baby will get a twink-",
"timestamp": [
328.2,
330.16
]
},
{
"text": " Ah, okay.",
"timestamp": [
330.16,
331.16
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, you're right.",
"timestamp": [
331.16,
331.8
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #2: Crash Course World Mythology
|
AVFrgncE7CI
| 212 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " And Descartes was the Mac Daddy of all skeptics.",
"timestamp": [
0,
7
]
},
{
"text": " I just said Mac Daddy.",
"timestamp": [
7,
9
]
},
{
"text": " Those are words that came out of your mouth.",
"timestamp": [
9,
12
]
},
{
"text": " That's what happened to her today.",
"timestamp": [
12,
14
]
},
{
"text": " They could have been put in our minds by the evil genius who created the illusory world",
"timestamp": [
24,
29
]
},
{
"text": " thus famous that we have no way of detecting the illusion.",
"timestamp": [
29,
32.88
]
},
{
"text": " But what Erdis bo- but what Erdis- Erdis- but what Erdis bottle?",
"timestamp": [
32.88,
38.08
]
},
{
"text": " We don't know how he pronounced his name, maybe it was Erdis bottle.",
"timestamp": [
38.08,
41.88
]
},
{
"text": " There was a si- there's a- there's a- an implied D and an implied B-P. B-P. B-P. It's adis bottle. There was a sign, there's an implied D and an implied B-P.",
"timestamp": [
41.88,
47
]
},
{
"text": " B-P.",
"timestamp": [
47,
48
]
},
{
"text": " B-P.",
"timestamp": [
48,
49
]
},
{
"text": " It's a Greek letter.",
"timestamp": [
49,
50
]
},
{
"text": " The Greek letter B-P.",
"timestamp": [
50,
51
]
},
{
"text": " It's the Greek letter B-P.",
"timestamp": [
51,
52
]
},
{
"text": " There's no guarantee that the cuckoo goes.",
"timestamp": [
52,
56.64
]
},
{
"text": " Like what's good versus bad or what's the nature of God.",
"timestamp": [
56.64,
60.56
]
},
{
"text": " Those so-called facts, facts, facts.",
"timestamp": [
60.56,
64.76
]
},
{
"text": " But there's another area of philosophy that helps frame your thinking around what you",
"timestamp": [
64.76,
68.12
]
},
{
"text": " actually do, like how you should act and what you should act hatched meaning to.",
"timestamp": [
68.12,
75
]
},
{
"text": " So it turns out, the assertion I made earlier has false.",
"timestamp": [
75,
79.36
]
},
{
"text": " If he examined each possible belief carefully and only accepted those about which there",
"timestamp": [
79.36,
83.16
]
},
{
"text": " could be no doubt, then he'd know what he was believing was to be true.",
"timestamp": [
83.16,
87.38
]
},
{
"text": " If he examined each possible belief carefully and only accepted the...",
"timestamp": [
87.38,
91.08
]
},
{
"text": " sentences...",
"timestamp": [
91.08,
92.08
]
},
{
"text": " Aesthetics!",
"timestamp": [
92.08,
93.08
]
},
{
"text": " Aesthetics is...",
"timestamp": [
93.08,
94.08
]
},
{
"text": " Aesthetics is a part of...",
"timestamp": [
94.08,
97.08
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, aesthetics is the new epithelium.",
"timestamp": [
97.08,
101.08
]
},
{
"text": " Now it's easier than epithelium.",
"timestamp": [
101.08,
103.08
]
},
{
"text": " Aestheticians.",
"timestamp": [
103.08,
104.08
]
},
{
"text": " Aesthetic... Aestheticians. Aestheticians. Aestheticians.",
"timestamp": [
104.08,
107
]
},
{
"text": " So this led Berkeley to a startling conclusion. There's just no thing aaaaaah.",
"timestamp": [
107.88,
114.88
]
},
{
"text": " Smith then forms a belief based on his first person aphrodisiac. I don't know why it's so hard.",
"timestamp": [
114.88,
133.6
]
},
{
"text": " Do it.",
"timestamp": [
133.6,
134.6
]
},
{
"text": " Do it.",
"timestamp": [
134.6,
135.6
]
},
{
"text": " Do it.",
"timestamp": [
135.6,
136.6
]
},
{
"text": " Do it.",
"timestamp": [
136.6,
137.6
]
},
{
"text": " Do it.",
"timestamp": [
137.6,
138.6
]
},
{
"text": " Why not?",
"timestamp": [
138.6,
139.6
]
},
{
"text": " And to that and...",
"timestamp": [
139.6,
140.6
]
},
{
"text": " That's just all words.",
"timestamp": [
140.6,
141.6
]
},
{
"text": " And to that.",
"timestamp": [
141.6,
142.6
]
},
{
"text": " And to that.",
"timestamp": [
142.6,
143.6
]
},
{
"text": " If I think it's true, that is, if my attitude is that of... Why not? And to dat, and... That's just all words.",
"timestamp": [
143.6,
145.32
]
},
{
"text": " And to dat!",
"timestamp": [
145.32,
146.32
]
},
{
"text": " And to dat to dat!",
"timestamp": [
146.32,
147.32
]
},
{
"text": " If I think it's true, that is, if my attitude is that of...",
"timestamp": [
147.32,
150.16
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, wiggle bomb.",
"timestamp": [
150.16,
153.12
]
},
{
"text": " Close.",
"timestamp": [
153.12,
154.12
]
},
{
"text": " Oh no!",
"timestamp": [
154.12,
155.12
]
},
{
"text": " No!",
"timestamp": [
155.12,
156.12
]
},
{
"text": " I believe that this is a cat.",
"timestamp": [
156.12,
158.78
]
},
{
"text": " If I think it's true, that is, if my attitude is that...",
"timestamp": [
158.78,
161.48
]
},
{
"text": " Oh no.",
"timestamp": [
161.48,
162.48
]
},
{
"text": " That was so cute.",
"timestamp": [
162.48,
163.48
]
},
{
"text": " Medium.",
"timestamp": [
163.48,
164.48
]
},
{
"text": " Cat hair in my mouth. if my attitude is that... Oh no. That was so cute.",
"timestamp": [
164.48,
166
]
},
{
"text": " Medium.",
"timestamp": [
166,
167
]
},
{
"text": " Cat hair in my mouth.",
"timestamp": [
167,
169
]
},
{
"text": " And it's the subject of last week's Flash Philosophy.",
"timestamp": [
169,
171
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
171,
173
]
},
{
"text": " And it's the subject of this week's...",
"timestamp": [
175,
179
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know why I said that.",
"timestamp": [
179,
183
]
},
{
"text": " If you make me do it, like, if you make me do it too many times, I'm just like,",
"timestamp": [
183,
188
]
},
{
"text": " so there's a philosophy.",
"timestamp": [
188,
190
]
},
{
"text": " So inductive reasoning lets us conclude that all emeralds are green and will remain green after time t,",
"timestamp": [
192,
198
]
},
{
"text": " since no emerald...",
"timestamp": [
198,
199
]
},
{
"text": " Barking",
"timestamp": [
199,
202
]
},
{
"text": " Then his theory could be conclusively...",
"timestamp": [
202,
204
]
},
{
"text": " conclusively... conclusively...",
"timestamp": [
204,
205.48
]
},
{
"text": "...disclueven.",
"timestamp": [
205.48,
206.48
]
},
{
"text": " If the results of the solar eclipse in 1919 had been different, general relativity...",
"timestamp": [
206.48,
214.72
]
},
{
"text": " Popper realized that Einstein's theory was truly risky, because if future...",
"timestamp": [
214.72,
218.48
]
},
{
"text": " If the future!",
"timestamp": [
218.48,
220.48
]
},
{
"text": " Now most of us don't buy into the concept of the tripartite soul anymore, or the idea",
"timestamp": [
220.48,
224.52
]
},
{
"text": " that... Now, most of us don't buy into the concept of the tripartite soul anymore, or the idea that hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom hyom",
"timestamp": [
224.52,
227.48
]
},
{
"text": " Even how it sounds when I bite into it.",
"timestamp": [
227.48,
229.84
]
},
{
"text": " Ah, good apple noise.",
"timestamp": [
229.84,
234.84
]
},
{
"text": " Because believing those things, he didn't realize were false.",
"timestamp": [
234.84,
239.04
]
},
{
"text": " Metaphysics, estimism, estipistimism, astapistimism.",
"timestamp": [
239.04,
246.62
]
},
{
"text": " And false if it's not, eh, meh, meh, meh, meh, meh.",
"timestamp": [
246.62,
249.68
]
},
{
"text": " So like, P, so like, so like, P is for the love of Pleat.",
"timestamp": [
249.68,
254.6
]
},
{
"text": " Look at him, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah.",
"timestamp": [
254.6,
257.04
]
},
{
"text": " Because philosophers don't argue like other people do.",
"timestamp": [
257.04,
260.08
]
},
{
"text": " They just make this noise. Rrrrrrrrrrrrrrr like, raaah! And it's like, raaah!",
"timestamp": [
260.08,
266.04
]
},
{
"text": " They're weird.",
"timestamp": [
266.04,
267.12
]
},
{
"text": " But don't worry, because you've already,",
"timestamp": [
267.12,
268.72
]
},
{
"text": " okay, brah, brah, brah, brah, brah, brah.",
"timestamp": [
268.72,
270.8
]
},
{
"text": " Locke believed that we're all born as tabula rasa,",
"timestamp": [
270.8,
273.68
]
},
{
"text": " a blank state, and he argued that all,",
"timestamp": [
273.68,
276.56
]
},
{
"text": " blank state.",
"timestamp": [
276.56,
277.56
]
},
{
"text": " What'd I say?",
"timestamp": [
277.56,
278.38
]
},
{
"text": " State.",
"timestamp": [
278.38,
279.22
]
},
{
"text": " Really?",
"timestamp": [
279.22,
280.16
]
},
{
"text": " Wow.",
"timestamp": [
280.16,
281
]
},
{
"text": " I would not, I do not believe you, even now.",
"timestamp": [
281.92,
285.2
]
},
{
"text": " What is knowledge, though?",
"timestamp": [
285.2,
288.48
]
},
{
"text": " And that is where we're gonna be headed when we meet next.",
"timestamp": [
288.48,
291.68
]
},
{
"text": " It's not like the conversation you have around the dinner table about whether the",
"timestamp": [
291.68,
307.12
]
},
{
"text": " patriots are better than the Seahawks or why plain M&Ms are superior to peanut, which is",
"timestamp": [
307.12,
311.56
]
},
{
"text": " clearly a preposterous position to take.",
"timestamp": [
311.56,
314.56
]
},
{
"text": " I disagree with you.",
"timestamp": [
314.56,
318.92
]
},
{
"text": " I want to make the peanut, peanut butter.",
"timestamp": [
318.92,
321.4
]
},
{
"text": " Who the f*** likes plain M&Ms's? I mean I don't mind them.",
"timestamp": [
321.4,
327
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, peanut M&M's are the best food.",
"timestamp": [
327,
329.76
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, you're right out.",
"timestamp": [
329.76,
335.32
]
},
{
"text": " No, ew, gross. I hate peanut butter M&M's. They're so gross.",
"timestamp": [
335.32,
341
]
},
{
"text": " Ugh, ugh.",
"timestamp": [
341,
344.52
]
},
{
"text": " The disaster of a candy So gross. If we have to have a compromise, I'll take the peanut butter.",
"timestamp": [
344.52,
345.8
]
},
{
"text": " The disaster of a candy right there.",
"timestamp": [
345.8,
348.56
]
},
{
"text": " You would rather eat plain M&M's than peanut butter?",
"timestamp": [
348.56,
353.36
]
},
{
"text": " Yes, by far.",
"timestamp": [
353.36,
354.36
]
},
{
"text": " Whenever I would get a peanut M&M in Halloween bag, I would always be like, aw.",
"timestamp": [
354.36,
359.6
]
},
{
"text": " Really?",
"timestamp": [
359.6,
360.6
]
},
{
"text": " I kind of like candy, but it's not really candy.",
"timestamp": [
360.6,
362.08
]
},
{
"text": " No, it is really candy.",
"timestamp": [
362.08,
363.32
]
},
{
"text": " It's really candy.",
"timestamp": [
363.32,
364.32
]
},
{
"text": " It's candy covered chocolate covered peanut.",
"timestamp": [
364.32,
368.32
]
},
{
"text": " And the peanut stops it from being a candy.",
"timestamp": [
368.32,
370.92
]
},
{
"text": " It makes it into an energy fuel food.",
"timestamp": [
370.92,
373.28
]
},
{
"text": " Now it is food.",
"timestamp": [
373.28,
374.16
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
374.16,
374.66
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
374.66,
375.16
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
375.16,
375.66
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
375.66,
376.16
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
376.16,
376.66
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
376.66,
377.16
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
377.16,
377.66
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
377.66,
378.16
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
378.16,
378.66
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
378.66,
379.16
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
379.16,
379.66
]
},
{
"text": " And food is not my snack.",
"timestamp": [
379.66,
382.12
]
},
{
"text": " Food is not a treat.",
"timestamp": [
382.12,
384.08
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, but so if you got peanut M&Ms, like, for dinner, then that would be OK. That would be OK. not my snack. Food is not a treat. I see you don't like peanuts.",
"timestamp": [
384.08,
394.38
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course World Mythology Outtakes 1
|
VydYtsPjo1E
| 247 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Crash Course Mythology, episode 2. Scene 1, take 1.",
"timestamp": [
0,
7
]
},
{
"text": " Great.",
"timestamp": [
7,
9
]
},
{
"text": " Look at all this good footage.",
"timestamp": [
15,
17
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
17,
19
]
},
{
"text": " What do people want to see?",
"timestamp": [
19,
21
]
},
{
"text": " Alright.",
"timestamp": [
21,
23
]
},
{
"text": " We've got flashing red lights everywhere. Good. I assume it means it's recording. Alright, we've got flashing red lights everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
23,
25
]
},
{
"text": " Good.",
"timestamp": [
25,
26
]
},
{
"text": " I assume it means it's recording.",
"timestamp": [
26,
27
]
},
{
"text": " Alright.",
"timestamp": [
27,
28
]
},
{
"text": " No, I know it means it's recording.",
"timestamp": [
28,
30.5
]
},
{
"text": " Philosophers were writing about how absurd the Greek myths are as far back as 6th…",
"timestamp": [
30.5,
34.5
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry, let's keep that in Greek.",
"timestamp": [
34.5,
38.5
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
38.5,
39.5
]
},
{
"text": " Break it up any way we want.",
"timestamp": [
39.5,
41.5
]
},
{
"text": " Pick my nose on camera.",
"timestamp": [
41.5,
42.5
]
},
{
"text": " Oh yeah, totally.",
"timestamp": [
42.5,
43.5
]
},
{
"text": " Hey, fun fact though, the Western Hemisphere has water too, and we have some ex-Nilo creation",
"timestamp": [
43.5,
48.68
]
},
{
"text": " stories of our own.",
"timestamp": [
48.68,
50.4
]
},
{
"text": " One of the most difficult and fascinating comes from the Mayans of Guatemala and is",
"timestamp": [
50.4,
54.3
]
},
{
"text": " recorded in the Papalvuh.",
"timestamp": [
54.3,
58.88
]
},
{
"text": " Do we want to do it anglicized the way that they have it in the encyclopedia of mythology.",
"timestamp": [
58.88,
65
]
},
{
"text": " Popolvu.",
"timestamp": [
65,
66
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, Popolvu and not Popolvuch.",
"timestamp": [
66,
71
]
},
{
"text": " Did you switch to Nilo again?",
"timestamp": [
71,
74
]
},
{
"text": " Nilo.",
"timestamp": [
74,
75
]
},
{
"text": " Ex Nilo.",
"timestamp": [
75,
76
]
},
{
"text": " Right?",
"timestamp": [
76,
77
]
},
{
"text": " That's what I have been saying.",
"timestamp": [
77,
78
]
},
{
"text": " Nilo.",
"timestamp": [
78,
79
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, okay.",
"timestamp": [
79,
80
]
},
{
"text": " Though the Western Hemisphere has water too, and we have some of our own ex-Nilo creation",
"timestamp": [
80,
86
]
},
{
"text": " stories.",
"timestamp": [
86,
87
]
},
{
"text": " One of the most difficult and fascinating comes from the Mayans of Guatemala and is",
"timestamp": [
87,
91.16
]
},
{
"text": " recorded in the Papal Vuh.",
"timestamp": [
91.16,
92.96
]
},
{
"text": " I just don't like the way it sounds.",
"timestamp": [
92.96,
95.32
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, I just gotta commit.",
"timestamp": [
95.32,
99.24
]
},
{
"text": " Papal Vuh.",
"timestamp": [
99.24,
101.24
]
},
{
"text": " Ancient, ancient software.",
"timestamp": [
101.24,
104.08
]
},
{
"text": " Like service packs, but for existence.",
"timestamp": [
104.08,
108
]
},
{
"text": " No?",
"timestamp": [
108,
109
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
109,
110
]
},
{
"text": " Deep cut?",
"timestamp": [
110,
111
]
},
{
"text": " How many Windows users out there?",
"timestamp": [
111,
114
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, those poor birds.",
"timestamp": [
114,
117
]
},
{
"text": " Like beta testers.",
"timestamp": [
117,
120
]
},
{
"text": " Raw deal.",
"timestamp": [
120,
122
]
},
{
"text": " Raw deal.",
"timestamp": [
122,
124
]
},
{
"text": " All right. Good? Like beta testers Raw deal raw deal",
"timestamp": [
124,
125.2
]
},
{
"text": " Good this is crash course mythology you humorist you humorist",
"timestamp": [
127.78,
133.76
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah",
"timestamp": [
140.22,
142.22
]
},
{
"text": " This is now spoken for the first time.",
"timestamp": [
144.5,
149
]
},
{
"text": " Siofen and lofen? Siofen and lofen?",
"timestamp": [
149,
152
]
},
{
"text": " Lofen. It can't be lofen.",
"timestamp": [
152,
154
]
},
{
"text": " Siofen and... I guess lofen.",
"timestamp": [
154,
159
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
159,
160
]
},
{
"text": " Well, if it's siofen then...",
"timestamp": [
160,
162
]
},
{
"text": " It's lofen.",
"timestamp": [
162,
163
]
},
{
"text": " It's lofen.",
"timestamp": [
163,
164
]
},
{
"text": " If one siofs, it is likely one loafs.",
"timestamp": [
166.4,
170.16
]
},
{
"text": " The other gods laughed and Thor skulked.",
"timestamp": [
170.16,
176.48
]
},
{
"text": " Better than a romance novel?",
"timestamp": [
176.48,
177.68
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, totally.",
"timestamp": [
177.68,
178.68
]
},
{
"text": " Don't want to shame anyone for reading romance novels?",
"timestamp": [
178.68,
181.6
]
},
{
"text": " No.",
"timestamp": [
181.6,
182.6
]
},
{
"text": " And thus offers a lot more opportunities for surfing. One",
"timestamp": [
182.6,
185.4
]
},
{
"text": " translation from the 19th century puts it this way. Surfing. Surfing. Surfing",
"timestamp": [
185.4,
191.24
]
},
{
"text": " jokes is here too which much... I could go for a cosmic breakfast. No? Not a",
"timestamp": [
191.24,
198.16
]
},
{
"text": " destruction myth yet? All right. No cosmic... sorry forgot about the cosmic yogurt. I was in a mood!",
"timestamp": [
198.16,
207
]
},
{
"text": " A non-cosmic yogurt.",
"timestamp": [
207,
212
]
},
{
"text": " Do we want to keep that?",
"timestamp": [
212,
214
]
},
{
"text": " That's a lot of cosmic breakfast.",
"timestamp": [
214,
217
]
},
{
"text": " And a bunch of other supernatural beings. Yeah, right? Okay.",
"timestamp": [
217,
221
]
},
{
"text": " Just making sure this is no longer the quote.",
"timestamp": [
221,
223
]
},
{
"text": " I would not mess with Aphrodite.",
"timestamp": [
223,
225.72
]
},
{
"text": " She made an entire tribe of men smell bad.",
"timestamp": [
225.72,
228.56
]
},
{
"text": " No, an entire tribe of women smell bad",
"timestamp": [
228.56,
230.72
]
},
{
"text": " so that their husbands would leave them.",
"timestamp": [
230.72,
232.98
]
},
{
"text": " That's not great, man.",
"timestamp": [
235.12,
235.96
]
},
{
"text": " Brutal, brutal.",
"timestamp": [
235.96,
237.4
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
237.4,
238.24
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
238.24,
239.06
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
239.06,
239.9
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
239.9,
240.74
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
240.74,
241.56
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
241.56,
242.4
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
242.4,
243.24
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
243.24,
244.06
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
244.06,
244.9
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
244.9,
245.74
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
245.74,
246.56
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
246.56,
247.4
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
247.4,
248.24
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
248.24,
249.06
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
249.06,
249.9
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course Computer Science Outtakes
|
zMXuP0B1GZI
| 309 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " In the novel The Brothers Karamazov, 19th century Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky presents",
"timestamp": [
0,
7.56
]
},
{
"text": " us with Ivan, a man...",
"timestamp": [
7.56,
9.56
]
},
{
"text": " Gotta do what you gotta do. Otherwise, his inability to create it would there be no least...",
"timestamp": [
9.56,
34.64
]
},
{
"text": " It would mean there's at least one thing he couldn't do.",
"timestamp": [
34.64,
37.6
]
},
{
"text": " Wow.",
"timestamp": [
37.6,
38.6
]
},
{
"text": " Remember, remember, remember when you were, remember when you were litter...",
"timestamp": [
38.6,
42.88
]
},
{
"text": " Remember when you were litter... Remember when you were......",
"timestamp": [
42.88,
46
]
},
{
"text": " Good start.",
"timestamp": [
46,
48
]
},
{
"text": " Because he's the one that all of these philosophers we've been talking about,",
"timestamp": [
50,
54
]
},
{
"text": " and ones we've been studying, he's the believed one didn't in.",
"timestamp": [
54,
58
]
},
{
"text": " One of the most asked, but least answerable answerable.",
"timestamp": [
60,
64
]
},
{
"text": " Whether or not I understand how it was created is behind the point.",
"timestamp": [
64,
67.96
]
},
{
"text": " In Anselm's words, God is that...",
"timestamp": [
67.96,
70.56
]
},
{
"text": " In Anselm's words...",
"timestamp": [
70.56,
71.84
]
},
{
"text": " In Anselm's words, God is that which can be no greater...",
"timestamp": [
71.84,
75.28
]
},
{
"text": " That which no greater can...",
"timestamp": [
75.28,
76.56
]
},
{
"text": " That...",
"timestamp": [
76.56,
77.56
]
},
{
"text": " That...",
"timestamp": [
77.56,
78.56
]
},
{
"text": " That...",
"timestamp": [
78.56,
79.56
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, that...",
"timestamp": [
79.56,
80.56
]
},
{
"text": " That than which no greater can be conceived.",
"timestamp": [
80.56,
82.12
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, yeah, my brain was never gonna handle that.",
"timestamp": [
82.12,
84.6
]
},
{
"text": " Thank you.",
"timestamp": [
84.6,
85.28
]
},
{
"text": " Fictional stories can let us see how hypothetical people",
"timestamp": [
85.28,
88.24
]
},
{
"text": " deal with hypothetical situations.",
"timestamp": [
88.24,
90.96
]
},
{
"text": " In fact, French philosopher and novelist Albert Camus",
"timestamp": [
91.92,
94.68
]
},
{
"text": " went so far as to say that the literal meaning of life",
"timestamp": [
94.68,
97.6
]
},
{
"text": " is whatever he...",
"timestamp": [
97.6,
98.8
]
},
{
"text": " Because he can do anything, but he was...",
"timestamp": [
100.08,
102.16
]
},
{
"text": " An infinite regress is impossible,",
"timestamp": [
103.52,
105.5
]
},
{
"text": " so there must be at least one necessary thing,",
"timestamp": [
105.5,
108.9
]
},
{
"text": " and that is God.",
"timestamp": [
108.9,
110.2
]
},
{
"text": " Boop!",
"timestamp": [
110.2,
111
]
},
{
"text": " Ha ha!",
"timestamp": [
111,
112
]
},
{
"text": " Leave your message.",
"timestamp": [
112,
113
]
},
{
"text": " Instead, it had everything to do with...",
"timestamp": [
113,
115
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
115,
116
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
116,
117.7
]
},
{
"text": " Whereas in Alaska, it's not cold until it's...",
"timestamp": [
117.7,
120
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
120,
121.8
]
},
{
"text": " But another...",
"timestamp": [
121.8,
122.5
]
},
{
"text": "...",
"timestamp": [
122.5,
123.5
]
},
{
"text": " Then you couldn't not eat the whole pie, because if you decided at the last minute not to, Well, bllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll set of one would be just incons-cons-conscionable. Inconscionable. In-unconscionable would be",
"timestamp": [
123.5,
151.96
]
},
{
"text": " just unconscionable. Ivan goes so far as to declare that he is returning his ticket to",
"timestamp": [
151.96,
157.44
]
},
{
"text": " heaven.",
"timestamp": [
157.44,
158.44
]
},
{
"text": " I'm so nervous as you approach it. I was like, you just said so many words.",
"timestamp": [
158.44,
161.72
]
},
{
"text": " Here's it gonna go. Here it goes! Unconscionable! Arguments are brrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr Philosophy of religion is also not religious anthropology or religious sociology or psych-",
"timestamp": [
161.72,
186.4
]
},
{
"text": " psychological. I'm so much happier now that we're out of philosophy of religion. I'm like, yes!",
"timestamp": [
186.4,
194
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, give me that terrifying abundance of freedom!",
"timestamp": [
194,
198.32
]
},
{
"text": " Philia!",
"timestamp": [
198.32,
200.32
]
},
{
"text": " I got it like right in the perfect place and then it was like, like right back to where",
"timestamp": [
200.32,
208.1
]
},
{
"text": " I was.",
"timestamp": [
208.1,
211.54
]
},
{
"text": " Do it.",
"timestamp": [
211.54,
212.54
]
},
{
"text": " Down.",
"timestamp": [
212.54,
213.54
]
},
{
"text": " Instead, we're left with unmoved movers and uncaused...",
"timestamp": [
213.54,
217.46
]
},
{
"text": " I feel like I'm using the force.",
"timestamp": [
217.46,
228.68
]
},
{
"text": " Not all that opposed to wiping out entire populations just because of their bad behavior.",
"timestamp": [
228.68,
233.52
]
},
{
"text": " Just because.",
"timestamp": [
233.52,
234.52
]
},
{
"text": " Just because.",
"timestamp": [
234.52,
235.52
]
},
{
"text": " Just because.",
"timestamp": [
235.52,
236.52
]
},
{
"text": " Because if you decided that the bla-bum.",
"timestamp": [
236.52,
238.64
]
},
{
"text": " Getting worse.",
"timestamp": [
238.64,
239.72
]
},
{
"text": " Getting worse.",
"timestamp": [
239.72,
241.76
]
},
{
"text": " But he also had an elderly mus- But he also- But he also had an elderly mu- But he also had an elderly muhs— But he also— But he also had an elderly muh—",
"timestamp": [
241.76,
246
]
},
{
"text": " But he also— But he also had an elderly muh—",
"timestamp": [
246,
248.5
]
},
{
"text": " But he also had an elderly muh—",
"timestamp": [
248.5,
251
]
},
{
"text": " Why can't I say mother? I keep trying to say muscle.",
"timestamp": [
251,
253.5
]
},
{
"text": " Like mom, but we call it mother.",
"timestamp": [
253.5,
256.5
]
},
{
"text": " Still, despite this scriptural evidence, most—",
"timestamp": [
256.5,
259
]
},
{
"text": " Still, despite this scriptural evidence, most theists are—",
"timestamp": [
259,
262
]
},
{
"text": " Most theists.",
"timestamp": [
262,
263.5
]
},
{
"text": " Still, despite this scriptural evidence, most theists are—most theists. Still, despite this scriptural evidence, most theists—",
"timestamp": [
263.5,
267.6
]
},
{
"text": " Contemporary British phil—",
"timestamp": [
267.6,
276.2
]
},
{
"text": " This one is built on the idea that—",
"timestamp": [
276.2,
280.7
]
},
{
"text": " And these philosophers took it as that given that he is—",
"timestamp": [
280.7,
284
]
},
{
"text": " Power through. And these philosophers took it as that given that he is.",
"timestamp": [
284,
285.48
]
},
{
"text": " Power through.",
"timestamp": [
287.48,
287.56
]
},
{
"text": " He might point out... But...",
"timestamp": [
289.56,
291.16
]
},
{
"text": " What theistic existentialists deny is any sort of...",
"timestamp": [
291.16,
294.24
]
},
{
"text": " Where epistemology...",
"timestamp": [
294.88,
296.88
]
},
{
"text": " Brumps up...",
"timestamp": [
296.88,
297.88
]
},
{
"text": " Brumps...",
"timestamp": [
297.88,
298.78
]
},
{
"text": " That curves around a pen.",
"timestamp": [
298.78,
300.78
]
},
{
"text": " So in the same way that the teleology of a cup implies the existence of a cup maker",
"timestamp": [
302,
306.44
]
},
{
"text": " and a watch implies the existence of a watch maker,",
"timestamp": [
306.44,
308.96
]
},
{
"text": " Perry saw teleology in the world",
"timestamp": [
308.96,
311.14
]
},
{
"text": " and assumed from that God's existence.",
"timestamp": [
311.14,
314.88
]
},
{
"text": " Boom, I did such a good job.",
"timestamp": [
314.88,
317.24
]
},
{
"text": " Now it's just the sound of a man taking off his clothes.",
"timestamp": [
320.08,
322.44
]
},
{
"text": " Yep.",
"timestamp": [
322.44,
325.44
]
},
{
"text": " Put that in the outtakes. Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
326.44,
326.94
]
},
{
"text": " Just so people know what?",
"timestamp": [
326.94,
328.24
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
328.24,
328.74
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
328.74,
329.24
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
329.24,
329.74
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
329.74,
330.24
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
330.24,
330.74
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
330.74,
331.24
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #4: Crash Course Physics
|
o-pucUekSq4
| 342 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "<Untitled Chapter 1>",
"end_time": 72
},
{
"start_time": 72,
"title": "Law of Reflection",
"end_time": 113
},
{
"start_time": 113,
"title": "Diffraction",
"end_time": 194
},
{
"start_time": 194,
"title": "The Magnification Equation",
"end_time": 342
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm Mike Rugnetta. This is Crash Course Mythology, and today we're going to talk about the people at the center of many mythological stories",
"timestamp": [
0,
7.4
]
},
{
"text": " Heroes. There are so many to choose from. Heroes appear in the stories of just about every culture and in just about every age",
"timestamp": [
8.08,
14.8
]
},
{
"text": " Everyone has heroes. Tote, you're my hero. Who's yours?",
"timestamp": [
15.16,
19.28
]
},
{
"text": " Ooh",
"timestamp": [
19.28,
20.44
]
},
{
"text": " That's a good choice. Heroes are so ubiquitous",
"timestamp": [
20.44,
22.94
]
},
{
"text": " It can be hard to say what even makes them a hero.",
"timestamp": [
22.94,
26.12
]
},
{
"text": " Do they fight villains?",
"timestamp": [
26.12,
27.96
]
},
{
"text": " Are they a role model?",
"timestamp": [
27.96,
29.32
]
},
{
"text": " Or is a hero just a synonym for protagonist?",
"timestamp": [
29.32,
31.86
]
},
{
"text": " To answer, we'll examine Joseph Campbell's influential theory, the monomyth of the hero's",
"timestamp": [
31.86,
37.12
]
},
{
"text": " journey.",
"timestamp": [
37.12,
38.12
]
},
{
"text": " But first, one bit of housekeeping.",
"timestamp": [
38.12,
39.82
]
},
{
"text": " Throughout this episode, I'm going to be saying hero with a vaguely masculine sense.",
"timestamp": [
39.82,
44.52
]
},
{
"text": " And this isn't because there aren't stories about heroines, but because in English that's",
"timestamp": [
44.52,
48.64
]
},
{
"text": " the implication that word tends to have. And furthermore, Campbell himself had a",
"timestamp": [
48.64,
53.82
]
},
{
"text": " rather dude-centric view of the world. You'll see what I mean. But don't worry,",
"timestamp": [
53.82,
57.46
]
},
{
"text": " eventually we're gonna get to a story about seven awesome sisters who have",
"timestamp": [
57.46,
61.14
]
},
{
"text": " something to say about all of this. Alright, housekeeping complete, on with the Hero Show.",
"timestamp": [
61.14,
65.72
]
},
{
"text": " INTRO",
"timestamp": [
65.72,
76.02
]
},
{
"text": " You may remember Joseph Campbell from our Theories of Myth episode.",
"timestamp": [
76.02,
79.48
]
},
{
"text": " Campbell identified a series of events that appear in multiple stories from numerous cultures.",
"timestamp": [
79.48,
85.04
]
},
{
"text": " He developed a sort of road map for spotting these recurring main beats and named the whole",
"timestamp": [
85.04,
91
]
},
{
"text": " structure the Hero's Journey, sometimes called the Monomyth.",
"timestamp": [
91,
94.6
]
},
{
"text": " The journey aspect is really crucial though.",
"timestamp": [
94.6,
96.64
]
},
{
"text": " For Campbell, that's exactly what a hero does.",
"timestamp": [
96.64,
99.72
]
},
{
"text": " They journey away from safety and toward adventure before coming home again.",
"timestamp": [
99.72,
104.44
]
},
{
"text": " It's hard to describe just how influential Campbell's theory has become,",
"timestamp": [
104.44,
108.48
]
},
{
"text": " but in spite, or perhaps because of that, Campbell is also pretty divisive.",
"timestamp": [
108.48,
113.2
]
},
{
"text": " He had some troubling ideas about culture and a very narrow view of gender, including the roles of women.",
"timestamp": [
113.2,
119.04
]
},
{
"text": " Still, his theory persists as a useful starting point for talking about the significance of mythological heroes. In particular, Campbell believed that heroes tell us something about ourselves.",
"timestamp": [
119.04,
130.4
]
},
{
"text": " Contemporary mythology scholars Ava Thurie and Margaret Devinney describe his view like this. We engage in a series of struggles to develop as individuals and to find our place in society.",
"timestamp": [
130.4,
146.54
]
},
{
"text": " Beyond that, we long for wisdom.",
"timestamp": [
146.54,
149.2
]
},
{
"text": " We want to understand the universe and the significance of our role in it.",
"timestamp": [
149.2,
154.16
]
},
{
"text": " In addition to many myths, Campbell drew on a number of recent, for him, psychological",
"timestamp": [
154.16,
158.44
]
},
{
"text": " theories, especially those of Sigmund Freud, Otto Rung, and Carl Jung.",
"timestamp": [
158.44,
162.56
]
},
{
"text": " Campbell borrowed from each and developed a model that emphasizes the importance of the mother figure,",
"timestamp": [
162.56,
167.52
]
},
{
"text": " which was vital to Jung, while also stressing the father-son relationship.",
"timestamp": [
167.52,
171.6
]
},
{
"text": " In a sense, his framework allows us to read individual heroes as symbolic of the psychological journey that we all go through.",
"timestamp": [
171.6,
179.36
]
},
{
"text": " Campbell even claims that myths aren't really written by their authors.",
"timestamp": [
179.36,
183.34
]
},
{
"text": " Instead, they're manifestations of universal cosmic forces that shape the human subconsciousness.",
"timestamp": [
183.34,
189.84
]
},
{
"text": " How Jungian.",
"timestamp": [
189.84,
191.52
]
},
{
"text": " Because hero myths originate in the psyche, Campbell believed that they're universal",
"timestamp": [
191.52,
195
]
},
{
"text": " to all humans and follow similar, if not identical, patterns.",
"timestamp": [
195,
198.98
]
},
{
"text": " This idea, that all hero myths share a common pattern or structure, is what inspires the",
"timestamp": [
198.98,
204.4
]
},
{
"text": " name monomyth. The monomyth, aka the hero's journey, has three parts and 17 sub parts.",
"timestamp": [
204.4,
211.72
]
},
{
"text": " So strap in as I take you through how this structure works, and sometimes",
"timestamp": [
211.72,
216.32
]
},
{
"text": " doesn't. And just to be clear, Campbell isn't saying that every story has all",
"timestamp": [
216.32,
220.6
]
},
{
"text": " 17 sub parts, just that most heroic stories have some of the parts.",
"timestamp": [
220.6,
226.16
]
},
{
"text": " Alright, off to the races, part one.",
"timestamp": [
226.16,
228.16
]
},
{
"text": " A hero separates himself from the world, or retreats to the realm of the unconscious.",
"timestamp": [
228.16,
233.92
]
},
{
"text": " There are five possible elements to this departure.",
"timestamp": [
233.92,
236.96
]
},
{
"text": " Quests can start for a lot of different reasons.",
"timestamp": [
236.96,
239.52
]
},
{
"text": " For Siddhartha Gautama, who eventually becomes the Buddha,",
"timestamp": [
239.52,
242.32
]
},
{
"text": " the hero's journey begins because he's bored.",
"timestamp": [
242.32,
245.46
]
},
{
"text": " But far more often, the journey begins when the hero receives the call of destiny.",
"timestamp": [
245.46,
250.9
]
},
{
"text": " Frequently, the hero refuses the call.",
"timestamp": [
250.9,
253.58
]
},
{
"text": " But once the hero finally decides to listen, they often get help preparing for their quest",
"timestamp": [
253.58,
258.12
]
},
{
"text": " from a protective figure or a supernatural guide.",
"timestamp": [
258.12,
261.4
]
},
{
"text": " When they're finally ready, the hero sets out and reaches the gates of an unknown zone",
"timestamp": [
261.4,
266.3
]
},
{
"text": " where they must confront the Threshold Guardian.",
"timestamp": [
266.3,
269.3
]
},
{
"text": " After crossing, heroes almost always end up clobbered, sometimes near death.",
"timestamp": [
269.3,
273.9
]
},
{
"text": " Like Hercules rescues Hysianae from a sea monster by diving into its throat",
"timestamp": [
273.9,
278.54
]
},
{
"text": " and cutting his way out of the monster's belly.",
"timestamp": [
278.54,
281.2
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, sometimes that belly of the whale part is pretty literal.",
"timestamp": [
281.2,
284.54
]
},
{
"text": " Part two",
"timestamp": [
284.54,
285.04
]
},
{
"text": " contains the trials and victories of initiation, since having responded to the",
"timestamp": [
285.04,
290.2
]
},
{
"text": " call, the hero starts changing into the person they're destined to become. Part",
"timestamp": [
290.2,
295.66
]
},
{
"text": " two of the hero's journey has six possible elements. This part of the",
"timestamp": [
295.66,
299.06
]
},
{
"text": " hero's journey is the exciting part. It consists of several tasks the hero must",
"timestamp": [
299.06,
303.3
]
},
{
"text": " overcome to demonstrate their worthiness.",
"timestamp": [
303.3,
306
]
},
{
"text": " Sometimes it's a laundry list, like Hercules' 12 trials, and sometimes it's one extended challenge,",
"timestamp": [
306,
311.84
]
},
{
"text": " like maybe you've got to take a magic ring to a volcano. No big deal, right? No big deal. Just a",
"timestamp": [
311.84,
315.92
]
},
{
"text": " ring, just a volcano. For Campbell, the most important thing is the trial or trials represent",
"timestamp": [
315.92,
321.36
]
},
{
"text": " psychological danger. Along the road of trials, our hero might come across a lady.",
"timestamp": [
321.36,
326.66
]
},
{
"text": " Sometimes this is a powerful lady, a goddess even,",
"timestamp": [
326.66,
329.86
]
},
{
"text": " who gives the hero a chance to show his maturity through soulful communion,",
"timestamp": [
329.86,
335.24
]
},
{
"text": " if you're picking up what I'm putting down.",
"timestamp": [
335.24,
336.88
]
},
{
"text": " Other times, our hero resists the intimate charms of such a lady,",
"timestamp": [
336.88,
341.14
]
},
{
"text": " which then casts her as an adversary.",
"timestamp": [
341.14,
343.74
]
},
{
"text": " So that's another trial the hero must overcome.",
"timestamp": [
343.74,
347.06
]
},
{
"text": " These days, we may take the meeting with the goddess and the woman as temptress",
"timestamp": [
347.06,
350.96
]
},
{
"text": " with less stereotypically heteronormative grains of mythological salt.",
"timestamp": [
350.96,
355.66
]
},
{
"text": " And because Campbell worked with Freudian psychology,",
"timestamp": [
355.66,
357.92
]
},
{
"text": " no journey would be complete without a confrontation with your father.",
"timestamp": [
357.92,
361.88
]
},
{
"text": " Or father figure.",
"timestamp": [
361.88,
363.08
]
},
{
"text": " Often a priest or sacred individual who tests the hero and",
"timestamp": [
363.08,
366.48
]
},
{
"text": " approves of their newfound psychological maturity.",
"timestamp": [
366.64,
369.92
]
},
{
"text": " The father might also take the form of a monster who, as any good Freudian will tell you, is clearly a symbol",
"timestamp": [
369.92,
375.12
]
},
{
"text": " for your father. Personally, I don't know if I would get the message. My dad's a pretty non-monstrous guy. He's retired. He makes birdhouses.",
"timestamp": [
375.68,
382.36
]
},
{
"text": " They are monstrous birdhouses though.",
"timestamp": [
383,
385.06
]
},
{
"text": " By confronting their father figure, the hero achieves enlightenment.",
"timestamp": [
385.06,
389.56
]
},
{
"text": " This is called apotheosis, which sometimes results in the human hero becoming a literal",
"timestamp": [
389.56,
393.96
]
},
{
"text": " god, which is what apotheosis literally means.",
"timestamp": [
393.96,
397.52
]
},
{
"text": " Tons of heroes are also half-god already anyway.",
"timestamp": [
397.52,
400.68
]
},
{
"text": " Finally, having achieved enlightened status, the hero takes possession of an object",
"timestamp": [
400.68,
405.2
]
},
{
"text": " which symbolizes their apotheosis.",
"timestamp": [
405.2,
407.88
]
},
{
"text": " They must return to whence they came with it.",
"timestamp": [
407.88,
410.92
]
},
{
"text": " Part three is the return and reintegration to society, with six final elements.",
"timestamp": [
410.92,
416.8
]
},
{
"text": " This part of the hero's journey is pretty different from contemporary storytelling.",
"timestamp": [
416.8,
420.4
]
},
{
"text": " Today, defeating the monster, or recovering the grail, or getting getting the girl are usually the end of the story.",
"timestamp": [
420.4,
425.92
]
},
{
"text": " But for mythological heroes, returning home and finding acceptance after their great enlightenment is just as challenging.",
"timestamp": [
425.96,
433.36
]
},
{
"text": " Sometimes the enlightened hero is less than eager to get back to business as usual.",
"timestamp": [
433.42,
438.28
]
},
{
"text": " Even an eager hero might be forced to flee, perhaps with the help of magical creatures or a nifty flying carpet.",
"timestamp": [
438.28,
444.9
]
},
{
"text": " The hero might be rescued from their epic help of magical creatures or a nifty flying carpet.",
"timestamp": [
444.94,
445.44
]
},
{
"text": " The hero might be rescued from their epic journey by a friend or a colleague.",
"timestamp": [
445.44,
449.54
]
},
{
"text": " There may be a symbolic crossing back into the everyday world, as is common in stories",
"timestamp": [
449.54,
454.72
]
},
{
"text": " where the hero journeys to the underworld.",
"timestamp": [
454.72,
457.08
]
},
{
"text": " Sometimes we learn that the hero's newfound power allows them to traverse between the",
"timestamp": [
457.08,
460.32
]
},
{
"text": " everyday world and the land of adventure.",
"timestamp": [
460.32,
462.84
]
},
{
"text": " In any case, the hero will end up back where they started,",
"timestamp": [
462.84,
465.36
]
},
{
"text": " with the mythological equivalent of living happily ever after.",
"timestamp": [
465.36,
468.72
]
},
{
"text": " The hero is at peace, free to live out their life.",
"timestamp": [
468.72,
471.68
]
},
{
"text": " Hopefully, Campbell's heroic scenes have already reminded you of",
"timestamp": [
471.68,
474.64
]
},
{
"text": " hero stories that you're familiar with.",
"timestamp": [
474.64,
476.32
]
},
{
"text": " Odysseus, Beowulf, Luke Skywalker, Men in Black.",
"timestamp": [
476.32,
479.28
]
},
{
"text": " This is perhaps the point of learning Campbell's theory.",
"timestamp": [
479.28,
481.92
]
},
{
"text": " It isn't a roadmap to every hero ever,",
"timestamp": [
481.92,
484.96
]
},
{
"text": " but a useful tool for recognizing and comparing stories. To illustrate this,",
"timestamp": [
484.96,
489.42
]
},
{
"text": " we're gonna head to Australia, where an unlikely story can help us see heroism",
"timestamp": [
489.42,
493.44
]
},
{
"text": " in action, but also demonstrate some alternatives to Campbell's formula. In",
"timestamp": [
493.44,
497.96
]
},
{
"text": " this story, the hero isn't a lone half-god dude, but a group of seven",
"timestamp": [
497.96,
502.76
]
},
{
"text": " teenage Aboriginal girls. According to the tale, as the seven girls reach adolescence,",
"timestamp": [
502.76,
508.02
]
},
{
"text": " they realize they must shed their childhood by gaining control over three things. Hunger, pain, and",
"timestamp": [
508.02,
515.48
]
},
{
"text": " fear. They go to their elders and explain that they're ready to do whatever it takes. The elders agree to help,",
"timestamp": [
515.96,
522.12
]
},
{
"text": " but they warn them the tests will be",
"timestamp": [
522.12,
524.44
]
},
{
"text": " whatever it takes. The elders agree to help, but they warn them the tests will be severe. First, to conquer their hunger, the girls spend three years isolated from their brothers",
"timestamp": [
526,
531.72
]
},
{
"text": " and sisters. Each day they receive only two small meals, one at sunrise and another at",
"timestamp": [
531.72,
536.72
]
},
{
"text": " sunset. And at the end of the third year, the elders take them on a week-long journey",
"timestamp": [
536.72,
542.34
]
},
{
"text": " into the wilderness, traveling through the heat of the day.",
"timestamp": [
542.34,
545.84
]
},
{
"text": " But the girls don't falter, no matter how hungry or how hot.",
"timestamp": [
545.84,
549.76
]
},
{
"text": " And when the week is over, the elders tell them to keep walking",
"timestamp": [
549.76,
553.44
]
},
{
"text": " for three more days, with no food at all.",
"timestamp": [
553.44,
557.36
]
},
{
"text": " On the third day, the elders produce a roasted kangaroo and a flint knife.",
"timestamp": [
557.36,
562.08
]
},
{
"text": " They tell the girls to cut off whatever they need.",
"timestamp": [
562.08,
564.8
]
},
{
"text": " Standing in the heat under the gaze of the elders, kangaroo and a flint knife. They tell the girls to cut off whatever they need.",
"timestamp": [
564.8,
565.1
]
},
{
"text": " Standing in the heat under the gaze of the elders, each girl takes the knife and cuts exactly the same",
"timestamp": [
570.46,
570.7
]
},
{
"text": " meagerly sized portion as their meals of the last three years.",
"timestamp": [
575,
575.3
]
},
{
"text": " After resisting the temptation to eat an entire kangaroo, the elders are pleased and hunger",
"timestamp": [
581.14,
582.18
]
},
{
"text": " conquered. But if you thought three years, one week, and three days of semi starvation was bad, you don't know Kith from Kangaroo Me.",
"timestamp": [
588.08,
588.32
]
},
{
"text": " Brace yourselves. We're headed to the Thought Bubble. The next trial is pain.",
"timestamp": [
592.28,
592.44
]
},
{
"text": " So the elders break out each girl's front teeth. No reaction. Then the elders cut each of the girls' breasts with a flint knife. No reaction.",
"timestamp": [
596.58,
601.02
]
},
{
"text": " They rub wood ashes into the wounds. The girls hold strong.",
"timestamp": [
601.02,
604.46
]
},
{
"text": " No reaction. They rub wood ashes into the wounds. The girls hold strong.",
"timestamp": [
604.46,
604.64
]
},
{
"text": " Finally, the elders devise the most intense test yet. Piercing the girls' noses and",
"timestamp": [
609.7,
609.92
]
},
{
"text": " forcing them to sleep on an anthill. By the following morning, with all seven girls still standing,",
"timestamp": [
615.92,
616.18
]
},
{
"text": " pain is conquered. The only trial left is fear. The elders tell the girls a series of horrible stories. They talk about fearsome spirits and ghosts, and then say that their campsite",
"timestamp": [
623.18,
628.08
]
},
{
"text": " is a burial ground.",
"timestamp": [
628.08,
630.66
]
},
{
"text": " That night, as the girls try to sleep, the elders creep around making scary noises.",
"timestamp": [
630.66,
635.36
]
},
{
"text": " But no matter how monstrously the elders yell, they show no signs of fear.",
"timestamp": [
635.36,
639.66
]
},
{
"text": " The elders declare the girls have conquered fear, and send word to the adjoining tribes, calling for celebrations in their honor.",
"timestamp": [
639.66,
647.76
]
},
{
"text": " But just when it looks like they'll get a chance to relax,",
"timestamp": [
647.76,
650.56
]
},
{
"text": " one of the girls steps forward and speaks to the other children of the tribe.",
"timestamp": [
650.56,
654.96
]
},
{
"text": " We have passed through the testing that our elders prescribed, and we have endured much pain.",
"timestamp": [
654.96,
660.96
]
},
{
"text": " Now, it is the desire of the Great Spirit that you should go through the same course of testing.",
"timestamp": [
660.96,
666.5
]
},
{
"text": " Happiness comes through thinking of others and of forgetting the self. It is necessary to",
"timestamp": [
666.5,
672.54
]
},
{
"text": " vanquish self. Will you not go and do as we have done?",
"timestamp": [
673.14,
677.24
]
},
{
"text": " The Great Spirit is so pleased at this that he takes the girls into the heavens without death,",
"timestamp": [
677.36,
682.72
]
},
{
"text": " where they become a symbol to their people.",
"timestamp": [
682.86,
685.84
]
},
{
"text": " The Seven Sisters, or Pleiades.",
"timestamp": [
685.84,
688.84
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
688.84,
689.84
]
},
{
"text": " So, clearly this story doesn't map perfectly onto Campbell's monomyth structure,",
"timestamp": [
689.84,
693.24
]
},
{
"text": " but you can see the patterns.",
"timestamp": [
693.24,
694.76
]
},
{
"text": " The Seven Sisters receive a call to leave their home.",
"timestamp": [
694.76,
697.52
]
},
{
"text": " They cross a threshold and live in the wilderness, far from their peers.",
"timestamp": [
697.52,
701.04
]
},
{
"text": " They go through a long road of trials trials where they atone to the elders.",
"timestamp": [
701.04,
706.04
]
},
{
"text": " They receive enlightenment, return home to further drama, and are made literal celestial",
"timestamp": [
706.04,
711.24
]
},
{
"text": " bodies. What's more, we can use these scenes to ask questions about human psychology. Campbell's",
"timestamp": [
711.24,
715.72
]
},
{
"text": " framework prompts us to ask, what might these trials symbolize? How might we see our own",
"timestamp": [
715.72,
719.88
]
},
{
"text": " growth as individuals in this particular tale of struggle? What is it like returning to",
"timestamp": [
719.88,
724.28
]
},
{
"text": " a familiar environment after a massive personal change?",
"timestamp": [
724.28,
727.46
]
},
{
"text": " Over the next few weeks, we're gonna measure a few of the most well-known mythological heroes against Campbell's framework.",
"timestamp": [
727.46,
732.76
]
},
{
"text": " It won't always be tidy, but with practice, you'll be able to identify these structures in more and more places.",
"timestamp": [
732.76,
739.26
]
},
{
"text": " Not just contemporary media, either. You might even see these patterns in your own life.",
"timestamp": [
739.26,
743.86
]
},
{
"text": " After all, Campbell thought that we can all be heroes,",
"timestamp": [
743.86,
747.06
]
},
{
"text": " even if it's just for one day.",
"timestamp": [
747.64,
749.64
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching. We'll see you next week.",
"timestamp": [
749.84,
751.84
]
},
{
"text": " Check out our Crash Course Mythology tote tote bag and poster, available now at DFTBA.com.",
"timestamp": [
753.12,
759.28
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Mythology is filmed in Chad and Stacy Emigl's studio in Indianapolis, Indiana,",
"timestamp": [
759.36,
764.48
]
},
{
"text": " and is produced with the help of all of these very nice people.",
"timestamp": [
764.48,
767.84
]
},
{
"text": " Our animation team is Thought Cafe, and Crash Course exists thanks to the generous support",
"timestamp": [
767.84,
772.64
]
},
{
"text": " of our patrons at Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
772.64,
774.96
]
},
{
"text": " Patreon is a voluntary subscription service where you can support the content you love",
"timestamp": [
774.96,
778.96
]
},
{
"text": " through a monthly donation to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever.",
"timestamp": [
778.96,
784.76
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud. Check the description for a link to a free trial. the world.",
"timestamp": [
784.76,
794.24
]
}
] |
[
[
"<Untitled Chapter 1>",
" Hi, I'm Mike Rugnetta. This is Crash Course Mythology, and today we're going to talk about the people at the center of many mythological stories Heroes. There are so many to choose from. Heroes appear in the stories of just about every culture and in just about every age Everyone has heroes. Tote, you're my hero. Who's yours? Ooh That's a good choice. Heroes are so ubiquitous It can be hard to say what even makes them a hero. Do they fight villains? Are they a role model? Or is a hero just a synonym for protagonist? To answer, we'll examine Joseph Campbell's influential theory, the monomyth of the hero's journey. But first, one bit of housekeeping. Throughout this episode, I'm going to be saying hero with a vaguely masculine sense. And this isn't because there aren't stories about heroines, but because in English that's the implication that word tends to have. And furthermore, Campbell himself had a rather dude-centric view of the world. You'll see what I mean. But don't worry, eventually we're gonna get to a story about seven awesome sisters who have something to say about all of this. Alright, housekeeping complete, on with the Hero Show. INTRO"
],
[
"Law of Reflection",
" You may remember Joseph Campbell from our Theories of Myth episode. Campbell identified a series of events that appear in multiple stories from numerous cultures. He developed a sort of road map for spotting these recurring main beats and named the whole structure the Hero's Journey, sometimes called the Monomyth. The journey aspect is really crucial though. For Campbell, that's exactly what a hero does. They journey away from safety and toward adventure before coming home again. It's hard to describe just how influential Campbell's theory has become, but in spite, or perhaps because of that, Campbell is also pretty divisive."
],
[
"Diffraction",
" He had some troubling ideas about culture and a very narrow view of gender, including the roles of women. Still, his theory persists as a useful starting point for talking about the significance of mythological heroes. In particular, Campbell believed that heroes tell us something about ourselves. Contemporary mythology scholars Ava Thurie and Margaret Devinney describe his view like this. We engage in a series of struggles to develop as individuals and to find our place in society. Beyond that, we long for wisdom. We want to understand the universe and the significance of our role in it. In addition to many myths, Campbell drew on a number of recent, for him, psychological theories, especially those of Sigmund Freud, Otto Rung, and Carl Jung. Campbell borrowed from each and developed a model that emphasizes the importance of the mother figure, which was vital to Jung, while also stressing the father-son relationship. In a sense, his framework allows us to read individual heroes as symbolic of the psychological journey that we all go through. Campbell even claims that myths aren't really written by their authors. Instead, they're manifestations of universal cosmic forces that shape the human subconsciousness. How Jungian. Because hero myths originate in the psyche, Campbell believed that they're universal"
],
[
"The Magnification Equation",
" to all humans and follow similar, if not identical, patterns. This idea, that all hero myths share a common pattern or structure, is what inspires the name monomyth. The monomyth, aka the hero's journey, has three parts and 17 sub parts. So strap in as I take you through how this structure works, and sometimes doesn't. And just to be clear, Campbell isn't saying that every story has all 17 sub parts, just that most heroic stories have some of the parts. Alright, off to the races, part one. A hero separates himself from the world, or retreats to the realm of the unconscious. There are five possible elements to this departure. Quests can start for a lot of different reasons. For Siddhartha Gautama, who eventually becomes the Buddha, the hero's journey begins because he's bored. But far more often, the journey begins when the hero receives the call of destiny. Frequently, the hero refuses the call. But once the hero finally decides to listen, they often get help preparing for their quest from a protective figure or a supernatural guide. When they're finally ready, the hero sets out and reaches the gates of an unknown zone where they must confront the Threshold Guardian. After crossing, heroes almost always end up clobbered, sometimes near death. Like Hercules rescues Hysianae from a sea monster by diving into its throat and cutting his way out of the monster's belly. Yeah, sometimes that belly of the whale part is pretty literal. Part two contains the trials and victories of initiation, since having responded to the call, the hero starts changing into the person they're destined to become. Part two of the hero's journey has six possible elements. This part of the hero's journey is the exciting part. It consists of several tasks the hero must overcome to demonstrate their worthiness. Sometimes it's a laundry list, like Hercules' 12 trials, and sometimes it's one extended challenge, like maybe you've got to take a magic ring to a volcano. No big deal, right? No big deal. Just a ring, just a volcano. For Campbell, the most important thing is the trial or trials represent psychological danger. Along the road of trials, our hero might come across a lady. Sometimes this is a powerful lady, a goddess even, who gives the hero a chance to show his maturity through soulful communion, if you're picking up what I'm putting down. Other times, our hero resists the intimate charms of such a lady, which then casts her as an adversary."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #5: Crash Course Philosophy
|
H7bjqRYSIPo
| 360 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and I hope you're wearing",
"timestamp": [
0,
6.28
]
},
{
"text": " your stockings cross-guarded because today is all about forests, twins, bed tricks, cross-dressing,",
"timestamp": [
6.28,
11.62
]
},
{
"text": " and a wrestling match.",
"timestamp": [
11.62,
12.62
]
},
{
"text": " That's right, Shakespearean comedies.",
"timestamp": [
12.62,
14.56
]
},
{
"text": " Because when Shakespeare wasn't killing off all of his characters, he wrote some pretty",
"timestamp": [
14.56,
18.2
]
},
{
"text": " sparkling humor.",
"timestamp": [
18.2,
19.52
]
},
{
"text": " Comedy is maybe the most complicated of all the Shakespearean genres, because along with",
"timestamp": [
19.52,
23.04
]
},
{
"text": " A Midsummer Night's Dream and As You Like It, it also includes works now referred to as problem plays and",
"timestamp": [
23.04,
29.16
]
},
{
"text": " romances.",
"timestamp": [
29.16,
30.16
]
},
{
"text": " Today we'll look at what constitutes a comedy, Shakespeare's kickass heroines, and the",
"timestamp": [
30.16,
34.64
]
},
{
"text": " unfunny kinds of comedies, with a closer exploration of Cymbeline.",
"timestamp": [
34.64,
38.8
]
},
{
"text": " No foolin'.",
"timestamp": [
38.8,
39.8
]
},
{
"text": " Well, some foolin'.",
"timestamp": [
39.8,
40.8
]
},
{
"text": " INTRO Well, some foolin'.",
"timestamp": [
40.8,
50.48
]
},
{
"text": " A Shakespearean comedy is a play that's not based on a recent historical figure and",
"timestamp": [
50.48,
54.84
]
},
{
"text": " that ends happily.",
"timestamp": [
54.84,
56.36
]
},
{
"text": " Now, happy is a relative term, even for Shakespeare, but it's a safe bet that if the floor isn't",
"timestamp": [
56.36,
62.28
]
},
{
"text": " littered with dead bodies, it's probably a comedy. And if it ends with a marriage, it's definitely a comedy.",
"timestamp": [
62.28,
67.96
]
},
{
"text": " There's more variety in this genre than Shakespeare's others.",
"timestamp": [
67.96,
71.02
]
},
{
"text": " Comedy spans everything from the comedy of errors, a straight-up Plautus ripoff,",
"timestamp": [
71.02,
75.16
]
},
{
"text": " and a knockabout farce, to the bittersweet melancholy of the Winter's Tale.",
"timestamp": [
75.16,
79.7
]
},
{
"text": " Uncomfortable but nonetheless funny-ish plays like Measure for Measure and The Merchant of Venice sit somewhere in between.",
"timestamp": [
79.7,
87.16
]
},
{
"text": " Comedies like Midsummer and Twelfth Night usually revolve around themes of separation",
"timestamp": [
87.16,
91.32
]
},
{
"text": " and reunion, of guise and disguise and mistaken identity.",
"timestamp": [
91.32,
95.84
]
},
{
"text": " There's often a retreat away from civil society into a forest, a place where some",
"timestamp": [
95.84,
101.06
]
},
{
"text": " social niceties fall away and more… authentic behavior emerges?",
"timestamp": [
101.06,
106.8
]
},
{
"text": " There are usually songs, though often they're weirdly sad, like Come Away, Come Away Death,",
"timestamp": [
106.8,
113.24
]
},
{
"text": " and in sad cypress, Let Me Be Laid.",
"timestamp": [
113.24,
117.52
]
},
{
"text": " LOL.",
"timestamp": [
117.52,
119.38
]
},
{
"text": " Or not LOL.",
"timestamp": [
119.38,
120.38
]
},
{
"text": " Shakespeare often works with stock characters, who you'll remember from Roman comedy and",
"timestamp": [
120.38,
124.72
]
},
{
"text": " its inheritors.",
"timestamp": [
124.72,
125.52
]
},
{
"text": " The disapproving dad, the headstrong lover, the wily servant.",
"timestamp": [
125.68,
129.92
]
},
{
"text": " But part of the genius of Shakespeare is that these characters don't feel like stock characters.",
"timestamp": [
130.04,
135.16
]
},
{
"text": " They feel like real people with real fears and real desires. In a lot of the plays by Shakespeare's contemporaries",
"timestamp": [
135.16,
141.52
]
},
{
"text": " we laugh at the characters, but in Shakespeare, we laugh with them.",
"timestamp": [
141.52,
146.46
]
},
{
"text": " They demand our sympathy.",
"timestamp": [
146.46,
148.98
]
},
{
"text": " In Twelfth Night, we laugh at the arrogant servant Malvolio.",
"timestamp": [
148.98,
152.12
]
},
{
"text": " But when we see Malvolio's hurt, suddenly we don't feel so great about giggling.",
"timestamp": [
152.12,
156.08
]
},
{
"text": " Shakespeare's comedy always comes with a hefty dose of empathy.",
"timestamp": [
156.08,
159.44
]
},
{
"text": " And if the tragedies are about men—and yes, Cleopatra, I am generalizing—the comedies",
"timestamp": [
159.44,
164.96
]
},
{
"text": " are very much about women.",
"timestamp": [
164.96,
166.7
]
},
{
"text": " Sometimes they're about women trying to protect themselves.",
"timestamp": [
166.7,
169.22
]
},
{
"text": " Sometimes they're about women trying to marry the men of their choice.",
"timestamp": [
169.22,
173.52
]
},
{
"text": " Usually they're about both.",
"timestamp": [
173.52,
175.18
]
},
{
"text": " And in most of these plays, the women have to step away from their ordinary lives in",
"timestamp": [
175.18,
179.36
]
},
{
"text": " order to succeed.",
"timestamp": [
179.36,
180.36
]
},
{
"text": " If they're going to run away into the forest, they're going to put on pants.",
"timestamp": [
180.36,
183.12
]
},
{
"text": " If they're Rosalind and Imogen, they're gonna run into the forest in pants.",
"timestamp": [
183.12,
186.44
]
},
{
"text": " Which is just sensible, really.",
"timestamp": [
186.44,
188.32
]
},
{
"text": " It's how people should be running into the forest, if you ask me.",
"timestamp": [
188.32,
190.92
]
},
{
"text": " Unlike the heroines of tragedies who are trapped in terrible circumstances, the heroines of",
"timestamp": [
190.92,
195.16
]
},
{
"text": " comedy find ways to escape those circumstances.",
"timestamp": [
195.16,
198.52
]
},
{
"text": " I'm not trying to victim blame, but if Desdemona or Juliet or Ophelia happened upon a forest",
"timestamp": [
198.52,
203.92
]
},
{
"text": " and some pants, maybe things could have been different.",
"timestamp": [
203.92,
206.2
]
},
{
"text": " Perhaps this is a commentary on how limited the opportunities for most women were,",
"timestamp": [
206.2,
210.3
]
},
{
"text": " and how few choices they had when they're at home wearing a corset.",
"timestamp": [
210.3,
214.5
]
},
{
"text": " But it's also important to recognize that if Shakespeare's heroines defy social norms, it's only for a bit.",
"timestamp": [
214.5,
221.2
]
},
{
"text": " None of them wears pants forever. Their defiance is limited and always...",
"timestamp": [
221.2,
225.36
]
},
{
"text": " correctable.",
"timestamp": [
226.22,
227.18
]
},
{
"text": " Nothing they do is ever that unladylike.",
"timestamp": [
227.18,
229.58
]
},
{
"text": " And at the end of the play, men order them to leave the forest",
"timestamp": [
229.58,
232.98
]
},
{
"text": " and put their dresses back on",
"timestamp": [
232.98,
234.8
]
},
{
"text": " so that they can get hitched.",
"timestamp": [
234.8,
236.16
]
},
{
"text": " Plus, remember that all those spunky heroines were played by boy actors during Shakespeare's time, so",
"timestamp": [
236.16,
241.34
]
},
{
"text": " the cross-dressing is really double cross-dressing.",
"timestamp": [
241.34,
244.32
]
},
{
"text": " Boys dressed as girls, dressed as boys.",
"timestamp": [
244.32,
246.88
]
},
{
"text": " It is heckin' meta.",
"timestamp": [
246.88,
248.68
]
},
{
"text": " Shakespeare also emphasizes how great and swoony love marriages are, at a time when",
"timestamp": [
248.68,
252.88
]
},
{
"text": " marriage was typically an economic undertaking.",
"timestamp": [
252.88,
256.08
]
},
{
"text": " And not only are these love marriages, they're also marriages of equals, or almost equals.",
"timestamp": [
256.08,
261.48
]
},
{
"text": " The women are almost always a little braver, more clever, and more sensible than the dudes, as per usual.",
"timestamp": [
261.48,
267.16
]
},
{
"text": " For our final thoughts about Shakespeare's women,",
"timestamp": [
267.16,
269.18
]
},
{
"text": " let's turn to Sir Walter Raleigh, courtier, spy, explorer, and all-around Elizabethan badass,",
"timestamp": [
269.18,
274.32
]
},
{
"text": " who made his own love marriage and went to the tower for it. Sir Walter wrote of Shakespeare's ladies,",
"timestamp": [
274.32,
280.06
]
},
{
"text": " They are almost all practical,",
"timestamp": [
280.1,
282.1
]
},
{
"text": " impatient of mere words, clear-sighted as to ends and means.",
"timestamp": [
282.72,
287
]
},
{
"text": " They do not accept the premises to deny the conclusion or decorate the inevitable with imaginative lendings.",
"timestamp": [
287,
295
]
},
{
"text": " But okay, the consolation prize for the dudes, in the comedies, men tell most of the jokes.",
"timestamp": [
295,
300
]
},
{
"text": " How funny are the jokes? It really varies.",
"timestamp": [
300,
304
]
},
{
"text": " Some of the funniest jokers are in the tragedies, like Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet, or the",
"timestamp": [
304,
308.36
]
},
{
"text": " gravediggers in Hamlet, or Hamlet himself when he's dragging Polonius.",
"timestamp": [
308.36,
313.06
]
},
{
"text": " And some of the jokes in the comedies are kind of sad, like the Fool Festy's bittersweet",
"timestamp": [
313.06,
317.28
]
},
{
"text": " cracks in Twelfth Night.",
"timestamp": [
317.28,
318.6
]
},
{
"text": " While some of Shakespeare's jokes are sophisticated, the most memorable ones are not.",
"timestamp": [
318.6,
323.16
]
},
{
"text": " Macbeth basically invents the knock-knock joke.",
"timestamp": [
323.16,
325.56
]
},
{
"text": " All of the plays contain puns, some of which are great, and some of which are… tragic.",
"timestamp": [
325.56,
330.4
]
},
{
"text": " Like the way Dogberry mixes up suspect and respect, and Bottom says odious when he means",
"timestamp": [
330.4,
334.88
]
},
{
"text": " odorous.",
"timestamp": [
334.88,
335.88
]
},
{
"text": " Why aren't you laughing, Yorick?",
"timestamp": [
335.88,
337.68
]
},
{
"text": " Well, it tickled my funny bone.",
"timestamp": [
337.68,
340.12
]
},
{
"text": " Tragic.",
"timestamp": [
340.12,
341.12
]
},
{
"text": " And you know what else Shakespeare loved?",
"timestamp": [
341.12,
343.32
]
},
{
"text": " Dirty jokes.",
"timestamp": [
343.32,
344.52
]
},
{
"text": " Comedy of Errors has a fart joke, and many of his plays are lousy with bits about naughty",
"timestamp": [
344.52,
349.52
]
},
{
"text": " bits.",
"timestamp": [
349.52,
350.52
]
},
{
"text": " And Shakespeare pretty much invents the Your Mom joke when a wronged son says to Aaron",
"timestamp": [
350.52,
354.44
]
},
{
"text": " the Moor, Thou hast undone our mother.",
"timestamp": [
354.44,
357.84
]
},
{
"text": " And Aaron says, Villain, I have done thy mother.",
"timestamp": [
357.84,
361.8
]
},
{
"text": " Dang.",
"timestamp": [
361.8,
362.8
]
},
{
"text": " Insert super hot fire here.",
"timestamp": [
362.8,
364
]
},
{
"text": " But just because a play has jokes",
"timestamp": [
364,
365.72
]
},
{
"text": " doesn't make it a comedy.",
"timestamp": [
365.72,
367
]
},
{
"text": " That your mom joke is from Titus Andronicus,",
"timestamp": [
367,
368.88
]
},
{
"text": " which is not a knee slapper.",
"timestamp": [
368.88,
371.76
]
},
{
"text": " And the flip is also true.",
"timestamp": [
371.76,
373.14
]
},
{
"text": " Just because a play is a comedy",
"timestamp": [
373.14,
374.68
]
},
{
"text": " doesn't mean it's full of jokes.",
"timestamp": [
374.68,
376.6
]
},
{
"text": " Shakespeare's comedies also include plays",
"timestamp": [
376.6,
378.24
]
},
{
"text": " we now call the problem plays and the romances.",
"timestamp": [
378.24,
381.56
]
},
{
"text": " There isn't universal agreement",
"timestamp": [
381.56,
383.34
]
},
{
"text": " on which plays belong in which category, but let's",
"timestamp": [
383.34,
386.44
]
},
{
"text": " start with problem play, a term invented in the late 19th century and inspired by the",
"timestamp": [
386.44,
390.68
]
},
{
"text": " works of Heinrich Ibsen.",
"timestamp": [
390.68,
392.5
]
},
{
"text": " Problem plays take on a social problem and are sort of stuck between comedy and tragedy.",
"timestamp": [
392.5,
398
]
},
{
"text": " Plays like Measure for Measure, All's Well That Ends Well, and The Merchant of Venice",
"timestamp": [
398,
401.88
]
},
{
"text": " are problem plays.",
"timestamp": [
401.88,
403.4
]
},
{
"text": " They have happy endings, at least on paper, and often end with a marriage, just like a",
"timestamp": [
403.4,
408.68
]
},
{
"text": " classic comedy.",
"timestamp": [
408.68,
409.82
]
},
{
"text": " But the resolutions aren't satisfying, and the conclusions can feel sour, like how Measure",
"timestamp": [
409.82,
415.12
]
},
{
"text": " for Measure ends with a marriage proposal that goes unanswered.",
"timestamp": [
415.12,
419.38
]
},
{
"text": " The romances also mix tragedy and comedy, but the melding of genres is softer.",
"timestamp": [
419.38,
424.56
]
},
{
"text": " The approach to time and space is looser.",
"timestamp": [
424.56,
427.48
]
},
{
"text": " The plays usually begin as tragedies, along the lines of Othello or King Lear, but they",
"timestamp": [
427.48,
432.12
]
},
{
"text": " don't end that way.",
"timestamp": [
432.12,
433.58
]
},
{
"text": " In tragedies, people act hastily, thoughtlessly, selfishly.",
"timestamp": [
433.58,
438.08
]
},
{
"text": " In the romances, people exercise patience and forgiveness, so the conclusions are happier.",
"timestamp": [
438.08,
444.1
]
},
{
"text": " In The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, what's lost returns, and what's broken is mended.",
"timestamp": [
444.1,
449.4
]
},
{
"text": " Mostly.",
"timestamp": [
449.4,
450.4
]
},
{
"text": " In the problem plays, the happy endings feel wrong.",
"timestamp": [
450.4,
453.64
]
},
{
"text": " In the romances, they feel right.",
"timestamp": [
453.64,
455.68
]
},
{
"text": " The endings are unlikely, sure, but they're also deeply satisfying.",
"timestamp": [
455.68,
459.92
]
},
{
"text": " Characters have changed and matured in a way that they just aren't able to in the tragedies.",
"timestamp": [
459.92,
465.2
]
},
{
"text": " But there's a greater sense of weight and of disaster narrowly averted than in the comedies.",
"timestamp": [
465.2,
470.34
]
},
{
"text": " To explore the romances, let's look at one of the wilder ones, Cymbeline.",
"timestamp": [
470.34,
474.16
]
},
{
"text": " First produced in 1611, Cymbeline concludes with one of the all-time great recognition",
"timestamp": [
474.16,
479.88
]
},
{
"text": " scenes.",
"timestamp": [
479.88,
480.88
]
},
{
"text": " Help us out, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
480.88,
482.16
]
},
{
"text": " Cymbeline is king of ancient Britain.",
"timestamp": [
482.16,
483.86
]
},
{
"text": " His two sons were stolen a long time ago, and his only daughter Imogen has just eloped",
"timestamp": [
483.86,
488.1
]
},
{
"text": " with Posthumus, which is not good because Posthumus is of a lower social status.",
"timestamp": [
488.1,
492
]
},
{
"text": " Also, he's named Posthumus.",
"timestamp": [
492,
493.88
]
},
{
"text": " Posthumus is banished to Italy, and the queen plots to have Imogen married to her blockhead",
"timestamp": [
493.88,
497.74
]
},
{
"text": " son Clotton.",
"timestamp": [
497.74,
498.78
]
},
{
"text": " She also tries to murder Imogen just to cover all the baddie bases.",
"timestamp": [
498.78,
502.06
]
},
{
"text": " While Posthumus is in Italy, he meets this guy, Iacomo, and he makes a bet that Iacomo",
"timestamp": [
502.06,
506
]
},
{
"text": " can't seduce Imogen, which is not what you do if you love and trust your wife.",
"timestamp": [
506,
510.04
]
},
{
"text": " Iacomo fails, but he hides out in her room and does enough spying and stealing to make",
"timestamp": [
510.04,
513.96
]
},
{
"text": " it seem like he succeeds.",
"timestamp": [
513.96,
515.8
]
},
{
"text": " Posthumus, again not the greatest, now plans to kill Imogen, but a servant warns Imogen,",
"timestamp": [
515.8,
521
]
},
{
"text": " and because she's brave and awesome, she escapes dressed as a boy named Fideli.",
"timestamp": [
521,
524.92
]
},
{
"text": " Clotin finds out where Imogen is going.",
"timestamp": [
524.92,
526.6
]
},
{
"text": " He figures he'll head there, rape Imogen, and then marry her because Clotten is even worse than Posthumus somehow.",
"timestamp": [
526.6,
532
]
},
{
"text": " Clotten puts on Posthumus's clothes and heads off, but then gets his head off,",
"timestamp": [
532.2,
536.36
]
},
{
"text": " literally, by a mountain man that he insults. And this is where it starts to get complicated.",
"timestamp": [
537.08,
541.96
]
},
{
"text": " Turns out that the mountain man, Polydor, is actually Imogen's long-lost brother, Gwydirius.",
"timestamp": [
542.4,
546.94
]
},
{
"text": " He and Cawdwal, actually Averagus, and also another long-lost brother, have already, by",
"timestamp": [
546.94,
551.74
]
},
{
"text": " chance, taken in a disguised Imogen who has accidentally taken a sleeping potion.",
"timestamp": [
551.74,
557.34
]
},
{
"text": " Imogen wakes up, sees what looks like a dead posthumous, and flips out.",
"timestamp": [
557.34,
560.94
]
},
{
"text": " She then somehow joins the invading Roman army as a pageboy.",
"timestamp": [
560.94,
563.58
]
},
{
"text": " Why not?",
"timestamp": [
563.58,
564.58
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, the Roman hordes have invaded, and Cymbeline is about to execute Postumus and Phydele,",
"timestamp": [
564.58,
569.38
]
},
{
"text": " but then Postumus reveals himself and Imogen reveals herself and the kidnapper reveals himself and the long-lost sons discover their real parentage and",
"timestamp": [
569.38,
576.88
]
},
{
"text": " Cymbeline agrees to pay tribute to Rome. Also, the Queen is dead. The end. Thank you, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
577.16,
582.82
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, so that recognition scene is a little extra, but in Cymbeline you can see how beautifully",
"timestamp": [
582.96,
588.4
]
},
{
"text": " Shakespeare combines tragedy and comedy.",
"timestamp": [
588.4,
591.18
]
},
{
"text": " We have the jealousy plot borrowed from Othello, the cross-dressing borrowed from the comedies,",
"timestamp": [
591.18,
596.02
]
},
{
"text": " and enough time and care to make sure that everything works out alright in the end.",
"timestamp": [
596.02,
600.34
]
},
{
"text": " Even for the Romans.",
"timestamp": [
600.34,
601.44
]
},
{
"text": " And we have a woman who is way more ingenious than her husband.",
"timestamp": [
601.44,
604.6
]
},
{
"text": " Girl, you can do a lot better.",
"timestamp": [
604.6,
607.04
]
},
{
"text": " At least get you a man who looks at you the way Paris looks at Juliet when he doesn't think Romeo is looking at him.",
"timestamp": [
607.04,
612.24
]
},
{
"text": " It's time to say goodbye to Shakespeare and continue on to Jacobean drama and Caroline Court masks.",
"timestamp": [
612.24,
618.32
]
},
{
"text": " By way of farewell, I'm going to leave you with Ben Johnson's words on Shakespeare. I loved the man. He was honest and of an open and free nature, had an excellent, fancy, brave notions and",
"timestamp": [
618.32,
630.52
]
},
{
"text": " gentle expressions, wherein he flowed with that facility that sometimes it was necessary",
"timestamp": [
630.52,
636.12
]
},
{
"text": " he should be stopped, but there was ever more in him to be praised than to be pardoned.",
"timestamp": [
636.12,
641.36
]
},
{
"text": " So pardon gentles all, and until next time.",
"timestamp": [
641.36,
680.32
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #2: Crash Course Games
|
ezn5ALJUlYc
| 290 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " The sun is a star.",
"timestamp": [
0,
7
]
},
{
"text": " And that's all there is to it.",
"timestamp": [
7,
8
]
},
{
"text": " And we're done.",
"timestamp": [
8,
9
]
},
{
"text": " Today you learned.",
"timestamp": [
9,
10
]
},
{
"text": " That's a wrap everybody.",
"timestamp": [
10,
11
]
},
{
"text": " Here we go.",
"timestamp": [
11,
12
]
},
{
"text": " Alright.",
"timestamp": [
12,
13
]
},
{
"text": " The roller coaster begins.",
"timestamp": [
13,
14
]
},
{
"text": " I blurtched my cheek there.",
"timestamp": [
14,
15
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry. Here we go. A roller coaster begins.",
"timestamp": [
15,
28
]
},
{
"text": " I blurtched my cheek there too.",
"timestamp": [
28,
32
]
},
{
"text": " Everything will be great from here on in.",
"timestamp": [
32,
36
]
},
{
"text": " Wide, SpongeBob,",
"timestamp": [
36,
40
]
},
{
"text": " wide.",
"timestamp": [
40,
44
]
},
{
"text": " That kills with eight year olds.",
"timestamp": [
44,
46.48
]
},
{
"text": " I'm so dreamy.",
"timestamp": [
47.86,
49.44
]
},
{
"text": " Take me to this Houston.",
"timestamp": [
49.44,
50.96
]
},
{
"text": " This makes it extremely difficult to see.",
"timestamp": [
50.96,
54.38
]
},
{
"text": " Curses.",
"timestamp": [
56,
56.84
]
},
{
"text": " Notice that the Earth's axis is tilted.",
"timestamp": [
56.84,
59.12
]
},
{
"text": " That is, it's not straight up and down.",
"timestamp": [
59.12,
62.76
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know how I was doing that.",
"timestamp": [
62.76,
64.26
]
},
{
"text": " Where was I going with that? It's not",
"timestamp": [
64.26,
67.72
]
},
{
"text": " straight up and down. A mere 0.00005%. Did I do that right? And I'm counting on my fingers",
"timestamp": [
67.72,
81.78
]
},
{
"text": " and I'm not sure I did that right. Wow.",
"timestamp": [
81.78,
85
]
},
{
"text": " Words that have similar etymological...",
"timestamp": [
85,
87
]
},
{
"text": " Sky.",
"timestamp": [
87,
89
]
},
{
"text": " Space was too big and random encounters were...",
"timestamp": [
89,
92
]
},
{
"text": " And Johannes Kepler.",
"timestamp": [
94,
96
]
},
{
"text": " It's hard to look natural on purpose.",
"timestamp": [
100,
102
]
},
{
"text": " If we're over here, they're looking down on the entire lit side of the moon and it looks fully illuminated or full.",
"timestamp": [
102,
108.28
]
},
{
"text": " That was just my eye, okay good.",
"timestamp": [
108.28,
111.08
]
},
{
"text": " Wasn't a big smile but it's a smile.",
"timestamp": [
111.08,
113.12
]
},
{
"text": " Good energy.",
"timestamp": [
113.12,
114.12
]
},
{
"text": " They can also be used during day on, during the day on hikes, during day on hikes, doing",
"timestamp": [
114.12,
120.32
]
},
{
"text": " the, and the thing with the stuff. And that's why we have...",
"timestamp": [
120.32,
123.8
]
},
{
"text": " I panicked because it was scrolling off the thing with the stuff. And that's why we have...",
"timestamp": [
123.8,
126.8
]
},
{
"text": " I panicked because it was scrolling off the edge of the...",
"timestamp": [
128.56,
130.72
]
},
{
"text": " Here's the one, here's the dig. A star on...",
"timestamp": [
132.8,
135.76
]
},
{
"text": " You're doing a great job. I think this is all coming together well.",
"timestamp": [
138.32,
141.68
]
},
{
"text": " I'm doing that Popeye thing again.",
"timestamp": [
142.88,
144.56
]
},
{
"text": " If she's crazy for the most cursory's attention. We've learned of other forms of invisible light.",
"timestamp": [
147.12,
152.72
]
},
{
"text": " And that brings us to our first edition of Focus On.",
"timestamp": [
152.72,
157.16
]
},
{
"text": " Who are we?",
"timestamp": [
157.16,
158.16
]
},
{
"text": " Why do we smell funny?",
"timestamp": [
158.16,
164.92
]
},
{
"text": " The fourth, the fourth?",
"timestamp": [
164.92,
166.64
]
},
{
"text": " You can start with synths.",
"timestamp": [
166.64,
167.64
]
},
{
"text": " Okay.",
"timestamp": [
167.64,
168.64
]
},
{
"text": " Synths?",
"timestamp": [
168.64,
169.64
]
},
{
"text": " This stuff is so much more complicated than I'm making it.",
"timestamp": [
169.64,
173.4
]
},
{
"text": " We're not quite wrong.",
"timestamp": [
173.4,
174.56
]
},
{
"text": " We're skirting the edge.",
"timestamp": [
174.56,
175.56
]
},
{
"text": " Now I can take instructions.",
"timestamp": [
175.56,
181.28
]
},
{
"text": " Gravity is also attractive, firmly in the history books.",
"timestamp": [
181.28,
184.92
]
},
{
"text": " Through a complicated series",
"timestamp": [
184.92,
186.52
]
},
{
"text": " of steps that I'm not going to go through now, because oh my god would that have tripled",
"timestamp": [
186.52,
190.64
]
},
{
"text": " the length of this episode.",
"timestamp": [
190.64,
192.8
]
},
{
"text": " Should Mercury be stripped of its creative ta-peh?",
"timestamp": [
192.8,
196.56
]
},
{
"text": " Finally.",
"timestamp": [
196.56,
197.56
]
},
{
"text": " Good thing I love the sound of my voice.",
"timestamp": [
197.56,
201.48
]
},
{
"text": " But these days, get off my eyepiece. Incidentally, this episode was",
"timestamp": [
201.48,
207.56
]
},
{
"text": " written by me, Monty Burns. And don't forget to go to youtube.com slash crasscourse and",
"timestamp": [
207.56,
214.16
]
},
{
"text": " subscribe. And don't forget to go to youtube.com slash crasscourse, crasscourse, crasscourse,",
"timestamp": [
214.16,
221.6
]
},
{
"text": " hey, you need to subscribe to the videos there.",
"timestamp": [
221.6,
225.5
]
},
{
"text": " And our, because,",
"timestamp": [
225.5,
226.68
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
228.16,
229.24
]
},
{
"text": " And cut.",
"timestamp": [
231.76,
232.6
]
},
{
"text": " We're done.",
"timestamp": [
234.24,
235.08
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
235.08,
235.9
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #2: Crash Course Physics
|
8vApHy0CDE4
| 298 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "<Untitled Chapter 1>",
"end_time": 29
},
{
"start_time": 29,
"title": "Thermal Equilibrium",
"end_time": 64
},
{
"start_time": 64,
"title": "Boyle's Law",
"end_time": 245
},
{
"start_time": 245,
"title": "Sublimation",
"end_time": 298
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Over the last 52 weeks I've enjoyed sharing with you my fascination with biology.",
"timestamp": [
0,
5.84
]
},
{
"text": " If you've been through it with us, you've now got yourself a pretty deep and complex understanding of how we...",
"timestamp": [
5.84,
11.52
]
},
{
"text": " Over the last 52 weeks I've enjoyed sharing with you my fi-fi-fiascination?",
"timestamp": [
11.52,
17.2
]
},
{
"text": " Over the last 52 weeks I've enjoyed sharing with...",
"timestamp": [
17.2,
19.36
]
},
{
"text": " Over the last 52 weeks I've enjoyed sharing you...",
"timestamp": [
19.36,
23.2
]
},
{
"text": " I'm gonna do one more.",
"timestamp": [
23.2,
26.32
]
},
{
"text": " One more.",
"timestamp": [
26.32,
27.32
]
},
{
"text": " And this one's gonna be great.",
"timestamp": [
27.32,
28.88
]
},
{
"text": " To the ecosystems that make the entire...",
"timestamp": [
28.88,
32.22
]
},
{
"text": " The answers to all of these questions except for the last two will be contained within",
"timestamp": [
32.22,
36.92
]
},
{
"text": " the...",
"timestamp": [
36.92,
38.52
]
},
{
"text": " I guarantee you.",
"timestamp": [
38.52,
40.56
]
},
{
"text": " Guarantee you?",
"timestamp": [
40.56,
43.12
]
},
{
"text": " Captain John Mullin!",
"timestamp": [
43.12,
45
]
},
{
"text": " That's all I had.",
"timestamp": [
46,
47
]
},
{
"text": " Chemistry holds the secrets to how furf...",
"timestamp": [
47,
50
]
},
{
"text": " Tiny, discrete particles that have specific properties depending on the arrangement of these simple subatomic particles.",
"timestamp": [
50,
57
]
},
{
"text": " Of three.",
"timestamp": [
57,
58
]
},
{
"text": " About 1800 times less massive than the proton or neutron.",
"timestamp": [
58,
62
]
},
{
"text": " Oops. Oops. Blblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblbl chemically pure substance frickety. I can do it. And the type of element an atom is is determined by-",
"timestamp": [
62,
88
]
},
{
"text": " I'm so close.",
"timestamp": [
88,
89.4
]
},
{
"text": " Just like we made up volts and newton- newton? Fake newtons.",
"timestamp": [
89.4,
93.44
]
},
{
"text": " Now the fact that I find fi- what?",
"timestamp": [
93.44,
96.56
]
},
{
"text": " That there were fundamental basic units beneath it all.",
"timestamp": [
96.56,
100.96
]
},
{
"text": " So the car could have been going 59.87393039...",
"timestamp": [
100.96,
107
]
},
{
"text": " And most of that coal is mined here in the US.",
"timestamp": [
107,
111
]
},
{
"text": " That's a loud truck.",
"timestamp": [
111,
112
]
},
{
"text": " And most of that is mined here in the US, and that is the same truck.",
"timestamp": [
112,
116
]
},
{
"text": " It just turned around and went that way.",
"timestamp": [
116,
118
]
},
{
"text": " These are the digits, onion, aluh, because only that first number had... Then your n- uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh- Not you. Where's my periodic table? Oh, there I am.",
"timestamp": [
118,
146.28
]
},
{
"text": " With those elements wrapping around from side...",
"timestamp": [
146.28,
148.84
]
},
{
"text": " Blah.",
"timestamp": [
148.84,
149.84
]
},
{
"text": " Blah.",
"timestamp": [
149.84,
150.84
]
},
{
"text": " While Mendeleev's table looks more like a wall...",
"timestamp": [
150.84,
154.04
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
154.04,
155.04
]
},
{
"text": " I guess, I guess they didn't, I guess they didn't, I guess they didn't have papercraft",
"timestamp": [
155.04,
161.24
]
},
{
"text": " back then, because I, I guess they didn't have paper craft back then.",
"timestamp": [
161.24,
165.16
]
},
{
"text": " I am a huge family.",
"timestamp": [
165.16,
167
]
},
{
"text": " Family?",
"timestamp": [
167,
168
]
},
{
"text": " What? Most of that coal is m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m- Just like... just like the eight notes of the chromatic scale.",
"timestamp": [
168,
185.48
]
},
{
"text": " What's a chromatic scale then?",
"timestamp": [
185.48,
187.1
]
},
{
"text": " What scale do I want then?",
"timestamp": [
187.1,
188.1
]
},
{
"text": " Are the eight electrons referred to in the octet rule?",
"timestamp": [
188.1,
192.06
]
},
{
"text": " Just like a musical scale.",
"timestamp": [
192.06,
194.06
]
},
{
"text": " My lips are getting cold.",
"timestamp": [
194.06,
198.86
]
},
{
"text": " God, how many textile services trucks are there in Missoula?",
"timestamp": [
198.86,
206.24
]
},
{
"text": " But the base notes deep and rich to remove an electron from the next shell.",
"timestamp": [
206.24,
216.88
]
},
{
"text": " Isoelectrically analogous to a noble gas and that's kind of the point is to be electrically",
"timestamp": [
216.88,
222.4
]
},
{
"text": " the same.",
"timestamp": [
222.4,
224.4
]
},
{
"text": " Electronic.",
"timestamp": [
224.4,
225.86
]
},
{
"text": " Having a hard time.",
"timestamp": [
228,
229.2
]
},
{
"text": " Orbital to achieve a stable 2 or 8 electron shell.",
"timestamp": [
229.2,
232.8
]
},
{
"text": " 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, 7s.",
"timestamp": [
237.12,
240.24
]
},
{
"text": " And also 6.",
"timestamp": [
242.4,
243.36
]
},
{
"text": " Harmonies in the fabric of the universe and...",
"timestamp": [
243.36,
250.4
]
},
{
"text": " Harmony with the fabric of the universe.",
"timestamp": [
251.4,
253.4
]
},
{
"text": " Since the dual nature of electrons is particles and waves and I don't know, sin...",
"timestamp": [
253.4,
257.4
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
257.4,
260.4
]
},
{
"text": " At any given moment, the electron can be anywhere within the fun...",
"timestamp": [
260.4,
264.4
]
},
{
"text": " That's just a bad punctuation.",
"timestamp": [
264.4,
266.88
]
},
{
"text": " For example, chemistry will be happy to tell me that the ex-",
"timestamp": [
266.88,
270
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
270,
270.5
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
270.5,
271
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
271,
271.5
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
271.5,
272
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
272,
272.5
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
272.5,
273
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
273,
273.5
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
273.5,
274
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
274,
274.5
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
274.5,
275
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
275,
275.5
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
275.5,
276
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
276,
276.5
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
276.5,
277
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
277,
277.5
]
},
{
"text": " shh-",
"timestamp": [
277.5,
278
]
},
{
"text": " The real coin of the realm when it comes to measuring stuff in chemistry is balls.",
"timestamp": [
278,
282
]
},
{
"text": " The average atomic mass of all the naturally occurring curling naturally occurring no the",
"timestamp": [
282,
288.22
]
},
{
"text": " average atomic mass of all of the naturally occurring",
"timestamp": [
288.22,
290.66
]
},
{
"text": " fail.",
"timestamp": [
290.66,
297.8
]
},
{
"text": " As it was called to as well.",
"timestamp": [
297.8,
302.08
]
},
{
"text": " By definition a mole is the number of units of anything that there are in atoms of grams",
"timestamp": [
302.08,
307.92
]
},
{
"text": " of carbon of bam.",
"timestamp": [
307.92,
309.72
]
},
{
"text": " A mole is the number of units of anything as there are atoms of...",
"timestamp": [
309.72,
314.44
]
},
{
"text": " Gah.",
"timestamp": [
314.44,
315.44
]
},
{
"text": " Hydrogen peroxide, and it can be used as a bleach too, but its only components are hydrogen",
"timestamp": [
315.44,
322.2
]
},
{
"text": " and water.",
"timestamp": [
322.2,
323.6
]
},
{
"text": " Nope.",
"timestamp": [
323.6,
324.6
]
},
{
"text": " The electrolytes are the thing.",
"timestamp": [
324.6,
327.5
]
},
{
"text": " The big feature.",
"timestamp": [
327.5,
329
]
},
{
"text": " What Arrhenius discovered was that water simply dissolves certain stubs and stubs and stubs and stubs.",
"timestamp": [
329,
335.5
]
},
{
"text": " And it's expressed as the number of moles in a solute in a kilogram.",
"timestamp": [
335.5,
339.5
]
},
{
"text": " I just fell off my chair.",
"timestamp": [
339.5,
341
]
},
{
"text": " Molality refers to moles per unit mass, and molarity refers to...",
"timestamp": [
341,
347.84
]
},
{
"text": " The script was edited by Blake de Pastino and our chemistry consultant is Docto Heiko...",
"timestamp": [
347.84,
352.04
]
},
{
"text": " Docto...",
"timestamp": [
352.04,
353.04
]
},
{
"text": " I do that every time!",
"timestamp": [
353.04,
354.72
]
},
{
"text": " And our chemistry consultant is Docto Heik...",
"timestamp": [
354.72,
357.04
]
},
{
"text": " Docto...",
"timestamp": [
357.04,
358.04
]
},
{
"text": " And our chemistry consultant is Docto Heiker...",
"timestamp": [
358.04,
360.04
]
},
{
"text": " Doctor Heiker!",
"timestamp": [
360.04,
362.84
]
},
{
"text": " Docto Heiker!",
"timestamp": [
362.84,
364.04
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Chemistry is filmed, edited, and directed by Nick Jenkins.",
"timestamp": [
364.04,
371.04
]
},
{
"text": " Filmed, directed, and edited by Nick Jenkins.",
"timestamp": [
371.04,
373.64
]
},
{
"text": " Our sound designer is Michael Aranda.",
"timestamp": [
373.64,
376.84
]
},
{
"text": " Michael Aranda is our f***.",
"timestamp": [
376.84,
380.92
]
},
{
"text": " Our director, cinematographer, and editor is Nicholas Jenkson's script supervisor.",
"timestamp": [
380.92,
387.32
]
},
{
"text": " Script supervisor.",
"timestamp": [
387.32,
388.32
]
},
{
"text": " Script supervisor.",
"timestamp": [
388.32,
389.32
]
},
{
"text": " Damn you, Caitlin.",
"timestamp": [
389.32,
392.84
]
},
{
"text": " Catherine Green was our script supervisor and our graphics team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
392.84,
396.6
]
},
{
"text": " And I did it on the first try.",
"timestamp": [
396.6,
398.6
]
},
{
"text": " Was that okay?",
"timestamp": [
398.6,
403.2
]
}
] |
[
[
"<Untitled Chapter 1>",
" Over the last 52 weeks I've enjoyed sharing with you my fascination with biology. If you've been through it with us, you've now got yourself a pretty deep and complex understanding of how we... Over the last 52 weeks I've enjoyed sharing with you my fi-fi-fiascination? Over the last 52 weeks I've enjoyed sharing with... Over the last 52 weeks I've enjoyed sharing you... I'm gonna do one more. One more. And this one's gonna be great. To the ecosystems that make the entire..."
],
[
"Thermal Equilibrium",
" The answers to all of these questions except for the last two will be contained within the... I guarantee you. Guarantee you? Captain John Mullin! That's all I had. Chemistry holds the secrets to how furf... Tiny, discrete particles that have specific properties depending on the arrangement of these simple subatomic particles. Of three. About 1800 times less massive than the proton or neutron. Oops. Oops. Blblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblblbl chemically pure substance frickety. I can do it. And the type of element an atom is is determined by-"
],
[
"Boyle's Law",
" I'm so close. Just like we made up volts and newton- newton? Fake newtons. Now the fact that I find fi- what? That there were fundamental basic units beneath it all. So the car could have been going 59.87393039... And most of that coal is mined here in the US. That's a loud truck. And most of that is mined here in the US, and that is the same truck. It just turned around and went that way. These are the digits, onion, aluh, because only that first number had... Then your n- uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh-uh- Not you. Where's my periodic table? Oh, there I am. With those elements wrapping around from side... Blah. Blah. While Mendeleev's table looks more like a wall... What? I guess, I guess they didn't, I guess they didn't, I guess they didn't have papercraft back then, because I, I guess they didn't have paper craft back then. I am a huge family. Family? What? Most of that coal is m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m-m- Just like... just like the eight notes of the chromatic scale. What's a chromatic scale then? What scale do I want then? Are the eight electrons referred to in the octet rule? Just like a musical scale. My lips are getting cold. God, how many textile services trucks are there in Missoula? But the base notes deep and rich to remove an electron from the next shell. Isoelectrically analogous to a noble gas and that's kind of the point is to be electrically the same. Electronic. Having a hard time. Orbital to achieve a stable 2 or 8 electron shell. 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, 7s. And also 6. Harmonies in the fabric of the universe and..."
],
[
"Sublimation",
" Harmony with the fabric of the universe. Since the dual nature of electrons is particles and waves and I don't know, sin... What? At any given moment, the electron can be anywhere within the fun... That's just a bad punctuation. For example, chemistry will be happy to tell me that the ex- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- shh- The real coin of the realm when it comes to measuring stuff in chemistry is balls. The average atomic mass of all the naturally occurring curling naturally occurring no the average atomic mass of all of the naturally occurring fail. As it was called to as well."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #2: Crash Course Philosophy
|
W6mQd4bnDEo
| 331 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " A 2014 study by the University of Rochester Professor of Brain and Cognitive Sciences,",
"timestamp": [
0,
5
]
},
{
"text": " Daph...aww, sorry.",
"timestamp": [
5,
7
]
},
{
"text": " Daphne...Bavalier?",
"timestamp": [
7,
10
]
},
{
"text": " Bav...Bavalier?",
"timestamp": [
10,
11
]
},
{
"text": " Why do, like, John Smiths not be professors?",
"timestamp": [
11,
14
]
},
{
"text": " [♪ music ♪",
"timestamp": [
14,
22
]
},
{
"text": " BEEP",
"timestamp": [
22,
23
]
},
{
"text": " Over a billion people have played Monopoly around the world.",
"timestamp": [
23,
26.08
]
},
{
"text": " That's like the McDonald's of board games.",
"timestamp": [
26.08,
28.08
]
},
{
"text": " Which is interesting because you can actually play McDonald's sometimes at Monopoly sometimes",
"timestamp": [
28.08,
31.44
]
},
{
"text": " at McDonald's.",
"timestamp": [
31.44,
32.44
]
},
{
"text": " I knew I was going to mess that up.",
"timestamp": [
32.44,
33.44
]
},
{
"text": " All right.",
"timestamp": [
33.44,
34.44
]
},
{
"text": " Spiel.",
"timestamp": [
34.44,
35.44
]
},
{
"text": " Spieil.",
"timestamp": [
35.44,
36.44
]
},
{
"text": " Spiel.",
"timestamp": [
36.44,
37.44
]
},
{
"text": " Spiel.",
"timestamp": [
37.44,
38.44
]
},
{
"text": " Spiel.",
"timestamp": [
38.44,
39.44
]
},
{
"text": " I can spiel in Essen, Germany.",
"timestamp": [
39.44,
42.44
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry.",
"timestamp": [
42.44,
43.44
]
},
{
"text": " I'm so American.",
"timestamp": [
43.44,
46.04
]
},
{
"text": " This convention set an all-time attendance record last year with a total of 257 attendees.",
"timestamp": [
48.78,
51.84
]
},
{
"text": " Did I say 257 attendees?",
"timestamp": [
51.84,
54.16
]
},
{
"text": " It's huge, man.",
"timestamp": [
54.16,
55.16
]
},
{
"text": " Going places.",
"timestamp": [
56.2,
57.04
]
},
{
"text": " The hosts have reviewed everything from pandemic,",
"timestamp": [
57.04,
59.32
]
},
{
"text": " where a car starts and ruined by shot,",
"timestamp": [
59.32,
62.54
]
},
{
"text": " but Shanghai, China, but Shanghai.",
"timestamp": [
62.54,
65.6
]
},
{
"text": " Space, pause.",
"timestamp": [
65.6,
67.2
]
},
{
"text": " We even have a gaming mecca in the middle of the Nevada.",
"timestamp": [
67.2,
70.04
]
},
{
"text": " Really?",
"timestamp": [
71.04,
72.52
]
},
{
"text": " I can't say Nevada.",
"timestamp": [
72.52,
73.64
]
},
{
"text": " We even have a gaming mecca in the middle of the Nevada.",
"timestamp": [
73.64,
76.8
]
},
{
"text": " We even have this gaming mecca",
"timestamp": [
76.8,
78.44
]
},
{
"text": " in the middle of the Nevada desert called Las Vegas.",
"timestamp": [
78.44,
81.56
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks to the popular, popular popularly... popularly...",
"timestamp": [
81.56,
85.52
]
},
{
"text": " Naaaaah.",
"timestamp": [
85.52,
87.12
]
},
{
"text": " Paper, plastic, rectangular, circular...",
"timestamp": [
87.12,
89.68
]
},
{
"text": " Circu... circular... circular?",
"timestamp": [
89.68,
92
]
},
{
"text": " And then was adopted into poker as a wild card and renamed the Joker.",
"timestamp": [
92,
96.24
]
},
{
"text": " Which then became a Batman villain!",
"timestamp": [
96.24,
98.32
]
},
{
"text": " Ahahahahaha!",
"timestamp": [
98.32,
99.6
]
},
{
"text": " It eventually spread throughout the country and gaming patrons on riverboat.",
"timestamp": [
99.6,
103.04
]
},
{
"text": " Gaming parlors. Why did I say patrons?",
"timestamp": [
103.04,
104.72
]
},
{
"text": " Trading card games are defined as games that are mass-produced to be purchased and incorporated within a player's deck for strategic play.",
"timestamp": [
104.72,
112.46
]
},
{
"text": " Strategic play. And incorporated within a player's deck for just...",
"timestamp": [
112.46,
116.62
]
},
{
"text": " Nearly 15 billions of these cards. 15 billions?",
"timestamp": [
116.62,
119.64
]
},
{
"text": " And take a look at what exactly they're doing for us and...",
"timestamp": [
119.64,
122.1
]
},
{
"text": " Ah, I want to keep saying doing for us now. Doing us and how okay and how. In 1750 Ben Franklin wrote that",
"timestamp": [
122.1,
130.06
]
},
{
"text": " chess provided several very valuable qualities of the mind including",
"timestamp": [
130.06,
134.08
]
},
{
"text": " foresight, circumcision, students who received chess",
"timestamp": [
134.08,
138.6
]
},
{
"text": " instruction scored a six. This is a theory on mental states defined by Hungarian psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.",
"timestamp": [
138.6,
147
]
},
{
"text": " Did I say it right?",
"timestamp": [
147,
149.2
]
},
{
"text": " Eric Kloepfer, author of Augmented Learning, Research, and Design of Mobile Educational",
"timestamp": [
149.2,
153.6
]
},
{
"text": " Games.",
"timestamp": [
153.6,
154.6
]
},
{
"text": " I'm the floating head!",
"timestamp": [
154.6,
159.68
]
},
{
"text": " That's even better for psychology.",
"timestamp": [
159.68,
161.16
]
},
{
"text": " It's like, I'm the floating head of psychology.",
"timestamp": [
161.16,
165.16
]
},
{
"text": " Why do you play games?",
"timestamp": [
165.16,
169.44
]
},
{
"text": " You can be a knight in a medieval world",
"timestamp": [
169.44,
171.24
]
},
{
"text": " filled with magic and hand-to-hand combat,",
"timestamp": [
171.24,
173.44
]
},
{
"text": " an energized hacker in the future,",
"timestamp": [
173.44,
175.2
]
},
{
"text": " or even a werewolf in Victorian London.",
"timestamp": [
175.2,
177.68
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know why I said werewolf like that.",
"timestamp": [
177.68,
179.72
]
},
{
"text": " You can be a werewolf, baby.",
"timestamp": [
179.72,
182
]
},
{
"text": " Yay.",
"timestamp": [
182,
183.16
]
},
{
"text": " Or even a werewolf in Victorian London.",
"timestamp": [
183.16,
187
]
},
{
"text": " Much of the power in an RPG is concentrated in the hands of the game master or dungeon",
"timestamp": [
187,
193.4
]
},
{
"text": " master. Not as dirty as it sounds.",
"timestamp": [
193.4,
196.4
]
},
{
"text": " We can't say that. I know.",
"timestamp": [
196.4,
200.4
]
},
{
"text": " That's why I paused so you can cut it.",
"timestamp": [
200.4,
206
]
},
{
"text": " Game of Thrones is mainstream.",
"timestamp": [
206,
209
]
},
{
"text": " Yusagi Ojimbo, however.",
"timestamp": [
209,
212
]
},
{
"text": " That's that true nerd stuff right there.",
"timestamp": [
212,
214
]
},
{
"text": " What's quoted as saying the game is very anti-religious.",
"timestamp": [
214,
217
]
},
{
"text": " These books are filled with things that are not fantasy but are actual in the real demon world",
"timestamp": [
217,
221
]
},
{
"text": " and can be dangerous for anyone involved in the game because it leaves them so open to say- I'm sorry!",
"timestamp": [
221,
227
]
},
{
"text": " It's just reading it is so ridiculous!",
"timestamp": [
227,
230.28
]
},
{
"text": " Involve what the player can actually do in the game so think- so- so think- oh, so think",
"timestamp": [
230.28,
235.68
]
},
{
"text": " verbs.",
"timestamp": [
235.68,
236.68
]
},
{
"text": " I was like, in the game so think verbs.",
"timestamp": [
236.68,
238.52
]
},
{
"text": " And if you've ever played by house rules- what?",
"timestamp": [
238.52,
241.92
]
},
{
"text": " So while game designers are responsible for creating these elements, they awful, they",
"timestamp": [
241.92,
245.68
]
},
{
"text": " awful, they're awful.",
"timestamp": [
245.68,
248
]
},
{
"text": " What a gamer wants, what a gamer needs.",
"timestamp": [
248,
252.24
]
},
{
"text": " Whatever makes gamers happy, sets them free.",
"timestamp": [
252.24,
255.4
]
},
{
"text": " Game designer Gerald Cameron made rules for creating engaging dice games known as Lung",
"timestamp": [
255.4,
260.08
]
},
{
"text": " Raw, Ling Raw.",
"timestamp": [
260.08,
262.6
]
},
{
"text": " Throw puzzle solving into a narrative and you've got yourself an audience.",
"timestamp": [
262.6,
266.08
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
266.08,
267.08
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, an adventure.",
"timestamp": [
267.08,
268.08
]
},
{
"text": " Why did I say audience?",
"timestamp": [
268.08,
269.08
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know.",
"timestamp": [
269.08,
270.08
]
},
{
"text": " I got a puzzle here.",
"timestamp": [
270.08,
273.64
]
},
{
"text": " Yawn.",
"timestamp": [
273.64,
274.64
]
},
{
"text": " But hey, it's got a narrative.",
"timestamp": [
274.64,
276.4
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, now we're listening.",
"timestamp": [
276.4,
277.84
]
},
{
"text": " Now you have my attention.",
"timestamp": [
277.84,
278.84
]
},
{
"text": " But we'll get to that next week when we talk about gaming's role in education.",
"timestamp": [
278.84,
282.68
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
282.68,
283.68
]
},
{
"text": " We'll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
283.68,
284.68
]
},
{
"text": " I'm going to go play Mousetrap. I for watching, we'll see you next time. I'm gonna go play Mouse Trap.",
"timestamp": [
284.68,
286.16
]
},
{
"text": " I guarantee it's the craziest trap you'll ever see.",
"timestamp": [
286.16,
288.66
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #1: Crash Course Philosophy
|
VVPly3Ts074
| 395 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash Course Theater, and today we're going to Africa.",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.56
]
},
{
"text": " Now, Africa, as you are probably aware, is a big continent. It's like 20% of the world's landmass.",
"timestamp": [
4.56,
10.48
]
},
{
"text": " It's made up of 50-some nations. That is a lot of theatrical tradition. Can we cover all of it in",
"timestamp": [
10.48,
16.4
]
},
{
"text": " one episode? Absolutely not. But we'll try to briefly give you some sense of the range of",
"timestamp": [
16.4,
21.44
]
},
{
"text": " traditions and practices while focusing more closely on the influential Nigerian playwright Wole Soyinka.",
"timestamp": [
21.44,
27.76
]
},
{
"text": " What's that?",
"timestamp": [
28.64,
29.12
]
},
{
"text": " Yorick tells me that Soyinka, a Nobel Prize winner, is still with us.",
"timestamp": [
29.92,
33.76
]
},
{
"text": " We are talking about living writers.",
"timestamp": [
33.76,
36.4
]
},
{
"text": " Lights up and skulls up.",
"timestamp": [
37.04,
38.8
]
},
{
"text": " INTRO Before we get going for real, let's talk for a minute about methodology.",
"timestamp": [
48.34,
51.48
]
},
{
"text": " Here in America, we don't discuss African theater history a lot.",
"timestamp": [
51.48,
55.14
]
},
{
"text": " Maybe it's because we spend too much time on that balding Elizabethan dude and his rockin'",
"timestamp": [
55.14,
58.58
]
},
{
"text": " pentameter.",
"timestamp": [
58.58,
59.58
]
},
{
"text": " Or maybe it's because in the pre-colonial period there were 800 spoken African languages,",
"timestamp": [
59.58,
64.34
]
},
{
"text": " but not many",
"timestamp": [
64.34,
65.14
]
},
{
"text": " written African languages.",
"timestamp": [
65.14,
66.8
]
},
{
"text": " So not a lot in the way of written literary tradition or performance documentation survives.",
"timestamp": [
66.8,
72.36
]
},
{
"text": " It's also because when colonizers came to Africa, they, um, kiboshed a lot of native",
"timestamp": [
72.36,
78.58
]
},
{
"text": " performance culture.",
"timestamp": [
78.58,
81.32
]
},
{
"text": " Colonizers ruined things, to put it lightly.",
"timestamp": [
81.32,
84
]
},
{
"text": " Though sometimes African artists responded by creating plays that explicitly mocked their",
"timestamp": [
84,
88.32
]
},
{
"text": " colonial oppressors.",
"timestamp": [
88.32,
89.92
]
},
{
"text": " Fair, and a perfect use for theater.",
"timestamp": [
89.92,
92.6
]
},
{
"text": " This is all to say that we wish we knew more and talked more, both here specifically and",
"timestamp": [
92.6,
97.84
]
},
{
"text": " in general, about the history of African theater and its diverse practices.",
"timestamp": [
97.84,
102.96
]
},
{
"text": " We also wish that we were better at pronunciation.",
"timestamp": [
102.96,
105.08
]
},
{
"text": " So fair warning, I'm probably going to mangle a lot of words in this episode.",
"timestamp": [
105.08,
108.9
]
},
{
"text": " But we don't want that to stop us from sharing a few examples of long-standing African performance",
"timestamp": [
108.9,
113.56
]
},
{
"text": " traditions, many of which are still in use today.",
"timestamp": [
113.56,
116.24
]
},
{
"text": " In Nigeria, for instance, the Yoruba people participate in an elaborate masquerade called",
"timestamp": [
116.24,
120.02
]
},
{
"text": " the Igungun, a festival held at the beginning of the planting season.",
"timestamp": [
120.02,
124.68
]
},
{
"text": " Participants spend the night before in prayer, then emerge in costume from a sacred grove",
"timestamp": [
124.68,
129.76
]
},
{
"text": " accompanied by drummers.",
"timestamp": [
129.76,
131.24
]
},
{
"text": " In Ghana, storytellers specialize in Anansisem, or Tales of Anansi the Spider.",
"timestamp": [
131.24,
136.74
]
},
{
"text": " On moonlit nights, storytellers act out these tales, which are both entertaining and educational,",
"timestamp": [
136.74,
142.76
]
},
{
"text": " designed to reinforce the morals and practices of the",
"timestamp": [
142.76,
145.56
]
},
{
"text": " community.",
"timestamp": [
145.56,
146.56
]
},
{
"text": " In Sierra Leone, among the Mendi group, storytelling is also a central part of the performance",
"timestamp": [
146.56,
150.48
]
},
{
"text": " culture.",
"timestamp": [
150.48,
151.48
]
},
{
"text": " Stories called dome are told at the end of the harvest season, with the performance typically",
"timestamp": [
151.48,
156.18
]
},
{
"text": " beginning in the evening.",
"timestamp": [
156.18,
157.6
]
},
{
"text": " The audience sits in a circle and the performer moves among them, occasionally integrating",
"timestamp": [
157.6,
162
]
},
{
"text": " questions and interruptions.",
"timestamp": [
162,
164.46
]
},
{
"text": " The audience participates by clapping and sometimes dancing.",
"timestamp": [
164.46,
167.6
]
},
{
"text": " In Mali, the Bambara people perform a dance called Koteba, which mimics the spiral of",
"timestamp": [
167.6,
172.36
]
},
{
"text": " a snail and combines movement with comedy.",
"timestamp": [
172.36,
175.76
]
},
{
"text": " Other communities in Mali are big into puppetry, creating elaborate performances shown before",
"timestamp": [
175.76,
180.06
]
},
{
"text": " planting and before harvest.",
"timestamp": [
180.06,
182.44
]
},
{
"text": " Most of the young men and the unmarried women in the community participate,",
"timestamp": [
182.44,
185.24
]
},
{
"text": " with female singers setting the rhythm for the puppet dance. In South Africa, the Zulu people practice several forms of dance used in",
"timestamp": [
185.24,
192.42
]
},
{
"text": " ceremonies and initiation rites. A performance called the N'Goma is danced by boys and girls who wear",
"timestamp": [
192.64,
198.76
]
},
{
"text": " seed pod rattles around their ankles.",
"timestamp": [
198.88,
201.04
]
},
{
"text": " N'Zlamu was traditionally a war dance, but is now performed at weddings.",
"timestamp": [
201.48,
205.92
]
},
{
"text": " Men perform it wearing skins called amabeshu while carrying shields and spears.",
"timestamp": [
205.92,
211.06
]
},
{
"text": " Most African states won their independence in the middle decades of the 20th century.",
"timestamp": [
211.06,
215.1
]
},
{
"text": " During the colonial period, theater in Africa had mostly been by and for white colonists.",
"timestamp": [
215.1,
221.06
]
},
{
"text": " But after independence, a lot of countries began to support a burgeoning Black",
"timestamp": [
221.06,
225.3
]
},
{
"text": " literary theater, and organizations and community theaters worked to bring theater to the people.",
"timestamp": [
225.3,
231.16
]
},
{
"text": " In Ghana, playwright Efua Sutherland founded the Ghana Drama Studio in Accra and also helped",
"timestamp": [
231.16,
236.34
]
},
{
"text": " start university programs to research indigenous storytelling and performance. She wrote plays",
"timestamp": [
236.34,
242.44
]
},
{
"text": " about contemporary Ghanaian life and several plays for children's theater.",
"timestamp": [
242.44,
247.32
]
},
{
"text": " She adapted some Anansisem into a 1975 play called The Marriage of Anansiwa, which combined",
"timestamp": [
247.32,
253.5
]
},
{
"text": " elements of Western theater with traditional storytelling practices.",
"timestamp": [
253.5,
257.36
]
},
{
"text": " In Kenya, playwright Gugi Watiango helped create the Keme Rithu Community Educational",
"timestamp": [
257.36,
261.96
]
},
{
"text": " and Cultural Center.",
"timestamp": [
261.96,
263.64
]
},
{
"text": " The center staged his play I'll Marry When I Want, which is a fusion of dramatic narrative",
"timestamp": [
263.64,
269.22
]
},
{
"text": " with indigenous song and dance.",
"timestamp": [
269.22,
271.82
]
},
{
"text": " But the Kenyan government shut down the play and later destroyed the theater.",
"timestamp": [
271.82,
277.64
]
},
{
"text": " Theater as we remember from the Romans and the Renaissance English and the post-Renaissance",
"timestamp": [
277.64,
281.98
]
},
{
"text": " English and basically all of history it seems,",
"timestamp": [
281.98,
285.12
]
},
{
"text": " is dangerous to those in power. But the Kemiritu remained a big influence on other radical African theater groups. In Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, artists worked to preserve and",
"timestamp": [
290.16,
294.64
]
},
{
"text": " celebrate indigenous forms of dance and storytelling while also connecting them to",
"timestamp": [
294.64,
299.04
]
},
{
"text": " contemporary social and political life. In Tanzania, which had a socialist economy, universities created a new, non-imperialist",
"timestamp": [
299.04,
307.28
]
},
{
"text": " performance style for a new political climate.",
"timestamp": [
307.28,
310.56
]
},
{
"text": " Ngunjera combined verse and dialogue with dance-like gestures.",
"timestamp": [
310.56,
314.68
]
},
{
"text": " In 1965, Zambia created a national dance troupe that integrated ancient games, stories, religious",
"timestamp": [
314.68,
321
]
},
{
"text": " rituals, and initiation rites into contemporary dance performance.",
"timestamp": [
321,
324.92
]
},
{
"text": " Zimbabwe supported the growth of several community theaters,",
"timestamp": [
324.92,
327.52
]
},
{
"text": " and its national dance company is also interested in preserving indigenous forms.",
"timestamp": [
327.52,
331.6
]
},
{
"text": " In Senegal and the Côte d'Ivoire, the French government had sponsored theater",
"timestamp": [
331.6,
335.2
]
},
{
"text": " troupes and plays by black playwrights even during the colonial periods.",
"timestamp": [
335.2,
339.44
]
},
{
"text": " The plays were usually history plays or theatrical versions of African epics,",
"timestamp": [
339.44,
343.84
]
},
{
"text": " and they were created by students at French-run teacher training schools, and were written and performed in",
"timestamp": [
343.84,
350.6
]
},
{
"text": " French.",
"timestamp": [
350.6,
351.6
]
},
{
"text": " After independence, France continued to send theater professionals to work with indigenous",
"timestamp": [
351.6,
355
]
},
{
"text": " writers and performers, a way of keeping French culture going.",
"timestamp": [
355,
359.68
]
},
{
"text": " Some artists have embraced France's involvement, but others called for a return to pre-colonial",
"timestamp": [
359.68,
365.36
]
},
{
"text": " forms.",
"timestamp": [
365.36,
366.36
]
},
{
"text": " In South Africa, during apartheid, black artists created a form called the Township Musical,",
"timestamp": [
366.36,
371.16
]
},
{
"text": " a fusion of jazz and stories drawn from modern life.",
"timestamp": [
371.16,
374.84
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, the Space Theatre and the Market Theatre, which opened in the 1970s, specialized",
"timestamp": [
374.84,
379.96
]
},
{
"text": " in political work by white and black playwrights.",
"timestamp": [
379.96,
382.8
]
},
{
"text": " The best-known South African playwright Athel Fugard is white, but several of his best-known",
"timestamp": [
382.8,
387
]
},
{
"text": " plays like Sizwe Bansi is Dead and The Island are collaborations with black artists like",
"timestamp": [
387,
392.3
]
},
{
"text": " Winston Chona and John Conney.",
"timestamp": [
392.3,
394.38
]
},
{
"text": " The most significant playwright to emerge from post-colonial Africa is Wole Soyinka,",
"timestamp": [
394.38,
398.36
]
},
{
"text": " who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986.",
"timestamp": [
398.36,
401.4
]
},
{
"text": " Soyinka, the son of an Anglican priest, was born into a Yoruba family in Abio Kuta, Nigeria",
"timestamp": [
401.4,
407.36
]
},
{
"text": " in 1934, and grew up alongside a rich performance culture.",
"timestamp": [
407.36,
411.54
]
},
{
"text": " In addition to indigenous performances like the Igungun masquerades and storytelling rituals,",
"timestamp": [
411.54,
416.4
]
},
{
"text": " Christian churches also encouraged the performance of Bible plays.",
"timestamp": [
416.4,
420.4
]
},
{
"text": " Soyinka was exposed to Shakespeare and Greek tragedies at school, and he could listen to",
"timestamp": [
420.4,
425.24
]
},
{
"text": " BBC transmitted radio dramas.",
"timestamp": [
425.24,
427.6
]
},
{
"text": " He would likely also have been familiar with Yoruba opera, pioneered in the 1940s by Hubert",
"timestamp": [
427.6,
432.36
]
},
{
"text": " Ogundi, which combined choral numbers with satirical sketches and is performed in Yoruba",
"timestamp": [
432.36,
438.32
]
},
{
"text": " and Pidgin English.",
"timestamp": [
438.32,
439.32
]
},
{
"text": " Soinke went to university first in Nigeria and then in England.",
"timestamp": [
439.32,
442.88
]
},
{
"text": " In 1959, he became involved with London's",
"timestamp": [
442.88,
445.44
]
},
{
"text": " Royal Court Theatre. He returned to Nigeria, and in 1960 he wrote his first major work,",
"timestamp": [
445.44,
451.28
]
},
{
"text": " A Dance of the Forest.",
"timestamp": [
451.28,
453.04
]
},
{
"text": " His plays are deeply engaged with post-colonial Nigeria, and they often deal with the conflict",
"timestamp": [
453.04,
458.56
]
},
{
"text": " between tradition and modernity, and how oppression impacts everyday life. He combined his writings with academic research and activism.",
"timestamp": [
458.56,
467.82
]
},
{
"text": " While trying to prevent Nigeria's civil war in 1967, he was imprisoned.",
"timestamp": [
467.82,
472.16
]
},
{
"text": " He was released in 1969 after 22 months in solitary confinement.",
"timestamp": [
472.16,
477.46
]
},
{
"text": " Two years later, he left Nigeria for a long period of exile.",
"timestamp": [
477.46,
481.66
]
},
{
"text": " Soyinka has always been interested in the collision and parallelism between what he",
"timestamp": [
481.66,
485.68
]
},
{
"text": " sees as a Western theater aesthetic and an African one.",
"timestamp": [
485.68,
490.12
]
},
{
"text": " He discusses this most directly in his book Myth, Literature, and the African World.",
"timestamp": [
490.12,
495.04
]
},
{
"text": " In 1973, he tested some of these theories, adapting Euripides' Bacchae, as he saw similarities",
"timestamp": [
495.04,
499.84
]
},
{
"text": " between the Yoruba god Ogun and the Greek god Dionysus.",
"timestamp": [
499.84,
503.76
]
},
{
"text": " The synthesis of Western and African traditions",
"timestamp": [
503.76,
506
]
},
{
"text": " didn't always sit well with other African intellectuals. For a closer look at Soyinka's",
"timestamp": [
506,
510.96
]
},
{
"text": " style and his attempt to create a fusion of Western and Yoruba aesthetics, let's turn to his",
"timestamp": [
510.96,
516.08
]
},
{
"text": " 1975 play Death and the King's Horseman. In a preface, Soyinka tells us that this play is based",
"timestamp": [
516.08,
522.32
]
},
{
"text": " on real events. He says that he realizes that the play risks being read as a facile, quote,",
"timestamp": [
522.32,
527.6
]
},
{
"text": " \"'clash of cultures.\"",
"timestamp": [
527.6,
529.28
]
},
{
"text": " He asks instead that the play be read as largely metaphysical.",
"timestamp": [
529.28,
533.36
]
},
{
"text": " Help us out, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
533.36,
534.36
]
},
{
"text": " As the play opens, the Yoruba king has died.",
"timestamp": [
534.36,
536.94
]
},
{
"text": " That means that his horseman, Alaysin Oba, has to die too.",
"timestamp": [
536.94,
540.8
]
},
{
"text": " His death will help the king to the afterlife and safeguard the community.",
"timestamp": [
540.8,
544.44
]
},
{
"text": " Alaysin dances through the market, saying his goodbyes.",
"timestamp": [
544.44,
547.7
]
},
{
"text": " As the women dress him regally, he sees a beautiful girl and he asks Eologia, the mother",
"timestamp": [
547.7,
552.7
]
},
{
"text": " of the market, for an introduction.",
"timestamp": [
552.7,
554.62
]
},
{
"text": " Yes, that is a euphemism.",
"timestamp": [
554.62,
556.5
]
},
{
"text": " The girl is engaged to Eologia's own son, but Eologia can't refuse a dying man, so",
"timestamp": [
556.5,
562.3
]
},
{
"text": " she says yes, she'll arrange an introduction.",
"timestamp": [
562.3,
565.84
]
},
{
"text": " The girl is not consulted, because of course the girl is not consulted.",
"timestamp": [
565.84,
569.76
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile, Simon Pilkings, the colonial officer, and his wife Jane are preparing for a costume",
"timestamp": [
569.76,
575.12
]
},
{
"text": " party.",
"timestamp": [
575.12,
576.12
]
},
{
"text": " An officer arrives, announcing Eleison's planned suicide.",
"timestamp": [
576.12,
579.72
]
},
{
"text": " Pilkings sees suicide as barbaric, and he's ignorant of the ritual's importance to the",
"timestamp": [
579.72,
584
]
},
{
"text": " village. He orders Eleison arrested, and he's ignorant of the ritual's importance to the village.",
"timestamp": [
584,
585.04
]
},
{
"text": " He orders Eleusin to arrest it, and then he goes off to his party.",
"timestamp": [
585.04,
588.6
]
},
{
"text": " Is it just me, or did the men in this play have weird priorities?",
"timestamp": [
588.6,
591.36
]
},
{
"text": " Eleusin's son, Olundi, returns from medical school abroad.",
"timestamp": [
591.36,
595
]
},
{
"text": " Olundi is pretty westernized, and he left without his father's permission.",
"timestamp": [
595,
599.08
]
},
{
"text": " But when he learned of the king's death, he came home to help his father see the ritual",
"timestamp": [
599.08,
603.52
]
},
{
"text": " through.",
"timestamp": [
603.52,
604.52
]
},
{
"text": " So when he learns that his father's dawdling and Pilking's interference have prevented",
"timestamp": [
604.52,
608.26
]
},
{
"text": " its completion, he's pretty mad.",
"timestamp": [
608.26,
610.32
]
},
{
"text": " Good to know that teenagers being embarrassed by their parents is cross-cultural.",
"timestamp": [
610.32,
613.58
]
},
{
"text": " Eologia comes to visit Eleison in prison and yell at him for not completing the ritual",
"timestamp": [
613.58,
618.06
]
},
{
"text": " on time.",
"timestamp": [
618.06,
619.22
]
},
{
"text": " She tells him someone else had to do it instead.",
"timestamp": [
619.22,
622.42
]
},
{
"text": " A large bolt of cloth is unrolled, revealing",
"timestamp": [
622.42,
625.6
]
},
{
"text": " Olundi's body. Gilesan is so distraught that he strangles himself with his chains",
"timestamp": [
626.24,
631.6
]
},
{
"text": " just as Pilking's rushes in. And Eoloja is like, happy now? Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
631.6,
637.6
]
},
{
"text": " Despite what Soyinka says, this play is in some ways very much a culture clash. The British and",
"timestamp": [
637.6,
643.28
]
},
{
"text": " the Africans see death and ritual",
"timestamp": [
643.28,
645.88
]
},
{
"text": " differently, and that difference drives the tragedy. Though, of course, it is worth",
"timestamp": [
645.88,
650.8
]
},
{
"text": " noting that only one group, the British, tries to impose their own vision, which",
"timestamp": [
650.8,
656
]
},
{
"text": " makes it a tragedy of imperialism. And if we look beyond this, the play also fuses",
"timestamp": [
656,
660.22
]
},
{
"text": " two styles, the Ugungu masquerade and the Western classical tragedy, into one whole.",
"timestamp": [
660.22,
667
]
},
{
"text": " And it explores in both British and African communities the use of ritual, the ceremonial",
"timestamp": [
667,
672.08
]
},
{
"text": " suicides and the masquerade balls, to support social and cultural systems.",
"timestamp": [
672.08,
678
]
},
{
"text": " Probably we'll never know as much as we want to know about African theater before",
"timestamp": [
678,
681.8
]
},
{
"text": " colonialism.",
"timestamp": [
681.8,
683.08
]
},
{
"text": " But African theater after colonialism, though hindered by civil war and state oppression",
"timestamp": [
683.08,
688.34
]
},
{
"text": " and systems like apartheid, it's flourished.",
"timestamp": [
688.34,
692.24
]
},
{
"text": " It often creates deeply interesting dialogues with old forms while pushing forward new ones.",
"timestamp": [
692.24,
698.08
]
},
{
"text": " We'll see you next time for our final episode of Crash Course Theater.",
"timestamp": [
698.08,
701.52
]
},
{
"text": " It's the one many of you have probably been waiting for.",
"timestamp": [
701.52,
704.32
]
},
{
"text": " It's an all-singing, all-dancing look at the golden age of the Broadway musical.",
"timestamp": [
704.32,
708.7
]
},
{
"text": " Will York create a one-skull kickline? You're gonna have to wait and see, but my",
"timestamp": [
708.7,
713.54
]
},
{
"text": " bet is on yes. Until then, curtain.",
"timestamp": [
713.54,
718.56
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is filmed in Indianapolis, Indiana and is produced with",
"timestamp": [
719.44,
723.68
]
},
{
"text": " the help of all of these very nice people.",
"timestamp": [
723.68,
726.14
]
},
{
"text": " Our animation team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
726.14,
728.26
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course exists thanks to the generous support of our patrons at Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
728.26,
732.26
]
},
{
"text": " Patreon is a voluntary subscription service where you can support the content you love",
"timestamp": [
732.26,
736.18
]
},
{
"text": " through a monthly donation and help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever.",
"timestamp": [
736.18,
741.18
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
741.18,
null
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #5: Crash Course Government and Politics
|
3km7--BDx9s
| 286 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course app.",
"timestamp": [
0,
3
]
},
{
"text": " Supplemental content is now available for these courses.",
"timestamp": [
3,
6
]
},
{
"text": " Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History.",
"timestamp": [
6,
10
]
},
{
"text": " So we've made it through the World Wars and into the second half of the 20th century,",
"timestamp": [
10,
15
]
},
{
"text": " but now we are faced with some really big questions about how humans should organize themselves.",
"timestamp": [
15,
21
]
},
{
"text": " What are the responsibilities of a government to its people and of people to their governments?",
"timestamp": [
21,
26.48
]
},
{
"text": " Should we create large international marketplaces that allow for the free exchange of goods,",
"timestamp": [
26.48,
32.08
]
},
{
"text": " services, and ideas?",
"timestamp": [
32.08,
33.74
]
},
{
"text": " Or are we better off in smaller economic and political groupings?",
"timestamp": [
33.74,
37.52
]
},
{
"text": " To what extent should government shape the economic output of a community?",
"timestamp": [
37.52,
41.68
]
},
{
"text": " And what say should individuals have in the nature of their governance?",
"timestamp": [
41.68,
45.84
]
},
{
"text": " All these questions were being explored by people on both sides of the so-called Iron",
"timestamp": [
45.84,
51
]
},
{
"text": " Curtain, as indeed they are still being explored today. So after World War II, communist governments embarked on rapid industrialization.",
"timestamp": [
51,
69.16
]
},
{
"text": " Like for instance, take a gander at the massive steelworks at Nowa Huta outside Krakow in",
"timestamp": [
69.16,
74.92
]
},
{
"text": " Poland.",
"timestamp": [
74.92,
76.04
]
},
{
"text": " Starving people from the devastated countryside flocked to these industrial communities because",
"timestamp": [
76.04,
80.48
]
},
{
"text": " they initially provided food and clothing and a place to sleep.",
"timestamp": [
80.48,
84.56
]
},
{
"text": " Small farms, both in the east and in the West, were merged and industrialized with chemical",
"timestamp": [
84.56,
89.38
]
},
{
"text": " fertilizers and machinery like tractors, which raised yields and required fewer workers.",
"timestamp": [
89.38,
94.82
]
},
{
"text": " So from Russia to Spain, the amount of wheat grown per hectare grew dramatically between",
"timestamp": [
94.82,
101.14
]
},
{
"text": " 1950 and 1970, even as the number of people who worked in farming",
"timestamp": [
101.14,
106.08
]
},
{
"text": " decreased.",
"timestamp": [
106.08,
107.32
]
},
{
"text": " In communist countries, people generally lost ownership of their land and had to join collective",
"timestamp": [
107.32,
112.76
]
},
{
"text": " farms, whereas in Western Europe, governments helped larger farmers buy out smaller ones,",
"timestamp": [
112.76,
118.08
]
},
{
"text": " but farms remained private property.",
"timestamp": [
118.08,
120.4
]
},
{
"text": " Cross-border trade revived, sped along in Western Europe by the financial aid used to",
"timestamp": [
120.4,
125.04
]
},
{
"text": " restore roads, railroads, harbors, and other transportation.",
"timestamp": [
125.04,
128.72
]
},
{
"text": " And officials also undertook the creation of state-sponsored institutions that promoted",
"timestamp": [
128.72,
133.24
]
},
{
"text": " health and education and much more.",
"timestamp": [
133.24,
135.82
]
},
{
"text": " These reforms came to be known as the welfare state.",
"timestamp": [
135.82,
138.96
]
},
{
"text": " Sweden had pioneered programs that encouraged population growth during the depression of",
"timestamp": [
138.96,
143.52
]
},
{
"text": " the 1930s.",
"timestamp": [
143.52,
144.6
]
},
{
"text": " Like because families had cut their fertility, the Swedish state sponsored a raft of programs programs that encouraged population growth during the depression of the 1930s, like because",
"timestamp": [
144.6,
145.08
]
},
{
"text": " families had cut their fertility, the Swedish state sponsored a raft of programs for maternal",
"timestamp": [
145.08,
150.56
]
},
{
"text": " and child health, for child care, and also for financial support in the form of payments",
"timestamp": [
150.56,
155.76
]
},
{
"text": " for raising a child.",
"timestamp": [
155.76,
157.04
]
},
{
"text": " The idea behind this was known as economic democracy, that is, the belief that there",
"timestamp": [
157.04,
161.56
]
},
{
"text": " could be no democracy when people were living in poverty",
"timestamp": [
161.56,
165.12
]
},
{
"text": " through no fault of their own, but just because there weren't any jobs.",
"timestamp": [
165.12,
168.68
]
},
{
"text": " Democracy, it was argued, demanded that all citizens have enough to live on, and enough",
"timestamp": [
168.68,
173.04
]
},
{
"text": " to raise healthy children, and also enough education to vote wisely.",
"timestamp": [
173.04,
177.96
]
},
{
"text": " In other words, democracies thrived best when people weren't impoverished or illiterate.",
"timestamp": [
177.96,
183.26
]
},
{
"text": " So as the war ended, the British government adopted elements of that plan.",
"timestamp": [
183.26,
186.96
]
},
{
"text": " A National Health Service was instituted in 1948, providing medical care for all citizens.",
"timestamp": [
186.96,
192.36
]
},
{
"text": " The government invested funds paid by citizens for their old age, health care, accident,",
"timestamp": [
192.36,
197.48
]
},
{
"text": " unemployment, and disability insurance, and also other programs.",
"timestamp": [
197.48,
201.2
]
},
{
"text": " And among those programs in most European countries was publicly funded daycare for",
"timestamp": [
201.2,
205.08
]
},
{
"text": " infants and children whose mothers worked, which was sorely needed because women's",
"timestamp": [
205.08,
209.8
]
},
{
"text": " labor was sorely needed to rebuild shattered nations.",
"timestamp": [
209.8,
212.88
]
},
{
"text": " Now, many of these programs were not entirely new.",
"timestamp": [
212.88,
215.68
]
},
{
"text": " Bismarck had started some of them back in the 19th century.",
"timestamp": [
215.68,
218.96
]
},
{
"text": " But today, it is taken as a given in most European countries that the government should",
"timestamp": [
218.96,
223.66
]
},
{
"text": " take in enough taxes to pay for the health care of its citizens and also to pay unemployment and disability",
"timestamp": [
223.66,
229.58
]
},
{
"text": " benefits as part of the so-called social safety net.",
"timestamp": [
229.58,
233.26
]
},
{
"text": " And the scope of those programs dramatically expanded after the war.",
"timestamp": [
233.26,
237.86
]
},
{
"text": " One British woman reflected on how the welfare state had changed her life in the 1950s.",
"timestamp": [
237.86,
242.6
]
},
{
"text": " She got glasses as a child, and public libraries allowed her to",
"timestamp": [
242.6,
246.08
]
},
{
"text": " become a reader. I think I would be a very different person now if orange juice and milk",
"timestamp": [
246.08,
251.44
]
},
{
"text": " and dinners at school hadn't told me in a covert way that I had a right to exist, was worth something.",
"timestamp": [
251.44,
258.08
]
},
{
"text": " For her, this wasn't some private charitable program offered by the rich, but rather part of",
"timestamp": [
258.08,
262.72
]
},
{
"text": " living in a benevolent state where citizens",
"timestamp": [
262.72,
265.92
]
},
{
"text": " contributed to one another's physical, mental, and emotional well-being.",
"timestamp": [
265.92,
269.9
]
},
{
"text": " In communist countries, these welfare programs were different, because under communism, the",
"timestamp": [
269.9,
274.44
]
},
{
"text": " programs were accompanied by the confiscation of private property in land and industry.",
"timestamp": [
274.44,
279.36
]
},
{
"text": " This was part of the collective ownership of the means of production and the elimination",
"timestamp": [
279.36,
283.44
]
},
{
"text": " of all private property,",
"timestamp": [
283.44,
285
]
},
{
"text": " like the massive farms and industries that had previously benefited mostly the wealthy.",
"timestamp": [
285,
290.6
]
},
{
"text": " In Western Europe, where individual businesses were being restored, the program strengthened",
"timestamp": [
290.6,
295.2
]
},
{
"text": " both the public sector and private industry alike as workers and citizens became healthier",
"timestamp": [
295.2,
300.72
]
},
{
"text": " and more fit.",
"timestamp": [
300.72,
302.04
]
},
{
"text": " Similarly, governments sponsored public schools to develop more competent citizens.",
"timestamp": [
302.04,
306.56
]
},
{
"text": " And governments also built excellent public transportation, like air, shipping, and trains,",
"timestamp": [
306.56,
311.44
]
},
{
"text": " to facilitate the mobility of the workforce and the trade of private businesses.",
"timestamp": [
311.44,
316.2
]
},
{
"text": " And as these systems got stronger, they created a series of virtuous cycles, especially in",
"timestamp": [
316.2,
321.04
]
},
{
"text": " Western Europe.",
"timestamp": [
321.04,
322.04
]
},
{
"text": " Lives got longer.",
"timestamp": [
322.04,
323.36
]
},
{
"text": " Illiteracy rates plummeted, as did rates of",
"timestamp": [
323.36,
325.84
]
},
{
"text": " malnutrition and stunting among children.",
"timestamp": [
325.84,
328.92
]
},
{
"text": " Planners were central to these developments, just like they had been in guiding the war",
"timestamp": [
328.92,
333.14
]
},
{
"text": " effort.",
"timestamp": [
333.14,
334.14
]
},
{
"text": " The ideas of several of them, Jean Monnet and Robert Schumann of France, for example,",
"timestamp": [
334.14,
339.16
]
},
{
"text": " led to the creation of a key institution that helped rebuild economic growth and security in Western Europe, the",
"timestamp": [
339.16,
345.52
]
},
{
"text": " European Economic Community, or EEC, also known as the Common Market.",
"timestamp": [
345.52,
351.32
]
},
{
"text": " The Common Market had two important predecessors, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation",
"timestamp": [
351.32,
357.04
]
},
{
"text": " for the joint distribution of the Marshall Plan aid in 1948, and also the European Coal",
"timestamp": [
357.04,
362.36
]
},
{
"text": " and Steel Community in 1952.",
"timestamp": [
362.36,
364.64
]
},
{
"text": " Oh my god, these people are so bad at naming things",
"timestamp": [
364.64,
367.64
]
},
{
"text": " I mean, maybe the European coal and steel community sounds good in Flemish or something, but in English, is there anything more boring?",
"timestamp": [
367.64,
374.96
]
},
{
"text": " They should have named the European Union something awesome like Captain Marvel's get-rich-cooperation",
"timestamp": [
375.24,
379.96
]
},
{
"text": " Zone. Who would dare to leave Captain Marvel's get-rich-cooperation zone? By the way, Europe, I am available for branding consultation.",
"timestamp": [
380.48,
388.3
]
},
{
"text": " But right, so back in the initial post-war days, France especially needed coal to get",
"timestamp": [
388.3,
393.12
]
},
{
"text": " its citizens through the difficult winter of 1946-1947, while Germany and other European",
"timestamp": [
393.12,
398.66
]
},
{
"text": " countries needed a tariff-free zone for the exchange of lots of different goods after",
"timestamp": [
398.66,
403.54
]
},
{
"text": " the destruction of so much industrial",
"timestamp": [
403.54,
405.44
]
},
{
"text": " capacity.",
"timestamp": [
405.44,
406.44
]
},
{
"text": " So the European coal and steel community helped solve that problem and made Europeans think",
"timestamp": [
406.44,
411.48
]
},
{
"text": " that broader free trade agreements might provide even more benefits.",
"timestamp": [
411.48,
415.56
]
},
{
"text": " The Marshall Plan also helped.",
"timestamp": [
415.56,
417.04
]
},
{
"text": " As a condition for receiving funds and technology, European countries agreed to consider closer",
"timestamp": [
417.04,
422.5
]
},
{
"text": " economic and political ties, perhaps even",
"timestamp": [
422.5,
425.36
]
},
{
"text": " a political union.",
"timestamp": [
425.36,
426.56
]
},
{
"text": " Robert Schumann, who was the French Prime Minister in 1950, announced that the European",
"timestamp": [
426.56,
430.64
]
},
{
"text": " coal and steel community would, quote, lay the concrete foundation for a European federation",
"timestamp": [
430.64,
436.08
]
},
{
"text": " which is so indispensable for the preservation of peace.",
"timestamp": [
436.08,
439.72
]
},
{
"text": " So in the end, an idea of Europe, or a united Europe, arose from practical considerations.",
"timestamp": [
439.72,
446.02
]
},
{
"text": " How will the French get coal?",
"timestamp": [
446.02,
447.94
]
},
{
"text": " How will the Germans get the industrial supplies they need?",
"timestamp": [
447.94,
451.74
]
},
{
"text": " In 1957, six European countries—France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the",
"timestamp": [
451.74,
457.42
]
},
{
"text": " Netherlands—signed the Treaty of Rome, creating the Common Market.",
"timestamp": [
457.42,
461.7
]
},
{
"text": " It lowered tariffs and aimed for the free flow of labor and common",
"timestamp": [
461.7,
465.2
]
},
{
"text": " trade policy among the nations.",
"timestamp": [
465.2,
467.2
]
},
{
"text": " And for former cognac magnate, diplomat, and EU founding father Jean Monnet, the goal of",
"timestamp": [
467.2,
472.44
]
},
{
"text": " the common market was to make, quote, a genuine step toward a United States of Europe.",
"timestamp": [
472.44,
478.6
]
},
{
"text": " In the next ten years, trade among the common market members grew 400%.",
"timestamp": [
478.6,
484
]
},
{
"text": " Now not every European leader was totally on board.",
"timestamp": [
484,
486.84
]
},
{
"text": " Charles de Gaulle, who became president of France in 1958 and was a French nationalist,",
"timestamp": [
486.84,
492.32
]
},
{
"text": " opposed supranational ideals.",
"timestamp": [
492.32,
494.52
]
},
{
"text": " De Gaulle called the group running the Common Market from Brussels a technocratic body of",
"timestamp": [
494.52,
498.52
]
},
{
"text": " elders, stateless and irresponsible.",
"timestamp": [
498.52,
501.16
]
},
{
"text": " And Scandinavians did not join the Common market, nor did Britain, at least initially,",
"timestamp": [
501.16,
505.68
]
},
{
"text": " because joining meant giving up the country's special trade provisions with Commonwealth",
"timestamp": [
505.68,
509.6
]
},
{
"text": " countries and its pride as an island power with a colonial empire, as one conservative",
"timestamp": [
509.6,
515.44
]
},
{
"text": " leader put it.",
"timestamp": [
515.44,
516.68
]
},
{
"text": " But as Britain's prosperity lagged compared to the EEC members, they eventually did join",
"timestamp": [
516.68,
522.28
]
},
{
"text": " the thriving common market in 1973.",
"timestamp": [
522.28,
524.64
]
},
{
"text": " Let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
524.64,
526.44
]
},
{
"text": " So thanks to cooperative agreements and in Western Europe, Marshall Plan aid, post-war",
"timestamp": [
526.44,
530.68
]
},
{
"text": " scarcity and instability receded and prosperity returned.",
"timestamp": [
530.68,
535.06
]
},
{
"text": " This unleashed a burst of consumerism across Europe.",
"timestamp": [
535.06,
539.26
]
},
{
"text": " Motorized bikes and household appliances topped the list of desirable goods. In Austria, the number of refrigerators went from 30,000 to 591,000 between 1953 and 1962.",
"timestamp": [
539.26,
552.5
]
},
{
"text": " And for almost the first time, teenagers became a well-defined consumer group.",
"timestamp": [
552.5,
557.06
]
},
{
"text": " They began to use the rebuilt train networks to travel Europe, performing their part in",
"timestamp": [
557.06,
561.68
]
},
{
"text": " integrating the continent.",
"timestamp": [
561.68,
563.26
]
},
{
"text": " They were also unruly. We want our old Kaiser Wilhelm, we want rock and roll, East Berlin teens shouted, calling",
"timestamp": [
563.26,
570.52
]
},
{
"text": " for new tunes and sometimes rioting.",
"timestamp": [
570.52,
573.2
]
},
{
"text": " Young men wanted blue jeans and aviator jackets, imitating pilots and new celebrities, many",
"timestamp": [
573.2,
578.16
]
},
{
"text": " of them bad boy Americans like James Dean and Elvis Presley.",
"timestamp": [
578.16,
581.88
]
},
{
"text": " Adults, meanwhile, worried about loss of European identities and Americanization.",
"timestamp": [
581.88,
586.44
]
},
{
"text": " There's a German word for that, of course, Coca-Cola-Sierung.",
"timestamp": [
586.44,
589.94
]
},
{
"text": " The French Communist Party even tried to block sales of Coca-Cola, a sign that the Cold War",
"timestamp": [
589.94,
595.18
]
},
{
"text": " truly was everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
595.18,
597.06
]
},
{
"text": " In Eastern Europe, prosperity was not as robust, but still consumerism flourished, especially",
"timestamp": [
597.06,
602.16
]
},
{
"text": " after the death of Stalin in 1953, when it",
"timestamp": [
602.16,
605.2
]
},
{
"text": " became apparent that wartime stringency just had to give way.",
"timestamp": [
605.2,
609.4
]
},
{
"text": " Uprisings across the Soviet bloc revolved around having more food and goods available.",
"timestamp": [
609.4,
614.4
]
},
{
"text": " So Stalin's successor, Nikita Khrushchev, began the process of what came to be known",
"timestamp": [
614.4,
618.28
]
},
{
"text": " as goulash communism that improved standards of living.",
"timestamp": [
618.28,
621.72
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
621.72,
622.72
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, I think the center of the world just opened and there's a Coca-Cola in there.",
"timestamp": [
622.72,
626.76
]
},
{
"text": " I'm about to experience a little bit of my own Coca-Cola zero-ing.",
"timestamp": [
626.76,
629.72
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry, my German isn't very good.",
"timestamp": [
629.72,
632.64
]
},
{
"text": " Listen, Crash Course isn't here to sell you on consumer products, except for whatever",
"timestamp": [
632.64,
635.72
]
},
{
"text": " was advertised at the beginning of this video.",
"timestamp": [
635.72,
637.8
]
},
{
"text": " But so much of the United States' post-war power was in the form of popular consumer",
"timestamp": [
637.8,
643.24
]
},
{
"text": " products like Coca-Cola.",
"timestamp": [
643.24,
645.68
]
},
{
"text": " Andy Warhol famously said,",
"timestamp": [
645.68,
647.08
]
},
{
"text": " \"'You can be watching TV and see Coca-Cola, and you know that the president drinks Coke,",
"timestamp": [
647.08,
652.24
]
},
{
"text": " Liz Taylor drinks Coke, and just think, you can drink Coke, too.",
"timestamp": [
652.24,
656
]
},
{
"text": " A Coke is a Coke, and no amount of money can get you a better Coke than the one the bum",
"timestamp": [
656,
660.5
]
},
{
"text": " on the corner is drinking.",
"timestamp": [
660.5,
662.28
]
},
{
"text": " All the Cokes are the same, and all the Cokes are good. Liz Taylor",
"timestamp": [
662.28,
665.92
]
},
{
"text": " knows it, the president knows it, the bum knows it, and you know it. In short, it's a kind of",
"timestamp": [
665.92,
670.48
]
},
{
"text": " democratized luxury, a luxury that almost everyone can afford, and that doesn't get better if you pay",
"timestamp": [
670.48,
676.8
]
},
{
"text": " more for it. So we really want to emphasize how much the Cold War affected everyday life, in terms",
"timestamp": [
676.8,
682.16
]
},
{
"text": " of what you were drinking and also in terms of what you were sitting on.",
"timestamp": [
682.16,
685.64
]
},
{
"text": " I mean, in Eastern Europe a distinct communist style emerged in household furnishings,",
"timestamp": [
685.64,
690.48
]
},
{
"text": " which were made modern and streamlined to allow the busy working homemaker to clean quickly. A renowned East German plastics designer explained in",
"timestamp": [
690.6,
698.52
]
},
{
"text": " 1959 that capitalist products were nothing but cheap and shockingly kitschy mass wares,",
"timestamp": [
698.92,
704.24
]
},
{
"text": " Capitalist products were nothing but cheap and shockingly kitschy mass wares. Unlike the Woolworth goods, designed to sell in great numbers and make huge profits, communist",
"timestamp": [
705.16,
710.94
]
},
{
"text": " items were based on industrial refinement that sought nothing but beauty and utility",
"timestamp": [
710.94,
716.04
]
},
{
"text": " in products.",
"timestamp": [
716.04,
717.04
]
},
{
"text": " Now, anyone who's ever seen a Soviet block of apartment buildings, or indeed a lot of",
"timestamp": [
717.04,
721.04
]
},
{
"text": " might disagree on the beauty front, but I suppose it's all in the eye of the beholder.",
"timestamp": [
721.04,
725.48
]
},
{
"text": " And indeed, these competing ways of looking at the world really shaped people's understanding",
"timestamp": [
725.48,
729.84
]
},
{
"text": " of beauty and also their understanding of value.",
"timestamp": [
729.84,
733.48
]
},
{
"text": " In 1959, US Vice President Richard Nixon and Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev engaged in",
"timestamp": [
733.48,
738.88
]
},
{
"text": " a famous and heated kitchen debate over whether the communist or capitalist bloc offered the",
"timestamp": [
738.88,
744.26
]
},
{
"text": " most consumer benefits.",
"timestamp": [
744.26,
746.06
]
},
{
"text": " And recent history, especially having to reckon with the horrendous past, were also shaping",
"timestamp": [
746.06,
750.3
]
},
{
"text": " philosophy in Europe.",
"timestamp": [
750.3,
752.56
]
},
{
"text": " Philosophers like Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Simone de Beauvoir became celebrities",
"timestamp": [
752.56,
756.84
]
},
{
"text": " as they sought out the meaning of being or existence in a post-Holocaust world.",
"timestamp": [
756.84,
762.2
]
},
{
"text": " Their philosophy came to be called existentialism because it claimed that merely being born",
"timestamp": [
762.2,
767.04
]
},
{
"text": " did not mean one lived a purposeful or moral existence.",
"timestamp": [
767.04,
772.56
]
},
{
"text": " Spiritual goodness did not appear automatically with birth, but instead, individuals created",
"timestamp": [
772.56,
777.48
]
},
{
"text": " an authentic moral existence through actions and choices.",
"timestamp": [
777.48,
781.76
]
},
{
"text": " Simone de Beauvoir applied existentialism to women, stating that womanhood was assumed",
"timestamp": [
781.76,
786.18
]
},
{
"text": " to be a product of nature, but in fact, culture fashioned most women into a stereotype.",
"timestamp": [
786.18,
792.52
]
},
{
"text": " They were simply an other to the male norm.",
"timestamp": [
792.52,
795.56
]
},
{
"text": " To live an authentic life, women had to escape their condition as an other and instead take",
"timestamp": [
795.56,
800.32
]
},
{
"text": " considered action.",
"timestamp": [
800.32,
801.32
]
},
{
"text": " So this period of European history is often referred to as the Thirty Glorious Years because",
"timestamp": [
801.32,
806.28
]
},
{
"text": " there was a lot of growing prosperity and people had access to many new things, from",
"timestamp": [
806.28,
812.5
]
},
{
"text": " refrigerators to motorcycles.",
"timestamp": [
812.5,
814.8
]
},
{
"text": " But the legacies of Nazism and the ongoing anxieties of the Cold War continued to have",
"timestamp": [
814.8,
819.92
]
},
{
"text": " a huge impact on European life, and while many wanted to just move on from the past,",
"timestamp": [
819.92,
826.56
]
},
{
"text": " there were also some attempts to reckon with it.",
"timestamp": [
826.56,
829.08
]
},
{
"text": " Germans and others were forced to go through denazification training, and some of the leaders",
"timestamp": [
829.08,
833.2
]
},
{
"text": " were imprisoned and hanged, most notably after the Nuremberg trials which saw Nazis punished",
"timestamp": [
833.2,
838.36
]
},
{
"text": " for the charge of crimes against humanity.",
"timestamp": [
838.36,
841.44
]
},
{
"text": " But was that enough?",
"timestamp": [
841.44,
842.72
]
},
{
"text": " Did it deal adequately with what happened?",
"timestamp": [
842.72,
845.76
]
},
{
"text": " Did the welfare state and new abundance help in healing?",
"timestamp": [
845.76,
849.68
]
},
{
"text": " Or did they simply paper over suffering and unspeakable cruelty?",
"timestamp": [
849.68,
854.04
]
},
{
"text": " And it wouldn't be accurate to say there was a clean break from the past.",
"timestamp": [
854.04,
858
]
},
{
"text": " Anti-Semitism continued, as it does today in much of Europe.",
"timestamp": [
858,
861.76
]
},
{
"text": " Jewish people continued to be demonized and baseless conspiracy",
"timestamp": [
861.76,
865.28
]
},
{
"text": " theories even argued that the Holocaust had not occurred at all.",
"timestamp": [
865.28,
869.56
]
},
{
"text": " Meanwhile West Germans mostly insisted, as the Nazis had, that women should not work",
"timestamp": [
869.56,
875
]
},
{
"text": " and that men should remain dominant.",
"timestamp": [
875,
877
]
},
{
"text": " In fact, female unemployment was a well-publicized distinction between West Germany and East",
"timestamp": [
877,
882.2
]
},
{
"text": " Germany and other communist countries where women were much more likely to work outside the home.",
"timestamp": [
882.2,
887.06
]
},
{
"text": " In the East it was felt that women had to work to repair the vast devastation, to make",
"timestamp": [
887.06,
891.14
]
},
{
"text": " up for the massive loss of male life, and also to adhere to communist values of equality.",
"timestamp": [
891.14,
897.08
]
},
{
"text": " In contrast, West German women were usually fired when they married, and received far",
"timestamp": [
897.08,
902.04
]
},
{
"text": " fewer and lower benefits if they were employed. Also, it's not as if post-war Europe was some utopia of justice. For instance,",
"timestamp": [
902.04,
910.08
]
},
{
"text": " the continuing effects of colonialism was supporting European economies. The tractors",
"timestamp": [
910.08,
916.16
]
},
{
"text": " that increased agricultural yields ran on palm oil from Asian colonies, and the drills that",
"timestamp": [
916.16,
922.24
]
},
{
"text": " helped rebuild Europe were tipped with West African",
"timestamp": [
922.24,
925.24
]
},
{
"text": " diamonds.",
"timestamp": [
925.24,
926.24
]
},
{
"text": " Next time, we'll turn our attention to the dismantling of those empires and the new nations",
"timestamp": [
926.24,
930.72
]
},
{
"text": " that emerged.",
"timestamp": [
930.72,
931.72
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
931.72,
932.72
]
},
{
"text": " I'll see you then.",
"timestamp": [
932.72,
933.72
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching Crash Course, which is made here in the Jaden Smith Studios in Indianapolis.",
"timestamp": [
933.72,
937.96
]
},
{
"text": " And thanks to all of our patrons at Patreon.com slash Crash Course who make it possible.",
"timestamp": [
937.96,
942.84
]
},
{
"text": " We have many other Crash Courses for you next time.",
"timestamp": [
942.84,
948.68
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #6: Crash Course A&P
|
UChiDqgUGRw
| 332 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " The nucleus of any atom consists of protons and neutrons.",
"timestamp": [
0,
7
]
},
{
"text": " Medium.",
"timestamp": [
7,
8
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, that was fair.",
"timestamp": [
8,
10
]
},
{
"text": " They might even put a proton and a neutron in my hand.",
"timestamp": [
10,
14
]
},
{
"text": " Except we were close.",
"timestamp": [
14,
16
]
},
{
"text": " Oh. So no hands involved?",
"timestamp": [
16,
18
]
},
{
"text": " Nope.",
"timestamp": [
18,
19
]
},
{
"text": " Oh.",
"timestamp": [
19,
20
]
},
{
"text": " That was worth doing.",
"timestamp": [
20,
35
]
},
{
"text": " If you're one of those many glasses wearers, and if you're one of the many glasses wearers,",
"timestamp": [
40,
41
]
},
{
"text": " that light, there, should I do that? Yes.",
"timestamp": [
45.12,
46
]
},
{
"text": " For example, if you're looking up at the moon and you cover it with your thumb",
"timestamp": [
46,
50.68
]
},
{
"text": " which pops out of the metal and the photon is destroyed and frozen.",
"timestamp": [
50.68,
60.8
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know why I can't say that.",
"timestamp": [
60.8,
64.76
]
},
{
"text": " And the fact that these two angles equal each other is called the law of reflection. Frozen. I don't know why I can't say that.",
"timestamp": [
64.76,
65.6
]
},
{
"text": " And the fact that these two angles equal each other is called the law of reflection.",
"timestamp": [
65.6,
68.84
]
},
{
"text": " Oh my god, I really struggled to say that.",
"timestamp": [
68.84,
71.92
]
},
{
"text": " Was it obvious?",
"timestamp": [
71.92,
72.92
]
},
{
"text": " Law of reflection.",
"timestamp": [
72.92,
73.92
]
},
{
"text": " Let's do it one more time.",
"timestamp": [
73.92,
75.92
]
},
{
"text": " It's time to use our understanding of the wave nature of light to explain what stars",
"timestamp": [
75.92,
79.6
]
},
{
"text": " are made of, why you see rainbows in an oil stain in the parking lot, and how some fancy",
"timestamp": [
79.6,
84.12
]
},
{
"text": " sunglasses can ha-",
"timestamp": [
84.12,
91.92
]
},
{
"text": " They become bent and make the bottom of the straw appear to be somewhat...",
"timestamp": [
91.92,
95.12
]
},
{
"text": " Bent.",
"timestamp": [
95.12,
96.12
]
},
{
"text": " If we point the flashlight at a reflective surface. Now you can also shine light through many",
"timestamp": [
96.12,
105.08
]
},
{
"text": " equally spaced lips. This called...",
"timestamp": [
105.08,
110.4
]
},
{
"text": " This called...",
"timestamp": [
110.4,
112.4
]
},
{
"text": " This called diffraction. I don't know why but I like feel like I haven't fully put my teeth in yet.",
"timestamp": [
112.4,
118.4
]
},
{
"text": " And when you increase the intensity of the light does that affect the maximum",
"timestamp": [
118.4,
122.04
]
},
{
"text": " kinetic energy of the ejected a little ah this is like what there's no pause but if the yeah one measure of a",
"timestamp": [
122.04,
140.18
]
},
{
"text": " lens one measure of a lens it lens. I think you take a breath before a rip.",
"timestamp": [
140.18,
146.36
]
},
{
"text": " I need to even understand this.",
"timestamp": [
146.36,
148.16
]
},
{
"text": " Okay.",
"timestamp": [
148.16,
149.72
]
},
{
"text": " But when you look at the leaf through the lens,",
"timestamp": [
149.72,
151.48
]
},
{
"text": " the virtual image is larger than the actual object.",
"timestamp": [
151.48,
154.08
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry, it's bad, I could just see it.",
"timestamp": [
154.08,
156.68
]
},
{
"text": " And remember when rays converge at a point,",
"timestamp": [
158.24,
160.84
]
},
{
"text": " that means real image has been formed.",
"timestamp": [
160.84,
163.12
]
},
{
"text": " a point, that means real image has been formed. Help me!",
"timestamp": [
163.4,
165.4
]
},
{
"text": " So we'll label the focal point on the side opposite of the object as F and the point",
"timestamp": [
165.4,
178.76
]
},
{
"text": " on the same side as the object as F'.",
"timestamp": [
178.76,
184
]
},
{
"text": " Lenses have the same focal length on both sides,",
"timestamp": [
184,
186
]
},
{
"text": " so we'll label the focal point on the side",
"timestamp": [
186,
188
]
},
{
"text": " opposite.",
"timestamp": [
188,
190
]
},
{
"text": " Oh my gosh. Another important equation",
"timestamp": [
190,
192
]
},
{
"text": " that's true for both converging and diverging",
"timestamp": [
192,
194
]
},
{
"text": " lenses is the magnification",
"timestamp": [
194,
196
]
},
{
"text": " equation.",
"timestamp": [
196,
198
]
},
{
"text": " This was a refracting telescope.",
"timestamp": [
198,
200
]
},
{
"text": " It consisted of an...",
"timestamp": [
200,
202
]
},
{
"text": " Oh, God.",
"timestamp": [
202,
204
]
},
{
"text": " This was a refracting telescope.",
"timestamp": [
204,
207
]
},
{
"text": " Hmm...",
"timestamp": [
207,
209
]
},
{
"text": " LAUGHTER",
"timestamp": [
209,
211
]
},
{
"text": " It's one of those ones, isn't it?",
"timestamp": [
211,
213
]
},
{
"text": " For example, if you rolled a bunch.",
"timestamp": [
213,
215
]
},
{
"text": " Waves interfere constructively when the crests of both...",
"timestamp": [
215,
218
]
},
{
"text": " Both waves?",
"timestamp": [
218,
220
]
},
{
"text": " LAUGHTER",
"timestamp": [
220,
222
]
},
{
"text": " What?",
"timestamp": [
222,
224
]
},
{
"text": " Oh... Sorry. It was mine. Wait, you're supposed to be in concentration. You're funny. It's you.",
"timestamp": [
224,
225
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
225,
226
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
226,
227
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
227,
228
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
228,
229
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
229,
230
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
230,
231
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
231,
232
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
232,
233
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
233,
234
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
234,
235
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
235,
236
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
236,
237
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
237,
238
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
238,
239
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
239,
240
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
240,
241
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
241,
242
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
242,
243
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry.",
"timestamp": [
243,
244
]
},
{
"text": " I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. It's you!",
"timestamp": [
244,
247
]
},
{
"text": " But that's not...",
"timestamp": [
250.32,
251.56
]
},
{
"text": " Oh my god!",
"timestamp": [
251.56,
253.64
]
},
{
"text": " When a ray moves it from air into water...",
"timestamp": [
253.64,
256.08
]
},
{
"text": " Sorry, I'm so conscious of the way I say water.",
"timestamp": [
256.08,
260.48
]
},
{
"text": " Water.",
"timestamp": [
260.48,
263.64
]
},
{
"text": " Later scientists studied such to get...",
"timestamp": [
263.64,
266
]
},
{
"text": " Oh my god.",
"timestamp": [
266,
268
]
},
{
"text": " Taking in as much light as possible",
"timestamp": [
268,
270
]
},
{
"text": " in order to best capture",
"timestamp": [
270,
272
]
},
{
"text": " images of distant objects.",
"timestamp": [
272,
274
]
},
{
"text": " Oh my god. Like other waves, light also",
"timestamp": [
274,
276
]
},
{
"text": " has a frequency and wavelength.",
"timestamp": [
276,
278
]
},
{
"text": " Taking in as much light",
"timestamp": [
282,
284
]
},
{
"text": " as possible in order to best capture images of distant objects.",
"timestamp": [
284,
288
]
},
{
"text": " Bells, bells, bells!",
"timestamp": [
288,
290
]
},
{
"text": " I can do that again.",
"timestamp": [
290,
291
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, go for it.",
"timestamp": [
291,
292
]
},
{
"text": " It's important to know the masses of different nuclei since nuclear interact...",
"timestamp": [
292,
296
]
},
{
"text": " It's important to know the masses of different nuclei since nuclear intera...",
"timestamp": [
296,
300
]
},
{
"text": " Ah!",
"timestamp": [
300,
301
]
},
{
"text": " It's important to...",
"timestamp": [
301,
302
]
},
{
"text": " You can't, huh? No, I lied. You guessed it.",
"timestamp": [
302,
307.68
]
},
{
"text": " Oh my god. Bye.",
"timestamp": [
307.68,
313.76
]
},
{
"text": " Bye. That was great.",
"timestamp": [
321,
322
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
322,
323
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, it was great.",
"timestamp": [
323,
324
]
},
{
"text": " It was.",
"timestamp": [
324,
325
]
},
{
"text": " It was really, really good.",
"timestamp": [
325,
326
]
},
{
"text": " You did a really good job.",
"timestamp": [
326,
327
]
},
{
"text": " That was hard.",
"timestamp": [
327,
328
]
},
{
"text": " You sound surprised.",
"timestamp": [
328,
329
]
},
{
"text": " You did a good job for a change.",
"timestamp": [
329,
330
]
},
{
"text": " It's only taken 43 episodes.",
"timestamp": [
330,
340.36
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #3: Crash Course Government and Politics
|
7KJEHzr74BI
| 233 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " Those first few weeks and months of college can have you feeling like you're flying by the seat of your pants.",
"timestamp": [
0,
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]
},
{
"text": " You're meeting new people, learning about new things, discovering new fields you didn't know existed.",
"timestamp": [
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15.44
]
},
{
"text": " Like, did you know computational archaeology is a thing?",
"timestamp": [
15.44,
18.18
]
},
{
"text": " There are people out there using computers and maps to learn about archaeology.",
"timestamp": [
18.18,
21.2
]
},
{
"text": " It's wild.",
"timestamp": [
21.2,
22.2
]
},
{
"text": " And there are new activities and clubs and sporting events to go to and passions to discover.",
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]
},
{
"text": " But through all that, we're also earning degrees and setting up what we want to do",
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30.52
]
},
{
"text": " in our next careers.",
"timestamp": [
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31.52
]
},
{
"text": " Hi, I'm Erika Brzozowski and this is Crash Course How to College, a study hall series",
"timestamp": [
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36.28
]
},
{
"text": " presented in partnership with Arizona State University. So let's push beyond majors and talk about focusing our studies even more.",
"timestamp": [
36.28,
51.2
]
},
{
"text": " For some of us, college is one thing we're tackling on a long list of priorities.",
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]
},
{
"text": " And for others, it might be the first time we're really fully out on our own.",
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]
},
{
"text": " Either way, one of the trickiest decisions you have to make is how and where to spend your time.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " A big part of this is time management, or planning how to divide our time between all the different things we need to do.",
"timestamp": [
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69.08
]
},
{
"text": " For a lot of people, time management might look like sticking to a to-do list, using time efficiently, and planning study time in advance.",
"timestamp": [
69.08,
75.68
]
},
{
"text": " Something we all have to do on the Crash Course team.",
"timestamp": [
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77.6
]
},
{
"text": " Some schedules are more demanding than others, whether because the content is especially challenging,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " or just because the classes we need are offered at wildly different times of day.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " And if we have a degree where we're expected to take classes in a specific sequence, that can be its own challenge.",
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]
},
{
"text": " But we can plan for all of these things.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " Let's think first in terms of our obligations outside of school.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " Whether that means planning around the time it takes to commute or leaving time for appointments that can't be moved.",
"timestamp": [
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101.24
]
},
{
"text": " Once we have a good idea of what limitations are being placed on our schedule from outside sources,",
"timestamp": [
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106.2
]
},
{
"text": " we can see how the available courses fit the schedule we have.",
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106.2,
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]
},
{
"text": " Another way to figure out if a schedule is doable is to think in terms of credit hours,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " which is a way of measuring the hours a student should expect to spend on a course in a week.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " One credit hour is equal to one hour inside a classroom and two hours outside the classroom, completing assignments or studying.",
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]
},
{
"text": " So a course that has three credits will expect you to spend three hours in the classroom and another six hours studying outside it.",
"timestamp": [
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128.88
]
},
{
"text": " Yes, that's nine hours for one class every week.",
"timestamp": [
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131.56
]
},
{
"text": " If you're in a trade school or in certain degree programs that require hands-on training, credit hours can also include internships, which are roughly 160 hours a semester.",
"timestamp": [
131.56,
140.08
]
},
{
"text": " Sometimes, your schedule and the course schedule just won't work.",
"timestamp": [
140.08,
143.24
]
},
{
"text": " When that happens, you have some options.",
"timestamp": [
143.24,
145.04
]
},
{
"text": " Like, you may be able to take an online class from a partner college.",
"timestamp": [
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148.8
]
},
{
"text": " Your advisor will have more information about what particular options your school has for this situation.",
"timestamp": [
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153.36
]
},
{
"text": " But don't worry, it's something a ton of people encounter.",
"timestamp": [
153.36,
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]
},
{
"text": " And that's something we can keep in mind when choosing classes.",
"timestamp": [
155.64,
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]
},
{
"text": " Like, I took two difficult language classes at once, so I made sure that the rest of my courses that semester weren't as demanding.",
"timestamp": [
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164.2
]
},
{
"text": " If this sounds like a lot, never fear.",
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164.2,
166.44
]
},
{
"text": " When it comes to your college schedule, the single greatest resource a student has is an academic advisor,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " a faculty member trained to help students with academic planning.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " Sometimes, an advisor may be assigned to you by your school or by your major's department.",
"timestamp": [
174.3,
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]
},
{
"text": " There may also be special advisors for some programs, such as business, pre-med, or pre-law.",
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]
},
{
"text": " If you're not sure who your academic advisor is or how to find one, ask someone in your",
"timestamp": [
183.12,
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]
},
{
"text": " admissions office to connect you.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " An advisor can help you understand your school's requirements, like how many credit hours you",
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]
},
{
"text": " need to graduate, or what type of courses you need to take to get your degree.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " And it can be hard to keep track of everything you've done and what you still have left.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " So advisors can provide you with a checklist or a map for your major or program, and may",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " even be able to show you a degree audit,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " or a report that lists your GPA, the classes you have completed, and what requirements still lie ahead.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " Advisors know a lot, but you can also seek out mentorship and advising on your own,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " by talking with your professors and instructors, and in particular, attending their office hours.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " These are times professors reserve to answer questions from their students about homework, class topics, or the course as a whole.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " But they can also provide advice on declaring a college major, pursuing certain careers, and choosing classes.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": " And attending office hours doesn't necessarily mean you have to be in the same space as your instructor.",
"timestamp": [
230.82,
235.22
]
},
{
"text": " Especially over the past two years, many professors have switched to flexible office hours that can occur in person, on the phone, or over video.",
"timestamp": [
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241.76
]
},
{
"text": " Really, we cannot recommend going to office hours strongly enough.",
"timestamp": [
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245.3
]
},
{
"text": " These are times you can get personalized help and build connections by really getting to know your instructors as people.",
"timestamp": [
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250.88
]
},
{
"text": " But if you're not able to attend a professor's office hours that they usually list on the syllabus or advertise on their office door,",
"timestamp": [
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257
]
},
{
"text": " you can also email professors to make an appointment.",
"timestamp": [
257,
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]
},
{
"text": " I've never had an instructor who isn't willing to try and make time for their students.",
"timestamp": [
259.08,
262.98
]
},
{
"text": " The relationships you build now with your professors can really be lifelong connections and even mentorships.",
"timestamp": [
262.98,
267.9
]
},
{
"text": " For me, going to office hours helped me build a relationship with a professor who eventually",
"timestamp": [
267.9,
272.1
]
},
{
"text": " offered me a research assistant position after college,",
"timestamp": [
272.1,
274.66
]
},
{
"text": " and ultimately became my PhD advisor and incredibly influential over my linguistics career.",
"timestamp": [
274.66,
278.94
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks, Lars!",
"timestamp": [
278.94,
279.94
]
},
{
"text": " None of us has all the answers, and we can't do this whole college thing alone.",
"timestamp": [
279.94,
283.62
]
},
{
"text": " Meeting with advisors of any type will likely become a common experience.",
"timestamp": [
283.62,
286.96
]
},
{
"text": " In fact, it's best to meet with an academic advisor once per semester at least.",
"timestamp": [
286.96,
290.9
]
},
{
"text": " But we get it!",
"timestamp": [
290.9,
291.9
]
},
{
"text": " Meeting with an advisor or professor might feel a bit intimidating, but with a little planning,",
"timestamp": [
291.9,
296.26
]
},
{
"text": " you can feel prepared to get the most out of each session.",
"timestamp": [
296.26,
298.38
]
},
{
"text": " Let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
298.38,
299.66
]
},
{
"text": " Aiden's a first-year student at Complexly Community College.",
"timestamp": [
299.66,
302.58
]
},
{
"text": " They need to register for classes, but they're not sure which ones they should take for this term.",
"timestamp": [
302.58,
306.52
]
},
{
"text": " After asking their RA for advice, they set up a meeting with their academic advisor to",
"timestamp": [
306.52,
310
]
},
{
"text": " make sure all of their questions are answered.",
"timestamp": [
310,
312.16
]
},
{
"text": " Before their meeting, Aiden reads through the school's course schedule, which lists",
"timestamp": [
312.16,
315.7
]
},
{
"text": " all of the courses that will be offered, which professors will be teaching them, what times",
"timestamp": [
315.7,
319.52
]
},
{
"text": " they will meet, some information about what requirements they satisfy, and a short description.",
"timestamp": [
319.52,
323.84
]
},
{
"text": " At the meeting, Aiden's first question is how to satisfy their degree requirements.",
"timestamp": [
323.84,
327.4
]
},
{
"text": " Aiden's advisor helps them figure out which classes count for general education requirements,",
"timestamp": [
327.4,
331.32
]
},
{
"text": " which we talked about in the last episode.",
"timestamp": [
331.32,
332.88
]
},
{
"text": " Their advisor also suggests that they take a math and a writing course early on,",
"timestamp": [
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336.68
]
},
{
"text": " because these courses help develop foundational skills that are useful in many other subjects.",
"timestamp": [
336.68,
340.84
]
},
{
"text": " Aiden has already declared their major, so they may also ask their advisor which major",
"timestamp": [
340.84,
344.76
]
},
{
"text": " requirements are important to complete early, and which ones may present challenges.",
"timestamp": [
344.76,
348.74
]
},
{
"text": " Some courses are very difficult even for students who are majoring in that subject.",
"timestamp": [
348.74,
351.92
]
},
{
"text": " For example, organic chemistry is often considered a difficult course even for chemistry majors.",
"timestamp": [
351.92,
356.94
]
},
{
"text": " These courses deserve plenty of space, and your advisor can help guide you so that you",
"timestamp": [
356.94,
360.32
]
},
{
"text": " don't end up feeling unprepared or falling behind.",
"timestamp": [
360.32,
362.44
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
362.44,
363.44
]
},
{
"text": " Before you meet with your advisor, you may want to write down some questions that are",
"timestamp": [
363.44,
366.3
]
},
{
"text": " important to you so that you get the most out of your time.",
"timestamp": [
366.3,
368.9
]
},
{
"text": " If you're not sure what questions you even have, that's okay.",
"timestamp": [
368.9,
371.4
]
},
{
"text": " Saying, I don't know what to ask or what to do is perfectly acceptable.",
"timestamp": [
371.4,
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]
},
{
"text": " Your advisor is there to help ease your stress, not add to it.",
"timestamp": [
374.58,
377.24
]
},
{
"text": " You should feel free to share that a certain class, professor, or idea excited you.",
"timestamp": [
377.24,
380.8
]
},
{
"text": " Your advisor may say, I know about a few internships that might help you explore that, or have",
"timestamp": [
380.8,
384.36
]
},
{
"text": " you considered a minor in this field?",
"timestamp": [
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386
]
},
{
"text": " The best way to find out about new opportunities is to express yourself and ask.",
"timestamp": [
386,
389.5
]
},
{
"text": " Last, you may already have some goals in mind, so it's best to share those with your advisor and make a plan.",
"timestamp": [
389.5,
394.5
]
},
{
"text": " They can help you determine how feasible those goals are and find a way to achieve them.",
"timestamp": [
394.5,
398.5
]
},
{
"text": " For example, if you want to study abroad, you can ask your advisor if they know of any study abroad programs that would fit well with your interests or your major.",
"timestamp": [
398.5,
405.6
]
},
{
"text": " By having conversations about your interests and aspirations, your advisor can help you weigh the pros and cons of various paths.",
"timestamp": [
405.6,
411.32
]
},
{
"text": " It might be too difficult to study abroad during one semester, but with a little planning you may find another time slot that works much better.",
"timestamp": [
411.32,
417.82
]
},
{
"text": " As we have more conversations with professors and advisors, we may discover new concepts or projects that pique our interest.",
"timestamp": [
417.82,
423.88
]
},
{
"text": " Stay with that feeling.",
"timestamp": [
423.88,
425.2
]
},
{
"text": " College offers many options for students to specialize their studies in interesting ways.",
"timestamp": [
425.2,
429.52
]
},
{
"text": " Specializing can help you develop skills that are attractive to employers and can also help",
"timestamp": [
429.52,
432.48
]
},
{
"text": " you find a career path that hadn't occurred to you before.",
"timestamp": [
432.48,
434.96
]
},
{
"text": " One way to specialize is to take a course that pairs well with your major but is in",
"timestamp": [
434.96,
438.32
]
},
{
"text": " a slightly different area.",
"timestamp": [
438.32,
439.72
]
},
{
"text": " In our last episode, we discussed the college major, the overarching theme or structure",
"timestamp": [
439.72,
444.36
]
},
{
"text": " of your coursework in college.",
"timestamp": [
444.36,
445.68
]
},
{
"text": " It's also possible to add a second major or a minor, which is a series of courses that let you focus on a certain subject more than one-off courses allow you to, but less than doing the full major.",
"timestamp": [
445.68,
454.6
]
},
{
"text": " When deciding what other majors or minors to add, we might decide a pairing is a good fit because it helps you gain an advantage on the job market.",
"timestamp": [
454.6,
461
]
},
{
"text": " Like, marketing majors might want to take some courses in data science or graphic design,",
"timestamp": [
461,
465.44
]
},
{
"text": " so that they can learn to evaluate the design of an ad or even create their own.",
"timestamp": [
465.44,
469.08
]
},
{
"text": " Or, nursing students might want to take foreign language courses, because their patients may",
"timestamp": [
469.08,
473.08
]
},
{
"text": " speak another language.",
"timestamp": [
473.08,
474.64
]
},
{
"text": " Students who attend a culinary school may want to take some business courses, if they",
"timestamp": [
474.64,
477.96
]
},
{
"text": " want to enter the job market with a solid understanding of how to manage and grow a",
"timestamp": [
477.96,
481.44
]
},
{
"text": " restaurant.",
"timestamp": [
481.44,
482.44
]
},
{
"text": " Other times, major or minor pairings might just be to explore your interests and develop new skills.",
"timestamp": [
482.44,
486.88
]
},
{
"text": " There's nothing wrong with learning about whatever you're interested in.",
"timestamp": [
486.88,
489.24
]
},
{
"text": " And it might surprise you when you learn that this interest could be a valuable tool.",
"timestamp": [
489.24,
492.72
]
},
{
"text": " But coursework isn't the only way to explore your interests and specialize.",
"timestamp": [
492.72,
496.88
]
},
{
"text": " Another way to specialize is to seek out hands-on experience in the form of research or internships.",
"timestamp": [
496.88,
501.6
]
},
{
"text": " You always have the option to ask your advisor what skills are in high demand in your field.",
"timestamp": [
501.6,
505.36
]
},
{
"text": " Specializations are useful because they can give you an edge when starting a career, but",
"timestamp": [
505.36,
509.16
]
},
{
"text": " they also help you become a well-rounded person.",
"timestamp": [
509.16,
511.64
]
},
{
"text": " It really is all about finding the right balance.",
"timestamp": [
511.64,
514.1
]
},
{
"text": " We learn at a young age what things make us curious and what things we enjoy doing.",
"timestamp": [
514.1,
518.6
]
},
{
"text": " But in college, we finally get the opportunity to develop these interests into full-fledged",
"timestamp": [
518.6,
523
]
},
{
"text": " skill sets and areas of expertise.",
"timestamp": [
523,
524.92
]
},
{
"text": " And once we have a consistent baseline of healthy study habits, we're able to focus",
"timestamp": [
524.92,
528.56
]
},
{
"text": " on gaining unique skills so that we can grow our passions and make the most of our time in college.",
"timestamp": [
528.56,
533.04
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course How to College.",
"timestamp": [
533.04,
536.3
]
},
{
"text": " This series is part of an expanded program called Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
536.3,
539.36
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State University to launch Study Hall on its own channel.",
"timestamp": [
539.36,
543.8
]
},
{
"text": " Check out youtube.com slash studyhall where you'll find more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
543.8,
548
]
},
{
"text": " choosing a major, plus foundational courses connected to college credit courses that",
"timestamp": [
548,
552.32
]
},
{
"text": " students struggle with most in their first two years. Hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
552.32,
556.88
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Outtakes #1: Crash Course Astronomy
|
acNkMAywRN0
| 238 |
[] |
[
{
"text": " INTRO Hey there, I'm Mike Rugnetta, this is Crash",
"timestamp": [
0,
5.08
]
},
{
"text": " Course Theater, and today we're talking about American Modernism, which arrived…",
"timestamp": [
5.08,
12.08
]
},
{
"text": " late.",
"timestamp": [
12.08,
14.52
]
},
{
"text": " As you may remember from our earlier episodes, it took the US a long time to get a theater",
"timestamp": [
14.52,
18.84
]
},
{
"text": " at all, because of Puritans and war.",
"timestamp": [
18.84,
22.32
]
},
{
"text": " And then America spent most of a century doing red face",
"timestamp": [
22.32,
25.14
]
},
{
"text": " Black face Wild West shows and bad imitations of English comedies and Uncle Tom with crocodiles",
"timestamp": [
25.52,
30.96
]
},
{
"text": " Which is to say it took American theater a really really really long time to get good, but it happened today",
"timestamp": [
31.28,
37.68
]
},
{
"text": " We'll look at the United States embrace of realism the rise of the little theater movement and the turn towards the kinds of experimental forms that Europe had pioneered a couple decades earlier.",
"timestamp": [
37.68,
47.32
]
},
{
"text": " Why so tardy? Lights up already!",
"timestamp": [
47.52,
50.08
]
},
{
"text": " INTRO",
"timestamp": [
50.08,
57.08
]
},
{
"text": " As we discussed before, America loved melodrama.",
"timestamp": [
59.08,
62.58
]
},
{
"text": " It went hard for spectacle, intrigue, and cardboard characters.",
"timestamp": [
62.58,
66.72
]
},
{
"text": " Probably the first guy to try realism in the States was James A. Hearn, an actor and eventually",
"timestamp": [
66.72,
72.44
]
},
{
"text": " a playwright.",
"timestamp": [
72.44,
73.52
]
},
{
"text": " He collaborated with David Belasco on a few melodramas, and then decided that maybe he",
"timestamp": [
73.52,
77.32
]
},
{
"text": " should try to find a kind of playwriting that mirrored life as people lived it.",
"timestamp": [
77.32,
82.32
]
},
{
"text": " He wrote the 1890 play Margaret Fleming as a vehicle for his actress wife.",
"timestamp": [
82.32,
86.92
]
},
{
"text": " It's about a wife and mother who discovers that her mill owner husband, Philip, has fathered",
"timestamp": [
86.92,
92.22
]
},
{
"text": " an illegitimate child.",
"timestamp": [
92.22,
93.74
]
},
{
"text": " When the child's mother dies, the mother's sister attempts to shoot Philip, and Philip",
"timestamp": [
93.74,
98.04
]
},
{
"text": " runs away.",
"timestamp": [
98.04,
99.04
]
},
{
"text": " Margaret offers her breast to the starving baby, and then goes blind from the stress",
"timestamp": [
99.04,
103.6
]
},
{
"text": " of the whole thing.",
"timestamp": [
103.6,
104.72
]
},
{
"text": " Philip tries to kill himself and is eventually rescued,",
"timestamp": [
104.72,
107.36
]
},
{
"text": " but it's unclear whether the couple will ever reconcile. That is one eventful mirror of life.",
"timestamp": [
107.36,
112.72
]
},
{
"text": " Now, maybe this doesn't seem that different from domestic melodrama,",
"timestamp": [
112.72,
116
]
},
{
"text": " but there are no soliloquies and no tableau, and no one is tying anyone to a railroad track.",
"timestamp": [
116,
121.12
]
},
{
"text": " Hearn was hailed as an American Ibsen, although Ibsen might have found the sudden blindness",
"timestamp": [
121.12,
126.96
]
},
{
"text": " a little extra.",
"timestamp": [
126.96,
128.16
]
},
{
"text": " The writer William Dean Howells, one of the few people who saw the play, wrote,",
"timestamp": [
128.16,
132.04
]
},
{
"text": " Margaret Fleming clutched the heart.",
"timestamp": [
132.04,
134.56
]
},
{
"text": " It was common, it was pitilessly plain, it was ugly, but it was true, and it was irresistible.",
"timestamp": [
134.56,
142.26
]
},
{
"text": " For Howells, maybe, but most critics were happy to resist.",
"timestamp": [
142.26,
145.44
]
},
{
"text": " Even after Hearn made the ending happier. It never caught on with the public either who were like,",
"timestamp": [
145.44,
150.38
]
},
{
"text": " Ugh, depressing. Give us train tracks!",
"timestamp": [
150.38,
153.4
]
},
{
"text": " Hearn had more success with Shore Acres, a gentler attempt at realism",
"timestamp": [
153.4,
158.24
]
},
{
"text": " that's about a stage Yankee type, Uncle Nat, who successfully reunites his family.",
"timestamp": [
158.24,
163.5
]
},
{
"text": " Other writers also tried realism. Clyde Fitch, William von Moody, even Henry James.",
"timestamp": [
163.5,
167.84
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, that Henry James. His play Guy Domville was one of the all-time great",
"timestamp": [
167.84,
172.62
]
},
{
"text": " belly flops of the late 19th century. The audience booed him for about 15 minutes straight.",
"timestamp": [
173.14,
178.98
]
},
{
"text": " 15 minutes! Who has that kind of time? That seems like it would get boo-",
"timestamp": [
179.24,
183.88
]
},
{
"text": " Who has that kind of time? That seems like it would get boo-",
"timestamp": [
183.92,
185.24
]
},
{
"text": " Ring. American realism wouldn't really come into its own until the arrival of Eugene O'Neill.",
"timestamp": [
189.6,
189.84
]
},
{
"text": " It's funny that O'Neill became the champion of American realism because his father, James O'Neill,",
"timestamp": [
195.14,
195.32
]
},
{
"text": " made his fortune performing in the romantic melodrama, The Count of Monte Cristo. Eugene spent his early life touring with his alcoholic dad and his morphine-addicted mom.",
"timestamp": [
200.46,
205.86
]
},
{
"text": " He went to Princeton for a year and then dropped out and sailed the ocean.",
"timestamp": [
205.86,
210.16
]
},
{
"text": " After coming ashore, he worked as a vaudeville actor and then a newspaper reporter.",
"timestamp": [
210.16,
214.92
]
},
{
"text": " After tuberculosis landed him in a sanitarium, he studied at Harvard with George Baker, who",
"timestamp": [
214.92,
219.6
]
},
{
"text": " ran a famous class called Workshop 47 that taught the fundamentals of playwriting.",
"timestamp": [
219.6,
225.28
]
},
{
"text": " A year or so later, he became involved with the Provincetown Players.",
"timestamp": [
225.28,
228.04
]
},
{
"text": " We'll talk about them in a minute.",
"timestamp": [
228.04,
230.16
]
},
{
"text": " First he wrote realistic seafaring plays, and then he wrote realistic landlubber ones.",
"timestamp": [
230.16,
234.74
]
},
{
"text": " As we discussed previously, his work took a turn towards expressionism with plays like",
"timestamp": [
234.74,
238.74
]
},
{
"text": " The Emperor Jones, in which an African-American actor, Charles Gilpin, starred on Broadway.",
"timestamp": [
238.74,
244.28
]
},
{
"text": " A first.",
"timestamp": [
244.28,
245.16
]
},
{
"text": " O'Neill wrote experimental plays that tried out some of those cool newfangled European",
"timestamp": [
245.16,
249.46
]
},
{
"text": " techniques and even invented newfangled techniques of his own, like having the characters voice",
"timestamp": [
249.46,
255.06
]
},
{
"text": " their internal monologues.",
"timestamp": [
255.06,
256.68
]
},
{
"text": " O'Neill was one of the first American playwrights to put lower-class characters on stage and",
"timestamp": [
256.68,
262.02
]
},
{
"text": " to write in an American vernacular.",
"timestamp": [
262.02,
264
]
},
{
"text": " Well, an American vernacular besides stage Yankee.",
"timestamp": [
264,
267.68
]
},
{
"text": " Late in life, he returned to realism with a run of plays that include two acknowledged",
"timestamp": [
267.68,
272.44
]
},
{
"text": " masterpieces, The Iceman Cometh and Long Day's Journey Into Night.",
"timestamp": [
272.44,
277
]
},
{
"text": " The Iceman Cometh takes place in a seedy waterfront tavern based on a dive where O'Neill tried",
"timestamp": [
277,
282.74
]
},
{
"text": " to kill himself as a young man.",
"timestamp": [
282.74,
284.8
]
},
{
"text": " It's frequented by drunks and lowlifes who keep themselves going with pipe dreams.",
"timestamp": [
284.8,
289.96
]
},
{
"text": " The arrival of Hickey, a traveling salesman, blows those dreams away.",
"timestamp": [
289.96,
293.92
]
},
{
"text": " For a moment, at least.",
"timestamp": [
293.92,
295.36
]
},
{
"text": " Long Day's Journey Into Night is O'Neill's most autobiographical play, written in tears",
"timestamp": [
295.36,
300.14
]
},
{
"text": " and blood, with deep pity and understanding and forgiveness, and only performed after",
"timestamp": [
300.14,
306.48
]
},
{
"text": " O'Neill's death.",
"timestamp": [
306.48,
307.48
]
},
{
"text": " It spends a day and then a very late night with the Tyrone family.",
"timestamp": [
307.48,
311.32
]
},
{
"text": " O'Neill isn't for everyone.",
"timestamp": [
311.32,
312.52
]
},
{
"text": " The plays are long and overwrought, and O'Neill never met a theme that he didn't want to",
"timestamp": [
312.52,
317.4
]
},
{
"text": " hit again and again and again.",
"timestamp": [
317.4,
320.9
]
},
{
"text": " On his studio wall he wrote,",
"timestamp": [
320.9,
322.56
]
},
{
"text": " Before the soul can fly, its wings must be washed in the blood of the heart.",
"timestamp": [
322.56,
327.28
]
},
{
"text": " Fun guy.",
"timestamp": [
327.98,
328.64
]
},
{
"text": " But the desires of the characters are so strong, their pain is so real, and their tragedies feel so inevitable",
"timestamp": [
328.64,
335.26
]
},
{
"text": " that his plays have an undeniable force.",
"timestamp": [
335.26,
337.74
]
},
{
"text": " His plays are about individual characters and families, but they're about the United States, too,",
"timestamp": [
337.74,
342.32
]
},
{
"text": " in its greediness, alienation, and perpetual dissatisfaction.",
"timestamp": [
342.32,
347.2
]
},
{
"text": " I'm going on the theory that the United States, instead of being the most successful country in the world,",
"timestamp": [
347.2,
353.8
]
},
{
"text": " is the greatest failure,\" he told an interviewer.",
"timestamp": [
353.8,
357.3
]
},
{
"text": " It's possible that we wouldn't have O'Neill without the Little Theater movement.",
"timestamp": [
357.4,
361.3
]
},
{
"text": " The Little Theaters were inspired by European theaters like the Fribuna, the Teatro Libre, and the Independent Theater movement. The Little Theaters were inspired by European theaters like the Fribouna, the Teatro Libre,",
"timestamp": [
361.3,
366.42
]
},
{
"text": " and the Independent Theater Society.",
"timestamp": [
366.42,
368.44
]
},
{
"text": " The Little Theaters provided alternatives to Broadway and to theaters across the country",
"timestamp": [
368.44,
373.16
]
},
{
"text": " that were tightly controlled by a syndicate who programmed them pretty exclusively with",
"timestamp": [
373.16,
377.7
]
},
{
"text": " popular, non-threatening stuff.",
"timestamp": [
377.7,
380.48
]
},
{
"text": " You know, train tracks plays.",
"timestamp": [
380.48,
382.12
]
},
{
"text": " The Little Theaters were like, we're not here to make money.",
"timestamp": [
382.12,
384.4
]
},
{
"text": " We don't care if people buy tickets. There will be no train tracks place the little theaters were like we're not here to make money. We don't care if people buy tickets",
"timestamp": [
384.4,
385.7
]
},
{
"text": " There will be no train tracks here at all or if there are they're gonna be weird",
"timestamp": [
385.7,
391.02
]
},
{
"text": " Expressionist train tracks there were several little theaters in 1920s",
"timestamp": [
391.68,
395.14
]
},
{
"text": " New York like the Washington Square Players the Harlem Lafayette Players and the neighborhood Playhouse",
"timestamp": [
395.14,
400.46
]
},
{
"text": " Boston Chicago and Detroit also had little theaters. The most famous of them was the",
"timestamp": [
400.82,
405.04
]
},
{
"text": " Provincetown Players, which started, you guessed it, in Provincetown, Massachusetts. But because",
"timestamp": [
405.04,
410.08
]
},
{
"text": " even anti-commercial theaters want to make a splash, the players moved to Manhattan.",
"timestamp": [
410.08,
414.72
]
},
{
"text": " The Players got started in 1915 by the writer Susan Glaspell and her husband George Cram Cook.",
"timestamp": [
414.72,
420.24
]
},
{
"text": " They produced their work and the work of Friends. The second season included Eugene O'Neill's",
"timestamp": [
420.24,
425.16
]
},
{
"text": " Bound East for Cardiff. The theater became a home for poets like Edna St. Vincent Millay and Wallace Stevens and for female playwrights like Juna Barnes, Nath Boyce, and",
"timestamp": [
429.28,
433.86
]
},
{
"text": " Glaspel herself, who would later win the Pulitzer Prize for drama. O'Neill's plays made the theater a hit,",
"timestamp": [
434.02,
439.64
]
},
{
"text": " but this was never what its founders wanted, so it disbanded in 1923.",
"timestamp": [
439.68,
444.3
]
},
{
"text": " Let's look at one of Glaspel's plays, Trifles, written in 1916.",
"timestamp": [
444.3,
448.46
]
},
{
"text": " This is both a realistic play and an experimental one, and one of the earliest examples of feminist",
"timestamp": [
448.46,
453.7
]
},
{
"text": " theater.",
"timestamp": [
453.7,
454.7
]
},
{
"text": " It's also a murder mystery.",
"timestamp": [
454.7,
456.58
]
},
{
"text": " Help us out, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
456.58,
458.18
]
},
{
"text": " Like Sophie Treadwell's Machinal from our episode on Expressionism, Trifles was inspired",
"timestamp": [
458.18,
462.62
]
},
{
"text": " by an actual murder case that Glaspel covered,",
"timestamp": [
462.62,
465.52
]
},
{
"text": " in which an Iowa woman was accused of murdering her husband with an axe.",
"timestamp": [
465.52,
470.32
]
},
{
"text": " Trifles begins in a farmhouse a few days after a murder.",
"timestamp": [
470.32,
473.84
]
},
{
"text": " A neighbor discovered the husband, John, dead in his bed upstairs.",
"timestamp": [
473.84,
478.04
]
},
{
"text": " The wife, Minnie, claimed a burglar had strangled him.",
"timestamp": [
478.04,
481.4
]
},
{
"text": " Now the county prosecutor, plus the neighbor, and the sheriff, and their wives,",
"timestamp": [
481.4,
486.98
]
},
{
"text": " have come to the farmhouse to look for clues",
"timestamp": [
486.98,
489.36
]
},
{
"text": " and gather up a few of Minnie's things.",
"timestamp": [
489.36,
491.58
]
},
{
"text": " CSI double date.",
"timestamp": [
491.58,
492.66
]
},
{
"text": " They come into a living area and the prosecutor asks",
"timestamp": [
492.66,
495.12
]
},
{
"text": " if there's any evidence here,",
"timestamp": [
495.12,
496.32
]
},
{
"text": " but the sheriff says, nothing here but kitchen things.",
"timestamp": [
496.32,
499.74
]
},
{
"text": " So the men leave the unimportant kitchen things",
"timestamp": [
499.74,
502.36
]
},
{
"text": " to the ladies.",
"timestamp": [
502.36,
503.4
]
},
{
"text": " Women are used to worrying over trifles, the neighbor says.",
"timestamp": [
503.4,
508.52
]
},
{
"text": " That is when the ladies crack the case.",
"timestamp": [
508.52,
512.08
]
},
{
"text": " While they're looking at her preserves and her bread dough and her quilting, they find",
"timestamp": [
512.08,
516.16
]
},
{
"text": " an empty birdcage.",
"timestamp": [
516.16,
517.68
]
},
{
"text": " And then the dead bird.",
"timestamp": [
517.68,
519.76
]
},
{
"text": " It's been strangled the same way that John was strangled.",
"timestamp": [
519.76,
523.7
]
},
{
"text": " The women come to understand that John had isolated his wife and mistreated her, and",
"timestamp": [
523.7,
528.96
]
},
{
"text": " then killed her bird, so she retaliated.",
"timestamp": [
528.96,
531.64
]
},
{
"text": " \"'I know how things can be for women,' the sheriff's wife says.",
"timestamp": [
531.64,
535.44
]
},
{
"text": " We all go through the same things.",
"timestamp": [
535.44,
537.6
]
},
{
"text": " It's just a different kind of the same thing.\"",
"timestamp": [
537.6,
540.96
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
540.96,
541.96
]
},
{
"text": " This is a naturalistic play, but it's clear that what's natural in a marriage means",
"timestamp": [
541.96,
545.88
]
},
{
"text": " different things to the male and female characters.",
"timestamp": [
545.88,
549.62
]
},
{
"text": " The men can't understand why a wife would kill her husband.",
"timestamp": [
549.62,
554.2
]
},
{
"text": " The women get it.",
"timestamp": [
554.2,
555.26
]
},
{
"text": " They sympathize with Minnie, they don't share her motive with the men, and they conceal",
"timestamp": [
555.26,
559.52
]
},
{
"text": " the evidence.",
"timestamp": [
559.52,
560.52
]
},
{
"text": " Why is the play feminist, though?",
"timestamp": [
560.52,
562.12
]
},
{
"text": " Well, not only because it's a portrait of an abusive marriage that is sympathetic to",
"timestamp": [
562.12,
566.48
]
},
{
"text": " the wife, but because the wives are more perceptive than their husbands, and ultimately they solve",
"timestamp": [
566.48,
571.88
]
},
{
"text": " the mystery.",
"timestamp": [
571.88,
572.88
]
},
{
"text": " O'Neill and the Provincetown Confederates weren't the only American moderns, though.",
"timestamp": [
572.88,
576.96
]
},
{
"text": " Living in France, American Gertrude Stein was writing some very strange plays that don't",
"timestamp": [
576.96,
581.48
]
},
{
"text": " move or feel like plays at all.",
"timestamp": [
581.48,
584.36
]
},
{
"text": " Works like Ladies' Voices and What Happened aren't big on character or plot, but they're",
"timestamp": [
584.36,
589.4
]
},
{
"text": " full of words that swirl and dart and loop and repeat in a continuous present tense.",
"timestamp": [
589.4,
595.92
]
},
{
"text": " Everything seems to always be happening at the same time.",
"timestamp": [
595.92,
599.44
]
},
{
"text": " You can even call her plays cubist, the literary analog of the Picasso paintings that Stein",
"timestamp": [
599.44,
604.92
]
},
{
"text": " loved.",
"timestamp": [
604.92,
605.92
]
},
{
"text": " And over in Connecticut, Stein's friend Thornton Wilder was writing quiet, philosophical,",
"timestamp": [
605.92,
610.48
]
},
{
"text": " bittersweet plays that played with structure and design, like The Long Christmas Dinner",
"timestamp": [
610.48,
615.8
]
},
{
"text": " and Our Town.",
"timestamp": [
615.8,
617.8
]
},
{
"text": " Though the plays seem to tackle typical subjects—a family, a romance—they take a wry, metaphysical",
"timestamp": [
617.8,
624.28
]
},
{
"text": " approach to everyday life, presenting an audience with",
"timestamp": [
624.28,
627.18
]
},
{
"text": " a mostly bare stage and asking them to use their imaginations and their own life experiences",
"timestamp": [
627.18,
632.82
]
},
{
"text": " to fill that stage back in.",
"timestamp": [
632.82,
635.1
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
635.1,
636.1
]
},
{
"text": " Next time we're going to be heading to the Renaissance.",
"timestamp": [
636.1,
638.5
]
},
{
"text": " The Harlem Renaissance.",
"timestamp": [
638.5,
639.5
]
},
{
"text": " A movement that encouraged a flowering of African American theater and performance.",
"timestamp": [
639.5,
644.66
]
},
{
"text": " But until then… curtain.",
"timestamp": [
644.66,
647.32
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.",
"timestamp": [
647.32,
651.32
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course Theater is filmed in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is produced with the help of",
"timestamp": [
651.32,
655.2
]
},
{
"text": " all of these very nice people.",
"timestamp": [
655.2,
657.28
]
},
{
"text": " Our animation team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
657.28,
659.24
]
},
{
"text": " Crash Course exists thanks to the generous support of our patrons at Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
659.24,
663.36
]
},
{
"text": " Patreon is a voluntary subscription service where you can support the content you love",
"timestamp": [
663.36,
666.64
]
},
{
"text": " through a monthly donation and help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever.",
"timestamp": [
666.92,
671.86
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
672.8,
674.8
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course Chemistry: Outtakes #2
|
OnfJ0pUgPws
| 508 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "<Untitled Chapter 1>",
"end_time": 142
},
{
"start_time": 142,
"title": "Monatomic Ions",
"end_time": 160
},
{
"start_time": 160,
"title": "Ionic Compounds",
"end_time": 227
},
{
"start_time": 227,
"title": "Johan Diederich Van Der Waals",
"end_time": 300
},
{
"start_time": 300,
"title": "Formula of an Acid",
"end_time": 508
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Hi, I'm Clint Smith, and this is Crash Course Black American History.",
"timestamp": [
0,
3.84
]
},
{
"text": " Many Americans are pretty familiar with the August 1963 March on Washington, largely",
"timestamp": [
4.72,
11.04
]
},
{
"text": " because it's where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous I Have a Dream speech.",
"timestamp": [
11.04,
15.36
]
},
{
"text": " But what a lot of people don't know is that there was another March on Washington",
"timestamp": [
16,
20.24
]
},
{
"text": " that was planned more than 20 years before. And while that march didn't happen,",
"timestamp": [
20.24,
24.56
]
},
{
"text": " that was planned more than 20 years before. And while that march didn't happen,",
"timestamp": [
22.72,
25.4
]
},
{
"text": " a movement that emerged from it did.",
"timestamp": [
25.4,
27.6
]
},
{
"text": " Today, we'll get into the history",
"timestamp": [
28.66,
30.64
]
},
{
"text": " of the March on Washington movement that started in 1941",
"timestamp": [
30.64,
34.5
]
},
{
"text": " and talk about the men who started it all.",
"timestamp": [
34.5,
37.84
]
},
{
"text": " Let's start the show.",
"timestamp": [
37.84,
38.84
]
},
{
"text": " ♪♪",
"timestamp": [
38.84,
41.34
]
},
{
"text": " The father of the March on Washington movement, A. Philip Randolph, was born on April 15, 1889 in Crescent City, Florida.",
"timestamp": [
52.52,
55
]
},
{
"text": " He was raised in a home that instilled in him the values that would shape his legacy.",
"timestamp": [
55,
60.88
]
},
{
"text": " His father, a Methodist minister named James Randolph, and his wife, Elizabeth, were ardent",
"timestamp": [
60.88,
67.08
]
},
{
"text": " advocates for human rights, especially equal rights for Black Americans.",
"timestamp": [
67.08,
72.08
]
},
{
"text": " In 1891, the family moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where Randolph would eventually attend",
"timestamp": [
72.08,
77.28
]
},
{
"text": " the Cookman Institute.",
"timestamp": [
77.28,
78.8
]
},
{
"text": " Cookman, now known as Bethune-Cookman, was founded in 1872 and was one of the first colleges for Black",
"timestamp": [
78.8,
85.76
]
},
{
"text": " American students.",
"timestamp": [
85.76,
86.76
]
},
{
"text": " Early in his life, Randolph worked odd jobs and even tried his hand at acting, taking",
"timestamp": [
86.76,
92.06
]
},
{
"text": " particular interest in the works of Shakespeare.",
"timestamp": [
92.06,
94.68
]
},
{
"text": " But Randolph was also becoming increasingly upset by the way he saw Black workers being",
"timestamp": [
94.68,
99.64
]
},
{
"text": " treated in their various jobs.",
"timestamp": [
99.64,
101.8
]
},
{
"text": " He thought they weren't getting the pay, the safety, or the respect that",
"timestamp": [
101.8,
106.32
]
},
{
"text": " they deserved. And generally, if workers weren't being treated in a way that they thought was fair,",
"timestamp": [
106.32,
111.04
]
},
{
"text": " they could bring it up to their labor union. These organizations, created to negotiate better",
"timestamp": [
111.6,
116.72
]
},
{
"text": " working hours, conditions, and wages for skilled and unskilled laborers, grew rapidly after the",
"timestamp": [
116.72,
122.32
]
},
{
"text": " Civil War. But not many of these unions were in the business of integrating black workers into their ranks.",
"timestamp": [
122.32,
130.68
]
},
{
"text": " Some unions said they were going to integrate, but it didn't really work out that way.",
"timestamp": [
130.68,
136.2
]
},
{
"text": " For example, the Knights of Labor vowed to admit workers of all races, but they still",
"timestamp": [
136.2,
142.32
]
},
{
"text": " allowed segregated assemblies. The American Federation of Labor originally had a policy of non-discrimination, but found",
"timestamp": [
142.32,
150.2
]
},
{
"text": " it difficult to sustain.",
"timestamp": [
150.2,
151.44
]
},
{
"text": " Randolph, who had been inspired into activism and organizing in part after reading W.E.B.",
"timestamp": [
151.44,
157.36
]
},
{
"text": " Du Bois' The Souls of Black Folk, spoke out and called for Black Americans to have",
"timestamp": [
157.36,
162.24
]
},
{
"text": " a share in these improved labor conditions. In 1917, he, alongside a man named Chandler Owen, founded The Messenger, a monthly magazine",
"timestamp": [
162.24,
172.38
]
},
{
"text": " that among other things, urged Black people to demand higher wages and better conditions",
"timestamp": [
172.38,
177.68
]
},
{
"text": " for their work.",
"timestamp": [
177.68,
178.88
]
},
{
"text": " And people started to listen.",
"timestamp": [
178.88,
181.04
]
},
{
"text": " The publication became so influential that the Department of Justice called the Messenger",
"timestamp": [
181.04,
186.8
]
},
{
"text": " the most able and the most dangerous of all the Negro publications.",
"timestamp": [
188.16,
192.88
]
},
{
"text": " Randolph also got directly involved in organizing. In 1917, he organized union elevator operators in",
"timestamp": [
192.88,
199.84
]
},
{
"text": " New York City. In 1919, he served on the board of the National Brotherhood of Workers of",
"timestamp": [
199.84,
205.52
]
},
{
"text": " America, which attempted to improve working conditions and fight discrimination in the",
"timestamp": [
205.52,
210.08
]
},
{
"text": " American Federation of Labor.",
"timestamp": [
210.08,
211.88
]
},
{
"text": " Both of these efforts eventually dissolved, but in 1925, Randolph was elected the General",
"timestamp": [
211.88,
217.36
]
},
{
"text": " Organizer of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Carporters.",
"timestamp": [
217.36,
221.08
]
},
{
"text": " And this is where things really took off. See, in 1867, just two years after the end of the Civil War, a white man named George",
"timestamp": [
221.08,
229.76
]
},
{
"text": " Pullman founded the Pullman Company.",
"timestamp": [
229.76,
233.24
]
},
{
"text": " This company specialized in manufacturing luxury passenger cars for trains.",
"timestamp": [
233.24,
238.16
]
},
{
"text": " As the Pullman Company monopolized the train car industry, Pullman, the man, began seeking",
"timestamp": [
238.16,
243.72
]
},
{
"text": " out people who had been formerly enslaved",
"timestamp": [
243.72,
246.4
]
},
{
"text": " to serve as porters on his train cars.",
"timestamp": [
246.4,
249.32
]
},
{
"text": " Porters were responsible for tending to travelers, carrying their bags, and meeting all passenger-related",
"timestamp": [
249.32,
254.52
]
},
{
"text": " needs.",
"timestamp": [
254.52,
255.52
]
},
{
"text": " At one point in time, Pullman was the largest employer of black Americans in the country.",
"timestamp": [
255.52,
261.88
]
},
{
"text": " But as formerly enslaved persons, these black porters had little rights or representation.",
"timestamp": [
261.88,
267.18
]
},
{
"text": " The company didn't negotiate on wages and working conditions and basically told these",
"timestamp": [
267.18,
272.26
]
},
{
"text": " Black workers they could take it or leave it, but don't even think about trying to",
"timestamp": [
272.26,
278
]
},
{
"text": " change it. Randolph wasn't a Pullman porter himself",
"timestamp": [
278,
281.68
]
},
{
"text": " and had no prior connection to the Pullman Company. But as president of the organization, Randolph was on a mission to gain full inclusion into",
"timestamp": [
281.68,
290.48
]
},
{
"text": " the American Federation of Labor.",
"timestamp": [
290.48,
292.68
]
},
{
"text": " In 1926, Congress passed the Railway Labor Act, which helped the organization's effort",
"timestamp": [
292.68,
298.12
]
},
{
"text": " by mandating that all disputes over wages and working conditions involving railroad",
"timestamp": [
298.12,
302.1
]
},
{
"text": " employees were to be settled promptly through negotiations between labor and management and overseen by a government-appointed Board",
"timestamp": [
302.1,
311.22
]
},
{
"text": " of Mediation without interference, influence, or coercion.",
"timestamp": [
311.22,
316.3
]
},
{
"text": " Still, Randolph faced a lot of opposition.",
"timestamp": [
316.3,
319.68
]
},
{
"text": " Even a lot of black people thought he was unnecessarily stirring the pot.",
"timestamp": [
319.68,
324.1
]
},
{
"text": " Many leaders in the black working-class community saw Pullman Porters as a saving grace in a",
"timestamp": [
324.1,
329.22
]
},
{
"text": " time when finding honest, steady work for black Americans was incredibly difficult.",
"timestamp": [
329.22,
334.26
]
},
{
"text": " When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1932, he passed additional federal legislation",
"timestamp": [
334.26,
339.7
]
},
{
"text": " that secured more of the rights that Randolph and the Pullman Porters had been advocating",
"timestamp": [
339.7,
343.62
]
},
{
"text": " for. Finally, in 1935, the Brotherhood received an international charter from the American",
"timestamp": [
343.62,
349.72
]
},
{
"text": " Federation of Labor, and on April 25, 1937, the Pullman Company relented and signed the",
"timestamp": [
349.72,
356.24
]
},
{
"text": " first ever agreement between a union of African American workers and a major American corporation.",
"timestamp": [
356.24,
362.76
]
},
{
"text": " As a result of the agreement, the Pullman porters secured a 240-hour work month, eliminated",
"timestamp": [
362.76,
368.26
]
},
{
"text": " the practice of determining rates by mileage, and secured a reasonable amount of rest during",
"timestamp": [
368.26,
374.8
]
},
{
"text": " their trips.",
"timestamp": [
374.8,
376.36
]
},
{
"text": " And Randolph was just getting started.",
"timestamp": [
376.36,
379.36
]
},
{
"text": " In the lead up to America's entry into World War II, where 1.2 million black men would",
"timestamp": [
379.36,
384.52
]
},
{
"text": " join the armed",
"timestamp": [
384.52,
385.26
]
},
{
"text": " forces.",
"timestamp": [
385.26,
386.26
]
},
{
"text": " Randolph believed that they should not be forced to join a segregated army where, in",
"timestamp": [
386.26,
391.3
]
},
{
"text": " the process of fighting for their country, they were still treated by second-class citizens.",
"timestamp": [
391.3,
396.7
]
},
{
"text": " Randolph directly called out the hypocrisy of fighting war against fascism abroad while",
"timestamp": [
396.7,
402.26
]
},
{
"text": " having state-sponsored segregation in your own army.",
"timestamp": [
402.26,
406.28
]
},
{
"text": " So Randolph planned a march for 1941, and it was believed that more than 100,000 people",
"timestamp": [
406.28,
413.16
]
},
{
"text": " would show up.",
"timestamp": [
413.16,
414.16
]
},
{
"text": " But the last thing President Roosevelt wanted was tens of thousands of people in the streets",
"timestamp": [
414.16,
418.12
]
},
{
"text": " of Washington.",
"timestamp": [
418.12,
419.72
]
},
{
"text": " So in order to placate the activists, he issued Executive Order 8802, banning racial discrimination",
"timestamp": [
419.72,
427.06
]
},
{
"text": " at government defense industries.",
"timestamp": [
427.06,
428.98
]
},
{
"text": " The president followed up this order by establishing the first Fair Employment Practices Committee",
"timestamp": [
428.98,
433.76
]
},
{
"text": " as an act of goodwill.",
"timestamp": [
433.76,
435.54
]
},
{
"text": " The FEPC's mission was to investigate complaints of discrimination brought against industries",
"timestamp": [
435.54,
441.5
]
},
{
"text": " receiving government contracts.",
"timestamp": [
441.5,
443.3
]
},
{
"text": " In light of these gains, the march was canceled.",
"timestamp": [
443.3,
446.4
]
},
{
"text": " And even though Roosevelt's actions only banned segregation within war industries and",
"timestamp": [
446.4,
451.28
]
},
{
"text": " not the whole armed forces, many activists still saw it as a win.",
"timestamp": [
451.28,
456.48
]
},
{
"text": " And although Roosevelt created the FEPC to placate march organizers, Randolph continued",
"timestamp": [
456.48,
461.8
]
},
{
"text": " the March on Washington as a movement to hold the FEPC",
"timestamp": [
461.8,
465.12
]
},
{
"text": " accountable.",
"timestamp": [
465.12,
466.12
]
},
{
"text": " In the summer of 1942, the March on Washington movement organized a series of mass public",
"timestamp": [
466.12,
471.28
]
},
{
"text": " rallies.",
"timestamp": [
471.28,
472.28
]
},
{
"text": " Randolph's original 1941 plans became the direct inspiration for the 1963 demonstration",
"timestamp": [
472.28,
479.6
]
},
{
"text": " that would take place more than 20 years later.",
"timestamp": [
479.6,
481.8
]
},
{
"text": " When Randolph was organizing this march in the 1940s, a certain young man who would become",
"timestamp": [
481.8,
486.04
]
},
{
"text": " a driving force in the modern civil rights movement was organizing right alongside him.",
"timestamp": [
486.04,
491.16
]
},
{
"text": " His name was Bayard Rustin.",
"timestamp": [
491.16,
493.6
]
},
{
"text": " Rustin was born on March 17, 1912 in Westchester, Pennsylvania.",
"timestamp": [
493.6,
498.44
]
},
{
"text": " Upon moving to New York in the 1930s, he became heavily involved in pacifist groups and early",
"timestamp": [
498.44,
503.48
]
},
{
"text": " civil rights protests. And in the 1950s, Rustin developed a relationship with the young Martin Luther King Jr. and",
"timestamp": [
503.48,
510.84
]
},
{
"text": " became one of his key advisors.",
"timestamp": [
510.84,
513.36
]
},
{
"text": " He was a devout student of Gandhi's teachings and helped introduce Dr. King to the practice",
"timestamp": [
513.36,
518.48
]
},
{
"text": " of non-violent, interracial organizing.",
"timestamp": [
518.48,
521.08
]
},
{
"text": " He also participated in a predecessor of the Freedom Rides, in which young civil rights activists rode interstate buses into the segregated South to challenge",
"timestamp": [
521.08,
529.56
]
},
{
"text": " the lack of enforcement of the Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia and Boynton v.",
"timestamp": [
529.56,
534.82
]
},
{
"text": " Virginia, which ruled that segregated public transportation was unconstitutional.",
"timestamp": [
534.82,
540.58
]
},
{
"text": " But Bayard Rustin didn't always get his due. Let's learn more about him in the Thought Bubble. In 1960, Rustin was removed from many leadership",
"timestamp": [
540.58,
550.48
]
},
{
"text": " positions. When organizing the March on Washington of 1963, then NAACP Chairman",
"timestamp": [
550.48,
556
]
},
{
"text": " Roy Wilkins didn't want Rustin to receive public credit for organizing the",
"timestamp": [
556,
559.88
]
},
{
"text": " march because, as Wilkins put it, quote, this march is of such importance that we must not",
"timestamp": [
559.88,
566.64
]
},
{
"text": " put a person of his liability at the head.",
"timestamp": [
566.64,
570.56
]
},
{
"text": " The so-called liability he is referring to is that Rustin was gay.",
"timestamp": [
570.56,
576.96
]
},
{
"text": " The decision was shaped by the idea that in order to make progress as a people, black",
"timestamp": [
576.96,
581.52
]
},
{
"text": " people had to present their best selves at all times.",
"timestamp": [
581.52,
586.26
]
},
{
"text": " This is something known as Respectability Politics.",
"timestamp": [
586.26,
590.1
]
},
{
"text": " According to Respectability Politics, the ideal activist should always be dressed well,",
"timestamp": [
590.1,
595.14
]
},
{
"text": " speak in certain ways, conform to certain gender roles, and follow certain faiths in",
"timestamp": [
595.14,
600.28
]
},
{
"text": " order to show that they were worthy of being treated with basic human dignity and respect.",
"timestamp": [
600.28,
606
]
},
{
"text": " In the mid-20th century, the idea of having an openly gay man as a public-facing leader",
"timestamp": [
606,
611.2
]
},
{
"text": " of the civil rights movement didn't fit into that ideal. Rustin was made to take a backseat,",
"timestamp": [
611.2,
617.36
]
},
{
"text": " while people who did fit the image they wanted, like Dr. King, a straight, cisgendered,",
"timestamp": [
617.36,
622.96
]
},
{
"text": " Morehouse-educated, PhD-holding family man who was also a pastor,",
"timestamp": [
622.96,
628.2
]
},
{
"text": " were lifted up to represent the movement.",
"timestamp": [
628.2,
630.52
]
},
{
"text": " But if you only present one version of blackness at the forefront of a movement, then people",
"timestamp": [
630.52,
636.08
]
},
{
"text": " might start to believe that only those who present a certain texture of blackness are",
"timestamp": [
636.08,
641.24
]
},
{
"text": " the ones who deserve the rights that you're advocating for.",
"timestamp": [
641.24,
645.08
]
},
{
"text": " And this is not what freedom should look like.",
"timestamp": [
645.08,
648.6
]
},
{
"text": " Real freedom means everyone gets free, no matter how you dress, how you talk, your level",
"timestamp": [
648.6,
654.8
]
},
{
"text": " of education, or who you love.",
"timestamp": [
654.8,
658
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
658,
659.24
]
},
{
"text": " So all that to say, Bayard Rustin didn't always get the respect he deserved during his lifetime,",
"timestamp": [
659.24,
665.92
]
},
{
"text": " but we can make sure that he is known for his important and courageous contributions",
"timestamp": [
665.92,
670.2
]
},
{
"text": " today.",
"timestamp": [
670.2,
671.2
]
},
{
"text": " The fact that there were more than 20 years between the original planned March on Washington",
"timestamp": [
671.2,
674.2
]
},
{
"text": " in 1941 and the one that eventually happened in 1963 shows that the struggle for civil",
"timestamp": [
674.2,
680.18
]
},
{
"text": " rights is not represented by a single moment in time, but is part of a decades-long",
"timestamp": [
680.18,
685.74
]
},
{
"text": " struggle that different generations of people took part in in order to make it happen.",
"timestamp": [
685.74,
690.96
]
},
{
"text": " I mean, think about it.",
"timestamp": [
690.96,
693.2
]
},
{
"text": " When the original March on Washington was scheduled, Martin Luther King Jr. was only",
"timestamp": [
693.2,
697.88
]
},
{
"text": " 12 years old.",
"timestamp": [
697.88,
699.68
]
},
{
"text": " When the March on Washington finally did happen in 1963, Randolph was 74.",
"timestamp": [
699.68,
706.88
]
},
{
"text": " The struggle for civil rights included people of all ages and all backgrounds.",
"timestamp": [
706.88,
712.68
]
},
{
"text": " This is what makes social movements, including the ones still happening today, so powerful.",
"timestamp": [
712.68,
718.32
]
},
{
"text": " They need people of all generations to get behind them in order to be successful. Without men like A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin, there would be no Martin Luther King",
"timestamp": [
718.32,
730.24
]
},
{
"text": " Jr. as we know him, and there would be no civil rights movement as we know it.",
"timestamp": [
730.24,
735.46
]
},
{
"text": " And these are just three individuals out of thousands of people who made the movement",
"timestamp": [
735.46,
740.82
]
},
{
"text": " what it was, and it needed every single one of them.",
"timestamp": [
740.82,
745.32
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching, I'll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
745.32,
762.04
]
}
] |
[
[
"<Untitled Chapter 1>",
" Hi, I'm Clint Smith, and this is Crash Course Black American History. Many Americans are pretty familiar with the August 1963 March on Washington, largely because it's where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous I Have a Dream speech. But what a lot of people don't know is that there was another March on Washington that was planned more than 20 years before. And while that march didn't happen, that was planned more than 20 years before. And while that march didn't happen, a movement that emerged from it did. Today, we'll get into the history of the March on Washington movement that started in 1941 and talk about the men who started it all. Let's start the show. ♪♪ The father of the March on Washington movement, A. Philip Randolph, was born on April 15, 1889 in Crescent City, Florida. He was raised in a home that instilled in him the values that would shape his legacy. His father, a Methodist minister named James Randolph, and his wife, Elizabeth, were ardent advocates for human rights, especially equal rights for Black Americans. In 1891, the family moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where Randolph would eventually attend the Cookman Institute. Cookman, now known as Bethune-Cookman, was founded in 1872 and was one of the first colleges for Black American students. Early in his life, Randolph worked odd jobs and even tried his hand at acting, taking particular interest in the works of Shakespeare. But Randolph was also becoming increasingly upset by the way he saw Black workers being treated in their various jobs. He thought they weren't getting the pay, the safety, or the respect that they deserved. And generally, if workers weren't being treated in a way that they thought was fair, they could bring it up to their labor union. These organizations, created to negotiate better working hours, conditions, and wages for skilled and unskilled laborers, grew rapidly after the Civil War. But not many of these unions were in the business of integrating black workers into their ranks. Some unions said they were going to integrate, but it didn't really work out that way. For example, the Knights of Labor vowed to admit workers of all races, but they still"
],
[
"Monatomic Ions",
" allowed segregated assemblies. The American Federation of Labor originally had a policy of non-discrimination, but found it difficult to sustain. Randolph, who had been inspired into activism and organizing in part after reading W.E.B. Du Bois' The Souls of Black Folk, spoke out and called for Black Americans to have"
],
[
"Ionic Compounds",
" a share in these improved labor conditions. In 1917, he, alongside a man named Chandler Owen, founded The Messenger, a monthly magazine that among other things, urged Black people to demand higher wages and better conditions for their work. And people started to listen. The publication became so influential that the Department of Justice called the Messenger the most able and the most dangerous of all the Negro publications. Randolph also got directly involved in organizing. In 1917, he organized union elevator operators in New York City. In 1919, he served on the board of the National Brotherhood of Workers of America, which attempted to improve working conditions and fight discrimination in the American Federation of Labor. Both of these efforts eventually dissolved, but in 1925, Randolph was elected the General Organizer of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Carporters. And this is where things really took off. See, in 1867, just two years after the end of the Civil War, a white man named George"
],
[
"Johan Diederich Van Der Waals",
" Pullman founded the Pullman Company. This company specialized in manufacturing luxury passenger cars for trains. As the Pullman Company monopolized the train car industry, Pullman, the man, began seeking out people who had been formerly enslaved to serve as porters on his train cars. Porters were responsible for tending to travelers, carrying their bags, and meeting all passenger-related needs. At one point in time, Pullman was the largest employer of black Americans in the country. But as formerly enslaved persons, these black porters had little rights or representation. The company didn't negotiate on wages and working conditions and basically told these Black workers they could take it or leave it, but don't even think about trying to change it. Randolph wasn't a Pullman porter himself and had no prior connection to the Pullman Company. But as president of the organization, Randolph was on a mission to gain full inclusion into the American Federation of Labor. In 1926, Congress passed the Railway Labor Act, which helped the organization's effort by mandating that all disputes over wages and working conditions involving railroad"
],
[
"Formula of an Acid",
" employees were to be settled promptly through negotiations between labor and management and overseen by a government-appointed Board of Mediation without interference, influence, or coercion. Still, Randolph faced a lot of opposition. Even a lot of black people thought he was unnecessarily stirring the pot. Many leaders in the black working-class community saw Pullman Porters as a saving grace in a time when finding honest, steady work for black Americans was incredibly difficult. When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected in 1932, he passed additional federal legislation that secured more of the rights that Randolph and the Pullman Porters had been advocating for. Finally, in 1935, the Brotherhood received an international charter from the American Federation of Labor, and on April 25, 1937, the Pullman Company relented and signed the first ever agreement between a union of African American workers and a major American corporation. As a result of the agreement, the Pullman porters secured a 240-hour work month, eliminated the practice of determining rates by mileage, and secured a reasonable amount of rest during their trips. And Randolph was just getting started. In the lead up to America's entry into World War II, where 1.2 million black men would join the armed forces. Randolph believed that they should not be forced to join a segregated army where, in the process of fighting for their country, they were still treated by second-class citizens. Randolph directly called out the hypocrisy of fighting war against fascism abroad while having state-sponsored segregation in your own army. So Randolph planned a march for 1941, and it was believed that more than 100,000 people would show up. But the last thing President Roosevelt wanted was tens of thousands of people in the streets of Washington. So in order to placate the activists, he issued Executive Order 8802, banning racial discrimination at government defense industries. The president followed up this order by establishing the first Fair Employment Practices Committee as an act of goodwill. The FEPC's mission was to investigate complaints of discrimination brought against industries receiving government contracts. In light of these gains, the march was canceled. And even though Roosevelt's actions only banned segregation within war industries and not the whole armed forces, many activists still saw it as a win. And although Roosevelt created the FEPC to placate march organizers, Randolph continued the March on Washington as a movement to hold the FEPC accountable. In the summer of 1942, the March on Washington movement organized a series of mass public rallies. Randolph's original 1941 plans became the direct inspiration for the 1963 demonstration that would take place more than 20 years later. When Randolph was organizing this march in the 1940s, a certain young man who would become a driving force in the modern civil rights movement was organizing right alongside him. His name was Bayard Rustin. Rustin was born on March 17, 1912 in Westchester, Pennsylvania. Upon moving to New York in the 1930s, he became heavily involved in pacifist groups and early civil rights protests. And in the 1950s, Rustin developed a relationship with the young Martin Luther King Jr. and"
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course Out-Takes Chemistry #1
|
eIsdRczNHFU
| 405 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Intro",
"end_time": 42
},
{
"start_time": 42,
"title": "Chemistry",
"end_time": 171
},
{
"start_time": 171,
"title": "Electrons",
"end_time": 277
},
{
"start_time": 277,
"title": "Balls",
"end_time": 315
},
{
"start_time": 315,
"title": "Moles",
"end_time": 405
}
] |
[
{
"text": " Crash Course Computer Science Episode 5? 4? 4? Episode 4, take 1.",
"timestamp": [
0,
9
]
},
{
"text": " Hi, I'm Carrie-Anne, this is Crash Course Computer Science and today we're going to",
"timestamp": [
9,
12.88
]
},
{
"text": " talk about how computers store and represent numerical data. Which means we're not going",
"timestamp": [
12.88,
17.12
]
},
{
"text": " to talk about math. Well, it means we do have to talk about math. It's exactly what we're",
"timestamp": [
17.12,
21.56
]
},
{
"text": " talking about, we're talking about math. I'm Carrie-Anne Philbin. Hello! Hello! Cheerio! Shimey-shoo, governor. Some early electronic computers",
"timestamp": [
21.56,
31
]
},
{
"text": " with ternary as three states and quinary using five states. Hesitation. The mathematical It lets current flow through the fluid.",
"timestamp": [
31,
46.64
]
},
{
"text": " Transistors are really just little electrically controlled.",
"timestamp": [
46.64,
51.7
]
},
{
"text": " If we turn the input on, the transistor allows current to flow through it to the ground.",
"timestamp": [
51.7,
61.46
]
},
{
"text": " If we turn the input on, the transistor allows current to flow through. I can't say this, why can't I say it? So the total sum is 202. And I ran out of breath.",
"timestamp": [
61.46,
71.56
]
},
{
"text": " If you opened an email written in Latvian on a Turkish computer, the result was completely",
"timestamp": [
71.56,
75.72
]
},
{
"text": " uncom- bit like me. The result was completely incomprehensible. That's because the right enable wire is off, which preserves...",
"timestamp": [
75.72,
87.28
]
},
{
"text": " Okay, going for gold.",
"timestamp": [
87.28,
91.12
]
},
{
"text": " We need one.",
"timestamp": [
91.12,
92.12
]
},
{
"text": " I don't want to finish this episode so bad.",
"timestamp": [
92.12,
95.64
]
},
{
"text": " It's the layers and layers and layers and layers and layers and layers and layers.",
"timestamp": [
95.64,
101.8
]
},
{
"text": " The clock triggers an electrical signical...",
"timestamp": [
101.8,
104.68
]
},
{
"text": " More complex operations like trigonometric... The clock triggers an electrical signical... Signical?",
"timestamp": [
104.68,
105
]
},
{
"text": " More complex operations like trigonometric...",
"timestamp": [
105,
107
]
},
{
"text": " I can hear you getting ready for it!",
"timestamp": [
107,
110
]
},
{
"text": " I know, I know!",
"timestamp": [
110,
111
]
},
{
"text": " It's coming!",
"timestamp": [
111,
112
]
},
{
"text": " It's coming, it's coming!",
"timestamp": [
112,
113
]
},
{
"text": " Fail.",
"timestamp": [
113,
114
]
},
{
"text": " If set and reset are both zero, someone will stamp upstairs and Brandon will pull a face.",
"timestamp": [
114,
120
]
},
{
"text": " Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables.",
"timestamp": [
120,
125.32
]
},
{
"text": " Let's go to the Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
125.32,
126.88
]
},
{
"text": " I don't know what to do now, I feel like such an anti-climax!",
"timestamp": [
126.88,
131.48
]
},
{
"text": " This row and column setup connects all of our latches with a single, shared, right-enabled",
"timestamp": [
131.48,
138.28
]
},
{
"text": " wire.",
"timestamp": [
138.28,
139.28
]
},
{
"text": " I mean, you could do with a symbol!",
"timestamp": [
139.28,
144.2
]
},
{
"text": " They came up with a special symbol to wrap it all up, which looks like a big V.",
"timestamp": [
144.2,
148.44
]
},
{
"text": " Just another level of sub...",
"timestamp": [
148.44,
151.44
]
},
{
"text": " Done with this.",
"timestamp": [
151.44,
153.24
]
},
{
"text": " Done with abstraction.",
"timestamp": [
153.24,
154.24
]
},
{
"text": " I'm like an automaton.",
"timestamp": [
154.24,
156.8
]
},
{
"text": " I'm really a robot.",
"timestamp": [
156.8,
158.12
]
},
{
"text": " And the means hitherto in our possession.",
"timestamp": [
158.12,
160
]
},
{
"text": " There's got to be a comma in there somewhere.",
"timestamp": [
160,
162.96
]
},
{
"text": " One times four, one times two, and one times one, which all adds up to 138.",
"timestamp": [
162.96,
168.08
]
},
{
"text": " No, 183!",
"timestamp": [
168.08,
170.22
]
},
{
"text": " One plus one plus the one carried equals three or one one in binary.",
"timestamp": [
170.22,
174.84
]
},
{
"text": " So we put the sum as one and carry the one again and so on.",
"timestamp": [
174.84,
178.2
]
},
{
"text": " We end up with one one zero zero one zero one zero, which is the same as the number",
"timestamp": [
178.2,
184.04
]
},
{
"text": " one plus one plus the one carried equals 3 or 1 1 in binary",
"timestamp": [
184.04,
187.82
]
},
{
"text": " So we put the sum as 1 and",
"timestamp": [
187.82,
189.82
]
},
{
"text": " This is gonna kill me",
"timestamp": [
189.82,
191.82
]
},
{
"text": " I can get through this",
"timestamp": [
191.82,
193.82
]
},
{
"text": " So we put the sum as 1 and we",
"timestamp": [
193.82,
195.82
]
},
{
"text": " And we curry that 1",
"timestamp": [
195.82,
197.82
]
},
{
"text": " Tasty",
"timestamp": [
197.82,
199.82
]
},
{
"text": " So 0 or 0 is 0",
"timestamp": [
199.82,
201.82
]
},
{
"text": " And so this circuit always outputs 0",
"timestamp": [
201.82,
203.82
]
},
{
"text": " Now let's flip In input A to 1.",
"timestamp": [
203.82,
207
]
},
{
"text": " Let's also give our processor 4 8-bit memory registers, which we'll label A, B and C. Oh and D.",
"timestamp": [
208.56,
214.72
]
},
{
"text": " As soon as I saw it I was like panic! Panic!",
"timestamp": [
214.72,
216.72
]
},
{
"text": " The control unit configures the RAM to read address 15 and configures register B to receive that data.",
"timestamp": [
217.76,
223.6
]
},
{
"text": " So 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.",
"timestamp": [
224.2,
228.08
]
},
{
"text": " I hate binary.",
"timestamp": [
228.08,
229.6
]
},
{
"text": " So much.",
"timestamp": [
229.6,
230.32
]
},
{
"text": " So 1 plus 2.",
"timestamp": [
230.32,
232.2
]
},
{
"text": " I can't even do simple numbers.",
"timestamp": [
232.2,
234.56
]
},
{
"text": " If name is John Green and after 5 PM or is weekend and near Pizza Hut,",
"timestamp": [
234.56,
239.6
]
},
{
"text": " then John want pizza equals true.",
"timestamp": [
239.6,
241.92
]
},
{
"text": " And I can't remember what I was going to say.",
"timestamp": [
241.92,
244.96
]
},
{
"text": " I'll see you next week. Yeah. can't remember what I was gonna say.",
"timestamp": [
244.96,
245
]
},
{
"text": " I'll see you next week.",
"timestamp": [
245,
246.2
]
},
{
"text": " Yeah, just like as a very serious sign off.",
"timestamp": [
246.2,
249.52
]
},
{
"text": " I'll see you next week.",
"timestamp": [
249.52,
250.36
]
},
{
"text": " I'll see you next week.",
"timestamp": [
250.36,
251.48
]
},
{
"text": " See you next week.",
"timestamp": [
251.48,
252.32
]
},
{
"text": " And how far they may take us, I'll see you next week.",
"timestamp": [
252.32,
255.42
]
},
{
"text": " So hard, why is it so hard?",
"timestamp": [
257.56,
259.08
]
},
{
"text": " But before that, our computer is going to need some memory.",
"timestamp": [
259.08,
262.36
]
},
{
"text": " See you next week.",
"timestamp": [
262.36,
263.6
]
},
{
"text": " That was awful.",
"timestamp": [
263.6,
264.42
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching, see you next week. That was awful. Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
264.42,
265.18
]
},
{
"text": " See you next week.",
"timestamp": [
265.18,
266.02
]
},
{
"text": " You knew it was gonna happen.",
"timestamp": [
267.48,
269.76
]
},
{
"text": " We all held our breath.",
"timestamp": [
269.76,
271.56
]
},
{
"text": " I just can't do it.",
"timestamp": [
271.56,
272.48
]
},
{
"text": " I just can't do it.",
"timestamp": [
273.56,
274.4
]
},
{
"text": " We just can't sign off these episodes.",
"timestamp": [
274.4,
275.64
]
},
{
"text": " I just can't do it.",
"timestamp": [
275.64,
277.92
]
},
{
"text": " We just have to keep going.",
"timestamp": [
277.92,
278.84
]
},
{
"text": " There is no, don't, there is no coming back.",
"timestamp": [
278.84,
281
]
},
{
"text": " We're just gonna keep going.",
"timestamp": [
281,
282
]
},
{
"text": " That's what we're going to cover over the next few episodes.",
"timestamp": [
282,
284.72
]
},
{
"text": " Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
284.72,
286
]
},
{
"text": " Cheerio.",
"timestamp": [
286,
286.84
]
},
{
"text": " That was awful.",
"timestamp": [
286.84,
289.88
]
},
{
"text": " That was even worse.",
"timestamp": [
289.88,
292
]
},
{
"text": " That was worse.",
"timestamp": [
292,
293.24
]
},
{
"text": " That was actually worse.",
"timestamp": [
294.12,
296.12
]
}
] |
[
[
"Intro",
" Crash Course Computer Science Episode 5? 4? 4? Episode 4, take 1. Hi, I'm Carrie-Anne, this is Crash Course Computer Science and today we're going to talk about how computers store and represent numerical data. Which means we're not going to talk about math. Well, it means we do have to talk about math. It's exactly what we're talking about, we're talking about math. I'm Carrie-Anne Philbin. Hello! Hello! Cheerio! Shimey-shoo, governor. Some early electronic computers with ternary as three states and quinary using five states. Hesitation. The mathematical It lets current flow through the fluid."
],
[
"Chemistry",
" Transistors are really just little electrically controlled. If we turn the input on, the transistor allows current to flow through it to the ground. If we turn the input on, the transistor allows current to flow through. I can't say this, why can't I say it? So the total sum is 202. And I ran out of breath. If you opened an email written in Latvian on a Turkish computer, the result was completely uncom- bit like me. The result was completely incomprehensible. That's because the right enable wire is off, which preserves... Okay, going for gold. We need one. I don't want to finish this episode so bad. It's the layers and layers and layers and layers and layers and layers and layers. The clock triggers an electrical signical... More complex operations like trigonometric... The clock triggers an electrical signical... Signical? More complex operations like trigonometric... I can hear you getting ready for it! I know, I know! It's coming! It's coming, it's coming! Fail. If set and reset are both zero, someone will stamp upstairs and Brandon will pull a face. Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables. Let's go to the Thought Bubble! I don't know what to do now, I feel like such an anti-climax! This row and column setup connects all of our latches with a single, shared, right-enabled wire. I mean, you could do with a symbol! They came up with a special symbol to wrap it all up, which looks like a big V. Just another level of sub... Done with this. Done with abstraction. I'm like an automaton. I'm really a robot. And the means hitherto in our possession. There's got to be a comma in there somewhere. One times four, one times two, and one times one, which all adds up to 138. No, 183! One plus one plus the one carried equals three or one one in binary."
],
[
"Electrons",
" So we put the sum as one and carry the one again and so on. We end up with one one zero zero one zero one zero, which is the same as the number one plus one plus the one carried equals 3 or 1 1 in binary So we put the sum as 1 and This is gonna kill me I can get through this So we put the sum as 1 and we And we curry that 1 Tasty So 0 or 0 is 0 And so this circuit always outputs 0 Now let's flip In input A to 1. Let's also give our processor 4 8-bit memory registers, which we'll label A, B and C. Oh and D. As soon as I saw it I was like panic! Panic! The control unit configures the RAM to read address 15 and configures register B to receive that data. So 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0. I hate binary. So much. So 1 plus 2. I can't even do simple numbers. If name is John Green and after 5 PM or is weekend and near Pizza Hut, then John want pizza equals true. And I can't remember what I was going to say. I'll see you next week. Yeah. can't remember what I was gonna say. I'll see you next week. Yeah, just like as a very serious sign off. I'll see you next week. I'll see you next week. See you next week. And how far they may take us, I'll see you next week. So hard, why is it so hard? But before that, our computer is going to need some memory. See you next week. That was awful. Thanks for watching, see you next week. That was awful. Thanks for watching. See you next week. You knew it was gonna happen. We all held our breath. I just can't do it. I just can't do it. We just can't sign off these episodes. I just can't do it."
],
[
"Balls",
" We just have to keep going. There is no, don't, there is no coming back. We're just gonna keep going. That's what we're going to cover over the next few episodes. Thanks for watching. Cheerio. That was awful. That was even worse. That was worse. That was actually worse."
],
[
"Moles",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
What Do These Creepy Plant Mouths Do? (Plant Tissues): Crash Course Botany #4
|
pqosCR6J2qo
| 763 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Dr. Katherine Esau",
"end_time": 89
},
{
"start_time": 89,
"title": "Plant Tissues",
"end_time": 129
},
{
"start_time": 129,
"title": "Dermal Tissue",
"end_time": 239
},
{
"start_time": 239,
"title": "Vascular Tissue",
"end_time": 350
},
{
"start_time": 350,
"title": "Ground Tissue",
"end_time": 464
},
{
"start_time": 464,
"title": "Under the Microscope",
"end_time": 670
},
{
"start_time": 670,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 763
}
] |
[
{
"text": "In 1924, Dr. Katherine Esau was working \non a sugar beet farm in California,",
"timestamp": [
0,
6.037
]
},
{
"text": "In 1924, Dr. Katherine Esau was working \non a sugar beet farm in California,",
"timestamp": [
0,
6.037
]
},
{
"text": "where some of the beet plants were suffering \nfrom a strange virus called curly-top disease.",
"timestamp": [
6.037,
11.523
]
},
{
"text": "where some of the beet plants were suffering \nfrom a strange virus called curly-top disease.",
"timestamp": [
6.037,
11.523
]
},
{
"text": "Spread by insects called leafhoppers,",
"timestamp": [
11.523,
14.082
]
},
{
"text": "Spread by insects called leafhoppers,",
"timestamp": [
11.523,
14.082
]
},
{
"text": "it causes plants to have unusually \ncurly leaves and stunts their growth.",
"timestamp": [
14.082,
18.751
]
},
{
"text": "it causes plants to have unusually \ncurly leaves and stunts their growth.",
"timestamp": [
14.082,
18.751
]
},
{
"text": "By paying careful attention to the anatomy,",
"timestamp": [
18.751,
21.518
]
},
{
"text": "By paying careful attention to the anatomy,",
"timestamp": [
18.751,
21.518
]
},
{
"text": "or the internal structure of these plants,",
"timestamp": [
21.518,
24.028
]
},
{
"text": "or the internal structure of these plants,",
"timestamp": [
21.518,
24.028
]
},
{
"text": "Esau discovered how the disease \nspread throughout the plant.",
"timestamp": [
24.028,
28.149
]
},
{
"text": "Esau discovered how the disease \nspread throughout the plant.",
"timestamp": [
24.028,
28.149
]
},
{
"text": "She wrote in her autobiography:",
"timestamp": [
28.725,
30.611
]
},
{
"text": "She wrote in her autobiography:",
"timestamp": [
28.725,
30.611
]
},
{
"text": "“I began to realize that the virus must enter \nand must move in the plant along a pathway. ",
"timestamp": [
30.611,
36.906
]
},
{
"text": "“I began to realize that the virus must enter \nand must move in the plant along a pathway. ",
"timestamp": [
30.611,
36.906
]
},
{
"text": "I figured out that if the leaf-hopper \npasses the virus by feeding,",
"timestamp": [
36.906,
41.546
]
},
{
"text": "I figured out that if the leaf-hopper \npasses the virus by feeding,",
"timestamp": [
36.906,
41.546
]
},
{
"text": "then the virus must be moving through \nthe same system as the food moves.”",
"timestamp": [
41.546,
46.173
]
},
{
"text": "then the virus must be moving through \nthe same system as the food moves.”",
"timestamp": [
41.546,
46.173
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, the very same group of cells \nthat move the sugar produced by photosynthesis",
"timestamp": [
46.173,
51.604
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, the very same group of cells \nthat move the sugar produced by photosynthesis",
"timestamp": [
46.173,
51.604
]
},
{
"text": "from the leaves to the rest of \nthe plant was being hijacked",
"timestamp": [
51.604,
55.06
]
},
{
"text": "from the leaves to the rest of \nthe plant was being hijacked",
"timestamp": [
51.604,
55.06
]
},
{
"text": "to transport the virus all throughout it.",
"timestamp": [
55.06,
57.549
]
},
{
"text": "to transport the virus all throughout it.",
"timestamp": [
55.06,
57.549
]
},
{
"text": "This discovery was huge for the field of \nbotany",
"timestamp": [
57.549,
61.656
]
},
{
"text": "This discovery was huge for the field of \nbotany",
"timestamp": [
57.549,
61.656
]
},
{
"text": "because it helped illustrate just how essential \nthe knowledge of healthy plant anatomy is",
"timestamp": [
61.656,
67.346
]
},
{
"text": "because it helped illustrate just how essential \nthe knowledge of healthy plant anatomy is",
"timestamp": [
61.656,
67.346
]
},
{
"text": "for understanding unhealthy plants\n—and helping them get better.",
"timestamp": [
67.346,
71.852
]
},
{
"text": "for understanding unhealthy plants\n—and helping them get better.",
"timestamp": [
67.346,
71.852
]
},
{
"text": "So, stick out your tongue and say “ahhh,” plants.",
"timestamp": [
71.852,
74.702
]
},
{
"text": "So, stick out your tongue and say “ahhh,” plants.",
"timestamp": [
71.852,
74.702
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s explore what’s going on in there.",
"timestamp": [
74.702,
77.192
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s explore what’s going on in there.",
"timestamp": [
74.702,
77.192
]
},
{
"text": "Hi! I’m Alexis, and this is Crash Course Botany.",
"timestamp": [
77.192,
80.53
]
},
{
"text": "Hi! I’m Alexis, and this is Crash Course Botany.",
"timestamp": [
77.192,
80.53
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
80.53,
87.968
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
80.53,
87.968
]
},
{
"text": "Just like human bodies, plant \nbodies are made up of tissues,",
"timestamp": [
89.433,
93.219
]
},
{
"text": "Just like human bodies, plant \nbodies are made up of tissues,",
"timestamp": [
89.433,
93.219
]
},
{
"text": "which are organized groups of cells that \nhave similar structures and functions.",
"timestamp": [
93.219,
97.635
]
},
{
"text": "which are organized groups of cells that \nhave similar structures and functions.",
"timestamp": [
93.219,
97.635
]
},
{
"text": "They do everything from transporting \nnutrients throughout a plant’s body",
"timestamp": [
97.635,
102.05
]
},
{
"text": "They do everything from transporting \nnutrients throughout a plant’s body",
"timestamp": [
97.635,
102.05
]
},
{
"text": "to making fruit taste delicious.",
"timestamp": [
102.05,
104.685
]
},
{
"text": "to making fruit taste delicious.",
"timestamp": [
102.05,
104.685
]
},
{
"text": "And just like in our bodies,",
"timestamp": [
104.685,
106.568
]
},
{
"text": "And just like in our bodies,",
"timestamp": [
104.685,
106.568
]
},
{
"text": "different tissues work together \nto make organs function.",
"timestamp": [
106.568,
109.387
]
},
{
"text": "different tissues work together \nto make organs function.",
"timestamp": [
106.568,
109.387
]
},
{
"text": "But in plant bodies, those organs \naren’t hearts and lungs;",
"timestamp": [
109.387,
113.97
]
},
{
"text": "But in plant bodies, those organs \naren’t hearts and lungs;",
"timestamp": [
109.387,
113.97
]
},
{
"text": "they’re stems, leaves, and roots.",
"timestamp": [
113.97,
115.997
]
},
{
"text": "they’re stems, leaves, and roots.",
"timestamp": [
113.97,
115.997
]
},
{
"text": "So, let’s zoom in on the stars of today’s show.",
"timestamp": [
115.997,
119.673
]
},
{
"text": "So, let’s zoom in on the stars of today’s show.",
"timestamp": [
115.997,
119.673
]
},
{
"text": "Please welcome: dermal tissue, the plant’s skin;",
"timestamp": [
119.673,
123.652
]
},
{
"text": "Please welcome: dermal tissue, the plant’s skin;",
"timestamp": [
119.673,
123.652
]
},
{
"text": "vascular tissue, the plant’s veins;",
"timestamp": [
123.652,
126.391
]
},
{
"text": "vascular tissue, the plant’s veins;",
"timestamp": [
123.652,
126.391
]
},
{
"text": "and ground tissue — everything in between.",
"timestamp": [
126.391,
129.872
]
},
{
"text": "and ground tissue — everything in between.",
"timestamp": [
126.391,
129.872
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start with the skin.",
"timestamp": [
129.872,
132.298
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start with the skin.",
"timestamp": [
129.872,
132.298
]
},
{
"text": "The dermal tissue covers \nthe entire outside of the plant,",
"timestamp": [
132.298,
136.398
]
},
{
"text": "The dermal tissue covers \nthe entire outside of the plant,",
"timestamp": [
132.298,
136.398
]
},
{
"text": "forming the epidermis, which is \ncoated in a layer of wax called a cuticle.",
"timestamp": [
136.398,
141.131
]
},
{
"text": "forming the epidermis, which is \ncoated in a layer of wax called a cuticle.",
"timestamp": [
136.398,
141.131
]
},
{
"text": "This outer layer prevents water from escaping,",
"timestamp": [
141.852,
144.287
]
},
{
"text": "This outer layer prevents water from escaping,",
"timestamp": [
141.852,
144.287
]
},
{
"text": "and nasty things, like viruses, from getting inside.",
"timestamp": [
144.287,
148.252
]
},
{
"text": "and nasty things, like viruses, from getting inside.",
"timestamp": [
144.287,
148.252
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, the cuticle runs a \nconstant skincare routine for the plant,",
"timestamp": [
148.252,
152.869
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, the cuticle runs a \nconstant skincare routine for the plant,",
"timestamp": [
148.252,
152.869
]
},
{
"text": "keeping it moisturized and free of gross stuff.",
"timestamp": [
152.869,
156.193
]
},
{
"text": "keeping it moisturized and free of gross stuff.",
"timestamp": [
152.869,
156.193
]
},
{
"text": "No wonder plants don’t get zits.",
"timestamp": [
156.649,
158.652
]
},
{
"text": "No wonder plants don’t get zits.",
"timestamp": [
156.649,
158.652
]
},
{
"text": "But they do have pores.",
"timestamp": [
158.652,
160.565
]
},
{
"text": "But they do have pores.",
"timestamp": [
158.652,
160.565
]
},
{
"text": "Tiny openings in the epidermis \nof leaves, called stomata,",
"timestamp": [
161.141,
164.239
]
},
{
"text": "Tiny openings in the epidermis \nof leaves, called stomata,",
"timestamp": [
161.141,
164.239
]
},
{
"text": "let in carbon dioxide gas, \na key part of photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
164.239,
168.093
]
},
{
"text": "let in carbon dioxide gas, \na key part of photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
164.239,
168.093
]
},
{
"text": "And personally, I love that stomata \nlook like creepy little mouths.",
"timestamp": [
168.093,
172.173
]
},
{
"text": "And personally, I love that stomata \nlook like creepy little mouths.",
"timestamp": [
168.093,
172.173
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, they may look like aliens,",
"timestamp": [
172.173,
174.535
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, they may look like aliens,",
"timestamp": [
172.173,
174.535
]
},
{
"text": "but this image could easily be \nfrom a tree in your backyard.",
"timestamp": [
174.535,
178.361
]
},
{
"text": "but this image could easily be \nfrom a tree in your backyard.",
"timestamp": [
174.535,
178.361
]
},
{
"text": "Plants also get little hairs sprouting \nout of their skin, called trichomes.",
"timestamp": [
178.361,
183.611
]
},
{
"text": "Plants also get little hairs sprouting \nout of their skin, called trichomes.",
"timestamp": [
178.361,
183.611
]
},
{
"text": "And like hairdos, there are \ntrichomes for every occasion.",
"timestamp": [
183.611,
187.773
]
},
{
"text": "And like hairdos, there are \ntrichomes for every occasion.",
"timestamp": [
183.611,
187.773
]
},
{
"text": "Some protect against plant-eating animals",
"timestamp": [
187.773,
189.881
]
},
{
"text": "Some protect against plant-eating animals",
"timestamp": [
187.773,
189.881
]
},
{
"text": "by secreting itchy toxins from \nthe leaf or stem epidermis,",
"timestamp": [
189.881,
194.049
]
},
{
"text": "by secreting itchy toxins from \nthe leaf or stem epidermis,",
"timestamp": [
189.881,
194.049
]
},
{
"text": "which, if you’ve ever run into a stinging nettle,",
"timestamp": [
194.049,
197.328
]
},
{
"text": "which, if you’ve ever run into a stinging nettle,",
"timestamp": [
194.049,
197.328
]
},
{
"text": "you are already painfully familiar with.",
"timestamp": [
197.328,
200
]
},
{
"text": "you are already painfully familiar with.",
"timestamp": [
197.328,
200
]
},
{
"text": "Others act like sunscreen and protect \nthe plant from solar radiation,",
"timestamp": [
200.751,
205
]
},
{
"text": "Others act like sunscreen and protect \nthe plant from solar radiation,",
"timestamp": [
200.751,
205
]
},
{
"text": "or form a blanket to keep the plant \nwarm during the freezing winter.",
"timestamp": [
205,
208.95
]
},
{
"text": "or form a blanket to keep the plant \nwarm during the freezing winter.",
"timestamp": [
205,
208.95
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, the root epidermis \nproduces billions of trichomes",
"timestamp": [
208.95,
214.587
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, the root epidermis \nproduces billions of trichomes",
"timestamp": [
208.95,
214.587
]
},
{
"text": "to suck up water in the soil.",
"timestamp": [
214.587,
216.623
]
},
{
"text": "to suck up water in the soil.",
"timestamp": [
214.587,
216.623
]
},
{
"text": "One study estimated that if you strung the \nroot hairs of a single rye plant end-to-end,",
"timestamp": [
216.623,
222.327
]
},
{
"text": "One study estimated that if you strung the \nroot hairs of a single rye plant end-to-end,",
"timestamp": [
216.623,
222.327
]
},
{
"text": "it’d be eleven thousand kilometers long.",
"timestamp": [
222.327,
226.032
]
},
{
"text": "it’d be eleven thousand kilometers long.",
"timestamp": [
222.327,
226.032
]
},
{
"text": "That’s a ponytail stretching a \nquarter of the way around the earth.",
"timestamp": [
226.416,
230.45
]
},
{
"text": "That’s a ponytail stretching a \nquarter of the way around the earth.",
"timestamp": [
226.416,
230.45
]
},
{
"text": "Ariana, who?",
"timestamp": [
230.45,
231.818
]
},
{
"text": "Ariana, who?",
"timestamp": [
230.45,
231.818
]
},
{
"text": "While we can observe a \nplant’s skin on the outside,",
"timestamp": [
231.818,
235.456
]
},
{
"text": "While we can observe a \nplant’s skin on the outside,",
"timestamp": [
231.818,
235.456
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll have to peer inside \nto explore its other tissues.",
"timestamp": [
235.456,
239.429
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll have to peer inside \nto explore its other tissues.",
"timestamp": [
235.456,
239.429
]
},
{
"text": "Next up: Vascular tissue, which forms the \ncirculatory system, or the veins, of the plant.",
"timestamp": [
239.429,
245.398
]
},
{
"text": "Next up: Vascular tissue, which forms the \ncirculatory system, or the veins, of the plant.",
"timestamp": [
239.429,
245.398
]
},
{
"text": "Its cells are specialized for transportation,",
"timestamp": [
245.398,
248.564
]
},
{
"text": "Its cells are specialized for transportation,",
"timestamp": [
245.398,
248.564
]
},
{
"text": "like how a subway system moves \npeople where they need to go.",
"timestamp": [
248.564,
251.765
]
},
{
"text": "like how a subway system moves \npeople where they need to go.",
"timestamp": [
248.564,
251.765
]
},
{
"text": "And there are two main types of cells \nthat make up that vascular tissue:",
"timestamp": [
251.765,
255.107
]
},
{
"text": "And there are two main types of cells \nthat make up that vascular tissue:",
"timestamp": [
251.765,
255.107
]
},
{
"text": "xylem and phloem.",
"timestamp": [
255.107,
257.297
]
},
{
"text": "xylem and phloem.",
"timestamp": [
255.107,
257.297
]
},
{
"text": "Xylem cells transport water and \nnutrients from the roots to the leaves.",
"timestamp": [
257.297,
261.875
]
},
{
"text": "Xylem cells transport water and \nnutrients from the roots to the leaves.",
"timestamp": [
257.297,
261.875
]
},
{
"text": "And get this: the cells do \nthis by dying on purpose.",
"timestamp": [
261.875,
267.233
]
},
{
"text": "And get this: the cells do \nthis by dying on purpose.",
"timestamp": [
261.875,
267.233
]
},
{
"text": "They digest their own \ninsides to become hollow,",
"timestamp": [
267.233,
270.835
]
},
{
"text": "They digest their own \ninsides to become hollow,",
"timestamp": [
267.233,
270.835
]
},
{
"text": "and their strong cell walls make \nperfect water-transporting pipes.",
"timestamp": [
270.835,
275.357
]
},
{
"text": "and their strong cell walls make \nperfect water-transporting pipes.",
"timestamp": [
270.835,
275.357
]
},
{
"text": "As the plant grows, stem cell \nclusters called meristems",
"timestamp": [
275.357,
279.213
]
},
{
"text": "As the plant grows, stem cell \nclusters called meristems",
"timestamp": [
275.357,
279.213
]
},
{
"text": "generate new xylem cells,",
"timestamp": [
279.213,
281.496
]
},
{
"text": "generate new xylem cells,",
"timestamp": [
279.213,
281.496
]
},
{
"text": "which form bigger pipes\n to suit the plant’s needs.",
"timestamp": [
281.496,
284.924
]
},
{
"text": "which form bigger pipes\n to suit the plant’s needs.",
"timestamp": [
281.496,
284.924
]
},
{
"text": "After water flows from the roots \nto the leaves through the xylem,",
"timestamp": [
284.924,
288.645
]
},
{
"text": "After water flows from the roots \nto the leaves through the xylem,",
"timestamp": [
284.924,
288.645
]
},
{
"text": "it can exit the plant through \nthe tiny stomata mouths.",
"timestamp": [
288.645,
292.712
]
},
{
"text": "it can exit the plant through \nthe tiny stomata mouths.",
"timestamp": [
288.645,
292.712
]
},
{
"text": "This allows the plant to cool down.",
"timestamp": [
292.712,
294.634
]
},
{
"text": "This allows the plant to cool down.",
"timestamp": [
292.712,
294.634
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, it lets it sweat, \njust like we do.",
"timestamp": [
294.634,
297.823
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, it lets it sweat, \njust like we do.",
"timestamp": [
294.634,
297.823
]
},
{
"text": "But unlike us, they never have \nto worry about pit stains.",
"timestamp": [
297.823,
301.553
]
},
{
"text": "But unlike us, they never have \nto worry about pit stains.",
"timestamp": [
297.823,
301.553
]
},
{
"text": "Phloem cells, on the other hand,",
"timestamp": [
302.25,
304.021
]
},
{
"text": "Phloem cells, on the other hand,",
"timestamp": [
302.25,
304.021
]
},
{
"text": "transport stuff mostly in the \nopposite direction as xylem cells.",
"timestamp": [
304.021,
308.346
]
},
{
"text": "transport stuff mostly in the \nopposite direction as xylem cells.",
"timestamp": [
304.021,
308.346
]
},
{
"text": "They move the sugar produced by photosynthesis \nfrom the leaves to the rest of the plant.",
"timestamp": [
308.346,
313.784
]
},
{
"text": "They move the sugar produced by photosynthesis \nfrom the leaves to the rest of the plant.",
"timestamp": [
308.346,
313.784
]
},
{
"text": "And while they don’t die on \npurpose like xylem does,",
"timestamp": [
313.784,
317.431
]
},
{
"text": "And while they don’t die on \npurpose like xylem does,",
"timestamp": [
313.784,
317.431
]
},
{
"text": "they do clear out a lot of their cell \ncontents to pass that sugar around",
"timestamp": [
317.431,
321.37
]
},
{
"text": "they do clear out a lot of their cell \ncontents to pass that sugar around",
"timestamp": [
317.431,
321.37
]
},
{
"text": "—so much, in fact, that they need \na buddy, called a companion cell,",
"timestamp": [
321.97,
325.595
]
},
{
"text": "—so much, in fact, that they need \na buddy, called a companion cell,",
"timestamp": [
321.97,
325.595
]
},
{
"text": "to help them with the tasks their organelles",
"timestamp": [
325.595,
328.034
]
},
{
"text": "to help them with the tasks their organelles",
"timestamp": [
325.595,
328.034
]
},
{
"text": "—or functional cell units\n—would normally do.",
"timestamp": [
328.034,
331.095
]
},
{
"text": "—or functional cell units\n—would normally do.",
"timestamp": [
328.034,
331.095
]
},
{
"text": "[Sings] \nWe all need somebody to lean on.",
"timestamp": [
331.095,
336.06
]
},
{
"text": "[Sings] \nWe all need somebody to lean on.",
"timestamp": [
331.095,
336.06
]
},
{
"text": "Xylem and phloem are bundled \ntogether to form the veins of a plant",
"timestamp": [
336.66,
340.987
]
},
{
"text": "Xylem and phloem are bundled \ntogether to form the veins of a plant",
"timestamp": [
336.66,
340.987
]
},
{
"text": "—the subway map that connects \nthe leaves, stem, and roots.",
"timestamp": [
340.987,
344.797
]
},
{
"text": "—the subway map that connects \nthe leaves, stem, and roots.",
"timestamp": [
340.987,
344.797
]
},
{
"text": "You can actually see and feel these beautiful \nvein patterns when you pick up a leaf.",
"timestamp": [
344.797,
350.16
]
},
{
"text": "You can actually see and feel these beautiful \nvein patterns when you pick up a leaf.",
"timestamp": [
344.797,
350.16
]
},
{
"text": "OK, so the third and final \ntissue type is ground tissue,",
"timestamp": [
350.16,
354.528
]
},
{
"text": "OK, so the third and final \ntissue type is ground tissue,",
"timestamp": [
350.16,
354.528
]
},
{
"text": "which is everything that \nisn’t dermal or vascular",
"timestamp": [
354.528,
358.234
]
},
{
"text": "which is everything that \nisn’t dermal or vascular",
"timestamp": [
354.528,
358.234
]
},
{
"text": "— basically, the meaty bits of the plant.",
"timestamp": [
358.234,
360.634
]
},
{
"text": "— basically, the meaty bits of the plant.",
"timestamp": [
358.234,
360.634
]
},
{
"text": "Well, not meaty exactly.",
"timestamp": [
361.282,
363.89
]
},
{
"text": "Well, not meaty exactly.",
"timestamp": [
361.282,
363.89
]
},
{
"text": "But ground tissue does tend \nto be juicy and delicious.",
"timestamp": [
363.89,
367.139
]
},
{
"text": "But ground tissue does tend \nto be juicy and delicious.",
"timestamp": [
363.89,
367.139
]
},
{
"text": "The three types of cells that make \nup ground tissue all have similar",
"timestamp": [
367.139,
370.748
]
},
{
"text": "The three types of cells that make \nup ground tissue all have similar",
"timestamp": [
367.139,
370.748
]
},
{
"text": "—but pretty funky-sounding—names.",
"timestamp": [
370.748,
373.26
]
},
{
"text": "—but pretty funky-sounding—names.",
"timestamp": [
370.748,
373.26
]
},
{
"text": "Parenchyma cells are the most common \nground tissue cell type in a plant.",
"timestamp": [
373.86,
377.539
]
},
{
"text": "Parenchyma cells are the most common \nground tissue cell type in a plant.",
"timestamp": [
373.86,
377.539
]
},
{
"text": "When you bite into an apple,",
"timestamp": [
378.211,
380.005
]
},
{
"text": "When you bite into an apple,",
"timestamp": [
378.211,
380.005
]
},
{
"text": "the juicy part beneath the skin is \nmade up of these kinds of cells.",
"timestamp": [
380.005,
384.117
]
},
{
"text": "the juicy part beneath the skin is \nmade up of these kinds of cells.",
"timestamp": [
380.005,
384.117
]
},
{
"text": "They’re the main photosynthesizers in leaves,",
"timestamp": [
384.117,
386.262
]
},
{
"text": "They’re the main photosynthesizers in leaves,",
"timestamp": [
384.117,
386.262
]
},
{
"text": "and they store starch, \nor extra sugar reserves,",
"timestamp": [
386.262,
389.309
]
},
{
"text": "and they store starch, \nor extra sugar reserves,",
"timestamp": [
386.262,
389.309
]
},
{
"text": "in roots like sweet potatoes.",
"timestamp": [
389.309,
391.293
]
},
{
"text": "in roots like sweet potatoes.",
"timestamp": [
389.309,
391.293
]
},
{
"text": "We sometimes eat collenchyma cells too.",
"timestamp": [
391.293,
394.146
]
},
{
"text": "We sometimes eat collenchyma cells too.",
"timestamp": [
391.293,
394.146
]
},
{
"text": "They’re in the strings of plants\n like celery and rhubarb.",
"timestamp": [
394.146,
397.286
]
},
{
"text": "They’re in the strings of plants\n like celery and rhubarb.",
"timestamp": [
394.146,
397.286
]
},
{
"text": "These cells provide structural support \nto organs that are still growing,",
"timestamp": [
397.286,
401.665
]
},
{
"text": "These cells provide structural support \nto organs that are still growing,",
"timestamp": [
397.286,
401.665
]
},
{
"text": "so they need to remain stretchy and flexible.",
"timestamp": [
401.665,
404.333
]
},
{
"text": "so they need to remain stretchy and flexible.",
"timestamp": [
401.665,
404.333
]
},
{
"text": "And lastly there’s sclerenchyma.",
"timestamp": [
404.333,
407.144
]
},
{
"text": "And lastly there’s sclerenchyma.",
"timestamp": [
404.333,
407.144
]
},
{
"text": "Sclerenchyma’s job is to support the plant \nwhen it faces too much weight or bending.",
"timestamp": [
407.144,
412.352
]
},
{
"text": "Sclerenchyma’s job is to support the plant \nwhen it faces too much weight or bending.",
"timestamp": [
407.144,
412.352
]
},
{
"text": "They’re like the folks at the \nbottom of the cheer pyramid.",
"timestamp": [
412.352,
415.282
]
},
{
"text": "They’re like the folks at the \nbottom of the cheer pyramid.",
"timestamp": [
412.352,
415.282
]
},
{
"text": "We do occasionally eat these cells —",
"timestamp": [
415.282,
417.945
]
},
{
"text": "We do occasionally eat these cells —",
"timestamp": [
415.282,
417.945
]
},
{
"text": "they give pears their gritty texture —",
"timestamp": [
417.945,
420.513
]
},
{
"text": "they give pears their gritty texture —",
"timestamp": [
417.945,
420.513
]
},
{
"text": "but they’re usually too tough to eat.",
"timestamp": [
420.513,
422.86
]
},
{
"text": "but they’re usually too tough to eat.",
"timestamp": [
420.513,
422.86
]
},
{
"text": "Like, I’m not trying to chow \ndown on a peach pit.",
"timestamp": [
422.86,
425.972
]
},
{
"text": "Like, I’m not trying to chow \ndown on a peach pit.",
"timestamp": [
422.86,
425.972
]
},
{
"text": "Sclerenchyma supports organs \nthat are fully mature,",
"timestamp": [
425.972,
429.666
]
},
{
"text": "Sclerenchyma supports organs \nthat are fully mature,",
"timestamp": [
425.972,
429.666
]
},
{
"text": "and similar to xylem, it has \ncells that are dead inside",
"timestamp": [
429.666,
433.86
]
},
{
"text": "and similar to xylem, it has \ncells that are dead inside",
"timestamp": [
429.666,
433.86
]
},
{
"text": "(physically, not emotionally).",
"timestamp": [
433.86,
436.805
]
},
{
"text": "(physically, not emotionally).",
"timestamp": [
433.86,
436.805
]
},
{
"text": "All this isn’t just fun trivia to \nplant-splain to your next date,",
"timestamp": [
436.805,
440.958
]
},
{
"text": "All this isn’t just fun trivia to \nplant-splain to your next date,",
"timestamp": [
436.805,
440.958
]
},
{
"text": "or fodder for your \nnext Scrabble game",
"timestamp": [
440.958,
443.468
]
},
{
"text": "or fodder for your \nnext Scrabble game",
"timestamp": [
440.958,
443.468
]
},
{
"text": "— though “sclerenchyma” would \ndefinitely get you a new high score.",
"timestamp": [
443.468,
447.829
]
},
{
"text": "— though “sclerenchyma” would \ndefinitely get you a new high score.",
"timestamp": [
443.468,
447.829
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also knowledge that, when applied,",
"timestamp": [
448.333,
450.688
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also knowledge that, when applied,",
"timestamp": [
448.333,
450.688
]
},
{
"text": "can help prevent plant diseases, \nlike those studied by Dr. Esau.",
"timestamp": [
450.688,
455.008
]
},
{
"text": "can help prevent plant diseases, \nlike those studied by Dr. Esau.",
"timestamp": [
450.688,
455.008
]
},
{
"text": "And plant diseases are often a \nbig deal for more than just plants.",
"timestamp": [
455.008,
459.087
]
},
{
"text": "And plant diseases are often a \nbig deal for more than just plants.",
"timestamp": [
455.008,
459.087
]
},
{
"text": "They could lead to losses in food supply, \ndamaged ecosystems, and more.",
"timestamp": [
459.543,
463.774
]
},
{
"text": "They could lead to losses in food supply, \ndamaged ecosystems, and more.",
"timestamp": [
459.543,
463.774
]
},
{
"text": "So, all throughout this episode,",
"timestamp": [
463.774,
465.459
]
},
{
"text": "So, all throughout this episode,",
"timestamp": [
463.774,
465.459
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve been yanking tissues out \nof the tissue box, one by one.",
"timestamp": [
465.459,
468.652
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve been yanking tissues out \nof the tissue box, one by one.",
"timestamp": [
465.459,
468.652
]
},
{
"text": "By which I mean — talking about dermal, \nvascular, and ground cells separately",
"timestamp": [
469.132,
474.692
]
},
{
"text": "By which I mean — talking about dermal, \nvascular, and ground cells separately",
"timestamp": [
469.132,
474.692
]
},
{
"text": "when, of course, they don’t function separately.",
"timestamp": [
474.692,
478.14
]
},
{
"text": "when, of course, they don’t function separately.",
"timestamp": [
474.692,
478.14
]
},
{
"text": "Just like in our bodies, tissues work \ntogether in plants to form an organ.",
"timestamp": [
478.14,
483.189
]
},
{
"text": "Just like in our bodies, tissues work \ntogether in plants to form an organ.",
"timestamp": [
478.14,
483.189
]
},
{
"text": "And the real botanical magic happens when \nwe can observe this collaboration in action.",
"timestamp": [
483.189,
488.69
]
},
{
"text": "And the real botanical magic happens when \nwe can observe this collaboration in action.",
"timestamp": [
483.189,
488.69
]
},
{
"text": "So for that, we’ll need a microscope…",
"timestamp": [
488.69,
491.051
]
},
{
"text": "So for that, we’ll need a microscope…",
"timestamp": [
488.69,
491.051
]
},
{
"text": "and some chopped-up plant organs.",
"timestamp": [
491.051,
494.271
]
},
{
"text": "and some chopped-up plant organs.",
"timestamp": [
491.051,
494.271
]
},
{
"text": "Ahem.",
"timestamp": [
495,
495.668
]
},
{
"text": "Ahem.",
"timestamp": [
495,
495.668
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you. ",
"timestamp": [
496.316,
496.985
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you. ",
"timestamp": [
496.316,
496.985
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll start with a microscope slide of a corn stem.",
"timestamp": [
498.167,
500.733
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll start with a microscope slide of a corn stem.",
"timestamp": [
498.167,
500.733
]
},
{
"text": "This view is called a cross-section —",
"timestamp": [
501.357,
503.823
]
},
{
"text": "This view is called a cross-section —",
"timestamp": [
501.357,
503.823
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve made a cut horizontally across the stem,",
"timestamp": [
503.823,
506.649
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve made a cut horizontally across the stem,",
"timestamp": [
503.823,
506.649
]
},
{
"text": "like a flat cucumber slice,",
"timestamp": [
506.649,
508.813
]
},
{
"text": "like a flat cucumber slice,",
"timestamp": [
506.649,
508.813
]
},
{
"text": "and we’re facing it head-on.",
"timestamp": [
508.813,
510.361
]
},
{
"text": "and we’re facing it head-on.",
"timestamp": [
508.813,
510.361
]
},
{
"text": "Check it out: the dermal tissue layer is the \nperfectly neat row of cells all around the edges",
"timestamp": [
510.361,
516.636
]
},
{
"text": "Check it out: the dermal tissue layer is the \nperfectly neat row of cells all around the edges",
"timestamp": [
510.361,
516.636
]
},
{
"text": "— it’s giving the stem a tight hug.",
"timestamp": [
516.636,
518.995
]
},
{
"text": "— it’s giving the stem a tight hug.",
"timestamp": [
516.636,
518.995
]
},
{
"text": "The rest of the stem is filled with ground tissue —",
"timestamp": [
518.995,
521.838
]
},
{
"text": "The rest of the stem is filled with ground tissue —",
"timestamp": [
518.995,
521.838
]
},
{
"text": "those big, juicy parenchyma cells,",
"timestamp": [
521.838,
525.225
]
},
{
"text": "those big, juicy parenchyma cells,",
"timestamp": [
521.838,
525.225
]
},
{
"text": "which help keep the plant upright \nand store water and nutrients.",
"timestamp": [
525.225,
528.878
]
},
{
"text": "which help keep the plant upright \nand store water and nutrients.",
"timestamp": [
525.225,
528.878
]
},
{
"text": "And scattered throughout the ground tissue \nare the vascular tissue bundles, or veins,",
"timestamp": [
528.878,
534.002
]
},
{
"text": "And scattered throughout the ground tissue \nare the vascular tissue bundles, or veins,",
"timestamp": [
528.878,
534.002
]
},
{
"text": "which look weirdly like they’re screaming.",
"timestamp": [
534.002,
537.127
]
},
{
"text": "which look weirdly like they’re screaming.",
"timestamp": [
534.002,
537.127
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, I guess I would be too if someone just cut a \nchunk out of me and put me under a microscope.",
"timestamp": [
537.127,
542.268
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, I guess I would be too if someone just cut a \nchunk out of me and put me under a microscope.",
"timestamp": [
537.127,
542.268
]
},
{
"text": "The xylem cells, which are moving water \nand nutrients up through the stem,",
"timestamp": [
542.868,
546.855
]
},
{
"text": "The xylem cells, which are moving water \nand nutrients up through the stem,",
"timestamp": [
542.868,
546.855
]
},
{
"text": "are clumped toward the inside of the bundle,",
"timestamp": [
546.855,
549.774
]
},
{
"text": "are clumped toward the inside of the bundle,",
"timestamp": [
546.855,
549.774
]
},
{
"text": "and the phloem, which is transporting \nsugars down through the plant,",
"timestamp": [
549.774,
553.838
]
},
{
"text": "and the phloem, which is transporting \nsugars down through the plant,",
"timestamp": [
549.774,
553.838
]
},
{
"text": "is clustered toward the outside.",
"timestamp": [
553.838,
556.616
]
},
{
"text": "is clustered toward the outside.",
"timestamp": [
553.838,
556.616
]
},
{
"text": "The companion cells are the little guys scattered\n throughout the larger phloem cells.",
"timestamp": [
556.616,
561.639
]
},
{
"text": "The companion cells are the little guys scattered\n throughout the larger phloem cells.",
"timestamp": [
556.616,
561.639
]
},
{
"text": "There are even some sclerenchyma \nfibers helping out along the edges.",
"timestamp": [
562.191,
566.351
]
},
{
"text": "There are even some sclerenchyma \nfibers helping out along the edges.",
"timestamp": [
562.191,
566.351
]
},
{
"text": "OK, next plant organ.",
"timestamp": [
566.903,
569.131
]
},
{
"text": "OK, next plant organ.",
"timestamp": [
566.903,
569.131
]
},
{
"text": "Chef, make me a leaf cross-section.",
"timestamp": [
569.131,
572.402
]
},
{
"text": "Chef, make me a leaf cross-section.",
"timestamp": [
569.131,
572.402
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you!",
"timestamp": [
573.435,
574.133
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you!",
"timestamp": [
573.435,
574.133
]
},
{
"text": "If you’ve doodled a leaf before,",
"timestamp": [
574.445,
576.558
]
},
{
"text": "If you’ve doodled a leaf before,",
"timestamp": [
574.445,
576.558
]
},
{
"text": "chances are you’ve drawn a line going down its middle.",
"timestamp": [
576.558,
580.33
]
},
{
"text": "chances are you’ve drawn a line going down its middle.",
"timestamp": [
576.558,
580.33
]
},
{
"text": "Well, here’s that line at the microscopic level.",
"timestamp": [
580.33,
584.666
]
},
{
"text": "Well, here’s that line at the microscopic level.",
"timestamp": [
580.33,
584.666
]
},
{
"text": "That big honking circle in the center?",
"timestamp": [
584.666,
587.434
]
},
{
"text": "That big honking circle in the center?",
"timestamp": [
584.666,
587.434
]
},
{
"text": "That’s the major vein that runs\n through the center of the leaf.",
"timestamp": [
587.434,
590.97
]
},
{
"text": "That’s the major vein that runs\n through the center of the leaf.",
"timestamp": [
587.434,
590.97
]
},
{
"text": "And if we zoom in,",
"timestamp": [
590.97,
592.871
]
},
{
"text": "And if we zoom in,",
"timestamp": [
590.97,
592.871
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll notice its xylem and phloem \ncells snuggled together,",
"timestamp": [
592.871,
596.964
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll notice its xylem and phloem \ncells snuggled together,",
"timestamp": [
592.871,
596.964
]
},
{
"text": "just like they were in the stem.",
"timestamp": [
596.964,
599.211
]
},
{
"text": "just like they were in the stem.",
"timestamp": [
596.964,
599.211
]
},
{
"text": "The blade of the leaf extends \nfrom either side of that big vein,",
"timestamp": [
599.211,
602.787
]
},
{
"text": "The blade of the leaf extends \nfrom either side of that big vein,",
"timestamp": [
599.211,
602.787
]
},
{
"text": "and smaller veins branch off from it that support \nthe leaf and supply it with water and food.",
"timestamp": [
602.787,
608.794
]
},
{
"text": "and smaller veins branch off from it that support \nthe leaf and supply it with water and food.",
"timestamp": [
602.787,
608.794
]
},
{
"text": "So the xylem cells are transporting \nnutrients from the roots to the leaf,",
"timestamp": [
608.794,
613.138
]
},
{
"text": "So the xylem cells are transporting \nnutrients from the roots to the leaf,",
"timestamp": [
608.794,
613.138
]
},
{
"text": "and the phloem are taking the freshly made \nsugar from the leaf to the rest of the plant.",
"timestamp": [
613.138,
618.416
]
},
{
"text": "and the phloem are taking the freshly made \nsugar from the leaf to the rest of the plant.",
"timestamp": [
613.138,
618.416
]
},
{
"text": "Packed around the veins is the ground tissue,",
"timestamp": [
618.416,
620.997
]
},
{
"text": "Packed around the veins is the ground tissue,",
"timestamp": [
618.416,
620.997
]
},
{
"text": "which is working so hard at photosynthesizing.",
"timestamp": [
620.997,
624.649
]
},
{
"text": "which is working so hard at photosynthesizing.",
"timestamp": [
620.997,
624.649
]
},
{
"text": "Each leaf parenchyma cell can hold hundreds of chloroplasts",
"timestamp": [
625.129,
629.755
]
},
{
"text": "Each leaf parenchyma cell can hold hundreds of chloroplasts",
"timestamp": [
625.129,
629.755
]
},
{
"text": "— that’s where all the photosynthesis happens",
"timestamp": [
629.755,
631.62
]
},
{
"text": "— that’s where all the photosynthesis happens",
"timestamp": [
629.755,
631.62
]
},
{
"text": "and what gives leaves their signature green color.",
"timestamp": [
631.62,
635.13
]
},
{
"text": "and what gives leaves their signature green color.",
"timestamp": [
631.62,
635.13
]
},
{
"text": "And we’ll find those funky little \nstomata on the underside of the leaf.",
"timestamp": [
635.13,
638.982
]
},
{
"text": "And we’ll find those funky little \nstomata on the underside of the leaf.",
"timestamp": [
635.13,
638.982
]
},
{
"text": "Since water escapes \nthe plant through the stomata,",
"timestamp": [
639.703,
642.409
]
},
{
"text": "Since water escapes \nthe plant through the stomata,",
"timestamp": [
639.703,
642.409
]
},
{
"text": "it’s best for the plant to have them on the side of the leaf \nthat does not get blasted by the sun all day.",
"timestamp": [
642.409,
648.227
]
},
{
"text": "it’s best for the plant to have them on the side of the leaf \nthat does not get blasted by the sun all day.",
"timestamp": [
642.409,
648.227
]
},
{
"text": "Last but not least, let’s check \nout a root cross-section.",
"timestamp": [
648.227,
652.091
]
},
{
"text": "Last but not least, let’s check \nout a root cross-section.",
"timestamp": [
648.227,
652.091
]
},
{
"text": "It’s got a similar vibe to the stem,",
"timestamp": [
652.523,
654.748
]
},
{
"text": "It’s got a similar vibe to the stem,",
"timestamp": [
652.523,
654.748
]
},
{
"text": "except its vascular tissue \nis clustered in the center of the root.",
"timestamp": [
654.748,
658.499
]
},
{
"text": "except its vascular tissue \nis clustered in the center of the root.",
"timestamp": [
654.748,
658.499
]
},
{
"text": "This tissue acts as a filter for the \nincoming water that the root is soaking up.",
"timestamp": [
659.267,
663.347
]
},
{
"text": "This tissue acts as a filter for the \nincoming water that the root is soaking up.",
"timestamp": [
659.267,
663.347
]
},
{
"text": "The vascular tissue is surrounded \nby a thick layer of ground tissue,",
"timestamp": [
663.347,
667.575
]
},
{
"text": "The vascular tissue is surrounded \nby a thick layer of ground tissue,",
"timestamp": [
663.347,
667.575
]
},
{
"text": "and the epidermis wraps around the whole thing.",
"timestamp": [
667.575,
670.212
]
},
{
"text": "and the epidermis wraps around the whole thing.",
"timestamp": [
667.575,
670.212
]
},
{
"text": "So by examining these organs under a microscope,",
"timestamp": [
670.212,
673.634
]
},
{
"text": "So by examining these organs under a microscope,",
"timestamp": [
670.212,
673.634
]
},
{
"text": "we can recognize that plants aren’t just a mass \nof cells—they’re highly organized.",
"timestamp": [
673.634,
679.183
]
},
{
"text": "we can recognize that plants aren’t just a mass \nof cells—they’re highly organized.",
"timestamp": [
673.634,
679.183
]
},
{
"text": "Plants are made of organs, which are made of tissues,",
"timestamp": [
680,
683.153
]
},
{
"text": "Plants are made of organs, which are made of tissues,",
"timestamp": [
680,
683.153
]
},
{
"text": "which are made of complex cell structures that work together ",
"timestamp": [
683.153,
686.631
]
},
{
"text": "which are made of complex cell structures that work together ",
"timestamp": [
683.153,
686.631
]
},
{
"text": "and have a hand in everything that goes on in the plant,",
"timestamp": [
686.631,
689.945
]
},
{
"text": "and have a hand in everything that goes on in the plant,",
"timestamp": [
686.631,
689.945
]
},
{
"text": "from how it eats to how it sweats.",
"timestamp": [
689.945,
692.462
]
},
{
"text": "from how it eats to how it sweats.",
"timestamp": [
689.945,
692.462
]
},
{
"text": "The work of plant anatomists like Dr. Esau",
"timestamp": [
692.918,
695.152
]
},
{
"text": "The work of plant anatomists like Dr. Esau",
"timestamp": [
692.918,
695.152
]
},
{
"text": "shows us that plant form and \nfunction are inextricably linked.",
"timestamp": [
695.152,
699.44
]
},
{
"text": "shows us that plant form and \nfunction are inextricably linked.",
"timestamp": [
695.152,
699.44
]
},
{
"text": "Without the intricacies of plant tissue,",
"timestamp": [
700.04,
702.061
]
},
{
"text": "Without the intricacies of plant tissue,",
"timestamp": [
700.04,
702.061
]
},
{
"text": "plants wouldn’t be able to survive and thrive.",
"timestamp": [
702.061,
704.64
]
},
{
"text": "plants wouldn’t be able to survive and thrive.",
"timestamp": [
702.061,
704.64
]
},
{
"text": "And viruses, unfortunately, know \nthis about as well as we do. ",
"timestamp": [
705.18,
710.16
]
},
{
"text": "And viruses, unfortunately, know \nthis about as well as we do. ",
"timestamp": [
705.18,
710.16
]
},
{
"text": "But the more secrets we learn about \nthe amazing relationship between",
"timestamp": [
710.16,
714.877
]
},
{
"text": "But the more secrets we learn about \nthe amazing relationship between",
"timestamp": [
710.16,
714.877
]
},
{
"text": "how plants are built and how they work,",
"timestamp": [
714.877,
717.237
]
},
{
"text": "how plants are built and how they work,",
"timestamp": [
714.877,
717.237
]
},
{
"text": "the more we’ll be able to conserve them \nand all the types of life that rely on them.",
"timestamp": [
717.237,
722.261
]
},
{
"text": "the more we’ll be able to conserve them \nand all the types of life that rely on them.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Next time, we’ll be seeing these plants in action",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Next time, we’ll be seeing these plants in action",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "as they accomplish some of \ntheir most important processes:",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "as they accomplish some of \ntheir most important processes:",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "cellular respiration and photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "cellular respiration and photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!",
"timestamp": [
732.23,
735.161
]
},
{
"text": "At Dr. Esau’s first university job,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "At Dr. Esau’s first university job,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "what did the students use to illuminate \ntheir microscope samples?",
"timestamp": [
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741.373
]
},
{
"text": "what did the students use to illuminate \ntheir microscope samples?",
"timestamp": [
737.816,
741.373
]
},
{
"text": "Find the answer in the comments!",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Find the answer in the comments!",
"timestamp": [
741.373,
743.697
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this \nepisode of Crash Course Botany",
"timestamp": [
743.697,
746.206
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this \nepisode of Crash Course Botany",
"timestamp": [
743.697,
746.206
]
},
{
"text": "which was filmed at the Damir Ferizović Studio",
"timestamp": [
746.206,
748.74
]
},
{
"text": "which was filmed at the Damir Ferizović Studio",
"timestamp": [
746.206,
748.74
]
},
{
"text": "and was made in partnership \nwith PBS Digital Studios and Nature.",
"timestamp": [
748.74,
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]
},
{
"text": "and was made in partnership \nwith PBS Digital Studios and Nature.",
"timestamp": [
748.74,
753.473
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course \nfree for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
753.473,
757.2
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course \nfree for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
753.473,
757.2
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
757.2,
759.6
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
757.2,
759.6
]
}
] |
[
[
"Dr. Katherine Esau",
"In 1924, Dr. Katherine Esau was working \non a sugar beet farm in California,where some of the beet plants were suffering \nfrom a strange virus called curly-top disease.Spread by insects called leafhoppers,it causes plants to have unusually \ncurly leaves and stunts their growth.By paying careful attention to the anatomy,or the internal structure of these plants,Esau discovered how the disease \nspread throughout the plant.She wrote in her autobiography:“I began to realize that the virus must enter \nand must move in the plant along a pathway. I figured out that if the leaf-hopper \npasses the virus by feeding,then the virus must be moving through \nthe same system as the food moves.”In other words, the very same group of cells \nthat move the sugar produced by photosynthesisfrom the leaves to the rest of \nthe plant was being hijackedto transport the virus all throughout it.This discovery was huge for the field of \nbotanybecause it helped illustrate just how essential \nthe knowledge of healthy plant anatomy isfor understanding unhealthy plants\n—and helping them get better.So, stick out your tongue and say “ahhh,” plants.Let’s explore what’s going on in there.Hi! I’m Alexis, and this is Crash Course Botany.[THEME MUSIC]"
],
[
"Plant Tissues",
"Just like human bodies, plant \nbodies are made up of tissues,which are organized groups of cells that \nhave similar structures and functions.They do everything from transporting \nnutrients throughout a plant’s bodyto making fruit taste delicious.And just like in our bodies,different tissues work together \nto make organs function.But in plant bodies, those organs \naren’t hearts and lungs;they’re stems, leaves, and roots.So, let’s zoom in on the stars of today’s show.Please welcome: dermal tissue, the plant’s skin;vascular tissue, the plant’s veins;and ground tissue — everything in between."
],
[
"Dermal Tissue",
"Let’s start with the skin.The dermal tissue covers \nthe entire outside of the plant,forming the epidermis, which is \ncoated in a layer of wax called a cuticle.This outer layer prevents water from escaping,and nasty things, like viruses, from getting inside.In other words, the cuticle runs a \nconstant skincare routine for the plant,keeping it moisturized and free of gross stuff.No wonder plants don’t get zits.But they do have pores.Tiny openings in the epidermis \nof leaves, called stomata,let in carbon dioxide gas, \na key part of photosynthesis.And personally, I love that stomata \nlook like creepy little mouths.I mean, they may look like aliens,but this image could easily be \nfrom a tree in your backyard.Plants also get little hairs sprouting \nout of their skin, called trichomes.And like hairdos, there are \ntrichomes for every occasion.Some protect against plant-eating animalsby secreting itchy toxins from \nthe leaf or stem epidermis,which, if you’ve ever run into a stinging nettle,you are already painfully familiar with.Others act like sunscreen and protect \nthe plant from solar radiation,or form a blanket to keep the plant \nwarm during the freezing winter.Meanwhile, the root epidermis \nproduces billions of trichomesto suck up water in the soil.One study estimated that if you strung the \nroot hairs of a single rye plant end-to-end,it’d be eleven thousand kilometers long.That’s a ponytail stretching a \nquarter of the way around the earth.Ariana, who?While we can observe a \nplant’s skin on the outside,we’ll have to peer inside \nto explore its other tissues."
],
[
"Vascular Tissue",
"Next up: Vascular tissue, which forms the \ncirculatory system, or the veins, of the plant.Its cells are specialized for transportation,like how a subway system moves \npeople where they need to go.And there are two main types of cells \nthat make up that vascular tissue:xylem and phloem.Xylem cells transport water and \nnutrients from the roots to the leaves.And get this: the cells do \nthis by dying on purpose.They digest their own \ninsides to become hollow,and their strong cell walls make \nperfect water-transporting pipes.As the plant grows, stem cell \nclusters called meristemsgenerate new xylem cells,which form bigger pipes\n to suit the plant’s needs.After water flows from the roots \nto the leaves through the xylem,it can exit the plant through \nthe tiny stomata mouths.This allows the plant to cool down.In other words, it lets it sweat, \njust like we do.But unlike us, they never have \nto worry about pit stains.Phloem cells, on the other hand,transport stuff mostly in the \nopposite direction as xylem cells.They move the sugar produced by photosynthesis \nfrom the leaves to the rest of the plant.And while they don’t die on \npurpose like xylem does,they do clear out a lot of their cell \ncontents to pass that sugar around—so much, in fact, that they need \na buddy, called a companion cell,to help them with the tasks their organelles—or functional cell units\n—would normally do.[Sings] \nWe all need somebody to lean on.Xylem and phloem are bundled \ntogether to form the veins of a plant—the subway map that connects \nthe leaves, stem, and roots.You can actually see and feel these beautiful \nvein patterns when you pick up a leaf."
],
[
"Ground Tissue",
"OK, so the third and final \ntissue type is ground tissue,which is everything that \nisn’t dermal or vascular— basically, the meaty bits of the plant.Well, not meaty exactly.But ground tissue does tend \nto be juicy and delicious.The three types of cells that make \nup ground tissue all have similar—but pretty funky-sounding—names.Parenchyma cells are the most common \nground tissue cell type in a plant.When you bite into an apple,the juicy part beneath the skin is \nmade up of these kinds of cells.They’re the main photosynthesizers in leaves,and they store starch, \nor extra sugar reserves,in roots like sweet potatoes.We sometimes eat collenchyma cells too.They’re in the strings of plants\n like celery and rhubarb.These cells provide structural support \nto organs that are still growing,so they need to remain stretchy and flexible.And lastly there’s sclerenchyma.Sclerenchyma’s job is to support the plant \nwhen it faces too much weight or bending.They’re like the folks at the \nbottom of the cheer pyramid.We do occasionally eat these cells —they give pears their gritty texture —but they’re usually too tough to eat.Like, I’m not trying to chow \ndown on a peach pit.Sclerenchyma supports organs \nthat are fully mature,and similar to xylem, it has \ncells that are dead inside(physically, not emotionally).All this isn’t just fun trivia to \nplant-splain to your next date,or fodder for your \nnext Scrabble game— though “sclerenchyma” would \ndefinitely get you a new high score.It’s also knowledge that, when applied,can help prevent plant diseases, \nlike those studied by Dr. Esau.And plant diseases are often a \nbig deal for more than just plants.They could lead to losses in food supply, \ndamaged ecosystems, and more.So, all throughout this episode,"
],
[
"Under the Microscope",
"we’ve been yanking tissues out \nof the tissue box, one by one.By which I mean — talking about dermal, \nvascular, and ground cells separatelywhen, of course, they don’t function separately.Just like in our bodies, tissues work \ntogether in plants to form an organ.And the real botanical magic happens when \nwe can observe this collaboration in action.So for that, we’ll need a microscope…and some chopped-up plant organs.Ahem.Thank you. We’ll start with a microscope slide of a corn stem.This view is called a cross-section —we’ve made a cut horizontally across the stem,like a flat cucumber slice,and we’re facing it head-on.Check it out: the dermal tissue layer is the \nperfectly neat row of cells all around the edges— it’s giving the stem a tight hug.The rest of the stem is filled with ground tissue —those big, juicy parenchyma cells,which help keep the plant upright \nand store water and nutrients.And scattered throughout the ground tissue \nare the vascular tissue bundles, or veins,which look weirdly like they’re screaming.I mean, I guess I would be too if someone just cut a \nchunk out of me and put me under a microscope.The xylem cells, which are moving water \nand nutrients up through the stem,are clumped toward the inside of the bundle,and the phloem, which is transporting \nsugars down through the plant,is clustered toward the outside.The companion cells are the little guys scattered\n throughout the larger phloem cells.There are even some sclerenchyma \nfibers helping out along the edges.OK, next plant organ.Chef, make me a leaf cross-section.Thank you!If you’ve doodled a leaf before,chances are you’ve drawn a line going down its middle.Well, here’s that line at the microscopic level.That big honking circle in the center?That’s the major vein that runs\n through the center of the leaf.And if we zoom in,we’ll notice its xylem and phloem \ncells snuggled together,just like they were in the stem.The blade of the leaf extends \nfrom either side of that big vein,and smaller veins branch off from it that support \nthe leaf and supply it with water and food.So the xylem cells are transporting \nnutrients from the roots to the leaf,and the phloem are taking the freshly made \nsugar from the leaf to the rest of the plant.Packed around the veins is the ground tissue,which is working so hard at photosynthesizing.Each leaf parenchyma cell can hold hundreds of chloroplasts— that’s where all the photosynthesis happensand what gives leaves their signature green color.And we’ll find those funky little \nstomata on the underside of the leaf.Since water escapes \nthe plant through the stomata,it’s best for the plant to have them on the side of the leaf \nthat does not get blasted by the sun all day.Last but not least, let’s check \nout a root cross-section.It’s got a similar vibe to the stem,except its vascular tissue \nis clustered in the center of the root.This tissue acts as a filter for the \nincoming water that the root is soaking up.The vascular tissue is surrounded \nby a thick layer of ground tissue,and the epidermis wraps around the whole thing."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"So by examining these organs under a microscope,we can recognize that plants aren’t just a mass \nof cells—they’re highly organized.Plants are made of organs, which are made of tissues,which are made of complex cell structures that work together and have a hand in everything that goes on in the plant,from how it eats to how it sweats.The work of plant anatomists like Dr. Esaushows us that plant form and \nfunction are inextricably linked.Without the intricacies of plant tissue,plants wouldn’t be able to survive and thrive.And viruses, unfortunately, know \nthis about as well as we do. But the more secrets we learn about \nthe amazing relationship betweenhow plants are built and how they work,the more we’ll be able to conserve them \nand all the types of life that rely on them.Next time, we’ll be seeing these plants in actionas they accomplish some of \ntheir most important processes:cellular respiration and photosynthesis.Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!At Dr. Esau’s first university job,what did the students use to illuminate \ntheir microscope samples?Find the answer in the comments!Thanks for watching this \nepisode of Crash Course Botanywhich was filmed at the Damir Ferizović Studioand was made in partnership \nwith PBS Digital Studios and Nature.If you want to help keep Crash Course \nfree for everyone, forever,you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
The Scientific Method: Crash Course Biology #2
|
xOLcZMw0hd4
| 908 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction to Science",
"end_time": 145
},
{
"start_time": 145,
"title": "The Scientific Method",
"end_time": 318
},
{
"start_time": 318,
"title": "Science is a Team Effort",
"end_time": 479
},
{
"start_time": 479,
"title": "The Scientific Theory",
"end_time": 590
},
{
"start_time": 590,
"title": "Peer Review",
"end_time": 661
},
{
"start_time": 661,
"title": "Scientific Models",
"end_time": 777
},
{
"start_time": 777,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 908
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Science!",
"timestamp": [
0.18,
1.748
]
},
{
"text": "Science!",
"timestamp": [
0.18,
1.748
]
},
{
"text": "The word comes from a Latin verb meaning to “know.”",
"timestamp": [
1.748,
4.806
]
},
{
"text": "The word comes from a Latin verb meaning to “know.”",
"timestamp": [
1.748,
4.806
]
},
{
"text": "And don’t get me wrong: \nthe knowing part is important.",
"timestamp": [
4.806,
8.115
]
},
{
"text": "And don’t get me wrong: \nthe knowing part is important.",
"timestamp": [
4.806,
8.115
]
},
{
"text": "But the questions are where it’s really at.",
"timestamp": [
8.115,
11.423
]
},
{
"text": "But the questions are where it’s really at.",
"timestamp": [
8.115,
11.423
]
},
{
"text": "Curiosity about everything around us \nand within us is fuel for science’s fire.",
"timestamp": [
11.423,
17.101
]
},
{
"text": "Curiosity about everything around us \nand within us is fuel for science’s fire.",
"timestamp": [
11.423,
17.101
]
},
{
"text": "That includes big stuff like “What’s the \nuniverse made of?” and “Where did life begin?”",
"timestamp": [
17.101,
21.954
]
},
{
"text": "That includes big stuff like “What’s the \nuniverse made of?” and “Where did life begin?”",
"timestamp": [
17.101,
21.954
]
},
{
"text": "But it also includes burning questions like,",
"timestamp": [
21.954,
25.166
]
},
{
"text": "But it also includes burning questions like,",
"timestamp": [
21.954,
25.166
]
},
{
"text": "“Why does cut grass smell like watermelon?”",
"timestamp": [
25.166,
28.162
]
},
{
"text": "“Why does cut grass smell like watermelon?”",
"timestamp": [
25.166,
28.162
]
},
{
"text": "and “How easy is it really to slip on a banana peel?”",
"timestamp": [
28.162,
31.658
]
},
{
"text": "and “How easy is it really to slip on a banana peel?”",
"timestamp": [
28.162,
31.658
]
},
{
"text": "Because based on the cartoons that I saw \nand, uhh, lots of Mario Kart,",
"timestamp": [
31.658,
36.261
]
},
{
"text": "Because based on the cartoons that I saw \nand, uhh, lots of Mario Kart,",
"timestamp": [
31.658,
36.261
]
},
{
"text": "I really thought that was going to be \na much bigger problem in the future.",
"timestamp": [
36.261,
39.708
]
},
{
"text": "I really thought that was going to be \na much bigger problem in the future.",
"timestamp": [
36.261,
39.708
]
},
{
"text": "Of course, there are questions \noutside the scope of science, too.",
"timestamp": [
39.708,
43.299
]
},
{
"text": "Of course, there are questions \noutside the scope of science, too.",
"timestamp": [
39.708,
43.299
]
},
{
"text": "Like, science can’t tell you if you should try \nand land that sweet skateboard trick.",
"timestamp": [
43.299,
47.936
]
},
{
"text": "Like, science can’t tell you if you should try \nand land that sweet skateboard trick.",
"timestamp": [
43.299,
47.936
]
},
{
"text": "Though it can explain what might happen to your leg if you fail.",
"timestamp": [
47.936,
51.7
]
},
{
"text": "Though it can explain what might happen to your leg if you fail.",
"timestamp": [
47.936,
51.7
]
},
{
"text": "As the science of life, biology explores the relationships and interactions among living things and their environment.",
"timestamp": [
51.7,
58.779
]
},
{
"text": "As the science of life, biology explores the relationships and interactions among living things and their environment.",
"timestamp": [
51.7,
58.779
]
},
{
"text": "And like all science, \nit’s built on layers of hypotheses,",
"timestamp": [
58.779,
62.127
]
},
{
"text": "And like all science, \nit’s built on layers of hypotheses,",
"timestamp": [
58.779,
62.127
]
},
{
"text": "ideas that are tested with evidence, \nand what’s basically a big group chat spanning centuries.",
"timestamp": [
62.127,
67.761
]
},
{
"text": "ideas that are tested with evidence, \nand what’s basically a big group chat spanning centuries.",
"timestamp": [
62.127,
67.761
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Dr. Sammy, your friendly neighborhood \nentomologist, and this is Crash Course Biology!",
"timestamp": [
67.761,
74.311
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Dr. Sammy, your friendly neighborhood \nentomologist, and this is Crash Course Biology!",
"timestamp": [
67.761,
74.311
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
74.311,
82.066
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
74.311,
82.066
]
},
{
"text": "The word “scientist” has only existed \nin English since the nineteenth century.",
"timestamp": [
83.771,
89.524
]
},
{
"text": "The word “scientist” has only existed \nin English since the nineteenth century.",
"timestamp": [
83.771,
89.524
]
},
{
"text": "But people from every corner of the globe have been figuring stuff out by observing the physical world for a long time.",
"timestamp": [
89.524,
96.621
]
},
{
"text": "But people from every corner of the globe have been figuring stuff out by observing the physical world for a long time.",
"timestamp": [
89.524,
96.621
]
},
{
"text": "For example, records of medicine and natural history",
"timestamp": [
96.621,
100
]
},
{
"text": "For example, records of medicine and natural history",
"timestamp": [
96.621,
100
]
},
{
"text": "date back hundreds and even thousands of years \nin ancient India, Greece, and China. ",
"timestamp": [
100,
105.659
]
},
{
"text": "date back hundreds and even thousands of years \nin ancient India, Greece, and China. ",
"timestamp": [
100,
105.659
]
},
{
"text": "Centuries ago, Maya astronomers precisely tracked \nthe movements of the sun, moon, and planets—",
"timestamp": [
105.659,
111.925
]
},
{
"text": "Centuries ago, Maya astronomers precisely tracked \nthe movements of the sun, moon, and planets—",
"timestamp": [
105.659,
111.925
]
},
{
"text": "leaving behind calendars still used by their descendants today.",
"timestamp": [
111.925,
115.445
]
},
{
"text": "leaving behind calendars still used by their descendants today.",
"timestamp": [
111.925,
115.445
]
},
{
"text": "And Indigenous cultures worldwide have developed rich understandings of the natural world through close observation.",
"timestamp": [
115.445,
122.022
]
},
{
"text": "And Indigenous cultures worldwide have developed rich understandings of the natural world through close observation.",
"timestamp": [
115.445,
122.022
]
},
{
"text": "Like, for example, Indigenous Alaskans have had \na front-row seat to climate change,",
"timestamp": [
122.022,
126.949
]
},
{
"text": "Like, for example, Indigenous Alaskans have had \na front-row seat to climate change,",
"timestamp": [
122.022,
126.949
]
},
{
"text": "observing thinning sea ice and declining salmon populations.",
"timestamp": [
126.949,
130.849
]
},
{
"text": "observing thinning sea ice and declining salmon populations.",
"timestamp": [
126.949,
130.849
]
},
{
"text": "And Aboriginal people in Australia told stories of “firehawks,”",
"timestamp": [
130.849,
134.736
]
},
{
"text": "And Aboriginal people in Australia told stories of “firehawks,”",
"timestamp": [
130.849,
134.736
]
},
{
"text": "birds that intentionally spread fires by airdropping \nflaming sticks into brush to scare out prey,",
"timestamp": [
134.736,
141.28
]
},
{
"text": "birds that intentionally spread fires by airdropping \nflaming sticks into brush to scare out prey,",
"timestamp": [
134.736,
141.28
]
},
{
"text": "long before professional scientists \ndescribed the behavior in 2017.",
"timestamp": [
141.28,
145.496
]
},
{
"text": "long before professional scientists \ndescribed the behavior in 2017.",
"timestamp": [
141.28,
145.496
]
},
{
"text": "As a process of discovery and knowing, \nscience has been formalized with the scientific method.",
"timestamp": [
145.496,
150.42
]
},
{
"text": "As a process of discovery and knowing, \nscience has been formalized with the scientific method.",
"timestamp": [
145.496,
150.42
]
},
{
"text": "Maybe you’ve heard these six simple steps before.",
"timestamp": [
150.42,
153.647
]
},
{
"text": "Maybe you’ve heard these six simple steps before.",
"timestamp": [
150.42,
153.647
]
},
{
"text": "First, so the method goes, you make an observation \nthat leads you to ask a question,",
"timestamp": [
153.647,
158.756
]
},
{
"text": "First, so the method goes, you make an observation \nthat leads you to ask a question,",
"timestamp": [
153.647,
158.756
]
},
{
"text": "like, “I noticed how my hard-boiled egg seems to retain water.",
"timestamp": [
158.756,
163.38
]
},
{
"text": "like, “I noticed how my hard-boiled egg seems to retain water.",
"timestamp": [
158.756,
163.38
]
},
{
"text": "I wonder what happens if I put it in the microwave?”",
"timestamp": [
163.38,
166.631
]
},
{
"text": "I wonder what happens if I put it in the microwave?”",
"timestamp": [
163.38,
166.631
]
},
{
"text": "Next, comes a hypothesis — a testable explanation, \nor reasonable prediction of what will happen.",
"timestamp": [
166.631,
172.353
]
},
{
"text": "Next, comes a hypothesis — a testable explanation, \nor reasonable prediction of what will happen.",
"timestamp": [
166.631,
172.353
]
},
{
"text": "Like, “I hypothesize the water will boil inside the egg, \nbuild up pressure, and the egg will explode.”",
"timestamp": [
172.353,
179.28
]
},
{
"text": "Like, “I hypothesize the water will boil inside the egg, \nbuild up pressure, and the egg will explode.”",
"timestamp": [
172.353,
179.28
]
},
{
"text": "Next, you test that hypothesis with \nan experiment that can be repeated.",
"timestamp": [
179.28,
183.151
]
},
{
"text": "Next, you test that hypothesis with \nan experiment that can be repeated.",
"timestamp": [
179.28,
183.151
]
},
{
"text": "You analyze the results, you report the conclusions, and finally, you use the conclusions to make new hypotheses.",
"timestamp": [
183.151,
191.28
]
},
{
"text": "You analyze the results, you report the conclusions, and finally, you use the conclusions to make new hypotheses.",
"timestamp": [
183.151,
191.28
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, let's see...",
"timestamp": [
191.28,
196.42
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, let's see...",
"timestamp": [
191.28,
196.42
]
},
{
"text": "Our experiment concludes that \nthe egg got blown to smithereens.",
"timestamp": [
197.093,
204.58
]
},
{
"text": "Our experiment concludes that \nthe egg got blown to smithereens.",
"timestamp": [
197.093,
204.58
]
},
{
"text": "1 out of 10. \nWould not do again.",
"timestamp": [
204.58,
209.31
]
},
{
"text": "1 out of 10. \nWould not do again.",
"timestamp": [
204.58,
209.31
]
},
{
"text": "So based on what I just observed,",
"timestamp": [
211.946,
214.569
]
},
{
"text": "So based on what I just observed,",
"timestamp": [
211.946,
214.569
]
},
{
"text": "I now hypothesize that if I remove the eggshell \nfirst and then microwave the egg,",
"timestamp": [
214.569,
219.723
]
},
{
"text": "I now hypothesize that if I remove the eggshell \nfirst and then microwave the egg,",
"timestamp": [
214.569,
219.723
]
},
{
"text": "pressure won’t build enough for it to explode.",
"timestamp": [
219.723,
222.671
]
},
{
"text": "pressure won’t build enough for it to explode.",
"timestamp": [
219.723,
222.671
]
},
{
"text": "Notice here that the Scientific Method is a cycle.",
"timestamp": [
222.671,
226.679
]
},
{
"text": "Notice here that the Scientific Method is a cycle.",
"timestamp": [
222.671,
226.679
]
},
{
"text": "My starting hypothesis brought me around to a new one.",
"timestamp": [
226.679,
230.878
]
},
{
"text": "My starting hypothesis brought me around to a new one.",
"timestamp": [
226.679,
230.878
]
},
{
"text": "Those six steps are an idealized \nversion of the scientific method.",
"timestamp": [
230.878,
235.44
]
},
{
"text": "Those six steps are an idealized \nversion of the scientific method.",
"timestamp": [
230.878,
235.44
]
},
{
"text": "Except the exploding part. \nTypically we don’t want that. *coughs*",
"timestamp": [
236.16,
239.764
]
},
{
"text": "Except the exploding part. \nTypically we don’t want that. *coughs*",
"timestamp": [
236.16,
239.764
]
},
{
"text": "In the real world, science progresses less like \na straight line from hypothesis to conclusion, ",
"timestamp": [
239.764,
245.52
]
},
{
"text": "In the real world, science progresses less like \na straight line from hypothesis to conclusion, ",
"timestamp": [
239.764,
245.52
]
},
{
"text": "and more like a bunch of looping squiggles that can change direction in ways that we don’t even see coming.",
"timestamp": [
245.52,
251.22
]
},
{
"text": "and more like a bunch of looping squiggles that can change direction in ways that we don’t even see coming.",
"timestamp": [
245.52,
251.22
]
},
{
"text": "It still has that same idea at heart:",
"timestamp": [
251.22,
253.221
]
},
{
"text": "It still has that same idea at heart:",
"timestamp": [
251.22,
253.221
]
},
{
"text": "testing ideas with evidence and repeating \nobservations to understand cause and effect.",
"timestamp": [
253.221,
258.416
]
},
{
"text": "testing ideas with evidence and repeating \nobservations to understand cause and effect.",
"timestamp": [
253.221,
258.416
]
},
{
"text": "But we have to accept that things \ndon’t always stick to the plan.",
"timestamp": [
258.416,
262.414
]
},
{
"text": "But we have to accept that things \ndon’t always stick to the plan.",
"timestamp": [
258.416,
262.414
]
},
{
"text": "Steps get repeated or rearranged. \nExperiments fail (and boy, don’t I know it).",
"timestamp": [
262.414,
268.054
]
},
{
"text": "Steps get repeated or rearranged. \nExperiments fail (and boy, don’t I know it).",
"timestamp": [
262.414,
268.054
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists sometimes have to backtrack, zipping all \nthe way to the beginning to gather more observations.",
"timestamp": [
268.054,
274.129
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists sometimes have to backtrack, zipping all \nthe way to the beginning to gather more observations.",
"timestamp": [
268.054,
274.129
]
},
{
"text": "Or some observations don’t make sense \nuntil other observations fill in the gaps.",
"timestamp": [
274.129,
280.751
]
},
{
"text": "Or some observations don’t make sense \nuntil other observations fill in the gaps.",
"timestamp": [
274.129,
280.751
]
},
{
"text": "Like, nobody could figure out how genes encode proteins \nuntil the helix structure of DNA was revealed in 1953.",
"timestamp": [
280.751,
290
]
},
{
"text": "Like, nobody could figure out how genes encode proteins \nuntil the helix structure of DNA was revealed in 1953.",
"timestamp": [
280.751,
290
]
},
{
"text": "And inevitably, answering one question sparks more questions.",
"timestamp": [
290,
293.97
]
},
{
"text": "And inevitably, answering one question sparks more questions.",
"timestamp": [
290,
293.97
]
},
{
"text": "Like, okay, a hard-boiled egg explodes in the \nmicrowave. But what about a grape?",
"timestamp": [
293.97,
298.75
]
},
{
"text": "Like, okay, a hard-boiled egg explodes in the \nmicrowave. But what about a grape?",
"timestamp": [
293.97,
298.75
]
},
{
"text": "And perhaps more importantly, what sort \nof monster eats warm grapes? *shudder*",
"timestamp": [
298.75,
304.243
]
},
{
"text": "And perhaps more importantly, what sort \nof monster eats warm grapes? *shudder*",
"timestamp": [
298.75,
304.243
]
},
{
"text": "Anyway, the scientific process’s path can be \na bit like a twisty, dynamic roller coaster.",
"timestamp": [
304.243,
310.037
]
},
{
"text": "Anyway, the scientific process’s path can be \na bit like a twisty, dynamic roller coaster.",
"timestamp": [
304.243,
310.037
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes it backs up, \nsometimes it changes direction.",
"timestamp": [
310.037,
313.5
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes it backs up, \nsometimes it changes direction.",
"timestamp": [
310.037,
313.5
]
},
{
"text": "And occasionally there’s screaming…",
"timestamp": [
313.5,
315.457
]
},
{
"text": "And occasionally there’s screaming…",
"timestamp": [
313.5,
315.457
]
},
{
"text": "I’m looking at you, grad school.",
"timestamp": [
316.26,
318.303
]
},
{
"text": "I’m looking at you, grad school.",
"timestamp": [
316.26,
318.303
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve been conditioned by books and movies to \nimagine a solitary, genius taking this wild ride all by themself.",
"timestamp": [
318.303,
324.306
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve been conditioned by books and movies to \nimagine a solitary, genius taking this wild ride all by themself.",
"timestamp": [
318.303,
324.306
]
},
{
"text": "Glasses framing their heroic face \nas they stare stoically into the distance.",
"timestamp": [
324.306,
330.374
]
},
{
"text": "Glasses framing their heroic face \nas they stare stoically into the distance.",
"timestamp": [
324.306,
330.374
]
},
{
"text": "But actually, it’s typically teams of scientists \nriding the twists and turns together.",
"timestamp": [
330.374,
336.224
]
},
{
"text": "But actually, it’s typically teams of scientists \nriding the twists and turns together.",
"timestamp": [
330.374,
336.224
]
},
{
"text": "They share ideas, questions, and evidence, \nthinking problems through as a group.",
"timestamp": [
336.224,
341.597
]
},
{
"text": "They share ideas, questions, and evidence, \nthinking problems through as a group.",
"timestamp": [
336.224,
341.597
]
},
{
"text": "To learn more, let’s catch a matinee over in the Theater of Life…",
"timestamp": [
341.597,
345.45
]
},
{
"text": "To learn more, let’s catch a matinee over in the Theater of Life…",
"timestamp": [
341.597,
345.45
]
},
{
"text": "By the middle of the twentieth century,",
"timestamp": [
346.057,
348.05
]
},
{
"text": "By the middle of the twentieth century,",
"timestamp": [
346.057,
348.05
]
},
{
"text": "biologists were starting to ask increasingly in-depth questions about life on Earth and how it works on a microscopic scale.",
"timestamp": [
348.05,
356.194
]
},
{
"text": "biologists were starting to ask increasingly in-depth questions about life on Earth and how it works on a microscopic scale.",
"timestamp": [
348.05,
356.194
]
},
{
"text": "But living organisms are complex… \nand can be unwieldy subjects to study.",
"timestamp": [
356.194,
361.08
]
},
{
"text": "But living organisms are complex… \nand can be unwieldy subjects to study.",
"timestamp": [
356.194,
361.08
]
},
{
"text": "Enter the Argentinian biochemist, \nDr. Luis Federico Leloir, alongside his team.",
"timestamp": [
361.08,
368.647
]
},
{
"text": "Enter the Argentinian biochemist, \nDr. Luis Federico Leloir, alongside his team.",
"timestamp": [
361.08,
368.647
]
},
{
"text": "They wondered if the building blocks of life, cells, worked \nthe same way outside of an organism as they do inside.",
"timestamp": [
368.647,
375.662
]
},
{
"text": "They wondered if the building blocks of life, cells, worked \nthe same way outside of an organism as they do inside.",
"timestamp": [
368.647,
375.662
]
},
{
"text": "Like, if they separated cells from \nan intact organ and studied them,",
"timestamp": [
375.662,
379.81
]
},
{
"text": "Like, if they separated cells from \nan intact organ and studied them,",
"timestamp": [
375.662,
379.81
]
},
{
"text": "would the results also explain how \ncells worked inside a living thing?",
"timestamp": [
379.81,
384.143
]
},
{
"text": "would the results also explain how \ncells worked inside a living thing?",
"timestamp": [
379.81,
384.143
]
},
{
"text": "A huge part of what made the team successful \nwas their collaboration and scrappiness.",
"timestamp": [
384.143,
390
]
},
{
"text": "A huge part of what made the team successful \nwas their collaboration and scrappiness.",
"timestamp": [
384.143,
390
]
},
{
"text": "You see, the team had equipment that separates fluids \nby spinning at high speeds, called a centrifuge.",
"timestamp": [
390,
395.646
]
},
{
"text": "You see, the team had equipment that separates fluids \nby spinning at high speeds, called a centrifuge.",
"timestamp": [
390,
395.646
]
},
{
"text": "But they didn’t have the funds for a refrigerated version.",
"timestamp": [
395.646,
399.126
]
},
{
"text": "But they didn’t have the funds for a refrigerated version.",
"timestamp": [
395.646,
399.126
]
},
{
"text": "Keeping things cold was essential for separating \nthe cell without anything degrading.",
"timestamp": [
399.126,
403.847
]
},
{
"text": "Keeping things cold was essential for separating \nthe cell without anything degrading.",
"timestamp": [
399.126,
403.847
]
},
{
"text": "But the team was crafty. They filled inner tubes from car tires with water, ice, and salt to create a refrigerating effect.",
"timestamp": [
403.847,
411.015
]
},
{
"text": "But the team was crafty. They filled inner tubes from car tires with water, ice, and salt to create a refrigerating effect.",
"timestamp": [
403.847,
411.015
]
},
{
"text": "And it worked!",
"timestamp": [
411.015,
412.795
]
},
{
"text": "And it worked!",
"timestamp": [
411.015,
412.795
]
},
{
"text": "Being able to study a cell effectively \noutside of an organism was a big deal.",
"timestamp": [
412.795,
418.641
]
},
{
"text": "Being able to study a cell effectively \noutside of an organism was a big deal.",
"timestamp": [
412.795,
418.641
]
},
{
"text": "It allowed scientists, including Leloir, to start asking way more complicated questions about the basic building blocks of life",
"timestamp": [
418.641,
427.253
]
},
{
"text": "It allowed scientists, including Leloir, to start asking way more complicated questions about the basic building blocks of life",
"timestamp": [
418.641,
427.253
]
},
{
"text": "— which has, in turn, helped us understand more about how \norganisms work, including how to fight diseases.",
"timestamp": [
427.253,
434.166
]
},
{
"text": "— which has, in turn, helped us understand more about how \norganisms work, including how to fight diseases.",
"timestamp": [
427.253,
434.166
]
},
{
"text": "When Leloir won a Nobel prize in 1970, he credited \nnot only the collaboration among his team,",
"timestamp": [
434.166,
440.89
]
},
{
"text": "When Leloir won a Nobel prize in 1970, he credited \nnot only the collaboration among his team,",
"timestamp": [
434.166,
440.89
]
},
{
"text": "but also the ongoing collaborative \nconversation of science itself.",
"timestamp": [
440.89,
445.593
]
},
{
"text": "but also the ongoing collaborative \nconversation of science itself.",
"timestamp": [
440.89,
445.593
]
},
{
"text": "He said “This is just one step in a much larger project…\nWe hardly know even a little.”",
"timestamp": [
445.593,
453.6
]
},
{
"text": "He said “This is just one step in a much larger project…\nWe hardly know even a little.”",
"timestamp": [
445.593,
453.6
]
},
{
"text": "Mmm, bravo.",
"timestamp": [
454.093,
457.745
]
},
{
"text": "Mmm, bravo.",
"timestamp": [
454.093,
457.745
]
},
{
"text": "So you can see how, in a way, \nall of science is a team effort.",
"timestamp": [
457.745,
462.91
]
},
{
"text": "So you can see how, in a way, \nall of science is a team effort.",
"timestamp": [
457.745,
462.91
]
},
{
"text": "Teams of scientists build on other teams’ work, \nin what’s basically one big ongoing discussion,",
"timestamp": [
462.91,
468.34
]
},
{
"text": "Teams of scientists build on other teams’ work, \nin what’s basically one big ongoing discussion,",
"timestamp": [
462.91,
468.34
]
},
{
"text": "sort of like that big group text \nthat we mentioned in the opening.",
"timestamp": [
468.34,
471.591
]
},
{
"text": "sort of like that big group text \nthat we mentioned in the opening.",
"timestamp": [
468.34,
471.591
]
},
{
"text": "Each new observation we communicate \nadds to the pool of collective knowledge",
"timestamp": [
471.591,
476.547
]
},
{
"text": "Each new observation we communicate \nadds to the pool of collective knowledge",
"timestamp": [
471.591,
476.547
]
},
{
"text": "like each text message building \nout the larger conversation.",
"timestamp": [
476.547,
479.718
]
},
{
"text": "like each text message building \nout the larger conversation.",
"timestamp": [
476.547,
479.718
]
},
{
"text": "Often, a hypothesis gets tested over and over \nand over again from different angles.",
"timestamp": [
479.718,
486.422
]
},
{
"text": "Often, a hypothesis gets tested over and over \nand over again from different angles.",
"timestamp": [
479.718,
486.422
]
},
{
"text": "And then it gets linked up with other hypotheses \nthat are getting tested over and over",
"timestamp": [
486.422,
491.487
]
},
{
"text": "And then it gets linked up with other hypotheses \nthat are getting tested over and over",
"timestamp": [
486.422,
491.487
]
},
{
"text": "— and evidence for all of them keeps accumulating \nlike a tiny snowball rolled into a massive snow-conclusion…",
"timestamp": [
491.487,
499.68
]
},
{
"text": "— and evidence for all of them keeps accumulating \nlike a tiny snowball rolled into a massive snow-conclusion…",
"timestamp": [
491.487,
499.68
]
},
{
"text": "a snow-clusion! \n(I’m still working on that analogy).",
"timestamp": [
499.68,
503.7
]
},
{
"text": "a snow-clusion! \n(I’m still working on that analogy).",
"timestamp": [
499.68,
503.7
]
},
{
"text": "But – anyway – that’s how you get a scientific theory.",
"timestamp": [
503.7,
507.688
]
},
{
"text": "But – anyway – that’s how you get a scientific theory.",
"timestamp": [
503.7,
507.688
]
},
{
"text": "It’s not a theory like your neighbor’s speculation \nthat his cat was King Tut in a former life.",
"timestamp": [
507.688,
512.718
]
},
{
"text": "It’s not a theory like your neighbor’s speculation \nthat his cat was King Tut in a former life.",
"timestamp": [
507.688,
512.718
]
},
{
"text": "But, when we use the word “theory” in a science-y way, \nthat means that the bar for evidence is high. ",
"timestamp": [
512.718,
519.18
]
},
{
"text": "But, when we use the word “theory” in a science-y way, \nthat means that the bar for evidence is high. ",
"timestamp": [
512.718,
519.18
]
},
{
"text": "Scientific theories are backed by strong \nconsensus from the scientific community, ",
"timestamp": [
519.18,
523.74
]
},
{
"text": "Scientific theories are backed by strong \nconsensus from the scientific community, ",
"timestamp": [
519.18,
523.74
]
},
{
"text": "based on a broad range of evidence.",
"timestamp": [
523.74,
526.001
]
},
{
"text": "based on a broad range of evidence.",
"timestamp": [
523.74,
526.001
]
},
{
"text": "And theories are the basis for studying a subject.",
"timestamp": [
526.001,
529.34
]
},
{
"text": "And theories are the basis for studying a subject.",
"timestamp": [
526.001,
529.34
]
},
{
"text": "Take the Big Bang Theory: the idea that the \nuniverse began with a massive expansion event.",
"timestamp": [
529.34,
534.874
]
},
{
"text": "Take the Big Bang Theory: the idea that the \nuniverse began with a massive expansion event.",
"timestamp": [
529.34,
534.874
]
},
{
"text": "There’s still so much to study about the theory of the big bang.",
"timestamp": [
534.874,
539.247
]
},
{
"text": "There’s still so much to study about the theory of the big bang.",
"timestamp": [
534.874,
539.247
]
},
{
"text": "Like the study of leftover energy \nfrom the expansion of the universe.",
"timestamp": [
539.247,
542.89
]
},
{
"text": "Like the study of leftover energy \nfrom the expansion of the universe.",
"timestamp": [
539.247,
542.89
]
},
{
"text": "And more and more research is being done all the time, \nspurring more testable hypotheses that add depth to the theory.",
"timestamp": [
542.89,
549.342
]
},
{
"text": "And more and more research is being done all the time, \nspurring more testable hypotheses that add depth to the theory.",
"timestamp": [
542.89,
549.342
]
},
{
"text": "New theories are always being revised,",
"timestamp": [
549.342,
551.567
]
},
{
"text": "New theories are always being revised,",
"timestamp": [
549.342,
551.567
]
},
{
"text": "whenever enough new evidence piles up that \ndoesn’t support them in their current state.",
"timestamp": [
551.567,
555.511
]
},
{
"text": "whenever enough new evidence piles up that \ndoesn’t support them in their current state.",
"timestamp": [
551.567,
555.511
]
},
{
"text": "And then there are laws:",
"timestamp": [
555.511,
558.521
]
},
{
"text": "And then there are laws:",
"timestamp": [
555.511,
558.521
]
},
{
"text": "very precise, universal statements describing something \nthat always happens in the physical world.",
"timestamp": [
558.521,
565.174
]
},
{
"text": "very precise, universal statements describing something \nthat always happens in the physical world.",
"timestamp": [
558.521,
565.174
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the first law of thermodynamics \nsays energy cannot be created or destroyed.",
"timestamp": [
565.174,
571.418
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the first law of thermodynamics \nsays energy cannot be created or destroyed.",
"timestamp": [
565.174,
571.418
]
},
{
"text": "And it applies to everything, including life.",
"timestamp": [
571.418,
574.793
]
},
{
"text": "And it applies to everything, including life.",
"timestamp": [
571.418,
574.793
]
},
{
"text": "Energy takes different forms as it passes through \nplants, animals, and soil,",
"timestamp": [
574.793,
579.175
]
},
{
"text": "Energy takes different forms as it passes through \nplants, animals, and soil,",
"timestamp": [
574.793,
579.175
]
},
{
"text": "but the total amount of energy stays the same.",
"timestamp": [
579.175,
582.832
]
},
{
"text": "but the total amount of energy stays the same.",
"timestamp": [
579.175,
582.832
]
},
{
"text": "For any scientific idea to become a theory or law, \nit needs to be backed by a groundswell of evidence.",
"timestamp": [
582.832,
590.334
]
},
{
"text": "For any scientific idea to become a theory or law, \nit needs to be backed by a groundswell of evidence.",
"timestamp": [
582.832,
590.334
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists decide how much evidence is enough \nand what it all means through a process called peer review.",
"timestamp": [
590.334,
596.031
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists decide how much evidence is enough \nand what it all means through a process called peer review.",
"timestamp": [
590.334,
596.031
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists will submit their research by writing up what they hypothesized, how they tested it, and what happened.",
"timestamp": [
596.031,
602.741
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists will submit their research by writing up what they hypothesized, how they tested it, and what happened.",
"timestamp": [
596.031,
602.741
]
},
{
"text": "But before their work makes it to the wider world,",
"timestamp": [
602.741,
605.18
]
},
{
"text": "But before their work makes it to the wider world,",
"timestamp": [
602.741,
605.18
]
},
{
"text": "it gets checked by their peers—other \nscientists who are also experts in their field.",
"timestamp": [
605.18,
609.815
]
},
{
"text": "it gets checked by their peers—other \nscientists who are also experts in their field.",
"timestamp": [
605.18,
609.815
]
},
{
"text": "Peer review isn’t perfect.",
"timestamp": [
609.815,
612.558
]
},
{
"text": "Peer review isn’t perfect.",
"timestamp": [
609.815,
612.558
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s a really important way of catching mistakes",
"timestamp": [
612.558,
615.629
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s a really important way of catching mistakes",
"timestamp": [
612.558,
615.629
]
},
{
"text": "or even outright fraud before papers \nmake it out into the wider world. ",
"timestamp": [
615.629,
619.759
]
},
{
"text": "or even outright fraud before papers \nmake it out into the wider world. ",
"timestamp": [
615.629,
619.759
]
},
{
"text": "That means the world’s experts on platypuses",
"timestamp": [
619.759,
622.311
]
},
{
"text": "That means the world’s experts on platypuses",
"timestamp": [
619.759,
622.311
]
},
{
"text": "are discussing and reading other platypus \nexperts’ work before it even gets published.",
"timestamp": [
622.311,
627.623
]
},
{
"text": "are discussing and reading other platypus \nexperts’ work before it even gets published.",
"timestamp": [
622.311,
627.623
]
},
{
"text": "And you can bet that group chat is fire.",
"timestamp": [
627.623,
631.093
]
},
{
"text": "And you can bet that group chat is fire.",
"timestamp": [
627.623,
631.093
]
},
{
"text": "It’s critical that the world’s scientists reviewing \nand interpreting this research have high data literacy.",
"timestamp": [
631.093,
637.069
]
},
{
"text": "It’s critical that the world’s scientists reviewing \nand interpreting this research have high data literacy.",
"timestamp": [
631.093,
637.069
]
},
{
"text": "That’s an ability to create, organize, understand, \nand communicate data, which are recorded observations.",
"timestamp": [
637.069,
643.459
]
},
{
"text": "That’s an ability to create, organize, understand, \nand communicate data, which are recorded observations.",
"timestamp": [
637.069,
643.459
]
},
{
"text": "Data literacy enables scientists to design experiments",
"timestamp": [
643.459,
646.802
]
},
{
"text": "Data literacy enables scientists to design experiments",
"timestamp": [
643.459,
646.802
]
},
{
"text": "that collect reliable data and actually \nanswer the questions they want to ask.",
"timestamp": [
646.802,
651.675
]
},
{
"text": "that collect reliable data and actually \nanswer the questions they want to ask.",
"timestamp": [
646.802,
651.675
]
},
{
"text": "And when it’s time to analyze their results, it helps them accurately interpret and understand what the data mean—",
"timestamp": [
651.675,
658.462
]
},
{
"text": "And when it’s time to analyze their results, it helps them accurately interpret and understand what the data mean—",
"timestamp": [
651.675,
658.462
]
},
{
"text": "whether that’s their own research or someone else’s.",
"timestamp": [
658.462,
661.543
]
},
{
"text": "whether that’s their own research or someone else’s.",
"timestamp": [
658.462,
661.543
]
},
{
"text": "And to help them interpret the data, scientists use models \nto try multiple ways of testing and understanding ideas.",
"timestamp": [
661.543,
668.246
]
},
{
"text": "And to help them interpret the data, scientists use models \nto try multiple ways of testing and understanding ideas.",
"timestamp": [
661.543,
668.246
]
},
{
"text": "[upbeat music]",
"timestamp": [
668.246,
675.387
]
},
{
"text": "[upbeat music]",
"timestamp": [
668.246,
675.387
]
},
{
"text": "Not that kind of model. \nThese kinds of models.",
"timestamp": [
681.649,
685.177
]
},
{
"text": "Not that kind of model. \nThese kinds of models.",
"timestamp": [
681.649,
685.177
]
},
{
"text": "Consider the cell membrane: \na thin layer holding together the cell’s squishy parts.",
"timestamp": [
685.177,
690.922
]
},
{
"text": "Consider the cell membrane: \na thin layer holding together the cell’s squishy parts.",
"timestamp": [
685.177,
690.922
]
},
{
"text": "It is possible to directly observe cell membranes \nunder a microscope. Which is amazing.",
"timestamp": [
690.922,
698.756
]
},
{
"text": "It is possible to directly observe cell membranes \nunder a microscope. Which is amazing.",
"timestamp": [
690.922,
698.756
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s a lot happening in that tiny world: three different kinds of molecules wiggling in perpetual motion.",
"timestamp": [
698.756,
705
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s a lot happening in that tiny world: three different kinds of molecules wiggling in perpetual motion.",
"timestamp": [
698.756,
705
]
},
{
"text": "And models — which are representations of scientific theories or processes—can help clarify what’s going on.",
"timestamp": [
705,
710.82
]
},
{
"text": "And models — which are representations of scientific theories or processes—can help clarify what’s going on.",
"timestamp": [
705,
710.82
]
},
{
"text": "For example, a visual model can turn a microscope \npicture into something easier to digest: ",
"timestamp": [
710.82,
717
]
},
{
"text": "For example, a visual model can turn a microscope \npicture into something easier to digest: ",
"timestamp": [
710.82,
717
]
},
{
"text": "a labeled, color-coded image.",
"timestamp": [
717,
719.658
]
},
{
"text": "a labeled, color-coded image.",
"timestamp": [
717,
719.658
]
},
{
"text": "We can also make a 3-D model to \nunderstand a membrane, like this.",
"timestamp": [
719.658,
724.323
]
},
{
"text": "We can also make a 3-D model to \nunderstand a membrane, like this.",
"timestamp": [
719.658,
724.323
]
},
{
"text": "It’s not a perfect representation of \nthe membrane in reality.",
"timestamp": [
724.323,
727.661
]
},
{
"text": "It’s not a perfect representation of \nthe membrane in reality.",
"timestamp": [
724.323,
727.661
]
},
{
"text": "But that’s the thing, no model is.",
"timestamp": [
727.661,
730.783
]
},
{
"text": "But that’s the thing, no model is.",
"timestamp": [
727.661,
730.783
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just another way of wrapping your head —or your hands—around a concept that can be difficult to grasp.",
"timestamp": [
730.783,
737.024
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just another way of wrapping your head —or your hands—around a concept that can be difficult to grasp.",
"timestamp": [
730.783,
737.024
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists can also understand the membrane better by modeling how its molecules move mathematically.",
"timestamp": [
737.024,
743.197
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists can also understand the membrane better by modeling how its molecules move mathematically.",
"timestamp": [
737.024,
743.197
]
},
{
"text": "And mathematical models can \nzoom out way bigger than a cell.",
"timestamp": [
743.197,
746.729
]
},
{
"text": "And mathematical models can \nzoom out way bigger than a cell.",
"timestamp": [
743.197,
746.729
]
},
{
"text": "Computers can simulate experiments thousands of \ntimes, in ways that aren’t possible in real life.",
"timestamp": [
746.729,
751.817
]
},
{
"text": "Computers can simulate experiments thousands of \ntimes, in ways that aren’t possible in real life.",
"timestamp": [
746.729,
751.817
]
},
{
"text": "And that can help scientists predict and explain patterns,",
"timestamp": [
751.817,
754.922
]
},
{
"text": "And that can help scientists predict and explain patterns,",
"timestamp": [
751.817,
754.922
]
},
{
"text": "like how earthquakes could affect different places,",
"timestamp": [
754.922,
757.461
]
},
{
"text": "like how earthquakes could affect different places,",
"timestamp": [
754.922,
757.461
]
},
{
"text": "what future weather may be, \nand even how diseases spread across populations.",
"timestamp": [
757.461,
762.406
]
},
{
"text": "what future weather may be, \nand even how diseases spread across populations.",
"timestamp": [
757.461,
762.406
]
},
{
"text": "So, models aren’t perfect representations of reality.",
"timestamp": [
762.406,
765.822
]
},
{
"text": "So, models aren’t perfect representations of reality.",
"timestamp": [
762.406,
765.822
]
},
{
"text": "But they’re an important part of \nhow we build and share knowledge.",
"timestamp": [
765.822,
769.211
]
},
{
"text": "But they’re an important part of \nhow we build and share knowledge.",
"timestamp": [
765.822,
769.211
]
},
{
"text": "Because the sharing part is really important.",
"timestamp": [
769.211,
772.31
]
},
{
"text": "Because the sharing part is really important.",
"timestamp": [
769.211,
772.31
]
},
{
"text": "A wise man once said, “The science isn’t \nfinished until it’s communicated”.",
"timestamp": [
772.31,
777.287
]
},
{
"text": "A wise man once said, “The science isn’t \nfinished until it’s communicated”.",
"timestamp": [
772.31,
777.287
]
},
{
"text": "The scientific process helps us answer \nquestions about the causes and effects of all sorts of stuff.",
"timestamp": [
777.287,
782.855
]
},
{
"text": "The scientific process helps us answer \nquestions about the causes and effects of all sorts of stuff.",
"timestamp": [
777.287,
782.855
]
},
{
"text": "But there are questions that may fall outside the scope \nof what science can prove or disprove.",
"timestamp": [
782.855,
789.358
]
},
{
"text": "But there are questions that may fall outside the scope \nof what science can prove or disprove.",
"timestamp": [
782.855,
789.358
]
},
{
"text": "Questions about morality, for example.",
"timestamp": [
789.358,
791.473
]
},
{
"text": "Questions about morality, for example.",
"timestamp": [
789.358,
791.473
]
},
{
"text": "Like, science can answer the question,",
"timestamp": [
791.473,
794.66
]
},
{
"text": "Like, science can answer the question,",
"timestamp": [
791.473,
794.66
]
},
{
"text": "“Can we clone a mammoth that has \nbeen extinct for thousands of years?”",
"timestamp": [
794.66,
798.609
]
},
{
"text": "“Can we clone a mammoth that has \nbeen extinct for thousands of years?”",
"timestamp": [
794.66,
798.609
]
},
{
"text": "But it can’t answer the question",
"timestamp": [
798.609,
800.59
]
},
{
"text": "But it can’t answer the question",
"timestamp": [
798.609,
800.59
]
},
{
"text": "“Should we clone a mammoth that's \nbeen extinct for thousands of years?”",
"timestamp": [
800.59,
804.599
]
},
{
"text": "“Should we clone a mammoth that's \nbeen extinct for thousands of years?”",
"timestamp": [
800.59,
804.599
]
},
{
"text": "Though I think Steven Spielberg gave us a pretty \ngood answer to that question in the ’90s.",
"timestamp": [
804.599,
809.686
]
},
{
"text": "Though I think Steven Spielberg gave us a pretty \ngood answer to that question in the ’90s.",
"timestamp": [
804.599,
809.686
]
},
{
"text": "(You feel me? Jurassic Park anybody?)",
"timestamp": [
809.686,
811.857
]
},
{
"text": "(You feel me? Jurassic Park anybody?)",
"timestamp": [
809.686,
811.857
]
},
{
"text": "At the same time, science can join up with other ways of knowing — like philosophy and ethics—",
"timestamp": [
811.857,
817.693
]
},
{
"text": "At the same time, science can join up with other ways of knowing — like philosophy and ethics—",
"timestamp": [
811.857,
817.693
]
},
{
"text": "to grapple with questions neither field can answer alone.",
"timestamp": [
817.693,
820.764
]
},
{
"text": "to grapple with questions neither field can answer alone.",
"timestamp": [
817.693,
820.764
]
},
{
"text": "And scientific knowledge can also inform \npolicy decisions, to get stuff done.",
"timestamp": [
820.764,
824.751
]
},
{
"text": "And scientific knowledge can also inform \npolicy decisions, to get stuff done.",
"timestamp": [
820.764,
824.751
]
},
{
"text": "Like, scientists can track wolf population \nnumbers to identify threats that they’re facing.",
"timestamp": [
824.751,
829.814
]
},
{
"text": "Like, scientists can track wolf population \nnumbers to identify threats that they’re facing.",
"timestamp": [
824.751,
829.814
]
},
{
"text": "And that information can be used \nto create policies that protect them.",
"timestamp": [
829.814,
833.199
]
},
{
"text": "And that information can be used \nto create policies that protect them.",
"timestamp": [
829.814,
833.199
]
},
{
"text": "So, science, as we know it today, may have \nonly been around for a few hundred years,",
"timestamp": [
833.199,
837.256
]
},
{
"text": "So, science, as we know it today, may have \nonly been around for a few hundred years,",
"timestamp": [
833.199,
837.256
]
},
{
"text": "but the processes of discovery and knowledge \ncollection are as old and diverse as humanity itself.",
"timestamp": [
837.256,
843.133
]
},
{
"text": "but the processes of discovery and knowledge \ncollection are as old and diverse as humanity itself.",
"timestamp": [
837.256,
843.133
]
},
{
"text": "Science proceeds in a more complicated way than the six simplified steps that we learned in elementary school.",
"timestamp": [
843.133,
848.036
]
},
{
"text": "Science proceeds in a more complicated way than the six simplified steps that we learned in elementary school.",
"timestamp": [
843.133,
848.036
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s rarely a solo endeavor. It’s really a \nhuge group effort—with scientists sharing ideas,",
"timestamp": [
848.036,
853.676
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s rarely a solo endeavor. It’s really a \nhuge group effort—with scientists sharing ideas,",
"timestamp": [
848.036,
853.676
]
},
{
"text": "checking each other’s work, and adding to a wider \nconversation about the observable physical world.",
"timestamp": [
853.676,
859.252
]
},
{
"text": "checking each other’s work, and adding to a wider \nconversation about the observable physical world.",
"timestamp": [
853.676,
859.252
]
},
{
"text": "Next time, we’ll dive deeper into \nthe biologists’ corner of science,",
"timestamp": [
859.252,
863.173
]
},
{
"text": "Next time, we’ll dive deeper into \nthe biologists’ corner of science,",
"timestamp": [
859.252,
863.173
]
},
{
"text": "and the nitty-gritty details of how they \nstudy living things. I’ll see you then.",
"timestamp": [
863.173,
868.048
]
},
{
"text": "and the nitty-gritty details of how they \nstudy living things. I’ll see you then.",
"timestamp": [
863.173,
868.048
]
},
{
"text": "This series was produced in collaboration \nwith HHMI BioInteractive.",
"timestamp": [
868.048,
872.578
]
},
{
"text": "This series was produced in collaboration \nwith HHMI BioInteractive.",
"timestamp": [
868.048,
872.578
]
},
{
"text": "If you’re an educator, visit BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse",
"timestamp": [
872.578,
877.952
]
},
{
"text": "If you’re an educator, visit BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse",
"timestamp": [
872.578,
877.952
]
},
{
"text": "for classroom resources and professional development \nrelated to the topics covered in this course.",
"timestamp": [
877.952,
883.438
]
},
{
"text": "for classroom resources and professional development \nrelated to the topics covered in this course.",
"timestamp": [
877.952,
883.438
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of \nCrash Course Biology",
"timestamp": [
883.438,
885.747
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of \nCrash Course Biology",
"timestamp": [
883.438,
885.747
]
},
{
"text": "which was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
885.747,
888.731
]
},
{
"text": "which was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
885.747,
888.731
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
888.731,
894.96
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
888.731,
894.96
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction to Science",
"Science!The word comes from a Latin verb meaning to “know.”And don’t get me wrong: \nthe knowing part is important.But the questions are where it’s really at.Curiosity about everything around us \nand within us is fuel for science’s fire.That includes big stuff like “What’s the \nuniverse made of?” and “Where did life begin?”But it also includes burning questions like,“Why does cut grass smell like watermelon?”and “How easy is it really to slip on a banana peel?”Because based on the cartoons that I saw \nand, uhh, lots of Mario Kart,I really thought that was going to be \na much bigger problem in the future.Of course, there are questions \noutside the scope of science, too.Like, science can’t tell you if you should try \nand land that sweet skateboard trick.Though it can explain what might happen to your leg if you fail.As the science of life, biology explores the relationships and interactions among living things and their environment.And like all science, \nit’s built on layers of hypotheses,ideas that are tested with evidence, \nand what’s basically a big group chat spanning centuries.Hi, I’m Dr. Sammy, your friendly neighborhood \nentomologist, and this is Crash Course Biology![THEME MUSIC]The word “scientist” has only existed \nin English since the nineteenth century.But people from every corner of the globe have been figuring stuff out by observing the physical world for a long time.For example, records of medicine and natural historydate back hundreds and even thousands of years \nin ancient India, Greece, and China. Centuries ago, Maya astronomers precisely tracked \nthe movements of the sun, moon, and planets—leaving behind calendars still used by their descendants today.And Indigenous cultures worldwide have developed rich understandings of the natural world through close observation.Like, for example, Indigenous Alaskans have had \na front-row seat to climate change,observing thinning sea ice and declining salmon populations.And Aboriginal people in Australia told stories of “firehawks,”birds that intentionally spread fires by airdropping \nflaming sticks into brush to scare out prey,long before professional scientists \ndescribed the behavior in 2017."
],
[
"The Scientific Method",
"As a process of discovery and knowing, \nscience has been formalized with the scientific method.Maybe you’ve heard these six simple steps before.First, so the method goes, you make an observation \nthat leads you to ask a question,like, “I noticed how my hard-boiled egg seems to retain water.I wonder what happens if I put it in the microwave?”Next, comes a hypothesis — a testable explanation, \nor reasonable prediction of what will happen.Like, “I hypothesize the water will boil inside the egg, \nbuild up pressure, and the egg will explode.”Next, you test that hypothesis with \nan experiment that can be repeated.You analyze the results, you report the conclusions, and finally, you use the conclusions to make new hypotheses.Alright, let's see...Our experiment concludes that \nthe egg got blown to smithereens.1 out of 10. \nWould not do again.So based on what I just observed,I now hypothesize that if I remove the eggshell \nfirst and then microwave the egg,pressure won’t build enough for it to explode.Notice here that the Scientific Method is a cycle.My starting hypothesis brought me around to a new one.Those six steps are an idealized \nversion of the scientific method.Except the exploding part. \nTypically we don’t want that. *coughs*In the real world, science progresses less like \na straight line from hypothesis to conclusion, and more like a bunch of looping squiggles that can change direction in ways that we don’t even see coming.It still has that same idea at heart:testing ideas with evidence and repeating \nobservations to understand cause and effect.But we have to accept that things \ndon’t always stick to the plan.Steps get repeated or rearranged. \nExperiments fail (and boy, don’t I know it).Scientists sometimes have to backtrack, zipping all \nthe way to the beginning to gather more observations.Or some observations don’t make sense \nuntil other observations fill in the gaps.Like, nobody could figure out how genes encode proteins \nuntil the helix structure of DNA was revealed in 1953.And inevitably, answering one question sparks more questions.Like, okay, a hard-boiled egg explodes in the \nmicrowave. But what about a grape?And perhaps more importantly, what sort \nof monster eats warm grapes? *shudder*Anyway, the scientific process’s path can be \na bit like a twisty, dynamic roller coaster.Sometimes it backs up, \nsometimes it changes direction.And occasionally there’s screaming…I’m looking at you, grad school."
],
[
"Science is a Team Effort",
"We’ve been conditioned by books and movies to \nimagine a solitary, genius taking this wild ride all by themself.Glasses framing their heroic face \nas they stare stoically into the distance.But actually, it’s typically teams of scientists \nriding the twists and turns together.They share ideas, questions, and evidence, \nthinking problems through as a group.To learn more, let’s catch a matinee over in the Theater of Life…By the middle of the twentieth century,biologists were starting to ask increasingly in-depth questions about life on Earth and how it works on a microscopic scale.But living organisms are complex… \nand can be unwieldy subjects to study.Enter the Argentinian biochemist, \nDr. Luis Federico Leloir, alongside his team.They wondered if the building blocks of life, cells, worked \nthe same way outside of an organism as they do inside.Like, if they separated cells from \nan intact organ and studied them,would the results also explain how \ncells worked inside a living thing?A huge part of what made the team successful \nwas their collaboration and scrappiness.You see, the team had equipment that separates fluids \nby spinning at high speeds, called a centrifuge.But they didn’t have the funds for a refrigerated version.Keeping things cold was essential for separating \nthe cell without anything degrading.But the team was crafty. They filled inner tubes from car tires with water, ice, and salt to create a refrigerating effect.And it worked!Being able to study a cell effectively \noutside of an organism was a big deal.It allowed scientists, including Leloir, to start asking way more complicated questions about the basic building blocks of life— which has, in turn, helped us understand more about how \norganisms work, including how to fight diseases.When Leloir won a Nobel prize in 1970, he credited \nnot only the collaboration among his team,but also the ongoing collaborative \nconversation of science itself.He said “This is just one step in a much larger project…\nWe hardly know even a little.”Mmm, bravo.So you can see how, in a way, \nall of science is a team effort.Teams of scientists build on other teams’ work, \nin what’s basically one big ongoing discussion,sort of like that big group text \nthat we mentioned in the opening.Each new observation we communicate \nadds to the pool of collective knowledgelike each text message building \nout the larger conversation."
],
[
"The Scientific Theory",
"Often, a hypothesis gets tested over and over \nand over again from different angles.And then it gets linked up with other hypotheses \nthat are getting tested over and over— and evidence for all of them keeps accumulating \nlike a tiny snowball rolled into a massive snow-conclusion…a snow-clusion! \n(I’m still working on that analogy).But – anyway – that’s how you get a scientific theory.It’s not a theory like your neighbor’s speculation \nthat his cat was King Tut in a former life.But, when we use the word “theory” in a science-y way, \nthat means that the bar for evidence is high. Scientific theories are backed by strong \nconsensus from the scientific community, based on a broad range of evidence.And theories are the basis for studying a subject.Take the Big Bang Theory: the idea that the \nuniverse began with a massive expansion event.There’s still so much to study about the theory of the big bang.Like the study of leftover energy \nfrom the expansion of the universe.And more and more research is being done all the time, \nspurring more testable hypotheses that add depth to the theory.New theories are always being revised,whenever enough new evidence piles up that \ndoesn’t support them in their current state.And then there are laws:very precise, universal statements describing something \nthat always happens in the physical world.For example, the first law of thermodynamics \nsays energy cannot be created or destroyed.And it applies to everything, including life.Energy takes different forms as it passes through \nplants, animals, and soil,but the total amount of energy stays the same.For any scientific idea to become a theory or law, \nit needs to be backed by a groundswell of evidence."
],
[
"Peer Review",
"Scientists decide how much evidence is enough \nand what it all means through a process called peer review.Scientists will submit their research by writing up what they hypothesized, how they tested it, and what happened.But before their work makes it to the wider world,it gets checked by their peers—other \nscientists who are also experts in their field.Peer review isn’t perfect.But it’s a really important way of catching mistakesor even outright fraud before papers \nmake it out into the wider world. That means the world’s experts on platypusesare discussing and reading other platypus \nexperts’ work before it even gets published.And you can bet that group chat is fire.It’s critical that the world’s scientists reviewing \nand interpreting this research have high data literacy.That’s an ability to create, organize, understand, \nand communicate data, which are recorded observations.Data literacy enables scientists to design experimentsthat collect reliable data and actually \nanswer the questions they want to ask.And when it’s time to analyze their results, it helps them accurately interpret and understand what the data mean—whether that’s their own research or someone else’s."
],
[
"Scientific Models",
"And to help them interpret the data, scientists use models \nto try multiple ways of testing and understanding ideas.[upbeat music]Not that kind of model. \nThese kinds of models.Consider the cell membrane: \na thin layer holding together the cell’s squishy parts.It is possible to directly observe cell membranes \nunder a microscope. Which is amazing.But there’s a lot happening in that tiny world: three different kinds of molecules wiggling in perpetual motion.And models — which are representations of scientific theories or processes—can help clarify what’s going on.For example, a visual model can turn a microscope \npicture into something easier to digest: a labeled, color-coded image.We can also make a 3-D model to \nunderstand a membrane, like this.It’s not a perfect representation of \nthe membrane in reality.But that’s the thing, no model is.It’s just another way of wrapping your head —or your hands—around a concept that can be difficult to grasp.Scientists can also understand the membrane better by modeling how its molecules move mathematically.And mathematical models can \nzoom out way bigger than a cell.Computers can simulate experiments thousands of \ntimes, in ways that aren’t possible in real life.And that can help scientists predict and explain patterns,like how earthquakes could affect different places,what future weather may be, \nand even how diseases spread across populations.So, models aren’t perfect representations of reality.But they’re an important part of \nhow we build and share knowledge.Because the sharing part is really important.A wise man once said, “The science isn’t \nfinished until it’s communicated”."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"The scientific process helps us answer \nquestions about the causes and effects of all sorts of stuff.But there are questions that may fall outside the scope \nof what science can prove or disprove.Questions about morality, for example.Like, science can answer the question,“Can we clone a mammoth that has \nbeen extinct for thousands of years?”But it can’t answer the question“Should we clone a mammoth that's \nbeen extinct for thousands of years?”Though I think Steven Spielberg gave us a pretty \ngood answer to that question in the ’90s.(You feel me? Jurassic Park anybody?)At the same time, science can join up with other ways of knowing — like philosophy and ethics—to grapple with questions neither field can answer alone.And scientific knowledge can also inform \npolicy decisions, to get stuff done.Like, scientists can track wolf population \nnumbers to identify threats that they’re facing.And that information can be used \nto create policies that protect them.So, science, as we know it today, may have \nonly been around for a few hundred years,but the processes of discovery and knowledge \ncollection are as old and diverse as humanity itself.Science proceeds in a more complicated way than the six simplified steps that we learned in elementary school.And it’s rarely a solo endeavor. It’s really a \nhuge group effort—with scientists sharing ideas,checking each other’s work, and adding to a wider \nconversation about the observable physical world.Next time, we’ll dive deeper into \nthe biologists’ corner of science,and the nitty-gritty details of how they \nstudy living things. I’ll see you then.This series was produced in collaboration \nwith HHMI BioInteractive.If you’re an educator, visit BioInteractive.org/CrashCoursefor classroom resources and professional development \nrelated to the topics covered in this course.Thanks for watching this episode of \nCrash Course Biologywhich was made with the help of all these nice people.If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology #1
|
tZE_fQFK8EY
| 806 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Welcome to Crash Course Biology!",
"end_time": 134
},
{
"start_time": 134,
"title": "Life's Characteristics",
"end_time": 378
},
{
"start_time": 378,
"title": "Is a Virus Alive?",
"end_time": 532
},
{
"start_time": 532,
"title": "Life Beyond Earth",
"end_time": 603
},
{
"start_time": 603,
"title": "Biology and You",
"end_time": 644
},
{
"start_time": 644,
"title": "All Life is Connected",
"end_time": 719
},
{
"start_time": 719,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 806
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Four billion years ago, something \nvery strange happened on this planet.",
"timestamp": [
0.3,
4.849
]
},
{
"text": "Four billion years ago, something \nvery strange happened on this planet.",
"timestamp": [
0.3,
4.849
]
},
{
"text": "We call it “life” and I dare any person, any of you, to tell me that \nit isn’t the most interesting thing that has ever happened.",
"timestamp": [
4.849,
13.532
]
},
{
"text": "We call it “life” and I dare any person, any of you, to tell me that \nit isn’t the most interesting thing that has ever happened.",
"timestamp": [
4.849,
13.532
]
},
{
"text": "Thankfully for all of us, it’s still happening.",
"timestamp": [
13.532,
16.54
]
},
{
"text": "Thankfully for all of us, it’s still happening.",
"timestamp": [
13.532,
16.54
]
},
{
"text": "It’s happening as much, if not more, than ever.",
"timestamp": [
16.54,
19.878
]
},
{
"text": "It’s happening as much, if not more, than ever.",
"timestamp": [
16.54,
19.878
]
},
{
"text": "It’s squishy, slippery, and \nslimy, and sticky, and spiky",
"timestamp": [
19.878,
24.766
]
},
{
"text": "It’s squishy, slippery, and \nslimy, and sticky, and spiky",
"timestamp": [
19.878,
24.766
]
},
{
"text": "and you’ll find all the shapes—moss-shaped, \nmosquito-shaped, manatee-shaped, you-shaped.",
"timestamp": [
24.766,
30.95
]
},
{
"text": "and you’ll find all the shapes—moss-shaped, \nmosquito-shaped, manatee-shaped, you-shaped.",
"timestamp": [
24.766,
30.95
]
},
{
"text": "And all the sizes too—from tiny to tremendous, \nand everything in between.",
"timestamp": [
30.95,
36.159
]
},
{
"text": "And all the sizes too—from tiny to tremendous, \nand everything in between.",
"timestamp": [
30.95,
36.159
]
},
{
"text": "And biology is the study \nof this thing we call life.",
"timestamp": [
36.159,
41.133
]
},
{
"text": "And biology is the study \nof this thing we call life.",
"timestamp": [
36.159,
41.133
]
},
{
"text": "We study biology for a whole \nbunch of different reasons.",
"timestamp": [
41.133,
44.877
]
},
{
"text": "We study biology for a whole \nbunch of different reasons.",
"timestamp": [
41.133,
44.877
]
},
{
"text": "From the obvious, like making new medicines, to the \nnot-so-obvious, like learning how to identify misinformation.",
"timestamp": [
44.877,
51.668
]
},
{
"text": "From the obvious, like making new medicines, to the \nnot-so-obvious, like learning how to identify misinformation.",
"timestamp": [
44.877,
51.668
]
},
{
"text": "And, we use biology to describe anything that life does.",
"timestamp": [
51.668,
56.584
]
},
{
"text": "And, we use biology to describe anything that life does.",
"timestamp": [
51.668,
56.584
]
},
{
"text": "Quick: Are you breathing right now? \nThat is a biological process.",
"timestamp": [
56.584,
61.751
]
},
{
"text": "Quick: Are you breathing right now? \nThat is a biological process.",
"timestamp": [
56.584,
61.751
]
},
{
"text": "Life does a lot of stuff, but it’s \nnot so easy to pin down what life is.",
"timestamp": [
61.751,
67.754
]
},
{
"text": "Life does a lot of stuff, but it’s \nnot so easy to pin down what life is.",
"timestamp": [
61.751,
67.754
]
},
{
"text": "Like, okay, for sure, that ant is alive.",
"timestamp": [
67.754,
73.664
]
},
{
"text": "Like, okay, for sure, that ant is alive.",
"timestamp": [
67.754,
73.664
]
},
{
"text": "It responds to its environment, like the crumb it just found.",
"timestamp": [
73.664,
76.934
]
},
{
"text": "It responds to its environment, like the crumb it just found.",
"timestamp": [
73.664,
76.934
]
},
{
"text": "And it must reproduce, based on how many \nof these ants I see coming right now.",
"timestamp": [
76.934,
82.609
]
},
{
"text": "And it must reproduce, based on how many \nof these ants I see coming right now.",
"timestamp": [
76.934,
82.609
]
},
{
"text": "But other things respond to their environment, too.",
"timestamp": [
82.609,
85.816
]
},
{
"text": "But other things respond to their environment, too.",
"timestamp": [
82.609,
85.816
]
},
{
"text": "Like, if that’s our definition, is fire alive?",
"timestamp": [
85.816,
89.895
]
},
{
"text": "Like, if that’s our definition, is fire alive?",
"timestamp": [
85.816,
89.895
]
},
{
"text": "Is a computer virus alive?",
"timestamp": [
89.895,
92.133
]
},
{
"text": "Is a computer virus alive?",
"timestamp": [
89.895,
92.133
]
},
{
"text": "Is the robot vacuum I call my personal butler alive?",
"timestamp": [
92.133,
96.06
]
},
{
"text": "Is the robot vacuum I call my personal butler alive?",
"timestamp": [
92.133,
96.06
]
},
{
"text": "Now I’m a bit biased as a biologist, and a living thing,",
"timestamp": [
96.06,
100.673
]
},
{
"text": "Now I’m a bit biased as a biologist, and a living thing,",
"timestamp": [
96.06,
100.673
]
},
{
"text": "but life is the most interesting thing to have ever happened \non Earth…and we are not even sure what it is.",
"timestamp": [
100.673,
111.6
]
},
{
"text": "but life is the most interesting thing to have ever happened \non Earth…and we are not even sure what it is.",
"timestamp": [
100.673,
111.6
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Dr. Sammy, and this \nis Crash Course Biology.",
"timestamp": [
111.6,
117.42
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Dr. Sammy, and this \nis Crash Course Biology.",
"timestamp": [
111.6,
117.42
]
},
{
"text": "Wait, am I alive? I am alive, right? \nCause we just introduced some serious uncertainty here.",
"timestamp": [
117.42,
125.103
]
},
{
"text": "Wait, am I alive? I am alive, right? \nCause we just introduced some serious uncertainty here.",
"timestamp": [
117.42,
125.103
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
125.103,
133.092
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
125.103,
133.092
]
},
{
"text": "Life feels like something you know when you see it.",
"timestamp": [
134.4,
138.587
]
},
{
"text": "Life feels like something you know when you see it.",
"timestamp": [
134.4,
138.587
]
},
{
"text": "But humans have wrestled with \nhow to define it for centuries.",
"timestamp": [
138.587,
142.483
]
},
{
"text": "But humans have wrestled with \nhow to define it for centuries.",
"timestamp": [
138.587,
142.483
]
},
{
"text": "Like, the ancient Greek philosopher \nAristotle thought the ability to grow,",
"timestamp": [
142.483,
147.097
]
},
{
"text": "Like, the ancient Greek philosopher \nAristotle thought the ability to grow,",
"timestamp": [
142.483,
147.097
]
},
{
"text": "reproduce, and react to inner and outer \nforces set life apart from non-life.",
"timestamp": [
147.097,
153.778
]
},
{
"text": "reproduce, and react to inner and outer \nforces set life apart from non-life.",
"timestamp": [
147.097,
153.778
]
},
{
"text": "He was off-track with some other observations—\nlike, he thought that women have fewer teeth than men",
"timestamp": [
153.778,
158.555
]
},
{
"text": "He was off-track with some other observations—\nlike, he thought that women have fewer teeth than men",
"timestamp": [
153.778,
158.555
]
},
{
"text": "and that eels are made of mud.",
"timestamp": [
158.555,
160.501
]
},
{
"text": "and that eels are made of mud.",
"timestamp": [
158.555,
160.501
]
},
{
"text": "But on the subject of life, \nhe was really onto something.",
"timestamp": [
160.501,
163.885
]
},
{
"text": "But on the subject of life, \nhe was really onto something.",
"timestamp": [
160.501,
163.885
]
},
{
"text": "Modern-day biologists tend to agree that life involves a state of chemical balance that reproduces and evolves over generations.",
"timestamp": [
163.885,
172.042
]
},
{
"text": "Modern-day biologists tend to agree that life involves a state of chemical balance that reproduces and evolves over generations.",
"timestamp": [
163.885,
172.042
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, that’s also the definition that NASA uses, \nshould they ever see signs of such a thing beyond Earth:",
"timestamp": [
172.042,
178.026
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, that’s also the definition that NASA uses, \nshould they ever see signs of such a thing beyond Earth:",
"timestamp": [
172.042,
178.026
]
},
{
"text": "“A self-sustaining chemical system capable of [...] evolution.”",
"timestamp": [
178.026,
182.957
]
},
{
"text": "“A self-sustaining chemical system capable of [...] evolution.”",
"timestamp": [
178.026,
182.957
]
},
{
"text": "But for now, here on Earth, generations of scientists \nhave developed a list of seven characteristics",
"timestamp": [
182.957,
188.595
]
},
{
"text": "But for now, here on Earth, generations of scientists \nhave developed a list of seven characteristics",
"timestamp": [
182.957,
188.595
]
},
{
"text": " that sort the stones (not alive) \nfrom the stonefish (definitely alive).",
"timestamp": [
188.595,
194.58
]
},
{
"text": " that sort the stones (not alive) \nfrom the stonefish (definitely alive).",
"timestamp": [
188.595,
194.58
]
},
{
"text": "We know you’re there, stonefish. \nYou can’t trick us, no matter how good that disguise is.",
"timestamp": [
194.58,
198.907
]
},
{
"text": "We know you’re there, stonefish. \nYou can’t trick us, no matter how good that disguise is.",
"timestamp": [
194.58,
198.907
]
},
{
"text": "First: living things keep their inner conditions \nsteady as outer conditions change.",
"timestamp": [
198.907,
204.758
]
},
{
"text": "First: living things keep their inner conditions \nsteady as outer conditions change.",
"timestamp": [
198.907,
204.758
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s called \"regulation.\"",
"timestamp": [
204.758,
206.814
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s called \"regulation.\"",
"timestamp": [
204.758,
206.814
]
},
{
"text": "Like, on a scorching-hot day, when I am \ndripping sweat and my dog is panting,",
"timestamp": [
206.814,
212.422
]
},
{
"text": "Like, on a scorching-hot day, when I am \ndripping sweat and my dog is panting,",
"timestamp": [
206.814,
212.422
]
},
{
"text": "our bodies are using two different strategies for the \nsame life-sustaining goal: regulating our temperature.",
"timestamp": [
212.422,
219.3
]
},
{
"text": "our bodies are using two different strategies for the \nsame life-sustaining goal: regulating our temperature.",
"timestamp": [
212.422,
219.3
]
},
{
"text": "Second: living things respond to their environment.",
"timestamp": [
219.3,
222.563
]
},
{
"text": "Second: living things respond to their environment.",
"timestamp": [
219.3,
222.563
]
},
{
"text": "That includes dramatics—like when a \nfast-and-furious cheetah sprints after a gazelle.",
"timestamp": [
222.563,
227.42
]
},
{
"text": "That includes dramatics—like when a \nfast-and-furious cheetah sprints after a gazelle.",
"timestamp": [
222.563,
227.42
]
},
{
"text": "Or housecats imagining that they’re cheetahs, \nbut they’re actually batting at houseflies.",
"timestamp": [
227.42,
231.759
]
},
{
"text": "Or housecats imagining that they’re cheetahs, \nbut they’re actually batting at houseflies.",
"timestamp": [
227.42,
231.759
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s also the slow-motion stuff of the plant world:",
"timestamp": [
231.759,
235.619
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s also the slow-motion stuff of the plant world:",
"timestamp": [
231.759,
235.619
]
},
{
"text": "like, the turn of a flower toward the sun, \nor a vine twisting on a branch.",
"timestamp": [
235.619,
240.814
]
},
{
"text": "like, the turn of a flower toward the sun, \nor a vine twisting on a branch.",
"timestamp": [
235.619,
240.814
]
},
{
"text": "Third: living things reproduce, \npassing on genetic information to their offspring.",
"timestamp": [
240.814,
246.476
]
},
{
"text": "Third: living things reproduce, \npassing on genetic information to their offspring.",
"timestamp": [
240.814,
246.476
]
},
{
"text": "And that includes the bouncing baby giraffe who inherited her father’s eyelashes and her mother’s extra-thick tail hair.",
"timestamp": [
246.476,
253.155
]
},
{
"text": "And that includes the bouncing baby giraffe who inherited her father’s eyelashes and her mother’s extra-thick tail hair.",
"timestamp": [
246.476,
253.155
]
},
{
"text": "But it also includes a single-celled yeast splitting in two, \nmaking more of itself in its own image.",
"timestamp": [
253.155,
260.42
]
},
{
"text": "But it also includes a single-celled yeast splitting in two, \nmaking more of itself in its own image.",
"timestamp": [
253.155,
260.42
]
},
{
"text": "Ah, Yeasty the 52nd, carrying on the family name.",
"timestamp": [
260.42,
265.033
]
},
{
"text": "Ah, Yeasty the 52nd, carrying on the family name.",
"timestamp": [
260.42,
265.033
]
},
{
"text": "Fourth: living things also grow and develop \nbased on the instructions in their genes.",
"timestamp": [
265.033,
271.364
]
},
{
"text": "Fourth: living things also grow and develop \nbased on the instructions in their genes.",
"timestamp": [
265.033,
271.364
]
},
{
"text": "Reading those instructions triggers a tadpole to turn into \na frog, or a teenage boy’s voice to change.",
"timestamp": [
271.364,
277.98
]
},
{
"text": "Reading those instructions triggers a tadpole to turn into \na frog, or a teenage boy’s voice to change.",
"timestamp": [
271.364,
277.98
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, genes can’t prevent those instructions from \nbeing read the day before his solo of “O Holy Night.”",
"timestamp": [
277.98,
285.383
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, genes can’t prevent those instructions from \nbeing read the day before his solo of “O Holy Night.”",
"timestamp": [
277.98,
285.383
]
},
{
"text": "Terrible timing there, when all in one night your voice goes \nfrom Mariah Carey to Barry White...aaaaah yeah baby.",
"timestamp": [
285.383,
293.815
]
},
{
"text": "Terrible timing there, when all in one night your voice goes \nfrom Mariah Carey to Barry White...aaaaah yeah baby.",
"timestamp": [
285.383,
293.815
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a bit of a mess.",
"timestamp": [
293.815,
295.74
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a bit of a mess.",
"timestamp": [
293.815,
295.74
]
},
{
"text": "Fifth: all living things process energy to do their living…things.",
"timestamp": [
295.74,
301.048
]
},
{
"text": "Fifth: all living things process energy to do their living…things.",
"timestamp": [
295.74,
301.048
]
},
{
"text": "Like, my body is using nutrients from a Greek salad \nright now to breathe, pump blood, and talk to you.",
"timestamp": [
301.048,
307.87
]
},
{
"text": "Like, my body is using nutrients from a Greek salad \nright now to breathe, pump blood, and talk to you.",
"timestamp": [
301.048,
307.87
]
},
{
"text": "And all that energy was processed \nby the living things that supplied my lunch.",
"timestamp": [
307.87,
312.206
]
},
{
"text": "And all that energy was processed \nby the living things that supplied my lunch.",
"timestamp": [
307.87,
312.206
]
},
{
"text": "So, this episode of Crash Course \nis brought to you in part by",
"timestamp": [
312.206,
316.117
]
},
{
"text": "So, this episode of Crash Course \nis brought to you in part by",
"timestamp": [
312.206,
316.117
]
},
{
"text": "a lettuce plant, an olive tree, \nand, oddly enough, the milk of a sheep.",
"timestamp": [
316.117,
321.282
]
},
{
"text": "a lettuce plant, an olive tree, \nand, oddly enough, the milk of a sheep.",
"timestamp": [
316.117,
321.282
]
},
{
"text": "Sixth: life is organized, even in living things \nthat seem chaotically arranged to human eyes.",
"timestamp": [
321.282,
328.279
]
},
{
"text": "Sixth: life is organized, even in living things \nthat seem chaotically arranged to human eyes.",
"timestamp": [
321.282,
328.279
]
},
{
"text": "I’m looking at you, platypus.",
"timestamp": [
328.279,
330.824
]
},
{
"text": "I’m looking at you, platypus.",
"timestamp": [
328.279,
330.824
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, even those weirdos have a sense of order \nstructuring their bodies from the cells up.",
"timestamp": [
330.824,
336.405
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, even those weirdos have a sense of order \nstructuring their bodies from the cells up.",
"timestamp": [
330.824,
336.405
]
},
{
"text": "Those groups of cells—arranged into tissues, organs, \nand organ systems—keep whole organisms functioning.",
"timestamp": [
336.405,
343.352
]
},
{
"text": "Those groups of cells—arranged into tissues, organs, \nand organ systems—keep whole organisms functioning.",
"timestamp": [
336.405,
343.352
]
},
{
"text": "And last on the list: living things have adaptations \nshaped by a history of evolution.",
"timestamp": [
343.352,
349.508
]
},
{
"text": "And last on the list: living things have adaptations \nshaped by a history of evolution.",
"timestamp": [
343.352,
349.508
]
},
{
"text": "These adaptations are traits \nthat help organisms survive and reproduce.",
"timestamp": [
349.508,
355
]
},
{
"text": "These adaptations are traits \nthat help organisms survive and reproduce.",
"timestamp": [
349.508,
355
]
},
{
"text": "Individuals that survive and reproduce pass on \ntheir genes and the traits associated with them.",
"timestamp": [
355,
360.471
]
},
{
"text": "Individuals that survive and reproduce pass on \ntheir genes and the traits associated with them.",
"timestamp": [
355,
360.471
]
},
{
"text": "That’s how the platypus ended up \nwith such a weird, cool body,",
"timestamp": [
360.471,
364.126
]
},
{
"text": "That’s how the platypus ended up \nwith such a weird, cool body,",
"timestamp": [
360.471,
364.126
]
},
{
"text": "that includes not just webbed feet, but \nalso venomous spurs to battle their rivals.",
"timestamp": [
364.126,
369.249
]
},
{
"text": "that includes not just webbed feet, but \nalso venomous spurs to battle their rivals.",
"timestamp": [
364.126,
369.249
]
},
{
"text": "Like what are you even doing with those, buddy? \nYou have almost no native predators.",
"timestamp": [
369.249,
375.56
]
},
{
"text": "Like what are you even doing with those, buddy? \nYou have almost no native predators.",
"timestamp": [
369.249,
375.56
]
},
{
"text": "Don’t you point those at me!",
"timestamp": [
375.56,
377.869
]
},
{
"text": "Don’t you point those at me!",
"timestamp": [
375.56,
377.869
]
},
{
"text": "Wander around with this checklist of life, \nand you can find evidence of it in lots of interesting forms:",
"timestamp": [
377.869,
383.873
]
},
{
"text": "Wander around with this checklist of life, \nand you can find evidence of it in lots of interesting forms:",
"timestamp": [
377.869,
383.873
]
},
{
"text": "beetles, ferns, algae, yourself, your neighbor.",
"timestamp": [
383.873,
387.917
]
},
{
"text": "beetles, ferns, algae, yourself, your neighbor.",
"timestamp": [
383.873,
387.917
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, please ask first before looking for that evidence. \nDon’t spy on your neighbor.",
"timestamp": [
387.917,
392.954
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, please ask first before looking for that evidence. \nDon’t spy on your neighbor.",
"timestamp": [
387.917,
392.954
]
},
{
"text": "And at the same time, some of these traits \ncan be found in non-living things, too.",
"timestamp": [
392.954,
397.263
]
},
{
"text": "And at the same time, some of these traits \ncan be found in non-living things, too.",
"timestamp": [
392.954,
397.263
]
},
{
"text": "Like, take snowflakes—definitely organized, \nbut they don’t process energy.",
"timestamp": [
397.263,
402.695
]
},
{
"text": "Like, take snowflakes—definitely organized, \nbut they don’t process energy.",
"timestamp": [
397.263,
402.695
]
},
{
"text": "Or, think about fire–it grows, \nbut it can’t reproduce.",
"timestamp": [
402.695,
407.662
]
},
{
"text": "Or, think about fire–it grows, \nbut it can’t reproduce.",
"timestamp": [
402.695,
407.662
]
},
{
"text": "And then there are some real edge cases:",
"timestamp": [
407.662,
410.123
]
},
{
"text": "And then there are some real edge cases:",
"timestamp": [
407.662,
410.123
]
},
{
"text": "the gray areas where our definition of what’s living \nand what’s not really gets pushed to the limit.",
"timestamp": [
410.123,
416.176
]
},
{
"text": "the gray areas where our definition of what’s living \nand what’s not really gets pushed to the limit.",
"timestamp": [
410.123,
416.176
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s head to the Thought Bubble…",
"timestamp": [
416.176,
417.543
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s head to the Thought Bubble…",
"timestamp": [
416.176,
417.543
]
},
{
"text": "Meet the virus: a tiny bundle of genes in a \nprotein jacket, even smaller than a cell.",
"timestamp": [
417.543,
424.167
]
},
{
"text": "Meet the virus: a tiny bundle of genes in a \nprotein jacket, even smaller than a cell.",
"timestamp": [
417.543,
424.167
]
},
{
"text": "On their own, in their little protein jackets, \nviruses just kind of…hang out.",
"timestamp": [
424.167,
429.146
]
},
{
"text": "On their own, in their little protein jackets, \nviruses just kind of…hang out.",
"timestamp": [
424.167,
429.146
]
},
{
"text": "They can’t reproduce, they can’t grow, \nthey cannot process energy.",
"timestamp": [
429.146,
433.295
]
},
{
"text": "They can’t reproduce, they can’t grow, \nthey cannot process energy.",
"timestamp": [
429.146,
433.295
]
},
{
"text": "They don’t even regulate themselves…\nbecause nothing’s really happening.",
"timestamp": [
433.295,
438.034
]
},
{
"text": "They don’t even regulate themselves…\nbecause nothing’s really happening.",
"timestamp": [
433.295,
438.034
]
},
{
"text": "They’re like really complicated dust.",
"timestamp": [
438.034,
440.71
]
},
{
"text": "They’re like really complicated dust.",
"timestamp": [
438.034,
440.71
]
},
{
"text": "But when those jackets come off, watch out. \nViruses seem wildly alive.",
"timestamp": [
440.71,
447.273
]
},
{
"text": "But when those jackets come off, watch out. \nViruses seem wildly alive.",
"timestamp": [
440.71,
447.273
]
},
{
"text": "Their genetic information replicates.",
"timestamp": [
447.273,
449.502
]
},
{
"text": "Their genetic information replicates.",
"timestamp": [
447.273,
449.502
]
},
{
"text": "They spread between living things, \nmultiplying to infect other cells.",
"timestamp": [
449.502,
453.828
]
},
{
"text": "They spread between living things, \nmultiplying to infect other cells.",
"timestamp": [
449.502,
453.828
]
},
{
"text": "And just like cockroaches, cactuses, and chimpanzees, \nthey evolve over many generations.",
"timestamp": [
453.828,
460.814
]
},
{
"text": "And just like cockroaches, cactuses, and chimpanzees, \nthey evolve over many generations.",
"timestamp": [
453.828,
460.814
]
},
{
"text": "But there is a catch: a virus can’t do any of those \nthings without first taking over a host cell.",
"timestamp": [
460.814,
468.352
]
},
{
"text": "But there is a catch: a virus can’t do any of those \nthings without first taking over a host cell.",
"timestamp": [
460.814,
468.352
]
},
{
"text": "They can’t take action to infect; they have no \nsystem for responding to their environment.",
"timestamp": [
468.352,
473.088
]
},
{
"text": "They can’t take action to infect; they have no \nsystem for responding to their environment.",
"timestamp": [
468.352,
473.088
]
},
{
"text": "They are totally dependent on bumping into \nthe right cell at the right time.",
"timestamp": [
473.088,
478.451
]
},
{
"text": "They are totally dependent on bumping into \nthe right cell at the right time.",
"timestamp": [
473.088,
478.451
]
},
{
"text": "Behind every life-like virus is a cell that has \nbeen commandeered to do all the work.",
"timestamp": [
478.451,
484.079
]
},
{
"text": "Behind every life-like virus is a cell that has \nbeen commandeered to do all the work.",
"timestamp": [
478.451,
484.079
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, viruses like rabies direct \ntheir hosts so convincingly",
"timestamp": [
484.079,
489.186
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, viruses like rabies direct \ntheir hosts so convincingly",
"timestamp": [
484.079,
489.186
]
},
{
"text": "that nineteenth-century scientists thought that \nthey were among the simplest forms of life.",
"timestamp": [
489.186,
494.422
]
},
{
"text": "that nineteenth-century scientists thought that \nthey were among the simplest forms of life.",
"timestamp": [
489.186,
494.422
]
},
{
"text": "But today, most biologists would \nsay viruses aren’t alive.",
"timestamp": [
494.422,
499.815
]
},
{
"text": "But today, most biologists would \nsay viruses aren’t alive.",
"timestamp": [
494.422,
499.815
]
},
{
"text": "And I’d like to emphasize \"most.\"",
"timestamp": [
499.815,
502.363
]
},
{
"text": "And I’d like to emphasize \"most.\"",
"timestamp": [
499.815,
502.363
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, viruses sit alongside life.",
"timestamp": [
502.363,
506.711
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, viruses sit alongside life.",
"timestamp": [
502.363,
506.711
]
},
{
"text": "In a way, they borrow life.",
"timestamp": [
506.711,
510
]
},
{
"text": "In a way, they borrow life.",
"timestamp": [
506.711,
510
]
},
{
"text": "And yet, we also know that viruses have been \naround a long time, almost as long as cells themselves.",
"timestamp": [
510,
517.11
]
},
{
"text": "And yet, we also know that viruses have been \naround a long time, almost as long as cells themselves.",
"timestamp": [
510,
517.11
]
},
{
"text": "They’ve evolved to infect everything from \nsingle-celled amoebas to 150-ton blue whales.",
"timestamp": [
517.11,
525.149
]
},
{
"text": "They’ve evolved to infect everything from \nsingle-celled amoebas to 150-ton blue whales.",
"timestamp": [
517.11,
525.149
]
},
{
"text": "So as life has evolved, viruses \nhave been along for a lot of the ride.",
"timestamp": [
525.149,
530.932
]
},
{
"text": "So as life has evolved, viruses \nhave been along for a lot of the ride.",
"timestamp": [
525.149,
530.932
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
531.253,
532.258
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
531.253,
532.258
]
},
{
"text": "Of course, all that said, we don’t know what \nlife might look like outside of planet Earth.",
"timestamp": [
532.258,
538.992
]
},
{
"text": "Of course, all that said, we don’t know what \nlife might look like outside of planet Earth.",
"timestamp": [
532.258,
538.992
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, there is a whole field \nof biology, called \"astrobiology,\"",
"timestamp": [
538.992,
543.815
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, there is a whole field \nof biology, called \"astrobiology,\"",
"timestamp": [
538.992,
543.815
]
},
{
"text": "devoted to thinking up what extraterrestrial life might look like",
"timestamp": [
543.815,
547.798
]
},
{
"text": "devoted to thinking up what extraterrestrial life might look like",
"timestamp": [
543.815,
547.798
]
},
{
"text": "by examining some of the most \nextreme forms of life here on Earth.",
"timestamp": [
547.798,
552.55
]
},
{
"text": "by examining some of the most \nextreme forms of life here on Earth.",
"timestamp": [
547.798,
552.55
]
},
{
"text": "Biologists might one day decide to add to the list, or tweak it,",
"timestamp": [
552.55,
556.814
]
},
{
"text": "Biologists might one day decide to add to the list, or tweak it,",
"timestamp": [
552.55,
556.814
]
},
{
"text": "depending on what that non-terrestrial \nlife looks like when it’s discovered.",
"timestamp": [
556.814,
560.619
]
},
{
"text": "depending on what that non-terrestrial \nlife looks like when it’s discovered.",
"timestamp": [
556.814,
560.619
]
},
{
"text": "But for now, our planet is the only\n one that we know sustains life.",
"timestamp": [
560.619,
566.616
]
},
{
"text": "But for now, our planet is the only\n one that we know sustains life.",
"timestamp": [
560.619,
566.616
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, there is still room for debate here.",
"timestamp": [
566.616,
570.152
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, there is still room for debate here.",
"timestamp": [
566.616,
570.152
]
},
{
"text": "Our qualifications for life let us draw a circle \nthat keeps life inside and non-life outside,",
"timestamp": [
570.152,
576.116
]
},
{
"text": "Our qualifications for life let us draw a circle \nthat keeps life inside and non-life outside,",
"timestamp": [
570.152,
576.116
]
},
{
"text": "but don’t be surprised if it’s the kind of thing that \nhuman thinking continues to change on,",
"timestamp": [
576.116,
581.406
]
},
{
"text": "but don’t be surprised if it’s the kind of thing that \nhuman thinking continues to change on,",
"timestamp": [
576.116,
581.406
]
},
{
"text": "especially when, and if, we get better at \nmaking things that may, or may not be alive.",
"timestamp": [
581.406,
589.391
]
},
{
"text": "especially when, and if, we get better at \nmaking things that may, or may not be alive.",
"timestamp": [
581.406,
589.391
]
},
{
"text": "Debating what does and doesn’t count as life \nmight seem kind of up in the clouds—",
"timestamp": [
589.391,
594.458
]
},
{
"text": "Debating what does and doesn’t count as life \nmight seem kind of up in the clouds—",
"timestamp": [
589.391,
594.458
]
},
{
"text": "but hey, if we didn’t, how else would we know that there are living microbes up in those clouds that affect the weather?",
"timestamp": [
594.458,
603.273
]
},
{
"text": "but hey, if we didn’t, how else would we know that there are living microbes up in those clouds that affect the weather?",
"timestamp": [
594.458,
603.273
]
},
{
"text": "That’s right, biology is everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
603.273,
606.854
]
},
{
"text": "That’s right, biology is everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
603.273,
606.854
]
},
{
"text": "It’s responsible for the medicine that \nyou take when you get a headache,",
"timestamp": [
606.854,
610.112
]
},
{
"text": "It’s responsible for the medicine that \nyou take when you get a headache,",
"timestamp": [
606.854,
610.112
]
},
{
"text": "and for the vaccines that \nprotect you from serious illness.",
"timestamp": [
610.112,
612.934
]
},
{
"text": "and for the vaccines that \nprotect you from serious illness.",
"timestamp": [
610.112,
612.934
]
},
{
"text": "It’s in the cotton of your t-shirt \nand the apple in your lunch,",
"timestamp": [
612.934,
616.849
]
},
{
"text": "It’s in the cotton of your t-shirt \nand the apple in your lunch,",
"timestamp": [
612.934,
616.849
]
},
{
"text": "both brought to you by plants that \nhave captured the energy from the sun.",
"timestamp": [
616.849,
620.849
]
},
{
"text": "both brought to you by plants that \nhave captured the energy from the sun.",
"timestamp": [
616.849,
620.849
]
},
{
"text": "And guess what, Biology is in you.",
"timestamp": [
620.849,
624.182
]
},
{
"text": "And guess what, Biology is in you.",
"timestamp": [
620.849,
624.182
]
},
{
"text": "It’s in the organs and cells and tissues that \nmake everything about you possible,",
"timestamp": [
624.182,
629.536
]
},
{
"text": "It’s in the organs and cells and tissues that \nmake everything about you possible,",
"timestamp": [
624.182,
629.536
]
},
{
"text": "whether that’s sneezing, or laughing, or digesting lunch; \nwriting a poem or riding a bike.",
"timestamp": [
629.536,
635.307
]
},
{
"text": "whether that’s sneezing, or laughing, or digesting lunch; \nwriting a poem or riding a bike.",
"timestamp": [
629.536,
635.307
]
},
{
"text": "And it doesn’t end there.",
"timestamp": [
635.307,
637.059
]
},
{
"text": "And it doesn’t end there.",
"timestamp": [
635.307,
637.059
]
},
{
"text": "No matter what size or shape life takes, every \nliving thing is connected to every other living thing.",
"timestamp": [
637.059,
644.821
]
},
{
"text": "No matter what size or shape life takes, every \nliving thing is connected to every other living thing.",
"timestamp": [
637.059,
644.821
]
},
{
"text": "Every bug, bat, and bacterium shares a common ancestor—",
"timestamp": [
644.821,
648.781
]
},
{
"text": "Every bug, bat, and bacterium shares a common ancestor—",
"timestamp": [
644.821,
648.781
]
},
{
"text": "a single-celled organism that lived about four billion years ago.",
"timestamp": [
648.781,
653.363
]
},
{
"text": "a single-celled organism that lived about four billion years ago.",
"timestamp": [
648.781,
653.363
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not just evolution that connects us –",
"timestamp": [
653.363,
656.085
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not just evolution that connects us –",
"timestamp": [
653.363,
656.085
]
},
{
"text": "the very molecules that make up our bodies were born in \nthe heart of a fiery star long before Earth was formed,",
"timestamp": [
656.085,
663.926
]
},
{
"text": "the very molecules that make up our bodies were born in \nthe heart of a fiery star long before Earth was formed,",
"timestamp": [
656.085,
663.926
]
},
{
"text": "and that same “stardust” will move on after \nwe’re gone to make up new ones.",
"timestamp": [
663.926,
669.416
]
},
{
"text": "and that same “stardust” will move on after \nwe’re gone to make up new ones.",
"timestamp": [
663.926,
669.416
]
},
{
"text": "In a way, you have just as much claim to the title \nof \"heavenly body\" as Jupiter or Venus.",
"timestamp": [
669.416,
676.45
]
},
{
"text": "In a way, you have just as much claim to the title \nof \"heavenly body\" as Jupiter or Venus.",
"timestamp": [
669.416,
676.45
]
},
{
"text": "This interconnectedness can be \nmind-blowing and perspective-changing. ",
"timestamp": [
676.45,
680.7
]
},
{
"text": "This interconnectedness can be \nmind-blowing and perspective-changing. ",
"timestamp": [
676.45,
680.7
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not just something to \nmarvel at in the abstract.",
"timestamp": [
680.7,
683.636
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not just something to \nmarvel at in the abstract.",
"timestamp": [
680.7,
683.636
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also a practical puzzle piece that helps \nus understand ourselves and our future.",
"timestamp": [
683.636,
688.8
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also a practical puzzle piece that helps \nus understand ourselves and our future.",
"timestamp": [
683.636,
688.8
]
},
{
"text": "Like, by knowing that we’re \nconnected to mice on the family tree,",
"timestamp": [
688.8,
692.628
]
},
{
"text": "Like, by knowing that we’re \nconnected to mice on the family tree,",
"timestamp": [
688.8,
692.628
]
},
{
"text": "/ethically/ studying them can help \nus find cures for human diseases.",
"timestamp": [
692.628,
696.866
]
},
{
"text": "/ethically/ studying them can help \nus find cures for human diseases.",
"timestamp": [
692.628,
696.866
]
},
{
"text": "And because life is connected \nby big biological processes,",
"timestamp": [
696.866,
700.646
]
},
{
"text": "And because life is connected \nby big biological processes,",
"timestamp": [
696.866,
700.646
]
},
{
"text": "we can understand how our actions affect the \nwater, the land, the climate, and, in turn, us.",
"timestamp": [
700.646,
707.71
]
},
{
"text": "we can understand how our actions affect the \nwater, the land, the climate, and, in turn, us.",
"timestamp": [
700.646,
707.71
]
},
{
"text": "By showing us life’s interconnectedness, \nbiology can help us, and is helping us,",
"timestamp": [
707.71,
713.044
]
},
{
"text": "By showing us life’s interconnectedness, \nbiology can help us, and is helping us,",
"timestamp": [
707.71,
713.044
]
},
{
"text": "find solutions to some of our biggest challenges—\nlike hunger, disease, and climate change.",
"timestamp": [
713.044,
718.59
]
},
{
"text": "find solutions to some of our biggest challenges—\nlike hunger, disease, and climate change.",
"timestamp": [
713.044,
718.59
]
},
{
"text": "So, yeah, biology is everywhere, \nbecause life is all around us.",
"timestamp": [
718.59,
725.675
]
},
{
"text": "So, yeah, biology is everywhere, \nbecause life is all around us.",
"timestamp": [
718.59,
725.675
]
},
{
"text": "And by highlighting the wild web of connections \nbetween you and every other living thing,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "And by highlighting the wild web of connections \nbetween you and every other living thing,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "biology helps us understand ourselves and each other—",
"timestamp": [
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735.295
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},
{
"text": "biology helps us understand ourselves and each other—",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "and hopefully, create a better future for all kinds of life.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "and hopefully, create a better future for all kinds of life.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "When biologists—and really, people of all kinds—\nask seemingly philosophical questions like",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "When biologists—and really, people of all kinds—\nask seemingly philosophical questions like",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "“what is life” and “how is everything connected,”",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "“what is life” and “how is everything connected,”",
"timestamp": [
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749.936
]
},
{
"text": "or practical questions like “how do cancer cells reproduce” \nand “what are the effects of climate change on ecosystems,”",
"timestamp": [
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757.507
]
},
{
"text": "or practical questions like “how do cancer cells reproduce” \nand “what are the effects of climate change on ecosystems,”",
"timestamp": [
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757.507
]
},
{
"text": "they’re participating in something bigger: \nsomething we call the scientific process.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "they’re participating in something bigger: \nsomething we call the scientific process.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "But we’ll talk more about that next time.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "But we’ll talk more about that next time.",
"timestamp": [
762.943,
765.96
]
},
{
"text": "This series was produced in collaboration \nwith HHMI BioInteractive.",
"timestamp": [
765.96,
770.161
]
},
{
"text": "This series was produced in collaboration \nwith HHMI BioInteractive.",
"timestamp": [
765.96,
770.161
]
},
{
"text": "If you’re an educator, visit BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse",
"timestamp": [
770.161,
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]
},
{
"text": "If you’re an educator, visit BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse",
"timestamp": [
770.161,
776.069
]
},
{
"text": "for classroom resources and professional development \nrelated to the topics covered in this course.",
"timestamp": [
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780.84
]
},
{
"text": "for classroom resources and professional development \nrelated to the topics covered in this course.",
"timestamp": [
776.069,
780.84
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Biology,",
"timestamp": [
780.84,
783.468
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Biology,",
"timestamp": [
780.84,
783.468
]
},
{
"text": "which was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
783.468,
786.766
]
},
{
"text": "which was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
783.468,
786.766
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone,\nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
786.766,
793.08
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone,\nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
786.766,
793.08
]
}
] |
[
[
"Welcome to Crash Course Biology!",
"Four billion years ago, something \nvery strange happened on this planet.We call it “life” and I dare any person, any of you, to tell me that \nit isn’t the most interesting thing that has ever happened.Thankfully for all of us, it’s still happening.It’s happening as much, if not more, than ever.It’s squishy, slippery, and \nslimy, and sticky, and spikyand you’ll find all the shapes—moss-shaped, \nmosquito-shaped, manatee-shaped, you-shaped.And all the sizes too—from tiny to tremendous, \nand everything in between.And biology is the study \nof this thing we call life.We study biology for a whole \nbunch of different reasons.From the obvious, like making new medicines, to the \nnot-so-obvious, like learning how to identify misinformation.And, we use biology to describe anything that life does.Quick: Are you breathing right now? \nThat is a biological process.Life does a lot of stuff, but it’s \nnot so easy to pin down what life is.Like, okay, for sure, that ant is alive.It responds to its environment, like the crumb it just found.And it must reproduce, based on how many \nof these ants I see coming right now.But other things respond to their environment, too.Like, if that’s our definition, is fire alive?Is a computer virus alive?Is the robot vacuum I call my personal butler alive?Now I’m a bit biased as a biologist, and a living thing,but life is the most interesting thing to have ever happened \non Earth…and we are not even sure what it is.Hi, I’m Dr. Sammy, and this \nis Crash Course Biology.Wait, am I alive? I am alive, right? \nCause we just introduced some serious uncertainty here.[THEME MUSIC]"
],
[
"Life's Characteristics",
"Life feels like something you know when you see it.But humans have wrestled with \nhow to define it for centuries.Like, the ancient Greek philosopher \nAristotle thought the ability to grow,reproduce, and react to inner and outer \nforces set life apart from non-life.He was off-track with some other observations—\nlike, he thought that women have fewer teeth than menand that eels are made of mud.But on the subject of life, \nhe was really onto something.Modern-day biologists tend to agree that life involves a state of chemical balance that reproduces and evolves over generations.In fact, that’s also the definition that NASA uses, \nshould they ever see signs of such a thing beyond Earth:“A self-sustaining chemical system capable of [...] evolution.”But for now, here on Earth, generations of scientists \nhave developed a list of seven characteristics that sort the stones (not alive) \nfrom the stonefish (definitely alive).We know you’re there, stonefish. \nYou can’t trick us, no matter how good that disguise is.First: living things keep their inner conditions \nsteady as outer conditions change.And that’s called \"regulation.\"Like, on a scorching-hot day, when I am \ndripping sweat and my dog is panting,our bodies are using two different strategies for the \nsame life-sustaining goal: regulating our temperature.Second: living things respond to their environment.That includes dramatics—like when a \nfast-and-furious cheetah sprints after a gazelle.Or housecats imagining that they’re cheetahs, \nbut they’re actually batting at houseflies.But it’s also the slow-motion stuff of the plant world:like, the turn of a flower toward the sun, \nor a vine twisting on a branch.Third: living things reproduce, \npassing on genetic information to their offspring.And that includes the bouncing baby giraffe who inherited her father’s eyelashes and her mother’s extra-thick tail hair.But it also includes a single-celled yeast splitting in two, \nmaking more of itself in its own image.Ah, Yeasty the 52nd, carrying on the family name.Fourth: living things also grow and develop \nbased on the instructions in their genes.Reading those instructions triggers a tadpole to turn into \na frog, or a teenage boy’s voice to change.Unfortunately, genes can’t prevent those instructions from \nbeing read the day before his solo of “O Holy Night.”Terrible timing there, when all in one night your voice goes \nfrom Mariah Carey to Barry White...aaaaah yeah baby.It’s a bit of a mess.Fifth: all living things process energy to do their living…things.Like, my body is using nutrients from a Greek salad \nright now to breathe, pump blood, and talk to you.And all that energy was processed \nby the living things that supplied my lunch.So, this episode of Crash Course \nis brought to you in part bya lettuce plant, an olive tree, \nand, oddly enough, the milk of a sheep.Sixth: life is organized, even in living things \nthat seem chaotically arranged to human eyes.I’m looking at you, platypus.Yeah, even those weirdos have a sense of order \nstructuring their bodies from the cells up.Those groups of cells—arranged into tissues, organs, \nand organ systems—keep whole organisms functioning.And last on the list: living things have adaptations \nshaped by a history of evolution.These adaptations are traits \nthat help organisms survive and reproduce.Individuals that survive and reproduce pass on \ntheir genes and the traits associated with them.That’s how the platypus ended up \nwith such a weird, cool body,that includes not just webbed feet, but \nalso venomous spurs to battle their rivals.Like what are you even doing with those, buddy? \nYou have almost no native predators.Don’t you point those at me!Wander around with this checklist of life, \nand you can find evidence of it in lots of interesting forms:"
],
[
"Is a Virus Alive?",
"beetles, ferns, algae, yourself, your neighbor.I mean, please ask first before looking for that evidence. \nDon’t spy on your neighbor.And at the same time, some of these traits \ncan be found in non-living things, too.Like, take snowflakes—definitely organized, \nbut they don’t process energy.Or, think about fire–it grows, \nbut it can’t reproduce.And then there are some real edge cases:the gray areas where our definition of what’s living \nand what’s not really gets pushed to the limit.Let’s head to the Thought Bubble…Meet the virus: a tiny bundle of genes in a \nprotein jacket, even smaller than a cell.On their own, in their little protein jackets, \nviruses just kind of…hang out.They can’t reproduce, they can’t grow, \nthey cannot process energy.They don’t even regulate themselves…\nbecause nothing’s really happening.They’re like really complicated dust.But when those jackets come off, watch out. \nViruses seem wildly alive.Their genetic information replicates.They spread between living things, \nmultiplying to infect other cells.And just like cockroaches, cactuses, and chimpanzees, \nthey evolve over many generations.But there is a catch: a virus can’t do any of those \nthings without first taking over a host cell.They can’t take action to infect; they have no \nsystem for responding to their environment.They are totally dependent on bumping into \nthe right cell at the right time.Behind every life-like virus is a cell that has \nbeen commandeered to do all the work.In fact, viruses like rabies direct \ntheir hosts so convincinglythat nineteenth-century scientists thought that \nthey were among the simplest forms of life.But today, most biologists would \nsay viruses aren’t alive.And I’d like to emphasize \"most.\"Instead, viruses sit alongside life.In a way, they borrow life.And yet, we also know that viruses have been \naround a long time, almost as long as cells themselves.They’ve evolved to infect everything from \nsingle-celled amoebas to 150-ton blue whales.So as life has evolved, viruses \nhave been along for a lot of the ride.Thanks, Thought Bubble!"
],
[
"Life Beyond Earth",
"Of course, all that said, we don’t know what \nlife might look like outside of planet Earth.In fact, there is a whole field \nof biology, called \"astrobiology,\"devoted to thinking up what extraterrestrial life might look likeby examining some of the most \nextreme forms of life here on Earth.Biologists might one day decide to add to the list, or tweak it,depending on what that non-terrestrial \nlife looks like when it’s discovered.But for now, our planet is the only\n one that we know sustains life.Ultimately, there is still room for debate here.Our qualifications for life let us draw a circle \nthat keeps life inside and non-life outside,but don’t be surprised if it’s the kind of thing that \nhuman thinking continues to change on,especially when, and if, we get better at \nmaking things that may, or may not be alive.Debating what does and doesn’t count as life \nmight seem kind of up in the clouds—but hey, if we didn’t, how else would we know that there are living microbes up in those clouds that affect the weather?"
],
[
"Biology and You",
"That’s right, biology is everywhere.It’s responsible for the medicine that \nyou take when you get a headache,and for the vaccines that \nprotect you from serious illness.It’s in the cotton of your t-shirt \nand the apple in your lunch,both brought to you by plants that \nhave captured the energy from the sun.And guess what, Biology is in you.It’s in the organs and cells and tissues that \nmake everything about you possible,whether that’s sneezing, or laughing, or digesting lunch; \nwriting a poem or riding a bike.And it doesn’t end there.No matter what size or shape life takes, every \nliving thing is connected to every other living thing."
],
[
"All Life is Connected",
"Every bug, bat, and bacterium shares a common ancestor—a single-celled organism that lived about four billion years ago.But it’s not just evolution that connects us –the very molecules that make up our bodies were born in \nthe heart of a fiery star long before Earth was formed,and that same “stardust” will move on after \nwe’re gone to make up new ones.In a way, you have just as much claim to the title \nof \"heavenly body\" as Jupiter or Venus.This interconnectedness can be \nmind-blowing and perspective-changing. But it’s not just something to \nmarvel at in the abstract.It’s also a practical puzzle piece that helps \nus understand ourselves and our future.Like, by knowing that we’re \nconnected to mice on the family tree,/ethically/ studying them can help \nus find cures for human diseases.And because life is connected \nby big biological processes,we can understand how our actions affect the \nwater, the land, the climate, and, in turn, us.By showing us life’s interconnectedness, \nbiology can help us, and is helping us,find solutions to some of our biggest challenges—\nlike hunger, disease, and climate change.So, yeah, biology is everywhere, \nbecause life is all around us."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"And by highlighting the wild web of connections \nbetween you and every other living thing,biology helps us understand ourselves and each other—and hopefully, create a better future for all kinds of life.When biologists—and really, people of all kinds—\nask seemingly philosophical questions like“what is life” and “how is everything connected,”or practical questions like “how do cancer cells reproduce” \nand “what are the effects of climate change on ecosystems,”they’re participating in something bigger: \nsomething we call the scientific process.But we’ll talk more about that next time.This series was produced in collaboration \nwith HHMI BioInteractive.If you’re an educator, visit BioInteractive.org/CrashCoursefor classroom resources and professional development \nrelated to the topics covered in this course.Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Biology,which was made with the help of all these nice people.If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone,\nforever, you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Plant Cells & Hormones: Crash Course Botany #3
|
y9BLCfcUcFg
| 777 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "The Discovery of Cells",
"end_time": 91
},
{
"start_time": 91,
"title": "Plant & Animal Cell Similarities",
"end_time": 226
},
{
"start_time": 226,
"title": "Plant & Animal Cell Differences",
"end_time": 413
},
{
"start_time": 413,
"title": "Plant Hormones",
"end_time": 569
},
{
"start_time": 569,
"title": "Auxin",
"end_time": 640
},
{
"start_time": 640,
"title": "Plant Cell Theories",
"end_time": 702
},
{
"start_time": 702,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 777
}
] |
[
{
"text": "It’s 1665, and scientist Robert Hooke",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.075
]
},
{
"text": "It’s 1665, and scientist Robert Hooke",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.075
]
},
{
"text": "has just used his newly-invented light microscope",
"timestamp": [
4.075,
7.855
]
},
{
"text": "has just used his newly-invented light microscope",
"timestamp": [
4.075,
7.855
]
},
{
"text": "to look at a thin slice of cork up close.",
"timestamp": [
7.855,
11.125
]
},
{
"text": "to look at a thin slice of cork up close.",
"timestamp": [
7.855,
11.125
]
},
{
"text": "He’s stunned to see that the tree bark is made \nup of thousands of tiny compartments,",
"timestamp": [
11.125,
17.83
]
},
{
"text": "He’s stunned to see that the tree bark is made \nup of thousands of tiny compartments,",
"timestamp": [
11.125,
17.83
]
},
{
"text": "which he names for the little rooms \nthat monks live in, called “cells”.",
"timestamp": [
17.83,
22.94
]
},
{
"text": "which he names for the little rooms \nthat monks live in, called “cells”.",
"timestamp": [
17.83,
22.94
]
},
{
"text": "He feverishly writes in his book, Micrographia,",
"timestamp": [
22.94,
25.694
]
},
{
"text": "He feverishly writes in his book, Micrographia,",
"timestamp": [
22.94,
25.694
]
},
{
"text": "“They were indeed the first \nmicroscopical pores I ever saw,",
"timestamp": [
25.694,
29.878
]
},
{
"text": "“They were indeed the first \nmicroscopical pores I ever saw,",
"timestamp": [
25.694,
29.878
]
},
{
"text": "and perhaps, that were ever seen, for \nI had not met with any Writer or Person,",
"timestamp": [
29.878,
35.326
]
},
{
"text": "and perhaps, that were ever seen, for \nI had not met with any Writer or Person,",
"timestamp": [
29.878,
35.326
]
},
{
"text": "that had made any mention of them before this.”",
"timestamp": [
35.326,
38.012
]
},
{
"text": "that had made any mention of them before this.”",
"timestamp": [
35.326,
38.012
]
},
{
"text": "Which is 1665-speak for \n“Woah, did I just discover cells?",
"timestamp": [
38.012,
44.738
]
},
{
"text": "Which is 1665-speak for \n“Woah, did I just discover cells?",
"timestamp": [
38.012,
44.738
]
},
{
"text": "I think I just discovered cells.”",
"timestamp": [
44.738,
47.126
]
},
{
"text": "I think I just discovered cells.”",
"timestamp": [
44.738,
47.126
]
},
{
"text": "And from that point on, scientists \nhave never stopped studying them.",
"timestamp": [
47.126,
52.23
]
},
{
"text": "And from that point on, scientists \nhave never stopped studying them.",
"timestamp": [
47.126,
52.23
]
},
{
"text": "Cells are a fundamental unit of all life \non Earth that help us understand",
"timestamp": [
52.23,
56.877
]
},
{
"text": "Cells are a fundamental unit of all life \non Earth that help us understand",
"timestamp": [
52.23,
56.877
]
},
{
"text": "everything from the teeniest microbes \nto the blubberiest whales.",
"timestamp": [
56.877,
62.013
]
},
{
"text": "everything from the teeniest microbes \nto the blubberiest whales.",
"timestamp": [
56.877,
62.013
]
},
{
"text": "But botanists won’t let you forget that the\nfirst cell ever discovered was from a plant.",
"timestamp": [
62.013,
69.488
]
},
{
"text": "But botanists won’t let you forget that the\nfirst cell ever discovered was from a plant.",
"timestamp": [
62.013,
69.488
]
},
{
"text": "And hundreds of years later, we’ve \nlearned more about these things",
"timestamp": [
69.488,
73.127
]
},
{
"text": "And hundreds of years later, we’ve \nlearned more about these things",
"timestamp": [
69.488,
73.127
]
},
{
"text": "— and about ourselves —",
"timestamp": [
73.127,
74.943
]
},
{
"text": "— and about ourselves —",
"timestamp": [
73.127,
74.943
]
},
{
"text": "than Robert Hooke could have ever imagined.",
"timestamp": [
74.943,
78.47
]
},
{
"text": "than Robert Hooke could have ever imagined.",
"timestamp": [
74.943,
78.47
]
},
{
"text": "Hi! I’m Alexis, and this is Crash Course Botany.",
"timestamp": [
78.47,
82.583
]
},
{
"text": "Hi! I’m Alexis, and this is Crash Course Botany.",
"timestamp": [
78.47,
82.583
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
82.583,
90.104
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
82.583,
90.104
]
},
{
"text": "While you might think that plants and \nanimals don’t have much in common,",
"timestamp": [
91.704,
95.849
]
},
{
"text": "While you might think that plants and \nanimals don’t have much in common,",
"timestamp": [
91.704,
95.849
]
},
{
"text": "it turns out that our cells actually \nhave a lot of similarities.",
"timestamp": [
95.849,
101.019
]
},
{
"text": "it turns out that our cells actually \nhave a lot of similarities.",
"timestamp": [
95.849,
101.019
]
},
{
"text": "First off, both plant and animal \ncells are surrounded by a barrier",
"timestamp": [
101.019,
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]
},
{
"text": "First off, both plant and animal \ncells are surrounded by a barrier",
"timestamp": [
101.019,
105.554
]
},
{
"text": "called a cell membrane that allows the \ncell to decide what kind of molecules",
"timestamp": [
105.554,
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]
},
{
"text": "called a cell membrane that allows the \ncell to decide what kind of molecules",
"timestamp": [
105.554,
109.72
]
},
{
"text": "it wants to let in or out.",
"timestamp": [
109.72,
112.193
]
},
{
"text": "it wants to let in or out.",
"timestamp": [
109.72,
112.193
]
},
{
"text": "And both types of cells \nmanufacture lots of proteins using",
"timestamp": [
112.193,
116.235
]
},
{
"text": "And both types of cells \nmanufacture lots of proteins using",
"timestamp": [
112.193,
116.235
]
},
{
"text": "ribosomes, which are the little \ngranules spread throughout the cell,",
"timestamp": [
116.235,
120.953
]
},
{
"text": "ribosomes, which are the little \ngranules spread throughout the cell,",
"timestamp": [
116.235,
120.953
]
},
{
"text": "like the sprinkles in a funfetti cake.",
"timestamp": [
120.953,
123.344
]
},
{
"text": "like the sprinkles in a funfetti cake.",
"timestamp": [
120.953,
123.344
]
},
{
"text": "Those proteins have tons of different \nresponsibilities in both animals and plants,",
"timestamp": [
123.344,
129.072
]
},
{
"text": "Those proteins have tons of different \nresponsibilities in both animals and plants,",
"timestamp": [
123.344,
129.072
]
},
{
"text": "like helping with immunity from \ndisease and transporting nutrients.",
"timestamp": [
129.072,
133.015
]
},
{
"text": "like helping with immunity from \ndisease and transporting nutrients.",
"timestamp": [
129.072,
133.015
]
},
{
"text": "Plants and animals are also \nboth eukaryotic organisms,",
"timestamp": [
133.015,
137.381
]
},
{
"text": "Plants and animals are also \nboth eukaryotic organisms,",
"timestamp": [
133.015,
137.381
]
},
{
"text": "meaning our cells contain organelles.",
"timestamp": [
137.381,
140.227
]
},
{
"text": "meaning our cells contain organelles.",
"timestamp": [
137.381,
140.227
]
},
{
"text": "And if you’re thinking “Hey, that just \nsounds like cute little organs,” you’re right.",
"timestamp": [
140.227,
145.279
]
},
{
"text": "And if you’re thinking “Hey, that just \nsounds like cute little organs,” you’re right.",
"timestamp": [
140.227,
145.279
]
},
{
"text": "Organelles are functional units of the cell,",
"timestamp": [
145.279,
148.379
]
},
{
"text": "Organelles are functional units of the cell,",
"timestamp": [
145.279,
148.379
]
},
{
"text": "just like organs are the \nfunctional units of our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
148.379,
151.696
]
},
{
"text": "just like organs are the \nfunctional units of our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
148.379,
151.696
]
},
{
"text": "Like hearts and brains for us \nand stems and leaves for plants,",
"timestamp": [
151.696,
156.063
]
},
{
"text": "Like hearts and brains for us \nand stems and leaves for plants,",
"timestamp": [
151.696,
156.063
]
},
{
"text": "organelles each have a unique job to do.",
"timestamp": [
156.063,
158.837
]
},
{
"text": "organelles each have a unique job to do.",
"timestamp": [
156.063,
158.837
]
},
{
"text": "On the other hand, prokaryotic \norganisms like bacteria",
"timestamp": [
158.837,
164.03
]
},
{
"text": "On the other hand, prokaryotic \norganisms like bacteria",
"timestamp": [
158.837,
164.03
]
},
{
"text": "lack organelles, so their cellular \ncontents are a little more willy-nilly,",
"timestamp": [
164.03,
169.849
]
},
{
"text": "lack organelles, so their cellular \ncontents are a little more willy-nilly,",
"timestamp": [
164.03,
169.849
]
},
{
"text": "like that junk drawer where you keep \nthe chip clips and sauce packets.",
"timestamp": [
169.849,
173.94
]
},
{
"text": "like that junk drawer where you keep \nthe chip clips and sauce packets.",
"timestamp": [
169.849,
173.94
]
},
{
"text": "One key organelle that plant and \nanimal cells share is the nucleus,",
"timestamp": [
173.94,
179.458
]
},
{
"text": "One key organelle that plant and \nanimal cells share is the nucleus,",
"timestamp": [
173.94,
179.458
]
},
{
"text": "the home of all our DNA.",
"timestamp": [
179.458,
181.309
]
},
{
"text": "the home of all our DNA.",
"timestamp": [
179.458,
181.309
]
},
{
"text": "The nucleus uses the information stored in the DNA \nto tell the other parts of the cell what to do.",
"timestamp": [
181.309,
187.092
]
},
{
"text": "The nucleus uses the information stored in the DNA \nto tell the other parts of the cell what to do.",
"timestamp": [
181.309,
187.092
]
},
{
"text": "It’s like the coach of a sportball team.",
"timestamp": [
187.092,
189.753
]
},
{
"text": "It’s like the coach of a sportball team.",
"timestamp": [
187.092,
189.753
]
},
{
"text": "And we can’t forget mitochondria,",
"timestamp": [
189.753,
193.327
]
},
{
"text": "And we can’t forget mitochondria,",
"timestamp": [
189.753,
193.327
]
},
{
"text": "the kidney-bean-shaped sites of cellular \nrespiration in both plant and animal cells.",
"timestamp": [
193.327,
199.177
]
},
{
"text": "the kidney-bean-shaped sites of cellular \nrespiration in both plant and animal cells.",
"timestamp": [
193.327,
199.177
]
},
{
"text": "And when we say “respiration” here, we don’t \nmean the way humans breathe using our lungs.",
"timestamp": [
199.177,
204.184
]
},
{
"text": "And when we say “respiration” here, we don’t \nmean the way humans breathe using our lungs.",
"timestamp": [
199.177,
204.184
]
},
{
"text": "Cellular respiration is the process by which",
"timestamp": [
204.184,
207.841
]
},
{
"text": "Cellular respiration is the process by which",
"timestamp": [
204.184,
207.841
]
},
{
"text": "chemical energy stored in sugars \nis converted to energy molecules",
"timestamp": [
207.841,
213.145
]
},
{
"text": "chemical energy stored in sugars \nis converted to energy molecules",
"timestamp": [
207.841,
213.145
]
},
{
"text": "that fuel life’s essential processes.",
"timestamp": [
213.145,
216.108
]
},
{
"text": "that fuel life’s essential processes.",
"timestamp": [
213.145,
216.108
]
},
{
"text": "So even though animals and plants \nget food in different ways,",
"timestamp": [
216.108,
219.84
]
},
{
"text": "So even though animals and plants \nget food in different ways,",
"timestamp": [
216.108,
219.84
]
},
{
"text": "they all still have to perform respiration \nto convert their food to usable energy.",
"timestamp": [
219.84,
225.35
]
},
{
"text": "they all still have to perform respiration \nto convert their food to usable energy.",
"timestamp": [
219.84,
225.35
]
},
{
"text": "[action noises]",
"timestamp": [
225.35,
226.586
]
},
{
"text": "[action noises]",
"timestamp": [
225.35,
226.586
]
},
{
"text": "But there are some pretty major differences \nbetween plant and animal cells.",
"timestamp": [
226.586,
231.55
]
},
{
"text": "But there are some pretty major differences \nbetween plant and animal cells.",
"timestamp": [
226.586,
231.55
]
},
{
"text": "For one thing, plant cells contain chloroplasts,",
"timestamp": [
231.55,
234.873
]
},
{
"text": "For one thing, plant cells contain chloroplasts,",
"timestamp": [
231.55,
234.873
]
},
{
"text": "which are organelles that convert \ncarbon dioxide gas from the air",
"timestamp": [
234.873,
238.619
]
},
{
"text": "which are organelles that convert \ncarbon dioxide gas from the air",
"timestamp": [
234.873,
238.619
]
},
{
"text": "into sugars using energy from the Sun—",
"timestamp": [
238.619,
241.614
]
},
{
"text": "into sugars using energy from the Sun—",
"timestamp": [
238.619,
241.614
]
},
{
"text": "AKA, photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
241.614,
244.412
]
},
{
"text": "AKA, photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
241.614,
244.412
]
},
{
"text": "You won’t find chloroplasts in animals;",
"timestamp": [
244.412,
246.413
]
},
{
"text": "You won’t find chloroplasts in animals;",
"timestamp": [
244.412,
246.413
]
},
{
"text": "they’re more of a plant thing. \nYou wouldn’t understand, Blobfish.",
"timestamp": [
246.413,
250.358
]
},
{
"text": "they’re more of a plant thing. \nYou wouldn’t understand, Blobfish.",
"timestamp": [
246.413,
250.358
]
},
{
"text": "And vacuoles are also more of a plant thing—",
"timestamp": [
250.358,
253.409
]
},
{
"text": "And vacuoles are also more of a plant thing—",
"timestamp": [
250.358,
253.409
]
},
{
"text": "they’re fluid-filled organelles that maintain pressure \nin the plant cell to keep the plant from wilting.",
"timestamp": [
253.409,
258.396
]
},
{
"text": "they’re fluid-filled organelles that maintain pressure \nin the plant cell to keep the plant from wilting.",
"timestamp": [
253.409,
258.396
]
},
{
"text": "While some animal cells have small ones,",
"timestamp": [
258.396,
260.996
]
},
{
"text": "While some animal cells have small ones,",
"timestamp": [
258.396,
260.996
]
},
{
"text": "as much as ninety percent of a plant cell’s volume",
"timestamp": [
260.996,
265.392
]
},
{
"text": "as much as ninety percent of a plant cell’s volume",
"timestamp": [
260.996,
265.392
]
},
{
"text": "can be taken up by the vacuole.",
"timestamp": [
265.392,
267.344
]
},
{
"text": "can be taken up by the vacuole.",
"timestamp": [
265.392,
267.344
]
},
{
"text": "Vacuoles help cells grow,",
"timestamp": [
267.344,
269.468
]
},
{
"text": "Vacuoles help cells grow,",
"timestamp": [
267.344,
269.468
]
},
{
"text": "store proteins and sugars, and \noften contain colored pigments,",
"timestamp": [
269.468,
273.868
]
},
{
"text": "store proteins and sugars, and \noften contain colored pigments,",
"timestamp": [
269.468,
273.868
]
},
{
"text": "so we have them to thank for the \npretty pink petals on our roses.",
"timestamp": [
273.868,
278.321
]
},
{
"text": "so we have them to thank for the \npretty pink petals on our roses.",
"timestamp": [
273.868,
278.321
]
},
{
"text": "Plant cells are also surrounded by \na thick cell wall made of cellulose,",
"timestamp": [
278.321,
283.994
]
},
{
"text": "Plant cells are also surrounded by \na thick cell wall made of cellulose,",
"timestamp": [
278.321,
283.994
]
},
{
"text": "which is a carbon-containing molecule \nthat is super abundant here on Earth.",
"timestamp": [
283.994,
288.987
]
},
{
"text": "which is a carbon-containing molecule \nthat is super abundant here on Earth.",
"timestamp": [
283.994,
288.987
]
},
{
"text": "It’s hard to comprehend just how \nmuch cellulose is on this planet —",
"timestamp": [
288.987,
293.153
]
},
{
"text": "It’s hard to comprehend just how \nmuch cellulose is on this planet —",
"timestamp": [
288.987,
293.153
]
},
{
"text": "it’s wrapped around every single cell of every single \nblade of grass, tree trunk, and superbloom.",
"timestamp": [
293.153,
300
]
},
{
"text": "it’s wrapped around every single cell of every single \nblade of grass, tree trunk, and superbloom.",
"timestamp": [
293.153,
300
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also stronger than steel and \nvery economically important.",
"timestamp": [
300,
304.661
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also stronger than steel and \nvery economically important.",
"timestamp": [
300,
304.661
]
},
{
"text": "Cotton and paper, for example, \nare made from cellulose.",
"timestamp": [
304.661,
308.382
]
},
{
"text": "Cotton and paper, for example, \nare made from cellulose.",
"timestamp": [
304.661,
308.382
]
},
{
"text": "The cell wall also has profound implications \nfor how plants build their bodies.",
"timestamp": [
308.382,
314.064
]
},
{
"text": "The cell wall also has profound implications \nfor how plants build their bodies.",
"timestamp": [
308.382,
314.064
]
},
{
"text": "In animals, when new cells \nare made from existing ones,",
"timestamp": [
314.598,
317.673
]
},
{
"text": "In animals, when new cells \nare made from existing ones,",
"timestamp": [
314.598,
317.673
]
},
{
"text": "the parent cell and resulting cell sort of pinch \noff from each other and go their separate ways.",
"timestamp": [
317.673,
324.063
]
},
{
"text": "the parent cell and resulting cell sort of pinch \noff from each other and go their separate ways.",
"timestamp": [
317.673,
324.063
]
},
{
"text": "Maybe it’ll stay close, maybe it’ll \nmove across the country for college.",
"timestamp": [
324.063,
328.006
]
},
{
"text": "Maybe it’ll stay close, maybe it’ll \nmove across the country for college.",
"timestamp": [
324.063,
328.006
]
},
{
"text": "An animal cell has to learn to make it on its own.",
"timestamp": [
328.806,
331.875
]
},
{
"text": "An animal cell has to learn to make it on its own.",
"timestamp": [
328.806,
331.875
]
},
{
"text": "But plant cells don’t have that \nchoice because of their cell walls.",
"timestamp": [
331.875,
336.584
]
},
{
"text": "But plant cells don’t have that \nchoice because of their cell walls.",
"timestamp": [
331.875,
336.584
]
},
{
"text": "Their parent cells are a little more… controlling.",
"timestamp": [
336.584,
341.334
]
},
{
"text": "Their parent cells are a little more… controlling.",
"timestamp": [
336.584,
341.334
]
},
{
"text": "Instead of pinching off and saying goodbye,",
"timestamp": [
341.334,
344.053
]
},
{
"text": "Instead of pinching off and saying goodbye,",
"timestamp": [
341.334,
344.053
]
},
{
"text": "plant cells are forever locked \nin next to their parent cells.",
"timestamp": [
344.053,
348.482
]
},
{
"text": "plant cells are forever locked \nin next to their parent cells.",
"timestamp": [
344.053,
348.482
]
},
{
"text": "They do build a new, permanent, cellulose wall to separate parent cells",
"timestamp": [
348.482,
352.65
]
},
{
"text": "They do build a new, permanent, cellulose wall to separate parent cells",
"timestamp": [
348.482,
352.65
]
},
{
"text": "from their offspring, though. So at least \nthey’re able to establish some boundaries.",
"timestamp": [
352.65,
358.328
]
},
{
"text": "from their offspring, though. So at least \nthey’re able to establish some boundaries.",
"timestamp": [
352.65,
358.328
]
},
{
"text": "All this wall-building among plant cells doesn’t \nmean the parent and offspring will never speak again.",
"timestamp": [
358.328,
364.226
]
},
{
"text": "All this wall-building among plant cells doesn’t \nmean the parent and offspring will never speak again.",
"timestamp": [
358.328,
364.226
]
},
{
"text": "They’re still connected through tiny channels \nin their cell walls called plasmodesmata",
"timestamp": [
364.226,
370.604
]
},
{
"text": "They’re still connected through tiny channels \nin their cell walls called plasmodesmata",
"timestamp": [
364.226,
370.604
]
},
{
"text": "that allow them to communicate.",
"timestamp": [
370.604,
372.042
]
},
{
"text": "that allow them to communicate.",
"timestamp": [
370.604,
372.042
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, the cytoplasm, or cell juice,",
"timestamp": [
372.466,
376.364
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, the cytoplasm, or cell juice,",
"timestamp": [
372.466,
376.364
]
},
{
"text": "is completely interconnected with all of the cells \nin a plant thanks to the plasmodesmata.",
"timestamp": [
376.364,
383.595
]
},
{
"text": "is completely interconnected with all of the cells \nin a plant thanks to the plasmodesmata.",
"timestamp": [
376.364,
383.595
]
},
{
"text": "They’re like windows that plant \ncells can communicate through,",
"timestamp": [
383.595,
387.123
]
},
{
"text": "They’re like windows that plant \ncells can communicate through,",
"timestamp": [
383.595,
387.123
]
},
{
"text": "telling each other how to respond to stimuli, \nor asking for the WiFi password.",
"timestamp": [
387.123,
393.362
]
},
{
"text": "telling each other how to respond to stimuli, \nor asking for the WiFi password.",
"timestamp": [
387.123,
393.362
]
},
{
"text": "So, those were a bunch of things that our \ncells don’t have in common with plant cells.",
"timestamp": [
394.126,
399.491
]
},
{
"text": "So, those were a bunch of things that our \ncells don’t have in common with plant cells.",
"timestamp": [
394.126,
399.491
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s another thing we do have in common.",
"timestamp": [
400.242,
404.179
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s another thing we do have in common.",
"timestamp": [
400.242,
404.179
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s hormones.",
"timestamp": [
404.179,
406.418
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s hormones.",
"timestamp": [
404.179,
406.418
]
},
{
"text": "That’s right: plant cells are raging with \nthem, just like an angsty pre-teen.",
"timestamp": [
407.024,
413.282
]
},
{
"text": "That’s right: plant cells are raging with \nthem, just like an angsty pre-teen.",
"timestamp": [
407.024,
413.282
]
},
{
"text": "Hormones are chemical signals that \nregulate growth and metabolism",
"timestamp": [
413.282,
418.072
]
},
{
"text": "Hormones are chemical signals that \nregulate growth and metabolism",
"timestamp": [
413.282,
418.072
]
},
{
"text": "and make you want to say stuff like, \n“Ugh, Mom, get out of my room.”",
"timestamp": [
418.072,
421.842
]
},
{
"text": "and make you want to say stuff like, \n“Ugh, Mom, get out of my room.”",
"timestamp": [
418.072,
421.842
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll explore five major types \nof plant hormones, but",
"timestamp": [
421.842,
425.038
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll explore five major types \nof plant hormones, but",
"timestamp": [
421.842,
425.038
]
},
{
"text": "beyond that, botanical researchers \nare still routinely discovering new ones.",
"timestamp": [
425.038,
430.42
]
},
{
"text": "beyond that, botanical researchers \nare still routinely discovering new ones.",
"timestamp": [
425.038,
430.42
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start with ethylene—\nthe only plant hormone that’s a gas.",
"timestamp": [
430.42,
434.301
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start with ethylene—\nthe only plant hormone that’s a gas.",
"timestamp": [
430.42,
434.301
]
},
{
"text": "It’s one that humans have been using since \nway before we knew we were using it.",
"timestamp": [
435.222,
440.014
]
},
{
"text": "It’s one that humans have been using since \nway before we knew we were using it.",
"timestamp": [
435.222,
440.014
]
},
{
"text": "Like, in ancient Egypt, fig harvesters \ncut open under-ripe figs.",
"timestamp": [
440.014,
444.903
]
},
{
"text": "Like, in ancient Egypt, fig harvesters \ncut open under-ripe figs.",
"timestamp": [
440.014,
444.903
]
},
{
"text": "In ancient China, farmers kept \nunder-ripe pears near burning incense.",
"timestamp": [
445.557,
450.37
]
},
{
"text": "In ancient China, farmers kept \nunder-ripe pears near burning incense.",
"timestamp": [
445.557,
450.37
]
},
{
"text": "And in East Africa and Samoa, people ripened \nbananas by burying them near a fire.",
"timestamp": [
450.976,
457.42
]
},
{
"text": "And in East Africa and Samoa, people ripened \nbananas by burying them near a fire.",
"timestamp": [
450.976,
457.42
]
},
{
"text": "Three different techniques; all ethylene.",
"timestamp": [
457.953,
461.046
]
},
{
"text": "Three different techniques; all ethylene.",
"timestamp": [
457.953,
461.046
]
},
{
"text": "But it wasn’t until the 1890s that Russian \nplant physiologist Dimitry Neljubov",
"timestamp": [
461.531,
467.093
]
},
{
"text": "But it wasn’t until the 1890s that Russian \nplant physiologist Dimitry Neljubov",
"timestamp": [
461.531,
467.093
]
},
{
"text": "pinpointed ethylene as that ripening agent.",
"timestamp": [
467.093,
470.681
]
},
{
"text": "pinpointed ethylene as that ripening agent.",
"timestamp": [
467.093,
470.681
]
},
{
"text": "He wanted to figure out why trees \nthat grew next to gas street lamps",
"timestamp": [
470.681,
475.254
]
},
{
"text": "He wanted to figure out why trees \nthat grew next to gas street lamps",
"timestamp": [
470.681,
475.254
]
},
{
"text": "would lose their leaves and get all distorted.",
"timestamp": [
475.254,
478.985
]
},
{
"text": "would lose their leaves and get all distorted.",
"timestamp": [
475.254,
478.985
]
},
{
"text": "So, in his lab, he replicated and \nstudied this effect in pea seedlings.",
"timestamp": [
478.985,
483.232
]
},
{
"text": "So, in his lab, he replicated and \nstudied this effect in pea seedlings.",
"timestamp": [
478.985,
483.232
]
},
{
"text": "And it turned out, the ethylene \nreleased from burning gas lamps",
"timestamp": [
483.232,
487.935
]
},
{
"text": "And it turned out, the ethylene \nreleased from burning gas lamps",
"timestamp": [
483.232,
487.935
]
},
{
"text": "could keep plant cells from expanding, \nwhich is a huge part of plant growth.",
"timestamp": [
487.935,
493.19
]
},
{
"text": "could keep plant cells from expanding, \nwhich is a huge part of plant growth.",
"timestamp": [
487.935,
493.19
]
},
{
"text": "It took a few more decades for \nscientists to figure out that ethylene",
"timestamp": [
493.19,
497.193
]
},
{
"text": "It took a few more decades for \nscientists to figure out that ethylene",
"timestamp": [
493.19,
497.193
]
},
{
"text": "doesn’t only come from burning fuel, but can also \nbe produced as a hormone by plants themselves.",
"timestamp": [
497.193,
505
]
},
{
"text": "doesn’t only come from burning fuel, but can also \nbe produced as a hormone by plants themselves.",
"timestamp": [
497.193,
505
]
},
{
"text": "That’s what triggered those ancient figs \nto ripen when they were sliced open.",
"timestamp": [
505,
508.966
]
},
{
"text": "That’s what triggered those ancient figs \nto ripen when they were sliced open.",
"timestamp": [
505,
508.966
]
},
{
"text": "And if you keep your green tomato \nnext to a bunch of bananas,",
"timestamp": [
508.966,
512.94
]
},
{
"text": "And if you keep your green tomato \nnext to a bunch of bananas,",
"timestamp": [
508.966,
512.94
]
},
{
"text": "ethylene will deliver you a ripe tomato very soon.",
"timestamp": [
512.94,
516.454
]
},
{
"text": "ethylene will deliver you a ripe tomato very soon.",
"timestamp": [
512.94,
516.454
]
},
{
"text": "OK, so those are the effects \nof just one plant hormone.",
"timestamp": [
516.454,
520.634
]
},
{
"text": "OK, so those are the effects \nof just one plant hormone.",
"timestamp": [
516.454,
520.634
]
},
{
"text": "But just like your hormones affect your mood,",
"timestamp": [
520.634,
523.846
]
},
{
"text": "But just like your hormones affect your mood,",
"timestamp": [
520.634,
523.846
]
},
{
"text": "your armpit hair, and so much more,",
"timestamp": [
523.846,
527.038
]
},
{
"text": "your armpit hair, and so much more,",
"timestamp": [
523.846,
527.038
]
},
{
"text": "plant hormones affect a whole range \nof things throughout plants’ lives.",
"timestamp": [
527.038,
531.142
]
},
{
"text": "plant hormones affect a whole range \nof things throughout plants’ lives.",
"timestamp": [
527.038,
531.142
]
},
{
"text": "Like, let’s go back to the beginning",
"timestamp": [
531.603,
534.091
]
},
{
"text": "Like, let’s go back to the beginning",
"timestamp": [
531.603,
534.091
]
},
{
"text": "— or, okay, technically before \nthe beginning — with seeds.",
"timestamp": [
534.091,
538.777
]
},
{
"text": "— or, okay, technically before \nthe beginning — with seeds.",
"timestamp": [
534.091,
538.777
]
},
{
"text": "The hormone abscisic acid helps \nseeds stay dormant, or asleep,",
"timestamp": [
538.777,
543.688
]
},
{
"text": "The hormone abscisic acid helps \nseeds stay dormant, or asleep,",
"timestamp": [
538.777,
543.688
]
},
{
"text": "until they land in a good spot \nto start growing into plants.",
"timestamp": [
543.688,
546.465
]
},
{
"text": "until they land in a good spot \nto start growing into plants.",
"timestamp": [
543.688,
546.465
]
},
{
"text": "Next up, Gibberellins.",
"timestamp": [
547.023,
549.219
]
},
{
"text": "Next up, Gibberellins.",
"timestamp": [
547.023,
549.219
]
},
{
"text": "These hormones act like a seed’s alarm clock,",
"timestamp": [
549.219,
551.995
]
},
{
"text": "These hormones act like a seed’s alarm clock,",
"timestamp": [
549.219,
551.995
]
},
{
"text": "telling it to start growing and \nhelping cells glow up accordingly.",
"timestamp": [
551.995,
556.37
]
},
{
"text": "telling it to start growing and \nhelping cells glow up accordingly.",
"timestamp": [
551.995,
556.37
]
},
{
"text": "Once we have a growing plant on our hands,",
"timestamp": [
556.37,
559.178
]
},
{
"text": "Once we have a growing plant on our hands,",
"timestamp": [
556.37,
559.178
]
},
{
"text": "Cytokinins stimulate cell division,",
"timestamp": [
559.178,
561.609
]
},
{
"text": "Cytokinins stimulate cell division,",
"timestamp": [
559.178,
561.609
]
},
{
"text": "which allows the plant to build new \norgans like leaves, stems, and roots.",
"timestamp": [
561.609,
566.381
]
},
{
"text": "which allows the plant to build new \norgans like leaves, stems, and roots.",
"timestamp": [
561.609,
566.381
]
},
{
"text": "Aw, they grow up so fast.",
"timestamp": [
566.381,
569.134
]
},
{
"text": "Aw, they grow up so fast.",
"timestamp": [
566.381,
569.134
]
},
{
"text": "[Wrestling Announcer Alexis] \nAnd now for the main event,",
"timestamp": [
569.789,
572.251
]
},
{
"text": "[Wrestling Announcer Alexis] \nAnd now for the main event,",
"timestamp": [
569.789,
572.251
]
},
{
"text": "we have auxin—\n[Alexis sings the John Cena theme]",
"timestamp": [
572.251,
578.238
]
},
{
"text": "we have auxin—\n[Alexis sings the John Cena theme]",
"timestamp": [
572.251,
578.238
]
},
{
"text": "not you, auxin.",
"timestamp": [
578.238,
580.504
]
},
{
"text": "not you, auxin.",
"timestamp": [
578.238,
580.504
]
},
{
"text": "It’s involved with nearly every \naspect of the plant’s life cycle,",
"timestamp": [
580.504,
584.191
]
},
{
"text": "It’s involved with nearly every \naspect of the plant’s life cycle,",
"timestamp": [
580.504,
584.191
]
},
{
"text": "from its birth…to its death!",
"timestamp": [
584.191,
587.902
]
},
{
"text": "from its birth…to its death!",
"timestamp": [
584.191,
587.902
]
},
{
"text": "[Host Alexis] \nWhen a plant’s an embryo,",
"timestamp": [
587.902,
589.334
]
},
{
"text": "[Host Alexis] \nWhen a plant’s an embryo,",
"timestamp": [
587.902,
589.334
]
},
{
"text": "auxin helps decide which \nhalf of it will become the root",
"timestamp": [
589.334,
592.195
]
},
{
"text": "auxin helps decide which \nhalf of it will become the root",
"timestamp": [
589.334,
592.195
]
},
{
"text": "and which will be the shoot.",
"timestamp": [
592.195,
593.938
]
},
{
"text": "and which will be the shoot.",
"timestamp": [
592.195,
593.938
]
},
{
"text": "It tells plant cells when to grow bigger \nso that the plant itself can grow bigger,",
"timestamp": [
593.938,
598.572
]
},
{
"text": "It tells plant cells when to grow bigger \nso that the plant itself can grow bigger,",
"timestamp": [
593.938,
598.572
]
},
{
"text": "and it helps determine what \nshape that plant’ll be.",
"timestamp": [
598.572,
601.539
]
},
{
"text": "and it helps determine what \nshape that plant’ll be.",
"timestamp": [
598.572,
601.539
]
},
{
"text": "Auxin helps form vascular tissue that carries \nwater and nutrients throughout the plant.",
"timestamp": [
601.539,
607.477
]
},
{
"text": "Auxin helps form vascular tissue that carries \nwater and nutrients throughout the plant.",
"timestamp": [
601.539,
607.477
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s responsible for how it reacts \nto things like light, gravity, and touch.",
"timestamp": [
607.477,
612.842
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s responsible for how it reacts \nto things like light, gravity, and touch.",
"timestamp": [
607.477,
612.842
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, without auxin, a plant \nwould be knocked out…of life!",
"timestamp": [
613.351,
619.709
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, without auxin, a plant \nwould be knocked out…of life!",
"timestamp": [
613.351,
619.709
]
},
{
"text": "Now, hormones don’t live in their own tidy \nboxes and do their own separate jobs.",
"timestamp": [
619.709,
625.618
]
},
{
"text": "Now, hormones don’t live in their own tidy \nboxes and do their own separate jobs.",
"timestamp": [
619.709,
625.618
]
},
{
"text": "There is frequent cross-talk \namong all of these hormones",
"timestamp": [
625.618,
629.193
]
},
{
"text": "There is frequent cross-talk \namong all of these hormones",
"timestamp": [
625.618,
629.193
]
},
{
"text": "and the genes that regulate them.",
"timestamp": [
629.193,
631.147
]
},
{
"text": "and the genes that regulate them.",
"timestamp": [
629.193,
631.147
]
},
{
"text": "Cytokinin and auxin are \noften fighting with each other,",
"timestamp": [
631.729,
634.936
]
},
{
"text": "Cytokinin and auxin are \noften fighting with each other,",
"timestamp": [
631.729,
634.936
]
},
{
"text": "and sometimes gibberellin and auxin \nteam up to stimulate fruit development.",
"timestamp": [
634.936,
640.418
]
},
{
"text": "and sometimes gibberellin and auxin \nteam up to stimulate fruit development.",
"timestamp": [
634.936,
640.418
]
},
{
"text": "Through every stage of a plant’s life cycle, \nhormones are chatty and messy.",
"timestamp": [
640.854,
645.751
]
},
{
"text": "Through every stage of a plant’s life cycle, \nhormones are chatty and messy.",
"timestamp": [
640.854,
645.751
]
},
{
"text": "And botanists have their own \nmessy ideas about plants.",
"timestamp": [
645.751,
650.157
]
},
{
"text": "And botanists have their own \nmessy ideas about plants.",
"timestamp": [
645.751,
650.157
]
},
{
"text": "Like, there’s a debate that’s been simmering \namong plant people for decades",
"timestamp": [
650.787,
655.184
]
},
{
"text": "Like, there’s a debate that’s been simmering \namong plant people for decades",
"timestamp": [
650.787,
655.184
]
},
{
"text": "about the philosophical significance of the cell.",
"timestamp": [
655.184,
658.855
]
},
{
"text": "about the philosophical significance of the cell.",
"timestamp": [
655.184,
658.855
]
},
{
"text": "Some botanists are on team cell theory;",
"timestamp": [
658.855,
661.826
]
},
{
"text": "Some botanists are on team cell theory;",
"timestamp": [
658.855,
661.826
]
},
{
"text": "they believe that cells are the building blocks of life",
"timestamp": [
661.826,
664.934
]
},
{
"text": "they believe that cells are the building blocks of life",
"timestamp": [
661.826,
664.934
]
},
{
"text": "and that organisms are the sum of \nmillions of individual specialized cells",
"timestamp": [
664.934,
669.924
]
},
{
"text": "and that organisms are the sum of \nmillions of individual specialized cells",
"timestamp": [
664.934,
669.924
]
},
{
"text": "that work together to coordinate \nthe activities within the organism.",
"timestamp": [
669.924,
674.007
]
},
{
"text": "that work together to coordinate \nthe activities within the organism.",
"timestamp": [
669.924,
674.007
]
},
{
"text": "Team organismal theory, on the other hand,",
"timestamp": [
674.007,
677.352
]
},
{
"text": "Team organismal theory, on the other hand,",
"timestamp": [
674.007,
677.352
]
},
{
"text": "believes that the whole organism is what matters most,",
"timestamp": [
677.352,
680.997
]
},
{
"text": "believes that the whole organism is what matters most,",
"timestamp": [
677.352,
680.997
]
},
{
"text": "and it’s merely subdivided into cells.",
"timestamp": [
680.997,
683.81
]
},
{
"text": "and it’s merely subdivided into cells.",
"timestamp": [
680.997,
683.81
]
},
{
"text": "In the words of German botanist Anton de Bary,",
"timestamp": [
684.416,
687.267
]
},
{
"text": "In the words of German botanist Anton de Bary,",
"timestamp": [
684.416,
687.267
]
},
{
"text": "“It is the plant that forms cells, \nnot the cell that forms plants.”",
"timestamp": [
687.267,
692.017
]
},
{
"text": "“It is the plant that forms cells, \nnot the cell that forms plants.”",
"timestamp": [
687.267,
692.017
]
},
{
"text": "As for me? I’m gonna sit this one \nout and stay botanically neutral",
"timestamp": [
692.526,
697.746
]
},
{
"text": "As for me? I’m gonna sit this one \nout and stay botanically neutral",
"timestamp": [
692.526,
697.746
]
},
{
"text": "— I guess that makes me Edelweiss, \nthe national flower of Switzerland.",
"timestamp": [
697.746,
701.855
]
},
{
"text": "— I guess that makes me Edelweiss, \nthe national flower of Switzerland.",
"timestamp": [
697.746,
701.855
]
},
{
"text": "Who knew that the humble plant cell is a \nplace of such drama and hormonal turbulence?",
"timestamp": [
701.855,
707.967
]
},
{
"text": "Who knew that the humble plant cell is a \nplace of such drama and hormonal turbulence?",
"timestamp": [
701.855,
707.967
]
},
{
"text": "And that it’s triggered an existential debate \namong botanists about what it means to be a plant?",
"timestamp": [
707.967,
714.75
]
},
{
"text": "And that it’s triggered an existential debate \namong botanists about what it means to be a plant?",
"timestamp": [
707.967,
714.75
]
},
{
"text": "What we do know is that the makeup and function \nof cells are essential to how plants, well, exist.",
"timestamp": [
714.75,
722.34
]
},
{
"text": "What we do know is that the makeup and function \nof cells are essential to how plants, well, exist.",
"timestamp": [
714.75,
722.34
]
},
{
"text": "They’re involved with everything from the \nbeginning to the end of a plant’s life",
"timestamp": [
723.218,
727.818
]
},
{
"text": "They’re involved with everything from the \nbeginning to the end of a plant’s life",
"timestamp": [
723.218,
727.818
]
},
{
"text": "and are the microscopic parts \nthat make big changes occur.",
"timestamp": [
727.818,
732.221
]
},
{
"text": "and are the microscopic parts \nthat make big changes occur.",
"timestamp": [
727.818,
732.221
]
},
{
"text": "Rest assured, cellular harmony \nawaits us in the next episode,",
"timestamp": [
732.221,
736.307
]
},
{
"text": "Rest assured, cellular harmony \nawaits us in the next episode,",
"timestamp": [
732.221,
736.307
]
},
{
"text": "where we’ll find out how these cells come together",
"timestamp": [
736.307,
738.955
]
},
{
"text": "where we’ll find out how these cells come together",
"timestamp": [
736.307,
738.955
]
},
{
"text": "to form the tissue systems that make a plant function.",
"timestamp": [
738.955,
742.34
]
},
{
"text": "to form the tissue systems that make a plant function.",
"timestamp": [
738.955,
742.34
]
},
{
"text": "Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!",
"timestamp": [
742.34,
744.888
]
},
{
"text": "Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!",
"timestamp": [
742.34,
744.888
]
},
{
"text": "Besides bananas, what other \nfruits emit a ton of ethylene?",
"timestamp": [
744.888,
750
]
},
{
"text": "Besides bananas, what other \nfruits emit a ton of ethylene?",
"timestamp": [
744.888,
750
]
},
{
"text": "Find the answers in the comments!",
"timestamp": [
750,
751.847
]
},
{
"text": "Find the answers in the comments!",
"timestamp": [
750,
751.847
]
},
{
"text": "[Wrestling Announcer Alexis] Thanks for \nwatching this episode of Crash Course Botany",
"timestamp": [
752.623,
755.781
]
},
{
"text": "[Wrestling Announcer Alexis] Thanks for \nwatching this episode of Crash Course Botany",
"timestamp": [
752.623,
755.781
]
},
{
"text": "which was filmed at the Damir Ferizović Studio",
"timestamp": [
755.781,
758.7
]
},
{
"text": "which was filmed at the Damir Ferizović Studio",
"timestamp": [
755.781,
758.7
]
},
{
"text": "and was made in partnership \nwith PBS Digital Studios and Nature.",
"timestamp": [
758.7,
764.716
]
},
{
"text": "and was made in partnership \nwith PBS Digital Studios and Nature.",
"timestamp": [
758.7,
764.716
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course \nfree for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
765,
768.818
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course \nfree for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
765,
768.818
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
768.818,
772.515
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
768.818,
772.515
]
}
] |
[
[
"The Discovery of Cells",
"It’s 1665, and scientist Robert Hookehas just used his newly-invented light microscopeto look at a thin slice of cork up close.He’s stunned to see that the tree bark is made \nup of thousands of tiny compartments,which he names for the little rooms \nthat monks live in, called “cells”.He feverishly writes in his book, Micrographia,“They were indeed the first \nmicroscopical pores I ever saw,and perhaps, that were ever seen, for \nI had not met with any Writer or Person,that had made any mention of them before this.”Which is 1665-speak for \n“Woah, did I just discover cells?I think I just discovered cells.”And from that point on, scientists \nhave never stopped studying them.Cells are a fundamental unit of all life \non Earth that help us understandeverything from the teeniest microbes \nto the blubberiest whales.But botanists won’t let you forget that the\nfirst cell ever discovered was from a plant.And hundreds of years later, we’ve \nlearned more about these things— and about ourselves —than Robert Hooke could have ever imagined.Hi! I’m Alexis, and this is Crash Course Botany.[THEME MUSIC]"
],
[
"Plant & Animal Cell Similarities",
"While you might think that plants and \nanimals don’t have much in common,it turns out that our cells actually \nhave a lot of similarities.First off, both plant and animal \ncells are surrounded by a barriercalled a cell membrane that allows the \ncell to decide what kind of moleculesit wants to let in or out.And both types of cells \nmanufacture lots of proteins usingribosomes, which are the little \ngranules spread throughout the cell,like the sprinkles in a funfetti cake.Those proteins have tons of different \nresponsibilities in both animals and plants,like helping with immunity from \ndisease and transporting nutrients.Plants and animals are also \nboth eukaryotic organisms,meaning our cells contain organelles.And if you’re thinking “Hey, that just \nsounds like cute little organs,” you’re right.Organelles are functional units of the cell,just like organs are the \nfunctional units of our bodies.Like hearts and brains for us \nand stems and leaves for plants,organelles each have a unique job to do.On the other hand, prokaryotic \norganisms like bacterialack organelles, so their cellular \ncontents are a little more willy-nilly,like that junk drawer where you keep \nthe chip clips and sauce packets.One key organelle that plant and \nanimal cells share is the nucleus,the home of all our DNA.The nucleus uses the information stored in the DNA \nto tell the other parts of the cell what to do.It’s like the coach of a sportball team.And we can’t forget mitochondria,the kidney-bean-shaped sites of cellular \nrespiration in both plant and animal cells.And when we say “respiration” here, we don’t \nmean the way humans breathe using our lungs.Cellular respiration is the process by whichchemical energy stored in sugars \nis converted to energy moleculesthat fuel life’s essential processes.So even though animals and plants \nget food in different ways,they all still have to perform respiration \nto convert their food to usable energy.[action noises]"
],
[
"Plant & Animal Cell Differences",
"But there are some pretty major differences \nbetween plant and animal cells.For one thing, plant cells contain chloroplasts,which are organelles that convert \ncarbon dioxide gas from the airinto sugars using energy from the Sun—AKA, photosynthesis.You won’t find chloroplasts in animals;they’re more of a plant thing. \nYou wouldn’t understand, Blobfish.And vacuoles are also more of a plant thing—they’re fluid-filled organelles that maintain pressure \nin the plant cell to keep the plant from wilting.While some animal cells have small ones,as much as ninety percent of a plant cell’s volumecan be taken up by the vacuole.Vacuoles help cells grow,store proteins and sugars, and \noften contain colored pigments,so we have them to thank for the \npretty pink petals on our roses.Plant cells are also surrounded by \na thick cell wall made of cellulose,which is a carbon-containing molecule \nthat is super abundant here on Earth.It’s hard to comprehend just how \nmuch cellulose is on this planet —it’s wrapped around every single cell of every single \nblade of grass, tree trunk, and superbloom.It’s also stronger than steel and \nvery economically important.Cotton and paper, for example, \nare made from cellulose.The cell wall also has profound implications \nfor how plants build their bodies.In animals, when new cells \nare made from existing ones,the parent cell and resulting cell sort of pinch \noff from each other and go their separate ways.Maybe it’ll stay close, maybe it’ll \nmove across the country for college.An animal cell has to learn to make it on its own.But plant cells don’t have that \nchoice because of their cell walls.Their parent cells are a little more… controlling.Instead of pinching off and saying goodbye,plant cells are forever locked \nin next to their parent cells.They do build a new, permanent, cellulose wall to separate parent cellsfrom their offspring, though. So at least \nthey’re able to establish some boundaries.All this wall-building among plant cells doesn’t \nmean the parent and offspring will never speak again.They’re still connected through tiny channels \nin their cell walls called plasmodesmatathat allow them to communicate.In fact, the cytoplasm, or cell juice,is completely interconnected with all of the cells \nin a plant thanks to the plasmodesmata.They’re like windows that plant \ncells can communicate through,telling each other how to respond to stimuli, \nor asking for the WiFi password.So, those were a bunch of things that our \ncells don’t have in common with plant cells.But there’s another thing we do have in common.And that’s hormones.That’s right: plant cells are raging with \nthem, just like an angsty pre-teen."
],
[
"Plant Hormones",
"Hormones are chemical signals that \nregulate growth and metabolismand make you want to say stuff like, \n“Ugh, Mom, get out of my room.”We’ll explore five major types \nof plant hormones, butbeyond that, botanical researchers \nare still routinely discovering new ones.Let’s start with ethylene—\nthe only plant hormone that’s a gas.It’s one that humans have been using since \nway before we knew we were using it.Like, in ancient Egypt, fig harvesters \ncut open under-ripe figs.In ancient China, farmers kept \nunder-ripe pears near burning incense.And in East Africa and Samoa, people ripened \nbananas by burying them near a fire.Three different techniques; all ethylene.But it wasn’t until the 1890s that Russian \nplant physiologist Dimitry Neljubovpinpointed ethylene as that ripening agent.He wanted to figure out why trees \nthat grew next to gas street lampswould lose their leaves and get all distorted.So, in his lab, he replicated and \nstudied this effect in pea seedlings.And it turned out, the ethylene \nreleased from burning gas lampscould keep plant cells from expanding, \nwhich is a huge part of plant growth.It took a few more decades for \nscientists to figure out that ethylenedoesn’t only come from burning fuel, but can also \nbe produced as a hormone by plants themselves.That’s what triggered those ancient figs \nto ripen when they were sliced open.And if you keep your green tomato \nnext to a bunch of bananas,ethylene will deliver you a ripe tomato very soon.OK, so those are the effects \nof just one plant hormone.But just like your hormones affect your mood,your armpit hair, and so much more,plant hormones affect a whole range \nof things throughout plants’ lives.Like, let’s go back to the beginning— or, okay, technically before \nthe beginning — with seeds.The hormone abscisic acid helps \nseeds stay dormant, or asleep,until they land in a good spot \nto start growing into plants.Next up, Gibberellins.These hormones act like a seed’s alarm clock,telling it to start growing and \nhelping cells glow up accordingly.Once we have a growing plant on our hands,Cytokinins stimulate cell division,which allows the plant to build new \norgans like leaves, stems, and roots.Aw, they grow up so fast."
],
[
"Auxin",
"[Wrestling Announcer Alexis] \nAnd now for the main event,we have auxin—\n[Alexis sings the John Cena theme]not you, auxin.It’s involved with nearly every \naspect of the plant’s life cycle,from its birth…to its death![Host Alexis] \nWhen a plant’s an embryo,auxin helps decide which \nhalf of it will become the rootand which will be the shoot.It tells plant cells when to grow bigger \nso that the plant itself can grow bigger,and it helps determine what \nshape that plant’ll be.Auxin helps form vascular tissue that carries \nwater and nutrients throughout the plant.And it’s responsible for how it reacts \nto things like light, gravity, and touch.Basically, without auxin, a plant \nwould be knocked out…of life!Now, hormones don’t live in their own tidy \nboxes and do their own separate jobs.There is frequent cross-talk \namong all of these hormonesand the genes that regulate them.Cytokinin and auxin are \noften fighting with each other,and sometimes gibberellin and auxin \nteam up to stimulate fruit development."
],
[
"Plant Cell Theories",
"Through every stage of a plant’s life cycle, \nhormones are chatty and messy.And botanists have their own \nmessy ideas about plants.Like, there’s a debate that’s been simmering \namong plant people for decadesabout the philosophical significance of the cell.Some botanists are on team cell theory;they believe that cells are the building blocks of lifeand that organisms are the sum of \nmillions of individual specialized cellsthat work together to coordinate \nthe activities within the organism.Team organismal theory, on the other hand,believes that the whole organism is what matters most,and it’s merely subdivided into cells.In the words of German botanist Anton de Bary,“It is the plant that forms cells, \nnot the cell that forms plants.”As for me? I’m gonna sit this one \nout and stay botanically neutral— I guess that makes me Edelweiss, \nthe national flower of Switzerland.Who knew that the humble plant cell is a \nplace of such drama and hormonal turbulence?"
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"And that it’s triggered an existential debate \namong botanists about what it means to be a plant?What we do know is that the makeup and function \nof cells are essential to how plants, well, exist.They’re involved with everything from the \nbeginning to the end of a plant’s lifeand are the microscopic parts \nthat make big changes occur.Rest assured, cellular harmony \nawaits us in the next episode,where we’ll find out how these cells come togetherto form the tissue systems that make a plant function.Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!Besides bananas, what other \nfruits emit a ton of ethylene?Find the answers in the comments![Wrestling Announcer Alexis] Thanks for \nwatching this episode of Crash Course Botanywhich was filmed at the Damir Ferizović Studioand was made in partnership \nwith PBS Digital Studios and Nature.If you want to help keep Crash Course \nfree for everyone, forever,you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
What Are Plants Made Of? Crash Course Botany #2
|
9AEzixu_xZk
| 989 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Plant Organs",
"end_time": 72
},
{
"start_time": 72,
"title": "Stem Cells & Meristems",
"end_time": 199
},
{
"start_time": 199,
"title": "Stems",
"end_time": 272
},
{
"start_time": 272,
"title": "Leaves",
"end_time": 415
},
{
"start_time": 415,
"title": "Roots",
"end_time": 576
},
{
"start_time": 576,
"title": "Fruits & Vegetables",
"end_time": 863
},
{
"start_time": 863,
"title": "Review",
"end_time": 957
},
{
"start_time": 957,
"title": "Extra Credit",
"end_time": 989
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Brains and hearts.",
"timestamp": [
0,
2.41
]
},
{
"text": "Brains and hearts.",
"timestamp": [
0,
2.41
]
},
{
"text": "Lungs and kidneys.",
"timestamp": [
2.41,
4.811
]
},
{
"text": "Lungs and kidneys.",
"timestamp": [
2.41,
4.811
]
},
{
"text": "No, this is not an ingredient list \nfor a zombie cookbook.",
"timestamp": [
4.811,
8.286
]
},
{
"text": "No, this is not an ingredient list \nfor a zombie cookbook.",
"timestamp": [
4.811,
8.286
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just a few of the organs\n that animals like us have",
"timestamp": [
8.286,
11.502
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just a few of the organs\n that animals like us have",
"timestamp": [
8.286,
11.502
]
},
{
"text": "to keep our bodies in working order.",
"timestamp": [
11.502,
13.802
]
},
{
"text": "to keep our bodies in working order.",
"timestamp": [
11.502,
13.802
]
},
{
"text": "But plants have totally different organs",
"timestamp": [
13.802,
17.775
]
},
{
"text": "But plants have totally different organs",
"timestamp": [
13.802,
17.775
]
},
{
"text": "— despite what you might have \nheard about artichoke hearts.",
"timestamp": [
17.775,
21.653
]
},
{
"text": "— despite what you might have \nheard about artichoke hearts.",
"timestamp": [
17.775,
21.653
]
},
{
"text": "And unlike most of our organs,",
"timestamp": [
21.653,
24.107
]
},
{
"text": "And unlike most of our organs,",
"timestamp": [
21.653,
24.107
]
},
{
"text": "which you can only see with an X-ray,",
"timestamp": [
24.107,
26.712
]
},
{
"text": "which you can only see with an X-ray,",
"timestamp": [
24.107,
26.712
]
},
{
"text": "you’ve come across a lot of plant organs.",
"timestamp": [
26.712,
29.969
]
},
{
"text": "you’ve come across a lot of plant organs.",
"timestamp": [
26.712,
29.969
]
},
{
"text": "You’ve seen plant organs alive,",
"timestamp": [
29.969,
32.949
]
},
{
"text": "You’ve seen plant organs alive,",
"timestamp": [
29.969,
32.949
]
},
{
"text": "whether growing in the woods,",
"timestamp": [
32.949,
34.736
]
},
{
"text": "whether growing in the woods,",
"timestamp": [
32.949,
34.736
]
},
{
"text": "beside the road,",
"timestamp": [
34.736,
36.604
]
},
{
"text": "beside the road,",
"timestamp": [
34.736,
36.604
]
},
{
"text": "or in your bathtub full of houseplants.",
"timestamp": [
36.604,
39.647
]
},
{
"text": "or in your bathtub full of houseplants.",
"timestamp": [
36.604,
39.647
]
},
{
"text": "And you’ve seen them dead —",
"timestamp": [
39.647,
41.932
]
},
{
"text": "And you’ve seen them dead —",
"timestamp": [
39.647,
41.932
]
},
{
"text": "severed plant organs piled on \ntop of each other in bins.",
"timestamp": [
41.932,
46.704
]
},
{
"text": "severed plant organs piled on \ntop of each other in bins.",
"timestamp": [
41.932,
46.704
]
},
{
"text": "There they sit beneath harsh white lights,",
"timestamp": [
46.704,
50.341
]
},
{
"text": "There they sit beneath harsh white lights,",
"timestamp": [
46.704,
50.341
]
},
{
"text": "damp from routine mistings,",
"timestamp": [
50.341,
52.255
]
},
{
"text": "damp from routine mistings,",
"timestamp": [
50.341,
52.255
]
},
{
"text": "just waiting to be picked up and carried away.",
"timestamp": [
52.255,
55.5
]
},
{
"text": "just waiting to be picked up and carried away.",
"timestamp": [
52.255,
55.5
]
},
{
"text": "Hi! I'm Alexis, and this is Crash Course Botany.",
"timestamp": [
55.5,
60.123
]
},
{
"text": "Hi! I'm Alexis, and this is Crash Course Botany.",
"timestamp": [
55.5,
60.123
]
},
{
"text": "Grab your cart and coupons—\nwe’re going to the grocery store.",
"timestamp": [
60.123,
63.473
]
},
{
"text": "Grab your cart and coupons—\nwe’re going to the grocery store.",
"timestamp": [
60.123,
63.473
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC] ",
"timestamp": [
63.473,
70.732
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC] ",
"timestamp": [
63.473,
70.732
]
},
{
"text": "Like animals, plants are made up of organs,",
"timestamp": [
72.626,
76.054
]
},
{
"text": "Like animals, plants are made up of organs,",
"timestamp": [
72.626,
76.054
]
},
{
"text": "or body parts that carry out specific functions",
"timestamp": [
76.054,
79.48
]
},
{
"text": "or body parts that carry out specific functions",
"timestamp": [
76.054,
79.48
]
},
{
"text": "and consist of more than one type of tissue.",
"timestamp": [
79.48,
82.111
]
},
{
"text": "and consist of more than one type of tissue.",
"timestamp": [
79.48,
82.111
]
},
{
"text": "Not tissues like Kleenex;",
"timestamp": [
82.111,
84.424
]
},
{
"text": "Not tissues like Kleenex;",
"timestamp": [
82.111,
84.424
]
},
{
"text": "tissues like groups of cells that look similar",
"timestamp": [
84.424,
87.043
]
},
{
"text": "tissues like groups of cells that look similar",
"timestamp": [
84.424,
87.043
]
},
{
"text": "and serve similar purposes in a living thing.",
"timestamp": [
87.043,
89.561
]
},
{
"text": "and serve similar purposes in a living thing.",
"timestamp": [
87.043,
89.561
]
},
{
"text": "But plants have totally different modes of developing,",
"timestamp": [
89.561,
94.81
]
},
{
"text": "But plants have totally different modes of developing,",
"timestamp": [
89.561,
94.81
]
},
{
"text": "growing, and organizing their bodies.",
"timestamp": [
94.81,
97.669
]
},
{
"text": "growing, and organizing their bodies.",
"timestamp": [
94.81,
97.669
]
},
{
"text": "That’s because they evolved from \nthe simplest form of life,",
"timestamp": [
97.669,
101.007
]
},
{
"text": "That’s because they evolved from \nthe simplest form of life,",
"timestamp": [
97.669,
101.007
]
},
{
"text": "a single-celled organism,",
"timestamp": [
101.007,
103.131
]
},
{
"text": "a single-celled organism,",
"timestamp": [
101.007,
103.131
]
},
{
"text": "independently of animals like us.",
"timestamp": [
103.131,
105.482
]
},
{
"text": "independently of animals like us.",
"timestamp": [
103.131,
105.482
]
},
{
"text": "In other words,",
"timestamp": [
105.482,
106.63
]
},
{
"text": "In other words,",
"timestamp": [
105.482,
106.63
]
},
{
"text": "it wasn’t like there were single-celled \norganisms that evolved into plants,",
"timestamp": [
106.63,
110.695
]
},
{
"text": "it wasn’t like there were single-celled \norganisms that evolved into plants,",
"timestamp": [
106.63,
110.695
]
},
{
"text": "that then evolved into animals.",
"timestamp": [
110.695,
113.27
]
},
{
"text": "that then evolved into animals.",
"timestamp": [
110.695,
113.27
]
},
{
"text": "The evolutionary ancestors of plants and \nanimals diverged over a billion years ago,",
"timestamp": [
113.27,
118.618
]
},
{
"text": "The evolutionary ancestors of plants and \nanimals diverged over a billion years ago,",
"timestamp": [
113.27,
118.618
]
},
{
"text": "and then each evolved on a totally separate path.",
"timestamp": [
118.618,
121.854
]
},
{
"text": "and then each evolved on a totally separate path.",
"timestamp": [
118.618,
121.854
]
},
{
"text": "Which explains why our bodies \nwork so differently from plant bodies.",
"timestamp": [
121.854,
126.301
]
},
{
"text": "Which explains why our bodies \nwork so differently from plant bodies.",
"timestamp": [
121.854,
126.301
]
},
{
"text": "Like, in both plants and animals,",
"timestamp": [
126.301,
129.878
]
},
{
"text": "Like, in both plants and animals,",
"timestamp": [
126.301,
129.878
]
},
{
"text": "there are these things called stem cells.",
"timestamp": [
129.878,
132.435
]
},
{
"text": "there are these things called stem cells.",
"timestamp": [
129.878,
132.435
]
},
{
"text": "Stem cells are special because \nthey are unspecialized.",
"timestamp": [
132.435,
136.639
]
},
{
"text": "Stem cells are special because \nthey are unspecialized.",
"timestamp": [
132.435,
136.639
]
},
{
"text": "They have the potential to become \ntons of different types of cells.",
"timestamp": [
136.639,
140.761
]
},
{
"text": "They have the potential to become \ntons of different types of cells.",
"timestamp": [
136.639,
140.761
]
},
{
"text": "They’re like the clay you use in art class.",
"timestamp": [
140.761,
143.273
]
},
{
"text": "They’re like the clay you use in art class.",
"timestamp": [
140.761,
143.273
]
},
{
"text": "You could make it a vase, a mug, \na bust of your favorite botanist.",
"timestamp": [
143.273,
149.141
]
},
{
"text": "You could make it a vase, a mug, \na bust of your favorite botanist.",
"timestamp": [
143.273,
149.141
]
},
{
"text": "Love you, Linda Black Elk!",
"timestamp": [
149.141,
150.626
]
},
{
"text": "Love you, Linda Black Elk!",
"timestamp": [
149.141,
150.626
]
},
{
"text": "For humans and other animals,",
"timestamp": [
150.626,
152.541
]
},
{
"text": "For humans and other animals,",
"timestamp": [
150.626,
152.541
]
},
{
"text": "most of our stem cells exist only fleetingly",
"timestamp": [
152.541,
156
]
},
{
"text": "most of our stem cells exist only fleetingly",
"timestamp": [
152.541,
156
]
},
{
"text": "in embryos before they get \nused up to make our organs.",
"timestamp": [
156,
159.171
]
},
{
"text": "in embryos before they get \nused up to make our organs.",
"timestamp": [
156,
159.171
]
},
{
"text": "Which is perfect because we animals are \nborn with essentially the same body plan",
"timestamp": [
159.171,
163.628
]
},
{
"text": "Which is perfect because we animals are \nborn with essentially the same body plan",
"timestamp": [
159.171,
163.628
]
},
{
"text": "that we’ll carry into adulthood.",
"timestamp": [
163.628,
165.737
]
},
{
"text": "that we’ll carry into adulthood.",
"timestamp": [
163.628,
165.737
]
},
{
"text": "That means the number and location of our organs",
"timestamp": [
165.737,
169.325
]
},
{
"text": "That means the number and location of our organs",
"timestamp": [
165.737,
169.325
]
},
{
"text": "won’t really change throughout our life,",
"timestamp": [
169.325,
171.72
]
},
{
"text": "won’t really change throughout our life,",
"timestamp": [
169.325,
171.72
]
},
{
"text": "barring surgery or injury.",
"timestamp": [
171.72,
174.43
]
},
{
"text": "barring surgery or injury.",
"timestamp": [
171.72,
174.43
]
},
{
"text": "In contrast, plants are always producing new organs",
"timestamp": [
174.43,
178.374
]
},
{
"text": "In contrast, plants are always producing new organs",
"timestamp": [
174.43,
178.374
]
},
{
"text": "from the second they germinate, \nor begin to grow",
"timestamp": [
178.374,
181.075
]
},
{
"text": "from the second they germinate, \nor begin to grow",
"timestamp": [
178.374,
181.075
]
},
{
"text": "— can’t stop won’t stop!",
"timestamp": [
181.075,
182.7
]
},
{
"text": "— can’t stop won’t stop!",
"timestamp": [
181.075,
182.7
]
},
{
"text": "Clusters of stem cells, called apical meristems,",
"timestamp": [
183.3,
186.249
]
},
{
"text": "Clusters of stem cells, called apical meristems,",
"timestamp": [
183.3,
186.249
]
},
{
"text": "at the tip of every stem and root",
"timestamp": [
186.249,
188.488
]
},
{
"text": "at the tip of every stem and root",
"timestamp": [
186.249,
188.488
]
},
{
"text": "continually produce the materials \nneeded to build new body parts.",
"timestamp": [
188.488,
192.977
]
},
{
"text": "continually produce the materials \nneeded to build new body parts.",
"timestamp": [
188.488,
192.977
]
},
{
"text": "They also have lateral meristems that allow \nroots and stems to thicken as the plant grows.",
"timestamp": [
192.977,
199.329
]
},
{
"text": "They also have lateral meristems that allow \nroots and stems to thicken as the plant grows.",
"timestamp": [
192.977,
199.329
]
},
{
"text": "The three main organs that comprise a \nplant body are stems, leaves, and roots,",
"timestamp": [
199.329,
206.415
]
},
{
"text": "The three main organs that comprise a \nplant body are stems, leaves, and roots,",
"timestamp": [
199.329,
206.415
]
},
{
"text": "and their presence is one of the defining \ncharacteristics of a category called vascular plants.",
"timestamp": [
206.415,
213.084
]
},
{
"text": "and their presence is one of the defining \ncharacteristics of a category called vascular plants.",
"timestamp": [
206.415,
213.084
]
},
{
"text": "Non-vascular plants, by the way, \nare often low-lying plants like mosses",
"timestamp": [
213.084,
217.653
]
},
{
"text": "Non-vascular plants, by the way, \nare often low-lying plants like mosses",
"timestamp": [
213.084,
217.653
]
},
{
"text": "— and we’ll cover them in another episode.",
"timestamp": [
217.653,
220.159
]
},
{
"text": "— and we’ll cover them in another episode.",
"timestamp": [
217.653,
220.159
]
},
{
"text": "But for now, we’re on the hunt\n for our rascally vasculies.",
"timestamp": [
220.159,
224.975
]
},
{
"text": "But for now, we’re on the hunt\n for our rascally vasculies.",
"timestamp": [
220.159,
224.975
]
},
{
"text": "Stems provide the structural \nframework of the plant,",
"timestamp": [
224.975,
229.214
]
},
{
"text": "Stems provide the structural \nframework of the plant,",
"timestamp": [
224.975,
229.214
]
},
{
"text": "whether dainty daisy stems",
"timestamp": [
229.214,
231.732
]
},
{
"text": "whether dainty daisy stems",
"timestamp": [
229.214,
231.732
]
},
{
"text": "or thick \ntree trunks",
"timestamp": [
231.732,
233.495
]
},
{
"text": "or thick \ntree trunks",
"timestamp": [
231.732,
233.495
]
},
{
"text": "—yes, tree trunks are stems!",
"timestamp": [
233.495,
237.126
]
},
{
"text": "—yes, tree trunks are stems!",
"timestamp": [
233.495,
237.126
]
},
{
"text": "Stems are typically, \nthough not always,",
"timestamp": [
237.126,
239.639
]
},
{
"text": "Stems are typically, \nthough not always,",
"timestamp": [
237.126,
239.639
]
},
{
"text": "found above-ground and contain \nvascular tissue that supports the plant",
"timestamp": [
239.639,
244.235
]
},
{
"text": "found above-ground and contain \nvascular tissue that supports the plant",
"timestamp": [
239.639,
244.235
]
},
{
"text": "and transports water and \nsugar throughout its body.",
"timestamp": [
244.235,
247.102
]
},
{
"text": "and transports water and \nsugar throughout its body.",
"timestamp": [
244.235,
247.102
]
},
{
"text": "As we head down the grocery aisles,",
"timestamp": [
247.102,
249.813
]
},
{
"text": "As we head down the grocery aisles,",
"timestamp": [
247.102,
249.813
]
},
{
"text": "we might not find a lot of stems,",
"timestamp": [
249.813,
252.984
]
},
{
"text": "we might not find a lot of stems,",
"timestamp": [
249.813,
252.984
]
},
{
"text": "mostly because the tissues that make \nthem strong enough to hold up a plant",
"timestamp": [
252.984,
257.697
]
},
{
"text": "mostly because the tissues that make \nthem strong enough to hold up a plant",
"timestamp": [
252.984,
257.697
]
},
{
"text": "are a little too tough to be tasty.",
"timestamp": [
257.697,
260.982
]
},
{
"text": "are a little too tough to be tasty.",
"timestamp": [
257.697,
260.982
]
},
{
"text": "Asparagus, though, is a great example of a stem:",
"timestamp": [
260.982,
264.692
]
},
{
"text": "Asparagus, though, is a great example of a stem:",
"timestamp": [
260.982,
264.692
]
},
{
"text": "we harvest asparagus plants when they’re still tender,",
"timestamp": [
264.692,
267.666
]
},
{
"text": "we harvest asparagus plants when they’re still tender,",
"timestamp": [
264.692,
267.666
]
},
{
"text": "and we often snap off the bases \nthat have become too woody to eat.",
"timestamp": [
267.666,
272.197
]
},
{
"text": "and we often snap off the bases \nthat have become too woody to eat.",
"timestamp": [
267.666,
272.197
]
},
{
"text": "Stems also hold a plant’s leaves —",
"timestamp": [
272.197,
275.513
]
},
{
"text": "Stems also hold a plant’s leaves —",
"timestamp": [
272.197,
275.513
]
},
{
"text": "another crucial organ —",
"timestamp": [
275.513,
277.062
]
},
{
"text": "another crucial organ —",
"timestamp": [
275.513,
277.062
]
},
{
"text": "up to the sunlight.",
"timestamp": [
277.062,
278.528
]
},
{
"text": "up to the sunlight.",
"timestamp": [
277.062,
278.528
]
},
{
"text": "That lets the leaves do their main job:",
"timestamp": [
278.528,
281.281
]
},
{
"text": "That lets the leaves do their main job:",
"timestamp": [
278.528,
281.281
]
},
{
"text": "photosynthesizing, or converting \ncarbon dioxide gas into sugars,",
"timestamp": [
281.281,
286.103
]
},
{
"text": "photosynthesizing, or converting \ncarbon dioxide gas into sugars,",
"timestamp": [
281.281,
286.103
]
},
{
"text": "using energy from the sun.",
"timestamp": [
286.103,
288.124
]
},
{
"text": "using energy from the sun.",
"timestamp": [
286.103,
288.124
]
},
{
"text": "To maximize their photosynthetic \ncapabilities, leaves are often flat and wide",
"timestamp": [
288.124,
293.513
]
},
{
"text": "To maximize their photosynthetic \ncapabilities, leaves are often flat and wide",
"timestamp": [
288.124,
293.513
]
},
{
"text": "— which gives them more surface area —",
"timestamp": [
293.513,
295.899
]
},
{
"text": "— which gives them more surface area —",
"timestamp": [
293.513,
295.899
]
},
{
"text": "and green, which makes them more \nefficient at harvesting light energy.",
"timestamp": [
295.899,
300.432
]
},
{
"text": "and green, which makes them more \nefficient at harvesting light energy.",
"timestamp": [
295.899,
300.432
]
},
{
"text": "Their veins shuttle nutrients \nin and out of the leaf,",
"timestamp": [
300.432,
303.894
]
},
{
"text": "Their veins shuttle nutrients \nin and out of the leaf,",
"timestamp": [
300.432,
303.894
]
},
{
"text": "and the cells in between are \npacked full of chloroplasts,",
"timestamp": [
303.894,
307.926
]
},
{
"text": "and the cells in between are \npacked full of chloroplasts,",
"timestamp": [
303.894,
307.926
]
},
{
"text": "the cellular machines responsible \nfor photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
307.926,
311.897
]
},
{
"text": "the cellular machines responsible \nfor photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
307.926,
311.897
]
},
{
"text": "Leaves are a lot easier to find \nat the grocery store—",
"timestamp": [
311.897,
316.266
]
},
{
"text": "Leaves are a lot easier to find \nat the grocery store—",
"timestamp": [
311.897,
316.266
]
},
{
"text": "their wide, frilly shapes give them away.",
"timestamp": [
316.266,
319.975
]
},
{
"text": "their wide, frilly shapes give them away.",
"timestamp": [
316.266,
319.975
]
},
{
"text": "Lettuce, kale, spinach, cabbage \n— these are all classic leaves.",
"timestamp": [
319.975,
326.112
]
},
{
"text": "Lettuce, kale, spinach, cabbage \n— these are all classic leaves.",
"timestamp": [
319.975,
326.112
]
},
{
"text": "Some will still be attached to their original stems,",
"timestamp": [
326.112,
329.041
]
},
{
"text": "Some will still be attached to their original stems,",
"timestamp": [
326.112,
329.041
]
},
{
"text": "which show off their phyllotaxy",
"timestamp": [
329.041,
331.236
]
},
{
"text": "which show off their phyllotaxy",
"timestamp": [
329.041,
331.236
]
},
{
"text": "— or the pattern in which leaves grow around a stem.",
"timestamp": [
331.236,
334.757
]
},
{
"text": "— or the pattern in which leaves grow around a stem.",
"timestamp": [
331.236,
334.757
]
},
{
"text": "So in asparagus, the little scales at the top of the spears",
"timestamp": [
334.757,
339.169
]
},
{
"text": "So in asparagus, the little scales at the top of the spears",
"timestamp": [
334.757,
339.169
]
},
{
"text": "are leaves with beautiful spiral phyllotaxy.",
"timestamp": [
339.169,
342.997
]
},
{
"text": "are leaves with beautiful spiral phyllotaxy.",
"timestamp": [
339.169,
342.997
]
},
{
"text": "The chunky part of kohlrabi is also a stem,",
"timestamp": [
342.997,
346.504
]
},
{
"text": "The chunky part of kohlrabi is also a stem,",
"timestamp": [
342.997,
346.504
]
},
{
"text": "and its much larger leaves \nhave spiral phyllotaxy as well.",
"timestamp": [
346.504,
351.506
]
},
{
"text": "and its much larger leaves \nhave spiral phyllotaxy as well.",
"timestamp": [
346.504,
351.506
]
},
{
"text": "At the point where each leaf \nmeets the stem, there’s a bud, ",
"timestamp": [
351.506,
356.293
]
},
{
"text": "At the point where each leaf \nmeets the stem, there’s a bud, ",
"timestamp": [
351.506,
356.293
]
},
{
"text": "which is a new meristem that has the \npotential to grow into a branch and",
"timestamp": [
356.293,
360.57
]
},
{
"text": "which is a new meristem that has the \npotential to grow into a branch and",
"timestamp": [
356.293,
360.57
]
},
{
"text": "start producing its own stem and leaves.",
"timestamp": [
360.57,
363.468
]
},
{
"text": "start producing its own stem and leaves.",
"timestamp": [
360.57,
363.468
]
},
{
"text": "Because of this, the leaf pattern determines \nthe arrangement of the plant’s branches.",
"timestamp": [
363.468,
368.415
]
},
{
"text": "Because of this, the leaf pattern determines \nthe arrangement of the plant’s branches.",
"timestamp": [
363.468,
368.415
]
},
{
"text": "So the difference between a \nstem and a leaf is obvious, right?",
"timestamp": [
368.415,
372.468
]
},
{
"text": "So the difference between a \nstem and a leaf is obvious, right?",
"timestamp": [
368.415,
372.468
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, you know which organ this is…right?",
"timestamp": [
372.468,
378.693
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, you know which organ this is…right?",
"timestamp": [
372.468,
378.693
]
},
{
"text": "It’s trickier than you’d think!",
"timestamp": [
378.693,
380.511
]
},
{
"text": "It’s trickier than you’d think!",
"timestamp": [
378.693,
380.511
]
},
{
"text": "Onions are bulbs, \nwhich means they’re mostly leaves",
"timestamp": [
380.511,
385.368
]
},
{
"text": "Onions are bulbs, \nwhich means they’re mostly leaves",
"timestamp": [
380.511,
385.368
]
},
{
"text": "around a modified stem ",
"timestamp": [
385.368,
388.149
]
},
{
"text": "around a modified stem ",
"timestamp": [
385.368,
388.149
]
},
{
"text": "that’s evolved to swell up and store food \nfor the plant during the winter months.",
"timestamp": [
388.149,
392.614
]
},
{
"text": "that’s evolved to swell up and store food \nfor the plant during the winter months.",
"timestamp": [
388.149,
392.614
]
},
{
"text": "So even an onion isn’t \nvery straightforward.",
"timestamp": [
392.614,
395.721
]
},
{
"text": "So even an onion isn’t \nvery straightforward.",
"timestamp": [
392.614,
395.721
]
},
{
"text": "Hey, they have layers!",
"timestamp": [
396.433,
398.996
]
},
{
"text": "Hey, they have layers!",
"timestamp": [
396.433,
398.996
]
},
{
"text": "A good rule of thumb is if the plant organ is \nbearing other organs, it’s probably a stem.",
"timestamp": [
398.996,
405.815
]
},
{
"text": "A good rule of thumb is if the plant organ is \nbearing other organs, it’s probably a stem.",
"timestamp": [
398.996,
405.815
]
},
{
"text": "And the trick to telling stems apart \nfrom leaves is to look for a bud",
"timestamp": [
405.815,
409.945
]
},
{
"text": "And the trick to telling stems apart \nfrom leaves is to look for a bud",
"timestamp": [
405.815,
409.945
]
},
{
"text": "nestled above the thing that looks like a branch.",
"timestamp": [
409.945,
412.617
]
},
{
"text": "nestled above the thing that looks like a branch.",
"timestamp": [
409.945,
412.617
]
},
{
"text": "If there’s a bud, it’s a leaf.",
"timestamp": [
412.617,
415.007
]
},
{
"text": "If there’s a bud, it’s a leaf.",
"timestamp": [
412.617,
415.007
]
},
{
"text": "And now, for the third item on our list: roots.",
"timestamp": [
415.007,
419.76
]
},
{
"text": "And now, for the third item on our list: roots.",
"timestamp": [
415.007,
419.76
]
},
{
"text": "Roots are the typically underground organs of a plant",
"timestamp": [
419.76,
423.064
]
},
{
"text": "Roots are the typically underground organs of a plant",
"timestamp": [
419.76,
423.064
]
},
{
"text": "that are responsible for absorption \nand anchorage to the soil",
"timestamp": [
423.064,
427.959
]
},
{
"text": "that are responsible for absorption \nand anchorage to the soil",
"timestamp": [
423.064,
427.959
]
},
{
"text": "or…the face of a cliff!",
"timestamp": [
427.959,
431.282
]
},
{
"text": "or…the face of a cliff!",
"timestamp": [
427.959,
431.282
]
},
{
"text": "[Alexis sings a rockin' guitar lick]",
"timestamp": [
431.282,
433.014
]
},
{
"text": "[Alexis sings a rockin' guitar lick]",
"timestamp": [
431.282,
433.014
]
},
{
"text": "Plants are pretty hardcore!",
"timestamp": [
433.014,
435.707
]
},
{
"text": "Plants are pretty hardcore!",
"timestamp": [
433.014,
435.707
]
},
{
"text": "Their epidermis, or outermost layer of tissue,",
"timestamp": [
435.707,
440.294
]
},
{
"text": "Their epidermis, or outermost layer of tissue,",
"timestamp": [
435.707,
440.294
]
},
{
"text": "produces billions of tiny hairs \nthat absorb water and nutrients,",
"timestamp": [
440.294,
446.466
]
},
{
"text": "produces billions of tiny hairs \nthat absorb water and nutrients,",
"timestamp": [
440.294,
446.466
]
},
{
"text": "and their vascular tissue transports \nthe nutrients up to the stem and leaves.",
"timestamp": [
446.466,
451.345
]
},
{
"text": "and their vascular tissue transports \nthe nutrients up to the stem and leaves.",
"timestamp": [
446.466,
451.345
]
},
{
"text": "The longer roots grow, the more they can \nexplore the soil and absorb the good stuff.",
"timestamp": [
451.345,
457.114
]
},
{
"text": "The longer roots grow, the more they can \nexplore the soil and absorb the good stuff.",
"timestamp": [
451.345,
457.114
]
},
{
"text": "If the root needs to branch off,",
"timestamp": [
457.114,
459.608
]
},
{
"text": "If the root needs to branch off,",
"timestamp": [
457.114,
459.608
]
},
{
"text": "a new root with its own meristem",
"timestamp": [
459.608,
463.15
]
},
{
"text": "a new root with its own meristem",
"timestamp": [
459.608,
463.15
]
},
{
"text": "busts out from the center of the old one, Alien-style.",
"timestamp": [
463.15,
466.983
]
},
{
"text": "busts out from the center of the old one, Alien-style.",
"timestamp": [
463.15,
466.983
]
},
{
"text": "So yeah, roots come in a \nvariety of shapes and sizes.",
"timestamp": [
466.983,
470.498
]
},
{
"text": "So yeah, roots come in a \nvariety of shapes and sizes.",
"timestamp": [
466.983,
470.498
]
},
{
"text": "Many have also evolved functions \nbeyond anchoring and absorption",
"timestamp": [
470.498,
474.762
]
},
{
"text": "Many have also evolved functions \nbeyond anchoring and absorption",
"timestamp": [
470.498,
474.762
]
},
{
"text": "such as storing food,",
"timestamp": [
474.762,
476.505
]
},
{
"text": "such as storing food,",
"timestamp": [
474.762,
476.505
]
},
{
"text": "providing housing for helpful \norganisms like bacteria,",
"timestamp": [
476.505,
479.891
]
},
{
"text": "providing housing for helpful \norganisms like bacteria,",
"timestamp": [
476.505,
479.891
]
},
{
"text": "and exchanging nutrients with fungi underground,",
"timestamp": [
479.891,
483.854
]
},
{
"text": "and exchanging nutrients with fungi underground,",
"timestamp": [
479.891,
483.854
]
},
{
"text": "like swapping chicken fingers for \nLunchables beneath the cafeteria table.",
"timestamp": [
483.854,
488.299
]
},
{
"text": "like swapping chicken fingers for \nLunchables beneath the cafeteria table.",
"timestamp": [
483.854,
488.299
]
},
{
"text": "And many roots, we eat!",
"timestamp": [
488.299,
490.45
]
},
{
"text": "And many roots, we eat!",
"timestamp": [
488.299,
490.45
]
},
{
"text": "In the produce section, you’ll find carrots, \nradishes, beets, and sweet potatoes.",
"timestamp": [
490.45,
497.242
]
},
{
"text": "In the produce section, you’ll find carrots, \nradishes, beets, and sweet potatoes.",
"timestamp": [
490.45,
497.242
]
},
{
"text": "All of these foods are storage roots \nthat are filled with deliciousness",
"timestamp": [
497.242,
501.573
]
},
{
"text": "All of these foods are storage roots \nthat are filled with deliciousness",
"timestamp": [
497.242,
501.573
]
},
{
"text": "originally meant to help the \nplant through hard times,",
"timestamp": [
501.573,
504.71
]
},
{
"text": "originally meant to help the \nplant through hard times,",
"timestamp": [
501.573,
504.71
]
},
{
"text": "like a dry period or cold winter.",
"timestamp": [
504.71,
507.149
]
},
{
"text": "like a dry period or cold winter.",
"timestamp": [
504.71,
507.149
]
},
{
"text": "The way to spot a root is that it \nshould be an organ with no phyllotaxy",
"timestamp": [
507.149,
512.801
]
},
{
"text": "The way to spot a root is that it \nshould be an organ with no phyllotaxy",
"timestamp": [
507.149,
512.801
]
},
{
"text": "— meaning no pattern of leaves around it.",
"timestamp": [
512.801,
515.932
]
},
{
"text": "— meaning no pattern of leaves around it.",
"timestamp": [
512.801,
515.932
]
},
{
"text": "Now, you might be saying,",
"timestamp": [
515.932,
518.165
]
},
{
"text": "Now, you might be saying,",
"timestamp": [
515.932,
518.165
]
},
{
"text": "“Alexis, you’re forgetting about my favorite \nkind of root to eat—russet potatoes!",
"timestamp": [
518.165,
524.101
]
},
{
"text": "“Alexis, you’re forgetting about my favorite \nkind of root to eat—russet potatoes!",
"timestamp": [
518.165,
524.101
]
},
{
"text": "We’re talking the plant that \nbirthed French fries and tater tots,",
"timestamp": [
524.101,
527.291
]
},
{
"text": "We’re talking the plant that \nbirthed French fries and tater tots,",
"timestamp": [
524.101,
527.291
]
},
{
"text": "latkes and hash-browns.",
"timestamp": [
527.291,
529.317
]
},
{
"text": "latkes and hash-browns.",
"timestamp": [
527.291,
529.317
]
},
{
"text": "The root that is \nso delightfully creamy",
"timestamp": [
529.317,
531.768
]
},
{
"text": "The root that is \nso delightfully creamy",
"timestamp": [
529.317,
531.768
]
},
{
"text": "when mashed up,",
"timestamp": [
531.768,
533.22
]
},
{
"text": "when mashed up,",
"timestamp": [
531.768,
533.22
]
},
{
"text": "it earned a place in the \nHall of Fame of Side Dishes!",
"timestamp": [
533.22,
535.951
]
},
{
"text": "it earned a place in the \nHall of Fame of Side Dishes!",
"timestamp": [
533.22,
535.951
]
},
{
"text": "Why would you neglect such a versatile food",
"timestamp": [
535.951,
539.084
]
},
{
"text": "Why would you neglect such a versatile food",
"timestamp": [
535.951,
539.084
]
},
{
"text": "—one that’s even been honored with its own emoji?”\n[Angelic voices singing]",
"timestamp": [
539.084,
543.999
]
},
{
"text": "—one that’s even been honored with its own emoji?”\n[Angelic voices singing]",
"timestamp": [
539.084,
543.999
]
},
{
"text": "Well, pick up a russet potato",
"timestamp": [
543.999,
545.968
]
},
{
"text": "Well, pick up a russet potato",
"timestamp": [
543.999,
545.968
]
},
{
"text": "and you’ll find those little notches in the skin, called eyes.",
"timestamp": [
545.968,
550.673
]
},
{
"text": "and you’ll find those little notches in the skin, called eyes.",
"timestamp": [
545.968,
550.673
]
},
{
"text": "And from those eyes, buds, \nbranches, and leaves can grow.",
"timestamp": [
550.673,
555.994
]
},
{
"text": "And from those eyes, buds, \nbranches, and leaves can grow.",
"timestamp": [
550.673,
555.994
]
},
{
"text": "On top of that, you’ll notice the eyes are arranged in a",
"timestamp": [
555.994,
560
]
},
{
"text": "On top of that, you’ll notice the eyes are arranged in a",
"timestamp": [
555.994,
560
]
},
{
"text": "suspiciously regular pattern…",
"timestamp": [
560,
562.439
]
},
{
"text": "suspiciously regular pattern…",
"timestamp": [
560,
562.439
]
},
{
"text": "Yep, russet potatoes have phyllotaxy.",
"timestamp": [
562.439,
567.128
]
},
{
"text": "Yep, russet potatoes have phyllotaxy.",
"timestamp": [
562.439,
567.128
]
},
{
"text": "Which means, unlike sweet potatoes, \nrussets aren’t roots—",
"timestamp": [
567.128,
571.713
]
},
{
"text": "Which means, unlike sweet potatoes, \nrussets aren’t roots—",
"timestamp": [
567.128,
571.713
]
},
{
"text": "they’re underground stems!",
"timestamp": [
571.713,
573.442
]
},
{
"text": "they’re underground stems!",
"timestamp": [
571.713,
573.442
]
},
{
"text": "I know, mic drop.",
"timestamp": [
573.99,
576.47
]
},
{
"text": "I know, mic drop.",
"timestamp": [
573.99,
576.47
]
},
{
"text": "You might be wondering why, despite",
"timestamp": [
576.47,
578.233
]
},
{
"text": "You might be wondering why, despite",
"timestamp": [
576.47,
578.233
]
},
{
"text": "all this hanging out in the grocery store, we haven’t \nmentioned two very common words yet:",
"timestamp": [
578.233,
584.035
]
},
{
"text": "all this hanging out in the grocery store, we haven’t \nmentioned two very common words yet:",
"timestamp": [
578.233,
584.035
]
},
{
"text": "vegetables and fruits.",
"timestamp": [
584.035,
586.202
]
},
{
"text": "vegetables and fruits.",
"timestamp": [
584.035,
586.202
]
},
{
"text": "The thing is, “vegetable” isn’t \nactually a botanical term.",
"timestamp": [
586.202,
590.555
]
},
{
"text": "The thing is, “vegetable” isn’t \nactually a botanical term.",
"timestamp": [
586.202,
590.555
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just a useful regular-person \nword to describe some edible plant parts.",
"timestamp": [
590.555,
595.013
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just a useful regular-person \nword to describe some edible plant parts.",
"timestamp": [
590.555,
595.013
]
},
{
"text": "The word “vegetable” could \nrefer to stems, leaves, roots…",
"timestamp": [
595.013,
599.895
]
},
{
"text": "The word “vegetable” could \nrefer to stems, leaves, roots…",
"timestamp": [
595.013,
599.895
]
},
{
"text": "and even",
"timestamp": [
599.895,
601.693
]
},
{
"text": "and even",
"timestamp": [
599.895,
601.693
]
},
{
"text": "—are you ready for this?—",
"timestamp": [
601.693,
603.469
]
},
{
"text": "—are you ready for this?—",
"timestamp": [
601.693,
603.469
]
},
{
"text": "fruits!",
"timestamp": [
603.469,
606
]
},
{
"text": "fruits!",
"timestamp": [
603.469,
606
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, let’s rewind for a second.",
"timestamp": [
606,
607.918
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, let’s rewind for a second.",
"timestamp": [
606,
607.918
]
},
{
"text": "So far we’ve only talked about \nvegetative plant organs,",
"timestamp": [
607.918,
612.542
]
},
{
"text": "So far we’ve only talked about \nvegetative plant organs,",
"timestamp": [
607.918,
612.542
]
},
{
"text": "which refers to a type of organ\n that contributes to a plant’s",
"timestamp": [
612.542,
615.773
]
},
{
"text": "which refers to a type of organ\n that contributes to a plant’s",
"timestamp": [
612.542,
615.773
]
},
{
"text": "overall growth and structure.",
"timestamp": [
615.773,
618.403
]
},
{
"text": "overall growth and structure.",
"timestamp": [
615.773,
618.403
]
},
{
"text": "But plants also make reproductive organs",
"timestamp": [
618.403,
622.159
]
},
{
"text": "But plants also make reproductive organs",
"timestamp": [
618.403,
622.159
]
},
{
"text": "of a variety of different sizes, shapes, and colors,",
"timestamp": [
622.159,
625.095
]
},
{
"text": "of a variety of different sizes, shapes, and colors,",
"timestamp": [
622.159,
625.095
]
},
{
"text": "which help them have plant \nsex and create plant babies.",
"timestamp": [
625.095,
630.197
]
},
{
"text": "which help them have plant \nsex and create plant babies.",
"timestamp": [
625.095,
630.197
]
},
{
"text": "Botanists have a vast and precise \nlanguage for describing them,",
"timestamp": [
630.197,
633.743
]
},
{
"text": "Botanists have a vast and precise \nlanguage for describing them,",
"timestamp": [
630.197,
633.743
]
},
{
"text": "including the word “fruit,”",
"timestamp": [
633.743,
635.743
]
},
{
"text": "including the word “fruit,”",
"timestamp": [
633.743,
635.743
]
},
{
"text": "which refers to a mature, ripened \novary containing seeds.",
"timestamp": [
635.743,
639.743
]
},
{
"text": "which refers to a mature, ripened \novary containing seeds.",
"timestamp": [
635.743,
639.743
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis]:\nWelcome to Not a Fruit,",
"timestamp": [
639.743,
642.288
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis]:\nWelcome to Not a Fruit,",
"timestamp": [
639.743,
642.288
]
},
{
"text": "[Audience applauds] \nwhere the game is to name a plant",
"timestamp": [
642.288,
644.483
]
},
{
"text": "[Audience applauds] \nwhere the game is to name a plant",
"timestamp": [
642.288,
644.483
]
},
{
"text": "that’s not a fruit!",
"timestamp": [
644.483,
646
]
},
{
"text": "that’s not a fruit!",
"timestamp": [
644.483,
646
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nCucumber!",
"timestamp": [
646,
647.216
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nCucumber!",
"timestamp": [
646,
647.216
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer noise]",
"timestamp": [
647.216,
649.328
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer noise]",
"timestamp": [
647.216,
649.328
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nEggplant?!",
"timestamp": [
649.328,
650.949
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nEggplant?!",
"timestamp": [
649.328,
650.949
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis]: \nAlso [buzzer noise]",
"timestamp": [
650.949,
653.881
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis]: \nAlso [buzzer noise]",
"timestamp": [
650.949,
653.881
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nZucchini??!!",
"timestamp": [
653.881,
655.754
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nZucchini??!!",
"timestamp": [
653.881,
655.754
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer noise]",
"timestamp": [
656.877,
658.999
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer noise]",
"timestamp": [
656.877,
658.999
]
},
{
"text": "Nope, \n[Contestant Alexis sighs]",
"timestamp": [
658.999,
660.297
]
},
{
"text": "Nope, \n[Contestant Alexis sighs]",
"timestamp": [
658.999,
660.297
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis]: \nall fruits!",
"timestamp": [
660.297,
661.568
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis]: \nall fruits!",
"timestamp": [
660.297,
661.568
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, some of the things we call fruits",
"timestamp": [
661.568,
664.399
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, some of the things we call fruits",
"timestamp": [
661.568,
664.399
]
},
{
"text": "aren’t fruits at all!",
"timestamp": [
664.399,
666.655
]
},
{
"text": "aren’t fruits at all!",
"timestamp": [
664.399,
666.655
]
},
{
"text": "Like, the tasty part of the strawberry \nis actually the base of the flower,",
"timestamp": [
666.655,
671.539
]
},
{
"text": "Like, the tasty part of the strawberry \nis actually the base of the flower,",
"timestamp": [
666.655,
671.539
]
},
{
"text": "not the ovary.",
"timestamp": [
671.539,
673.004
]
},
{
"text": "not the ovary.",
"timestamp": [
671.539,
673.004
]
},
{
"text": "Strawberry fruits are technically the \nlittle nubbins that we would call seeds.",
"timestamp": [
673.004,
678.78
]
},
{
"text": "Strawberry fruits are technically the \nlittle nubbins that we would call seeds.",
"timestamp": [
673.004,
678.78
]
},
{
"text": "[mind blown noise]",
"timestamp": [
678.78,
679.98
]
},
{
"text": "[mind blown noise]",
"timestamp": [
678.78,
679.98
]
},
{
"text": "And there is one food in particular \nthat has been the subject of the",
"timestamp": [
679.98,
684.728
]
},
{
"text": "And there is one food in particular \nthat has been the subject of the",
"timestamp": [
679.98,
684.728
]
},
{
"text": "fruit/vegetable debate for centuries.",
"timestamp": [
684.728,
688.155
]
},
{
"text": "fruit/vegetable debate for centuries.",
"timestamp": [
684.728,
688.155
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s gotta be the tomato, like Theo here.",
"timestamp": [
688.155,
691.714
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s gotta be the tomato, like Theo here.",
"timestamp": [
688.155,
691.714
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble…",
"timestamp": [
691.714,
693.91
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble…",
"timestamp": [
691.714,
693.91
]
},
{
"text": "The year was 1886.",
"timestamp": [
693.91,
697.023
]
},
{
"text": "The year was 1886.",
"timestamp": [
693.91,
697.023
]
},
{
"text": "New York was a major port city,",
"timestamp": [
697.023,
699.775
]
},
{
"text": "New York was a major port city,",
"timestamp": [
697.023,
699.775
]
},
{
"text": "and wholesalers were starting \nto introduce the U.S. to fruits",
"timestamp": [
699.775,
703.431
]
},
{
"text": "and wholesalers were starting \nto introduce the U.S. to fruits",
"timestamp": [
699.775,
703.431
]
},
{
"text": "and vegetables from other countries by",
"timestamp": [
703.431,
706.107
]
},
{
"text": "and vegetables from other countries by",
"timestamp": [
703.431,
706.107
]
},
{
"text": "shipping them across the ocean.",
"timestamp": [
706.107,
708.16
]
},
{
"text": "shipping them across the ocean.",
"timestamp": [
706.107,
708.16
]
},
{
"text": "But there was some controversy \nover shipping regulations.",
"timestamp": [
708.16,
711.828
]
},
{
"text": "But there was some controversy \nover shipping regulations.",
"timestamp": [
708.16,
711.828
]
},
{
"text": "Whenever anyone imported vegetables,",
"timestamp": [
711.828,
714.37
]
},
{
"text": "Whenever anyone imported vegetables,",
"timestamp": [
711.828,
714.37
]
},
{
"text": "they had to pay a 10% tariff on them,",
"timestamp": [
714.37,
717.948
]
},
{
"text": "they had to pay a 10% tariff on them,",
"timestamp": [
714.37,
717.948
]
},
{
"text": "while fruits didn’t have the same tax.",
"timestamp": [
717.948,
721.788
]
},
{
"text": "while fruits didn’t have the same tax.",
"timestamp": [
717.948,
721.788
]
},
{
"text": "So when a guy named John Nix \nreceived a shipment of tomatoes",
"timestamp": [
721.788,
725.977
]
},
{
"text": "So when a guy named John Nix \nreceived a shipment of tomatoes",
"timestamp": [
721.788,
725.977
]
},
{
"text": "from the Caribbean and was forced \nto pay the vegetable tariff on it,",
"timestamp": [
725.977,
730.557
]
},
{
"text": "from the Caribbean and was forced \nto pay the vegetable tariff on it,",
"timestamp": [
725.977,
730.557
]
},
{
"text": "he was not happy.",
"timestamp": [
730.557,
732.81
]
},
{
"text": "he was not happy.",
"timestamp": [
730.557,
732.81
]
},
{
"text": "He claimed that tomatoes weren’t vegetables—",
"timestamp": [
732.81,
736.07
]
},
{
"text": "He claimed that tomatoes weren’t vegetables—",
"timestamp": [
732.81,
736.07
]
},
{
"text": "they were fruits, so he should get his money back.",
"timestamp": [
736.07,
740.272
]
},
{
"text": "they were fruits, so he should get his money back.",
"timestamp": [
736.07,
740.272
]
},
{
"text": "Theo was having…a bit of an identity crisis.",
"timestamp": [
740.272,
744.923
]
},
{
"text": "Theo was having…a bit of an identity crisis.",
"timestamp": [
740.272,
744.923
]
},
{
"text": "By 1893, Nix’s case had gone all the way \nto the United States Supreme Court.",
"timestamp": [
744.923,
752.415
]
},
{
"text": "By 1893, Nix’s case had gone all the way \nto the United States Supreme Court.",
"timestamp": [
744.923,
752.415
]
},
{
"text": "During the trial, the witnesses",
"timestamp": [
752.415,
754.825
]
},
{
"text": "During the trial, the witnesses",
"timestamp": [
752.415,
754.825
]
},
{
"text": "—which were not bananas and \nbroccoli as you’d expect,",
"timestamp": [
754.825,
758.578
]
},
{
"text": "—which were not bananas and \nbroccoli as you’d expect,",
"timestamp": [
754.825,
758.578
]
},
{
"text": "but humans in the produce industry—",
"timestamp": [
758.578,
761.345
]
},
{
"text": "but humans in the produce industry—",
"timestamp": [
758.578,
761.345
]
},
{
"text": "debated multiple dictionary \ndefinitions of “fruit” and “vegetable.”",
"timestamp": [
761.345,
766.472
]
},
{
"text": "debated multiple dictionary \ndefinitions of “fruit” and “vegetable.”",
"timestamp": [
761.345,
766.472
]
},
{
"text": "Nobody asked the tomatoes \nwhat they thought of all this.",
"timestamp": [
766.472,
770.189
]
},
{
"text": "Nobody asked the tomatoes \nwhat they thought of all this.",
"timestamp": [
766.472,
770.189
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, the judge declared that despite \nany botanical similarities to fruits,",
"timestamp": [
770.189,
775.614
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, the judge declared that despite \nany botanical similarities to fruits,",
"timestamp": [
770.189,
775.614
]
},
{
"text": "tomatoes were vegetables because they were, quote:",
"timestamp": [
775.614,
780.38
]
},
{
"text": "tomatoes were vegetables because they were, quote:",
"timestamp": [
775.614,
780.38
]
},
{
"text": "“…usually served at dinner in, with, or after the soup,",
"timestamp": [
780.38,
785.559
]
},
{
"text": "“…usually served at dinner in, with, or after the soup,",
"timestamp": [
780.38,
785.559
]
},
{
"text": "fish, or meat…, and not, like \nfruits generally, as dessert.”",
"timestamp": [
785.559,
791.905
]
},
{
"text": "fish, or meat…, and not, like \nfruits generally, as dessert.”",
"timestamp": [
785.559,
791.905
]
},
{
"text": "And this remains true to this day in the U.S.",
"timestamp": [
791.905,
795.208
]
},
{
"text": "And this remains true to this day in the U.S.",
"timestamp": [
791.905,
795.208
]
},
{
"text": "Even though tomatoes are botanically fruits,",
"timestamp": [
795.208,
798.483
]
},
{
"text": "Even though tomatoes are botanically fruits,",
"timestamp": [
795.208,
798.483
]
},
{
"text": "they are legally vegetables.",
"timestamp": [
798.483,
802.072
]
},
{
"text": "they are legally vegetables.",
"timestamp": [
798.483,
802.072
]
},
{
"text": "What can I say?",
"timestamp": [
802.072,
803.388
]
},
{
"text": "What can I say?",
"timestamp": [
802.072,
803.388
]
},
{
"text": "People, like tomatoes, are messy.",
"timestamp": [
803.388,
807.187
]
},
{
"text": "People, like tomatoes, are messy.",
"timestamp": [
803.388,
807.187
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble! \n[Audience applauds]",
"timestamp": [
807.187,
808.551
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble! \n[Audience applauds]",
"timestamp": [
807.187,
808.551
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis] And we’re back \nwith everyone’s favorite game show, Name a Berry.",
"timestamp": [
808.551,
813.218
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis] And we’re back \nwith everyone’s favorite game show, Name a Berry.",
"timestamp": [
808.551,
813.218
]
},
{
"text": "Where the game is… you get it.",
"timestamp": [
813.218,
816.643
]
},
{
"text": "Where the game is… you get it.",
"timestamp": [
813.218,
816.643
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nBlackberries!",
"timestamp": [
816.643,
818.234
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nBlackberries!",
"timestamp": [
816.643,
818.234
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer sound]",
"timestamp": [
818.234,
820.725
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer sound]",
"timestamp": [
818.234,
820.725
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nRaspberries!",
"timestamp": [
820.725,
823.576
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nRaspberries!",
"timestamp": [
820.725,
823.576
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis]:\nAdditional [buzzer sound]",
"timestamp": [
823.576,
827.365
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis]:\nAdditional [buzzer sound]",
"timestamp": [
823.576,
827.365
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nMulberries?!",
"timestamp": [
827.365,
829.453
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]: \nMulberries?!",
"timestamp": [
827.365,
829.453
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer sound]",
"timestamp": [
829.453,
833.836
]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer sound]",
"timestamp": [
829.453,
833.836
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]:\nI don't wanna play this game anymore",
"timestamp": [
833.836,
837
]
},
{
"text": "[Contestant Alexis]:\nI don't wanna play this game anymore",
"timestamp": [
833.836,
837
]
},
{
"text": "According to the botanical definition, \n[crash]",
"timestamp": [
837,
840.682
]
},
{
"text": "According to the botanical definition, \n[crash]",
"timestamp": [
837,
840.682
]
},
{
"text": "a berry is a fleshy fruit that comes \nfrom a flower with a single ovary.",
"timestamp": [
840.682,
844.841
]
},
{
"text": "a berry is a fleshy fruit that comes \nfrom a flower with a single ovary.",
"timestamp": [
840.682,
844.841
]
},
{
"text": "In a nutshell,\n[ripping sound] ow",
"timestamp": [
844.841,
848.04
]
},
{
"text": "In a nutshell,\n[ripping sound] ow",
"timestamp": [
844.841,
848.04
]
},
{
"text": "blueberries and cranberries are pretty \nmuch the only fruits with",
"timestamp": [
848.04,
851.684
]
},
{
"text": "blueberries and cranberries are pretty \nmuch the only fruits with",
"timestamp": [
848.04,
851.684
]
},
{
"text": "“berry” in their name that are actually berries.",
"timestamp": [
851.684,
855.708
]
},
{
"text": "“berry” in their name that are actually berries.",
"timestamp": [
851.684,
855.708
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, tomatoes, avocados, bananas",
"timestamp": [
855.708,
861.217
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, tomatoes, avocados, bananas",
"timestamp": [
855.708,
861.217
]
},
{
"text": "— yep, berries.",
"timestamp": [
861.217,
863.791
]
},
{
"text": "— yep, berries.",
"timestamp": [
861.217,
863.791
]
},
{
"text": "So now we have a pretty good feel for \nthe rulebook of botanical body-building",
"timestamp": [
863.791,
867.85
]
},
{
"text": "So now we have a pretty good feel for \nthe rulebook of botanical body-building",
"timestamp": [
863.791,
867.85
]
},
{
"text": "—as in, forming bodies made \nof organs, not getting swole.",
"timestamp": [
867.85,
872.496
]
},
{
"text": "—as in, forming bodies made \nof organs, not getting swole.",
"timestamp": [
867.85,
872.496
]
},
{
"text": "Plants evolved different rules than we did,",
"timestamp": [
872.496,
875.058
]
},
{
"text": "Plants evolved different rules than we did,",
"timestamp": [
872.496,
875.058
]
},
{
"text": "and through variation in just \na few different organ types,",
"timestamp": [
875.058,
878.633
]
},
{
"text": "and through variation in just \na few different organ types,",
"timestamp": [
875.058,
878.633
]
},
{
"text": "they’ve diversified into a magnificent kingdom",
"timestamp": [
878.633,
881.712
]
},
{
"text": "they’ve diversified into a magnificent kingdom",
"timestamp": [
878.633,
881.712
]
},
{
"text": "full of, as Charles Darwin put it, \n“endless forms most beautiful.”",
"timestamp": [
881.712,
886.622
]
},
{
"text": "full of, as Charles Darwin put it, \n“endless forms most beautiful.”",
"timestamp": [
881.712,
886.622
]
},
{
"text": "Botanists have deciphered these rules and translated \nthem into a precise and consistent language,",
"timestamp": [
886.622,
892.254
]
},
{
"text": "Botanists have deciphered these rules and translated \nthem into a precise and consistent language,",
"timestamp": [
886.622,
892.254
]
},
{
"text": "one we’ll be exploring in future episodes.",
"timestamp": [
892.254,
894.771
]
},
{
"text": "one we’ll be exploring in future episodes.",
"timestamp": [
892.254,
894.771
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes that language is at odds with how we’re \nused to talking about plants in our everyday lives.",
"timestamp": [
894.771,
900.992
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes that language is at odds with how we’re \nused to talking about plants in our everyday lives.",
"timestamp": [
894.771,
900.992
]
},
{
"text": "But now you know that when the doctor \nrecommends 5 servings of fruits and veggies a day,",
"timestamp": [
900.992,
905.921
]
},
{
"text": "But now you know that when the doctor \nrecommends 5 servings of fruits and veggies a day,",
"timestamp": [
900.992,
905.921
]
},
{
"text": "you have a variety of plant organs to choose from.",
"timestamp": [
905.921,
910.203
]
},
{
"text": "you have a variety of plant organs to choose from.",
"timestamp": [
905.921,
910.203
]
},
{
"text": "I say go wild and have plant organs \nfor breakfast, lunch, and dinner.",
"timestamp": [
910.203,
914.46
]
},
{
"text": "I say go wild and have plant organs \nfor breakfast, lunch, and dinner.",
"timestamp": [
910.203,
914.46
]
},
{
"text": "[crunch]",
"timestamp": [
914.46,
917.46
]
},
{
"text": "[crunch]",
"timestamp": [
914.46,
917.46
]
},
{
"text": "Next time,",
"timestamp": [
917.46,
919.37
]
},
{
"text": "Next time,",
"timestamp": [
917.46,
919.37
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll be zooming in on plant cells and hormones",
"timestamp": [
919.37,
922.056
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll be zooming in on plant cells and hormones",
"timestamp": [
919.37,
922.056
]
},
{
"text": "—the tiny structures and chemical signals",
"timestamp": [
922.056,
925.114
]
},
{
"text": "—the tiny structures and chemical signals",
"timestamp": [
922.056,
925.114
]
},
{
"text": "that allow plants to do amazing things.",
"timestamp": [
925.114,
927.54
]
},
{
"text": "that allow plants to do amazing things.",
"timestamp": [
925.114,
927.54
]
},
{
"text": "Calling all inhabitants of Earth!",
"timestamp": [
929.539,
931.647
]
},
{
"text": "Calling all inhabitants of Earth!",
"timestamp": [
929.539,
931.647
]
},
{
"text": "There's a new series over on PBS Terra \nthat will make you think,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "There's a new series over on PBS Terra \nthat will make you think,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "\"Where would we be without women?\"",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "\"Where would we be without women?\"",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "Women of the Earth explores the resilient work of \nfemale land stewards across the country",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Women of the Earth explores the resilient work of \nfemale land stewards across the country",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "and how they're leading the world \ntoward effective climate healing.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "and how they're leading the world \ntoward effective climate healing.",
"timestamp": [
942,
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},
{
"text": "You'll meet the powerful forces behind \nthe practices that are healing communities",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "You'll meet the powerful forces behind \nthe practices that are healing communities",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "from climate change",
"timestamp": [
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950.751
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},
{
"text": "from climate change",
"timestamp": [
949.504,
950.751
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},
{
"text": "and discover why women's contributions \nto our Earth are essential today.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "and discover why women's contributions \nto our Earth are essential today.",
"timestamp": [
950.751,
955.167
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},
{
"text": "Check out the link in our description to watch it now!",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Check out the link in our description to watch it now!",
"timestamp": [
955.167,
957.543
]
},
{
"text": "Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!",
"timestamp": [
957.543,
960.067
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},
{
"text": "What part of the plant is a Brussels sprout?",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "What part of the plant is a Brussels sprout?",
"timestamp": [
960.067,
963.387
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},
{
"text": "Find the answer in the comments!",
"timestamp": [
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965.1
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},
{
"text": "Find the answer in the comments!",
"timestamp": [
963.387,
965.1
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},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis]:\nThanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Botany",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "[Gameshow Host Alexis]:\nThanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Botany",
"timestamp": [
968.7,
971.446
]
},
{
"text": "which was filmed at the Damir Ferizović Studio and made in partnership with PBS Digital Studios and Nature. ",
"timestamp": [
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978.18
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},
{
"text": "which was filmed at the Damir Ferizović Studio and made in partnership with PBS Digital Studios and Nature. ",
"timestamp": [
971.446,
978.18
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash \nCourse free for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
978.18,
981.258
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash \nCourse free for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
978.18,
981.258
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
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984.489
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
981.258,
984.489
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},
{
"text": "I don’t know what that is…",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "I don’t know what that is…",
"timestamp": [
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}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Plant Organs",
"Brains and hearts.Lungs and kidneys.No, this is not an ingredient list \nfor a zombie cookbook.It’s just a few of the organs\n that animals like us haveto keep our bodies in working order.But plants have totally different organs— despite what you might have \nheard about artichoke hearts.And unlike most of our organs,which you can only see with an X-ray,you’ve come across a lot of plant organs.You’ve seen plant organs alive,whether growing in the woods,beside the road,or in your bathtub full of houseplants.And you’ve seen them dead —severed plant organs piled on \ntop of each other in bins.There they sit beneath harsh white lights,damp from routine mistings,just waiting to be picked up and carried away.Hi! I'm Alexis, and this is Crash Course Botany.Grab your cart and coupons—\nwe’re going to the grocery store.[THEME MUSIC] "
],
[
"Stem Cells & Meristems",
"Like animals, plants are made up of organs,or body parts that carry out specific functionsand consist of more than one type of tissue.Not tissues like Kleenex;tissues like groups of cells that look similarand serve similar purposes in a living thing.But plants have totally different modes of developing,growing, and organizing their bodies.That’s because they evolved from \nthe simplest form of life,a single-celled organism,independently of animals like us.In other words,it wasn’t like there were single-celled \norganisms that evolved into plants,that then evolved into animals.The evolutionary ancestors of plants and \nanimals diverged over a billion years ago,and then each evolved on a totally separate path.Which explains why our bodies \nwork so differently from plant bodies.Like, in both plants and animals,there are these things called stem cells.Stem cells are special because \nthey are unspecialized.They have the potential to become \ntons of different types of cells.They’re like the clay you use in art class.You could make it a vase, a mug, \na bust of your favorite botanist.Love you, Linda Black Elk!For humans and other animals,most of our stem cells exist only fleetinglyin embryos before they get \nused up to make our organs.Which is perfect because we animals are \nborn with essentially the same body planthat we’ll carry into adulthood.That means the number and location of our organswon’t really change throughout our life,barring surgery or injury.In contrast, plants are always producing new organsfrom the second they germinate, \nor begin to grow— can’t stop won’t stop!Clusters of stem cells, called apical meristems,at the tip of every stem and rootcontinually produce the materials \nneeded to build new body parts.They also have lateral meristems that allow \nroots and stems to thicken as the plant grows."
],
[
"Stems",
"The three main organs that comprise a \nplant body are stems, leaves, and roots,and their presence is one of the defining \ncharacteristics of a category called vascular plants.Non-vascular plants, by the way, \nare often low-lying plants like mosses— and we’ll cover them in another episode.But for now, we’re on the hunt\n for our rascally vasculies.Stems provide the structural \nframework of the plant,whether dainty daisy stemsor thick \ntree trunks—yes, tree trunks are stems!Stems are typically, \nthough not always,found above-ground and contain \nvascular tissue that supports the plantand transports water and \nsugar throughout its body.As we head down the grocery aisles,we might not find a lot of stems,mostly because the tissues that make \nthem strong enough to hold up a plantare a little too tough to be tasty.Asparagus, though, is a great example of a stem:we harvest asparagus plants when they’re still tender,and we often snap off the bases \nthat have become too woody to eat."
],
[
"Leaves",
"Stems also hold a plant’s leaves —another crucial organ —up to the sunlight.That lets the leaves do their main job:photosynthesizing, or converting \ncarbon dioxide gas into sugars,using energy from the sun.To maximize their photosynthetic \ncapabilities, leaves are often flat and wide— which gives them more surface area —and green, which makes them more \nefficient at harvesting light energy.Their veins shuttle nutrients \nin and out of the leaf,and the cells in between are \npacked full of chloroplasts,the cellular machines responsible \nfor photosynthesis.Leaves are a lot easier to find \nat the grocery store—their wide, frilly shapes give them away.Lettuce, kale, spinach, cabbage \n— these are all classic leaves.Some will still be attached to their original stems,which show off their phyllotaxy— or the pattern in which leaves grow around a stem.So in asparagus, the little scales at the top of the spearsare leaves with beautiful spiral phyllotaxy.The chunky part of kohlrabi is also a stem,and its much larger leaves \nhave spiral phyllotaxy as well.At the point where each leaf \nmeets the stem, there’s a bud, which is a new meristem that has the \npotential to grow into a branch andstart producing its own stem and leaves.Because of this, the leaf pattern determines \nthe arrangement of the plant’s branches.So the difference between a \nstem and a leaf is obvious, right?I mean, you know which organ this is…right?It’s trickier than you’d think!Onions are bulbs, \nwhich means they’re mostly leavesaround a modified stem that’s evolved to swell up and store food \nfor the plant during the winter months.So even an onion isn’t \nvery straightforward.Hey, they have layers!A good rule of thumb is if the plant organ is \nbearing other organs, it’s probably a stem.And the trick to telling stems apart \nfrom leaves is to look for a budnestled above the thing that looks like a branch.If there’s a bud, it’s a leaf."
],
[
"Roots",
"And now, for the third item on our list: roots.Roots are the typically underground organs of a plantthat are responsible for absorption \nand anchorage to the soilor…the face of a cliff![Alexis sings a rockin' guitar lick]Plants are pretty hardcore!Their epidermis, or outermost layer of tissue,produces billions of tiny hairs \nthat absorb water and nutrients,and their vascular tissue transports \nthe nutrients up to the stem and leaves.The longer roots grow, the more they can \nexplore the soil and absorb the good stuff.If the root needs to branch off,a new root with its own meristembusts out from the center of the old one, Alien-style.So yeah, roots come in a \nvariety of shapes and sizes.Many have also evolved functions \nbeyond anchoring and absorptionsuch as storing food,providing housing for helpful \norganisms like bacteria,and exchanging nutrients with fungi underground,like swapping chicken fingers for \nLunchables beneath the cafeteria table.And many roots, we eat!In the produce section, you’ll find carrots, \nradishes, beets, and sweet potatoes.All of these foods are storage roots \nthat are filled with deliciousnessoriginally meant to help the \nplant through hard times,like a dry period or cold winter.The way to spot a root is that it \nshould be an organ with no phyllotaxy— meaning no pattern of leaves around it.Now, you might be saying,“Alexis, you’re forgetting about my favorite \nkind of root to eat—russet potatoes!We’re talking the plant that \nbirthed French fries and tater tots,latkes and hash-browns.The root that is \nso delightfully creamywhen mashed up,it earned a place in the \nHall of Fame of Side Dishes!Why would you neglect such a versatile food—one that’s even been honored with its own emoji?”\n[Angelic voices singing]Well, pick up a russet potatoand you’ll find those little notches in the skin, called eyes.And from those eyes, buds, \nbranches, and leaves can grow.On top of that, you’ll notice the eyes are arranged in asuspiciously regular pattern…Yep, russet potatoes have phyllotaxy.Which means, unlike sweet potatoes, \nrussets aren’t roots—they’re underground stems!I know, mic drop."
],
[
"Fruits & Vegetables",
"You might be wondering why, despiteall this hanging out in the grocery store, we haven’t \nmentioned two very common words yet:vegetables and fruits.The thing is, “vegetable” isn’t \nactually a botanical term.It’s just a useful regular-person \nword to describe some edible plant parts.The word “vegetable” could \nrefer to stems, leaves, roots…and even—are you ready for this?—fruits!Okay, let’s rewind for a second.So far we’ve only talked about \nvegetative plant organs,which refers to a type of organ\n that contributes to a plant’soverall growth and structure.But plants also make reproductive organsof a variety of different sizes, shapes, and colors,which help them have plant \nsex and create plant babies.Botanists have a vast and precise \nlanguage for describing them,including the word “fruit,”which refers to a mature, ripened \novary containing seeds.[Gameshow Host Alexis]:\nWelcome to Not a Fruit,[Audience applauds] \nwhere the game is to name a plantthat’s not a fruit![Contestant Alexis]: \nCucumber![Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer noise][Contestant Alexis]: \nEggplant?![Gameshow Host Alexis]: \nAlso [buzzer noise][Contestant Alexis]: \nZucchini??!![Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer noise]Nope, \n[Contestant Alexis sighs][Gameshow Host Alexis]: \nall fruits!Meanwhile, some of the things we call fruitsaren’t fruits at all!Like, the tasty part of the strawberry \nis actually the base of the flower,not the ovary.Strawberry fruits are technically the \nlittle nubbins that we would call seeds.[mind blown noise]And there is one food in particular \nthat has been the subject of thefruit/vegetable debate for centuries.And that’s gotta be the tomato, like Theo here.Let’s go to the Thought Bubble…The year was 1886.New York was a major port city,and wholesalers were starting \nto introduce the U.S. to fruitsand vegetables from other countries byshipping them across the ocean.But there was some controversy \nover shipping regulations.Whenever anyone imported vegetables,they had to pay a 10% tariff on them,while fruits didn’t have the same tax.So when a guy named John Nix \nreceived a shipment of tomatoesfrom the Caribbean and was forced \nto pay the vegetable tariff on it,he was not happy.He claimed that tomatoes weren’t vegetables—they were fruits, so he should get his money back.Theo was having…a bit of an identity crisis.By 1893, Nix’s case had gone all the way \nto the United States Supreme Court.During the trial, the witnesses—which were not bananas and \nbroccoli as you’d expect,but humans in the produce industry—debated multiple dictionary \ndefinitions of “fruit” and “vegetable.”Nobody asked the tomatoes \nwhat they thought of all this.Ultimately, the judge declared that despite \nany botanical similarities to fruits,tomatoes were vegetables because they were, quote:“…usually served at dinner in, with, or after the soup,fish, or meat…, and not, like \nfruits generally, as dessert.”And this remains true to this day in the U.S.Even though tomatoes are botanically fruits,they are legally vegetables.What can I say?People, like tomatoes, are messy.Thanks, Thought Bubble! \n[Audience applauds][Gameshow Host Alexis] And we’re back \nwith everyone’s favorite game show, Name a Berry.Where the game is… you get it.[Contestant Alexis]: \nBlackberries![Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer sound][Contestant Alexis]: \nRaspberries![Gameshow Host Alexis]:\nAdditional [buzzer sound][Contestant Alexis]: \nMulberries?![Gameshow Host Alexis makes a buzzer sound][Contestant Alexis]:\nI don't wanna play this game anymoreAccording to the botanical definition, \n[crash]a berry is a fleshy fruit that comes \nfrom a flower with a single ovary.In a nutshell,\n[ripping sound] owblueberries and cranberries are pretty \nmuch the only fruits with“berry” in their name that are actually berries.Meanwhile, tomatoes, avocados, bananas— yep, berries."
],
[
"Review",
"So now we have a pretty good feel for \nthe rulebook of botanical body-building—as in, forming bodies made \nof organs, not getting swole.Plants evolved different rules than we did,and through variation in just \na few different organ types,they’ve diversified into a magnificent kingdomfull of, as Charles Darwin put it, \n“endless forms most beautiful.”Botanists have deciphered these rules and translated \nthem into a precise and consistent language,one we’ll be exploring in future episodes.Sometimes that language is at odds with how we’re \nused to talking about plants in our everyday lives.But now you know that when the doctor \nrecommends 5 servings of fruits and veggies a day,you have a variety of plant organs to choose from.I say go wild and have plant organs \nfor breakfast, lunch, and dinner.[crunch]Next time,we’ll be zooming in on plant cells and hormones—the tiny structures and chemical signalsthat allow plants to do amazing things.Calling all inhabitants of Earth!There's a new series over on PBS Terra \nthat will make you think,\"Where would we be without women?\"Women of the Earth explores the resilient work of \nfemale land stewards across the countryand how they're leading the world \ntoward effective climate healing.You'll meet the powerful forces behind \nthe practices that are healing communitiesfrom climate changeand discover why women's contributions \nto our Earth are essential today.Check out the link in our description to watch it now!"
],
[
"Extra Credit",
"Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!What part of the plant is a Brussels sprout?Find the answer in the comments![Gameshow Host Alexis]:\nThanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Botanywhich was filmed at the Damir Ferizović Studio and made in partnership with PBS Digital Studios and Nature. If you want to help keep Crash \nCourse free for everyone, forever,you can join our community on Patreon.I don’t know what that is…"
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
NEW Crash Course Biology Series!
|
PWGBqskV1UQ
| 259 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "As the science of life, biology is about \neverything that lives, grows, poops, and dies.",
"timestamp": [
0,
6.456
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},
{
"text": "If you’re breathing right now—and I sure \nhope you are—that’s biology at work!",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "And it’s not just happening inside of you, but also \nabove you, below you, and all around you.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Basically, biology’s got you surrounded.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "It’s in the medicine you take when you’re sick\nand the vaccines that keep you from severe illness.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "It’s in your dog, selectively \nbred to be your best friend.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "It’s in your body’s 30 trillion cells, working hard behind the \nscenes as you belt out some Beyonce in the shower",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "[to the tune of Beyonce’s Halo] \n“I can see your Bio! Bio! Bio! Bioooo!”",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "And in the 40 trillion microbes treating your guts like an apartment complex as you digest last night’s pizza.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "It’s also in last night’s pizza.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "We owe the wonders of tomato, bread, and cheese \nto the power of soil, sun, and photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
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55.61
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},
{
"text": "Biology is behind the pineapple as well, though I’m \nnot sure who’s to blame for putting pineapple on pizza.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "And I know that this is like a big argument these days \nbut my hot take is: eh, it’s all right. No shade.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "So, really, biology is about everything alive \nand what makes life worth living.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Now I know some of you might be thinking: \n“Didn’t you already do a Biology series?”",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Yes, we did. And Hank’s goatee \nwon’t be back for this one.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "But we’re using everything that we’ve learned \nover the past decade of Crash Course",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "to make you an even better series. \nBiology 2.0, if you will. Extra-shiny.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Hi. I’m Dr. Sammy, your friendly neighborhood \nentomologist, and I’ll be your host.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "I’m the Endowed Professor of Entomology at \nthe University of Colorado Boulder, ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "where I study honey bees and teach about \nsymbiosis and science communication.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "My work focuses on how creatures form super \nclose, amazingly complex relationships,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "like the ones between pollinators and flowers \nthat are responsible for much of our food,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "or the parasites munching on the bees' liver \nthat threaten that intricate balance of pollination.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "We’ll talk about lots of fascinating stuff like this and more \nin this series: our NEW Crash Course Biology.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Or, head on over to Crash Course en Español to watch \nCrash Course Biología, hosted by Mini Contreras.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Over the next 50 episodes--wait, 50?!\nSo we're gonna...50 of 'em?",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "It's fine, we got this. We got this! \n50 episodes *clears throat*",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Over the next 50 episodes, we’ll find out \njust how connected life really is.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "We’ll zoom between itty-bitty cells \nand vast, global cycles.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "We’ll discover how species evolve, how genes work, \nand what the heck happens inside a cell anyway, ",
"timestamp": [
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163.357
]
},
{
"text": "and what sends nutrients ricocheting \nfrom soil to your stomach and back again.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "We’ll also take a look behind the science,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "through the stories of biologists – both past and present – that you might not have heard before. ",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Like, how Dr. Anurag Agrawal found out that chewed-up \nradish plants fight back against Very Hungry Caterpillars.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Or how Dr. Jane Cooke Wright proved that a \nchemotherapy drug still in use today could work,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "at a time when chemotherapy \nwas thought taboo or absurd.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "At the same time, we’ll see how biology can \nhelp us respond to our global challenges",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "like hunger, access to clean water, and climate change.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "We’ll find it’s not so easy to pin down exactly what life is.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "But that one little word–life–connects living, breathing you \nto every bug, bat, and barnacle that has ever, well, lived.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "So join me as we explore our place in a big, diverse \nfamily tree, about 4 billion years in the making.",
"timestamp": [
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219
]
},
{
"text": "I’m so excited to discover it with you.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "This series was produced \nin collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive.",
"timestamp": [
221.385,
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]
},
{
"text": "If you’re an educator, visit BioInteractive.org/CrashCourse",
"timestamp": [
226.077,
231.64
]
},
{
"text": "for classroom resources and professional development \nrelated to the topics covered in this course.",
"timestamp": [
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236.218
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Biology, which was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
236.897,
241.684
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
242.308,
248.451
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
What is Botany? Crash Course Botany #1
|
2th5lAd-77A
| 821 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: The World of Plant Drama",
"end_time": 106
},
{
"start_time": 106,
"title": "What Is Botany?",
"end_time": 219
},
{
"start_time": 219,
"title": "Plants Are Everywhere",
"end_time": 332
},
{
"start_time": 332,
"title": "Agriculture",
"end_time": 418
},
{
"start_time": 418,
"title": "Botanical Literacy",
"end_time": 588
},
{
"start_time": 588,
"title": "Plant Awareness Disparity",
"end_time": 737
},
{
"start_time": 737,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 821
}
] |
[
{
"text": "The world of plants may seem quiet and calm.",
"timestamp": [
0.18,
3.961
]
},
{
"text": "The world of plants may seem quiet and calm.",
"timestamp": [
0.18,
3.961
]
},
{
"text": "But you don’t need to go much farther \nthan your front door to find drama afoot.",
"timestamp": [
3.961,
9.763
]
},
{
"text": "But you don’t need to go much farther \nthan your front door to find drama afoot.",
"timestamp": [
3.961,
9.763
]
},
{
"text": "Like, that sweet, summery \nscent of freshly cut grass?",
"timestamp": [
9.763,
12.953
]
},
{
"text": "Like, that sweet, summery \nscent of freshly cut grass?",
"timestamp": [
9.763,
12.953
]
},
{
"text": "It’s actually the plant \nequivalent of a scream.",
"timestamp": [
12.953,
15.614
]
},
{
"text": "It’s actually the plant \nequivalent of a scream.",
"timestamp": [
12.953,
15.614
]
},
{
"text": "Through chemicals, grass is sounding \na warning call to nearby plants,",
"timestamp": [
15.614,
19.999
]
},
{
"text": "Through chemicals, grass is sounding \na warning call to nearby plants,",
"timestamp": [
15.614,
19.999
]
},
{
"text": "which start putting up their defensive dukes,",
"timestamp": [
19.999,
22.788
]
},
{
"text": "which start putting up their defensive dukes,",
"timestamp": [
19.999,
22.788
]
},
{
"text": "getting ready to protect themselves from damage.",
"timestamp": [
22.788,
25.107
]
},
{
"text": "getting ready to protect themselves from damage.",
"timestamp": [
22.788,
25.107
]
},
{
"text": "And plants are smart.",
"timestamp": [
25.107,
26.967
]
},
{
"text": "And plants are smart.",
"timestamp": [
25.107,
26.967
]
},
{
"text": "They can tell the difference \nbetween mechanical damage,",
"timestamp": [
26.967,
30.171
]
},
{
"text": "They can tell the difference \nbetween mechanical damage,",
"timestamp": [
26.967,
30.171
]
},
{
"text": "like that lawn mower,",
"timestamp": [
30.171,
31.876
]
},
{
"text": "like that lawn mower,",
"timestamp": [
30.171,
31.876
]
},
{
"text": "and being chomped by an insect.",
"timestamp": [
31.876,
35.272
]
},
{
"text": "and being chomped by an insect.",
"timestamp": [
31.876,
35.272
]
},
{
"text": "If bugs are attacking,",
"timestamp": [
35.272,
36.83
]
},
{
"text": "If bugs are attacking,",
"timestamp": [
35.272,
36.83
]
},
{
"text": "plants can release special chemicals \nthat yell to other bugs nearby,",
"timestamp": [
36.83,
41.415
]
},
{
"text": "plants can release special chemicals \nthat yell to other bugs nearby,",
"timestamp": [
36.83,
41.415
]
},
{
"text": "\"Please come eat whatever's eating me.”",
"timestamp": [
41.415,
44.387
]
},
{
"text": "\"Please come eat whatever's eating me.”",
"timestamp": [
41.415,
44.387
]
},
{
"text": "So your quiet, summer afternoon",
"timestamp": [
44.387,
46.937
]
},
{
"text": "So your quiet, summer afternoon",
"timestamp": [
44.387,
46.937
]
},
{
"text": "has just turned into a plant action movie,",
"timestamp": [
46.937,
50.144
]
},
{
"text": "has just turned into a plant action movie,",
"timestamp": [
46.937,
50.144
]
},
{
"text": "complete with elaborate fight sequences.",
"timestamp": [
50.144,
52.709
]
},
{
"text": "complete with elaborate fight sequences.",
"timestamp": [
50.144,
52.709
]
},
{
"text": "We humans think we’re such a big deal,",
"timestamp": [
52.709,
55.84
]
},
{
"text": "We humans think we’re such a big deal,",
"timestamp": [
52.709,
55.84
]
},
{
"text": "but if you squished up every living \nthing on the planet into one big ball,",
"timestamp": [
55.84,
60.249
]
},
{
"text": "but if you squished up every living \nthing on the planet into one big ball,",
"timestamp": [
55.84,
60.249
]
},
{
"text": "eighty percent of it would be plants,",
"timestamp": [
60.249,
62.361
]
},
{
"text": "eighty percent of it would be plants,",
"timestamp": [
60.249,
62.361
]
},
{
"text": "and less than one percent would be mammals.",
"timestamp": [
62.361,
65.944
]
},
{
"text": "and less than one percent would be mammals.",
"timestamp": [
62.361,
65.944
]
},
{
"text": "Some folks say we’re missing \nthe forest for the trees,",
"timestamp": [
65.944,
69.22
]
},
{
"text": "Some folks say we’re missing \nthe forest for the trees,",
"timestamp": [
65.944,
69.22
]
},
{
"text": "but we’re also missing the trees!",
"timestamp": [
69.22,
71.604
]
},
{
"text": "but we’re also missing the trees!",
"timestamp": [
69.22,
71.604
]
},
{
"text": "And the ferns, and the mosses,",
"timestamp": [
71.604,
73.845
]
},
{
"text": "And the ferns, and the mosses,",
"timestamp": [
71.604,
73.845
]
},
{
"text": "and the palms and the sedges.",
"timestamp": [
73.845,
76.453
]
},
{
"text": "and the palms and the sedges.",
"timestamp": [
73.845,
76.453
]
},
{
"text": "There’s a whole other world here,",
"timestamp": [
76.453,
79.552
]
},
{
"text": "There’s a whole other world here,",
"timestamp": [
76.453,
79.552
]
},
{
"text": "and it’s all around us.",
"timestamp": [
79.552,
81.052
]
},
{
"text": "and it’s all around us.",
"timestamp": [
79.552,
81.052
]
},
{
"text": "You see, plants aren’t \njust a bunch of wallflowers.",
"timestamp": [
81.052,
84.58
]
},
{
"text": "You see, plants aren’t \njust a bunch of wallflowers.",
"timestamp": [
81.052,
84.58
]
},
{
"text": "You just weren’t a part \nof their group chat yet.",
"timestamp": [
84.58,
87.519
]
},
{
"text": "You just weren’t a part \nof their group chat yet.",
"timestamp": [
84.58,
87.519
]
},
{
"text": "But that’s all about to change,",
"timestamp": [
87.519,
89.487
]
},
{
"text": "But that’s all about to change,",
"timestamp": [
87.519,
89.487
]
},
{
"text": "and they have so much dirt to dish out.",
"timestamp": [
89.487,
93.12
]
},
{
"text": "and they have so much dirt to dish out.",
"timestamp": [
89.487,
93.12
]
},
{
"text": "Hi! I'm Alexis, and this is \nCrash Course Botany.",
"timestamp": [
93.12,
97.201
]
},
{
"text": "Hi! I'm Alexis, and this is \nCrash Course Botany.",
"timestamp": [
93.12,
97.201
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
97.201,
104.292
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
97.201,
104.292
]
},
{
"text": "Botany is the scientific study of plants.",
"timestamp": [
106.809,
110.708
]
},
{
"text": "Botany is the scientific study of plants.",
"timestamp": [
106.809,
110.708
]
},
{
"text": "That includes the huge ones, like towering \n300-foot tall coastal redwood trees,",
"timestamp": [
110.708,
116.85
]
},
{
"text": "That includes the huge ones, like towering \n300-foot tall coastal redwood trees,",
"timestamp": [
110.708,
116.85
]
},
{
"text": "and the tiny ones, like Wolffia globosa:",
"timestamp": [
116.85,
120.569
]
},
{
"text": "and the tiny ones, like Wolffia globosa:",
"timestamp": [
116.85,
120.569
]
},
{
"text": "green globs the size of a candy sprinkle.",
"timestamp": [
120.569,
123.524
]
},
{
"text": "green globs the size of a candy sprinkle.",
"timestamp": [
120.569,
123.524
]
},
{
"text": "It includes the tasty plants, \nlike sweet corn and mangoes;",
"timestamp": [
123.524,
128.646
]
},
{
"text": "It includes the tasty plants, \nlike sweet corn and mangoes;",
"timestamp": [
123.524,
128.646
]
},
{
"text": "the super-stinky plants, \nlike the corpse flower;",
"timestamp": [
128.646,
132.016
]
},
{
"text": "the super-stinky plants, \nlike the corpse flower;",
"timestamp": [
128.646,
132.016
]
},
{
"text": "and the super-stinky and \ntasty plants, like the durian.",
"timestamp": [
132.016,
136.012
]
},
{
"text": "and the super-stinky and \ntasty plants, like the durian.",
"timestamp": [
132.016,
136.012
]
},
{
"text": "There are plants that look like brains,",
"timestamp": [
136.012,
138.968
]
},
{
"text": "There are plants that look like brains,",
"timestamp": [
136.012,
138.968
]
},
{
"text": "plants that look like rocks,",
"timestamp": [
138.968,
140.678
]
},
{
"text": "plants that look like rocks,",
"timestamp": [
138.968,
140.678
]
},
{
"text": "even plants that look like Demogorgons.",
"timestamp": [
140.678,
143.943
]
},
{
"text": "even plants that look like Demogorgons.",
"timestamp": [
140.678,
143.943
]
},
{
"text": "Botany is all about this kaleidoscope of plant life.",
"timestamp": [
143.943,
148.622
]
},
{
"text": "Botany is all about this kaleidoscope of plant life.",
"timestamp": [
143.943,
148.622
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the science of plants’ \nstructure and their function,",
"timestamp": [
148.622,
151.653
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the science of plants’ \nstructure and their function,",
"timestamp": [
148.622,
151.653
]
},
{
"text": "the way their parts work and \nhow their genetic traits pass on.",
"timestamp": [
151.653,
155.188
]
},
{
"text": "the way their parts work and \nhow their genetic traits pass on.",
"timestamp": [
151.653,
155.188
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s also about plants’ relationship \nto other living things, including us.",
"timestamp": [
155.188,
161.056
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s also about plants’ relationship \nto other living things, including us.",
"timestamp": [
155.188,
161.056
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s no overstatement to say our lives",
"timestamp": [
161.056,
163.786
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s no overstatement to say our lives",
"timestamp": [
161.056,
163.786
]
},
{
"text": "—and the lives of every other creature on Earth—",
"timestamp": [
163.786,
167.606
]
},
{
"text": "—and the lives of every other creature on Earth—",
"timestamp": [
163.786,
167.606
]
},
{
"text": "depend on plants.",
"timestamp": [
167.606,
170.502
]
},
{
"text": "depend on plants.",
"timestamp": [
167.606,
170.502
]
},
{
"text": "You’ve probably heard of photosynthesis,",
"timestamp": [
170.502,
172.493
]
},
{
"text": "You’ve probably heard of photosynthesis,",
"timestamp": [
170.502,
172.493
]
},
{
"text": "the chemical process that plants use to \nturn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide",
"timestamp": [
172.493,
178.118
]
},
{
"text": "the chemical process that plants use to \nturn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide",
"timestamp": [
172.493,
178.118
]
},
{
"text": "into energy for them to live on.",
"timestamp": [
178.118,
179.986
]
},
{
"text": "into energy for them to live on.",
"timestamp": [
178.118,
179.986
]
},
{
"text": "Well, the oxygen that comes out \nof that process is a byproduct,",
"timestamp": [
179.986,
184.392
]
},
{
"text": "Well, the oxygen that comes out \nof that process is a byproduct,",
"timestamp": [
179.986,
184.392
]
},
{
"text": "or something that’s made by \nthe nature of the process,",
"timestamp": [
184.392,
187.387
]
},
{
"text": "or something that’s made by \nthe nature of the process,",
"timestamp": [
184.392,
187.387
]
},
{
"text": "not on purpose.",
"timestamp": [
187.387,
189.24
]
},
{
"text": "not on purpose.",
"timestamp": [
187.387,
189.24
]
},
{
"text": "And that incidental byproduct just happens to be",
"timestamp": [
189.24,
194.78
]
},
{
"text": "And that incidental byproduct just happens to be",
"timestamp": [
189.24,
194.78
]
},
{
"text": "the thing we evolved to breathe.",
"timestamp": [
194.78,
197.514
]
},
{
"text": "the thing we evolved to breathe.",
"timestamp": [
194.78,
197.514
]
},
{
"text": "Which, when you stop to think \nabout it, is pretty amazing.",
"timestamp": [
197.514,
201.066
]
},
{
"text": "Which, when you stop to think \nabout it, is pretty amazing.",
"timestamp": [
197.514,
201.066
]
},
{
"text": "Plants also cycle water and \nnutrients that all living things need",
"timestamp": [
201.066,
205.854
]
},
{
"text": "Plants also cycle water and \nnutrients that all living things need",
"timestamp": [
201.066,
205.854
]
},
{
"text": "between the soil and the \natmosphere and back again.",
"timestamp": [
205.854,
209.34
]
},
{
"text": "between the soil and the \natmosphere and back again.",
"timestamp": [
205.854,
209.34
]
},
{
"text": "Even a single tree can be an \nall-in-one bed-and-breakfast",
"timestamp": [
209.34,
213.29
]
},
{
"text": "Even a single tree can be an \nall-in-one bed-and-breakfast",
"timestamp": [
209.34,
213.29
]
},
{
"text": "for dozens of organisms.",
"timestamp": [
213.29,
215.507
]
},
{
"text": "for dozens of organisms.",
"timestamp": [
213.29,
215.507
]
},
{
"text": "Like a fully alive combination \nAirbnb and Taco Bell.",
"timestamp": [
215.507,
219.559
]
},
{
"text": "Like a fully alive combination \nAirbnb and Taco Bell.",
"timestamp": [
215.507,
219.559
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, once you start noticing how deep this",
"timestamp": [
219.559,
223.955
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, once you start noticing how deep this",
"timestamp": [
219.559,
223.955
]
},
{
"text": "“plants are connected to everything” \nbusiness goes, it’s hard to stop.",
"timestamp": [
223.955,
228.463
]
},
{
"text": "“plants are connected to everything” \nbusiness goes, it’s hard to stop.",
"timestamp": [
223.955,
228.463
]
},
{
"text": "Plants are not just in your garden",
"timestamp": [
228.463,
231.072
]
},
{
"text": "Plants are not just in your garden",
"timestamp": [
228.463,
231.072
]
},
{
"text": "or your bathtub or the \nwoods behind your house.",
"timestamp": [
231.072,
234.501
]
},
{
"text": "or your bathtub or the \nwoods behind your house.",
"timestamp": [
231.072,
234.501
]
},
{
"text": "They’re in nearly everything.",
"timestamp": [
234.501,
236.62
]
},
{
"text": "They’re in nearly everything.",
"timestamp": [
234.501,
236.62
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s head to the Thought Bubble…",
"timestamp": [
236.62,
238.502
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s head to the Thought Bubble…",
"timestamp": [
236.62,
238.502
]
},
{
"text": "From the moment you wake up, \nyou’re already in touch with plants",
"timestamp": [
238.502,
242.426
]
},
{
"text": "From the moment you wake up, \nyou’re already in touch with plants",
"timestamp": [
238.502,
242.426
]
},
{
"text": "—because you spent all night wrapped \nup in sheets made of cotton fibers.",
"timestamp": [
242.426,
247.117
]
},
{
"text": "—because you spent all night wrapped \nup in sheets made of cotton fibers.",
"timestamp": [
242.426,
247.117
]
},
{
"text": "Stumble into the shower, \nand plants are there, too.",
"timestamp": [
247.117,
251.201
]
},
{
"text": "Stumble into the shower, \nand plants are there, too.",
"timestamp": [
247.117,
251.201
]
},
{
"text": "You grab a luffa, which is actually \na dried-out tropical gourd.",
"timestamp": [
251.201,
255.615
]
},
{
"text": "You grab a luffa, which is actually \na dried-out tropical gourd.",
"timestamp": [
251.201,
255.615
]
},
{
"text": "Give yourself a scrub and \nyou come out smelling like a rose",
"timestamp": [
255.615,
259.336
]
},
{
"text": "Give yourself a scrub and \nyou come out smelling like a rose",
"timestamp": [
255.615,
259.336
]
},
{
"text": "—because the oils in your \nsoap came from roses.",
"timestamp": [
259.336,
263.601
]
},
{
"text": "—because the oils in your \nsoap came from roses.",
"timestamp": [
259.336,
263.601
]
},
{
"text": "Your toothpaste contains cellulose gum,",
"timestamp": [
263.601,
266.742
]
},
{
"text": "Your toothpaste contains cellulose gum,",
"timestamp": [
263.601,
266.742
]
},
{
"text": "the same stuff that plants’ \ncell walls are made of.",
"timestamp": [
266.742,
269.451
]
},
{
"text": "the same stuff that plants’ \ncell walls are made of.",
"timestamp": [
266.742,
269.451
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s spiced with a little \nflavor from a mint plant.",
"timestamp": [
269.451,
273.362
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s spiced with a little \nflavor from a mint plant.",
"timestamp": [
269.451,
273.362
]
},
{
"text": "Your floss glides against your gums \nwith the help of carnauba wax,",
"timestamp": [
273.362,
278.218
]
},
{
"text": "Your floss glides against your gums \nwith the help of carnauba wax,",
"timestamp": [
273.362,
278.218
]
},
{
"text": "which comes \nfrom palm tree leaves.",
"timestamp": [
278.218,
280.7
]
},
{
"text": "which comes \nfrom palm tree leaves.",
"timestamp": [
278.218,
280.7
]
},
{
"text": "And when you spot a little \nvolcano erupting on your chin,",
"timestamp": [
280.7,
284.818
]
},
{
"text": "And when you spot a little \nvolcano erupting on your chin,",
"timestamp": [
280.7,
284.818
]
},
{
"text": "you dab on some acne medication.",
"timestamp": [
284.818,
286.843
]
},
{
"text": "you dab on some acne medication.",
"timestamp": [
284.818,
286.843
]
},
{
"text": "It’ll work its magic thanks to \noil from the Australian tea tree.",
"timestamp": [
286.843,
290.605
]
},
{
"text": "It’ll work its magic thanks to \noil from the Australian tea tree.",
"timestamp": [
286.843,
290.605
]
},
{
"text": "You’re running late by now, but there’s \nstill time to get some breakfast.",
"timestamp": [
290.605,
294.774
]
},
{
"text": "You’re running late by now, but there’s \nstill time to get some breakfast.",
"timestamp": [
290.605,
294.774
]
},
{
"text": "The kitchen smells like freshly-brewed coffee,",
"timestamp": [
294.774,
298.288
]
},
{
"text": "The kitchen smells like freshly-brewed coffee,",
"timestamp": [
294.774,
298.288
]
},
{
"text": "made from beans of the Coffea plant,",
"timestamp": [
298.288,
301.177
]
},
{
"text": "made from beans of the Coffea plant,",
"timestamp": [
298.288,
301.177
]
},
{
"text": "and you grab some avocado toast",
"timestamp": [
301.177,
303.496
]
},
{
"text": "and you grab some avocado toast",
"timestamp": [
301.177,
303.496
]
},
{
"text": "—a combo of wheat grown to be pest-resistant,",
"timestamp": [
303.496,
306.434
]
},
{
"text": "—a combo of wheat grown to be pest-resistant,",
"timestamp": [
303.496,
306.434
]
},
{
"text": "spread with the insides of a big, green, buttery berry.",
"timestamp": [
306.434,
311.014
]
},
{
"text": "spread with the insides of a big, green, buttery berry.",
"timestamp": [
306.434,
311.014
]
},
{
"text": "Triple-threat that you are,",
"timestamp": [
311.014,
312.577
]
},
{
"text": "Triple-threat that you are,",
"timestamp": [
311.014,
312.577
]
},
{
"text": "you grab your baseball bat \n(made from a maple tree),",
"timestamp": [
312.577,
316.092
]
},
{
"text": "you grab your baseball bat \n(made from a maple tree),",
"timestamp": [
312.577,
316.092
]
},
{
"text": "your clarinet \n(made from an African blackwood tree),",
"timestamp": [
316.092,
320.277
]
},
{
"text": "your clarinet \n(made from an African blackwood tree),",
"timestamp": [
316.092,
320.277
]
},
{
"text": "and your lines for the play \n(printed on paper from a pine tree).",
"timestamp": [
320.277,
325.175
]
},
{
"text": "and your lines for the play \n(printed on paper from a pine tree).",
"timestamp": [
320.277,
325.175
]
},
{
"text": "And don’t forget to dodge \nfalling acorns on the way out.",
"timestamp": [
325.175,
328.162
]
},
{
"text": "And don’t forget to dodge \nfalling acorns on the way out.",
"timestamp": [
325.175,
328.162
]
},
{
"text": "This is a plant’s world; \nyou’re just living in it.",
"timestamp": [
328.162,
332.054
]
},
{
"text": "This is a plant’s world; \nyou’re just living in it.",
"timestamp": [
328.162,
332.054
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
332.054,
333.661
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
332.054,
333.661
]
},
{
"text": "For most of humans’ time on Earth,",
"timestamp": [
333.661,
335.358
]
},
{
"text": "For most of humans’ time on Earth,",
"timestamp": [
333.661,
335.358
]
},
{
"text": "we gathered plants from the wild.",
"timestamp": [
335.358,
337.535
]
},
{
"text": "we gathered plants from the wild.",
"timestamp": [
335.358,
337.535
]
},
{
"text": "See a berry, eat a berry.",
"timestamp": [
337.535,
339.378
]
},
{
"text": "See a berry, eat a berry.",
"timestamp": [
337.535,
339.378
]
},
{
"text": "Find some tubers, \nshare ‘em with your friends.",
"timestamp": [
339.378,
342.44
]
},
{
"text": "Find some tubers, \nshare ‘em with your friends.",
"timestamp": [
339.378,
342.44
]
},
{
"text": "But around ten thousand years ago,",
"timestamp": [
342.44,
343.981
]
},
{
"text": "But around ten thousand years ago,",
"timestamp": [
342.44,
343.981
]
},
{
"text": "some of us struck up a deal with plants:",
"timestamp": [
343.981,
346.936
]
},
{
"text": "some of us struck up a deal with plants:",
"timestamp": [
343.981,
346.936
]
},
{
"text": "“Hey, we’ll stash your seeds \nand help you grow on purpose.",
"timestamp": [
346.936,
351.711
]
},
{
"text": "“Hey, we’ll stash your seeds \nand help you grow on purpose.",
"timestamp": [
346.936,
351.711
]
},
{
"text": "In return, give us food \nwe don’t have to wander for.”",
"timestamp": [
351.711,
355.522
]
},
{
"text": "In return, give us food \nwe don’t have to wander for.”",
"timestamp": [
351.711,
355.522
]
},
{
"text": "This alliance with plants was a \nhistory-bending, society-shaping big deal.",
"timestamp": [
355.522,
361.874
]
},
{
"text": "This alliance with plants was a \nhistory-bending, society-shaping big deal.",
"timestamp": [
355.522,
361.874
]
},
{
"text": "It changed how people \nrelated to food and to each other,",
"timestamp": [
361.874,
365.961
]
},
{
"text": "It changed how people \nrelated to food and to each other,",
"timestamp": [
361.874,
365.961
]
},
{
"text": "turning some people into farmers \nand some plants into crops.",
"timestamp": [
365.961,
370.116
]
},
{
"text": "turning some people into farmers \nand some plants into crops.",
"timestamp": [
365.961,
370.116
]
},
{
"text": "Which, in the case of teosinte’s \ntransformation into corn,",
"timestamp": [
370.116,
373.932
]
},
{
"text": "Which, in the case of teosinte’s \ntransformation into corn,",
"timestamp": [
370.116,
373.932
]
},
{
"text": "was a major makeover.",
"timestamp": [
373.932,
376.084
]
},
{
"text": "was a major makeover.",
"timestamp": [
373.932,
376.084
]
},
{
"text": "We call it the Neolithic Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
376.084,
379.167
]
},
{
"text": "We call it the Neolithic Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
376.084,
379.167
]
},
{
"text": "Agriculture turned small, \nmobile groups of people",
"timestamp": [
379.167,
382.413
]
},
{
"text": "Agriculture turned small, \nmobile groups of people",
"timestamp": [
379.167,
382.413
]
},
{
"text": "into big, permanent settlements,",
"timestamp": [
382.413,
384.437
]
},
{
"text": "into big, permanent settlements,",
"timestamp": [
382.413,
384.437
]
},
{
"text": "where more food was grown, \nsupporting more people.",
"timestamp": [
384.437,
387.633
]
},
{
"text": "where more food was grown, \nsupporting more people.",
"timestamp": [
384.437,
387.633
]
},
{
"text": "Soon those people started splitting up work,",
"timestamp": [
387.633,
390.201
]
},
{
"text": "Soon those people started splitting up work,",
"timestamp": [
387.633,
390.201
]
},
{
"text": "so only some people were in \ncharge of growing food while",
"timestamp": [
390.201,
393.874
]
},
{
"text": "so only some people were in \ncharge of growing food while",
"timestamp": [
390.201,
393.874
]
},
{
"text": "others became shopkeepers, \nrestaurateurs, and YouTubers.",
"timestamp": [
393.874,
400.123
]
},
{
"text": "others became shopkeepers, \nrestaurateurs, and YouTubers.",
"timestamp": [
393.874,
400.123
]
},
{
"text": "And, over time, this allowed human \npopulations to grow dramatically.",
"timestamp": [
400.123,
405.218
]
},
{
"text": "And, over time, this allowed human \npopulations to grow dramatically.",
"timestamp": [
400.123,
405.218
]
},
{
"text": "Eventually, thanks to the powers of \nagriculture and transportation combined,",
"timestamp": [
405.218,
409.895
]
},
{
"text": "Eventually, thanks to the powers of \nagriculture and transportation combined,",
"timestamp": [
405.218,
409.895
]
},
{
"text": "people could choose to live \nin cities or rural areas, because",
"timestamp": [
409.895,
413.737
]
},
{
"text": "people could choose to live \nin cities or rural areas, because",
"timestamp": [
409.895,
413.737
]
},
{
"text": "foods could be predictably \nproduced and moved to people,",
"timestamp": [
413.737,
416.77
]
},
{
"text": "foods could be predictably \nproduced and moved to people,",
"timestamp": [
413.737,
416.77
]
},
{
"text": "instead of people moving to them.",
"timestamp": [
416.77,
418.637
]
},
{
"text": "instead of people moving to them.",
"timestamp": [
416.77,
418.637
]
},
{
"text": "So agriculture is a big part \nof the plant-and-people story.",
"timestamp": [
418.637,
423.036
]
},
{
"text": "So agriculture is a big part \nof the plant-and-people story.",
"timestamp": [
418.637,
423.036
]
},
{
"text": "But there are lots of other \nways we’ve used plants:",
"timestamp": [
423.036,
425.926
]
},
{
"text": "But there are lots of other \nways we’ve used plants:",
"timestamp": [
423.036,
425.926
]
},
{
"text": "as medicines and poisons,",
"timestamp": [
425.926,
429.058
]
},
{
"text": "as medicines and poisons,",
"timestamp": [
425.926,
429.058
]
},
{
"text": "in our clothes and shelter. ",
"timestamp": [
429.058,
431.299
]
},
{
"text": "in our clothes and shelter. ",
"timestamp": [
429.058,
431.299
]
},
{
"text": "And the big field of botany is shaped by \ndiverse ways of relating to and knowing plants.",
"timestamp": [
431.299,
438.835
]
},
{
"text": "And the big field of botany is shaped by \ndiverse ways of relating to and knowing plants.",
"timestamp": [
431.299,
438.835
]
},
{
"text": "Like, all over the world,",
"timestamp": [
438.835,
440.205
]
},
{
"text": "Like, all over the world,",
"timestamp": [
438.835,
440.205
]
},
{
"text": "Indigenous Peoples have passed on \ngenerational knowledge of plants local to them.",
"timestamp": [
440.205,
445
]
},
{
"text": "Indigenous Peoples have passed on \ngenerational knowledge of plants local to them.",
"timestamp": [
440.205,
445
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the Hidatsa \ngardener Maxi’diwiac,",
"timestamp": [
445,
447.96
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the Hidatsa \ngardener Maxi’diwiac,",
"timestamp": [
445,
447.96
]
},
{
"text": "also known as Buffalo Bird Woman, \nhelped record her tribe’s ways of growing corn,",
"timestamp": [
447.96,
452.768
]
},
{
"text": "also known as Buffalo Bird Woman, \nhelped record her tribe’s ways of growing corn,",
"timestamp": [
447.96,
452.768
]
},
{
"text": "squash, beans, and \nsunflowers in the early 1900s—",
"timestamp": [
452.768,
457.194
]
},
{
"text": "squash, beans, and \nsunflowers in the early 1900s—",
"timestamp": [
452.768,
457.194
]
},
{
"text": "using practices gardeners still follow today.",
"timestamp": [
457.194,
460.266
]
},
{
"text": "using practices gardeners still follow today.",
"timestamp": [
457.194,
460.266
]
},
{
"text": "Botany has also been shaped by the knowledge \nof enslaved people throughout history,",
"timestamp": [
460.266,
464.804
]
},
{
"text": "Botany has also been shaped by the knowledge \nof enslaved people throughout history,",
"timestamp": [
460.266,
464.804
]
},
{
"text": "like Edmond Albius.",
"timestamp": [
464.804,
466.613
]
},
{
"text": "like Edmond Albius.",
"timestamp": [
464.804,
466.613
]
},
{
"text": "In the 1840s, when Albius \nwas only twelve years old",
"timestamp": [
466.613,
470.689
]
},
{
"text": "In the 1840s, when Albius \nwas only twelve years old",
"timestamp": [
466.613,
470.689
]
},
{
"text": "and enslaved on the island of Réunion,",
"timestamp": [
470.689,
472.889
]
},
{
"text": "and enslaved on the island of Réunion,",
"timestamp": [
470.689,
472.889
]
},
{
"text": "he invented a way of pollinating \nvanilla plants by hand,",
"timestamp": [
472.889,
477.046
]
},
{
"text": "he invented a way of pollinating \nvanilla plants by hand,",
"timestamp": [
472.889,
477.046
]
},
{
"text": "making it possible to grow them profitably.",
"timestamp": [
477.046,
479.574
]
},
{
"text": "making it possible to grow them profitably.",
"timestamp": [
477.046,
479.574
]
},
{
"text": "Albius was freed a few years later, \nwhen slavery was abolished on the island.",
"timestamp": [
479.574,
483.941
]
},
{
"text": "Albius was freed a few years later, \nwhen slavery was abolished on the island.",
"timestamp": [
479.574,
483.941
]
},
{
"text": "To this day, vanilla growers \nstill use his techniques.",
"timestamp": [
483.941,
488.601
]
},
{
"text": "To this day, vanilla growers \nstill use his techniques.",
"timestamp": [
483.941,
488.601
]
},
{
"text": "People like Maxi’diwiac and Albius\n had a secret weapon in their arsenal:",
"timestamp": [
488.601,
493.344
]
},
{
"text": "People like Maxi’diwiac and Albius\n had a secret weapon in their arsenal:",
"timestamp": [
488.601,
493.344
]
},
{
"text": "close observation and knowledge of plants.",
"timestamp": [
493.344,
497.324
]
},
{
"text": "close observation and knowledge of plants.",
"timestamp": [
493.344,
497.324
]
},
{
"text": "And anyone can develop it, \nin the form of botanical literacy.",
"timestamp": [
497.324,
502.043
]
},
{
"text": "And anyone can develop it, \nin the form of botanical literacy.",
"timestamp": [
497.324,
502.043
]
},
{
"text": "That’s information that helps you \nread the language of the plant world",
"timestamp": [
502.043,
506.04
]
},
{
"text": "That’s information that helps you \nread the language of the plant world",
"timestamp": [
502.043,
506.04
]
},
{
"text": "and understand the science surrounding it.",
"timestamp": [
506.04,
509.017
]
},
{
"text": "and understand the science surrounding it.",
"timestamp": [
506.04,
509.017
]
},
{
"text": "Like, remember when I said plants \nuse sunlight for photosynthesis?",
"timestamp": [
509.017,
512.938
]
},
{
"text": "Like, remember when I said plants \nuse sunlight for photosynthesis?",
"timestamp": [
509.017,
512.938
]
},
{
"text": "Well, the leaves of “living stone” plants \nfound mostly in hot, dry areas of Africa,",
"timestamp": [
512.938,
519.01
]
},
{
"text": "Well, the leaves of “living stone” plants \nfound mostly in hot, dry areas of Africa,",
"timestamp": [
512.938,
519.01
]
},
{
"text": "act like fiber optic cables—\nthey bring sunlight underground",
"timestamp": [
519.01,
523.85
]
},
{
"text": "act like fiber optic cables—\nthey bring sunlight underground",
"timestamp": [
519.01,
523.85
]
},
{
"text": "so that the plant can perform \nphotosynthesis where it's cooler.",
"timestamp": [
523.85,
527.908
]
},
{
"text": "so that the plant can perform \nphotosynthesis where it's cooler.",
"timestamp": [
523.85,
527.908
]
},
{
"text": "Or another thing speaking the \nlanguage of plants lets you in on:",
"timestamp": [
527.908,
531.289
]
},
{
"text": "Or another thing speaking the \nlanguage of plants lets you in on:",
"timestamp": [
527.908,
531.289
]
},
{
"text": "some orchids can produce bee-shaped flowers—",
"timestamp": [
531.289,
535.107
]
},
{
"text": "some orchids can produce bee-shaped flowers—",
"timestamp": [
531.289,
535.107
]
},
{
"text": "which fake bees out so that they’ll pollinate \nwhat they think are potential mates.",
"timestamp": [
535.107,
540.85
]
},
{
"text": "which fake bees out so that they’ll pollinate \nwhat they think are potential mates.",
"timestamp": [
535.107,
540.85
]
},
{
"text": "With botanical literacy, you can also give \nan appropriate amount of side-eye",
"timestamp": [
540.85,
546.004
]
},
{
"text": "With botanical literacy, you can also give \nan appropriate amount of side-eye",
"timestamp": [
540.85,
546.004
]
},
{
"text": "to a package of Himalayan salt that’s \nlabeled “not genetically modified.”",
"timestamp": [
546.004,
550.598
]
},
{
"text": "to a package of Himalayan salt that’s \nlabeled “not genetically modified.”",
"timestamp": [
546.004,
550.598
]
},
{
"text": "Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs,",
"timestamp": [
550.598,
553.814
]
},
{
"text": "Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs,",
"timestamp": [
550.598,
553.814
]
},
{
"text": "are living things with genes that have \nbeen altered in ways that don’t happen in nature.",
"timestamp": [
553.814,
559.66
]
},
{
"text": "are living things with genes that have \nbeen altered in ways that don’t happen in nature.",
"timestamp": [
553.814,
559.66
]
},
{
"text": "Like, scientists have created \ninsect-resistant GMO crops",
"timestamp": [
559.66,
563.317
]
},
{
"text": "Like, scientists have created \ninsect-resistant GMO crops",
"timestamp": [
559.66,
563.317
]
},
{
"text": "by giving them genes from soil bacteria",
"timestamp": [
563.317,
566.2
]
},
{
"text": "by giving them genes from soil bacteria",
"timestamp": [
563.317,
566.2
]
},
{
"text": "— genes they wouldn’t be able to obtain \njust by breeding with other plants.",
"timestamp": [
566.2,
570.188
]
},
{
"text": "— genes they wouldn’t be able to obtain \njust by breeding with other plants.",
"timestamp": [
566.2,
570.188
]
},
{
"text": "So that non-GMO salt label",
"timestamp": [
570.188,
574.933
]
},
{
"text": "So that non-GMO salt label",
"timestamp": [
570.188,
574.933
]
},
{
"text": "…doesn’t make sense.",
"timestamp": [
574.933,
577.545
]
},
{
"text": "…doesn’t make sense.",
"timestamp": [
574.933,
577.545
]
},
{
"text": "Because salt is a mineral, \nnot a plant or an animal,",
"timestamp": [
577.545,
582.305
]
},
{
"text": "Because salt is a mineral, \nnot a plant or an animal,",
"timestamp": [
577.545,
582.305
]
},
{
"text": "and has no genes to modify to begin with.",
"timestamp": [
582.305,
585.649
]
},
{
"text": "and has no genes to modify to begin with.",
"timestamp": [
582.305,
585.649
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll be getting more into GMOs in a later episode.",
"timestamp": [
585.649,
588.669
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll be getting more into GMOs in a later episode.",
"timestamp": [
585.649,
588.669
]
},
{
"text": "The point is: botany is about \nmuch more than knowing your",
"timestamp": [
588.669,
592.84
]
},
{
"text": "The point is: botany is about \nmuch more than knowing your",
"timestamp": [
588.669,
592.84
]
},
{
"text": "begonias from your bougainvilleas.",
"timestamp": [
592.84,
595.51
]
},
{
"text": "begonias from your bougainvilleas.",
"timestamp": [
592.84,
595.51
]
},
{
"text": "Although that part can be fun, too.",
"timestamp": [
595.51,
598.573
]
},
{
"text": "Although that part can be fun, too.",
"timestamp": [
595.51,
598.573
]
},
{
"text": "But if you’ve never really noticed \nplants before, you’re not alone. ",
"timestamp": [
598.573,
603.138
]
},
{
"text": "But if you’ve never really noticed \nplants before, you’re not alone. ",
"timestamp": [
598.573,
603.138
]
},
{
"text": "[TV static]\nDo plants just fade into the background for you?",
"timestamp": [
603.138,
605.785
]
},
{
"text": "[TV static]\nDo plants just fade into the background for you?",
"timestamp": [
603.138,
605.785
]
},
{
"text": "Because they’re mostly green,",
"timestamp": [
605.785,
607.069
]
},
{
"text": "Because they’re mostly green,",
"timestamp": [
605.785,
607.069
]
},
{
"text": "do you tend to lump their features \ntogether into a solid wall of color?",
"timestamp": [
607.069,
610.718
]
},
{
"text": "do you tend to lump their features \ntogether into a solid wall of color?",
"timestamp": [
607.069,
610.718
]
},
{
"text": "Are you, like other humans, drawn to \nthings that move and look like you?",
"timestamp": [
610.718,
614.62
]
},
{
"text": "Are you, like other humans, drawn to \nthings that move and look like you?",
"timestamp": [
610.718,
614.62
]
},
{
"text": "Well, you might just have plant awareness disparity.",
"timestamp": [
614.62,
617.839
]
},
{
"text": "Well, you might just have plant awareness disparity.",
"timestamp": [
614.62,
617.839
]
},
{
"text": "The cure is watching Crash Course Botany.",
"timestamp": [
617.839,
620.866
]
},
{
"text": "The cure is watching Crash Course Botany.",
"timestamp": [
617.839,
620.866
]
},
{
"text": "So, yeah, plants are like…\nthe elephant in the room.",
"timestamp": [
620.866,
625.889
]
},
{
"text": "So, yeah, plants are like…\nthe elephant in the room.",
"timestamp": [
620.866,
625.889
]
},
{
"text": "Even that phrase doesn’t reference plants.",
"timestamp": [
625.889,
629.609
]
},
{
"text": "Even that phrase doesn’t reference plants.",
"timestamp": [
625.889,
629.609
]
},
{
"text": "Can we coin a new version?",
"timestamp": [
629.609,
632.34
]
},
{
"text": "Can we coin a new version?",
"timestamp": [
629.609,
632.34
]
},
{
"text": "When something’s like right in front of \nyou, but no one’s talking about it,",
"timestamp": [
632.34,
636.558
]
},
{
"text": "When something’s like right in front of \nyou, but no one’s talking about it,",
"timestamp": [
632.34,
636.558
]
},
{
"text": "let’s call it “the bamboo in the room.”",
"timestamp": [
636.558,
639.15
]
},
{
"text": "let’s call it “the bamboo in the room.”",
"timestamp": [
636.558,
639.15
]
},
{
"text": "“The tomato in the room?”",
"timestamp": [
640.372,
642.006
]
},
{
"text": "“The tomato in the room?”",
"timestamp": [
640.372,
642.006
]
},
{
"text": "“The giant redwood in the room.”",
"timestamp": [
642.754,
644.452
]
},
{
"text": "“The giant redwood in the room.”",
"timestamp": [
642.754,
644.452
]
},
{
"text": "Because when we don’t take \nheed of the bustling community",
"timestamp": [
645,
649.522
]
},
{
"text": "Because when we don’t take \nheed of the bustling community",
"timestamp": [
645,
649.522
]
},
{
"text": "of shoots, vines, and leaves around us,",
"timestamp": [
649.522,
652.507
]
},
{
"text": "of shoots, vines, and leaves around us,",
"timestamp": [
649.522,
652.507
]
},
{
"text": "we allow sneaky false \nassumptions to take root instead.",
"timestamp": [
652.507,
656.202
]
},
{
"text": "we allow sneaky false \nassumptions to take root instead.",
"timestamp": [
652.507,
656.202
]
},
{
"text": "We start to think things like, \n“Plants don’t do anything,”",
"timestamp": [
656.202,
659.739
]
},
{
"text": "We start to think things like, \n“Plants don’t do anything,”",
"timestamp": [
656.202,
659.739
]
},
{
"text": "or “Humans are running this show.”",
"timestamp": [
659.739,
662.527
]
},
{
"text": "or “Humans are running this show.”",
"timestamp": [
659.739,
662.527
]
},
{
"text": "But if you’ve ever broken out in welts \nfrom brushing against poison ivy,",
"timestamp": [
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666.857
]
},
{
"text": "But if you’ve ever broken out in welts \nfrom brushing against poison ivy,",
"timestamp": [
662.527,
666.857
]
},
{
"text": "or seen a telephone pole \nswallowed up by a Kudzu vine,",
"timestamp": [
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670.985
]
},
{
"text": "or seen a telephone pole \nswallowed up by a Kudzu vine,",
"timestamp": [
666.857,
670.985
]
},
{
"text": "well, you know plants do things.",
"timestamp": [
670.985,
674.762
]
},
{
"text": "well, you know plants do things.",
"timestamp": [
670.985,
674.762
]
},
{
"text": "And we’re not as in control as we think.",
"timestamp": [
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678.236
]
},
{
"text": "And we’re not as in control as we think.",
"timestamp": [
674.762,
678.236
]
},
{
"text": "The truth is, plants do perceive and \nreact to the world around them",
"timestamp": [
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682.496
]
},
{
"text": "The truth is, plants do perceive and \nreact to the world around them",
"timestamp": [
678.236,
682.496
]
},
{
"text": "—just not in the ways people do.",
"timestamp": [
682.496,
685.231
]
},
{
"text": "—just not in the ways people do.",
"timestamp": [
682.496,
685.231
]
},
{
"text": "They have their own ways of \ncommunicating and sensing information,",
"timestamp": [
685.231,
689.198
]
},
{
"text": "They have their own ways of \ncommunicating and sensing information,",
"timestamp": [
685.231,
689.198
]
},
{
"text": "which botany can help us \ntune into and understand.",
"timestamp": [
689.198,
692.318
]
},
{
"text": "which botany can help us \ntune into and understand.",
"timestamp": [
689.198,
692.318
]
},
{
"text": "Like, plants can’t move when a threat is around.",
"timestamp": [
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696.312
]
},
{
"text": "Like, plants can’t move when a threat is around.",
"timestamp": [
692.318,
696.312
]
},
{
"text": "But they can share information \nabout incoming danger.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "But they can share information \nabout incoming danger.",
"timestamp": [
696.312,
700.703
]
},
{
"text": "When a plant isn’t getting enough to drink, for example,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "When a plant isn’t getting enough to drink, for example,",
"timestamp": [
700.703,
703.217
]
},
{
"text": "tiny openings on its leaves called stomata \nstart to close up to conserve water.",
"timestamp": [
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708.158
]
},
{
"text": "tiny openings on its leaves called stomata \nstart to close up to conserve water.",
"timestamp": [
703.217,
708.158
]
},
{
"text": "Signals about their stressed state can pass \nto any neighboring plants that touch roots,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Signals about their stressed state can pass \nto any neighboring plants that touch roots,",
"timestamp": [
708.158,
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]
},
{
"text": "so those plants know to prepare for \ndrought by closing their stomata, too.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "so those plants know to prepare for \ndrought by closing their stomata, too.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Botanists only recently learned",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Botanists only recently learned",
"timestamp": [
718.136,
720.15
]
},
{
"text": "—and are still learning—",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "—and are still learning—",
"timestamp": [
720.15,
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]
},
{
"text": "about how roots allow plant \ncommunication to happen",
"timestamp": [
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725.258
]
},
{
"text": "about how roots allow plant \ncommunication to happen",
"timestamp": [
721.806,
725.258
]
},
{
"text": "just beyond our perception.",
"timestamp": [
725.258,
727.647
]
},
{
"text": "just beyond our perception.",
"timestamp": [
725.258,
727.647
]
},
{
"text": "So if you haven’t thought much about plants yet,",
"timestamp": [
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729.971
]
},
{
"text": "So if you haven’t thought much about plants yet,",
"timestamp": [
727.647,
729.971
]
},
{
"text": "there’s still time.",
"timestamp": [
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731.327
]
},
{
"text": "there’s still time.",
"timestamp": [
729.971,
731.327
]
},
{
"text": "They’re waiting for you.",
"timestamp": [
731.327,
732.879
]
},
{
"text": "They’re waiting for you.",
"timestamp": [
731.327,
732.879
]
},
{
"text": "And possibly gossiping about you.",
"timestamp": [
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735.262
]
},
{
"text": "And possibly gossiping about you.",
"timestamp": [
732.879,
735.262
]
},
{
"text": "To find out, you need to get in the group chat.",
"timestamp": [
735.262,
737.823
]
},
{
"text": "To find out, you need to get in the group chat.",
"timestamp": [
735.262,
737.823
]
},
{
"text": "It can be easy not to pay plants \nmuch notice in everyday life.",
"timestamp": [
737.823,
741.746
]
},
{
"text": "It can be easy not to pay plants \nmuch notice in everyday life.",
"timestamp": [
737.823,
741.746
]
},
{
"text": "But you’re connected to them all the same.",
"timestamp": [
741.746,
744.558
]
},
{
"text": "But you’re connected to them all the same.",
"timestamp": [
741.746,
744.558
]
},
{
"text": "Without plants, you wouldn’t \njust not have hot cocoa or chalupas—",
"timestamp": [
744.558,
749.649
]
},
{
"text": "Without plants, you wouldn’t \njust not have hot cocoa or chalupas—",
"timestamp": [
744.558,
749.649
]
},
{
"text": "you wouldn’t be alive.",
"timestamp": [
749.649,
752.095
]
},
{
"text": "you wouldn’t be alive.",
"timestamp": [
749.649,
752.095
]
},
{
"text": "None of us would be.",
"timestamp": [
752.095,
753.342
]
},
{
"text": "None of us would be.",
"timestamp": [
752.095,
753.342
]
},
{
"text": "And there’s much to be gained by \nturning your attention to plants.",
"timestamp": [
753.342,
757.43
]
},
{
"text": "And there’s much to be gained by \nturning your attention to plants.",
"timestamp": [
753.342,
757.43
]
},
{
"text": "Plants shelter us, clothe us, \nmedicate us, feed us, and oxygenate us.",
"timestamp": [
757.43,
763.666
]
},
{
"text": "Plants shelter us, clothe us, \nmedicate us, feed us, and oxygenate us.",
"timestamp": [
757.43,
763.666
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve structured our \ncivilizations around them,",
"timestamp": [
763.666,
765.986
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve structured our \ncivilizations around them,",
"timestamp": [
763.666,
765.986
]
},
{
"text": "and they, in turn, make life possible \nfor us and other organisms.",
"timestamp": [
765.986,
770.087
]
},
{
"text": "and they, in turn, make life possible \nfor us and other organisms.",
"timestamp": [
765.986,
770.087
]
},
{
"text": "By studying plants, we can understand \nforces that shape our lives—",
"timestamp": [
770.087,
775.191
]
},
{
"text": "By studying plants, we can understand \nforces that shape our lives—",
"timestamp": [
770.087,
775.191
]
},
{
"text": "and tune into the quiet communication \nthat’s happening all around us.",
"timestamp": [
775.191,
780.537
]
},
{
"text": "and tune into the quiet communication \nthat’s happening all around us.",
"timestamp": [
775.191,
780.537
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start learning some of plants’ secrets.",
"timestamp": [
780.537,
784.996
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start learning some of plants’ secrets.",
"timestamp": [
780.537,
784.996
]
},
{
"text": "Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!",
"timestamp": [
784.996,
787.591
]
},
{
"text": "Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!",
"timestamp": [
784.996,
787.591
]
},
{
"text": "Chewing gum was first invented using chicle,",
"timestamp": [
787.591,
791.025
]
},
{
"text": "Chewing gum was first invented using chicle,",
"timestamp": [
787.591,
791.025
]
},
{
"text": "a substance that comes from what kind of tree?",
"timestamp": [
791.025,
794.88
]
},
{
"text": "a substance that comes from what kind of tree?",
"timestamp": [
791.025,
794.88
]
},
{
"text": "If you head down to the comments ASAP, \nI’m sure you’ll find the answer! ",
"timestamp": [
795.78,
800.913
]
},
{
"text": "If you head down to the comments ASAP, \nI’m sure you’ll find the answer! ",
"timestamp": [
795.78,
800.913
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of \nCrash Course Botany",
"timestamp": [
800.913,
803.998
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of \nCrash Course Botany",
"timestamp": [
800.913,
803.998
]
},
{
"text": "which was filmed at the \nDamir Ferizović Studio",
"timestamp": [
803.998,
806.52
]
},
{
"text": "which was filmed at the \nDamir Ferizović Studio",
"timestamp": [
803.998,
806.52
]
},
{
"text": "and made in partnership with \nPBS Digital Studios and Nature.",
"timestamp": [
806.52,
810.614
]
},
{
"text": "and made in partnership with \nPBS Digital Studios and Nature.",
"timestamp": [
806.52,
810.614
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course \nfree for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
810.614,
814.415
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course \nfree for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
810.614,
814.415
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
814.415,
816.6
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
814.415,
816.6
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: The World of Plant Drama",
"The world of plants may seem quiet and calm.But you don’t need to go much farther \nthan your front door to find drama afoot.Like, that sweet, summery \nscent of freshly cut grass?It’s actually the plant \nequivalent of a scream.Through chemicals, grass is sounding \na warning call to nearby plants,which start putting up their defensive dukes,getting ready to protect themselves from damage.And plants are smart.They can tell the difference \nbetween mechanical damage,like that lawn mower,and being chomped by an insect.If bugs are attacking,plants can release special chemicals \nthat yell to other bugs nearby,\"Please come eat whatever's eating me.”So your quiet, summer afternoonhas just turned into a plant action movie,complete with elaborate fight sequences.We humans think we’re such a big deal,but if you squished up every living \nthing on the planet into one big ball,eighty percent of it would be plants,and less than one percent would be mammals.Some folks say we’re missing \nthe forest for the trees,but we’re also missing the trees!And the ferns, and the mosses,and the palms and the sedges.There’s a whole other world here,and it’s all around us.You see, plants aren’t \njust a bunch of wallflowers.You just weren’t a part \nof their group chat yet.But that’s all about to change,and they have so much dirt to dish out.Hi! I'm Alexis, and this is \nCrash Course Botany.[THEME MUSIC]"
],
[
"What Is Botany?",
"Botany is the scientific study of plants.That includes the huge ones, like towering \n300-foot tall coastal redwood trees,and the tiny ones, like Wolffia globosa:green globs the size of a candy sprinkle.It includes the tasty plants, \nlike sweet corn and mangoes;the super-stinky plants, \nlike the corpse flower;and the super-stinky and \ntasty plants, like the durian.There are plants that look like brains,plants that look like rocks,even plants that look like Demogorgons.Botany is all about this kaleidoscope of plant life.It’s the science of plants’ \nstructure and their function,the way their parts work and \nhow their genetic traits pass on.But it’s also about plants’ relationship \nto other living things, including us.And it’s no overstatement to say our lives—and the lives of every other creature on Earth—depend on plants.You’ve probably heard of photosynthesis,the chemical process that plants use to \nturn water, sunlight, and carbon dioxideinto energy for them to live on.Well, the oxygen that comes out \nof that process is a byproduct,or something that’s made by \nthe nature of the process,not on purpose.And that incidental byproduct just happens to bethe thing we evolved to breathe.Which, when you stop to think \nabout it, is pretty amazing.Plants also cycle water and \nnutrients that all living things needbetween the soil and the \natmosphere and back again.Even a single tree can be an \nall-in-one bed-and-breakfastfor dozens of organisms.Like a fully alive combination \nAirbnb and Taco Bell."
],
[
"Plants Are Everywhere",
"In fact, once you start noticing how deep this“plants are connected to everything” \nbusiness goes, it’s hard to stop.Plants are not just in your gardenor your bathtub or the \nwoods behind your house.They’re in nearly everything.Let’s head to the Thought Bubble…From the moment you wake up, \nyou’re already in touch with plants—because you spent all night wrapped \nup in sheets made of cotton fibers.Stumble into the shower, \nand plants are there, too.You grab a luffa, which is actually \na dried-out tropical gourd.Give yourself a scrub and \nyou come out smelling like a rose—because the oils in your \nsoap came from roses.Your toothpaste contains cellulose gum,the same stuff that plants’ \ncell walls are made of.And it’s spiced with a little \nflavor from a mint plant.Your floss glides against your gums \nwith the help of carnauba wax,which comes \nfrom palm tree leaves.And when you spot a little \nvolcano erupting on your chin,you dab on some acne medication.It’ll work its magic thanks to \noil from the Australian tea tree.You’re running late by now, but there’s \nstill time to get some breakfast.The kitchen smells like freshly-brewed coffee,made from beans of the Coffea plant,and you grab some avocado toast—a combo of wheat grown to be pest-resistant,spread with the insides of a big, green, buttery berry.Triple-threat that you are,you grab your baseball bat \n(made from a maple tree),your clarinet \n(made from an African blackwood tree),and your lines for the play \n(printed on paper from a pine tree).And don’t forget to dodge \nfalling acorns on the way out.This is a plant’s world; \nyou’re just living in it."
],
[
"Agriculture",
"Thanks, Thought Bubble.For most of humans’ time on Earth,we gathered plants from the wild.See a berry, eat a berry.Find some tubers, \nshare ‘em with your friends.But around ten thousand years ago,some of us struck up a deal with plants:“Hey, we’ll stash your seeds \nand help you grow on purpose.In return, give us food \nwe don’t have to wander for.”This alliance with plants was a \nhistory-bending, society-shaping big deal.It changed how people \nrelated to food and to each other,turning some people into farmers \nand some plants into crops.Which, in the case of teosinte’s \ntransformation into corn,was a major makeover.We call it the Neolithic Revolution.Agriculture turned small, \nmobile groups of peopleinto big, permanent settlements,where more food was grown, \nsupporting more people.Soon those people started splitting up work,so only some people were in \ncharge of growing food whileothers became shopkeepers, \nrestaurateurs, and YouTubers.And, over time, this allowed human \npopulations to grow dramatically.Eventually, thanks to the powers of \nagriculture and transportation combined,people could choose to live \nin cities or rural areas, becausefoods could be predictably \nproduced and moved to people,instead of people moving to them."
],
[
"Botanical Literacy",
"So agriculture is a big part \nof the plant-and-people story.But there are lots of other \nways we’ve used plants:as medicines and poisons,in our clothes and shelter. And the big field of botany is shaped by \ndiverse ways of relating to and knowing plants.Like, all over the world,Indigenous Peoples have passed on \ngenerational knowledge of plants local to them.For example, the Hidatsa \ngardener Maxi’diwiac,also known as Buffalo Bird Woman, \nhelped record her tribe’s ways of growing corn,squash, beans, and \nsunflowers in the early 1900s—using practices gardeners still follow today.Botany has also been shaped by the knowledge \nof enslaved people throughout history,like Edmond Albius.In the 1840s, when Albius \nwas only twelve years oldand enslaved on the island of Réunion,he invented a way of pollinating \nvanilla plants by hand,making it possible to grow them profitably.Albius was freed a few years later, \nwhen slavery was abolished on the island.To this day, vanilla growers \nstill use his techniques.People like Maxi’diwiac and Albius\n had a secret weapon in their arsenal:close observation and knowledge of plants.And anyone can develop it, \nin the form of botanical literacy.That’s information that helps you \nread the language of the plant worldand understand the science surrounding it.Like, remember when I said plants \nuse sunlight for photosynthesis?Well, the leaves of “living stone” plants \nfound mostly in hot, dry areas of Africa,act like fiber optic cables—\nthey bring sunlight undergroundso that the plant can perform \nphotosynthesis where it's cooler.Or another thing speaking the \nlanguage of plants lets you in on:some orchids can produce bee-shaped flowers—which fake bees out so that they’ll pollinate \nwhat they think are potential mates.With botanical literacy, you can also give \nan appropriate amount of side-eyeto a package of Himalayan salt that’s \nlabeled “not genetically modified.”Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs,are living things with genes that have \nbeen altered in ways that don’t happen in nature.Like, scientists have created \ninsect-resistant GMO cropsby giving them genes from soil bacteria— genes they wouldn’t be able to obtain \njust by breeding with other plants.So that non-GMO salt label…doesn’t make sense.Because salt is a mineral, \nnot a plant or an animal,and has no genes to modify to begin with.We’ll be getting more into GMOs in a later episode."
],
[
"Plant Awareness Disparity",
"The point is: botany is about \nmuch more than knowing yourbegonias from your bougainvilleas.Although that part can be fun, too.But if you’ve never really noticed \nplants before, you’re not alone. [TV static]\nDo plants just fade into the background for you?Because they’re mostly green,do you tend to lump their features \ntogether into a solid wall of color?Are you, like other humans, drawn to \nthings that move and look like you?Well, you might just have plant awareness disparity.The cure is watching Crash Course Botany.So, yeah, plants are like…\nthe elephant in the room.Even that phrase doesn’t reference plants.Can we coin a new version?When something’s like right in front of \nyou, but no one’s talking about it,let’s call it “the bamboo in the room.”“The tomato in the room?”“The giant redwood in the room.”Because when we don’t take \nheed of the bustling communityof shoots, vines, and leaves around us,we allow sneaky false \nassumptions to take root instead.We start to think things like, \n“Plants don’t do anything,”or “Humans are running this show.”But if you’ve ever broken out in welts \nfrom brushing against poison ivy,or seen a telephone pole \nswallowed up by a Kudzu vine,well, you know plants do things.And we’re not as in control as we think.The truth is, plants do perceive and \nreact to the world around them—just not in the ways people do.They have their own ways of \ncommunicating and sensing information,which botany can help us \ntune into and understand.Like, plants can’t move when a threat is around.But they can share information \nabout incoming danger.When a plant isn’t getting enough to drink, for example,tiny openings on its leaves called stomata \nstart to close up to conserve water.Signals about their stressed state can pass \nto any neighboring plants that touch roots,so those plants know to prepare for \ndrought by closing their stomata, too.Botanists only recently learned—and are still learning—about how roots allow plant \ncommunication to happenjust beyond our perception.So if you haven’t thought much about plants yet,there’s still time.They’re waiting for you.And possibly gossiping about you.To find out, you need to get in the group chat."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"It can be easy not to pay plants \nmuch notice in everyday life.But you’re connected to them all the same.Without plants, you wouldn’t \njust not have hot cocoa or chalupas—you wouldn’t be alive.None of us would be.And there’s much to be gained by \nturning your attention to plants.Plants shelter us, clothe us, \nmedicate us, feed us, and oxygenate us.We’ve structured our \ncivilizations around them,and they, in turn, make life possible \nfor us and other organisms.By studying plants, we can understand \nforces that shape our lives—and tune into the quiet communication \nthat’s happening all around us.Let’s start learning some of plants’ secrets.Hey, before we go, let’s branch out!Chewing gum was first invented using chicle,a substance that comes from what kind of tree?If you head down to the comments ASAP, \nI’m sure you’ll find the answer! Thanks for watching this episode of \nCrash Course Botanywhich was filmed at the \nDamir Ferizović Studioand made in partnership with \nPBS Digital Studios and Nature.If you want to help keep Crash Course \nfree for everyone, forever,you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course Botany Preview!
|
WACSnwKby2Y
| 199 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Psst. Hey.",
"timestamp": [
0,
1.411
]
},
{
"text": "Wanna know a secret?",
"timestamp": [
2.393,
3.556
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, all around you,\nplants are gossiping.",
"timestamp": [
4.407,
10.161
]
},
{
"text": "In chemical whispers, they’re passing \nnotes through underground roots.",
"timestamp": [
10.161,
14.357
]
},
{
"text": "Notes about potential \npredators that linger nearby,",
"timestamp": [
14.357,
17.738
]
},
{
"text": "or how cool it would be \nif they all coordinated",
"timestamp": [
17.738,
20.935
]
},
{
"text": "so an entire orchard \nripened in unison.",
"timestamp": [
20.935,
23.854
]
},
{
"text": "Plants are also reacting—",
"timestamp": [
23.854,
26.602
]
},
{
"text": "growing and moving in response \nto gravity, touch, and light.",
"timestamp": [
26.602,
31.518
]
},
{
"text": "Traveling via fuzz and feathers.",
"timestamp": [
31.518,
34.656
]
},
{
"text": "And fighting back against \nthose predators I mentioned.",
"timestamp": [
34.656,
38.167
]
},
{
"text": "But despite all that action,",
"timestamp": [
38.596,
40.428
]
},
{
"text": "we humans have a funny way of…",
"timestamp": [
40.805,
43.026
]
},
{
"text": "not noticing plants at all.",
"timestamp": [
43.682,
46.405
]
},
{
"text": "We let them fade into the background,",
"timestamp": [
46.405,
48.835
]
},
{
"text": "even though they’re essential \nto our survival…",
"timestamp": [
48.835,
51.282
]
},
{
"text": "and just really freaking cool!",
"timestamp": [
51.282,
53.828
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Alexis, and this is \nCrash Course Botany",
"timestamp": [
53.828,
58.129
]
},
{
"text": "—the study of plants,",
"timestamp": [
58.129,
59.254
]
},
{
"text": "which I’ve been doing \nsince the first time I",
"timestamp": [
59.254,
61.918
]
},
{
"text": "laid my little baby \nhands on a leaf",
"timestamp": [
61.918,
63.748
]
},
{
"text": "and shoved it into my mouth.\n[Alexis giggles]",
"timestamp": [
64.161,
66.284
]
},
{
"text": "Hey, I was learning!",
"timestamp": [
66.284,
68.233
]
},
{
"text": "And I still am!",
"timestamp": [
68.233,
69.325
]
},
{
"text": "You might know me from my TikTok,",
"timestamp": [
69.325,
71.412
]
},
{
"text": "where I yell about plants",
"timestamp": [
71.412,
73.522
]
},
{
"text": "and show you how to make \nthem into delicious meals.",
"timestamp": [
73.522,
76.194
]
},
{
"text": "Or you might have seen my TED Talk,",
"timestamp": [
76.595,
78.206
]
},
{
"text": "where I made some tasty chips from kelp",
"timestamp": [
78.206,
81.05
]
},
{
"text": "that I foraged myself",
"timestamp": [
81.05,
82.733
]
},
{
"text": "—and also discussed the environmental \nimpacts of the agricultural industry.",
"timestamp": [
83.511,
87.661
]
},
{
"text": "I’ve also been an outdoor educator,",
"timestamp": [
87.661,
90.393
]
},
{
"text": "helping others see how truly \nexciting and invigorating plants are.",
"timestamp": [
90.393,
94.054
]
},
{
"text": "The more I tune into plants,",
"timestamp": [
94.054,
96.071
]
},
{
"text": "the more a rich, dramatic \nworld unfolds all around me.",
"timestamp": [
96.35,
100.406
]
},
{
"text": "And over the next fifteen \nepisodes,",
"timestamp": [
100.406,
102.506
]
},
{
"text": "I can’t wait to show it to you.",
"timestamp": [
102.506,
104.177
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll explore what separates \nplants from other living things",
"timestamp": [
104.177,
107.861
]
},
{
"text": "—and what we have in common.",
"timestamp": [
107.861,
109.412
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll uncover how plants work,",
"timestamp": [
109.947,
111.696
]
},
{
"text": "from their itsy-bitsy cells,",
"timestamp": [
111.696,
113.8
]
},
{
"text": "to their water-absorbing roots.",
"timestamp": [
113.8,
115.902
]
},
{
"text": "And we’ll learn how the \nvery first plants evolved,",
"timestamp": [
115.902,
119.018
]
},
{
"text": "kicked off by a weird event \nwhere a microbe got a little hangry.",
"timestamp": [
119.018,
123.342
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll also see how changes in genes across millennia",
"timestamp": [
123.342,
126.877
]
},
{
"text": "sparked the whole wild \nkaleidoscope of plant life",
"timestamp": [
126.877,
130.586
]
},
{
"text": "—every tomato, every tree, \nevery stinky corpse flower.",
"timestamp": [
130.586,
135.704
]
},
{
"text": "And we’ll explore how people",
"timestamp": [
135.704,
137.816
]
},
{
"text": "have manipulated plants’ genes \nin increasingly precise ways",
"timestamp": [
137.816,
141.759
]
},
{
"text": "—influencing not just the \nplants’ future, but our own.",
"timestamp": [
141.759,
145.225
]
},
{
"text": "Along the way,",
"timestamp": [
145.225,
146.346
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll learn why plants are \nsuch a life-giving,",
"timestamp": [
146.346,
149.767
]
},
{
"text": "ecosystem-powering, \nsociety-shaping big deal.",
"timestamp": [
149.767,
154.37
]
},
{
"text": "And we know just how big a deal",
"timestamp": [
154.892,
158.939
]
},
{
"text": "thanks to knowledge gleaned \nby Indigenous cultures",
"timestamp": [
158.939,
161.584
]
},
{
"text": "and Western science alike.",
"timestamp": [
161.584,
163.205
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll introduce you to some \namazing stories of discovery",
"timestamp": [
163.727,
167.184
]
},
{
"text": "to see how botanical knowledge has shaped",
"timestamp": [
167.184,
169.257
]
},
{
"text": "— and continues to shape — our world.",
"timestamp": [
169.257,
171.77
]
},
{
"text": "So join us!",
"timestamp": [
171.77,
172.786
]
},
{
"text": "And get ready.",
"timestamp": [
172.786,
173.638
]
},
{
"text": "You won’t be-leaf what \nsecrets plants are hiding.",
"timestamp": [
173.905,
177.9
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Botany",
"timestamp": [
178.803,
181.519
]
},
{
"text": "which was filmed at the Damir Ferizović Studio",
"timestamp": [
181.519,
184.322
]
},
{
"text": "and made in partnership with \nPBS Digital Studios and Nature.",
"timestamp": [
184.322,
187.965
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course \nfree for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
187.965,
191.24
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
191.24,
193.38
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How Can We Respond to Climate Change?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #12
|
3p51wKUuwOU
| 847 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Slowing Down Climate Change",
"end_time": 62
},
{
"start_time": 62,
"title": "Limiting Global Warming",
"end_time": 211
},
{
"start_time": 211,
"title": "A Carbon-Neutral Future",
"end_time": 376
},
{
"start_time": 376,
"title": "Governments & Corporations",
"end_time": 484
},
{
"start_time": 484,
"title": "Young People Leading the Climate Movement",
"end_time": 588
},
{
"start_time": 588,
"title": "Climate Change is Everywhere",
"end_time": 698
},
{
"start_time": 698,
"title": "People Power Works",
"end_time": 728
},
{
"start_time": 728,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 847
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Scientists have been studying \nour climate for decades,",
"timestamp": [
0.17,
2.859
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists have been studying \nour climate for decades,",
"timestamp": [
0.17,
2.859
]
},
{
"text": "and together, we’ve reached a \nsingle, inescapable conclusion:",
"timestamp": [
2.859,
7.616
]
},
{
"text": "and together, we’ve reached a \nsingle, inescapable conclusion:",
"timestamp": [
2.859,
7.616
]
},
{
"text": "greenhouse gases are driving up \nEarth’s average temperature",
"timestamp": [
7.616,
11.694
]
},
{
"text": "greenhouse gases are driving up \nEarth’s average temperature",
"timestamp": [
7.616,
11.694
]
},
{
"text": "and, unchecked, that’s going to make \nour planet a lot harder to live on.",
"timestamp": [
11.694,
16.311
]
},
{
"text": "and, unchecked, that’s going to make \nour planet a lot harder to live on.",
"timestamp": [
11.694,
16.311
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change has brought — \nand will continue to bring —",
"timestamp": [
16.311,
19.412
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change has brought — \nand will continue to bring —",
"timestamp": [
16.311,
19.412
]
},
{
"text": "extreme environmental events\n that will be hard to prepare for,",
"timestamp": [
19.412,
22.916
]
},
{
"text": "extreme environmental events\n that will be hard to prepare for,",
"timestamp": [
19.412,
22.916
]
},
{
"text": "experience, and recover from —",
"timestamp": [
22.916,
25.72
]
},
{
"text": "experience, and recover from —",
"timestamp": [
22.916,
25.72
]
},
{
"text": "with effects that will continue to layer \nupon our world’s existing inequalities.",
"timestamp": [
25.72,
30.619
]
},
{
"text": "with effects that will continue to layer \nupon our world’s existing inequalities.",
"timestamp": [
25.72,
30.619
]
},
{
"text": "But there are things we can do \n— each of us can do —",
"timestamp": [
30.619,
34.529
]
},
{
"text": "But there are things we can do \n— each of us can do —",
"timestamp": [
30.619,
34.529
]
},
{
"text": "to help protect our planet, \nourselves, and each other.",
"timestamp": [
34.529,
38.75
]
},
{
"text": "to help protect our planet, \nourselves, and each other.",
"timestamp": [
34.529,
38.75
]
},
{
"text": "We can’t change the past, but together, \nwe can change the future —",
"timestamp": [
38.75,
43.15
]
},
{
"text": "We can’t change the past, but together, \nwe can change the future —",
"timestamp": [
38.75,
43.15
]
},
{
"text": "and slow down and stop climate \nchange in meaningful ways.",
"timestamp": [
43.15,
47.212
]
},
{
"text": "and slow down and stop climate \nchange in meaningful ways.",
"timestamp": [
43.15,
47.212
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is the final \nepisode of Crash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
47.212,
52.504
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is the final \nepisode of Crash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
47.212,
52.504
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
52.504,
59.825
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
52.504,
59.825
]
},
{
"text": "In 2015, countries around the world \nforged the historic Paris Agreement.",
"timestamp": [
62.685,
67.369
]
},
{
"text": "In 2015, countries around the world \nforged the historic Paris Agreement.",
"timestamp": [
62.685,
67.369
]
},
{
"text": "In it, they committed to \ntaking decisive action",
"timestamp": [
67.369,
71.218
]
},
{
"text": "In it, they committed to \ntaking decisive action",
"timestamp": [
67.369,
71.218
]
},
{
"text": "to reduce greenhouse gas emissions \nand keep climate change in check.",
"timestamp": [
71.218,
75.939
]
},
{
"text": "to reduce greenhouse gas emissions \nand keep climate change in check.",
"timestamp": [
71.218,
75.939
]
},
{
"text": "For many countries, that action \nbecame a pledge",
"timestamp": [
75.939,
79.577
]
},
{
"text": "For many countries, that action \nbecame a pledge",
"timestamp": [
75.939,
79.577
]
},
{
"text": "— a pledge to reach net-zero \ncarbon emissions by 2050.",
"timestamp": [
79.577,
84.496
]
},
{
"text": "— a pledge to reach net-zero \ncarbon emissions by 2050.",
"timestamp": [
79.577,
84.496
]
},
{
"text": "That means they’ve agreed to reduce \nemissions by as much as possible,",
"timestamp": [
84.496,
89.428
]
},
{
"text": "That means they’ve agreed to reduce \nemissions by as much as possible,",
"timestamp": [
84.496,
89.428
]
},
{
"text": "and make up for whatever \nthey can’t eliminate",
"timestamp": [
89.428,
92.288
]
},
{
"text": "and make up for whatever \nthey can’t eliminate",
"timestamp": [
89.428,
92.288
]
},
{
"text": "by removing greenhouse \ngases from the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
92.288,
95.148
]
},
{
"text": "by removing greenhouse \ngases from the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
92.288,
95.148
]
},
{
"text": "The goal of these pledges",
"timestamp": [
95.148,
96.762
]
},
{
"text": "The goal of these pledges",
"timestamp": [
95.148,
96.762
]
},
{
"text": "is to limit how much the average \nglobal temperature goes up.",
"timestamp": [
96.762,
101.427
]
},
{
"text": "is to limit how much the average \nglobal temperature goes up.",
"timestamp": [
96.762,
101.427
]
},
{
"text": "Specifically: to limit warming \nby the end of the century",
"timestamp": [
101.427,
105.138
]
},
{
"text": "Specifically: to limit warming \nby the end of the century",
"timestamp": [
101.427,
105.138
]
},
{
"text": "to less than two degrees Celsius \nabove pre-Industrial Revolution levels.",
"timestamp": [
105.138,
110.366
]
},
{
"text": "to less than two degrees Celsius \nabove pre-Industrial Revolution levels.",
"timestamp": [
105.138,
110.366
]
},
{
"text": "And ideally, to stop at 1.5 degrees.",
"timestamp": [
110.366,
113.835
]
},
{
"text": "And ideally, to stop at 1.5 degrees.",
"timestamp": [
110.366,
113.835
]
},
{
"text": "That half a degree might \nnot sound like much,",
"timestamp": [
113.835,
117.465
]
},
{
"text": "That half a degree might \nnot sound like much,",
"timestamp": [
113.835,
117.465
]
},
{
"text": "but science has shown that it \nmakes a world of difference.",
"timestamp": [
117.465,
120.825
]
},
{
"text": "but science has shown that it \nmakes a world of difference.",
"timestamp": [
117.465,
120.825
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, in parts of southern Europe, \nCentral America, and Australia,",
"timestamp": [
120.825,
125.104
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, in parts of southern Europe, \nCentral America, and Australia,",
"timestamp": [
120.825,
125.104
]
},
{
"text": "which are already suffering \noccasional water shortages,",
"timestamp": [
125.104,
128.153
]
},
{
"text": "which are already suffering \noccasional water shortages,",
"timestamp": [
125.104,
128.153
]
},
{
"text": "two degrees of warming would create \nintense and long-lasting droughts.",
"timestamp": [
128.153,
133.425
]
},
{
"text": "two degrees of warming would create \nintense and long-lasting droughts.",
"timestamp": [
128.153,
133.425
]
},
{
"text": "But when warming is kept to 1.5 degrees,",
"timestamp": [
133.425,
136.653
]
},
{
"text": "But when warming is kept to 1.5 degrees,",
"timestamp": [
133.425,
136.653
]
},
{
"text": "the situation is a lot less severe,",
"timestamp": [
136.653,
139.286
]
},
{
"text": "the situation is a lot less severe,",
"timestamp": [
136.653,
139.286
]
},
{
"text": "with some places experiencing \nhalf as many water shortages",
"timestamp": [
139.286,
143.133
]
},
{
"text": "with some places experiencing \nhalf as many water shortages",
"timestamp": [
139.286,
143.133
]
},
{
"text": "as in the worst-case scenario.",
"timestamp": [
143.133,
144.877
]
},
{
"text": "as in the worst-case scenario.",
"timestamp": [
143.133,
144.877
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s just one example.",
"timestamp": [
144.877,
146.549
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s just one example.",
"timestamp": [
144.877,
146.549
]
},
{
"text": "Everything from the vegetables you eat,",
"timestamp": [
146.549,
148.425
]
},
{
"text": "Everything from the vegetables you eat,",
"timestamp": [
146.549,
148.425
]
},
{
"text": "to the coral reefs you want to visit someday",
"timestamp": [
148.425,
150.746
]
},
{
"text": "to the coral reefs you want to visit someday",
"timestamp": [
148.425,
150.746
]
},
{
"text": "would have a better chance at survival \nwith just 1.5 degrees of warming.",
"timestamp": [
150.746,
155.279
]
},
{
"text": "would have a better chance at survival \nwith just 1.5 degrees of warming.",
"timestamp": [
150.746,
155.279
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, it translates to better food security",
"timestamp": [
155.279,
159.069
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, it translates to better food security",
"timestamp": [
155.279,
159.069
]
},
{
"text": "and higher quality of life for millions of people",
"timestamp": [
159.069,
162.248
]
},
{
"text": "and higher quality of life for millions of people",
"timestamp": [
159.069,
162.248
]
},
{
"text": "— and for all life here on planet Earth.",
"timestamp": [
162.248,
164.797
]
},
{
"text": "— and for all life here on planet Earth.",
"timestamp": [
162.248,
164.797
]
},
{
"text": "That said, staying under 1.5 degrees \nof warming will be really, really tough.",
"timestamp": [
164.797,
170.627
]
},
{
"text": "That said, staying under 1.5 degrees \nof warming will be really, really tough.",
"timestamp": [
164.797,
170.627
]
},
{
"text": "As a society, we’re super invested \nin burning fossil fuels for energy. ",
"timestamp": [
170.627,
175.06
]
},
{
"text": "As a society, we’re super invested \nin burning fossil fuels for energy. ",
"timestamp": [
170.627,
175.06
]
},
{
"text": "— to the point where even an industry \nthat seems unrelated on the surface,",
"timestamp": [
175.06,
179.033
]
},
{
"text": "— to the point where even an industry \nthat seems unrelated on the surface,",
"timestamp": [
175.06,
179.033
]
},
{
"text": "like textile production, releases roughly \na billion tons of greenhouse gases every year.",
"timestamp": [
179.033,
184.708
]
},
{
"text": "like textile production, releases roughly \na billion tons of greenhouse gases every year.",
"timestamp": [
179.033,
184.708
]
},
{
"text": "So, if we’re going to keep our \nwarming planet in check,",
"timestamp": [
184.708,
188.285
]
},
{
"text": "So, if we’re going to keep our \nwarming planet in check,",
"timestamp": [
184.708,
188.285
]
},
{
"text": "we’re going to need to overhaul our \nways of doing…just about everything.",
"timestamp": [
188.285,
193.625
]
},
{
"text": "we’re going to need to overhaul our \nways of doing…just about everything.",
"timestamp": [
188.285,
193.625
]
},
{
"text": "And soon.",
"timestamp": [
193.625,
194.374
]
},
{
"text": "And soon.",
"timestamp": [
193.625,
194.374
]
},
{
"text": "As of the time we’re posting this in 2023,",
"timestamp": [
194.374,
197.352
]
},
{
"text": "As of the time we’re posting this in 2023,",
"timestamp": [
194.374,
197.352
]
},
{
"text": "we’re on track for temperature rises \nbetween two and three degrees Celsius,",
"timestamp": [
197.352,
202.982
]
},
{
"text": "we’re on track for temperature rises \nbetween two and three degrees Celsius,",
"timestamp": [
197.352,
202.982
]
},
{
"text": "unless we make a big and rapid change.",
"timestamp": [
202.982,
205.232
]
},
{
"text": "unless we make a big and rapid change.",
"timestamp": [
202.982,
205.232
]
},
{
"text": "So, limiting ourselves to 1.5 degrees is \nnothing short of a monumental challenge.",
"timestamp": [
205.232,
210.805
]
},
{
"text": "So, limiting ourselves to 1.5 degrees is \nnothing short of a monumental challenge.",
"timestamp": [
205.232,
210.805
]
},
{
"text": "Still, if we take immediate steps \nto transform every major industry,",
"timestamp": [
210.805,
215.906
]
},
{
"text": "Still, if we take immediate steps \nto transform every major industry,",
"timestamp": [
210.805,
215.906
]
},
{
"text": "it is possible to get to net-zero \ncarbon emissions by 2050",
"timestamp": [
215.906,
220.317
]
},
{
"text": "it is possible to get to net-zero \ncarbon emissions by 2050",
"timestamp": [
215.906,
220.317
]
},
{
"text": "and, in so doing, \nkeep warming in check.",
"timestamp": [
220.317,
223.148
]
},
{
"text": "and, in so doing, \nkeep warming in check.",
"timestamp": [
220.317,
223.148
]
},
{
"text": "A policy-making organization called \nthe International Energy Agency",
"timestamp": [
223.148,
227.687
]
},
{
"text": "A policy-making organization called \nthe International Energy Agency",
"timestamp": [
223.148,
227.687
]
},
{
"text": "has even given us a roadmap \nfull of possible milestones.",
"timestamp": [
227.687,
231.646
]
},
{
"text": "has even given us a roadmap \nfull of possible milestones.",
"timestamp": [
227.687,
231.646
]
},
{
"text": "It involves things like stopping \nthe sale of fossil fuel boilers",
"timestamp": [
231.646,
235.952
]
},
{
"text": "It involves things like stopping \nthe sale of fossil fuel boilers",
"timestamp": [
231.646,
235.952
]
},
{
"text": "to heat our water and homes by 2025,",
"timestamp": [
235.952,
239.04
]
},
{
"text": "to heat our water and homes by 2025,",
"timestamp": [
235.952,
239.04
]
},
{
"text": "and stopping the sale of \ngasoline-powered cars by 2035.",
"timestamp": [
239.04,
244.129
]
},
{
"text": "and stopping the sale of \ngasoline-powered cars by 2035.",
"timestamp": [
239.04,
244.129
]
},
{
"text": "By 2040, the whole world would be running \non electricity with net-zero emissions,",
"timestamp": [
244.129,
249.839
]
},
{
"text": "By 2040, the whole world would be running \non electricity with net-zero emissions,",
"timestamp": [
244.129,
249.839
]
},
{
"text": "and half of all buildings",
"timestamp": [
249.839,
251.977
]
},
{
"text": "and half of all buildings",
"timestamp": [
249.839,
251.977
]
},
{
"text": "would have systems in place to operate \nwithout releasing greenhouse gases.",
"timestamp": [
251.977,
255.949
]
},
{
"text": "would have systems in place to operate \nwithout releasing greenhouse gases.",
"timestamp": [
251.977,
255.949
]
},
{
"text": "By 2045, we would be getting half our heat\nfrom efficient, low-carbon heat pumps.",
"timestamp": [
255.949,
262.384
]
},
{
"text": "By 2045, we would be getting half our heat\nfrom efficient, low-carbon heat pumps.",
"timestamp": [
255.949,
262.384
]
},
{
"text": "And finally, by 2050, even \nmanufacturing would be transformed,",
"timestamp": [
262.384,
267.13
]
},
{
"text": "And finally, by 2050, even \nmanufacturing would be transformed,",
"timestamp": [
262.384,
267.13
]
},
{
"text": "with more than 90% of heavy industry,",
"timestamp": [
267.13,
269.899
]
},
{
"text": "with more than 90% of heavy industry,",
"timestamp": [
267.13,
269.899
]
},
{
"text": "like machinery production and ship-building,\nbeing considered low-emission.",
"timestamp": [
269.899,
275.125
]
},
{
"text": "like machinery production and ship-building,\nbeing considered low-emission.",
"timestamp": [
269.899,
275.125
]
},
{
"text": "Manufacturing processes are often \nespecially hard to decarbonize,",
"timestamp": [
275.125,
279.788
]
},
{
"text": "Manufacturing processes are often \nespecially hard to decarbonize,",
"timestamp": [
275.125,
279.788
]
},
{
"text": "so in addition to technological \nbreakthroughs on the materials we use,",
"timestamp": [
279.788,
283.774
]
},
{
"text": "so in addition to technological \nbreakthroughs on the materials we use,",
"timestamp": [
279.788,
283.774
]
},
{
"text": "we would likely also rely on technologies \nto capture the emissions released",
"timestamp": [
283.774,
288.777
]
},
{
"text": "we would likely also rely on technologies \nto capture the emissions released",
"timestamp": [
283.774,
288.777
]
},
{
"text": "rather than letting them escape \nin the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
288.777,
291.322
]
},
{
"text": "rather than letting them escape \nin the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
288.777,
291.322
]
},
{
"text": "So, say you’re 15 years old, \nwatching this in 2023.",
"timestamp": [
291.322,
295.275
]
},
{
"text": "So, say you’re 15 years old, \nwatching this in 2023.",
"timestamp": [
291.322,
295.275
]
},
{
"text": "If we stuck to a plan like this,",
"timestamp": [
295.275,
297.749
]
},
{
"text": "If we stuck to a plan like this,",
"timestamp": [
295.275,
297.749
]
},
{
"text": "then by your 42nd birthday party, \nyou’d be living in a very different world.",
"timestamp": [
297.749,
302.741
]
},
{
"text": "then by your 42nd birthday party, \nyou’d be living in a very different world.",
"timestamp": [
297.749,
302.741
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine it: there’d be no more coal-fueled\npower plants, belching smoke over cities.",
"timestamp": [
302.741,
308.462
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine it: there’d be no more coal-fueled\npower plants, belching smoke over cities.",
"timestamp": [
302.741,
308.462
]
},
{
"text": "The phrase “gas guzzler” would \nalso be a thing of the past,",
"timestamp": [
308.462,
312.386
]
},
{
"text": "The phrase “gas guzzler” would \nalso be a thing of the past,",
"timestamp": [
308.462,
312.386
]
},
{
"text": "because there’d be no more gasoline pumps.",
"timestamp": [
312.386,
315.135
]
},
{
"text": "because there’d be no more gasoline pumps.",
"timestamp": [
312.386,
315.135
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, you’d be rocking an \nelectric hotrod Camry,",
"timestamp": [
315.135,
318.861
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, you’d be rocking an \nelectric hotrod Camry,",
"timestamp": [
315.135,
318.861
]
},
{
"text": "or hopping on public transit \npowered by carbon-free electricity.",
"timestamp": [
318.861,
322.505
]
},
{
"text": "or hopping on public transit \npowered by carbon-free electricity.",
"timestamp": [
318.861,
322.505
]
},
{
"text": "And in your home?",
"timestamp": [
322.505,
323.456
]
},
{
"text": "And in your home?",
"timestamp": [
322.505,
323.456
]
},
{
"text": "That same electricity would \npower all your devices,",
"timestamp": [
323.456,
326.679
]
},
{
"text": "That same electricity would \npower all your devices,",
"timestamp": [
323.456,
326.679
]
},
{
"text": "from your phone charger \nto your robot butler!",
"timestamp": [
326.679,
329.357
]
},
{
"text": "from your phone charger \nto your robot butler!",
"timestamp": [
326.679,
329.357
]
},
{
"text": "[JohnGreenBot] Greetings!",
"timestamp": [
329.357,
330.204
]
},
{
"text": "[JohnGreenBot] Greetings!",
"timestamp": [
329.357,
330.204
]
},
{
"text": "[M] Oh, hey, JohnGreenBot. \nThanks! ",
"timestamp": [
330.204,
333.103
]
},
{
"text": "[M] Oh, hey, JohnGreenBot. \nThanks! ",
"timestamp": [
330.204,
333.103
]
},
{
"text": "The incredible thing is, this future?",
"timestamp": [
333.103,
335.267
]
},
{
"text": "The incredible thing is, this future?",
"timestamp": [
333.103,
335.267
]
},
{
"text": "It’s not some sci-fi pipe dream.",
"timestamp": [
335.267,
337.386
]
},
{
"text": "It’s not some sci-fi pipe dream.",
"timestamp": [
335.267,
337.386
]
},
{
"text": "Well, maybe /you/ are, \nJohnGreenBot.",
"timestamp": [
337.386,
340.305
]
},
{
"text": "Well, maybe /you/ are, \nJohnGreenBot.",
"timestamp": [
337.386,
340.305
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve learned throughout this series",
"timestamp": [
340.305,
342.112
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve learned throughout this series",
"timestamp": [
340.305,
342.112
]
},
{
"text": "that there are many carbon-neutral \ntechnologies that exist right now",
"timestamp": [
342.112,
346.779
]
},
{
"text": "that there are many carbon-neutral \ntechnologies that exist right now",
"timestamp": [
342.112,
346.779
]
},
{
"text": "in every sector.",
"timestamp": [
346.779,
348.62
]
},
{
"text": "in every sector.",
"timestamp": [
346.779,
348.62
]
},
{
"text": "They just need to be made \naffordable to take off.",
"timestamp": [
348.62,
351.409
]
},
{
"text": "They just need to be made \naffordable to take off.",
"timestamp": [
348.62,
351.409
]
},
{
"text": "But to make this net-zero future a reality,",
"timestamp": [
351.409,
354.261
]
},
{
"text": "But to make this net-zero future a reality,",
"timestamp": [
351.409,
354.261
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll also need some serious \ntechnological advances.",
"timestamp": [
354.261,
357.425
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll also need some serious \ntechnological advances.",
"timestamp": [
354.261,
357.425
]
},
{
"text": "For example, we already have options for \ngenerating carbon-neutral electricity",
"timestamp": [
357.425,
361.957
]
},
{
"text": "For example, we already have options for \ngenerating carbon-neutral electricity",
"timestamp": [
357.425,
361.957
]
},
{
"text": "— wind, solar, nuclear, \nhydroelectricity, and more.",
"timestamp": [
361.957,
365.548
]
},
{
"text": "— wind, solar, nuclear, \nhydroelectricity, and more.",
"timestamp": [
361.957,
365.548
]
},
{
"text": "But to use them to power the whole world,",
"timestamp": [
365.548,
368.455
]
},
{
"text": "But to use them to power the whole world,",
"timestamp": [
365.548,
368.455
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll need big improvements in \nelectricity storage and transmission,",
"timestamp": [
368.455,
371.881
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll need big improvements in \nelectricity storage and transmission,",
"timestamp": [
368.455,
371.881
]
},
{
"text": "so we can get power whenever \nwe need it and wherever we need it.",
"timestamp": [
371.881,
376.152
]
},
{
"text": "so we can get power whenever \nwe need it and wherever we need it.",
"timestamp": [
371.881,
376.152
]
},
{
"text": "And technology won’t be the \nonly hurdle to overcome.",
"timestamp": [
376.152,
379.515
]
},
{
"text": "And technology won’t be the \nonly hurdle to overcome.",
"timestamp": [
376.152,
379.515
]
},
{
"text": "There are still a bunch of \ngovernment policies,",
"timestamp": [
379.515,
382.195
]
},
{
"text": "There are still a bunch of \ngovernment policies,",
"timestamp": [
379.515,
382.195
]
},
{
"text": "subsidies, and initiatives in effect, that \nare designed to keep fossil fuels cheap.",
"timestamp": [
382.195,
388.014
]
},
{
"text": "subsidies, and initiatives in effect, that \nare designed to keep fossil fuels cheap.",
"timestamp": [
382.195,
388.014
]
},
{
"text": "They make various carbon-free options \nartificially expensive by comparison",
"timestamp": [
388.014,
393.06
]
},
{
"text": "They make various carbon-free options \nartificially expensive by comparison",
"timestamp": [
388.014,
393.06
]
},
{
"text": "— creating something called a Green Premium.",
"timestamp": [
393.06,
395.823
]
},
{
"text": "— creating something called a Green Premium.",
"timestamp": [
393.06,
395.823
]
},
{
"text": "But if governments can thoughtfully reduce,",
"timestamp": [
395.823,
398.241
]
},
{
"text": "But if governments can thoughtfully reduce,",
"timestamp": [
395.823,
398.241
]
},
{
"text": "and eventually eliminate fossil fuel subsidies,",
"timestamp": [
398.241,
401.302
]
},
{
"text": "and eventually eliminate fossil fuel subsidies,",
"timestamp": [
398.241,
401.302
]
},
{
"text": "they can help make carbon-free \nenergy more affordable,",
"timestamp": [
401.302,
404.499
]
},
{
"text": "they can help make carbon-free \nenergy more affordable,",
"timestamp": [
401.302,
404.499
]
},
{
"text": "and make technologies that emit \ngreenhouse gases look less appealing.",
"timestamp": [
404.499,
408.915
]
},
{
"text": "and make technologies that emit \ngreenhouse gases look less appealing.",
"timestamp": [
404.499,
408.915
]
},
{
"text": "The money governments are currently \nspending to make fossil fuels cheap",
"timestamp": [
408.915,
412.358
]
},
{
"text": "The money governments are currently \nspending to make fossil fuels cheap",
"timestamp": [
408.915,
412.358
]
},
{
"text": "could also be used to make \ncarbon-neutral energy cheaper —",
"timestamp": [
412.358,
415.925
]
},
{
"text": "could also be used to make \ncarbon-neutral energy cheaper —",
"timestamp": [
412.358,
415.925
]
},
{
"text": "or to research new, emissions-free technologies.",
"timestamp": [
415.925,
419.609
]
},
{
"text": "or to research new, emissions-free technologies.",
"timestamp": [
415.925,
419.609
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, though, when it \ncomes to getting to net-zero,",
"timestamp": [
419.609,
423.575
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, though, when it \ncomes to getting to net-zero,",
"timestamp": [
419.609,
423.575
]
},
{
"text": "every emissions sector",
"timestamp": [
423.575,
425.425
]
},
{
"text": "every emissions sector",
"timestamp": [
423.575,
425.425
]
},
{
"text": "and every area of the world \nwill need a different approach.",
"timestamp": [
425.425,
429.316
]
},
{
"text": "and every area of the world \nwill need a different approach.",
"timestamp": [
425.425,
429.316
]
},
{
"text": "There’s no one-size-fits-all strategy.",
"timestamp": [
429.316,
432.036
]
},
{
"text": "There’s no one-size-fits-all strategy.",
"timestamp": [
429.316,
432.036
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, the stakes keep getting higher.",
"timestamp": [
432.036,
435.604
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, the stakes keep getting higher.",
"timestamp": [
432.036,
435.604
]
},
{
"text": "So, if you’re feeling like all of this is\noverwhelming…you’re not alone.",
"timestamp": [
435.604,
439.586
]
},
{
"text": "So, if you’re feeling like all of this is\noverwhelming…you’re not alone.",
"timestamp": [
435.604,
439.586
]
},
{
"text": "Government subsidies, \nemerging technologies —",
"timestamp": [
439.586,
442.58
]
},
{
"text": "Government subsidies, \nemerging technologies —",
"timestamp": [
439.586,
442.58
]
},
{
"text": "many of the solutions to climate change",
"timestamp": [
442.58,
444.914
]
},
{
"text": "many of the solutions to climate change",
"timestamp": [
442.58,
444.914
]
},
{
"text": "might seem like they’re happening on \na level way above your head.",
"timestamp": [
444.914,
448.278
]
},
{
"text": "might seem like they’re happening on \na level way above your head.",
"timestamp": [
444.914,
448.278
]
},
{
"text": "And the things you can do,",
"timestamp": [
448.278,
449.83
]
},
{
"text": "And the things you can do,",
"timestamp": [
448.278,
449.83
]
},
{
"text": "like walk or cycle, make \nthoughtful purchasing decisions,",
"timestamp": [
449.83,
453.817
]
},
{
"text": "like walk or cycle, make \nthoughtful purchasing decisions,",
"timestamp": [
449.83,
453.817
]
},
{
"text": "eat less meat, vote — all of \nthese are awesome, by the way —",
"timestamp": [
453.817,
458.053
]
},
{
"text": "eat less meat, vote — all of \nthese are awesome, by the way —",
"timestamp": [
453.817,
458.053
]
},
{
"text": "but they can feel discouraging, \nor maybe, small.",
"timestamp": [
458.053,
462.4
]
},
{
"text": "but they can feel discouraging, \nor maybe, small.",
"timestamp": [
458.053,
462.4
]
},
{
"text": "It’s hard to be just one person \ntrying to make a difference.",
"timestamp": [
462.4,
466.39
]
},
{
"text": "It’s hard to be just one person \ntrying to make a difference.",
"timestamp": [
462.4,
466.39
]
},
{
"text": "Especially when you consider \nthe impacts of what you can do",
"timestamp": [
466.39,
469.78
]
},
{
"text": "Especially when you consider \nthe impacts of what you can do",
"timestamp": [
466.39,
469.78
]
},
{
"text": "versus the impacts of \nmajor corporations.",
"timestamp": [
469.78,
472.809
]
},
{
"text": "versus the impacts of \nmajor corporations.",
"timestamp": [
469.78,
472.809
]
},
{
"text": "From 1965 to 2017, \njust 20 companies",
"timestamp": [
472.809,
477.643
]
},
{
"text": "From 1965 to 2017, \njust 20 companies",
"timestamp": [
472.809,
477.643
]
},
{
"text": "were responsible for a whopping 35% of \nall greenhouse gas emissions globally.",
"timestamp": [
477.643,
484.313
]
},
{
"text": "were responsible for a whopping 35% of \nall greenhouse gas emissions globally.",
"timestamp": [
477.643,
484.313
]
},
{
"text": "So, where do people like you and me \nfit into that part of the story?",
"timestamp": [
484.313,
487.932
]
},
{
"text": "So, where do people like you and me \nfit into that part of the story?",
"timestamp": [
484.313,
487.932
]
},
{
"text": "Well, companies, governments, and research\ncenters developing new technologies",
"timestamp": [
487.932,
492.203
]
},
{
"text": "Well, companies, governments, and research\ncenters developing new technologies",
"timestamp": [
487.932,
492.203
]
},
{
"text": "— they all have one thing in common.",
"timestamp": [
492.203,
494.173
]
},
{
"text": "— they all have one thing in common.",
"timestamp": [
492.203,
494.173
]
},
{
"text": "They’re made by people, supported by people, \nand can be changed by people.",
"timestamp": [
494.173,
499.363
]
},
{
"text": "They’re made by people, supported by people, \nand can be changed by people.",
"timestamp": [
494.173,
499.363
]
},
{
"text": "And in a lot of big ways, \nyoung people are leading this charge.",
"timestamp": [
499.363,
502.975
]
},
{
"text": "And in a lot of big ways, \nyoung people are leading this charge.",
"timestamp": [
499.363,
502.975
]
},
{
"text": "You’ve probably heard of Greta Thunberg,",
"timestamp": [
502.975,
505.007
]
},
{
"text": "You’ve probably heard of Greta Thunberg,",
"timestamp": [
502.975,
505.007
]
},
{
"text": "a Swedish environmental activist",
"timestamp": [
505.007,
506.935
]
},
{
"text": "a Swedish environmental activist",
"timestamp": [
505.007,
506.935
]
},
{
"text": "who has led school strikes and \nspoken at global climate conferences.",
"timestamp": [
506.935,
511.78
]
},
{
"text": "who has led school strikes and \nspoken at global climate conferences.",
"timestamp": [
506.935,
511.78
]
},
{
"text": "And while she might be the most famous,",
"timestamp": [
511.78,
514.191
]
},
{
"text": "And while she might be the most famous,",
"timestamp": [
511.78,
514.191
]
},
{
"text": "she’s far from the only young person \nto stand up for the climate.",
"timestamp": [
514.191,
518.14
]
},
{
"text": "she’s far from the only young person \nto stand up for the climate.",
"timestamp": [
514.191,
518.14
]
},
{
"text": "At 18 years old, Rwandan student \nGhislain Irakoze",
"timestamp": [
518.14,
521.711
]
},
{
"text": "At 18 years old, Rwandan student \nGhislain Irakoze",
"timestamp": [
518.14,
521.711
]
},
{
"text": "noticed piles of electronics \nthrown away in a local landfill.",
"timestamp": [
521.711,
526.188
]
},
{
"text": "noticed piles of electronics \nthrown away in a local landfill.",
"timestamp": [
521.711,
526.188
]
},
{
"text": "So, he invented an app that helps people figure\nout where they can recycle them locally.",
"timestamp": [
526.188,
531.355
]
},
{
"text": "So, he invented an app that helps people figure\nout where they can recycle them locally.",
"timestamp": [
526.188,
531.355
]
},
{
"text": "At 12 years old, Emirati-Canadian \nstudent Kehkashan Basu",
"timestamp": [
531.355,
534.815
]
},
{
"text": "At 12 years old, Emirati-Canadian \nstudent Kehkashan Basu",
"timestamp": [
531.355,
534.815
]
},
{
"text": "started a company to get young people \ninvolved in local sustainability efforts.",
"timestamp": [
534.815,
539.478
]
},
{
"text": "started a company to get young people \ninvolved in local sustainability efforts.",
"timestamp": [
534.815,
539.478
]
},
{
"text": "And today, she leads people in planting mangrove\ntrees in tidal habitats that have suffered deforestation.",
"timestamp": [
539.478,
546.338
]
},
{
"text": "And today, she leads people in planting mangrove\ntrees in tidal habitats that have suffered deforestation.",
"timestamp": [
539.478,
546.338
]
},
{
"text": "At 16 years old, Delaney Reynolds founded\na program in Florida to educate youth in her community",
"timestamp": [
546.338,
551.783
]
},
{
"text": "At 16 years old, Delaney Reynolds founded\na program in Florida to educate youth in her community",
"timestamp": [
546.338,
551.783
]
},
{
"text": "about the dangers of sea level rise.",
"timestamp": [
551.783,
554.559
]
},
{
"text": "about the dangers of sea level rise.",
"timestamp": [
551.783,
554.559
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s just to name a few \nexamples of young people.",
"timestamp": [
554.559,
558.127
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s just to name a few \nexamples of young people.",
"timestamp": [
554.559,
558.127
]
},
{
"text": "Entrepreneurs, educators, and activists \nhave inspired people of all ages,",
"timestamp": [
558.127,
564.307
]
},
{
"text": "Entrepreneurs, educators, and activists \nhave inspired people of all ages,",
"timestamp": [
558.127,
564.307
]
},
{
"text": "all over the globe to take action \nagainst climate change.",
"timestamp": [
564.307,
568.335
]
},
{
"text": "all over the globe to take action \nagainst climate change.",
"timestamp": [
564.307,
568.335
]
},
{
"text": "Getting involved in climate change",
"timestamp": [
568.335,
570.083
]
},
{
"text": "Getting involved in climate change",
"timestamp": [
568.335,
570.083
]
},
{
"text": "doesn’t only mean making speeches, \nstaging strikes, or going to marches.",
"timestamp": [
570.083,
575.231
]
},
{
"text": "doesn’t only mean making speeches, \nstaging strikes, or going to marches.",
"timestamp": [
570.083,
575.231
]
},
{
"text": "Whether you’re into storytelling or gardening,",
"timestamp": [
575.231,
578.181
]
},
{
"text": "Whether you’re into storytelling or gardening,",
"timestamp": [
575.231,
578.181
]
},
{
"text": "engineering or educating, \nthere’s something there for all of us.",
"timestamp": [
578.181,
582.476
]
},
{
"text": "engineering or educating, \nthere’s something there for all of us.",
"timestamp": [
578.181,
582.476
]
},
{
"text": "Because whatever you’re into, \nand whatever you’re up to,",
"timestamp": [
582.476,
586.197
]
},
{
"text": "Because whatever you’re into, \nand whatever you’re up to,",
"timestamp": [
582.476,
586.197
]
},
{
"text": "climate change intersects with it.",
"timestamp": [
586.197,
588.413
]
},
{
"text": "climate change intersects with it.",
"timestamp": [
586.197,
588.413
]
},
{
"text": "Way back in the first episode of this series,",
"timestamp": [
588.413,
590.354
]
},
{
"text": "Way back in the first episode of this series,",
"timestamp": [
588.413,
590.354
]
},
{
"text": "we learned how climate change normally \nhappens over centuries and millennia.",
"timestamp": [
590.354,
595.154
]
},
{
"text": "we learned how climate change normally \nhappens over centuries and millennia.",
"timestamp": [
590.354,
595.154
]
},
{
"text": "Throughout Earth’s long history,",
"timestamp": [
595.154,
597.522
]
},
{
"text": "Throughout Earth’s long history,",
"timestamp": [
595.154,
597.522
]
},
{
"text": "it’s been a drawn-out process driven by things \nlike volcanoes and splitting continents.",
"timestamp": [
597.522,
602.902
]
},
{
"text": "it’s been a drawn-out process driven by things \nlike volcanoes and splitting continents.",
"timestamp": [
597.522,
602.902
]
},
{
"text": "But now, driven by burning fossil fuels \nand greenhouse gases,",
"timestamp": [
602.902,
607.07
]
},
{
"text": "But now, driven by burning fossil fuels \nand greenhouse gases,",
"timestamp": [
602.902,
607.07
]
},
{
"text": "climate change is happening over decades,",
"timestamp": [
607.07,
609.347
]
},
{
"text": "climate change is happening over decades,",
"timestamp": [
607.07,
609.347
]
},
{
"text": "over individual human lifetimes.",
"timestamp": [
609.347,
611.565
]
},
{
"text": "over individual human lifetimes.",
"timestamp": [
609.347,
611.565
]
},
{
"text": "Since climate is all about long-term patterns\nin things like rainfall and temperature,",
"timestamp": [
611.565,
616.104
]
},
{
"text": "Since climate is all about long-term patterns\nin things like rainfall and temperature,",
"timestamp": [
611.565,
616.104
]
},
{
"text": "climate change can be hard to point to.",
"timestamp": [
616.104,
619.149
]
},
{
"text": "climate change can be hard to point to.",
"timestamp": [
616.104,
619.149
]
},
{
"text": "It’s everywhere, all around us, \nall the time.",
"timestamp": [
619.149,
622.962
]
},
{
"text": "It’s everywhere, all around us, \nall the time.",
"timestamp": [
619.149,
622.962
]
},
{
"text": "And once you learn how the climate \nis changing and what’s fueling it,",
"timestamp": [
622.962,
626.986
]
},
{
"text": "And once you learn how the climate \nis changing and what’s fueling it,",
"timestamp": [
622.962,
626.986
]
},
{
"text": "you can start to connect the dots —",
"timestamp": [
626.986,
629.75
]
},
{
"text": "you can start to connect the dots —",
"timestamp": [
626.986,
629.75
]
},
{
"text": "see how it intersects\nwith everything in your life.",
"timestamp": [
629.75,
632.347
]
},
{
"text": "see how it intersects\nwith everything in your life.",
"timestamp": [
629.75,
632.347
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change is the storm made \nmore powerful by a warmer ocean,",
"timestamp": [
632.347,
636.502
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change is the storm made \nmore powerful by a warmer ocean,",
"timestamp": [
632.347,
636.502
]
},
{
"text": "that wiped out lettuce crops and made \nyour favorite salad more expensive.",
"timestamp": [
636.502,
641.018
]
},
{
"text": "that wiped out lettuce crops and made \nyour favorite salad more expensive.",
"timestamp": [
636.502,
641.018
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the apartment complex \nbeing built down the street,",
"timestamp": [
641.018,
643.947
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the apartment complex \nbeing built down the street,",
"timestamp": [
641.018,
643.947
]
},
{
"text": "from cement and steel made \nby burning fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
643.947,
647.709
]
},
{
"text": "from cement and steel made \nby burning fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
643.947,
647.709
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the late-season snowfall \nthat knocked out your power,",
"timestamp": [
647.709,
650.943
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the late-season snowfall \nthat knocked out your power,",
"timestamp": [
647.709,
650.943
]
},
{
"text": "the fumes from a diesel-powered tractor,",
"timestamp": [
650.943,
653.301
]
},
{
"text": "the fumes from a diesel-powered tractor,",
"timestamp": [
650.943,
653.301
]
},
{
"text": "and the lack of accessible public\ntransportation in your town.",
"timestamp": [
653.301,
657.326
]
},
{
"text": "and the lack of accessible public\ntransportation in your town.",
"timestamp": [
653.301,
657.326
]
},
{
"text": "On the flip side, climate change is also the\nelectric pickup truck your neighbor just bought,",
"timestamp": [
657.326,
661.715
]
},
{
"text": "On the flip side, climate change is also the\nelectric pickup truck your neighbor just bought,",
"timestamp": [
657.326,
661.715
]
},
{
"text": "and the solar panels sparkling \non those new apartment roofs,",
"timestamp": [
661.715,
665.081
]
},
{
"text": "and the solar panels sparkling \non those new apartment roofs,",
"timestamp": [
661.715,
665.081
]
},
{
"text": "and the falling cost of batteries,",
"timestamp": [
665.081,
667.002
]
},
{
"text": "and the falling cost of batteries,",
"timestamp": [
665.081,
667.002
]
},
{
"text": "and activists pitching their governments on\npolicies that make heat pumps more affordable.",
"timestamp": [
667.002,
672.421
]
},
{
"text": "and activists pitching their governments on\npolicies that make heat pumps more affordable.",
"timestamp": [
667.002,
672.421
]
},
{
"text": "It’s people and organizations coming together",
"timestamp": [
672.421,
675.916
]
},
{
"text": "It’s people and organizations coming together",
"timestamp": [
672.421,
675.916
]
},
{
"text": "to try and slow the damage that’s \nalready been done to the climate,",
"timestamp": [
675.916,
679.806
]
},
{
"text": "to try and slow the damage that’s \nalready been done to the climate,",
"timestamp": [
675.916,
679.806
]
},
{
"text": "and prevent things from getting worse.",
"timestamp": [
679.806,
682.271
]
},
{
"text": "and prevent things from getting worse.",
"timestamp": [
679.806,
682.271
]
},
{
"text": "So, engineers, storytellers, artists,",
"timestamp": [
682.271,
685
]
},
{
"text": "So, engineers, storytellers, artists,",
"timestamp": [
682.271,
685
]
},
{
"text": "farmers, business owners, \nstudents, you name it",
"timestamp": [
685,
687.513
]
},
{
"text": "farmers, business owners, \nstudents, you name it",
"timestamp": [
685,
687.513
]
},
{
"text": "— we’re all a part of the story \nof Earth’s changing climate.",
"timestamp": [
687.513,
691.603
]
},
{
"text": "— we’re all a part of the story \nof Earth’s changing climate.",
"timestamp": [
687.513,
691.603
]
},
{
"text": "And once you learn what to look for,",
"timestamp": [
691.603,
693.552
]
},
{
"text": "And once you learn what to look for,",
"timestamp": [
691.603,
693.552
]
},
{
"text": "you can see how climate change \nweaves throughout your entire life.",
"timestamp": [
693.552,
698.153
]
},
{
"text": "you can see how climate change \nweaves throughout your entire life.",
"timestamp": [
693.552,
698.153
]
},
{
"text": "When you hear stories about people \nfighting against climate change,",
"timestamp": [
698.153,
701.179
]
},
{
"text": "When you hear stories about people \nfighting against climate change,",
"timestamp": [
698.153,
701.179
]
},
{
"text": "it can sometimes sound like it’s just \none person standing up on their own,",
"timestamp": [
701.179,
705.679
]
},
{
"text": "it can sometimes sound like it’s just \none person standing up on their own,",
"timestamp": [
701.179,
705.679
]
},
{
"text": "facing down a whole government.",
"timestamp": [
705.679,
708.225
]
},
{
"text": "facing down a whole government.",
"timestamp": [
705.679,
708.225
]
},
{
"text": "But almost always, change happens \nbecause a group of people,",
"timestamp": [
708.225,
712.685
]
},
{
"text": "But almost always, change happens \nbecause a group of people,",
"timestamp": [
708.225,
712.685
]
},
{
"text": "often from different backgrounds \nand walks of life,",
"timestamp": [
712.685,
715.334
]
},
{
"text": "often from different backgrounds \nand walks of life,",
"timestamp": [
712.685,
715.334
]
},
{
"text": "team up for something they care about.",
"timestamp": [
715.334,
718.224
]
},
{
"text": "team up for something they care about.",
"timestamp": [
715.334,
718.224
]
},
{
"text": "And there’s a lot of people to team up with.",
"timestamp": [
718.224,
720.712
]
},
{
"text": "And there’s a lot of people to team up with.",
"timestamp": [
718.224,
720.712
]
},
{
"text": "Surveys have shown that the \nmajority of people on Earth",
"timestamp": [
720.712,
724.649
]
},
{
"text": "Surveys have shown that the \nmajority of people on Earth",
"timestamp": [
720.712,
724.649
]
},
{
"text": "are concerned about climate change,",
"timestamp": [
724.649,
726.577
]
},
{
"text": "are concerned about climate change,",
"timestamp": [
724.649,
726.577
]
},
{
"text": "and are willing to do something about it.",
"timestamp": [
726.577,
728.898
]
},
{
"text": "and are willing to do something about it.",
"timestamp": [
726.577,
728.898
]
},
{
"text": "At the end of the day, if human creativity\ncan put a plane in the sky",
"timestamp": [
728.898,
733.63
]
},
{
"text": "At the end of the day, if human creativity\ncan put a plane in the sky",
"timestamp": [
728.898,
733.63
]
},
{
"text": "— an unthinkable magic trick at the time —",
"timestamp": [
733.63,
735.953
]
},
{
"text": "— an unthinkable magic trick at the time —",
"timestamp": [
733.63,
735.953
]
},
{
"text": "then human creativity,\nlike yours and mine,",
"timestamp": [
735.953,
739.3
]
},
{
"text": "then human creativity,\nlike yours and mine,",
"timestamp": [
735.953,
739.3
]
},
{
"text": "can — when joined together \n— see us out of this mess.",
"timestamp": [
739.3,
743.236
]
},
{
"text": "can — when joined together \n— see us out of this mess.",
"timestamp": [
739.3,
743.236
]
},
{
"text": "I like to think of it like this:",
"timestamp": [
743.236,
744.943
]
},
{
"text": "I like to think of it like this:",
"timestamp": [
743.236,
744.943
]
},
{
"text": "we have 8 billion people on this planet…",
"timestamp": [
744.943,
747.069
]
},
{
"text": "we have 8 billion people on this planet…",
"timestamp": [
744.943,
747.069
]
},
{
"text": "that’s 8 billion people coming up with \n8 billion possible solutions forward.",
"timestamp": [
747.069,
752.7
]
},
{
"text": "that’s 8 billion people coming up with \n8 billion possible solutions forward.",
"timestamp": [
747.069,
752.7
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change is everywhere, \nand so too are the ways to solve and stop it.",
"timestamp": [
752.7,
758.091
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change is everywhere, \nand so too are the ways to solve and stop it.",
"timestamp": [
752.7,
758.091
]
},
{
"text": "This involves talking to community members,",
"timestamp": [
758.091,
760.716
]
},
{
"text": "This involves talking to community members,",
"timestamp": [
758.091,
760.716
]
},
{
"text": "designing new technologies, \npassing new laws,",
"timestamp": [
760.716,
763.571
]
},
{
"text": "designing new technologies, \npassing new laws,",
"timestamp": [
760.716,
763.571
]
},
{
"text": "protecting natural spaces,",
"timestamp": [
763.571,
765.504
]
},
{
"text": "protecting natural spaces,",
"timestamp": [
763.571,
765.504
]
},
{
"text": "and caring for people and landscapes \nmost affected by our shifting world.",
"timestamp": [
765.504,
770.674
]
},
{
"text": "and caring for people and landscapes \nmost affected by our shifting world.",
"timestamp": [
765.504,
770.674
]
},
{
"text": "And, of course, there’s a lot of \nlearning involved too —",
"timestamp": [
770.674,
774.466
]
},
{
"text": "And, of course, there’s a lot of \nlearning involved too —",
"timestamp": [
770.674,
774.466
]
},
{
"text": "so, hey, thanks for being \nhere for this series.",
"timestamp": [
774.466,
777.658
]
},
{
"text": "so, hey, thanks for being \nhere for this series.",
"timestamp": [
774.466,
777.658
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, reducing emissions by 2050",
"timestamp": [
777.658,
780.776
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, reducing emissions by 2050",
"timestamp": [
777.658,
780.776
]
},
{
"text": "will take a huge effort \non the part of scientists,",
"timestamp": [
780.776,
783.614
]
},
{
"text": "will take a huge effort \non the part of scientists,",
"timestamp": [
780.776,
783.614
]
},
{
"text": "governments, corporations, \nand individuals",
"timestamp": [
783.614,
787.408
]
},
{
"text": "governments, corporations, \nand individuals",
"timestamp": [
783.614,
787.408
]
},
{
"text": "— especially individuals banding together \nas groups and communities.",
"timestamp": [
787.408,
792.596
]
},
{
"text": "— especially individuals banding together \nas groups and communities.",
"timestamp": [
787.408,
792.596
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, that effort just looks like talking\nto each other about climate change,",
"timestamp": [
792.596,
797.327
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, that effort just looks like talking\nto each other about climate change,",
"timestamp": [
792.596,
797.327
]
},
{
"text": "helping one another see \nhow it impacts our lives,",
"timestamp": [
797.327,
799.909
]
},
{
"text": "helping one another see \nhow it impacts our lives,",
"timestamp": [
797.327,
799.909
]
},
{
"text": "who we are, our futures.",
"timestamp": [
799.909,
802.451
]
},
{
"text": "who we are, our futures.",
"timestamp": [
799.909,
802.451
]
},
{
"text": "This can be enough to tip the first domino",
"timestamp": [
802.451,
805.365
]
},
{
"text": "This can be enough to tip the first domino",
"timestamp": [
802.451,
805.365
]
},
{
"text": "to start a cascade of hope \nthat changes this generation,",
"timestamp": [
805.365,
809.44
]
},
{
"text": "to start a cascade of hope \nthat changes this generation,",
"timestamp": [
805.365,
809.44
]
},
{
"text": "the next one, and all \nthe ones to come.",
"timestamp": [
809.44,
812.636
]
},
{
"text": "the next one, and all \nthe ones to come.",
"timestamp": [
809.44,
812.636
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Clare Golding, \nthis episode’s robot butler technician.",
"timestamp": [
812.636,
816.396
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Clare Golding, \nthis episode’s robot butler technician.",
"timestamp": [
812.636,
816.396
]
},
{
"text": "You programmed him to bring me coffee \nexactly when I needed it!",
"timestamp": [
816.396,
820.579
]
},
{
"text": "You programmed him to bring me coffee \nexactly when I needed it!",
"timestamp": [
816.396,
820.579
]
},
{
"text": "Also, thanks for supporting us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
820.579,
823.006
]
},
{
"text": "Also, thanks for supporting us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
820.579,
823.006
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy \nis produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
823.006,
825.62
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy \nis produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
823.006,
825.62
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by \nBreakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
825.62,
828.97
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by \nBreakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
825.62,
828.97
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at \nCastle Geraghty Studio",
"timestamp": [
828.97,
832.251
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at \nCastle Geraghty Studio",
"timestamp": [
828.97,
832.251
]
},
{
"text": "and was made with the help \nof all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
832.251,
835.738
]
},
{
"text": "and was made with the help \nof all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
832.251,
835.738
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
835.738,
841.43
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
835.738,
841.43
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Slowing Down Climate Change",
"Scientists have been studying \nour climate for decades,and together, we’ve reached a \nsingle, inescapable conclusion:greenhouse gases are driving up \nEarth’s average temperatureand, unchecked, that’s going to make \nour planet a lot harder to live on.Climate change has brought — \nand will continue to bring —extreme environmental events\n that will be hard to prepare for,experience, and recover from —with effects that will continue to layer \nupon our world’s existing inequalities.But there are things we can do \n— each of us can do —to help protect our planet, \nourselves, and each other.We can’t change the past, but together, \nwe can change the future —and slow down and stop climate \nchange in meaningful ways.Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is the final \nepisode of Crash Course Climate and Energy.[THEME MUSIC]"
],
[
"Limiting Global Warming",
"In 2015, countries around the world \nforged the historic Paris Agreement.In it, they committed to \ntaking decisive actionto reduce greenhouse gas emissions \nand keep climate change in check.For many countries, that action \nbecame a pledge— a pledge to reach net-zero \ncarbon emissions by 2050.That means they’ve agreed to reduce \nemissions by as much as possible,and make up for whatever \nthey can’t eliminateby removing greenhouse \ngases from the atmosphere.The goal of these pledgesis to limit how much the average \nglobal temperature goes up.Specifically: to limit warming \nby the end of the centuryto less than two degrees Celsius \nabove pre-Industrial Revolution levels.And ideally, to stop at 1.5 degrees.That half a degree might \nnot sound like much,but science has shown that it \nmakes a world of difference.For instance, in parts of southern Europe, \nCentral America, and Australia,which are already suffering \noccasional water shortages,two degrees of warming would create \nintense and long-lasting droughts.But when warming is kept to 1.5 degrees,the situation is a lot less severe,with some places experiencing \nhalf as many water shortagesas in the worst-case scenario.And that’s just one example.Everything from the vegetables you eat,to the coral reefs you want to visit somedaywould have a better chance at survival \nwith just 1.5 degrees of warming.Ultimately, it translates to better food securityand higher quality of life for millions of people— and for all life here on planet Earth.That said, staying under 1.5 degrees \nof warming will be really, really tough.As a society, we’re super invested \nin burning fossil fuels for energy. — to the point where even an industry \nthat seems unrelated on the surface,like textile production, releases roughly \na billion tons of greenhouse gases every year.So, if we’re going to keep our \nwarming planet in check,we’re going to need to overhaul our \nways of doing…just about everything.And soon.As of the time we’re posting this in 2023,we’re on track for temperature rises \nbetween two and three degrees Celsius,unless we make a big and rapid change.So, limiting ourselves to 1.5 degrees is \nnothing short of a monumental challenge.Still, if we take immediate steps \nto transform every major industry,"
],
[
"A Carbon-Neutral Future",
"it is possible to get to net-zero \ncarbon emissions by 2050and, in so doing, \nkeep warming in check.A policy-making organization called \nthe International Energy Agencyhas even given us a roadmap \nfull of possible milestones.It involves things like stopping \nthe sale of fossil fuel boilersto heat our water and homes by 2025,and stopping the sale of \ngasoline-powered cars by 2035.By 2040, the whole world would be running \non electricity with net-zero emissions,and half of all buildingswould have systems in place to operate \nwithout releasing greenhouse gases.By 2045, we would be getting half our heat\nfrom efficient, low-carbon heat pumps.And finally, by 2050, even \nmanufacturing would be transformed,with more than 90% of heavy industry,like machinery production and ship-building,\nbeing considered low-emission.Manufacturing processes are often \nespecially hard to decarbonize,so in addition to technological \nbreakthroughs on the materials we use,we would likely also rely on technologies \nto capture the emissions releasedrather than letting them escape \nin the atmosphere.So, say you’re 15 years old, \nwatching this in 2023.If we stuck to a plan like this,then by your 42nd birthday party, \nyou’d be living in a very different world.Imagine it: there’d be no more coal-fueled\npower plants, belching smoke over cities.The phrase “gas guzzler” would \nalso be a thing of the past,because there’d be no more gasoline pumps.Instead, you’d be rocking an \nelectric hotrod Camry,or hopping on public transit \npowered by carbon-free electricity.And in your home?That same electricity would \npower all your devices,from your phone charger \nto your robot butler![JohnGreenBot] Greetings![M] Oh, hey, JohnGreenBot. \nThanks! The incredible thing is, this future?It’s not some sci-fi pipe dream.Well, maybe /you/ are, \nJohnGreenBot.We’ve learned throughout this seriesthat there are many carbon-neutral \ntechnologies that exist right nowin every sector.They just need to be made \naffordable to take off.But to make this net-zero future a reality,we’ll also need some serious \ntechnological advances.For example, we already have options for \ngenerating carbon-neutral electricity— wind, solar, nuclear, \nhydroelectricity, and more.But to use them to power the whole world,we’ll need big improvements in \nelectricity storage and transmission,so we can get power whenever \nwe need it and wherever we need it."
],
[
"Governments & Corporations",
"And technology won’t be the \nonly hurdle to overcome.There are still a bunch of \ngovernment policies,subsidies, and initiatives in effect, that \nare designed to keep fossil fuels cheap.They make various carbon-free options \nartificially expensive by comparison— creating something called a Green Premium.But if governments can thoughtfully reduce,and eventually eliminate fossil fuel subsidies,they can help make carbon-free \nenergy more affordable,and make technologies that emit \ngreenhouse gases look less appealing.The money governments are currently \nspending to make fossil fuels cheapcould also be used to make \ncarbon-neutral energy cheaper —or to research new, emissions-free technologies.Ultimately, though, when it \ncomes to getting to net-zero,every emissions sectorand every area of the world \nwill need a different approach.There’s no one-size-fits-all strategy.Meanwhile, the stakes keep getting higher.So, if you’re feeling like all of this is\noverwhelming…you’re not alone.Government subsidies, \nemerging technologies —many of the solutions to climate changemight seem like they’re happening on \na level way above your head.And the things you can do,like walk or cycle, make \nthoughtful purchasing decisions,eat less meat, vote — all of \nthese are awesome, by the way —but they can feel discouraging, \nor maybe, small.It’s hard to be just one person \ntrying to make a difference.Especially when you consider \nthe impacts of what you can doversus the impacts of \nmajor corporations.From 1965 to 2017, \njust 20 companieswere responsible for a whopping 35% of \nall greenhouse gas emissions globally."
],
[
"Young People Leading the Climate Movement",
"So, where do people like you and me \nfit into that part of the story?Well, companies, governments, and research\ncenters developing new technologies— they all have one thing in common.They’re made by people, supported by people, \nand can be changed by people.And in a lot of big ways, \nyoung people are leading this charge.You’ve probably heard of Greta Thunberg,a Swedish environmental activistwho has led school strikes and \nspoken at global climate conferences.And while she might be the most famous,she’s far from the only young person \nto stand up for the climate.At 18 years old, Rwandan student \nGhislain Irakozenoticed piles of electronics \nthrown away in a local landfill.So, he invented an app that helps people figure\nout where they can recycle them locally.At 12 years old, Emirati-Canadian \nstudent Kehkashan Basustarted a company to get young people \ninvolved in local sustainability efforts.And today, she leads people in planting mangrove\ntrees in tidal habitats that have suffered deforestation.At 16 years old, Delaney Reynolds founded\na program in Florida to educate youth in her communityabout the dangers of sea level rise.And that’s just to name a few \nexamples of young people.Entrepreneurs, educators, and activists \nhave inspired people of all ages,all over the globe to take action \nagainst climate change.Getting involved in climate changedoesn’t only mean making speeches, \nstaging strikes, or going to marches.Whether you’re into storytelling or gardening,engineering or educating, \nthere’s something there for all of us.Because whatever you’re into, \nand whatever you’re up to,climate change intersects with it."
],
[
"Climate Change is Everywhere",
"Way back in the first episode of this series,we learned how climate change normally \nhappens over centuries and millennia.Throughout Earth’s long history,it’s been a drawn-out process driven by things \nlike volcanoes and splitting continents.But now, driven by burning fossil fuels \nand greenhouse gases,climate change is happening over decades,over individual human lifetimes.Since climate is all about long-term patterns\nin things like rainfall and temperature,climate change can be hard to point to.It’s everywhere, all around us, \nall the time.And once you learn how the climate \nis changing and what’s fueling it,you can start to connect the dots —see how it intersects\nwith everything in your life.Climate change is the storm made \nmore powerful by a warmer ocean,that wiped out lettuce crops and made \nyour favorite salad more expensive.It’s the apartment complex \nbeing built down the street,from cement and steel made \nby burning fossil fuels.It’s the late-season snowfall \nthat knocked out your power,the fumes from a diesel-powered tractor,and the lack of accessible public\ntransportation in your town.On the flip side, climate change is also the\nelectric pickup truck your neighbor just bought,and the solar panels sparkling \non those new apartment roofs,and the falling cost of batteries,and activists pitching their governments on\npolicies that make heat pumps more affordable.It’s people and organizations coming togetherto try and slow the damage that’s \nalready been done to the climate,and prevent things from getting worse.So, engineers, storytellers, artists,farmers, business owners, \nstudents, you name it— we’re all a part of the story \nof Earth’s changing climate.And once you learn what to look for,you can see how climate change \nweaves throughout your entire life."
],
[
"People Power Works",
"When you hear stories about people \nfighting against climate change,it can sometimes sound like it’s just \none person standing up on their own,facing down a whole government.But almost always, change happens \nbecause a group of people,often from different backgrounds \nand walks of life,team up for something they care about.And there’s a lot of people to team up with.Surveys have shown that the \nmajority of people on Earthare concerned about climate change,and are willing to do something about it."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"At the end of the day, if human creativity\ncan put a plane in the sky— an unthinkable magic trick at the time —then human creativity,\nlike yours and mine,can — when joined together \n— see us out of this mess.I like to think of it like this:we have 8 billion people on this planet…that’s 8 billion people coming up with \n8 billion possible solutions forward.Climate change is everywhere, \nand so too are the ways to solve and stop it.This involves talking to community members,designing new technologies, \npassing new laws,protecting natural spaces,and caring for people and landscapes \nmost affected by our shifting world.And, of course, there’s a lot of \nlearning involved too —so, hey, thanks for being \nhere for this series.Ultimately, reducing emissions by 2050will take a huge effort \non the part of scientists,governments, corporations, \nand individuals— especially individuals banding together \nas groups and communities.Sometimes, that effort just looks like talking\nto each other about climate change,helping one another see \nhow it impacts our lives,who we are, our futures.This can be enough to tip the first dominoto start a cascade of hope \nthat changes this generation,the next one, and all \nthe ones to come.Special thanks to Clare Golding, \nthis episode’s robot butler technician.You programmed him to bring me coffee \nexactly when I needed it!Also, thanks for supporting us on Patreon.Crash Course Climate and Energy \nis produced by Complexlywith support provided by \nBreakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.This episode was filmed at \nCastle Geraghty Studioand was made with the help \nof all these nice people.If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
The Hidden Price of Climate Change: Crash Course Climate & Energy #11
|
ML70W4O6F4E
| 819 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Ditching Fossil Fuels",
"end_time": 60
},
{
"start_time": 60,
"title": "Why Fossil Fuels Are Everywhere",
"end_time": 140
},
{
"start_time": 140,
"title": "Fossil Fuel Subsidies",
"end_time": 340
},
{
"start_time": 340,
"title": "Fossil Fuels & The Economy",
"end_time": 414
},
{
"start_time": 414,
"title": "Cuba's Special Period",
"end_time": 509
},
{
"start_time": 509,
"title": "Fossil Fuels' Global Impacts",
"end_time": 558
},
{
"start_time": 558,
"title": "Fuel Companies & Misinformation",
"end_time": 740
},
{
"start_time": 740,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 819
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Climate scientists agree that we need to \nseriously reduce our greenhouse gas emissions",
"timestamp": [
0.13,
5.148
]
},
{
"text": "Climate scientists agree that we need to \nseriously reduce our greenhouse gas emissions",
"timestamp": [
0.13,
5.148
]
},
{
"text": "if we’re going to avoid the \nworst impacts of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
5.148,
7.879
]
},
{
"text": "if we’re going to avoid the \nworst impacts of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
5.148,
7.879
]
},
{
"text": "And one of the best ways to do that is to\nditch fossil fuels as our main source of energy.",
"timestamp": [
7.879,
13.809
]
},
{
"text": "And one of the best ways to do that is to\nditch fossil fuels as our main source of energy.",
"timestamp": [
7.879,
13.809
]
},
{
"text": "The good news?",
"timestamp": [
13.809,
15.219
]
},
{
"text": "The good news?",
"timestamp": [
13.809,
15.219
]
},
{
"text": "Many countries have already set targets to\nbecome carbon-neutral by 2050,",
"timestamp": [
15.219,
19.265
]
},
{
"text": "Many countries have already set targets to\nbecome carbon-neutral by 2050,",
"timestamp": [
15.219,
19.265
]
},
{
"text": "and much of the technology to do that already exists.",
"timestamp": [
19.265,
22.25
]
},
{
"text": "and much of the technology to do that already exists.",
"timestamp": [
19.265,
22.25
]
},
{
"text": "To use an American football analogy: \nWe have the ball.",
"timestamp": [
22.25,
26.07
]
},
{
"text": "To use an American football analogy: \nWe have the ball.",
"timestamp": [
22.25,
26.07
]
},
{
"text": "Now, we just have to run it to the end zone.",
"timestamp": [
26.07,
29.08
]
},
{
"text": "Now, we just have to run it to the end zone.",
"timestamp": [
26.07,
29.08
]
},
{
"text": "The difficulty is, fossil fuels are so embedded\nin our lives that the path to a greener future",
"timestamp": [
29.08,
34.67
]
},
{
"text": "The difficulty is, fossil fuels are so embedded\nin our lives that the path to a greener future",
"timestamp": [
29.08,
34.67
]
},
{
"text": "is full of economic, political, and social\nchallenges — like tons of opposing players",
"timestamp": [
34.67,
39.98
]
},
{
"text": "is full of economic, political, and social\nchallenges — like tons of opposing players",
"timestamp": [
34.67,
39.98
]
},
{
"text": "trying to stop us in our tracks.",
"timestamp": [
39.98,
42.35
]
},
{
"text": "trying to stop us in our tracks.",
"timestamp": [
39.98,
42.35
]
},
{
"text": "So if we want to make it through, we’re gonna have to strap \non our helmets and tackle those obstacles head-on.",
"timestamp": [
42.35,
47.98
]
},
{
"text": "So if we want to make it through, we’re gonna have to strap \non our helmets and tackle those obstacles head-on.",
"timestamp": [
42.35,
47.98
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
47.98,
49.761
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
47.98,
49.761
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
49.761,
60.006
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
49.761,
60.006
]
},
{
"text": "Fossil fuels are a huge part of our lives,\nfor three main reasons.",
"timestamp": [
62.251,
66.049
]
},
{
"text": "Fossil fuels are a huge part of our lives,\nfor three main reasons.",
"timestamp": [
62.251,
66.049
]
},
{
"text": "One: They pack a lot of energy into a small space.",
"timestamp": [
66.049,
70.06
]
},
{
"text": "One: They pack a lot of energy into a small space.",
"timestamp": [
66.049,
70.06
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, a liter of gasoline contains about \nas much energy as three to four sticks of dynamite.",
"timestamp": [
70.06,
76.126
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, a liter of gasoline contains about \nas much energy as three to four sticks of dynamite.",
"timestamp": [
70.06,
76.126
]
},
{
"text": "And unlike a handful of dynamite, the energy\nin gasoline can be released gradually,",
"timestamp": [
76.126,
80.417
]
},
{
"text": "And unlike a handful of dynamite, the energy\nin gasoline can be released gradually,",
"timestamp": [
76.126,
80.417
]
},
{
"text": "rather than all at once in a big explosion.",
"timestamp": [
80.417,
82.751
]
},
{
"text": "rather than all at once in a big explosion.",
"timestamp": [
80.417,
82.751
]
},
{
"text": "That makes it an ideal fuel source for engines,\ngenerators, power plants",
"timestamp": [
82.751,
87.948
]
},
{
"text": "That makes it an ideal fuel source for engines,\ngenerators, power plants",
"timestamp": [
82.751,
87.948
]
},
{
"text": "— equipment that needs to run consistently.",
"timestamp": [
87.948,
90.419
]
},
{
"text": "— equipment that needs to run consistently.",
"timestamp": [
87.948,
90.419
]
},
{
"text": "The second reason fossil fuels are everywhere?",
"timestamp": [
90.419,
92.939
]
},
{
"text": "The second reason fossil fuels are everywhere?",
"timestamp": [
90.419,
92.939
]
},
{
"text": "They’re versatile.",
"timestamp": [
92.939,
94.28
]
},
{
"text": "They’re versatile.",
"timestamp": [
92.939,
94.28
]
},
{
"text": "Sure, they can be used to heat your school,\nkeep the lights on, or power a cargo ship,",
"timestamp": [
94.28,
99.08
]
},
{
"text": "Sure, they can be used to heat your school,\nkeep the lights on, or power a cargo ship,",
"timestamp": [
94.28,
99.08
]
},
{
"text": "but they can also be used in less obvious\nways",
"timestamp": [
99.08,
101.96
]
},
{
"text": "but they can also be used in less obvious\nways",
"timestamp": [
99.08,
101.96
]
},
{
"text": "— like to make fertilizer, to provide heat to make cement and steel,",
"timestamp": [
101.96,
105.459
]
},
{
"text": "— like to make fertilizer, to provide heat to make cement and steel,",
"timestamp": [
101.96,
105.459
]
},
{
"text": "or even to make synthetic fabrics and plastic.",
"timestamp": [
105.459,
108.481
]
},
{
"text": "or even to make synthetic fabrics and plastic.",
"timestamp": [
105.459,
108.481
]
},
{
"text": "As a society, we’ve really taken that versatility\nand run with it,",
"timestamp": [
108.481,
112.621
]
},
{
"text": "As a society, we’ve really taken that versatility\nand run with it,",
"timestamp": [
108.481,
112.621
]
},
{
"text": "incorporating fossil fuels into virtually every industry.",
"timestamp": [
112.621,
116.376
]
},
{
"text": "incorporating fossil fuels into virtually every industry.",
"timestamp": [
112.621,
116.376
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, though, the thing that \nmakes fossil fuels so useful — ",
"timestamp": [
116.376,
119.612
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, though, the thing that \nmakes fossil fuels so useful — ",
"timestamp": [
116.376,
119.612
]
},
{
"text": "which is the third, uniting factor \nhere — is that they’re cheap.",
"timestamp": [
119.612,
123.266
]
},
{
"text": "which is the third, uniting factor \nhere — is that they’re cheap.",
"timestamp": [
119.612,
123.266
]
},
{
"text": "Fossil fuels are cheap partly because they’ve\nbeen widely available and abundant underground",
"timestamp": [
123.266,
128.302
]
},
{
"text": "Fossil fuels are cheap partly because they’ve\nbeen widely available and abundant underground",
"timestamp": [
123.266,
128.302
]
},
{
"text": "and because we’ve built a lot of \ninfrastructure around them.",
"timestamp": [
128.302,
131.83
]
},
{
"text": "and because we’ve built a lot of \ninfrastructure around them.",
"timestamp": [
128.302,
131.83
]
},
{
"text": "But they’re also cheap because \nfor the last two centuries,",
"timestamp": [
131.83,
135
]
},
{
"text": "But they’re also cheap because \nfor the last two centuries,",
"timestamp": [
131.83,
135
]
},
{
"text": "governments have put a huge amount of effort \nand action into making them cheap.",
"timestamp": [
135,
140
]
},
{
"text": "governments have put a huge amount of effort \nand action into making them cheap.",
"timestamp": [
135,
140
]
},
{
"text": "Often, that takes the form of subsidies, \nwhich are kind of like coupons.",
"timestamp": [
140,
143.96
]
},
{
"text": "Often, that takes the form of subsidies, \nwhich are kind of like coupons.",
"timestamp": [
140,
143.96
]
},
{
"text": "Direct subsidies are incentives offered to fossil fuel \nproducers and consumers, to drive the prices down.",
"timestamp": [
143.96,
150.23
]
},
{
"text": "Direct subsidies are incentives offered to fossil fuel \nproducers and consumers, to drive the prices down.",
"timestamp": [
143.96,
150.23
]
},
{
"text": "At the production end, this can take the form\nof tax breaks offered to oil companies,",
"timestamp": [
150.23,
154.544
]
},
{
"text": "At the production end, this can take the form\nof tax breaks offered to oil companies,",
"timestamp": [
150.23,
154.544
]
},
{
"text": "and cheaper and more flexible leases for companies\nthat want to mine or drill on federal lands.",
"timestamp": [
154.544,
159.46
]
},
{
"text": "and cheaper and more flexible leases for companies\nthat want to mine or drill on federal lands.",
"timestamp": [
154.544,
159.46
]
},
{
"text": "On the consumption side of things, some governments\nfind ways to cut prices for consumers like you and me.",
"timestamp": [
159.46,
165.308
]
},
{
"text": "On the consumption side of things, some governments\nfind ways to cut prices for consumers like you and me.",
"timestamp": [
159.46,
165.308
]
},
{
"text": "For example, until 2015, the United Arab Emirates\neffectively made a nationwide discount on gas,",
"timestamp": [
165.308,
172.044
]
},
{
"text": "For example, until 2015, the United Arab Emirates\neffectively made a nationwide discount on gas,",
"timestamp": [
165.308,
172.044
]
},
{
"text": "so when their citizens fuelled up, \ntheir gas was cheaper than market value. ",
"timestamp": [
172.044,
176.599
]
},
{
"text": "so when their citizens fuelled up, \ntheir gas was cheaper than market value. ",
"timestamp": [
172.044,
176.599
]
},
{
"text": "In a time when it’s in our best interests\nto move away from fossil fuels,",
"timestamp": [
176.599,
180.233
]
},
{
"text": "In a time when it’s in our best interests\nto move away from fossil fuels,",
"timestamp": [
176.599,
180.233
]
},
{
"text": "it may be surprising that these subsidies \nare still alive and well across the world.",
"timestamp": [
180.233,
185
]
},
{
"text": "it may be surprising that these subsidies \nare still alive and well across the world.",
"timestamp": [
180.233,
185
]
},
{
"text": "But not too surprising.",
"timestamp": [
185,
186.25
]
},
{
"text": "But not too surprising.",
"timestamp": [
185,
186.25
]
},
{
"text": "We all have a hard time saying no to a discount.",
"timestamp": [
186.25,
189.02
]
},
{
"text": "We all have a hard time saying no to a discount.",
"timestamp": [
186.25,
189.02
]
},
{
"text": "And when those discounts involve \nthe raw materials that drive the economy",
"timestamp": [
189.02,
192.82
]
},
{
"text": "And when those discounts involve \nthe raw materials that drive the economy",
"timestamp": [
189.02,
192.82
]
},
{
"text": "— and for now, much of our daily lives — ",
"timestamp": [
192.82,
195.227
]
},
{
"text": "— and for now, much of our daily lives — ",
"timestamp": [
192.82,
195.227
]
},
{
"text": "saying “no” is even harder than turning down a \n“buy one, get one free” coupon on science T-shirts.",
"timestamp": [
195.227,
201.476
]
},
{
"text": "saying “no” is even harder than turning down a \n“buy one, get one free” coupon on science T-shirts.",
"timestamp": [
195.227,
201.476
]
},
{
"text": "Ooh! Even when you already \nhave a closet full of them like I do.",
"timestamp": [
201.476,
206.221
]
},
{
"text": "Ooh! Even when you already \nhave a closet full of them like I do.",
"timestamp": [
201.476,
206.221
]
},
{
"text": "Between 2017 and 2019, the International \nEnergy Agency estimated that together,",
"timestamp": [
206.221,
211.804
]
},
{
"text": "Between 2017 and 2019, the International \nEnergy Agency estimated that together,",
"timestamp": [
206.221,
211.804
]
},
{
"text": "the countries that hold most of the fossil fuel supplies",
"timestamp": [
211.804,
215.179
]
},
{
"text": "the countries that hold most of the fossil fuel supplies",
"timestamp": [
211.804,
215.179
]
},
{
"text": "gave more than 550 billion dollars \nof direct subsidies each year.",
"timestamp": [
215.179,
220.51
]
},
{
"text": "gave more than 550 billion dollars \nof direct subsidies each year.",
"timestamp": [
215.179,
220.51
]
},
{
"text": "But direct subsidies aren’t the only way\nthat the price of fossil fuels is kept low.",
"timestamp": [
220.51,
224.84
]
},
{
"text": "But direct subsidies aren’t the only way\nthat the price of fossil fuels is kept low.",
"timestamp": [
220.51,
224.84
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine you spent 100 dollars on \nyour bike, but whenever you rode it,",
"timestamp": [
224.84,
228.321
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine you spent 100 dollars on \nyour bike, but whenever you rode it,",
"timestamp": [
224.84,
228.321
]
},
{
"text": "you smashed through your neighbors’ gardens, ",
"timestamp": [
228.321,
230.468
]
},
{
"text": "you smashed through your neighbors’ gardens, ",
"timestamp": [
228.321,
230.468
]
},
{
"text": "causing them to have to buy new plants and spend money \nand time printing “don’t bike in my garden” signs.",
"timestamp": [
230.468,
236.793
]
},
{
"text": "causing them to have to buy new plants and spend money \nand time printing “don’t bike in my garden” signs.",
"timestamp": [
230.468,
236.793
]
},
{
"text": "If you add up all the money your neighbors had to spend, \nsuddenly your bike is costing a lot more than 100 dollars.",
"timestamp": [
236.793,
243.384
]
},
{
"text": "If you add up all the money your neighbors had to spend, \nsuddenly your bike is costing a lot more than 100 dollars.",
"timestamp": [
236.793,
243.384
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just not costing /you/ that extra money.",
"timestamp": [
243.384,
245.92
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just not costing /you/ that extra money.",
"timestamp": [
243.384,
245.92
]
},
{
"text": "This is what is called a negative externality.",
"timestamp": [
245.92,
248.73
]
},
{
"text": "This is what is called a negative externality.",
"timestamp": [
245.92,
248.73
]
},
{
"text": "It describes costs that are passed on to someone\nother than the producer or consumer.",
"timestamp": [
248.73,
253.95
]
},
{
"text": "It describes costs that are passed on to someone\nother than the producer or consumer.",
"timestamp": [
248.73,
253.95
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, they’re externalized.",
"timestamp": [
253.95,
255.709
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, they’re externalized.",
"timestamp": [
253.95,
255.709
]
},
{
"text": "When fossil fuels are burned — whether to\nfuel a tractor, produce building materials,",
"timestamp": [
255.709,
260.23
]
},
{
"text": "When fossil fuels are burned — whether to\nfuel a tractor, produce building materials,",
"timestamp": [
255.709,
260.23
]
},
{
"text": "or power a city — it has serious impacts\non human health and the environment.",
"timestamp": [
260.23,
264.753
]
},
{
"text": "or power a city — it has serious impacts\non human health and the environment.",
"timestamp": [
260.23,
264.753
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, the air pollution around fossil-fuel\npower plants results in higher rates of asthma,",
"timestamp": [
264.753,
270.47
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, the air pollution around fossil-fuel\npower plants results in higher rates of asthma,",
"timestamp": [
264.753,
270.47
]
},
{
"text": "cancer, and heart disease \nfor the people who live nearby.",
"timestamp": [
270.47,
274.005
]
},
{
"text": "cancer, and heart disease \nfor the people who live nearby.",
"timestamp": [
270.47,
274.005
]
},
{
"text": "Treating the affected people costs money that wouldn’t have to be spent if the power plants weren’t there in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
274.005,
281.85
]
},
{
"text": "Treating the affected people costs money that wouldn’t have to be spent if the power plants weren’t there in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
274.005,
281.85
]
},
{
"text": "In the U.S. alone, the healthcare costs \nrelated to fossil fuel-generated energy",
"timestamp": [
281.85,
286.367
]
},
{
"text": "In the U.S. alone, the healthcare costs \nrelated to fossil fuel-generated energy",
"timestamp": [
281.85,
286.367
]
},
{
"text": "are estimated to be up to \n886 billion dollars per year.",
"timestamp": [
286.367,
291.334
]
},
{
"text": "are estimated to be up to \n886 billion dollars per year.",
"timestamp": [
286.367,
291.334
]
},
{
"text": "On a broader scale, the greenhouse gases emitted\nwhen we burn fossil fuels",
"timestamp": [
291.334,
295.564
]
},
{
"text": "On a broader scale, the greenhouse gases emitted\nwhen we burn fossil fuels",
"timestamp": [
291.334,
295.564
]
},
{
"text": "are also causing the planet to get warmer, \nice to melt, and sea levels to rise.",
"timestamp": [
295.564,
301.8
]
},
{
"text": "are also causing the planet to get warmer, \nice to melt, and sea levels to rise.",
"timestamp": [
295.564,
301.8
]
},
{
"text": "As a result, more homes are being \ndamaged by floods and storm surges,",
"timestamp": [
301.8,
306.226
]
},
{
"text": "As a result, more homes are being \ndamaged by floods and storm surges,",
"timestamp": [
301.8,
306.226
]
},
{
"text": "and land and water supplies are \ndamaged by intruding saltwater.",
"timestamp": [
306.226,
310.404
]
},
{
"text": "and land and water supplies are \ndamaged by intruding saltwater.",
"timestamp": [
306.226,
310.404
]
},
{
"text": "By some estimates, rising sea levels are expected\nto cost the world 14 trillion dollars a year by 2100.",
"timestamp": [
310.404,
319.657
]
},
{
"text": "By some estimates, rising sea levels are expected\nto cost the world 14 trillion dollars a year by 2100.",
"timestamp": [
310.404,
319.657
]
},
{
"text": "Because fossil fuel companies aren’t held\naccountable for this type of impact,",
"timestamp": [
319.657,
323.685
]
},
{
"text": "Because fossil fuel companies aren’t held\naccountable for this type of impact,",
"timestamp": [
319.657,
323.685
]
},
{
"text": "some scholars consider these \ncosts to be indirect subsidies.",
"timestamp": [
323.685,
328.726
]
},
{
"text": "some scholars consider these \ncosts to be indirect subsidies.",
"timestamp": [
323.685,
328.726
]
},
{
"text": "And when you combine the indirect subsidies with the direct \nones the fossil fuel industry receives from governments,",
"timestamp": [
328.726,
336.596
]
},
{
"text": "And when you combine the indirect subsidies with the direct \nones the fossil fuel industry receives from governments,",
"timestamp": [
328.726,
336.596
]
},
{
"text": "the overall cost of subsidies goes through the roof. ",
"timestamp": [
336.596,
340.126
]
},
{
"text": "the overall cost of subsidies goes through the roof. ",
"timestamp": [
336.596,
340.126
]
},
{
"text": "So, why are governments still working \nso hard to support fossil fuels?",
"timestamp": [
340.126,
343.919
]
},
{
"text": "So, why are governments still working \nso hard to support fossil fuels?",
"timestamp": [
340.126,
343.919
]
},
{
"text": "Well, for at least the last two centuries, energy usage \nand economic growth have gone hand in hand.",
"timestamp": [
343.919,
350.1
]
},
{
"text": "Well, for at least the last two centuries, energy usage \nand economic growth have gone hand in hand.",
"timestamp": [
343.919,
350.1
]
},
{
"text": "As countries develop their economies, they have \na stronger need for reliable energy and electricity.",
"timestamp": [
350.1,
356.03
]
},
{
"text": "As countries develop their economies, they have \na stronger need for reliable energy and electricity.",
"timestamp": [
350.1,
356.03
]
},
{
"text": "And, the more energy they can get, \nthe wealthier they typically become.",
"timestamp": [
356.03,
361.21
]
},
{
"text": "And, the more energy they can get, \nthe wealthier they typically become.",
"timestamp": [
356.03,
361.21
]
},
{
"text": "And everyone wants to be rich, right?",
"timestamp": [
361.21,
363.68
]
},
{
"text": "And everyone wants to be rich, right?",
"timestamp": [
361.21,
363.68
]
},
{
"text": "Keeping these fuels cheap has consistently\nboosted countries’ economies and,",
"timestamp": [
363.68,
368.706
]
},
{
"text": "Keeping these fuels cheap has consistently\nboosted countries’ economies and,",
"timestamp": [
363.68,
368.706
]
},
{
"text": "for the most part, improved standards of living locally.",
"timestamp": [
368.706,
372.586
]
},
{
"text": "for the most part, improved standards of living locally.",
"timestamp": [
368.706,
372.586
]
},
{
"text": "That doesn’t mean things have to be this way.",
"timestamp": [
372.586,
375.124
]
},
{
"text": "That doesn’t mean things have to be this way.",
"timestamp": [
372.586,
375.124
]
},
{
"text": "If countries transitioned to other ways of getting \nenergy, like solar or hydroelectric power,",
"timestamp": [
375.124,
381.167
]
},
{
"text": "If countries transitioned to other ways of getting \nenergy, like solar or hydroelectric power,",
"timestamp": [
375.124,
381.167
]
},
{
"text": "they could help their economies and their people without \nall the baggage that comes with fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
381.167,
386.751
]
},
{
"text": "they could help their economies and their people without \nall the baggage that comes with fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
381.167,
386.751
]
},
{
"text": "But the key word here is “transition.”",
"timestamp": [
386.751,
389.55
]
},
{
"text": "But the key word here is “transition.”",
"timestamp": [
386.751,
389.55
]
},
{
"text": "If governments ditched fossil fuel subsidies all at once, \nthe price of things like gas would skyrocket.",
"timestamp": [
389.55,
396.466
]
},
{
"text": "If governments ditched fossil fuel subsidies all at once, \nthe price of things like gas would skyrocket.",
"timestamp": [
389.55,
396.466
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, without alternatives, many people would \nstop being able to pay their bills, or fill their tanks.",
"timestamp": [
396.466,
403.919
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, without alternatives, many people would \nstop being able to pay their bills, or fill their tanks.",
"timestamp": [
396.466,
403.919
]
},
{
"text": "And if a country suddenly had to go cold turkey\non fossil fuels without other ways to get energy?",
"timestamp": [
403.919,
409.451
]
},
{
"text": "And if a country suddenly had to go cold turkey\non fossil fuels without other ways to get energy?",
"timestamp": [
403.919,
409.451
]
},
{
"text": "History has shown us that that doesn’t go well.",
"timestamp": [
409.451,
413.229
]
},
{
"text": "History has shown us that that doesn’t go well.",
"timestamp": [
409.451,
413.229
]
},
{
"text": "Here comes the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
413.229,
414.729
]
},
{
"text": "Here comes the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
413.229,
414.729
]
},
{
"text": "During the Cold War, Cuba was a \nstrategic ally for the Soviet Union,",
"timestamp": [
414.729,
418.726
]
},
{
"text": "During the Cold War, Cuba was a \nstrategic ally for the Soviet Union,",
"timestamp": [
414.729,
418.726
]
},
{
"text": "and the Soviet government provided a lot of trade and \neconomic support in return for their allegiance.",
"timestamp": [
418.726,
424.349
]
},
{
"text": "and the Soviet government provided a lot of trade and \neconomic support in return for their allegiance.",
"timestamp": [
418.726,
424.349
]
},
{
"text": "But after the Soviet Union fell in 1991, \nCuba’s economy was left high and dry.",
"timestamp": [
424.349,
430
]
},
{
"text": "But after the Soviet Union fell in 1991, \nCuba’s economy was left high and dry.",
"timestamp": [
424.349,
430
]
},
{
"text": "This led to a time of crisis for Cuba, \nknown as the Special Period.",
"timestamp": [
430,
434.377
]
},
{
"text": "This led to a time of crisis for Cuba, \nknown as the Special Period.",
"timestamp": [
430,
434.377
]
},
{
"text": "Practically overnight, the country was cut\noff from up to 80% of its international trade,",
"timestamp": [
434.377,
439.282
]
},
{
"text": "Practically overnight, the country was cut\noff from up to 80% of its international trade,",
"timestamp": [
434.377,
439.282
]
},
{
"text": "including, critically, its energy supplies.",
"timestamp": [
439.282,
442.656
]
},
{
"text": "including, critically, its energy supplies.",
"timestamp": [
439.282,
442.656
]
},
{
"text": "From there, the effects rippled out \nto practically every corner of daily life.",
"timestamp": [
442.656,
447.41
]
},
{
"text": "From there, the effects rippled out \nto practically every corner of daily life.",
"timestamp": [
442.656,
447.41
]
},
{
"text": "Without reliable electricity, \nlong blackouts became common,",
"timestamp": [
447.41,
451.32
]
},
{
"text": "Without reliable electricity, \nlong blackouts became common,",
"timestamp": [
447.41,
451.32
]
},
{
"text": "leaving the population without electric fans \nto defend against the tropical heat,",
"timestamp": [
451.32,
455.339
]
},
{
"text": "leaving the population without electric fans \nto defend against the tropical heat,",
"timestamp": [
451.32,
455.339
]
},
{
"text": "and cutting power to refrigerators.",
"timestamp": [
455.339,
457.696
]
},
{
"text": "and cutting power to refrigerators.",
"timestamp": [
455.339,
457.696
]
},
{
"text": "Petroleum imports fell by 50%, and without cars \nor buses, Cubans had to walk or cycle everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
457.696,
465.377
]
},
{
"text": "Petroleum imports fell by 50%, and without cars \nor buses, Cubans had to walk or cycle everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
457.696,
465.377
]
},
{
"text": "Without the fossil fuels to power them, domestic \nindustry and agriculture effectively ground to a halt.",
"timestamp": [
465.377,
472.78
]
},
{
"text": "Without the fossil fuels to power them, domestic \nindustry and agriculture effectively ground to a halt.",
"timestamp": [
465.377,
472.78
]
},
{
"text": "Cuba wasn’t making enough food or other\nproducts to sell to other countries.",
"timestamp": [
472.78,
476.34
]
},
{
"text": "Cuba wasn’t making enough food or other\nproducts to sell to other countries.",
"timestamp": [
472.78,
476.34
]
},
{
"text": "They weren’t even making enough \nto sustain their own country.",
"timestamp": [
476.34,
479.93
]
},
{
"text": "They weren’t even making enough \nto sustain their own country.",
"timestamp": [
476.34,
479.93
]
},
{
"text": "In the years following the fall of the Soviet Union,",
"timestamp": [
479.93,
482.276
]
},
{
"text": "In the years following the fall of the Soviet Union,",
"timestamp": [
479.93,
482.276
]
},
{
"text": "food was rationed, and Cubans consumed \na third fewer calories than was typical.",
"timestamp": [
482.276,
487.8
]
},
{
"text": "food was rationed, and Cubans consumed \na third fewer calories than was typical.",
"timestamp": [
482.276,
487.8
]
},
{
"text": "Hunger and malnutrition became the norm, with people \nlosing an average of more than 5 kilograms each.",
"timestamp": [
487.8,
494.78
]
},
{
"text": "Hunger and malnutrition became the norm, with people \nlosing an average of more than 5 kilograms each.",
"timestamp": [
487.8,
494.78
]
},
{
"text": "It was a dark time for Cuba, that lasted more than a decade, \nresulting largely from the sudden loss of their fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
494.78,
502.68
]
},
{
"text": "It was a dark time for Cuba, that lasted more than a decade, \nresulting largely from the sudden loss of their fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
494.78,
502.68
]
},
{
"text": "And these challenges only lessened when another country, \nVenezuela, began trading with Cuba for oil in 2000.",
"timestamp": [
502.68,
509.876
]
},
{
"text": "And these challenges only lessened when another country, \nVenezuela, began trading with Cuba for oil in 2000.",
"timestamp": [
502.68,
509.876
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
509.876,
511.574
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
509.876,
511.574
]
},
{
"text": "One takeaway from Cuba’s Special Period is \nthat relying on imported fossil fuels for energy",
"timestamp": [
511.574,
517.236
]
},
{
"text": "One takeaway from Cuba’s Special Period is \nthat relying on imported fossil fuels for energy",
"timestamp": [
511.574,
517.236
]
},
{
"text": "makes a country vulnerable to what’s\ngoing on in the rest of the world.",
"timestamp": [
517.236,
521.606
]
},
{
"text": "makes a country vulnerable to what’s\ngoing on in the rest of the world.",
"timestamp": [
517.236,
521.606
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s still true today.",
"timestamp": [
521.606,
523.126
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s still true today.",
"timestamp": [
521.606,
523.126
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, Russia has historically been\nthe largest exporter of oil in the world,",
"timestamp": [
523.126,
528.456
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, Russia has historically been\nthe largest exporter of oil in the world,",
"timestamp": [
523.126,
528.456
]
},
{
"text": "and its natural gas fuels most of Europe.",
"timestamp": [
528.456,
531.524
]
},
{
"text": "and its natural gas fuels most of Europe.",
"timestamp": [
528.456,
531.524
]
},
{
"text": "So, when Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, \nand. Russia’s fossil fuel exports dropped,",
"timestamp": [
531.524,
536.839
]
},
{
"text": "So, when Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, \nand. Russia’s fossil fuel exports dropped,",
"timestamp": [
531.524,
536.839
]
},
{
"text": "oil and natural gas prices around the globe \nrose to their highest levels in a decade.",
"timestamp": [
536.839,
542.936
]
},
{
"text": "oil and natural gas prices around the globe \nrose to their highest levels in a decade.",
"timestamp": [
536.839,
542.936
]
},
{
"text": "To try and protect themselves and their people\nfrom scenarios like what happened in Cuba and Ukraine,",
"timestamp": [
542.936,
548.946
]
},
{
"text": "To try and protect themselves and their people\nfrom scenarios like what happened in Cuba and Ukraine,",
"timestamp": [
542.936,
548.946
]
},
{
"text": "many governments keep discounting \ntheir own domestic fossil fuel supply",
"timestamp": [
548.946,
553.716
]
},
{
"text": "many governments keep discounting \ntheir own domestic fossil fuel supply",
"timestamp": [
548.946,
553.716
]
},
{
"text": "so energy stays cheap and they aren’t \nas vulnerable to international conflict.",
"timestamp": [
553.716,
557.966
]
},
{
"text": "so energy stays cheap and they aren’t \nas vulnerable to international conflict.",
"timestamp": [
553.716,
557.966
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, though, not every decision in favor of fossil fuels is based on a government’s concern for its people.",
"timestamp": [
557.966,
564.793
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, though, not every decision in favor of fossil fuels is based on a government’s concern for its people.",
"timestamp": [
557.966,
564.793
]
},
{
"text": "Political parties often receive \nfunding from the fossil fuel industry,",
"timestamp": [
564.793,
568.786
]
},
{
"text": "Political parties often receive \nfunding from the fossil fuel industry,",
"timestamp": [
564.793,
568.786
]
},
{
"text": "which puts pressure on them to act \nin ways that benefit those corporations.",
"timestamp": [
568.786,
573.876
]
},
{
"text": "which puts pressure on them to act \nin ways that benefit those corporations.",
"timestamp": [
568.786,
573.876
]
},
{
"text": "And the rabbit hole goes even deeper than that.",
"timestamp": [
573.876,
577.292
]
},
{
"text": "And the rabbit hole goes even deeper than that.",
"timestamp": [
573.876,
577.292
]
},
{
"text": "Some fuel corporations like ExxonMobil, Shell,\nand British Petroleum, have participated in",
"timestamp": [
577.292,
583.729
]
},
{
"text": "Some fuel corporations like ExxonMobil, Shell,\nand British Petroleum, have participated in",
"timestamp": [
577.292,
583.729
]
},
{
"text": "— and even coordinated around \n— misinformation campaigns.",
"timestamp": [
583.729,
587.86
]
},
{
"text": "— and even coordinated around \n— misinformation campaigns.",
"timestamp": [
583.729,
587.86
]
},
{
"text": "These corporations conducted their own internal\nresearch as early as the 1970s and ‘80s",
"timestamp": [
587.86,
594.079
]
},
{
"text": "These corporations conducted their own internal\nresearch as early as the 1970s and ‘80s",
"timestamp": [
587.86,
594.079
]
},
{
"text": "and independently verified the link between\nfossil fuels and climate change.",
"timestamp": [
594.079,
599.626
]
},
{
"text": "and independently verified the link between\nfossil fuels and climate change.",
"timestamp": [
594.079,
599.626
]
},
{
"text": "ExxonMobil even concluded way back in 1982\nthat fossil fuel use would need to be reduced",
"timestamp": [
599.626,
606.5
]
},
{
"text": "ExxonMobil even concluded way back in 1982\nthat fossil fuel use would need to be reduced",
"timestamp": [
599.626,
606.5
]
},
{
"text": "in order to minimize catastrophic \nand irreversible climate change.",
"timestamp": [
606.5,
612.05
]
},
{
"text": "in order to minimize catastrophic \nand irreversible climate change.",
"timestamp": [
606.5,
612.05
]
},
{
"text": "But for a business that only makes \nmoney when humanity uses fossil fuels,",
"timestamp": [
612.05,
616.809
]
},
{
"text": "But for a business that only makes \nmoney when humanity uses fossil fuels,",
"timestamp": [
612.05,
616.809
]
},
{
"text": "this research was terrible news.",
"timestamp": [
616.809,
619.76
]
},
{
"text": "this research was terrible news.",
"timestamp": [
616.809,
619.76
]
},
{
"text": "The writing was on the wall: \nto protect the planet and everyone on it,",
"timestamp": [
619.76,
624.199
]
},
{
"text": "The writing was on the wall: \nto protect the planet and everyone on it,",
"timestamp": [
619.76,
624.199
]
},
{
"text": "companies like ExxonMobil \nwould have to lose a lot of cash.",
"timestamp": [
624.199,
628.334
]
},
{
"text": "companies like ExxonMobil \nwould have to lose a lot of cash.",
"timestamp": [
624.199,
628.334
]
},
{
"text": "And that wouldn’t go over well \nwith the board or shareholders.",
"timestamp": [
628.334,
632.459
]
},
{
"text": "And that wouldn’t go over well \nwith the board or shareholders.",
"timestamp": [
628.334,
632.459
]
},
{
"text": "So, ExxonMobil decided to do something about it",
"timestamp": [
632.459,
635.11
]
},
{
"text": "So, ExxonMobil decided to do something about it",
"timestamp": [
632.459,
635.11
]
},
{
"text": "...but instead of addressing the problem,",
"timestamp": [
635.11,
637.183
]
},
{
"text": "...but instead of addressing the problem,",
"timestamp": [
635.11,
637.183
]
},
{
"text": "they worked to sow seeds of doubt about the \ntrue causes and impacts of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
637.183,
642.506
]
},
{
"text": "they worked to sow seeds of doubt about the \ntrue causes and impacts of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
637.183,
642.506
]
},
{
"text": "Their overall message was that, sure, the climate is changing.",
"timestamp": [
642.506,
646.638
]
},
{
"text": "Their overall message was that, sure, the climate is changing.",
"timestamp": [
642.506,
646.638
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not that bad, and we can’t really\nbe sure humans are responsible…right?",
"timestamp": [
646.638,
651.613
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not that bad, and we can’t really\nbe sure humans are responsible…right?",
"timestamp": [
646.638,
651.613
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, they put out \na message of uncertainty.",
"timestamp": [
651.613,
655.581
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, they put out \na message of uncertainty.",
"timestamp": [
651.613,
655.581
]
},
{
"text": "A memo leaked from a meeting of the American \nPetroleum Institute in 1998 stated that, quote,",
"timestamp": [
655.581,
661.156
]
},
{
"text": "A memo leaked from a meeting of the American \nPetroleum Institute in 1998 stated that, quote,",
"timestamp": [
655.581,
661.156
]
},
{
"text": "“Informing students and teachers \nabout uncertainties in climate science",
"timestamp": [
661.156,
666.279
]
},
{
"text": "“Informing students and teachers \nabout uncertainties in climate science",
"timestamp": [
661.156,
666.279
]
},
{
"text": "will begin to erect a barrier against further efforts \nto impose Kyoto-like measures in the future.”",
"timestamp": [
666.279,
672.469
]
},
{
"text": "will begin to erect a barrier against further efforts \nto impose Kyoto-like measures in the future.”",
"timestamp": [
666.279,
672.469
]
},
{
"text": "Those Kyoto measures they’re referring to —",
"timestamp": [
672.469,
675.093
]
},
{
"text": "Those Kyoto measures they’re referring to —",
"timestamp": [
672.469,
675.093
]
},
{
"text": "that’s the reduction in emissions that international \norganizations were trying to enact at the time.",
"timestamp": [
675.093,
681.422
]
},
{
"text": "that’s the reduction in emissions that international \norganizations were trying to enact at the time.",
"timestamp": [
675.093,
681.422
]
},
{
"text": "So it’s clear that the American Petroleum Institute was trying to stop the world from moving away from fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
681.422,
688.751
]
},
{
"text": "So it’s clear that the American Petroleum Institute was trying to stop the world from moving away from fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
681.422,
688.751
]
},
{
"text": "And even decades later, the industry is still\ndoing what it can to stop further regulation.",
"timestamp": [
688.751,
695.084
]
},
{
"text": "And even decades later, the industry is still\ndoing what it can to stop further regulation.",
"timestamp": [
688.751,
695.084
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, oil and gas companies have created misleading \nmaterials that were sent to students and teachers,",
"timestamp": [
695.084,
701.621
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, oil and gas companies have created misleading \nmaterials that were sent to students and teachers,",
"timestamp": [
695.084,
701.621
]
},
{
"text": "which aim to undermine what the global scientific \ncommunity has learned about climate change.",
"timestamp": [
701.621,
707.316
]
},
{
"text": "which aim to undermine what the global scientific \ncommunity has learned about climate change.",
"timestamp": [
701.621,
707.316
]
},
{
"text": "And the fossil fuel industry has \nalso directly funded scientists",
"timestamp": [
707.316,
711.813
]
},
{
"text": "And the fossil fuel industry has \nalso directly funded scientists",
"timestamp": [
707.316,
711.813
]
},
{
"text": "to publish articles or speak to the media about \nunverified and intentionally misleading research",
"timestamp": [
711.813,
719.319
]
},
{
"text": "to publish articles or speak to the media about \nunverified and intentionally misleading research",
"timestamp": [
711.813,
719.319
]
},
{
"text": "in opposition to the United Nations’s climate conclusions.",
"timestamp": [
719.319,
722.701
]
},
{
"text": "in opposition to the United Nations’s climate conclusions.",
"timestamp": [
719.319,
722.701
]
},
{
"text": "Thankfully, many individuals and groups are working \nhard to fight all kinds of misinformation, all the time.",
"timestamp": [
722.701,
729.49
]
},
{
"text": "Thankfully, many individuals and groups are working \nhard to fight all kinds of misinformation, all the time.",
"timestamp": [
722.701,
729.49
]
},
{
"text": "In a way, you’re gearing up to \nfight the good fight right now,",
"timestamp": [
729.49,
733.237
]
},
{
"text": "In a way, you’re gearing up to \nfight the good fight right now,",
"timestamp": [
729.49,
733.237
]
},
{
"text": "by watching this series of Crash Course and getting curious about the different chapters in this big climate story.",
"timestamp": [
733.237,
740.209
]
},
{
"text": "by watching this series of Crash Course and getting curious about the different chapters in this big climate story.",
"timestamp": [
733.237,
740.209
]
},
{
"text": "Fossil fuels are embedded in nearly everything\nwe do —",
"timestamp": [
740.209,
744.388
]
},
{
"text": "Fossil fuels are embedded in nearly everything\nwe do —",
"timestamp": [
740.209,
744.388
]
},
{
"text": "from our drive to the specialty mac 'n' cheese \nstore, to our noodle cooking,",
"timestamp": [
744.388,
748.664
]
},
{
"text": "from our drive to the specialty mac 'n' cheese \nstore, to our noodle cooking,",
"timestamp": [
744.388,
748.664
]
},
{
"text": "to the production of the shirt we spilled cheese on.",
"timestamp": [
748.664,
751.412
]
},
{
"text": "to the production of the shirt we spilled cheese on.",
"timestamp": [
748.664,
751.412
]
},
{
"text": "And I could keep going for hours on just cheese-related\nconnections.",
"timestamp": [
751.412,
755.903
]
},
{
"text": "And I could keep going for hours on just cheese-related\nconnections.",
"timestamp": [
751.412,
755.903
]
},
{
"text": "The good news? \nWe’re not stuck in the status quo.",
"timestamp": [
755.903,
759.543
]
},
{
"text": "The good news? \nWe’re not stuck in the status quo.",
"timestamp": [
755.903,
759.543
]
},
{
"text": "Government-funded agencies and international\ngroups are working harder than ever",
"timestamp": [
759.543,
764.396
]
},
{
"text": "Government-funded agencies and international\ngroups are working harder than ever",
"timestamp": [
759.543,
764.396
]
},
{
"text": "to bridge the gap between their research \nand public views on climate change.",
"timestamp": [
764.396,
769.084
]
},
{
"text": "to bridge the gap between their research \nand public views on climate change.",
"timestamp": [
764.396,
769.084
]
},
{
"text": "With more widespread awareness comes more\ncalls to action, which can result in changing government policy,",
"timestamp": [
769.084,
776.125
]
},
{
"text": "With more widespread awareness comes more\ncalls to action, which can result in changing government policy,",
"timestamp": [
769.084,
776.125
]
},
{
"text": "investment in research and technology for climate \nsolutions, and clearer paths forward.",
"timestamp": [
776.125,
781.96
]
},
{
"text": "investment in research and technology for climate \nsolutions, and clearer paths forward.",
"timestamp": [
776.125,
781.96
]
},
{
"text": "What do those paths look like?",
"timestamp": [
781.96,
783.984
]
},
{
"text": "What do those paths look like?",
"timestamp": [
781.96,
783.984
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll talk possibilities in the next episode.",
"timestamp": [
783.984,
786.501
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll talk possibilities in the next episode.",
"timestamp": [
783.984,
786.501
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Les Aker, \nour quarterback for this episode.",
"timestamp": [
786.501,
790.228
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Les Aker, \nour quarterback for this episode.",
"timestamp": [
786.501,
790.228
]
},
{
"text": "We can always count on you for a touchdown basket?",
"timestamp": [
790.228,
793.25
]
},
{
"text": "We can always count on you for a touchdown basket?",
"timestamp": [
790.228,
793.25
]
},
{
"text": "Pass?",
"timestamp": [
793.25,
794.823
]
},
{
"text": "Pass?",
"timestamp": [
793.25,
794.823
]
},
{
"text": "Or to support us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
794.823,
796.543
]
},
{
"text": "Or to support us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
794.823,
796.543
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
796.57,
799.251
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
796.57,
799.251
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
799.251,
802.477
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
799.251,
802.477
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at the Castle Geraghty Studio \nand was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
802.477,
808.79
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at the Castle Geraghty Studio \nand was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
802.477,
808.79
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
808.79,
811.675
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
808.79,
811.675
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
811.675,
813.853
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
811.675,
813.853
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Ditching Fossil Fuels",
"Climate scientists agree that we need to \nseriously reduce our greenhouse gas emissionsif we’re going to avoid the \nworst impacts of climate change.And one of the best ways to do that is to\nditch fossil fuels as our main source of energy.The good news?Many countries have already set targets to\nbecome carbon-neutral by 2050,and much of the technology to do that already exists.To use an American football analogy: \nWe have the ball.Now, we just have to run it to the end zone.The difficulty is, fossil fuels are so embedded\nin our lives that the path to a greener futureis full of economic, political, and social\nchallenges — like tons of opposing playerstrying to stop us in our tracks.So if we want to make it through, we’re gonna have to strap \non our helmets and tackle those obstacles head-on.Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.[THEME MUSIC]"
],
[
"Why Fossil Fuels Are Everywhere",
"Fossil fuels are a huge part of our lives,\nfor three main reasons.One: They pack a lot of energy into a small space.For instance, a liter of gasoline contains about \nas much energy as three to four sticks of dynamite.And unlike a handful of dynamite, the energy\nin gasoline can be released gradually,rather than all at once in a big explosion.That makes it an ideal fuel source for engines,\ngenerators, power plants— equipment that needs to run consistently.The second reason fossil fuels are everywhere?They’re versatile.Sure, they can be used to heat your school,\nkeep the lights on, or power a cargo ship,but they can also be used in less obvious\nways— like to make fertilizer, to provide heat to make cement and steel,or even to make synthetic fabrics and plastic.As a society, we’ve really taken that versatility\nand run with it,incorporating fossil fuels into virtually every industry.Ultimately, though, the thing that \nmakes fossil fuels so useful — which is the third, uniting factor \nhere — is that they’re cheap.Fossil fuels are cheap partly because they’ve\nbeen widely available and abundant undergroundand because we’ve built a lot of \ninfrastructure around them.But they’re also cheap because \nfor the last two centuries,governments have put a huge amount of effort \nand action into making them cheap."
],
[
"Fossil Fuel Subsidies",
"Often, that takes the form of subsidies, \nwhich are kind of like coupons.Direct subsidies are incentives offered to fossil fuel \nproducers and consumers, to drive the prices down.At the production end, this can take the form\nof tax breaks offered to oil companies,and cheaper and more flexible leases for companies\nthat want to mine or drill on federal lands.On the consumption side of things, some governments\nfind ways to cut prices for consumers like you and me.For example, until 2015, the United Arab Emirates\neffectively made a nationwide discount on gas,so when their citizens fuelled up, \ntheir gas was cheaper than market value. In a time when it’s in our best interests\nto move away from fossil fuels,it may be surprising that these subsidies \nare still alive and well across the world.But not too surprising.We all have a hard time saying no to a discount.And when those discounts involve \nthe raw materials that drive the economy— and for now, much of our daily lives — saying “no” is even harder than turning down a \n“buy one, get one free” coupon on science T-shirts.Ooh! Even when you already \nhave a closet full of them like I do.Between 2017 and 2019, the International \nEnergy Agency estimated that together,the countries that hold most of the fossil fuel suppliesgave more than 550 billion dollars \nof direct subsidies each year.But direct subsidies aren’t the only way\nthat the price of fossil fuels is kept low.Imagine you spent 100 dollars on \nyour bike, but whenever you rode it,you smashed through your neighbors’ gardens, causing them to have to buy new plants and spend money \nand time printing “don’t bike in my garden” signs.If you add up all the money your neighbors had to spend, \nsuddenly your bike is costing a lot more than 100 dollars.It’s just not costing /you/ that extra money.This is what is called a negative externality.It describes costs that are passed on to someone\nother than the producer or consumer.In other words, they’re externalized.When fossil fuels are burned — whether to\nfuel a tractor, produce building materials,or power a city — it has serious impacts\non human health and the environment.For instance, the air pollution around fossil-fuel\npower plants results in higher rates of asthma,cancer, and heart disease \nfor the people who live nearby.Treating the affected people costs money that wouldn’t have to be spent if the power plants weren’t there in the first place.In the U.S. alone, the healthcare costs \nrelated to fossil fuel-generated energyare estimated to be up to \n886 billion dollars per year.On a broader scale, the greenhouse gases emitted\nwhen we burn fossil fuelsare also causing the planet to get warmer, \nice to melt, and sea levels to rise.As a result, more homes are being \ndamaged by floods and storm surges,and land and water supplies are \ndamaged by intruding saltwater.By some estimates, rising sea levels are expected\nto cost the world 14 trillion dollars a year by 2100.Because fossil fuel companies aren’t held\naccountable for this type of impact,some scholars consider these \ncosts to be indirect subsidies.And when you combine the indirect subsidies with the direct \nones the fossil fuel industry receives from governments,the overall cost of subsidies goes through the roof. "
],
[
"Fossil Fuels & The Economy",
"So, why are governments still working \nso hard to support fossil fuels?Well, for at least the last two centuries, energy usage \nand economic growth have gone hand in hand.As countries develop their economies, they have \na stronger need for reliable energy and electricity.And, the more energy they can get, \nthe wealthier they typically become.And everyone wants to be rich, right?Keeping these fuels cheap has consistently\nboosted countries’ economies and,for the most part, improved standards of living locally.That doesn’t mean things have to be this way.If countries transitioned to other ways of getting \nenergy, like solar or hydroelectric power,they could help their economies and their people without \nall the baggage that comes with fossil fuels.But the key word here is “transition.”If governments ditched fossil fuel subsidies all at once, \nthe price of things like gas would skyrocket.Right now, without alternatives, many people would \nstop being able to pay their bills, or fill their tanks.And if a country suddenly had to go cold turkey\non fossil fuels without other ways to get energy?History has shown us that that doesn’t go well.Here comes the Thought Bubble."
],
[
"Cuba's Special Period",
"During the Cold War, Cuba was a \nstrategic ally for the Soviet Union,and the Soviet government provided a lot of trade and \neconomic support in return for their allegiance.But after the Soviet Union fell in 1991, \nCuba’s economy was left high and dry.This led to a time of crisis for Cuba, \nknown as the Special Period.Practically overnight, the country was cut\noff from up to 80% of its international trade,including, critically, its energy supplies.From there, the effects rippled out \nto practically every corner of daily life.Without reliable electricity, \nlong blackouts became common,leaving the population without electric fans \nto defend against the tropical heat,and cutting power to refrigerators.Petroleum imports fell by 50%, and without cars \nor buses, Cubans had to walk or cycle everywhere.Without the fossil fuels to power them, domestic \nindustry and agriculture effectively ground to a halt.Cuba wasn’t making enough food or other\nproducts to sell to other countries.They weren’t even making enough \nto sustain their own country.In the years following the fall of the Soviet Union,food was rationed, and Cubans consumed \na third fewer calories than was typical.Hunger and malnutrition became the norm, with people \nlosing an average of more than 5 kilograms each.It was a dark time for Cuba, that lasted more than a decade, \nresulting largely from the sudden loss of their fossil fuels.And these challenges only lessened when another country, \nVenezuela, began trading with Cuba for oil in 2000."
],
[
"Fossil Fuels' Global Impacts",
"Thanks, Thought Bubble.One takeaway from Cuba’s Special Period is \nthat relying on imported fossil fuels for energymakes a country vulnerable to what’s\ngoing on in the rest of the world.And that’s still true today.For instance, Russia has historically been\nthe largest exporter of oil in the world,and its natural gas fuels most of Europe.So, when Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, \nand. Russia’s fossil fuel exports dropped,oil and natural gas prices around the globe \nrose to their highest levels in a decade.To try and protect themselves and their people\nfrom scenarios like what happened in Cuba and Ukraine,many governments keep discounting \ntheir own domestic fossil fuel supplyso energy stays cheap and they aren’t \nas vulnerable to international conflict.Unfortunately, though, not every decision in favor of fossil fuels is based on a government’s concern for its people."
],
[
"Fuel Companies & Misinformation",
"Political parties often receive \nfunding from the fossil fuel industry,which puts pressure on them to act \nin ways that benefit those corporations.And the rabbit hole goes even deeper than that.Some fuel corporations like ExxonMobil, Shell,\nand British Petroleum, have participated in— and even coordinated around \n— misinformation campaigns.These corporations conducted their own internal\nresearch as early as the 1970s and ‘80sand independently verified the link between\nfossil fuels and climate change.ExxonMobil even concluded way back in 1982\nthat fossil fuel use would need to be reducedin order to minimize catastrophic \nand irreversible climate change.But for a business that only makes \nmoney when humanity uses fossil fuels,this research was terrible news.The writing was on the wall: \nto protect the planet and everyone on it,companies like ExxonMobil \nwould have to lose a lot of cash.And that wouldn’t go over well \nwith the board or shareholders.So, ExxonMobil decided to do something about it...but instead of addressing the problem,they worked to sow seeds of doubt about the \ntrue causes and impacts of climate change.Their overall message was that, sure, the climate is changing.But it’s not that bad, and we can’t really\nbe sure humans are responsible…right?In other words, they put out \na message of uncertainty.A memo leaked from a meeting of the American \nPetroleum Institute in 1998 stated that, quote,“Informing students and teachers \nabout uncertainties in climate sciencewill begin to erect a barrier against further efforts \nto impose Kyoto-like measures in the future.”Those Kyoto measures they’re referring to —that’s the reduction in emissions that international \norganizations were trying to enact at the time.So it’s clear that the American Petroleum Institute was trying to stop the world from moving away from fossil fuels.And even decades later, the industry is still\ndoing what it can to stop further regulation.For instance, oil and gas companies have created misleading \nmaterials that were sent to students and teachers,which aim to undermine what the global scientific \ncommunity has learned about climate change.And the fossil fuel industry has \nalso directly funded scientiststo publish articles or speak to the media about \nunverified and intentionally misleading researchin opposition to the United Nations’s climate conclusions.Thankfully, many individuals and groups are working \nhard to fight all kinds of misinformation, all the time.In a way, you’re gearing up to \nfight the good fight right now,by watching this series of Crash Course and getting curious about the different chapters in this big climate story."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"Fossil fuels are embedded in nearly everything\nwe do —from our drive to the specialty mac 'n' cheese \nstore, to our noodle cooking,to the production of the shirt we spilled cheese on.And I could keep going for hours on just cheese-related\nconnections.The good news? \nWe’re not stuck in the status quo.Government-funded agencies and international\ngroups are working harder than everto bridge the gap between their research \nand public views on climate change.With more widespread awareness comes more\ncalls to action, which can result in changing government policy,investment in research and technology for climate \nsolutions, and clearer paths forward.What do those paths look like?We’ll talk possibilities in the next episode.Special thanks to Les Aker, \nour quarterback for this episode.We can always count on you for a touchdown basket?Pass?Or to support us on Patreon.Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexlywith support provided by Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.This episode was filmed at the Castle Geraghty Studio \nand was made with the help of all these nice people.If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever,you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
International Climate Agreements: Crash Course Climate & Energy #10
|
Z5YvjG4lTpQ
| 811 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Global Cooperation",
"end_time": 103
},
{
"start_time": 103,
"title": "The UNEP, IPCC, & UNFCCC",
"end_time": 334
},
{
"start_time": 334,
"title": "The Kyoto Protocol",
"end_time": 403
},
{
"start_time": 403,
"title": "The Paris Agreement & Green Climate Fund",
"end_time": 510
},
{
"start_time": 510,
"title": "The Stockholm Declaration",
"end_time": 606
},
{
"start_time": 606,
"title": "The Montreal Protocol & Kigali Amendment",
"end_time": 729
},
{
"start_time": 729,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 811
}
] |
[
{
"text": "After centuries of continuously burning fossil\nfuels, humanity is starting to see the consequences.",
"timestamp": [
0.17,
5.26
]
},
{
"text": "After centuries of continuously burning fossil\nfuels, humanity is starting to see the consequences.",
"timestamp": [
0.17,
5.26
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve created extreme climate change — but today, \nmore and more people are working toward solutions.",
"timestamp": [
5.26,
13.599
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve created extreme climate change — but today, \nmore and more people are working toward solutions.",
"timestamp": [
5.26,
13.599
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists and engineers are developing carbon-free\ntechnologies,",
"timestamp": [
13.599,
17.061
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists and engineers are developing carbon-free\ntechnologies,",
"timestamp": [
13.599,
17.061
]
},
{
"text": "students are encouraging schools \nto start composting programs,",
"timestamp": [
17.061,
20.918
]
},
{
"text": "students are encouraging schools \nto start composting programs,",
"timestamp": [
17.061,
20.918
]
},
{
"text": "and activists are putting pressure on \norganizations to stop funding fossil fuel projects.",
"timestamp": [
20.918,
26.63
]
},
{
"text": "and activists are putting pressure on \norganizations to stop funding fossil fuel projects.",
"timestamp": [
20.918,
26.63
]
},
{
"text": "Just to name a few examples.",
"timestamp": [
26.63,
28.34
]
},
{
"text": "Just to name a few examples.",
"timestamp": [
26.63,
28.34
]
},
{
"text": "But ultimately, getting the global change we need \nalso means getting entire nations to cooperate.",
"timestamp": [
28.34,
35.025
]
},
{
"text": "But ultimately, getting the global change we need \nalso means getting entire nations to cooperate.",
"timestamp": [
28.34,
35.025
]
},
{
"text": "Which is about as easy as herding cats. \nI’d know. I have two.",
"timestamp": [
35.025,
39.126
]
},
{
"text": "Which is about as easy as herding cats. \nI’d know. I have two.",
"timestamp": [
35.025,
39.126
]
},
{
"text": "Each country has their own approach to climate\npolicy.",
"timestamp": [
39.126,
42.686
]
},
{
"text": "Each country has their own approach to climate\npolicy.",
"timestamp": [
39.126,
42.686
]
},
{
"text": "They’re not obligated to submit to anyone else’s authority, \nand sometimes, following through with their plans…",
"timestamp": [
42.686,
49.11
]
},
{
"text": "They’re not obligated to submit to anyone else’s authority, \nand sometimes, following through with their plans…",
"timestamp": [
42.686,
49.11
]
},
{
"text": "it doesn’t always make it on the agenda.",
"timestamp": [
49.11,
51.32
]
},
{
"text": "it doesn’t always make it on the agenda.",
"timestamp": [
49.11,
51.32
]
},
{
"text": "But every now and then, these cats manage\nto pull off something amazing.",
"timestamp": [
51.32,
56.418
]
},
{
"text": "But every now and then, these cats manage\nto pull off something amazing.",
"timestamp": [
51.32,
56.418
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course\nClimate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
56.418,
60.418
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course\nClimate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
56.418,
60.418
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
60.418,
70.582
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
60.418,
70.582
]
},
{
"text": "Since the late 1980s, the international scientific\ncommunity has researched and compiled information",
"timestamp": [
70.582,
76.75
]
},
{
"text": "Since the late 1980s, the international scientific\ncommunity has researched and compiled information",
"timestamp": [
70.582,
76.75
]
},
{
"text": "about the climate crisis.",
"timestamp": [
76.75,
79.03
]
},
{
"text": "about the climate crisis.",
"timestamp": [
76.75,
79.03
]
},
{
"text": "They want to know what’s up, who’s going\nto be affected, and what we can do about it.",
"timestamp": [
79.03,
84.094
]
},
{
"text": "They want to know what’s up, who’s going\nto be affected, and what we can do about it.",
"timestamp": [
79.03,
84.094
]
},
{
"text": "Normally, scientific results are presented at a \nconference session attended by a few dozen scientists",
"timestamp": [
84.094,
89.932
]
},
{
"text": "Normally, scientific results are presented at a \nconference session attended by a few dozen scientists",
"timestamp": [
84.094,
89.932
]
},
{
"text": "…and maybe one or two members\nof the press.",
"timestamp": [
89.932,
92.865
]
},
{
"text": "…and maybe one or two members\nof the press.",
"timestamp": [
89.932,
92.865
]
},
{
"text": "But because climate change is so \nimportant, this conversation has expanded",
"timestamp": [
92.865,
98.129
]
},
{
"text": "But because climate change is so \nimportant, this conversation has expanded",
"timestamp": [
92.865,
98.129
]
},
{
"text": "to include representatives from almost every country.",
"timestamp": [
98.129,
101.513
]
},
{
"text": "to include representatives from almost every country.",
"timestamp": [
98.129,
101.513
]
},
{
"text": "It’s like the science Avengers.",
"timestamp": [
101.513,
103.461
]
},
{
"text": "It’s like the science Avengers.",
"timestamp": [
101.513,
103.461
]
},
{
"text": "When these teams get together, they look at\nthe evidence, decide the best course of action,",
"timestamp": [
103.461,
108.171
]
},
{
"text": "When these teams get together, they look at\nthe evidence, decide the best course of action,",
"timestamp": [
103.461,
108.171
]
},
{
"text": "and devise various treaties, and declarations,\nand agreements to try and address the problem.",
"timestamp": [
108.171,
113.163
]
},
{
"text": "and devise various treaties, and declarations,\nand agreements to try and address the problem.",
"timestamp": [
108.171,
113.163
]
},
{
"text": "Together, these documents form the basis for\ninternational climate policy.",
"timestamp": [
113.163,
117.824
]
},
{
"text": "Together, these documents form the basis for\ninternational climate policy.",
"timestamp": [
113.163,
117.824
]
},
{
"text": "And right now, almost every country is signed on to one or more of the major climate and environmental agreements or groups.",
"timestamp": [
117.824,
125.18
]
},
{
"text": "And right now, almost every country is signed on to one or more of the major climate and environmental agreements or groups.",
"timestamp": [
117.824,
125.18
]
},
{
"text": "They’re called the UNEP, the IPCC, \nand the. UNFCCC.",
"timestamp": [
125.18,
130
]
},
{
"text": "They’re called the UNEP, the IPCC, \nand the. UNFCCC.",
"timestamp": [
125.18,
130
]
},
{
"text": "I know. It sounds like I just pulled a handful of\nScrabble letters out of a bag,",
"timestamp": [
130,
134.389
]
},
{
"text": "I know. It sounds like I just pulled a handful of\nScrabble letters out of a bag,",
"timestamp": [
130,
134.389
]
},
{
"text": "but government agencies, and in particular the UN \n— sorry, I mean, the United Nations —",
"timestamp": [
134.389,
139.812
]
},
{
"text": "but government agencies, and in particular the UN \n— sorry, I mean, the United Nations —",
"timestamp": [
134.389,
139.812
]
},
{
"text": "they DO love their acronyms.",
"timestamp": [
139.812,
142.14
]
},
{
"text": "they DO love their acronyms.",
"timestamp": [
139.812,
142.14
]
},
{
"text": "(Offscreen) CUT!",
"timestamp": [
142.14,
143.14
]
},
{
"text": "(Offscreen) CUT!",
"timestamp": [
142.14,
143.14
]
},
{
"text": "(M) What?",
"timestamp": [
143.14,
144.14
]
},
{
"text": "(M) What?",
"timestamp": [
143.14,
144.14
]
},
{
"text": "(Offscreen) Technically they’re initialisms.",
"timestamp": [
144.14,
145.9
]
},
{
"text": "(Offscreen) Technically they’re initialisms.",
"timestamp": [
144.14,
145.9
]
},
{
"text": "(M) Oh, give me a break!",
"timestamp": [
145.9,
147.92
]
},
{
"text": "(M) Oh, give me a break!",
"timestamp": [
145.9,
147.92
]
},
{
"text": "Moving on!",
"timestamp": [
147.92,
149.06
]
},
{
"text": "Moving on!",
"timestamp": [
147.92,
149.06
]
},
{
"text": "First up, the UNEP is the \nUnited Nations Environment Programme.",
"timestamp": [
149.06,
152.73
]
},
{
"text": "First up, the UNEP is the \nUnited Nations Environment Programme.",
"timestamp": [
149.06,
152.73
]
},
{
"text": "It was established in 1972, when the UN made\nits first declaration to protect the environment,",
"timestamp": [
152.73,
158.599
]
},
{
"text": "It was established in 1972, when the UN made\nits first declaration to protect the environment,",
"timestamp": [
152.73,
158.599
]
},
{
"text": "called the Stockholm Declaration.",
"timestamp": [
158.599,
160.709
]
},
{
"text": "called the Stockholm Declaration.",
"timestamp": [
158.599,
160.709
]
},
{
"text": "And today, the UNEP is the global authority\nadvocating for the environment.",
"timestamp": [
160.709,
165.67
]
},
{
"text": "And today, the UNEP is the global authority\nadvocating for the environment.",
"timestamp": [
160.709,
165.67
]
},
{
"text": "In 1988, the UNEP teamed up with the World\nMeteorological Organization to form a subgroup",
"timestamp": [
165.67,
171.67
]
},
{
"text": "In 1988, the UNEP teamed up with the World\nMeteorological Organization to form a subgroup",
"timestamp": [
165.67,
171.67
]
},
{
"text": "focusing just on climate change: the IPCC.",
"timestamp": [
171.67,
175.14
]
},
{
"text": "focusing just on climate change: the IPCC.",
"timestamp": [
171.67,
175.14
]
},
{
"text": "Because if there’s anything governments\nlove more than acronyms, it’s sub-groups.",
"timestamp": [
175.14,
179.599
]
},
{
"text": "Because if there’s anything governments\nlove more than acronyms, it’s sub-groups.",
"timestamp": [
175.14,
179.599
]
},
{
"text": "And sub-committees of the subgroups.",
"timestamp": [
179.599,
181.988
]
},
{
"text": "And sub-committees of the subgroups.",
"timestamp": [
179.599,
181.988
]
},
{
"text": "The IPCC stands for the \nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.",
"timestamp": [
181.988,
186.11
]
},
{
"text": "The IPCC stands for the \nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.",
"timestamp": [
181.988,
186.11
]
},
{
"text": "It’s made up of hundreds of scientists,\nresearchers, and policymakers tasked with",
"timestamp": [
186.11,
191.569
]
},
{
"text": "It’s made up of hundreds of scientists,\nresearchers, and policymakers tasked with",
"timestamp": [
186.11,
191.569
]
},
{
"text": "compiling everything we know about the Earth’s\nclimate, climate change, and how to mitigate it and adapt.",
"timestamp": [
191.569,
198.5
]
},
{
"text": "compiling everything we know about the Earth’s\nclimate, climate change, and how to mitigate it and adapt.",
"timestamp": [
191.569,
198.5
]
},
{
"text": "Since the ‘80s, they’ve released \n6 comprehensive reports.",
"timestamp": [
198.5,
202.08
]
},
{
"text": "Since the ‘80s, they’ve released \n6 comprehensive reports.",
"timestamp": [
198.5,
202.08
]
},
{
"text": "These reports are kind of like the SparkNotes versions \nof that book you forgot to read for class that one time.",
"timestamp": [
202.08,
207.007
]
},
{
"text": "These reports are kind of like the SparkNotes versions \nof that book you forgot to read for class that one time.",
"timestamp": [
202.08,
207.007
]
},
{
"text": "The IPCC takes thousands of peer-reviewed research \narticles and condenses them into detailed summaries.",
"timestamp": [
207.007,
213.75
]
},
{
"text": "The IPCC takes thousands of peer-reviewed research \narticles and condenses them into detailed summaries.",
"timestamp": [
207.007,
213.75
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine, the ultimate book report. \nWritten by scientists.",
"timestamp": [
213.75,
217.601
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine, the ultimate book report. \nWritten by scientists.",
"timestamp": [
213.75,
217.601
]
},
{
"text": "These and a few other reports represent some of the most comprehensive and collaborative international science ever.",
"timestamp": [
217.601,
225.03
]
},
{
"text": "These and a few other reports represent some of the most comprehensive and collaborative international science ever.",
"timestamp": [
217.601,
225.03
]
},
{
"text": "And when these reports have been picked up\nby the media, they’ve helped launch waves",
"timestamp": [
225.03,
228.67
]
},
{
"text": "And when these reports have been picked up\nby the media, they’ve helped launch waves",
"timestamp": [
225.03,
228.67
]
},
{
"text": "of awareness and activism across the world.",
"timestamp": [
228.67,
231.54
]
},
{
"text": "of awareness and activism across the world.",
"timestamp": [
228.67,
231.54
]
},
{
"text": "So, you’ve got the UNEP, the IPCC subgroup,\nand finally: our last acronym,",
"timestamp": [
231.54,
237.271
]
},
{
"text": "So, you’ve got the UNEP, the IPCC subgroup,\nand finally: our last acronym,",
"timestamp": [
231.54,
237.271
]
},
{
"text": "with the highest Scrabble score, goes to the UNFCCC.",
"timestamp": [
237.271,
242.658
]
},
{
"text": "with the highest Scrabble score, goes to the UNFCCC.",
"timestamp": [
237.271,
242.658
]
},
{
"text": "While the IPCC is focused on compiling and\nreporting knowledge about climate science,",
"timestamp": [
242.658,
247.76
]
},
{
"text": "While the IPCC is focused on compiling and\nreporting knowledge about climate science,",
"timestamp": [
242.658,
247.76
]
},
{
"text": "the United Nations Framework Convention on\nClimate Change is about the other side of the coin:",
"timestamp": [
247.76,
252.716
]
},
{
"text": "the United Nations Framework Convention on\nClimate Change is about the other side of the coin:",
"timestamp": [
247.76,
252.716
]
},
{
"text": "how we put that knowledge into action\nas an international community.",
"timestamp": [
252.716,
256.431
]
},
{
"text": "how we put that knowledge into action\nas an international community.",
"timestamp": [
252.716,
256.431
]
},
{
"text": "It’s essentially a treaty, signed in 1992 by 154 countries,",
"timestamp": [
256.431,
261.366
]
},
{
"text": "It’s essentially a treaty, signed in 1992 by 154 countries,",
"timestamp": [
256.431,
261.366
]
},
{
"text": "to try and combat, quote, “dangerous human \ninterference in the climate system.”",
"timestamp": [
261.366,
266.912
]
},
{
"text": "to try and combat, quote, “dangerous human \ninterference in the climate system.”",
"timestamp": [
261.366,
266.912
]
},
{
"text": "AKA: what’s been happening since we started\nburning fossil fuels during the Industrial Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
266.912,
272.068
]
},
{
"text": "AKA: what’s been happening since we started\nburning fossil fuels during the Industrial Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
266.912,
272.068
]
},
{
"text": "Every year, members of the signing countries\nmeet for a Conference of the Parties, or COP.",
"timestamp": [
272.068,
278.74
]
},
{
"text": "Every year, members of the signing countries\nmeet for a Conference of the Parties, or COP.",
"timestamp": [
272.068,
278.74
]
},
{
"text": "Which… is another acronym.",
"timestamp": [
278.74,
281.65
]
},
{
"text": "Which… is another acronym.",
"timestamp": [
278.74,
281.65
]
},
{
"text": "Sorry I betrayed you like that.",
"timestamp": [
281.65,
283.44
]
},
{
"text": "Sorry I betrayed you like that.",
"timestamp": [
281.65,
283.44
]
},
{
"text": "Anyway!",
"timestamp": [
283.44,
284.44
]
},
{
"text": "Anyway!",
"timestamp": [
283.44,
284.44
]
},
{
"text": "The COP meets to discuss progress and new\napproaches to tackling climate change.",
"timestamp": [
284.44,
288.46
]
},
{
"text": "The COP meets to discuss progress and new\napproaches to tackling climate change.",
"timestamp": [
284.44,
288.46
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, in 2015, the COP meeting in\nParis resulted in the Paris Agreement,",
"timestamp": [
288.46,
293.705
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, in 2015, the COP meeting in\nParis resulted in the Paris Agreement,",
"timestamp": [
288.46,
293.705
]
},
{
"text": "which set a long-term goal to reduce climate warming\nto well below two degrees Celsius",
"timestamp": [
293.705,
299.093
]
},
{
"text": "which set a long-term goal to reduce climate warming\nto well below two degrees Celsius",
"timestamp": [
293.705,
299.093
]
},
{
"text": "— ideally, 1.5 degrees.",
"timestamp": [
299.093,
301.65
]
},
{
"text": "— ideally, 1.5 degrees.",
"timestamp": [
299.093,
301.65
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll come back to this agreement in a minute.",
"timestamp": [
301.65,
303.96
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll come back to this agreement in a minute.",
"timestamp": [
301.65,
303.96
]
},
{
"text": "For now, though, there’s your list!",
"timestamp": [
303.96,
306.289
]
},
{
"text": "For now, though, there’s your list!",
"timestamp": [
303.96,
306.289
]
},
{
"text": "The UNEP, the IPCC, and the UNFCCC.",
"timestamp": [
306.289,
311.43
]
},
{
"text": "The UNEP, the IPCC, and the UNFCCC.",
"timestamp": [
306.289,
311.43
]
},
{
"text": "With so many committees and resolutions, it really \nseems like we should have climate change in the bag.",
"timestamp": [
311.43,
317.187
]
},
{
"text": "With so many committees and resolutions, it really \nseems like we should have climate change in the bag.",
"timestamp": [
311.43,
317.187
]
},
{
"text": "But you know, humans aren’t always \nthe best at sticking to big plans.",
"timestamp": [
317.187,
321.62
]
},
{
"text": "But you know, humans aren’t always \nthe best at sticking to big plans.",
"timestamp": [
317.187,
321.62
]
},
{
"text": "Like, don’t even ask me about the running\ngoals I set last New Year’s.",
"timestamp": [
321.62,
325.677
]
},
{
"text": "Like, don’t even ask me about the running\ngoals I set last New Year’s.",
"timestamp": [
321.62,
325.677
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, these international agreements\nhave been a mixed bag.",
"timestamp": [
325.677,
330
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, these international agreements\nhave been a mixed bag.",
"timestamp": [
325.677,
330
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, nations lace up their running shoes,\nand sometimes, they take a nap.",
"timestamp": [
330,
334.789
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, nations lace up their running shoes,\nand sometimes, they take a nap.",
"timestamp": [
330,
334.789
]
},
{
"text": "For example, one of the first major agreements\nto emerge from the Conference of the Parties",
"timestamp": [
334.789,
338.889
]
},
{
"text": "For example, one of the first major agreements\nto emerge from the Conference of the Parties",
"timestamp": [
334.789,
338.889
]
},
{
"text": "was the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, adopted at\na meeting in… you guessed it… Kyoto, Japan.",
"timestamp": [
338.889,
345.354
]
},
{
"text": "was the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, adopted at\na meeting in… you guessed it… Kyoto, Japan.",
"timestamp": [
338.889,
345.354
]
},
{
"text": "Countries that signed up to the \nKyoto Protocol were legally committed",
"timestamp": [
345.354,
349.439
]
},
{
"text": "Countries that signed up to the \nKyoto Protocol were legally committed",
"timestamp": [
345.354,
349.439
]
},
{
"text": "to reducing greenhouse gas emissions \nby a set amount within specific time frames.",
"timestamp": [
349.439,
355.96
]
},
{
"text": "to reducing greenhouse gas emissions \nby a set amount within specific time frames.",
"timestamp": [
349.439,
355.96
]
},
{
"text": "If they didn’t make their targets, they\ncould be penalized by international courts.",
"timestamp": [
355.96,
360.71
]
},
{
"text": "If they didn’t make their targets, they\ncould be penalized by international courts.",
"timestamp": [
355.96,
360.71
]
},
{
"text": "Which seemed like a good motivator!",
"timestamp": [
360.71,
363.13
]
},
{
"text": "Which seemed like a good motivator!",
"timestamp": [
360.71,
363.13
]
},
{
"text": "Except, the Kyoto Protocol has largely been\nconsidered a failure.",
"timestamp": [
363.13,
368.6
]
},
{
"text": "Except, the Kyoto Protocol has largely been\nconsidered a failure.",
"timestamp": [
363.13,
368.6
]
},
{
"text": "Much like my 5K training.",
"timestamp": [
368.6,
370
]
},
{
"text": "Much like my 5K training.",
"timestamp": [
368.6,
370
]
},
{
"text": "The targets within the agreement were not\nlegally binding for developing countries,",
"timestamp": [
370,
374.81
]
},
{
"text": "The targets within the agreement were not\nlegally binding for developing countries,",
"timestamp": [
370,
374.81
]
},
{
"text": "so fast-growing, industrial economies like\nChina and India had no legal obligation.",
"timestamp": [
374.81,
380.199
]
},
{
"text": "so fast-growing, industrial economies like\nChina and India had no legal obligation.",
"timestamp": [
374.81,
380.199
]
},
{
"text": "That decision had ripple effects.",
"timestamp": [
380.199,
382.759
]
},
{
"text": "That decision had ripple effects.",
"timestamp": [
380.199,
382.759
]
},
{
"text": "The biggest greenhouse gas emitter in the\nworld at the time — the United States —",
"timestamp": [
382.759,
387.116
]
},
{
"text": "The biggest greenhouse gas emitter in the\nworld at the time — the United States —",
"timestamp": [
382.759,
387.116
]
},
{
"text": "disagreed with that exclusion, so effectively decided\nnot to participate in the Kyoto Protocol at all.",
"timestamp": [
387.116,
393.812
]
},
{
"text": "disagreed with that exclusion, so effectively decided\nnot to participate in the Kyoto Protocol at all.",
"timestamp": [
387.116,
393.812
]
},
{
"text": "Without the U.S. on board, many people questioned\nthe usefulness of the Protocol.",
"timestamp": [
393.812,
398.642
]
},
{
"text": "Without the U.S. on board, many people questioned\nthe usefulness of the Protocol.",
"timestamp": [
393.812,
398.642
]
},
{
"text": "And at the end of the commitment period, \ngreenhouse gas emissions were higher than ever.",
"timestamp": [
398.642,
403.89
]
},
{
"text": "And at the end of the commitment period, \ngreenhouse gas emissions were higher than ever.",
"timestamp": [
398.642,
403.89
]
},
{
"text": "So, a little under 20 years later, countries\nreturned to the starting line to try again.",
"timestamp": [
403.89,
408.837
]
},
{
"text": "So, a little under 20 years later, countries\nreturned to the starting line to try again.",
"timestamp": [
403.89,
408.837
]
},
{
"text": "This time, the COP drafted the Paris Agreement,\nwith the goal to reduce climate warming to",
"timestamp": [
408.837,
413.72
]
},
{
"text": "This time, the COP drafted the Paris Agreement,\nwith the goal to reduce climate warming to",
"timestamp": [
408.837,
413.72
]
},
{
"text": "well below two degrees Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
413.72,
416.662
]
},
{
"text": "well below two degrees Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
413.72,
416.662
]
},
{
"text": "And the UNFCCC had learned from \ntheir mistakes the first time around!",
"timestamp": [
416.662,
421.256
]
},
{
"text": "And the UNFCCC had learned from \ntheir mistakes the first time around!",
"timestamp": [
416.662,
421.256
]
},
{
"text": "While the Kyoto Protocol had been legally\nbinding, the Paris Agreement was voluntary.",
"timestamp": [
421.256,
426.66
]
},
{
"text": "While the Kyoto Protocol had been legally\nbinding, the Paris Agreement was voluntary.",
"timestamp": [
421.256,
426.66
]
},
{
"text": "The idea was that each country would draft\na plan outlining how they would reduce emissions.",
"timestamp": [
426.66,
431.97
]
},
{
"text": "The idea was that each country would draft\na plan outlining how they would reduce emissions.",
"timestamp": [
426.66,
431.97
]
},
{
"text": "Then, theoretically, peer pressure from other members \nwould help everyone stick to those commitments.",
"timestamp": [
431.97,
437.501
]
},
{
"text": "Then, theoretically, peer pressure from other members \nwould help everyone stick to those commitments.",
"timestamp": [
431.97,
437.501
]
},
{
"text": "It would be like if I joined a running group who \nhelped me stick to my routine by sticking to theirs.",
"timestamp": [
437.501,
442.659
]
},
{
"text": "It would be like if I joined a running group who \nhelped me stick to my routine by sticking to theirs.",
"timestamp": [
437.501,
442.659
]
},
{
"text": "The Paris Agreement also encouraged nations\nto commit a total of 100 billion dollars a year",
"timestamp": [
442.659,
447.964
]
},
{
"text": "The Paris Agreement also encouraged nations\nto commit a total of 100 billion dollars a year",
"timestamp": [
442.659,
447.964
]
},
{
"text": "to the Green Climate Fund,",
"timestamp": [
447.964,
449.465
]
},
{
"text": "to the Green Climate Fund,",
"timestamp": [
447.964,
449.465
]
},
{
"text": "as a way for wealthier countries to fund things like decarbonization in lower-income countries.",
"timestamp": [
449.465,
455
]
},
{
"text": "as a way for wealthier countries to fund things like decarbonization in lower-income countries.",
"timestamp": [
449.465,
455
]
},
{
"text": "This was a huge step forward and a big shift in climate policy!",
"timestamp": [
455,
459.56
]
},
{
"text": "This was a huge step forward and a big shift in climate policy!",
"timestamp": [
455,
459.56
]
},
{
"text": "It was a switch from strict, legal rule-setting,\nto a more collaborative process.",
"timestamp": [
459.56,
465.82
]
},
{
"text": "It was a switch from strict, legal rule-setting,\nto a more collaborative process.",
"timestamp": [
459.56,
465.82
]
},
{
"text": "But the Green Climate Fund is where \nthis more flexible policy falls down.",
"timestamp": [
465.82,
470.709
]
},
{
"text": "But the Green Climate Fund is where \nthis more flexible policy falls down.",
"timestamp": [
465.82,
470.709
]
},
{
"text": "Without clear ways to report and enforce \nhow much money countries are contributing,",
"timestamp": [
470.709,
476.27
]
},
{
"text": "Without clear ways to report and enforce \nhow much money countries are contributing,",
"timestamp": [
470.709,
476.27
]
},
{
"text": "not all the expected money made it into the piggy bank.",
"timestamp": [
476.27,
480.024
]
},
{
"text": "not all the expected money made it into the piggy bank.",
"timestamp": [
476.27,
480.024
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, only about 83 billion of the\n100 billion dollars was raised in 2020.",
"timestamp": [
480.024,
486.683
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, only about 83 billion of the\n100 billion dollars was raised in 2020.",
"timestamp": [
480.024,
486.683
]
},
{
"text": "To be fair, 83 billion dollars is still one\nhuge piggy bank.",
"timestamp": [
486.683,
492.019
]
},
{
"text": "To be fair, 83 billion dollars is still one\nhuge piggy bank.",
"timestamp": [
486.683,
492.019
]
},
{
"text": "You could probably live in that thing.",
"timestamp": [
492.019,
493.947
]
},
{
"text": "You could probably live in that thing.",
"timestamp": [
492.019,
493.947
]
},
{
"text": "Or me, pay off my student loans.",
"timestamp": [
493.947,
496.689
]
},
{
"text": "Or me, pay off my student loans.",
"timestamp": [
493.947,
496.689
]
},
{
"text": "I am talking Scrooge McDuck, swimming \nin gold coins levels of magnitude here.",
"timestamp": [
496.689,
504.211
]
},
{
"text": "I am talking Scrooge McDuck, swimming \nin gold coins levels of magnitude here.",
"timestamp": [
496.689,
504.211
]
},
{
"text": "But a 17-billion-dollar difference is \nalso a world-changing gap.",
"timestamp": [
504.211,
510.173
]
},
{
"text": "But a 17-billion-dollar difference is \nalso a world-changing gap.",
"timestamp": [
504.211,
510.173
]
},
{
"text": "Now, it might seem like the solution to this is obvious:",
"timestamp": [
510.173,
513.054
]
},
{
"text": "Now, it might seem like the solution to this is obvious:",
"timestamp": [
510.173,
513.054
]
},
{
"text": "just make the Paris Agreement more strict, right?",
"timestamp": [
513.054,
515.431
]
},
{
"text": "just make the Paris Agreement more strict, right?",
"timestamp": [
513.054,
515.431
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, even voluntary accountability \ngroups have penalties.",
"timestamp": [
515.431,
519.712
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, even voluntary accountability \ngroups have penalties.",
"timestamp": [
515.431,
519.712
]
},
{
"text": "Say you and your friends all agree to not\ncheck your phones while you’re out to dinner.",
"timestamp": [
519.712,
523.327
]
},
{
"text": "Say you and your friends all agree to not\ncheck your phones while you’re out to dinner.",
"timestamp": [
519.712,
523.327
]
},
{
"text": "If someone does, they definitely have to buy dessert. \nBut there’s some tension there.",
"timestamp": [
523.327,
528.31
]
},
{
"text": "If someone does, they definitely have to buy dessert. \nBut there’s some tension there.",
"timestamp": [
523.327,
528.31
]
},
{
"text": "In 1972, the Stockholm Declaration — the one from the UNEP that kickstarted international action for the environment —",
"timestamp": [
528.31,
535.39
]
},
{
"text": "In 1972, the Stockholm Declaration — the one from the UNEP that kickstarted international action for the environment —",
"timestamp": [
528.31,
535.39
]
},
{
"text": "included the principle that every nation \nhas the right to govern itself.",
"timestamp": [
535.39,
539.876
]
},
{
"text": "included the principle that every nation \nhas the right to govern itself.",
"timestamp": [
535.39,
539.876
]
},
{
"text": "Except, any climate policy that’s \neffective on the international stage",
"timestamp": [
539.876,
545
]
},
{
"text": "Except, any climate policy that’s \neffective on the international stage",
"timestamp": [
539.876,
545
]
},
{
"text": "will mean countries submitting to some kind of overarching governance.",
"timestamp": [
545,
549.126
]
},
{
"text": "will mean countries submitting to some kind of overarching governance.",
"timestamp": [
545,
549.126
]
},
{
"text": "But no one is actually required to do that.",
"timestamp": [
549.126,
552.465
]
},
{
"text": "But no one is actually required to do that.",
"timestamp": [
549.126,
552.465
]
},
{
"text": "So, you see...it gets messy.",
"timestamp": [
552.465,
555.042
]
},
{
"text": "So, you see...it gets messy.",
"timestamp": [
552.465,
555.042
]
},
{
"text": "This idea of national sovereignty — or the\nright of countries to govern themselves —",
"timestamp": [
555.042,
560.051
]
},
{
"text": "This idea of national sovereignty — or the\nright of countries to govern themselves —",
"timestamp": [
555.042,
560.051
]
},
{
"text": "was brought up when countries objected \nto the legally-binding Kyoto Protocol,",
"timestamp": [
560.051,
564.016
]
},
{
"text": "was brought up when countries objected \nto the legally-binding Kyoto Protocol,",
"timestamp": [
560.051,
564.016
]
},
{
"text": "and some of the more strict commitments proposed for the\nParis Agreement.",
"timestamp": [
564.016,
567.946
]
},
{
"text": "and some of the more strict commitments proposed for the\nParis Agreement.",
"timestamp": [
564.016,
567.946
]
},
{
"text": "So, now, we have the Paris Agreement’s more\nflexible targets. But will that work for the long term?",
"timestamp": [
567.946,
574.23
]
},
{
"text": "So, now, we have the Paris Agreement’s more\nflexible targets. But will that work for the long term?",
"timestamp": [
567.946,
574.23
]
},
{
"text": "Stay tuned for the next season of \n“Life on Earth.”",
"timestamp": [
574.23,
577.543
]
},
{
"text": "Stay tuned for the next season of \n“Life on Earth.”",
"timestamp": [
574.23,
577.543
]
},
{
"text": "Another problem that remains to be solved\nis the inequality between countries.",
"timestamp": [
577.543,
582.614
]
},
{
"text": "Another problem that remains to be solved\nis the inequality between countries.",
"timestamp": [
577.543,
582.614
]
},
{
"text": "Historically, countries with weaker economies\nhave smaller voices in international discussions.",
"timestamp": [
582.614,
588.376
]
},
{
"text": "Historically, countries with weaker economies\nhave smaller voices in international discussions.",
"timestamp": [
582.614,
588.376
]
},
{
"text": "Which is especially problematic since they’re the ones \nwho tend to feel the worst impacts of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
588.376,
594.339
]
},
{
"text": "Which is especially problematic since they’re the ones \nwho tend to feel the worst impacts of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
588.376,
594.339
]
},
{
"text": "And when it comes to making plans for the\nfuture, they often don’t get the attention",
"timestamp": [
594.339,
598.64
]
},
{
"text": "And when it comes to making plans for the\nfuture, they often don’t get the attention",
"timestamp": [
594.339,
598.64
]
},
{
"text": "or the action they need.",
"timestamp": [
598.64,
600.46
]
},
{
"text": "or the action they need.",
"timestamp": [
598.64,
600.46
]
},
{
"text": "But there is one international policy that gets a gold star.",
"timestamp": [
600.46,
604.77
]
},
{
"text": "But there is one international policy that gets a gold star.",
"timestamp": [
600.46,
604.77
]
},
{
"text": "Take it away, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
604.77,
606.28
]
},
{
"text": "Take it away, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
604.77,
606.28
]
},
{
"text": "From the 1980s through at least the early\n2000s, everyone used to talk about the infamous",
"timestamp": [
606.28,
611.39
]
},
{
"text": "From the 1980s through at least the early\n2000s, everyone used to talk about the infamous",
"timestamp": [
606.28,
611.39
]
},
{
"text": "hole in the ozone, a protective layer of the\nEarth’s atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
611.39,
615.5
]
},
{
"text": "hole in the ozone, a protective layer of the\nEarth’s atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
611.39,
615.5
]
},
{
"text": "And it was a big deal!",
"timestamp": [
615.5,
617.35
]
},
{
"text": "And it was a big deal!",
"timestamp": [
615.5,
617.35
]
},
{
"text": "But now… you never hear about it.",
"timestamp": [
617.35,
619.649
]
},
{
"text": "But now… you never hear about it.",
"timestamp": [
617.35,
619.649
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s partly thanks to the success\nof the Montreal Protocol!",
"timestamp": [
619.649,
623.334
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s partly thanks to the success\nof the Montreal Protocol!",
"timestamp": [
619.649,
623.334
]
},
{
"text": "It’s an international treaty enacted by\nthe UNEP in 1987, in the era of big hair and",
"timestamp": [
623.334,
629.6
]
},
{
"text": "It’s an international treaty enacted by\nthe UNEP in 1987, in the era of big hair and",
"timestamp": [
623.334,
629.6
]
},
{
"text": "acid-washed jean jackets.",
"timestamp": [
629.6,
631.279
]
},
{
"text": "acid-washed jean jackets.",
"timestamp": [
629.6,
631.279
]
},
{
"text": "And to date, it’s the only international\nagreement that’s been ratified by every",
"timestamp": [
631.279,
635.82
]
},
{
"text": "And to date, it’s the only international\nagreement that’s been ratified by every",
"timestamp": [
631.279,
635.82
]
},
{
"text": "one of the 198 UN member states.",
"timestamp": [
635.82,
638.7
]
},
{
"text": "one of the 198 UN member states.",
"timestamp": [
635.82,
638.7
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not a climate agreement.",
"timestamp": [
638.7,
640.2
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not a climate agreement.",
"timestamp": [
638.7,
640.2
]
},
{
"text": "It was introduced to limit and phase out the\nproduction of chemicals that attack the ozone layer,",
"timestamp": [
640.2,
645.211
]
},
{
"text": "It was introduced to limit and phase out the\nproduction of chemicals that attack the ozone layer,",
"timestamp": [
640.2,
645.211
]
},
{
"text": "called CFCs, or for the Scrabble win:\nchlorofluorocarbons.",
"timestamp": [
645.211,
650.353
]
},
{
"text": "called CFCs, or for the Scrabble win:\nchlorofluorocarbons.",
"timestamp": [
645.211,
650.353
]
},
{
"text": "And it has a lot going for it. It has strict, \nlegally-binding targets for each nation,",
"timestamp": [
650.353,
655.542
]
},
{
"text": "And it has a lot going for it. It has strict, \nlegally-binding targets for each nation,",
"timestamp": [
650.353,
655.542
]
},
{
"text": "and annual meetings that can change those targets as needed.",
"timestamp": [
655.542,
659.529
]
},
{
"text": "and annual meetings that can change those targets as needed.",
"timestamp": [
655.542,
659.529
]
},
{
"text": "Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, countries were\nalso willing to sign up for it!",
"timestamp": [
659.529,
663.942
]
},
{
"text": "Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, countries were\nalso willing to sign up for it!",
"timestamp": [
659.529,
663.942
]
},
{
"text": "And now, the hole in the ozone layer is healing itself!",
"timestamp": [
663.942,
668.12
]
},
{
"text": "And now, the hole in the ozone layer is healing itself!",
"timestamp": [
663.942,
668.12
]
},
{
"text": "These days, the protocol’s scope has expanded\ninto the climate realm with the Kigali Amendment",
"timestamp": [
668.12,
672.98
]
},
{
"text": "These days, the protocol’s scope has expanded\ninto the climate realm with the Kigali Amendment",
"timestamp": [
668.12,
672.98
]
},
{
"text": "in 2016.",
"timestamp": [
672.98,
674.23
]
},
{
"text": "in 2016.",
"timestamp": [
672.98,
674.23
]
},
{
"text": "It adds a group of chemicals called hydrofluorocarbons,\nor HFCs, to the list of regulated substances.",
"timestamp": [
674.23,
680.92
]
},
{
"text": "It adds a group of chemicals called hydrofluorocarbons,\nor HFCs, to the list of regulated substances.",
"timestamp": [
674.23,
680.92
]
},
{
"text": "HFCs don’t attack the ozone layer, but they\nare super strong greenhouse gases used in",
"timestamp": [
680.92,
685.79
]
},
{
"text": "HFCs don’t attack the ozone layer, but they\nare super strong greenhouse gases used in",
"timestamp": [
680.92,
685.79
]
},
{
"text": "things like air-conditioners.",
"timestamp": [
685.79,
688.07
]
},
{
"text": "things like air-conditioners.",
"timestamp": [
685.79,
688.07
]
},
{
"text": "And if the Kigali Amendment is effective,\nexperts suggest that by the end of the century,",
"timestamp": [
688.07,
693.41
]
},
{
"text": "And if the Kigali Amendment is effective,\nexperts suggest that by the end of the century,",
"timestamp": [
688.07,
693.41
]
},
{
"text": "we can prevent the average global temperature\nfrom going up a full half degree Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
693.41,
699.631
]
},
{
"text": "we can prevent the average global temperature\nfrom going up a full half degree Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
693.41,
699.631
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
699.631,
701.12
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
699.631,
701.12
]
},
{
"text": "The Montreal Protocol is an example of how\nwe could get international climate policy right.",
"timestamp": [
701.12,
707.2
]
},
{
"text": "The Montreal Protocol is an example of how\nwe could get international climate policy right.",
"timestamp": [
701.12,
707.2
]
},
{
"text": "And the Kigali Amendment goes to show how\nclimate change can be integrated into existing policies.",
"timestamp": [
707.2,
713.32
]
},
{
"text": "And the Kigali Amendment goes to show how\nclimate change can be integrated into existing policies.",
"timestamp": [
707.2,
713.32
]
},
{
"text": "If you already have a way of doing something\nthat works, it’s a lot easier just to expand",
"timestamp": [
713.32,
718.36
]
},
{
"text": "If you already have a way of doing something\nthat works, it’s a lot easier just to expand",
"timestamp": [
713.32,
718.36
]
},
{
"text": "that approach, than to invent a whole new\nset of rules and processes.",
"timestamp": [
718.36,
722.86
]
},
{
"text": "that approach, than to invent a whole new\nset of rules and processes.",
"timestamp": [
718.36,
722.86
]
},
{
"text": "Which makes me think: Maybe I should combine\nmy running schedule with my daily coffee run…",
"timestamp": [
722.86,
729.04
]
},
{
"text": "Which makes me think: Maybe I should combine\nmy running schedule with my daily coffee run…",
"timestamp": [
722.86,
729.04
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, climate policy is a pretty young\nform of governance, so we’re still trying",
"timestamp": [
729.04,
733.899
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, climate policy is a pretty young\nform of governance, so we’re still trying",
"timestamp": [
729.04,
733.899
]
},
{
"text": "to work out the best way to do it.",
"timestamp": [
733.899,
736.62
]
},
{
"text": "to work out the best way to do it.",
"timestamp": [
733.899,
736.62
]
},
{
"text": "And only time will tell which strategies will\nbe the most effective.",
"timestamp": [
736.62,
740.639
]
},
{
"text": "And only time will tell which strategies will\nbe the most effective.",
"timestamp": [
736.62,
740.639
]
},
{
"text": "Smaller countries, activists, and the public\nwill also continue to have a bigger and bigger",
"timestamp": [
740.639,
746.149
]
},
{
"text": "Smaller countries, activists, and the public\nwill also continue to have a bigger and bigger",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "role in these conversations, as more seats\nare made available at the table.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "role in these conversations, as more seats\nare made available at the table.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Whatever we do, though, \nwe’ve got our work cut out for us.",
"timestamp": [
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754.019
]
},
{
"text": "Whatever we do, though, \nwe’ve got our work cut out for us.",
"timestamp": [
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754.019
]
},
{
"text": "Because even beyond passing laws, we’ll\nneed to find an approach that helps overcome",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Because even beyond passing laws, we’ll\nneed to find an approach that helps overcome",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "the cultural, political, and economic challenges\nfaced by each and every nation on Earth.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "the cultural, political, and economic challenges\nfaced by each and every nation on Earth.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "MOTNT - more on that next time.",
"timestamp": [
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767.25
]
},
{
"text": "MOTNT - more on that next time.",
"timestamp": [
764.89,
767.25
]
},
{
"text": "I think we’re gonna need more Scrabble letters!",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "I think we’re gonna need more Scrabble letters!",
"timestamp": [
767.25,
769.86
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Rizwan Kassim, our running\npartner for this episode.",
"timestamp": [
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773.08
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Rizwan Kassim, our running\npartner for this episode.",
"timestamp": [
769.86,
773.08
]
},
{
"text": "With your support for us on Patreon, we’re\nmotivated to tie up those sneakers and get out there.",
"timestamp": [
773.08,
779.269
]
},
{
"text": "With your support for us on Patreon, we’re\nmotivated to tie up those sneakers and get out there.",
"timestamp": [
773.08,
779.269
]
},
{
"text": "Er, you go on ahead, \nwe’re right behind ya!",
"timestamp": [
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783.32
]
},
{
"text": "Er, you go on ahead, \nwe’re right behind ya!",
"timestamp": [
779.269,
783.32
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support provided by",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support provided by",
"timestamp": [
783.32,
786.594
]
},
{
"text": "Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
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789.427
]
},
{
"text": "Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
786.594,
789.427
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at the Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of all these fine people.",
"timestamp": [
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796.699
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at the Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of all these fine people.",
"timestamp": [
789.427,
796.699
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
796.699,
803.041
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
796.699,
803.041
]
},
{
"text": "Ha!",
"timestamp": [
804.75,
805.543
]
},
{
"text": "Ha!",
"timestamp": [
804.75,
805.543
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Global Cooperation",
"After centuries of continuously burning fossil\nfuels, humanity is starting to see the consequences.We’ve created extreme climate change — but today, \nmore and more people are working toward solutions.Scientists and engineers are developing carbon-free\ntechnologies,students are encouraging schools \nto start composting programs,and activists are putting pressure on \norganizations to stop funding fossil fuel projects.Just to name a few examples.But ultimately, getting the global change we need \nalso means getting entire nations to cooperate.Which is about as easy as herding cats. \nI’d know. I have two.Each country has their own approach to climate\npolicy.They’re not obligated to submit to anyone else’s authority, \nand sometimes, following through with their plans…it doesn’t always make it on the agenda.But every now and then, these cats manage\nto pull off something amazing.Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course\nClimate and Energy.[THEME MUSIC]Since the late 1980s, the international scientific\ncommunity has researched and compiled informationabout the climate crisis.They want to know what’s up, who’s going\nto be affected, and what we can do about it.Normally, scientific results are presented at a \nconference session attended by a few dozen scientists…and maybe one or two members\nof the press.But because climate change is so \nimportant, this conversation has expandedto include representatives from almost every country.It’s like the science Avengers."
],
[
"The UNEP, IPCC, & UNFCCC",
"When these teams get together, they look at\nthe evidence, decide the best course of action,and devise various treaties, and declarations,\nand agreements to try and address the problem.Together, these documents form the basis for\ninternational climate policy.And right now, almost every country is signed on to one or more of the major climate and environmental agreements or groups.They’re called the UNEP, the IPCC, \nand the. UNFCCC.I know. It sounds like I just pulled a handful of\nScrabble letters out of a bag,but government agencies, and in particular the UN \n— sorry, I mean, the United Nations —they DO love their acronyms.(Offscreen) CUT!(M) What?(Offscreen) Technically they’re initialisms.(M) Oh, give me a break!Moving on!First up, the UNEP is the \nUnited Nations Environment Programme.It was established in 1972, when the UN made\nits first declaration to protect the environment,called the Stockholm Declaration.And today, the UNEP is the global authority\nadvocating for the environment.In 1988, the UNEP teamed up with the World\nMeteorological Organization to form a subgroupfocusing just on climate change: the IPCC.Because if there’s anything governments\nlove more than acronyms, it’s sub-groups.And sub-committees of the subgroups.The IPCC stands for the \nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.It’s made up of hundreds of scientists,\nresearchers, and policymakers tasked withcompiling everything we know about the Earth’s\nclimate, climate change, and how to mitigate it and adapt.Since the ‘80s, they’ve released \n6 comprehensive reports.These reports are kind of like the SparkNotes versions \nof that book you forgot to read for class that one time.The IPCC takes thousands of peer-reviewed research \narticles and condenses them into detailed summaries.Imagine, the ultimate book report. \nWritten by scientists.These and a few other reports represent some of the most comprehensive and collaborative international science ever.And when these reports have been picked up\nby the media, they’ve helped launch wavesof awareness and activism across the world.So, you’ve got the UNEP, the IPCC subgroup,\nand finally: our last acronym,with the highest Scrabble score, goes to the UNFCCC.While the IPCC is focused on compiling and\nreporting knowledge about climate science,the United Nations Framework Convention on\nClimate Change is about the other side of the coin:how we put that knowledge into action\nas an international community.It’s essentially a treaty, signed in 1992 by 154 countries,to try and combat, quote, “dangerous human \ninterference in the climate system.”AKA: what’s been happening since we started\nburning fossil fuels during the Industrial Revolution.Every year, members of the signing countries\nmeet for a Conference of the Parties, or COP.Which… is another acronym.Sorry I betrayed you like that.Anyway!The COP meets to discuss progress and new\napproaches to tackling climate change.For instance, in 2015, the COP meeting in\nParis resulted in the Paris Agreement,which set a long-term goal to reduce climate warming\nto well below two degrees Celsius— ideally, 1.5 degrees.We’ll come back to this agreement in a minute.For now, though, there’s your list!The UNEP, the IPCC, and the UNFCCC.With so many committees and resolutions, it really \nseems like we should have climate change in the bag.But you know, humans aren’t always \nthe best at sticking to big plans.Like, don’t even ask me about the running\ngoals I set last New Year’s.Similarly, these international agreements\nhave been a mixed bag.Sometimes, nations lace up their running shoes,\nand sometimes, they take a nap."
],
[
"The Kyoto Protocol",
"For example, one of the first major agreements\nto emerge from the Conference of the Partieswas the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, adopted at\na meeting in… you guessed it… Kyoto, Japan.Countries that signed up to the \nKyoto Protocol were legally committedto reducing greenhouse gas emissions \nby a set amount within specific time frames.If they didn’t make their targets, they\ncould be penalized by international courts.Which seemed like a good motivator!Except, the Kyoto Protocol has largely been\nconsidered a failure.Much like my 5K training.The targets within the agreement were not\nlegally binding for developing countries,so fast-growing, industrial economies like\nChina and India had no legal obligation.That decision had ripple effects.The biggest greenhouse gas emitter in the\nworld at the time — the United States —disagreed with that exclusion, so effectively decided\nnot to participate in the Kyoto Protocol at all.Without the U.S. on board, many people questioned\nthe usefulness of the Protocol.And at the end of the commitment period, \ngreenhouse gas emissions were higher than ever."
],
[
"The Paris Agreement & Green Climate Fund",
"So, a little under 20 years later, countries\nreturned to the starting line to try again.This time, the COP drafted the Paris Agreement,\nwith the goal to reduce climate warming towell below two degrees Celsius.And the UNFCCC had learned from \ntheir mistakes the first time around!While the Kyoto Protocol had been legally\nbinding, the Paris Agreement was voluntary.The idea was that each country would draft\na plan outlining how they would reduce emissions.Then, theoretically, peer pressure from other members \nwould help everyone stick to those commitments.It would be like if I joined a running group who \nhelped me stick to my routine by sticking to theirs.The Paris Agreement also encouraged nations\nto commit a total of 100 billion dollars a yearto the Green Climate Fund,as a way for wealthier countries to fund things like decarbonization in lower-income countries.This was a huge step forward and a big shift in climate policy!It was a switch from strict, legal rule-setting,\nto a more collaborative process.But the Green Climate Fund is where \nthis more flexible policy falls down.Without clear ways to report and enforce \nhow much money countries are contributing,not all the expected money made it into the piggy bank.For instance, only about 83 billion of the\n100 billion dollars was raised in 2020.To be fair, 83 billion dollars is still one\nhuge piggy bank.You could probably live in that thing.Or me, pay off my student loans.I am talking Scrooge McDuck, swimming \nin gold coins levels of magnitude here.But a 17-billion-dollar difference is \nalso a world-changing gap."
],
[
"The Stockholm Declaration",
"Now, it might seem like the solution to this is obvious:just make the Paris Agreement more strict, right?I mean, even voluntary accountability \ngroups have penalties.Say you and your friends all agree to not\ncheck your phones while you’re out to dinner.If someone does, they definitely have to buy dessert. \nBut there’s some tension there.In 1972, the Stockholm Declaration — the one from the UNEP that kickstarted international action for the environment —included the principle that every nation \nhas the right to govern itself.Except, any climate policy that’s \neffective on the international stagewill mean countries submitting to some kind of overarching governance.But no one is actually required to do that.So, you see...it gets messy.This idea of national sovereignty — or the\nright of countries to govern themselves —was brought up when countries objected \nto the legally-binding Kyoto Protocol,and some of the more strict commitments proposed for the\nParis Agreement.So, now, we have the Paris Agreement’s more\nflexible targets. But will that work for the long term?Stay tuned for the next season of \n“Life on Earth.”Another problem that remains to be solved\nis the inequality between countries.Historically, countries with weaker economies\nhave smaller voices in international discussions.Which is especially problematic since they’re the ones \nwho tend to feel the worst impacts of climate change.And when it comes to making plans for the\nfuture, they often don’t get the attentionor the action they need.But there is one international policy that gets a gold star.Take it away, Thought Bubble."
],
[
"The Montreal Protocol & Kigali Amendment",
"From the 1980s through at least the early\n2000s, everyone used to talk about the infamoushole in the ozone, a protective layer of the\nEarth’s atmosphere.And it was a big deal!But now… you never hear about it.And that’s partly thanks to the success\nof the Montreal Protocol!It’s an international treaty enacted by\nthe UNEP in 1987, in the era of big hair andacid-washed jean jackets.And to date, it’s the only international\nagreement that’s been ratified by everyone of the 198 UN member states.But it’s not a climate agreement.It was introduced to limit and phase out the\nproduction of chemicals that attack the ozone layer,called CFCs, or for the Scrabble win:\nchlorofluorocarbons.And it has a lot going for it. It has strict, \nlegally-binding targets for each nation,and annual meetings that can change those targets as needed.Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, countries were\nalso willing to sign up for it!And now, the hole in the ozone layer is healing itself!These days, the protocol’s scope has expanded\ninto the climate realm with the Kigali Amendmentin 2016.It adds a group of chemicals called hydrofluorocarbons,\nor HFCs, to the list of regulated substances.HFCs don’t attack the ozone layer, but they\nare super strong greenhouse gases used inthings like air-conditioners.And if the Kigali Amendment is effective,\nexperts suggest that by the end of the century,we can prevent the average global temperature\nfrom going up a full half degree Celsius.Thanks, Thought Bubble!The Montreal Protocol is an example of how\nwe could get international climate policy right.And the Kigali Amendment goes to show how\nclimate change can be integrated into existing policies.If you already have a way of doing something\nthat works, it’s a lot easier just to expandthat approach, than to invent a whole new\nset of rules and processes.Which makes me think: Maybe I should combine\nmy running schedule with my daily coffee run…"
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"Ultimately, climate policy is a pretty young\nform of governance, so we’re still tryingto work out the best way to do it.And only time will tell which strategies will\nbe the most effective.Smaller countries, activists, and the public\nwill also continue to have a bigger and biggerrole in these conversations, as more seats\nare made available at the table.Whatever we do, though, \nwe’ve got our work cut out for us.Because even beyond passing laws, we’ll\nneed to find an approach that helps overcomethe cultural, political, and economic challenges\nfaced by each and every nation on Earth.MOTNT - more on that next time.I think we’re gonna need more Scrabble letters!Special thanks to Rizwan Kassim, our running\npartner for this episode.With your support for us on Patreon, we’re\nmotivated to tie up those sneakers and get out there.Er, you go on ahead, \nwe’re right behind ya!Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support provided byBreakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.This episode was filmed at the Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of all these fine people.If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.Ha!"
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Are Natural Disasters Actually Natural?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #9
|
7ODrQW0vSmA
| 883 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: The Rohingya & Climate Inequality",
"end_time": 105
},
{
"start_time": 105,
"title": "How Climate Affects Our Lives",
"end_time": 202
},
{
"start_time": 202,
"title": "Climate Justice",
"end_time": 438
},
{
"start_time": 438,
"title": "Redlining & Climate Inequality",
"end_time": 583
},
{
"start_time": 583,
"title": "Social Inequality & The Climate",
"end_time": 735
},
{
"start_time": 735,
"title": "Renewable Energy & Inequality",
"end_time": 801
},
{
"start_time": 801,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 883
}
] |
[
{
"text": "From 2010 to 2015, the Rakhine State in Myanmar \nwas pummeled by severe weather events.",
"timestamp": [
0,
6.445
]
},
{
"text": "From 2010 to 2015, the Rakhine State in Myanmar \nwas pummeled by severe weather events.",
"timestamp": [
0,
6.445
]
},
{
"text": "A cyclone swept through in 2010. Floods \ndestroyed about 1.7 million tons of rice in 2011,",
"timestamp": [
6.445,
13.42
]
},
{
"text": "A cyclone swept through in 2010. Floods \ndestroyed about 1.7 million tons of rice in 2011,",
"timestamp": [
6.445,
13.42
]
},
{
"text": "making scarce a primary staple of the country’s diet. \nAnd in 2015, there was even more serious flooding.",
"timestamp": [
13.42,
20.46
]
},
{
"text": "making scarce a primary staple of the country’s diet. \nAnd in 2015, there was even more serious flooding.",
"timestamp": [
13.42,
20.46
]
},
{
"text": "Events like these are becoming more frequent \nand more severe because of climate change. ",
"timestamp": [
20.46,
26.1
]
},
{
"text": "Events like these are becoming more frequent \nand more severe because of climate change. ",
"timestamp": [
20.46,
26.1
]
},
{
"text": "But they don't affect everyone equally. In Rakhine, a group \ncalled the Rohingya were some of the hardest hit —",
"timestamp": [
26.1,
32.274
]
},
{
"text": "But they don't affect everyone equally. In Rakhine, a group \ncalled the Rohingya were some of the hardest hit —",
"timestamp": [
26.1,
32.274
]
},
{
"text": "and not just by the floods. The Rohingya are \nMuslims in a Buddhist-majority state,",
"timestamp": [
32.274,
37.609
]
},
{
"text": "and not just by the floods. The Rohingya are \nMuslims in a Buddhist-majority state,",
"timestamp": [
32.274,
37.609
]
},
{
"text": "and they had been discriminated \nagainst by the government for decades.",
"timestamp": [
37.609,
41.178
]
},
{
"text": "and they had been discriminated \nagainst by the government for decades.",
"timestamp": [
37.609,
41.178
]
},
{
"text": "When these storms made resources scarce, instead of being seen as neighbors, the Rohingya were seen as competitors.",
"timestamp": [
41.178,
47.899
]
},
{
"text": "When these storms made resources scarce, instead of being seen as neighbors, the Rohingya were seen as competitors.",
"timestamp": [
41.178,
47.899
]
},
{
"text": "This fuelled violence and deepened \ninequalities against the Rohingya.",
"timestamp": [
47.899,
51.8
]
},
{
"text": "This fuelled violence and deepened \ninequalities against the Rohingya.",
"timestamp": [
47.899,
51.8
]
},
{
"text": "Since 2017, nearly a million have fled \ntheir homes and become refugees.",
"timestamp": [
51.8,
57.959
]
},
{
"text": "Since 2017, nearly a million have fled \ntheir homes and become refugees.",
"timestamp": [
51.8,
57.959
]
},
{
"text": "To be clear: climate change did not on its own \ncause this violence. People did.",
"timestamp": [
57.959,
64.348
]
},
{
"text": "To be clear: climate change did not on its own \ncause this violence. People did.",
"timestamp": [
57.959,
64.348
]
},
{
"text": "If we could remove people from climate change — and just \nthink about how greenhouse gases are trapping more heat",
"timestamp": [
64.348,
71.268
]
},
{
"text": "If we could remove people from climate change — and just \nthink about how greenhouse gases are trapping more heat",
"timestamp": [
64.348,
71.268
]
},
{
"text": "— well, that would be a lot simpler. \nWhat is complex about climate change is, well, us.",
"timestamp": [
71.268,
78.875
]
},
{
"text": "— well, that would be a lot simpler. \nWhat is complex about climate change is, well, us.",
"timestamp": [
71.268,
78.875
]
},
{
"text": "Because when the effects of climate change \nimpact communities all around the world, ",
"timestamp": [
78.875,
82.92
]
},
{
"text": "Because when the effects of climate change \nimpact communities all around the world, ",
"timestamp": [
78.875,
82.92
]
},
{
"text": "those impacts layer right on top of pre-existing \ncultural, political, and economic contexts.",
"timestamp": [
82.92,
90.987
]
},
{
"text": "those impacts layer right on top of pre-existing \ncultural, political, and economic contexts.",
"timestamp": [
82.92,
90.987
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course Climate and Energy. ",
"timestamp": [
90.987,
96.1
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course Climate and Energy. ",
"timestamp": [
90.987,
96.1
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
96.1,
105.42
]
},
{
"text": "[THEME MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
96.1,
105.42
]
},
{
"text": "When you hear scientists talk about climate change,",
"timestamp": [
105.42,
108.157
]
},
{
"text": "When you hear scientists talk about climate change,",
"timestamp": [
105.42,
108.157
]
},
{
"text": "you’ll often hear us mention increasing amounts \nof greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
108.157,
112.872
]
},
{
"text": "you’ll often hear us mention increasing amounts \nof greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
108.157,
112.872
]
},
{
"text": "And that's a helpful metric. It’s something we can measure and track as time goes on to get a sense of how the planet is doing.",
"timestamp": [
112.872,
120.292
]
},
{
"text": "And that's a helpful metric. It’s something we can measure and track as time goes on to get a sense of how the planet is doing.",
"timestamp": [
112.872,
120.292
]
},
{
"text": "But on their own, the numbers don’t \ntell us how our lives will be impacted.",
"timestamp": [
120.292,
126.112
]
},
{
"text": "But on their own, the numbers don’t \ntell us how our lives will be impacted.",
"timestamp": [
120.292,
126.112
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, sure, there are more than 400 molecules of carbon dioxide out there for every million air molecules.",
"timestamp": [
126.112,
132.916
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, sure, there are more than 400 molecules of carbon dioxide out there for every million air molecules.",
"timestamp": [
126.112,
132.916
]
},
{
"text": "But what I want to know is if my air-conditioner \ncan handle the next heatwave,",
"timestamp": [
132.916,
137.485
]
},
{
"text": "But what I want to know is if my air-conditioner \ncan handle the next heatwave,",
"timestamp": [
132.916,
137.485
]
},
{
"text": "or if my grandma in Florida is going to face \nanother Category 5 hurricane this year.",
"timestamp": [
137.485,
142.797
]
},
{
"text": "or if my grandma in Florida is going to face \nanother Category 5 hurricane this year.",
"timestamp": [
137.485,
142.797
]
},
{
"text": "And you probably have your own questions like that. \nMaybe our grandmas are even pool buddies.",
"timestamp": [
142.797,
148.761
]
},
{
"text": "And you probably have your own questions like that. \nMaybe our grandmas are even pool buddies.",
"timestamp": [
142.797,
148.761
]
},
{
"text": "The key is, climate change is about \nmore than just molecules in the air.",
"timestamp": [
148.761,
153.079
]
},
{
"text": "The key is, climate change is about \nmore than just molecules in the air.",
"timestamp": [
148.761,
153.079
]
},
{
"text": "It’s about our ability to respond \nand adapt to our changing world",
"timestamp": [
153.079,
157.975
]
},
{
"text": "It’s about our ability to respond \nand adapt to our changing world",
"timestamp": [
153.079,
157.975
]
},
{
"text": "— like whether we can afford a new AC unit, or if \nGrandma’s health will let her drive inland before a storm.",
"timestamp": [
157.975,
163.757
]
},
{
"text": "— like whether we can afford a new AC unit, or if \nGrandma’s health will let her drive inland before a storm.",
"timestamp": [
157.975,
163.757
]
},
{
"text": "These are things shaped more by \nsociety than by climate change.",
"timestamp": [
163.757,
167.482
]
},
{
"text": "These are things shaped more by \nsociety than by climate change.",
"timestamp": [
163.757,
167.482
]
},
{
"text": "And right now, we live in an unequal world.",
"timestamp": [
167.482,
170.669
]
},
{
"text": "And right now, we live in an unequal world.",
"timestamp": [
167.482,
170.669
]
},
{
"text": "The carbon dioxide molecules bopping around might be emotionless and bias-free, but our systems and societies aren’t.",
"timestamp": [
170.669,
177.876
]
},
{
"text": "The carbon dioxide molecules bopping around might be emotionless and bias-free, but our systems and societies aren’t.",
"timestamp": [
170.669,
177.876
]
},
{
"text": "We live in a world where different societies value \ndifferent people differently for unfair and unjust reasons.",
"timestamp": [
177.876,
184.694
]
},
{
"text": "We live in a world where different societies value \ndifferent people differently for unfair and unjust reasons.",
"timestamp": [
177.876,
184.694
]
},
{
"text": "Racism and extreme inequality remain common — which \nmeans some groups are supported less by their society",
"timestamp": [
184.694,
192.063
]
},
{
"text": "Racism and extreme inequality remain common — which \nmeans some groups are supported less by their society",
"timestamp": [
184.694,
192.063
]
},
{
"text": "and as a result, have been and will be \ndisproportionately affected by climate change.",
"timestamp": [
192.063,
198.205
]
},
{
"text": "and as a result, have been and will be \ndisproportionately affected by climate change.",
"timestamp": [
192.063,
198.205
]
},
{
"text": "It also means they have \nfewer resources to adapt to it.",
"timestamp": [
198.205,
202.216
]
},
{
"text": "It also means they have \nfewer resources to adapt to it.",
"timestamp": [
198.205,
202.216
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change isn’t just an \nenvironmental or a humanitarian crisis.",
"timestamp": [
202.216,
207.329
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change isn’t just an \nenvironmental or a humanitarian crisis.",
"timestamp": [
202.216,
207.329
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a crisis of justice.",
"timestamp": [
207.329,
209.332
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a crisis of justice.",
"timestamp": [
207.329,
209.332
]
},
{
"text": "Regardless of wealth, race, nationality, \nor level of status in a society,",
"timestamp": [
209.332,
215.062
]
},
{
"text": "Regardless of wealth, race, nationality, \nor level of status in a society,",
"timestamp": [
209.332,
215.062
]
},
{
"text": "people’s environments should be \nclean, healthy, and sustainable.",
"timestamp": [
215.062,
220.12
]
},
{
"text": "people’s environments should be \nclean, healthy, and sustainable.",
"timestamp": [
215.062,
220.12
]
},
{
"text": "That’s what people are talking about \nwhen they say “Environmental Justice.”",
"timestamp": [
220.12,
224.334
]
},
{
"text": "That’s what people are talking about \nwhen they say “Environmental Justice.”",
"timestamp": [
220.12,
224.334
]
},
{
"text": "Environmental justice covers a \nwhole range of environmental issues,",
"timestamp": [
224.334,
228.09
]
},
{
"text": "Environmental justice covers a \nwhole range of environmental issues,",
"timestamp": [
224.334,
228.09
]
},
{
"text": "like water quality and air pollution, \nbut it also includes climate justice.",
"timestamp": [
228.09,
233.88
]
},
{
"text": "like water quality and air pollution, \nbut it also includes climate justice.",
"timestamp": [
228.09,
233.88
]
},
{
"text": "Climate justice is the idea that the challenges \nwe’re facing as our climate changes",
"timestamp": [
233.88,
239.495
]
},
{
"text": "Climate justice is the idea that the challenges \nwe’re facing as our climate changes",
"timestamp": [
233.88,
239.495
]
},
{
"text": "shouldn’t affect any one community more than others, \neven though the physical impacts are different around the world.",
"timestamp": [
239.495,
247.334
]
},
{
"text": "shouldn’t affect any one community more than others, \neven though the physical impacts are different around the world.",
"timestamp": [
239.495,
247.334
]
},
{
"text": "One example: the poles are warming faster than \nthe equator, so communities across the Arctic",
"timestamp": [
247.334,
253.784
]
},
{
"text": "One example: the poles are warming faster than \nthe equator, so communities across the Arctic",
"timestamp": [
247.334,
253.784
]
},
{
"text": "are experiencing vanishing sea ice and land ice, \nmelting tundras, and severe storm events.",
"timestamp": [
253.784,
260
]
},
{
"text": "are experiencing vanishing sea ice and land ice, \nmelting tundras, and severe storm events.",
"timestamp": [
253.784,
260
]
},
{
"text": "Climate justice proposes that these communities \nshould have the power to improve their situations —",
"timestamp": [
260,
266.545
]
},
{
"text": "Climate justice proposes that these communities \nshould have the power to improve their situations —",
"timestamp": [
260,
266.545
]
},
{
"text": "and they should be able to get \nthe support they need to adapt.",
"timestamp": [
266.545,
270.272
]
},
{
"text": "and they should be able to get \nthe support they need to adapt.",
"timestamp": [
266.545,
270.272
]
},
{
"text": "Since environmental and climate injustices overlap, \nfocusing on one helps the other.",
"timestamp": [
270.272,
275.949
]
},
{
"text": "Since environmental and climate injustices overlap, \nfocusing on one helps the other.",
"timestamp": [
270.272,
275.949
]
},
{
"text": "Take a coal-fired power plant, for instance.",
"timestamp": [
275.949,
278.76
]
},
{
"text": "Take a coal-fired power plant, for instance.",
"timestamp": [
275.949,
278.76
]
},
{
"text": "It releases all kinds of carbon emissions \nthat contribute to climate change. ",
"timestamp": [
278.76,
283.26
]
},
{
"text": "It releases all kinds of carbon emissions \nthat contribute to climate change. ",
"timestamp": [
278.76,
283.26
]
},
{
"text": "So, climate justice would see that plant replaced \nwith carbon-free, renewable energy sources.",
"timestamp": [
283.26,
289.32
]
},
{
"text": "So, climate justice would see that plant replaced \nwith carbon-free, renewable energy sources.",
"timestamp": [
283.26,
289.32
]
},
{
"text": "But build on that. Coal plants have been historically placed within low-income communities and neighborhoods of color,",
"timestamp": [
289.32,
296.246
]
},
{
"text": "But build on that. Coal plants have been historically placed within low-income communities and neighborhoods of color,",
"timestamp": [
289.32,
296.246
]
},
{
"text": "often because these communities have less time \nand fewer resources to lobby against them.",
"timestamp": [
296.246,
301.711
]
},
{
"text": "often because these communities have less time \nand fewer resources to lobby against them.",
"timestamp": [
296.246,
301.711
]
},
{
"text": "That means the air pollution from burning coal,",
"timestamp": [
301.711,
304.513
]
},
{
"text": "That means the air pollution from burning coal,",
"timestamp": [
301.711,
304.513
]
},
{
"text": "and the contaminated water from dumped waste \ndirectly affects those communities,",
"timestamp": [
304.513,
310.151
]
},
{
"text": "and the contaminated water from dumped waste \ndirectly affects those communities,",
"timestamp": [
304.513,
310.151
]
},
{
"text": "increasing risks of cancer, driving down \nreal estate prices, and much more.",
"timestamp": [
310.151,
315.196
]
},
{
"text": "increasing risks of cancer, driving down \nreal estate prices, and much more.",
"timestamp": [
310.151,
315.196
]
},
{
"text": "So, climate justice says both retire the coal-burning \npower plant and involve the impacted community",
"timestamp": [
315.196,
320.611
]
},
{
"text": "So, climate justice says both retire the coal-burning \npower plant and involve the impacted community",
"timestamp": [
315.196,
320.611
]
},
{
"text": "to help equitably replace it with wind and solar.",
"timestamp": [
320.611,
324.167
]
},
{
"text": "to help equitably replace it with wind and solar.",
"timestamp": [
320.611,
324.167
]
},
{
"text": "The result: you improve local air and water quality \nand empower the surrounding community.",
"timestamp": [
324.167,
330.218
]
},
{
"text": "The result: you improve local air and water quality \nand empower the surrounding community.",
"timestamp": [
324.167,
330.218
]
},
{
"text": "But climate injustice in particular goes \nway beyond local power plants.",
"timestamp": [
330.218,
334.378
]
},
{
"text": "But climate injustice in particular goes \nway beyond local power plants.",
"timestamp": [
330.218,
334.378
]
},
{
"text": "It’s experienced all over the world.",
"timestamp": [
334.378,
336.575
]
},
{
"text": "It’s experienced all over the world.",
"timestamp": [
334.378,
336.575
]
},
{
"text": "You know how when you go out to eat with friends, \nyou usually split the bill based on who ordered what?",
"timestamp": [
336.575,
341.765
]
},
{
"text": "You know how when you go out to eat with friends, \nyou usually split the bill based on who ordered what?",
"timestamp": [
336.575,
341.765
]
},
{
"text": "So, if your friend got a five-dollar bowl of soup, \nand you got the jumbo seafood platter,",
"timestamp": [
341.765,
347.538
]
},
{
"text": "So, if your friend got a five-dollar bowl of soup, \nand you got the jumbo seafood platter,",
"timestamp": [
341.765,
347.538
]
},
{
"text": "you’re probably not going to split the bill 50/50? \nThat wouldn’t be fair, right?",
"timestamp": [
347.538,
352.158
]
},
{
"text": "you’re probably not going to split the bill 50/50? \nThat wouldn’t be fair, right?",
"timestamp": [
347.538,
352.158
]
},
{
"text": "Well, at the moment, \nclimate change isn’t fair.",
"timestamp": [
352.158,
355.678
]
},
{
"text": "Well, at the moment, \nclimate change isn’t fair.",
"timestamp": [
352.158,
355.678
]
},
{
"text": "Wealthy, economically-developed countries have emitted \nthe majority of the CO2 in the atmosphere,",
"timestamp": [
355.678,
362.087
]
},
{
"text": "Wealthy, economically-developed countries have emitted \nthe majority of the CO2 in the atmosphere,",
"timestamp": [
355.678,
362.087
]
},
{
"text": "and they’re typically better able to adapt.",
"timestamp": [
362.087,
364.418
]
},
{
"text": "and they’re typically better able to adapt.",
"timestamp": [
362.087,
364.418
]
},
{
"text": "Lower-income nations contribute far fewer emissions but are much more susceptible to the effects of climate change,",
"timestamp": [
364.418,
372.19
]
},
{
"text": "Lower-income nations contribute far fewer emissions but are much more susceptible to the effects of climate change,",
"timestamp": [
364.418,
372.19
]
},
{
"text": "and are less able to adapt.",
"timestamp": [
372.19,
374.502
]
},
{
"text": "and are less able to adapt.",
"timestamp": [
372.19,
374.502
]
},
{
"text": "For example, a flash flood in the \nU.S. could cause serious damage,",
"timestamp": [
374.502,
378.414
]
},
{
"text": "For example, a flash flood in the \nU.S. could cause serious damage,",
"timestamp": [
374.502,
378.414
]
},
{
"text": "but a flash flood in Bangladesh could cause serious damage and upset water systems and cause a cholera outbreak.",
"timestamp": [
378.414,
386.47
]
},
{
"text": "but a flash flood in Bangladesh could cause serious damage and upset water systems and cause a cholera outbreak.",
"timestamp": [
378.414,
386.47
]
},
{
"text": "And there might not be enough \nresources to replace lost crops.",
"timestamp": [
386.47,
390.584
]
},
{
"text": "And there might not be enough \nresources to replace lost crops.",
"timestamp": [
386.47,
390.584
]
},
{
"text": "So, the risks lower-income \ncommunities face are multiplied.",
"timestamp": [
390.584,
395.209
]
},
{
"text": "So, the risks lower-income \ncommunities face are multiplied.",
"timestamp": [
390.584,
395.209
]
},
{
"text": "These communities didn’t order the proverbial \nseafood platter — it wasn’t even on their menu.",
"timestamp": [
395.209,
401.073
]
},
{
"text": "These communities didn’t order the proverbial \nseafood platter — it wasn’t even on their menu.",
"timestamp": [
395.209,
401.073
]
},
{
"text": "But they're being hit with the bill.",
"timestamp": [
401.073,
403.17
]
},
{
"text": "But they're being hit with the bill.",
"timestamp": [
401.073,
403.17
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, in the wealthier parts of the world, \neveryone just keeps ordering more seafood,",
"timestamp": [
403.17,
408.851
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, in the wealthier parts of the world, \neveryone just keeps ordering more seafood,",
"timestamp": [
403.17,
408.851
]
},
{
"text": "and on top of that, so long as someone else \nis paying, throwing in fancy desserts.",
"timestamp": [
408.851,
413.96
]
},
{
"text": "and on top of that, so long as someone else \nis paying, throwing in fancy desserts.",
"timestamp": [
408.851,
413.96
]
},
{
"text": "This kind of injustice can’t be dismissed as purely accidental; \nit’s not an error on a restaurant receipt.",
"timestamp": [
413.96,
419.323
]
},
{
"text": "This kind of injustice can’t be dismissed as purely accidental; \nit’s not an error on a restaurant receipt.",
"timestamp": [
413.96,
419.323
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s not just present between \ndifferent parts of the world.",
"timestamp": [
419.323,
422.416
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s not just present between \ndifferent parts of the world.",
"timestamp": [
419.323,
422.416
]
},
{
"text": "Injustice within countries is also extremely common, \nand sometimes is the result of legal unequal treatment",
"timestamp": [
422.416,
429.642
]
},
{
"text": "Injustice within countries is also extremely common, \nand sometimes is the result of legal unequal treatment",
"timestamp": [
422.416,
429.642
]
},
{
"text": "that continues to have consequences even after \nthe laws themselves have been corrected.",
"timestamp": [
429.642,
435.495
]
},
{
"text": "that continues to have consequences even after \nthe laws themselves have been corrected.",
"timestamp": [
429.642,
435.495
]
},
{
"text": "To see how this can play out, \nlet’s head to the Thought Bubble...",
"timestamp": [
435.495,
438.615
]
},
{
"text": "To see how this can play out, \nlet’s head to the Thought Bubble...",
"timestamp": [
435.495,
438.615
]
},
{
"text": "In the United States in the middle of the 20th Century, people from marginalized groups, and especially Black people,",
"timestamp": [
438.615,
444.777
]
},
{
"text": "In the United States in the middle of the 20th Century, people from marginalized groups, and especially Black people,",
"timestamp": [
438.615,
444.777
]
},
{
"text": "were discriminated against by wide sectors of society \nincluding banks and insurance companies.",
"timestamp": [
444.777,
450.559
]
},
{
"text": "were discriminated against by wide sectors of society \nincluding banks and insurance companies.",
"timestamp": [
444.777,
450.559
]
},
{
"text": "This discrimination made it difficult \nto buy homes, among other things.",
"timestamp": [
450.559,
454.849
]
},
{
"text": "This discrimination made it difficult \nto buy homes, among other things.",
"timestamp": [
450.559,
454.849
]
},
{
"text": "These practices led to redlining, where maps were drawn in towns and cities to concentrate marginalized communities",
"timestamp": [
454.849,
461.501
]
},
{
"text": "These practices led to redlining, where maps were drawn in towns and cities to concentrate marginalized communities",
"timestamp": [
454.849,
461.501
]
},
{
"text": "into isolated, often undesirable, \nand under-resourced neighborhoods.",
"timestamp": [
461.501,
466.056
]
},
{
"text": "into isolated, often undesirable, \nand under-resourced neighborhoods.",
"timestamp": [
461.501,
466.056
]
},
{
"text": "Redlining was banned in 1968.",
"timestamp": [
466.056,
469.208
]
},
{
"text": "Redlining was banned in 1968.",
"timestamp": [
466.056,
469.208
]
},
{
"text": "But its legacy continues to negatively \nimpact many towns and cities across the U.S.",
"timestamp": [
469.208,
474.706
]
},
{
"text": "But its legacy continues to negatively \nimpact many towns and cities across the U.S.",
"timestamp": [
469.208,
474.706
]
},
{
"text": "Formerly redlined neighborhoods are \nmore likely to be heavily built up",
"timestamp": [
474.706,
478.503
]
},
{
"text": "Formerly redlined neighborhoods are \nmore likely to be heavily built up",
"timestamp": [
474.706,
478.503
]
},
{
"text": "with tall buildings and cement surfaces that absorb heat, \nand not much greenery to help them cool down.",
"timestamp": [
478.503,
484.62
]
},
{
"text": "with tall buildings and cement surfaces that absorb heat, \nand not much greenery to help them cool down.",
"timestamp": [
478.503,
484.62
]
},
{
"text": "As such, these neighborhoods have become \nsome of the hottest places in the country.",
"timestamp": [
484.62,
489.24
]
},
{
"text": "As such, these neighborhoods have become \nsome of the hottest places in the country.",
"timestamp": [
484.62,
489.24
]
},
{
"text": "On average, historically redlined areas are about 2.5 degrees Celsius hotter than other neighborhoods in the same city.",
"timestamp": [
489.24,
498.079
]
},
{
"text": "On average, historically redlined areas are about 2.5 degrees Celsius hotter than other neighborhoods in the same city.",
"timestamp": [
489.24,
498.079
]
},
{
"text": "And in the summer, they can be \nmore than 10 degrees hotter.",
"timestamp": [
498.079,
502.08
]
},
{
"text": "And in the summer, they can be \nmore than 10 degrees hotter.",
"timestamp": [
498.079,
502.08
]
},
{
"text": "Also, since highways and industry are often \nintentionally built within redlined areas,",
"timestamp": [
502.08,
507.48
]
},
{
"text": "Also, since highways and industry are often \nintentionally built within redlined areas,",
"timestamp": [
502.08,
507.48
]
},
{
"text": "air pollution affects predominantly Black \nneighborhoods, more than others,",
"timestamp": [
507.48,
512.278
]
},
{
"text": "air pollution affects predominantly Black \nneighborhoods, more than others,",
"timestamp": [
507.48,
512.278
]
},
{
"text": "leading to higher rates of asthma, \nand other health impacts.",
"timestamp": [
512.278,
515.77
]
},
{
"text": "leading to higher rates of asthma, \nand other health impacts.",
"timestamp": [
512.278,
515.77
]
},
{
"text": "Add that to the fact that Black communities \ntypically have poorer access to healthcare",
"timestamp": [
515.77,
520.828
]
},
{
"text": "Add that to the fact that Black communities \ntypically have poorer access to healthcare",
"timestamp": [
515.77,
520.828
]
},
{
"text": "due to the legacy of racist policies and practices \nthroughout the medical system",
"timestamp": [
520.828,
525.734
]
},
{
"text": "due to the legacy of racist policies and practices \nthroughout the medical system",
"timestamp": [
520.828,
525.734
]
},
{
"text": "— and environmental injustice \nbecomes a question of life and death,",
"timestamp": [
525.734,
531.227
]
},
{
"text": "— and environmental injustice \nbecomes a question of life and death,",
"timestamp": [
525.734,
531.227
]
},
{
"text": "even in one of the richest countries in the world.",
"timestamp": [
531.227,
534.2
]
},
{
"text": "even in one of the richest countries in the world.",
"timestamp": [
531.227,
534.2
]
},
{
"text": "So, formerly redlined neighborhoods \ntoday are becoming literal hotspots",
"timestamp": [
534.2,
539.302
]
},
{
"text": "So, formerly redlined neighborhoods \ntoday are becoming literal hotspots",
"timestamp": [
534.2,
539.302
]
},
{
"text": "for environmental and climate justice advocacy \nas people work to dismantle unjust legacies.",
"timestamp": [
539.302,
545.637
]
},
{
"text": "for environmental and climate justice advocacy \nas people work to dismantle unjust legacies.",
"timestamp": [
539.302,
545.637
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. \nNot every injustice is quite so overt.",
"timestamp": [
545.637,
550.325
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. \nNot every injustice is quite so overt.",
"timestamp": [
545.637,
550.325
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, policies with \nunequal impacts are more subtle",
"timestamp": [
550.325,
555.233
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, policies with \nunequal impacts are more subtle",
"timestamp": [
550.325,
555.233
]
},
{
"text": "— or they’re the result of well-intentioned, \nbut under-informed decision-making.",
"timestamp": [
555.233,
559.913
]
},
{
"text": "— or they’re the result of well-intentioned, \nbut under-informed decision-making.",
"timestamp": [
555.233,
559.913
]
},
{
"text": "A storm happening now is connected to a policy \nthat may have been outlawed decades ago",
"timestamp": [
559.913,
565.711
]
},
{
"text": "A storm happening now is connected to a policy \nthat may have been outlawed decades ago",
"timestamp": [
559.913,
565.711
]
},
{
"text": "and to fossil fuels that started being released \nhundreds of years ago, in a place far away.\n ",
"timestamp": [
565.711,
571.751
]
},
{
"text": "and to fossil fuels that started being released \nhundreds of years ago, in a place far away.\n ",
"timestamp": [
565.711,
571.751
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s worthwhile to try to untangle all of this.",
"timestamp": [
571.751,
575
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s worthwhile to try to untangle all of this.",
"timestamp": [
571.751,
575
]
},
{
"text": "Because there are all kinds of unexpected, and unequal, effects of climate change that we can better address",
"timestamp": [
575,
581.785
]
},
{
"text": "Because there are all kinds of unexpected, and unequal, effects of climate change that we can better address",
"timestamp": [
575,
581.785
]
},
{
"text": "when all the cards are on the table.",
"timestamp": [
581.785,
583.709
]
},
{
"text": "when all the cards are on the table.",
"timestamp": [
581.785,
583.709
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, due to a variety of \ncultural contexts that privilege men,",
"timestamp": [
583.709,
589.332
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, due to a variety of \ncultural contexts that privilege men,",
"timestamp": [
583.709,
589.332
]
},
{
"text": "women, girls, and those across the gender spectrum \nare more likely to feel the sting of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
589.332,
595.907
]
},
{
"text": "women, girls, and those across the gender spectrum \nare more likely to feel the sting of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
589.332,
595.907
]
},
{
"text": "This is especially true in rural areas and lower-income countries",
"timestamp": [
595.907,
600.893
]
},
{
"text": "This is especially true in rural areas and lower-income countries",
"timestamp": [
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600.893
]
},
{
"text": "where women don’t have the same freedoms \nand job opportunities as men,",
"timestamp": [
600.893,
605
]
},
{
"text": "where women don’t have the same freedoms \nand job opportunities as men,",
"timestamp": [
600.893,
605
]
},
{
"text": "and are less likely to own land or have \naccess to resources to cope with disasters.",
"timestamp": [
605,
611.263
]
},
{
"text": "and are less likely to own land or have \naccess to resources to cope with disasters.",
"timestamp": [
605,
611.263
]
},
{
"text": "Indigenous communities as a whole also \nface extreme environmental injustice.",
"timestamp": [
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616.38
]
},
{
"text": "Indigenous communities as a whole also \nface extreme environmental injustice.",
"timestamp": [
611.263,
616.38
]
},
{
"text": "Worldwide, they’re some of the strongest \nadvocates for the environment,",
"timestamp": [
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621.069
]
},
{
"text": "Worldwide, they’re some of the strongest \nadvocates for the environment,",
"timestamp": [
616.38,
621.069
]
},
{
"text": "and are responsible for protecting \nsome 20% of the Earth’s surface,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "and are responsible for protecting \nsome 20% of the Earth’s surface,",
"timestamp": [
621.069,
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]
},
{
"text": "and some 80% of its biodiversity.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "and some 80% of its biodiversity.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "But indigenous people are often harmed by \ndiscriminatory policies that don’t factor them in,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "But indigenous people are often harmed by \ndiscriminatory policies that don’t factor them in,",
"timestamp": [
628.334,
633.719
]
},
{
"text": "even as the environment changes around them.",
"timestamp": [
633.719,
636.165
]
},
{
"text": "even as the environment changes around them.",
"timestamp": [
633.719,
636.165
]
},
{
"text": "And as their homes and lands degrade, they can be left impoverished and without the power to change their situation.",
"timestamp": [
636.165,
644.301
]
},
{
"text": "And as their homes and lands degrade, they can be left impoverished and without the power to change their situation.",
"timestamp": [
636.165,
644.301
]
},
{
"text": "And this story? It begins with the unjust practices of colonizing \nindigenous people’s lands, and continues to this day.",
"timestamp": [
644.301,
652.898
]
},
{
"text": "And this story? It begins with the unjust practices of colonizing \nindigenous people’s lands, and continues to this day.",
"timestamp": [
644.301,
652.898
]
},
{
"text": "When injustices are combined with the increasing risk of hazards",
"timestamp": [
652.898,
657.044
]
},
{
"text": "When injustices are combined with the increasing risk of hazards",
"timestamp": [
652.898,
657.044
]
},
{
"text": "like floods, storms, and heat waves in our warming world, \nthey can lead to catastrophe.",
"timestamp": [
657.044,
662.854
]
},
{
"text": "like floods, storms, and heat waves in our warming world, \nthey can lead to catastrophe.",
"timestamp": [
657.044,
662.854
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the 2011 monsoon season \nin Thailand caused deadly flooding.",
"timestamp": [
662.854,
667.543
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the 2011 monsoon season \nin Thailand caused deadly flooding.",
"timestamp": [
662.854,
667.543
]
},
{
"text": "The rains started early, and multiple tropical storms \ndrenched the country and impacted millions of people.",
"timestamp": [
667.543,
674.28
]
},
{
"text": "The rains started early, and multiple tropical storms \ndrenched the country and impacted millions of people.",
"timestamp": [
667.543,
674.28
]
},
{
"text": "But when the flooding began, the government \nfocused on protecting the higher-income capital.",
"timestamp": [
674.28,
679.56
]
},
{
"text": "But when the flooding began, the government \nfocused on protecting the higher-income capital.",
"timestamp": [
674.28,
679.56
]
},
{
"text": "So while there was damage in the capital \narea, it dodged the worst-case scenario.",
"timestamp": [
679.56,
684.06
]
},
{
"text": "So while there was damage in the capital \narea, it dodged the worst-case scenario.",
"timestamp": [
679.56,
684.06
]
},
{
"text": "However, lower-income communities outside \nthe capital were unsupported and underwater",
"timestamp": [
684.06,
689.22
]
},
{
"text": "However, lower-income communities outside \nthe capital were unsupported and underwater",
"timestamp": [
684.06,
689.22
]
},
{
"text": "for as long as three months.",
"timestamp": [
689.22,
692.029
]
},
{
"text": "for as long as three months.",
"timestamp": [
689.22,
692.029
]
},
{
"text": "The flooding in those communities was actually made worse because of all the water being diverted away from the capital.",
"timestamp": [
692.029,
698.249
]
},
{
"text": "The flooding in those communities was actually made worse because of all the water being diverted away from the capital.",
"timestamp": [
692.029,
698.249
]
},
{
"text": "The humanitarian crises during extreme \nevents like this have led some experts",
"timestamp": [
698.249,
703.116
]
},
{
"text": "The humanitarian crises during extreme \nevents like this have led some experts",
"timestamp": [
698.249,
703.116
]
},
{
"text": "to suggest that there’s no such \nthing as a “natural” disaster.",
"timestamp": [
703.116,
707.042
]
},
{
"text": "to suggest that there’s no such \nthing as a “natural” disaster.",
"timestamp": [
703.116,
707.042
]
},
{
"text": "They’re not saying tropical storms \ndon’t exist.",
"timestamp": [
707.042,
710.244
]
},
{
"text": "They’re not saying tropical storms \ndon’t exist.",
"timestamp": [
707.042,
710.244
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, what they’re saying is a storm chilling in the \nmiddle of the ocean isn’t a disaster:",
"timestamp": [
710.244,
716.373
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, what they’re saying is a storm chilling in the \nmiddle of the ocean isn’t a disaster:",
"timestamp": [
710.244,
716.373
]
},
{
"text": "That’s a natural weather event. It only becomes a disaster when it makes landfall and impacts communities.",
"timestamp": [
716.373,
723.876
]
},
{
"text": "That’s a natural weather event. It only becomes a disaster when it makes landfall and impacts communities.",
"timestamp": [
716.373,
723.876
]
},
{
"text": "And when societal inequity limits the resources available \nto protect people against these storms,",
"timestamp": [
723.876,
729.599
]
},
{
"text": "And when societal inequity limits the resources available \nto protect people against these storms,",
"timestamp": [
723.876,
729.599
]
},
{
"text": "and communities are devastated as a result \n— that’s a human-caused disaster.",
"timestamp": [
729.599,
735.334
]
},
{
"text": "and communities are devastated as a result \n— that’s a human-caused disaster.",
"timestamp": [
729.599,
735.334
]
},
{
"text": "Environmental and climate justice are about more \nthan just responding to disaster, though.",
"timestamp": [
735.334,
740.56
]
},
{
"text": "Environmental and climate justice are about more \nthan just responding to disaster, though.",
"timestamp": [
735.334,
740.56
]
},
{
"text": "If people, companies, and governments making \ndecisions aren’t taking inequalities into account,",
"timestamp": [
740.56,
747.044
]
},
{
"text": "If people, companies, and governments making \ndecisions aren’t taking inequalities into account,",
"timestamp": [
740.56,
747.044
]
},
{
"text": "even trying to slow and prevent climate \nchange can have negative effects.",
"timestamp": [
747.044,
752.04
]
},
{
"text": "even trying to slow and prevent climate \nchange can have negative effects.",
"timestamp": [
747.044,
752.04
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, making a huge number of batteries, solar panels, and wind turbines to power a renewable energy grid",
"timestamp": [
752.04,
758.751
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, making a huge number of batteries, solar panels, and wind turbines to power a renewable energy grid",
"timestamp": [
752.04,
758.751
]
},
{
"text": "is going to be great for the climate — but requires \nraw materials that have to come from somewhere.",
"timestamp": [
758.751,
764.738
]
},
{
"text": "is going to be great for the climate — but requires \nraw materials that have to come from somewhere.",
"timestamp": [
758.751,
764.738
]
},
{
"text": "Multinational companies often mine these materials \nin lower-income countries",
"timestamp": [
764.738,
768.92
]
},
{
"text": "Multinational companies often mine these materials \nin lower-income countries",
"timestamp": [
764.738,
768.92
]
},
{
"text": "like Chile, Mexico, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.",
"timestamp": [
768.92,
772.872
]
},
{
"text": "like Chile, Mexico, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.",
"timestamp": [
768.92,
772.872
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s not because those are \nthe only places those minerals exist;",
"timestamp": [
772.872,
777.395
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s not because those are \nthe only places those minerals exist;",
"timestamp": [
772.872,
777.395
]
},
{
"text": "it’s because that’s where they can \nbe produced cheaply and with fewer regulations,",
"timestamp": [
777.395,
782.04
]
},
{
"text": "it’s because that’s where they can \nbe produced cheaply and with fewer regulations,",
"timestamp": [
777.395,
782.04
]
},
{
"text": "allowing these companies to sidestep \nresponsibility for the environmental impacts ",
"timestamp": [
782.04,
786.78
]
},
{
"text": "allowing these companies to sidestep \nresponsibility for the environmental impacts ",
"timestamp": [
782.04,
786.78
]
},
{
"text": "local communities face as a result of the mining.",
"timestamp": [
786.78,
790.412
]
},
{
"text": "local communities face as a result of the mining.",
"timestamp": [
786.78,
790.412
]
},
{
"text": "So, if we don’t move forward with attention \nto patterns and histories of inequality",
"timestamp": [
790.412,
795.43
]
},
{
"text": "So, if we don’t move forward with attention \nto patterns and histories of inequality",
"timestamp": [
790.412,
795.43
]
},
{
"text": "— both globally and within our own communities — \nwe risk repeating many of the same mistakes all over again.",
"timestamp": [
795.43,
801.67
]
},
{
"text": "— both globally and within our own communities — \nwe risk repeating many of the same mistakes all over again.",
"timestamp": [
795.43,
801.67
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change is about more than molecules and gases.",
"timestamp": [
801.67,
805.875
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change is about more than molecules and gases.",
"timestamp": [
801.67,
805.875
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also about you, and me, and our billions of neighbors —",
"timestamp": [
805.875,
810.139
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also about you, and me, and our billions of neighbors —",
"timestamp": [
805.875,
810.139
]
},
{
"text": "and all the weird, terrible, and sometimes \nwonderful, stuff that comes with us.",
"timestamp": [
810.139,
815.631
]
},
{
"text": "and all the weird, terrible, and sometimes \nwonderful, stuff that comes with us.",
"timestamp": [
810.139,
815.631
]
},
{
"text": "The encouraging thing is environmental justice advocates \n— so many passionate people —",
"timestamp": [
815.631,
821.785
]
},
{
"text": "The encouraging thing is environmental justice advocates \n— so many passionate people —",
"timestamp": [
815.631,
821.785
]
},
{
"text": "have been and are working now \nto address these inequalities.",
"timestamp": [
821.785,
826.211
]
},
{
"text": "have been and are working now \nto address these inequalities.",
"timestamp": [
821.785,
826.211
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, this looks like communities planting trees in their concrete-heavy neighborhoods harmed by redlining.",
"timestamp": [
826.211,
831.763
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, this looks like communities planting trees in their concrete-heavy neighborhoods harmed by redlining.",
"timestamp": [
826.211,
831.763
]
},
{
"text": "And other times, this looks like policymakers \nfolding issues of climate justice",
"timestamp": [
831.763,
838.15
]
},
{
"text": "And other times, this looks like policymakers \nfolding issues of climate justice",
"timestamp": [
831.763,
838.15
]
},
{
"text": "into their national or even international priorities.",
"timestamp": [
838.15,
841.996
]
},
{
"text": "into their national or even international priorities.",
"timestamp": [
838.15,
841.996
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll get more into those policies in the next episode.",
"timestamp": [
841.996,
845.266
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll get more into those policies in the next episode.",
"timestamp": [
841.996,
845.266
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Kelsey Warren, \nour grandma for this episode.",
"timestamp": [
845.266,
849.021
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Kelsey Warren, \nour grandma for this episode.",
"timestamp": [
845.266,
849.021
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll make sure to visit you in Florida—as long as \nyou make us some of your signature snickerdoodles. ",
"timestamp": [
849.021,
854.712
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll make sure to visit you in Florida—as long as \nyou make us some of your signature snickerdoodles. ",
"timestamp": [
849.021,
854.712
]
},
{
"text": "They're almost as sweet as your support for us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
854.712,
858.221
]
},
{
"text": "They're almost as sweet as your support for us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
854.712,
858.221
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
858.221,
861.389
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
858.221,
861.389
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by \nBreakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
861.389,
865.523
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by \nBreakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
861.389,
865.523
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty Studio \nand was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
865.523,
871.577
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty Studio \nand was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
865.523,
871.577
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
871.577,
877.26
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
871.577,
877.26
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: The Rohingya & Climate Inequality",
"From 2010 to 2015, the Rakhine State in Myanmar \nwas pummeled by severe weather events.A cyclone swept through in 2010. Floods \ndestroyed about 1.7 million tons of rice in 2011,making scarce a primary staple of the country’s diet. \nAnd in 2015, there was even more serious flooding.Events like these are becoming more frequent \nand more severe because of climate change. But they don't affect everyone equally. In Rakhine, a group \ncalled the Rohingya were some of the hardest hit —and not just by the floods. The Rohingya are \nMuslims in a Buddhist-majority state,and they had been discriminated \nagainst by the government for decades.When these storms made resources scarce, instead of being seen as neighbors, the Rohingya were seen as competitors.This fuelled violence and deepened \ninequalities against the Rohingya.Since 2017, nearly a million have fled \ntheir homes and become refugees.To be clear: climate change did not on its own \ncause this violence. People did.If we could remove people from climate change — and just \nthink about how greenhouse gases are trapping more heat— well, that would be a lot simpler. \nWhat is complex about climate change is, well, us.Because when the effects of climate change \nimpact communities all around the world, those impacts layer right on top of pre-existing \ncultural, political, and economic contexts.Hi, I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course Climate and Energy. [THEME MUSIC]"
],
[
"How Climate Affects Our Lives",
"When you hear scientists talk about climate change,you’ll often hear us mention increasing amounts \nof greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.And that's a helpful metric. It’s something we can measure and track as time goes on to get a sense of how the planet is doing.But on their own, the numbers don’t \ntell us how our lives will be impacted.I mean, sure, there are more than 400 molecules of carbon dioxide out there for every million air molecules.But what I want to know is if my air-conditioner \ncan handle the next heatwave,or if my grandma in Florida is going to face \nanother Category 5 hurricane this year.And you probably have your own questions like that. \nMaybe our grandmas are even pool buddies.The key is, climate change is about \nmore than just molecules in the air.It’s about our ability to respond \nand adapt to our changing world— like whether we can afford a new AC unit, or if \nGrandma’s health will let her drive inland before a storm.These are things shaped more by \nsociety than by climate change.And right now, we live in an unequal world.The carbon dioxide molecules bopping around might be emotionless and bias-free, but our systems and societies aren’t.We live in a world where different societies value \ndifferent people differently for unfair and unjust reasons.Racism and extreme inequality remain common — which \nmeans some groups are supported less by their societyand as a result, have been and will be \ndisproportionately affected by climate change.It also means they have \nfewer resources to adapt to it."
],
[
"Climate Justice",
"Climate change isn’t just an \nenvironmental or a humanitarian crisis.It’s a crisis of justice.Regardless of wealth, race, nationality, \nor level of status in a society,people’s environments should be \nclean, healthy, and sustainable.That’s what people are talking about \nwhen they say “Environmental Justice.”Environmental justice covers a \nwhole range of environmental issues,like water quality and air pollution, \nbut it also includes climate justice.Climate justice is the idea that the challenges \nwe’re facing as our climate changesshouldn’t affect any one community more than others, \neven though the physical impacts are different around the world.One example: the poles are warming faster than \nthe equator, so communities across the Arcticare experiencing vanishing sea ice and land ice, \nmelting tundras, and severe storm events.Climate justice proposes that these communities \nshould have the power to improve their situations —and they should be able to get \nthe support they need to adapt.Since environmental and climate injustices overlap, \nfocusing on one helps the other.Take a coal-fired power plant, for instance.It releases all kinds of carbon emissions \nthat contribute to climate change. So, climate justice would see that plant replaced \nwith carbon-free, renewable energy sources.But build on that. Coal plants have been historically placed within low-income communities and neighborhoods of color,often because these communities have less time \nand fewer resources to lobby against them.That means the air pollution from burning coal,and the contaminated water from dumped waste \ndirectly affects those communities,increasing risks of cancer, driving down \nreal estate prices, and much more.So, climate justice says both retire the coal-burning \npower plant and involve the impacted communityto help equitably replace it with wind and solar.The result: you improve local air and water quality \nand empower the surrounding community.But climate injustice in particular goes \nway beyond local power plants.It’s experienced all over the world.You know how when you go out to eat with friends, \nyou usually split the bill based on who ordered what?So, if your friend got a five-dollar bowl of soup, \nand you got the jumbo seafood platter,you’re probably not going to split the bill 50/50? \nThat wouldn’t be fair, right?Well, at the moment, \nclimate change isn’t fair.Wealthy, economically-developed countries have emitted \nthe majority of the CO2 in the atmosphere,and they’re typically better able to adapt.Lower-income nations contribute far fewer emissions but are much more susceptible to the effects of climate change,and are less able to adapt.For example, a flash flood in the \nU.S. could cause serious damage,but a flash flood in Bangladesh could cause serious damage and upset water systems and cause a cholera outbreak.And there might not be enough \nresources to replace lost crops.So, the risks lower-income \ncommunities face are multiplied.These communities didn’t order the proverbial \nseafood platter — it wasn’t even on their menu.But they're being hit with the bill.Meanwhile, in the wealthier parts of the world, \neveryone just keeps ordering more seafood,and on top of that, so long as someone else \nis paying, throwing in fancy desserts.This kind of injustice can’t be dismissed as purely accidental; \nit’s not an error on a restaurant receipt.And it’s not just present between \ndifferent parts of the world.Injustice within countries is also extremely common, \nand sometimes is the result of legal unequal treatmentthat continues to have consequences even after \nthe laws themselves have been corrected.To see how this can play out, \nlet’s head to the Thought Bubble..."
],
[
"Redlining & Climate Inequality",
"In the United States in the middle of the 20th Century, people from marginalized groups, and especially Black people,were discriminated against by wide sectors of society \nincluding banks and insurance companies.This discrimination made it difficult \nto buy homes, among other things.These practices led to redlining, where maps were drawn in towns and cities to concentrate marginalized communitiesinto isolated, often undesirable, \nand under-resourced neighborhoods.Redlining was banned in 1968.But its legacy continues to negatively \nimpact many towns and cities across the U.S.Formerly redlined neighborhoods are \nmore likely to be heavily built upwith tall buildings and cement surfaces that absorb heat, \nand not much greenery to help them cool down.As such, these neighborhoods have become \nsome of the hottest places in the country.On average, historically redlined areas are about 2.5 degrees Celsius hotter than other neighborhoods in the same city.And in the summer, they can be \nmore than 10 degrees hotter.Also, since highways and industry are often \nintentionally built within redlined areas,air pollution affects predominantly Black \nneighborhoods, more than others,leading to higher rates of asthma, \nand other health impacts.Add that to the fact that Black communities \ntypically have poorer access to healthcaredue to the legacy of racist policies and practices \nthroughout the medical system— and environmental injustice \nbecomes a question of life and death,even in one of the richest countries in the world.So, formerly redlined neighborhoods \ntoday are becoming literal hotspotsfor environmental and climate justice advocacy \nas people work to dismantle unjust legacies.Thanks, Thought Bubble. \nNot every injustice is quite so overt.Sometimes, policies with \nunequal impacts are more subtle— or they’re the result of well-intentioned, \nbut under-informed decision-making.A storm happening now is connected to a policy \nthat may have been outlawed decades agoand to fossil fuels that started being released \nhundreds of years ago, in a place far away.\n And it’s worthwhile to try to untangle all of this.Because there are all kinds of unexpected, and unequal, effects of climate change that we can better addresswhen all the cards are on the table."
],
[
"Social Inequality & The Climate",
"For instance, due to a variety of \ncultural contexts that privilege men,women, girls, and those across the gender spectrum \nare more likely to feel the sting of climate change.This is especially true in rural areas and lower-income countrieswhere women don’t have the same freedoms \nand job opportunities as men,and are less likely to own land or have \naccess to resources to cope with disasters.Indigenous communities as a whole also \nface extreme environmental injustice.Worldwide, they’re some of the strongest \nadvocates for the environment,and are responsible for protecting \nsome 20% of the Earth’s surface,and some 80% of its biodiversity.But indigenous people are often harmed by \ndiscriminatory policies that don’t factor them in,even as the environment changes around them.And as their homes and lands degrade, they can be left impoverished and without the power to change their situation.And this story? It begins with the unjust practices of colonizing \nindigenous people’s lands, and continues to this day.When injustices are combined with the increasing risk of hazardslike floods, storms, and heat waves in our warming world, \nthey can lead to catastrophe.For example, the 2011 monsoon season \nin Thailand caused deadly flooding.The rains started early, and multiple tropical storms \ndrenched the country and impacted millions of people.But when the flooding began, the government \nfocused on protecting the higher-income capital.So while there was damage in the capital \narea, it dodged the worst-case scenario.However, lower-income communities outside \nthe capital were unsupported and underwaterfor as long as three months.The flooding in those communities was actually made worse because of all the water being diverted away from the capital.The humanitarian crises during extreme \nevents like this have led some expertsto suggest that there’s no such \nthing as a “natural” disaster.They’re not saying tropical storms \ndon’t exist.Instead, what they’re saying is a storm chilling in the \nmiddle of the ocean isn’t a disaster:That’s a natural weather event. It only becomes a disaster when it makes landfall and impacts communities.And when societal inequity limits the resources available \nto protect people against these storms,and communities are devastated as a result \n— that’s a human-caused disaster."
],
[
"Renewable Energy & Inequality",
"Environmental and climate justice are about more \nthan just responding to disaster, though.If people, companies, and governments making \ndecisions aren’t taking inequalities into account,even trying to slow and prevent climate \nchange can have negative effects.For instance, making a huge number of batteries, solar panels, and wind turbines to power a renewable energy gridis going to be great for the climate — but requires \nraw materials that have to come from somewhere.Multinational companies often mine these materials \nin lower-income countrieslike Chile, Mexico, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.And that’s not because those are \nthe only places those minerals exist;it’s because that’s where they can \nbe produced cheaply and with fewer regulations,allowing these companies to sidestep \nresponsibility for the environmental impacts local communities face as a result of the mining.So, if we don’t move forward with attention \nto patterns and histories of inequality— both globally and within our own communities — \nwe risk repeating many of the same mistakes all over again."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"Climate change is about more than molecules and gases.It’s also about you, and me, and our billions of neighbors —and all the weird, terrible, and sometimes \nwonderful, stuff that comes with us.The encouraging thing is environmental justice advocates \n— so many passionate people —have been and are working now \nto address these inequalities.Sometimes, this looks like communities planting trees in their concrete-heavy neighborhoods harmed by redlining.And other times, this looks like policymakers \nfolding issues of climate justiceinto their national or even international priorities.We’ll get more into those policies in the next episode.Special thanks to Kelsey Warren, \nour grandma for this episode.We’ll make sure to visit you in Florida—as long as \nyou make us some of your signature snickerdoodles. They're almost as sweet as your support for us on Patreon.Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexlywith support provided by \nBreakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty Studio \nand was made with the help of all these nice people.If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How Will Climate Change Continue to Affect Us?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #8
|
eVUuwHGLIYo
| 861 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Climate Change",
"end_time": 63
},
{
"start_time": 63,
"title": "Global Warming",
"end_time": 128
},
{
"start_time": 128,
"title": "Extreme Weather Events",
"end_time": 269
},
{
"start_time": 269,
"title": "Climate Models",
"end_time": 414
},
{
"start_time": 414,
"title": "Climate Change's Ripple Effects",
"end_time": 622
},
{
"start_time": 622,
"title": "Feedback Loops",
"end_time": 676
},
{
"start_time": 676,
"title": "The Future of Climate Change",
"end_time": 763
},
{
"start_time": 763,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 861
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Many of us have grown up with the knowledge that \nthe threat of climate change is looming.",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.751
]
},
{
"text": "Many of us have grown up with the knowledge that \nthe threat of climate change is looming.",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.751
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not some far-off danger anymore. Climate \nchange has already shown up at our doors, ",
"timestamp": [
4.751,
10.08
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not some far-off danger anymore. Climate \nchange has already shown up at our doors, ",
"timestamp": [
4.751,
10.08
]
},
{
"text": "busted into our living rooms, and is now on our \ncouch eating our mac ‘n’ cheese.",
"timestamp": [
10.08,
14.844
]
},
{
"text": "busted into our living rooms, and is now on our \ncouch eating our mac ‘n’ cheese.",
"timestamp": [
10.08,
14.844
]
},
{
"text": "It’s happening; it’s been happening; \nit will keep happening.",
"timestamp": [
14.844,
19.084
]
},
{
"text": "It’s happening; it’s been happening; \nit will keep happening.",
"timestamp": [
14.844,
19.084
]
},
{
"text": "No matter how many polite hints we drop — and even if we throw everything we’ve got at decarbonizing our lifestyles —",
"timestamp": [
19.084,
25.194
]
},
{
"text": "No matter how many polite hints we drop — and even if we throw everything we’ve got at decarbonizing our lifestyles —",
"timestamp": [
19.084,
25.194
]
},
{
"text": "this unwanted guest isn’t going to \nsee itself out right away.",
"timestamp": [
25.194,
29.077
]
},
{
"text": "this unwanted guest isn’t going to \nsee itself out right away.",
"timestamp": [
25.194,
29.077
]
},
{
"text": "It takes time for our changes to kick in, and, real talk: \nwe can’t fully undo the damage that has already been done. ",
"timestamp": [
29.077,
37.084
]
},
{
"text": "It takes time for our changes to kick in, and, real talk: \nwe can’t fully undo the damage that has already been done. ",
"timestamp": [
29.077,
37.084
]
},
{
"text": "But. It's not time to hand over \nthe keys and surrender.",
"timestamp": [
37.084,
40.734
]
},
{
"text": "But. It's not time to hand over \nthe keys and surrender.",
"timestamp": [
37.084,
40.734
]
},
{
"text": "There are ways to slow and solve this before it \nreaches a number of worst-case scenarios.",
"timestamp": [
40.734,
45.739
]
},
{
"text": "There are ways to slow and solve this before it \nreaches a number of worst-case scenarios.",
"timestamp": [
40.734,
45.739
]
},
{
"text": "But we will have to deal with the current effects \nof climate change along the way.",
"timestamp": [
45.739,
49.686
]
},
{
"text": "But we will have to deal with the current effects \nof climate change along the way.",
"timestamp": [
45.739,
49.686
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
49.686,
53.709
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
49.686,
53.709
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
53.709,
63.9
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
53.709,
63.9
]
},
{
"text": "So far, average global temperatures have already risen a \nfull degree Celsius since before the Industrial Revolution,",
"timestamp": [
63.9,
70
]
},
{
"text": "So far, average global temperatures have already risen a \nfull degree Celsius since before the Industrial Revolution,",
"timestamp": [
63.9,
70
]
},
{
"text": "about 260 years ago.",
"timestamp": [
70,
71.785
]
},
{
"text": "about 260 years ago.",
"timestamp": [
70,
71.785
]
},
{
"text": "One degree. \nDramatic pause.",
"timestamp": [
71.785,
75.183
]
},
{
"text": "One degree. \nDramatic pause.",
"timestamp": [
71.785,
75.183
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, I get it: that might sound a bit melodramatic. \nAll that leadup for just one degree? ",
"timestamp": [
75.183,
81.546
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, I get it: that might sound a bit melodramatic. \nAll that leadup for just one degree? ",
"timestamp": [
75.183,
81.546
]
},
{
"text": "Sure, one degree outside doesn’t change whether \nyou’re wearing sweatpants or shorts to go jogging.",
"timestamp": [
81.546,
86.64
]
},
{
"text": "Sure, one degree outside doesn’t change whether \nyou’re wearing sweatpants or shorts to go jogging.",
"timestamp": [
81.546,
86.64
]
},
{
"text": "But when the entire planet warms \nby one degree on average,",
"timestamp": [
86.64,
91.472
]
},
{
"text": "But when the entire planet warms \nby one degree on average,",
"timestamp": [
86.64,
91.472
]
},
{
"text": "that’s a lot of energy added to \nthe system. A lot of change.",
"timestamp": [
91.472,
96.084
]
},
{
"text": "that’s a lot of energy added to \nthe system. A lot of change.",
"timestamp": [
91.472,
96.084
]
},
{
"text": "Also, this is an average global temperature, which means \nsome places have warmed less than one degree,",
"timestamp": [
96.084,
101.28
]
},
{
"text": "Also, this is an average global temperature, which means \nsome places have warmed less than one degree,",
"timestamp": [
96.084,
101.28
]
},
{
"text": "while others have warmed more.",
"timestamp": [
101.28,
103.11
]
},
{
"text": "while others have warmed more.",
"timestamp": [
101.28,
103.11
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the average temperature in the Pacific Northwest of the United States has risen about 0.7 degrees Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
103.11,
110.882
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the average temperature in the Pacific Northwest of the United States has risen about 0.7 degrees Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
103.11,
110.882
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, in the Arctic, the average temperature \nhas gone up by about three degrees.",
"timestamp": [
110.882,
115.74
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, in the Arctic, the average temperature \nhas gone up by about three degrees.",
"timestamp": [
110.882,
115.74
]
},
{
"text": "Depending on where you live, you might have \nalready noticed some changes.",
"timestamp": [
115.74,
119.504
]
},
{
"text": "Depending on where you live, you might have \nalready noticed some changes.",
"timestamp": [
115.74,
119.504
]
},
{
"text": "The weird, warm days in winter, or the heat waves \nthat won’t quit in the summer.",
"timestamp": [
119.504,
123.657
]
},
{
"text": "The weird, warm days in winter, or the heat waves \nthat won’t quit in the summer.",
"timestamp": [
119.504,
123.657
]
},
{
"text": "But local warming can have effects way beyond \nyou wearing shorts on your ski trip to Alberta.",
"timestamp": [
123.657,
128.543
]
},
{
"text": "But local warming can have effects way beyond \nyou wearing shorts on your ski trip to Alberta.",
"timestamp": [
123.657,
128.543
]
},
{
"text": "For example, in Spring 2022, India and Pakistan \nexperienced a record-breaking heatwave,",
"timestamp": [
128.543,
134.362
]
},
{
"text": "For example, in Spring 2022, India and Pakistan \nexperienced a record-breaking heatwave,",
"timestamp": [
128.543,
134.362
]
},
{
"text": "with temperatures in India consistently three to eight \ndegrees Celsius above average.",
"timestamp": [
134.362,
140.668
]
},
{
"text": "with temperatures in India consistently three to eight \ndegrees Celsius above average.",
"timestamp": [
134.362,
140.668
]
},
{
"text": "Add in a lack of rainfall, and this led to \nfailed crops and at least 90 fatalities.",
"timestamp": [
140.668,
146.043
]
},
{
"text": "Add in a lack of rainfall, and this led to \nfailed crops and at least 90 fatalities.",
"timestamp": [
140.668,
146.043
]
},
{
"text": "And scientists believe an event like this was 30 times \nmore likely as a result of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
146.043,
151.6
]
},
{
"text": "And scientists believe an event like this was 30 times \nmore likely as a result of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
146.043,
151.6
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, the 2021 Dixie Fire in California was among \nthe largest and most destructive in the state’s history.",
"timestamp": [
151.6,
159.113
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, the 2021 Dixie Fire in California was among \nthe largest and most destructive in the state’s history.",
"timestamp": [
151.6,
159.113
]
},
{
"text": "It swept through more than 3,800 square kilometers of land \nand damaged or destroyed more than 1,400 buildings.",
"timestamp": [
159.113,
167.793
]
},
{
"text": "It swept through more than 3,800 square kilometers of land \nand damaged or destroyed more than 1,400 buildings.",
"timestamp": [
159.113,
167.793
]
},
{
"text": "The fire itself was started by a power line, \nwhich isn’t climate change’s fault.",
"timestamp": [
167.793,
172.52
]
},
{
"text": "The fire itself was started by a power line, \nwhich isn’t climate change’s fault.",
"timestamp": [
167.793,
172.52
]
},
{
"text": "But before that came two years of below-average rainfall and drought, which were exacerbated by climate change.",
"timestamp": [
172.52,
180.442
]
},
{
"text": "But before that came two years of below-average rainfall and drought, which were exacerbated by climate change.",
"timestamp": [
172.52,
180.442
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, places that aren’t \nbeing baked, are being flooded.",
"timestamp": [
180.442,
184.321
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, places that aren’t \nbeing baked, are being flooded.",
"timestamp": [
180.442,
184.321
]
},
{
"text": "As glaciers and ice sheets melt, the average global sea level has already risen by around 20 centimeters in the last 150 years.",
"timestamp": [
184.321,
192.492
]
},
{
"text": "As glaciers and ice sheets melt, the average global sea level has already risen by around 20 centimeters in the last 150 years.",
"timestamp": [
184.321,
192.492
]
},
{
"text": "20 centimeters doesn’t sound super dangerous \non its own — kiddie pools are deeper than that.",
"timestamp": [
192.492,
197.679
]
},
{
"text": "20 centimeters doesn’t sound super dangerous \non its own — kiddie pools are deeper than that.",
"timestamp": [
192.492,
197.679
]
},
{
"text": "But this has already been enough to drown a number \nof low-lying Solomon Islands in the South Pacific.",
"timestamp": [
197.679,
202.589
]
},
{
"text": "But this has already been enough to drown a number \nof low-lying Solomon Islands in the South Pacific.",
"timestamp": [
197.679,
202.589
]
},
{
"text": "And in the U.S., high-tide flooding is happening up to eleven times more often around the Gulf Coast than it was in 2000. ",
"timestamp": [
202.589,
210.152
]
},
{
"text": "And in the U.S., high-tide flooding is happening up to eleven times more often around the Gulf Coast than it was in 2000. ",
"timestamp": [
202.589,
210.152
]
},
{
"text": "The United Nations Refugee Agency \nestimates that on average,",
"timestamp": [
210.152,
213.534
]
},
{
"text": "The United Nations Refugee Agency \nestimates that on average,",
"timestamp": [
210.152,
213.534
]
},
{
"text": "more than 20 million people are displaced every year by sudden, extreme weather events like flooding, fire, and storms.",
"timestamp": [
213.534,
222.793
]
},
{
"text": "more than 20 million people are displaced every year by sudden, extreme weather events like flooding, fire, and storms.",
"timestamp": [
213.534,
222.793
]
},
{
"text": "Now, when extreme storms happen, \nit’s hard to point a finger and say,",
"timestamp": [
222.793,
226.897
]
},
{
"text": "Now, when extreme storms happen, \nit’s hard to point a finger and say,",
"timestamp": [
222.793,
226.897
]
},
{
"text": "\"That single weather event was for \nsure caused by climate change.\"",
"timestamp": [
226.897,
231.908
]
},
{
"text": "\"That single weather event was for \nsure caused by climate change.\"",
"timestamp": [
226.897,
231.908
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, what we can say is, \"Hey, that storm — \nthe one we all just hid under our desks from —",
"timestamp": [
231.908,
237.584
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, what we can say is, \"Hey, that storm — \nthe one we all just hid under our desks from —",
"timestamp": [
231.908,
237.584
]
},
{
"text": "that storm was accelerated, \nmade worse, by climate change.\"",
"timestamp": [
237.584,
241.453
]
},
{
"text": "that storm was accelerated, \nmade worse, by climate change.\"",
"timestamp": [
237.584,
241.453
]
},
{
"text": "What’s happening is this: all that extra heat \nthat’s become trapped in the atmosphere",
"timestamp": [
241.453,
245.741
]
},
{
"text": "What’s happening is this: all that extra heat \nthat’s become trapped in the atmosphere",
"timestamp": [
241.453,
245.741
]
},
{
"text": "has increased the frequency and intensity \nof extreme weather events.",
"timestamp": [
245.741,
250.128
]
},
{
"text": "has increased the frequency and intensity \nof extreme weather events.",
"timestamp": [
245.741,
250.128
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, climate change has taken \nyour local weather and fueled it up,",
"timestamp": [
250.128,
254.87
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, climate change has taken \nyour local weather and fueled it up,",
"timestamp": [
250.128,
254.87
]
},
{
"text": "making whatever weather you’re experiencing, bigger:",
"timestamp": [
254.87,
258.341
]
},
{
"text": "making whatever weather you’re experiencing, bigger:",
"timestamp": [
254.87,
258.341
]
},
{
"text": "bigger droughts, bigger rain events, \nbigger cold snaps, bigger everything.",
"timestamp": [
258.341,
264.138
]
},
{
"text": "bigger droughts, bigger rain events, \nbigger cold snaps, bigger everything.",
"timestamp": [
258.341,
264.138
]
},
{
"text": "All this is from the average global temperature \ngoing up just one degree Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
264.138,
270.167
]
},
{
"text": "All this is from the average global temperature \ngoing up just one degree Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
264.138,
270.167
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, climate and weather scientists \nhave been predicting how conditions are going to",
"timestamp": [
270.167,
274.481
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, climate and weather scientists \nhave been predicting how conditions are going to",
"timestamp": [
270.167,
274.481
]
},
{
"text": "keep changing in the coming years and decades, \nand they’ve found that one extra degree",
"timestamp": [
274.481,
280.018
]
},
{
"text": "keep changing in the coming years and decades, \nand they’ve found that one extra degree",
"timestamp": [
274.481,
280.018
]
},
{
"text": "probably won’t be our stopping point.",
"timestamp": [
280.018,
281.96
]
},
{
"text": "probably won’t be our stopping point.",
"timestamp": [
280.018,
281.96
]
},
{
"text": "One of the most powerful tools scientists have for \nmaking predictions like this are climate models.",
"timestamp": [
281.96,
287.668
]
},
{
"text": "One of the most powerful tools scientists have for \nmaking predictions like this are climate models.",
"timestamp": [
281.96,
287.668
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, they take an area of interest \n— like, a country, or the entire globe —",
"timestamp": [
287.668,
293.028
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, they take an area of interest \n— like, a country, or the entire globe —",
"timestamp": [
287.668,
293.028
]
},
{
"text": "and split it into thousands of three-dimensional grid cells that represent the land, ocean, and atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
293.028,
300.285
]
},
{
"text": "and split it into thousands of three-dimensional grid cells that represent the land, ocean, and atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
293.028,
300.285
]
},
{
"text": "Then, they apply equations based on the laws of physics \nto those cells to represent how energy and matter",
"timestamp": [
300.285,
306.539
]
},
{
"text": "Then, they apply equations based on the laws of physics \nto those cells to represent how energy and matter",
"timestamp": [
300.285,
306.539
]
},
{
"text": "— like heat and water — transfer between them. \nSo, if you have an extra hot cell near the equator,",
"timestamp": [
306.539,
312.368
]
},
{
"text": "— like heat and water — transfer between them. \nSo, if you have an extra hot cell near the equator,",
"timestamp": [
306.539,
312.368
]
},
{
"text": "the math will describe how that heat will dissipate into the surrounding cells up into the higher latitudes.",
"timestamp": [
312.368,
319.314
]
},
{
"text": "the math will describe how that heat will dissipate into the surrounding cells up into the higher latitudes.",
"timestamp": [
312.368,
319.314
]
},
{
"text": "Then, researchers run millions of calculations, \nand in the end, the models show how these cells",
"timestamp": [
319.314,
324.819
]
},
{
"text": "Then, researchers run millions of calculations, \nand in the end, the models show how these cells",
"timestamp": [
319.314,
324.819
]
},
{
"text": "— or different regions — will \nchange and interact over time.",
"timestamp": [
324.819,
328.8
]
},
{
"text": "— or different regions — will \nchange and interact over time.",
"timestamp": [
324.819,
328.8
]
},
{
"text": "To check how accurate these models are, scientists \ndo something known as hind-casting, where they run ",
"timestamp": [
328.8,
333.84
]
},
{
"text": "To check how accurate these models are, scientists \ndo something known as hind-casting, where they run ",
"timestamp": [
328.8,
333.84
]
},
{
"text": "simulations into the past, and compare the \nresults against historical measurements.",
"timestamp": [
333.84,
338.167
]
},
{
"text": "simulations into the past, and compare the \nresults against historical measurements.",
"timestamp": [
333.84,
338.167
]
},
{
"text": "If predictions for the past are found accurate, \nit’s likely future predictions will be, too.\n ",
"timestamp": [
338.167,
343.501
]
},
{
"text": "If predictions for the past are found accurate, \nit’s likely future predictions will be, too.\n ",
"timestamp": [
338.167,
343.501
]
},
{
"text": "After being tested and refined over and over again, these \nclimate models don’t have the most cheerful news for us.",
"timestamp": [
343.501,
351.198
]
},
{
"text": "After being tested and refined over and over again, these \nclimate models don’t have the most cheerful news for us.",
"timestamp": [
343.501,
351.198
]
},
{
"text": "Various models forecast that if we keep emitting \ngreenhouse gases at the rate we’ve been going,",
"timestamp": [
351.198,
357.114
]
},
{
"text": "Various models forecast that if we keep emitting \ngreenhouse gases at the rate we’ve been going,",
"timestamp": [
351.198,
357.114
]
},
{
"text": "the average global temperature will increase by two \ndegrees Celsius over pre-industrial levels by 2100.",
"timestamp": [
357.114,
364.266
]
},
{
"text": "the average global temperature will increase by two \ndegrees Celsius over pre-industrial levels by 2100.",
"timestamp": [
357.114,
364.266
]
},
{
"text": "And because of the way heat is moved around by wind \nand waves, some places will end up even hotter.",
"timestamp": [
364.266,
371.281
]
},
{
"text": "And because of the way heat is moved around by wind \nand waves, some places will end up even hotter.",
"timestamp": [
364.266,
371.281
]
},
{
"text": "In the Persian Gulf, where it can already reach \n40 degrees Celsius in the summer,",
"timestamp": [
371.281,
375.739
]
},
{
"text": "In the Persian Gulf, where it can already reach \n40 degrees Celsius in the summer,",
"timestamp": [
371.281,
375.739
]
},
{
"text": "scientists predict that \ntemperatures will get even higher,",
"timestamp": [
375.739,
378.656
]
},
{
"text": "scientists predict that \ntemperatures will get even higher,",
"timestamp": [
375.739,
378.656
]
},
{
"text": "becoming flat-out intolerable to the \ntens of millions of people who live there.",
"timestamp": [
378.656,
383.316
]
},
{
"text": "becoming flat-out intolerable to the \ntens of millions of people who live there.",
"timestamp": [
378.656,
383.316
]
},
{
"text": "People literally wouldn’t \nsurvive outside in the heat.",
"timestamp": [
383.316,
386.505
]
},
{
"text": "People literally wouldn’t \nsurvive outside in the heat.",
"timestamp": [
383.316,
386.505
]
},
{
"text": "The models also forecast melting tundra ecosystems, \nsea level rise, disrupted ocean and atmospheric circulation,",
"timestamp": [
386.505,
394.392
]
},
{
"text": "The models also forecast melting tundra ecosystems, \nsea level rise, disrupted ocean and atmospheric circulation,",
"timestamp": [
386.505,
394.392
]
},
{
"text": "and more frequent and intense weather disasters.",
"timestamp": [
394.392,
397.638
]
},
{
"text": "and more frequent and intense weather disasters.",
"timestamp": [
394.392,
397.638
]
},
{
"text": "And because of the tricky interconnection \nof weather across the globe,",
"timestamp": [
397.638,
401.803
]
},
{
"text": "And because of the tricky interconnection \nof weather across the globe,",
"timestamp": [
397.638,
401.803
]
},
{
"text": "we can also expect extreme cold weather \nevents to become more common —",
"timestamp": [
401.803,
406.388
]
},
{
"text": "we can also expect extreme cold weather \nevents to become more common —",
"timestamp": [
401.803,
406.388
]
},
{
"text": "more blizzards, more cold snaps, \nmore ice storms.",
"timestamp": [
406.388,
410.771
]
},
{
"text": "more blizzards, more cold snaps, \nmore ice storms.",
"timestamp": [
406.388,
410.771
]
},
{
"text": "And as time goes on, each of these \nchanges will have ripple effects.",
"timestamp": [
410.771,
414.928
]
},
{
"text": "And as time goes on, each of these \nchanges will have ripple effects.",
"timestamp": [
410.771,
414.928
]
},
{
"text": "If the planet warms by two degrees Celsius by 2100, \naverage sea surface temperatures",
"timestamp": [
414.928,
420.477
]
},
{
"text": "If the planet warms by two degrees Celsius by 2100, \naverage sea surface temperatures",
"timestamp": [
414.928,
420.477
]
},
{
"text": "are expected to rise by a similar amount.",
"timestamp": [
420.477,
423.296
]
},
{
"text": "are expected to rise by a similar amount.",
"timestamp": [
420.477,
423.296
]
},
{
"text": "For as nice as warm water feels when \nyou’re swimming at the beach,",
"timestamp": [
423.296,
426.639
]
},
{
"text": "For as nice as warm water feels when \nyou’re swimming at the beach,",
"timestamp": [
423.296,
426.639
]
},
{
"text": "warmer oceans make it tough \nfor some organisms to survive.",
"timestamp": [
426.639,
430.894
]
},
{
"text": "warmer oceans make it tough \nfor some organisms to survive.",
"timestamp": [
426.639,
430.894
]
},
{
"text": "And while some animals can just try to swim somewhere else, tropical coral reefs can’t move to escape the heat.",
"timestamp": [
430.894,
437.416
]
},
{
"text": "And while some animals can just try to swim somewhere else, tropical coral reefs can’t move to escape the heat.",
"timestamp": [
430.894,
437.416
]
},
{
"text": "So, they’re predicted to die in huge numbers.",
"timestamp": [
437.416,
440.64
]
},
{
"text": "So, they’re predicted to die in huge numbers.",
"timestamp": [
437.416,
440.64
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists think that more than 99% of them \ncould be gone by the end of the century.",
"timestamp": [
440.64,
446.414
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists think that more than 99% of them \ncould be gone by the end of the century.",
"timestamp": [
440.64,
446.414
]
},
{
"text": "This also means the fish and other \nanimals that call reefs home will die,",
"timestamp": [
446.414,
451.905
]
},
{
"text": "This also means the fish and other \nanimals that call reefs home will die,",
"timestamp": [
446.414,
451.905
]
},
{
"text": "and we would have massive –but preventable– \nloss in biodiversity on our hands.",
"timestamp": [
451.905,
457.42
]
},
{
"text": "and we would have massive –but preventable– \nloss in biodiversity on our hands.",
"timestamp": [
451.905,
457.42
]
},
{
"text": "Which isn’t trouble just for the oceans.",
"timestamp": [
457.42,
459.724
]
},
{
"text": "Which isn’t trouble just for the oceans.",
"timestamp": [
457.42,
459.724
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also trouble for the many low-income, coastal \ncommunities in places like Kenya and the Seychelles",
"timestamp": [
459.724,
464.792
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also trouble for the many low-income, coastal \ncommunities in places like Kenya and the Seychelles",
"timestamp": [
459.724,
464.792
]
},
{
"text": "that rely on coral habitats for food and income.",
"timestamp": [
464.792,
467.339
]
},
{
"text": "that rely on coral habitats for food and income.",
"timestamp": [
464.792,
467.339
]
},
{
"text": "So, if they disappear, these communities will \nbe at risk of becoming more impoverished.",
"timestamp": [
467.339,
472.823
]
},
{
"text": "So, if they disappear, these communities will \nbe at risk of becoming more impoverished.",
"timestamp": [
467.339,
472.823
]
},
{
"text": "Where will they get their food?",
"timestamp": [
472.823,
475
]
},
{
"text": "Where will they get their food?",
"timestamp": [
472.823,
475
]
},
{
"text": "And this is just one example of the ripple \neffects caused by a warming climate.",
"timestamp": [
475,
480
]
},
{
"text": "And this is just one example of the ripple \neffects caused by a warming climate.",
"timestamp": [
475,
480
]
},
{
"text": "You push over one domino, and the \nimpacts are felt way down the line.",
"timestamp": [
480,
484.626
]
},
{
"text": "You push over one domino, and the \nimpacts are felt way down the line.",
"timestamp": [
480,
484.626
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, it doesn’t take a big leap of imagination to see how economic and humanitarian impacts can add up,",
"timestamp": [
484.626,
492.5
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, it doesn’t take a big leap of imagination to see how economic and humanitarian impacts can add up,",
"timestamp": [
484.626,
492.5
]
},
{
"text": "and how they’ll change millions \nof lives around the world.",
"timestamp": [
492.5,
496.087
]
},
{
"text": "and how they’ll change millions \nof lives around the world.",
"timestamp": [
492.5,
496.087
]
},
{
"text": "Experts estimate that the global GDP — that’s the total value \nof the goods and services made by everyone on Earth",
"timestamp": [
496.087,
504.271
]
},
{
"text": "Experts estimate that the global GDP — that’s the total value \nof the goods and services made by everyone on Earth",
"timestamp": [
496.087,
504.271
]
},
{
"text": "— will actually be lower in 2050 than it is today, even though \nthe population is growing and becoming more developed.",
"timestamp": [
504.271,
511.97
]
},
{
"text": "— will actually be lower in 2050 than it is today, even though \nthe population is growing and becoming more developed.",
"timestamp": [
504.271,
511.97
]
},
{
"text": "It’s thought that global productivity will drop by more than 10%, \nthanks to everything from lower crop yields",
"timestamp": [
511.97,
519.003
]
},
{
"text": "It’s thought that global productivity will drop by more than 10%, \nthanks to everything from lower crop yields",
"timestamp": [
511.97,
519.003
]
},
{
"text": "to the loss of infrastructure \ndue to rising sea levels.",
"timestamp": [
519.003,
522.144
]
},
{
"text": "to the loss of infrastructure \ndue to rising sea levels.",
"timestamp": [
519.003,
522.144
]
},
{
"text": "And once that domino falls, so do the standards of living for many people, often worsening pre-existing inequities.",
"timestamp": [
522.144,
530
]
},
{
"text": "And once that domino falls, so do the standards of living for many people, often worsening pre-existing inequities.",
"timestamp": [
522.144,
530
]
},
{
"text": "It’s expected that in South Asia alone — which is \nan area particularly vulnerable to climate change",
"timestamp": [
530,
536.566
]
},
{
"text": "It’s expected that in South Asia alone — which is \nan area particularly vulnerable to climate change",
"timestamp": [
530,
536.566
]
},
{
"text": "— up to 800 million people will experience \na significant drop in their standard of living,",
"timestamp": [
536.566,
543.078
]
},
{
"text": "— up to 800 million people will experience \na significant drop in their standard of living,",
"timestamp": [
536.566,
543.078
]
},
{
"text": "as higher temperatures affect everything \nfrom agriculture to how diseases spread.",
"timestamp": [
543.078,
548.028
]
},
{
"text": "as higher temperatures affect everything \nfrom agriculture to how diseases spread.",
"timestamp": [
543.078,
548.028
]
},
{
"text": "These effects could leave some people unable to \nafford nutritious food,",
"timestamp": [
548.028,
551.548
]
},
{
"text": "These effects could leave some people unable to \nafford nutritious food,",
"timestamp": [
548.028,
551.548
]
},
{
"text": "and others with serious illnesses like malaria, in areas \nthat didn’t used to be susceptible to such diseases.",
"timestamp": [
551.548,
557.902
]
},
{
"text": "and others with serious illnesses like malaria, in areas \nthat didn’t used to be susceptible to such diseases.",
"timestamp": [
551.548,
557.902
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, if we keep heading toward \na two-degree-warmer world,",
"timestamp": [
557.902,
562.136
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, if we keep heading toward \na two-degree-warmer world,",
"timestamp": [
557.902,
562.136
]
},
{
"text": "by 2100, sea levels are expected \nto rise by as much as one meter.",
"timestamp": [
562.136,
567.792
]
},
{
"text": "by 2100, sea levels are expected \nto rise by as much as one meter.",
"timestamp": [
562.136,
567.792
]
},
{
"text": "And because of this, it’s expected that \naround 630 million people worldwide",
"timestamp": [
567.792,
574.882
]
},
{
"text": "And because of this, it’s expected that \naround 630 million people worldwide",
"timestamp": [
567.792,
574.882
]
},
{
"text": "will have to decide whether or not to leave \ntheir house, community, state, or even country",
"timestamp": [
574.882,
580.47
]
},
{
"text": "will have to decide whether or not to leave \ntheir house, community, state, or even country",
"timestamp": [
574.882,
580.47
]
},
{
"text": "as their homes are drowned or otherwise affected by high tide flooding.",
"timestamp": [
580.47,
584.9
]
},
{
"text": "as their homes are drowned or otherwise affected by high tide flooding.",
"timestamp": [
580.47,
584.9
]
},
{
"text": "This will be a decision that people will have to \nmake on an individual, and family, basis —",
"timestamp": [
584.9,
590.464
]
},
{
"text": "This will be a decision that people will have to \nmake on an individual, and family, basis —",
"timestamp": [
584.9,
590.464
]
},
{
"text": "a choice between fleeing toward an uncertain future elsewhere… or trying to stay and weather the storm.",
"timestamp": [
590.464,
596.774
]
},
{
"text": "a choice between fleeing toward an uncertain future elsewhere… or trying to stay and weather the storm.",
"timestamp": [
590.464,
596.774
]
},
{
"text": "Like we’ve mentioned before, these effects won’t be felt equally everywhere, either:",
"timestamp": [
596.774,
602.208
]
},
{
"text": "Like we’ve mentioned before, these effects won’t be felt equally everywhere, either:",
"timestamp": [
596.774,
602.208
]
},
{
"text": "Lower-income communities and parts of the world are \nexpected to be the most affected by a warming planet.",
"timestamp": [
602.208,
607.741
]
},
{
"text": "Lower-income communities and parts of the world are \nexpected to be the most affected by a warming planet.",
"timestamp": [
602.208,
607.741
]
},
{
"text": "Underscoring the inequity, these areas are often \nthe least responsible for carbon emissions.",
"timestamp": [
607.741,
613.302
]
},
{
"text": "Underscoring the inequity, these areas are often \nthe least responsible for carbon emissions.",
"timestamp": [
607.741,
613.302
]
},
{
"text": "And their systems are the least equipped to deal with \nthe heat, sea level rise, or extreme weather events —",
"timestamp": [
613.302,
619.71
]
},
{
"text": "And their systems are the least equipped to deal with \nthe heat, sea level rise, or extreme weather events —",
"timestamp": [
613.302,
619.71
]
},
{
"text": "a.k.a. everything those emissions bring with them.\nAnd it gets messier still.",
"timestamp": [
619.71,
624.599
]
},
{
"text": "a.k.a. everything those emissions bring with them.\nAnd it gets messier still.",
"timestamp": [
619.71,
624.599
]
},
{
"text": "You see, the Earth and individual \nclimate systems are connected,",
"timestamp": [
624.599,
628.928
]
},
{
"text": "You see, the Earth and individual \nclimate systems are connected,",
"timestamp": [
624.599,
628.928
]
},
{
"text": "so changes to one affect and \nexacerbate the other, and vice versa.",
"timestamp": [
628.928,
634.843
]
},
{
"text": "so changes to one affect and \nexacerbate the other, and vice versa.",
"timestamp": [
628.928,
634.843
]
},
{
"text": "This causes what’s known as a feedback loop.",
"timestamp": [
634.843,
637.969
]
},
{
"text": "This causes what’s known as a feedback loop.",
"timestamp": [
634.843,
637.969
]
},
{
"text": "For example, as global temperatures increase, \nthey’re melting ice and permafrost in the Arctic.",
"timestamp": [
637.969,
643.961
]
},
{
"text": "For example, as global temperatures increase, \nthey’re melting ice and permafrost in the Arctic.",
"timestamp": [
637.969,
643.961
]
},
{
"text": "And as the ice disappears, it’s releasing huge amounts of the greenhouse gas methane that’s been underground for millennia.",
"timestamp": [
643.961,
651.215
]
},
{
"text": "And as the ice disappears, it’s releasing huge amounts of the greenhouse gas methane that’s been underground for millennia.",
"timestamp": [
643.961,
651.215
]
},
{
"text": "If all that methane gets out, it’ll mean even faster warming, catastrophic ice melt, and even more methane escaping.",
"timestamp": [
651.215,
659.028
]
},
{
"text": "If all that methane gets out, it’ll mean even faster warming, catastrophic ice melt, and even more methane escaping.",
"timestamp": [
651.215,
659.028
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, if the methane gets out, \nmore methane gets out. A feedback loop.",
"timestamp": [
659.028,
664.547
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, if the methane gets out, \nmore methane gets out. A feedback loop.",
"timestamp": [
659.028,
664.547
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists estimate there’s twice as much carbon currently locked away in permafrost",
"timestamp": [
664.547,
669.186
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists estimate there’s twice as much carbon currently locked away in permafrost",
"timestamp": [
664.547,
669.186
]
},
{
"text": "as there already is in the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
669.186,
671.64
]
},
{
"text": "as there already is in the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
669.186,
671.64
]
},
{
"text": "So, the more we release, the faster we \nzoom toward two degrees and beyond.",
"timestamp": [
671.64,
676.533
]
},
{
"text": "So, the more we release, the faster we \nzoom toward two degrees and beyond.",
"timestamp": [
671.64,
676.533
]
},
{
"text": "Now, all of this is… well, it’s a tough \npill to swallow.",
"timestamp": [
676.533,
681.244
]
},
{
"text": "Now, all of this is… well, it’s a tough \npill to swallow.",
"timestamp": [
676.533,
681.244
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not too late to put some \nbrakes on this climate train.",
"timestamp": [
681.244,
685.216
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not too late to put some \nbrakes on this climate train.",
"timestamp": [
681.244,
685.216
]
},
{
"text": "Some of these effects will be unavoidable, but it doesn’t have to be full-steam ahead to that two-degree-warmer world.",
"timestamp": [
685.216,
693.126
]
},
{
"text": "Some of these effects will be unavoidable, but it doesn’t have to be full-steam ahead to that two-degree-warmer world.",
"timestamp": [
685.216,
693.126
]
},
{
"text": "Climate scientists have evidence that \nif we pull the emergency brake",
"timestamp": [
693.126,
696.752
]
},
{
"text": "Climate scientists have evidence that \nif we pull the emergency brake",
"timestamp": [
693.126,
696.752
]
},
{
"text": "and take major steps to reduce emissions, we could limit warming to just 1.5 degrees Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
696.752,
704.196
]
},
{
"text": "and take major steps to reduce emissions, we could limit warming to just 1.5 degrees Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
696.752,
704.196
]
},
{
"text": "And that half a degree matters a lot. It could help us avoid \nmany of the worst effects of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
704.196,
711.36
]
},
{
"text": "And that half a degree matters a lot. It could help us avoid \nmany of the worst effects of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
704.196,
711.36
]
},
{
"text": "Seas wouldn’t warm as much, saving some coral \nreefs and the communities that rely on them.",
"timestamp": [
711.36,
717.764
]
},
{
"text": "Seas wouldn’t warm as much, saving some coral \nreefs and the communities that rely on them.",
"timestamp": [
711.36,
717.764
]
},
{
"text": "Dry areas would have fewer issues with water scarcity, \nand heat waves would be shorter and less deadly. ",
"timestamp": [
717.764,
724.92
]
},
{
"text": "Dry areas would have fewer issues with water scarcity, \nand heat waves would be shorter and less deadly. ",
"timestamp": [
717.764,
724.92
]
},
{
"text": "And the push for carbon-neutral \nsolutions will help in many other ways.",
"timestamp": [
724.92,
729.096
]
},
{
"text": "And the push for carbon-neutral \nsolutions will help in many other ways.",
"timestamp": [
724.92,
729.096
]
},
{
"text": "Like with climate change itself, cleaning \nup our act also has ripple effects.",
"timestamp": [
729.096,
733.864
]
},
{
"text": "Like with climate change itself, cleaning \nup our act also has ripple effects.",
"timestamp": [
729.096,
733.864
]
},
{
"text": "In countries without reliable access to electricity, \nthe introduction of equitable, renewable energy",
"timestamp": [
733.864,
739.5
]
},
{
"text": "In countries without reliable access to electricity, \nthe introduction of equitable, renewable energy",
"timestamp": [
733.864,
739.5
]
},
{
"text": "like solar and wind power would help improve \nhealthcare, education, and job opportunities.\n ",
"timestamp": [
739.5,
745.892
]
},
{
"text": "like solar and wind power would help improve \nhealthcare, education, and job opportunities.\n ",
"timestamp": [
739.5,
745.892
]
},
{
"text": "And low-carbon sources of electricity for power \nand transport also tend to emit fewer pollutants, ",
"timestamp": [
745.892,
751.96
]
},
{
"text": "And low-carbon sources of electricity for power \nand transport also tend to emit fewer pollutants, ",
"timestamp": [
745.892,
751.96
]
},
{
"text": "so would help improve air quality \nin growing urban areas, too.",
"timestamp": [
751.96,
755.873
]
},
{
"text": "so would help improve air quality \nin growing urban areas, too.",
"timestamp": [
751.96,
755.873
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the most beautiful, satisfying \nchain of falling dominos ever.",
"timestamp": [
755.873,
760.088
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the most beautiful, satisfying \nchain of falling dominos ever.",
"timestamp": [
755.873,
760.088
]
},
{
"text": "And who knows what solutions \nfuture generations will bring?",
"timestamp": [
760.088,
764.293
]
},
{
"text": "And who knows what solutions \nfuture generations will bring?",
"timestamp": [
760.088,
764.293
]
},
{
"text": "So, there’s strong evidence that \nthe planet will continue to warm.",
"timestamp": [
764.293,
768.421
]
},
{
"text": "So, there’s strong evidence that \nthe planet will continue to warm.",
"timestamp": [
764.293,
768.421
]
},
{
"text": "But if you shake your Magic 8 ball and \nask it exactly what the future holds,",
"timestamp": [
768.421,
773.351
]
},
{
"text": "But if you shake your Magic 8 ball and \nask it exactly what the future holds,",
"timestamp": [
768.421,
773.351
]
},
{
"text": "it’s probably gonna say something like,",
"timestamp": [
773.351,
778.027
]
},
{
"text": "it’s probably gonna say something like,",
"timestamp": [
773.351,
778.027
]
},
{
"text": "“It’s up to us.” \nAnd we all have a role to play.",
"timestamp": [
778.027,
782.969
]
},
{
"text": "“It’s up to us.” \nAnd we all have a role to play.",
"timestamp": [
778.027,
782.969
]
},
{
"text": "That’s pretty wise stuff from a Magic 8 ball.",
"timestamp": [
782.969,
785.721
]
},
{
"text": "That’s pretty wise stuff from a Magic 8 ball.",
"timestamp": [
782.969,
785.721
]
},
{
"text": "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions now will help \nreduce some of the worst impacts in the future —",
"timestamp": [
785.721,
791.61
]
},
{
"text": "Reducing greenhouse gas emissions now will help \nreduce some of the worst impacts in the future —",
"timestamp": [
785.721,
791.61
]
},
{
"text": "which is literally life-saving work, \nfor you, for me, for future us.",
"timestamp": [
791.61,
797.264
]
},
{
"text": "which is literally life-saving work, \nfor you, for me, for future us.",
"timestamp": [
791.61,
797.264
]
},
{
"text": "And climate action isn’t all or nothing, either. It’s going \nto be a big task to reach carbon-neutrality by 2050.",
"timestamp": [
797.264,
804.491
]
},
{
"text": "And climate action isn’t all or nothing, either. It’s going \nto be a big task to reach carbon-neutrality by 2050.",
"timestamp": [
797.264,
804.491
]
},
{
"text": "But even if we don’t make it all the way, we can still \nkeep working to limit how much the temperature rises.",
"timestamp": [
804.491,
811.24
]
},
{
"text": "But even if we don’t make it all the way, we can still \nkeep working to limit how much the temperature rises.",
"timestamp": [
804.491,
811.24
]
},
{
"text": "Every half a degree matters and every little bit we \ncan do will improve things for future generations —",
"timestamp": [
811.24,
818.571
]
},
{
"text": "Every half a degree matters and every little bit we \ncan do will improve things for future generations —",
"timestamp": [
811.24,
818.571
]
},
{
"text": "and for all of us, here, now.",
"timestamp": [
818.571,
822.06
]
},
{
"text": "and for all of us, here, now.",
"timestamp": [
818.571,
822.06
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Michael Wang, who restocked our mac ‘n’ cheese after this episode’s intro.",
"timestamp": [
822.06,
828.514
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Michael Wang, who restocked our mac ‘n’ cheese after this episode’s intro.",
"timestamp": [
822.06,
828.514
]
},
{
"text": "Without you, we’d have been too hangry to make it the \nend.",
"timestamp": [
828.514,
831.993
]
},
{
"text": "Without you, we’d have been too hangry to make it the \nend.",
"timestamp": [
828.514,
831.993
]
},
{
"text": "Also, thanks for supporting us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
831.993,
834.632
]
},
{
"text": "Also, thanks for supporting us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
831.993,
834.632
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
834.632,
837.477
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
834.632,
837.477
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
837.477,
840.583
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
837.477,
840.583
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
840.583,
847.305
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
840.583,
847.305
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to \nhelp keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
847.305,
850.772
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to \nhelp keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever,",
"timestamp": [
847.305,
850.772
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
852.781,
856.229
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
852.781,
856.229
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Climate Change",
"Many of us have grown up with the knowledge that \nthe threat of climate change is looming.But it’s not some far-off danger anymore. Climate \nchange has already shown up at our doors, busted into our living rooms, and is now on our \ncouch eating our mac ‘n’ cheese.It’s happening; it’s been happening; \nit will keep happening.No matter how many polite hints we drop — and even if we throw everything we’ve got at decarbonizing our lifestyles —this unwanted guest isn’t going to \nsee itself out right away.It takes time for our changes to kick in, and, real talk: \nwe can’t fully undo the damage that has already been done. But. It's not time to hand over \nthe keys and surrender.There are ways to slow and solve this before it \nreaches a number of worst-case scenarios.But we will have to deal with the current effects \nof climate change along the way.Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.[INTRO]"
],
[
"Global Warming",
"So far, average global temperatures have already risen a \nfull degree Celsius since before the Industrial Revolution,about 260 years ago.One degree. \nDramatic pause.Alright, I get it: that might sound a bit melodramatic. \nAll that leadup for just one degree? Sure, one degree outside doesn’t change whether \nyou’re wearing sweatpants or shorts to go jogging.But when the entire planet warms \nby one degree on average,that’s a lot of energy added to \nthe system. A lot of change.Also, this is an average global temperature, which means \nsome places have warmed less than one degree,while others have warmed more.For example, the average temperature in the Pacific Northwest of the United States has risen about 0.7 degrees Celsius.Meanwhile, in the Arctic, the average temperature \nhas gone up by about three degrees.Depending on where you live, you might have \nalready noticed some changes.The weird, warm days in winter, or the heat waves \nthat won’t quit in the summer.But local warming can have effects way beyond \nyou wearing shorts on your ski trip to Alberta."
],
[
"Extreme Weather Events",
"For example, in Spring 2022, India and Pakistan \nexperienced a record-breaking heatwave,with temperatures in India consistently three to eight \ndegrees Celsius above average.Add in a lack of rainfall, and this led to \nfailed crops and at least 90 fatalities.And scientists believe an event like this was 30 times \nmore likely as a result of climate change.Similarly, the 2021 Dixie Fire in California was among \nthe largest and most destructive in the state’s history.It swept through more than 3,800 square kilometers of land \nand damaged or destroyed more than 1,400 buildings.The fire itself was started by a power line, \nwhich isn’t climate change’s fault.But before that came two years of below-average rainfall and drought, which were exacerbated by climate change.Meanwhile, places that aren’t \nbeing baked, are being flooded.As glaciers and ice sheets melt, the average global sea level has already risen by around 20 centimeters in the last 150 years.20 centimeters doesn’t sound super dangerous \non its own — kiddie pools are deeper than that.But this has already been enough to drown a number \nof low-lying Solomon Islands in the South Pacific.And in the U.S., high-tide flooding is happening up to eleven times more often around the Gulf Coast than it was in 2000. The United Nations Refugee Agency \nestimates that on average,more than 20 million people are displaced every year by sudden, extreme weather events like flooding, fire, and storms.Now, when extreme storms happen, \nit’s hard to point a finger and say,\"That single weather event was for \nsure caused by climate change.\"Instead, what we can say is, \"Hey, that storm — \nthe one we all just hid under our desks from —that storm was accelerated, \nmade worse, by climate change.\"What’s happening is this: all that extra heat \nthat’s become trapped in the atmospherehas increased the frequency and intensity \nof extreme weather events.Basically, climate change has taken \nyour local weather and fueled it up,making whatever weather you’re experiencing, bigger:bigger droughts, bigger rain events, \nbigger cold snaps, bigger everything.All this is from the average global temperature \ngoing up just one degree Celsius."
],
[
"Climate Models",
"Unfortunately, climate and weather scientists \nhave been predicting how conditions are going tokeep changing in the coming years and decades, \nand they’ve found that one extra degreeprobably won’t be our stopping point.One of the most powerful tools scientists have for \nmaking predictions like this are climate models.Basically, they take an area of interest \n— like, a country, or the entire globe —and split it into thousands of three-dimensional grid cells that represent the land, ocean, and atmosphere.Then, they apply equations based on the laws of physics \nto those cells to represent how energy and matter— like heat and water — transfer between them. \nSo, if you have an extra hot cell near the equator,the math will describe how that heat will dissipate into the surrounding cells up into the higher latitudes.Then, researchers run millions of calculations, \nand in the end, the models show how these cells— or different regions — will \nchange and interact over time.To check how accurate these models are, scientists \ndo something known as hind-casting, where they run simulations into the past, and compare the \nresults against historical measurements.If predictions for the past are found accurate, \nit’s likely future predictions will be, too.\n After being tested and refined over and over again, these \nclimate models don’t have the most cheerful news for us.Various models forecast that if we keep emitting \ngreenhouse gases at the rate we’ve been going,the average global temperature will increase by two \ndegrees Celsius over pre-industrial levels by 2100.And because of the way heat is moved around by wind \nand waves, some places will end up even hotter.In the Persian Gulf, where it can already reach \n40 degrees Celsius in the summer,scientists predict that \ntemperatures will get even higher,becoming flat-out intolerable to the \ntens of millions of people who live there.People literally wouldn’t \nsurvive outside in the heat.The models also forecast melting tundra ecosystems, \nsea level rise, disrupted ocean and atmospheric circulation,and more frequent and intense weather disasters.And because of the tricky interconnection \nof weather across the globe,we can also expect extreme cold weather \nevents to become more common —more blizzards, more cold snaps, \nmore ice storms.And as time goes on, each of these \nchanges will have ripple effects."
],
[
"Climate Change's Ripple Effects",
"If the planet warms by two degrees Celsius by 2100, \naverage sea surface temperaturesare expected to rise by a similar amount.For as nice as warm water feels when \nyou’re swimming at the beach,warmer oceans make it tough \nfor some organisms to survive.And while some animals can just try to swim somewhere else, tropical coral reefs can’t move to escape the heat.So, they’re predicted to die in huge numbers.Scientists think that more than 99% of them \ncould be gone by the end of the century.This also means the fish and other \nanimals that call reefs home will die,and we would have massive –but preventable– \nloss in biodiversity on our hands.Which isn’t trouble just for the oceans.It’s also trouble for the many low-income, coastal \ncommunities in places like Kenya and the Seychellesthat rely on coral habitats for food and income.So, if they disappear, these communities will \nbe at risk of becoming more impoverished.Where will they get their food?And this is just one example of the ripple \neffects caused by a warming climate.You push over one domino, and the \nimpacts are felt way down the line.Unfortunately, it doesn’t take a big leap of imagination to see how economic and humanitarian impacts can add up,and how they’ll change millions \nof lives around the world.Experts estimate that the global GDP — that’s the total value \nof the goods and services made by everyone on Earth— will actually be lower in 2050 than it is today, even though \nthe population is growing and becoming more developed.It’s thought that global productivity will drop by more than 10%, \nthanks to everything from lower crop yieldsto the loss of infrastructure \ndue to rising sea levels.And once that domino falls, so do the standards of living for many people, often worsening pre-existing inequities.It’s expected that in South Asia alone — which is \nan area particularly vulnerable to climate change— up to 800 million people will experience \na significant drop in their standard of living,as higher temperatures affect everything \nfrom agriculture to how diseases spread.These effects could leave some people unable to \nafford nutritious food,and others with serious illnesses like malaria, in areas \nthat didn’t used to be susceptible to such diseases.Similarly, if we keep heading toward \na two-degree-warmer world,by 2100, sea levels are expected \nto rise by as much as one meter.And because of this, it’s expected that \naround 630 million people worldwidewill have to decide whether or not to leave \ntheir house, community, state, or even countryas their homes are drowned or otherwise affected by high tide flooding.This will be a decision that people will have to \nmake on an individual, and family, basis —a choice between fleeing toward an uncertain future elsewhere… or trying to stay and weather the storm.Like we’ve mentioned before, these effects won’t be felt equally everywhere, either:Lower-income communities and parts of the world are \nexpected to be the most affected by a warming planet.Underscoring the inequity, these areas are often \nthe least responsible for carbon emissions.And their systems are the least equipped to deal with \nthe heat, sea level rise, or extreme weather events —a.k.a. everything those emissions bring with them.\nAnd it gets messier still."
],
[
"Feedback Loops",
"You see, the Earth and individual \nclimate systems are connected,so changes to one affect and \nexacerbate the other, and vice versa.This causes what’s known as a feedback loop.For example, as global temperatures increase, \nthey’re melting ice and permafrost in the Arctic.And as the ice disappears, it’s releasing huge amounts of the greenhouse gas methane that’s been underground for millennia.If all that methane gets out, it’ll mean even faster warming, catastrophic ice melt, and even more methane escaping.Basically, if the methane gets out, \nmore methane gets out. A feedback loop.Scientists estimate there’s twice as much carbon currently locked away in permafrostas there already is in the atmosphere.So, the more we release, the faster we \nzoom toward two degrees and beyond."
],
[
"The Future of Climate Change",
"Now, all of this is… well, it’s a tough \npill to swallow.But it’s not too late to put some \nbrakes on this climate train.Some of these effects will be unavoidable, but it doesn’t have to be full-steam ahead to that two-degree-warmer world.Climate scientists have evidence that \nif we pull the emergency brakeand take major steps to reduce emissions, we could limit warming to just 1.5 degrees Celsius.And that half a degree matters a lot. It could help us avoid \nmany of the worst effects of climate change.Seas wouldn’t warm as much, saving some coral \nreefs and the communities that rely on them.Dry areas would have fewer issues with water scarcity, \nand heat waves would be shorter and less deadly. And the push for carbon-neutral \nsolutions will help in many other ways.Like with climate change itself, cleaning \nup our act also has ripple effects.In countries without reliable access to electricity, \nthe introduction of equitable, renewable energylike solar and wind power would help improve \nhealthcare, education, and job opportunities.\n And low-carbon sources of electricity for power \nand transport also tend to emit fewer pollutants, so would help improve air quality \nin growing urban areas, too.It’s the most beautiful, satisfying \nchain of falling dominos ever.And who knows what solutions \nfuture generations will bring?"
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"So, there’s strong evidence that \nthe planet will continue to warm.But if you shake your Magic 8 ball and \nask it exactly what the future holds,it’s probably gonna say something like,“It’s up to us.” \nAnd we all have a role to play.That’s pretty wise stuff from a Magic 8 ball.Reducing greenhouse gas emissions now will help \nreduce some of the worst impacts in the future —which is literally life-saving work, \nfor you, for me, for future us.And climate action isn’t all or nothing, either. It’s going \nto be a big task to reach carbon-neutrality by 2050.But even if we don’t make it all the way, we can still \nkeep working to limit how much the temperature rises.Every half a degree matters and every little bit we \ncan do will improve things for future generations —and for all of us, here, now.Special thanks to Michael Wang, who restocked our mac ‘n’ cheese after this episode’s intro.Without you, we’d have been too hangry to make it the \nend.Also, thanks for supporting us on Patreon.Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexlywith support provided by Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with the help of all these nice people.If you want to \nhelp keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever,you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Can We Capture Greenhouse Gases?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #7
|
bjIXPPlg1TQ
| 806 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Carbon Neutrality",
"end_time": 65
},
{
"start_time": 65,
"title": "Defining Biofuels",
"end_time": 129
},
{
"start_time": 129,
"title": "Ethanol",
"end_time": 202
},
{
"start_time": 202,
"title": "Carbon Accounting & Greenwashing",
"end_time": 384
},
{
"start_time": 384,
"title": "Cellulosic Biofuels",
"end_time": 458
},
{
"start_time": 458,
"title": "Carbon Capture",
"end_time": 642
},
{
"start_time": 642,
"title": "Storing & Using Carbon",
"end_time": 698
},
{
"start_time": 698,
"title": "The Future of Carbon Emissions",
"end_time": 740
},
{
"start_time": 740,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 806
}
] |
[
{
"text": "All over the world, countries and corporations \nhave committed to becoming carbon-neutral by 2050. ",
"timestamp": [
0,
5.7
]
},
{
"text": "All over the world, countries and corporations \nhave committed to becoming carbon-neutral by 2050. ",
"timestamp": [
0,
5.7
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, up to 70% of companies in major \nindustries — like road vehicles, cement, ",
"timestamp": [
5.7,
11.4
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, up to 70% of companies in major \nindustries — like road vehicles, cement, ",
"timestamp": [
5.7,
11.4
]
},
{
"text": "and electricity — have announced net-zero \ntargets. But what does that even mean? ",
"timestamp": [
11.4,
15.96
]
},
{
"text": "and electricity — have announced net-zero \ntargets. But what does that even mean? ",
"timestamp": [
11.4,
15.96
]
},
{
"text": "I, for one, net-zero every time I try to play \nbasketball. But that’s neither here, nor there… ",
"timestamp": [
16.8,
22.32
]
},
{
"text": "I, for one, net-zero every time I try to play \nbasketball. But that’s neither here, nor there… ",
"timestamp": [
16.8,
22.32
]
},
{
"text": "nor in the basket.\nBut I can nerd-splain to you",
"timestamp": [
25.518,
28.44
]
},
{
"text": "nor in the basket.\nBut I can nerd-splain to you",
"timestamp": [
25.518,
28.44
]
},
{
"text": "that being carbon-neutral means reaching \nno net carbon emissions. For that, we’d need ",
"timestamp": [
28.44,
33.24
]
},
{
"text": "that being carbon-neutral means reaching \nno net carbon emissions. For that, we’d need ",
"timestamp": [
28.44,
33.24
]
},
{
"text": "to both reduce emissions and offset the ones we \ncan’t avoid by extracting carbon from the air.",
"timestamp": [
33.24,
38.4
]
},
{
"text": "to both reduce emissions and offset the ones we \ncan’t avoid by extracting carbon from the air.",
"timestamp": [
33.24,
38.4
]
},
{
"text": "And just like my basketball training, it’s \ngoing to take a lot of work. We'll need some ",
"timestamp": [
38.4,
42.777
]
},
{
"text": "And just like my basketball training, it’s \ngoing to take a lot of work. We'll need some ",
"timestamp": [
38.4,
42.777
]
},
{
"text": "crafty solutions, plus a good way of measuring \ndecarbonization. Because the solutions marketed ",
"timestamp": [
42.777,
48.78
]
},
{
"text": "crafty solutions, plus a good way of measuring \ndecarbonization. Because the solutions marketed ",
"timestamp": [
42.777,
48.78
]
},
{
"text": "as “green” or “eco-friendly” don’t always \ntell the whole story.",
"timestamp": [
48.78,
52.603
]
},
{
"text": "as “green” or “eco-friendly” don’t always \ntell the whole story.",
"timestamp": [
48.78,
52.603
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
52.603,
56.504
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
52.603,
56.504
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
56.504,
66.609
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
56.504,
66.609
]
},
{
"text": "In Episodes 5 and 6, we learned about \nbiofuels: versatile fuels that can help ",
"timestamp": [
66.609,
72
]
},
{
"text": "In Episodes 5 and 6, we learned about \nbiofuels: versatile fuels that can help ",
"timestamp": [
66.609,
72
]
},
{
"text": "fill the gaps in decarbonizing heating and \ntransportation. Biofuels are liquid fuel ",
"timestamp": [
72,
77.46
]
},
{
"text": "fill the gaps in decarbonizing heating and \ntransportation. Biofuels are liquid fuel ",
"timestamp": [
72,
77.46
]
},
{
"text": "substitutes often made from plants. And in \ntheory, they’re carbon-neutral by nature.",
"timestamp": [
77.46,
82.74
]
},
{
"text": "substitutes often made from plants. And in \ntheory, they’re carbon-neutral by nature.",
"timestamp": [
77.46,
82.74
]
},
{
"text": "That’s because these plants have only recently removed \ncarbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. ",
"timestamp": [
82.74,
89.215
]
},
{
"text": "That’s because these plants have only recently removed \ncarbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. ",
"timestamp": [
82.74,
89.215
]
},
{
"text": "So, when the biofuels are burned, \nit returns the carbon the plants ",
"timestamp": [
89.215,
92.76
]
},
{
"text": "So, when the biofuels are burned, \nit returns the carbon the plants ",
"timestamp": [
89.215,
92.76
]
},
{
"text": "recently removed from the system. \nBurning biofuels is like returning a friend’s shirt ",
"timestamp": [
92.76,
97.26
]
},
{
"text": "recently removed from the system. \nBurning biofuels is like returning a friend’s shirt ",
"timestamp": [
92.76,
97.26
]
},
{
"text": "that you borrowed a week ago. You’re \nnot adding to their wardrobe when you return it — ",
"timestamp": [
97.26,
101.971
]
},
{
"text": "that you borrowed a week ago. You’re \nnot adding to their wardrobe when you return it — ",
"timestamp": [
97.26,
101.971
]
},
{
"text": "you’re just kind of… putting it back. On the \nother hand, when we burn traditional fossil fuels, ",
"timestamp": [
101.971,
107.46
]
},
{
"text": "you’re just kind of… putting it back. On the \nother hand, when we burn traditional fossil fuels, ",
"timestamp": [
101.971,
107.46
]
},
{
"text": "we’re releasing carbon that’s been locked \nup for millions of years. And that’s enough ",
"timestamp": [
107.46,
112.68
]
},
{
"text": "we’re releasing carbon that’s been locked \nup for millions of years. And that’s enough ",
"timestamp": [
107.46,
112.68
]
},
{
"text": "to seriously change the balance of \ngreenhouse gases in the atmosphere. ",
"timestamp": [
112.68,
117.12
]
},
{
"text": "to seriously change the balance of \ngreenhouse gases in the atmosphere. ",
"timestamp": [
112.68,
117.12
]
},
{
"text": "That’s not like returning a shirt you borrowed \nlast week; it’s like returning a pile of clothes ",
"timestamp": [
117.12,
121.8
]
},
{
"text": "That’s not like returning a shirt you borrowed \nlast week; it’s like returning a pile of clothes ",
"timestamp": [
117.12,
121.8
]
},
{
"text": "you borrowed in preschool. And now, your \nfriend’s closet is overflowing, and they ",
"timestamp": [
121.8,
127.422
]
},
{
"text": "you borrowed in preschool. And now, your \nfriend’s closet is overflowing, and they ",
"timestamp": [
121.8,
127.422
]
},
{
"text": "really don’t need those kid-sized overalls. \nBecause biofuels seem so much better than fossil fuels ",
"timestamp": [
127.422,
132.388
]
},
{
"text": "really don’t need those kid-sized overalls. \nBecause biofuels seem so much better than fossil fuels ",
"timestamp": [
127.422,
132.388
]
},
{
"text": "by comparison, they’re already a big \npart of our lives. If you live in the U.S., ",
"timestamp": [
132.388,
137.04
]
},
{
"text": "by comparison, they’re already a big \npart of our lives. If you live in the U.S., ",
"timestamp": [
132.388,
137.04
]
},
{
"text": "at least ten percent of the gas you pump \ninto your car is probably not gasoline at all: ",
"timestamp": [
137.04,
141.71
]
},
{
"text": "at least ten percent of the gas you pump \ninto your car is probably not gasoline at all: ",
"timestamp": [
137.04,
141.71
]
},
{
"text": "it’s likely corn ethanol biofuel. \nCorn ethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting ",
"timestamp": [
141.71,
147
]
},
{
"text": "it’s likely corn ethanol biofuel. \nCorn ethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting ",
"timestamp": [
141.71,
147
]
},
{
"text": "the starch in corn. And it's been added to gas \nfor several decades to help minimize the emissions ",
"timestamp": [
147,
152.22
]
},
{
"text": "the starch in corn. And it's been added to gas \nfor several decades to help minimize the emissions ",
"timestamp": [
147,
152.22
]
},
{
"text": "from transportation. So, following that logic, \nit doesn't seem like it’d be too big of a leap to ",
"timestamp": [
152.22,
157.888
]
},
{
"text": "from transportation. So, following that logic, \nit doesn't seem like it’d be too big of a leap to ",
"timestamp": [
152.22,
157.888
]
},
{
"text": "replace all our fossil fuels with biofuels, and \ndecarbonize transportation in one fell swoop. ",
"timestamp": [
157.888,
164.4
]
},
{
"text": "replace all our fossil fuels with biofuels, and \ndecarbonize transportation in one fell swoop. ",
"timestamp": [
157.888,
164.4
]
},
{
"text": "Except… growing corn and turning it into biofuel \ntakes a lot of energy. You have to clear huge ",
"timestamp": [
164.4,
170.132
]
},
{
"text": "Except… growing corn and turning it into biofuel \ntakes a lot of energy. You have to clear huge ",
"timestamp": [
164.4,
170.132
]
},
{
"text": "areas of land, douse it with fertilizer, harvest \nand transport your corn with heavy machinery, ",
"timestamp": [
170.132,
175.38
]
},
{
"text": "areas of land, douse it with fertilizer, harvest \nand transport your corn with heavy machinery, ",
"timestamp": [
170.132,
175.38
]
},
{
"text": "and then process it in specially-made facilities. \nAll of these steps involve fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
175.38,
181.8
]
},
{
"text": "and then process it in specially-made facilities. \nAll of these steps involve fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
175.38,
181.8
]
},
{
"text": "It’s such an energy-intensive process that you \nbarely get the same energy out that you put in. ",
"timestamp": [
181.8,
187.298
]
},
{
"text": "It’s such an energy-intensive process that you \nbarely get the same energy out that you put in. ",
"timestamp": [
181.8,
187.298
]
},
{
"text": "Kind of like making a really complicated celery \ndish — It takes a long time, and you’re still ",
"timestamp": [
187.298,
192.318
]
},
{
"text": "Kind of like making a really complicated celery \ndish — It takes a long time, and you’re still ",
"timestamp": [
187.298,
192.318
]
},
{
"text": "hungry at the end. And because each step releases \ngreenhouse gases, the emissions from making this, ",
"timestamp": [
192.318,
198.24
]
},
{
"text": "hungry at the end. And because each step releases \ngreenhouse gases, the emissions from making this, ",
"timestamp": [
192.318,
198.24
]
},
{
"text": "“carbon-neutral” biofuel, can be higher \nthan the emissions from burning gasoline! ",
"timestamp": [
198.24,
202.38
]
},
{
"text": "“carbon-neutral” biofuel, can be higher \nthan the emissions from burning gasoline! ",
"timestamp": [
198.24,
202.38
]
},
{
"text": "When you add up the carbon emissions of \neverything involved in a product like this, ",
"timestamp": [
202.38,
206.647
]
},
{
"text": "When you add up the carbon emissions of \neverything involved in a product like this, ",
"timestamp": [
202.38,
206.647
]
},
{
"text": "it’s called carbon accounting. And just like regular \naccounting helps you subtract losses from profits ",
"timestamp": [
206.647,
212.7
]
},
{
"text": "it’s called carbon accounting. And just like regular \naccounting helps you subtract losses from profits ",
"timestamp": [
206.647,
212.7
]
},
{
"text": "to understand the total picture, carbon \naccounting helps us figure out the total ",
"timestamp": [
212.7,
217.32
]
},
{
"text": "to understand the total picture, carbon \naccounting helps us figure out the total ",
"timestamp": [
212.7,
217.32
]
},
{
"text": "emissions involved in making and using something.\nBut it’s not as easy as opening a spreadsheet ",
"timestamp": [
217.32,
222.42
]
},
{
"text": "emissions involved in making and using something.\nBut it’s not as easy as opening a spreadsheet ",
"timestamp": [
217.32,
222.42
]
},
{
"text": "or checking your bank account. Take \nsomething even simpler than the fuel ",
"timestamp": [
222.42,
226.08
]
},
{
"text": "or checking your bank account. Take \nsomething even simpler than the fuel ",
"timestamp": [
222.42,
226.08
]
},
{
"text": "that powers your car. Imagine, say, a single \ncar door. Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
226.08,
232.08
]
},
{
"text": "that powers your car. Imagine, say, a single \ncar door. Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
226.08,
232.08
]
},
{
"text": "Over at the car door factory, business is \nbooming. Car-Doors-R-Us is buying iron and coal ",
"timestamp": [
232.08,
237.042
]
},
{
"text": "Over at the car door factory, business is \nbooming. Car-Doors-R-Us is buying iron and coal ",
"timestamp": [
232.08,
237.042
]
},
{
"text": "to manufacture shiny steel doors. Then, \nthey’re selling those doors to a car company, ",
"timestamp": [
237.042,
242.657
]
},
{
"text": "to manufacture shiny steel doors. Then, \nthey’re selling those doors to a car company, ",
"timestamp": [
237.042,
242.657
]
},
{
"text": "who will assemble a vehicle to sell \nto a consumer like you or me. ",
"timestamp": [
242.657,
245.34
]
},
{
"text": "who will assemble a vehicle to sell \nto a consumer like you or me. ",
"timestamp": [
242.657,
245.34
]
},
{
"text": "In line with worldwide trends, Car-Doors-R-Us has \ncommitted to a goal of net-zero emissions — ",
"timestamp": [
245.34,
251.213
]
},
{
"text": "In line with worldwide trends, Car-Doors-R-Us has \ncommitted to a goal of net-zero emissions — ",
"timestamp": [
245.34,
251.213
]
},
{
"text": "and they seem on-track! They’re buying more efficient \nfurnaces so they don’t have to burn as much coal. ",
"timestamp": [
251.213,
256.14
]
},
{
"text": "and they seem on-track! They’re buying more efficient \nfurnaces so they don’t have to burn as much coal. ",
"timestamp": [
251.213,
256.14
]
},
{
"text": "And they’re advertising their process as \n“greener” than their competitors. ",
"timestamp": [
256.14,
260.683
]
},
{
"text": "And they’re advertising their process as \n“greener” than their competitors. ",
"timestamp": [
256.14,
260.683
]
},
{
"text": "Except, the way they measure emissions is flawed.\nIf they're using the current standard ",
"timestamp": [
260.683,
266.34
]
},
{
"text": "Except, the way they measure emissions is flawed.\nIf they're using the current standard ",
"timestamp": [
260.683,
266.34
]
},
{
"text": "emission measuring practice, called the \nGHG Protocol, Car-Doors-R-Us probably isn't ",
"timestamp": [
266.34,
271.239
]
},
{
"text": "emission measuring practice, called the \nGHG Protocol, Car-Doors-R-Us probably isn't ",
"timestamp": [
266.34,
271.239
]
},
{
"text": "counting all the emissions from their \nraw material providers. For example, ",
"timestamp": [
271.239,
275.82
]
},
{
"text": "counting all the emissions from their \nraw material providers. For example, ",
"timestamp": [
271.239,
275.82
]
},
{
"text": "it may not include things like emissions from the \ntrucks that deliver their raw sheet steel or the ",
"timestamp": [
275.82,
281.04
]
},
{
"text": "it may not include things like emissions from the \ntrucks that deliver their raw sheet steel or the ",
"timestamp": [
275.82,
281.04
]
},
{
"text": "electricity used by the factory that produced it.\nThat makes it hard for consumers who care about ",
"timestamp": [
281.04,
285.48
]
},
{
"text": "electricity used by the factory that produced it.\nThat makes it hard for consumers who care about ",
"timestamp": [
281.04,
285.48
]
},
{
"text": "climate change to make informed decisions \n— and it makes it harder for everyone ",
"timestamp": [
285.48,
290.919
]
},
{
"text": "climate change to make informed decisions \n— and it makes it harder for everyone ",
"timestamp": [
285.48,
290.919
]
},
{
"text": "to accurately measure our progress towards carbon \nneutrality. So, economists are now working to develop",
"timestamp": [
290.919,
296.611
]
},
{
"text": "to accurately measure our progress towards carbon \nneutrality. So, economists are now working to develop",
"timestamp": [
290.919,
296.611
]
},
{
"text": "better ways of carbon accounting, such \nas E-Liability Accounting. In this system, ",
"timestamp": [
296.611,
302.079
]
},
{
"text": "better ways of carbon accounting, such \nas E-Liability Accounting. In this system, ",
"timestamp": [
296.611,
302.079
]
},
{
"text": "the emissions follow a product from start to finish. \nThink about a stray dog that follows you home. ",
"timestamp": [
302.079,
308.1
]
},
{
"text": "the emissions follow a product from start to finish. \nThink about a stray dog that follows you home. ",
"timestamp": [
302.079,
308.1
]
},
{
"text": "Stick with me here; it’ll make sense in a minute.\nWhen Car-Doors-R-Us buys raw materials, ",
"timestamp": [
308.1,
312.66
]
},
{
"text": "Stick with me here; it’ll make sense in a minute.\nWhen Car-Doors-R-Us buys raw materials, ",
"timestamp": [
308.1,
312.66
]
},
{
"text": "it’s not just buying iron and coal: It’s also \nacquiring responsibility, like when you found out",
"timestamp": [
312.66,
319.408
]
},
{
"text": "it’s not just buying iron and coal: It’s also \nacquiring responsibility, like when you found out",
"timestamp": [
312.66,
319.408
]
},
{
"text": "you had to walk and train the dog, not \njust love on it. But for Car-Doors-R-Us, ",
"timestamp": [
319.408,
323.7
]
},
{
"text": "you had to walk and train the dog, not \njust love on it. But for Car-Doors-R-Us, ",
"timestamp": [
319.408,
323.7
]
},
{
"text": "the responsibility is for the emissions involved \nin mining and transporting the raw materials. ",
"timestamp": [
323.7,
328.44
]
},
{
"text": "the responsibility is for the emissions involved \nin mining and transporting the raw materials. ",
"timestamp": [
323.7,
328.44
]
},
{
"text": "After that, the company adopts more stray dogs \n— or, picks up more liability as they generate emissions",
"timestamp": [
328.44,
335.246
]
},
{
"text": "After that, the company adopts more stray dogs \n— or, picks up more liability as they generate emissions",
"timestamp": [
328.44,
335.246
]
},
{
"text": "during the manufacturing process.\nBut when they sell that finished door, ",
"timestamp": [
335.246,
338.52
]
},
{
"text": "during the manufacturing process.\nBut when they sell that finished door, ",
"timestamp": [
335.246,
338.52
]
},
{
"text": "they pass on the liability to the car company, and \nultimately to you, the consumer. So at that point, ",
"timestamp": [
338.52,
344.88
]
},
{
"text": "they pass on the liability to the car company, and \nultimately to you, the consumer. So at that point, ",
"timestamp": [
338.52,
344.88
]
},
{
"text": "you might actually receive a report card on the \nquantity of emissions involved in your car to date.",
"timestamp": [
344.88,
349.863
]
},
{
"text": "you might actually receive a report card on the \nquantity of emissions involved in your car to date.",
"timestamp": [
344.88,
349.863
]
},
{
"text": "And hopefully it has a better score than \nthe one doggy day care sent home.",
"timestamp": [
349.863,
353.053
]
},
{
"text": "And hopefully it has a better score than \nthe one doggy day care sent home.",
"timestamp": [
349.863,
353.053
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble! ",
"timestamp": [
353.053,
354.593
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble! ",
"timestamp": [
353.053,
354.593
]
},
{
"text": "Now, a company like Car-Doors-R-Us is doing their best \nwith carbon accounting. But sometimes, ",
"timestamp": [
354.593,
359.58
]
},
{
"text": "Now, a company like Car-Doors-R-Us is doing their best \nwith carbon accounting. But sometimes, ",
"timestamp": [
354.593,
359.58
]
},
{
"text": "companies promote their products as being \n“green” or carbon-neutral, while intentionally ",
"timestamp": [
359.58,
364.56
]
},
{
"text": "companies promote their products as being \n“green” or carbon-neutral, while intentionally ",
"timestamp": [
359.58,
364.56
]
},
{
"text": "not counting parts of the production process. \nWhen this happens, it’s part of a phenomenon ",
"timestamp": [
364.56,
368.393
]
},
{
"text": "not counting parts of the production process. \nWhen this happens, it’s part of a phenomenon ",
"timestamp": [
364.56,
368.393
]
},
{
"text": "called corporate greenwashing, where companies \nmake misleading claims about how “green” their ",
"timestamp": [
368.393,
373.26
]
},
{
"text": "called corporate greenwashing, where companies \nmake misleading claims about how “green” their ",
"timestamp": [
368.393,
373.26
]
},
{
"text": "business is. And it can show up in marketing \nfor products that use supposedly carbon-neutral ",
"timestamp": [
373.26,
377.82
]
},
{
"text": "business is. And it can show up in marketing \nfor products that use supposedly carbon-neutral ",
"timestamp": [
373.26,
377.82
]
},
{
"text": "biofuels, like ethanol. But that doesn’t mean \nthat all biofuels are secretly high-carbon.",
"timestamp": [
377.82,
383.58
]
},
{
"text": "biofuels, like ethanol. But that doesn’t mean \nthat all biofuels are secretly high-carbon.",
"timestamp": [
377.82,
383.58
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, there is a kind of green fuel that \nlooks pretty good, even with your accounting goggles on: ",
"timestamp": [
383.58,
389.569
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, there is a kind of green fuel that \nlooks pretty good, even with your accounting goggles on: ",
"timestamp": [
383.58,
389.569
]
},
{
"text": "cellulosic biofuels from a plant \ncalled switchgrass. Here, the energy in the ",
"timestamp": [
389.569,
394.827
]
},
{
"text": "cellulosic biofuels from a plant \ncalled switchgrass. Here, the energy in the ",
"timestamp": [
389.569,
394.827
]
},
{
"text": "biofuel comes from breaking down long, durable \nmolecules of cellulose instead of starch.",
"timestamp": [
394.827,
400.56
]
},
{
"text": "biofuel comes from breaking down long, durable \nmolecules of cellulose instead of starch.",
"timestamp": [
394.827,
400.56
]
},
{
"text": "And unlike corn, switchgrass is a plant \nthat’s native to the North American prairie, ",
"timestamp": [
400.56,
405.254
]
},
{
"text": "And unlike corn, switchgrass is a plant \nthat’s native to the North American prairie, ",
"timestamp": [
400.56,
405.254
]
},
{
"text": "so the ground doesn’t need to be intensively \nplowed and fertilized for it to grow. ",
"timestamp": [
405.254,
409.201
]
},
{
"text": "so the ground doesn’t need to be intensively \nplowed and fertilized for it to grow. ",
"timestamp": [
405.254,
409.201
]
},
{
"text": "That means you can get close to five times the energy \nfrom switchgrass biofuel than you put into making it. ",
"timestamp": [
409.201,
416.47
]
},
{
"text": "That means you can get close to five times the energy \nfrom switchgrass biofuel than you put into making it. ",
"timestamp": [
409.201,
416.47
]
},
{
"text": "Less like a celery sorbet; more like a protein \nbowl. But because of those hardy cellulose fibers, ",
"timestamp": [
416.47,
422.1
]
},
{
"text": "Less like a celery sorbet; more like a protein \nbowl. But because of those hardy cellulose fibers, ",
"timestamp": [
416.47,
422.1
]
},
{
"text": "converting switchgrass into a biofuel isn’t as \neasy as making it from corn, and the technology ",
"timestamp": [
422.1,
428.4
]
},
{
"text": "converting switchgrass into a biofuel isn’t as \neasy as making it from corn, and the technology ",
"timestamp": [
422.1,
428.4
]
},
{
"text": "and infrastructure are still lagging behind.\nSo if you’re interested in agriculture or engineering — ",
"timestamp": [
428.4,
434.262
]
},
{
"text": "and infrastructure are still lagging behind.\nSo if you’re interested in agriculture or engineering — ",
"timestamp": [
428.4,
434.262
]
},
{
"text": "or even politics, since \nnew technologies often need political support — ",
"timestamp": [
434.262,
438.55
]
},
{
"text": "or even politics, since \nnew technologies often need political support — ",
"timestamp": [
434.262,
438.55
]
},
{
"text": "this kind of thing is a gap you might \nstep into. Because like I’ve said before, ",
"timestamp": [
438.55,
444.106
]
},
{
"text": "this kind of thing is a gap you might \nstep into. Because like I’ve said before, ",
"timestamp": [
438.55,
444.106
]
},
{
"text": "climate change is a group project that needs all kinds of \nthinkers. And the future isn’t set in stone. ",
"timestamp": [
444.106,
450.59
]
},
{
"text": "climate change is a group project that needs all kinds of \nthinkers. And the future isn’t set in stone. ",
"timestamp": [
444.106,
450.59
]
},
{
"text": "There is still time to develop switchgrass-processing \ntechnology, and other solutions for biofuels ",
"timestamp": [
450.59,
456.244
]
},
{
"text": "There is still time to develop switchgrass-processing \ntechnology, and other solutions for biofuels ",
"timestamp": [
450.59,
456.244
]
},
{
"text": "that go easy on the emissions. \nThere are other strategies as well ",
"timestamp": [
456.244,
459.96
]
},
{
"text": "that go easy on the emissions. \nThere are other strategies as well ",
"timestamp": [
456.244,
459.96
]
},
{
"text": "for getting closer to net-zero emissions. \nThere’s the side of the coin where we release ",
"timestamp": [
459.96,
464.64
]
},
{
"text": "for getting closer to net-zero emissions. \nThere’s the side of the coin where we release ",
"timestamp": [
459.96,
464.64
]
},
{
"text": "less emissions in the first place — and then \nthere’s the side of the coin where we try to ",
"timestamp": [
464.64,
469.302
]
},
{
"text": "less emissions in the first place — and then \nthere’s the side of the coin where we try to ",
"timestamp": [
464.64,
469.302
]
},
{
"text": "clean up the ones we’ve already let loose. That \nside is called carbon capture. The idea is that, ",
"timestamp": [
469.302,
477
]
},
{
"text": "clean up the ones we’ve already let loose. That \nside is called carbon capture. The idea is that, ",
"timestamp": [
469.302,
477
]
},
{
"text": "in the cases where it’s not possible to avoid \nemissions entirely, we capture the greenhouse gases ",
"timestamp": [
477,
483.356
]
},
{
"text": "in the cases where it’s not possible to avoid \nemissions entirely, we capture the greenhouse gases ",
"timestamp": [
477,
483.356
]
},
{
"text": "before they heat up our atmosphere. \nOne method of doing this is called point-source carbon capture. ",
"timestamp": [
483.356,
488.59
]
},
{
"text": "before they heat up our atmosphere. \nOne method of doing this is called point-source carbon capture. ",
"timestamp": [
483.356,
488.59
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just what it sounds like: \nit captures emissions where they’re emitted. ",
"timestamp": [
488.59,
493.118
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just what it sounds like: \nit captures emissions where they’re emitted. ",
"timestamp": [
488.59,
493.118
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, it’s a carbon filter that’s \ninstalled directly onto a chimney or outlet of ",
"timestamp": [
493.118,
497.802
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, it’s a carbon filter that’s \ninstalled directly onto a chimney or outlet of ",
"timestamp": [
493.118,
497.802
]
},
{
"text": "a power plant or factory. It’s like the \nair filter on your furnace or AC unit. ",
"timestamp": [
497.802,
502.447
]
},
{
"text": "a power plant or factory. It’s like the \nair filter on your furnace or AC unit. ",
"timestamp": [
497.802,
502.447
]
},
{
"text": "But instead of stopping allergens or pollutants \nfrom getting into your home, this filter stops ",
"timestamp": [
502.447,
507.208
]
},
{
"text": "But instead of stopping allergens or pollutants \nfrom getting into your home, this filter stops ",
"timestamp": [
502.447,
507.208
]
},
{
"text": "greenhouse gases from reaching the atmosphere. \nThis method could capture emissions at the source ",
"timestamp": [
507.208,
511.98
]
},
{
"text": "greenhouse gases from reaching the atmosphere. \nThis method could capture emissions at the source ",
"timestamp": [
507.208,
511.98
]
},
{
"text": "from processes like concrete production, which \nare difficult to decarbonize. And point-source ",
"timestamp": [
511.98,
517.5
]
},
{
"text": "from processes like concrete production, which \nare difficult to decarbonize. And point-source ",
"timestamp": [
511.98,
517.5
]
},
{
"text": "carbon capture may even be able to bring the \nfactories where ethanol is made closer to true ",
"timestamp": [
517.5,
522.66
]
},
{
"text": "carbon capture may even be able to bring the \nfactories where ethanol is made closer to true ",
"timestamp": [
517.5,
522.66
]
},
{
"text": "net-zero emissions. But tilling land, shipping car \ndoors, mining iron — greenhouse gas emissions like these ",
"timestamp": [
522.66,
529.658
]
},
{
"text": "net-zero emissions. But tilling land, shipping car \ndoors, mining iron — greenhouse gas emissions like these ",
"timestamp": [
522.66,
529.658
]
},
{
"text": "are a lot harder to capture right at the \nsource, because they’re much more spread out.",
"timestamp": [
529.658,
533.28
]
},
{
"text": "are a lot harder to capture right at the \nsource, because they’re much more spread out.",
"timestamp": [
529.658,
533.28
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s where direct air capture comes in. This \nmethod pulls greenhouse gases straight out of the air, ",
"timestamp": [
533.28,
538.98
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s where direct air capture comes in. This \nmethod pulls greenhouse gases straight out of the air, ",
"timestamp": [
533.28,
538.98
]
},
{
"text": "regardless of where they were emitted. \nThis system takes in air from the atmosphere, ",
"timestamp": [
538.98,
543.54
]
},
{
"text": "regardless of where they were emitted. \nThis system takes in air from the atmosphere, ",
"timestamp": [
538.98,
543.54
]
},
{
"text": "then passes it through special filters or chemical \nmixtures to remove the carbon altogether.",
"timestamp": [
543.54,
548.82
]
},
{
"text": "then passes it through special filters or chemical \nmixtures to remove the carbon altogether.",
"timestamp": [
543.54,
548.82
]
},
{
"text": "It sounds kind of magical, because not \nonly can it capture carbon from anywhere, ",
"timestamp": [
548.82,
553.32
]
},
{
"text": "It sounds kind of magical, because not \nonly can it capture carbon from anywhere, ",
"timestamp": [
548.82,
553.32
]
},
{
"text": "it could even partially undo the damage that’s \nbeen done over the last couple of centuries. ",
"timestamp": [
553.32,
559.444
]
},
{
"text": "it could even partially undo the damage that’s \nbeen done over the last couple of centuries. ",
"timestamp": [
553.32,
559.444
]
},
{
"text": "This could theoretically take levels of carbon dioxide \nin the atmosphere back to pre-industrial levels. ",
"timestamp": [
559.444,
564.9
]
},
{
"text": "This could theoretically take levels of carbon dioxide \nin the atmosphere back to pre-industrial levels. ",
"timestamp": [
559.444,
564.9
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, direct air capture is stubbornly \ndifficult, and expensive. Right now, there’s more ",
"timestamp": [
564.9,
571.86
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, direct air capture is stubbornly \ndifficult, and expensive. Right now, there’s more ",
"timestamp": [
564.9,
571.86
]
},
{
"text": "carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases in the \natmosphere than there has been in millenia, ",
"timestamp": [
571.86,
576.78
]
},
{
"text": "carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases in the \natmosphere than there has been in millenia, ",
"timestamp": [
571.86,
576.78
]
},
{
"text": "but our atmosphere is huge. And greenhouse gases \nonly make up a tiny portion. That’s why we use ",
"timestamp": [
576.78,
583.5
]
},
{
"text": "but our atmosphere is huge. And greenhouse gases \nonly make up a tiny portion. That’s why we use ",
"timestamp": [
576.78,
583.5
]
},
{
"text": "the unit of parts per million when talking \nabout the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
583.5,
587.82
]
},
{
"text": "the unit of parts per million when talking \nabout the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
583.5,
587.82
]
},
{
"text": "Today in 2023, there are around 420 molecules of \ncarbon dioxide for every million molecules of air. ",
"timestamp": [
587.82,
595.62
]
},
{
"text": "Today in 2023, there are around 420 molecules of \ncarbon dioxide for every million molecules of air. ",
"timestamp": [
587.82,
595.62
]
},
{
"text": "So, you have to filter a lot of air to capture any \nsignificant amount of greenhouse gases. ",
"timestamp": [
595.62,
601.924
]
},
{
"text": "So, you have to filter a lot of air to capture any \nsignificant amount of greenhouse gases. ",
"timestamp": [
595.62,
601.924
]
},
{
"text": "That means direct air carbon capture is really inefficient. \nImagine you were looking for one specific shell ",
"timestamp": [
601.924,
608.4
]
},
{
"text": "That means direct air carbon capture is really inefficient. \nImagine you were looking for one specific shell ",
"timestamp": [
601.924,
608.4
]
},
{
"text": "that you dropped in the ocean. You’re sorting \nthrough thousands that aren’t what you’re ",
"timestamp": [
608.4,
612.487
]
},
{
"text": "that you dropped in the ocean. You’re sorting \nthrough thousands that aren’t what you’re ",
"timestamp": [
608.4,
612.487
]
},
{
"text": "looking for, and it’s taking FOREVER. Except it’s \nmillions of shells that we need to re-capture. ",
"timestamp": [
612.487,
619.08
]
},
{
"text": "looking for, and it’s taking FOREVER. Except it’s \nmillions of shells that we need to re-capture. ",
"timestamp": [
612.487,
619.08
]
},
{
"text": "From a space a lot bigger than the ocean.\nCost-wise, it’s much cheaper to capture the ",
"timestamp": [
619.08,
624.208
]
},
{
"text": "From a space a lot bigger than the ocean.\nCost-wise, it’s much cheaper to capture the ",
"timestamp": [
619.08,
624.208
]
},
{
"text": "gases when they’re concentrated at \nthe emissions source. Unfortunately, ",
"timestamp": [
624.208,
628.867
]
},
{
"text": "gases when they’re concentrated at \nthe emissions source. Unfortunately, ",
"timestamp": [
624.208,
628.867
]
},
{
"text": "that means that our historical emissions are \nprobably here to stay, at least for a while. ",
"timestamp": [
628.867,
633.96
]
},
{
"text": "that means that our historical emissions are \nprobably here to stay, at least for a while. ",
"timestamp": [
628.867,
633.96
]
},
{
"text": "There’s no silver bullet for climate change \nhere — which hopefully isn’t surprising at this point. ",
"timestamp": [
633.96,
638.883
]
},
{
"text": "There’s no silver bullet for climate change \nhere — which hopefully isn’t surprising at this point. ",
"timestamp": [
633.96,
638.883
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, we wouldn’t have buried \nthat bombshell in Episode 7. Plus, once you’ve ",
"timestamp": [
638.883,
644.94
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, we wouldn’t have buried \nthat bombshell in Episode 7. Plus, once you’ve ",
"timestamp": [
638.883,
644.94
]
},
{
"text": "captured the carbon with methods like these, you \nstill have to figure out what to do with it. ",
"timestamp": [
644.94,
649.5
]
},
{
"text": "captured the carbon with methods like these, you \nstill have to figure out what to do with it. ",
"timestamp": [
644.94,
649.5
]
},
{
"text": "So, researchers are exploring various storage \nsolutions, a lot of which are pretty rocky. ",
"timestamp": [
649.5,
655.08
]
},
{
"text": "So, researchers are exploring various storage \nsolutions, a lot of which are pretty rocky. ",
"timestamp": [
649.5,
655.08
]
},
{
"text": "Literally. One option is to inject gases \ninto the sediments at the bottom of the ocean, ",
"timestamp": [
655.08,
660.24
]
},
{
"text": "Literally. One option is to inject gases \ninto the sediments at the bottom of the ocean, ",
"timestamp": [
655.08,
660.24
]
},
{
"text": "where they’ll be held in place by the crushing \npressure of thousands of kilograms of seawater. ",
"timestamp": [
660.24,
666.36
]
},
{
"text": "where they’ll be held in place by the crushing \npressure of thousands of kilograms of seawater. ",
"timestamp": [
660.24,
666.36
]
},
{
"text": "Alternatively, the carbon could be \nstored in actual rocks. Ironically, ",
"timestamp": [
666.36,
670.8
]
},
{
"text": "Alternatively, the carbon could be \nstored in actual rocks. Ironically, ",
"timestamp": [
666.36,
670.8
]
},
{
"text": "it’d be stored in the holes left behind after \nminers extracted fossil fuels — the same fuels ",
"timestamp": [
670.8,
676.56
]
},
{
"text": "it’d be stored in the holes left behind after \nminers extracted fossil fuels — the same fuels ",
"timestamp": [
670.8,
676.56
]
},
{
"text": "that started this problem in the first place. \nRight now, though, there’s no single storage ",
"timestamp": [
676.56,
680.52
]
},
{
"text": "that started this problem in the first place. \nRight now, though, there’s no single storage ",
"timestamp": [
676.56,
680.52
]
},
{
"text": "solution that’s watertight, or airtight even. \nAnother possibility is to not let that carbon go to waste: ",
"timestamp": [
680.52,
686.531
]
},
{
"text": "solution that’s watertight, or airtight even. \nAnother possibility is to not let that carbon go to waste: ",
"timestamp": [
680.52,
686.531
]
},
{
"text": "We could use what’s captured to make \nthings like fuel and chemicals.",
"timestamp": [
686.531,
690.777
]
},
{
"text": "We could use what’s captured to make \nthings like fuel and chemicals.",
"timestamp": [
686.531,
690.777
]
},
{
"text": "This may only be a short-term solution if the carbon ends up back in the atmosphere eventually, ",
"timestamp": [
690.777,
695.344
]
},
{
"text": "This may only be a short-term solution if the carbon ends up back in the atmosphere eventually, ",
"timestamp": [
690.777,
695.344
]
},
{
"text": "but it is much cheaper than locking up the gases for eternity. \nSo, if we might slip on our carbon accounting goggles ",
"timestamp": [
695.344,
701.153
]
},
{
"text": "but it is much cheaper than locking up the gases for eternity. \nSo, if we might slip on our carbon accounting goggles ",
"timestamp": [
695.344,
701.153
]
},
{
"text": "one more time, carbon capture \npromises great things. On the face of it, ",
"timestamp": [
701.153,
706.56
]
},
{
"text": "one more time, carbon capture \npromises great things. On the face of it, ",
"timestamp": [
701.153,
706.56
]
},
{
"text": "it could even lead us down a path to negative \ncarbon emissions. But the current status of ",
"timestamp": [
706.56,
711.96
]
},
{
"text": "it could even lead us down a path to negative \ncarbon emissions. But the current status of ",
"timestamp": [
706.56,
711.96
]
},
{
"text": "carbon capture technology would likely only help \nus reduce our annual carbon emissions by about ",
"timestamp": [
711.96,
717
]
},
{
"text": "carbon capture technology would likely only help \nus reduce our annual carbon emissions by about ",
"timestamp": [
711.96,
717
]
},
{
"text": "3.5 billion tons by 2050. That’s a huge amount, \nbut no match when compared to the ",
"timestamp": [
717,
723.919
]
},
{
"text": "3.5 billion tons by 2050. That’s a huge amount, \nbut no match when compared to the ",
"timestamp": [
717,
723.919
]
},
{
"text": "51 billion tons of emissions we release each year.\nSo, there’s a lot of room for scientists, ",
"timestamp": [
723.919,
731.34
]
},
{
"text": "51 billion tons of emissions we release each year.\nSo, there’s a lot of room for scientists, ",
"timestamp": [
723.919,
731.34
]
},
{
"text": "engineers, investors, economists, \ncommunications professionals ",
"timestamp": [
731.34,
735.502
]
},
{
"text": "engineers, investors, economists, \ncommunications professionals ",
"timestamp": [
731.34,
735.502
]
},
{
"text": "— maybe YOU — to get involved in this part of \nthe problem, and its possible solutions.",
"timestamp": [
735.502,
740.58
]
},
{
"text": "— maybe YOU — to get involved in this part of \nthe problem, and its possible solutions.",
"timestamp": [
735.502,
740.58
]
},
{
"text": "In the end, climate change will require a \nwhole host of solutions.",
"timestamp": [
740.58,
745.476
]
},
{
"text": "In the end, climate change will require a \nwhole host of solutions.",
"timestamp": [
740.58,
745.476
]
},
{
"text": "Avoiding greenhouse gas emissions where possible, yes. But also, where that’s not possible, alternatives like ",
"timestamp": [
745.476,
752.7
]
},
{
"text": "Avoiding greenhouse gas emissions where possible, yes. But also, where that’s not possible, alternatives like ",
"timestamp": [
745.476,
752.7
]
},
{
"text": "biofuels and carbon capture can take us a \nlong way towards carbon neutrality by 2050.",
"timestamp": [
752.7,
758.04
]
},
{
"text": "biofuels and carbon capture can take us a \nlong way towards carbon neutrality by 2050.",
"timestamp": [
752.7,
758.04
]
},
{
"text": "Plus, with accurate carbon accounting, \ncompanies can make sure their emissions ",
"timestamp": [
758.04,
761.94
]
},
{
"text": "Plus, with accurate carbon accounting, \ncompanies can make sure their emissions ",
"timestamp": [
758.04,
761.94
]
},
{
"text": "goals are really on the right track. That’ll \nbecome more important than ever as the effects ",
"timestamp": [
761.94,
767.1
]
},
{
"text": "goals are really on the right track. That’ll \nbecome more important than ever as the effects ",
"timestamp": [
761.94,
767.1
]
},
{
"text": "of climate change are being felt around the \nworld. We’ll get into that story next time.",
"timestamp": [
767.1,
772.574
]
},
{
"text": "of climate change are being felt around the \nworld. We’ll get into that story next time.",
"timestamp": [
767.1,
772.574
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Indija-ka Siriwardena, our \nbasketball coach for this episode. Thanks to you, ",
"timestamp": [
772.574,
776.94
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Indija-ka Siriwardena, our \nbasketball coach for this episode. Thanks to you, ",
"timestamp": [
772.574,
776.94
]
},
{
"text": "I can now score a three-pointer — don’t make \nme prove it. We’ll get there eventually! ",
"timestamp": [
776.94,
782.28
]
},
{
"text": "I can now score a three-pointer — don’t make \nme prove it. We’ll get there eventually! ",
"timestamp": [
776.94,
782.28
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for supporting us on Patreon!",
"timestamp": [
782.28,
783.996
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for supporting us on Patreon!",
"timestamp": [
782.28,
783.996
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly ",
"timestamp": [
783.996,
786.57
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly ",
"timestamp": [
783.996,
786.57
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by Breakthrough \nEnergy and Gates Ventures. This episode was filmed ",
"timestamp": [
786.57,
791.34
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by Breakthrough \nEnergy and Gates Ventures. This episode was filmed ",
"timestamp": [
786.57,
791.34
]
},
{
"text": "at the Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with \nthe help of all these nice people. If you want ",
"timestamp": [
791.34,
795.48
]
},
{
"text": "at the Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with \nthe help of all these nice people. If you want ",
"timestamp": [
791.34,
795.48
]
},
{
"text": "to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
795.48,
800.633
]
},
{
"text": "to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
795.48,
800.633
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Carbon Neutrality",
"All over the world, countries and corporations \nhave committed to becoming carbon-neutral by 2050. In fact, up to 70% of companies in major \nindustries — like road vehicles, cement, and electricity — have announced net-zero \ntargets. But what does that even mean? I, for one, net-zero every time I try to play \nbasketball. But that’s neither here, nor there… nor in the basket.\nBut I can nerd-splain to youthat being carbon-neutral means reaching \nno net carbon emissions. For that, we’d need to both reduce emissions and offset the ones we \ncan’t avoid by extracting carbon from the air.And just like my basketball training, it’s \ngoing to take a lot of work. We'll need some crafty solutions, plus a good way of measuring \ndecarbonization. Because the solutions marketed as “green” or “eco-friendly” don’t always \ntell the whole story.Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.[INTRO MUSIC]"
],
[
"Defining Biofuels",
"In Episodes 5 and 6, we learned about \nbiofuels: versatile fuels that can help fill the gaps in decarbonizing heating and \ntransportation. Biofuels are liquid fuel substitutes often made from plants. And in \ntheory, they’re carbon-neutral by nature.That’s because these plants have only recently removed \ncarbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. So, when the biofuels are burned, \nit returns the carbon the plants recently removed from the system. \nBurning biofuels is like returning a friend’s shirt that you borrowed a week ago. You’re \nnot adding to their wardrobe when you return it — you’re just kind of… putting it back. On the \nother hand, when we burn traditional fossil fuels, we’re releasing carbon that’s been locked \nup for millions of years. And that’s enough to seriously change the balance of \ngreenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That’s not like returning a shirt you borrowed \nlast week; it’s like returning a pile of clothes you borrowed in preschool. And now, your \nfriend’s closet is overflowing, and they really don’t need those kid-sized overalls. \nBecause biofuels seem so much better than fossil fuels "
],
[
"Ethanol",
"by comparison, they’re already a big \npart of our lives. If you live in the U.S., at least ten percent of the gas you pump \ninto your car is probably not gasoline at all: it’s likely corn ethanol biofuel. \nCorn ethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the starch in corn. And it's been added to gas \nfor several decades to help minimize the emissions from transportation. So, following that logic, \nit doesn't seem like it’d be too big of a leap to replace all our fossil fuels with biofuels, and \ndecarbonize transportation in one fell swoop. Except… growing corn and turning it into biofuel \ntakes a lot of energy. You have to clear huge areas of land, douse it with fertilizer, harvest \nand transport your corn with heavy machinery, and then process it in specially-made facilities. \nAll of these steps involve fossil fuels.It’s such an energy-intensive process that you \nbarely get the same energy out that you put in. Kind of like making a really complicated celery \ndish — It takes a long time, and you’re still hungry at the end. And because each step releases \ngreenhouse gases, the emissions from making this, “carbon-neutral” biofuel, can be higher \nthan the emissions from burning gasoline! "
],
[
"Carbon Accounting & Greenwashing",
"When you add up the carbon emissions of \neverything involved in a product like this, it’s called carbon accounting. And just like regular \naccounting helps you subtract losses from profits to understand the total picture, carbon \naccounting helps us figure out the total emissions involved in making and using something.\nBut it’s not as easy as opening a spreadsheet or checking your bank account. Take \nsomething even simpler than the fuel that powers your car. Imagine, say, a single \ncar door. Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.Over at the car door factory, business is \nbooming. Car-Doors-R-Us is buying iron and coal to manufacture shiny steel doors. Then, \nthey’re selling those doors to a car company, who will assemble a vehicle to sell \nto a consumer like you or me. In line with worldwide trends, Car-Doors-R-Us has \ncommitted to a goal of net-zero emissions — and they seem on-track! They’re buying more efficient \nfurnaces so they don’t have to burn as much coal. And they’re advertising their process as \n“greener” than their competitors. Except, the way they measure emissions is flawed.\nIf they're using the current standard emission measuring practice, called the \nGHG Protocol, Car-Doors-R-Us probably isn't counting all the emissions from their \nraw material providers. For example, it may not include things like emissions from the \ntrucks that deliver their raw sheet steel or the electricity used by the factory that produced it.\nThat makes it hard for consumers who care about climate change to make informed decisions \n— and it makes it harder for everyone to accurately measure our progress towards carbon \nneutrality. So, economists are now working to developbetter ways of carbon accounting, such \nas E-Liability Accounting. In this system, the emissions follow a product from start to finish. \nThink about a stray dog that follows you home. Stick with me here; it’ll make sense in a minute.\nWhen Car-Doors-R-Us buys raw materials, it’s not just buying iron and coal: It’s also \nacquiring responsibility, like when you found outyou had to walk and train the dog, not \njust love on it. But for Car-Doors-R-Us, the responsibility is for the emissions involved \nin mining and transporting the raw materials. After that, the company adopts more stray dogs \n— or, picks up more liability as they generate emissionsduring the manufacturing process.\nBut when they sell that finished door, they pass on the liability to the car company, and \nultimately to you, the consumer. So at that point, you might actually receive a report card on the \nquantity of emissions involved in your car to date.And hopefully it has a better score than \nthe one doggy day care sent home.Thanks, Thought Bubble! Now, a company like Car-Doors-R-Us is doing their best \nwith carbon accounting. But sometimes, companies promote their products as being \n“green” or carbon-neutral, while intentionally not counting parts of the production process. \nWhen this happens, it’s part of a phenomenon called corporate greenwashing, where companies \nmake misleading claims about how “green” their business is. And it can show up in marketing \nfor products that use supposedly carbon-neutral biofuels, like ethanol. But that doesn’t mean \nthat all biofuels are secretly high-carbon.For instance, there is a kind of green fuel that \nlooks pretty good, even with your accounting goggles on: "
],
[
"Cellulosic Biofuels",
"cellulosic biofuels from a plant \ncalled switchgrass. Here, the energy in the biofuel comes from breaking down long, durable \nmolecules of cellulose instead of starch.And unlike corn, switchgrass is a plant \nthat’s native to the North American prairie, so the ground doesn’t need to be intensively \nplowed and fertilized for it to grow. That means you can get close to five times the energy \nfrom switchgrass biofuel than you put into making it. Less like a celery sorbet; more like a protein \nbowl. But because of those hardy cellulose fibers, converting switchgrass into a biofuel isn’t as \neasy as making it from corn, and the technology and infrastructure are still lagging behind.\nSo if you’re interested in agriculture or engineering — or even politics, since \nnew technologies often need political support — this kind of thing is a gap you might \nstep into. Because like I’ve said before, climate change is a group project that needs all kinds of \nthinkers. And the future isn’t set in stone. There is still time to develop switchgrass-processing \ntechnology, and other solutions for biofuels that go easy on the emissions. \nThere are other strategies as well "
],
[
"Carbon Capture",
"for getting closer to net-zero emissions. \nThere’s the side of the coin where we release less emissions in the first place — and then \nthere’s the side of the coin where we try to clean up the ones we’ve already let loose. That \nside is called carbon capture. The idea is that, in the cases where it’s not possible to avoid \nemissions entirely, we capture the greenhouse gases before they heat up our atmosphere. \nOne method of doing this is called point-source carbon capture. It’s just what it sounds like: \nit captures emissions where they’re emitted. Basically, it’s a carbon filter that’s \ninstalled directly onto a chimney or outlet of a power plant or factory. It’s like the \nair filter on your furnace or AC unit. But instead of stopping allergens or pollutants \nfrom getting into your home, this filter stops greenhouse gases from reaching the atmosphere. \nThis method could capture emissions at the source from processes like concrete production, which \nare difficult to decarbonize. And point-source carbon capture may even be able to bring the \nfactories where ethanol is made closer to true net-zero emissions. But tilling land, shipping car \ndoors, mining iron — greenhouse gas emissions like these are a lot harder to capture right at the \nsource, because they’re much more spread out.And that’s where direct air capture comes in. This \nmethod pulls greenhouse gases straight out of the air, regardless of where they were emitted. \nThis system takes in air from the atmosphere, then passes it through special filters or chemical \nmixtures to remove the carbon altogether.It sounds kind of magical, because not \nonly can it capture carbon from anywhere, it could even partially undo the damage that’s \nbeen done over the last couple of centuries. This could theoretically take levels of carbon dioxide \nin the atmosphere back to pre-industrial levels. Unfortunately, direct air capture is stubbornly \ndifficult, and expensive. Right now, there’s more carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases in the \natmosphere than there has been in millenia, but our atmosphere is huge. And greenhouse gases \nonly make up a tiny portion. That’s why we use the unit of parts per million when talking \nabout the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.Today in 2023, there are around 420 molecules of \ncarbon dioxide for every million molecules of air. So, you have to filter a lot of air to capture any \nsignificant amount of greenhouse gases. That means direct air carbon capture is really inefficient. \nImagine you were looking for one specific shell that you dropped in the ocean. You’re sorting \nthrough thousands that aren’t what you’re looking for, and it’s taking FOREVER. Except it’s \nmillions of shells that we need to re-capture. From a space a lot bigger than the ocean.\nCost-wise, it’s much cheaper to capture the gases when they’re concentrated at \nthe emissions source. Unfortunately, that means that our historical emissions are \nprobably here to stay, at least for a while. There’s no silver bullet for climate change \nhere — which hopefully isn’t surprising at this point. I mean, we wouldn’t have buried \nthat bombshell in Episode 7. Plus, once you’ve "
],
[
"Storing & Using Carbon",
"captured the carbon with methods like these, you \nstill have to figure out what to do with it. So, researchers are exploring various storage \nsolutions, a lot of which are pretty rocky. Literally. One option is to inject gases \ninto the sediments at the bottom of the ocean, where they’ll be held in place by the crushing \npressure of thousands of kilograms of seawater. Alternatively, the carbon could be \nstored in actual rocks. Ironically, it’d be stored in the holes left behind after \nminers extracted fossil fuels — the same fuels that started this problem in the first place. \nRight now, though, there’s no single storage solution that’s watertight, or airtight even. \nAnother possibility is to not let that carbon go to waste: We could use what’s captured to make \nthings like fuel and chemicals.This may only be a short-term solution if the carbon ends up back in the atmosphere eventually, but it is much cheaper than locking up the gases for eternity. \nSo, if we might slip on our carbon accounting goggles "
],
[
"The Future of Carbon Emissions",
"one more time, carbon capture \npromises great things. On the face of it, it could even lead us down a path to negative \ncarbon emissions. But the current status of carbon capture technology would likely only help \nus reduce our annual carbon emissions by about 3.5 billion tons by 2050. That’s a huge amount, \nbut no match when compared to the 51 billion tons of emissions we release each year.\nSo, there’s a lot of room for scientists, engineers, investors, economists, \ncommunications professionals — maybe YOU — to get involved in this part of \nthe problem, and its possible solutions."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"In the end, climate change will require a \nwhole host of solutions.Avoiding greenhouse gas emissions where possible, yes. But also, where that’s not possible, alternatives like biofuels and carbon capture can take us a \nlong way towards carbon neutrality by 2050.Plus, with accurate carbon accounting, \ncompanies can make sure their emissions goals are really on the right track. That’ll \nbecome more important than ever as the effects of climate change are being felt around the \nworld. We’ll get into that story next time.Special thanks to Indija-ka Siriwardena, our \nbasketball coach for this episode. Thanks to you, I can now score a three-pointer — don’t make \nme prove it. We’ll get there eventually! Thanks for supporting us on Patreon!Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly with support provided by Breakthrough \nEnergy and Gates Ventures. This episode was filmed at the Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with \nthe help of all these nice people. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Can We Gas Up... Without Gas?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #6
|
1-YtC3nwWwU
| 850 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Decarbonizing Transportation",
"end_time": 60
},
{
"start_time": 60,
"title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation",
"end_time": 193
},
{
"start_time": 193,
"title": "Electric Vehicles",
"end_time": 439
},
{
"start_time": 439,
"title": "Designing Pedestrian-Friendly Cities",
"end_time": 592
},
{
"start_time": 592,
"title": "Reducing Emissions From Trucks, Ships, & Planes",
"end_time": 778
},
{
"start_time": 778,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 850
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Our ability to get to faraway places fast is a \nmarvel. Transportation allows us to share ideas, ",
"timestamp": [
0,
7.288
]
},
{
"text": "Our ability to get to faraway places fast is a \nmarvel. Transportation allows us to share ideas, ",
"timestamp": [
0,
7.288
]
},
{
"text": "see loved ones, seek out all the \ncool cat cafes and glacier museums, ",
"timestamp": [
7.288,
11.88
]
},
{
"text": "see loved ones, seek out all the \ncool cat cafes and glacier museums, ",
"timestamp": [
7.288,
11.88
]
},
{
"text": "even swap our best inventions.\nSo let’s say I’m on an expedition ",
"timestamp": [
11.88,
16.821
]
},
{
"text": "even swap our best inventions.\nSo let’s say I’m on an expedition ",
"timestamp": [
11.88,
16.821
]
},
{
"text": "to my favorite glacier in Iceland, and \nI forget my favorite jacket.",
"timestamp": [
16.821,
21.06
]
},
{
"text": "to my favorite glacier in Iceland, and \nI forget my favorite jacket.",
"timestamp": [
16.821,
21.06
]
},
{
"text": "In just a few days, I can have it shipped to \nme, and I’ll finally feel complete again. \n ",
"timestamp": [
21.06,
25.44
]
},
{
"text": "In just a few days, I can have it shipped to \nme, and I’ll finally feel complete again. \n ",
"timestamp": [
21.06,
25.44
]
},
{
"text": "But for as magical as that is, \ntransportation is also one of ",
"timestamp": [
26.4,
30.48
]
},
{
"text": "But for as magical as that is, \ntransportation is also one of ",
"timestamp": [
26.4,
30.48
]
},
{
"text": "the most visible and personal ways we’re \ntransforming the Earth’s climate.",
"timestamp": [
30.48,
34.56
]
},
{
"text": "the most visible and personal ways we’re \ntransforming the Earth’s climate.",
"timestamp": [
30.48,
34.56
]
},
{
"text": "Cars, ships, and planes release \nheat-trapping greenhouse gases into ",
"timestamp": [
34.56,
38.52
]
},
{
"text": "Cars, ships, and planes release \nheat-trapping greenhouse gases into ",
"timestamp": [
34.56,
38.52
]
},
{
"text": "the atmosphere every day. Which means that, \nto decarbonize transportation, ",
"timestamp": [
38.52,
43.258
]
},
{
"text": "the atmosphere every day. Which means that, \nto decarbonize transportation, ",
"timestamp": [
38.52,
43.258
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll have to take to the road, the air, and the sea. ",
"timestamp": [
43.258,
46.399
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll have to take to the road, the air, and the sea. ",
"timestamp": [
43.258,
46.399
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I'm M Jackson and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
46.399,
50.292
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I'm M Jackson and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
46.399,
50.292
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
50.292,
60.418
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
50.292,
60.418
]
},
{
"text": "When it comes to climate change, it’s easy \nto point fingers at transportation. ",
"timestamp": [
60.418,
64.62
]
},
{
"text": "When it comes to climate change, it’s easy \nto point fingers at transportation. ",
"timestamp": [
60.418,
64.62
]
},
{
"text": "If you have a car, say your beat-up Camry, hotrod, \nor a hotrod Camry it’s probably the most ",
"timestamp": [
64.62,
70.56
]
},
{
"text": "If you have a car, say your beat-up Camry, hotrod, \nor a hotrod Camry it’s probably the most ",
"timestamp": [
64.62,
70.56
]
},
{
"text": "visible source of emissions in your life.\nAnd transportation is an important piece of the ",
"timestamp": [
70.56,
75.24
]
},
{
"text": "visible source of emissions in your life.\nAnd transportation is an important piece of the ",
"timestamp": [
70.56,
75.24
]
},
{
"text": "emissions puzzle. Planes, cars, cruise ships \n— the whole industry — transportation spews ",
"timestamp": [
75.24,
81.72
]
},
{
"text": "emissions puzzle. Planes, cars, cruise ships \n— the whole industry — transportation spews ",
"timestamp": [
75.24,
81.72
]
},
{
"text": "8.2 billion tons of greenhouse gases \ninto the atmosphere every year. ",
"timestamp": [
81.72,
86.94
]
},
{
"text": "8.2 billion tons of greenhouse gases \ninto the atmosphere every year. ",
"timestamp": [
81.72,
86.94
]
},
{
"text": "That’s 16% of the around 51 billion tons we \nrelease annually — and the fourth-largest ",
"timestamp": [
86.94,
95.4
]
},
{
"text": "That’s 16% of the around 51 billion tons we \nrelease annually — and the fourth-largest ",
"timestamp": [
86.94,
95.4
]
},
{
"text": "fossil fuel emitting industry. And that’s just the \nfuel required to power vehicles. That’s not even ",
"timestamp": [
95.4,
101.34
]
},
{
"text": "fossil fuel emitting industry. And that’s just the \nfuel required to power vehicles. That’s not even ",
"timestamp": [
95.4,
101.34
]
},
{
"text": "including the fossil fuel emissions required \nto refine the oil before it gets to the pump, ",
"timestamp": [
101.34,
105.72
]
},
{
"text": "including the fossil fuel emissions required \nto refine the oil before it gets to the pump, ",
"timestamp": [
101.34,
105.72
]
},
{
"text": "or to produce the steel the cars are \nmade of in the first place. ",
"timestamp": [
105.72,
109.368
]
},
{
"text": "or to produce the steel the cars are \nmade of in the first place. ",
"timestamp": [
105.72,
109.368
]
},
{
"text": "So, it’s not an insignificant slice of the gassy \npie! Which, gross, by the way. Who wrote this? ",
"timestamp": [
109.368,
115.982
]
},
{
"text": "So, it’s not an insignificant slice of the gassy \npie! Which, gross, by the way. Who wrote this? ",
"timestamp": [
109.368,
115.982
]
},
{
"text": "Almost half of the emissions from \ntransportation comes from personal vehicles: ",
"timestamp": [
115.982,
120
]
},
{
"text": "Almost half of the emissions from \ntransportation comes from personal vehicles: ",
"timestamp": [
115.982,
120
]
},
{
"text": "the cars, vans, motorcycles, and SUVs \nwe drive in our daily lives.",
"timestamp": [
120,
124.92
]
},
{
"text": "the cars, vans, motorcycles, and SUVs \nwe drive in our daily lives.",
"timestamp": [
120,
124.92
]
},
{
"text": "The other half comes from all the other vehicles: \ncargo ships, semi-trucks, planes, buses, and more, ",
"timestamp": [
124.92,
131.76
]
},
{
"text": "The other half comes from all the other vehicles: \ncargo ships, semi-trucks, planes, buses, and more, ",
"timestamp": [
124.92,
131.76
]
},
{
"text": "transporting lots of stuff or people.\nDecarbonizing both realms will mean ",
"timestamp": [
131.76,
136.86
]
},
{
"text": "transporting lots of stuff or people.\nDecarbonizing both realms will mean ",
"timestamp": [
131.76,
136.86
]
},
{
"text": "fewer greenhouse emissions and less \npollution for the entire planet.",
"timestamp": [
136.86,
141.084
]
},
{
"text": "fewer greenhouse emissions and less \npollution for the entire planet.",
"timestamp": [
136.86,
141.084
]
},
{
"text": "But decarbonizing transportation \nalso has a second major benefit: ",
"timestamp": [
141.084,
146.46
]
},
{
"text": "But decarbonizing transportation \nalso has a second major benefit: ",
"timestamp": [
141.084,
146.46
]
},
{
"text": "Beyond helping slow the global effects of climate \nchange, it could also be a step towards correcting ",
"timestamp": [
146.46,
151.74
]
},
{
"text": "Beyond helping slow the global effects of climate \nchange, it could also be a step towards correcting ",
"timestamp": [
146.46,
151.74
]
},
{
"text": "environmental inequities — things like air, \nwater, and noise pollution that disproportionately ",
"timestamp": [
151.74,
157.56
]
},
{
"text": "environmental inequities — things like air, \nwater, and noise pollution that disproportionately ",
"timestamp": [
151.74,
157.56
]
},
{
"text": "affect some more than others.\nFor example, many highways in the ",
"timestamp": [
157.56,
161.522
]
},
{
"text": "affect some more than others.\nFor example, many highways in the ",
"timestamp": [
157.56,
161.522
]
},
{
"text": "U.S. have intentionally been built right \nthrough low-income communities.",
"timestamp": [
161.522,
166.042
]
},
{
"text": "U.S. have intentionally been built right \nthrough low-income communities.",
"timestamp": [
161.522,
166.042
]
},
{
"text": "That means the people who live there — \noften, people of color — have had to bear ",
"timestamp": [
166.042,
170.82
]
},
{
"text": "That means the people who live there — \noften, people of color — have had to bear ",
"timestamp": [
166.042,
170.82
]
},
{
"text": "the brunt of transportation’s air and water \npollution, and experience unjust physical and ",
"timestamp": [
170.82,
176.46
]
},
{
"text": "the brunt of transportation’s air and water \npollution, and experience unjust physical and ",
"timestamp": [
170.82,
176.46
]
},
{
"text": "mental health outcomes as a result.\nSo, decarbonizing the vehicles that drive ",
"timestamp": [
176.46,
180.9
]
},
{
"text": "mental health outcomes as a result.\nSo, decarbonizing the vehicles that drive ",
"timestamp": [
176.46,
180.9
]
},
{
"text": "by every day would have dual benefits. \nIt would lower carbon levels globally, ",
"timestamp": [
180.9,
185.28
]
},
{
"text": "by every day would have dual benefits. \nIt would lower carbon levels globally, ",
"timestamp": [
180.9,
185.28
]
},
{
"text": "but could also be one step towards improving \nspecific living environments that, in many cases, ",
"timestamp": [
185.28,
190.98
]
},
{
"text": "but could also be one step towards improving \nspecific living environments that, in many cases, ",
"timestamp": [
185.28,
190.98
]
},
{
"text": "the residents didn’t ask for.\nWherever you live, there is good news! ",
"timestamp": [
190.98,
196.204
]
},
{
"text": "the residents didn’t ask for.\nWherever you live, there is good news! ",
"timestamp": [
190.98,
196.204
]
},
{
"text": "The first step to tackling \ndecarbonization is clear and underway.",
"timestamp": [
196.204,
199.86
]
},
{
"text": "The first step to tackling \ndecarbonization is clear and underway.",
"timestamp": [
196.204,
199.86
]
},
{
"text": "To decarbonize our rides, we must first \nelectrify them. And what we can’t electrify, ",
"timestamp": [
199.86,
205.5
]
},
{
"text": "To decarbonize our rides, we must first \nelectrify them. And what we can’t electrify, ",
"timestamp": [
199.86,
205.5
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll have to make as efficient as possible \nand supply with alternative fuels.",
"timestamp": [
205.5,
209.7
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll have to make as efficient as possible \nand supply with alternative fuels.",
"timestamp": [
205.5,
209.7
]
},
{
"text": "When it comes to personal transportation, \nyou’ve probably seen electric vehicles",
"timestamp": [
209.7,
213.267
]
},
{
"text": "When it comes to personal transportation, \nyou’ve probably seen electric vehicles",
"timestamp": [
209.7,
213.267
]
},
{
"text": "in the wild by this point.\nInstead of having to fuel up at a gas station, ",
"timestamp": [
213.267,
216.751
]
},
{
"text": "in the wild by this point.\nInstead of having to fuel up at a gas station, ",
"timestamp": [
213.267,
216.751
]
},
{
"text": "they can plug in at homes or grocery stores, \nor cat cafes, and zoom from point A to point B ",
"timestamp": [
216.751,
222.06
]
},
{
"text": "they can plug in at homes or grocery stores, \nor cat cafes, and zoom from point A to point B ",
"timestamp": [
216.751,
222.06
]
},
{
"text": "on rechargeable batteries.\nBecause they run on electricity, ",
"timestamp": [
222.06,
225.72
]
},
{
"text": "on rechargeable batteries.\nBecause they run on electricity, ",
"timestamp": [
222.06,
225.72
]
},
{
"text": "these vehicles release fewer emissions \nand air pollutants than gas-powered cars, ",
"timestamp": [
225.72,
230.1
]
},
{
"text": "these vehicles release fewer emissions \nand air pollutants than gas-powered cars, ",
"timestamp": [
225.72,
230.1
]
},
{
"text": "no matter where they’re driven.\nBut: an electric car is only as sustainable ",
"timestamp": [
230.1,
235.32
]
},
{
"text": "no matter where they’re driven.\nBut: an electric car is only as sustainable ",
"timestamp": [
230.1,
235.32
]
},
{
"text": "as the electricity it’s plugged into.\nThat means a car charged on renewable electricity ",
"timestamp": [
235.32,
240.878
]
},
{
"text": "as the electricity it’s plugged into.\nThat means a car charged on renewable electricity ",
"timestamp": [
235.32,
240.878
]
},
{
"text": "comes closer to zero emissions than \none driven off of a coal-burning power plant.",
"timestamp": [
240.878,
245.37
]
},
{
"text": "comes closer to zero emissions than \none driven off of a coal-burning power plant.",
"timestamp": [
240.878,
245.37
]
},
{
"text": "This is why carbon-free \nelectricity is such a big deal: ",
"timestamp": [
245.37,
248.799
]
},
{
"text": "This is why carbon-free \nelectricity is such a big deal: ",
"timestamp": [
245.37,
248.799
]
},
{
"text": "It’s involved in decarbonizing all of our other \nindustries, including how we get places.",
"timestamp": [
248.799,
255
]
},
{
"text": "It’s involved in decarbonizing all of our other \nindustries, including how we get places.",
"timestamp": [
248.799,
255
]
},
{
"text": "But carbon-free electricity isn’t the main barrier \nto electric vehicles. There are bunches of reasons ",
"timestamp": [
255,
260.58
]
},
{
"text": "But carbon-free electricity isn’t the main barrier \nto electric vehicles. There are bunches of reasons ",
"timestamp": [
255,
260.58
]
},
{
"text": "they’re still not everywhere. \nOne is charging station access. ",
"timestamp": [
260.58,
263.82
]
},
{
"text": "they’re still not everywhere. \nOne is charging station access. ",
"timestamp": [
260.58,
263.82
]
},
{
"text": "Most electric cars can be plugged in at \nhome, with similar outlets in the garage ",
"timestamp": [
263.82,
268.38
]
},
{
"text": "Most electric cars can be plugged in at \nhome, with similar outlets in the garage ",
"timestamp": [
263.82,
268.38
]
},
{
"text": "to what your power tools use.\nBut if you drive long distances ",
"timestamp": [
268.38,
271.5
]
},
{
"text": "to what your power tools use.\nBut if you drive long distances ",
"timestamp": [
268.38,
271.5
]
},
{
"text": "without a predictable place to \nplug in, that’s a problem.",
"timestamp": [
271.5,
275
]
},
{
"text": "without a predictable place to \nplug in, that’s a problem.",
"timestamp": [
271.5,
275
]
},
{
"text": "Globally, more charging stations are being built \nevery year, especially in large cities. ",
"timestamp": [
275,
279.6
]
},
{
"text": "Globally, more charging stations are being built \nevery year, especially in large cities. ",
"timestamp": [
275,
279.6
]
},
{
"text": "But for electric vehicles to really take off, \nthere’s a need for more charging infrastructure ",
"timestamp": [
279.6,
285
]
},
{
"text": "But for electric vehicles to really take off, \nthere’s a need for more charging infrastructure ",
"timestamp": [
279.6,
285
]
},
{
"text": "in more places — especially rural areas.\nGovernments and private entities have a role ",
"timestamp": [
285,
291
]
},
{
"text": "in more places — especially rural areas.\nGovernments and private entities have a role ",
"timestamp": [
285,
291
]
},
{
"text": "to play in promoting this, by offering \nincentives, even updating building codes ",
"timestamp": [
291,
294.96
]
},
{
"text": "to play in promoting this, by offering \nincentives, even updating building codes ",
"timestamp": [
291,
294.96
]
},
{
"text": "on places like parking garages so that \nmore spaces have electricity access.",
"timestamp": [
294.96,
299.448
]
},
{
"text": "on places like parking garages so that \nmore spaces have electricity access.",
"timestamp": [
294.96,
299.448
]
},
{
"text": "Another challenge, though, is the \npesky specter of the Green Premium: ",
"timestamp": [
299.448,
303.876
]
},
{
"text": "Another challenge, though, is the \npesky specter of the Green Premium: ",
"timestamp": [
299.448,
303.876
]
},
{
"text": "the cost difference between low-carbon tech and \nthe conventional, carbon-emitting choice.",
"timestamp": [
303.876,
308.698
]
},
{
"text": "the cost difference between low-carbon tech and \nthe conventional, carbon-emitting choice.",
"timestamp": [
303.876,
308.698
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, people in Europe and China have been \nquicker to adopt electric vehicles than people ",
"timestamp": [
308.698,
313.02
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, people in Europe and China have been \nquicker to adopt electric vehicles than people ",
"timestamp": [
308.698,
313.02
]
},
{
"text": "in the U.S. In parts of Europe, sky-high gas \nprices already match the cost of electric cars, ",
"timestamp": [
313.02,
318.9
]
},
{
"text": "in the U.S. In parts of Europe, sky-high gas \nprices already match the cost of electric cars, ",
"timestamp": [
313.02,
318.9
]
},
{
"text": "which means the Green Premium there is lower.\nBut in the U.S., this hasn’t always been the case. ",
"timestamp": [
318.9,
325
]
},
{
"text": "which means the Green Premium there is lower.\nBut in the U.S., this hasn’t always been the case. ",
"timestamp": [
318.9,
325
]
},
{
"text": "In 2021, almost two-thirds of Americans \nthought electric cars were better for ",
"timestamp": [
325,
329.04
]
},
{
"text": "In 2021, almost two-thirds of Americans \nthought electric cars were better for ",
"timestamp": [
325,
329.04
]
},
{
"text": "the environment… but more expensive. And only \n40% said they would consider buying one.",
"timestamp": [
329.04,
335.878
]
},
{
"text": "the environment… but more expensive. And only \n40% said they would consider buying one.",
"timestamp": [
329.04,
335.878
]
},
{
"text": "But, the cost to build electric cars \nhas dropped, as government subsidies ",
"timestamp": [
335.878,
340.14
]
},
{
"text": "But, the cost to build electric cars \nhas dropped, as government subsidies ",
"timestamp": [
335.878,
340.14
]
},
{
"text": "and cheaper batteries drive prices down.\nAnd the closer an electric car’s upfront cost ",
"timestamp": [
340.14,
345.06
]
},
{
"text": "and cheaper batteries drive prices down.\nAnd the closer an electric car’s upfront cost ",
"timestamp": [
340.14,
345.06
]
},
{
"text": "gets to its gas-powered equivalent, \nthe easier it should be to afford ",
"timestamp": [
345.06,
348.66
]
},
{
"text": "gets to its gas-powered equivalent, \nthe easier it should be to afford ",
"timestamp": [
345.06,
348.66
]
},
{
"text": "plugging in over gassing up. \nThat said, manufacturers have tended ",
"timestamp": [
348.66,
352.86
]
},
{
"text": "plugging in over gassing up. \nThat said, manufacturers have tended ",
"timestamp": [
348.66,
352.86
]
},
{
"text": "to focus on making luxury electric vehicles \ninstead of affordable ones. And the metals ",
"timestamp": [
352.86,
358.02
]
},
{
"text": "to focus on making luxury electric vehicles \ninstead of affordable ones. And the metals ",
"timestamp": [
352.86,
358.02
]
},
{
"text": "in batteries aren’t always easy to come by \n— not to mention the environmental impacts ",
"timestamp": [
358.02,
363.24
]
},
{
"text": "in batteries aren’t always easy to come by \n— not to mention the environmental impacts ",
"timestamp": [
358.02,
363.24
]
},
{
"text": "of mining those rare Earth metals.\nSo, although electrifying our rides is ",
"timestamp": [
363.24,
367.98
]
},
{
"text": "of mining those rare Earth metals.\nSo, although electrifying our rides is ",
"timestamp": [
363.24,
367.98
]
},
{
"text": "the end goal, the journey there \nis probably not going to be one ",
"timestamp": [
367.98,
371.82
]
},
{
"text": "the end goal, the journey there \nis probably not going to be one ",
"timestamp": [
367.98,
371.82
]
},
{
"text": "seamless electric slide into the sunset.\nI mean, we hope it would be. We’d love for that ",
"timestamp": [
371.82,
378.3
]
},
{
"text": "seamless electric slide into the sunset.\nI mean, we hope it would be. We’d love for that ",
"timestamp": [
371.82,
378.3
]
},
{
"text": "to be a big part of the choreography, if not at \nleast the grand finale. But we’ll probably need ",
"timestamp": [
378.3,
384.42
]
},
{
"text": "to be a big part of the choreography, if not at \nleast the grand finale. But we’ll probably need ",
"timestamp": [
378.3,
384.42
]
},
{
"text": "to learn some other dance moves along the way.\nAnd one potential dance partner is… ",
"timestamp": [
384.42,
390.494
]
},
{
"text": "to learn some other dance moves along the way.\nAnd one potential dance partner is… ",
"timestamp": [
384.42,
390.494
]
},
{
"text": "government policy. Trust me, they’ve got some moves. \nEven if they step on your toes sometimes.",
"timestamp": [
390.494,
396.3
]
},
{
"text": "government policy. Trust me, they’ve got some moves. \nEven if they step on your toes sometimes.",
"timestamp": [
390.494,
396.3
]
},
{
"text": "Some countries are banning the sale of \npetroleum-powered vehicles. France plans ",
"timestamp": [
396.3,
400.86
]
},
{
"text": "Some countries are banning the sale of \npetroleum-powered vehicles. France plans ",
"timestamp": [
396.3,
400.86
]
},
{
"text": "to ban them by 2040, and the UK by 2030.\nAnd some countries offer cash rebates or tax ",
"timestamp": [
400.86,
407.4
]
},
{
"text": "to ban them by 2040, and the UK by 2030.\nAnd some countries offer cash rebates or tax ",
"timestamp": [
400.86,
407.4
]
},
{
"text": "incentives to electric car buyers.\nBut as we transition away from gas-powered ",
"timestamp": [
407.4,
411.9
]
},
{
"text": "incentives to electric car buyers.\nBut as we transition away from gas-powered ",
"timestamp": [
407.4,
411.9
]
},
{
"text": "cars, we’ll likely still be \nsharing the road with them. \n ",
"timestamp": [
411.9,
414.78
]
},
{
"text": "cars, we’ll likely still be \nsharing the road with them. \n ",
"timestamp": [
411.9,
414.78
]
},
{
"text": "So another policy move is adjusting \nfuel economy standards — basically, ",
"timestamp": [
414.78,
420
]
},
{
"text": "So another policy move is adjusting \nfuel economy standards — basically, ",
"timestamp": [
414.78,
420
]
},
{
"text": "requiring manufacturers to build more \nefficient cars, which emit less carbon.",
"timestamp": [
420,
425.34
]
},
{
"text": "requiring manufacturers to build more \nefficient cars, which emit less carbon.",
"timestamp": [
420,
425.34
]
},
{
"text": "There’s also congestion pricing, \nor charging drivers a fee on ",
"timestamp": [
425.34,
429.42
]
},
{
"text": "There’s also congestion pricing, \nor charging drivers a fee on ",
"timestamp": [
425.34,
429.42
]
},
{
"text": "high-trafficked roads. The old “discourage \ndriving, reduce emissions” trick. ",
"timestamp": [
429.42,
433.86
]
},
{
"text": "high-trafficked roads. The old “discourage \ndriving, reduce emissions” trick. ",
"timestamp": [
429.42,
433.86
]
},
{
"text": "But congestion pricing is most equitable \nwhen people have alternative ways of ",
"timestamp": [
433.86,
438.06
]
},
{
"text": "But congestion pricing is most equitable \nwhen people have alternative ways of ",
"timestamp": [
433.86,
438.06
]
},
{
"text": "getting where they need to go.\nIf we want to encourage people to drive less",
"timestamp": [
438.06,
441.906
]
},
{
"text": "getting where they need to go.\nIf we want to encourage people to drive less",
"timestamp": [
438.06,
441.906
]
},
{
"text": "— and reduce the half of transportation \nemissions that come from personal vehicles — ",
"timestamp": [
441.906,
447.125
]
},
{
"text": "— and reduce the half of transportation \nemissions that come from personal vehicles — ",
"timestamp": [
441.906,
447.125
]
},
{
"text": "we also have to design cities friendly \nto that, with sidewalks, bike lanes, ",
"timestamp": [
447.125,
452.52
]
},
{
"text": "we also have to design cities friendly \nto that, with sidewalks, bike lanes, ",
"timestamp": [
447.125,
452.52
]
},
{
"text": "and robust public transit systems. \nSome surveys suggest that having good public ",
"timestamp": [
452.52,
457.08
]
},
{
"text": "and robust public transit systems. \nSome surveys suggest that having good public ",
"timestamp": [
452.52,
457.08
]
},
{
"text": "transport and ride-sharing services can lead \nto as much as a 35% drop in car ownership — ",
"timestamp": [
457.08,
464.832
]
},
{
"text": "transport and ride-sharing services can lead \nto as much as a 35% drop in car ownership — ",
"timestamp": [
457.08,
464.832
]
},
{
"text": "and the emissions that come with it.\nBut designing cities that are truly ",
"timestamp": [
464.832,
469.02
]
},
{
"text": "and the emissions that come with it.\nBut designing cities that are truly ",
"timestamp": [
464.832,
469.02
]
},
{
"text": "friendly for everyone means leveraging the most \npowerful tool we’ve got: people themselves. ",
"timestamp": [
469.02,
475.25
]
},
{
"text": "friendly for everyone means leveraging the most \npowerful tool we’ve got: people themselves. ",
"timestamp": [
469.02,
475.25
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
475.25,
476.501
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
475.25,
476.501
]
},
{
"text": "Tulsa, Oklahoma is a sprawling area of suburbs, ",
"timestamp": [
476.501,
480.66
]
},
{
"text": "Tulsa, Oklahoma is a sprawling area of suburbs, ",
"timestamp": [
476.501,
480.66
]
},
{
"text": "rural fringes, and an urban core. And it can \nbe tough to get around without a car. ",
"timestamp": [
480.66,
486.72
]
},
{
"text": "rural fringes, and an urban core. And it can \nbe tough to get around without a car. ",
"timestamp": [
480.66,
486.72
]
},
{
"text": "But it helps if you’ve got a 12-meter bus. \nThat’s what the Indian Nations Council of Governments ",
"timestamp": [
486.72,
492.07
]
},
{
"text": "But it helps if you’ve got a 12-meter bus. \nThat’s what the Indian Nations Council of Governments ",
"timestamp": [
486.72,
492.07
]
},
{
"text": "enlisted when tasked with \nbettering Tulsa’s public transportation.",
"timestamp": [
492.07,
495.336
]
},
{
"text": "enlisted when tasked with \nbettering Tulsa’s public transportation.",
"timestamp": [
492.07,
495.336
]
},
{
"text": "Also known as INCOG, they’re a mix \nof tribal and local governments.",
"timestamp": [
495.336,
499.08
]
},
{
"text": "Also known as INCOG, they’re a mix \nof tribal and local governments.",
"timestamp": [
495.336,
499.08
]
},
{
"text": "And instead of holding your traditional city \nmeeting to try and improve public transport, ",
"timestamp": [
499.08,
503.46
]
},
{
"text": "And instead of holding your traditional city \nmeeting to try and improve public transport, ",
"timestamp": [
499.08,
503.46
]
},
{
"text": "they took to the streets, and turned a \nbus into a mobile outreach center. ",
"timestamp": [
503.46,
507.78
]
},
{
"text": "they took to the streets, and turned a \nbus into a mobile outreach center. ",
"timestamp": [
503.46,
507.78
]
},
{
"text": "Outfitted with interactive screens and \ndisplays, the bus spent four months driving ",
"timestamp": [
507.78,
512.88
]
},
{
"text": "Outfitted with interactive screens and \ndisplays, the bus spent four months driving ",
"timestamp": [
507.78,
512.88
]
},
{
"text": "all over the city. And anyone on-board \ncould talk to transportation planners, ",
"timestamp": [
512.88,
517.98
]
},
{
"text": "all over the city. And anyone on-board \ncould talk to transportation planners, ",
"timestamp": [
512.88,
517.98
]
},
{
"text": "learn about public transit possibilities, \nand weigh in on what should happen next.",
"timestamp": [
517.98,
523.419
]
},
{
"text": "learn about public transit possibilities, \nand weigh in on what should happen next.",
"timestamp": [
517.98,
523.419
]
},
{
"text": "No one had to come downtown for a \nformal meeting on a busy weeknight: ",
"timestamp": [
523.419,
527.04
]
},
{
"text": "No one had to come downtown for a \nformal meeting on a busy weeknight: ",
"timestamp": [
523.419,
527.04
]
},
{
"text": "The conversation came to them.\nBy the end of the tour, the bus had reached ",
"timestamp": [
527.04,
532.305
]
},
{
"text": "The conversation came to them.\nBy the end of the tour, the bus had reached ",
"timestamp": [
527.04,
532.305
]
},
{
"text": "2,000 citizens, most of whom had never had a \nvoice in transportation planning before.",
"timestamp": [
532.305,
538.11
]
},
{
"text": "2,000 citizens, most of whom had never had a \nvoice in transportation planning before.",
"timestamp": [
532.305,
538.11
]
},
{
"text": "And as a result, INCOG was able to identify 16 \nplaces in Tulsa where bus routes were most needed. ",
"timestamp": [
538.11,
545.16
]
},
{
"text": "And as a result, INCOG was able to identify 16 \nplaces in Tulsa where bus routes were most needed. ",
"timestamp": [
538.11,
545.16
]
},
{
"text": "And a couple years later, a separate project also \nhad locals identify places that weren’t inviting ",
"timestamp": [
545.16,
550.5
]
},
{
"text": "And a couple years later, a separate project also \nhad locals identify places that weren’t inviting ",
"timestamp": [
545.16,
550.5
]
},
{
"text": "on foot, like busy roads without sidewalks.\nWhen citizens get left out of these conversations, ",
"timestamp": [
550.5,
556.315
]
},
{
"text": "on foot, like busy roads without sidewalks.\nWhen citizens get left out of these conversations, ",
"timestamp": [
550.5,
556.315
]
},
{
"text": "you can end up with public transportation that… \ndoesn’t serve the whole public. Or a city full ",
"timestamp": [
556.315,
561.36
]
},
{
"text": "you can end up with public transportation that… \ndoesn’t serve the whole public. Or a city full ",
"timestamp": [
556.315,
561.36
]
},
{
"text": "of people in their personal vehicles.\nBy taking to the streets, INCOG helped Tulsa ",
"timestamp": [
561.36,
567
]
},
{
"text": "of people in their personal vehicles.\nBy taking to the streets, INCOG helped Tulsa ",
"timestamp": [
561.36,
567
]
},
{
"text": "more than just reduce future carbon emissions: \nThey helped the city make a plan that will create ",
"timestamp": [
567,
572.4
]
},
{
"text": "more than just reduce future carbon emissions: \nThey helped the city make a plan that will create ",
"timestamp": [
567,
572.4
]
},
{
"text": "a cleaner, more equitable community.",
"timestamp": [
572.4,
575
]
},
{
"text": "a cleaner, more equitable community.",
"timestamp": [
572.4,
575
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
575,
576.24
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
575,
576.24
]
},
{
"text": "Designing more walkable cities with more public \ntransit would help reduce the way transportation ",
"timestamp": [
576.24,
582
]
},
{
"text": "Designing more walkable cities with more public \ntransit would help reduce the way transportation ",
"timestamp": [
576.24,
582
]
},
{
"text": "affects us and the planet, especially while \nwe work on decarbonizing personal vehicles. ",
"timestamp": [
582,
588.032
]
},
{
"text": "affects us and the planet, especially while \nwe work on decarbonizing personal vehicles. ",
"timestamp": [
582,
588.032
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a win for both environmental \njustice and global carbon levels.",
"timestamp": [
588.032,
592.26
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a win for both environmental \njustice and global carbon levels.",
"timestamp": [
588.032,
592.26
]
},
{
"text": "But then, there’s the other half \nof transportation’s emissions — ",
"timestamp": [
592.26,
595.948
]
},
{
"text": "But then, there’s the other half \nof transportation’s emissions — ",
"timestamp": [
592.26,
595.948
]
},
{
"text": "the cogs in the rest of the global machine.\nThere’s the bus I take to buy mac and cheese, yes. ",
"timestamp": [
595.948,
601.2
]
},
{
"text": "the cogs in the rest of the global machine.\nThere’s the bus I take to buy mac and cheese, yes. ",
"timestamp": [
595.948,
601.2
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s also the fleet of semi-trucks \ncarrying mac and cheese around the country, ",
"timestamp": [
601.2,
606.138
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s also the fleet of semi-trucks \ncarrying mac and cheese around the country, ",
"timestamp": [
601.2,
606.138
]
},
{
"text": "and the recycling truck hauling \nthe box away when I’m done.",
"timestamp": [
606.138,
609.36
]
},
{
"text": "and the recycling truck hauling \nthe box away when I’m done.",
"timestamp": [
606.138,
609.36
]
},
{
"text": "Then, there’s also the heavyweights. The ships \nand airplanes that carry the powdered cheese, ",
"timestamp": [
609.36,
615.415
]
},
{
"text": "Then, there’s also the heavyweights. The ships \nand airplanes that carry the powdered cheese, ",
"timestamp": [
609.36,
615.415
]
},
{
"text": "and the noodles, and the cardboard. And me once \nI’m properly fueled with mac and cheese when I’m ",
"timestamp": [
615.415,
621
]
},
{
"text": "and the noodles, and the cardboard. And me once \nI’m properly fueled with mac and cheese when I’m ",
"timestamp": [
615.415,
621
]
},
{
"text": "off to Antarctica to check out a glacier.\nThe heavier the vehicle, the harder it is to ",
"timestamp": [
621,
624.88
]
},
{
"text": "off to Antarctica to check out a glacier.\nThe heavier the vehicle, the harder it is to ",
"timestamp": [
621,
624.88
]
},
{
"text": "replace liquid fuels with electricity. \nLiquid petroleum packs a lot of energy into ",
"timestamp": [
624.88,
630.18
]
},
{
"text": "replace liquid fuels with electricity. \nLiquid petroleum packs a lot of energy into ",
"timestamp": [
624.88,
630.18
]
},
{
"text": "not much space, to the point where the average \nlithium-ion battery carries anywhere from 50 to ",
"timestamp": [
630.18,
636.72
]
},
{
"text": "not much space, to the point where the average \nlithium-ion battery carries anywhere from 50 to ",
"timestamp": [
630.18,
636.72
]
},
{
"text": "100 times less energy than an equivalent amount of \ngasoline. And even the best batteries still have ",
"timestamp": [
636.72,
643.56
]
},
{
"text": "100 times less energy than an equivalent amount of \ngasoline. And even the best batteries still have ",
"timestamp": [
636.72,
643.56
]
},
{
"text": "35 times less energy per unit of weight.\nWhat that actually tells us is to supply ",
"timestamp": [
643.56,
649.38
]
},
{
"text": "35 times less energy per unit of weight.\nWhat that actually tells us is to supply ",
"timestamp": [
643.56,
649.38
]
},
{
"text": "an already very heavy vehicle with \nenough power to drive a long time on ",
"timestamp": [
649.38,
654.06
]
},
{
"text": "an already very heavy vehicle with \nenough power to drive a long time on ",
"timestamp": [
649.38,
654.06
]
},
{
"text": "a single charge… you sacrifice cargo \nspace. And not a little space.",
"timestamp": [
654.06,
658.786
]
},
{
"text": "a single charge… you sacrifice cargo \nspace. And not a little space.",
"timestamp": [
654.06,
658.786
]
},
{
"text": "For example, a diesel-fueled truck can go \nover 1,600 kilometers on a single tank. ",
"timestamp": [
658.786,
663.39
]
},
{
"text": "For example, a diesel-fueled truck can go \nover 1,600 kilometers on a single tank. ",
"timestamp": [
658.786,
663.39
]
},
{
"text": "But for an electric truck to go the \nsame distance on a single charge, ",
"timestamp": [
663.39,
667.707
]
},
{
"text": "But for an electric truck to go the \nsame distance on a single charge, ",
"timestamp": [
663.39,
667.707
]
},
{
"text": "that truck would have to be mostly batteries, with \nbarely any room in the back for mac and cheese. \n ",
"timestamp": [
667.707,
673.59
]
},
{
"text": "that truck would have to be mostly batteries, with \nbarely any room in the back for mac and cheese. \n ",
"timestamp": [
667.707,
673.59
]
},
{
"text": "And a plane wouldn’t even \nbe able to get in the air\n ",
"timestamp": [
673.59,
676.042
]
},
{
"text": "And a plane wouldn’t even \nbe able to get in the air\n ",
"timestamp": [
673.59,
676.042
]
},
{
"text": "The good news is, batteries can still work for \nthe lighter of these big vehicles, like buses and ",
"timestamp": [
676.042,
681.132
]
},
{
"text": "The good news is, batteries can still work for \nthe lighter of these big vehicles, like buses and ",
"timestamp": [
676.042,
681.132
]
},
{
"text": "garbage trucks that make short trips and have \na consistent spot to charge every night.",
"timestamp": [
681.132,
685.38
]
},
{
"text": "garbage trucks that make short trips and have \na consistent spot to charge every night.",
"timestamp": [
681.132,
685.38
]
},
{
"text": "Now, if you’re interested in becoming a scientist \nor an engineer, there are all kinds of opportunities ",
"timestamp": [
685.38,
690.54
]
},
{
"text": "Now, if you’re interested in becoming a scientist \nor an engineer, there are all kinds of opportunities ",
"timestamp": [
685.38,
690.54
]
},
{
"text": "to work on the next generation of batteries \n— tech that could help extend the range of ",
"timestamp": [
690.54,
694.68
]
},
{
"text": "to work on the next generation of batteries \n— tech that could help extend the range of ",
"timestamp": [
690.54,
694.68
]
},
{
"text": "electric vehicles, lower the Green Premiums on \nthem, and help more consumers go electric.",
"timestamp": [
694.68,
699.353
]
},
{
"text": "electric vehicles, lower the Green Premiums on \nthem, and help more consumers go electric.",
"timestamp": [
694.68,
699.353
]
},
{
"text": "Or, you could explore working on even newer \ntechnologies to help the biggest vehicles!\n ",
"timestamp": [
699.353,
703.8
]
},
{
"text": "Or, you could explore working on even newer \ntechnologies to help the biggest vehicles!\n ",
"timestamp": [
699.353,
703.8
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, instead of diesel, cargo ships could \nbe fueled with ammonia — yeah, the stuff in cat pee —",
"timestamp": [
703.8,
710.323
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, instead of diesel, cargo ships could \nbe fueled with ammonia — yeah, the stuff in cat pee —",
"timestamp": [
703.8,
710.323
]
},
{
"text": "a colorless, renewable fuel that packs ten \ntimes more energy than the best batteries.",
"timestamp": [
710.323,
715.74
]
},
{
"text": "a colorless, renewable fuel that packs ten \ntimes more energy than the best batteries.",
"timestamp": [
710.323,
715.74
]
},
{
"text": "And for planes, lithium-air batteries \n— which carry double the energy in the ",
"timestamp": [
715.74,
720.508
]
},
{
"text": "And for planes, lithium-air batteries \n— which carry double the energy in the ",
"timestamp": [
715.74,
720.508
]
},
{
"text": "same amount of space – could make some \nelectric-powered flights possible.",
"timestamp": [
720.508,
724.62
]
},
{
"text": "same amount of space – could make some \nelectric-powered flights possible.",
"timestamp": [
720.508,
724.62
]
},
{
"text": "But for any of these technologies to \nget transportation off the ground, ",
"timestamp": [
724.62,
728.639
]
},
{
"text": "But for any of these technologies to \nget transportation off the ground, ",
"timestamp": [
724.62,
728.639
]
},
{
"text": "we’re gonna need a lot more research funding.\nSo, another route is to invest in research that ",
"timestamp": [
728.639,
734.34
]
},
{
"text": "we’re gonna need a lot more research funding.\nSo, another route is to invest in research that ",
"timestamp": [
728.639,
734.34
]
},
{
"text": "lowers the Green Premium of drop-in fuels.\nLike we mentioned in Episode 5, these ",
"timestamp": [
734.34,
739.2
]
},
{
"text": "lowers the Green Premium of drop-in fuels.\nLike we mentioned in Episode 5, these ",
"timestamp": [
734.34,
739.2
]
},
{
"text": "lower-carbon alternatives can be substituted – \nor “dropped in” – to our current engines.",
"timestamp": [
739.2,
743.34
]
},
{
"text": "lower-carbon alternatives can be substituted – \nor “dropped in” – to our current engines.",
"timestamp": [
739.2,
743.34
]
},
{
"text": "For example, second-generation biofuels can \nbe made from non-edible farming byproducts, ",
"timestamp": [
743.34,
748.26
]
},
{
"text": "For example, second-generation biofuels can \nbe made from non-edible farming byproducts, ",
"timestamp": [
743.34,
748.26
]
},
{
"text": "such as cornstalks.\nAnd electrofuels can be made ",
"timestamp": [
748.26,
750.9
]
},
{
"text": "such as cornstalks.\nAnd electrofuels can be made ",
"timestamp": [
748.26,
750.9
]
},
{
"text": "by mixing hydrogen with carbon dioxide \ncaptured from industrial plants, in a ",
"timestamp": [
750.9,
755
]
},
{
"text": "by mixing hydrogen with carbon dioxide \ncaptured from industrial plants, in a ",
"timestamp": [
750.9,
755
]
},
{
"text": "process powered by carbon-free electricity. \nRight now, a big barrier is the cost difference ",
"timestamp": [
755,
760.08
]
},
{
"text": "process powered by carbon-free electricity. \nRight now, a big barrier is the cost difference ",
"timestamp": [
755,
760.08
]
},
{
"text": "between these newer drop-in fuels and the fossil \nfuels most vehicles were built to run on.",
"timestamp": [
760.08,
765
]
},
{
"text": "between these newer drop-in fuels and the fossil \nfuels most vehicles were built to run on.",
"timestamp": [
760.08,
765
]
},
{
"text": "But investing in these substitutes is a good \nstep in the lower-emission direction.",
"timestamp": [
765,
769.426
]
},
{
"text": "But investing in these substitutes is a good \nstep in the lower-emission direction.",
"timestamp": [
765,
769.426
]
},
{
"text": "We wouldn’t need to modify heavy engines \nor build entirely new vehicles. Plus, ",
"timestamp": [
769.426,
774.18
]
},
{
"text": "We wouldn’t need to modify heavy engines \nor build entirely new vehicles. Plus, ",
"timestamp": [
769.426,
774.18
]
},
{
"text": "these fuels can be moved using tanks \nand pipelines we already have. ",
"timestamp": [
774.18,
778.2
]
},
{
"text": "these fuels can be moved using tanks \nand pipelines we already have. ",
"timestamp": [
774.18,
778.2
]
},
{
"text": "So — decarbonizing transportation \nis complicated! If it wasn’t, ",
"timestamp": [
778.2,
783.655
]
},
{
"text": "So — decarbonizing transportation \nis complicated! If it wasn’t, ",
"timestamp": [
778.2,
783.655
]
},
{
"text": "it likely would have already been done.\nAfter all, it’s one thing to change how you move around.",
"timestamp": [
783.655,
788.743
]
},
{
"text": "it likely would have already been done.\nAfter all, it’s one thing to change how you move around.",
"timestamp": [
783.655,
788.743
]
},
{
"text": "It’s another thing to change how lots \nof people or lots of stuff moves around. ",
"timestamp": [
788.743,
793.334
]
},
{
"text": "It’s another thing to change how lots \nof people or lots of stuff moves around. ",
"timestamp": [
788.743,
793.334
]
},
{
"text": "So, our best step is to electrify as many vehicles \nas possible. And where that isn’t possible, ",
"timestamp": [
793.334,
799.2
]
},
{
"text": "So, our best step is to electrify as many vehicles \nas possible. And where that isn’t possible, ",
"timestamp": [
793.334,
799.2
]
},
{
"text": "we need to explore alternatives to the \nenergy-dense fuels currently powering them.\n ",
"timestamp": [
799.2,
804.18
]
},
{
"text": "we need to explore alternatives to the \nenergy-dense fuels currently powering them.\n ",
"timestamp": [
799.2,
804.18
]
},
{
"text": "It’ll also be important to \ncapture the carbon they emit, ",
"timestamp": [
804.18,
806.76
]
},
{
"text": "It’ll also be important to \ncapture the carbon they emit, ",
"timestamp": [
804.18,
806.76
]
},
{
"text": "to offset those emissions we can’t yet avoid.",
"timestamp": [
806.76,
809.1
]
},
{
"text": "to offset those emissions we can’t yet avoid.",
"timestamp": [
806.76,
809.1
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll dive more into those \nsolutions in our next episode.",
"timestamp": [
809.1,
812.96
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll dive more into those \nsolutions in our next episode.",
"timestamp": [
809.1,
812.96
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Kyle and Amanda Fredrickson, \nthe dance choreographers for this episode. ",
"timestamp": [
812.96,
818.832
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Kyle and Amanda Fredrickson, \nthe dance choreographers for this episode. ",
"timestamp": [
812.96,
818.832
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for keeping our moves funky and fresh — and teaching \nus that nobody says “funky and fresh” anymore — ",
"timestamp": [
818.832,
825.501
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for keeping our moves funky and fresh — and teaching \nus that nobody says “funky and fresh” anymore — ",
"timestamp": [
818.832,
825.501
]
},
{
"text": "and thanks for supporting us on Patreon.\nCrash Course Climate and Energy is produced ",
"timestamp": [
825.501,
829.08
]
},
{
"text": "and thanks for supporting us on Patreon.\nCrash Course Climate and Energy is produced ",
"timestamp": [
825.501,
829.08
]
},
{
"text": "by Complexly with support provided by Breakthrough \nEnergy and Gates Ventures. This episode was filmed ",
"timestamp": [
829.08,
834.66
]
},
{
"text": "by Complexly with support provided by Breakthrough \nEnergy and Gates Ventures. This episode was filmed ",
"timestamp": [
829.08,
834.66
]
},
{
"text": "at Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with \nthe help of all these nice people. If you want ",
"timestamp": [
834.66,
840
]
},
{
"text": "at Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with \nthe help of all these nice people. If you want ",
"timestamp": [
834.66,
840
]
},
{
"text": "to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
840,
844.44
]
},
{
"text": "to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
840,
844.44
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Decarbonizing Transportation",
"Our ability to get to faraway places fast is a \nmarvel. Transportation allows us to share ideas, see loved ones, seek out all the \ncool cat cafes and glacier museums, even swap our best inventions.\nSo let’s say I’m on an expedition to my favorite glacier in Iceland, and \nI forget my favorite jacket.In just a few days, I can have it shipped to \nme, and I’ll finally feel complete again. \n But for as magical as that is, \ntransportation is also one of the most visible and personal ways we’re \ntransforming the Earth’s climate.Cars, ships, and planes release \nheat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere every day. Which means that, \nto decarbonize transportation, we’ll have to take to the road, the air, and the sea. Hi hi! I'm M Jackson and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.[INTRO]"
],
[
"Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation",
"When it comes to climate change, it’s easy \nto point fingers at transportation. If you have a car, say your beat-up Camry, hotrod, \nor a hotrod Camry it’s probably the most visible source of emissions in your life.\nAnd transportation is an important piece of the emissions puzzle. Planes, cars, cruise ships \n— the whole industry — transportation spews 8.2 billion tons of greenhouse gases \ninto the atmosphere every year. That’s 16% of the around 51 billion tons we \nrelease annually — and the fourth-largest fossil fuel emitting industry. And that’s just the \nfuel required to power vehicles. That’s not even including the fossil fuel emissions required \nto refine the oil before it gets to the pump, or to produce the steel the cars are \nmade of in the first place. So, it’s not an insignificant slice of the gassy \npie! Which, gross, by the way. Who wrote this? Almost half of the emissions from \ntransportation comes from personal vehicles: the cars, vans, motorcycles, and SUVs \nwe drive in our daily lives.The other half comes from all the other vehicles: \ncargo ships, semi-trucks, planes, buses, and more, transporting lots of stuff or people.\nDecarbonizing both realms will mean fewer greenhouse emissions and less \npollution for the entire planet.But decarbonizing transportation \nalso has a second major benefit: Beyond helping slow the global effects of climate \nchange, it could also be a step towards correcting environmental inequities — things like air, \nwater, and noise pollution that disproportionately affect some more than others.\nFor example, many highways in the U.S. have intentionally been built right \nthrough low-income communities.That means the people who live there — \noften, people of color — have had to bear the brunt of transportation’s air and water \npollution, and experience unjust physical and mental health outcomes as a result.\nSo, decarbonizing the vehicles that drive by every day would have dual benefits. \nIt would lower carbon levels globally, but could also be one step towards improving \nspecific living environments that, in many cases, the residents didn’t ask for.\nWherever you live, there is good news! "
],
[
"Electric Vehicles",
"The first step to tackling \ndecarbonization is clear and underway.To decarbonize our rides, we must first \nelectrify them. And what we can’t electrify, we’ll have to make as efficient as possible \nand supply with alternative fuels.When it comes to personal transportation, \nyou’ve probably seen electric vehiclesin the wild by this point.\nInstead of having to fuel up at a gas station, they can plug in at homes or grocery stores, \nor cat cafes, and zoom from point A to point B on rechargeable batteries.\nBecause they run on electricity, these vehicles release fewer emissions \nand air pollutants than gas-powered cars, no matter where they’re driven.\nBut: an electric car is only as sustainable as the electricity it’s plugged into.\nThat means a car charged on renewable electricity comes closer to zero emissions than \none driven off of a coal-burning power plant.This is why carbon-free \nelectricity is such a big deal: It’s involved in decarbonizing all of our other \nindustries, including how we get places.But carbon-free electricity isn’t the main barrier \nto electric vehicles. There are bunches of reasons they’re still not everywhere. \nOne is charging station access. Most electric cars can be plugged in at \nhome, with similar outlets in the garage to what your power tools use.\nBut if you drive long distances without a predictable place to \nplug in, that’s a problem.Globally, more charging stations are being built \nevery year, especially in large cities. But for electric vehicles to really take off, \nthere’s a need for more charging infrastructure in more places — especially rural areas.\nGovernments and private entities have a role to play in promoting this, by offering \nincentives, even updating building codes on places like parking garages so that \nmore spaces have electricity access.Another challenge, though, is the \npesky specter of the Green Premium: the cost difference between low-carbon tech and \nthe conventional, carbon-emitting choice.For instance, people in Europe and China have been \nquicker to adopt electric vehicles than people in the U.S. In parts of Europe, sky-high gas \nprices already match the cost of electric cars, which means the Green Premium there is lower.\nBut in the U.S., this hasn’t always been the case. In 2021, almost two-thirds of Americans \nthought electric cars were better for the environment… but more expensive. And only \n40% said they would consider buying one.But, the cost to build electric cars \nhas dropped, as government subsidies and cheaper batteries drive prices down.\nAnd the closer an electric car’s upfront cost gets to its gas-powered equivalent, \nthe easier it should be to afford plugging in over gassing up. \nThat said, manufacturers have tended to focus on making luxury electric vehicles \ninstead of affordable ones. And the metals in batteries aren’t always easy to come by \n— not to mention the environmental impacts of mining those rare Earth metals.\nSo, although electrifying our rides is the end goal, the journey there \nis probably not going to be one seamless electric slide into the sunset.\nI mean, we hope it would be. We’d love for that to be a big part of the choreography, if not at \nleast the grand finale. But we’ll probably need to learn some other dance moves along the way.\nAnd one potential dance partner is… government policy. Trust me, they’ve got some moves. \nEven if they step on your toes sometimes.Some countries are banning the sale of \npetroleum-powered vehicles. France plans to ban them by 2040, and the UK by 2030.\nAnd some countries offer cash rebates or tax incentives to electric car buyers.\nBut as we transition away from gas-powered cars, we’ll likely still be \nsharing the road with them. \n So another policy move is adjusting \nfuel economy standards — basically, requiring manufacturers to build more \nefficient cars, which emit less carbon.There’s also congestion pricing, \nor charging drivers a fee on high-trafficked roads. The old “discourage \ndriving, reduce emissions” trick. But congestion pricing is most equitable \nwhen people have alternative ways of getting where they need to go.\nIf we want to encourage people to drive less"
],
[
"Designing Pedestrian-Friendly Cities",
"— and reduce the half of transportation \nemissions that come from personal vehicles — we also have to design cities friendly \nto that, with sidewalks, bike lanes, and robust public transit systems. \nSome surveys suggest that having good public transport and ride-sharing services can lead \nto as much as a 35% drop in car ownership — and the emissions that come with it.\nBut designing cities that are truly friendly for everyone means leveraging the most \npowerful tool we’ve got: people themselves. Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.Tulsa, Oklahoma is a sprawling area of suburbs, rural fringes, and an urban core. And it can \nbe tough to get around without a car. But it helps if you’ve got a 12-meter bus. \nThat’s what the Indian Nations Council of Governments enlisted when tasked with \nbettering Tulsa’s public transportation.Also known as INCOG, they’re a mix \nof tribal and local governments.And instead of holding your traditional city \nmeeting to try and improve public transport, they took to the streets, and turned a \nbus into a mobile outreach center. Outfitted with interactive screens and \ndisplays, the bus spent four months driving all over the city. And anyone on-board \ncould talk to transportation planners, learn about public transit possibilities, \nand weigh in on what should happen next.No one had to come downtown for a \nformal meeting on a busy weeknight: The conversation came to them.\nBy the end of the tour, the bus had reached 2,000 citizens, most of whom had never had a \nvoice in transportation planning before.And as a result, INCOG was able to identify 16 \nplaces in Tulsa where bus routes were most needed. And a couple years later, a separate project also \nhad locals identify places that weren’t inviting on foot, like busy roads without sidewalks.\nWhen citizens get left out of these conversations, you can end up with public transportation that… \ndoesn’t serve the whole public. Or a city full of people in their personal vehicles.\nBy taking to the streets, INCOG helped Tulsa more than just reduce future carbon emissions: \nThey helped the city make a plan that will create a cleaner, more equitable community.Thanks, Thought Bubble.Designing more walkable cities with more public \ntransit would help reduce the way transportation affects us and the planet, especially while \nwe work on decarbonizing personal vehicles. It’s a win for both environmental \njustice and global carbon levels."
],
[
"Reducing Emissions From Trucks, Ships, & Planes",
"But then, there’s the other half \nof transportation’s emissions — the cogs in the rest of the global machine.\nThere’s the bus I take to buy mac and cheese, yes. But there’s also the fleet of semi-trucks \ncarrying mac and cheese around the country, and the recycling truck hauling \nthe box away when I’m done.Then, there’s also the heavyweights. The ships \nand airplanes that carry the powdered cheese, and the noodles, and the cardboard. And me once \nI’m properly fueled with mac and cheese when I’m off to Antarctica to check out a glacier.\nThe heavier the vehicle, the harder it is to replace liquid fuels with electricity. \nLiquid petroleum packs a lot of energy into not much space, to the point where the average \nlithium-ion battery carries anywhere from 50 to 100 times less energy than an equivalent amount of \ngasoline. And even the best batteries still have 35 times less energy per unit of weight.\nWhat that actually tells us is to supply an already very heavy vehicle with \nenough power to drive a long time on a single charge… you sacrifice cargo \nspace. And not a little space.For example, a diesel-fueled truck can go \nover 1,600 kilometers on a single tank. But for an electric truck to go the \nsame distance on a single charge, that truck would have to be mostly batteries, with \nbarely any room in the back for mac and cheese. \n And a plane wouldn’t even \nbe able to get in the air\n The good news is, batteries can still work for \nthe lighter of these big vehicles, like buses and garbage trucks that make short trips and have \na consistent spot to charge every night.Now, if you’re interested in becoming a scientist \nor an engineer, there are all kinds of opportunities to work on the next generation of batteries \n— tech that could help extend the range of electric vehicles, lower the Green Premiums on \nthem, and help more consumers go electric.Or, you could explore working on even newer \ntechnologies to help the biggest vehicles!\n For instance, instead of diesel, cargo ships could \nbe fueled with ammonia — yeah, the stuff in cat pee —a colorless, renewable fuel that packs ten \ntimes more energy than the best batteries.And for planes, lithium-air batteries \n— which carry double the energy in the same amount of space – could make some \nelectric-powered flights possible.But for any of these technologies to \nget transportation off the ground, we’re gonna need a lot more research funding.\nSo, another route is to invest in research that lowers the Green Premium of drop-in fuels.\nLike we mentioned in Episode 5, these lower-carbon alternatives can be substituted – \nor “dropped in” – to our current engines.For example, second-generation biofuels can \nbe made from non-edible farming byproducts, such as cornstalks.\nAnd electrofuels can be made by mixing hydrogen with carbon dioxide \ncaptured from industrial plants, in a process powered by carbon-free electricity. \nRight now, a big barrier is the cost difference between these newer drop-in fuels and the fossil \nfuels most vehicles were built to run on.But investing in these substitutes is a good \nstep in the lower-emission direction.We wouldn’t need to modify heavy engines \nor build entirely new vehicles. Plus, these fuels can be moved using tanks \nand pipelines we already have. "
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"So — decarbonizing transportation \nis complicated! If it wasn’t, it likely would have already been done.\nAfter all, it’s one thing to change how you move around.It’s another thing to change how lots \nof people or lots of stuff moves around. So, our best step is to electrify as many vehicles \nas possible. And where that isn’t possible, we need to explore alternatives to the \nenergy-dense fuels currently powering them.\n It’ll also be important to \ncapture the carbon they emit, to offset those emissions we can’t yet avoid.We’ll dive more into those \nsolutions in our next episode.Special thanks to Kyle and Amanda Fredrickson, \nthe dance choreographers for this episode. Thanks for keeping our moves funky and fresh — and teaching \nus that nobody says “funky and fresh” anymore — and thanks for supporting us on Patreon.\nCrash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly with support provided by Breakthrough \nEnergy and Gates Ventures. This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with \nthe help of all these nice people. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Can We Keep Warm and Stay Cool Without Fossil Fuels?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #5
|
3yH5TuLYRcs
| 841 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Heating Without Fossil Fuels",
"end_time": 78
},
{
"start_time": 78,
"title": "Fracking & Natural Gas",
"end_time": 257
},
{
"start_time": 257,
"title": "The Problem of Heating with Coal",
"end_time": 423
},
{
"start_time": 423,
"title": "Cooling Without Fossil Fuels",
"end_time": 522
},
{
"start_time": 522,
"title": "Heat Pumps for Heating & Cooling",
"end_time": 652
},
{
"start_time": 652,
"title": "Alternative Fuels for Low-Carbon Heating",
"end_time": 748
},
{
"start_time": 748,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 841
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Okay, when the weather outside is frightful, ",
"timestamp": [
0,
2.04
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, when the weather outside is frightful, ",
"timestamp": [
0,
2.04
]
},
{
"text": "what’s a person gotta do to \nget some delight up in here?",
"timestamp": [
2.04,
6.48
]
},
{
"text": "what’s a person gotta do to \nget some delight up in here?",
"timestamp": [
2.04,
6.48
]
},
{
"text": "Well, that depends on where and when you live.\nWe humans have harnessed imaginative ways ",
"timestamp": [
6.48,
12.9
]
},
{
"text": "Well, that depends on where and when you live.\nWe humans have harnessed imaginative ways ",
"timestamp": [
6.48,
12.9
]
},
{
"text": "of heating and cooling our \nhomes throughout the ages.",
"timestamp": [
12.9,
15.3
]
},
{
"text": "of heating and cooling our \nhomes throughout the ages.",
"timestamp": [
12.9,
15.3
]
},
{
"text": "For centuries, Korean houses stayed toasty \nwith built-in floor warmers. In ancient Persia, ",
"timestamp": [
15.3,
20.64
]
},
{
"text": "For centuries, Korean houses stayed toasty \nwith built-in floor warmers. In ancient Persia, ",
"timestamp": [
15.3,
20.64
]
},
{
"text": "cooling towers called wind-catchers made \nthe desert a bearable place to live.",
"timestamp": [
20.64,
25.32
]
},
{
"text": "cooling towers called wind-catchers made \nthe desert a bearable place to live.",
"timestamp": [
20.64,
25.32
]
},
{
"text": "And today, here at Crash Course \nHeadquarters, comfort is as simple ",
"timestamp": [
25.32,
29.16
]
},
{
"text": "And today, here at Crash Course \nHeadquarters, comfort is as simple ",
"timestamp": [
25.32,
29.16
]
},
{
"text": "as turning up the dial on a thermostat. \nBut that convenience comes at a price. ",
"timestamp": [
29.16,
33.24
]
},
{
"text": "as turning up the dial on a thermostat. \nBut that convenience comes at a price. ",
"timestamp": [
29.16,
33.24
]
},
{
"text": "Heating and cooling homes and commercial buildings leads to \nabout 7% of all global carbon dioxide emissions ",
"timestamp": [
33.24,
39.6
]
},
{
"text": "Heating and cooling homes and commercial buildings leads to \nabout 7% of all global carbon dioxide emissions ",
"timestamp": [
33.24,
39.6
]
},
{
"text": "every year — which doesn’t sound like \nthat much until you realize that that ",
"timestamp": [
39.6,
43.44
]
},
{
"text": "every year — which doesn’t sound like \nthat much until you realize that that ",
"timestamp": [
39.6,
43.44
]
},
{
"text": "translates to more than 3.5 billion tons.\nAnd those surges of carbon dioxide ",
"timestamp": [
43.44,
49.383
]
},
{
"text": "translates to more than 3.5 billion tons.\nAnd those surges of carbon dioxide ",
"timestamp": [
43.44,
49.383
]
},
{
"text": "are cranking up the thermostat on our \nplanet at unprecedented rates.",
"timestamp": [
49.383,
52.74
]
},
{
"text": "are cranking up the thermostat on our \nplanet at unprecedented rates.",
"timestamp": [
49.383,
52.74
]
},
{
"text": "As temperatures soar outdoors, one \nof our biggest challenges will be ",
"timestamp": [
52.74,
56.58
]
},
{
"text": "As temperatures soar outdoors, one \nof our biggest challenges will be ",
"timestamp": [
52.74,
56.58
]
},
{
"text": "rethinking how we manage temperatures \nindoors—and making reliable, carbon-free ",
"timestamp": [
56.58,
61.92
]
},
{
"text": "rethinking how we manage temperatures \nindoors—and making reliable, carbon-free ",
"timestamp": [
56.58,
61.92
]
},
{
"text": "heating and cooling available to everyone.",
"timestamp": [
61.92,
64.308
]
},
{
"text": "heating and cooling available to everyone.",
"timestamp": [
61.92,
64.308
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I'm M Jackson and \nthis is Crash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
64.308,
68.359
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I'm M Jackson and \nthis is Crash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
64.308,
68.359
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
68.359,
78.334
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
68.359,
78.334
]
},
{
"text": "When I pump up the heat in our studio, \nI’m tapping into a resource hundreds of ",
"timestamp": [
78.334,
82.834
]
},
{
"text": "When I pump up the heat in our studio, \nI’m tapping into a resource hundreds of ",
"timestamp": [
78.334,
82.834
]
},
{
"text": "millions of years in the making: natural gas.\nAs a fossil fuel, it’s derived from decomposed ",
"timestamp": [
82.834,
88.38
]
},
{
"text": "millions of years in the making: natural gas.\nAs a fossil fuel, it’s derived from decomposed ",
"timestamp": [
82.834,
88.38
]
},
{
"text": "plants and creatures that lived before the \ndinosaurs, like these cuties. I like to imagine ",
"timestamp": [
88.38,
93.48
]
},
{
"text": "plants and creatures that lived before the \ndinosaurs, like these cuties. I like to imagine ",
"timestamp": [
88.38,
93.48
]
},
{
"text": "I owe my piping-hot bubble bath to them.\nBut natural gas consists mostly of methane, ",
"timestamp": [
93.48,
98.34
]
},
{
"text": "I owe my piping-hot bubble bath to them.\nBut natural gas consists mostly of methane, ",
"timestamp": [
93.48,
98.34
]
},
{
"text": "one of the notorious greenhouse gases. \nAnd our means of extracting methane ",
"timestamp": [
98.34,
102.72
]
},
{
"text": "one of the notorious greenhouse gases. \nAnd our means of extracting methane ",
"timestamp": [
98.34,
102.72
]
},
{
"text": "contributes to climate change, contaminates \nwater, and can even cause earthquakes.",
"timestamp": [
102.72,
107
]
},
{
"text": "contributes to climate change, contaminates \nwater, and can even cause earthquakes.",
"timestamp": [
102.72,
107
]
},
{
"text": "I’m talking about fracking.\nNo, not the PG-version of a cuss, hollered ",
"timestamp": [
107,
112.743
]
},
{
"text": "I’m talking about fracking.\nNo, not the PG-version of a cuss, hollered ",
"timestamp": [
107,
112.743
]
},
{
"text": "when you stub your toe in front of your parents.\nFracking is a way of extracting natural gas or ",
"timestamp": [
112.743,
117.06
]
},
{
"text": "when you stub your toe in front of your parents.\nFracking is a way of extracting natural gas or ",
"timestamp": [
112.743,
117.06
]
},
{
"text": "crude oil from deep below Earth’s surface. \nIt uses high-pressure drilling and fluid to ",
"timestamp": [
117.06,
121.74
]
},
{
"text": "crude oil from deep below Earth’s surface. \nIt uses high-pressure drilling and fluid to ",
"timestamp": [
117.06,
121.74
]
},
{
"text": "fracture underground rocks — hence the \n“frack” — and releases the gas within.",
"timestamp": [
121.74,
125.76
]
},
{
"text": "fracture underground rocks — hence the \n“frack” — and releases the gas within.",
"timestamp": [
121.74,
125.76
]
},
{
"text": "But it also has some big side-effects.\nNotably, in 2003, a new fracking method ",
"timestamp": [
125.76,
132.12
]
},
{
"text": "But it also has some big side-effects.\nNotably, in 2003, a new fracking method ",
"timestamp": [
125.76,
132.12
]
},
{
"text": "burst onto the scene, just as the U.S. \nnatural gas supply was declining.",
"timestamp": [
132.12,
135.96
]
},
{
"text": "burst onto the scene, just as the U.S. \nnatural gas supply was declining.",
"timestamp": [
132.12,
135.96
]
},
{
"text": "By using mostly water instead of expensive gels, \nand drilling not just down but also horizontally, ",
"timestamp": [
135.96,
142.443
]
},
{
"text": "By using mostly water instead of expensive gels, \nand drilling not just down but also horizontally, ",
"timestamp": [
135.96,
142.443
]
},
{
"text": "this new method made it possible to \nextract more natural gas than ever before, ",
"timestamp": [
142.443,
147.445
]
},
{
"text": "this new method made it possible to \nextract more natural gas than ever before, ",
"timestamp": [
142.443,
147.445
]
},
{
"text": "and more cheaply, from rock called shale. \nThe fracking boom boosted the U.S. economy. ",
"timestamp": [
147.445,
152.7
]
},
{
"text": "and more cheaply, from rock called shale. \nThe fracking boom boosted the U.S. economy. ",
"timestamp": [
147.445,
152.7
]
},
{
"text": "Extracting gas within U.S. borders instead of \nimporting it helped create 2.8 million jobs ",
"timestamp": [
152.7,
159.12
]
},
{
"text": "Extracting gas within U.S. borders instead of \nimporting it helped create 2.8 million jobs ",
"timestamp": [
152.7,
159.12
]
},
{
"text": "and generate trillions of dollars in revenue.\nSounds like a net positive, right! Ah, if only. ",
"timestamp": [
159.12,
165.66
]
},
{
"text": "and generate trillions of dollars in revenue.\nSounds like a net positive, right! Ah, if only. ",
"timestamp": [
159.12,
165.66
]
},
{
"text": "The downside is that extracting natural \ngas from shale is messy. Some methane ",
"timestamp": [
165.66,
171.9
]
},
{
"text": "The downside is that extracting natural \ngas from shale is messy. Some methane ",
"timestamp": [
165.66,
171.9
]
},
{
"text": "inevitably escapes into the atmosphere.\nIt’d be like if whenever you sipped soda ",
"timestamp": [
171.9,
176.1
]
},
{
"text": "inevitably escapes into the atmosphere.\nIt’d be like if whenever you sipped soda ",
"timestamp": [
171.9,
176.1
]
},
{
"text": "from a straw, some of it came out the side \nof your mouth. Except here that soda is methane.",
"timestamp": [
176.1,
181.68
]
},
{
"text": "from a straw, some of it came out the side \nof your mouth. Except here that soda is methane.",
"timestamp": [
176.1,
181.68
]
},
{
"text": "This greenhouse gas traps 80 times \nas much heat as carbon dioxide in its ",
"timestamp": [
181.68,
187.32
]
},
{
"text": "This greenhouse gas traps 80 times \nas much heat as carbon dioxide in its ",
"timestamp": [
181.68,
187.32
]
},
{
"text": "first 20 years of entering the atmosphere. \nGlobal methane levels have spiked since 2007. ",
"timestamp": [
187.32,
192.18
]
},
{
"text": "first 20 years of entering the atmosphere. \nGlobal methane levels have spiked since 2007. ",
"timestamp": [
187.32,
192.18
]
},
{
"text": "The fracking boom, which has since spread beyond \nthe U.S., is a prime suspect in that who-dun-it. ",
"timestamp": [
192.18,
197.76
]
},
{
"text": "The fracking boom, which has since spread beyond \nthe U.S., is a prime suspect in that who-dun-it. ",
"timestamp": [
192.18,
197.76
]
},
{
"text": "Another problem? Used-up fracking wells \nkeep releasing methane even if they don’t ",
"timestamp": [
197.76,
202.14
]
},
{
"text": "Another problem? Used-up fracking wells \nkeep releasing methane even if they don’t ",
"timestamp": [
197.76,
202.14
]
},
{
"text": "get plugged up, which costs millions of \ndollars, and doesn’t always happen. ",
"timestamp": [
202.14,
205.882
]
},
{
"text": "get plugged up, which costs millions of \ndollars, and doesn’t always happen. ",
"timestamp": [
202.14,
205.882
]
},
{
"text": "To make matters even worse, pipelines transporting \noil and natural gas from fracking sites leak, ",
"timestamp": [
205.882,
212.04
]
},
{
"text": "To make matters even worse, pipelines transporting \noil and natural gas from fracking sites leak, ",
"timestamp": [
205.882,
212.04
]
},
{
"text": "which can threaten nearby communities. \nFor instance, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe ",
"timestamp": [
212.04,
216.78
]
},
{
"text": "which can threaten nearby communities. \nFor instance, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe ",
"timestamp": [
212.04,
216.78
]
},
{
"text": "protested the construction of the Dakota \nAccess pipeline which was built in 2017, ",
"timestamp": [
216.78,
222.028
]
},
{
"text": "protested the construction of the Dakota \nAccess pipeline which was built in 2017, ",
"timestamp": [
216.78,
222.028
]
},
{
"text": "and today runs directly beneath one of \nthe Reservation’s main water sources.",
"timestamp": [
222.028,
226.74
]
},
{
"text": "and today runs directly beneath one of \nthe Reservation’s main water sources.",
"timestamp": [
222.028,
226.74
]
},
{
"text": "So, overall, natural gas is a major — \nand majorly complicated — energy source. ",
"timestamp": [
226.74,
232.98
]
},
{
"text": "So, overall, natural gas is a major — \nand majorly complicated — energy source. ",
"timestamp": [
226.74,
232.98
]
},
{
"text": "But it will also likely play a big part \nin decarbonizing energy worldwide. ",
"timestamp": [
232.98,
237.3
]
},
{
"text": "But it will also likely play a big part \nin decarbonizing energy worldwide. ",
"timestamp": [
232.98,
237.3
]
},
{
"text": "Burning natural gas actually \nreleases significantly less ",
"timestamp": [
237.3,
241.08
]
},
{
"text": "Burning natural gas actually \nreleases significantly less ",
"timestamp": [
237.3,
241.08
]
},
{
"text": "carbon than burning other fossil \nfuels. And burning it to generate ",
"timestamp": [
241.08,
245.16
]
},
{
"text": "carbon than burning other fossil \nfuels. And burning it to generate ",
"timestamp": [
241.08,
245.16
]
},
{
"text": "electricity or heat makes less air \npollution than something like coal. ",
"timestamp": [
245.16,
248.88
]
},
{
"text": "electricity or heat makes less air \npollution than something like coal. ",
"timestamp": [
245.16,
248.88
]
},
{
"text": "It also releases fewer pollutants like \nnitrogen and sulfur oxides — pollutants ",
"timestamp": [
248.88,
253.32
]
},
{
"text": "It also releases fewer pollutants like \nnitrogen and sulfur oxides — pollutants ",
"timestamp": [
248.88,
253.32
]
},
{
"text": "that contribute to unhealthy air \nquality, and form smog and acid rain. ",
"timestamp": [
253.32,
256.98
]
},
{
"text": "that contribute to unhealthy air \nquality, and form smog and acid rain. ",
"timestamp": [
253.32,
256.98
]
},
{
"text": "But not everybody has the luxury of \nclean air and lower-pollution energy.",
"timestamp": [
256.98,
261.543
]
},
{
"text": "But not everybody has the luxury of \nclean air and lower-pollution energy.",
"timestamp": [
256.98,
261.543
]
},
{
"text": "Billions of people in low-income countries \ndon’t have access to natural gas.",
"timestamp": [
261.543,
266.552
]
},
{
"text": "Billions of people in low-income countries \ndon’t have access to natural gas.",
"timestamp": [
261.543,
266.552
]
},
{
"text": "So, they depend on high-polluting, solid fuels to \nheat their homes and cook dinner, such as coal ",
"timestamp": [
266.552,
271.68
]
},
{
"text": "So, they depend on high-polluting, solid fuels to \nheat their homes and cook dinner, such as coal ",
"timestamp": [
266.552,
271.68
]
},
{
"text": "or biomass. Biomass includes materials such as \ncharcoal, or wood, or dung from livestock. ",
"timestamp": [
271.68,
277.92
]
},
{
"text": "or biomass. Biomass includes materials such as \ncharcoal, or wood, or dung from livestock. ",
"timestamp": [
271.68,
277.92
]
},
{
"text": "These solid fuels release harmful chemicals when \nburned, including the nitrogen and sulfur oxides ",
"timestamp": [
277.92,
283.68
]
},
{
"text": "These solid fuels release harmful chemicals when \nburned, including the nitrogen and sulfur oxides ",
"timestamp": [
277.92,
283.68
]
},
{
"text": "that make smog. And they contribute to four \nmillion indoor air pollution-related deaths ",
"timestamp": [
283.68,
289.62
]
},
{
"text": "that make smog. And they contribute to four \nmillion indoor air pollution-related deaths ",
"timestamp": [
283.68,
289.62
]
},
{
"text": "each year. Let’s head to the Thought Bubble…\nTake a wintertime stroll through Ulaanbaatar, ",
"timestamp": [
289.62,
294.642
]
},
{
"text": "each year. Let’s head to the Thought Bubble…\nTake a wintertime stroll through Ulaanbaatar, ",
"timestamp": [
289.62,
294.642
]
},
{
"text": "the capital city of Mongolia, and you’ll notice the \nchill doesn’t just nip at your nose. It mauls it, ",
"timestamp": [
294.642,
299.88
]
},
{
"text": "the capital city of Mongolia, and you’ll notice the \nchill doesn’t just nip at your nose. It mauls it, ",
"timestamp": [
294.642,
299.88
]
},
{
"text": "with an average January temperature of -20 degrees \nCelsius. Oooh, delightful. I love the cold. ",
"timestamp": [
299.88,
307.124
]
},
{
"text": "with an average January temperature of -20 degrees \nCelsius. Oooh, delightful. I love the cold. ",
"timestamp": [
299.88,
307.124
]
},
{
"text": "But before your nose goes numb, you’ll notice \nthe sting in your throat. A thick smog hangs ",
"timestamp": [
307.124,
312.708
]
},
{
"text": "But before your nose goes numb, you’ll notice \nthe sting in your throat. A thick smog hangs ",
"timestamp": [
307.124,
312.708
]
},
{
"text": "over the city, trapped at ground level by \ncold winter air and surrounding mountains.",
"timestamp": [
312.708,
318.563
]
},
{
"text": "over the city, trapped at ground level by \ncold winter air and surrounding mountains.",
"timestamp": [
312.708,
318.563
]
},
{
"text": " \nThat smog is full of teeny-tiny ",
"timestamp": [
318.563,
321.36
]
},
{
"text": " \nThat smog is full of teeny-tiny ",
"timestamp": [
318.563,
321.36
]
},
{
"text": "soot particles called PM2.5. These tiniest \nof polluting particles are 30 times smaller in ",
"timestamp": [
321.36,
327.9
]
},
{
"text": "soot particles called PM2.5. These tiniest \nof polluting particles are 30 times smaller in ",
"timestamp": [
321.36,
327.9
]
},
{
"text": "diameter than a single strand of human hair. \nBut they pack a mean punch. When someone ",
"timestamp": [
327.9,
333
]
},
{
"text": "diameter than a single strand of human hair. \nBut they pack a mean punch. When someone ",
"timestamp": [
327.9,
333
]
},
{
"text": "breathes them in and these particles get \nlodged deep in the lungs and bloodstream, ",
"timestamp": [
333,
337.5
]
},
{
"text": "breathes them in and these particles get \nlodged deep in the lungs and bloodstream, ",
"timestamp": [
333,
337.5
]
},
{
"text": "they can cause pneumonia and bronchitis.\nAnd Ulaanbaatar’s air can carry 20 times ",
"timestamp": [
337.5,
342.78
]
},
{
"text": "they can cause pneumonia and bronchitis.\nAnd Ulaanbaatar’s air can carry 20 times ",
"timestamp": [
337.5,
342.78
]
},
{
"text": "more of these particles than what’s \nconsidered safe to breathe. ",
"timestamp": [
342.78,
346.14
]
},
{
"text": "more of these particles than what’s \nconsidered safe to breathe. ",
"timestamp": [
342.78,
346.14
]
},
{
"text": "Coal is to blame here—Mongolia’s main energy \nsource. For many households, directly burning ",
"timestamp": [
346.14,
352.86
]
},
{
"text": "Coal is to blame here—Mongolia’s main energy \nsource. For many households, directly burning ",
"timestamp": [
346.14,
352.86
]
},
{
"text": "coal is the only way to survive winter. And coal \nfuels 85% of the country’s power production, ",
"timestamp": [
352.86,
359.46
]
},
{
"text": "coal is the only way to survive winter. And coal \nfuels 85% of the country’s power production, ",
"timestamp": [
352.86,
359.46
]
},
{
"text": "so even electricity runs on it. \nUltimately, Ulaanbaatar finds ",
"timestamp": [
359.46,
363.96
]
},
{
"text": "so even electricity runs on it. \nUltimately, Ulaanbaatar finds ",
"timestamp": [
359.46,
363.96
]
},
{
"text": "itself in a coal-reliant cycle.\nDemand for coal drives more coal mining, ",
"timestamp": [
363.96,
368.82
]
},
{
"text": "itself in a coal-reliant cycle.\nDemand for coal drives more coal mining, ",
"timestamp": [
363.96,
368.82
]
},
{
"text": "which sucks up groundwater and \ndries grasslands to a crisp.",
"timestamp": [
368.82,
372.54
]
},
{
"text": "which sucks up groundwater and \ndries grasslands to a crisp.",
"timestamp": [
368.82,
372.54
]
},
{
"text": "As grasslands disappear, nomads \nare pushed to the city. And there, ",
"timestamp": [
372.54,
376.8
]
},
{
"text": "As grasslands disappear, nomads \nare pushed to the city. And there, ",
"timestamp": [
372.54,
376.8
]
},
{
"text": "they join the masses dependent on coal to stay \nwarm—which drives more demand for more coal.",
"timestamp": [
376.8,
382.98
]
},
{
"text": "they join the masses dependent on coal to stay \nwarm—which drives more demand for more coal.",
"timestamp": [
376.8,
382.98
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
382.98,
384.198
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
382.98,
384.198
]
},
{
"text": "Stuck in a loop like this, breaking up with coal \nwon’t be easy. Even replacing coal stoves with ",
"timestamp": [
384.198,
389.64
]
},
{
"text": "Stuck in a loop like this, breaking up with coal \nwon’t be easy. Even replacing coal stoves with ",
"timestamp": [
384.198,
389.64
]
},
{
"text": "coal-fueled electricity just pushes the \nproblem farther up the hill. Like passing ",
"timestamp": [
389.64,
393.78
]
},
{
"text": "coal-fueled electricity just pushes the \nproblem farther up the hill. Like passing ",
"timestamp": [
389.64,
393.78
]
},
{
"text": "a sizzling ember from one hand to another. Ow.\nWhen it comes to reducing ",
"timestamp": [
393.78,
398.1
]
},
{
"text": "a sizzling ember from one hand to another. Ow.\nWhen it comes to reducing ",
"timestamp": [
393.78,
398.1
]
},
{
"text": "carbon emissions and making our world a \ncleaner place for everyone, the situation ",
"timestamp": [
398.1,
402.96
]
},
{
"text": "carbon emissions and making our world a \ncleaner place for everyone, the situation ",
"timestamp": [
398.1,
402.96
]
},
{
"text": "is messy, and heating is no exception.\nIncreasing access to natural gas might help ",
"timestamp": [
402.96,
408.449
]
},
{
"text": "is messy, and heating is no exception.\nIncreasing access to natural gas might help ",
"timestamp": [
402.96,
408.449
]
},
{
"text": "Ulaanbaatar and other cities like it, but \nit’s still a very complicated solution.",
"timestamp": [
408.449,
412.8
]
},
{
"text": "Ulaanbaatar and other cities like it, but \nit’s still a very complicated solution.",
"timestamp": [
408.449,
412.8
]
},
{
"text": "And as long as electricity runs on coal, bringing \nelectric heaters to more people won’t be enough ",
"timestamp": [
412.8,
418.68
]
},
{
"text": "And as long as electricity runs on coal, bringing \nelectric heaters to more people won’t be enough ",
"timestamp": [
412.8,
418.68
]
},
{
"text": "to see cities like this out of the smog—or \nto see our planet out of rising emissions. ",
"timestamp": [
418.68,
423.54
]
},
{
"text": "to see cities like this out of the smog—or \nto see our planet out of rising emissions. ",
"timestamp": [
418.68,
423.54
]
},
{
"text": "Renewable energy, like solar or wind power, \nwould definitely help with this. But there’s ",
"timestamp": [
423.54,
428.422
]
},
{
"text": "Renewable energy, like solar or wind power, \nwould definitely help with this. But there’s ",
"timestamp": [
423.54,
428.422
]
},
{
"text": "still another side of the equation we \nhaven’t talked about yet: cooling.",
"timestamp": [
428.422,
433.143
]
},
{
"text": "still another side of the equation we \nhaven’t talked about yet: cooling.",
"timestamp": [
428.422,
433.143
]
},
{
"text": "Quick: guess what’s on track to be the most \nenergy-consuming appliance in my house? ",
"timestamp": [
433.143,
438.417
]
},
{
"text": "Quick: guess what’s on track to be the most \nenergy-consuming appliance in my house? ",
"timestamp": [
433.143,
438.417
]
},
{
"text": "Based on my current rate of waffle consumption, \nit feels like it should be my waffle-maker.",
"timestamp": [
438.417,
443.1
]
},
{
"text": "Based on my current rate of waffle consumption, \nit feels like it should be my waffle-maker.",
"timestamp": [
438.417,
443.1
]
},
{
"text": "But actually, it’s my air conditioner. \nBack to my love of frigid temperatures. ",
"timestamp": [
443.1,
447.42
]
},
{
"text": "But actually, it’s my air conditioner. \nBack to my love of frigid temperatures. ",
"timestamp": [
443.1,
447.42
]
},
{
"text": "Air conditioners are heavy electricity \nconsumers, and it’s mostly fossil ",
"timestamp": [
447.42,
451.86
]
},
{
"text": "Air conditioners are heavy electricity \nconsumers, and it’s mostly fossil ",
"timestamp": [
447.42,
451.86
]
},
{
"text": "fuels powering that electricity.\nAir conditioners also have a nasty ",
"timestamp": [
451.86,
455.7
]
},
{
"text": "fuels powering that electricity.\nAir conditioners also have a nasty ",
"timestamp": [
451.86,
455.7
]
},
{
"text": "way of releasing hydrofluorocarbons, one of the \ngreenhouse gases with the longest name and the ",
"timestamp": [
455.7,
460.229
]
},
{
"text": "way of releasing hydrofluorocarbons, one of the \ngreenhouse gases with the longest name and the ",
"timestamp": [
455.7,
460.229
]
},
{
"text": "most powerful global warming abilities.\nBut we can’t just ditch the AC altogether: ",
"timestamp": [
460.229,
464.22
]
},
{
"text": "most powerful global warming abilities.\nBut we can’t just ditch the AC altogether: ",
"timestamp": [
460.229,
464.22
]
},
{
"text": "As the climate warms, the need \nfor air-conditioning rises, too. ",
"timestamp": [
464.22,
468.96
]
},
{
"text": "As the climate warms, the need \nfor air-conditioning rises, too. ",
"timestamp": [
464.22,
468.96
]
},
{
"text": "Billions of people are facing global warming’s \ndeadliest effects, including more frequent, ",
"timestamp": [
468.96,
474.42
]
},
{
"text": "Billions of people are facing global warming’s \ndeadliest effects, including more frequent, ",
"timestamp": [
468.96,
474.42
]
},
{
"text": "severe heat waves. To some, air-conditioning \nbecomes a life-or-death necessity.",
"timestamp": [
474.42,
479.04
]
},
{
"text": "severe heat waves. To some, air-conditioning \nbecomes a life-or-death necessity.",
"timestamp": [
474.42,
479.04
]
},
{
"text": "The problem is, it’s a necessity that \nmillions of people can’t afford, ",
"timestamp": [
479.04,
483.48
]
},
{
"text": "The problem is, it’s a necessity that \nmillions of people can’t afford, ",
"timestamp": [
479.04,
483.48
]
},
{
"text": "so it’s also an issue of justice and equity.\nAnd to make things more complicated, ",
"timestamp": [
483.48,
488.22
]
},
{
"text": "so it’s also an issue of justice and equity.\nAnd to make things more complicated, ",
"timestamp": [
483.48,
488.22
]
},
{
"text": "the same air-conditioning that helps people \nsurvive blazing heat also exacerbates those ",
"timestamp": [
488.22,
493.68
]
},
{
"text": "the same air-conditioning that helps people \nsurvive blazing heat also exacerbates those ",
"timestamp": [
488.22,
493.68
]
},
{
"text": "conditions in the first place. \nBut it doesn’t have to be that way.",
"timestamp": [
493.68,
496.68
]
},
{
"text": "conditions in the first place. \nBut it doesn’t have to be that way.",
"timestamp": [
493.68,
496.68
]
},
{
"text": "One thing governments can do is raise the minimum \nefficiency requirements for appliances, so that ",
"timestamp": [
496.68,
502.92
]
},
{
"text": "One thing governments can do is raise the minimum \nefficiency requirements for appliances, so that ",
"timestamp": [
496.68,
502.92
]
},
{
"text": "any new AC unit has to meet a certain standard. \nMoving away from hydrofluorocarbons, and towards ",
"timestamp": [
502.92,
508.86
]
},
{
"text": "any new AC unit has to meet a certain standard. \nMoving away from hydrofluorocarbons, and towards ",
"timestamp": [
502.92,
508.86
]
},
{
"text": "refrigerants with lower greenhouse warming \npotential, would also help reduce emissions.",
"timestamp": [
508.86,
513.18
]
},
{
"text": "refrigerants with lower greenhouse warming \npotential, would also help reduce emissions.",
"timestamp": [
508.86,
513.18
]
},
{
"text": "And in fact, almost 200 countries have \nalready pledged to decrease the amount ",
"timestamp": [
513.18,
517.92
]
},
{
"text": "And in fact, almost 200 countries have \nalready pledged to decrease the amount ",
"timestamp": [
513.18,
517.92
]
},
{
"text": "of hydrofluorocarbons they use 80% by 2047. \nBesides improving existing air conditioner designs ",
"timestamp": [
517.92,
525.42
]
},
{
"text": "of hydrofluorocarbons they use 80% by 2047. \nBesides improving existing air conditioner designs ",
"timestamp": [
517.92,
525.42
]
},
{
"text": "and scaling up carbon-free electricity sources, \nanother option to cool our homes is to ditch AC units",
"timestamp": [
525.42,
532.08
]
},
{
"text": "and scaling up carbon-free electricity sources, \nanother option to cool our homes is to ditch AC units",
"timestamp": [
525.42,
532.08
]
},
{
"text": "altogether and consider other technologies.\nAnd as a big bonus, these solutions could help us",
"timestamp": [
532.08,
537.24
]
},
{
"text": "altogether and consider other technologies.\nAnd as a big bonus, these solutions could help us",
"timestamp": [
532.08,
537.24
]
},
{
"text": "with decarbonizing heating, too, and \neven help us move away from natural gas.",
"timestamp": [
537.24,
541.74
]
},
{
"text": "with decarbonizing heating, too, and \neven help us move away from natural gas.",
"timestamp": [
537.24,
541.74
]
},
{
"text": "Take the heat pump. Heat pumps use the same \nbasic mechanism of an air conditioner.",
"timestamp": [
541.74,
547.56
]
},
{
"text": "Take the heat pump. Heat pumps use the same \nbasic mechanism of an air conditioner.",
"timestamp": [
541.74,
547.56
]
},
{
"text": "When it’s warm out, both heat pumps and AC units \nuse heat-absorbing liquids called refrigerants to ",
"timestamp": [
547.56,
554.1
]
},
{
"text": "When it’s warm out, both heat pumps and AC units \nuse heat-absorbing liquids called refrigerants to ",
"timestamp": [
547.56,
554.1
]
},
{
"text": "move heat outside, so your bedroom stays cool.\nBut heat pumps can also do the opposite.",
"timestamp": [
554.1,
559.011
]
},
{
"text": "move heat outside, so your bedroom stays cool.\nBut heat pumps can also do the opposite.",
"timestamp": [
554.1,
559.011
]
},
{
"text": "In the winter, they can bring in heat from the \ncold air outdoors to keep your home warm.",
"timestamp": [
559.011,
564
]
},
{
"text": "In the winter, they can bring in heat from the \ncold air outdoors to keep your home warm.",
"timestamp": [
559.011,
564
]
},
{
"text": "That might sound weird: I know when I’m out \nwaiting for the bus in January, here in the ",
"timestamp": [
564,
568.62
]
},
{
"text": "That might sound weird: I know when I’m out \nwaiting for the bus in January, here in the ",
"timestamp": [
564,
568.62
]
},
{
"text": "Northern Hemisphere, my first thought isn’t, \n“Oh, there’s so much heat in the air right now.”",
"timestamp": [
568.62,
573.48
]
},
{
"text": "Northern Hemisphere, my first thought isn’t, \n“Oh, there’s so much heat in the air right now.”",
"timestamp": [
568.62,
573.48
]
},
{
"text": "But for as cold as winter is, the refrigerant \nin a heat pump is even colder. It can get down ",
"timestamp": [
573.48,
579.6
]
},
{
"text": "But for as cold as winter is, the refrigerant \nin a heat pump is even colder. It can get down ",
"timestamp": [
573.48,
579.6
]
},
{
"text": "to -50 degrees Celsius depending on the model.\nSo, the refrigerant absorbs and concentrates the ",
"timestamp": [
579.6,
585.9
]
},
{
"text": "to -50 degrees Celsius depending on the model.\nSo, the refrigerant absorbs and concentrates the ",
"timestamp": [
579.6,
585.9
]
},
{
"text": "little bit of heat lingering in the snowy air, \nwhich turns it into a gas. This refrigerant gas ",
"timestamp": [
585.9,
591.48
]
},
{
"text": "little bit of heat lingering in the snowy air, \nwhich turns it into a gas. This refrigerant gas ",
"timestamp": [
585.9,
591.48
]
},
{
"text": "is then brought inside and pressurized into a \nwarmer gas so that it can transfer the sweet, ",
"timestamp": [
591.48,
597.18
]
},
{
"text": "is then brought inside and pressurized into a \nwarmer gas so that it can transfer the sweet, ",
"timestamp": [
591.48,
597.18
]
},
{
"text": "sweet warmth of the air in your house.\nWhen powered by carbon-free electricity, ",
"timestamp": [
597.18,
601.56
]
},
{
"text": "sweet warmth of the air in your house.\nWhen powered by carbon-free electricity, ",
"timestamp": [
597.18,
601.56
]
},
{
"text": "heat pumps emit almost no greenhouse gases. \nAnd they can even have a negative Green Premium. ",
"timestamp": [
601.56,
608.76
]
},
{
"text": "heat pumps emit almost no greenhouse gases. \nAnd they can even have a negative Green Premium. ",
"timestamp": [
601.56,
608.76
]
},
{
"text": "That’s the cost difference \nbetween an energy source ",
"timestamp": [
608.76,
611.58
]
},
{
"text": "That’s the cost difference \nbetween an energy source ",
"timestamp": [
608.76,
611.58
]
},
{
"text": "that releases carbon and one that doesn’t. \nA negative premium means that, in some places, ",
"timestamp": [
611.58,
617.34
]
},
{
"text": "that releases carbon and one that doesn’t. \nA negative premium means that, in some places, ",
"timestamp": [
611.58,
617.34
]
},
{
"text": "it’s already cheaper in the long run to install \na heat pump than to run a natural gas furnace.",
"timestamp": [
617.34,
622.56
]
},
{
"text": "it’s already cheaper in the long run to install \na heat pump than to run a natural gas furnace.",
"timestamp": [
617.34,
622.56
]
},
{
"text": "That said, one barrier to heat pumps is that AC \nunits and natural gas furnaces last a long time.",
"timestamp": [
622.56,
630.445
]
},
{
"text": "That said, one barrier to heat pumps is that AC \nunits and natural gas furnaces last a long time.",
"timestamp": [
622.56,
630.445
]
},
{
"text": "It’s up to individual homeowners and building \ndevelopers to install heat pumps in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
630.445,
636.4
]
},
{
"text": "It’s up to individual homeowners and building \ndevelopers to install heat pumps in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
630.445,
636.4
]
},
{
"text": "And if my very expensive furnace \nwas still kicking, it would be hard for ",
"timestamp": [
636.4,
641.76
]
},
{
"text": "And if my very expensive furnace \nwas still kicking, it would be hard for ",
"timestamp": [
636.4,
641.76
]
},
{
"text": "me to get excited about forking over the \ncash to replace it with a heat pump.",
"timestamp": [
641.76,
645.36
]
},
{
"text": "me to get excited about forking over the \ncash to replace it with a heat pump.",
"timestamp": [
641.76,
645.36
]
},
{
"text": "Government tax incentives and loosening \nbuilding codes could be one way of ",
"timestamp": [
645.36,
649.98
]
},
{
"text": "Government tax incentives and loosening \nbuilding codes could be one way of ",
"timestamp": [
645.36,
649.98
]
},
{
"text": "encouraging more people to make the switch.\nBut a third path to decarbonization is to ",
"timestamp": [
649.98,
654.96
]
},
{
"text": "encouraging more people to make the switch.\nBut a third path to decarbonization is to ",
"timestamp": [
649.98,
654.96
]
},
{
"text": "work with the systems we’ve got—and \nfind new ways of powering them.",
"timestamp": [
654.96,
659.1
]
},
{
"text": "work with the systems we’ve got—and \nfind new ways of powering them.",
"timestamp": [
654.96,
659.1
]
},
{
"text": "And for heating in particular, \nthere are lots of options.",
"timestamp": [
659.1,
662.64
]
},
{
"text": "And for heating in particular, \nthere are lots of options.",
"timestamp": [
659.1,
662.64
]
},
{
"text": "My favorite? Trash. Now, unless you’re me or \na racoon, it might seem like not much good can ",
"timestamp": [
662.64,
670.56
]
},
{
"text": "My favorite? Trash. Now, unless you’re me or \na racoon, it might seem like not much good can ",
"timestamp": [
662.64,
670.56
]
},
{
"text": "come out of a steaming pile of trash.\nBut the trash heaps in our landfills ",
"timestamp": [
670.56,
674.16
]
},
{
"text": "come out of a steaming pile of trash.\nBut the trash heaps in our landfills ",
"timestamp": [
670.56,
674.16
]
},
{
"text": "already release gas as they decompose. \nAnd that gas can be captured, converted, ",
"timestamp": [
674.16,
679.08
]
},
{
"text": "already release gas as they decompose. \nAnd that gas can be captured, converted, ",
"timestamp": [
674.16,
679.08
]
},
{
"text": "and become a low-emission replacement for \nnatural gas in our existing furnaces.",
"timestamp": [
679.08,
683.28
]
},
{
"text": "and become a low-emission replacement for \nnatural gas in our existing furnaces.",
"timestamp": [
679.08,
683.28
]
},
{
"text": "Renewable “drop-in” fuels can \nalso help taper off emissions.",
"timestamp": [
683.28,
687.6
]
},
{
"text": "Renewable “drop-in” fuels can \nalso help taper off emissions.",
"timestamp": [
683.28,
687.6
]
},
{
"text": "These are basically fossil fuel substitutes made \nfrom renewable materials, and they can step in ",
"timestamp": [
687.6,
693.78
]
},
{
"text": "These are basically fossil fuel substitutes made \nfrom renewable materials, and they can step in ",
"timestamp": [
687.6,
693.78
]
},
{
"text": "for natural gas in our heating systems. \nFor example, second-generation biofuels ",
"timestamp": [
693.78,
698.58
]
},
{
"text": "for natural gas in our heating systems. \nFor example, second-generation biofuels ",
"timestamp": [
693.78,
698.58
]
},
{
"text": "can be made from non-edible crops that are \nalready being produced alongside our food, ",
"timestamp": [
698.58,
703.14
]
},
{
"text": "can be made from non-edible crops that are \nalready being produced alongside our food, ",
"timestamp": [
698.58,
703.14
]
},
{
"text": "such as straw and corn husks.\nMeanwhile, electrofuels go a step ",
"timestamp": [
703.14,
708
]
},
{
"text": "such as straw and corn husks.\nMeanwhile, electrofuels go a step ",
"timestamp": [
703.14,
708
]
},
{
"text": "further by not requiring crops at all.\nThey’re made by capturing carbon dioxide ",
"timestamp": [
708,
712.32
]
},
{
"text": "further by not requiring crops at all.\nThey’re made by capturing carbon dioxide ",
"timestamp": [
708,
712.32
]
},
{
"text": "and mixing it with the hydrogen from \nwater molecules to create some of ",
"timestamp": [
712.32,
715.8
]
},
{
"text": "and mixing it with the hydrogen from \nwater molecules to create some of ",
"timestamp": [
712.32,
715.8
]
},
{
"text": "the same molecules found in fossil fuels.\nSince electrofuels are made of hydrocarbons ",
"timestamp": [
715.8,
721.08
]
},
{
"text": "the same molecules found in fossil fuels.\nSince electrofuels are made of hydrocarbons ",
"timestamp": [
715.8,
721.08
]
},
{
"text": "just like traditional fossil fuels, burning them \nwould release carbon dioxide. But because that ",
"timestamp": [
721.08,
726.313
]
},
{
"text": "just like traditional fossil fuels, burning them \nwould release carbon dioxide. But because that ",
"timestamp": [
721.08,
726.313
]
},
{
"text": "carbon was just captured from the atmosphere or \nfrom a fossil fuel power plant, we wouldn’t be ",
"timestamp": [
726.313,
731.28
]
},
{
"text": "carbon was just captured from the atmosphere or \nfrom a fossil fuel power plant, we wouldn’t be ",
"timestamp": [
726.313,
731.28
]
},
{
"text": "adding any new emissions to the atmosphere. \nThen there’s the challenge of that pesky Green Premium. ",
"timestamp": [
731.28,
736.148
]
},
{
"text": "adding any new emissions to the atmosphere. \nThen there’s the challenge of that pesky Green Premium. ",
"timestamp": [
731.28,
736.148
]
},
{
"text": "These drop-in fuels can also carry a \nhigh upfront cost compared to fossil fuel energy.",
"timestamp": [
736.148,
741.448
]
},
{
"text": "These drop-in fuels can also carry a \nhigh upfront cost compared to fossil fuel energy.",
"timestamp": [
736.148,
741.448
]
},
{
"text": "By offering a renewable alternative, they can \nhelp us reduce emissions as we wean our heating ",
"timestamp": [
741.448,
746.94
]
},
{
"text": "By offering a renewable alternative, they can \nhelp us reduce emissions as we wean our heating ",
"timestamp": [
741.448,
746.94
]
},
{
"text": "systems off the fuels they were built for.\nHumans have devised ingenious ways of keeping ",
"timestamp": [
746.94,
751.62
]
},
{
"text": "systems off the fuels they were built for.\nHumans have devised ingenious ways of keeping ",
"timestamp": [
746.94,
751.62
]
},
{
"text": "warm and staying cool, everywhere from the Arctic \nCircle to the Mojave Desert. Unfortunately, ",
"timestamp": [
751.62,
756.96
]
},
{
"text": "warm and staying cool, everywhere from the Arctic \nCircle to the Mojave Desert. Unfortunately, ",
"timestamp": [
751.62,
756.96
]
},
{
"text": "some of those energy choices have helped bring \nus to our current mess: the climate crisis.",
"timestamp": [
756.96,
762.24
]
},
{
"text": "some of those energy choices have helped bring \nus to our current mess: the climate crisis.",
"timestamp": [
756.96,
762.24
]
},
{
"text": "But that same ingenuity can \nhelp us tackle the road ahead.",
"timestamp": [
762.24,
766.56
]
},
{
"text": "But that same ingenuity can \nhelp us tackle the road ahead.",
"timestamp": [
762.24,
766.56
]
},
{
"text": "It won’t be easy to decarbonize heating \nand cooling. It will involve reducing the ",
"timestamp": [
766.56,
770.782
]
},
{
"text": "It won’t be easy to decarbonize heating \nand cooling. It will involve reducing the ",
"timestamp": [
766.56,
770.782
]
},
{
"text": "emissions of existing systems, while \nalso working to create better ones.",
"timestamp": [
770.782,
775.14
]
},
{
"text": "emissions of existing systems, while \nalso working to create better ones.",
"timestamp": [
770.782,
775.14
]
},
{
"text": "But in the long run, electrifying heating \nand cooling will be critical to reducing air ",
"timestamp": [
775.14,
779.34
]
},
{
"text": "But in the long run, electrifying heating \nand cooling will be critical to reducing air ",
"timestamp": [
775.14,
779.34
]
},
{
"text": "pollution and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. \nAchieving carbon-free heating and cooling won’t be ",
"timestamp": [
779.34,
785.16
]
},
{
"text": "pollution and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. \nAchieving carbon-free heating and cooling won’t be ",
"timestamp": [
779.34,
785.16
]
},
{
"text": "the only challenge. It’ll also be critical to \nmake it available to everyone on the planet. ",
"timestamp": [
785.16,
791.4
]
},
{
"text": "the only challenge. It’ll also be critical to \nmake it available to everyone on the planet. ",
"timestamp": [
785.16,
791.4
]
},
{
"text": "The way we manage the temperature \nindoors matters a lot. And, ",
"timestamp": [
791.4,
796.62
]
},
{
"text": "The way we manage the temperature \nindoors matters a lot. And, ",
"timestamp": [
791.4,
796.62
]
},
{
"text": "as we’ll find out next time, so does the way \nwe — and our stuff — get from place to place.",
"timestamp": [
796.62,
802.68
]
},
{
"text": "as we’ll find out next time, so does the way \nwe — and our stuff — get from place to place.",
"timestamp": [
796.62,
802.68
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Eric Prestemon, \nthis episode’s thermostat monitor.",
"timestamp": [
802.68,
807.076
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Eric Prestemon, \nthis episode’s thermostat monitor.",
"timestamp": [
802.68,
807.076
]
},
{
"text": "Eric, thanks for keeping an eagle eye on that dial, \nand always turning the heat down when we leave ",
"timestamp": [
807.076,
812.22
]
},
{
"text": "Eric, thanks for keeping an eagle eye on that dial, \nand always turning the heat down when we leave ",
"timestamp": [
807.076,
812.22
]
},
{
"text": "the studio—very energy conscious of \nyou. And thanks for being a supporter on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
812.22,
817.02
]
},
{
"text": "the studio—very energy conscious of \nyou. And thanks for being a supporter on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
812.22,
817.02
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by \nComplexly with support provided by Breakthrough Energy",
"timestamp": [
817.02,
822.4
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by \nComplexly with support provided by Breakthrough Energy",
"timestamp": [
817.02,
822.4
]
},
{
"text": "and Gates Ventures. This episode \nwas filmed at the Castle Geraghty Studio ",
"timestamp": [
822.4,
826.74
]
},
{
"text": "and Gates Ventures. This episode \nwas filmed at the Castle Geraghty Studio ",
"timestamp": [
822.4,
826.74
]
},
{
"text": "and was made with the help of all these \nnice people. If you want to help keep ",
"timestamp": [
826.74,
831.42
]
},
{
"text": "and was made with the help of all these \nnice people. If you want to help keep ",
"timestamp": [
826.74,
831.42
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course free for everyone, forever, \nyou can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
831.42,
835.74
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course free for everyone, forever, \nyou can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
831.42,
835.74
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Heating Without Fossil Fuels",
"Okay, when the weather outside is frightful, what’s a person gotta do to \nget some delight up in here?Well, that depends on where and when you live.\nWe humans have harnessed imaginative ways of heating and cooling our \nhomes throughout the ages.For centuries, Korean houses stayed toasty \nwith built-in floor warmers. In ancient Persia, cooling towers called wind-catchers made \nthe desert a bearable place to live.And today, here at Crash Course \nHeadquarters, comfort is as simple as turning up the dial on a thermostat. \nBut that convenience comes at a price. Heating and cooling homes and commercial buildings leads to \nabout 7% of all global carbon dioxide emissions every year — which doesn’t sound like \nthat much until you realize that that translates to more than 3.5 billion tons.\nAnd those surges of carbon dioxide are cranking up the thermostat on our \nplanet at unprecedented rates.As temperatures soar outdoors, one \nof our biggest challenges will be rethinking how we manage temperatures \nindoors—and making reliable, carbon-free heating and cooling available to everyone.Hi hi! I'm M Jackson and \nthis is Crash Course Climate and Energy.[INTRO]"
],
[
"Fracking & Natural Gas",
"When I pump up the heat in our studio, \nI’m tapping into a resource hundreds of millions of years in the making: natural gas.\nAs a fossil fuel, it’s derived from decomposed plants and creatures that lived before the \ndinosaurs, like these cuties. I like to imagine I owe my piping-hot bubble bath to them.\nBut natural gas consists mostly of methane, one of the notorious greenhouse gases. \nAnd our means of extracting methane contributes to climate change, contaminates \nwater, and can even cause earthquakes.I’m talking about fracking.\nNo, not the PG-version of a cuss, hollered when you stub your toe in front of your parents.\nFracking is a way of extracting natural gas or crude oil from deep below Earth’s surface. \nIt uses high-pressure drilling and fluid to fracture underground rocks — hence the \n“frack” — and releases the gas within.But it also has some big side-effects.\nNotably, in 2003, a new fracking method burst onto the scene, just as the U.S. \nnatural gas supply was declining.By using mostly water instead of expensive gels, \nand drilling not just down but also horizontally, this new method made it possible to \nextract more natural gas than ever before, and more cheaply, from rock called shale. \nThe fracking boom boosted the U.S. economy. Extracting gas within U.S. borders instead of \nimporting it helped create 2.8 million jobs and generate trillions of dollars in revenue.\nSounds like a net positive, right! Ah, if only. The downside is that extracting natural \ngas from shale is messy. Some methane inevitably escapes into the atmosphere.\nIt’d be like if whenever you sipped soda from a straw, some of it came out the side \nof your mouth. Except here that soda is methane.This greenhouse gas traps 80 times \nas much heat as carbon dioxide in its first 20 years of entering the atmosphere. \nGlobal methane levels have spiked since 2007. The fracking boom, which has since spread beyond \nthe U.S., is a prime suspect in that who-dun-it. Another problem? Used-up fracking wells \nkeep releasing methane even if they don’t get plugged up, which costs millions of \ndollars, and doesn’t always happen. To make matters even worse, pipelines transporting \noil and natural gas from fracking sites leak, which can threaten nearby communities. \nFor instance, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe protested the construction of the Dakota \nAccess pipeline which was built in 2017, and today runs directly beneath one of \nthe Reservation’s main water sources.So, overall, natural gas is a major — \nand majorly complicated — energy source. But it will also likely play a big part \nin decarbonizing energy worldwide. Burning natural gas actually \nreleases significantly less carbon than burning other fossil \nfuels. And burning it to generate electricity or heat makes less air \npollution than something like coal. It also releases fewer pollutants like \nnitrogen and sulfur oxides — pollutants that contribute to unhealthy air \nquality, and form smog and acid rain. But not everybody has the luxury of \nclean air and lower-pollution energy."
],
[
"The Problem of Heating with Coal",
"Billions of people in low-income countries \ndon’t have access to natural gas.So, they depend on high-polluting, solid fuels to \nheat their homes and cook dinner, such as coal or biomass. Biomass includes materials such as \ncharcoal, or wood, or dung from livestock. These solid fuels release harmful chemicals when \nburned, including the nitrogen and sulfur oxides that make smog. And they contribute to four \nmillion indoor air pollution-related deaths each year. Let’s head to the Thought Bubble…\nTake a wintertime stroll through Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, and you’ll notice the \nchill doesn’t just nip at your nose. It mauls it, with an average January temperature of -20 degrees \nCelsius. Oooh, delightful. I love the cold. But before your nose goes numb, you’ll notice \nthe sting in your throat. A thick smog hangs over the city, trapped at ground level by \ncold winter air and surrounding mountains. \nThat smog is full of teeny-tiny soot particles called PM2.5. These tiniest \nof polluting particles are 30 times smaller in diameter than a single strand of human hair. \nBut they pack a mean punch. When someone breathes them in and these particles get \nlodged deep in the lungs and bloodstream, they can cause pneumonia and bronchitis.\nAnd Ulaanbaatar’s air can carry 20 times more of these particles than what’s \nconsidered safe to breathe. Coal is to blame here—Mongolia’s main energy \nsource. For many households, directly burning coal is the only way to survive winter. And coal \nfuels 85% of the country’s power production, so even electricity runs on it. \nUltimately, Ulaanbaatar finds itself in a coal-reliant cycle.\nDemand for coal drives more coal mining, which sucks up groundwater and \ndries grasslands to a crisp.As grasslands disappear, nomads \nare pushed to the city. And there, they join the masses dependent on coal to stay \nwarm—which drives more demand for more coal.Thanks Thought Bubble!Stuck in a loop like this, breaking up with coal \nwon’t be easy. Even replacing coal stoves with coal-fueled electricity just pushes the \nproblem farther up the hill. Like passing a sizzling ember from one hand to another. Ow.\nWhen it comes to reducing carbon emissions and making our world a \ncleaner place for everyone, the situation is messy, and heating is no exception.\nIncreasing access to natural gas might help Ulaanbaatar and other cities like it, but \nit’s still a very complicated solution.And as long as electricity runs on coal, bringing \nelectric heaters to more people won’t be enough to see cities like this out of the smog—or \nto see our planet out of rising emissions. "
],
[
"Cooling Without Fossil Fuels",
"Renewable energy, like solar or wind power, \nwould definitely help with this. But there’s still another side of the equation we \nhaven’t talked about yet: cooling.Quick: guess what’s on track to be the most \nenergy-consuming appliance in my house? Based on my current rate of waffle consumption, \nit feels like it should be my waffle-maker.But actually, it’s my air conditioner. \nBack to my love of frigid temperatures. Air conditioners are heavy electricity \nconsumers, and it’s mostly fossil fuels powering that electricity.\nAir conditioners also have a nasty way of releasing hydrofluorocarbons, one of the \ngreenhouse gases with the longest name and the most powerful global warming abilities.\nBut we can’t just ditch the AC altogether: As the climate warms, the need \nfor air-conditioning rises, too. Billions of people are facing global warming’s \ndeadliest effects, including more frequent, severe heat waves. To some, air-conditioning \nbecomes a life-or-death necessity.The problem is, it’s a necessity that \nmillions of people can’t afford, so it’s also an issue of justice and equity.\nAnd to make things more complicated, the same air-conditioning that helps people \nsurvive blazing heat also exacerbates those conditions in the first place. \nBut it doesn’t have to be that way.One thing governments can do is raise the minimum \nefficiency requirements for appliances, so that any new AC unit has to meet a certain standard. \nMoving away from hydrofluorocarbons, and towards refrigerants with lower greenhouse warming \npotential, would also help reduce emissions.And in fact, almost 200 countries have \nalready pledged to decrease the amount of hydrofluorocarbons they use 80% by 2047. \nBesides improving existing air conditioner designs "
],
[
"Heat Pumps for Heating & Cooling",
"and scaling up carbon-free electricity sources, \nanother option to cool our homes is to ditch AC unitsaltogether and consider other technologies.\nAnd as a big bonus, these solutions could help uswith decarbonizing heating, too, and \neven help us move away from natural gas.Take the heat pump. Heat pumps use the same \nbasic mechanism of an air conditioner.When it’s warm out, both heat pumps and AC units \nuse heat-absorbing liquids called refrigerants to move heat outside, so your bedroom stays cool.\nBut heat pumps can also do the opposite.In the winter, they can bring in heat from the \ncold air outdoors to keep your home warm.That might sound weird: I know when I’m out \nwaiting for the bus in January, here in the Northern Hemisphere, my first thought isn’t, \n“Oh, there’s so much heat in the air right now.”But for as cold as winter is, the refrigerant \nin a heat pump is even colder. It can get down to -50 degrees Celsius depending on the model.\nSo, the refrigerant absorbs and concentrates the little bit of heat lingering in the snowy air, \nwhich turns it into a gas. This refrigerant gas is then brought inside and pressurized into a \nwarmer gas so that it can transfer the sweet, sweet warmth of the air in your house.\nWhen powered by carbon-free electricity, heat pumps emit almost no greenhouse gases. \nAnd they can even have a negative Green Premium. That’s the cost difference \nbetween an energy source that releases carbon and one that doesn’t. \nA negative premium means that, in some places, it’s already cheaper in the long run to install \na heat pump than to run a natural gas furnace.That said, one barrier to heat pumps is that AC \nunits and natural gas furnaces last a long time.It’s up to individual homeowners and building \ndevelopers to install heat pumps in the first place.And if my very expensive furnace \nwas still kicking, it would be hard for me to get excited about forking over the \ncash to replace it with a heat pump.Government tax incentives and loosening \nbuilding codes could be one way of encouraging more people to make the switch.\nBut a third path to decarbonization is to "
],
[
"Alternative Fuels for Low-Carbon Heating",
"work with the systems we’ve got—and \nfind new ways of powering them.And for heating in particular, \nthere are lots of options.My favorite? Trash. Now, unless you’re me or \na racoon, it might seem like not much good can come out of a steaming pile of trash.\nBut the trash heaps in our landfills already release gas as they decompose. \nAnd that gas can be captured, converted, and become a low-emission replacement for \nnatural gas in our existing furnaces.Renewable “drop-in” fuels can \nalso help taper off emissions.These are basically fossil fuel substitutes made \nfrom renewable materials, and they can step in for natural gas in our heating systems. \nFor example, second-generation biofuels can be made from non-edible crops that are \nalready being produced alongside our food, such as straw and corn husks.\nMeanwhile, electrofuels go a step further by not requiring crops at all.\nThey’re made by capturing carbon dioxide and mixing it with the hydrogen from \nwater molecules to create some of the same molecules found in fossil fuels.\nSince electrofuels are made of hydrocarbons just like traditional fossil fuels, burning them \nwould release carbon dioxide. But because that carbon was just captured from the atmosphere or \nfrom a fossil fuel power plant, we wouldn’t be adding any new emissions to the atmosphere. \nThen there’s the challenge of that pesky Green Premium. These drop-in fuels can also carry a \nhigh upfront cost compared to fossil fuel energy.By offering a renewable alternative, they can \nhelp us reduce emissions as we wean our heating systems off the fuels they were built for.\nHumans have devised ingenious ways of keeping "
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"warm and staying cool, everywhere from the Arctic \nCircle to the Mojave Desert. Unfortunately, some of those energy choices have helped bring \nus to our current mess: the climate crisis.But that same ingenuity can \nhelp us tackle the road ahead.It won’t be easy to decarbonize heating \nand cooling. It will involve reducing the emissions of existing systems, while \nalso working to create better ones.But in the long run, electrifying heating \nand cooling will be critical to reducing air pollution and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. \nAchieving carbon-free heating and cooling won’t be the only challenge. It’ll also be critical to \nmake it available to everyone on the planet. The way we manage the temperature \nindoors matters a lot. And, as we’ll find out next time, so does the way \nwe — and our stuff — get from place to place.Special thanks to Eric Prestemon, \nthis episode’s thermostat monitor.Eric, thanks for keeping an eagle eye on that dial, \nand always turning the heat down when we leave the studio—very energy conscious of \nyou. And thanks for being a supporter on Patreon.Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by \nComplexly with support provided by Breakthrough Energyand Gates Ventures. This episode \nwas filmed at the Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with the help of all these \nnice people. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, \nyou can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How Can We Store Renewable Energy?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #4
|
rDkaZWirNME
| 787 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Storing Carbon-Free Electricity",
"end_time": 70
},
{
"start_time": 70,
"title": "Electricity As An Energy Carrier",
"end_time": 130
},
{
"start_time": 130,
"title": "The Electric Grid",
"end_time": 210
},
{
"start_time": 210,
"title": "Electricity Supply & The Duck Curve",
"end_time": 380
},
{
"start_time": 380,
"title": "Electrochemical Storage of Electricity",
"end_time": 448
},
{
"start_time": 448,
"title": "Chemical Storage of Electricity",
"end_time": 500
},
{
"start_time": 500,
"title": "Mechanical Storage of Electricity",
"end_time": 537
},
{
"start_time": 537,
"title": "Thermal Storage of Electricity",
"end_time": 592
},
{
"start_time": 592,
"title": "Transmitting Carbon-Free Electricity",
"end_time": 688
},
{
"start_time": 688,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 787
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Say you wanted to power the entire Earth \nwith solar power. I estimate you would need ",
"timestamp": [
0.18,
5.469
]
},
{
"text": "Say you wanted to power the entire Earth \nwith solar power. I estimate you would need ",
"timestamp": [
0.18,
5.469
]
},
{
"text": "around 112,000 square kilometers of at least \nmoderately-efficient photovoltaic panels.",
"timestamp": [
5.469,
13.26
]
},
{
"text": "around 112,000 square kilometers of at least \nmoderately-efficient photovoltaic panels.",
"timestamp": [
5.469,
13.26
]
},
{
"text": "If that sounds like a lot, that’s because it \nis, but it’s also not. Because those panels ",
"timestamp": [
13.26,
18.66
]
},
{
"text": "If that sounds like a lot, that’s because it \nis, but it’s also not. Because those panels ",
"timestamp": [
13.26,
18.66
]
},
{
"text": "could also all fit in just a little \nmore than 1% of the Saharan desert.",
"timestamp": [
18.66,
23.4
]
},
{
"text": "could also all fit in just a little \nmore than 1% of the Saharan desert.",
"timestamp": [
18.66,
23.4
]
},
{
"text": "And with the falling cost of solar panels, ",
"timestamp": [
23.4,
25.32
]
},
{
"text": "And with the falling cost of solar panels, ",
"timestamp": [
23.4,
25.32
]
},
{
"text": "it could be done waaaay more cheaply than making \nthe same amount of power with nuclear fuel.",
"timestamp": [
25.32,
29.7
]
},
{
"text": "it could be done waaaay more cheaply than making \nthe same amount of power with nuclear fuel.",
"timestamp": [
25.32,
29.7
]
},
{
"text": "But like we talked about last time, in episode 3, \nthere’s a big problem with relying on renewable ",
"timestamp": [
29.7,
34.92
]
},
{
"text": "But like we talked about last time, in episode 3, \nthere’s a big problem with relying on renewable ",
"timestamp": [
29.7,
34.92
]
},
{
"text": "resources like solar and wind: What happens \nto our electricity when the sun goes down?",
"timestamp": [
34.92,
39.3
]
},
{
"text": "resources like solar and wind: What happens \nto our electricity when the sun goes down?",
"timestamp": [
34.92,
39.3
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes the rotation of the \nEarth can be a real bummer.",
"timestamp": [
39.3,
42.24
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes the rotation of the \nEarth can be a real bummer.",
"timestamp": [
39.3,
42.24
]
},
{
"text": "Another problem? We need reliable ways \nto store and transmit electricity, ",
"timestamp": [
42.24,
48.559
]
},
{
"text": "Another problem? We need reliable ways \nto store and transmit electricity, ",
"timestamp": [
42.24,
48.559
]
},
{
"text": "so that it’s available when and where we need it.",
"timestamp": [
48.559,
51.284
]
},
{
"text": "so that it’s available when and where we need it.",
"timestamp": [
48.559,
51.284
]
},
{
"text": "And that is going to require a lot \nmore technology and a lot more space.",
"timestamp": [
51.284,
56.52
]
},
{
"text": "And that is going to require a lot \nmore technology and a lot more space.",
"timestamp": [
51.284,
56.52
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
56.52,
60.895
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
56.52,
60.895
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
60.895,
70.92
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
60.895,
70.92
]
},
{
"text": "Electricity rules our lives.",
"timestamp": [
70.92,
73.26
]
},
{
"text": "Electricity rules our lives.",
"timestamp": [
70.92,
73.26
]
},
{
"text": "We use it from the moment we wake up and check \nour phones, when we cook, when we work, wind down, ",
"timestamp": [
73.26,
78.42
]
},
{
"text": "We use it from the moment we wake up and check \nour phones, when we cook, when we work, wind down, ",
"timestamp": [
73.26,
78.42
]
},
{
"text": "when we watch YouTube videos, all the way to the \nend of the day when we switch off the lights… ",
"timestamp": [
78.42,
83.76
]
},
{
"text": "when we watch YouTube videos, all the way to the \nend of the day when we switch off the lights… ",
"timestamp": [
78.42,
83.76
]
},
{
"text": "and watch more YouTube. And \nthen eventually go to sleep.",
"timestamp": [
83.76,
86.64
]
},
{
"text": "and watch more YouTube. And \nthen eventually go to sleep.",
"timestamp": [
83.76,
86.64
]
},
{
"text": "Electricity won this MVP status thanks \nto its versatility as an energy carrier.",
"timestamp": [
86.64,
91.68
]
},
{
"text": "Electricity won this MVP status thanks \nto its versatility as an energy carrier.",
"timestamp": [
86.64,
91.68
]
},
{
"text": "As tiny particles called electrons flow \nwithin conductive materials — think copper, ",
"timestamp": [
91.68,
96.72
]
},
{
"text": "As tiny particles called electrons flow \nwithin conductive materials — think copper, ",
"timestamp": [
91.68,
96.72
]
},
{
"text": "aluminum, gold, or really any metal — they \npush energy from one place to another.",
"timestamp": [
96.72,
102.268
]
},
{
"text": "aluminum, gold, or really any metal — they \npush energy from one place to another.",
"timestamp": [
96.72,
102.268
]
},
{
"text": "And that energy can be used to \ndo anything you could dream of, ",
"timestamp": [
102.268,
105.72
]
},
{
"text": "And that energy can be used to \ndo anything you could dream of, ",
"timestamp": [
102.268,
105.72
]
},
{
"text": "or at least, design for.\nIt can heat your home, ",
"timestamp": [
105.72,
108.96
]
},
{
"text": "or at least, design for.\nIt can heat your home, ",
"timestamp": [
105.72,
108.96
]
},
{
"text": "it can heat your takeout. It can even \nhelp power those agricultural processes ",
"timestamp": [
108.96,
113.04
]
},
{
"text": "it can heat your takeout. It can even \nhelp power those agricultural processes ",
"timestamp": [
108.96,
113.04
]
},
{
"text": "that lead to your takeout, and manufacture \nthe plastic container your takeout comes in.",
"timestamp": [
113.04,
118.14
]
},
{
"text": "that lead to your takeout, and manufacture \nthe plastic container your takeout comes in.",
"timestamp": [
113.04,
118.14
]
},
{
"text": "So, decarbonizing electricity could go a long \nway to decarbonizing many adjacent industries, ",
"timestamp": [
118.14,
123.9
]
},
{
"text": "So, decarbonizing electricity could go a long \nway to decarbonizing many adjacent industries, ",
"timestamp": [
118.14,
123.9
]
},
{
"text": "like construction, agriculture, transportation.",
"timestamp": [
123.9,
126.6
]
},
{
"text": "like construction, agriculture, transportation.",
"timestamp": [
123.9,
126.6
]
},
{
"text": "But like you can probably guess by this \npoint, that’s easier said than done.",
"timestamp": [
126.6,
130.68
]
},
{
"text": "But like you can probably guess by this \npoint, that’s easier said than done.",
"timestamp": [
126.6,
130.68
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, all of our homes and industries \nare connected to their electricity supply by ",
"timestamp": [
130.68,
135.54
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, all of our homes and industries \nare connected to their electricity supply by ",
"timestamp": [
130.68,
135.54
]
},
{
"text": "a vast electric grid. Last time, we compared \nthat electric grid to a bucket of water.",
"timestamp": [
135.54,
141.18
]
},
{
"text": "a vast electric grid. Last time, we compared \nthat electric grid to a bucket of water.",
"timestamp": [
135.54,
141.18
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine this time the bucket is the \ngrid, and the electricity is the water. ",
"timestamp": [
141.18,
145.8
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine this time the bucket is the \ngrid, and the electricity is the water. ",
"timestamp": [
141.18,
145.8
]
},
{
"text": "Power plants put water into the bucket, and then, ",
"timestamp": [
145.8,
148.5
]
},
{
"text": "Power plants put water into the bucket, and then, ",
"timestamp": [
145.8,
148.5
]
},
{
"text": "when you flip the lights on, that water \nflows through a hose to wherever you are.",
"timestamp": [
148.5,
152.76
]
},
{
"text": "when you flip the lights on, that water \nflows through a hose to wherever you are.",
"timestamp": [
148.5,
152.76
]
},
{
"text": "Crucially, the utilities companies are the \nbucket managers: It’s their job to control ",
"timestamp": [
152.76,
157.62
]
},
{
"text": "Crucially, the utilities companies are the \nbucket managers: It’s their job to control ",
"timestamp": [
152.76,
157.62
]
},
{
"text": "the flow of electricity in and out of the bucket \nand make sure it stays full throughout the day.",
"timestamp": [
157.62,
162.3
]
},
{
"text": "the flow of electricity in and out of the bucket \nand make sure it stays full throughout the day.",
"timestamp": [
157.62,
162.3
]
},
{
"text": "Traditionally, power plants that use fossil \nfuels have produced electricity on-demand, ",
"timestamp": [
162.3,
166.74
]
},
{
"text": "Traditionally, power plants that use fossil \nfuels have produced electricity on-demand, ",
"timestamp": [
162.3,
166.74
]
},
{
"text": "to effectively pump water back into the \nbucket to replace whatever is used up.",
"timestamp": [
166.74,
171.72
]
},
{
"text": "to effectively pump water back into the \nbucket to replace whatever is used up.",
"timestamp": [
166.74,
171.72
]
},
{
"text": "But as we lean more on renewable resources like \nwind and solar, we won’t have that flexibility. ",
"timestamp": [
171.72,
177.54
]
},
{
"text": "But as we lean more on renewable resources like \nwind and solar, we won’t have that flexibility. ",
"timestamp": [
171.72,
177.54
]
},
{
"text": "We don't get to pick when the sun shines \nor when the wind blows. And that can lead ",
"timestamp": [
177.54,
182.52
]
},
{
"text": "We don't get to pick when the sun shines \nor when the wind blows. And that can lead ",
"timestamp": [
177.54,
182.52
]
},
{
"text": "to overproduction. Basically, on a \nreally sunny or really windy day, ",
"timestamp": [
182.52,
186.6
]
},
{
"text": "to overproduction. Basically, on a \nreally sunny or really windy day, ",
"timestamp": [
182.52,
186.6
]
},
{
"text": "so much water could be poured into the bucket that \nit could overflow and damage the whole system.",
"timestamp": [
186.6,
191.76
]
},
{
"text": "so much water could be poured into the bucket that \nit could overflow and damage the whole system.",
"timestamp": [
186.6,
191.76
]
},
{
"text": "To avoid this, utility companies \ndo something called curtailment, ",
"timestamp": [
191.76,
195.48
]
},
{
"text": "To avoid this, utility companies \ndo something called curtailment, ",
"timestamp": [
191.76,
195.48
]
},
{
"text": "where they selectively switch off solar panels \nor wind turbines at their most productive times.",
"timestamp": [
195.48,
200.82
]
},
{
"text": "where they selectively switch off solar panels \nor wind turbines at their most productive times.",
"timestamp": [
195.48,
200.82
]
},
{
"text": "If you’ve ever noticed a wind turbine not \nspinning on a pretty windy day and wondered why… ",
"timestamp": [
200.82,
206.16
]
},
{
"text": "If you’ve ever noticed a wind turbine not \nspinning on a pretty windy day and wondered why… ",
"timestamp": [
200.82,
206.16
]
},
{
"text": "Well, there’s a good chance that’s why.",
"timestamp": [
206.16,
208.8
]
},
{
"text": "Well, there’s a good chance that’s why.",
"timestamp": [
206.16,
208.8
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
208.8,
210.3
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
208.8,
210.3
]
},
{
"text": "The amount of electricity a neighborhood \nuses varies during the day, depending on ",
"timestamp": [
210.3,
213.96
]
},
{
"text": "The amount of electricity a neighborhood \nuses varies during the day, depending on ",
"timestamp": [
210.3,
213.96
]
},
{
"text": "people’s habits. And as much as we like to \nfeel unique, we really are habitual creatures.",
"timestamp": [
213.96,
219.18
]
},
{
"text": "people’s habits. And as much as we like to \nfeel unique, we really are habitual creatures.",
"timestamp": [
213.96,
219.18
]
},
{
"text": "In the morning, you and your neighbors \nget up, turn the lights on, make coffee, ",
"timestamp": [
219.18,
223.8
]
},
{
"text": "In the morning, you and your neighbors \nget up, turn the lights on, make coffee, ",
"timestamp": [
219.18,
223.8
]
},
{
"text": "watch YouTube videos. So the load on \nthe electric grid gradually ramps up.",
"timestamp": [
223.8,
228.78
]
},
{
"text": "watch YouTube videos. So the load on \nthe electric grid gradually ramps up.",
"timestamp": [
223.8,
228.78
]
},
{
"text": "After that, things tend to stay pretty constant \nduring the day, because you’re either gone, ",
"timestamp": [
228.78,
233.04
]
},
{
"text": "After that, things tend to stay pretty constant \nduring the day, because you’re either gone, ",
"timestamp": [
228.78,
233.04
]
},
{
"text": "or because you’re working at home with the \nsame lights and same devices drawing power.",
"timestamp": [
233.04,
237.12
]
},
{
"text": "or because you’re working at home with the \nsame lights and same devices drawing power.",
"timestamp": [
233.04,
237.12
]
},
{
"text": "But then, comes evening.",
"timestamp": [
237.12,
238.5
]
},
{
"text": "But then, comes evening.",
"timestamp": [
237.12,
238.5
]
},
{
"text": "People are coming home, it’s getting dark, ",
"timestamp": [
238.5,
240.72
]
},
{
"text": "People are coming home, it’s getting dark, ",
"timestamp": [
238.5,
240.72
]
},
{
"text": "so you’re turning on more lights around \nthe house, cooking food, playing music, ",
"timestamp": [
240.72,
245.16
]
},
{
"text": "so you’re turning on more lights around \nthe house, cooking food, playing music, ",
"timestamp": [
240.72,
245.16
]
},
{
"text": "chilling in front of the TV. So, the load on \nthe grid peaks to its highest level of the day.",
"timestamp": [
245.16,
250.74
]
},
{
"text": "chilling in front of the TV. So, the load on \nthe grid peaks to its highest level of the day.",
"timestamp": [
245.16,
250.74
]
},
{
"text": "Then, as everyone goes to bed, electricity \nusage tails off to its lowest levels.",
"timestamp": [
250.74,
256.26
]
},
{
"text": "Then, as everyone goes to bed, electricity \nusage tails off to its lowest levels.",
"timestamp": [
250.74,
256.26
]
},
{
"text": "But this curve of “rise, flat, peak, and \ndrop” changes when you add solar panels.",
"timestamp": [
256.26,
261.96
]
},
{
"text": "But this curve of “rise, flat, peak, and \ndrop” changes when you add solar panels.",
"timestamp": [
256.26,
261.96
]
},
{
"text": "Panels produce most of their \nelectricity during the day, ",
"timestamp": [
261.96,
264.66
]
},
{
"text": "Panels produce most of their \nelectricity during the day, ",
"timestamp": [
261.96,
264.66
]
},
{
"text": "so they easily meet the \ndemand of the mid-day plateau.",
"timestamp": [
264.66,
268.26
]
},
{
"text": "so they easily meet the \ndemand of the mid-day plateau.",
"timestamp": [
264.66,
268.26
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, the electric grid is being asked to \nsupply less power than what’s being produced, ",
"timestamp": [
268.26,
273.84
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, the electric grid is being asked to \nsupply less power than what’s being produced, ",
"timestamp": [
268.26,
273.84
]
},
{
"text": "so wind and solar power plants may even \nswitch off to avoid overproduction.",
"timestamp": [
273.84,
278.16
]
},
{
"text": "so wind and solar power plants may even \nswitch off to avoid overproduction.",
"timestamp": [
273.84,
278.16
]
},
{
"text": "But then comes evening…and it’s like one \nminute you’re jogging at a comfortable pace, ",
"timestamp": [
278.16,
282.24
]
},
{
"text": "But then comes evening…and it’s like one \nminute you’re jogging at a comfortable pace, ",
"timestamp": [
278.16,
282.24
]
},
{
"text": "and the next you’re sprinting full speed away \nfrom a bear… or, towards an ice cream truck.",
"timestamp": [
282.24,
287.16
]
},
{
"text": "and the next you’re sprinting full speed away \nfrom a bear… or, towards an ice cream truck.",
"timestamp": [
282.24,
287.16
]
},
{
"text": "Peak demand happens right when the sun \ngoes down. So, good night, solar power.",
"timestamp": [
287.16,
291.72
]
},
{
"text": "Peak demand happens right when the sun \ngoes down. So, good night, solar power.",
"timestamp": [
287.16,
291.72
]
},
{
"text": "The baseload fossil fuel and nuclear \npower plants suddenly have to step ",
"timestamp": [
291.72,
295.8
]
},
{
"text": "The baseload fossil fuel and nuclear \npower plants suddenly have to step ",
"timestamp": [
291.72,
295.8
]
},
{
"text": "in to supply all the electricity, ramping up \nproduction very quickly to pick up the slack.",
"timestamp": [
295.8,
301.08
]
},
{
"text": "in to supply all the electricity, ramping up \nproduction very quickly to pick up the slack.",
"timestamp": [
295.8,
301.08
]
},
{
"text": "This pattern of midday sag and steep evening \nincline has a name: the Duck Curve —because ",
"timestamp": [
301.08,
306.3
]
},
{
"text": "This pattern of midday sag and steep evening \nincline has a name: the Duck Curve —because ",
"timestamp": [
301.08,
306.3
]
},
{
"text": "if you squint and tilt your head to \nthe side, it kinda looks like a duck?!",
"timestamp": [
306.3,
309.54
]
},
{
"text": "if you squint and tilt your head to \nthe side, it kinda looks like a duck?!",
"timestamp": [
306.3,
309.54
]
},
{
"text": "Look, we don’t make the names here.",
"timestamp": [
309.54,
311.34
]
},
{
"text": "Look, we don’t make the names here.",
"timestamp": [
309.54,
311.34
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
311.34,
312.66
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
311.34,
312.66
]
},
{
"text": "As cute as it sounds, the Duck Curve \nspells trouble for the electricity grid.",
"timestamp": [
312.66,
317.1
]
},
{
"text": "As cute as it sounds, the Duck Curve \nspells trouble for the electricity grid.",
"timestamp": [
312.66,
317.1
]
},
{
"text": "It’s really inefficient and \ndefinitely not economical ",
"timestamp": [
317.1,
320.1
]
},
{
"text": "It’s really inefficient and \ndefinitely not economical ",
"timestamp": [
317.1,
320.1
]
},
{
"text": "for power plants to keep switching off \nand then ramping up supply so quickly.",
"timestamp": [
320.1,
324.54
]
},
{
"text": "for power plants to keep switching off \nand then ramping up supply so quickly.",
"timestamp": [
320.1,
324.54
]
},
{
"text": "That doesn’t mean solar panels are a \nbad idea—they’re still carbon-free, ",
"timestamp": [
324.54,
328.02
]
},
{
"text": "That doesn’t mean solar panels are a \nbad idea—they’re still carbon-free, ",
"timestamp": [
324.54,
328.02
]
},
{
"text": "renewable energy! But the way we do \nelectricity just wasn’t made for them.",
"timestamp": [
328.02,
332.46
]
},
{
"text": "renewable energy! But the way we do \nelectricity just wasn’t made for them.",
"timestamp": [
328.02,
332.46
]
},
{
"text": "Now, one way to get around this is to change \nour habits. That’s called load shifting.",
"timestamp": [
332.46,
337.62
]
},
{
"text": "Now, one way to get around this is to change \nour habits. That’s called load shifting.",
"timestamp": [
332.46,
337.62
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, we could start using most of our \nelectricity when it’s cheapest to generate.",
"timestamp": [
337.62,
341.76
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, we could start using most of our \nelectricity when it’s cheapest to generate.",
"timestamp": [
337.62,
341.76
]
},
{
"text": "That could mean running the washing machine in the ",
"timestamp": [
341.76,
343.458
]
},
{
"text": "That could mean running the washing machine in the ",
"timestamp": [
341.76,
343.458
]
},
{
"text": "middle of the night when there’s less \ndemand on the grid. Or it could mean ",
"timestamp": [
343.458,
346.86
]
},
{
"text": "middle of the night when there’s less \ndemand on the grid. Or it could mean ",
"timestamp": [
343.458,
346.86
]
},
{
"text": "switching on an electric heater in the \nday when solar power is most plentiful.",
"timestamp": [
346.86,
350.94
]
},
{
"text": "switching on an electric heater in the \nday when solar power is most plentiful.",
"timestamp": [
346.86,
350.94
]
},
{
"text": "Those individual changes add up! But, as we \ntalked about before and we’ll talk about again, ",
"timestamp": [
350.94,
357.439
]
},
{
"text": "Those individual changes add up! But, as we \ntalked about before and we’ll talk about again, ",
"timestamp": [
350.94,
357.439
]
},
{
"text": "tackling climate change isn’t just \nabout you; it’s about collaboration.",
"timestamp": [
357.439,
361.98
]
},
{
"text": "tackling climate change isn’t just \nabout you; it’s about collaboration.",
"timestamp": [
357.439,
361.98
]
},
{
"text": "And even if everybody did midnight laundry, ",
"timestamp": [
361.98,
365.04
]
},
{
"text": "And even if everybody did midnight laundry, ",
"timestamp": [
361.98,
365.04
]
},
{
"text": "that wouldn’t be enough to \ncompletely flatten the Duck Curve.",
"timestamp": [
365.04,
368.4
]
},
{
"text": "that wouldn’t be enough to \ncompletely flatten the Duck Curve.",
"timestamp": [
365.04,
368.4
]
},
{
"text": "Plus, what about when you really need to binge \na nature show during peak evening hours?",
"timestamp": [
368.4,
372.759
]
},
{
"text": "Plus, what about when you really need to binge \na nature show during peak evening hours?",
"timestamp": [
368.4,
372.759
]
},
{
"text": "Or, at any time of the day or night, \nwhen a hospital needs electricity ",
"timestamp": [
372.759,
376.44
]
},
{
"text": "Or, at any time of the day or night, \nwhen a hospital needs electricity ",
"timestamp": [
372.759,
376.44
]
},
{
"text": "to perform surgeries, take x-rays, \nkeep vital sign monitors running?",
"timestamp": [
376.44,
380.1
]
},
{
"text": "to perform surgeries, take x-rays, \nkeep vital sign monitors running?",
"timestamp": [
376.44,
380.1
]
},
{
"text": "For that, there’s another solution: We \ncould level out the Duck Curve by storing ",
"timestamp": [
380.1,
385.26
]
},
{
"text": "For that, there’s another solution: We \ncould level out the Duck Curve by storing ",
"timestamp": [
380.1,
385.26
]
},
{
"text": "electricity when it’s made in excess, and \ndishing it out when we need it the most.",
"timestamp": [
385.26,
389.22
]
},
{
"text": "electricity when it’s made in excess, and \ndishing it out when we need it the most.",
"timestamp": [
385.26,
389.22
]
},
{
"text": "For example, any extra electricity \nsolar panels make during the day ",
"timestamp": [
389.22,
393.12
]
},
{
"text": "For example, any extra electricity \nsolar panels make during the day ",
"timestamp": [
389.22,
393.12
]
},
{
"text": "could be stored and then used in the evening \nso power plants don’t have to work as hard.",
"timestamp": [
393.12,
397.38
]
},
{
"text": "could be stored and then used in the evening \nso power plants don’t have to work as hard.",
"timestamp": [
393.12,
397.38
]
},
{
"text": "And there are already multiple \nways we could make this happen.",
"timestamp": [
397.38,
400.688
]
},
{
"text": "And there are already multiple \nways we could make this happen.",
"timestamp": [
397.38,
400.688
]
},
{
"text": "First, you’ve got electrochemical \nstorage, a.k.a. your everyday battery.",
"timestamp": [
400.688,
405.48
]
},
{
"text": "First, you’ve got electrochemical \nstorage, a.k.a. your everyday battery.",
"timestamp": [
400.688,
405.48
]
},
{
"text": "Batteries contain charged particles. \nAnd when you plug in your phone, ",
"timestamp": [
405.48,
409.32
]
},
{
"text": "Batteries contain charged particles. \nAnd when you plug in your phone, ",
"timestamp": [
405.48,
409.32
]
},
{
"text": "those particles go from one end of the battery to \nthe other and hang out there until you need them.",
"timestamp": [
409.32,
414.36
]
},
{
"text": "those particles go from one end of the battery to \nthe other and hang out there until you need them.",
"timestamp": [
409.32,
414.36
]
},
{
"text": "Then, when you unplug your phone and \nstart scrolling through cat photos, ",
"timestamp": [
414.36,
417.42
]
},
{
"text": "Then, when you unplug your phone and \nstart scrolling through cat photos, ",
"timestamp": [
414.36,
417.42
]
},
{
"text": "the particles release energy by whipping \nback to the other side of the battery, ",
"timestamp": [
417.42,
421.32
]
},
{
"text": "the particles release energy by whipping \nback to the other side of the battery, ",
"timestamp": [
417.42,
421.32
]
},
{
"text": "generating an electric current as they go.",
"timestamp": [
421.32,
423.36
]
},
{
"text": "generating an electric current as they go.",
"timestamp": [
421.32,
423.36
]
},
{
"text": "Batteries are fast and easy to charge, \nthey’re relatively safe and portable, ",
"timestamp": [
423.36,
427.5
]
},
{
"text": "Batteries are fast and easy to charge, \nthey’re relatively safe and portable, ",
"timestamp": [
423.36,
427.5
]
},
{
"text": "and they can hold their \nenergy for a very long time.",
"timestamp": [
427.5,
430.56
]
},
{
"text": "and they can hold their \nenergy for a very long time.",
"timestamp": [
427.5,
430.56
]
},
{
"text": "The trouble is, electrochemical batteries \noften use metals that are rare on Earth, ",
"timestamp": [
430.56,
434.76
]
},
{
"text": "The trouble is, electrochemical batteries \noften use metals that are rare on Earth, ",
"timestamp": [
430.56,
434.76
]
},
{
"text": "so assembling enough of them to store \nelectricity for an entire grid would be costly.",
"timestamp": [
434.76,
439.56
]
},
{
"text": "so assembling enough of them to store \nelectricity for an entire grid would be costly.",
"timestamp": [
434.76,
439.56
]
},
{
"text": "To extract these rare Earth minerals, you \nwould need big mining operations that would ",
"timestamp": [
439.56,
444.583
]
},
{
"text": "To extract these rare Earth minerals, you \nwould need big mining operations that would ",
"timestamp": [
439.56,
444.583
]
},
{
"text": "damage the environment. Which is kind of \nthe opposite of what we’re going for here.",
"timestamp": [
444.583,
448.56
]
},
{
"text": "damage the environment. Which is kind of \nthe opposite of what we’re going for here.",
"timestamp": [
444.583,
448.56
]
},
{
"text": "So instead, excess electrical energy \ncould be stored by chemical means.",
"timestamp": [
448.56,
452.7
]
},
{
"text": "So instead, excess electrical energy \ncould be stored by chemical means.",
"timestamp": [
448.56,
452.7
]
},
{
"text": "We’d use extra electricity to split \nwater molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, ",
"timestamp": [
452.7,
456.96
]
},
{
"text": "We’d use extra electricity to split \nwater molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, ",
"timestamp": [
452.7,
456.96
]
},
{
"text": "in a process called electrolysis. \nThen, when we needed electricity later, ",
"timestamp": [
456.96,
461.64
]
},
{
"text": "in a process called electrolysis. \nThen, when we needed electricity later, ",
"timestamp": [
456.96,
461.64
]
},
{
"text": "we could generate it using a hydrogen fuel cell.",
"timestamp": [
461.64,
464.16
]
},
{
"text": "we could generate it using a hydrogen fuel cell.",
"timestamp": [
461.64,
464.16
]
},
{
"text": "Here, the hydrogen enter a chamber with \na special membrane. The membrane lets part ",
"timestamp": [
464.16,
469.14
]
},
{
"text": "Here, the hydrogen enter a chamber with \na special membrane. The membrane lets part ",
"timestamp": [
464.16,
469.14
]
},
{
"text": "of the hydrogen atoms pass through: \ntheir positively-charged protons. ",
"timestamp": [
469.14,
473.108
]
},
{
"text": "of the hydrogen atoms pass through: \ntheir positively-charged protons. ",
"timestamp": [
469.14,
473.108
]
},
{
"text": "But the negatively-charged electrons have \nto take a different path to the other ",
"timestamp": [
473.108,
476.76
]
},
{
"text": "But the negatively-charged electrons have \nto take a different path to the other ",
"timestamp": [
473.108,
476.76
]
},
{
"text": "end of the fuel cell. And that stream of \nelectrons creates an electric current.",
"timestamp": [
476.76,
481.853
]
},
{
"text": "end of the fuel cell. And that stream of \nelectrons creates an electric current.",
"timestamp": [
476.76,
481.853
]
},
{
"text": "The only waste product here is water, \nso this is a carbon-free option that ",
"timestamp": [
481.853,
485.672
]
},
{
"text": "The only waste product here is water, \nso this is a carbon-free option that ",
"timestamp": [
481.853,
485.672
]
},
{
"text": "uses and regenerates one of the \nEarth’s most abundant resources.",
"timestamp": [
485.672,
489.755
]
},
{
"text": "uses and regenerates one of the \nEarth’s most abundant resources.",
"timestamp": [
485.672,
489.755
]
},
{
"text": "The catch? Hydrogen is a really lightweight gas, \nmeaning, its molecules are quite spread out. ",
"timestamp": [
489.755,
495.559
]
},
{
"text": "The catch? Hydrogen is a really lightweight gas, \nmeaning, its molecules are quite spread out. ",
"timestamp": [
489.755,
495.559
]
},
{
"text": "So, it takes up a lot of space and is difficult \nto compress into small containers for storage.",
"timestamp": [
495.559,
500.543
]
},
{
"text": "So, it takes up a lot of space and is difficult \nto compress into small containers for storage.",
"timestamp": [
495.559,
500.543
]
},
{
"text": "So, there’s a third option that’s carbon-free, ",
"timestamp": [
500.543,
502.68
]
},
{
"text": "So, there’s a third option that’s carbon-free, ",
"timestamp": [
500.543,
502.68
]
},
{
"text": "and it deals with regular, un-split \nwater: it’s called mechanical energy.",
"timestamp": [
502.68,
507.3
]
},
{
"text": "and it deals with regular, un-split \nwater: it’s called mechanical energy.",
"timestamp": [
502.68,
507.3
]
},
{
"text": "When there’s electricity to spare, ",
"timestamp": [
507.3,
509.22
]
},
{
"text": "When there’s electricity to spare, ",
"timestamp": [
507.3,
509.22
]
},
{
"text": "water is pumped to the top of a big \nhill and kept there in a reservoir.",
"timestamp": [
509.22,
513.18
]
},
{
"text": "water is pumped to the top of a big \nhill and kept there in a reservoir.",
"timestamp": [
509.22,
513.18
]
},
{
"text": "Then, when the electricity is needed again, ",
"timestamp": [
513.18,
515.566
]
},
{
"text": "Then, when the electricity is needed again, ",
"timestamp": [
513.18,
515.566
]
},
{
"text": "water is released to turn a turbine \nand generate power on-demand.",
"timestamp": [
515.566,
519.36
]
},
{
"text": "water is released to turn a turbine \nand generate power on-demand.",
"timestamp": [
515.566,
519.36
]
},
{
"text": "This is basically the same technology \nas a hydroelectric dam: You just add ",
"timestamp": [
519.36,
523.44
]
},
{
"text": "This is basically the same technology \nas a hydroelectric dam: You just add ",
"timestamp": [
519.36,
523.44
]
},
{
"text": "an uphill pump. So, this is something we \ncould actually develop relatively easily.",
"timestamp": [
523.44,
528
]
},
{
"text": "an uphill pump. So, this is something we \ncould actually develop relatively easily.",
"timestamp": [
523.44,
528
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not the most efficient technology.",
"timestamp": [
528,
530.28
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not the most efficient technology.",
"timestamp": [
528,
530.28
]
},
{
"text": "You need a huge space and at least \none big hill for a reservoir, ",
"timestamp": [
530.28,
534
]
},
{
"text": "You need a huge space and at least \none big hill for a reservoir, ",
"timestamp": [
530.28,
534
]
},
{
"text": "if you’re going to rely on \ngravity alone. Sorry, Kansas.",
"timestamp": [
534,
537.199
]
},
{
"text": "if you’re going to rely on \ngravity alone. Sorry, Kansas.",
"timestamp": [
534,
537.199
]
},
{
"text": "So, the last option is thermal energy storage.",
"timestamp": [
537.199,
540.36
]
},
{
"text": "So, the last option is thermal energy storage.",
"timestamp": [
537.199,
540.36
]
},
{
"text": "Here, excess electricity is used \nto heat a material with a high ",
"timestamp": [
540.36,
544.32
]
},
{
"text": "Here, excess electricity is used \nto heat a material with a high ",
"timestamp": [
540.36,
544.32
]
},
{
"text": "boiling point, like molten salt.\nSome salts don’t melt until they ",
"timestamp": [
544.32,
549.144
]
},
{
"text": "boiling point, like molten salt.\nSome salts don’t melt until they ",
"timestamp": [
544.32,
549.144
]
},
{
"text": "reach several hundred degrees Celsius, so \nthey’re really not something you want to ",
"timestamp": [
549.144,
552.96
]
},
{
"text": "reach several hundred degrees Celsius, so \nthey’re really not something you want to ",
"timestamp": [
549.144,
552.96
]
},
{
"text": "put on your fries… because your food would \nimmediately catch explosion, pardon, fire. ",
"timestamp": [
552.96,
559.92
]
},
{
"text": "put on your fries… because your food would \nimmediately catch explosion, pardon, fire. ",
"timestamp": [
552.96,
559.92
]
},
{
"text": "But these salts are a good heat source.",
"timestamp": [
559.92,
562.5
]
},
{
"text": "But these salts are a good heat source.",
"timestamp": [
559.92,
562.5
]
},
{
"text": "So, when the demand for electricity increases, \nthe heat from the salt can be transferred to ",
"timestamp": [
562.5,
566.43
]
},
{
"text": "So, when the demand for electricity increases, \nthe heat from the salt can be transferred to ",
"timestamp": [
562.5,
566.43
]
},
{
"text": "water to make steam, turn turbines, \nand generate the electricity we need.",
"timestamp": [
566.43,
570.84
]
},
{
"text": "water to make steam, turn turbines, \nand generate the electricity we need.",
"timestamp": [
566.43,
570.84
]
},
{
"text": "It seems simple, and existing fossil \nfuel plants could even be repurposed ",
"timestamp": [
570.84,
575.4
]
},
{
"text": "It seems simple, and existing fossil \nfuel plants could even be repurposed ",
"timestamp": [
570.84,
575.4
]
},
{
"text": "to contain thermal storage and steam generators.",
"timestamp": [
575.4,
577.74
]
},
{
"text": "to contain thermal storage and steam generators.",
"timestamp": [
575.4,
577.74
]
},
{
"text": "Except, molten salt also has a bad habit of \ncorroding everything it touches. And fighting ",
"timestamp": [
577.74,
584.047
]
},
{
"text": "Except, molten salt also has a bad habit of \ncorroding everything it touches. And fighting ",
"timestamp": [
577.74,
584.047
]
},
{
"text": "that is a constant, expensive battle, so is \nkeeping the salt hot enough to stay liquid, ",
"timestamp": [
584.047,
590.1
]
},
{
"text": "that is a constant, expensive battle, so is \nkeeping the salt hot enough to stay liquid, ",
"timestamp": [
584.047,
590.1
]
},
{
"text": "especially if you want to do \nthat with renewable energy.",
"timestamp": [
590.1,
592.62
]
},
{
"text": "especially if you want to do \nthat with renewable energy.",
"timestamp": [
590.1,
592.62
]
},
{
"text": "As great as they are, renewable energy \nsources like wind or solar just don’t ",
"timestamp": [
592.62,
597.14
]
},
{
"text": "As great as they are, renewable energy \nsources like wind or solar just don’t ",
"timestamp": [
592.62,
597.14
]
},
{
"text": "have a high energy density \ncompared to fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
597.14,
600.54
]
},
{
"text": "have a high energy density \ncompared to fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
597.14,
600.54
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, to generate the same amount \nof energy as a fossil fuel power plant using ",
"timestamp": [
600.54,
605.34
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, to generate the same amount \nof energy as a fossil fuel power plant using ",
"timestamp": [
600.54,
605.34
]
},
{
"text": "solar panels, you’d need anywhere \nfrom 25 to 2000 times as much space.",
"timestamp": [
605.34,
611.04
]
},
{
"text": "solar panels, you’d need anywhere \nfrom 25 to 2000 times as much space.",
"timestamp": [
605.34,
611.04
]
},
{
"text": "Compared to fossil fuels, all \nthese storage options can have ",
"timestamp": [
611.04,
614.167
]
},
{
"text": "Compared to fossil fuels, all \nthese storage options can have ",
"timestamp": [
611.04,
614.167
]
},
{
"text": "a high Green Premium, or upfront cost difference.",
"timestamp": [
614.167,
617.292
]
},
{
"text": "a high Green Premium, or upfront cost difference.",
"timestamp": [
614.167,
617.292
]
},
{
"text": "So, there is one more path: We start sharing \nbuckets across locations, even time zones. ",
"timestamp": [
617.292,
622.02
]
},
{
"text": "So, there is one more path: We start sharing \nbuckets across locations, even time zones. ",
"timestamp": [
617.292,
622.02
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, instead of saving \nspare electricity for when we need it, ",
"timestamp": [
622.02,
625.62
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, instead of saving \nspare electricity for when we need it, ",
"timestamp": [
622.02,
625.62
]
},
{
"text": "we could transmit that electricity to \nsomewhere that needs it right now.",
"timestamp": [
625.62,
629.4
]
},
{
"text": "we could transmit that electricity to \nsomewhere that needs it right now.",
"timestamp": [
625.62,
629.4
]
},
{
"text": "Connecting grids over wider areas would allow \nutility companies to deliver electricity more ",
"timestamp": [
629.4,
634.5
]
},
{
"text": "Connecting grids over wider areas would allow \nutility companies to deliver electricity more ",
"timestamp": [
629.4,
634.5
]
},
{
"text": "efficiently and more equitably. And it could \novercome some of the limitations with renewable ",
"timestamp": [
634.5,
640.44
]
},
{
"text": "efficiently and more equitably. And it could \novercome some of the limitations with renewable ",
"timestamp": [
634.5,
640.44
]
},
{
"text": "energy: One region that’s super sunny could \nsend power to a city that’s a bit more overcast. [Phone rings]",
"timestamp": [
640.44,
648.58
]
},
{
"text": "energy: One region that’s super sunny could \nsend power to a city that’s a bit more overcast. [Phone rings]",
"timestamp": [
640.44,
648.58
]
},
{
"text": "This is Seattle… Hey Phoenix!",
"timestamp": [
648.58,
651.376
]
},
{
"text": "This is Seattle… Hey Phoenix!",
"timestamp": [
648.58,
651.376
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, this is hard with \nthe grids we have at the moment.",
"timestamp": [
651.376,
654.24
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, this is hard with \nthe grids we have at the moment.",
"timestamp": [
651.376,
654.24
]
},
{
"text": "Our buckets only serve certain \nregions. Unless you happen to ",
"timestamp": [
654.24,
657.536
]
},
{
"text": "Our buckets only serve certain \nregions. Unless you happen to ",
"timestamp": [
654.24,
657.536
]
},
{
"text": "be near Indianapolis right now, my region’s \nelectricity bucket, not connected to yours.",
"timestamp": [
657.536,
662.82
]
},
{
"text": "be near Indianapolis right now, my region’s \nelectricity bucket, not connected to yours.",
"timestamp": [
657.536,
662.82
]
},
{
"text": "But this is starting to change!",
"timestamp": [
662.82,
664.793
]
},
{
"text": "But this is starting to change!",
"timestamp": [
662.82,
664.793
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, the TransWest Express in the US \n(say that three times fast) is planning to take ",
"timestamp": [
664.793,
670.5
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, the TransWest Express in the US \n(say that three times fast) is planning to take ",
"timestamp": [
664.793,
670.5
]
},
{
"text": "wind power from Wyoming and deliver it all the way \nto California, over a thousand kilometers away.",
"timestamp": [
670.5,
675.36
]
},
{
"text": "wind power from Wyoming and deliver it all the way \nto California, over a thousand kilometers away.",
"timestamp": [
670.5,
675.36
]
},
{
"text": "Big regional projects like this will \nhelp each state reduce its emissions, ",
"timestamp": [
675.36,
679.08
]
},
{
"text": "Big regional projects like this will \nhelp each state reduce its emissions, ",
"timestamp": [
675.36,
679.08
]
},
{
"text": "while requiring fewer solar panels and wind \nturbines than if each state powered itself alone.",
"timestamp": [
679.08,
684.48
]
},
{
"text": "while requiring fewer solar panels and wind \nturbines than if each state powered itself alone.",
"timestamp": [
679.08,
684.48
]
},
{
"text": "You know what they say: Team \nwork makes the dream work!",
"timestamp": [
684.48,
688.32
]
},
{
"text": "You know what they say: Team \nwork makes the dream work!",
"timestamp": [
684.48,
688.32
]
},
{
"text": "In the end, decarbonizing electricity \nwon’t have a single solution, ",
"timestamp": [
688.32,
691.98
]
},
{
"text": "In the end, decarbonizing electricity \nwon’t have a single solution, ",
"timestamp": [
688.32,
691.98
]
},
{
"text": "like filling part of the Sahara with solar panels.",
"timestamp": [
691.98,
694.44
]
},
{
"text": "like filling part of the Sahara with solar panels.",
"timestamp": [
691.98,
694.44
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, if transmitting electricity \nbetween states is hard right now, ",
"timestamp": [
694.44,
698.22
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, if transmitting electricity \nbetween states is hard right now, ",
"timestamp": [
694.44,
698.22
]
},
{
"text": "imagine the challenge of transmitting \nelectricity from one part of Africa ",
"timestamp": [
698.22,
702.18
]
},
{
"text": "imagine the challenge of transmitting \nelectricity from one part of Africa ",
"timestamp": [
698.22,
702.18
]
},
{
"text": "to the rest of the world! And that’s \nnot even mentioning how we’d store it.",
"timestamp": [
702.18,
707.64
]
},
{
"text": "to the rest of the world! And that’s \nnot even mentioning how we’d store it.",
"timestamp": [
702.18,
707.64
]
},
{
"text": "So obviously, collaboration will be key here.",
"timestamp": [
707.64,
710.58
]
},
{
"text": "So obviously, collaboration will be key here.",
"timestamp": [
707.64,
710.58
]
},
{
"text": "Some regions might work on advancing batteries, ",
"timestamp": [
710.58,
713.14
]
},
{
"text": "Some regions might work on advancing batteries, ",
"timestamp": [
710.58,
713.14
]
},
{
"text": "while others might focus on connecting grids. \nAnd you — you might contribute to research, ",
"timestamp": [
713.14,
719.22
]
},
{
"text": "while others might focus on connecting grids. \nAnd you — you might contribute to research, ",
"timestamp": [
713.14,
719.22
]
},
{
"text": "or policy, or tech, that furthers the \nconversation in areas you’re interested in.",
"timestamp": [
719.22,
723.96
]
},
{
"text": "or policy, or tech, that furthers the \nconversation in areas you’re interested in.",
"timestamp": [
719.22,
723.96
]
},
{
"text": "Figuring out the best ways to \nstore and transmit electricity ",
"timestamp": [
723.96,
728.16
]
},
{
"text": "Figuring out the best ways to \nstore and transmit electricity ",
"timestamp": [
723.96,
728.16
]
},
{
"text": "won’t be easy. But the payoffs will be huge.",
"timestamp": [
728.16,
731.94
]
},
{
"text": "won’t be easy. But the payoffs will be huge.",
"timestamp": [
728.16,
731.94
]
},
{
"text": "Because whatever strategy we come up \nwith won’t just help us make carbon-free ",
"timestamp": [
731.94,
735.84
]
},
{
"text": "Because whatever strategy we come up \nwith won’t just help us make carbon-free ",
"timestamp": [
731.94,
735.84
]
},
{
"text": "electricity. The advancements will affect \nall other big, carbon-emitting sectors, ",
"timestamp": [
735.84,
741.12
]
},
{
"text": "electricity. The advancements will affect \nall other big, carbon-emitting sectors, ",
"timestamp": [
735.84,
741.12
]
},
{
"text": "like transportation or heating our homes.",
"timestamp": [
741.12,
744.54
]
},
{
"text": "like transportation or heating our homes.",
"timestamp": [
741.12,
744.54
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll get into that next time.",
"timestamp": [
744.54,
746.104
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll get into that next time.",
"timestamp": [
744.54,
746.104
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Harry Brisson, this episode’s \ncombination bucket manager, wind turbine wrangler, ",
"timestamp": [
746.104,
752.16
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Harry Brisson, this episode’s \ncombination bucket manager, wind turbine wrangler, ",
"timestamp": [
746.104,
752.16
]
},
{
"text": "and duck curve illustrator. You really \nheld it down this episode, Harry. ",
"timestamp": [
752.16,
756.92
]
},
{
"text": "and duck curve illustrator. You really \nheld it down this episode, Harry. ",
"timestamp": [
752.16,
756.92
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for keeping the lights on and the buckets from \noverflowing — and for supporting us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
756.92,
762.78
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for keeping the lights on and the buckets from \noverflowing — and for supporting us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
756.92,
762.78
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by \nComplexly with support provided by Breakthrough ",
"timestamp": [
762.78,
766.86
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by \nComplexly with support provided by Breakthrough ",
"timestamp": [
762.78,
766.86
]
},
{
"text": "Energy and Gates Ventures. This episode \nwas filmed at the Castle Geraghty Studio ",
"timestamp": [
766.86,
771.18
]
},
{
"text": "Energy and Gates Ventures. This episode \nwas filmed at the Castle Geraghty Studio ",
"timestamp": [
766.86,
771.18
]
},
{
"text": "and was made with the help of all these \nnice people. If you want to help keep ",
"timestamp": [
771.18,
776.04
]
},
{
"text": "and was made with the help of all these \nnice people. If you want to help keep ",
"timestamp": [
771.18,
776.04
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course free for everyone, forever, \nyou can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
776.04,
780.54
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course free for everyone, forever, \nyou can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
776.04,
780.54
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Storing Carbon-Free Electricity",
"Say you wanted to power the entire Earth \nwith solar power. I estimate you would need around 112,000 square kilometers of at least \nmoderately-efficient photovoltaic panels.If that sounds like a lot, that’s because it \nis, but it’s also not. Because those panels could also all fit in just a little \nmore than 1% of the Saharan desert.And with the falling cost of solar panels, it could be done waaaay more cheaply than making \nthe same amount of power with nuclear fuel.But like we talked about last time, in episode 3, \nthere’s a big problem with relying on renewable resources like solar and wind: What happens \nto our electricity when the sun goes down?Sometimes the rotation of the \nEarth can be a real bummer.Another problem? We need reliable ways \nto store and transmit electricity, so that it’s available when and where we need it.And that is going to require a lot \nmore technology and a lot more space.Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is \nCrash Course Climate and Energy.[INTRO]"
],
[
"Electricity As An Energy Carrier",
"Electricity rules our lives.We use it from the moment we wake up and check \nour phones, when we cook, when we work, wind down, when we watch YouTube videos, all the way to the \nend of the day when we switch off the lights… and watch more YouTube. And \nthen eventually go to sleep.Electricity won this MVP status thanks \nto its versatility as an energy carrier.As tiny particles called electrons flow \nwithin conductive materials — think copper, aluminum, gold, or really any metal — they \npush energy from one place to another.And that energy can be used to \ndo anything you could dream of, or at least, design for.\nIt can heat your home, it can heat your takeout. It can even \nhelp power those agricultural processes that lead to your takeout, and manufacture \nthe plastic container your takeout comes in.So, decarbonizing electricity could go a long \nway to decarbonizing many adjacent industries, like construction, agriculture, transportation.But like you can probably guess by this \npoint, that’s easier said than done."
],
[
"The Electric Grid",
"Right now, all of our homes and industries \nare connected to their electricity supply by a vast electric grid. Last time, we compared \nthat electric grid to a bucket of water.Imagine this time the bucket is the \ngrid, and the electricity is the water. Power plants put water into the bucket, and then, when you flip the lights on, that water \nflows through a hose to wherever you are.Crucially, the utilities companies are the \nbucket managers: It’s their job to control the flow of electricity in and out of the bucket \nand make sure it stays full throughout the day.Traditionally, power plants that use fossil \nfuels have produced electricity on-demand, to effectively pump water back into the \nbucket to replace whatever is used up.But as we lean more on renewable resources like \nwind and solar, we won’t have that flexibility. We don't get to pick when the sun shines \nor when the wind blows. And that can lead to overproduction. Basically, on a \nreally sunny or really windy day, so much water could be poured into the bucket that \nit could overflow and damage the whole system.To avoid this, utility companies \ndo something called curtailment, where they selectively switch off solar panels \nor wind turbines at their most productive times.If you’ve ever noticed a wind turbine not \nspinning on a pretty windy day and wondered why… Well, there’s a good chance that’s why.Let’s head to the Thought Bubble."
],
[
"Electricity Supply & The Duck Curve",
"The amount of electricity a neighborhood \nuses varies during the day, depending on people’s habits. And as much as we like to \nfeel unique, we really are habitual creatures.In the morning, you and your neighbors \nget up, turn the lights on, make coffee, watch YouTube videos. So the load on \nthe electric grid gradually ramps up.After that, things tend to stay pretty constant \nduring the day, because you’re either gone, or because you’re working at home with the \nsame lights and same devices drawing power.But then, comes evening.People are coming home, it’s getting dark, so you’re turning on more lights around \nthe house, cooking food, playing music, chilling in front of the TV. So, the load on \nthe grid peaks to its highest level of the day.Then, as everyone goes to bed, electricity \nusage tails off to its lowest levels.But this curve of “rise, flat, peak, and \ndrop” changes when you add solar panels.Panels produce most of their \nelectricity during the day, so they easily meet the \ndemand of the mid-day plateau.In fact, the electric grid is being asked to \nsupply less power than what’s being produced, so wind and solar power plants may even \nswitch off to avoid overproduction.But then comes evening…and it’s like one \nminute you’re jogging at a comfortable pace, and the next you’re sprinting full speed away \nfrom a bear… or, towards an ice cream truck.Peak demand happens right when the sun \ngoes down. So, good night, solar power.The baseload fossil fuel and nuclear \npower plants suddenly have to step in to supply all the electricity, ramping up \nproduction very quickly to pick up the slack.This pattern of midday sag and steep evening \nincline has a name: the Duck Curve —because if you squint and tilt your head to \nthe side, it kinda looks like a duck?!Look, we don’t make the names here.Thanks, Thought Bubble!As cute as it sounds, the Duck Curve \nspells trouble for the electricity grid.It’s really inefficient and \ndefinitely not economical for power plants to keep switching off \nand then ramping up supply so quickly.That doesn’t mean solar panels are a \nbad idea—they’re still carbon-free, renewable energy! But the way we do \nelectricity just wasn’t made for them.Now, one way to get around this is to change \nour habits. That’s called load shifting.Basically, we could start using most of our \nelectricity when it’s cheapest to generate.That could mean running the washing machine in the middle of the night when there’s less \ndemand on the grid. Or it could mean switching on an electric heater in the \nday when solar power is most plentiful.Those individual changes add up! But, as we \ntalked about before and we’ll talk about again, tackling climate change isn’t just \nabout you; it’s about collaboration.And even if everybody did midnight laundry, that wouldn’t be enough to \ncompletely flatten the Duck Curve.Plus, what about when you really need to binge \na nature show during peak evening hours?Or, at any time of the day or night, \nwhen a hospital needs electricity to perform surgeries, take x-rays, \nkeep vital sign monitors running?"
],
[
"Electrochemical Storage of Electricity",
"For that, there’s another solution: We \ncould level out the Duck Curve by storing electricity when it’s made in excess, and \ndishing it out when we need it the most.For example, any extra electricity \nsolar panels make during the day could be stored and then used in the evening \nso power plants don’t have to work as hard.And there are already multiple \nways we could make this happen.First, you’ve got electrochemical \nstorage, a.k.a. your everyday battery.Batteries contain charged particles. \nAnd when you plug in your phone, those particles go from one end of the battery to \nthe other and hang out there until you need them.Then, when you unplug your phone and \nstart scrolling through cat photos, the particles release energy by whipping \nback to the other side of the battery, generating an electric current as they go.Batteries are fast and easy to charge, \nthey’re relatively safe and portable, and they can hold their \nenergy for a very long time.The trouble is, electrochemical batteries \noften use metals that are rare on Earth, so assembling enough of them to store \nelectricity for an entire grid would be costly.To extract these rare Earth minerals, you \nwould need big mining operations that would damage the environment. Which is kind of \nthe opposite of what we’re going for here."
],
[
"Chemical Storage of Electricity",
"So instead, excess electrical energy \ncould be stored by chemical means.We’d use extra electricity to split \nwater molecules into hydrogen and oxygen, in a process called electrolysis. \nThen, when we needed electricity later, we could generate it using a hydrogen fuel cell.Here, the hydrogen enter a chamber with \na special membrane. The membrane lets part of the hydrogen atoms pass through: \ntheir positively-charged protons. But the negatively-charged electrons have \nto take a different path to the other end of the fuel cell. And that stream of \nelectrons creates an electric current.The only waste product here is water, \nso this is a carbon-free option that uses and regenerates one of the \nEarth’s most abundant resources.The catch? Hydrogen is a really lightweight gas, \nmeaning, its molecules are quite spread out. So, it takes up a lot of space and is difficult \nto compress into small containers for storage."
],
[
"Mechanical Storage of Electricity",
"So, there’s a third option that’s carbon-free, and it deals with regular, un-split \nwater: it’s called mechanical energy.When there’s electricity to spare, water is pumped to the top of a big \nhill and kept there in a reservoir.Then, when the electricity is needed again, water is released to turn a turbine \nand generate power on-demand.This is basically the same technology \nas a hydroelectric dam: You just add an uphill pump. So, this is something we \ncould actually develop relatively easily.But it’s not the most efficient technology.You need a huge space and at least \none big hill for a reservoir, if you’re going to rely on \ngravity alone. Sorry, Kansas."
],
[
"Thermal Storage of Electricity",
"So, the last option is thermal energy storage.Here, excess electricity is used \nto heat a material with a high boiling point, like molten salt.\nSome salts don’t melt until they reach several hundred degrees Celsius, so \nthey’re really not something you want to put on your fries… because your food would \nimmediately catch explosion, pardon, fire. But these salts are a good heat source.So, when the demand for electricity increases, \nthe heat from the salt can be transferred to water to make steam, turn turbines, \nand generate the electricity we need.It seems simple, and existing fossil \nfuel plants could even be repurposed to contain thermal storage and steam generators.Except, molten salt also has a bad habit of \ncorroding everything it touches. And fighting that is a constant, expensive battle, so is \nkeeping the salt hot enough to stay liquid, especially if you want to do \nthat with renewable energy."
],
[
"Transmitting Carbon-Free Electricity",
"As great as they are, renewable energy \nsources like wind or solar just don’t have a high energy density \ncompared to fossil fuels.In other words, to generate the same amount \nof energy as a fossil fuel power plant using solar panels, you’d need anywhere \nfrom 25 to 2000 times as much space.Compared to fossil fuels, all \nthese storage options can have a high Green Premium, or upfront cost difference.So, there is one more path: We start sharing \nbuckets across locations, even time zones. In other words, instead of saving \nspare electricity for when we need it, we could transmit that electricity to \nsomewhere that needs it right now.Connecting grids over wider areas would allow \nutility companies to deliver electricity more efficiently and more equitably. And it could \novercome some of the limitations with renewable energy: One region that’s super sunny could \nsend power to a city that’s a bit more overcast. [Phone rings]This is Seattle… Hey Phoenix!Unfortunately, this is hard with \nthe grids we have at the moment.Our buckets only serve certain \nregions. Unless you happen to be near Indianapolis right now, my region’s \nelectricity bucket, not connected to yours.But this is starting to change!For instance, the TransWest Express in the US \n(say that three times fast) is planning to take wind power from Wyoming and deliver it all the way \nto California, over a thousand kilometers away.Big regional projects like this will \nhelp each state reduce its emissions, while requiring fewer solar panels and wind \nturbines than if each state powered itself alone.You know what they say: Team \nwork makes the dream work!"
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"In the end, decarbonizing electricity \nwon’t have a single solution, like filling part of the Sahara with solar panels.I mean, if transmitting electricity \nbetween states is hard right now, imagine the challenge of transmitting \nelectricity from one part of Africa to the rest of the world! And that’s \nnot even mentioning how we’d store it.So obviously, collaboration will be key here.Some regions might work on advancing batteries, while others might focus on connecting grids. \nAnd you — you might contribute to research, or policy, or tech, that furthers the \nconversation in areas you’re interested in.Figuring out the best ways to \nstore and transmit electricity won’t be easy. But the payoffs will be huge.Because whatever strategy we come up \nwith won’t just help us make carbon-free electricity. The advancements will affect \nall other big, carbon-emitting sectors, like transportation or heating our homes.We’ll get into that next time.Special thanks to Harry Brisson, this episode’s \ncombination bucket manager, wind turbine wrangler, and duck curve illustrator. You really \nheld it down this episode, Harry. Thanks for keeping the lights on and the buckets from \noverflowing — and for supporting us on Patreon.Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by \nComplexly with support provided by Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures. This episode \nwas filmed at the Castle Geraghty Studio and was made with the help of all these \nnice people. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, \nyou can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Can We Make Electricity Without Fossil Fuels?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #3
|
pT7vRUGeEtA
| 772 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Decarbonizing Electricity",
"end_time": 125
},
{
"start_time": 125,
"title": "Electricity From Solar & Wind Power",
"end_time": 216
},
{
"start_time": 216,
"title": "Challenges of Solar & Wind Power",
"end_time": 406
},
{
"start_time": 406,
"title": "Hydroelectric Power",
"end_time": 501
},
{
"start_time": 501,
"title": "Nuclear Power",
"end_time": 592
},
{
"start_time": 592,
"title": "Why Carbon-Free Electricity Matters",
"end_time": 695
},
{
"start_time": 695,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 772
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Hello from the internet!",
"timestamp": [
0.16,
1.8
]
},
{
"text": "Hello from the internet!",
"timestamp": [
0.16,
1.8
]
},
{
"text": "I’m coming to you on-demand through a vast,\ninterconnected network of wires and electromagnetic",
"timestamp": [
1.8,
7.91
]
},
{
"text": "I’m coming to you on-demand through a vast,\ninterconnected network of wires and electromagnetic",
"timestamp": [
1.8,
7.91
]
},
{
"text": "waves that spans the globe.",
"timestamp": [
7.91,
10.19
]
},
{
"text": "waves that spans the globe.",
"timestamp": [
7.91,
10.19
]
},
{
"text": "And chances are, you’re watching this in\nthe comfort of your home, school, or workplace",
"timestamp": [
10.19,
15.77
]
},
{
"text": "And chances are, you’re watching this in\nthe comfort of your home, school, or workplace",
"timestamp": [
10.19,
15.77
]
},
{
"text": "that’s lit and heated on-demand, too.",
"timestamp": [
15.77,
17.797
]
},
{
"text": "that’s lit and heated on-demand, too.",
"timestamp": [
15.77,
17.797
]
},
{
"text": "You can cook up mac and cheese, charge your\ncell phone, and put on the TV to keep the",
"timestamp": [
17.797,
21.1
]
},
{
"text": "You can cook up mac and cheese, charge your\ncell phone, and put on the TV to keep the",
"timestamp": [
17.797,
21.1
]
},
{
"text": "dog company, as easy as flipping a switch\nor pushing a button.",
"timestamp": [
21.1,
24.43
]
},
{
"text": "dog company, as easy as flipping a switch\nor pushing a button.",
"timestamp": [
21.1,
24.43
]
},
{
"text": "But none of this would be possible without\nelectricity.",
"timestamp": [
24.43,
27.087
]
},
{
"text": "But none of this would be possible without\nelectricity.",
"timestamp": [
24.43,
27.087
]
},
{
"text": "Our lifestyles are centered around electricity,\nand worldwide,",
"timestamp": [
27.087,
30.909
]
},
{
"text": "Our lifestyles are centered around electricity,\nand worldwide,",
"timestamp": [
27.087,
30.909
]
},
{
"text": "we consume more than \n22,000 terawatt hours every year.",
"timestamp": [
30.909,
34.66
]
},
{
"text": "we consume more than \n22,000 terawatt hours every year.",
"timestamp": [
30.909,
34.66
]
},
{
"text": "That’s enough to microwave about two trillion\nmac and cheeses.",
"timestamp": [
34.66,
38.959
]
},
{
"text": "That’s enough to microwave about two trillion\nmac and cheeses.",
"timestamp": [
34.66,
38.959
]
},
{
"text": "But the way we make electricity is changing.",
"timestamp": [
38.959,
41.704
]
},
{
"text": "But the way we make electricity is changing.",
"timestamp": [
38.959,
41.704
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course\nClimate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
41.704,
45.97
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course\nClimate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
41.704,
45.97
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
45.97,
56.137
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
45.97,
56.137
]
},
{
"text": "Swimming pools full of mac and cheese aside,",
"timestamp": [
56.137,
58.439
]
},
{
"text": "Swimming pools full of mac and cheese aside,",
"timestamp": [
56.137,
58.439
]
},
{
"text": "making all that electricity is taking a toll\non Earth’s climate.",
"timestamp": [
58.439,
62.09
]
},
{
"text": "making all that electricity is taking a toll\non Earth’s climate.",
"timestamp": [
58.439,
62.09
]
},
{
"text": "Power plants running on fossil fuels are pumping\ncarbon dioxide into the atmosphere, enhancing",
"timestamp": [
62.09,
68.2
]
},
{
"text": "Power plants running on fossil fuels are pumping\ncarbon dioxide into the atmosphere, enhancing",
"timestamp": [
62.09,
68.2
]
},
{
"text": "–in a bad way–the planet’s greenhouse effect,\nwhich warms the Earth.",
"timestamp": [
68.2,
71.689
]
},
{
"text": "–in a bad way–the planet’s greenhouse effect,\nwhich warms the Earth.",
"timestamp": [
68.2,
71.689
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists agree that we have to find ways\nto make electricity without releasing so much",
"timestamp": [
71.689,
75.84
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists agree that we have to find ways\nto make electricity without releasing so much",
"timestamp": [
71.689,
75.84
]
},
{
"text": "carbon dioxide, also known as decarbonizing\nthe electricity supply.",
"timestamp": [
75.84,
79.9
]
},
{
"text": "carbon dioxide, also known as decarbonizing\nthe electricity supply.",
"timestamp": [
75.84,
79.9
]
},
{
"text": "This would make a huge impact because a little\nover a quarter of all of",
"timestamp": [
79.9,
83.091
]
},
{
"text": "This would make a huge impact because a little\nover a quarter of all of",
"timestamp": [
79.9,
83.091
]
},
{
"text": "our greenhouse gas emissions come from generating electricity.",
"timestamp": [
83.091,
86.74
]
},
{
"text": "our greenhouse gas emissions come from generating electricity.",
"timestamp": [
83.091,
86.74
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s not even including the electricity\nit takes to manufacture things or power large-scale",
"timestamp": [
86.74,
91.671
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s not even including the electricity\nit takes to manufacture things or power large-scale",
"timestamp": [
86.74,
91.671
]
},
{
"text": "agriculture, which are often counted as their\nown categories when measuring fossil fuel emissions by sector.",
"timestamp": [
91.671,
97.61
]
},
{
"text": "agriculture, which are often counted as their\nown categories when measuring fossil fuel emissions by sector.",
"timestamp": [
91.671,
97.61
]
},
{
"text": "A growing number of countries are committing\nto becoming carbon neutral by 2050.",
"timestamp": [
97.61,
102.485
]
},
{
"text": "A growing number of countries are committing\nto becoming carbon neutral by 2050.",
"timestamp": [
97.61,
102.485
]
},
{
"text": "That means reaching no net carbon emissions,\nby both massively reducing emissions and offsetting",
"timestamp": [
102.485,
109
]
},
{
"text": "That means reaching no net carbon emissions,\nby both massively reducing emissions and offsetting",
"timestamp": [
102.485,
109
]
},
{
"text": "the ones we can’t avoid by scrubbing extra\ncarbon out of the air.",
"timestamp": [
109,
112.07
]
},
{
"text": "the ones we can’t avoid by scrubbing extra\ncarbon out of the air.",
"timestamp": [
109,
112.07
]
},
{
"text": "But in an increasingly populous world with\nan ever-growing appetite for energy,",
"timestamp": [
112.07,
116.778
]
},
{
"text": "But in an increasingly populous world with\nan ever-growing appetite for energy,",
"timestamp": [
112.07,
116.778
]
},
{
"text": "this is a challenge.",
"timestamp": [
116.778,
118.28
]
},
{
"text": "this is a challenge.",
"timestamp": [
116.778,
118.28
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll need to find a way to decarbonize\n… while also meeting people’s needs.",
"timestamp": [
118.28,
122.52
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll need to find a way to decarbonize\n… while also meeting people’s needs.",
"timestamp": [
118.28,
122.52
]
},
{
"text": "The good news is: we have options!",
"timestamp": [
122.52,
125.233
]
},
{
"text": "The good news is: we have options!",
"timestamp": [
122.52,
125.233
]
},
{
"text": "Some biggies are solar and wind power.",
"timestamp": [
125.233,
127.71
]
},
{
"text": "Some biggies are solar and wind power.",
"timestamp": [
125.233,
127.71
]
},
{
"text": "Solar power involves capturing radiation from\nthe sun and converting it to electricity.",
"timestamp": [
127.71,
132.02
]
},
{
"text": "Solar power involves capturing radiation from\nthe sun and converting it to electricity.",
"timestamp": [
127.71,
132.02
]
},
{
"text": "Most often, this happens in photovoltaic panels.",
"timestamp": [
132.02,
135.209
]
},
{
"text": "Most often, this happens in photovoltaic panels.",
"timestamp": [
132.02,
135.209
]
},
{
"text": "These panels contain metals like silicon that\nabsorb particles of light, called photons,",
"timestamp": [
135.209,
139.94
]
},
{
"text": "These panels contain metals like silicon that\nabsorb particles of light, called photons,",
"timestamp": [
135.209,
139.94
]
},
{
"text": "and emit electrons.",
"timestamp": [
139.94,
141.77
]
},
{
"text": "and emit electrons.",
"timestamp": [
139.94,
141.77
]
},
{
"text": "Those electrons are captured to form an electric\ncurrent.",
"timestamp": [
141.77,
144.83
]
},
{
"text": "Those electrons are captured to form an electric\ncurrent.",
"timestamp": [
141.77,
144.83
]
},
{
"text": "The sun’s energy can also be captured on a large scale in what are called Concentrating Solar Power Plants.",
"timestamp": [
144.83,
150.739
]
},
{
"text": "The sun’s energy can also be captured on a large scale in what are called Concentrating Solar Power Plants.",
"timestamp": [
144.83,
150.739
]
},
{
"text": "Here, instead of using a bunch of separate\npanels, a big field of mirrors focuses sunlight",
"timestamp": [
150.739,
156.12
]
},
{
"text": "Here, instead of using a bunch of separate\npanels, a big field of mirrors focuses sunlight",
"timestamp": [
150.739,
156.12
]
},
{
"text": "onto a single receiver, where temperatures\ncan reach hundreds of degrees Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
156.12,
161.653
]
},
{
"text": "onto a single receiver, where temperatures\ncan reach hundreds of degrees Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
156.12,
161.653
]
},
{
"text": "It’s like the coolest laser on the planet.",
"timestamp": [
161.653,
163.959
]
},
{
"text": "It’s like the coolest laser on the planet.",
"timestamp": [
161.653,
163.959
]
},
{
"text": "That heat can then be used to boil water and\ncreate steam, which can turn a turbine and",
"timestamp": [
163.959,
168.769
]
},
{
"text": "That heat can then be used to boil water and\ncreate steam, which can turn a turbine and",
"timestamp": [
163.959,
168.769
]
},
{
"text": "generate electricity like in a fossil fuel\npower plant.",
"timestamp": [
168.769,
171.48
]
},
{
"text": "generate electricity like in a fossil fuel\npower plant.",
"timestamp": [
168.769,
171.48
]
},
{
"text": "But crucially, it does this without releasing\na bunch of carbon dioxide!",
"timestamp": [
171.48,
176.49
]
},
{
"text": "But crucially, it does this without releasing\na bunch of carbon dioxide!",
"timestamp": [
171.48,
176.49
]
},
{
"text": "Another option is wind power, which uses the\nforce of moving air to turn turbines",
"timestamp": [
176.49,
182.017
]
},
{
"text": "Another option is wind power, which uses the\nforce of moving air to turn turbines",
"timestamp": [
176.49,
182.017
]
},
{
"text": "and directly generate electricity.",
"timestamp": [
182.017,
183.78
]
},
{
"text": "and directly generate electricity.",
"timestamp": [
182.017,
183.78
]
},
{
"text": "There are different turbine designs for different\nlocations, but especially if you’ve ever",
"timestamp": [
183.78,
188.971
]
},
{
"text": "There are different turbine designs for different\nlocations, but especially if you’ve ever",
"timestamp": [
183.78,
188.971
]
},
{
"text": "driven through a rural area, you’ve probably\nseen some of them in the wild, lurking in",
"timestamp": [
188.971,
193.01
]
},
{
"text": "driven through a rural area, you’ve probably\nseen some of them in the wild, lurking in",
"timestamp": [
188.971,
193.01
]
},
{
"text": "the fields like strange, high-tech crops.",
"timestamp": [
193.01,
195.94
]
},
{
"text": "the fields like strange, high-tech crops.",
"timestamp": [
193.01,
195.94
]
},
{
"text": "In the last decade, the costs of both wind\nand solar energy have dropped massively,",
"timestamp": [
195.94,
200.634
]
},
{
"text": "In the last decade, the costs of both wind\nand solar energy have dropped massively,",
"timestamp": [
195.94,
200.634
]
},
{
"text": "helping to make them more affordable worldwide.",
"timestamp": [
200.634,
202.836
]
},
{
"text": "helping to make them more affordable worldwide.",
"timestamp": [
200.634,
202.836
]
},
{
"text": "Because of this, wind and solar now account\nfor about 7% of the global electricity supply!",
"timestamp": [
202.836,
208.269
]
},
{
"text": "Because of this, wind and solar now account\nfor about 7% of the global electricity supply!",
"timestamp": [
202.836,
208.269
]
},
{
"text": "And if we built and installed more panels\nand more turbines, that number would go up,",
"timestamp": [
208.269,
213.84
]
},
{
"text": "And if we built and installed more panels\nand more turbines, that number would go up,",
"timestamp": [
208.269,
213.84
]
},
{
"text": "which would definitely help in reducing carbon\ndioxide emissions.",
"timestamp": [
213.84,
216.77
]
},
{
"text": "which would definitely help in reducing carbon\ndioxide emissions.",
"timestamp": [
213.84,
216.77
]
},
{
"text": "But don’t bring out the balloons yet.",
"timestamp": [
216.77,
219.129
]
},
{
"text": "But don’t bring out the balloons yet.",
"timestamp": [
216.77,
219.129
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists don’t think that wind and solar\ncould ever completely replace fossil fuel power plants.",
"timestamp": [
219.129,
224.181
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists don’t think that wind and solar\ncould ever completely replace fossil fuel power plants.",
"timestamp": [
219.129,
224.181
]
},
{
"text": "That’s partly because wind and solar need\na lot more space.",
"timestamp": [
224.181,
227.54
]
},
{
"text": "That’s partly because wind and solar need\na lot more space.",
"timestamp": [
224.181,
227.54
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, to generate the same amount\nof energy as a one-square-kilometer power plant, ",
"timestamp": [
227.54,
232.489
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, to generate the same amount\nof energy as a one-square-kilometer power plant, ",
"timestamp": [
227.54,
232.489
]
},
{
"text": "you might need 5,000 square kilometers\nof wind turbines, depending on how efficient they are.",
"timestamp": [
232.489,
238.206
]
},
{
"text": "you might need 5,000 square kilometers\nof wind turbines, depending on how efficient they are.",
"timestamp": [
232.489,
238.206
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s also another major barrier:\nsupply and demand.",
"timestamp": [
238.206,
242.09
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s also another major barrier:\nsupply and demand.",
"timestamp": [
238.206,
242.09
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
242.09,
243.765
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
242.09,
243.765
]
},
{
"text": "Think of the electricity grid as a huge bucket\nof water.",
"timestamp": [
243.765,
247.599
]
},
{
"text": "Think of the electricity grid as a huge bucket\nof water.",
"timestamp": [
243.765,
247.599
]
},
{
"text": "The water itself is the electricity, if you\nhaven’t guessed.",
"timestamp": [
247.599,
250.59
]
},
{
"text": "The water itself is the electricity, if you\nhaven’t guessed.",
"timestamp": [
247.599,
250.59
]
},
{
"text": "And when homes and businesses need to use\nsome of that electricity, the water flows",
"timestamp": [
250.59,
254.9
]
},
{
"text": "And when homes and businesses need to use\nsome of that electricity, the water flows",
"timestamp": [
250.59,
254.9
]
},
{
"text": "out of the holes of the bottom of the bucket,\nthen through the hoses to the destination.",
"timestamp": [
254.9,
259.715
]
},
{
"text": "out of the holes of the bottom of the bucket,\nthen through the hoses to the destination.",
"timestamp": [
254.9,
259.715
]
},
{
"text": "So, when you flip on the TV for a movie marathon,\nsome water flows out,",
"timestamp": [
259.715,
263.148
]
},
{
"text": "So, when you flip on the TV for a movie marathon,\nsome water flows out,",
"timestamp": [
259.715,
263.148
]
},
{
"text": "and needs to be replaced at the top.",
"timestamp": [
263.148,
265
]
},
{
"text": "and needs to be replaced at the top.",
"timestamp": [
263.148,
265
]
},
{
"text": "That’s where electricity generation comes in.",
"timestamp": [
265,
267.16
]
},
{
"text": "That’s where electricity generation comes in.",
"timestamp": [
265,
267.16
]
},
{
"text": "Power that comes from fossil fuel power plants\nis like water pumped from underground into our bucket.",
"timestamp": [
267.16,
272.297
]
},
{
"text": "Power that comes from fossil fuel power plants\nis like water pumped from underground into our bucket.",
"timestamp": [
267.16,
272.297
]
},
{
"text": "Utility companies can provide a constant flow\nof water, which they can switch on or off",
"timestamp": [
272.297,
276.55
]
},
{
"text": "Utility companies can provide a constant flow\nof water, which they can switch on or off",
"timestamp": [
272.297,
276.55
]
},
{
"text": "to control the amount flowing out the bottom\nof the bucket.",
"timestamp": [
276.55,
278.971
]
},
{
"text": "to control the amount flowing out the bottom\nof the bucket.",
"timestamp": [
276.55,
278.971
]
},
{
"text": "But groundwater going into the bucket, just\nlike fossil fuels, is finite.",
"timestamp": [
278.971,
284.402
]
},
{
"text": "But groundwater going into the bucket, just\nlike fossil fuels, is finite.",
"timestamp": [
278.971,
284.402
]
},
{
"text": "Once it’s gone, it's gone.",
"timestamp": [
284.402,
286.693
]
},
{
"text": "Once it’s gone, it's gone.",
"timestamp": [
284.402,
286.693
]
},
{
"text": "So, instead, you could opt to refill your\nbucket with rainwater.",
"timestamp": [
286.693,
290.33
]
},
{
"text": "So, instead, you could opt to refill your\nbucket with rainwater.",
"timestamp": [
286.693,
290.33
]
},
{
"text": "And like solar and wind power, the rain is\nrenewable — you’ll always be able to get more of it.",
"timestamp": [
290.33,
295.624
]
},
{
"text": "And like solar and wind power, the rain is\nrenewable — you’ll always be able to get more of it.",
"timestamp": [
290.33,
295.624
]
},
{
"text": "But you have no control over when that rain\nfalls, just like you have little control over",
"timestamp": [
295.624,
301.03
]
},
{
"text": "But you have no control over when that rain\nfalls, just like you have little control over",
"timestamp": [
295.624,
301.03
]
},
{
"text": "how much the sun shines or the wind blows,\nas convenient as that would be.",
"timestamp": [
301.03,
305.11
]
},
{
"text": "how much the sun shines or the wind blows,\nas convenient as that would be.",
"timestamp": [
301.03,
305.11
]
},
{
"text": "So, if you relied on rainfall alone to refill\nyour bucket, the levels could get dangerously low.",
"timestamp": [
305.11,
310.793
]
},
{
"text": "So, if you relied on rainfall alone to refill\nyour bucket, the levels could get dangerously low.",
"timestamp": [
305.11,
310.793
]
},
{
"text": "Or in a big downpour, the bucket might overflow,\ndamaging the whole system.",
"timestamp": [
310.793,
315.43
]
},
{
"text": "Or in a big downpour, the bucket might overflow,\ndamaging the whole system.",
"timestamp": [
310.793,
315.43
]
},
{
"text": "And then, there goes your plans for movie\nnight… and potentially, your TV.",
"timestamp": [
315.43,
319.419
]
},
{
"text": "And then, there goes your plans for movie\nnight… and potentially, your TV.",
"timestamp": [
315.43,
319.419
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
319.419,
320.96
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
319.419,
320.96
]
},
{
"text": "The key here is that there’s a crucial difference\nbetween electricity capacity",
"timestamp": [
320.96,
324.582
]
},
{
"text": "The key here is that there’s a crucial difference\nbetween electricity capacity",
"timestamp": [
320.96,
324.582
]
},
{
"text": "and electricity generation in a given area.",
"timestamp": [
324.582,
327.25
]
},
{
"text": "and electricity generation in a given area.",
"timestamp": [
324.582,
327.25
]
},
{
"text": "In a hypothetical world with unlimited space,\nyou might be able to install enough solar panels",
"timestamp": [
327.25,
332.157
]
},
{
"text": "In a hypothetical world with unlimited space,\nyou might be able to install enough solar panels",
"timestamp": [
327.25,
332.157
]
},
{
"text": "or wind turbines to supply the entire\nplanet with electricity when the sun is shining",
"timestamp": [
332.157,
336.74
]
},
{
"text": "or wind turbines to supply the entire\nplanet with electricity when the sun is shining",
"timestamp": [
332.157,
336.74
]
},
{
"text": "the brightest or the wind is blowing the hardest.",
"timestamp": [
336.74,
339.55
]
},
{
"text": "the brightest or the wind is blowing the hardest.",
"timestamp": [
336.74,
339.55
]
},
{
"text": "But what happens when the sun goes down and\nthe wind drops?",
"timestamp": [
339.55,
342.623
]
},
{
"text": "But what happens when the sun goes down and\nthe wind drops?",
"timestamp": [
339.55,
342.623
]
},
{
"text": "Even though you might have the capacity to\nsupply everyone’s needs, the conditions",
"timestamp": [
342.623,
346.72
]
},
{
"text": "Even though you might have the capacity to\nsupply everyone’s needs, the conditions",
"timestamp": [
342.623,
346.72
]
},
{
"text": "outside can’t generate the right amount\nof energy at the right time.",
"timestamp": [
346.72,
351.03
]
},
{
"text": "outside can’t generate the right amount\nof energy at the right time.",
"timestamp": [
346.72,
351.03
]
},
{
"text": "The supply is intermittent: it comes and goes.",
"timestamp": [
351.03,
353.86
]
},
{
"text": "The supply is intermittent: it comes and goes.",
"timestamp": [
351.03,
353.86
]
},
{
"text": "Add that to the fact that our electricity\nusage isn’t always the same, either.",
"timestamp": [
353.86,
357.54
]
},
{
"text": "Add that to the fact that our electricity\nusage isn’t always the same, either.",
"timestamp": [
353.86,
357.54
]
},
{
"text": "There’s always some demand for power, which\nis known as a baseload, but at certain times",
"timestamp": [
357.54,
362.38
]
},
{
"text": "There’s always some demand for power, which\nis known as a baseload, but at certain times",
"timestamp": [
357.54,
362.38
]
},
{
"text": "of the day and year, this can increase to\na peak load.",
"timestamp": [
362.38,
365.889
]
},
{
"text": "of the day and year, this can increase to\na peak load.",
"timestamp": [
362.38,
365.889
]
},
{
"text": "For example, say every refrigerator in your\nneighborhood is always running.",
"timestamp": [
365.889,
370.864
]
},
{
"text": "For example, say every refrigerator in your\nneighborhood is always running.",
"timestamp": [
365.889,
370.864
]
},
{
"text": "That's the kitchens' baseload.",
"timestamp": [
370.864,
372.96
]
},
{
"text": "That's the kitchens' baseload.",
"timestamp": [
370.864,
372.96
]
},
{
"text": "But in the evenings, when everyone on the\nblock is cooking dinner and running the dishwasher",
"timestamp": [
372.96,
377.3
]
},
{
"text": "But in the evenings, when everyone on the\nblock is cooking dinner and running the dishwasher",
"timestamp": [
372.96,
377.3
]
},
{
"text": "and has all the lights on, the electricity\ngrid will have to supply a lot more power",
"timestamp": [
377.3,
381.479
]
},
{
"text": "and has all the lights on, the electricity\ngrid will have to supply a lot more power",
"timestamp": [
377.3,
381.479
]
},
{
"text": "than in the middle of the night when it’s\njust powering the fridge.",
"timestamp": [
381.479,
384.737
]
},
{
"text": "than in the middle of the night when it’s\njust powering the fridge.",
"timestamp": [
381.479,
384.737
]
},
{
"text": "Or you know, the fridge plus a few people\nwho are reheating pizza for a midnight snack.",
"timestamp": [
384.737,
390.307
]
},
{
"text": "Or you know, the fridge plus a few people\nwho are reheating pizza for a midnight snack.",
"timestamp": [
384.737,
390.307
]
},
{
"text": "So, whatever we use to supply electricity,\nit needs to be able to adapt to these changes.",
"timestamp": [
390.307,
395.28
]
},
{
"text": "So, whatever we use to supply electricity,\nit needs to be able to adapt to these changes.",
"timestamp": [
390.307,
395.28
]
},
{
"text": "And right now, our demand for…well, power\non demand just isn’t compatible",
"timestamp": [
395.28,
401.029
]
},
{
"text": "And right now, our demand for…well, power\non demand just isn’t compatible",
"timestamp": [
395.28,
401.029
]
},
{
"text": "with the intermittency of wind and solar power.",
"timestamp": [
401.029,
403.479
]
},
{
"text": "with the intermittency of wind and solar power.",
"timestamp": [
401.029,
403.479
]
},
{
"text": "That’s where some other low-carbon options\ncome in.",
"timestamp": [
403.479,
406.569
]
},
{
"text": "That’s where some other low-carbon options\ncome in.",
"timestamp": [
403.479,
406.569
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, hydroelectric power makes use\nof that old adage, “what goes up, must come down.”",
"timestamp": [
406.569,
412.81
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, hydroelectric power makes use\nof that old adage, “what goes up, must come down.”",
"timestamp": [
406.569,
412.81
]
},
{
"text": "Essentially, you trap huge amounts of water\nin a reservoir at the top of a hill.",
"timestamp": [
412.81,
417.914
]
},
{
"text": "Essentially, you trap huge amounts of water\nin a reservoir at the top of a hill.",
"timestamp": [
412.81,
417.914
]
},
{
"text": "Then, you control that flow of water downhill,\npast turbines that spin and make electricity.",
"timestamp": [
417.914,
424.154
]
},
{
"text": "Then, you control that flow of water downhill,\npast turbines that spin and make electricity.",
"timestamp": [
417.914,
424.154
]
},
{
"text": "Hydroelectricity is renewable, since it relies\non rain and groundwater that are replaced",
"timestamp": [
424.154,
428.289
]
},
{
"text": "Hydroelectricity is renewable, since it relies\non rain and groundwater that are replaced",
"timestamp": [
424.154,
428.289
]
},
{
"text": "through the natural water cycle.",
"timestamp": [
428.289,
429.93
]
},
{
"text": "through the natural water cycle.",
"timestamp": [
428.289,
429.93
]
},
{
"text": "And, after you’ve built your reservoir,\nany electricity you generate is carbon neutral as well.",
"timestamp": [
429.93,
435.329
]
},
{
"text": "And, after you’ve built your reservoir,\nany electricity you generate is carbon neutral as well.",
"timestamp": [
429.93,
435.329
]
},
{
"text": "As long as there’s enough water in the reservoir,\noperators can also change the amount of water",
"timestamp": [
435.329,
439.732
]
},
{
"text": "As long as there’s enough water in the reservoir,\noperators can also change the amount of water",
"timestamp": [
435.329,
439.732
]
},
{
"text": "flowing through the facility to meet varying\ndemand, from baseload to peak load.",
"timestamp": [
439.732,
444.16
]
},
{
"text": "flowing through the facility to meet varying\ndemand, from baseload to peak load.",
"timestamp": [
439.732,
444.16
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, the biggest hydroelectric facility\nin the world is at the Three Gorges Dam in China.",
"timestamp": [
444.16,
449.408
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, the biggest hydroelectric facility\nin the world is at the Three Gorges Dam in China.",
"timestamp": [
444.16,
449.408
]
},
{
"text": "In 2021, it generated enough energy to hypothetically\npower a small country like the Netherlands.",
"timestamp": [
449.408,
455.97
]
},
{
"text": "In 2021, it generated enough energy to hypothetically\npower a small country like the Netherlands.",
"timestamp": [
449.408,
455.97
]
},
{
"text": "Worldwide, hydroelectric power accounts for\nabout 16% of all electricity generation.",
"timestamp": [
455.97,
462.36
]
},
{
"text": "Worldwide, hydroelectric power accounts for\nabout 16% of all electricity generation.",
"timestamp": [
455.97,
462.36
]
},
{
"text": "But maybe hold the confetti cannons, because\nit’s not all good news.",
"timestamp": [
462.36,
465.909
]
},
{
"text": "But maybe hold the confetti cannons, because\nit’s not all good news.",
"timestamp": [
462.36,
465.909
]
},
{
"text": "Building a reservoir capable of powering cities comes with serious environmental and economic consequences.",
"timestamp": [
465.909,
472.097
]
},
{
"text": "Building a reservoir capable of powering cities comes with serious environmental and economic consequences.",
"timestamp": [
465.909,
472.097
]
},
{
"text": "Three Gorges took nearly 20 years to build,\nand cost at least 28 billion dollars.",
"timestamp": [
472.097,
478.229
]
},
{
"text": "Three Gorges took nearly 20 years to build,\nand cost at least 28 billion dollars.",
"timestamp": [
472.097,
478.229
]
},
{
"text": "More than 1.3 million people also had to be\nmoved from their homes, and the Yangtze river valleys",
"timestamp": [
478.229,
484.472
]
},
{
"text": "More than 1.3 million people also had to be\nmoved from their homes, and the Yangtze river valleys",
"timestamp": [
478.229,
484.472
]
},
{
"text": "were submerged more than 600 kilometers\nupstream, destroying huge swaths of the natural environment.",
"timestamp": [
484.472,
491.363
]
},
{
"text": "were submerged more than 600 kilometers\nupstream, destroying huge swaths of the natural environment.",
"timestamp": [
484.472,
491.363
]
},
{
"text": "Also, hydroelectric plants only really work\nwhen you have plenty of water and plenty of drop.",
"timestamp": [
491.363,
496.998
]
},
{
"text": "Also, hydroelectric plants only really work\nwhen you have plenty of water and plenty of drop.",
"timestamp": [
491.363,
496.998
]
},
{
"text": "Realistically, a flat country like the Netherlands\ncould never hope to power itself hydroelectrically.",
"timestamp": [
496.998,
501.9
]
},
{
"text": "Realistically, a flat country like the Netherlands\ncould never hope to power itself hydroelectrically.",
"timestamp": [
496.998,
501.9
]
},
{
"text": "So another alternative, and one that can be\na bit more flexible, is nuclear power.",
"timestamp": [
501.9,
505.74
]
},
{
"text": "So another alternative, and one that can be\na bit more flexible, is nuclear power.",
"timestamp": [
501.9,
505.74
]
},
{
"text": "When you hit a large atom of uranium with\nanother particle, the uranium undergoes nuclear fission.",
"timestamp": [
505.74,
511.288
]
},
{
"text": "When you hit a large atom of uranium with\nanother particle, the uranium undergoes nuclear fission.",
"timestamp": [
505.74,
511.288
]
},
{
"text": "It breaks down into other elements while releasing heat.",
"timestamp": [
511.288,
515.039
]
},
{
"text": "It breaks down into other elements while releasing heat.",
"timestamp": [
511.288,
515.039
]
},
{
"text": "By harnessing that fission in a controlled\nchain reaction, the generated heat can be",
"timestamp": [
515.039,
520.3
]
},
{
"text": "By harnessing that fission in a controlled\nchain reaction, the generated heat can be",
"timestamp": [
515.039,
520.3
]
},
{
"text": "used to create steam and turn a turbine, just\nlike in a fossil fuel power plant.",
"timestamp": [
520.3,
525.02
]
},
{
"text": "used to create steam and turn a turbine, just\nlike in a fossil fuel power plant.",
"timestamp": [
520.3,
525.02
]
},
{
"text": "The benefit here is that nuclear fission doesn’t\nrelease any carbon, and by carefully tweaking",
"timestamp": [
525.02,
530.27
]
},
{
"text": "The benefit here is that nuclear fission doesn’t\nrelease any carbon, and by carefully tweaking",
"timestamp": [
525.02,
530.27
]
},
{
"text": "the amount of fission happening at any time,\nthe plant can easily ramp up production to meet peak demand.",
"timestamp": [
530.27,
535.85
]
},
{
"text": "the amount of fission happening at any time,\nthe plant can easily ramp up production to meet peak demand.",
"timestamp": [
530.27,
535.85
]
},
{
"text": "Now, uranium fuel itself isn’t renewable,\nso there’s only a limited supply.",
"timestamp": [
535.85,
540.783
]
},
{
"text": "Now, uranium fuel itself isn’t renewable,\nso there’s only a limited supply.",
"timestamp": [
535.85,
540.783
]
},
{
"text": "But the next generation of nuclear plants\nis finding ways to make it last longer,",
"timestamp": [
540.783,
545.148
]
},
{
"text": "But the next generation of nuclear plants\nis finding ways to make it last longer,",
"timestamp": [
540.783,
545.148
]
},
{
"text": "by using one of the leftovers from uranium fission\nto make even more heat after round one.",
"timestamp": [
545.148,
550.477
]
},
{
"text": "by using one of the leftovers from uranium fission\nto make even more heat after round one.",
"timestamp": [
545.148,
550.477
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, nuclear fission supplies around\n10% of the world’s electricity, and since",
"timestamp": [
550.477,
555.3
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, nuclear fission supplies around\n10% of the world’s electricity, and since",
"timestamp": [
550.477,
555.3
]
},
{
"text": "it’s so flexible and scales up so well,\nit could supply more.",
"timestamp": [
555.3,
559.12
]
},
{
"text": "it’s so flexible and scales up so well,\nit could supply more.",
"timestamp": [
555.3,
559.12
]
},
{
"text": "But there are significant challenges: Building\nnuclear power plants is costly and slow, and",
"timestamp": [
559.12,
565.55
]
},
{
"text": "But there are significant challenges: Building\nnuclear power plants is costly and slow, and",
"timestamp": [
559.12,
565.55
]
},
{
"text": "there have also been a few high-profile, and\ndevastating, accidents.",
"timestamp": [
565.55,
570
]
},
{
"text": "there have also been a few high-profile, and\ndevastating, accidents.",
"timestamp": [
565.55,
570
]
},
{
"text": "Throughout the years, power plants at Three\nMile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima",
"timestamp": [
570,
575
]
},
{
"text": "Throughout the years, power plants at Three\nMile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima",
"timestamp": [
570,
575
]
},
{
"text": "all made headlines when their dangerously radioactive\ninsides leaked outside.",
"timestamp": [
575,
581.43
]
},
{
"text": "all made headlines when their dangerously radioactive\ninsides leaked outside.",
"timestamp": [
575,
581.43
]
},
{
"text": "In reality, far more people have been killed\nby air pollution from fossil fuel power plants",
"timestamp": [
581.43,
586.26
]
},
{
"text": "In reality, far more people have been killed\nby air pollution from fossil fuel power plants",
"timestamp": [
581.43,
586.26
]
},
{
"text": "than nuclear accidents.",
"timestamp": [
586.26,
588.45
]
},
{
"text": "than nuclear accidents.",
"timestamp": [
586.26,
588.45
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s still a level of risk not everyone\nis comfortable with.",
"timestamp": [
588.45,
592.339
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s still a level of risk not everyone\nis comfortable with.",
"timestamp": [
588.45,
592.339
]
},
{
"text": "Solar, wind, hydroelectric, nuclear.",
"timestamp": [
592.339,
595.6
]
},
{
"text": "Solar, wind, hydroelectric, nuclear.",
"timestamp": [
592.339,
595.6
]
},
{
"text": "The point here is that there’s not going\nto be a single solution to completely decarbonizing",
"timestamp": [
595.6,
600.73
]
},
{
"text": "The point here is that there’s not going\nto be a single solution to completely decarbonizing",
"timestamp": [
595.6,
600.73
]
},
{
"text": "our electricity supply.",
"timestamp": [
600.73,
602.504
]
},
{
"text": "our electricity supply.",
"timestamp": [
600.73,
602.504
]
},
{
"text": "It’s going to take a variety of technologies.",
"timestamp": [
602.504,
605.347
]
},
{
"text": "It’s going to take a variety of technologies.",
"timestamp": [
602.504,
605.347
]
},
{
"text": "And none of these transitions will be cheap.",
"timestamp": [
605.347,
608.533
]
},
{
"text": "And none of these transitions will be cheap.",
"timestamp": [
605.347,
608.533
]
},
{
"text": "Compared with fossil fuel sources, all low-carbon\noptions come with what’s known as a Green Premium.",
"timestamp": [
608.533,
615.377
]
},
{
"text": "Compared with fossil fuel sources, all low-carbon\noptions come with what’s known as a Green Premium.",
"timestamp": [
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615.377
]
},
{
"text": "Over the years, many countries have done what\nthey can to keep the price of fossil fuels",
"timestamp": [
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619.44
]
},
{
"text": "Over the years, many countries have done what\nthey can to keep the price of fossil fuels",
"timestamp": [
615.377,
619.44
]
},
{
"text": "low, in order to boost their economies and\ntechnological development.",
"timestamp": [
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623.3
]
},
{
"text": "low, in order to boost their economies and\ntechnological development.",
"timestamp": [
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623.3
]
},
{
"text": "They’ve tapped into whatever fuel reserves\nthey have nearby, and provided tax cuts and",
"timestamp": [
623.3,
627.64
]
},
{
"text": "They’ve tapped into whatever fuel reserves\nthey have nearby, and provided tax cuts and",
"timestamp": [
623.3,
627.64
]
},
{
"text": "subsidies to allow companies to produce and\nuse that fuel cheaply.",
"timestamp": [
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630.93
]
},
{
"text": "subsidies to allow companies to produce and\nuse that fuel cheaply.",
"timestamp": [
627.64,
630.93
]
},
{
"text": "That means any new technology that doesn’t\nuse fossil fuels seems artificially expensive,",
"timestamp": [
630.93,
637.253
]
},
{
"text": "That means any new technology that doesn’t\nuse fossil fuels seems artificially expensive,",
"timestamp": [
630.93,
637.253
]
},
{
"text": "even while the resources themselves, like\nsunlight and wind, might be free.",
"timestamp": [
637.253,
641.932
]
},
{
"text": "even while the resources themselves, like\nsunlight and wind, might be free.",
"timestamp": [
637.253,
641.932
]
},
{
"text": "Installing new facilities also requires research\nand development, as well as new infrastructure,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Installing new facilities also requires research\nand development, as well as new infrastructure,",
"timestamp": [
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647.329
]
},
{
"text": "and right now, there aren’t many policies\nout there to reduce that cost.",
"timestamp": [
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651.58
]
},
{
"text": "and right now, there aren’t many policies\nout there to reduce that cost.",
"timestamp": [
647.329,
651.58
]
},
{
"text": "These are not insurmountable challenges, though.",
"timestamp": [
651.58,
653.43
]
},
{
"text": "These are not insurmountable challenges, though.",
"timestamp": [
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653.43
]
},
{
"text": "The incredible thing is that if we can decarbonize\nelectricity, it’ll have an impact on the",
"timestamp": [
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657.94
]
},
{
"text": "The incredible thing is that if we can decarbonize\nelectricity, it’ll have an impact on the",
"timestamp": [
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657.94
]
},
{
"text": "other major industries that currently release\ngreenhouse gases.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "other major industries that currently release\ngreenhouse gases.",
"timestamp": [
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661.18
]
},
{
"text": "New generations of vehicles can be fueled\nby carbon-free electricity,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "New generations of vehicles can be fueled\nby carbon-free electricity,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "instead of guzzling tankfuls of gas.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "instead of guzzling tankfuls of gas.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "And homes can be heated efficiently without\nemitting carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "And homes can be heated efficiently without\nemitting carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
666.795,
670.222
]
},
{
"text": "Decarbonizing electricity would even help\nthe agricultural industry — not by electrifying",
"timestamp": [
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675.2
]
},
{
"text": "Decarbonizing electricity would even help\nthe agricultural industry — not by electrifying",
"timestamp": [
670.222,
675.2
]
},
{
"text": "the crops somehow, but by powering everything\nthat goes into growing them.",
"timestamp": [
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678.839
]
},
{
"text": "the crops somehow, but by powering everything\nthat goes into growing them.",
"timestamp": [
675.2,
678.839
]
},
{
"text": "We’re talking electrifying tractors, pumps\nin watering systems, the machines that pick",
"timestamp": [
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683.639
]
},
{
"text": "We’re talking electrifying tractors, pumps\nin watering systems, the machines that pick",
"timestamp": [
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683.639
]
},
{
"text": "your green beans: heavy equipment that currently\nruns on fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
683.639,
688.06
]
},
{
"text": "your green beans: heavy equipment that currently\nruns on fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
683.639,
688.06
]
},
{
"text": "And for the emissions that are left, researchers\nare looking into ways to capture the excess",
"timestamp": [
688.06,
692.13
]
},
{
"text": "And for the emissions that are left, researchers\nare looking into ways to capture the excess",
"timestamp": [
688.06,
692.13
]
},
{
"text": "carbon and lock it away where it can’t cause\nfurther warming.",
"timestamp": [
692.13,
695.455
]
},
{
"text": "carbon and lock it away where it can’t cause\nfurther warming.",
"timestamp": [
692.13,
695.455
]
},
{
"text": "So, decarbonizing our electricity supplies\nwon’t solve the climate crisis by itself,",
"timestamp": [
695.455,
700.649
]
},
{
"text": "So, decarbonizing our electricity supplies\nwon’t solve the climate crisis by itself,",
"timestamp": [
695.455,
700.649
]
},
{
"text": "but it can take us a good way in that direction.",
"timestamp": [
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703.339
]
},
{
"text": "but it can take us a good way in that direction.",
"timestamp": [
700.649,
703.339
]
},
{
"text": "Someday soon, the electricity that powers\nyour internet or your midnight pizza might",
"timestamp": [
703.339,
708.41
]
},
{
"text": "Someday soon, the electricity that powers\nyour internet or your midnight pizza might",
"timestamp": [
703.339,
708.41
]
},
{
"text": "come from something like solar or hydroelectric\npower — in fact, it might already!",
"timestamp": [
708.41,
713.64
]
},
{
"text": "come from something like solar or hydroelectric\npower — in fact, it might already!",
"timestamp": [
708.41,
713.64
]
},
{
"text": "That being said, the biggest hurdle to large-scale\ncarbon-free electricity won’t actually be",
"timestamp": [
713.64,
718.579
]
},
{
"text": "That being said, the biggest hurdle to large-scale\ncarbon-free electricity won’t actually be",
"timestamp": [
713.64,
718.579
]
},
{
"text": "generating it, but rather storing and transmitting\nit so we can use it exactly when and where we need it.",
"timestamp": [
718.579,
725.193
]
},
{
"text": "generating it, but rather storing and transmitting\nit so we can use it exactly when and where we need it.",
"timestamp": [
718.579,
725.193
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, we need to seriously improve\nour water buckets.",
"timestamp": [
725.193,
728.49
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, we need to seriously improve\nour water buckets.",
"timestamp": [
725.193,
728.49
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll explore how we do that, and why it’s\nharder than you might imagine, next time.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "We’ll explore how we do that, and why it’s\nharder than you might imagine, next time.",
"timestamp": [
728.49,
733.63
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to John Lee, this episode’s\nmac and cheese caterer.",
"timestamp": [
733.63,
737.77
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to John Lee, this episode’s\nmac and cheese caterer.",
"timestamp": [
733.63,
737.77
]
},
{
"text": "John, we’re still talking about the cool\nbackflip you did into the swimming pool of",
"timestamp": [
737.77,
741.41
]
},
{
"text": "John, we’re still talking about the cool\nbackflip you did into the swimming pool of",
"timestamp": [
737.77,
741.41
]
},
{
"text": "macaroni, and we’re still washing the cheddar\naroma off ourselves.",
"timestamp": [
741.41,
747.35
]
},
{
"text": "macaroni, and we’re still washing the cheddar\naroma off ourselves.",
"timestamp": [
741.41,
747.35
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for supporting us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
747.35,
749.14
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for supporting us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
747.35,
749.14
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support ",
"timestamp": [
749.14,
752.587
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support ",
"timestamp": [
749.14,
752.587
]
},
{
"text": "provided by Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
752.587,
755.57
]
},
{
"text": "provided by Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
752.587,
755.57
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
755.57,
761.52
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
755.57,
761.52
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
761.52,
766.91
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
761.52,
766.91
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Decarbonizing Electricity",
"Hello from the internet!I’m coming to you on-demand through a vast,\ninterconnected network of wires and electromagneticwaves that spans the globe.And chances are, you’re watching this in\nthe comfort of your home, school, or workplacethat’s lit and heated on-demand, too.You can cook up mac and cheese, charge your\ncell phone, and put on the TV to keep thedog company, as easy as flipping a switch\nor pushing a button.But none of this would be possible without\nelectricity.Our lifestyles are centered around electricity,\nand worldwide,we consume more than \n22,000 terawatt hours every year.That’s enough to microwave about two trillion\nmac and cheeses.But the way we make electricity is changing.Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course\nClimate and Energy.[INTRO]Swimming pools full of mac and cheese aside,making all that electricity is taking a toll\non Earth’s climate.Power plants running on fossil fuels are pumping\ncarbon dioxide into the atmosphere, enhancing–in a bad way–the planet’s greenhouse effect,\nwhich warms the Earth.Scientists agree that we have to find ways\nto make electricity without releasing so muchcarbon dioxide, also known as decarbonizing\nthe electricity supply.This would make a huge impact because a little\nover a quarter of all ofour greenhouse gas emissions come from generating electricity.And that’s not even including the electricity\nit takes to manufacture things or power large-scaleagriculture, which are often counted as their\nown categories when measuring fossil fuel emissions by sector.A growing number of countries are committing\nto becoming carbon neutral by 2050.That means reaching no net carbon emissions,\nby both massively reducing emissions and offsettingthe ones we can’t avoid by scrubbing extra\ncarbon out of the air.But in an increasingly populous world with\nan ever-growing appetite for energy,this is a challenge.We’ll need to find a way to decarbonize\n… while also meeting people’s needs.The good news is: we have options!"
],
[
"Electricity From Solar & Wind Power",
"Some biggies are solar and wind power.Solar power involves capturing radiation from\nthe sun and converting it to electricity.Most often, this happens in photovoltaic panels.These panels contain metals like silicon that\nabsorb particles of light, called photons,and emit electrons.Those electrons are captured to form an electric\ncurrent.The sun’s energy can also be captured on a large scale in what are called Concentrating Solar Power Plants.Here, instead of using a bunch of separate\npanels, a big field of mirrors focuses sunlightonto a single receiver, where temperatures\ncan reach hundreds of degrees Celsius.It’s like the coolest laser on the planet.That heat can then be used to boil water and\ncreate steam, which can turn a turbine andgenerate electricity like in a fossil fuel\npower plant.But crucially, it does this without releasing\na bunch of carbon dioxide!Another option is wind power, which uses the\nforce of moving air to turn turbinesand directly generate electricity.There are different turbine designs for different\nlocations, but especially if you’ve everdriven through a rural area, you’ve probably\nseen some of them in the wild, lurking inthe fields like strange, high-tech crops.In the last decade, the costs of both wind\nand solar energy have dropped massively,helping to make them more affordable worldwide.Because of this, wind and solar now account\nfor about 7% of the global electricity supply!And if we built and installed more panels\nand more turbines, that number would go up,which would definitely help in reducing carbon\ndioxide emissions."
],
[
"Challenges of Solar & Wind Power",
"But don’t bring out the balloons yet.Scientists don’t think that wind and solar\ncould ever completely replace fossil fuel power plants.That’s partly because wind and solar need\na lot more space.For instance, to generate the same amount\nof energy as a one-square-kilometer power plant, you might need 5,000 square kilometers\nof wind turbines, depending on how efficient they are.But there’s also another major barrier:\nsupply and demand.Let’s head to the Thought Bubble.Think of the electricity grid as a huge bucket\nof water.The water itself is the electricity, if you\nhaven’t guessed.And when homes and businesses need to use\nsome of that electricity, the water flowsout of the holes of the bottom of the bucket,\nthen through the hoses to the destination.So, when you flip on the TV for a movie marathon,\nsome water flows out,and needs to be replaced at the top.That’s where electricity generation comes in.Power that comes from fossil fuel power plants\nis like water pumped from underground into our bucket.Utility companies can provide a constant flow\nof water, which they can switch on or offto control the amount flowing out the bottom\nof the bucket.But groundwater going into the bucket, just\nlike fossil fuels, is finite.Once it’s gone, it's gone.So, instead, you could opt to refill your\nbucket with rainwater.And like solar and wind power, the rain is\nrenewable — you’ll always be able to get more of it.But you have no control over when that rain\nfalls, just like you have little control overhow much the sun shines or the wind blows,\nas convenient as that would be.So, if you relied on rainfall alone to refill\nyour bucket, the levels could get dangerously low.Or in a big downpour, the bucket might overflow,\ndamaging the whole system.And then, there goes your plans for movie\nnight… and potentially, your TV.Thanks, Thought Bubble!The key here is that there’s a crucial difference\nbetween electricity capacityand electricity generation in a given area.In a hypothetical world with unlimited space,\nyou might be able to install enough solar panelsor wind turbines to supply the entire\nplanet with electricity when the sun is shiningthe brightest or the wind is blowing the hardest.But what happens when the sun goes down and\nthe wind drops?Even though you might have the capacity to\nsupply everyone’s needs, the conditionsoutside can’t generate the right amount\nof energy at the right time.The supply is intermittent: it comes and goes.Add that to the fact that our electricity\nusage isn’t always the same, either.There’s always some demand for power, which\nis known as a baseload, but at certain timesof the day and year, this can increase to\na peak load.For example, say every refrigerator in your\nneighborhood is always running.That's the kitchens' baseload.But in the evenings, when everyone on the\nblock is cooking dinner and running the dishwasherand has all the lights on, the electricity\ngrid will have to supply a lot more powerthan in the middle of the night when it’s\njust powering the fridge.Or you know, the fridge plus a few people\nwho are reheating pizza for a midnight snack.So, whatever we use to supply electricity,\nit needs to be able to adapt to these changes.And right now, our demand for…well, power\non demand just isn’t compatiblewith the intermittency of wind and solar power.That’s where some other low-carbon options\ncome in."
],
[
"Hydroelectric Power",
"For instance, hydroelectric power makes use\nof that old adage, “what goes up, must come down.”Essentially, you trap huge amounts of water\nin a reservoir at the top of a hill.Then, you control that flow of water downhill,\npast turbines that spin and make electricity.Hydroelectricity is renewable, since it relies\non rain and groundwater that are replacedthrough the natural water cycle.And, after you’ve built your reservoir,\nany electricity you generate is carbon neutral as well.As long as there’s enough water in the reservoir,\noperators can also change the amount of waterflowing through the facility to meet varying\ndemand, from baseload to peak load.Right now, the biggest hydroelectric facility\nin the world is at the Three Gorges Dam in China.In 2021, it generated enough energy to hypothetically\npower a small country like the Netherlands.Worldwide, hydroelectric power accounts for\nabout 16% of all electricity generation.But maybe hold the confetti cannons, because\nit’s not all good news.Building a reservoir capable of powering cities comes with serious environmental and economic consequences.Three Gorges took nearly 20 years to build,\nand cost at least 28 billion dollars.More than 1.3 million people also had to be\nmoved from their homes, and the Yangtze river valleyswere submerged more than 600 kilometers\nupstream, destroying huge swaths of the natural environment.Also, hydroelectric plants only really work\nwhen you have plenty of water and plenty of drop.Realistically, a flat country like the Netherlands\ncould never hope to power itself hydroelectrically."
],
[
"Nuclear Power",
"So another alternative, and one that can be\na bit more flexible, is nuclear power.When you hit a large atom of uranium with\nanother particle, the uranium undergoes nuclear fission.It breaks down into other elements while releasing heat.By harnessing that fission in a controlled\nchain reaction, the generated heat can beused to create steam and turn a turbine, just\nlike in a fossil fuel power plant.The benefit here is that nuclear fission doesn’t\nrelease any carbon, and by carefully tweakingthe amount of fission happening at any time,\nthe plant can easily ramp up production to meet peak demand.Now, uranium fuel itself isn’t renewable,\nso there’s only a limited supply.But the next generation of nuclear plants\nis finding ways to make it last longer,by using one of the leftovers from uranium fission\nto make even more heat after round one.Right now, nuclear fission supplies around\n10% of the world’s electricity, and sinceit’s so flexible and scales up so well,\nit could supply more.But there are significant challenges: Building\nnuclear power plants is costly and slow, andthere have also been a few high-profile, and\ndevastating, accidents.Throughout the years, power plants at Three\nMile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushimaall made headlines when their dangerously radioactive\ninsides leaked outside.In reality, far more people have been killed\nby air pollution from fossil fuel power plantsthan nuclear accidents.But there’s still a level of risk not everyone\nis comfortable with."
],
[
"Why Carbon-Free Electricity Matters",
"Solar, wind, hydroelectric, nuclear.The point here is that there’s not going\nto be a single solution to completely decarbonizingour electricity supply.It’s going to take a variety of technologies.And none of these transitions will be cheap.Compared with fossil fuel sources, all low-carbon\noptions come with what’s known as a Green Premium.Over the years, many countries have done what\nthey can to keep the price of fossil fuelslow, in order to boost their economies and\ntechnological development.They’ve tapped into whatever fuel reserves\nthey have nearby, and provided tax cuts andsubsidies to allow companies to produce and\nuse that fuel cheaply.That means any new technology that doesn’t\nuse fossil fuels seems artificially expensive,even while the resources themselves, like\nsunlight and wind, might be free.Installing new facilities also requires research\nand development, as well as new infrastructure,and right now, there aren’t many policies\nout there to reduce that cost.These are not insurmountable challenges, though.The incredible thing is that if we can decarbonize\nelectricity, it’ll have an impact on theother major industries that currently release\ngreenhouse gases.New generations of vehicles can be fueled\nby carbon-free electricity,instead of guzzling tankfuls of gas.And homes can be heated efficiently without\nemitting carbon dioxide.Decarbonizing electricity would even help\nthe agricultural industry — not by electrifyingthe crops somehow, but by powering everything\nthat goes into growing them.We’re talking electrifying tractors, pumps\nin watering systems, the machines that pickyour green beans: heavy equipment that currently\nruns on fossil fuels.And for the emissions that are left, researchers\nare looking into ways to capture the excesscarbon and lock it away where it can’t cause\nfurther warming."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"So, decarbonizing our electricity supplies\nwon’t solve the climate crisis by itself,but it can take us a good way in that direction.Someday soon, the electricity that powers\nyour internet or your midnight pizza mightcome from something like solar or hydroelectric\npower — in fact, it might already!That being said, the biggest hurdle to large-scale\ncarbon-free electricity won’t actually begenerating it, but rather storing and transmitting\nit so we can use it exactly when and where we need it.In other words, we need to seriously improve\nour water buckets.We’ll explore how we do that, and why it’s\nharder than you might imagine, next time.Special thanks to John Lee, this episode’s\nmac and cheese caterer.John, we’re still talking about the cool\nbackflip you did into the swimming pool ofmacaroni, and we’re still washing the cheddar\naroma off ourselves.Thanks for supporting us on Patreon.Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support provided by Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of all these nice people.If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Why Do We Release So Much Gas?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #2
|
Q26Z4JWVZvk
| 845 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Why We Release Carbon Dioxide",
"end_time": 66
},
{
"start_time": 66,
"title": "Fossil Fuels & The Industrial Revolution",
"end_time": 289
},
{
"start_time": 289,
"title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions By Sector",
"end_time": 572
},
{
"start_time": 572,
"title": "The Challenge of Decarbonization",
"end_time": 794
},
{
"start_time": 794,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 845
}
] |
[
{
"text": "In a typical year, humans are pumping about\n51 billion tons of carbon dioxide and other",
"timestamp": [
0.179,
5.19
]
},
{
"text": "In a typical year, humans are pumping about\n51 billion tons of carbon dioxide and other",
"timestamp": [
0.179,
5.19
]
},
{
"text": "greenhouse gases into the atmosphere — at\nleast, that’s what’s typical at the time",
"timestamp": [
5.19,
10.259
]
},
{
"text": "greenhouse gases into the atmosphere — at\nleast, that’s what’s typical at the time",
"timestamp": [
5.19,
10.259
]
},
{
"text": "we’re making this episode, in 2022.",
"timestamp": [
10.259,
12.219
]
},
{
"text": "we’re making this episode, in 2022.",
"timestamp": [
10.259,
12.219
]
},
{
"text": "It’s tricky to imagine what a billion tons\nof anything looks like.",
"timestamp": [
12.219,
16.49
]
},
{
"text": "It’s tricky to imagine what a billion tons\nof anything looks like.",
"timestamp": [
12.219,
16.49
]
},
{
"text": "But to give you a sense of scale, this is\nequivalent to about 8,500 Great Pyramids of Giza ",
"timestamp": [
16.49,
23.138
]
},
{
"text": "But to give you a sense of scale, this is\nequivalent to about 8,500 Great Pyramids of Giza ",
"timestamp": [
16.49,
23.138
]
},
{
"text": "or 150,000 Empire State Buildings.",
"timestamp": [
23.138,
25.84
]
},
{
"text": "or 150,000 Empire State Buildings.",
"timestamp": [
23.138,
25.84
]
},
{
"text": "But carbon dioxide is a lot more…airy… ",
"timestamp": [
25.84,
28.177
]
},
{
"text": "But carbon dioxide is a lot more…airy… ",
"timestamp": [
25.84,
28.177
]
},
{
"text": "than your average Egyptian pyramid,\nso our emissions take up quite a bit more space.",
"timestamp": [
28.177,
33.017
]
},
{
"text": "than your average Egyptian pyramid,\nso our emissions take up quite a bit more space.",
"timestamp": [
28.177,
33.017
]
},
{
"text": "Every year, that mass of gas amounts to about\n26 quadrillion liters, enough to fill up the",
"timestamp": [
33.017,
39.11
]
},
{
"text": "Every year, that mass of gas amounts to about\n26 quadrillion liters, enough to fill up the",
"timestamp": [
33.017,
39.11
]
},
{
"text": "Grand Canyon six times over.",
"timestamp": [
39.11,
41.46
]
},
{
"text": "Grand Canyon six times over.",
"timestamp": [
39.11,
41.46
]
},
{
"text": "The carbon dioxide we’re pumping into the\natmosphere is causing unprecedented climate change.",
"timestamp": [
41.46,
46.897
]
},
{
"text": "The carbon dioxide we’re pumping into the\natmosphere is causing unprecedented climate change.",
"timestamp": [
41.46,
46.897
]
},
{
"text": "But why do we release so much carbon into\nthe atmosphere?",
"timestamp": [
46.897,
50.131
]
},
{
"text": "But why do we release so much carbon into\nthe atmosphere?",
"timestamp": [
46.897,
50.131
]
},
{
"text": "And how easy will it be to change our ways?",
"timestamp": [
50.131,
52.289
]
},
{
"text": "And how easy will it be to change our ways?",
"timestamp": [
50.131,
52.289
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi!",
"timestamp": [
52.289,
53.289
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi!",
"timestamp": [
52.289,
53.289
]
},
{
"text": "I’m M Jackson and this is Crash Course Climate\nand Energy.",
"timestamp": [
53.289,
56.356
]
},
{
"text": "I’m M Jackson and this is Crash Course Climate\nand Energy.",
"timestamp": [
53.289,
56.356
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
56.356,
66.61
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
56.356,
66.61
]
},
{
"text": "In the latter half of the 18th century, Scottish\nengineer James Watt made some improvements",
"timestamp": [
66.61,
71.659
]
},
{
"text": "In the latter half of the 18th century, Scottish\nengineer James Watt made some improvements",
"timestamp": [
66.61,
71.659
]
},
{
"text": "to the design of a coal-powered steam engine.",
"timestamp": [
71.659,
74.25
]
},
{
"text": "to the design of a coal-powered steam engine.",
"timestamp": [
71.659,
74.25
]
},
{
"text": "He hoped that his new engine would make it\nmore efficient to pump water out of the bottom",
"timestamp": [
74.25,
78.19
]
},
{
"text": "He hoped that his new engine would make it\nmore efficient to pump water out of the bottom",
"timestamp": [
74.25,
78.19
]
},
{
"text": "of deep coal mines, but it ended up doing\na lot more than that.",
"timestamp": [
78.19,
82.063
]
},
{
"text": "of deep coal mines, but it ended up doing\na lot more than that.",
"timestamp": [
78.19,
82.063
]
},
{
"text": "Watt developed the first modern steam engine.",
"timestamp": [
82.063,
85.133
]
},
{
"text": "Watt developed the first modern steam engine.",
"timestamp": [
82.063,
85.133
]
},
{
"text": "And it set us on course for the Industrial\nRevolution.",
"timestamp": [
85.133,
88.447
]
},
{
"text": "And it set us on course for the Industrial\nRevolution.",
"timestamp": [
85.133,
88.447
]
},
{
"text": "After a couple hundred thousand years of doing\nthings by hand or with animals, in just a",
"timestamp": [
88.447,
92.711
]
},
{
"text": "After a couple hundred thousand years of doing\nthings by hand or with animals, in just a",
"timestamp": [
88.447,
92.711
]
},
{
"text": "few decades, we switched to doing pretty much\neverything with the help of machines.",
"timestamp": [
92.711,
97.869
]
},
{
"text": "few decades, we switched to doing pretty much\neverything with the help of machines.",
"timestamp": [
92.711,
97.869
]
},
{
"text": "This transition ultimately relied on energy-rich\nfuels — specifically coal, oil, and natural gas.",
"timestamp": [
97.869,
105.261
]
},
{
"text": "This transition ultimately relied on energy-rich\nfuels — specifically coal, oil, and natural gas.",
"timestamp": [
97.869,
105.261
]
},
{
"text": "These collectively are known as fossil fuels,\nbecause they form much like fossils do.",
"timestamp": [
105.261,
110.18
]
},
{
"text": "These collectively are known as fossil fuels,\nbecause they form much like fossils do.",
"timestamp": [
105.261,
110.18
]
},
{
"text": "The story of fossil fuels goes like this.",
"timestamp": [
110.18,
113.2
]
},
{
"text": "The story of fossil fuels goes like this.",
"timestamp": [
110.18,
113.2
]
},
{
"text": "Once upon a time, some plants or algae died,\nas they tend to.",
"timestamp": [
113.2,
117.799
]
},
{
"text": "Once upon a time, some plants or algae died,\nas they tend to.",
"timestamp": [
113.2,
117.799
]
},
{
"text": "But instead of decaying away, their carbon-rich\nbodies were trapped inside sediments",
"timestamp": [
117.799,
122.841
]
},
{
"text": "But instead of decaying away, their carbon-rich\nbodies were trapped inside sediments",
"timestamp": [
117.799,
122.841
]
},
{
"text": "that later became rock.",
"timestamp": [
122.841,
124.54
]
},
{
"text": "that later became rock.",
"timestamp": [
122.841,
124.54
]
},
{
"text": "Then, over millions of years, those rocks\nwere heated and squeezed by geologic processes,",
"timestamp": [
124.54,
130
]
},
{
"text": "Then, over millions of years, those rocks\nwere heated and squeezed by geologic processes,",
"timestamp": [
124.54,
130
]
},
{
"text": "transforming the remnants of those plants\nand algae into huge, unrecognizable reservoirs",
"timestamp": [
130,
134.959
]
},
{
"text": "transforming the remnants of those plants\nand algae into huge, unrecognizable reservoirs",
"timestamp": [
130,
134.959
]
},
{
"text": "of carbon-rich material.",
"timestamp": [
134.959,
136.86
]
},
{
"text": "of carbon-rich material.",
"timestamp": [
134.959,
136.86
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine: a disgusting underground soup.",
"timestamp": [
136.86,
140.44
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine: a disgusting underground soup.",
"timestamp": [
136.86,
140.44
]
},
{
"text": "And today, when you fire up your gas stove\nfor mac ‘n’ cheese or hop on a bus,",
"timestamp": [
140.44,
145
]
},
{
"text": "And today, when you fire up your gas stove\nfor mac ‘n’ cheese or hop on a bus,",
"timestamp": [
140.44,
145
]
},
{
"text": "some of that prehistoric material is burned to\npower your life.",
"timestamp": [
145,
149.81
]
},
{
"text": "some of that prehistoric material is burned to\npower your life.",
"timestamp": [
145,
149.81
]
},
{
"text": "Take that in for a second.",
"timestamp": [
149.81,
151.86
]
},
{
"text": "Take that in for a second.",
"timestamp": [
149.81,
151.86
]
},
{
"text": "On a daily basis, you are interacting with\nmatter that’s older than dinosaurs.",
"timestamp": [
151.86,
157.767
]
},
{
"text": "On a daily basis, you are interacting with\nmatter that’s older than dinosaurs.",
"timestamp": [
151.86,
157.767
]
},
{
"text": "Rawr XD!",
"timestamp": [
157.767,
158.773
]
},
{
"text": "Rawr XD!",
"timestamp": [
157.767,
158.773
]
},
{
"text": "You’re just the latest in a long line of\nhumans to tap into these reservoirs.",
"timestamp": [
158.773,
162.61
]
},
{
"text": "You’re just the latest in a long line of\nhumans to tap into these reservoirs.",
"timestamp": [
158.773,
162.61
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve been using fossil carbon as a fuel\nsource since as early as Roman times,",
"timestamp": [
162.61,
167.211
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve been using fossil carbon as a fuel\nsource since as early as Roman times,",
"timestamp": [
162.61,
167.211
]
},
{
"text": "when coal was used to heat public baths.",
"timestamp": [
167.211,
169.157
]
},
{
"text": "when coal was used to heat public baths.",
"timestamp": [
167.211,
169.157
]
},
{
"text": "That’s because fossil fuels are much more\nenergy dense than the alternatives,",
"timestamp": [
169.157,
173.733
]
},
{
"text": "That’s because fossil fuels are much more\nenergy dense than the alternatives,",
"timestamp": [
169.157,
173.733
]
},
{
"text": "meaning they pack a lot more bang for their buck than\nthings like wood or charcoal.",
"timestamp": [
173.733,
178
]
},
{
"text": "meaning they pack a lot more bang for their buck than\nthings like wood or charcoal.",
"timestamp": [
173.733,
178
]
},
{
"text": "Around the mid-1700s, when engineers figured\nout how to use all that ‘bang’ to make",
"timestamp": [
178,
182.54
]
},
{
"text": "Around the mid-1700s, when engineers figured\nout how to use all that ‘bang’ to make",
"timestamp": [
178,
182.54
]
},
{
"text": "our lives easier, things got really interesting.",
"timestamp": [
182.54,
185.629
]
},
{
"text": "our lives easier, things got really interesting.",
"timestamp": [
182.54,
185.629
]
},
{
"text": "The key was to transform the chemical energy\ntied up in fossil fuels into mechanical energy",
"timestamp": [
185.629,
190.92
]
},
{
"text": "The key was to transform the chemical energy\ntied up in fossil fuels into mechanical energy",
"timestamp": [
185.629,
190.92
]
},
{
"text": "that could physically move and power machines.",
"timestamp": [
190.92,
193.879
]
},
{
"text": "that could physically move and power machines.",
"timestamp": [
190.92,
193.879
]
},
{
"text": "For example, engines do this by burning fuel\nto turn chemical energy into heat energy.",
"timestamp": [
193.879,
198.769
]
},
{
"text": "For example, engines do this by burning fuel\nto turn chemical energy into heat energy.",
"timestamp": [
193.879,
198.769
]
},
{
"text": "That heat energy is then used to boil water\nand make steam, which is trapped in a pressurized container.",
"timestamp": [
198.769,
204.31
]
},
{
"text": "That heat energy is then used to boil water\nand make steam, which is trapped in a pressurized container.",
"timestamp": [
198.769,
204.31
]
},
{
"text": "But as that steam is released, it has the\npower to push a piston, or turn a turbine,",
"timestamp": [
204.31,
208.83
]
},
{
"text": "But as that steam is released, it has the\npower to push a piston, or turn a turbine,",
"timestamp": [
204.31,
208.83
]
},
{
"text": "creating movement that can power a pump, a\nwheel, or the entire Industrial Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
208.83,
214.45
]
},
{
"text": "creating movement that can power a pump, a\nwheel, or the entire Industrial Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
208.83,
214.45
]
},
{
"text": "That new technology transformed manufacturing,\nagriculture, and transportation, making it",
"timestamp": [
214.45,
219.34
]
},
{
"text": "That new technology transformed manufacturing,\nagriculture, and transportation, making it",
"timestamp": [
214.45,
219.34
]
},
{
"text": "all faster and more efficient, fundamentally\nreshaping the way we live, work, and play.",
"timestamp": [
219.34,
225.549
]
},
{
"text": "all faster and more efficient, fundamentally\nreshaping the way we live, work, and play.",
"timestamp": [
219.34,
225.549
]
},
{
"text": "And now, these fuels are everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
225.549,
228.87
]
},
{
"text": "And now, these fuels are everywhere.",
"timestamp": [
225.549,
228.87
]
},
{
"text": "Coal is burned in power plants, diesel runs\ntrucks and trains, natural gas heats homes",
"timestamp": [
228.87,
233.9
]
},
{
"text": "Coal is burned in power plants, diesel runs\ntrucks and trains, natural gas heats homes",
"timestamp": [
228.87,
233.9
]
},
{
"text": "and businesses, and fossil fuels are even\nprocessed to make plastic, used in everything",
"timestamp": [
233.9,
238.75
]
},
{
"text": "and businesses, and fossil fuels are even\nprocessed to make plastic, used in everything",
"timestamp": [
233.9,
238.75
]
},
{
"text": "from your toothbrush to your smartphone.",
"timestamp": [
238.75,
240.7
]
},
{
"text": "from your toothbrush to your smartphone.",
"timestamp": [
238.75,
240.7
]
},
{
"text": "And after seeing how powerful these fuels\ncould be, governments made policies to encourage",
"timestamp": [
240.7,
245.599
]
},
{
"text": "And after seeing how powerful these fuels\ncould be, governments made policies to encourage",
"timestamp": [
240.7,
245.599
]
},
{
"text": "their use and keep them affordable.",
"timestamp": [
245.599,
247.54
]
},
{
"text": "their use and keep them affordable.",
"timestamp": [
245.599,
247.54
]
},
{
"text": "But this 260-year love affair with fossilized\ncarbon has come at great cost.",
"timestamp": [
247.54,
251.84
]
},
{
"text": "But this 260-year love affair with fossilized\ncarbon has come at great cost.",
"timestamp": [
247.54,
251.84
]
},
{
"text": "Burning these fuels releases carbon dioxide\ninto the atmosphere, and over time, that gas has built up.",
"timestamp": [
251.84,
257.839
]
},
{
"text": "Burning these fuels releases carbon dioxide\ninto the atmosphere, and over time, that gas has built up.",
"timestamp": [
251.84,
257.839
]
},
{
"text": "Now, it’s helping to trap heat close to\nEarth’s surface via the greenhouse effect,",
"timestamp": [
257.839,
262.58
]
},
{
"text": "Now, it’s helping to trap heat close to\nEarth’s surface via the greenhouse effect,",
"timestamp": [
257.839,
262.58
]
},
{
"text": "causing the planet to warm and the climate\nto change at an unprecedented rate.",
"timestamp": [
262.58,
267.139
]
},
{
"text": "causing the planet to warm and the climate\nto change at an unprecedented rate.",
"timestamp": [
262.58,
267.139
]
},
{
"text": "If we want to slow that rate, and reduce the\nimpacts of climate change, we need to stop",
"timestamp": [
267.139,
271.33
]
},
{
"text": "If we want to slow that rate, and reduce the\nimpacts of climate change, we need to stop",
"timestamp": [
267.139,
271.33
]
},
{
"text": "releasing so much carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
271.33,
273.22
]
},
{
"text": "releasing so much carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
271.33,
273.22
]
},
{
"text": "And that means it’s time to break up with\nfossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
273.22,
276.33
]
},
{
"text": "And that means it’s time to break up with\nfossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
273.22,
276.33
]
},
{
"text": "But even that won’t be easy.",
"timestamp": [
276.33,
277.699
]
},
{
"text": "But even that won’t be easy.",
"timestamp": [
276.33,
277.699
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, it’s probably going to be one of\nthe messiest breakups of all time.",
"timestamp": [
277.699,
281.419
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, it’s probably going to be one of\nthe messiest breakups of all time.",
"timestamp": [
277.699,
281.419
]
},
{
"text": "Almost as messy as when Dean left Rory in\nthe middle of the Star's Hollow Dance Marathon.",
"timestamp": [
281.419,
285.77
]
},
{
"text": "Almost as messy as when Dean left Rory in\nthe middle of the Star's Hollow Dance Marathon.",
"timestamp": [
281.419,
285.77
]
},
{
"text": "I’m sorry.",
"timestamp": [
285.77,
287.276
]
},
{
"text": "I’m sorry.",
"timestamp": [
285.77,
287.276
]
},
{
"text": "I just get emotional every time.",
"timestamp": [
287.276,
288.813
]
},
{
"text": "I just get emotional every time.",
"timestamp": [
287.276,
288.813
]
},
{
"text": "Pretty much everything we do ends up releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
288.813,
293.903
]
},
{
"text": "Pretty much everything we do ends up releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
288.813,
293.903
]
},
{
"text": "Our carbon-emitting habits can be broken down\nin a number of different ways.",
"timestamp": [
293.903,
297.86
]
},
{
"text": "Our carbon-emitting habits can be broken down\nin a number of different ways.",
"timestamp": [
293.903,
297.86
]
},
{
"text": "If you break out ye olde Google to try to\nfigure out which large-scale human activities",
"timestamp": [
297.86,
301.949
]
},
{
"text": "If you break out ye olde Google to try to\nfigure out which large-scale human activities",
"timestamp": [
297.86,
301.949
]
},
{
"text": "contribute to climate change the most, you’ll\nusually find variations of roughly the same",
"timestamp": [
301.949,
307.02
]
},
{
"text": "contribute to climate change the most, you’ll\nusually find variations of roughly the same",
"timestamp": [
301.949,
307.02
]
},
{
"text": "five categories: industry or manufacturing,\ntransportation, electricity, energy use in",
"timestamp": [
307.02,
313.79
]
},
{
"text": "five categories: industry or manufacturing,\ntransportation, electricity, energy use in",
"timestamp": [
307.02,
313.79
]
},
{
"text": "commercial or residential buildings — aka\nheating or cooling— and then agriculture.",
"timestamp": [
313.79,
319.723
]
},
{
"text": "commercial or residential buildings — aka\nheating or cooling— and then agriculture.",
"timestamp": [
313.79,
319.723
]
},
{
"text": "But then you’ll be like — wait, what?",
"timestamp": [
319.723,
321.867
]
},
{
"text": "But then you’ll be like — wait, what?",
"timestamp": [
319.723,
321.867
]
},
{
"text": "Because across different sources, you’ll\nsee different-sized slices representing how",
"timestamp": [
321.867,
326.37
]
},
{
"text": "Because across different sources, you’ll\nsee different-sized slices representing how",
"timestamp": [
321.867,
326.37
]
},
{
"text": "much each of these sectors actually contribute\nto the global emissions pie.",
"timestamp": [
326.37,
330.8
]
},
{
"text": "much each of these sectors actually contribute\nto the global emissions pie.",
"timestamp": [
326.37,
330.8
]
},
{
"text": "That’s because — well, everything is kind\nof connected.",
"timestamp": [
330.8,
333.86
]
},
{
"text": "That’s because — well, everything is kind\nof connected.",
"timestamp": [
330.8,
333.86
]
},
{
"text": "For example, we release greenhouse gases when\ndriving our cars, but we also release them",
"timestamp": [
333.86,
338.31
]
},
{
"text": "For example, we release greenhouse gases when\ndriving our cars, but we also release them",
"timestamp": [
333.86,
338.31
]
},
{
"text": "when refining the oil into the fuel they use,\nor when producing the steel they are made of.",
"timestamp": [
338.31,
342.844
]
},
{
"text": "when refining the oil into the fuel they use,\nor when producing the steel they are made of.",
"timestamp": [
338.31,
342.844
]
},
{
"text": "So, it depends on whether a source is counting\nall of those emissions towards the transportation",
"timestamp": [
342.844,
346.75
]
},
{
"text": "So, it depends on whether a source is counting\nall of those emissions towards the transportation",
"timestamp": [
342.844,
346.75
]
},
{
"text": "slice of the pie — or if it’s counting\nthe steel production and oil-refining parts",
"timestamp": [
346.75,
351.13
]
},
{
"text": "slice of the pie — or if it’s counting\nthe steel production and oil-refining parts",
"timestamp": [
346.75,
351.13
]
},
{
"text": "in a separate manufacturing slice.",
"timestamp": [
351.13,
353.62
]
},
{
"text": "in a separate manufacturing slice.",
"timestamp": [
351.13,
353.62
]
},
{
"text": "For this series, we usually do the latter\n— try to separate energy that’s used for",
"timestamp": [
353.62,
357.85
]
},
{
"text": "For this series, we usually do the latter\n— try to separate energy that’s used for",
"timestamp": [
353.62,
357.85
]
},
{
"text": "the purpose of making stuff from the energy\nthat is used for the purpose of getting around.",
"timestamp": [
357.85,
362.69
]
},
{
"text": "the purpose of making stuff from the energy\nthat is used for the purpose of getting around.",
"timestamp": [
357.85,
362.69
]
},
{
"text": "And by that count, making stuff is the biggest\ncategory.",
"timestamp": [
362.69,
366.48
]
},
{
"text": "And by that count, making stuff is the biggest\ncategory.",
"timestamp": [
362.69,
366.48
]
},
{
"text": "Post-industrial materials like steel, concrete,\nand plastic all have to be heavily processed,",
"timestamp": [
366.48,
372.199
]
},
{
"text": "Post-industrial materials like steel, concrete,\nand plastic all have to be heavily processed,",
"timestamp": [
366.48,
372.199
]
},
{
"text": "and we use so much of them that they account\nfor around 30% of global greenhouse emissions annually.",
"timestamp": [
372.199,
377.771
]
},
{
"text": "and we use so much of them that they account\nfor around 30% of global greenhouse emissions annually.",
"timestamp": [
372.199,
377.771
]
},
{
"text": "Next, accounting for about 26% of global emissions,\nis our thirst for electricity.",
"timestamp": [
377.771,
382.93
]
},
{
"text": "Next, accounting for about 26% of global emissions,\nis our thirst for electricity.",
"timestamp": [
377.771,
382.93
]
},
{
"text": "Lights, appliances, industrial machinery,\nthe internet all rely on a constant flow of",
"timestamp": [
382.93,
388.069
]
},
{
"text": "Lights, appliances, industrial machinery,\nthe internet all rely on a constant flow of",
"timestamp": [
382.93,
388.069
]
},
{
"text": "electricity, two-thirds of which is still\ngenerated by fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
388.069,
392.108
]
},
{
"text": "electricity, two-thirds of which is still\ngenerated by fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
388.069,
392.108
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, 21% of our emissions come from\ngrowing things.",
"timestamp": [
392.108,
396.02
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, 21% of our emissions come from\ngrowing things.",
"timestamp": [
392.108,
396.02
]
},
{
"text": "The agricultural industry is responsible for\nthe plants and animals we eat, and the plants",
"timestamp": [
396.02,
401.1
]
},
{
"text": "The agricultural industry is responsible for\nthe plants and animals we eat, and the plants",
"timestamp": [
396.02,
401.1
]
},
{
"text": "and animals they eat, and the plants we grow\nfor other purposes, like clothes and paper.",
"timestamp": [
401.1,
406.88
]
},
{
"text": "and animals they eat, and the plants we grow\nfor other purposes, like clothes and paper.",
"timestamp": [
401.1,
406.88
]
},
{
"text": "And although plants do take carbon dioxide\nout of the atmosphere, they are outmatched",
"timestamp": [
406.88,
412.03
]
},
{
"text": "And although plants do take carbon dioxide\nout of the atmosphere, they are outmatched",
"timestamp": [
406.88,
412.03
]
},
{
"text": "by the land clearance involved in agriculture,\nand even more so by fertilizers and machinery",
"timestamp": [
412.03,
417.37
]
},
{
"text": "by the land clearance involved in agriculture,\nand even more so by fertilizers and machinery",
"timestamp": [
412.03,
417.37
]
},
{
"text": "that rely heavily on fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
417.37,
419.55
]
},
{
"text": "that rely heavily on fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
417.37,
419.55
]
},
{
"text": "Are we there yet?",
"timestamp": [
419.55,
421.016
]
},
{
"text": "Are we there yet?",
"timestamp": [
419.55,
421.016
]
},
{
"text": "Not quite.",
"timestamp": [
421.016,
422.067
]
},
{
"text": "Not quite.",
"timestamp": [
421.016,
422.067
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve still got the transportation industry,\nwhich is responsible for about 16% of global emissions.",
"timestamp": [
422.067,
428.069
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve still got the transportation industry,\nwhich is responsible for about 16% of global emissions.",
"timestamp": [
422.067,
428.069
]
},
{
"text": "That includes one billion passenger cars.",
"timestamp": [
428.069,
430.65
]
},
{
"text": "That includes one billion passenger cars.",
"timestamp": [
428.069,
430.65
]
},
{
"text": "Plus: planes, trucks, trains, and ships in\nthe global trade and transport network.",
"timestamp": [
430.65,
435.719
]
},
{
"text": "Plus: planes, trucks, trains, and ships in\nthe global trade and transport network.",
"timestamp": [
430.65,
435.719
]
},
{
"text": "And finally, 7% of emissions come from heating\nand cooling our buildings.",
"timestamp": [
435.719,
441.03
]
},
{
"text": "And finally, 7% of emissions come from heating\nand cooling our buildings.",
"timestamp": [
435.719,
441.03
]
},
{
"text": "The point is, fossil fuel use and greenhouse\ngas emissions are inescapable to some degree.",
"timestamp": [
441.03,
447.26
]
},
{
"text": "The point is, fossil fuel use and greenhouse\ngas emissions are inescapable to some degree.",
"timestamp": [
441.03,
447.26
]
},
{
"text": "They’re entangled in so many more stages\nof so many more of our modern systems than",
"timestamp": [
447.26,
453.009
]
},
{
"text": "They’re entangled in so many more stages\nof so many more of our modern systems than",
"timestamp": [
447.26,
453.009
]
},
{
"text": "we often stop to think about.",
"timestamp": [
453.009,
454.599
]
},
{
"text": "we often stop to think about.",
"timestamp": [
453.009,
454.599
]
},
{
"text": "The bright side?",
"timestamp": [
454.599,
455.62
]
},
{
"text": "The bright side?",
"timestamp": [
454.599,
455.62
]
},
{
"text": "If we can learn to decarbonize our energy\nsources, it will have impacts",
"timestamp": [
455.62,
458.509
]
},
{
"text": "If we can learn to decarbonize our energy\nsources, it will have impacts",
"timestamp": [
455.62,
458.509
]
},
{
"text": "across all of these industries, and more.",
"timestamp": [
458.509,
461.348
]
},
{
"text": "across all of these industries, and more.",
"timestamp": [
458.509,
461.348
]
},
{
"text": "Take something as simple as ordering a new\ncotton T-shirt from an online retailer,",
"timestamp": [
461.348,
465.44
]
},
{
"text": "Take something as simple as ordering a new\ncotton T-shirt from an online retailer,",
"timestamp": [
461.348,
465.44
]
},
{
"text": "which we’ll do in the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
465.44,
467.89
]
},
{
"text": "which we’ll do in the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
465.44,
467.89
]
},
{
"text": "By ordering online, one less physical storefront\nneeds to be built, lit, or heated, so that’s a start.",
"timestamp": [
467.89,
474.3
]
},
{
"text": "By ordering online, one less physical storefront\nneeds to be built, lit, or heated, so that’s a start.",
"timestamp": [
467.89,
474.3
]
},
{
"text": "But your computer and the internet do rely\non consistent electricity, which releases greenhouse gases.",
"timestamp": [
474.3,
479.9
]
},
{
"text": "But your computer and the internet do rely\non consistent electricity, which releases greenhouse gases.",
"timestamp": [
474.3,
479.9
]
},
{
"text": "Also, the T-shirt you ordered is made from\ncotton, which was grown on land that’s cleared",
"timestamp": [
479.9,
483.729
]
},
{
"text": "Also, the T-shirt you ordered is made from\ncotton, which was grown on land that’s cleared",
"timestamp": [
479.9,
483.729
]
},
{
"text": "of its natural vegetation, plus fertilized,\nplanted, and harvested.",
"timestamp": [
483.729,
487.67
]
},
{
"text": "of its natural vegetation, plus fertilized,\nplanted, and harvested.",
"timestamp": [
483.729,
487.67
]
},
{
"text": "To do any of that planting, fertilizing, and\nharvesting, you need processes and equipment.",
"timestamp": [
487.67,
492.46
]
},
{
"text": "To do any of that planting, fertilizing, and\nharvesting, you need processes and equipment.",
"timestamp": [
487.67,
492.46
]
},
{
"text": "And then, at the factory, your shirt is spun,\nsewn, and packaged",
"timestamp": [
492.46,
495.5
]
},
{
"text": "And then, at the factory, your shirt is spun,\nsewn, and packaged",
"timestamp": [
492.46,
495.5
]
},
{
"text": "with the help of steel machinery and plastic materials.",
"timestamp": [
495.5,
498.02
]
},
{
"text": "with the help of steel machinery and plastic materials.",
"timestamp": [
495.5,
498.02
]
},
{
"text": "In an ideal world, the factory and storage\nwarehouses will also be cooled and heated,",
"timestamp": [
498.02,
502.21
]
},
{
"text": "In an ideal world, the factory and storage\nwarehouses will also be cooled and heated,",
"timestamp": [
498.02,
502.21
]
},
{
"text": "to keep workers at a comfortable temperature.",
"timestamp": [
502.21,
504.389
]
},
{
"text": "to keep workers at a comfortable temperature.",
"timestamp": [
502.21,
504.389
]
},
{
"text": "Finally, when it’s ready, the T-shirt will\nbe shipped to your door, via cargo ship, plane, or truck.",
"timestamp": [
504.389,
509.37
]
},
{
"text": "Finally, when it’s ready, the T-shirt will\nbe shipped to your door, via cargo ship, plane, or truck.",
"timestamp": [
504.389,
509.37
]
},
{
"text": "And with all of these steps: \nmore greenhouse gases.",
"timestamp": [
509.37,
512.825
]
},
{
"text": "And with all of these steps: \nmore greenhouse gases.",
"timestamp": [
509.37,
512.825
]
},
{
"text": "Then, if you ship the shirt back because you\ngot the wrong size or don’t like the color,",
"timestamp": [
512.825,
516.39
]
},
{
"text": "Then, if you ship the shirt back because you\ngot the wrong size or don’t like the color,",
"timestamp": [
512.825,
516.39
]
},
{
"text": "even more gases are emitted.",
"timestamp": [
516.39,
517.99
]
},
{
"text": "even more gases are emitted.",
"timestamp": [
516.39,
517.99
]
},
{
"text": "It doesn’t end there, either.",
"timestamp": [
517.99,
519.779
]
},
{
"text": "It doesn’t end there, either.",
"timestamp": [
517.99,
519.779
]
},
{
"text": "In a few years, when your T-shirt, or your\namazing fringe jacket goes out of style, ",
"timestamp": [
519.779,
524.47
]
},
{
"text": "In a few years, when your T-shirt, or your\namazing fringe jacket goes out of style, ",
"timestamp": [
519.779,
524.47
]
},
{
"text": "they’ll end up in landfill where they’ll slowly\ndecompose, releasing greenhouse gases",
"timestamp": [
524.47,
528.755
]
},
{
"text": "they’ll end up in landfill where they’ll slowly\ndecompose, releasing greenhouse gases",
"timestamp": [
524.47,
528.755
]
},
{
"text": "long after you’ve forgotten about them.",
"timestamp": [
528.755,
531.136
]
},
{
"text": "long after you’ve forgotten about them.",
"timestamp": [
528.755,
531.136
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
531.136,
533.614
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
531.136,
533.614
]
},
{
"text": "Thought I lost this – it’s a keeper!",
"timestamp": [
533.614,
535.833
]
},
{
"text": "Thought I lost this – it’s a keeper!",
"timestamp": [
533.614,
535.833
]
},
{
"text": "All in all, the fashion industry releases\nthe equivalent of roughly",
"timestamp": [
535.833,
539.521
]
},
{
"text": "All in all, the fashion industry releases\nthe equivalent of roughly",
"timestamp": [
535.833,
539.521
]
},
{
"text": " a billion metric tons of carbon dioxide every year.",
"timestamp": [
539.521,
543.149
]
},
{
"text": " a billion metric tons of carbon dioxide every year.",
"timestamp": [
539.521,
543.149
]
},
{
"text": "Hearing stories like this, I know, can make\nyou feel kind of guilty.",
"timestamp": [
543.149,
547.21
]
},
{
"text": "Hearing stories like this, I know, can make\nyou feel kind of guilty.",
"timestamp": [
543.149,
547.21
]
},
{
"text": "“I released all those greenhouse gases and\nall I got was this lousy t-shirt\"",
"timestamp": [
547.21,
552.32
]
},
{
"text": "“I released all those greenhouse gases and\nall I got was this lousy t-shirt\"",
"timestamp": [
547.21,
552.32
]
},
{
"text": "(or fringe jacket).",
"timestamp": [
552.32,
553.472
]
},
{
"text": "(or fringe jacket).",
"timestamp": [
552.32,
553.472
]
},
{
"text": "And while it can make an impact to shop second-hand,\nwhat this story shows us is how climate change",
"timestamp": [
553.472,
558.5
]
},
{
"text": "And while it can make an impact to shop second-hand,\nwhat this story shows us is how climate change",
"timestamp": [
553.472,
558.5
]
},
{
"text": "is simultaneously about you and so much more\nthan you.",
"timestamp": [
558.5,
562.18
]
},
{
"text": "is simultaneously about you and so much more\nthan you.",
"timestamp": [
558.5,
562.18
]
},
{
"text": "Altering the systems involved in fast fashion,\nwhich operate on a global scale, will require",
"timestamp": [
562.18,
567.029
]
},
{
"text": "Altering the systems involved in fast fashion,\nwhich operate on a global scale, will require",
"timestamp": [
562.18,
567.029
]
},
{
"text": "massive human collaboration.",
"timestamp": [
567.029,
569.43
]
},
{
"text": "massive human collaboration.",
"timestamp": [
567.029,
569.43
]
},
{
"text": "And of course, it’s not just about fashion.",
"timestamp": [
569.43,
572.21
]
},
{
"text": "And of course, it’s not just about fashion.",
"timestamp": [
569.43,
572.21
]
},
{
"text": "When you add up emission sources from industries\nall around the world, it’s not hard to see",
"timestamp": [
572.21,
576.22
]
},
{
"text": "When you add up emission sources from industries\nall around the world, it’s not hard to see",
"timestamp": [
572.21,
576.22
]
},
{
"text": "how we’ve made it to 51 billion tons of\ngreenhouse gases per year.",
"timestamp": [
576.22,
580.079
]
},
{
"text": "how we’ve made it to 51 billion tons of\ngreenhouse gases per year.",
"timestamp": [
576.22,
580.079
]
},
{
"text": "And many of these industries put out a lot\nof good into the world,",
"timestamp": [
580.079,
582.632
]
},
{
"text": "And many of these industries put out a lot\nof good into the world,",
"timestamp": [
580.079,
582.632
]
},
{
"text": " including manufacturing and industrial agriculture.",
"timestamp": [
582.632,
585.278
]
},
{
"text": " including manufacturing and industrial agriculture.",
"timestamp": [
582.632,
585.278
]
},
{
"text": "But, if we stand any chance of reducing the\ngreenhouse gases we put out, we’ll need",
"timestamp": [
585.278,
590.149
]
},
{
"text": "But, if we stand any chance of reducing the\ngreenhouse gases we put out, we’ll need",
"timestamp": [
585.278,
590.149
]
},
{
"text": "to decarbonize every one of these major emissions\nsectors.",
"timestamp": [
590.149,
594.72
]
},
{
"text": "to decarbonize every one of these major emissions\nsectors.",
"timestamp": [
590.149,
594.72
]
},
{
"text": "That means finding a way to do these things\nwithout emitting carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
594.72,
598.589
]
},
{
"text": "That means finding a way to do these things\nwithout emitting carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
594.72,
598.589
]
},
{
"text": "Essentially, we’re talking about another\nIndustrial Revolution, to overhaul how we power our lives.",
"timestamp": [
598.589,
604.16
]
},
{
"text": "Essentially, we’re talking about another\nIndustrial Revolution, to overhaul how we power our lives.",
"timestamp": [
598.589,
604.16
]
},
{
"text": "Now, some industries will be easier to decarbonize\nthan others.",
"timestamp": [
604.16,
607.7
]
},
{
"text": "Now, some industries will be easier to decarbonize\nthan others.",
"timestamp": [
604.16,
607.7
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the technology to decarbonize\nelectricity is already getting there.",
"timestamp": [
607.7,
612.39
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the technology to decarbonize\nelectricity is already getting there.",
"timestamp": [
607.7,
612.39
]
},
{
"text": "It’s why you might see solar panels on the\nside of the highway, or wind turbines in a field.",
"timestamp": [
612.39,
617.447
]
},
{
"text": "It’s why you might see solar panels on the\nside of the highway, or wind turbines in a field.",
"timestamp": [
612.39,
617.447
]
},
{
"text": "It’s now a question of making this tech\naffordable and accessible to everyone,",
"timestamp": [
617.447,
621.111
]
},
{
"text": "It’s now a question of making this tech\naffordable and accessible to everyone,",
"timestamp": [
617.447,
621.111
]
},
{
"text": "plus solving problems of storage and availability\n— which we’re gonna talk about more about",
"timestamp": [
621.111,
625.64
]
},
{
"text": "plus solving problems of storage and availability\n— which we’re gonna talk about more about",
"timestamp": [
621.111,
625.64
]
},
{
"text": "in the next few episodes.",
"timestamp": [
625.64,
627.059
]
},
{
"text": "in the next few episodes.",
"timestamp": [
625.64,
627.059
]
},
{
"text": "But other industries will be a lot harder,\nlike the production of cement and concrete.",
"timestamp": [
627.059,
631.023
]
},
{
"text": "But other industries will be a lot harder,\nlike the production of cement and concrete.",
"timestamp": [
627.059,
631.023
]
},
{
"text": "These materials are made by breaking up limestone\nrock with heat, a process which unavoidably",
"timestamp": [
631.023,
636.47
]
},
{
"text": "These materials are made by breaking up limestone\nrock with heat, a process which unavoidably",
"timestamp": [
631.023,
636.47
]
},
{
"text": "releases carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
636.47,
638.166
]
},
{
"text": "releases carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
636.47,
638.166
]
},
{
"text": "And we don’t currently have an acceptable\nsubstitute for these materials.",
"timestamp": [
638.166,
641.578
]
},
{
"text": "And we don’t currently have an acceptable\nsubstitute for these materials.",
"timestamp": [
638.166,
641.578
]
},
{
"text": "An additional challenge is that emissions\nare a global problem that will need a global solution.",
"timestamp": [
641.578,
646.995
]
},
{
"text": "An additional challenge is that emissions\nare a global problem that will need a global solution.",
"timestamp": [
641.578,
646.995
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, the amount of energy a country\nuses is very closely linked to its economic wealth.",
"timestamp": [
646.995,
653.229
]
},
{
"text": "Right now, the amount of energy a country\nuses is very closely linked to its economic wealth.",
"timestamp": [
646.995,
653.229
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, nations like the US, Canada,\nand the UK have strong, modern economies",
"timestamp": [
653.229,
659.97
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, nations like the US, Canada,\nand the UK have strong, modern economies",
"timestamp": [
653.229,
659.97
]
},
{
"text": "that take a lot of energy to sustain.",
"timestamp": [
659.97,
662.33
]
},
{
"text": "that take a lot of energy to sustain.",
"timestamp": [
659.97,
662.33
]
},
{
"text": "But they can afford to invest in the infrastructure\nto make that happen.",
"timestamp": [
662.33,
665.82
]
},
{
"text": "But they can afford to invest in the infrastructure\nto make that happen.",
"timestamp": [
662.33,
665.82
]
},
{
"text": "So they’re also more likely to have the\ncash to fund more expensive, low-carbon solutions.",
"timestamp": [
665.82,
670.769
]
},
{
"text": "So they’re also more likely to have the\ncash to fund more expensive, low-carbon solutions.",
"timestamp": [
665.82,
670.769
]
},
{
"text": "But there are still some parts of the world\nthat can’t fund basic access to energy,",
"timestamp": [
670.769,
675.2
]
},
{
"text": "But there are still some parts of the world\nthat can’t fund basic access to energy,",
"timestamp": [
670.769,
675.2
]
},
{
"text": "let alone low-carbon solutions.",
"timestamp": [
675.2,
677.478
]
},
{
"text": "let alone low-carbon solutions.",
"timestamp": [
675.2,
677.478
]
},
{
"text": "That means people can’t light or cool their\nhomes, power appliances and computers,",
"timestamp": [
677.478,
682.171
]
},
{
"text": "That means people can’t light or cool their\nhomes, power appliances and computers,",
"timestamp": [
677.478,
682.171
]
},
{
"text": "or refrigerate food and medicines.",
"timestamp": [
682.171,
683.97
]
},
{
"text": "or refrigerate food and medicines.",
"timestamp": [
682.171,
683.97
]
},
{
"text": "At the same time, many of these countries’\npopulations are growing, increasing the demand",
"timestamp": [
683.97,
688.04
]
},
{
"text": "At the same time, many of these countries’\npopulations are growing, increasing the demand",
"timestamp": [
683.97,
688.04
]
},
{
"text": "for energy, even while the supply is unreliable.",
"timestamp": [
688.04,
690.892
]
},
{
"text": "for energy, even while the supply is unreliable.",
"timestamp": [
688.04,
690.892
]
},
{
"text": "More people also means we need more buildings,\nwhich means we need more concrete and more steel.",
"timestamp": [
690.892,
696.63
]
},
{
"text": "More people also means we need more buildings,\nwhich means we need more concrete and more steel.",
"timestamp": [
690.892,
696.63
]
},
{
"text": "Except, the cheapest and quickest way to get\nthat energy and make those building supplies",
"timestamp": [
696.63,
701.06
]
},
{
"text": "Except, the cheapest and quickest way to get\nthat energy and make those building supplies",
"timestamp": [
696.63,
701.06
]
},
{
"text": "is to use tried and tested, carbon-heavy technologies.",
"timestamp": [
701.06,
704.03
]
},
{
"text": "is to use tried and tested, carbon-heavy technologies.",
"timestamp": [
701.06,
704.03
]
},
{
"text": "So, many scholars and political leaders argue\nthat the responsibility to decarbonize ultimately",
"timestamp": [
704.03,
710.04
]
},
{
"text": "So, many scholars and political leaders argue\nthat the responsibility to decarbonize ultimately",
"timestamp": [
704.03,
710.04
]
},
{
"text": "falls on the shoulders of those higher-income\ncountries.",
"timestamp": [
710.04,
713.62
]
},
{
"text": "falls on the shoulders of those higher-income\ncountries.",
"timestamp": [
710.04,
713.62
]
},
{
"text": "This requires developing new materials, new\nprocesses, and new technologies to curtail",
"timestamp": [
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719.079
]
},
{
"text": "This requires developing new materials, new\nprocesses, and new technologies to curtail",
"timestamp": [
713.62,
719.079
]
},
{
"text": "greenhouse gas emissions.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "greenhouse gas emissions.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "When wealthy countries invest in decarbonized\ntechnologies, they become more efficient and",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "When wealthy countries invest in decarbonized\ntechnologies, they become more efficient and",
"timestamp": [
720.639,
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]
},
{
"text": "less expensive for the rest of the world.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "less expensive for the rest of the world.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "That could lead to a drop in emissions worldwide,\nwhich would help reduce some of the effects of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
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732.56
]
},
{
"text": "That could lead to a drop in emissions worldwide,\nwhich would help reduce some of the effects of climate change.",
"timestamp": [
727.27,
732.56
]
},
{
"text": "But if you’ve ever tried to split the bill\nat a restaurant, you know this is a complicated situation.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "But if you’ve ever tried to split the bill\nat a restaurant, you know this is a complicated situation.",
"timestamp": [
732.56,
737.808
]
},
{
"text": "Figuring out how much each country should\nbe responsible for reducing emissions,",
"timestamp": [
737.808,
742.048
]
},
{
"text": "Figuring out how much each country should\nbe responsible for reducing emissions,",
"timestamp": [
737.808,
742.048
]
},
{
"text": "and who is accountable, is an ongoing \ninternational challenge.",
"timestamp": [
742.048,
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]
},
{
"text": "and who is accountable, is an ongoing \ninternational challenge.",
"timestamp": [
742.048,
745.639
]
},
{
"text": "Especially because the higher-income countries\nthat are best poised to lead the charge are",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Especially because the higher-income countries\nthat are best poised to lead the charge are",
"timestamp": [
745.639,
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]
},
{
"text": "the same ones that benefit the most from the\nfossil-fuel-powered global economy.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "the same ones that benefit the most from the\nfossil-fuel-powered global economy.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "And in general, we humans have a really hard\ntime accepting short-term economic losses",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "And in general, we humans have a really hard\ntime accepting short-term economic losses",
"timestamp": [
754.887,
760.709
]
},
{
"text": "in place of long-term environmental gain.",
"timestamp": [
760.709,
763.442
]
},
{
"text": "in place of long-term environmental gain.",
"timestamp": [
760.709,
763.442
]
},
{
"text": "Remember, we are interacting daily with fossilized\ncarbon from millions of years ago.",
"timestamp": [
763.442,
770.019
]
},
{
"text": "Remember, we are interacting daily with fossilized\ncarbon from millions of years ago.",
"timestamp": [
763.442,
770.019
]
},
{
"text": "But we’re often thinking in terms of the\nnext few minutes, the next election, ",
"timestamp": [
770.019,
775.079
]
},
{
"text": "But we’re often thinking in terms of the\nnext few minutes, the next election, ",
"timestamp": [
770.019,
775.079
]
},
{
"text": "or in my case – the next meal.",
"timestamp": [
775.079,
777.22
]
},
{
"text": "or in my case – the next meal.",
"timestamp": [
775.079,
777.22
]
},
{
"text": "But this short-term vision, and the short-term\npolicies that sometimes go with it,",
"timestamp": [
777.22,
781.814
]
},
{
"text": "But this short-term vision, and the short-term\npolicies that sometimes go with it,",
"timestamp": [
777.22,
781.814
]
},
{
"text": "won’t help us in the long run.",
"timestamp": [
781.814,
783.57
]
},
{
"text": "won’t help us in the long run.",
"timestamp": [
781.814,
783.57
]
},
{
"text": "Lower-income countries will certainly feel\nthe worst effects of climate change sooner.",
"timestamp": [
783.57,
788.04
]
},
{
"text": "Lower-income countries will certainly feel\nthe worst effects of climate change sooner.",
"timestamp": [
783.57,
788.04
]
},
{
"text": "But no one is immune to changes happening\non a global level.",
"timestamp": [
788.04,
791.521
]
},
{
"text": "But no one is immune to changes happening\non a global level.",
"timestamp": [
788.04,
791.521
]
},
{
"text": "After all, we’re all on the same Earth.",
"timestamp": [
791.521,
794.139
]
},
{
"text": "After all, we’re all on the same Earth.",
"timestamp": [
791.521,
794.139
]
},
{
"text": "Overall, scientists agree that we have to\ndo something and soon.",
"timestamp": [
794.139,
798.269
]
},
{
"text": "Overall, scientists agree that we have to\ndo something and soon.",
"timestamp": [
794.139,
798.269
]
},
{
"text": "This won’t be easy, and it certainly won’t\nhappen overnight, but we have to start somewhere.",
"timestamp": [
798.269,
803
]
},
{
"text": "This won’t be easy, and it certainly won’t\nhappen overnight, but we have to start somewhere.",
"timestamp": [
798.269,
803
]
},
{
"text": "And to help address nearly a third of all\nof our emissions, decarbonizing electricity",
"timestamp": [
803,
807.949
]
},
{
"text": "And to help address nearly a third of all\nof our emissions, decarbonizing electricity",
"timestamp": [
803,
807.949
]
},
{
"text": "might be the first step.",
"timestamp": [
807.949,
809.26
]
},
{
"text": "might be the first step.",
"timestamp": [
807.949,
809.26
]
},
{
"text": "But we’ll get more into that in the next\nepisode.",
"timestamp": [
809.26,
811.794
]
},
{
"text": "But we’ll get more into that in the next\nepisode.",
"timestamp": [
809.26,
811.794
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Ben Massengale, our steam\nengine conductor for this episode.",
"timestamp": [
811.794,
816.163
]
},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Ben Massengale, our steam\nengine conductor for this episode.",
"timestamp": [
811.794,
816.163
]
},
{
"text": "Ben, thanks for keeping us chugging along\nand helping millions of other learners",
"timestamp": [
816.163,
819.547
]
},
{
"text": "Ben, thanks for keeping us chugging along\nand helping millions of other learners",
"timestamp": [
816.163,
819.547
]
},
{
"text": "join the ride too, by supporting us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
819.547,
822.329
]
},
{
"text": "join the ride too, by supporting us on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
819.547,
822.329
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support",
"timestamp": [
822.329,
825.236
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support",
"timestamp": [
822.329,
825.236
]
},
{
"text": "provided by Breakthrough Energy \nand Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
825.236,
828.209
]
},
{
"text": "provided by Breakthrough Energy \nand Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
825.236,
828.209
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
828.209,
834.35
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
828.209,
834.35
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
834.35,
839.562
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
834.35,
839.562
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Why We Release Carbon Dioxide",
"In a typical year, humans are pumping about\n51 billion tons of carbon dioxide and othergreenhouse gases into the atmosphere — at\nleast, that’s what’s typical at the timewe’re making this episode, in 2022.It’s tricky to imagine what a billion tons\nof anything looks like.But to give you a sense of scale, this is\nequivalent to about 8,500 Great Pyramids of Giza or 150,000 Empire State Buildings.But carbon dioxide is a lot more…airy… than your average Egyptian pyramid,\nso our emissions take up quite a bit more space.Every year, that mass of gas amounts to about\n26 quadrillion liters, enough to fill up theGrand Canyon six times over.The carbon dioxide we’re pumping into the\natmosphere is causing unprecedented climate change.But why do we release so much carbon into\nthe atmosphere?And how easy will it be to change our ways?Hi hi!I’m M Jackson and this is Crash Course Climate\nand Energy.[INTRO]"
],
[
"Fossil Fuels & The Industrial Revolution",
"In the latter half of the 18th century, Scottish\nengineer James Watt made some improvementsto the design of a coal-powered steam engine.He hoped that his new engine would make it\nmore efficient to pump water out of the bottomof deep coal mines, but it ended up doing\na lot more than that.Watt developed the first modern steam engine.And it set us on course for the Industrial\nRevolution.After a couple hundred thousand years of doing\nthings by hand or with animals, in just afew decades, we switched to doing pretty much\neverything with the help of machines.This transition ultimately relied on energy-rich\nfuels — specifically coal, oil, and natural gas.These collectively are known as fossil fuels,\nbecause they form much like fossils do.The story of fossil fuels goes like this.Once upon a time, some plants or algae died,\nas they tend to.But instead of decaying away, their carbon-rich\nbodies were trapped inside sedimentsthat later became rock.Then, over millions of years, those rocks\nwere heated and squeezed by geologic processes,transforming the remnants of those plants\nand algae into huge, unrecognizable reservoirsof carbon-rich material.Imagine: a disgusting underground soup.And today, when you fire up your gas stove\nfor mac ‘n’ cheese or hop on a bus,some of that prehistoric material is burned to\npower your life.Take that in for a second.On a daily basis, you are interacting with\nmatter that’s older than dinosaurs.Rawr XD!You’re just the latest in a long line of\nhumans to tap into these reservoirs.We’ve been using fossil carbon as a fuel\nsource since as early as Roman times,when coal was used to heat public baths.That’s because fossil fuels are much more\nenergy dense than the alternatives,meaning they pack a lot more bang for their buck than\nthings like wood or charcoal.Around the mid-1700s, when engineers figured\nout how to use all that ‘bang’ to makeour lives easier, things got really interesting.The key was to transform the chemical energy\ntied up in fossil fuels into mechanical energythat could physically move and power machines.For example, engines do this by burning fuel\nto turn chemical energy into heat energy.That heat energy is then used to boil water\nand make steam, which is trapped in a pressurized container.But as that steam is released, it has the\npower to push a piston, or turn a turbine,creating movement that can power a pump, a\nwheel, or the entire Industrial Revolution.That new technology transformed manufacturing,\nagriculture, and transportation, making itall faster and more efficient, fundamentally\nreshaping the way we live, work, and play.And now, these fuels are everywhere.Coal is burned in power plants, diesel runs\ntrucks and trains, natural gas heats homesand businesses, and fossil fuels are even\nprocessed to make plastic, used in everythingfrom your toothbrush to your smartphone.And after seeing how powerful these fuels\ncould be, governments made policies to encouragetheir use and keep them affordable.But this 260-year love affair with fossilized\ncarbon has come at great cost.Burning these fuels releases carbon dioxide\ninto the atmosphere, and over time, that gas has built up.Now, it’s helping to trap heat close to\nEarth’s surface via the greenhouse effect,causing the planet to warm and the climate\nto change at an unprecedented rate.If we want to slow that rate, and reduce the\nimpacts of climate change, we need to stopreleasing so much carbon dioxide.And that means it’s time to break up with\nfossil fuels.But even that won’t be easy.In fact, it’s probably going to be one of\nthe messiest breakups of all time.Almost as messy as when Dean left Rory in\nthe middle of the Star's Hollow Dance Marathon.I’m sorry.I just get emotional every time.Pretty much everything we do ends up releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere."
],
[
"Greenhouse Gas Emissions By Sector",
"Our carbon-emitting habits can be broken down\nin a number of different ways.If you break out ye olde Google to try to\nfigure out which large-scale human activitiescontribute to climate change the most, you’ll\nusually find variations of roughly the samefive categories: industry or manufacturing,\ntransportation, electricity, energy use incommercial or residential buildings — aka\nheating or cooling— and then agriculture.But then you’ll be like — wait, what?Because across different sources, you’ll\nsee different-sized slices representing howmuch each of these sectors actually contribute\nto the global emissions pie.That’s because — well, everything is kind\nof connected.For example, we release greenhouse gases when\ndriving our cars, but we also release themwhen refining the oil into the fuel they use,\nor when producing the steel they are made of.So, it depends on whether a source is counting\nall of those emissions towards the transportationslice of the pie — or if it’s counting\nthe steel production and oil-refining partsin a separate manufacturing slice.For this series, we usually do the latter\n— try to separate energy that’s used forthe purpose of making stuff from the energy\nthat is used for the purpose of getting around.And by that count, making stuff is the biggest\ncategory.Post-industrial materials like steel, concrete,\nand plastic all have to be heavily processed,and we use so much of them that they account\nfor around 30% of global greenhouse emissions annually.Next, accounting for about 26% of global emissions,\nis our thirst for electricity.Lights, appliances, industrial machinery,\nthe internet all rely on a constant flow ofelectricity, two-thirds of which is still\ngenerated by fossil fuels.Meanwhile, 21% of our emissions come from\ngrowing things.The agricultural industry is responsible for\nthe plants and animals we eat, and the plantsand animals they eat, and the plants we grow\nfor other purposes, like clothes and paper.And although plants do take carbon dioxide\nout of the atmosphere, they are outmatchedby the land clearance involved in agriculture,\nand even more so by fertilizers and machinerythat rely heavily on fossil fuels.Are we there yet?Not quite.We’ve still got the transportation industry,\nwhich is responsible for about 16% of global emissions.That includes one billion passenger cars.Plus: planes, trucks, trains, and ships in\nthe global trade and transport network.And finally, 7% of emissions come from heating\nand cooling our buildings.The point is, fossil fuel use and greenhouse\ngas emissions are inescapable to some degree.They’re entangled in so many more stages\nof so many more of our modern systems thanwe often stop to think about.The bright side?If we can learn to decarbonize our energy\nsources, it will have impactsacross all of these industries, and more.Take something as simple as ordering a new\ncotton T-shirt from an online retailer,which we’ll do in the Thought Bubble.By ordering online, one less physical storefront\nneeds to be built, lit, or heated, so that’s a start.But your computer and the internet do rely\non consistent electricity, which releases greenhouse gases.Also, the T-shirt you ordered is made from\ncotton, which was grown on land that’s clearedof its natural vegetation, plus fertilized,\nplanted, and harvested.To do any of that planting, fertilizing, and\nharvesting, you need processes and equipment.And then, at the factory, your shirt is spun,\nsewn, and packagedwith the help of steel machinery and plastic materials.In an ideal world, the factory and storage\nwarehouses will also be cooled and heated,to keep workers at a comfortable temperature.Finally, when it’s ready, the T-shirt will\nbe shipped to your door, via cargo ship, plane, or truck.And with all of these steps: \nmore greenhouse gases.Then, if you ship the shirt back because you\ngot the wrong size or don’t like the color,even more gases are emitted.It doesn’t end there, either.In a few years, when your T-shirt, or your\namazing fringe jacket goes out of style, they’ll end up in landfill where they’ll slowly\ndecompose, releasing greenhouse gaseslong after you’ve forgotten about them.Thanks, Thought Bubble!Thought I lost this – it’s a keeper!All in all, the fashion industry releases\nthe equivalent of roughly a billion metric tons of carbon dioxide every year.Hearing stories like this, I know, can make\nyou feel kind of guilty.“I released all those greenhouse gases and\nall I got was this lousy t-shirt\"(or fringe jacket).And while it can make an impact to shop second-hand,\nwhat this story shows us is how climate changeis simultaneously about you and so much more\nthan you.Altering the systems involved in fast fashion,\nwhich operate on a global scale, will requiremassive human collaboration.And of course, it’s not just about fashion."
],
[
"The Challenge of Decarbonization",
"When you add up emission sources from industries\nall around the world, it’s not hard to seehow we’ve made it to 51 billion tons of\ngreenhouse gases per year.And many of these industries put out a lot\nof good into the world, including manufacturing and industrial agriculture.But, if we stand any chance of reducing the\ngreenhouse gases we put out, we’ll needto decarbonize every one of these major emissions\nsectors.That means finding a way to do these things\nwithout emitting carbon dioxide.Essentially, we’re talking about another\nIndustrial Revolution, to overhaul how we power our lives.Now, some industries will be easier to decarbonize\nthan others.For example, the technology to decarbonize\nelectricity is already getting there.It’s why you might see solar panels on the\nside of the highway, or wind turbines in a field.It’s now a question of making this tech\naffordable and accessible to everyone,plus solving problems of storage and availability\n— which we’re gonna talk about more aboutin the next few episodes.But other industries will be a lot harder,\nlike the production of cement and concrete.These materials are made by breaking up limestone\nrock with heat, a process which unavoidablyreleases carbon dioxide.And we don’t currently have an acceptable\nsubstitute for these materials.An additional challenge is that emissions\nare a global problem that will need a global solution.Right now, the amount of energy a country\nuses is very closely linked to its economic wealth.For instance, nations like the US, Canada,\nand the UK have strong, modern economiesthat take a lot of energy to sustain.But they can afford to invest in the infrastructure\nto make that happen.So they’re also more likely to have the\ncash to fund more expensive, low-carbon solutions.But there are still some parts of the world\nthat can’t fund basic access to energy,let alone low-carbon solutions.That means people can’t light or cool their\nhomes, power appliances and computers,or refrigerate food and medicines.At the same time, many of these countries’\npopulations are growing, increasing the demandfor energy, even while the supply is unreliable.More people also means we need more buildings,\nwhich means we need more concrete and more steel.Except, the cheapest and quickest way to get\nthat energy and make those building suppliesis to use tried and tested, carbon-heavy technologies.So, many scholars and political leaders argue\nthat the responsibility to decarbonize ultimatelyfalls on the shoulders of those higher-income\ncountries.This requires developing new materials, new\nprocesses, and new technologies to curtailgreenhouse gas emissions.When wealthy countries invest in decarbonized\ntechnologies, they become more efficient andless expensive for the rest of the world.That could lead to a drop in emissions worldwide,\nwhich would help reduce some of the effects of climate change.But if you’ve ever tried to split the bill\nat a restaurant, you know this is a complicated situation.Figuring out how much each country should\nbe responsible for reducing emissions,and who is accountable, is an ongoing \ninternational challenge.Especially because the higher-income countries\nthat are best poised to lead the charge arethe same ones that benefit the most from the\nfossil-fuel-powered global economy.And in general, we humans have a really hard\ntime accepting short-term economic lossesin place of long-term environmental gain.Remember, we are interacting daily with fossilized\ncarbon from millions of years ago.But we’re often thinking in terms of the\nnext few minutes, the next election, or in my case – the next meal.But this short-term vision, and the short-term\npolicies that sometimes go with it,won’t help us in the long run.Lower-income countries will certainly feel\nthe worst effects of climate change sooner.But no one is immune to changes happening\non a global level.After all, we’re all on the same Earth."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"Overall, scientists agree that we have to\ndo something and soon.This won’t be easy, and it certainly won’t\nhappen overnight, but we have to start somewhere.And to help address nearly a third of all\nof our emissions, decarbonizing electricitymight be the first step.But we’ll get more into that in the next\nepisode.Special thanks to Ben Massengale, our steam\nengine conductor for this episode.Ben, thanks for keeping us chugging along\nand helping millions of other learnersjoin the ride too, by supporting us on Patreon.Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with supportprovided by Breakthrough Energy \nand Gates Ventures.This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of all these nice people.If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
What is Climate Change?: Crash Course Climate & Energy #1
|
9PFhrpyWV-w
| 782 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Climate Change",
"end_time": 136
},
{
"start_time": 136,
"title": "The Greenhouse Effect",
"end_time": 294
},
{
"start_time": 294,
"title": "Earth's Climate Record",
"end_time": 478
},
{
"start_time": 478,
"title": "Fossil Fuels & The Industrial Revolution",
"end_time": 580
},
{
"start_time": 580,
"title": "Climate vs. Weather",
"end_time": 634
},
{
"start_time": 634,
"title": "Climate Change's Effects",
"end_time": 696
},
{
"start_time": 696,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 782
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Climate change is intimate and personal.",
"timestamp": [
0.17,
3
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change is intimate and personal.",
"timestamp": [
0.17,
3
]
},
{
"text": "At this point, it affects you every time you\ngo to the grocery store, or fill your gas tank,",
"timestamp": [
3,
7.954
]
},
{
"text": "At this point, it affects you every time you\ngo to the grocery store, or fill your gas tank,",
"timestamp": [
3,
7.954
]
},
{
"text": "or vote, or flush the toilet, or put\non your long underwear for a later-than-usual snowfall.",
"timestamp": [
7.954,
13.561
]
},
{
"text": "or vote, or flush the toilet, or put\non your long underwear for a later-than-usual snowfall.",
"timestamp": [
7.954,
13.561
]
},
{
"text": "And every year, it will affect you more.",
"timestamp": [
13.561,
16.53
]
},
{
"text": "And every year, it will affect you more.",
"timestamp": [
13.561,
16.53
]
},
{
"text": "At the same time, it’s cosmically impersonal.",
"timestamp": [
16.53,
19.573
]
},
{
"text": "At the same time, it’s cosmically impersonal.",
"timestamp": [
16.53,
19.573
]
},
{
"text": "It involves gases, and rocks, and chemicals\nthat have been operating in relationship for",
"timestamp": [
19.573,
24.699
]
},
{
"text": "It involves gases, and rocks, and chemicals\nthat have been operating in relationship for",
"timestamp": [
19.573,
24.699
]
},
{
"text": "billions of years before there were any persons…or\nunderwear to contend with at all.",
"timestamp": [
24.699,
29.849
]
},
{
"text": "billions of years before there were any persons…or\nunderwear to contend with at all.",
"timestamp": [
24.699,
29.849
]
},
{
"text": "In between these two levels — the sphere\nof your bedroom and the sheer vastness of",
"timestamp": [
29.849,
34.59
]
},
{
"text": "In between these two levels — the sphere\nof your bedroom and the sheer vastness of",
"timestamp": [
29.849,
34.59
]
},
{
"text": "the history of the universe — there are\nstill other vantage points to look at climate change from.",
"timestamp": [
34.59,
39.382
]
},
{
"text": "the history of the universe — there are\nstill other vantage points to look at climate change from.",
"timestamp": [
34.59,
39.382
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change is a collective and a systemic\nproblem — dealing not just with individuals",
"timestamp": [
39.382,
44.59
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change is a collective and a systemic\nproblem — dealing not just with individuals",
"timestamp": [
39.382,
44.59
]
},
{
"text": "but with entire populations and global systems\n— like energy grids and international trade.",
"timestamp": [
44.59,
50.1
]
},
{
"text": "but with entire populations and global systems\n— like energy grids and international trade.",
"timestamp": [
44.59,
50.1
]
},
{
"text": "So, we have to kind of zoom in and zoom out.",
"timestamp": [
50.1,
52.66
]
},
{
"text": "So, we have to kind of zoom in and zoom out.",
"timestamp": [
50.1,
52.66
]
},
{
"text": "Travel through time and space.",
"timestamp": [
52.66,
55.21
]
},
{
"text": "Travel through time and space.",
"timestamp": [
52.66,
55.21
]
},
{
"text": "And as centuries of mad scientists have taught\nus, that’s not an easy task!",
"timestamp": [
55.21,
58.809
]
},
{
"text": "And as centuries of mad scientists have taught\nus, that’s not an easy task!",
"timestamp": [
55.21,
58.809
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course\nClimate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
58.809,
62.791
]
},
{
"text": "Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course\nClimate and Energy.",
"timestamp": [
58.809,
62.791
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
62.791,
72.782
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
62.791,
72.782
]
},
{
"text": "Think about it.",
"timestamp": [
72.782,
74.05
]
},
{
"text": "Think about it.",
"timestamp": [
72.782,
74.05
]
},
{
"text": "There’s the human lifetime, where we all\nlive — where there’s weather and politics",
"timestamp": [
74.05,
79.08
]
},
{
"text": "There’s the human lifetime, where we all\nlive — where there’s weather and politics",
"timestamp": [
74.05,
79.08
]
},
{
"text": "and hard choices and beautiful moments of\ncollaboration.",
"timestamp": [
79.08,
83.18
]
},
{
"text": "and hard choices and beautiful moments of\ncollaboration.",
"timestamp": [
79.08,
83.18
]
},
{
"text": "And then there’s hundreds of years that\ncontain full human lifetimes — the generations",
"timestamp": [
83.18,
88.61
]
},
{
"text": "And then there’s hundreds of years that\ncontain full human lifetimes — the generations",
"timestamp": [
83.18,
88.61
]
},
{
"text": "yet to come that will be impacted by the climate-related\nchoices of today and yesterday.",
"timestamp": [
88.61,
93.42
]
},
{
"text": "yet to come that will be impacted by the climate-related\nchoices of today and yesterday.",
"timestamp": [
88.61,
93.42
]
},
{
"text": "On top of that, there’s the multi-billion-year\ntimeline of Earth, which is entirely alien",
"timestamp": [
93.42,
100.899
]
},
{
"text": "On top of that, there’s the multi-billion-year\ntimeline of Earth, which is entirely alien",
"timestamp": [
93.42,
100.899
]
},
{
"text": "to our human perception.",
"timestamp": [
100.899,
102.29
]
},
{
"text": "to our human perception.",
"timestamp": [
100.899,
102.29
]
},
{
"text": "But we won the planetary lottery with our\nhabitable Earth — the only one out of the",
"timestamp": [
102.29,
107.85
]
},
{
"text": "But we won the planetary lottery with our\nhabitable Earth — the only one out of the",
"timestamp": [
102.29,
107.85
]
},
{
"text": "thousands of planets known in our galaxy where\nlife like ours can survive.",
"timestamp": [
107.85,
113.02
]
},
{
"text": "thousands of planets known in our galaxy where\nlife like ours can survive.",
"timestamp": [
107.85,
113.02
]
},
{
"text": "So, yes, truly understanding climate change\nacross all these timelines is tough.",
"timestamp": [
113.02,
118.55
]
},
{
"text": "So, yes, truly understanding climate change\nacross all these timelines is tough.",
"timestamp": [
113.02,
118.55
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, it’s downright mind blowing.",
"timestamp": [
118.55,
121.759
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, it’s downright mind blowing.",
"timestamp": [
118.55,
121.759
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s on us to grapple with what’s\nhappening not just to the Earth — but to",
"timestamp": [
121.759,
126.409
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s on us to grapple with what’s\nhappening not just to the Earth — but to",
"timestamp": [
121.759,
126.409
]
},
{
"text": "all of its inhabitants — as the climate\nchanges faster now than ever before.",
"timestamp": [
126.409,
131.611
]
},
{
"text": "all of its inhabitants — as the climate\nchanges faster now than ever before.",
"timestamp": [
126.409,
131.611
]
},
{
"text": "And I mean that…the Earth’s climate has\nnever changed this fast.",
"timestamp": [
131.611,
136.43
]
},
{
"text": "And I mean that…the Earth’s climate has\nnever changed this fast.",
"timestamp": [
131.611,
136.43
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start at the human scale… a single\nhuman actually.",
"timestamp": [
136.43,
140.07
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start at the human scale… a single\nhuman actually.",
"timestamp": [
136.43,
140.07
]
},
{
"text": "A human named Eunice Foote.",
"timestamp": [
140.07,
142.12
]
},
{
"text": "A human named Eunice Foote.",
"timestamp": [
140.07,
142.12
]
},
{
"text": "In the 1850s, she was reading an issue of\nScientific American — and became curious.",
"timestamp": [
142.12,
147.33
]
},
{
"text": "In the 1850s, she was reading an issue of\nScientific American — and became curious.",
"timestamp": [
142.12,
147.33
]
},
{
"text": "And like any good scientist, she nerded out\nabout how the sun heats up the Earth.",
"timestamp": [
147.33,
152.38
]
},
{
"text": "And like any good scientist, she nerded out\nabout how the sun heats up the Earth.",
"timestamp": [
147.33,
152.38
]
},
{
"text": "She wanted to see how density and the mixture\nof gases in the air affected how much heat",
"timestamp": [
152.38,
156.69
]
},
{
"text": "She wanted to see how density and the mixture\nof gases in the air affected how much heat",
"timestamp": [
152.38,
156.69
]
},
{
"text": "the atmosphere could hold onto, and she tested\nthat with a series of experiments.",
"timestamp": [
156.69,
160.69
]
},
{
"text": "the atmosphere could hold onto, and she tested\nthat with a series of experiments.",
"timestamp": [
156.69,
160.69
]
},
{
"text": "In one of them, she noticed that high concentrations\nof so-called “carbonic acid gas”",
"timestamp": [
160.69,
165.521
]
},
{
"text": "In one of them, she noticed that high concentrations\nof so-called “carbonic acid gas”",
"timestamp": [
160.69,
165.521
]
},
{
"text": "made the air heat up faster and stay warmer for longer.",
"timestamp": [
165.521,
168.27
]
},
{
"text": "made the air heat up faster and stay warmer for longer.",
"timestamp": [
165.521,
168.27
]
},
{
"text": "Based on her experiments, she concluded that,\nif the atmosphere ever contained more of this gas, ",
"timestamp": [
168.27,
174.054
]
},
{
"text": "Based on her experiments, she concluded that,\nif the atmosphere ever contained more of this gas, ",
"timestamp": [
168.27,
174.054
]
},
{
"text": "then we might also expect the global\ntemperature to be higher.",
"timestamp": [
174.054,
177.117
]
},
{
"text": "then we might also expect the global\ntemperature to be higher.",
"timestamp": [
174.054,
177.117
]
},
{
"text": "Today, we know carbonic acid gas \nas carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
177.117,
182.223
]
},
{
"text": "Today, we know carbonic acid gas \nas carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
177.117,
182.223
]
},
{
"text": "So, Foote became one of the first scientists to make the link between carbon dioxide and atmospheric heating.",
"timestamp": [
182.223,
189.24
]
},
{
"text": "So, Foote became one of the first scientists to make the link between carbon dioxide and atmospheric heating.",
"timestamp": [
182.223,
189.24
]
},
{
"text": "It was one of the first experiments demonstrating\nthe greenhouse effect.",
"timestamp": [
189.24,
193.066
]
},
{
"text": "It was one of the first experiments demonstrating\nthe greenhouse effect.",
"timestamp": [
189.24,
193.066
]
},
{
"text": "You know that wash of warm air you get when\nyou go into a greenhouse?",
"timestamp": [
193.066,
197.01
]
},
{
"text": "You know that wash of warm air you get when\nyou go into a greenhouse?",
"timestamp": [
193.066,
197.01
]
},
{
"text": "It happens because glass panels do a great\njob of trapping the sun’s heat to nurture",
"timestamp": [
197.01,
201.09
]
},
{
"text": "It happens because glass panels do a great\njob of trapping the sun’s heat to nurture",
"timestamp": [
197.01,
201.09
]
},
{
"text": "your tomato plants.",
"timestamp": [
201.09,
202.09
]
},
{
"text": "your tomato plants.",
"timestamp": [
201.09,
202.09
]
},
{
"text": "Well, imagine scaling that up to the entire\nEarth, but instead of glass trapping heat,",
"timestamp": [
202.09,
207.233
]
},
{
"text": "Well, imagine scaling that up to the entire\nEarth, but instead of glass trapping heat,",
"timestamp": [
202.09,
207.233
]
},
{
"text": "it’s gas.",
"timestamp": [
207.233,
208.551
]
},
{
"text": "it’s gas.",
"timestamp": [
207.233,
208.551
]
},
{
"text": "Specifically, gases like carbon dioxide, methane,\nand water vapor, which are known collectively",
"timestamp": [
208.551,
214.629
]
},
{
"text": "Specifically, gases like carbon dioxide, methane,\nand water vapor, which are known collectively",
"timestamp": [
208.551,
214.629
]
},
{
"text": "as greenhouse gases.",
"timestamp": [
214.629,
216.58
]
},
{
"text": "as greenhouse gases.",
"timestamp": [
214.629,
216.58
]
},
{
"text": "You can think of the greenhouse effect like\na giant volleyball game between the sun and",
"timestamp": [
216.58,
221.51
]
},
{
"text": "You can think of the greenhouse effect like\na giant volleyball game between the sun and",
"timestamp": [
216.58,
221.51
]
},
{
"text": "the surface of the Earth, where the atmosphere\nis the net.",
"timestamp": [
221.51,
224.319
]
},
{
"text": "the surface of the Earth, where the atmosphere\nis the net.",
"timestamp": [
221.51,
224.319
]
},
{
"text": "And instead of one ball, there are trillions.",
"timestamp": [
224.319,
228.6
]
},
{
"text": "And instead of one ball, there are trillions.",
"timestamp": [
224.319,
228.6
]
},
{
"text": "The sun serves these balls as different forms\nof radiation — what you and I might experience",
"timestamp": [
228.6,
232.599
]
},
{
"text": "The sun serves these balls as different forms\nof radiation — what you and I might experience",
"timestamp": [
228.6,
232.599
]
},
{
"text": "as visible light, UV light, or infrared radiation,\nwhich is another fancy way to say: heat.",
"timestamp": [
232.599,
239.487
]
},
{
"text": "as visible light, UV light, or infrared radiation,\nwhich is another fancy way to say: heat.",
"timestamp": [
232.599,
239.487
]
},
{
"text": "Some of that radiation makes it over the metaphorical net.",
"timestamp": [
239.487,
242.97
]
},
{
"text": "Some of that radiation makes it over the metaphorical net.",
"timestamp": [
239.487,
242.97
]
},
{
"text": "It passes through the atmosphere and hits\nthe planet’s surface.",
"timestamp": [
242.97,
245.86
]
},
{
"text": "It passes through the atmosphere and hits\nthe planet’s surface.",
"timestamp": [
242.97,
245.86
]
},
{
"text": "A lot of that energy is then absorbed by the\nland and the sea.",
"timestamp": [
245.86,
250.54
]
},
{
"text": "A lot of that energy is then absorbed by the\nland and the sea.",
"timestamp": [
245.86,
250.54
]
},
{
"text": "Hey, where’d my ball go?",
"timestamp": [
250.54,
251.829
]
},
{
"text": "Hey, where’d my ball go?",
"timestamp": [
250.54,
251.829
]
},
{
"text": "The land and sea naturally reflect back some\nof their heat energy, but with the greenhouse effect, ",
"timestamp": [
251.829,
256.9
]
},
{
"text": "The land and sea naturally reflect back some\nof their heat energy, but with the greenhouse effect, ",
"timestamp": [
251.829,
256.9
]
},
{
"text": "more and more heat energy is getting\ntrapped by the net.",
"timestamp": [
256.9,
260.37
]
},
{
"text": "more and more heat energy is getting\ntrapped by the net.",
"timestamp": [
256.9,
260.37
]
},
{
"text": "Then, the energy gets absorbed by the atmosphere\ninstead of escaping into space — ",
"timestamp": [
260.37,
265.549
]
},
{
"text": "Then, the energy gets absorbed by the atmosphere\ninstead of escaping into space — ",
"timestamp": [
260.37,
265.549
]
},
{
"text": "the other side of the court.",
"timestamp": [
265.549,
267.06
]
},
{
"text": "the other side of the court.",
"timestamp": [
265.549,
267.06
]
},
{
"text": "That causes the energy to bounce back down\ntoward the surface of the Earth, warming it up.",
"timestamp": [
267.06,
271.57
]
},
{
"text": "That causes the energy to bounce back down\ntoward the surface of the Earth, warming it up.",
"timestamp": [
267.06,
271.57
]
},
{
"text": "The Earth is losing the cosmic volleyball\ngame, returning fewer and fewer of the Sun’s",
"timestamp": [
271.57,
275.52
]
},
{
"text": "The Earth is losing the cosmic volleyball\ngame, returning fewer and fewer of the Sun’s",
"timestamp": [
271.57,
275.52
]
},
{
"text": "serves every year as the amount of greenhouse\ngases goes up.",
"timestamp": [
275.52,
279.58
]
},
{
"text": "serves every year as the amount of greenhouse\ngases goes up.",
"timestamp": [
275.52,
279.58
]
},
{
"text": "Now, instead of having a constant number of\nballs on our side of the court…",
"timestamp": [
279.58,
283.339
]
},
{
"text": "Now, instead of having a constant number of\nballs on our side of the court…",
"timestamp": [
279.58,
283.339
]
},
{
"text": "we have more each day.",
"timestamp": [
283.339,
285.117
]
},
{
"text": "we have more each day.",
"timestamp": [
283.339,
285.117
]
},
{
"text": "Although greenhouse gases only make up a small\nportion of the atmosphere, they play a major",
"timestamp": [
285.117,
290.05
]
},
{
"text": "Although greenhouse gases only make up a small\nportion of the atmosphere, they play a major",
"timestamp": [
285.117,
290.05
]
},
{
"text": "role in controlling our planet’s overall\ntemperature, and its climate.",
"timestamp": [
290.05,
294.635
]
},
{
"text": "role in controlling our planet’s overall\ntemperature, and its climate.",
"timestamp": [
290.05,
294.635
]
},
{
"text": "Even increasing the amount of carbon dioxide\nin the atmosphere by just a few parts per million, ",
"timestamp": [
294.635,
299.279
]
},
{
"text": "Even increasing the amount of carbon dioxide\nin the atmosphere by just a few parts per million, ",
"timestamp": [
294.635,
299.279
]
},
{
"text": "can lead to temperature changes that\nfuel severe weather, melt ice caps, and make",
"timestamp": [
299.279,
303.94
]
},
{
"text": "can lead to temperature changes that\nfuel severe weather, melt ice caps, and make",
"timestamp": [
299.279,
303.94
]
},
{
"text": "life on Earth generally more difficult.",
"timestamp": [
303.94,
306.5
]
},
{
"text": "life on Earth generally more difficult.",
"timestamp": [
303.94,
306.5
]
},
{
"text": "How do we know this?",
"timestamp": [
306.5,
308.032
]
},
{
"text": "How do we know this?",
"timestamp": [
306.5,
308.032
]
},
{
"text": "By studying the chemistry of rocks and fossils\nthat are hundreds of millions of years old,",
"timestamp": [
308.032,
312.675
]
},
{
"text": "By studying the chemistry of rocks and fossils\nthat are hundreds of millions of years old,",
"timestamp": [
308.032,
312.675
]
},
{
"text": "scientists can piece together how ancient\ntemperatures fluctuated, and how, in parallel,",
"timestamp": [
312.675,
317.75
]
},
{
"text": "scientists can piece together how ancient\ntemperatures fluctuated, and how, in parallel,",
"timestamp": [
312.675,
317.75
]
},
{
"text": "the composition of our atmosphere fluctuated.",
"timestamp": [
317.75,
320.245
]
},
{
"text": "the composition of our atmosphere fluctuated.",
"timestamp": [
317.75,
320.245
]
},
{
"text": "But if we want a more recent picture, we can\nget an even better record from —drumroll—glaciers.",
"timestamp": [
320.245,
327.72
]
},
{
"text": "But if we want a more recent picture, we can\nget an even better record from —drumroll—glaciers.",
"timestamp": [
320.245,
327.72
]
},
{
"text": "Ice cores from Greenland and Antarctic ice\ncaps have preserved tiny bubbles of our actual",
"timestamp": [
327.72,
333.039
]
},
{
"text": "Ice cores from Greenland and Antarctic ice\ncaps have preserved tiny bubbles of our actual",
"timestamp": [
327.72,
333.039
]
},
{
"text": "atmosphere from hundreds of thousands of years\nago that today, scientists like me can study.",
"timestamp": [
333.039,
339.319
]
},
{
"text": "atmosphere from hundreds of thousands of years\nago that today, scientists like me can study.",
"timestamp": [
333.039,
339.319
]
},
{
"text": "What all of these records tell us is that,\nthroughout Earth’s four and half billion birthdays, ",
"timestamp": [
339.319,
343.973
]
},
{
"text": "What all of these records tell us is that,\nthroughout Earth’s four and half billion birthdays, ",
"timestamp": [
339.319,
343.973
]
},
{
"text": "at times, it’s been a lot colder\nthan today, and at other times, it’s been a lot warmer.",
"timestamp": [
343.973,
349.008
]
},
{
"text": "at times, it’s been a lot colder\nthan today, and at other times, it’s been a lot warmer.",
"timestamp": [
343.973,
349.008
]
},
{
"text": "And guess what is one of the most consistent\nvariables that leads to that temperature fluctuation?",
"timestamp": [
349.008,
353.669
]
},
{
"text": "And guess what is one of the most consistent\nvariables that leads to that temperature fluctuation?",
"timestamp": [
349.008,
353.669
]
},
{
"text": "You got it: the amount of greenhouse gases\nin the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
353.669,
357.085
]
},
{
"text": "You got it: the amount of greenhouse gases\nin the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
353.669,
357.085
]
},
{
"text": "So, let’s travel through time and space\nto see what things looked like",
"timestamp": [
357.085,
360.255
]
},
{
"text": "So, let’s travel through time and space\nto see what things looked like",
"timestamp": [
357.085,
360.255
]
},
{
"text": "when those bubbles were in their prime.",
"timestamp": [
360.255,
362.641
]
},
{
"text": "when those bubbles were in their prime.",
"timestamp": [
360.255,
362.641
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
362.641,
363.95
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
362.641,
363.95
]
},
{
"text": "Back when Earth formed about 4.5 billion years\nago, it was hot.",
"timestamp": [
363.95,
368.99
]
},
{
"text": "Back when Earth formed about 4.5 billion years\nago, it was hot.",
"timestamp": [
363.95,
368.99
]
},
{
"text": "And I don’t mean “eating your bodyweight\nin popsicles” hot.",
"timestamp": [
368.99,
371.65
]
},
{
"text": "And I don’t mean “eating your bodyweight\nin popsicles” hot.",
"timestamp": [
368.99,
371.65
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, “covered in an ocean of molten rock,”\nhot.",
"timestamp": [
371.65,
376.09
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, “covered in an ocean of molten rock,”\nhot.",
"timestamp": [
371.65,
376.09
]
},
{
"text": "Earth was still being pummeled by debris from\nthe formation of the solar system, and volcanoes",
"timestamp": [
376.09,
380.099
]
},
{
"text": "Earth was still being pummeled by debris from\nthe formation of the solar system, and volcanoes",
"timestamp": [
376.09,
380.099
]
},
{
"text": "were spewing out a whole lot of carbon dioxide,\nhelping to trap all that heat.",
"timestamp": [
380.099,
384.81
]
},
{
"text": "were spewing out a whole lot of carbon dioxide,\nhelping to trap all that heat.",
"timestamp": [
380.099,
384.81
]
},
{
"text": "Over millions and millions of years, the molten\nrock solidified, forming a solid surface on the Earth.",
"timestamp": [
384.81,
390.695
]
},
{
"text": "Over millions and millions of years, the molten\nrock solidified, forming a solid surface on the Earth.",
"timestamp": [
384.81,
390.695
]
},
{
"text": "And millions and millions of years after that,\nthe primitive ocean formed.",
"timestamp": [
390.695,
394.819
]
},
{
"text": "And millions and millions of years after that,\nthe primitive ocean formed.",
"timestamp": [
390.695,
394.819
]
},
{
"text": "As a result, the Earth continued to gradually\ncool down.",
"timestamp": [
394.819,
398.289
]
},
{
"text": "As a result, the Earth continued to gradually\ncool down.",
"timestamp": [
394.819,
398.289
]
},
{
"text": "And then, a couple of times throughout its\nearly history, before animals we’d recognize",
"timestamp": [
398.289,
402.76
]
},
{
"text": "And then, a couple of times throughout its\nearly history, before animals we’d recognize",
"timestamp": [
398.289,
402.76
]
},
{
"text": "today even evolved, things got really cold.",
"timestamp": [
402.76,
406.49
]
},
{
"text": "today even evolved, things got really cold.",
"timestamp": [
402.76,
406.49
]
},
{
"text": "So cold that researchers think ice sheets\nand sea ice extended all the way to the equator.",
"timestamp": [
406.49,
411.31
]
},
{
"text": "So cold that researchers think ice sheets\nand sea ice extended all the way to the equator.",
"timestamp": [
406.49,
411.31
]
},
{
"text": "These are called Snowball Earth periods.",
"timestamp": [
411.31,
413.639
]
},
{
"text": "These are called Snowball Earth periods.",
"timestamp": [
411.31,
413.639
]
},
{
"text": "And scientists have a few ideas about why\nthey happened, ranging from volcanic ash blocking",
"timestamp": [
413.639,
418.68
]
},
{
"text": "And scientists have a few ideas about why\nthey happened, ranging from volcanic ash blocking",
"timestamp": [
413.639,
418.68
]
},
{
"text": "out the sun, to a drop in carbon levels, which\nwas possibly a result of things like",
"timestamp": [
418.68,
423.704
]
},
{
"text": "out the sun, to a drop in carbon levels, which\nwas possibly a result of things like",
"timestamp": [
418.68,
423.704
]
},
{
"text": "early plants sucking in the gas for photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
423.704,
427.37
]
},
{
"text": "early plants sucking in the gas for photosynthesis.",
"timestamp": [
423.704,
427.37
]
},
{
"text": "After that, it got hot again a few times over\nthe next half a billion years, most recently",
"timestamp": [
427.37,
432.14
]
},
{
"text": "After that, it got hot again a few times over\nthe next half a billion years, most recently",
"timestamp": [
427.37,
432.14
]
},
{
"text": "about 56 million years ago.",
"timestamp": [
432.14,
434.35
]
},
{
"text": "about 56 million years ago.",
"timestamp": [
432.14,
434.35
]
},
{
"text": "Back then, average global temperatures were\nas high as 23 degrees Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
434.35,
438.87
]
},
{
"text": "Back then, average global temperatures were\nas high as 23 degrees Celsius.",
"timestamp": [
434.35,
438.87
]
},
{
"text": "There would have been no ice at the poles,\nand palm trees and crocodiles could be found at the Arctic.",
"timestamp": [
438.87,
444
]
},
{
"text": "There would have been no ice at the poles,\nand palm trees and crocodiles could be found at the Arctic.",
"timestamp": [
438.87,
444
]
},
{
"text": "If humans had been around, we’d probably\nhave been building tropical water parks at the North Pole.",
"timestamp": [
444,
448.41
]
},
{
"text": "If humans had been around, we’d probably\nhave been building tropical water parks at the North Pole.",
"timestamp": [
444,
448.41
]
},
{
"text": "Because if there's one thing we know for certain\nabout our species, it's that we love a twisty slide.",
"timestamp": [
448.41,
453.538
]
},
{
"text": "Because if there's one thing we know for certain\nabout our species, it's that we love a twisty slide.",
"timestamp": [
448.41,
453.538
]
},
{
"text": "But maybe thankfully for everyone, modern\nhumans wouldn’t evolve for over 55 million years.",
"timestamp": [
453.538,
459.065
]
},
{
"text": "But maybe thankfully for everyone, modern\nhumans wouldn’t evolve for over 55 million years.",
"timestamp": [
453.538,
459.065
]
},
{
"text": "We know our fragile civilizations, water parks\nand all, wouldn’t have stood a chance through",
"timestamp": [
459.065,
463.32
]
},
{
"text": "We know our fragile civilizations, water parks\nand all, wouldn’t have stood a chance through",
"timestamp": [
459.065,
463.32
]
},
{
"text": "these dramatic shifts in Earth’s climate.",
"timestamp": [
463.32,
465.26
]
},
{
"text": "these dramatic shifts in Earth’s climate.",
"timestamp": [
463.32,
465.26
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
465.26,
466.55
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
465.26,
466.55
]
},
{
"text": "Now, luckily for the human species, the ice\ncore record of the last 800,000 years reveals",
"timestamp": [
466.55,
471.849
]
},
{
"text": "Now, luckily for the human species, the ice\ncore record of the last 800,000 years reveals",
"timestamp": [
466.55,
471.849
]
},
{
"text": "much gentler temperature fluctuations…",
"timestamp": [
471.849,
475.069
]
},
{
"text": "much gentler temperature fluctuations…",
"timestamp": [
471.849,
475.069
]
},
{
"text": "at least, until we get to the last 200 years.",
"timestamp": [
475.069,
478.03
]
},
{
"text": "at least, until we get to the last 200 years.",
"timestamp": [
475.069,
478.03
]
},
{
"text": "In just a couple of centuries, temperatures\nhave gone up faster than ever seen before",
"timestamp": [
478.03,
482.069
]
},
{
"text": "In just a couple of centuries, temperatures\nhave gone up faster than ever seen before",
"timestamp": [
478.03,
482.069
]
},
{
"text": "in recorded history, and the average temperature\non Earth today is the highest it’s been",
"timestamp": [
482.069,
486.99
]
},
{
"text": "in recorded history, and the average temperature\non Earth today is the highest it’s been",
"timestamp": [
482.069,
486.99
]
},
{
"text": "in 100,000 years.",
"timestamp": [
486.99,
488.817
]
},
{
"text": "in 100,000 years.",
"timestamp": [
486.99,
488.817
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve never experienced this before.",
"timestamp": [
488.817,
490.748
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve never experienced this before.",
"timestamp": [
488.817,
490.748
]
},
{
"text": "Even when Earth emerged from previous ice\nages, the planet warmed up at a rate of only",
"timestamp": [
490.748,
494.699
]
},
{
"text": "Even when Earth emerged from previous ice\nages, the planet warmed up at a rate of only",
"timestamp": [
490.748,
494.699
]
},
{
"text": "about one degree Celsius per 1,000 years.",
"timestamp": [
494.699,
498.199
]
},
{
"text": "about one degree Celsius per 1,000 years.",
"timestamp": [
494.699,
498.199
]
},
{
"text": "But today, global temperatures have shot up\nby 0.7 degrees Celsius per 100 years.",
"timestamp": [
498.199,
504.599
]
},
{
"text": "But today, global temperatures have shot up\nby 0.7 degrees Celsius per 100 years.",
"timestamp": [
498.199,
504.599
]
},
{
"text": "That’s almost ten times faster!",
"timestamp": [
504.599,
507.28
]
},
{
"text": "That’s almost ten times faster!",
"timestamp": [
504.599,
507.28
]
},
{
"text": "So what changed in the last 200 years?",
"timestamp": [
507.28,
509.681
]
},
{
"text": "So what changed in the last 200 years?",
"timestamp": [
507.28,
509.681
]
},
{
"text": "Well, there was one big thing: the industrial\nrevolution, when humans discovered we could",
"timestamp": [
509.681,
515.69
]
},
{
"text": "Well, there was one big thing: the industrial\nrevolution, when humans discovered we could",
"timestamp": [
509.681,
515.69
]
},
{
"text": "do things a lot faster, and with a lot less\neffort, by burning fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
515.69,
521.222
]
},
{
"text": "do things a lot faster, and with a lot less\neffort, by burning fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
515.69,
521.222
]
},
{
"text": "Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas provided\na reliable source of heat and electricity.",
"timestamp": [
521.222,
527.279
]
},
{
"text": "Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas provided\na reliable source of heat and electricity.",
"timestamp": [
521.222,
527.279
]
},
{
"text": "So, when we went for them in a big way, they\nhelped to shape our modern civilization.",
"timestamp": [
527.279,
531.941
]
},
{
"text": "So, when we went for them in a big way, they\nhelped to shape our modern civilization.",
"timestamp": [
527.279,
531.941
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s how you ended up here, watching\nthis video on an internet largely powered",
"timestamp": [
531.941,
536.344
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s how you ended up here, watching\nthis video on an internet largely powered",
"timestamp": [
531.941,
536.344
]
},
{
"text": "by fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
536.344,
537.548
]
},
{
"text": "by fossil fuels.",
"timestamp": [
536.344,
537.548
]
},
{
"text": "But burning these fuels comes at a cost: It\nreleases carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
537.548,
541.501
]
},
{
"text": "But burning these fuels comes at a cost: It\nreleases carbon dioxide.",
"timestamp": [
537.548,
541.501
]
},
{
"text": "And as we’ve burned more of them to keep\nup with our growing population and energy needs, ",
"timestamp": [
541.501,
546.174
]
},
{
"text": "And as we’ve burned more of them to keep\nup with our growing population and energy needs, ",
"timestamp": [
541.501,
546.174
]
},
{
"text": "our emissions have gone up as well.",
"timestamp": [
546.174,
548.988
]
},
{
"text": "our emissions have gone up as well.",
"timestamp": [
546.174,
548.988
]
},
{
"text": "And that volleyball match keeps getting harder\nto watch.",
"timestamp": [
548.988,
552.26
]
},
{
"text": "And that volleyball match keeps getting harder\nto watch.",
"timestamp": [
548.988,
552.26
]
},
{
"text": "So, this is what we know.",
"timestamp": [
552.26,
553.842
]
},
{
"text": "So, this is what we know.",
"timestamp": [
552.26,
553.842
]
},
{
"text": "The average global temperature has gone up,\nand carbon dioxide emissions have gone up,",
"timestamp": [
553.842,
558.91
]
},
{
"text": "The average global temperature has gone up,\nand carbon dioxide emissions have gone up,",
"timestamp": [
553.842,
558.91
]
},
{
"text": "and we know that carbon dioxide is a heat-trapping\ngreenhouse gas.",
"timestamp": [
558.91,
562.41
]
},
{
"text": "and we know that carbon dioxide is a heat-trapping\ngreenhouse gas.",
"timestamp": [
558.91,
562.41
]
},
{
"text": "As scientists have put those things together,\nit’s led them to an inescapable conclusion:",
"timestamp": [
562.41,
567.938
]
},
{
"text": "As scientists have put those things together,\nit’s led them to an inescapable conclusion:",
"timestamp": [
562.41,
567.938
]
},
{
"text": "Human activity has caused the Earth to warm\nup at an unprecedented rate.",
"timestamp": [
567.938,
573.69
]
},
{
"text": "Human activity has caused the Earth to warm\nup at an unprecedented rate.",
"timestamp": [
567.938,
573.69
]
},
{
"text": "We can measure this warming with every passing\nmonth.",
"timestamp": [
573.69,
577.959
]
},
{
"text": "We can measure this warming with every passing\nmonth.",
"timestamp": [
573.69,
577.959
]
},
{
"text": "But its global effects aren’t as straightforward.",
"timestamp": [
577.959,
580.465
]
},
{
"text": "But its global effects aren’t as straightforward.",
"timestamp": [
577.959,
580.465
]
},
{
"text": "There’s a big difference between what scientists\nstudy as climate, and what you and I experience as weather.",
"timestamp": [
580.465,
586.007
]
},
{
"text": "There’s a big difference between what scientists\nstudy as climate, and what you and I experience as weather.",
"timestamp": [
580.465,
586.007
]
},
{
"text": "Weather is where we live.",
"timestamp": [
586.007,
587.518
]
},
{
"text": "Weather is where we live.",
"timestamp": [
586.007,
587.518
]
},
{
"text": "So when you wake up in Istanbul in March,\nand see that it’s weirdly cold and also snowing, that’s weather.",
"timestamp": [
587.518,
594.26
]
},
{
"text": "So when you wake up in Istanbul in March,\nand see that it’s weirdly cold and also snowing, that’s weather.",
"timestamp": [
587.518,
594.26
]
},
{
"text": "And although it may seem at odds \nwith a warming planet,",
"timestamp": [
594.26,
596.873
]
},
{
"text": "And although it may seem at odds \nwith a warming planet,",
"timestamp": [
594.26,
596.873
]
},
{
"text": "it’s happening as a result of \nclimate shifts elsewhere on Earth.",
"timestamp": [
596.873,
601.116
]
},
{
"text": "it’s happening as a result of \nclimate shifts elsewhere on Earth.",
"timestamp": [
596.873,
601.116
]
},
{
"text": "Climate deals with multi-decade, broad-scale\ntrends in things like",
"timestamp": [
601.116,
605.751
]
},
{
"text": "Climate deals with multi-decade, broad-scale\ntrends in things like",
"timestamp": [
601.116,
605.751
]
},
{
"text": " temperature and precipitation patterns \nacross the globe.",
"timestamp": [
605.751,
608.86
]
},
{
"text": " temperature and precipitation patterns \nacross the globe.",
"timestamp": [
605.751,
608.86
]
},
{
"text": "But since climate and weather are so closely\nlinked, it can get complicated.",
"timestamp": [
608.86,
613.51
]
},
{
"text": "But since climate and weather are so closely\nlinked, it can get complicated.",
"timestamp": [
608.86,
613.51
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, scientists agree that atypical,\nextreme weather events are more likely when",
"timestamp": [
613.51,
618.769
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, scientists agree that atypical,\nextreme weather events are more likely when",
"timestamp": [
613.51,
618.769
]
},
{
"text": "the planet’s climate is warmer, but that’s\nonly because there’s more heat trapped in",
"timestamp": [
618.769,
622.99
]
},
{
"text": "the planet’s climate is warmer, but that’s\nonly because there’s more heat trapped in",
"timestamp": [
618.769,
622.99
]
},
{
"text": "the oceans and atmosphere \nto power these weather events.",
"timestamp": [
622.99,
625.73
]
},
{
"text": "the oceans and atmosphere \nto power these weather events.",
"timestamp": [
622.99,
625.73
]
},
{
"text": "Meteorologists are constantly working to improve\ntheir forecasting models, for both short-term",
"timestamp": [
625.73,
630.029
]
},
{
"text": "Meteorologists are constantly working to improve\ntheir forecasting models, for both short-term",
"timestamp": [
625.73,
630.029
]
},
{
"text": "weather and long-term climate, based on how\nmuch energy is in the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
630.029,
634.41
]
},
{
"text": "weather and long-term climate, based on how\nmuch energy is in the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
630.029,
634.41
]
},
{
"text": "By comparing and refining their models, scientists\ncan now reliably predict some general outcomes",
"timestamp": [
634.41,
639.49
]
},
{
"text": "By comparing and refining their models, scientists\ncan now reliably predict some general outcomes",
"timestamp": [
634.41,
639.49
]
},
{
"text": "if the current pace of climate change continues.",
"timestamp": [
639.49,
642.36
]
},
{
"text": "if the current pace of climate change continues.",
"timestamp": [
639.49,
642.36
]
},
{
"text": "And it might come as no surprise that it’s\nnot looking good.",
"timestamp": [
642.36,
646
]
},
{
"text": "And it might come as no surprise that it’s\nnot looking good.",
"timestamp": [
642.36,
646
]
},
{
"text": "We can expect — and are currently already\nseeing in some cases — melting ice caps,",
"timestamp": [
646,
652.174
]
},
{
"text": "We can expect — and are currently already\nseeing in some cases — melting ice caps,",
"timestamp": [
646,
652.174
]
},
{
"text": "rising sea levels, shifts in agricultural\nproductivity, more storms, more floods, more droughts.",
"timestamp": [
652.174,
657.725
]
},
{
"text": "rising sea levels, shifts in agricultural\nproductivity, more storms, more floods, more droughts.",
"timestamp": [
652.174,
657.725
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, climate change amplifies any weather\nyou might typically experience.",
"timestamp": [
657.725,
663
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, climate change amplifies any weather\nyou might typically experience.",
"timestamp": [
657.725,
663
]
},
{
"text": "And these effects can ultimately lead to global\neconomic losses, displacement of vulnerable communities,",
"timestamp": [
663,
669.036
]
},
{
"text": "And these effects can ultimately lead to global\neconomic losses, displacement of vulnerable communities,",
"timestamp": [
663,
669.036
]
},
{
"text": "and almost inevitably, geopolitical\ntensions.",
"timestamp": [
669.036,
672.018
]
},
{
"text": "and almost inevitably, geopolitical\ntensions.",
"timestamp": [
669.036,
672.018
]
},
{
"text": "Changing climate and changing weather patterns\nwill have a significant impact on everyone,",
"timestamp": [
672.018,
676.769
]
},
{
"text": "Changing climate and changing weather patterns\nwill have a significant impact on everyone,",
"timestamp": [
672.018,
676.769
]
},
{
"text": "all over the globe.",
"timestamp": [
676.769,
678.41
]
},
{
"text": "all over the globe.",
"timestamp": [
676.769,
678.41
]
},
{
"text": "But not everyone will experience the same\nconsequences of those impacts,",
"timestamp": [
678.41,
682.97
]
},
{
"text": "But not everyone will experience the same\nconsequences of those impacts,",
"timestamp": [
678.41,
682.97
]
},
{
"text": "or be able to adapt to them in the same way.",
"timestamp": [
682.97,
685.55
]
},
{
"text": "or be able to adapt to them in the same way.",
"timestamp": [
682.97,
685.55
]
},
{
"text": "And those who have been and may continue to\nface some of the most severe consequences,",
"timestamp": [
685.55,
690.7
]
},
{
"text": "And those who have been and may continue to\nface some of the most severe consequences,",
"timestamp": [
685.55,
690.7
]
},
{
"text": "are often in regions least responsible for\nthe greenhouse gas emissions driving global climate change.",
"timestamp": [
690.7,
696.234
]
},
{
"text": "are often in regions least responsible for\nthe greenhouse gas emissions driving global climate change.",
"timestamp": [
690.7,
696.234
]
},
{
"text": "So the question becomes: what do we owe to\neach other, as roommates on this singularly",
"timestamp": [
696.234,
700.96
]
},
{
"text": "So the question becomes: what do we owe to\neach other, as roommates on this singularly",
"timestamp": [
696.234,
700.96
]
},
{
"text": "lucky planet, where we live alongside tomato\nplants and vibrant blue glaciers and",
"timestamp": [
700.96,
706.108
]
},
{
"text": "lucky planet, where we live alongside tomato\nplants and vibrant blue glaciers and",
"timestamp": [
700.96,
706.108
]
},
{
"text": "frill-necked lizards and blob fishes \nand incredible human creativity?",
"timestamp": [
706.108,
710.62
]
},
{
"text": "frill-necked lizards and blob fishes \nand incredible human creativity?",
"timestamp": [
706.108,
710.62
]
},
{
"text": "We know temperatures have fluctuated dramatically\nover Earth’s long history, but by burning",
"timestamp": [
710.62,
715.3
]
},
{
"text": "We know temperatures have fluctuated dramatically\nover Earth’s long history, but by burning",
"timestamp": [
710.62,
715.3
]
},
{
"text": "so many fossil fuels and flooding the atmosphere\nwith gases like carbon dioxide, we also know",
"timestamp": [
715.3,
721.25
]
},
{
"text": "so many fossil fuels and flooding the atmosphere\nwith gases like carbon dioxide, we also know",
"timestamp": [
715.3,
721.25
]
},
{
"text": "we’re causing temperatures to rise faster\nthan ever.",
"timestamp": [
721.25,
724.26
]
},
{
"text": "we’re causing temperatures to rise faster\nthan ever.",
"timestamp": [
721.25,
724.26
]
},
{
"text": "And while this is a massive challenge that\nwon’t have easy solutions, there are lots",
"timestamp": [
724.26,
728.639
]
},
{
"text": "And while this is a massive challenge that\nwon’t have easy solutions, there are lots",
"timestamp": [
724.26,
728.639
]
},
{
"text": "of fascinating ideas for how humans might\ntackle climate change from a number of different directions.",
"timestamp": [
728.639,
733.754
]
},
{
"text": "of fascinating ideas for how humans might\ntackle climate change from a number of different directions.",
"timestamp": [
728.639,
733.754
]
},
{
"text": "We don’t know all the answers and we can\nnever return to the Earth of 250-years-ago.",
"timestamp": [
733.754,
739.09
]
},
{
"text": "We don’t know all the answers and we can\nnever return to the Earth of 250-years-ago.",
"timestamp": [
733.754,
739.09
]
},
{
"text": "But we’ll explore the many cobblestones\nthat might make a pathway forward",
"timestamp": [
739.09,
744.09
]
},
{
"text": "But we’ll explore the many cobblestones\nthat might make a pathway forward",
"timestamp": [
739.09,
744.09
]
},
{
"text": "towards a new way of living together on our Earth.",
"timestamp": [
744.09,
746.915
]
},
{
"text": "towards a new way of living together on our Earth.",
"timestamp": [
744.09,
746.915
]
},
{
"text": "Even if it’s a bit bumpy.",
"timestamp": [
746.915,
749.019
]
},
{
"text": "Even if it’s a bit bumpy.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Stephan Saar, our volleyball\ncoach for this episode.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Special thanks to Stephan Saar, our volleyball\ncoach for this episode.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Stephan: thanks for never spiking the ball\nat our face — except for that one time —",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "Stephan: thanks for never spiking the ball\nat our face — except for that one time —",
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},
{
"text": "and for being a Patreon supporter.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "and for being a Patreon supporter.",
"timestamp": [
758.05,
759.88
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support provided by",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support provided by",
"timestamp": [
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763.644
]
},
{
"text": "Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Breakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
766.26,
772
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
772,
777.074
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Climate Change",
"Climate change is intimate and personal.At this point, it affects you every time you\ngo to the grocery store, or fill your gas tank,or vote, or flush the toilet, or put\non your long underwear for a later-than-usual snowfall.And every year, it will affect you more.At the same time, it’s cosmically impersonal.It involves gases, and rocks, and chemicals\nthat have been operating in relationship forbillions of years before there were any persons…or\nunderwear to contend with at all.In between these two levels — the sphere\nof your bedroom and the sheer vastness ofthe history of the universe — there are\nstill other vantage points to look at climate change from.Climate change is a collective and a systemic\nproblem — dealing not just with individualsbut with entire populations and global systems\n— like energy grids and international trade.So, we have to kind of zoom in and zoom out.Travel through time and space.And as centuries of mad scientists have taught\nus, that’s not an easy task!Hi hi! I’m M Jackson, and this is Crash Course\nClimate and Energy.[INTRO]Think about it.There’s the human lifetime, where we all\nlive — where there’s weather and politicsand hard choices and beautiful moments of\ncollaboration.And then there’s hundreds of years that\ncontain full human lifetimes — the generationsyet to come that will be impacted by the climate-related\nchoices of today and yesterday.On top of that, there’s the multi-billion-year\ntimeline of Earth, which is entirely aliento our human perception.But we won the planetary lottery with our\nhabitable Earth — the only one out of thethousands of planets known in our galaxy where\nlife like ours can survive.So, yes, truly understanding climate change\nacross all these timelines is tough.Sometimes, it’s downright mind blowing.But it’s on us to grapple with what’s\nhappening not just to the Earth — but toall of its inhabitants — as the climate\nchanges faster now than ever before.And I mean that…the Earth’s climate has\nnever changed this fast."
],
[
"The Greenhouse Effect",
"Let’s start at the human scale… a single\nhuman actually.A human named Eunice Foote.In the 1850s, she was reading an issue of\nScientific American — and became curious.And like any good scientist, she nerded out\nabout how the sun heats up the Earth.She wanted to see how density and the mixture\nof gases in the air affected how much heatthe atmosphere could hold onto, and she tested\nthat with a series of experiments.In one of them, she noticed that high concentrations\nof so-called “carbonic acid gas”made the air heat up faster and stay warmer for longer.Based on her experiments, she concluded that,\nif the atmosphere ever contained more of this gas, then we might also expect the global\ntemperature to be higher.Today, we know carbonic acid gas \nas carbon dioxide.So, Foote became one of the first scientists to make the link between carbon dioxide and atmospheric heating.It was one of the first experiments demonstrating\nthe greenhouse effect.You know that wash of warm air you get when\nyou go into a greenhouse?It happens because glass panels do a great\njob of trapping the sun’s heat to nurtureyour tomato plants.Well, imagine scaling that up to the entire\nEarth, but instead of glass trapping heat,it’s gas.Specifically, gases like carbon dioxide, methane,\nand water vapor, which are known collectivelyas greenhouse gases.You can think of the greenhouse effect like\na giant volleyball game between the sun andthe surface of the Earth, where the atmosphere\nis the net.And instead of one ball, there are trillions.The sun serves these balls as different forms\nof radiation — what you and I might experienceas visible light, UV light, or infrared radiation,\nwhich is another fancy way to say: heat.Some of that radiation makes it over the metaphorical net.It passes through the atmosphere and hits\nthe planet’s surface.A lot of that energy is then absorbed by the\nland and the sea.Hey, where’d my ball go?The land and sea naturally reflect back some\nof their heat energy, but with the greenhouse effect, more and more heat energy is getting\ntrapped by the net.Then, the energy gets absorbed by the atmosphere\ninstead of escaping into space — the other side of the court.That causes the energy to bounce back down\ntoward the surface of the Earth, warming it up.The Earth is losing the cosmic volleyball\ngame, returning fewer and fewer of the Sun’sserves every year as the amount of greenhouse\ngases goes up.Now, instead of having a constant number of\nballs on our side of the court…we have more each day.Although greenhouse gases only make up a small\nportion of the atmosphere, they play a majorrole in controlling our planet’s overall\ntemperature, and its climate."
],
[
"Earth's Climate Record",
"Even increasing the amount of carbon dioxide\nin the atmosphere by just a few parts per million, can lead to temperature changes that\nfuel severe weather, melt ice caps, and makelife on Earth generally more difficult.How do we know this?By studying the chemistry of rocks and fossils\nthat are hundreds of millions of years old,scientists can piece together how ancient\ntemperatures fluctuated, and how, in parallel,the composition of our atmosphere fluctuated.But if we want a more recent picture, we can\nget an even better record from —drumroll—glaciers.Ice cores from Greenland and Antarctic ice\ncaps have preserved tiny bubbles of our actualatmosphere from hundreds of thousands of years\nago that today, scientists like me can study.What all of these records tell us is that,\nthroughout Earth’s four and half billion birthdays, at times, it’s been a lot colder\nthan today, and at other times, it’s been a lot warmer.And guess what is one of the most consistent\nvariables that leads to that temperature fluctuation?You got it: the amount of greenhouse gases\nin the atmosphere.So, let’s travel through time and space\nto see what things looked likewhen those bubbles were in their prime.Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.Back when Earth formed about 4.5 billion years\nago, it was hot.And I don’t mean “eating your bodyweight\nin popsicles” hot.I mean, “covered in an ocean of molten rock,”\nhot.Earth was still being pummeled by debris from\nthe formation of the solar system, and volcanoeswere spewing out a whole lot of carbon dioxide,\nhelping to trap all that heat.Over millions and millions of years, the molten\nrock solidified, forming a solid surface on the Earth.And millions and millions of years after that,\nthe primitive ocean formed.As a result, the Earth continued to gradually\ncool down.And then, a couple of times throughout its\nearly history, before animals we’d recognizetoday even evolved, things got really cold.So cold that researchers think ice sheets\nand sea ice extended all the way to the equator.These are called Snowball Earth periods.And scientists have a few ideas about why\nthey happened, ranging from volcanic ash blockingout the sun, to a drop in carbon levels, which\nwas possibly a result of things likeearly plants sucking in the gas for photosynthesis.After that, it got hot again a few times over\nthe next half a billion years, most recentlyabout 56 million years ago.Back then, average global temperatures were\nas high as 23 degrees Celsius.There would have been no ice at the poles,\nand palm trees and crocodiles could be found at the Arctic.If humans had been around, we’d probably\nhave been building tropical water parks at the North Pole.Because if there's one thing we know for certain\nabout our species, it's that we love a twisty slide.But maybe thankfully for everyone, modern\nhumans wouldn’t evolve for over 55 million years.We know our fragile civilizations, water parks\nand all, wouldn’t have stood a chance throughthese dramatic shifts in Earth’s climate.Thanks, Thought Bubble!Now, luckily for the human species, the ice\ncore record of the last 800,000 years revealsmuch gentler temperature fluctuations…at least, until we get to the last 200 years."
],
[
"Fossil Fuels & The Industrial Revolution",
"In just a couple of centuries, temperatures\nhave gone up faster than ever seen beforein recorded history, and the average temperature\non Earth today is the highest it’s beenin 100,000 years.We’ve never experienced this before.Even when Earth emerged from previous ice\nages, the planet warmed up at a rate of onlyabout one degree Celsius per 1,000 years.But today, global temperatures have shot up\nby 0.7 degrees Celsius per 100 years.That’s almost ten times faster!So what changed in the last 200 years?Well, there was one big thing: the industrial\nrevolution, when humans discovered we coulddo things a lot faster, and with a lot less\neffort, by burning fossil fuels.Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas provided\na reliable source of heat and electricity.So, when we went for them in a big way, they\nhelped to shape our modern civilization.And that’s how you ended up here, watching\nthis video on an internet largely poweredby fossil fuels.But burning these fuels comes at a cost: It\nreleases carbon dioxide.And as we’ve burned more of them to keep\nup with our growing population and energy needs, our emissions have gone up as well.And that volleyball match keeps getting harder\nto watch.So, this is what we know.The average global temperature has gone up,\nand carbon dioxide emissions have gone up,and we know that carbon dioxide is a heat-trapping\ngreenhouse gas.As scientists have put those things together,\nit’s led them to an inescapable conclusion:Human activity has caused the Earth to warm\nup at an unprecedented rate.We can measure this warming with every passing\nmonth.But its global effects aren’t as straightforward."
],
[
"Climate vs. Weather",
"There’s a big difference between what scientists\nstudy as climate, and what you and I experience as weather.Weather is where we live.So when you wake up in Istanbul in March,\nand see that it’s weirdly cold and also snowing, that’s weather.And although it may seem at odds \nwith a warming planet,it’s happening as a result of \nclimate shifts elsewhere on Earth.Climate deals with multi-decade, broad-scale\ntrends in things like temperature and precipitation patterns \nacross the globe.But since climate and weather are so closely\nlinked, it can get complicated.For instance, scientists agree that atypical,\nextreme weather events are more likely whenthe planet’s climate is warmer, but that’s\nonly because there’s more heat trapped inthe oceans and atmosphere \nto power these weather events.Meteorologists are constantly working to improve\ntheir forecasting models, for both short-termweather and long-term climate, based on how\nmuch energy is in the atmosphere."
],
[
"Climate Change's Effects",
"By comparing and refining their models, scientists\ncan now reliably predict some general outcomesif the current pace of climate change continues.And it might come as no surprise that it’s\nnot looking good.We can expect — and are currently already\nseeing in some cases — melting ice caps,rising sea levels, shifts in agricultural\nproductivity, more storms, more floods, more droughts.Basically, climate change amplifies any weather\nyou might typically experience.And these effects can ultimately lead to global\neconomic losses, displacement of vulnerable communities,and almost inevitably, geopolitical\ntensions.Changing climate and changing weather patterns\nwill have a significant impact on everyone,all over the globe.But not everyone will experience the same\nconsequences of those impacts,or be able to adapt to them in the same way.And those who have been and may continue to\nface some of the most severe consequences,are often in regions least responsible for\nthe greenhouse gas emissions driving global climate change."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"So the question becomes: what do we owe to\neach other, as roommates on this singularlylucky planet, where we live alongside tomato\nplants and vibrant blue glaciers andfrill-necked lizards and blob fishes \nand incredible human creativity?We know temperatures have fluctuated dramatically\nover Earth’s long history, but by burningso many fossil fuels and flooding the atmosphere\nwith gases like carbon dioxide, we also knowwe’re causing temperatures to rise faster\nthan ever.And while this is a massive challenge that\nwon’t have easy solutions, there are lotsof fascinating ideas for how humans might\ntackle climate change from a number of different directions.We don’t know all the answers and we can\nnever return to the Earth of 250-years-ago.But we’ll explore the many cobblestones\nthat might make a pathway forwardtowards a new way of living together on our Earth.Even if it’s a bit bumpy.Special thanks to Stephan Saar, our volleyball\ncoach for this episode.Stephan: thanks for never spiking the ball\nat our face — except for that one time —and for being a Patreon supporter.Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced\nby Complexly with support provided byBreakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of these nice people.If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course Climate & Energy Preview
|
dhFlDkES6Ws
| 247 |
[] |
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{
"text": "Our planet is heating up, and fast.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "But understanding what that means and what\nto do about it can be… a lot.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "After all, climate change isn’t about any\none thing.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "It’s rocks, chemicals, gas; it’s geography,\nphysics, politics.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "It’s billions of years, billions of tons,\nbillions of solutions, billions of people",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "connected by vast trade networks and energy grids.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "But at the same time, it’s also about you,\nin your bedroom,",
"timestamp": [
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30
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},
{
"text": "eating a whole box of mac and cheese in one sitting.",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "Or maybe that’s just me.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Hi hi, I’m M Jackson, a glaciologist, a\nwriter, a National Geographic Explorer,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "and total cold weather enthusiast.",
"timestamp": [
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"text": "I’ve studied glaciers from all seven continents.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "I became fascinated with them when I realized\nin my early 20s that we knew very little about",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "our planet’s ice, and that it was disappearing.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "I thought it was so cool there was still something\non Earth we could discover and conserve.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "So now, I’m trying to understand what happens\nto us – ",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "to real people in various communities worldwide \nas our ice transforms.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "I think if we understand glacier change, we\ncan understand climate change, and then",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "we might be able to understand future change.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "So that’s me.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "And this is Crash Course Climate & Energy.",
"timestamp": [
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81
]
},
{
"text": "Understanding how each of us fits into the\nbigger picture of climate change can be tricky.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "We hear that as individuals we should eat\nless meat, turn off the lights, recycle.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "But we also hear that individual actions won’t\nfix things unless big corporations and systems change.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "So, over the next 12 episodes, we’ll dive\ninto these issues together.",
"timestamp": [
99,
103.343
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},
{
"text": "We’ll zoom across time and space to explore\nwhy the climate is changing, how we know that,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "what consequences are already underway, and\nwhat we might expect in the future.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "And we’ll focus on what it might take to\ndecarbonize our energy sources—or, in other words, ",
"timestamp": [
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120.316
]
},
{
"text": "stop emitting so many greenhouse gases\nas we power our world.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "We’ll find there are not only no easy solutions,\nbut also that we shouldn’t expect easy…",
"timestamp": [
123.92,
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]
},
{
"text": "just as climate change is complicated, so\ntoo are all the ways forward.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "We’ll encounter plenty of fascinating ideas.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Ideas for rethinking the energy we use to\nmake things, grow things, power things, move things, ",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "heat and cool things.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "We’ll learn why each of these industries\npose their own challenges—for example,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "why it’s really hard to build a battery-powered\nsemi-truck.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "And why we can’t just fill the Sahara with\nsolar panels.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "And we’ll explore the extra-tricky territory of politics, human behavior, and environmental and climate justice.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Because while climate change involves everybody,\nit doesn’t affect everybody equally.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Along the way, we’ll encounter a lot of\nquestions with answers",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "that can be summed up as “It’s complicated.”",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "But, crucially, we’ll learn why the situation\nis so complicated, and some ways humanity",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "can navigate it—covering things like electric\ncars, carbon storage, and the Kyoto Protocol.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "At times, it might feel a bit like a “Choose\nYour Own Adventure” book—except,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "if we don’t act quickly, the planet will choose\nour adventure for us.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Big picture: the story’s not over.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "All of us have a role to play in shaping what’s\nnext, whether as a city planner, a scientist,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "an educator, a business manager, an activist,\na storyteller and so, so, so much more.",
"timestamp": [
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210.08
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},
{
"text": "At the end of the day, tackling climate change\nwill require a ton of creativity and even",
"timestamp": [
210.08,
216.14
]
},
{
"text": "more cooperation—it’s humanity’s biggest\ngroup project ever.",
"timestamp": [
216.14,
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},
{
"text": "So join us, and let’s get to work.",
"timestamp": [
221.213,
223.56
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course Climate and Energy is produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
223.56,
226.288
]
},
{
"text": "with support provided by \nBreakthrough Energy and Gates Ventures.",
"timestamp": [
226.288,
229.959
]
},
{
"text": "This episode was filmed at Castle Geraghty\nStudio and was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
229.959,
236.229
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
236.229,
241.576
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
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] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Black Lives Matter: Crash Course Black American History #51
|
i_OU4EcWQ6I
| 800 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith, and this is Crash Course\nBlack American History.",
"timestamp": [
0.19,
4.7
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’re learning about the origins of\nthe Black Lives Matter movement.",
"timestamp": [
4.7,
8.45
]
},
{
"text": "On February 26, 2012 Trayvon Martin, an unarmed\nBlack American teen, was walking home from",
"timestamp": [
8.45,
15.6
]
},
{
"text": "a convenience store in Sanford, Florida when\nhe was fatally shot by George Zimmerman,",
"timestamp": [
15.6,
20.563
]
},
{
"text": "a neighborhood watch volunteer.",
"timestamp": [
20.563,
22.515
]
},
{
"text": "After police in Florida decided not to arrest\nZimmerman, the case sparked international",
"timestamp": [
22.515,
27.539
]
},
{
"text": "protests and debates about racial profiling,\nracial violence, and self-defense laws.",
"timestamp": [
27.539,
33.9
]
},
{
"text": "Zimmerman was later charged with second-degree\nmurder in the killing of Martin,",
"timestamp": [
33.9,
38.775
]
},
{
"text": "but he was also later acquitted of the charges.",
"timestamp": [
38.775,
43.03
]
},
{
"text": "In the subsequent weeks after the acquittal\nthere were nationwide protests",
"timestamp": [
43.03,
47.34
]
},
{
"text": "honoring Martin’s life and legacy.",
"timestamp": [
47.34,
50.129
]
},
{
"text": "In 2013, three Black organizers Alicia Garza,\nPatrisse Cullors, and Ayo Tometi created a",
"timestamp": [
50.129,
57.75
]
},
{
"text": "racial justice organization building on what\nhad become the popular social media hashtag",
"timestamp": [
57.75,
62.55
]
},
{
"text": "#BlackLivesMatter in response to the acquittal\nof George Zimmerman.",
"timestamp": [
62.55,
67.31
]
},
{
"text": "Their work, alongside the work of Black activists\nacross the country—some of whom were formally",
"timestamp": [
67.31,
72.299
]
},
{
"text": "affiliated with the organization and some\nof whom had been doing racial justice work",
"timestamp": [
72.299,
76.45
]
},
{
"text": "in their communities for years—helped spur\na social movement that spread across the world",
"timestamp": [
76.45,
82.28
]
},
{
"text": "and has shaped the fight for racial justice,\neconomic equality, and gender equity",
"timestamp": [
82.28,
87.434
]
},
{
"text": "over the past decade.",
"timestamp": [
87.434,
88.918
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’re going to dive into how the #BlackLivesMatter\nmovement spread worldwide and inspired a generational",
"timestamp": [
88.918,
95.44
]
},
{
"text": "swell of activism that continues to this day.",
"timestamp": [
95.44,
99.07
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start the show.",
"timestamp": [
99.07,
100.776
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
100.776,
109.836
]
},
{
"text": "About two years after the death of\n Trayvon Martin in 2012,",
"timestamp": [
109.836,
113.636
]
},
{
"text": "another episode of anti-Black\nviolence gained national and international attention.",
"timestamp": [
113.636,
118.348
]
},
{
"text": "On August 9, 2014, 18-year-old Michael Brown\nwas shot and killed",
"timestamp": [
118.348,
123.152
]
},
{
"text": "by police officer Darren Wilson \nin Ferguson, Missouri.",
"timestamp": [
123.152,
127.077
]
},
{
"text": "The details of Brown’s death and the aftermath\nwere hotly disputed with some claiming that",
"timestamp": [
127.077,
132.489
]
},
{
"text": "Wilson had used unnecessary force on Brown\nand others defending Wilson as just “doing his job.”",
"timestamp": [
132.489,
139.129
]
},
{
"text": "There were also allegations that Brown had\npotentially participated in a robbery shortly",
"timestamp": [
139.129,
143.7
]
},
{
"text": "before the shooting occurred.",
"timestamp": [
143.7,
146.08
]
},
{
"text": "What isn’t under dispute though is that\nMichael Brown’s body was left in the street",
"timestamp": [
146.08,
150.65
]
},
{
"text": "after he was killed for more than four hours.",
"timestamp": [
150.65,
154.174
]
},
{
"text": "Something many in the community and across\nthe world saw as further compounding the injustice",
"timestamp": [
154.174,
160.19
]
},
{
"text": "of the tragedy.",
"timestamp": [
160.19,
161.319
]
},
{
"text": "In Ferguson, protests following Brown’s\ndeath began peacefully and the became progressively",
"timestamp": [
161.319,
166.84
]
},
{
"text": "more intense, and included a militarized response\nfrom law enforcement.",
"timestamp": [
166.84,
172.59
]
},
{
"text": "Journalists, residents, protestors, and bystanders\nwere often swept up in the response.",
"timestamp": [
172.59,
177.79
]
},
{
"text": "Demonstrators resumed with fresh intensity\nin November 2014 when a grand jury decided",
"timestamp": [
177.79,
183.709
]
},
{
"text": "not to indict Officer Wilson in the shooting\nand then again in 2015 when the United States",
"timestamp": [
183.709,
189.38
]
},
{
"text": "Department of Justice announced they would\nnot charge Wilson for violating federal civil rights law.",
"timestamp": [
189.38,
195.26
]
},
{
"text": "These protests weren’t just limited to Ferguson,\nbut spread across the country, and across the world.",
"timestamp": [
195.26,
201.64
]
},
{
"text": "In the wake of Wilson’s hearing, activists\norganized a national action which became known",
"timestamp": [
201.64,
206.35
]
},
{
"text": "as the “The Black Life Matters Ride” to\nsupport local protestors and also to build",
"timestamp": [
206.35,
211.519
]
},
{
"text": "coalitions that would continue racial justice\nwork in their hometowns once they returned.",
"timestamp": [
211.519,
216.239
]
},
{
"text": "This effort was part of a tradition of Black\nactivism that built on the",
"timestamp": [
216.239,
220.17
]
},
{
"text": "famous Freedom rides of the 1960s, when young\nactivists from across the country rode buses",
"timestamp": [
220.17,
225.769
]
},
{
"text": "into the South to protest segregation.",
"timestamp": [
225.769,
229.03
]
},
{
"text": "Over 600 people participated in the Black\nLife Matters Ride.",
"timestamp": [
229.03,
232.679
]
},
{
"text": "Following the death of Michael Brown, #BlackLivesMatter\ncontinued to grow and spread",
"timestamp": [
232.679,
236.551
]
},
{
"text": "across social media platforms like \nTwitter, Instagram, and Facebook.",
"timestamp": [
236.551,
240.927
]
},
{
"text": "The hashtag was used as an organizing tool\nmeant to both defend the Black community against",
"timestamp": [
240.927,
245.849
]
},
{
"text": "state-sanctioned violence and also to affirm\nthe dignity, beauty, and humanity of Black people",
"timestamp": [
245.849,
251.892
]
},
{
"text": "in a world that so often seemed to\ndo the opposite.",
"timestamp": [
251.892,
254.622
]
},
{
"text": "Another case that gained a lot of attention\ncame in July 2014, when several bystanders",
"timestamp": [
254.622,
260.6
]
},
{
"text": "used their cellphones to capture footage of\nofficer Daniel Pantaleo murdering 43-year-old",
"timestamp": [
260.6,
265.699
]
},
{
"text": "Eric Garner by choking him to death, despite\nGarner’s repeated pleas of “I can’t breathe.\"",
"timestamp": [
265.699,
272.426
]
},
{
"text": "Garner’s killing gained particular notoriety\nbecause 1) the offense he was being held for",
"timestamp": [
272.426,
277.729
]
},
{
"text": "(selling loose cigarettes) was so minor and\nnot at all commensurate with the police response",
"timestamp": [
277.729,
283.64
]
},
{
"text": "2) he had been previously harassed by NYPD,\nand 3) because Pantaleo used an illegal chokehold",
"timestamp": [
283.64,
292.389
]
},
{
"text": "to detain him while other officers watched\nor held Garner down.",
"timestamp": [
292.389,
296.979
]
},
{
"text": "This led to another round of protests in New\nYork and across the country which further",
"timestamp": [
296.979,
301.33
]
},
{
"text": "ignited the fervor of the Black Lives Matter\nmovement.",
"timestamp": [
301.33,
304.25
]
},
{
"text": "The names of Black men and women who were\nvictims of extrajudicial killings and police",
"timestamp": [
304.25,
308.49
]
},
{
"text": "violence soon became synonymous with the movement.",
"timestamp": [
308.49,
311.903
]
},
{
"text": "Names like Tamir Rice, Tanisha Anderson, Mya\nHall, Walter Scott, Renisha McBride, Alton",
"timestamp": [
311.903,
317.77
]
},
{
"text": "Sterling, and Sandra Bland became linked to\nthe Black Lives Matter movement,",
"timestamp": [
317.77,
322.08
]
},
{
"text": "and their names became rallying cries for justice.",
"timestamp": [
322.08,
325.569
]
},
{
"text": "The Black Lives Matter hashtag and on the\nground organizing work that emerged from it,",
"timestamp": [
325.569,
329.73
]
},
{
"text": "helped move the conversation forward about\nmultiple forms of violence, both systemic",
"timestamp": [
329.73,
335.222
]
},
{
"text": "and interpersonal, that impacted Black people.",
"timestamp": [
335.222,
338.468
]
},
{
"text": "Organizers and activists were quick to point\nout that the violence people were seeing on",
"timestamp": [
338.468,
342.83
]
},
{
"text": "their phones and television screens wasn’t\nnew, but was simply being captured more often",
"timestamp": [
342.83,
349.15
]
},
{
"text": "because of the prevalence of camera phones\nand social media platforms",
"timestamp": [
349.15,
352.734
]
},
{
"text": "where those videos could be shared.",
"timestamp": [
352.734,
355
]
},
{
"text": "Put differently, the violence wasn’t novel,\nbut the technology to amplify the violence was.",
"timestamp": [
355,
362.24
]
},
{
"text": "Black people had witnessed police brutality\nand violence in their communities for generations.",
"timestamp": [
362.24,
367.427
]
},
{
"text": "For many, like my parents and grandparents,\nthe images they saw emerging out of Ferguson,",
"timestamp": [
367.427,
372.25
]
},
{
"text": "and New York, and Baltimore were reminiscent\nof what they had seen during the Civil Rights Movement",
"timestamp": [
372.25,
377.924
]
},
{
"text": "in cities like Birmingham, Greensboro,\nand Selma.",
"timestamp": [
377.924,
381.133
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also important to note that the deaths\nthat get the most attention, and the names",
"timestamp": [
381.133,
385.449
]
},
{
"text": "that served as the rallying cries for the\nmovement over the years, were only a small",
"timestamp": [
385.449,
389.51
]
},
{
"text": "fraction of the total number of Black people\nsubjected to police violence.",
"timestamp": [
389.51,
394.01
]
},
{
"text": "Between January 2015 and April 2022, \n1,593 Black Americans were shot and killed",
"timestamp": [
394.01,
402.2
]
},
{
"text": "by on-duty police officers.",
"timestamp": [
402.2,
404.63
]
},
{
"text": "Black Americans make up less than 13% of the\nUS population, but the rate at which they",
"timestamp": [
404.63,
409.93
]
},
{
"text": "are shot and killed by police is double the\nrate of white Americans.",
"timestamp": [
409.93,
414.33
]
},
{
"text": "The protests across the country pushed cities\nand the Department of Justice to begin various",
"timestamp": [
414.33,
419.21
]
},
{
"text": "investigations into state sanctioned violence,\npolice misconduct, mass incarceration, and",
"timestamp": [
419.21,
424.86
]
},
{
"text": "other forms of violence inflicted upon the\nBlack community that are entangled within",
"timestamp": [
424.86,
428.919
]
},
{
"text": "the criminal legal system.",
"timestamp": [
428.919,
430.389
]
},
{
"text": "Investigations by the Department of Justice\nand others revealed horrifying and widespread",
"timestamp": [
430.389,
435.15
]
},
{
"text": "patterns of police harassment and abuse of\npower.",
"timestamp": [
435.15,
438.08
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the DOJ investigation of the\npolice department and court system of Ferguson, Missouri ",
"timestamp": [
438.08,
444.059
]
},
{
"text": "revealed that although the population\nof Ferguson was 67 percent Black,",
"timestamp": [
444.059,
449.189
]
},
{
"text": "almost 90 percent of the documented cases where police\nofficers used force were against Black people.",
"timestamp": [
449.189,
455.009
]
},
{
"text": "Their report demonstrated how Black people\nin Ferguson were being disproportionately",
"timestamp": [
455.009,
459.08
]
},
{
"text": "targeted and subjected to police violence.",
"timestamp": [
459.08,
462.289
]
},
{
"text": "This report also showed that the police and\ncourt system in Ferguson often worked together",
"timestamp": [
462.289,
467.27
]
},
{
"text": "to use traffic arrests and subsequent imprisonment\nof African Americans to raise revenue for",
"timestamp": [
467.27,
472.69
]
},
{
"text": "the city, often in direct violation of those\ncitizens' 14th amendment rights.",
"timestamp": [
472.69,
478.139
]
},
{
"text": "To put it more directly, police officers were\nincentivized to pull over Black people",
"timestamp": [
478.139,
484.81
]
},
{
"text": "because this is one of the ways that the \ncity could make money.",
"timestamp": [
484.81,
488.546
]
},
{
"text": "And this targeting has significant consequences\nin the instances that don’t even lead to death.",
"timestamp": [
488.546,
494.783
]
},
{
"text": "To give you an example of what the DOJ found,\nin the summer of 2012, a 32-year-old Black man",
"timestamp": [
494.783,
501.18
]
},
{
"text": "was cooling off in his car after playing\nbasketball in the park.",
"timestamp": [
501.18,
504.389
]
},
{
"text": "An officer pulled up behind the man and demanded\nidentification.",
"timestamp": [
504.389,
508.38
]
},
{
"text": "The officer accused the man of being a pedophile,\nsimply because there were children in the park,",
"timestamp": [
508.38,
513.929
]
},
{
"text": "and ordered the man out of the car although\nthere was no indication that he was armed",
"timestamp": [
513.929,
518.769
]
},
{
"text": "or served as any sort of threat.",
"timestamp": [
518.769,
520.559
]
},
{
"text": "These investigations added further fuel to\nthe fire of the movement and gave empirical,",
"timestamp": [
520.559,
526.012
]
},
{
"text": "quantifiable evidence of the systemic harm\nthat had been inflicted on the Black community",
"timestamp": [
526.012,
531.149
]
},
{
"text": "in Ferguson for years.",
"timestamp": [
531.149,
533.26
]
},
{
"text": "Today a coalition of more than 50 organizations\nmake up what is known as the Movement for Black Lives.",
"timestamp": [
533.26,
540.06
]
},
{
"text": "This coalition looks to eradicate white supremacy\nand build local organizational power in order",
"timestamp": [
540.06,
545.91
]
},
{
"text": "to intervene in the violence inflicted on\nBlack communities by the state and vigilantes.",
"timestamp": [
545.91,
551.62
]
},
{
"text": "In explaining how they came to be, the organization\nsays it: “Was created as a space for Black",
"timestamp": [
551.62,
557.26
]
},
{
"text": "organizations across the country to debate\nand discuss the current political conditions,",
"timestamp": [
557.26,
562.297
]
},
{
"text": "develop shared assessments of what political\ninterventions were necessary in order to achieve",
"timestamp": [
562.297,
566.649
]
},
{
"text": "key policy, cultural and political wins, convene\norganizational leadership in order to debate",
"timestamp": [
566.649,
572.49
]
},
{
"text": "and co-create a shared movement wide strategy.",
"timestamp": [
572.49,
575.279
]
},
{
"text": "Under the fundamental idea that we can achieve\nmore together than we can separately.”",
"timestamp": [
575.279,
580
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, Black Lives Matter and the Movement\nfor Black Lives can be used interchangeably.",
"timestamp": [
580,
585.428
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes in reference to the specific organizations,\nand sometimes in reference to the larger movement.",
"timestamp": [
585.428,
591.517
]
},
{
"text": "Either way, what’s true is that the movement\nfor Black Lives has consistently increased",
"timestamp": [
591.517,
596.269
]
},
{
"text": "general awareness of the state sanctioned and extrajudicial violence inflicted on Black communities every day.",
"timestamp": [
596.269,
602.843
]
},
{
"text": "Another thing this coalition does that is\nespecially important is making sure that in",
"timestamp": [
602.843,
607.94
]
},
{
"text": "the fight for racial justice, they are fighting\nfor communities—within the larger Black community—",
"timestamp": [
607.94,
613.818
]
},
{
"text": "that have historically been pushed to the side, or completely ignored, in the fight for Black liberation.",
"timestamp": [
613.818,
619.85
]
},
{
"text": "That means it often centers and uplifts the\nlives of Black women and folks along the gender spectrum,",
"timestamp": [
619.85,
626.189
]
},
{
"text": "Black queer and trans communities,\nBlack disabled people, Black people with criminal records, ",
"timestamp": [
626.189,
631.536
]
},
{
"text": "and Black people who are undocumented.",
"timestamp": [
631.536,
633.7
]
},
{
"text": "The movement operates from the belief that\nnone of us are free, until all of us are free.",
"timestamp": [
633.7,
639.244
]
},
{
"text": "In 2020, following the death of George Floyd,\nan estimated 15 to 26 million people participated",
"timestamp": [
639.244,
645.94
]
},
{
"text": "in Black Lives Matter protests in the United\nStates alone.",
"timestamp": [
645.94,
650.029
]
},
{
"text": "And the movement has gained international\ntraction as well, with protests organized",
"timestamp": [
650.029,
654.88
]
},
{
"text": "in places like Australia, Denmark, Canada,\nJapan, England, Brazil, just to name a few.",
"timestamp": [
654.88,
660.69
]
},
{
"text": "There is no doubt that over the course of\nthe past decade, the Black Lives Matter movement",
"timestamp": [
660.69,
665.72
]
},
{
"text": "has contributed to a shift in public consciousness\naround issues of race in the United States and around the world.",
"timestamp": [
665.72,
671.674
]
},
{
"text": "More people—not all, but more—now understand\nthat racism is not just an interpersonal phenomenon",
"timestamp": [
671.674,
678.77
]
},
{
"text": "like a racial slur or a KKK rally, but recognize\nracism as something that is embedded",
"timestamp": [
678.77,
685
]
},
{
"text": "within structures and systems and institutions.",
"timestamp": [
685,
688.621
]
},
{
"text": "While there is still a long way to go, because\nof the movement for Black Lives, a more nuanced,",
"timestamp": [
688.621,
694.23
]
},
{
"text": "sophisticated, historically accurate conversation\nabout race is possible in ways that weren’t",
"timestamp": [
694.23,
700.279
]
},
{
"text": "prior to the evolution of the movement.",
"timestamp": [
700.279,
702.399
]
},
{
"text": "Another thing we want to be clear on is that\nthe movement for Black Lives is not just about",
"timestamp": [
702.399,
706.72
]
},
{
"text": "what organization you are or are not formally\naffiliated with.",
"timestamp": [
706.72,
710.19
]
},
{
"text": "There have been people in communities across\nthe country, who are not formal members of",
"timestamp": [
710.19,
714.87
]
},
{
"text": "any particular group, but who have been fighting\nfor justice in their hometowns for generations.",
"timestamp": [
714.87,
720.66
]
},
{
"text": "As we’ve said before, the work of building\na better world is not just done by any one person, ",
"timestamp": [
720.66,
726.738
]
},
{
"text": "or one organization, but is built\nby the actions of millions and millions of",
"timestamp": [
726.738,
732.45
]
},
{
"text": "people doing their part in the ways they know\nbest.",
"timestamp": [
732.45,
736.963
]
},
{
"text": "And on a personal note, this is the last episode\nof the series!",
"timestamp": [
736.963,
741.243
]
},
{
"text": "Making this series with the Crash Course team\nhas been a joy and an honor.",
"timestamp": [
741.243,
746.204
]
},
{
"text": "I appreciate you all sticking with us through\nall 51 episodes.",
"timestamp": [
746.204,
750
]
},
{
"text": "I also just want to just emphasize one more thing\nthat I said at the very beginning of this",
"timestamp": [
750,
753.82
]
},
{
"text": "series: I hope that you understand that these\nepisodes are only an entry point",
"timestamp": [
753.82,
759.268
]
},
{
"text": "into learning about Black American history.",
"timestamp": [
759.268,
761.767
]
},
{
"text": "There are so many incredible books, films,\nscholars, and documentaries that can give",
"timestamp": [
761.767,
767.29
]
},
{
"text": "you even more insight into Black American\nhistory, and I hope you take the time to read them, ",
"timestamp": [
767.29,
773.556
]
},
{
"text": "or to watch them, or to listen to them\nand keep learning.",
"timestamp": [
773.556,
777.583
]
},
{
"text": "I know that I will.",
"timestamp": [
777.583,
779.224
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching, it’s been a blast.",
"timestamp": [
779.224,
782.76
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by all our viewers\nand supporters.",
"timestamp": [
782.76,
785.702
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you to all our Patrons who support the\nshow on Patreon, and thank you to all of those",
"timestamp": [
785.702,
790.05
]
},
{
"text": "who participated in the 2022 Crash\nCourse Learner Coin campaign.",
"timestamp": [
790.05,
794.339
]
},
{
"text": "Your contributions support millions of learners.",
"timestamp": [
794.339,
797.163
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Barack Obama: Crash Course Black American History #50
|
VKWEwBxDd9k
| 891 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course \nBlack American History! My grandfather was born ",
"timestamp": [
0.06,
6.42
]
},
{
"text": "in Mississippi in 1930. Sometimes, when \nhe tells me the stories of his childhood, ",
"timestamp": [
6.42,
12.96
]
},
{
"text": "I get overwhelmed. 1930s Mississippi—and \nhonestly just 1930s America—was a place where ",
"timestamp": [
12.96,
20.678
]
},
{
"text": "state-sanctioned segregation was the norm, where \nviolence against Black people was widespread, ",
"timestamp": [
20.678,
28.32
]
},
{
"text": "and where the possibility of lynching \nremained an omnipresent threat.",
"timestamp": [
28.32,
32.7
]
},
{
"text": "Racism was everywhere. When he finished middle \nschool, my grandfather even had to move to live ",
"timestamp": [
32.7,
39.6
]
},
{
"text": "in an entirely different county because the county \nwhere he was born and raised",
"timestamp": [
39.6,
44.005
]
},
{
"text": "didn’t have a high school for Black people. \nAdditionally, a man in a tiny ",
"timestamp": [
44.005,
49.295
]
},
{
"text": "1,000 person town where he lived, \nwas lynched there when he was a boy.",
"timestamp": [
49.295,
54.777
]
},
{
"text": "This is the America my grandfather \nwas born and raised in, ",
"timestamp": [
54.777,
58.908
]
},
{
"text": "and this is why, when Barack Obama was elected \nthe president of the United States in 2008, ",
"timestamp": [
58.908,
64.77
]
},
{
"text": "my grandfather was astounded that he lived \nto see this moment. He told me he simply ",
"timestamp": [
64.77,
70.74
]
},
{
"text": "could not have imagined the prospect of a \nBlack president leading the country—",
"timestamp": [
70.74,
75.948
]
},
{
"text": "and a Black family living in the White House—as \nlegitimate possibilities in his lifetime.",
"timestamp": [
75.948,
82.2
]
},
{
"text": "To see a Black man become president in a country \nso thoroughly steeped in a history of racism, ",
"timestamp": [
82.2,
87.84
]
},
{
"text": "almost seemed more like \nscience fiction than reality. ",
"timestamp": [
87.84,
91.368
]
},
{
"text": "But it was reality, and Barack Obama’s journey to, \nand presence in, the White House inspired many, ",
"timestamp": [
91.368,
98.94
]
},
{
"text": "angered many, and impacted American \npolitics in a way that changed it forever. ",
"timestamp": [
98.94,
105.18
]
},
{
"text": "Let's start the show!",
"timestamp": [
105.18,
106.287
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
106.287,
115.56
]
},
{
"text": "We know from some previous episodes that Barack \nObama was not the first Black American to run ",
"timestamp": [
115.56,
120.84
]
},
{
"text": "for president. He was preceded by Shirley \nChisholm in 1972, the first Black woman to ",
"timestamp": [
120.84,
126.96
]
},
{
"text": "seek the nomination from a major party, and \nalso by Reverend Jesse Jackson who ran in ",
"timestamp": [
126.96,
131.94
]
},
{
"text": "both 1984 and 1988, on a platform of building \na multiclass, multiracial “rainbow” coalition.",
"timestamp": [
131.94,
140.22
]
},
{
"text": "What was significant about President Obama's \ncandidacy was not only the fact that he was ",
"timestamp": [
140.22,
145.38
]
},
{
"text": "the first Black man to be nominated by a major \nparty, but also the fact….that he won...",
"timestamp": [
145.38,
151.26
]
},
{
"text": "Let's learn a little bit more about \nwho he was in the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
151.26,
154.38
]
},
{
"text": "Barack Obama was born in 1961 to a white mother \nfrom Kansas and a Black father from Kenya. He was ",
"timestamp": [
154.38,
161.22
]
},
{
"text": "raised mostly by his mother in Hawaii then when he \nwas six-years-old, they moved to Indonesia after ",
"timestamp": [
161.22,
167.22
]
},
{
"text": "his mother remarried, which he later described \nas giving him a larger, more global perspective ",
"timestamp": [
167.22,
172.38
]
},
{
"text": "on the world. In fifth grade he returned to \nHawaii, where his grandparents still lived, ",
"timestamp": [
172.38,
177.72
]
},
{
"text": "and for high school he received a scholarship \nto attend an elite school on the island.",
"timestamp": [
177.72,
183.132
]
},
{
"text": "After high school, Obama spent two years at \nOccidental College in Los Angeles before he ",
"timestamp": [
183.132,
187.77
]
},
{
"text": "transferred to Columbia University where he \ngraduated with a major in Political Science. ",
"timestamp": [
187.77,
192.716
]
},
{
"text": "He then spent time as a community organizer in \nChicago, working with many local churches to ",
"timestamp": [
192.716,
197.88
]
},
{
"text": "improve housing policy and job training programs.\nFrustrated with what he felt like were the ",
"timestamp": [
197.88,
202.694
]
},
{
"text": "limitations of grassroots work, Obama decided \nhe wanted the tools to affect change on a larger scale. ",
"timestamp": [
202.694,
209.581
]
},
{
"text": "So in 1988, he attended Harvard \nLaw School and became the first ",
"timestamp": [
209.581,
213.566
]
},
{
"text": "African American president of Harvard Law Review. \nA few years later, in 1992, he would marry ",
"timestamp": [
213.566,
219.536
]
},
{
"text": "Michelle Robinson, a lawyer who was also \na graduate of Harvard Law who he met while ",
"timestamp": [
219.536,
224.22
]
},
{
"text": "working at a law firm in Chicago. They would go \non to have two daughters: Malia and Sasha.",
"timestamp": [
224.22,
230.88
]
},
{
"text": "In 1996, Barack Obama was elected to the Illinois \nstate senate and in 2004, he was elected to be ",
"timestamp": [
230.88,
237.6
]
},
{
"text": "one of Illinois' US Senators. \nThanks Thought Bubble. ",
"timestamp": [
237.6,
240.84
]
},
{
"text": "Now there is so much more that we can say about \nBarack Obama's early life, and if you want to ",
"timestamp": [
240.84,
245.808
]
},
{
"text": "learn more about him and his journey, there are \nmany documentaries and he has multiple memoirs, ",
"timestamp": [
245.808,
251.04
]
},
{
"text": "including Dreams from my Father released in \n2004 and A Promised Land released in 2020. ",
"timestamp": [
251.04,
258.06
]
},
{
"text": "But we are going to fast forward to \nhis election and his presidency.",
"timestamp": [
258.06,
261.672
]
},
{
"text": "By the time that Barack Obama was running for \npresident in 2007 and 2008, America had a lot going on. ",
"timestamp": [
261.672,
268.655
]
},
{
"text": "The country was involved in increasingly \nunpopular wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, ",
"timestamp": [
268.655,
273
]
},
{
"text": "Americans were facing the worst financial \ndisaster since the Great Depression,",
"timestamp": [
273,
277.342
]
},
{
"text": "and as a result Americans were losing their jobs, homes, \nand retirement savings at extraordinary rates.",
"timestamp": [
277.342,
284.04
]
},
{
"text": "Black Americans, as has been the case \nthroughout so much of American history, ",
"timestamp": [
284.04,
288.485
]
},
{
"text": "were disproportionately hurt by all of the \nmortgage foreclosures and job losses.",
"timestamp": [
288.485,
292.98
]
},
{
"text": "It is estimated that Black people \nin the US lost between $71 and ",
"timestamp": [
292.98,
297.78
]
},
{
"text": "$122 billion in housing assets alone.\nBarack Obama's campaign really focused on ",
"timestamp": [
297.78,
304.74
]
},
{
"text": "these issues. He promised to end the war in \nIraq and save the American middle class. ",
"timestamp": [
304.74,
310
]
},
{
"text": "He also promised to put an end to partisan, racial, \nand economic divides and to unite the country. ",
"timestamp": [
310,
316.8
]
},
{
"text": "These promises resonated with folks who \nfelt worn out by the financial disaster ",
"timestamp": [
316.8,
321.54
]
},
{
"text": "and frustrated by a political system that \nseemed like it could never get anything done.",
"timestamp": [
321.54,
326.28
]
},
{
"text": "His campaign was particularly energizing \nto young people, who were drawn to Obama’s ",
"timestamp": [
326.28,
331.74
]
},
{
"text": "theory of change and saw him as someone \nwho represented a new, more diverse, ",
"timestamp": [
331.74,
336.24
]
},
{
"text": "more progressive direction for America. \nAnd so after a long, hard-fought campaign against ",
"timestamp": [
336.24,
342.3
]
},
{
"text": "Arizona Senator John McCain, Barack \nObama became the first African-American ",
"timestamp": [
342.3,
346.8
]
},
{
"text": "president of the United States in 2009.\nIn the early days of his presidency he got to ",
"timestamp": [
346.8,
352.26
]
},
{
"text": "work attempting to fulfill many of his campaign \npromises. He supported reforms to the financial ",
"timestamp": [
352.26,
357.24
]
},
{
"text": "system like the Dodd-Frank and Lilly Ledbetter \nFair Pay Act. He outlawed the torture of prisoners ",
"timestamp": [
357.24,
363.72
]
},
{
"text": "who were detained during the War on Terror, \nremoved some of the restrictions on federal ",
"timestamp": [
363.72,
367.98
]
},
{
"text": "funding for stem cell research, ended the ban on \nfederal grants for international groups providing ",
"timestamp": [
367.98,
373.68
]
},
{
"text": "abortion services and counseling, and named Sonia \nSotomayor to the Supreme Court making her the ",
"timestamp": [
373.68,
379.48
]
},
{
"text": "first Supreme Court justice of Hispanic descent.\nAfter evaluating the consequences of the Great Recession",
"timestamp": [
379.48,
385.685
]
},
{
"text": "of 2008, he pushed the American \nRecovery and Reinvestment Act through Congress. ",
"timestamp": [
385.685,
391.02
]
},
{
"text": "Hundreds of billions of dollars in stimulus \nwas designed to shore up the economy in ",
"timestamp": [
391.02,
395.94
]
},
{
"text": "the midst of the financial crisis. \nTax incentives and benefits designed to ",
"timestamp": [
395.94,
399.9
]
},
{
"text": "help people who were recovering from the financial \ncrisis were an essential part of the bill.",
"timestamp": [
399.9,
404.523
]
},
{
"text": "It did pass, but it passed with only partisan support. \nNo Republicans supported the legislation in the House",
"timestamp": [
404.523,
411.683
]
},
{
"text": "and only three moderate Republicans voted \nfor it in the Senate, which was indicative of ",
"timestamp": [
411.683,
417.12
]
},
{
"text": "the growing partisanship that would become a major \nfactor in Obama’s presidency. But in the midst of ",
"timestamp": [
417.12,
423.862
]
},
{
"text": "all this President Barack Obama's approval rating \nwas at 62% in the first Hundred Days of his term.",
"timestamp": [
423.862,
431.299
]
},
{
"text": "Barack Obama also made huge strides \nin the area of healthcare. ",
"timestamp": [
431.299,
435
]
},
{
"text": "After a long and polarized political battle, \nCongress passed the Affordable Care Act, ",
"timestamp": [
435,
439.8
]
},
{
"text": "a two-part law containing one, the Patient \nProtection and Affordable Care Act, and two, ",
"timestamp": [
439.8,
445.44
]
},
{
"text": "the Health Care and Education \nReconciliation Act. ",
"timestamp": [
445.44,
448.934
]
},
{
"text": "The ACA was would come to be \nknown by many as Obamacare.",
"timestamp": [
448.934,
452.88
]
},
{
"text": "Among other things, the legislation sought to \nimprove access to medical coverage for everyone ",
"timestamp": [
452.88,
457.8
]
},
{
"text": "in the United States, keep insurance companies \nfrom raising premiums for individuals with ",
"timestamp": [
457.8,
462.66
]
},
{
"text": "pre-existing conditions, and to allow people to \nstay on their parents’ insurance up to age 26.",
"timestamp": [
462.66,
468.54
]
},
{
"text": "Obama was trying to accomplish a whole lot as \npresident, but it’s important to note, ",
"timestamp": [
468.54,
474.54
]
},
{
"text": "that simply being president didn’t mean \nthat he was safe from racism and prejudice. ",
"timestamp": [
474.54,
481.08
]
},
{
"text": "In many ways, it made him even more of a target.\nSome members of the Republican party, as well as ",
"timestamp": [
481.08,
487.26
]
},
{
"text": "conservative media outlets, questioned his US \ncitizenship and forced him to show his birth ",
"timestamp": [
487.26,
492.42
]
},
{
"text": "certificate to prove that he was American, \nsomething that was a highly unusual request ",
"timestamp": [
492.42,
499.035
]
},
{
"text": "and one that many scholars refer to as being \nexplicitly racist.",
"timestamp": [
499.035,
503.177
]
},
{
"text": "According to political scientists Ashley Jardina\nand Michael Traugot:",
"timestamp": [
503.177,
507.252
]
},
{
"text": " “among white Americans, birther beliefs are \nuniquely associated with racial animus.\"",
"timestamp": [
507.252,
512.34
]
},
{
"text": "There were even times during his presidency where \nCongressional leaders publicly disrespected him. ",
"timestamp": [
512.34,
518.22
]
},
{
"text": "Infamously, Representative Joe Wilson yelled out \n“You Lie!” in the middle of a speech Obama was ",
"timestamp": [
518.22,
525.36
]
},
{
"text": "making to a joint session of Congress. \nSometimes people would even attack ",
"timestamp": [
525.36,
529.86
]
},
{
"text": "President Obama’s family. \nFor example, throughout his campaign and presidency, ",
"timestamp": [
529.86,
534.601
]
},
{
"text": "political cartoons portrayed his wife \nMichelle using caricatures and stereotypes.",
"timestamp": [
534.601,
539.88
]
},
{
"text": "Obama’s presidency also saw the rise of \nthe Tea Party - an extremely conservative ",
"timestamp": [
539.88,
545.16
]
},
{
"text": "offshoot of the Republican Party who as part \nof their platform ginned up opposition to his ",
"timestamp": [
545.16,
550.32
]
},
{
"text": "presidency through large public rallies, \nwhich sometimes included racial slurs.",
"timestamp": [
550.32,
555.656
]
},
{
"text": "There were multiple instances throughout his \npresidency, where Barack Obama was criticized ",
"timestamp": [
555.656,
559.8
]
},
{
"text": "for his handling on issues of race. \nFor example, in 2009 Henry Louis Gates Jr., ",
"timestamp": [
559.8,
565.68
]
},
{
"text": "a Professor at Harvard University, was arrested \nfor “disorderly conduct” after he tried to enter ",
"timestamp": [
565.68,
572.1
]
},
{
"text": "his own home and was mistaken for a thief.\nGates argued that this was an incident of racial profiling - ",
"timestamp": [
572.1,
579.293
]
},
{
"text": "when someone uses racist \nassumptions and stereotypes to make ",
"timestamp": [
579.293,
582.96
]
},
{
"text": "an assessment about a person or group of \npeople, usually as it relates to a crime. ",
"timestamp": [
582.96,
588.3
]
},
{
"text": "Gates called the situation fundamentally unfair.\nDuring a press conference where he discussed the incident ",
"timestamp": [
588.3,
593.88
]
},
{
"text": "President Obama said, \"I don’t know \n– not having been there and not seeing all the facts – ",
"timestamp": [
593.88,
601.765
]
},
{
"text": "what role race played in that, \nbut I think it’s fair to say, number one, ",
"timestamp": [
601.765,
606.72
]
},
{
"text": "any of us would be pretty angry; number two that \nthe Cambridge police acted stupidly in arresting ",
"timestamp": [
606.72,
613.086
]
},
{
"text": "someone when there was already proof that \nthey were in their own home,\" And number three, ",
"timestamp": [
613.086,
617.82
]
},
{
"text": "what I think we know separate and apart from \nthis incident is that there is a long history ",
"timestamp": [
617.82,
623.4
]
},
{
"text": "in this country of African-Americans and \nLatinos being stopped by law enforcement ",
"timestamp": [
623.4,
628.08
]
},
{
"text": "disproportionately. That's just a fact.” \nObama’s press conference and political energy ",
"timestamp": [
628.08,
633.54
]
},
{
"text": "was meant to focus on healthcare, but this comment \nended up getting all of the media attention. ",
"timestamp": [
633.54,
639.42
]
},
{
"text": "He received pushback from the Cambridge police, \nand conservative media pundits called Obama “racist” ",
"timestamp": [
639.42,
644.88
]
},
{
"text": "for suggesting that the police officer’s \nactions may have been motivated by race. ",
"timestamp": [
644.88,
650.76
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, Obama invited both Dr. Gates and \nthe white officer to the White House for a “beer summit” ",
"timestamp": [
650.76,
658.139
]
},
{
"text": "to cool off tensions and get past it.\nAnother big incident during Obama’s presidency was ",
"timestamp": [
658.139,
664.14
]
},
{
"text": "the death of Trayvon Martin. We will talk about \nthis more in the Black Lives Matter episode, but ",
"timestamp": [
664.14,
669.06
]
},
{
"text": "the very short and very sad version of the story \nis that in 2012 Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old ",
"timestamp": [
669.06,
676.26
]
},
{
"text": "Black boy, was shot and killed by a neighborhood \nwatch volunteer named George Zimmerman.",
"timestamp": [
676.26,
681.12
]
},
{
"text": "The event is considered by many to be the \nstart of the Black Lives Matter movement. ",
"timestamp": [
681.12,
685.86
]
},
{
"text": "President Obama gave a speech addressing the issue \nand addressing his pain as a Black man over it, ",
"timestamp": [
685.86,
691.8
]
},
{
"text": "saying that “If I had a son, he would look like \nTrayvon.” Because of this comment, he was accused ",
"timestamp": [
691.8,
700.26
]
},
{
"text": "by some conservatives of dividing the country.\nObama worked hard to make his political and policy ",
"timestamp": [
700.26,
706.32
]
},
{
"text": "agenda one that Americans saw as universal. As \nthe first Black president, he wanted to avoid ",
"timestamp": [
706.32,
712.2
]
},
{
"text": "accusations that he was trying to help Black \npeople more than any other group. Still, he and ",
"timestamp": [
712.2,
718.62
]
},
{
"text": "his administration did work to address issues that \ndisproportionately impacted the Black community.",
"timestamp": [
718.62,
723.948
]
},
{
"text": "For example, in 2013, Attorney General Eric Holder \nbegan to focus on reforming federal mandatory ",
"timestamp": [
723.948,
730.56
]
},
{
"text": "minimum sentencing requirements. This was critical \nbecause these policies sent many Black Americans ",
"timestamp": [
730.56,
736.74
]
},
{
"text": "to prison for minor drug offenses.\nHe also created My Brother's Keeper, ",
"timestamp": [
736.74,
740.88
]
},
{
"text": "an initiative started in February of 2014 that \nsought to support Black boys through mentorship, ",
"timestamp": [
740.88,
746.76
]
},
{
"text": "supplemental education, job training, and other \ninterventions aimed at closing the opportunity gap",
"timestamp": [
746.76,
753.581
]
},
{
"text": "between Black boys and their peers. Additionally, following pressure from Black Lives Matter activists, ",
"timestamp": [
753.581,
759.091
]
},
{
"text": "the Department of Justice \ninvestigated several police departments that were ",
"timestamp": [
759.091,
762.142
]
},
{
"text": "known for engaging in violent policing tactics \n- including the police department responsible ",
"timestamp": [
762.142,
767.46
]
},
{
"text": "for the Michael Brown shooting in Ferguson, \nMissouri. President Obama also established a ",
"timestamp": [
767.46,
772.436
]
},
{
"text": "task force on policing and rolled back the \nuse of some military equipment by police.",
"timestamp": [
772.436,
777.54
]
},
{
"text": "Still, many in the Movement for Black Lives \ncriticized Obama and said he didn’t do enough ",
"timestamp": [
777.54,
783.18
]
},
{
"text": "to support young Black activists or policies \nthat would prevent Black people from being the ",
"timestamp": [
783.18,
787.642
]
},
{
"text": "continued target of systemic injustice.\nFor some the presidency of Barack Obama ",
"timestamp": [
787.642,
793.5
]
},
{
"text": "represented the best of America, a place where \na Black kid from Hawaii with the middle name ",
"timestamp": [
793.5,
799.08
]
},
{
"text": "Hussein, with a Kenyan father and a Kansas mother, \ncould ascend to the highest office in the land.",
"timestamp": [
799.08,
805.08
]
},
{
"text": "For them, it represents how America is a \nplace where anything is possible. For others, ",
"timestamp": [
805.08,
811.462
]
},
{
"text": "Obama’s presidency was a disappointment, \nand showed that simply having a Black man ",
"timestamp": [
811.462,
816.12
]
},
{
"text": "in the presidential office, wasn’t enough to \ntransform the lives of everyday Black people. ",
"timestamp": [
816.12,
821.266
]
},
{
"text": "Still, his presence as a Black man in the White \nHouse did have a major impact on our politics. ",
"timestamp": [
821.266,
827.28
]
},
{
"text": "After he was first elected many Americans claimed \nthat America was finally becoming a “post-racial” society, ",
"timestamp": [
827.28,
833.94
]
},
{
"text": "but as the Movement For Black Lives \nwhich began during his presidency shows, this ",
"timestamp": [
833.94,
840.24
]
},
{
"text": "was far from the case. In fact many scholars \nposit that it was the presidency of Barack Obama ",
"timestamp": [
840.24,
847.051
]
},
{
"text": "that put in motion a wave of racial resentment \nthat continues to animate our politics today.",
"timestamp": [
847.051,
852.218
]
},
{
"text": "Regardless of your political affiliation, Obama’s \npresidency, was and remains a consequential one. ",
"timestamp": [
852.218,
858.84
]
},
{
"text": "And over the course of his eight years in \noffice—especially in conjunction with the ",
"timestamp": [
858.84,
863.1
]
},
{
"text": "Black Lives Matter Movement— the manner in which \nthis country talked about race changed and evolved ",
"timestamp": [
863.1,
868.56
]
},
{
"text": "in ways that otherwise might not have happened. \nThanks for watching. I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
868.56,
874.48
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by all our \nviewers and supporters. Thank you to all ",
"timestamp": [
874.48,
878.16
]
},
{
"text": "our Patrons who support the show on Patreon, \nand thank you to all of those who participated ",
"timestamp": [
878.16,
882.48
]
},
{
"text": "in the 2022 Crash Course Learner Coin campaign. \nYour contributions support millions of learners.",
"timestamp": [
882.48,
888.6
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Hurricane Katrina: Crash Course Black American History #49
|
VmqZvlj07-w
| 903 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course Black \nAmerican History. As many of you know, I was born ",
"timestamp": [
0.12,
6.84
]
},
{
"text": "and raised in New Orleans. New Orleans is in my \nheart, in my soul, and every fiber of my being. ",
"timestamp": [
6.84,
14.64
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the city that raised me and the \ncity that made me who I am today.",
"timestamp": [
14.64,
19.103
]
},
{
"text": "In 2005, when I was 17 years old, I was \nexcited to start my final year of high school. ",
"timestamp": [
19.103,
24.96
]
},
{
"text": "I was excited for homecoming, for \nprom, for Friday night football games, ",
"timestamp": [
24.96,
30
]
},
{
"text": "for winning a state championship as the \ncaptain of my school’s soccer team, ",
"timestamp": [
30,
34.074
]
},
{
"text": "and for celebrating college acceptances with all of my \nfriends. But it didn’t work out that way.",
"timestamp": [
34.074,
39.78
]
},
{
"text": "On August 28, 2005 Hurricane Katrina made landfall \nin New Orleans, and I evacuated with my family ",
"timestamp": [
39.78,
46.74
]
},
{
"text": "to Houston, TX. I still remember how long it took \nus to get there, how we were surrounded bumper to ",
"timestamp": [
46.74,
53.28
]
},
{
"text": "bumper by cars filled with hundreds of thousands \nof people trying to flee the city for safety.",
"timestamp": [
53.28,
60
]
},
{
"text": "When we got to Houston, I sat on my aunt and \nuncle’s couch and watched CNN as the grocery store ",
"timestamp": [
60,
65.732
]
},
{
"text": "where we used to shop, the church we used \nto attend, and the school I used to go to were all ",
"timestamp": [
65.732,
72.158
]
},
{
"text": "submerged under water. We later got a call that \nour home was submerged and destroyed as well. ",
"timestamp": [
72.158,
79.68
]
},
{
"text": "It’s hard to express what that moment felt \nlike, and in many ways, more than 17 years later ",
"timestamp": [
79.68,
87
]
},
{
"text": "I’m still trying to find the \nright words to express it. ",
"timestamp": [
87,
90.36
]
},
{
"text": "I say all of this because, this episode, and this \nsubject is very personal to me. ",
"timestamp": [
90.36,
97.477
]
},
{
"text": "Hurricane Katrina impacted my family, my friends, and me in profound ways. And it’s important to remember—",
"timestamp": [
97.477,
106.678
]
},
{
"text": "as we always try to remind people—that this history is not \njust an abstraction, or a scholarly exercise, ",
"timestamp": [
106.678,
115.44
]
},
{
"text": "but something that impacted, and continues \nto impact the lives of real people.",
"timestamp": [
115.44,
121.92
]
},
{
"text": "Hurricane Katrina was also a moment that further \ndemonstrated how racism is not just interpersonal, ",
"timestamp": [
121.92,
129.36
]
},
{
"text": "but is systemic. It’s not just \nsomeone using a racial slur, ",
"timestamp": [
129.36,
134.4
]
},
{
"text": "it’s the failure of a government to invest in \nand protect a community of disproportionately ",
"timestamp": [
134.4,
139.56
]
},
{
"text": "poor and Black people who had been susceptible to \na disaster like this for decades.",
"timestamp": [
139.56,
146.28
]
},
{
"text": "There’s a lot to unpack here, so let’s start the show.",
"timestamp": [
146.28,
148.794
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
148.794,
157.803
]
},
{
"text": "On August 23, 2005, a tropical depression formed \nover the Bahamas and before long it transformed ",
"timestamp": [
157.803,
165.18
]
},
{
"text": "into a hurricane named Katrina, with a growing \nstrength and ferocity that began to really worry people.",
"timestamp": [
165.18,
171.639
]
},
{
"text": "Government leaders across the Gulf \nstates began telling people that they needed to evacuate, ",
"timestamp": [
171.639,
177.877
]
},
{
"text": "and they needed to do it quickly.\nOn August 28, many people had done so, ",
"timestamp": [
177.877,
183.48
]
},
{
"text": "but for a range of reasons—because of a lack \nof transportation, costs, illness, mobility, ",
"timestamp": [
183.48,
189.48
]
},
{
"text": "and personal choice—at least one hundred \nthousand people did not evacuate and were left stranded. ",
"timestamp": [
189.48,
196.451
]
},
{
"text": "As the storm hit, the weather was rough, ",
"timestamp": [
196.451,
200
]
},
{
"text": "but there was a hope \nthat—at least in New Orleans— the worst of it ",
"timestamp": [
200,
203.88
]
},
{
"text": "had been avoided. But then the levees around the \ncity—and elsewhere across the Gulf region—",
"timestamp": [
203.88,
211.209
]
},
{
"text": "began to fail and massive flooding began. Over \n50 levees and floodwalls were breached, ",
"timestamp": [
211.209,
218.88
]
},
{
"text": "and there was more than $100 \nbillion dollars in damage.",
"timestamp": [
218.88,
222.812
]
},
{
"text": "And this is part of what left so many people \nfrustrated about what happened during Katrina, ",
"timestamp": [
222.812,
228.06
]
},
{
"text": "that the flooding came not simply from \nthe storm but from the failure of human ",
"timestamp": [
228.06,
233.04
]
},
{
"text": "engineering, a failure that had fatal consequences \nfor thousands, and impacted the lives of millions. ",
"timestamp": [
233.04,
242.165
]
},
{
"text": "A June 2007 report by the American Society of \nCivil Engineers indicated that two-thirds of ",
"timestamp": [
242.165,
249.18
]
},
{
"text": "the flooding was caused by the multiple \nfailures of the city's floodwalls.",
"timestamp": [
249.18,
254.408
]
},
{
"text": "Let's learn a little bit more about \nlevees - and how racism can turn an ",
"timestamp": [
254.408,
257.918
]
},
{
"text": "engineering issue into something more \nsinister - in the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
257.918,
262.68
]
},
{
"text": "On a basic level, levees are supposed to hold \nback water so it doesn’t flood communities. ",
"timestamp": [
262.68,
268.632
]
},
{
"text": "Levees can be built with materials like soil, \nsand, or rocks or with concrete, blocks of wood, ",
"timestamp": [
268.632,
276.12
]
},
{
"text": "plastic, or metal. They can also help pump \nwater away from communities. With a city ",
"timestamp": [
276.12,
282.365
]
},
{
"text": "like New Orleans, where so much of the city \nis below sea level, levees are essential.",
"timestamp": [
282.365,
288.84
]
},
{
"text": "And people knew this. In 1965, Congress \nauthorized the “Lake Pontchartrain and ",
"timestamp": [
288.84,
294.3
]
},
{
"text": "Vicinity Hurricane Protection Project” following \nHurricane Betsy, which was supposed to increase ",
"timestamp": [
294.3,
299.46
]
},
{
"text": "New Orleans’ hurricane protection. But \nthis project had not even been completed ",
"timestamp": [
299.46,
304.02
]
},
{
"text": "by the time the storm hit in 2005.\nDuring Katrina, many of the communities ",
"timestamp": [
304.02,
310.02
]
},
{
"text": "located at the lowest elevations and near the \nmost unstable parts of the levees ended up bearing ",
"timestamp": [
310.02,
315.84
]
},
{
"text": "the brunt of the flooding. Due to racism that \nstarted with historical segregation in the city, ",
"timestamp": [
315.84,
321.42
]
},
{
"text": "those environments were often inhabited by Black \nand lower income folks in New Orleans.",
"timestamp": [
321.42,
327.54
]
},
{
"text": "Housing segregation, racial and restrictive \ncovenants – other types of laws that encourage ",
"timestamp": [
327.54,
332.82
]
},
{
"text": "housing segregation – and other measures had \nbeen designed to keep Black Americans from ",
"timestamp": [
332.82,
337.5
]
},
{
"text": "moving into safer, higher elevation areas. \nAnd even though many of those measures were ",
"timestamp": [
337.5,
342.36
]
},
{
"text": "illegal by the time Hurricane Katrina \nhappened, the effects still persisted.\n ",
"timestamp": [
342.36,
347.64
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks Thought Bubble. \nSo, the people who most needed to evacuate, ",
"timestamp": [
347.64,
351.78
]
},
{
"text": "because they lived in the most vulnerable \nareas to flooding, were often unable to do so. ",
"timestamp": [
351.78,
358.08
]
},
{
"text": "Many of the poorest residents of New Orleans \ndid not have cars, money, or places to stay ",
"timestamp": [
358.08,
364.02
]
},
{
"text": "anywhere outside of New Orleans. \nMuch of their community was concentrated ",
"timestamp": [
364.02,
368.64
]
},
{
"text": "where they lived. The only way they could \npossibly evacuate was by walking. ",
"timestamp": [
368.64,
374.334
]
},
{
"text": "And even when they did try this—tried to find \nsafety for their children, their elders, ",
"timestamp": [
374.334,
379.62
]
},
{
"text": "their neighbors, and themselves—they \nwere met with the threat of violence.",
"timestamp": [
379.62,
385
]
},
{
"text": "Thousands of people tried to walk across the \nCrescent City Connection bridge to the nearby ",
"timestamp": [
385,
389.7
]
},
{
"text": "suburbs. But when they did, they were met by \narmed police officers who stood on the bridge ",
"timestamp": [
389.7,
395.22
]
},
{
"text": "to force people to turn back, sometimes they \neven fired their weapons over their heads. \n ",
"timestamp": [
395.22,
401.58
]
},
{
"text": "Elsewhere, at the Danziger Bridge, police \nofficers actually shot and killed two unarmed ",
"timestamp": [
401.58,
406.8
]
},
{
"text": "civilians and seriously injured four others. \nAll of these factors left many of the poorest ",
"timestamp": [
406.8,
412.32
]
},
{
"text": "residents stranded, at risk of death, and \ntraumatized by their experiences. ",
"timestamp": [
412.32,
417.231
]
},
{
"text": "As the water levels of the Mississippi River \nand Lake Pontchartrain rose, the streets became ",
"timestamp": [
417.231,
421.74
]
},
{
"text": "even more flooded. There were parts of the city \nthat were flowing with water up to 20 feet deep, ",
"timestamp": [
421.74,
427.62
]
},
{
"text": "and within days up to 85% of \nthe city was underwater. ",
"timestamp": [
427.62,
432.838
]
},
{
"text": "People were waiting on the roofs of their \nhomes, hoping for rescue. People lost ",
"timestamp": [
432.838,
438
]
},
{
"text": "everything that they had. Many survivors had to \ntake boats or helicopters to evacuation sites ",
"timestamp": [
438,
444.84
]
},
{
"text": "at the Superdome or Convention Center in New \nOrleans. The Coast Guard rescued 34,000 people ",
"timestamp": [
444.84,
451.62
]
},
{
"text": "and ordinary citizens organized to provide food \nand shelter for anybody that they could find.",
"timestamp": [
451.62,
457.26
]
},
{
"text": "Even still, it's estimated that between \n1,000 and 4,000 people lost their lives, ",
"timestamp": [
457.26,
463.68
]
},
{
"text": "most to drowning. It is considered the deadliest \nhurricane since 1928. Many survivors ended up ",
"timestamp": [
463.68,
472.56
]
},
{
"text": "permanently displaced and moved to cities like \nMobile, Alabama; Houston, Texas;",
"timestamp": [
472.56,
477.625
]
},
{
"text": "Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and Chicago, Illinois.\nI have friends and family who left when they ",
"timestamp": [
477.625,
483.24
]
},
{
"text": "evacuated from the storm, and then never came \nback. Over one million people across the Gulf Coast",
"timestamp": [
483.24,
490
]
},
{
"text": "were displaced and resettled elsewhere.\nFor many, the narrative around Hurricane Katrina ",
"timestamp": [
490,
495.906
]
},
{
"text": "was that New Orleans, and Louisiana as a whole, \nwere unprepared for this disaster. And there was ",
"timestamp": [
495.906,
501.9
]
},
{
"text": "a lot of finger pointing. Some people blamed Mayor \nRay Nagin for not evacuating the city earlier, ",
"timestamp": [
501.9,
507.297
]
},
{
"text": "for the lack of a clear plan, or for not anticipating \nthe obstacles that existed for low-income people ",
"timestamp": [
507.297,
512.82
]
},
{
"text": "who wanted to evacuate but couldn’t.\nMayor Nagin pointed his finger at the",
"timestamp": [
512.82,
517.745
]
},
{
"text": "federal government for designing the levees so \npoorly. He also said that the government was ",
"timestamp": [
517.745,
522.878
]
},
{
"text": "very slow to respond and was incompetent \nin helping New Orleans residents.",
"timestamp": [
522.878,
527.58
]
},
{
"text": "For others, it reflected how the wars in the \nMiddle East were taking up too much time, ",
"timestamp": [
527.58,
532.56
]
},
{
"text": "energy, and focus—and distracted the federal \ngovernment from solving important problems ",
"timestamp": [
532.56,
538.5
]
},
{
"text": "right here in the United States.\nAlmost immediately after the storm ended, ",
"timestamp": [
538.5,
543.04
]
},
{
"text": "it started to become very clear that the \nfederal government, including the",
"timestamp": [
543.04,
546.888
]
},
{
"text": "Federal Emergency Management Agency or FEMA for short, \nalong with President George W. Bush,",
"timestamp": [
546.888,
553.963
]
},
{
"text": "did not understand how bad things were in New Orleans \nand across the rest of the Gulf Coast.",
"timestamp": [
553.963,
559.497
]
},
{
"text": "FEMA was criticized by many for being slow to \nrespond and uncoordinated in their efforts. ",
"timestamp": [
559.497,
565.475
]
},
{
"text": "Many attributed this lack of urgency to the fact that \nthe victims of the storm were largely poor and Black. ",
"timestamp": [
565.475,
573.472
]
},
{
"text": "New Orleans was a majority Black city \nand nearly 30% of the city lived in poverty.",
"timestamp": [
573.472,
579.865
]
},
{
"text": "Many African American political leaders \nstated that when hurricanes have hit ",
"timestamp": [
579.865,
583.68
]
},
{
"text": "predominantly white cities, like Palm \nBeach Florida, the federal government ",
"timestamp": [
583.68,
588.208
]
},
{
"text": "moves extremely quickly in its response. \nWhereas in New Orleans, even a year-and-a-half ",
"timestamp": [
588.208,
593.34
]
},
{
"text": "after the hurricane, much of the city had not \nbeen rebuilt, and many neighborhoods – ",
"timestamp": [
593.34,
598.502
]
},
{
"text": "like the predominantly Black Ninth Ward \n– were still in ruins for years.",
"timestamp": [
598.502,
603.625
]
},
{
"text": "Even when help with finding shelter did \ncome, it came in the form of unstable ",
"timestamp": [
603.625,
607.74
]
},
{
"text": "government trailers that were often filled \nwith toxic levels of formaldehyde.",
"timestamp": [
607.74,
613.24
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, the debacle had a range of \npolitical consequences. The Director of FEMA, ",
"timestamp": [
613.24,
618.6
]
},
{
"text": "Michael D. Brown, was viewed by many as unsuited \nfor his duties and he was forced to resign. ",
"timestamp": [
618.6,
624.6
]
},
{
"text": "The New Orleans Police Department \nsuperintendent was also forced to resign. ",
"timestamp": [
624.6,
629.04
]
},
{
"text": "Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco did \nnot run for re-election in 2007. ",
"timestamp": [
629.04,
634.02
]
},
{
"text": "And Mayor Ray Nagin left office in 2010 \nand was later convicted of bribery, fraud, ",
"timestamp": [
634.02,
639.96
]
},
{
"text": "and money laundering during \nhis tenure as mayor.",
"timestamp": [
639.96,
642.9
]
},
{
"text": "In November 2009, a federal judge ruled that the \nArmy Corp of Engineers were infrastructurally ",
"timestamp": [
642.9,
649.44
]
},
{
"text": "irresponsible and to blame for most of \nthe flooding during the hurricane. ",
"timestamp": [
649.44,
654.354
]
},
{
"text": "This was the first time that a specific \ngovernment agency was held liable for ",
"timestamp": [
654.354,
658.98
]
},
{
"text": "Hurricane Katrina flooding, but the judge limited \nliability to the worst parts of the damage in ",
"timestamp": [
658.98,
664.56
]
},
{
"text": "the lower 9th Ward and St. Bernard Parish.\nThousands of Black Americans were left destitute, ",
"timestamp": [
664.56,
669.84
]
},
{
"text": "displaced, and dead in the wake of this \ncatastrophe. The demographic landscape of ",
"timestamp": [
669.84,
675.9
]
},
{
"text": "the city was forever changed as well. \nIn the years following the storm, ",
"timestamp": [
675.9,
679.98
]
},
{
"text": "many of the Black families who had \nlived in the city for generations, ",
"timestamp": [
679.98,
683.88
]
},
{
"text": "could not afford to move back and rebuild. \nOftentimes, the people who came in their place ",
"timestamp": [
683.88,
690.36
]
},
{
"text": "were younger white Americans who had the means \nthat many Black New Orleans families did not. ",
"timestamp": [
690.36,
696.84
]
},
{
"text": "Some communities that were once all-Black, \nnow have few Black people left in them. ",
"timestamp": [
696.84,
702.48
]
},
{
"text": "Gentrification is something that \nalmost every urban city experiences, ",
"timestamp": [
702.48,
707.589
]
},
{
"text": "but in New Orleans the process was supercharged \nby the devastation wrought by Katrina.",
"timestamp": [
707.589,
712.926
]
},
{
"text": "Over the course of the past 17 years, I have \nreplayed the events of those days following ",
"timestamp": [
712.926,
717.66
]
},
{
"text": "Katrina over and over and over again in my head. I \nthink about the people in the Superdome forced ",
"timestamp": [
717.66,
724.505
]
},
{
"text": "to sleep in a place where they were subjected \nto violence, hunger, neglect, and fear.",
"timestamp": [
724.505,
730.736
]
},
{
"text": "I think about the homes that families in \nNew Orleans—and across the Gulf Coast— ",
"timestamp": [
730.736,
735
]
},
{
"text": "lived in for generations and how those homes \nwere completely destroyed along with ",
"timestamp": [
735,
740.82
]
},
{
"text": "generations of memories inside of them. \nI think about the Black people wading through ",
"timestamp": [
740.82,
745.74
]
},
{
"text": "water filled with sewage and death in order \nto search for food and shelter and help.",
"timestamp": [
745.74,
752.777
]
},
{
"text": "And I think, most of all, about how it is almost \nimpossible for me to imagine that the response to ",
"timestamp": [
752.777,
759.24
]
},
{
"text": "Katrina would have been the same if the people \nin the Superdome, or on top of their roofs, ",
"timestamp": [
759.24,
764.766
]
},
{
"text": "or wading through sewage water were affluent \nand white, rather than poor and Black. ",
"timestamp": [
764.766,
772.215
]
},
{
"text": "In fact it’s hard for me to imagine white \naffluent people would have ever been left ",
"timestamp": [
772.215,
777.18
]
},
{
"text": "in the conditions like those that were \npresent in the Superdome at all.",
"timestamp": [
777.18,
781.412
]
},
{
"text": "Also, we can’t talk about this storm, without \nalso talking about climate change. Many leaders ",
"timestamp": [
781.412,
787.38
]
},
{
"text": "on the national and international stage have \nargued that Black and Brown folks are usually ",
"timestamp": [
787.38,
792
]
},
{
"text": "pushed to parts of the world where the effects \nof climate change are the most vicious. ",
"timestamp": [
792,
796.986
]
},
{
"text": "The Army Corps of Engineers even stated that \nthe impact of climate change is impairing their ",
"timestamp": [
796.986,
801.842
]
},
{
"text": "ability to produce safe environments for \nresidents of places like New Orleans.",
"timestamp": [
801.842,
807.014
]
},
{
"text": "And, obviously, this doesn’t \njust impact the United States. ",
"timestamp": [
807.014,
810.84
]
},
{
"text": "Leaders like Mia Mottley, the Prime Minister \nof Barbados, have been very vocal about getting ",
"timestamp": [
810.84,
816.06
]
},
{
"text": "the western world to understand that it will \nlargely be smaller previously colonized islands, ",
"timestamp": [
816.06,
821.82
]
},
{
"text": "as well as low lying coastal regions, that will \nbe disproportionately impacted by the increasing ",
"timestamp": [
821.82,
827.94
]
},
{
"text": "frequency and ferocity of these storms. \nIt is something that all of us need to worry about, ",
"timestamp": [
827.94,
834.177
]
},
{
"text": "and we need to think collectively about \nwhat is owed to the countries most at risk.",
"timestamp": [
834.177,
839.7
]
},
{
"text": "Hurricane Katrina was a devastating \nmoment in American history, ",
"timestamp": [
839.7,
844.08
]
},
{
"text": "and one that I’ll remember for the rest of my \nlife. But it was also a warning of what can ",
"timestamp": [
844.08,
850
]
},
{
"text": "result from the dangerous cocktail of racism, \neconomic inequality, and climate change. ",
"timestamp": [
850,
856.68
]
},
{
"text": "All of these problems are still urgent \nand pervasive in the United States today, ",
"timestamp": [
856.68,
861.852
]
},
{
"text": "and while awareness of these challenges \nseems to be on the rise, it is rare ",
"timestamp": [
861.852,
866.46
]
},
{
"text": "that we consider them in tandem. Katrina made \nclear the interconnectedness of these issues, ",
"timestamp": [
866.46,
873.12
]
},
{
"text": "a lesson still relevant nearly \ntwo decades later. ",
"timestamp": [
873.12,
877.56
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching! I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
877.56,
880.889
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made with the help of all these nice people and our animation team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
880.889,
885.755
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by all our \nviewers and supporters. Thank you to all ",
"timestamp": [
885.755,
890.34
]
},
{
"text": "our Patrons who support the show on Patreon, \nand thank you to those of you who participated ",
"timestamp": [
890.34,
894.6
]
},
{
"text": "in the 2022 Crash Course Learner Coin campaign. \nYour contributions support millions of learners.",
"timestamp": [
894.6,
901.44
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
The Future of Public Health: Crash Course Public Health #10
|
VvRr0oL6s_E
| 769 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Looking to the Future",
"end_time": 175
},
{
"start_time": 175,
"title": "Disease Surveillance",
"end_time": 305
},
{
"start_time": 305,
"title": "A Planetary Approach",
"end_time": 492
},
{
"start_time": 492,
"title": "Technology & Misinformation",
"end_time": 646
},
{
"start_time": 646,
"title": "Health Equity",
"end_time": 699
},
{
"start_time": 699,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 769
}
] |
[
{
"text": "In 2017, American epidemiologist \nAnthony Fauci said there was, quote, ",
"timestamp": [
0,
5.34
]
},
{
"text": "In 2017, American epidemiologist \nAnthony Fauci said there was, quote, ",
"timestamp": [
0,
5.34
]
},
{
"text": "“no doubt” that the country would be confronted \nby an infectious disease outbreak within the ",
"timestamp": [
5.34,
10.68
]
},
{
"text": "“no doubt” that the country would be confronted \nby an infectious disease outbreak within the ",
"timestamp": [
5.34,
10.68
]
},
{
"text": "next three years. And in June 2019, Fauci \ndescribed public health’s biggest nightmare ",
"timestamp": [
10.68,
17.64
]
},
{
"text": "next three years. And in June 2019, Fauci \ndescribed public health’s biggest nightmare ",
"timestamp": [
10.68,
17.64
]
},
{
"text": "as quote “a respiratory-borne illness, \nthat spreads rapidly, that's new.\"",
"timestamp": [
17.64,
22.38
]
},
{
"text": "as quote “a respiratory-borne illness, \nthat spreads rapidly, that's new.\"",
"timestamp": [
17.64,
22.38
]
},
{
"text": "Less than a year later, Fauci’s greatest \nnightmare was realized with COVID-19, a new, ",
"timestamp": [
22.38,
29.28
]
},
{
"text": "Less than a year later, Fauci’s greatest \nnightmare was realized with COVID-19, a new, ",
"timestamp": [
22.38,
29.28
]
},
{
"text": "rapidly spreading, respiratory virus that resulted \nin the deadliest pandemic in U.S. history.",
"timestamp": [
29.28,
35.762
]
},
{
"text": "rapidly spreading, respiratory virus that resulted \nin the deadliest pandemic in U.S. history.",
"timestamp": [
29.28,
35.762
]
},
{
"text": "How did experts see this coming? And what \ncould we have done differently to prepare for it? ",
"timestamp": [
35.762,
41.559
]
},
{
"text": "How did experts see this coming? And what \ncould we have done differently to prepare for it? ",
"timestamp": [
35.762,
41.559
]
},
{
"text": "The answer, it turns out, isn’t in a \ncrystal ball. It has to do with infrastructure, ",
"timestamp": [
41.559,
46.68
]
},
{
"text": "The answer, it turns out, isn’t in a \ncrystal ball. It has to do with infrastructure, ",
"timestamp": [
41.559,
46.68
]
},
{
"text": "surveillance, technology, and \npretty much our entire planet.",
"timestamp": [
46.68,
51.109
]
},
{
"text": "surveillance, technology, and \npretty much our entire planet.",
"timestamp": [
46.68,
51.109
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash Course \nPublic Health! And in our last episode,",
"timestamp": [
51.109,
56.758
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash Course \nPublic Health! And in our last episode,",
"timestamp": [
51.109,
56.758
]
},
{
"text": "we’re going to take a journey into the future.",
"timestamp": [
56.758,
59.821
]
},
{
"text": "we’re going to take a journey into the future.",
"timestamp": [
56.758,
59.821
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
59.821,
69.103
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
59.821,
69.103
]
},
{
"text": "One of the somewhat obvious problems with \ntalking about the future is that",
"timestamp": [
69.103,
73.149
]
},
{
"text": "One of the somewhat obvious problems with \ntalking about the future is that",
"timestamp": [
69.103,
73.149
]
},
{
"text": "we don’t know what we don’t know. Like, if I walked up \nto someone in the mid-18th century and said, ",
"timestamp": [
73.149,
79.08
]
},
{
"text": "we don’t know what we don’t know. Like, if I walked up \nto someone in the mid-18th century and said, ",
"timestamp": [
73.149,
79.08
]
},
{
"text": "“I was scrolling on my iPhone and I found \na great Groupon for a dermatologist on Facebook,” ",
"timestamp": [
79.08,
84.112
]
},
{
"text": "“I was scrolling on my iPhone and I found \na great Groupon for a dermatologist on Facebook,” ",
"timestamp": [
79.08,
84.112
]
},
{
"text": "that person would probably be \nlike…what language are you speaking?",
"timestamp": [
84.112,
87.72
]
},
{
"text": "that person would probably be \nlike…what language are you speaking?",
"timestamp": [
84.112,
87.72
]
},
{
"text": "So, sure: we don’t know what the next \nbig scientific breakthrough is going ",
"timestamp": [
87.72,
92.1
]
},
{
"text": "So, sure: we don’t know what the next \nbig scientific breakthrough is going ",
"timestamp": [
87.72,
92.1
]
},
{
"text": "to be or what futuristic diseases we’ll \nencounter. But when it comes to our health, ",
"timestamp": [
92.1,
97.68
]
},
{
"text": "to be or what futuristic diseases we’ll \nencounter. But when it comes to our health, ",
"timestamp": [
92.1,
97.68
]
},
{
"text": "we actually have a pretty good idea of what \ncould be next. And we also have some ideas ",
"timestamp": [
97.68,
103.2
]
},
{
"text": "we actually have a pretty good idea of what \ncould be next. And we also have some ideas ",
"timestamp": [
97.68,
103.2
]
},
{
"text": "about what we need to do today to prepare.\nIt’s true that in a lot of ways, the future of ",
"timestamp": [
103.2,
109.307
]
},
{
"text": "about what we need to do today to prepare.\nIt’s true that in a lot of ways, the future of ",
"timestamp": [
103.2,
109.307
]
},
{
"text": "public health is as unknowable to us as the \niPhone was to people in 1850…and also for ",
"timestamp": [
109.307,
115.559
]
},
{
"text": "public health is as unknowable to us as the \niPhone was to people in 1850…and also for ",
"timestamp": [
109.307,
115.559
]
},
{
"text": "people in the year 2000, for that matter. \nBut there are also a lot of ways in which ",
"timestamp": [
115.559,
120.923
]
},
{
"text": "people in the year 2000, for that matter. \nBut there are also a lot of ways in which ",
"timestamp": [
115.559,
120.923
]
},
{
"text": "public health is somewhat foreseeable.\nLike, consider COVID-19. Experts didn’t ",
"timestamp": [
120.923,
126.911
]
},
{
"text": "public health is somewhat foreseeable.\nLike, consider COVID-19. Experts didn’t ",
"timestamp": [
120.923,
126.911
]
},
{
"text": "necessarily see COVID-19 coming. Instead, \nthey recognized that disease outbreaks like ",
"timestamp": [
126.911,
133.38
]
},
{
"text": "necessarily see COVID-19 coming. Instead, \nthey recognized that disease outbreaks like ",
"timestamp": [
126.911,
133.38
]
},
{
"text": "COVID-19 had always been a part of human \nhistory. And they also recognized that ",
"timestamp": [
133.38,
138.9
]
},
{
"text": "COVID-19 had always been a part of human \nhistory. And they also recognized that ",
"timestamp": [
133.38,
138.9
]
},
{
"text": "the current global health care system wasn't \nequipped to deal with this kind of virus.",
"timestamp": [
138.9,
144.18
]
},
{
"text": "the current global health care system wasn't \nequipped to deal with this kind of virus.",
"timestamp": [
138.9,
144.18
]
},
{
"text": "That’s one reason we hear so much about \ninfrastructure. Infrastructure includes ",
"timestamp": [
144.18,
149.28
]
},
{
"text": "That’s one reason we hear so much about \ninfrastructure. Infrastructure includes ",
"timestamp": [
144.18,
149.28
]
},
{
"text": "all of the structures that society \nneeds to operate. Traditionally, ",
"timestamp": [
149.28,
152.94
]
},
{
"text": "all of the structures that society \nneeds to operate. Traditionally, ",
"timestamp": [
149.28,
152.94
]
},
{
"text": "we think of physical things like buildings, \nroads, and power plants. But it also involves ",
"timestamp": [
152.94,
158.4
]
},
{
"text": "we think of physical things like buildings, \nroads, and power plants. But it also involves ",
"timestamp": [
152.94,
158.4
]
},
{
"text": "less tangible things like telecommunication and \neducation systems–and a workforce to operate ",
"timestamp": [
158.4,
164.88
]
},
{
"text": "less tangible things like telecommunication and \neducation systems–and a workforce to operate ",
"timestamp": [
158.4,
164.88
]
},
{
"text": "those systems. In public health terms, \ninfrastructure means creating a ",
"timestamp": [
164.88,
168.946
]
},
{
"text": "those systems. In public health terms, \ninfrastructure means creating a ",
"timestamp": [
164.88,
168.946
]
},
{
"text": "health system that can handle any issue we throw at it, \nfrom mental illness to a global pandemic.",
"timestamp": [
168.946,
175.8
]
},
{
"text": "health system that can handle any issue we throw at it, \nfrom mental illness to a global pandemic.",
"timestamp": [
168.946,
175.8
]
},
{
"text": "One major piece of public health infrastructure \nthat we hear about is disease surveillance. ",
"timestamp": [
175.8,
181.678
]
},
{
"text": "One major piece of public health infrastructure \nthat we hear about is disease surveillance. ",
"timestamp": [
175.8,
181.678
]
},
{
"text": "This basically consists of the systems that hospitals, \nhealth agencies, and entire countries use to track ",
"timestamp": [
181.678,
188.16
]
},
{
"text": "This basically consists of the systems that hospitals, \nhealth agencies, and entire countries use to track ",
"timestamp": [
181.678,
188.16
]
},
{
"text": "and analyze disease emergence, levels, and spread \nin a population. Like a meteorologist predicting ",
"timestamp": [
188.16,
194.7
]
},
{
"text": "and analyze disease emergence, levels, and spread \nin a population. Like a meteorologist predicting ",
"timestamp": [
188.16,
194.7
]
},
{
"text": "the weather days in advance, health experts \nuse disease surveillance to forecast things ",
"timestamp": [
194.7,
199.56
]
},
{
"text": "the weather days in advance, health experts \nuse disease surveillance to forecast things ",
"timestamp": [
194.7,
199.56
]
},
{
"text": "like the upcoming flu season or a new virus.\nOne of the first recorded instances of disease ",
"timestamp": [
199.56,
206.1
]
},
{
"text": "like the upcoming flu season or a new virus.\nOne of the first recorded instances of disease ",
"timestamp": [
199.56,
206.1
]
},
{
"text": "surveillance actually occurred as early as the \nmid-1600s, when an amateur scientist in London ",
"timestamp": [
206.1,
212.4
]
},
{
"text": "surveillance actually occurred as early as the \nmid-1600s, when an amateur scientist in London ",
"timestamp": [
206.1,
212.4
]
},
{
"text": "by the name of John Graunt began analyzing \nand surveying the London Bills of Mortality, ",
"timestamp": [
212.4,
217.92
]
},
{
"text": "by the name of John Graunt began analyzing \nand surveying the London Bills of Mortality, ",
"timestamp": [
212.4,
217.92
]
},
{
"text": "a weekly report on disease and death \nreleased by the city. Graunt published his ",
"timestamp": [
217.92,
223.8
]
},
{
"text": "a weekly report on disease and death \nreleased by the city. Graunt published his ",
"timestamp": [
217.92,
223.8
]
},
{
"text": "findings in a book titled “Natural and Political \nObservations Mentioned in the Following Index, ",
"timestamp": [
223.8,
229.68
]
},
{
"text": "findings in a book titled “Natural and Political \nObservations Mentioned in the Following Index, ",
"timestamp": [
223.8,
229.68
]
},
{
"text": "and Made upon the Bills of Mortality”--which \npeople usually just called “Observations.”",
"timestamp": [
229.68,
235.898
]
},
{
"text": "and Made upon the Bills of Mortality”--which \npeople usually just called “Observations.”",
"timestamp": [
229.68,
235.898
]
},
{
"text": "In his book, Graunt analyzed publicly available \ndeath records with a population-approach, ",
"timestamp": [
235.898,
241.92
]
},
{
"text": "In his book, Graunt analyzed publicly available \ndeath records with a population-approach, ",
"timestamp": [
235.898,
241.92
]
},
{
"text": "which allowed him to notice larger patterns \nin disease and mortality. For instance, ",
"timestamp": [
241.92,
247.56
]
},
{
"text": "which allowed him to notice larger patterns \nin disease and mortality. For instance, ",
"timestamp": [
241.92,
247.56
]
},
{
"text": "Graunt noted that while rates of \nchronic diseases were pretty stable, ",
"timestamp": [
247.56,
251.58
]
},
{
"text": "Graunt noted that while rates of \nchronic diseases were pretty stable, ",
"timestamp": [
247.56,
251.58
]
},
{
"text": "contagious diseases tended to surge or fall \ndepending on neighborhood or time of year.",
"timestamp": [
251.58,
257.52
]
},
{
"text": "contagious diseases tended to surge or fall \ndepending on neighborhood or time of year.",
"timestamp": [
251.58,
257.52
]
},
{
"text": "Today, disease surveillance looks at more than \njust germs–like crowd-sourced traffic data, ",
"timestamp": [
257.52,
263.4
]
},
{
"text": "Today, disease surveillance looks at more than \njust germs–like crowd-sourced traffic data, ",
"timestamp": [
257.52,
263.4
]
},
{
"text": "Google searches, airline travel history, and in \nthe case of COVID-19, even sewage–literally your poop! ",
"timestamp": [
263.4,
271.816
]
},
{
"text": "Google searches, airline travel history, and in \nthe case of COVID-19, even sewage–literally your poop! ",
"timestamp": [
263.4,
271.816
]
},
{
"text": "At a time when people and information are \ntraveling faster and more often than ever before, ",
"timestamp": [
271.816,
276.42
]
},
{
"text": "At a time when people and information are \ntraveling faster and more often than ever before, ",
"timestamp": [
271.816,
276.42
]
},
{
"text": "health experts are learning how to use \nall these data points to forecast emerging ",
"timestamp": [
276.42,
281.351
]
},
{
"text": "health experts are learning how to use \nall these data points to forecast emerging ",
"timestamp": [
276.42,
281.351
]
},
{
"text": "disease outbreaks and trends before they \ncome knocking on civilization’s door.",
"timestamp": [
281.351,
285.72
]
},
{
"text": "disease outbreaks and trends before they \ncome knocking on civilization’s door.",
"timestamp": [
281.351,
285.72
]
},
{
"text": "When they’re working effectively, these \nsurveillance systems create a global ",
"timestamp": [
285.72,
290
]
},
{
"text": "When they’re working effectively, these \nsurveillance systems create a global ",
"timestamp": [
285.72,
290
]
},
{
"text": "network of understanding and communication. \nHowever, when there are gaps in these systems ",
"timestamp": [
290,
295.8
]
},
{
"text": "network of understanding and communication. \nHowever, when there are gaps in these systems ",
"timestamp": [
290,
295.8
]
},
{
"text": "due to a shorthanded workforce, outdated \nsystems, or lack of financial support, ",
"timestamp": [
295.8,
300.24
]
},
{
"text": "due to a shorthanded workforce, outdated \nsystems, or lack of financial support, ",
"timestamp": [
295.8,
300.24
]
},
{
"text": "health experts lack the best tools and \nresources to keep people healthy and safe.",
"timestamp": [
300.24,
305.64
]
},
{
"text": "health experts lack the best tools and \nresources to keep people healthy and safe.",
"timestamp": [
300.24,
305.64
]
},
{
"text": "While disease surveillance remains an important \npublic health tool, public health experts are ",
"timestamp": [
305.64,
310.703
]
},
{
"text": "While disease surveillance remains an important \npublic health tool, public health experts are ",
"timestamp": [
305.64,
310.703
]
},
{
"text": "also going beyond monitoring disease spread to \nunderstand how human systems can unwittingly cause ",
"timestamp": [
310.703,
317.04
]
},
{
"text": "also going beyond monitoring disease spread to \nunderstand how human systems can unwittingly cause ",
"timestamp": [
310.703,
317.04
]
},
{
"text": "or worsen illness. This is where some experts \nhave proposed a planetary approach to health. ",
"timestamp": [
317.04,
324.543
]
},
{
"text": "or worsen illness. This is where some experts \nhave proposed a planetary approach to health. ",
"timestamp": [
317.04,
324.543
]
},
{
"text": "If public health is the recognition that health \nis shared between all people, then a ",
"timestamp": [
324.543,
329.614
]
},
{
"text": "If public health is the recognition that health \nis shared between all people, then a ",
"timestamp": [
324.543,
329.614
]
},
{
"text": "planetary approach to health is the recognition that the \nhealth of the entire planet is connected,",
"timestamp": [
329.614,
335.481
]
},
{
"text": "planetary approach to health is the recognition that the \nhealth of the entire planet is connected,",
"timestamp": [
329.614,
335.481
]
},
{
"text": "from marine biologists working on the Great Barrier \nReef, to the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, ",
"timestamp": [
335.481,
341.1
]
},
{
"text": "from marine biologists working on the Great Barrier \nReef, to the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, ",
"timestamp": [
335.481,
341.1
]
},
{
"text": "to the shrinking of the Amazon rainforest, to \nall the animals that live in that forest. \n ",
"timestamp": [
341.1,
347.16
]
},
{
"text": "to the shrinking of the Amazon rainforest, to \nall the animals that live in that forest. \n ",
"timestamp": [
341.1,
347.16
]
},
{
"text": "And science has shown that a planetary \napproach to health isn’t just possible–",
"timestamp": [
347.16,
352.084
]
},
{
"text": "And science has shown that a planetary \napproach to health isn’t just possible–",
"timestamp": [
347.16,
352.084
]
},
{
"text": "it might be necessary. \nLet’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
352.084,
355.945
]
},
{
"text": "it might be necessary. \nLet’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
352.084,
355.945
]
},
{
"text": "Consider our food supply. As it is, we already \nuse about half of the planet's livable surface to ",
"timestamp": [
355.945,
362.7
]
},
{
"text": "Consider our food supply. As it is, we already \nuse about half of the planet's livable surface to ",
"timestamp": [
355.945,
362.7
]
},
{
"text": "feed ourselves with agriculture and livestock. As \nclimate change leads to more droughts and floods, ",
"timestamp": [
362.7,
368.64
]
},
{
"text": "feed ourselves with agriculture and livestock. As \nclimate change leads to more droughts and floods, ",
"timestamp": [
362.7,
368.64
]
},
{
"text": "experts project that there will be less food \navailable. This will likely drive up the price ",
"timestamp": [
368.64,
374.46
]
},
{
"text": "experts project that there will be less food \navailable. This will likely drive up the price ",
"timestamp": [
368.64,
374.46
]
},
{
"text": "of food, meaning that even more people will \ngo hungry or rely on nutritionally-deficient foods.",
"timestamp": [
374.46,
380.896
]
},
{
"text": "of food, meaning that even more people will \ngo hungry or rely on nutritionally-deficient foods.",
"timestamp": [
374.46,
380.896
]
},
{
"text": "This is already happening in many \nnations, leading to the migration of people ",
"timestamp": [
380.896,
385.44
]
},
{
"text": "This is already happening in many \nnations, leading to the migration of people ",
"timestamp": [
380.896,
385.44
]
},
{
"text": "to places where food is more available, which \nleads to international tensions flaring up as ",
"timestamp": [
385.44,
390.78
]
},
{
"text": "to places where food is more available, which \nleads to international tensions flaring up as ",
"timestamp": [
385.44,
390.78
]
},
{
"text": "countries attempt to control these resources.\nMeanwhile, we’re turning diverse ecosystems into ",
"timestamp": [
390.78,
397.08
]
},
{
"text": "countries attempt to control these resources.\nMeanwhile, we’re turning diverse ecosystems into ",
"timestamp": [
390.78,
397.08
]
},
{
"text": "places for cows to hang out, or for the production \nof cash crops. And as corporations hack away ",
"timestamp": [
397.08,
402.48
]
},
{
"text": "places for cows to hang out, or for the production \nof cash crops. And as corporations hack away ",
"timestamp": [
397.08,
402.48
]
},
{
"text": "at these once-vibrant ecosystems–like forests \nin Central and South America–we’re destroying ",
"timestamp": [
402.48,
408.66
]
},
{
"text": "at these once-vibrant ecosystems–like forests \nin Central and South America–we’re destroying ",
"timestamp": [
402.48,
408.66
]
},
{
"text": "the habitats of animals with unknown viruses \nand bacteria, all of which could potentially ",
"timestamp": [
408.66,
414
]
},
{
"text": "the habitats of animals with unknown viruses \nand bacteria, all of which could potentially ",
"timestamp": [
408.66,
414
]
},
{
"text": "jump to humans. The more contact we have, \nthe higher the risk of this happening…",
"timestamp": [
414,
418.98
]
},
{
"text": "jump to humans. The more contact we have, \nthe higher the risk of this happening…",
"timestamp": [
414,
418.98
]
},
{
"text": "Reports have shown that from 1980 to 2020, the \nnumber of disease outbreaks around the world ",
"timestamp": [
418.98,
424.92
]
},
{
"text": "Reports have shown that from 1980 to 2020, the \nnumber of disease outbreaks around the world ",
"timestamp": [
418.98,
424.92
]
},
{
"text": "each year has more than tripled. A growing \nreason for this is that human interference ",
"timestamp": [
424.92,
429.9
]
},
{
"text": "each year has more than tripled. A growing \nreason for this is that human interference ",
"timestamp": [
424.92,
429.9
]
},
{
"text": "in nature results in more contact between humans \nand disease-carrying animals. ",
"timestamp": [
429.9,
434.85
]
},
{
"text": "in nature results in more contact between humans \nand disease-carrying animals. ",
"timestamp": [
429.9,
434.85
]
},
{
"text": "And 6 out of every 10 infectious diseases in people come from an animal! West Nile virus came from",
"timestamp": [
434.85,
441.356
]
},
{
"text": "And 6 out of every 10 infectious diseases in people come from an animal! West Nile virus came from",
"timestamp": [
434.85,
441.356
]
},
{
"text": "birds and is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. HIV is \nthought to have come from chimpanzees infected ",
"timestamp": [
441.356,
448.5
]
},
{
"text": "birds and is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. HIV is \nthought to have come from chimpanzees infected ",
"timestamp": [
441.356,
448.5
]
},
{
"text": "with simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV, which \nwas likely transmitted to humans when they came ",
"timestamp": [
448.5,
455.34
]
},
{
"text": "with simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV, which \nwas likely transmitted to humans when they came ",
"timestamp": [
448.5,
455.34
]
},
{
"text": "into contact with the blood of infected animals \nwhile handling their meat. And according to one study,",
"timestamp": [
455.34,
461.054
]
},
{
"text": "into contact with the blood of infected animals \nwhile handling their meat. And according to one study,",
"timestamp": [
455.34,
461.054
]
},
{
"text": "rodents on their own are carriers of as \nmany as 68 diseases that can affect humans.",
"timestamp": [
461.054,
467.149
]
},
{
"text": "rodents on their own are carriers of as \nmany as 68 diseases that can affect humans.",
"timestamp": [
461.054,
467.149
]
},
{
"text": "So what feels like a food problem turns out \nto be kind of an…everything problem.",
"timestamp": [
467.149,
473.414
]
},
{
"text": "So what feels like a food problem turns out \nto be kind of an…everything problem.",
"timestamp": [
467.149,
473.414
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. It’s also pretty \nhard to discuss the future without talking about technology. ",
"timestamp": [
473.414,
480
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. It’s also pretty \nhard to discuss the future without talking about technology. ",
"timestamp": [
473.414,
480
]
},
{
"text": "Some experts say we’re in the \ninformation age, a time that began around the 1970s,",
"timestamp": [
480,
485.464
]
},
{
"text": "Some experts say we’re in the \ninformation age, a time that began around the 1970s,",
"timestamp": [
480,
485.464
]
},
{
"text": "when developments in computer technology \nand human connectivity made more information ",
"timestamp": [
485.464,
490.14
]
},
{
"text": "when developments in computer technology \nand human connectivity made more information ",
"timestamp": [
485.464,
490.14
]
},
{
"text": "accessible to more people than ever. \nOne of the biggest culprits for this sudden ",
"timestamp": [
490.14,
495.18
]
},
{
"text": "accessible to more people than ever. \nOne of the biggest culprits for this sudden ",
"timestamp": [
490.14,
495.18
]
},
{
"text": "information explosion is the Internet. Ah, the \nInternet–that pristine fountain of information ",
"timestamp": [
495.18,
501.12
]
},
{
"text": "information explosion is the Internet. Ah, the \nInternet–that pristine fountain of information ",
"timestamp": [
495.18,
501.12
]
},
{
"text": "from which all truth, objectivity, and mutual \nrespect flows forth…said no one ever.",
"timestamp": [
501.12,
506.46
]
},
{
"text": "from which all truth, objectivity, and mutual \nrespect flows forth…said no one ever.",
"timestamp": [
501.12,
506.46
]
},
{
"text": "The Internet is probably most famous for being \nboth really awesome and also a verifiable mess. ",
"timestamp": [
506.46,
513.626
]
},
{
"text": "The Internet is probably most famous for being \nboth really awesome and also a verifiable mess. ",
"timestamp": [
506.46,
513.626
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a jungle of memes, chat rooms, Wikipedia \nrabbit holes, articles, more articles explaining ",
"timestamp": [
513.626,
519.84
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a jungle of memes, chat rooms, Wikipedia \nrabbit holes, articles, more articles explaining ",
"timestamp": [
513.626,
519.84
]
},
{
"text": "why those other articles are wrong, and then \nmore articles explaining why those articles ",
"timestamp": [
519.84,
524.16
]
},
{
"text": "why those other articles are wrong, and then \nmore articles explaining why those articles ",
"timestamp": [
519.84,
524.16
]
},
{
"text": "are wrong and…yeah, you get the point. \nAnd this wild west where everyone has access ",
"timestamp": [
524.16,
529.5
]
},
{
"text": "are wrong and…yeah, you get the point. \nAnd this wild west where everyone has access ",
"timestamp": [
524.16,
529.5
]
},
{
"text": "to bottomless information feeds has posed some \nbig challenges for public health.",
"timestamp": [
529.5,
535.172
]
},
{
"text": "to bottomless information feeds has posed some \nbig challenges for public health.",
"timestamp": [
529.5,
535.172
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, one of the most difficult battles that public health \nexperts are fighting isn’t even a health battle, ",
"timestamp": [
535.172,
540.96
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, one of the most difficult battles that public health \nexperts are fighting isn’t even a health battle, ",
"timestamp": [
535.172,
540.96
]
},
{
"text": "per se. It’s an information battle. Or, more \naccurately, a misinformation battle.",
"timestamp": [
540.96,
547.081
]
},
{
"text": "per se. It’s an information battle. Or, more \naccurately, a misinformation battle.",
"timestamp": [
540.96,
547.081
]
},
{
"text": "In a world and a marketplace that values clicks, \nviews, and “smashing that subscribe button” (don’t forget!), ",
"timestamp": [
547.081,
554.187
]
},
{
"text": "In a world and a marketplace that values clicks, \nviews, and “smashing that subscribe button” (don’t forget!), ",
"timestamp": [
547.081,
554.187
]
},
{
"text": "a video with a title like “Could \nonion juice be the cure for cancer?” ",
"timestamp": [
554.187,
558.443
]
},
{
"text": "a video with a title like “Could \nonion juice be the cure for cancer?” ",
"timestamp": [
554.187,
558.443
]
},
{
"text": "will always be more popular than an article or YouTube \nvideo explaining that onions are not in fact full ",
"timestamp": [
558.443,
565.38
]
},
{
"text": "will always be more popular than an article or YouTube \nvideo explaining that onions are not in fact full ",
"timestamp": [
558.443,
565.38
]
},
{
"text": "of cancer-curing properties. This may be due \nto the fact that many platforms are designed ",
"timestamp": [
565.38,
571.2
]
},
{
"text": "of cancer-curing properties. This may be due \nto the fact that many platforms are designed ",
"timestamp": [
565.38,
571.2
]
},
{
"text": "to promote engagement with novel information \nthat inspires emotions like surprise or disgust, ",
"timestamp": [
571.2,
577.2
]
},
{
"text": "to promote engagement with novel information \nthat inspires emotions like surprise or disgust, ",
"timestamp": [
571.2,
577.2
]
},
{
"text": "which even when false, is more likely to \nbe shared than the plain old truth.",
"timestamp": [
577.2,
583.2
]
},
{
"text": "which even when false, is more likely to \nbe shared than the plain old truth.",
"timestamp": [
577.2,
583.2
]
},
{
"text": "The fact is that while the Internet is very \ngood at providing access to information, ",
"timestamp": [
583.2,
587.52
]
},
{
"text": "The fact is that while the Internet is very \ngood at providing access to information, ",
"timestamp": [
583.2,
587.52
]
},
{
"text": "it’s very bad at prioritizing which of that \ninformation is, you know, correct. ",
"timestamp": [
587.52,
594.177
]
},
{
"text": "it’s very bad at prioritizing which of that \ninformation is, you know, correct. ",
"timestamp": [
587.52,
594.177
]
},
{
"text": "This is a problem for public health experts, who can \nhave trouble competing with cancer-curing-onion ",
"timestamp": [
594.177,
600.48
]
},
{
"text": "This is a problem for public health experts, who can \nhave trouble competing with cancer-curing-onion ",
"timestamp": [
594.177,
600.48
]
},
{
"text": "headlines to get out their slightly less \neye-catching message around, say,",
"timestamp": [
600.48,
605.313
]
},
{
"text": "headlines to get out their slightly less \neye-catching message around, say,",
"timestamp": [
600.48,
605.313
]
},
{
"text": "the importance of getting vaccinated or regular check-ups.\nAnd sure, this is an Internet-y problem. ",
"timestamp": [
605.313,
612.165
]
},
{
"text": "the importance of getting vaccinated or regular check-ups.\nAnd sure, this is an Internet-y problem. ",
"timestamp": [
605.313,
612.165
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s also the responsibility of health experts \nto build trust with the public – an ongoing, ",
"timestamp": [
612.165,
618.6
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s also the responsibility of health experts \nto build trust with the public – an ongoing, ",
"timestamp": [
612.165,
618.6
]
},
{
"text": "never-ending task. This involves listening to \npeople and community leaders and addressing ",
"timestamp": [
618.6,
624.069
]
},
{
"text": "never-ending task. This involves listening to \npeople and community leaders and addressing ",
"timestamp": [
618.6,
624.069
]
},
{
"text": "their concerns about public health measures. \nIt also involves working with communities to ",
"timestamp": [
624.069,
628.991
]
},
{
"text": "their concerns about public health measures. \nIt also involves working with communities to ",
"timestamp": [
624.069,
628.991
]
},
{
"text": "spread public health messages, and engaging \nat the local level in a trusted way so that ",
"timestamp": [
628.991,
634.98
]
},
{
"text": "spread public health messages, and engaging \nat the local level in a trusted way so that ",
"timestamp": [
628.991,
634.98
]
},
{
"text": "people in the community understand and trust \nexperts when a crisis rolls around.",
"timestamp": [
634.98,
640.45
]
},
{
"text": "people in the community understand and trust \nexperts when a crisis rolls around.",
"timestamp": [
634.98,
640.45
]
},
{
"text": "And it also means communicating with the public in a \nway that’s clear, concise, and relevant.",
"timestamp": [
640.45,
645.96
]
},
{
"text": "And it also means communicating with the public in a \nway that’s clear, concise, and relevant.",
"timestamp": [
640.45,
645.96
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so there’s obviously a lot of work to \ndo if we want to build a future where everyone ",
"timestamp": [
645.96,
650.7
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so there’s obviously a lot of work to \ndo if we want to build a future where everyone ",
"timestamp": [
645.96,
650.7
]
},
{
"text": "has the opportunity to live their healthiest \nlife. And public health experts have given us ",
"timestamp": [
650.7,
655.92
]
},
{
"text": "has the opportunity to live their healthiest \nlife. And public health experts have given us ",
"timestamp": [
650.7,
655.92
]
},
{
"text": "lots of models, strategies, and plans for how \nwe can start building that world today.",
"timestamp": [
655.92,
660.24
]
},
{
"text": "lots of models, strategies, and plans for how \nwe can start building that world today.",
"timestamp": [
655.92,
660.24
]
},
{
"text": "When public health is working, it can feel \ninvisible. Over the course of this series, ",
"timestamp": [
660.24,
665.34
]
},
{
"text": "When public health is working, it can feel \ninvisible. Over the course of this series, ",
"timestamp": [
660.24,
665.34
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve created a lens that you \ncan use to see public health ",
"timestamp": [
665.34,
668.7
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve created a lens that you \ncan use to see public health ",
"timestamp": [
665.34,
668.7
]
},
{
"text": "in action literally everywhere. \nAnd when we have this lens handy, ",
"timestamp": [
668.7,
673.38
]
},
{
"text": "in action literally everywhere. \nAnd when we have this lens handy, ",
"timestamp": [
668.7,
673.38
]
},
{
"text": "we can also begin to see places where \npublic health needs to do better.",
"timestamp": [
673.38,
677.46
]
},
{
"text": "we can also begin to see places where \npublic health needs to do better.",
"timestamp": [
673.38,
677.46
]
},
{
"text": "That’s where health equity comes in. \nBecause public health is only really ",
"timestamp": [
677.46,
682.2
]
},
{
"text": "That’s where health equity comes in. \nBecause public health is only really ",
"timestamp": [
677.46,
682.2
]
},
{
"text": "doing its life-improving job when it’s doing \nthat job for everyone. And when we understand ",
"timestamp": [
682.2,
688.14
]
},
{
"text": "doing its life-improving job when it’s doing \nthat job for everyone. And when we understand ",
"timestamp": [
682.2,
688.14
]
},
{
"text": "the stories and people that led to the public \nhealth systems of today, we can see ",
"timestamp": [
688.14,
692.589
]
},
{
"text": "the stories and people that led to the public \nhealth systems of today, we can see ",
"timestamp": [
688.14,
692.589
]
},
{
"text": "who those stories left out–and why our systems need to do \na much better job of including them now.",
"timestamp": [
692.589,
699.36
]
},
{
"text": "who those stories left out–and why our systems need to do \na much better job of including them now.",
"timestamp": [
692.589,
699.36
]
},
{
"text": "In the end, the things that make public \nhealth work for everyone are going to be ",
"timestamp": [
699.36,
703.62
]
},
{
"text": "In the end, the things that make public \nhealth work for everyone are going to be ",
"timestamp": [
699.36,
703.62
]
},
{
"text": "the same things that have made every worthwhile \nhuman endeavor successful.",
"timestamp": [
703.62,
708.463
]
},
{
"text": "the same things that have made every worthwhile \nhuman endeavor successful.",
"timestamp": [
703.62,
708.463
]
},
{
"text": "Collaboration that fosters innovation. Empathy that’s reflected in our policies and in where we invest our resources. ",
"timestamp": [
708.463,
715.86
]
},
{
"text": "Collaboration that fosters innovation. Empathy that’s reflected in our policies and in where we invest our resources. ",
"timestamp": [
708.463,
715.86
]
},
{
"text": "Curiosity and the endless pursuit of “what \nif”s that lead to discovery. But it also means ",
"timestamp": [
715.86,
722.82
]
},
{
"text": "Curiosity and the endless pursuit of “what \nif”s that lead to discovery. But it also means ",
"timestamp": [
715.86,
722.82
]
},
{
"text": "building systems that turn these awesome parts of \nbeing human into real drivers for change.",
"timestamp": [
722.82,
729.555
]
},
{
"text": "building systems that turn these awesome parts of \nbeing human into real drivers for change.",
"timestamp": [
722.82,
729.555
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
729.555,
732.72
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
729.555,
732.72
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
732.72,
737.4
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
732.72,
737.4
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
737.4,
742.74
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
737.4,
742.74
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series \ncreated by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
742.74,
747.9
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series \ncreated by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
742.74,
747.9
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, and ",
"timestamp": [
747.9,
752.88
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, and ",
"timestamp": [
747.9,
752.88
]
},
{
"text": "made with the help of all these fun people. \nIf you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for ",
"timestamp": [
752.88,
758.46
]
},
{
"text": "made with the help of all these fun people. \nIf you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for ",
"timestamp": [
752.88,
758.46
]
},
{
"text": "everyone forever please consider joining \nour community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
758.46,
762.84
]
},
{
"text": "everyone forever please consider joining \nour community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
758.46,
762.84
]
}
] |
[
[
"Looking to the Future",
"In 2017, American epidemiologist \nAnthony Fauci said there was, quote, “no doubt” that the country would be confronted \nby an infectious disease outbreak within the next three years. And in June 2019, Fauci \ndescribed public health’s biggest nightmare as quote “a respiratory-borne illness, \nthat spreads rapidly, that's new.\"Less than a year later, Fauci’s greatest \nnightmare was realized with COVID-19, a new, rapidly spreading, respiratory virus that resulted \nin the deadliest pandemic in U.S. history.How did experts see this coming? And what \ncould we have done differently to prepare for it? The answer, it turns out, isn’t in a \ncrystal ball. It has to do with infrastructure, surveillance, technology, and \npretty much our entire planet.Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash Course \nPublic Health! And in our last episode,we’re going to take a journey into the future.INTROOne of the somewhat obvious problems with \ntalking about the future is thatwe don’t know what we don’t know. Like, if I walked up \nto someone in the mid-18th century and said, “I was scrolling on my iPhone and I found \na great Groupon for a dermatologist on Facebook,” that person would probably be \nlike…what language are you speaking?So, sure: we don’t know what the next \nbig scientific breakthrough is going to be or what futuristic diseases we’ll \nencounter. But when it comes to our health, we actually have a pretty good idea of what \ncould be next. And we also have some ideas about what we need to do today to prepare.\nIt’s true that in a lot of ways, the future of public health is as unknowable to us as the \niPhone was to people in 1850…and also for people in the year 2000, for that matter. \nBut there are also a lot of ways in which public health is somewhat foreseeable.\nLike, consider COVID-19. Experts didn’t necessarily see COVID-19 coming. Instead, \nthey recognized that disease outbreaks like COVID-19 had always been a part of human \nhistory. And they also recognized that the current global health care system wasn't \nequipped to deal with this kind of virus.That’s one reason we hear so much about \ninfrastructure. Infrastructure includes all of the structures that society \nneeds to operate. Traditionally, we think of physical things like buildings, \nroads, and power plants. But it also involves less tangible things like telecommunication and \neducation systems–and a workforce to operate those systems. In public health terms, \ninfrastructure means creating a health system that can handle any issue we throw at it, \nfrom mental illness to a global pandemic."
],
[
"Disease Surveillance",
"One major piece of public health infrastructure \nthat we hear about is disease surveillance. This basically consists of the systems that hospitals, \nhealth agencies, and entire countries use to track and analyze disease emergence, levels, and spread \nin a population. Like a meteorologist predicting the weather days in advance, health experts \nuse disease surveillance to forecast things like the upcoming flu season or a new virus.\nOne of the first recorded instances of disease surveillance actually occurred as early as the \nmid-1600s, when an amateur scientist in London by the name of John Graunt began analyzing \nand surveying the London Bills of Mortality, a weekly report on disease and death \nreleased by the city. Graunt published his findings in a book titled “Natural and Political \nObservations Mentioned in the Following Index, and Made upon the Bills of Mortality”--which \npeople usually just called “Observations.”In his book, Graunt analyzed publicly available \ndeath records with a population-approach, which allowed him to notice larger patterns \nin disease and mortality. For instance, Graunt noted that while rates of \nchronic diseases were pretty stable, contagious diseases tended to surge or fall \ndepending on neighborhood or time of year.Today, disease surveillance looks at more than \njust germs–like crowd-sourced traffic data, Google searches, airline travel history, and in \nthe case of COVID-19, even sewage–literally your poop! At a time when people and information are \ntraveling faster and more often than ever before, health experts are learning how to use \nall these data points to forecast emerging disease outbreaks and trends before they \ncome knocking on civilization’s door.When they’re working effectively, these \nsurveillance systems create a global network of understanding and communication. \nHowever, when there are gaps in these systems due to a shorthanded workforce, outdated \nsystems, or lack of financial support, health experts lack the best tools and \nresources to keep people healthy and safe."
],
[
"A Planetary Approach",
"While disease surveillance remains an important \npublic health tool, public health experts are also going beyond monitoring disease spread to \nunderstand how human systems can unwittingly cause or worsen illness. This is where some experts \nhave proposed a planetary approach to health. If public health is the recognition that health \nis shared between all people, then a planetary approach to health is the recognition that the \nhealth of the entire planet is connected,from marine biologists working on the Great Barrier \nReef, to the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere, to the shrinking of the Amazon rainforest, to \nall the animals that live in that forest. \n And science has shown that a planetary \napproach to health isn’t just possible–it might be necessary. \nLet’s go to the Thought Bubble.Consider our food supply. As it is, we already \nuse about half of the planet's livable surface to feed ourselves with agriculture and livestock. As \nclimate change leads to more droughts and floods, experts project that there will be less food \navailable. This will likely drive up the price of food, meaning that even more people will \ngo hungry or rely on nutritionally-deficient foods.This is already happening in many \nnations, leading to the migration of people to places where food is more available, which \nleads to international tensions flaring up as countries attempt to control these resources.\nMeanwhile, we’re turning diverse ecosystems into places for cows to hang out, or for the production \nof cash crops. And as corporations hack away at these once-vibrant ecosystems–like forests \nin Central and South America–we’re destroying the habitats of animals with unknown viruses \nand bacteria, all of which could potentially jump to humans. The more contact we have, \nthe higher the risk of this happening…Reports have shown that from 1980 to 2020, the \nnumber of disease outbreaks around the world each year has more than tripled. A growing \nreason for this is that human interference in nature results in more contact between humans \nand disease-carrying animals. And 6 out of every 10 infectious diseases in people come from an animal! West Nile virus came frombirds and is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. HIV is \nthought to have come from chimpanzees infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV, which \nwas likely transmitted to humans when they came into contact with the blood of infected animals \nwhile handling their meat. And according to one study,rodents on their own are carriers of as \nmany as 68 diseases that can affect humans.So what feels like a food problem turns out \nto be kind of an…everything problem.Thanks, Thought Bubble. It’s also pretty \nhard to discuss the future without talking about technology. Some experts say we’re in the \ninformation age, a time that began around the 1970s,when developments in computer technology \nand human connectivity made more information accessible to more people than ever. \nOne of the biggest culprits for this sudden "
],
[
"Technology & Misinformation",
"information explosion is the Internet. Ah, the \nInternet–that pristine fountain of information from which all truth, objectivity, and mutual \nrespect flows forth…said no one ever.The Internet is probably most famous for being \nboth really awesome and also a verifiable mess. It’s a jungle of memes, chat rooms, Wikipedia \nrabbit holes, articles, more articles explaining why those other articles are wrong, and then \nmore articles explaining why those articles are wrong and…yeah, you get the point. \nAnd this wild west where everyone has access to bottomless information feeds has posed some \nbig challenges for public health.In fact, one of the most difficult battles that public health \nexperts are fighting isn’t even a health battle, per se. It’s an information battle. Or, more \naccurately, a misinformation battle.In a world and a marketplace that values clicks, \nviews, and “smashing that subscribe button” (don’t forget!), a video with a title like “Could \nonion juice be the cure for cancer?” will always be more popular than an article or YouTube \nvideo explaining that onions are not in fact full of cancer-curing properties. This may be due \nto the fact that many platforms are designed to promote engagement with novel information \nthat inspires emotions like surprise or disgust, which even when false, is more likely to \nbe shared than the plain old truth.The fact is that while the Internet is very \ngood at providing access to information, it’s very bad at prioritizing which of that \ninformation is, you know, correct. This is a problem for public health experts, who can \nhave trouble competing with cancer-curing-onion headlines to get out their slightly less \neye-catching message around, say,the importance of getting vaccinated or regular check-ups.\nAnd sure, this is an Internet-y problem. But it’s also the responsibility of health experts \nto build trust with the public – an ongoing, never-ending task. This involves listening to \npeople and community leaders and addressing their concerns about public health measures. \nIt also involves working with communities to spread public health messages, and engaging \nat the local level in a trusted way so that people in the community understand and trust \nexperts when a crisis rolls around.And it also means communicating with the public in a \nway that’s clear, concise, and relevant.Okay, so there’s obviously a lot of work to \ndo if we want to build a future where everyone "
],
[
"Health Equity",
"has the opportunity to live their healthiest \nlife. And public health experts have given us lots of models, strategies, and plans for how \nwe can start building that world today.When public health is working, it can feel \ninvisible. Over the course of this series, we’ve created a lens that you \ncan use to see public health in action literally everywhere. \nAnd when we have this lens handy, we can also begin to see places where \npublic health needs to do better.That’s where health equity comes in. \nBecause public health is only really doing its life-improving job when it’s doing \nthat job for everyone. And when we understand the stories and people that led to the public \nhealth systems of today, we can see who those stories left out–and why our systems need to do \na much better job of including them now."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"In the end, the things that make public \nhealth work for everyone are going to be the same things that have made every worthwhile \nhuman endeavor successful.Collaboration that fosters innovation. Empathy that’s reflected in our policies and in where we invest our resources. Curiosity and the endless pursuit of “what \nif”s that lead to discovery. But it also means building systems that turn these awesome parts of \nbeing human into real drivers for change.Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association.If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel to watch “That’s Public Health” a series \ncreated by APHA and Complexly.Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, and made with the help of all these fun people. \nIf you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever please consider joining \nour community of supporters on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Toni Morrison: Crash Course Black American History #48
|
CbzLFgW_Wgc
| 721 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course\nBlack American History!",
"timestamp": [
0.11,
4.79
]
},
{
"text": "“The difficulty for me in writing—among\nthe difficulties—is to write language that",
"timestamp": [
4.79,
11.209
]
},
{
"text": "can work quietly on a page for a reader who\ndoesn’t hear anything,” Toni Morrison",
"timestamp": [
11.209,
17.17
]
},
{
"text": "said in a 1993 interview with The Paris Review.",
"timestamp": [
17.17,
21.75
]
},
{
"text": "Going on to say, “Now for that, one has\nto work very carefully",
"timestamp": [
21.75,
27.213
]
},
{
"text": "with what is in between the words.",
"timestamp": [
27.213,
29.753
]
},
{
"text": "What is not said.”",
"timestamp": [
29.753,
31.453
]
},
{
"text": "When I first encountered Toni Morrison’s\nwork in high school, it was most often atop",
"timestamp": [
31.453,
35.84
]
},
{
"text": "a sea of unmade sheets on my bed, with two\npillows propping me up against the headboard.",
"timestamp": [
35.84,
41.14
]
},
{
"text": "I used one of those cheap, drugstore pens\nto underline the sections that most resonated.",
"timestamp": [
41.14,
47.442
]
},
{
"text": "It was tough for me then, to read in places\nwhere there was a lot of noise.",
"timestamp": [
47.442,
52.53
]
},
{
"text": "I preferred reading and writing in my room,\nwhere I could listen to the soft scratch of",
"timestamp": [
52.53,
57.42
]
},
{
"text": "ink on paper, and the ceiling fan whirring\nabove.",
"timestamp": [
57.42,
62.149
]
},
{
"text": "Which is to say, I first encountered Morrison’s\nwords in the silence that she alludes to.",
"timestamp": [
62.149,
69.5
]
},
{
"text": "In this series we've talked about a number\nof authors who have used their work to share",
"timestamp": [
69.5,
74.56
]
},
{
"text": "the lives and experiences of Black Americans\non the page.",
"timestamp": [
74.56,
78.02
]
},
{
"text": "And the person we’re discussing today, Toni\nMorrison, is one of the best writers that",
"timestamp": [
78.02,
83.92
]
},
{
"text": "this country has ever produced.",
"timestamp": [
83.92,
86.22
]
},
{
"text": "She changed the literary landscape.",
"timestamp": [
86.22,
88.42
]
},
{
"text": "She challenged the traditionally white male\ncanon of literature and she did it on her own terms.",
"timestamp": [
88.42,
94.57
]
},
{
"text": "Let's start the show!",
"timestamp": [
94.57,
95.916
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
95.916,
105.133
]
},
{
"text": "I don’t know how else to put it, Toni Morrison",
"timestamp": [
105.133,
107.689
]
},
{
"text": "is a legend.",
"timestamp": [
107.689,
109.42
]
},
{
"text": "She published everything from plays to children's\nbooks.",
"timestamp": [
109.42,
112.97
]
},
{
"text": "Her novels earned many prestigious awards, including the Pulitzer Prize and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. ",
"timestamp": [
112.97,
119.84
]
},
{
"text": "She also was the first Black American woman\nto win a Nobel Prize for literature.",
"timestamp": [
119.84,
125.439
]
},
{
"text": "Much of her work centers on the stories of\nBlack people at different points throughout American history.",
"timestamp": [
125.439,
130.81
]
},
{
"text": "She talks about their highs and their lows,\ntheir triumphs and their failures, and the",
"timestamp": [
130.81,
135.51
]
},
{
"text": "consequences of racism in everyday life.",
"timestamp": [
135.51,
138.79
]
},
{
"text": "Her work emphasizes the loss, memory, psychological\ntrauma and joy of Black life.",
"timestamp": [
138.79,
147.04
]
},
{
"text": "She wrote in ways that remain enjoyable to\neveryday readers while inspiring writers of all races.",
"timestamp": [
147.04,
152.73
]
},
{
"text": "She helped highlight Black American literature,\nserving as a catalyst for it to be nationally",
"timestamp": [
152.73,
158.28
]
},
{
"text": "and internationally recognized.",
"timestamp": [
158.28,
160.12
]
},
{
"text": "Toni Morrison was born Chloe Wofford in 1931.",
"timestamp": [
160.12,
164.27
]
},
{
"text": "Chloe was the second of four children.",
"timestamp": [
164.27,
167.31
]
},
{
"text": "She grew up in Lorain, Ohio in an environment\nwhere segregation wasn’t the law, but the",
"timestamp": [
167.31,
172.89
]
},
{
"text": "invisible lines were understood.",
"timestamp": [
172.89,
175.51
]
},
{
"text": "Although her family struggled in the aftermath\nof the great depression, she credits her childhood",
"timestamp": [
175.51,
180.37
]
},
{
"text": "as what motivated her to eventually write:\nhearing African American folklore and music,",
"timestamp": [
180.37,
186.05
]
},
{
"text": "learning about African American cultural rituals,\nand growing up working class.",
"timestamp": [
186.05,
190.36
]
},
{
"text": "When she was twelve years old, Chloe converted\nto Catholicism.",
"timestamp": [
190.36,
194.489
]
},
{
"text": "She was baptized under the name Anthony, for\nSaint Anthony of Padua (PAHD-uh-ah).",
"timestamp": [
194.489,
198.79
]
},
{
"text": "And it would be under the nickname Toni that\nshe would become world-famous.",
"timestamp": [
198.79,
203.459
]
},
{
"text": "After graduating with honors from Lorain High\nSchool in Ohio in 1949, she attended Howard University.",
"timestamp": [
203.459,
210
]
},
{
"text": "Toni experienced the dangers and horrors of\nthe segregated south",
"timestamp": [
210.01,
214.027
]
},
{
"text": "while touring with the Howard Players, an acting club.",
"timestamp": [
214.027,
217.23
]
},
{
"text": "But she also started to connect with other\nBlack writers, activists, and artists.",
"timestamp": [
217.23,
222.64
]
},
{
"text": "She graduated with a Bachelor's degree in\nEnglish in 1953 and then went on to complete",
"timestamp": [
222.64,
227.51
]
},
{
"text": "her Master of Arts in American Literature\nfrom Cornell University in 1955.",
"timestamp": [
227.51,
232.64
]
},
{
"text": "After she obtained her Master's, she taught\nEnglish at various HBCUs.",
"timestamp": [
232.64,
236.79
]
},
{
"text": "She married Harold Morrison, an architect,\nand had two children.",
"timestamp": [
236.79,
240.87
]
},
{
"text": "In 1958, she returned to Howard University\nas a lecturer and joined a writing group where",
"timestamp": [
240.87,
246.54
]
},
{
"text": "she would begin working on her first novel.",
"timestamp": [
246.54,
249.549
]
},
{
"text": "She spent seven years at Howard University,\ngot divorced, and then became an editor of",
"timestamp": [
249.549,
254.299
]
},
{
"text": "the textbook division of Random House Publishing\nwhere she quickly moved up the ranks.",
"timestamp": [
254.299,
259.329
]
},
{
"text": "She eventually became a senior editor at Random\nHouse, the only Black American woman to hold",
"timestamp": [
259.329,
263.72
]
},
{
"text": "that position in the company at the time.",
"timestamp": [
263.72,
266.59
]
},
{
"text": "Morrison used her power and influence as an\neditor to publish many books by Black American",
"timestamp": [
266.59,
271.14
]
},
{
"text": "writers, including Toni Cade Bambara, Gayl\nJones, June Jordan, and Angela Davis.",
"timestamp": [
271.14,
277.789
]
},
{
"text": "Many credit her with introducing a whole new\ngroup of Black writers to the wider world.",
"timestamp": [
277.789,
282.87
]
},
{
"text": "While elevating the Black authors around her\nby putting their work into print, Morrison",
"timestamp": [
282.87,
287.58
]
},
{
"text": "started to put her own work in the spotlight.",
"timestamp": [
287.58,
290.889
]
},
{
"text": "Remember that novel she started at Howard\na few years earlier?",
"timestamp": [
290.889,
295.15
]
},
{
"text": "Well, after waking up at 4am each morning\nto work on it while raising her two children",
"timestamp": [
295.15,
299.569
]
},
{
"text": "on her own, it became her first published\nnovel: The Bluest Eye.",
"timestamp": [
299.569,
304.18
]
},
{
"text": "It came out in 1970, when Toni was 39 years\nold.",
"timestamp": [
304.18,
308.479
]
},
{
"text": "The Bluest Eye is about Pecola Breedlove,\na young Black girl who had an extremely difficult childhood, ",
"timestamp": [
308.479,
315.37
]
},
{
"text": "and believed that her life would be better if she just had blue eyes like the white people around her.",
"timestamp": [
315.37,
321.317
]
},
{
"text": "It was seen by some as a controversial book\nand was met with pretty mixed reviews.",
"timestamp": [
321.317,
327.139
]
},
{
"text": "But Toni Morrison stated in later interviews\nthat the book’s reception was very similar",
"timestamp": [
327.139,
333.199
]
},
{
"text": "to how other characters treated her main character\nin the novel.",
"timestamp": [
333.199,
337.77
]
},
{
"text": "Morrison said she was “dismissed, trivialized,\nmisread.”",
"timestamp": [
337.77,
339.909
]
},
{
"text": "The lack of a warm initial reception for The\nBluest Eye didn’t stop Morrison.",
"timestamp": [
339.909,
346.849
]
},
{
"text": "She published her second novel, Sula, only\nthree years later.",
"timestamp": [
346.849,
351.229
]
},
{
"text": "In this book, Morrison explores morality, ethics, and relationships, through the friendship between two Black women.",
"timestamp": [
351.229,
358.719
]
},
{
"text": "This book had a much more positive reception\nthan The Bluest Eye and it was even nominated",
"timestamp": [
358.719,
363.949
]
},
{
"text": "for a National Book Award.",
"timestamp": [
363.949,
365.456
]
},
{
"text": "By the time Morrison published her third novel,\nSong of Solomon in 1977,",
"timestamp": [
365.456,
370.122
]
},
{
"text": "she was a household name in the Black community.",
"timestamp": [
370.122,
372.869
]
},
{
"text": "This was one of the few books Morrison wrote\nwith a male protagonist, a young man searching",
"timestamp": [
372.869,
378.059
]
},
{
"text": "for his identity while trying to escape an\noppressive society.",
"timestamp": [
378.059,
382.77
]
},
{
"text": "This was her first truly commercially successful\nbook.",
"timestamp": [
382.77,
385.879
]
},
{
"text": "It became the first book written by Black\nAmerican author to be selected by the Book",
"timestamp": [
385.879,
389.86
]
},
{
"text": "of the Month Club since Richard Wright’s\nNative Son in the 1940s.",
"timestamp": [
389.86,
394.529
]
},
{
"text": "She received a National Book Critics Circle\nAward along with many other accolades.",
"timestamp": [
394.529,
398.569
]
},
{
"text": "The book became a staple of American literature\nin classrooms, among academics, and for general readers.",
"timestamp": [
398.569,
404.736
]
},
{
"text": "This success encouraged Morrison to become\na full-time writer.",
"timestamp": [
404.736,
409.05
]
},
{
"text": "In 1987, Morrison released what many consider\nto be her Magnum Opus: Beloved.",
"timestamp": [
409.05,
415.179
]
},
{
"text": "The book is inspired by the true story of\nMargaret Garner, an African American woman",
"timestamp": [
415.179,
419.86
]
},
{
"text": "who was living in slavery.",
"timestamp": [
419.86,
421.84
]
},
{
"text": "The main character of Beloved is Sethe,\na formerly enslaved woman who is constantly",
"timestamp": [
421.84,
426.999
]
},
{
"text": "haunted by her dead child after making the\ngut wrenching decision to kill her children",
"timestamp": [
426.999,
432.559
]
},
{
"text": "rather than see them become enslaved.",
"timestamp": [
432.559,
434.819
]
},
{
"text": "Though three of her children survived, her\ninfant daughter did not.",
"timestamp": [
434.819,
439.589
]
},
{
"text": "Morrison dedicates the book to the millions\nof Africans killed during the course of the Atlantic Slave Trade.",
"timestamp": [
439.589,
444.949
]
},
{
"text": "The title of the book is taken from Romans\nchapter 9, which states:",
"timestamp": [
444.949,
450.449
]
},
{
"text": "“Those who were not my people, I will call my people\nand her who was not beloved, I will call beloved.\"",
"timestamp": [
450.449,
458.79
]
},
{
"text": "The story explores themes of loss, morality,\nand the impossible choices that befall the oppressed.",
"timestamp": [
458.79,
465.83
]
},
{
"text": "The book became an enormous critical and \ncommercial success.",
"timestamp": [
465.83,
470
]
},
{
"text": "It was a best seller for 25 weeks and won\nmany awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.",
"timestamp": [
470,
476.479
]
},
{
"text": "From the 1980s onward Morrison's literary\nprowess impacted the minds and hearts of much of the world.",
"timestamp": [
476.479,
483.779
]
},
{
"text": "She continued to win awards and honors throughout\nher life and in 1989 she became a professor",
"timestamp": [
483.779,
489.229
]
},
{
"text": "in the Creative Writing program at Princeton\nUniversity.",
"timestamp": [
489.229,
492.909
]
},
{
"text": "In 1993, she became the first Black woman\nto win the Nobel Prize in literature.",
"timestamp": [
492.909,
497.809
]
},
{
"text": "In 1996, she was chosen by the National Endowment\nfor the Humanities to give the Jefferson Lecture,",
"timestamp": [
497.809,
503.729
]
},
{
"text": "and also won the National Book Foundation’s\nMedal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.",
"timestamp": [
503.729,
510.49
]
},
{
"text": "Also, Oprah Winfrey loved her.",
"timestamp": [
510.49,
514.419
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, really, really loved her.",
"timestamp": [
514.419,
517.149
]
},
{
"text": "It was Oprah who helped bring Toni Morrison’s\nwork even further into the mainstream when",
"timestamp": [
517.149,
522.57
]
},
{
"text": "she selected four of Morrison’s novels in\nsix years for her book club.",
"timestamp": [
522.57,
527.16
]
},
{
"text": "With an average of 13 million viewers watching\nthese book club segments, the support from",
"timestamp": [
527.16,
532.22
]
},
{
"text": "Oprah helped Morrison sell millions of copies\nand gave her a bigger sales boost than she",
"timestamp": [
532.22,
538.25
]
},
{
"text": "experienced when she won the Nobel Prize.",
"timestamp": [
538.25,
540.73
]
},
{
"text": "In 1998, Beloved was even made into a movie\nstarring…",
"timestamp": [
540.73,
546.209
]
},
{
"text": "well Oprah, as well as Thandiwe\nNewton, and Danny Glover.",
"timestamp": [
546.209,
550.899
]
},
{
"text": "And honestly, the rest is history!",
"timestamp": [
550.899,
554.259
]
},
{
"text": "Morrison received a dozen honorary degrees\nand was a guest curator at the Louvre museum in Paris.",
"timestamp": [
554.259,
560.24
]
},
{
"text": "She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom--which\nwas awarded to her",
"timestamp": [
560.24,
563.397
]
},
{
"text": "by the first Black President of the \nUnited States, Barack Obama.",
"timestamp": [
563.397,
567.339
]
},
{
"text": "In total she wrote 11 novels, 9 nonfiction\nworks, 5 children's books, 2 short stories,",
"timestamp": [
567.339,
574.22
]
},
{
"text": "and 2 plays throughout her life.",
"timestamp": [
574.22,
576.26
]
},
{
"text": "She died on August 5, 2019 in New York City.",
"timestamp": [
576.26,
580.72
]
},
{
"text": "Several years ago, before she passed away,\nI had the opportunity to see Morrison give a lecture in person.",
"timestamp": [
580.72,
587.709
]
},
{
"text": "It was an extraordinary experience, to physically\nbe in the presence",
"timestamp": [
587.709,
591.483
]
},
{
"text": "of one of the greatest writers to have ever lived.",
"timestamp": [
591.483,
594.13
]
},
{
"text": "When Morrison came onto the stage, the audience\nrose to their feet and gave a resounding round of applause.",
"timestamp": [
594.13,
601.129
]
},
{
"text": "Whistles and cheers ricocheted across the\nvastness of the room.",
"timestamp": [
601.129,
604.806
]
},
{
"text": "Morrison was brought to a table at the front\nof the stage cloaked in a red cloth that had",
"timestamp": [
604.806,
609.81
]
},
{
"text": "a small glass of water at its corner.",
"timestamp": [
609.81,
612.25
]
},
{
"text": "At 85 years old, she was still remarkably lucid.",
"timestamp": [
612.25,
616.329
]
},
{
"text": "As I listened to her speak, I thought of my\nfuture children.",
"timestamp": [
616.329,
620.279
]
},
{
"text": "How one day they will read Morrison, and how\nthey might marvel at the fact that their father",
"timestamp": [
620.279,
625.839
]
},
{
"text": "once shared a room with this writer who seemed\nto belong to another world.",
"timestamp": [
625.839,
630.939
]
},
{
"text": "I will tell them that when she spoke, the\nvowels stretched across the theater like a hammock.",
"timestamp": [
630.939,
637.14
]
},
{
"text": "I will tell them that her laughter pushed\nopen the walls of the room and invited everyone in.",
"timestamp": [
637.14,
644.216
]
},
{
"text": "Morrison laid the foundation for generations\nof Black writers that followed.",
"timestamp": [
644.216,
648.48
]
},
{
"text": "She rejected the idea that being Black or\nbeing a woman might hinder her appeal",
"timestamp": [
648.48,
654.097
]
},
{
"text": "or the universality of her work.",
"timestamp": [
654.097,
656.54
]
},
{
"text": "In a 1987 interview with The New York Times,\nMorrison said, “I really think the range",
"timestamp": [
656.54,
662.579
]
},
{
"text": "of emotions and perceptions I have had access\nto as a black person and as a female person",
"timestamp": [
662.579,
668.839
]
},
{
"text": "are greater than those of people who are neither....",
"timestamp": [
668.839,
671.91
]
},
{
"text": "So it seems to me that my world did not shrink\nbecause I was a black female writer.",
"timestamp": [
671.91,
677.629
]
},
{
"text": "It just got bigger.”",
"timestamp": [
677.629,
679.35
]
},
{
"text": "Morrison is gone now, but she indeed made\nthe world bigger.",
"timestamp": [
679.35,
683.58
]
},
{
"text": "She built upon her literary ancestors and\npaved the way for her literary descendents.",
"timestamp": [
683.58,
689.06
]
},
{
"text": "She is one of the best writers to have ever\nlived and she transformed our understanding",
"timestamp": [
689.06,
694.279
]
},
{
"text": "of what literature could do.",
"timestamp": [
694.279,
697.139
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching! I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
697.139,
700.11
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made with the help of all\nthese nice people and our animation team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
700.11,
705.019
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by all of our\nviewers and supporters.",
"timestamp": [
705.019,
708.41
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you to all our Patrons who support the\nshow on Patreon, and thank you to those who",
"timestamp": [
708.41,
713.019
]
},
{
"text": "participated in the 2022 Crash Course Learner\nCoin campaign.",
"timestamp": [
713.019,
717.73
]
},
{
"text": "Your contributions support millions of learners.",
"timestamp": [
717.73,
720.56
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Global Health: Crash Course Public Health #9
|
2rfRk_mTf7M
| 930 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction to Global Health",
"end_time": 135
},
{
"start_time": 135,
"title": "The WHO",
"end_time": 206
},
{
"start_time": 206,
"title": "Communicable Disease",
"end_time": 371
},
{
"start_time": 371,
"title": "Non-communicable Disease",
"end_time": 513
},
{
"start_time": 513,
"title": "Foreign Aid",
"end_time": 717
},
{
"start_time": 717,
"title": "Economic Inequality",
"end_time": 858
},
{
"start_time": 858,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 930
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Humans across the globe have become very \ninterconnected–and so has our health.",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.8
]
},
{
"text": "Humans across the globe have become very \ninterconnected–and so has our health.",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.8
]
},
{
"text": "No matter how we try to slice \nand dice up our planet with ",
"timestamp": [
4.8,
8.52
]
},
{
"text": "No matter how we try to slice \nand dice up our planet with ",
"timestamp": [
4.8,
8.52
]
},
{
"text": "political and geographical boundaries, \nhealth remains a species-wide concern.",
"timestamp": [
8.52,
13.08
]
},
{
"text": "political and geographical boundaries, \nhealth remains a species-wide concern.",
"timestamp": [
8.52,
13.08
]
},
{
"text": "In some cases, our health has blurred \nthese boundaries. And in other ways, ",
"timestamp": [
13.08,
17.648
]
},
{
"text": "In some cases, our health has blurred \nthese boundaries. And in other ways, ",
"timestamp": [
13.08,
17.648
]
},
{
"text": "human health has been decided by them.",
"timestamp": [
17.648,
20.04
]
},
{
"text": "human health has been decided by them.",
"timestamp": [
17.648,
20.04
]
},
{
"text": "But with over 7 billion people living in about \n200 different countries across the planet, ",
"timestamp": [
20.04,
25.38
]
},
{
"text": "But with over 7 billion people living in about \n200 different countries across the planet, ",
"timestamp": [
20.04,
25.38
]
},
{
"text": "global health can be … complicated. \nChallenging. Even surprising.",
"timestamp": [
25.38,
30.48
]
},
{
"text": "global health can be … complicated. \nChallenging. Even surprising.",
"timestamp": [
25.38,
30.48
]
},
{
"text": "Like, it turns out that the communicable \ndiseases we often think of as the biggest ",
"timestamp": [
30.48,
34.86
]
},
{
"text": "Like, it turns out that the communicable \ndiseases we often think of as the biggest ",
"timestamp": [
30.48,
34.86
]
},
{
"text": "killers–like malaria or the flu–actually aren’t \nthe leading causes of death in most places.",
"timestamp": [
34.86,
41.251
]
},
{
"text": "killers–like malaria or the flu–actually aren’t \nthe leading causes of death in most places.",
"timestamp": [
34.86,
41.251
]
},
{
"text": "So then…what is? And, how do entire countries \nprovide care for each other? And what if a country ",
"timestamp": [
41.251,
48.9
]
},
{
"text": "So then…what is? And, how do entire countries \nprovide care for each other? And what if a country ",
"timestamp": [
41.251,
48.9
]
},
{
"text": "doesn’t want help from other countries? And what \nif the “help” actually harms other countries?",
"timestamp": [
48.9,
55
]
},
{
"text": "doesn’t want help from other countries? And what \nif the “help” actually harms other countries?",
"timestamp": [
48.9,
55
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this \nis Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
55,
59.032
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this \nis Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
55,
59.032
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
59.032,
68.4
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
59.032,
68.4
]
},
{
"text": "So one sort of obvious problem with the term ",
"timestamp": [
68.4,
71.52
]
},
{
"text": "So one sort of obvious problem with the term ",
"timestamp": [
68.4,
71.52
]
},
{
"text": "“global health” is that it can \nfeel very big and unspecific.",
"timestamp": [
71.52,
75.42
]
},
{
"text": "“global health” is that it can \nfeel very big and unspecific.",
"timestamp": [
71.52,
75.42
]
},
{
"text": "And this is partly because it needs to be! \nAfter all, we’re talking about a whole planet!",
"timestamp": [
75.42,
82.245
]
},
{
"text": "And this is partly because it needs to be! \nAfter all, we’re talking about a whole planet!",
"timestamp": [
75.42,
82.245
]
},
{
"text": "In general, we can think of global health \nas a public health approach that puts ",
"timestamp": [
82.245,
86.721
]
},
{
"text": "In general, we can think of global health \nas a public health approach that puts ",
"timestamp": [
82.245,
86.721
]
},
{
"text": "emphasis on improving health for everyone \nin the world, while eliminating the health ",
"timestamp": [
86.721,
91.86
]
},
{
"text": "emphasis on improving health for everyone \nin the world, while eliminating the health ",
"timestamp": [
86.721,
91.86
]
},
{
"text": "equity gaps that result from things \nlike nationality, income, and gender.",
"timestamp": [
91.86,
97.098
]
},
{
"text": "equity gaps that result from things \nlike nationality, income, and gender.",
"timestamp": [
91.86,
97.098
]
},
{
"text": "How successful is it at accomplishing \nthose goals? Well…it depends. We’ll get to that.",
"timestamp": [
97.098,
103.544
]
},
{
"text": "How successful is it at accomplishing \nthose goals? Well…it depends. We’ll get to that.",
"timestamp": [
97.098,
103.544
]
},
{
"text": "But first, a little historical context.",
"timestamp": [
103.544,
106.265
]
},
{
"text": "But first, a little historical context.",
"timestamp": [
103.544,
106.265
]
},
{
"text": "The question of when human health became a \nglobal phenomenon is really up for debate.",
"timestamp": [
106.265,
112.32
]
},
{
"text": "The question of when human health became a \nglobal phenomenon is really up for debate.",
"timestamp": [
106.265,
112.32
]
},
{
"text": "Like, did it begin during the industrial \nrevolution of the 18th century when the",
"timestamp": [
112.32,
116.808
]
},
{
"text": "Like, did it begin during the industrial \nrevolution of the 18th century when the",
"timestamp": [
112.32,
116.808
]
},
{
"text": "world saw huge spikes in international trade and \ndevelopment? Or was it back in the 13th century, ",
"timestamp": [
116.808,
123.54
]
},
{
"text": "world saw huge spikes in international trade and \ndevelopment? Or was it back in the 13th century, ",
"timestamp": [
116.808,
123.54
]
},
{
"text": "when Genghis Khan conquered around 9 million \nsquare miles of territory? Or, like, was it at ",
"timestamp": [
123.54,
130.32
]
},
{
"text": "when Genghis Khan conquered around 9 million \nsquare miles of territory? Or, like, was it at ",
"timestamp": [
123.54,
130.32
]
},
{
"text": "the dawn of the human species, when our early \nancestors began their migration out of Africa?",
"timestamp": [
130.32,
135.6
]
},
{
"text": "the dawn of the human species, when our early \nancestors began their migration out of Africa?",
"timestamp": [
130.32,
135.6
]
},
{
"text": "These are all good answers to the question. \nBut let’s fast forward to April 1948, ",
"timestamp": [
135.6,
141.72
]
},
{
"text": "These are all good answers to the question. \nBut let’s fast forward to April 1948, ",
"timestamp": [
135.6,
141.72
]
},
{
"text": "with the establishment of the World \nHealth Organization, or the W-H-O.",
"timestamp": [
141.72,
146.616
]
},
{
"text": "with the establishment of the World \nHealth Organization, or the W-H-O.",
"timestamp": [
141.72,
146.616
]
},
{
"text": "By this point, human civilization \nwas indisputably a very global phenomenon– ",
"timestamp": [
146.616,
152.143
]
},
{
"text": "By this point, human civilization \nwas indisputably a very global phenomenon– ",
"timestamp": [
146.616,
152.143
]
},
{
"text": "as made evident by the fact that \nwe’d just come out of our second World War.",
"timestamp": [
152.143,
156.78
]
},
{
"text": "as made evident by the fact that \nwe’d just come out of our second World War.",
"timestamp": [
152.143,
156.78
]
},
{
"text": "So, the United Nations formed the WHO, ",
"timestamp": [
156.78,
160.443
]
},
{
"text": "So, the United Nations formed the WHO, ",
"timestamp": [
156.78,
160.443
]
},
{
"text": "a special agency dedicated to monitoring \nand improving the world’s health.",
"timestamp": [
160.443,
165.212
]
},
{
"text": "a special agency dedicated to monitoring \nand improving the world’s health.",
"timestamp": [
160.443,
165.212
]
},
{
"text": "The WHO’s Constitution declared that \nthe organization’s objective",
"timestamp": [
165.212,
169.424
]
},
{
"text": "The WHO’s Constitution declared that \nthe organization’s objective",
"timestamp": [
165.212,
169.424
]
},
{
"text": "“shall be the attainment by all peoples of the \nhighest possible level of health. ”",
"timestamp": [
169.424,
175.08
]
},
{
"text": "“shall be the attainment by all peoples of the \nhighest possible level of health. ”",
"timestamp": [
169.424,
175.08
]
},
{
"text": "This was one of the first global movements that ",
"timestamp": [
175.08,
177.688
]
},
{
"text": "This was one of the first global movements that ",
"timestamp": [
175.08,
177.688
]
},
{
"text": "basically established health as \nan international human right.",
"timestamp": [
177.688,
181.438
]
},
{
"text": "basically established health as \nan international human right.",
"timestamp": [
177.688,
181.438
]
},
{
"text": "Which feels like it should’ve been obvious from \nthe start, but I guess we needed it in writing?",
"timestamp": [
181.438,
186.9
]
},
{
"text": "Which feels like it should’ve been obvious from \nthe start, but I guess we needed it in writing?",
"timestamp": [
181.438,
186.9
]
},
{
"text": "The WHO is basically in charge of making a \nvision board for the entire planet’s health.",
"timestamp": [
186.9,
192.66
]
},
{
"text": "The WHO is basically in charge of making a \nvision board for the entire planet’s health.",
"timestamp": [
186.9,
192.66
]
},
{
"text": "It sets international standards for health, ",
"timestamp": [
192.66,
195.3
]
},
{
"text": "It sets international standards for health, ",
"timestamp": [
192.66,
195.3
]
},
{
"text": "collects and analyzes data from around \nthe world, monitors concerning new and ",
"timestamp": [
195.3,
201
]
},
{
"text": "collects and analyzes data from around \nthe world, monitors concerning new and ",
"timestamp": [
195.3,
201
]
},
{
"text": "old diseases, and helps coordinate emergency \nresponses and research between countries.",
"timestamp": [
201,
206.22
]
},
{
"text": "old diseases, and helps coordinate emergency \nresponses and research between countries.",
"timestamp": [
201,
206.22
]
},
{
"text": "When the WHO was formed, the leading cause of \nglobal human death was communicable diseases.",
"timestamp": [
206.22,
213.37
]
},
{
"text": "When the WHO was formed, the leading cause of \nglobal human death was communicable diseases.",
"timestamp": [
206.22,
213.37
]
},
{
"text": "These are diseases that are \nspread–or “communicated,” as it were–",
"timestamp": [
213.37,
217.205
]
},
{
"text": "These are diseases that are \nspread–or “communicated,” as it were–",
"timestamp": [
213.37,
217.205
]
},
{
"text": "from one living thing \nto another through pathogens.",
"timestamp": [
217.205,
220.38
]
},
{
"text": "from one living thing \nto another through pathogens.",
"timestamp": [
217.205,
220.38
]
},
{
"text": "These are things like bacteria and viruses ",
"timestamp": [
220.38,
223.2
]
},
{
"text": "These are things like bacteria and viruses ",
"timestamp": [
220.38,
223.2
]
},
{
"text": "that are spread through respiratory \ndroplets, blood, saliva, and such.",
"timestamp": [
223.2,
227.88
]
},
{
"text": "that are spread through respiratory \ndroplets, blood, saliva, and such.",
"timestamp": [
223.2,
227.88
]
},
{
"text": "A pathogen knows but two laws: reproduce \nin an organism and spread to new ones.",
"timestamp": [
227.88,
234.18
]
},
{
"text": "A pathogen knows but two laws: reproduce \nin an organism and spread to new ones.",
"timestamp": [
227.88,
234.18
]
},
{
"text": "It doesn’t notice or care when it \ncrosses the border from Egypt to Libya, ",
"timestamp": [
234.18,
238.62
]
},
{
"text": "It doesn’t notice or care when it \ncrosses the border from Egypt to Libya, ",
"timestamp": [
234.18,
238.62
]
},
{
"text": "or when it hitches a ride on a \nredeye flight from Boston to Berlin.",
"timestamp": [
238.62,
242.82
]
},
{
"text": "or when it hitches a ride on a \nredeye flight from Boston to Berlin.",
"timestamp": [
238.62,
242.82
]
},
{
"text": "And as people became better at moving \naround resources and–well–themselves, ",
"timestamp": [
242.82,
247.8
]
},
{
"text": "And as people became better at moving \naround resources and–well–themselves, ",
"timestamp": [
242.82,
247.8
]
},
{
"text": "they also got better at \nmoving these pathogens around.",
"timestamp": [
247.8,
251.1
]
},
{
"text": "they also got better at \nmoving these pathogens around.",
"timestamp": [
247.8,
251.1
]
},
{
"text": "Whether it was trade facilitated along the Silk \nRoad, or that spring break trip to Disney World, ",
"timestamp": [
251.1,
256.74
]
},
{
"text": "Whether it was trade facilitated along the Silk \nRoad, or that spring break trip to Disney World, ",
"timestamp": [
251.1,
256.74
]
},
{
"text": "people have gotten really good at building germy \nsuperhighways of trade, travel, and tourism.",
"timestamp": [
256.74,
263.34
]
},
{
"text": "people have gotten really good at building germy \nsuperhighways of trade, travel, and tourism.",
"timestamp": [
256.74,
263.34
]
},
{
"text": "Without a globally coordinated response, \neliminating a disease across the face ",
"timestamp": [
263.34,
268.8
]
},
{
"text": "Without a globally coordinated response, \neliminating a disease across the face ",
"timestamp": [
263.34,
268.8
]
},
{
"text": "of the planet is a bit like playing a game of \nwhack-a-mole, with a disease being squashed in ",
"timestamp": [
268.8,
273.72
]
},
{
"text": "of the planet is a bit like playing a game of \nwhack-a-mole, with a disease being squashed in ",
"timestamp": [
268.8,
273.72
]
},
{
"text": "one part of the world, only for it to pop up in \nanother part…and another part…and another part.",
"timestamp": [
273.72,
279.12
]
},
{
"text": "one part of the world, only for it to pop up in \nanother part…and another part…and another part.",
"timestamp": [
273.72,
279.12
]
},
{
"text": "One particularly dangerous \ncommunicable disease was smallpox. ",
"timestamp": [
279.12,
284.16
]
},
{
"text": "One particularly dangerous \ncommunicable disease was smallpox. ",
"timestamp": [
279.12,
284.16
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists have found smallpox-like \nrashes on Egyptian mummies, ",
"timestamp": [
284.16,
288.54
]
},
{
"text": "Scientists have found smallpox-like \nrashes on Egyptian mummies, ",
"timestamp": [
284.16,
288.54
]
},
{
"text": "suggesting that humans have been dealing with \nsome form of smallpox for over 3,000 years.",
"timestamp": [
288.54,
294.42
]
},
{
"text": "suggesting that humans have been dealing with \nsome form of smallpox for over 3,000 years.",
"timestamp": [
288.54,
294.42
]
},
{
"text": "And in the 20th century, smallpox \nwas still a major threat.",
"timestamp": [
294.42,
299.16
]
},
{
"text": "And in the 20th century, smallpox \nwas still a major threat.",
"timestamp": [
294.42,
299.16
]
},
{
"text": "Historically, experts estimate \nthat smallpox killed more than ",
"timestamp": [
299.16,
303.3
]
},
{
"text": "Historically, experts estimate \nthat smallpox killed more than ",
"timestamp": [
299.16,
303.3
]
},
{
"text": "300 million people since 1900 alone.",
"timestamp": [
303.3,
307.372
]
},
{
"text": "300 million people since 1900 alone.",
"timestamp": [
303.3,
307.372
]
},
{
"text": "So in 1959, the WHO added a bold new mission \nto its vision board: eradicate smallpox.",
"timestamp": [
307.372,
316.14
]
},
{
"text": "So in 1959, the WHO added a bold new mission \nto its vision board: eradicate smallpox.",
"timestamp": [
307.372,
316.14
]
},
{
"text": "The virus was killing millions of \npeople each year, with outbreaks ",
"timestamp": [
316.14,
320.401
]
},
{
"text": "The virus was killing millions of \npeople each year, with outbreaks ",
"timestamp": [
316.14,
320.401
]
},
{
"text": "happening all over the world and \neven spreading between continents.",
"timestamp": [
320.401,
324.18
]
},
{
"text": "happening all over the world and \neven spreading between continents.",
"timestamp": [
320.401,
324.18
]
},
{
"text": "Eradicating smallpox would mean \nensuring that not a single person ",
"timestamp": [
324.18,
328.62
]
},
{
"text": "Eradicating smallpox would mean \nensuring that not a single person ",
"timestamp": [
324.18,
328.62
]
},
{
"text": "on Earth had the disease so it \ncould never be spread again.",
"timestamp": [
328.62,
332.458
]
},
{
"text": "on Earth had the disease so it \ncould never be spread again.",
"timestamp": [
328.62,
332.458
]
},
{
"text": "So, we got to work.",
"timestamp": [
332.458,
333.9
]
},
{
"text": "So, we got to work.",
"timestamp": [
332.458,
333.9
]
},
{
"text": "And after a couple of attempts, thanks \nto effective interventions in dozens ",
"timestamp": [
333.9,
338.4
]
},
{
"text": "And after a couple of attempts, thanks \nto effective interventions in dozens ",
"timestamp": [
333.9,
338.4
]
},
{
"text": "of countries and mass educational \nand vaccination campaigns, the WHO, ",
"timestamp": [
338.4,
343.562
]
},
{
"text": "of countries and mass educational \nand vaccination campaigns, the WHO, ",
"timestamp": [
338.4,
343.562
]
},
{
"text": "with the help of many public health workers, \nsucceeded. In 1977, the last confirmed case of ",
"timestamp": [
343.562,
350.46
]
},
{
"text": "with the help of many public health workers, \nsucceeded. In 1977, the last confirmed case of ",
"timestamp": [
343.562,
350.46
]
},
{
"text": "naturally-acquired smallpox was identified \nin Somalia–and then, smallpox was gone!",
"timestamp": [
350.46,
355.98
]
},
{
"text": "naturally-acquired smallpox was identified \nin Somalia–and then, smallpox was gone!",
"timestamp": [
350.46,
355.98
]
},
{
"text": "The WHO has led similar global responses \nagainst other communicable diseases, ",
"timestamp": [
355.98,
361.38
]
},
{
"text": "The WHO has led similar global responses \nagainst other communicable diseases, ",
"timestamp": [
355.98,
361.38
]
},
{
"text": "such as in the fight against \nHIV and AIDS, polio, Ebola, ",
"timestamp": [
361.38,
366.18
]
},
{
"text": "such as in the fight against \nHIV and AIDS, polio, Ebola, ",
"timestamp": [
361.38,
366.18
]
},
{
"text": "and COVID-19, though none have been as \nsuccessful as the smallpox campaign.",
"timestamp": [
366.18,
371.64
]
},
{
"text": "and COVID-19, though none have been as \nsuccessful as the smallpox campaign.",
"timestamp": [
366.18,
371.64
]
},
{
"text": "But global health isn’t just about germs \nsneaking across international borders.",
"timestamp": [
371.64,
376.584
]
},
{
"text": "But global health isn’t just about germs \nsneaking across international borders.",
"timestamp": [
371.64,
376.584
]
},
{
"text": "Today, most deaths are actually \ncaused by non-communicable diseases, ",
"timestamp": [
376.584,
381.18
]
},
{
"text": "Today, most deaths are actually \ncaused by non-communicable diseases, ",
"timestamp": [
376.584,
381.18
]
},
{
"text": "also called non-infectious diseases, ",
"timestamp": [
381.18,
383.88
]
},
{
"text": "also called non-infectious diseases, ",
"timestamp": [
381.18,
383.88
]
},
{
"text": "which are diseases that aren’t spread \nthrough things like bacteria or viruses.",
"timestamp": [
383.88,
389.16
]
},
{
"text": "which are diseases that aren’t spread \nthrough things like bacteria or viruses.",
"timestamp": [
383.88,
389.16
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, these diseases are caused by genetic, \nenvironmental, and behavioral factors.",
"timestamp": [
389.16,
395.46
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, these diseases are caused by genetic, \nenvironmental, and behavioral factors.",
"timestamp": [
389.16,
395.46
]
},
{
"text": "This is because, in general, as we’ve gotten \nbetter at decreasing the rate of communicable diseases, ",
"timestamp": [
395.46,
401.49
]
},
{
"text": "This is because, in general, as we’ve gotten \nbetter at decreasing the rate of communicable diseases, ",
"timestamp": [
395.46,
401.49
]
},
{
"text": "non-communicable diseases have come \nto make up a greater proportion of deaths.",
"timestamp": [
401.49,
406.08
]
},
{
"text": "non-communicable diseases have come \nto make up a greater proportion of deaths.",
"timestamp": [
401.49,
406.08
]
},
{
"text": "These are diseases like cancer, heart disease, \nand diabetes. And health experts address them by ",
"timestamp": [
406.08,
412.8
]
},
{
"text": "These are diseases like cancer, heart disease, \nand diabetes. And health experts address them by ",
"timestamp": [
406.08,
412.8
]
},
{
"text": "managing them with medications and reducing risk \nfactors that contribute to their development, ",
"timestamp": [
412.8,
417.42
]
},
{
"text": "managing them with medications and reducing risk \nfactors that contribute to their development, ",
"timestamp": [
412.8,
417.42
]
},
{
"text": "like tobacco use, physical inactivity, \nair pollution, and unhealthy diets.",
"timestamp": [
417.42,
423.12
]
},
{
"text": "like tobacco use, physical inactivity, \nair pollution, and unhealthy diets.",
"timestamp": [
417.42,
423.12
]
},
{
"text": "In 2019, the WHO reported that 7 of the 10 global ",
"timestamp": [
423.12,
428.52
]
},
{
"text": "In 2019, the WHO reported that 7 of the 10 global ",
"timestamp": [
423.12,
428.52
]
},
{
"text": "leading causes of death were \nnon-communicable diseases.",
"timestamp": [
428.52,
431.4
]
},
{
"text": "leading causes of death were \nnon-communicable diseases.",
"timestamp": [
428.52,
431.4
]
},
{
"text": "And together they accounted for 74 \npercent of deaths around the world.",
"timestamp": [
431.4,
437.1
]
},
{
"text": "And together they accounted for 74 \npercent of deaths around the world.",
"timestamp": [
431.4,
437.1
]
},
{
"text": "However, the biggest indicator \nfor whether the leading cause ",
"timestamp": [
437.1,
440.76
]
},
{
"text": "However, the biggest indicator \nfor whether the leading cause ",
"timestamp": [
437.1,
440.76
]
},
{
"text": "of death in a country is communicable or \nnon-communicable, is that country’s income.",
"timestamp": [
440.76,
446.22
]
},
{
"text": "of death in a country is communicable or \nnon-communicable, is that country’s income.",
"timestamp": [
440.76,
446.22
]
},
{
"text": "We see this pattern reflected in countries’ \nburden of disease, which is a measurement that ",
"timestamp": [
446.22,
451.8
]
},
{
"text": "We see this pattern reflected in countries’ \nburden of disease, which is a measurement that ",
"timestamp": [
446.22,
451.8
]
},
{
"text": "reflects the estimated years of life lost from \nearly deaths, injury, and illness from disease.",
"timestamp": [
451.8,
458.52
]
},
{
"text": "reflects the estimated years of life lost from \nearly deaths, injury, and illness from disease.",
"timestamp": [
451.8,
458.52
]
},
{
"text": "In high-income nations, non-communicable diseases ",
"timestamp": [
458.52,
461.94
]
},
{
"text": "In high-income nations, non-communicable diseases ",
"timestamp": [
458.52,
461.94
]
},
{
"text": "generally account for around 80 \npercent of the disease burden.",
"timestamp": [
461.94,
465.66
]
},
{
"text": "generally account for around 80 \npercent of the disease burden.",
"timestamp": [
461.94,
465.66
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, communicable diseases tend \nto make up somewhere around 5 percent ",
"timestamp": [
465.66,
470.4
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, communicable diseases tend \nto make up somewhere around 5 percent ",
"timestamp": [
465.66,
470.4
]
},
{
"text": "of this burden. (That last 15% is made \nup of things like injury and accidents.)",
"timestamp": [
470.4,
475.98
]
},
{
"text": "of this burden. (That last 15% is made \nup of things like injury and accidents.)",
"timestamp": [
470.4,
475.98
]
},
{
"text": "However, the opposite is generally \ntrue of low-income nations, ",
"timestamp": [
475.98,
480.3
]
},
{
"text": "However, the opposite is generally \ntrue of low-income nations, ",
"timestamp": [
475.98,
480.3
]
},
{
"text": "where communicable disease accounts for more \nthan 60 percent of the overall disease burden.",
"timestamp": [
480.3,
486.42
]
},
{
"text": "where communicable disease accounts for more \nthan 60 percent of the overall disease burden.",
"timestamp": [
480.3,
486.42
]
},
{
"text": "And of course, these numbers were \nreported in 2019, before COVID-19.",
"timestamp": [
486.42,
491.7
]
},
{
"text": "And of course, these numbers were \nreported in 2019, before COVID-19.",
"timestamp": [
486.42,
491.7
]
},
{
"text": "And the solution to this problem feels simple, ",
"timestamp": [
491.7,
494.7
]
},
{
"text": "And the solution to this problem feels simple, ",
"timestamp": [
491.7,
494.7
]
},
{
"text": "right? Low-income countries \nneed more, you know, income.",
"timestamp": [
494.7,
499.44
]
},
{
"text": "right? Low-income countries \nneed more, you know, income.",
"timestamp": [
494.7,
499.44
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, if they need resources like \nfood or doctors, other richer countries ",
"timestamp": [
499.44,
504.06
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, if they need resources like \nfood or doctors, other richer countries ",
"timestamp": [
499.44,
504.06
]
},
{
"text": "could step in and provide aid by \nselling food to those countries ",
"timestamp": [
504.06,
508.14
]
},
{
"text": "could step in and provide aid by \nselling food to those countries ",
"timestamp": [
504.06,
508.14
]
},
{
"text": "at a low-cost or sending doctors to \nprovide more affordable healthcare.",
"timestamp": [
508.14,
512.64
]
},
{
"text": "at a low-cost or sending doctors to \nprovide more affordable healthcare.",
"timestamp": [
508.14,
512.64
]
},
{
"text": "Aid dependency is the proportion of a country’s ",
"timestamp": [
512.64,
515.94
]
},
{
"text": "Aid dependency is the proportion of a country’s ",
"timestamp": [
512.64,
515.94
]
},
{
"text": "government spending that is \nprovided by foreign donors.",
"timestamp": [
515.94,
518.88
]
},
{
"text": "government spending that is \nprovided by foreign donors.",
"timestamp": [
515.94,
518.88
]
},
{
"text": "Aid is often a simple, short-term solution to \nwhat turns out to be a much deeper problem.",
"timestamp": [
518.88,
525.48
]
},
{
"text": "Aid is often a simple, short-term solution to \nwhat turns out to be a much deeper problem.",
"timestamp": [
518.88,
525.48
]
},
{
"text": "When we think about foreign aid, \nit’s important to remember that ",
"timestamp": [
525.48,
529.14
]
},
{
"text": "When we think about foreign aid, \nit’s important to remember that ",
"timestamp": [
525.48,
529.14
]
},
{
"text": "high- and low-income nations didn’t \njust pop into the world fully formed.",
"timestamp": [
529.14,
533.88
]
},
{
"text": "high- and low-income nations didn’t \njust pop into the world fully formed.",
"timestamp": [
529.14,
533.88
]
},
{
"text": "They are almost always influenced by other \nglobal, economic, and political forces.",
"timestamp": [
533.88,
539.94
]
},
{
"text": "They are almost always influenced by other \nglobal, economic, and political forces.",
"timestamp": [
533.88,
539.94
]
},
{
"text": "Like, consider Haiti, which in the \n18th century was one of the richest ",
"timestamp": [
539.94,
544.68
]
},
{
"text": "Like, consider Haiti, which in the \n18th century was one of the richest ",
"timestamp": [
539.94,
544.68
]
},
{
"text": "and most productive colonies \nin the world under French rule.",
"timestamp": [
544.68,
548.04
]
},
{
"text": "and most productive colonies \nin the world under French rule.",
"timestamp": [
544.68,
548.04
]
},
{
"text": "But after a successful rebellion against the \nFrench that resulted in its independence in 1804, ",
"timestamp": [
548.04,
553.98
]
},
{
"text": "But after a successful rebellion against the \nFrench that resulted in its independence in 1804, ",
"timestamp": [
548.04,
553.98
]
},
{
"text": "Haiti spent the next 120 years \npaying reparations to France, ",
"timestamp": [
553.98,
559.8
]
},
{
"text": "Haiti spent the next 120 years \npaying reparations to France, ",
"timestamp": [
553.98,
559.8
]
},
{
"text": "which took up as much as 80% of Haiti’s revenue.",
"timestamp": [
559.8,
564.317
]
},
{
"text": "which took up as much as 80% of Haiti’s revenue.",
"timestamp": [
559.8,
564.317
]
},
{
"text": "And in the 20th century, Haiti was subject \nto an almost 20-year U.S. occupation, ",
"timestamp": [
564.317,
569.64
]
},
{
"text": "And in the 20th century, Haiti was subject \nto an almost 20-year U.S. occupation, ",
"timestamp": [
564.317,
569.64
]
},
{
"text": "where things like forced changes to their \nagricultural practices led to further instability.",
"timestamp": [
569.64,
575.52
]
},
{
"text": "where things like forced changes to their \nagricultural practices led to further instability.",
"timestamp": [
569.64,
575.52
]
},
{
"text": "Today, Haiti is one of the poorest \ncountries in the Western hemisphere ",
"timestamp": [
575.52,
580.5
]
},
{
"text": "Today, Haiti is one of the poorest \ncountries in the Western hemisphere ",
"timestamp": [
575.52,
580.5
]
},
{
"text": "with one of the highest rates \nof food insecurity in the world.",
"timestamp": [
580.5,
584.7
]
},
{
"text": "with one of the highest rates \nof food insecurity in the world.",
"timestamp": [
580.5,
584.7
]
},
{
"text": "In Haiti, nearly half the population requires ",
"timestamp": [
584.7,
588.48
]
},
{
"text": "In Haiti, nearly half the population requires ",
"timestamp": [
584.7,
588.48
]
},
{
"text": "food assistance and 1.2 million \npeople suffer from severe hunger.",
"timestamp": [
588.48,
593.64
]
},
{
"text": "food assistance and 1.2 million \npeople suffer from severe hunger.",
"timestamp": [
588.48,
593.64
]
},
{
"text": "But the solution to this food \ncrisis isn’t as simple as we may think.",
"timestamp": [
593.64,
598.322
]
},
{
"text": "But the solution to this food \ncrisis isn’t as simple as we may think.",
"timestamp": [
593.64,
598.322
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
598.322,
599.76
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
598.322,
599.76
]
},
{
"text": "So because of this aforementioned history of \nforeign exploitation, Haiti hasn’t been able ",
"timestamp": [
599.76,
605.7
]
},
{
"text": "So because of this aforementioned history of \nforeign exploitation, Haiti hasn’t been able ",
"timestamp": [
599.76,
605.7
]
},
{
"text": "to sustain the agricultural and financial \nresources necessary to feed its population.",
"timestamp": [
605.7,
611.424
]
},
{
"text": "to sustain the agricultural and financial \nresources necessary to feed its population.",
"timestamp": [
605.7,
611.424
]
},
{
"text": "So, Haiti relies on aid from other, \nricher countries, like the U.S.",
"timestamp": [
611.424,
615.618
]
},
{
"text": "So, Haiti relies on aid from other, \nricher countries, like the U.S.",
"timestamp": [
611.424,
615.618
]
},
{
"text": "Today, over 80 percent of rice and nearly half of \nall the food consumed in Haiti is imported.",
"timestamp": [
615.618,
622.32
]
},
{
"text": "Today, over 80 percent of rice and nearly half of \nall the food consumed in Haiti is imported.",
"timestamp": [
615.618,
622.32
]
},
{
"text": "In an attempt to make this food affordable, ",
"timestamp": [
622.32,
624.48
]
},
{
"text": "In an attempt to make this food affordable, ",
"timestamp": [
622.32,
624.48
]
},
{
"text": "the countries exporting it often \nsell it below standard market price.",
"timestamp": [
624.48,
628.68
]
},
{
"text": "the countries exporting it often \nsell it below standard market price.",
"timestamp": [
624.48,
628.68
]
},
{
"text": "However, as a result, local Haitian \nfarmers often can’t compete with the ",
"timestamp": [
628.68,
633.548
]
},
{
"text": "However, as a result, local Haitian \nfarmers often can’t compete with the ",
"timestamp": [
628.68,
633.548
]
},
{
"text": "price of this cheaper imported food, which \ncan eventually put them out of business.",
"timestamp": [
633.548,
638.4
]
},
{
"text": "price of this cheaper imported food, which \ncan eventually put them out of business.",
"timestamp": [
633.548,
638.4
]
},
{
"text": "Suddenly, Haiti has even less home-grown \nfood, and so is even more dependent on aid.",
"timestamp": [
638.4,
645.48
]
},
{
"text": "Suddenly, Haiti has even less home-grown \nfood, and so is even more dependent on aid.",
"timestamp": [
638.4,
645.48
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, the deeper challenges underlying \nHaiti’s widespread food insecurity persist, ",
"timestamp": [
645.48,
650.94
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, the deeper challenges underlying \nHaiti’s widespread food insecurity persist, ",
"timestamp": [
645.48,
650.94
]
},
{
"text": "like lack of jobs, poor education, \nand ineffective trade policies.",
"timestamp": [
650.94,
655.8
]
},
{
"text": "like lack of jobs, poor education, \nand ineffective trade policies.",
"timestamp": [
650.94,
655.8
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, they might have even gotten worse, \nsince the need for a self-sufficient food ",
"timestamp": [
655.8,
660.768
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, they might have even gotten worse, \nsince the need for a self-sufficient food ",
"timestamp": [
655.8,
660.768
]
},
{
"text": "system has declined, disguising the \nextent of those deeper problems.",
"timestamp": [
660.768,
665.64
]
},
{
"text": "system has declined, disguising the \nextent of those deeper problems.",
"timestamp": [
660.768,
665.64
]
},
{
"text": "This is why in 2010 the Haitian government \ncalled for an end to international food aid.",
"timestamp": [
665.64,
671.94
]
},
{
"text": "This is why in 2010 the Haitian government \ncalled for an end to international food aid.",
"timestamp": [
665.64,
671.94
]
},
{
"text": "Instead of providing food aid, \ninternational institutions can ",
"timestamp": [
671.94,
675.78
]
},
{
"text": "Instead of providing food aid, \ninternational institutions can ",
"timestamp": [
671.94,
675.78
]
},
{
"text": "help to develop the infrastructure \nand workforce necessary for Haitians ",
"timestamp": [
675.78,
679.402
]
},
{
"text": "help to develop the infrastructure \nand workforce necessary for Haitians ",
"timestamp": [
675.78,
679.402
]
},
{
"text": "to achieve sustainable long-term economic growth.",
"timestamp": [
679.402,
682.86
]
},
{
"text": "to achieve sustainable long-term economic growth.",
"timestamp": [
679.402,
682.86
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the World Food Programme \nhas done this by buying local foods from ",
"timestamp": [
682.86,
686.975
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the World Food Programme \nhas done this by buying local foods from ",
"timestamp": [
682.86,
686.975
]
},
{
"text": "Haitian farmers at market price to revitalize the \nagricultural sector and tackle food insecurity.",
"timestamp": [
686.975,
693.96
]
},
{
"text": "Haitian farmers at market price to revitalize the \nagricultural sector and tackle food insecurity.",
"timestamp": [
686.975,
693.96
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. So \nHaiti has a food problem.",
"timestamp": [
693.96,
697.98
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble. So \nHaiti has a food problem.",
"timestamp": [
693.96,
697.98
]
},
{
"text": "But at a deeper level, it has a system problem, ",
"timestamp": [
697.98,
701.76
]
},
{
"text": "But at a deeper level, it has a system problem, ",
"timestamp": [
697.98,
701.76
]
},
{
"text": "because it’s struggling to escape the \nsystemic injustices of its history.",
"timestamp": [
701.76,
706.923
]
},
{
"text": "because it’s struggling to escape the \nsystemic injustices of its history.",
"timestamp": [
701.76,
706.923
]
},
{
"text": "Acts of global aid response must simultaneously \nbalance short-term needs, like hunger, ",
"timestamp": [
706.923,
712.5
]
},
{
"text": "Acts of global aid response must simultaneously \nbalance short-term needs, like hunger, ",
"timestamp": [
706.923,
712.5
]
},
{
"text": "with longer-term considerations, \nlike becoming truly food independent.",
"timestamp": [
712.5,
717.54
]
},
{
"text": "with longer-term considerations, \nlike becoming truly food independent.",
"timestamp": [
712.5,
717.54
]
},
{
"text": "When we think about global health, ",
"timestamp": [
717.54,
719.52
]
},
{
"text": "When we think about global health, ",
"timestamp": [
717.54,
719.52
]
},
{
"text": "there can be a tendency to think about it \nas something that happens somewhere else.",
"timestamp": [
719.52,
724.2
]
},
{
"text": "there can be a tendency to think about it \nas something that happens somewhere else.",
"timestamp": [
719.52,
724.2
]
},
{
"text": "But this is flawed thinking for a few reasons. \nLike, as we saw in the COVID-19 pandemic, ",
"timestamp": [
724.2,
730.56
]
},
{
"text": "But this is flawed thinking for a few reasons. \nLike, as we saw in the COVID-19 pandemic, ",
"timestamp": [
724.2,
730.56
]
},
{
"text": "an “over there” problem can very \neasily become a “right here” problem.",
"timestamp": [
730.56,
735.78
]
},
{
"text": "an “over there” problem can very \neasily become a “right here” problem.",
"timestamp": [
730.56,
735.78
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s also another, deeper sense in \nwhich this mindset doesn’t quite hold up.",
"timestamp": [
735.78,
740.918
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s also another, deeper sense in \nwhich this mindset doesn’t quite hold up.",
"timestamp": [
735.78,
740.918
]
},
{
"text": "Across the world, there are health issues \nthat we have proven to be pretty bad at ",
"timestamp": [
740.918,
745.341
]
},
{
"text": "Across the world, there are health issues \nthat we have proven to be pretty bad at ",
"timestamp": [
740.918,
745.341
]
},
{
"text": "addressing no matter where we \nare or how much money we have.",
"timestamp": [
745.341,
749.22
]
},
{
"text": "addressing no matter where we \nare or how much money we have.",
"timestamp": [
745.341,
749.22
]
},
{
"text": "This is the case with mental health. Using \nWHO data from 2005, researchers estimated ",
"timestamp": [
749.22,
756.78
]
},
{
"text": "This is the case with mental health. Using \nWHO data from 2005, researchers estimated ",
"timestamp": [
749.22,
756.78
]
},
{
"text": "that mental health accounts for as much as \n14 percent of the global burden of disease.",
"timestamp": [
756.78,
762.48
]
},
{
"text": "that mental health accounts for as much as \n14 percent of the global burden of disease.",
"timestamp": [
756.78,
762.48
]
},
{
"text": "And yet, across the world, mental health care receives much less attention than other forms of health care.",
"timestamp": [
762.48,
769.538
]
},
{
"text": "And yet, across the world, mental health care receives much less attention than other forms of health care.",
"timestamp": [
762.48,
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},
{
"text": "In fact, an analysis of funding across 10 \nyears found that health care development funds ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "In fact, an analysis of funding across 10 \nyears found that health care development funds ",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "dedicated to mental health accounted for just \n0.3 percent of all global healthcare spending.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "dedicated to mental health accounted for just \n0.3 percent of all global healthcare spending.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Another area in which we have \ncollectively and consistently ",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "Another area in which we have \ncollectively and consistently ",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "dropped the global health ball is maternal health.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "dropped the global health ball is maternal health.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "The WHO estimated that in 2017, over 800 women \ndied every day from preventable causes related ",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "The WHO estimated that in 2017, over 800 women \ndied every day from preventable causes related ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "to pregnancy, mainly due to a lack of quality care \nduring pregnancy, and during and after childbirth.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "to pregnancy, mainly due to a lack of quality care \nduring pregnancy, and during and after childbirth.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "And while as of 2019 ninety-four percent of these ",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "And while as of 2019 ninety-four percent of these ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "deaths occurred in low income \nand low resource countries, ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "deaths occurred in low income \nand low resource countries, ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "rich countries like the United States continue \nto see large variations in maternal health.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "rich countries like the United States continue \nto see large variations in maternal health.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "When it comes to addressing health at a worldwide \nlevel, we must look to global cooperation.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "When it comes to addressing health at a worldwide \nlevel, we must look to global cooperation.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "One way we have of doing this \nis with disease surveillance, ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "One way we have of doing this \nis with disease surveillance, ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "or the systematic process of gathering, analyzing, ",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "or the systematic process of gathering, analyzing, ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "and interpreting health data, and then \nmaking that data accessible to everyone.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "and interpreting health data, and then \nmaking that data accessible to everyone.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "It also means having compassionate, honest, \nand culturally sensitive conversations.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "It also means having compassionate, honest, \nand culturally sensitive conversations.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "And it means following up on those \nconversations with actions to address ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "And it means following up on those \nconversations with actions to address ",
"timestamp": [
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846.3
]
},
{
"text": "the root causes of poverty and injustice \nthat lead to health inequities in disease ",
"timestamp": [
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852.3
]
},
{
"text": "the root causes of poverty and injustice \nthat lead to health inequities in disease ",
"timestamp": [
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852.3
]
},
{
"text": "distribution and access to life saving \nresources like vaccines and medications.",
"timestamp": [
852.3,
858.12
]
},
{
"text": "distribution and access to life saving \nresources like vaccines and medications.",
"timestamp": [
852.3,
858.12
]
},
{
"text": "As a species, we’re still figuring \nout what it means to share a planet ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "As a species, we’re still figuring \nout what it means to share a planet ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "and share the responsibility for \ntaking care of one another’s health.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "and share the responsibility for \ntaking care of one another’s health.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "The field of public health is constantly \ngrappling with an important ethical question: ",
"timestamp": [
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873.09
]
},
{
"text": "The field of public health is constantly \ngrappling with an important ethical question: ",
"timestamp": [
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873.09
]
},
{
"text": "Who do we mean when we say “we”? Our \nneighborhood? Our country? The whole world?",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Who do we mean when we say “we”? Our \nneighborhood? Our country? The whole world?",
"timestamp": [
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880.703
]
},
{
"text": "When we start thinking about our health \nas a shared and global phenomenon, ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "When we start thinking about our health \nas a shared and global phenomenon, ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "we come a bit closer to finding the answer.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "we come a bit closer to finding the answer.",
"timestamp": [
885.48,
889.55
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
889.55,
892.92
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
889.55,
892.92
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
892.92,
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]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
892.92,
897.48
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
897.48,
902.76
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
897.48,
902.76
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a \nseries created by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
902.76,
908.04
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a \nseries created by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
902.76,
908.04
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, ",
"timestamp": [
908.04,
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]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, ",
"timestamp": [
908.04,
912.84
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of \nall these wonderful people.",
"timestamp": [
912.84,
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]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of \nall these wonderful people.",
"timestamp": [
912.84,
917.1
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for ",
"timestamp": [
917.1,
919.98
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for ",
"timestamp": [
917.1,
919.98
]
},
{
"text": "everyone forever please consider joining \nour community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
919.98,
924.54
]
},
{
"text": "everyone forever please consider joining \nour community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
919.98,
924.54
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction to Global Health",
"Humans across the globe have become very \ninterconnected–and so has our health.No matter how we try to slice \nand dice up our planet with political and geographical boundaries, \nhealth remains a species-wide concern.In some cases, our health has blurred \nthese boundaries. And in other ways, human health has been decided by them.But with over 7 billion people living in about \n200 different countries across the planet, global health can be … complicated. \nChallenging. Even surprising.Like, it turns out that the communicable \ndiseases we often think of as the biggest killers–like malaria or the flu–actually aren’t \nthe leading causes of death in most places.So then…what is? And, how do entire countries \nprovide care for each other? And what if a country doesn’t want help from other countries? And what \nif the “help” actually harms other countries?Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this \nis Crash Course Public Health!INTROSo one sort of obvious problem with the term “global health” is that it can \nfeel very big and unspecific.And this is partly because it needs to be! \nAfter all, we’re talking about a whole planet!In general, we can think of global health \nas a public health approach that puts emphasis on improving health for everyone \nin the world, while eliminating the health equity gaps that result from things \nlike nationality, income, and gender.How successful is it at accomplishing \nthose goals? Well…it depends. We’ll get to that.But first, a little historical context.The question of when human health became a \nglobal phenomenon is really up for debate.Like, did it begin during the industrial \nrevolution of the 18th century when theworld saw huge spikes in international trade and \ndevelopment? Or was it back in the 13th century, when Genghis Khan conquered around 9 million \nsquare miles of territory? Or, like, was it at the dawn of the human species, when our early \nancestors began their migration out of Africa?"
],
[
"The WHO",
"These are all good answers to the question. \nBut let’s fast forward to April 1948, with the establishment of the World \nHealth Organization, or the W-H-O.By this point, human civilization \nwas indisputably a very global phenomenon– as made evident by the fact that \nwe’d just come out of our second World War.So, the United Nations formed the WHO, a special agency dedicated to monitoring \nand improving the world’s health.The WHO’s Constitution declared that \nthe organization’s objective“shall be the attainment by all peoples of the \nhighest possible level of health. ”This was one of the first global movements that basically established health as \nan international human right.Which feels like it should’ve been obvious from \nthe start, but I guess we needed it in writing?The WHO is basically in charge of making a \nvision board for the entire planet’s health.It sets international standards for health, collects and analyzes data from around \nthe world, monitors concerning new and old diseases, and helps coordinate emergency \nresponses and research between countries."
],
[
"Communicable Disease",
"When the WHO was formed, the leading cause of \nglobal human death was communicable diseases.These are diseases that are \nspread–or “communicated,” as it were–from one living thing \nto another through pathogens.These are things like bacteria and viruses that are spread through respiratory \ndroplets, blood, saliva, and such.A pathogen knows but two laws: reproduce \nin an organism and spread to new ones.It doesn’t notice or care when it \ncrosses the border from Egypt to Libya, or when it hitches a ride on a \nredeye flight from Boston to Berlin.And as people became better at moving \naround resources and–well–themselves, they also got better at \nmoving these pathogens around.Whether it was trade facilitated along the Silk \nRoad, or that spring break trip to Disney World, people have gotten really good at building germy \nsuperhighways of trade, travel, and tourism.Without a globally coordinated response, \neliminating a disease across the face of the planet is a bit like playing a game of \nwhack-a-mole, with a disease being squashed in one part of the world, only for it to pop up in \nanother part…and another part…and another part.One particularly dangerous \ncommunicable disease was smallpox. Scientists have found smallpox-like \nrashes on Egyptian mummies, suggesting that humans have been dealing with \nsome form of smallpox for over 3,000 years.And in the 20th century, smallpox \nwas still a major threat.Historically, experts estimate \nthat smallpox killed more than 300 million people since 1900 alone.So in 1959, the WHO added a bold new mission \nto its vision board: eradicate smallpox.The virus was killing millions of \npeople each year, with outbreaks happening all over the world and \neven spreading between continents.Eradicating smallpox would mean \nensuring that not a single person on Earth had the disease so it \ncould never be spread again.So, we got to work.And after a couple of attempts, thanks \nto effective interventions in dozens of countries and mass educational \nand vaccination campaigns, the WHO, with the help of many public health workers, \nsucceeded. In 1977, the last confirmed case of naturally-acquired smallpox was identified \nin Somalia–and then, smallpox was gone!The WHO has led similar global responses \nagainst other communicable diseases, such as in the fight against \nHIV and AIDS, polio, Ebola, and COVID-19, though none have been as \nsuccessful as the smallpox campaign."
],
[
"Non-communicable Disease",
"But global health isn’t just about germs \nsneaking across international borders.Today, most deaths are actually \ncaused by non-communicable diseases, also called non-infectious diseases, which are diseases that aren’t spread \nthrough things like bacteria or viruses.Instead, these diseases are caused by genetic, \nenvironmental, and behavioral factors.This is because, in general, as we’ve gotten \nbetter at decreasing the rate of communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases have come \nto make up a greater proportion of deaths.These are diseases like cancer, heart disease, \nand diabetes. And health experts address them by managing them with medications and reducing risk \nfactors that contribute to their development, like tobacco use, physical inactivity, \nair pollution, and unhealthy diets.In 2019, the WHO reported that 7 of the 10 global leading causes of death were \nnon-communicable diseases.And together they accounted for 74 \npercent of deaths around the world.However, the biggest indicator \nfor whether the leading cause of death in a country is communicable or \nnon-communicable, is that country’s income.We see this pattern reflected in countries’ \nburden of disease, which is a measurement that reflects the estimated years of life lost from \nearly deaths, injury, and illness from disease.In high-income nations, non-communicable diseases generally account for around 80 \npercent of the disease burden.Meanwhile, communicable diseases tend \nto make up somewhere around 5 percent of this burden. (That last 15% is made \nup of things like injury and accidents.)However, the opposite is generally \ntrue of low-income nations, where communicable disease accounts for more \nthan 60 percent of the overall disease burden.And of course, these numbers were \nreported in 2019, before COVID-19.And the solution to this problem feels simple, right? Low-income countries \nneed more, you know, income.Similarly, if they need resources like \nfood or doctors, other richer countries could step in and provide aid by \nselling food to those countries at a low-cost or sending doctors to \nprovide more affordable healthcare.Aid dependency is the proportion of a country’s "
],
[
"Foreign Aid",
"government spending that is \nprovided by foreign donors.Aid is often a simple, short-term solution to \nwhat turns out to be a much deeper problem.When we think about foreign aid, \nit’s important to remember that high- and low-income nations didn’t \njust pop into the world fully formed.They are almost always influenced by other \nglobal, economic, and political forces.Like, consider Haiti, which in the \n18th century was one of the richest and most productive colonies \nin the world under French rule.But after a successful rebellion against the \nFrench that resulted in its independence in 1804, Haiti spent the next 120 years \npaying reparations to France, which took up as much as 80% of Haiti’s revenue.And in the 20th century, Haiti was subject \nto an almost 20-year U.S. occupation, where things like forced changes to their \nagricultural practices led to further instability.Today, Haiti is one of the poorest \ncountries in the Western hemisphere with one of the highest rates \nof food insecurity in the world.In Haiti, nearly half the population requires food assistance and 1.2 million \npeople suffer from severe hunger.But the solution to this food \ncrisis isn’t as simple as we may think.Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.So because of this aforementioned history of \nforeign exploitation, Haiti hasn’t been able to sustain the agricultural and financial \nresources necessary to feed its population.So, Haiti relies on aid from other, \nricher countries, like the U.S.Today, over 80 percent of rice and nearly half of \nall the food consumed in Haiti is imported.In an attempt to make this food affordable, the countries exporting it often \nsell it below standard market price.However, as a result, local Haitian \nfarmers often can’t compete with the price of this cheaper imported food, which \ncan eventually put them out of business.Suddenly, Haiti has even less home-grown \nfood, and so is even more dependent on aid.Meanwhile, the deeper challenges underlying \nHaiti’s widespread food insecurity persist, like lack of jobs, poor education, \nand ineffective trade policies.In fact, they might have even gotten worse, \nsince the need for a self-sufficient food system has declined, disguising the \nextent of those deeper problems.This is why in 2010 the Haitian government \ncalled for an end to international food aid.Instead of providing food aid, \ninternational institutions can help to develop the infrastructure \nand workforce necessary for Haitians to achieve sustainable long-term economic growth.For example, the World Food Programme \nhas done this by buying local foods from Haitian farmers at market price to revitalize the \nagricultural sector and tackle food insecurity.Thanks, Thought Bubble. So \nHaiti has a food problem.But at a deeper level, it has a system problem, because it’s struggling to escape the \nsystemic injustices of its history.Acts of global aid response must simultaneously \nbalance short-term needs, like hunger, with longer-term considerations, \nlike becoming truly food independent."
],
[
"Economic Inequality",
"When we think about global health, there can be a tendency to think about it \nas something that happens somewhere else.But this is flawed thinking for a few reasons. \nLike, as we saw in the COVID-19 pandemic, an “over there” problem can very \neasily become a “right here” problem.But there’s also another, deeper sense in \nwhich this mindset doesn’t quite hold up.Across the world, there are health issues \nthat we have proven to be pretty bad at addressing no matter where we \nare or how much money we have.This is the case with mental health. Using \nWHO data from 2005, researchers estimated that mental health accounts for as much as \n14 percent of the global burden of disease.And yet, across the world, mental health care receives much less attention than other forms of health care.In fact, an analysis of funding across 10 \nyears found that health care development funds dedicated to mental health accounted for just \n0.3 percent of all global healthcare spending.Another area in which we have \ncollectively and consistently dropped the global health ball is maternal health.The WHO estimated that in 2017, over 800 women \ndied every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy, mainly due to a lack of quality care \nduring pregnancy, and during and after childbirth.And while as of 2019 ninety-four percent of these deaths occurred in low income \nand low resource countries, rich countries like the United States continue \nto see large variations in maternal health.When it comes to addressing health at a worldwide \nlevel, we must look to global cooperation.One way we have of doing this \nis with disease surveillance, or the systematic process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting health data, and then \nmaking that data accessible to everyone.It also means having compassionate, honest, \nand culturally sensitive conversations.And it means following up on those \nconversations with actions to address the root causes of poverty and injustice \nthat lead to health inequities in disease distribution and access to life saving \nresources like vaccines and medications."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"As a species, we’re still figuring \nout what it means to share a planet and share the responsibility for \ntaking care of one another’s health.The field of public health is constantly \ngrappling with an important ethical question: Who do we mean when we say “we”? Our \nneighborhood? Our country? The whole world?When we start thinking about our health \nas a shared and global phenomenon, we come a bit closer to finding the answer.Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association.If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel to watch “That’s Public Health” a \nseries created by APHA and Complexly.Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, and made with the help of \nall these wonderful people.If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever please consider joining \nour community of supporters on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How Laws Affect Your Health: Crash Course Public Health #8
|
Z08sh4PN8Lc
| 832 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Seat Belts & Your Health",
"end_time": 141
},
{
"start_time": 141,
"title": "Understanding Health & Policy",
"end_time": 280
},
{
"start_time": 280,
"title": "Vaccination Policies",
"end_time": 402
},
{
"start_time": 402,
"title": "How Policies Save Lives",
"end_time": 601
},
{
"start_time": 601,
"title": "Who Makes Health Policy?",
"end_time": 753
},
{
"start_time": 753,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 832
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Beginning in the 1950s, American orthopedic\nsurgeon and noted sports car fanatic Dr. John States",
"timestamp": [
0.14,
6.442
]
},
{
"text": "Beginning in the 1950s, American orthopedic\nsurgeon and noted sports car fanatic Dr. John States",
"timestamp": [
0.14,
6.442
]
},
{
"text": "was working as a physician at the Watkins\nGlen International Speedway in New York state.",
"timestamp": [
6.442,
11.9
]
},
{
"text": "was working as a physician at the Watkins\nGlen International Speedway in New York state.",
"timestamp": [
6.442,
11.9
]
},
{
"text": "While working the job, Dr. States witnessed\ncountless high-speed crashes.",
"timestamp": [
11.9,
16.803
]
},
{
"text": "While working the job, Dr. States witnessed\ncountless high-speed crashes.",
"timestamp": [
11.9,
16.803
]
},
{
"text": "But he noticed that even though the racecars\nwere going much faster than cars on the highway,",
"timestamp": [
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21.789
]
},
{
"text": "But he noticed that even though the racecars\nwere going much faster than cars on the highway,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "the drivers were actually more likely to walk\naway from crashes without serious injury",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "the drivers were actually more likely to walk\naway from crashes without serious injury",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "compared to drivers on the open road.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "compared to drivers on the open road.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Dr. States credited this to safety precautions\nlike seatbelts and helmets.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Dr. States credited this to safety precautions\nlike seatbelts and helmets.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Back then, there were few safe driving laws\nin place,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Back then, there were few safe driving laws\nin place,",
"timestamp": [
34.394,
37.457
]
},
{
"text": "and driving-related deaths and injuries \nin the U.S. were skyrocketing.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "and driving-related deaths and injuries \nin the U.S. were skyrocketing.",
"timestamp": [
37.457,
42.127
]
},
{
"text": "Most cars didn’t even come with seat belts!",
"timestamp": [
42.127,
44.71
]
},
{
"text": "Most cars didn’t even come with seat belts!",
"timestamp": [
42.127,
44.71
]
},
{
"text": "Dr. States knew that a change was needed.",
"timestamp": [
44.71,
48.244
]
},
{
"text": "Dr. States knew that a change was needed.",
"timestamp": [
44.71,
48.244
]
},
{
"text": "Over the next several decades, he conducted\nresearch on severe crashes,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Over the next several decades, he conducted\nresearch on severe crashes,",
"timestamp": [
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52.641
]
},
{
"text": "and even designed and patented his very own seatbelt.",
"timestamp": [
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56.25
]
},
{
"text": "and even designed and patented his very own seatbelt.",
"timestamp": [
52.641,
56.25
]
},
{
"text": "He became one of the country’s leading \nadvocates of seatbelts",
"timestamp": [
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60.248
]
},
{
"text": "He became one of the country’s leading \nadvocates of seatbelts",
"timestamp": [
56.25,
60.248
]
},
{
"text": "and challenged policymakers in New York \nto improve automotive safety.",
"timestamp": [
60.248,
64.83
]
},
{
"text": "and challenged policymakers in New York \nto improve automotive safety.",
"timestamp": [
60.248,
64.83
]
},
{
"text": "Finally, in 1984, New York became the first\nU.S. state to mandate the use of seat belts–",
"timestamp": [
64.83,
71.399
]
},
{
"text": "Finally, in 1984, New York became the first\nU.S. state to mandate the use of seat belts–",
"timestamp": [
64.83,
71.399
]
},
{
"text": "thanks largely to Dr. States’ decades of work.",
"timestamp": [
71.399,
75.301
]
},
{
"text": "thanks largely to Dr. States’ decades of work.",
"timestamp": [
71.399,
75.301
]
},
{
"text": "Today, 49 states have adopted similar seat\nbelt laws, and seat belt use has continued",
"timestamp": [
75.301,
80.85
]
},
{
"text": "Today, 49 states have adopted similar seat\nbelt laws, and seat belt use has continued",
"timestamp": [
75.301,
80.85
]
},
{
"text": "to grow–from 11% in 1981 to around 90% in\n2020, saving almost 15,000 lives in 2017 alone,",
"timestamp": [
80.85,
91.42
]
},
{
"text": "to grow–from 11% in 1981 to around 90% in\n2020, saving almost 15,000 lives in 2017 alone,",
"timestamp": [
80.85,
91.42
]
},
{
"text": "while cutting the risk of serious \ninjury by 50%.",
"timestamp": [
91.42,
95.07
]
},
{
"text": "while cutting the risk of serious \ninjury by 50%.",
"timestamp": [
91.42,
95.07
]
},
{
"text": "Looking back, we might call this an almost\nperfect, fairytale-ending to a story about",
"timestamp": [
95.07,
100.14
]
},
{
"text": "Looking back, we might call this an almost\nperfect, fairytale-ending to a story about",
"timestamp": [
95.07,
100.14
]
},
{
"text": "how public health and policy can come together\nto improve and save lives.",
"timestamp": [
100.14,
104.659
]
},
{
"text": "how public health and policy can come together\nto improve and save lives.",
"timestamp": [
100.14,
104.659
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not always so simple in the moment.",
"timestamp": [
104.659,
107.745
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s not always so simple in the moment.",
"timestamp": [
104.659,
107.745
]
},
{
"text": "If you’ve been paying attention since about\n2020, you’re no doubt familiar with the",
"timestamp": [
107.745,
112.67
]
},
{
"text": "If you’ve been paying attention since about\n2020, you’re no doubt familiar with the",
"timestamp": [
107.745,
112.67
]
},
{
"text": "tension that can come with crafting health\npolicy.",
"timestamp": [
112.67,
116.042
]
},
{
"text": "tension that can come with crafting health\npolicy.",
"timestamp": [
112.67,
116.042
]
},
{
"text": "When public health crises arise, the people\nwho make policies can often find themselves",
"timestamp": [
116.042,
121.32
]
},
{
"text": "When public health crises arise, the people\nwho make policies can often find themselves",
"timestamp": [
116.042,
121.32
]
},
{
"text": "in the difficult position of having to balance\nsome people’s freedom to do what they want",
"timestamp": [
121.32,
126.369
]
},
{
"text": "in the difficult position of having to balance\nsome people’s freedom to do what they want",
"timestamp": [
121.32,
126.369
]
},
{
"text": "with other people’s right to be healthy.",
"timestamp": [
126.369,
128.8
]
},
{
"text": "with other people’s right to be healthy.",
"timestamp": [
126.369,
128.8
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash\nCourse Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
128.8,
132.751
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash\nCourse Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
128.8,
132.751
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
132.751,
141.899
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
132.751,
141.899
]
},
{
"text": "When we talk about health and policy, we’re\ntalking about policies that change human behaviors",
"timestamp": [
141.899,
147.43
]
},
{
"text": "When we talk about health and policy, we’re\ntalking about policies that change human behaviors",
"timestamp": [
141.899,
147.43
]
},
{
"text": "or their environments to improve overall health\nand wellbeing.",
"timestamp": [
147.43,
151.239
]
},
{
"text": "or their environments to improve overall health\nand wellbeing.",
"timestamp": [
147.43,
151.239
]
},
{
"text": "That’s health policy.",
"timestamp": [
151.239,
153.3
]
},
{
"text": "That’s health policy.",
"timestamp": [
151.239,
153.3
]
},
{
"text": "It sounds simple enough, but sometimes it\ncan get complicated.",
"timestamp": [
153.3,
157.06
]
},
{
"text": "It sounds simple enough, but sometimes it\ncan get complicated.",
"timestamp": [
153.3,
157.06
]
},
{
"text": "Like, consider the issue of smoking in indoor\npublic settings.",
"timestamp": [
157.06,
161.76
]
},
{
"text": "Like, consider the issue of smoking in indoor\npublic settings.",
"timestamp": [
157.06,
161.76
]
},
{
"text": "This impacts the health of the smoker, but\nalso the health of the non-smoking people",
"timestamp": [
161.76,
166.3
]
},
{
"text": "This impacts the health of the smoker, but\nalso the health of the non-smoking people",
"timestamp": [
161.76,
166.3
]
},
{
"text": "around them, because they can wind up inhaling\nthe same potentially harmful chemicals that",
"timestamp": [
166.3,
171.44
]
},
{
"text": "around them, because they can wind up inhaling\nthe same potentially harmful chemicals that",
"timestamp": [
166.3,
171.44
]
},
{
"text": "that smoker is inhaling voluntarily.",
"timestamp": [
171.44,
174.198
]
},
{
"text": "that smoker is inhaling voluntarily.",
"timestamp": [
171.44,
174.198
]
},
{
"text": "Governments have struggled for a long time\nwith how to tackle this issue,",
"timestamp": [
174.198,
178.22
]
},
{
"text": "Governments have struggled for a long time\nwith how to tackle this issue,",
"timestamp": [
174.198,
178.22
]
},
{
"text": "but it wasn’t until 2004 that Ireland became the first\ncountry in the world",
"timestamp": [
178.22,
182.94
]
},
{
"text": "but it wasn’t until 2004 that Ireland became the first\ncountry in the world",
"timestamp": [
178.22,
182.94
]
},
{
"text": "to ban smoking in all indoor workplaces.",
"timestamp": [
182.94,
186.109
]
},
{
"text": "to ban smoking in all indoor workplaces.",
"timestamp": [
182.94,
186.109
]
},
{
"text": "These smoking bans, as well as seat belt laws\nlike the ones recommended by Dr. States, are",
"timestamp": [
186.109,
191.239
]
},
{
"text": "These smoking bans, as well as seat belt laws\nlike the ones recommended by Dr. States, are",
"timestamp": [
186.109,
191.239
]
},
{
"text": "an example of a mandate, or a legal order\nthat tells people or companies how to act.",
"timestamp": [
191.239,
197.219
]
},
{
"text": "an example of a mandate, or a legal order\nthat tells people or companies how to act.",
"timestamp": [
191.239,
197.219
]
},
{
"text": "Again, assuming that you’re living in a\nworld that was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic,",
"timestamp": [
197.219,
201.86
]
},
{
"text": "Again, assuming that you’re living in a\nworld that was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic,",
"timestamp": [
197.219,
201.86
]
},
{
"text": "the idea of a mandate may be familiar to you.",
"timestamp": [
201.86,
205.83
]
},
{
"text": "the idea of a mandate may be familiar to you.",
"timestamp": [
201.86,
205.83
]
},
{
"text": "But policies don’t–and often can’t–just\ntell people to be healthier.",
"timestamp": [
205.83,
210.87
]
},
{
"text": "But policies don’t–and often can’t–just\ntell people to be healthier.",
"timestamp": [
205.83,
210.87
]
},
{
"text": "So, policymakers need a few different tools\nin their health policy toolbox.",
"timestamp": [
210.87,
216.47
]
},
{
"text": "So, policymakers need a few different tools\nin their health policy toolbox.",
"timestamp": [
210.87,
216.47
]
},
{
"text": "Some of these tools are policies that aim\nto educate people.",
"timestamp": [
216.47,
220.159
]
},
{
"text": "Some of these tools are policies that aim\nto educate people.",
"timestamp": [
216.47,
220.159
]
},
{
"text": "Take healthy eating, for instance.",
"timestamp": [
220.159,
222.26
]
},
{
"text": "Take healthy eating, for instance.",
"timestamp": [
220.159,
222.26
]
},
{
"text": "There’s no all-knowing frozen-pizza-bagel\npolice who are going to come knocking ",
"timestamp": [
222.26,
227.193
]
},
{
"text": "There’s no all-knowing frozen-pizza-bagel\npolice who are going to come knocking ",
"timestamp": [
222.26,
227.193
]
},
{
"text": "if we’ve had one pizza bagel too many.",
"timestamp": [
227.193,
230.3
]
},
{
"text": "if we’ve had one pizza bagel too many.",
"timestamp": [
227.193,
230.3
]
},
{
"text": "Which today, as a non-American, I learned\nis actually just a bagel with pizza toppings on it.",
"timestamp": [
230.3,
236.543
]
},
{
"text": "Which today, as a non-American, I learned\nis actually just a bagel with pizza toppings on it.",
"timestamp": [
230.3,
236.543
]
},
{
"text": "But flip that pizza bagel box over and we\nsee a list of nutrition facts that are there",
"timestamp": [
236.543,
240.97
]
},
{
"text": "But flip that pizza bagel box over and we\nsee a list of nutrition facts that are there",
"timestamp": [
236.543,
240.97
]
},
{
"text": "to remind us exactly what we are–and aren’t–putting\ninto our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
240.97,
246.069
]
},
{
"text": "to remind us exactly what we are–and aren’t–putting\ninto our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
240.97,
246.069
]
},
{
"text": "In the U.S., those nutrition facts are there\nbecause of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act,",
"timestamp": [
246.069,
252.051
]
},
{
"text": "In the U.S., those nutrition facts are there\nbecause of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act,",
"timestamp": [
246.069,
252.051
]
},
{
"text": "which was signed in 1990 and basically\nsays that people have a right to know",
"timestamp": [
252.051,
256.199
]
},
{
"text": "which was signed in 1990 and basically\nsays that people have a right to know",
"timestamp": [
252.051,
256.199
]
},
{
"text": "what they’re putting into their bodies.",
"timestamp": [
256.199,
258.539
]
},
{
"text": "what they’re putting into their bodies.",
"timestamp": [
256.199,
258.539
]
},
{
"text": "This is why even the most eye-catching, mouth-watering,\nstomach-grumbling food packaging out there",
"timestamp": [
258.539,
264.64
]
},
{
"text": "This is why even the most eye-catching, mouth-watering,\nstomach-grumbling food packaging out there",
"timestamp": [
258.539,
264.64
]
},
{
"text": "still needs to clearly feature those oh-so-recognizable\nnutrition facts.",
"timestamp": [
264.64,
270.39
]
},
{
"text": "still needs to clearly feature those oh-so-recognizable\nnutrition facts.",
"timestamp": [
264.64,
270.39
]
},
{
"text": "This can include other information, too.",
"timestamp": [
270.39,
273.02
]
},
{
"text": "This can include other information, too.",
"timestamp": [
270.39,
273.02
]
},
{
"text": "Like in some countries, there are warnings\non the front of products that contain excessive",
"timestamp": [
273.02,
277.07
]
},
{
"text": "Like in some countries, there are warnings\non the front of products that contain excessive",
"timestamp": [
273.02,
277.07
]
},
{
"text": "levels of things like sugar or sodium.",
"timestamp": [
277.07,
280.23
]
},
{
"text": "levels of things like sugar or sodium.",
"timestamp": [
277.07,
280.23
]
},
{
"text": "Another complicated – and heavily debated\nbut known to be good – issue that policy makers",
"timestamp": [
280.23,
285.762
]
},
{
"text": "Another complicated – and heavily debated\nbut known to be good – issue that policy makers",
"timestamp": [
280.23,
285.762
]
},
{
"text": "must grapple with is vaccination, or boosting the body’s defenses against a disease with a vaccine.",
"timestamp": [
285.762,
292.589
]
},
{
"text": "must grapple with is vaccination, or boosting the body’s defenses against a disease with a vaccine.",
"timestamp": [
285.762,
292.589
]
},
{
"text": "Consider measles, a highly infectious disease\nmost commonly associated",
"timestamp": [
292.589,
297.405
]
},
{
"text": "Consider measles, a highly infectious disease\nmost commonly associated",
"timestamp": [
292.589,
297.405
]
},
{
"text": "with health complications among children.",
"timestamp": [
297.405,
300.42
]
},
{
"text": "with health complications among children.",
"timestamp": [
297.405,
300.42
]
},
{
"text": "In 1912, measles became common enough in the\nU.S. that it was named a nationally notifiable disease, ",
"timestamp": [
300.42,
307.588
]
},
{
"text": "In 1912, measles became common enough in the\nU.S. that it was named a nationally notifiable disease, ",
"timestamp": [
300.42,
307.588
]
},
{
"text": "which is a disease that healthcare\nproviders must report to local health departments.",
"timestamp": [
307.588,
312.209
]
},
{
"text": "which is a disease that healthcare\nproviders must report to local health departments.",
"timestamp": [
307.588,
312.209
]
},
{
"text": "Measles continued to be so common that, by\n1963, nearly every child was expected to get",
"timestamp": [
312.209,
318.9
]
},
{
"text": "Measles continued to be so common that, by\n1963, nearly every child was expected to get",
"timestamp": [
312.209,
318.9
]
},
{
"text": "measles by the time they were 15, and up to\n4 million people in the U.S. were infected every year.",
"timestamp": [
318.9,
326.678
]
},
{
"text": "measles by the time they were 15, and up to\n4 million people in the U.S. were infected every year.",
"timestamp": [
318.9,
326.678
]
},
{
"text": "Measles was also responsible for up to 500\ndeaths and 48,000 hospitalizations each year.",
"timestamp": [
326.678,
334.11
]
},
{
"text": "Measles was also responsible for up to 500\ndeaths and 48,000 hospitalizations each year.",
"timestamp": [
326.678,
334.11
]
},
{
"text": "However, policies requiring childhood vaccinations\nover the last several decades have meant that",
"timestamp": [
334.11,
339.66
]
},
{
"text": "However, policies requiring childhood vaccinations\nover the last several decades have meant that",
"timestamp": [
334.11,
339.66
]
},
{
"text": "an increasing number of people have become\nvaccinated against measles,",
"timestamp": [
339.66,
343.895
]
},
{
"text": "an increasing number of people have become\nvaccinated against measles,",
"timestamp": [
339.66,
343.895
]
},
{
"text": "improving overall childhood health.",
"timestamp": [
343.895,
346.5
]
},
{
"text": "improving overall childhood health.",
"timestamp": [
343.895,
346.5
]
},
{
"text": "And in the year 2000, measles was declared\neliminated from the U.S.-- thanks largely",
"timestamp": [
346.5,
352.57
]
},
{
"text": "And in the year 2000, measles was declared\neliminated from the U.S.-- thanks largely",
"timestamp": [
346.5,
352.57
]
},
{
"text": "to the push from government and public health\nauthorities to get kids vaccinated.",
"timestamp": [
352.57,
358.033
]
},
{
"text": "to the push from government and public health\nauthorities to get kids vaccinated.",
"timestamp": [
352.57,
358.033
]
},
{
"text": "For the record, “eliminated” doesn’t\nmean that there hasn’t been a single case of measles–",
"timestamp": [
358.033,
363.284
]
},
{
"text": "For the record, “eliminated” doesn’t\nmean that there hasn’t been a single case of measles–",
"timestamp": [
358.033,
363.284
]
},
{
"text": "just that there hasn’t been an observed spread of the disease that lasted longer than a year.",
"timestamp": [
363.284,
367.961
]
},
{
"text": "just that there hasn’t been an observed spread of the disease that lasted longer than a year.",
"timestamp": [
363.284,
367.961
]
},
{
"text": "Different countries approach vaccination policy\nin different ways.",
"timestamp": [
367.961,
372.03
]
},
{
"text": "Different countries approach vaccination policy\nin different ways.",
"timestamp": [
367.961,
372.03
]
},
{
"text": "In a 2019 analysis of over 140 countries,\n89 were found to have",
"timestamp": [
372.03,
377.724
]
},
{
"text": "In a 2019 analysis of over 140 countries,\n89 were found to have",
"timestamp": [
372.03,
377.724
]
},
{
"text": "some form of nationwide mandatory \nvaccine policy for children.",
"timestamp": [
377.724,
382.169
]
},
{
"text": "some form of nationwide mandatory \nvaccine policy for children.",
"timestamp": [
377.724,
382.169
]
},
{
"text": "And in 20 countries, including the U.S., vaccination\nwas only mandatory for entry into school.",
"timestamp": [
382.169,
388.4
]
},
{
"text": "And in 20 countries, including the U.S., vaccination\nwas only mandatory for entry into school.",
"timestamp": [
382.169,
388.4
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, 33 countries recommended childhood\nvaccinations but didn’t mandate them.",
"timestamp": [
388.4,
394.063
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, 33 countries recommended childhood\nvaccinations but didn’t mandate them.",
"timestamp": [
388.4,
394.063
]
},
{
"text": "Policies also affect our health in ways that\naren’t quite as obvious",
"timestamp": [
394.063,
397.711
]
},
{
"text": "Policies also affect our health in ways that\naren’t quite as obvious",
"timestamp": [
394.063,
397.711
]
},
{
"text": "as giving our immune systems a boost – \nlike by environmental regulations.",
"timestamp": [
397.711,
402.9
]
},
{
"text": "as giving our immune systems a boost – \nlike by environmental regulations.",
"timestamp": [
397.711,
402.9
]
},
{
"text": "For example, in 1970, with the help of health\nexperts, politicians, and factory workers,",
"timestamp": [
402.9,
408.39
]
},
{
"text": "For example, in 1970, with the help of health\nexperts, politicians, and factory workers,",
"timestamp": [
402.9,
408.39
]
},
{
"text": "the U.S. passed the Clean Air Act, which regulated\nthe emissions of hazardous pollutants from",
"timestamp": [
408.39,
414.03
]
},
{
"text": "the U.S. passed the Clean Air Act, which regulated\nthe emissions of hazardous pollutants from",
"timestamp": [
408.39,
414.03
]
},
{
"text": "things like vehicles and factories. From\n1970 until 2020, the combined emissions",
"timestamp": [
414.03,
420.679
]
},
{
"text": "things like vehicles and factories. From\n1970 until 2020, the combined emissions",
"timestamp": [
414.03,
420.679
]
},
{
"text": "of six common air pollutants was found to have\ndecreased by 78%.",
"timestamp": [
420.679,
426.334
]
},
{
"text": "of six common air pollutants was found to have\ndecreased by 78%.",
"timestamp": [
420.679,
426.334
]
},
{
"text": "This has had strong health impacts by preventing\npremature deaths and other negative health outcomes",
"timestamp": [
426.334,
432.568
]
},
{
"text": "This has had strong health impacts by preventing\npremature deaths and other negative health outcomes",
"timestamp": [
426.334,
432.568
]
},
{
"text": "like asthma, bronchitis, and heart attacks.",
"timestamp": [
432.568,
435.889
]
},
{
"text": "like asthma, bronchitis, and heart attacks.",
"timestamp": [
432.568,
435.889
]
},
{
"text": "But around the world, governments have had a lot of success improving health through policies and programs.",
"timestamp": [
435.889,
442.214
]
},
{
"text": "But around the world, governments have had a lot of success improving health through policies and programs.",
"timestamp": [
435.889,
442.214
]
},
{
"text": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble–and while\nwe’re at it, let’s go to Brazil!",
"timestamp": [
442.214,
446.21
]
},
{
"text": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble–and while\nwe’re at it, let’s go to Brazil!",
"timestamp": [
442.214,
446.21
]
},
{
"text": "So for a long time, Brazil has been pretty\nclear about one thing: health is a human right.",
"timestamp": [
446.21,
452.3
]
},
{
"text": "So for a long time, Brazil has been pretty\nclear about one thing: health is a human right.",
"timestamp": [
446.21,
452.3
]
},
{
"text": "Its constitution literally says that “Health\nis a right to be enjoyed by all and a duty of the State.”",
"timestamp": [
452.3,
458.669
]
},
{
"text": "Its constitution literally says that “Health\nis a right to be enjoyed by all and a duty of the State.”",
"timestamp": [
452.3,
458.669
]
},
{
"text": "And Brazil takes this very seriously.",
"timestamp": [
458.669,
462.143
]
},
{
"text": "And Brazil takes this very seriously.",
"timestamp": [
458.669,
462.143
]
},
{
"text": "Whether you’ve lived in Brazil your whole\nlife, or you’re a foreign resident in the country, ",
"timestamp": [
462.143,
466.886
]
},
{
"text": "Whether you’ve lived in Brazil your whole\nlife, or you’re a foreign resident in the country, ",
"timestamp": [
462.143,
466.886
]
},
{
"text": "Brazil offers free health care in its hospitals and clinics as part of its universal health care program.",
"timestamp": [
466.886,
473.14
]
},
{
"text": "Brazil offers free health care in its hospitals and clinics as part of its universal health care program.",
"timestamp": [
466.886,
473.14
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also been very quick to respond to\ndisease outbreaks, such as HIV infections",
"timestamp": [
473.14,
478.3
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also been very quick to respond to\ndisease outbreaks, such as HIV infections",
"timestamp": [
473.14,
478.3
]
},
{
"text": "and subsequent AIDS cases.",
"timestamp": [
478.3,
480.53
]
},
{
"text": "and subsequent AIDS cases.",
"timestamp": [
478.3,
480.53
]
},
{
"text": "As global cases of AIDs doubled or even tripled\namong certain groups from 2006 to 2015,",
"timestamp": [
480.53,
487.425
]
},
{
"text": "As global cases of AIDs doubled or even tripled\namong certain groups from 2006 to 2015,",
"timestamp": [
480.53,
487.425
]
},
{
"text": "Brazil responded rapidly to the trend - thanks in\npart to community-led efforts - by providing",
"timestamp": [
487.425,
493.72
]
},
{
"text": "Brazil responded rapidly to the trend - thanks in\npart to community-led efforts - by providing",
"timestamp": [
487.425,
493.72
]
},
{
"text": "free treatment to all HIV-positive adults\nwho sought care.",
"timestamp": [
493.72,
497.824
]
},
{
"text": "free treatment to all HIV-positive adults\nwho sought care.",
"timestamp": [
493.72,
497.824
]
},
{
"text": "In 2017, Brazil became the first country in\nLatin America to incorporate a preventative",
"timestamp": [
497.824,
504.22
]
},
{
"text": "In 2017, Brazil became the first country in\nLatin America to incorporate a preventative",
"timestamp": [
497.824,
504.22
]
},
{
"text": "pill for HIV into its health care policy,\nby making the pill available to whoever wanted it.",
"timestamp": [
504.22,
510.613
]
},
{
"text": "pill for HIV into its health care policy,\nby making the pill available to whoever wanted it.",
"timestamp": [
504.22,
510.613
]
},
{
"text": "The pill has been tested and proven to dramatically\ndecrease the chances of contracting HIV",
"timestamp": [
510.613,
516.249
]
},
{
"text": "The pill has been tested and proven to dramatically\ndecrease the chances of contracting HIV",
"timestamp": [
510.613,
516.249
]
},
{
"text": "when someone takes it every day.",
"timestamp": [
516.249,
518.39
]
},
{
"text": "when someone takes it every day.",
"timestamp": [
516.249,
518.39
]
},
{
"text": "To help make this possible, the Brazilian\nHealth Ministry made a deal with the drug’s",
"timestamp": [
518.39,
522.84
]
},
{
"text": "To help make this possible, the Brazilian\nHealth Ministry made a deal with the drug’s",
"timestamp": [
518.39,
522.84
]
},
{
"text": "manufacturer to buy the drug for about 75\ncents per dose, which drastically increased",
"timestamp": [
522.84,
528.57
]
},
{
"text": "manufacturer to buy the drug for about 75\ncents per dose, which drastically increased",
"timestamp": [
522.84,
528.57
]
},
{
"text": "accessibility to preventative treatment for\npeople in Brazil.",
"timestamp": [
528.57,
532.35
]
},
{
"text": "accessibility to preventative treatment for\npeople in Brazil.",
"timestamp": [
528.57,
532.35
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
532.35,
533.96
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
532.35,
533.96
]
},
{
"text": "So, these are some of the ways that we use\npolicy to influence our health.",
"timestamp": [
533.96,
539.51
]
},
{
"text": "So, these are some of the ways that we use\npolicy to influence our health.",
"timestamp": [
533.96,
539.51
]
},
{
"text": "But it turns out that a lot of the policies\nthat impact our health",
"timestamp": [
539.51,
543.403
]
},
{
"text": "But it turns out that a lot of the policies\nthat impact our health",
"timestamp": [
539.51,
543.403
]
},
{
"text": "aren’t actually “health policies” in the traditional sense.",
"timestamp": [
543.403,
547.65
]
},
{
"text": "aren’t actually “health policies” in the traditional sense.",
"timestamp": [
543.403,
547.65
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, these policies have indirect, unintended\nconsequences on our health–and often not for the better.",
"timestamp": [
547.65,
555.128
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, these policies have indirect, unintended\nconsequences on our health–and often not for the better.",
"timestamp": [
547.65,
555.128
]
},
{
"text": "Consider zoning laws, which basically regulate\nhow land is used and developed.",
"timestamp": [
555.128,
561.01
]
},
{
"text": "Consider zoning laws, which basically regulate\nhow land is used and developed.",
"timestamp": [
555.128,
561.01
]
},
{
"text": "They regulate what land can be used for homes,\nshopping malls, factories, and so on.",
"timestamp": [
561.01,
567.05
]
},
{
"text": "They regulate what land can be used for homes,\nshopping malls, factories, and so on.",
"timestamp": [
561.01,
567.05
]
},
{
"text": "And these are supposed to be laws about land–not\npeople.",
"timestamp": [
567.05,
571.44
]
},
{
"text": "And these are supposed to be laws about land–not\npeople.",
"timestamp": [
567.05,
571.44
]
},
{
"text": "But it turns out that people also use land\nfor, you know, existing–",
"timestamp": [
571.44,
575.838
]
},
{
"text": "But it turns out that people also use land\nfor, you know, existing–",
"timestamp": [
571.44,
575.838
]
},
{
"text": "so, it shouldn’t be a surprise that these laws \nalso affect human health.",
"timestamp": [
575.838,
580.28
]
},
{
"text": "so, it shouldn’t be a surprise that these laws \nalso affect human health.",
"timestamp": [
575.838,
580.28
]
},
{
"text": "Like, an indirect result of zoning laws is\nthat people living in low-income and densely",
"timestamp": [
580.28,
585.56
]
},
{
"text": "Like, an indirect result of zoning laws is\nthat people living in low-income and densely",
"timestamp": [
580.28,
585.56
]
},
{
"text": "populated communities often find themselves\nliving dangerously close to industrial facilities.",
"timestamp": [
585.56,
592.169
]
},
{
"text": "populated communities often find themselves\nliving dangerously close to industrial facilities.",
"timestamp": [
585.56,
592.169
]
},
{
"text": "This can lead to exposure to poor air quality\nand toxic waste, which can increase the rates",
"timestamp": [
592.169,
597.89
]
},
{
"text": "This can lead to exposure to poor air quality\nand toxic waste, which can increase the rates",
"timestamp": [
592.169,
597.89
]
},
{
"text": "of asthma, cancer, and chronic disease.",
"timestamp": [
597.89,
600.84
]
},
{
"text": "of asthma, cancer, and chronic disease.",
"timestamp": [
597.89,
600.84
]
},
{
"text": "When it comes to who creates and drafts these\npolicies, we’re mostly talking about governments.",
"timestamp": [
600.84,
606.84
]
},
{
"text": "When it comes to who creates and drafts these\npolicies, we’re mostly talking about governments.",
"timestamp": [
600.84,
606.84
]
},
{
"text": "Most countries also have a department of health\nor a ministry of health or a something of health,",
"timestamp": [
606.84,
613.353
]
},
{
"text": "Most countries also have a department of health\nor a ministry of health or a something of health,",
"timestamp": [
606.84,
613.353
]
},
{
"text": "which is a government branch dedicated to overseeing and improving population health in that country.",
"timestamp": [
613.353,
619.709
]
},
{
"text": "which is a government branch dedicated to overseeing and improving population health in that country.",
"timestamp": [
613.353,
619.709
]
},
{
"text": "And often, this power is spread out across\ndifferent levels of government.",
"timestamp": [
619.709,
623.96
]
},
{
"text": "And often, this power is spread out across\ndifferent levels of government.",
"timestamp": [
619.709,
623.96
]
},
{
"text": "Like in the United States, the power to create\nand enforce health policies is shared between",
"timestamp": [
623.96,
628.88
]
},
{
"text": "Like in the United States, the power to create\nand enforce health policies is shared between",
"timestamp": [
623.96,
628.88
]
},
{
"text": "the federal government, states, cities, and\nsmaller localities.",
"timestamp": [
628.88,
632.68
]
},
{
"text": "the federal government, states, cities, and\nsmaller localities.",
"timestamp": [
628.88,
632.68
]
},
{
"text": "But pathogens and diseases don’t really\ncare about our imaginary political and geographical lines.",
"timestamp": [
632.68,
638.849
]
},
{
"text": "But pathogens and diseases don’t really\ncare about our imaginary political and geographical lines.",
"timestamp": [
632.68,
638.849
]
},
{
"text": "So, who helps countries coordinate their efforts\nto respond to, say, a global public health crisis?",
"timestamp": [
638.849,
645.81
]
},
{
"text": "So, who helps countries coordinate their efforts\nto respond to, say, a global public health crisis?",
"timestamp": [
638.849,
645.81
]
},
{
"text": "No, literally–WHO.",
"timestamp": [
645.81,
648.015
]
},
{
"text": "No, literally–WHO.",
"timestamp": [
645.81,
648.015
]
},
{
"text": "The W-H-O - or the World Health Organization–\nis an agency of the United Nations responsible",
"timestamp": [
648.015,
654.31
]
},
{
"text": "The W-H-O - or the World Health Organization–\nis an agency of the United Nations responsible",
"timestamp": [
648.015,
654.31
]
},
{
"text": "for overseeing international public health.",
"timestamp": [
654.31,
657.24
]
},
{
"text": "for overseeing international public health.",
"timestamp": [
654.31,
657.24
]
},
{
"text": "The W-H-O is made up of around 8,000 doctors,\npublic health specialists, scientists,",
"timestamp": [
657.24,
662.764
]
},
{
"text": "The W-H-O is made up of around 8,000 doctors,\npublic health specialists, scientists,",
"timestamp": [
657.24,
662.764
]
},
{
"text": "and other experts who help governments and scientists\nlearn from each other, share resources,",
"timestamp": [
662.764,
668.154
]
},
{
"text": "and other experts who help governments and scientists\nlearn from each other, share resources,",
"timestamp": [
662.764,
668.154
]
},
{
"text": "and work together to keep the global community\nhealthy.",
"timestamp": [
668.154,
671.67
]
},
{
"text": "and work together to keep the global community\nhealthy.",
"timestamp": [
668.154,
671.67
]
},
{
"text": "But not all health policies have their origins\nin fancy wood-paneled government rooms",
"timestamp": [
671.67,
676.358
]
},
{
"text": "But not all health policies have their origins\nin fancy wood-paneled government rooms",
"timestamp": [
671.67,
676.358
]
},
{
"text": "or high-tech research labs.",
"timestamp": [
676.358,
678.564
]
},
{
"text": "or high-tech research labs.",
"timestamp": [
676.358,
678.564
]
},
{
"text": "Some of the biggest drivers of innovations\nin health policy have begun on the streets,",
"timestamp": [
678.564,
684.2
]
},
{
"text": "Some of the biggest drivers of innovations\nin health policy have begun on the streets,",
"timestamp": [
678.564,
684.2
]
},
{
"text": "with groups of everyday people coming together\nto demand health policy change.",
"timestamp": [
684.2,
689.729
]
},
{
"text": "with groups of everyday people coming together\nto demand health policy change.",
"timestamp": [
684.2,
689.729
]
},
{
"text": "These are social justice movements.",
"timestamp": [
689.729,
692.46
]
},
{
"text": "These are social justice movements.",
"timestamp": [
689.729,
692.46
]
},
{
"text": "After all, health is a human right, and activists\nhave long been a part of the story of how",
"timestamp": [
692.46,
697.85
]
},
{
"text": "After all, health is a human right, and activists\nhave long been a part of the story of how",
"timestamp": [
692.46,
697.85
]
},
{
"text": "health has been protected and improved.",
"timestamp": [
697.85,
701.01
]
},
{
"text": "health has been protected and improved.",
"timestamp": [
697.85,
701.01
]
},
{
"text": "One such movement has revolved around the\nHIV and AIDS epidemic since the 1980s,",
"timestamp": [
701.01,
706.419
]
},
{
"text": "One such movement has revolved around the\nHIV and AIDS epidemic since the 1980s,",
"timestamp": [
701.01,
706.419
]
},
{
"text": "as governments around the world avoided taking\naction against the rapidly spreading disease.",
"timestamp": [
706.419,
712.419
]
},
{
"text": "as governments around the world avoided taking\naction against the rapidly spreading disease.",
"timestamp": [
706.419,
712.419
]
},
{
"text": "Just in the United States, over 40,000 people\nwere HIV-positive by 1987.",
"timestamp": [
712.419,
719.212
]
},
{
"text": "Just in the United States, over 40,000 people\nwere HIV-positive by 1987.",
"timestamp": [
712.419,
719.212
]
},
{
"text": "And globally, more than 60,000 people had\ndied from the syndrome.",
"timestamp": [
719.212,
723.8
]
},
{
"text": "And globally, more than 60,000 people had\ndied from the syndrome.",
"timestamp": [
719.212,
723.8
]
},
{
"text": "In response, citizens in the U.S. formed the\nAIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, or ACT UP,",
"timestamp": [
723.8,
730.16
]
},
{
"text": "In response, citizens in the U.S. formed the\nAIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, or ACT UP,",
"timestamp": [
723.8,
730.16
]
},
{
"text": "an organization that protested the FDA’s\nslow and opaque drug-approval policy,",
"timestamp": [
730.16,
736.019
]
},
{
"text": "an organization that protested the FDA’s\nslow and opaque drug-approval policy,",
"timestamp": [
730.16,
736.019
]
},
{
"text": "which resulted in thousands dead from lack \nof access to life-saving drugs.",
"timestamp": [
736.019,
741.29
]
},
{
"text": "which resulted in thousands dead from lack \nof access to life-saving drugs.",
"timestamp": [
736.019,
741.29
]
},
{
"text": "Following widespread protests around the country,\nthe process was accelerated and better information",
"timestamp": [
741.29,
747.6
]
},
{
"text": "Following widespread protests around the country,\nthe process was accelerated and better information",
"timestamp": [
741.29,
747.6
]
},
{
"text": "about the disease and treatment became more\nwidely available to the public and public health community.",
"timestamp": [
747.6,
753.843
]
},
{
"text": "about the disease and treatment became more\nwidely available to the public and public health community.",
"timestamp": [
747.6,
753.843
]
},
{
"text": "Policies are an opportunity to break down\nbarriers to health",
"timestamp": [
753.843,
757.784
]
},
{
"text": "Policies are an opportunity to break down\nbarriers to health",
"timestamp": [
753.843,
757.784
]
},
{
"text": "and improve health for, well, pretty much everyone!",
"timestamp": [
757.784,
761.73
]
},
{
"text": "and improve health for, well, pretty much everyone!",
"timestamp": [
757.784,
761.73
]
},
{
"text": "But without continued evaluation of our policies\nand without placing affected communities",
"timestamp": [
761.73,
766.894
]
},
{
"text": "But without continued evaluation of our policies\nand without placing affected communities",
"timestamp": [
761.73,
766.894
]
},
{
"text": "and health experts at the forefront of policy\nefforts, these policies can also lead to",
"timestamp": [
766.894,
772.224
]
},
{
"text": "and health experts at the forefront of policy\nefforts, these policies can also lead to",
"timestamp": [
766.894,
772.224
]
},
{
"text": "health inequities and systemic failures \nthat let people down.",
"timestamp": [
772.224,
776.209
]
},
{
"text": "health inequities and systemic failures \nthat let people down.",
"timestamp": [
772.224,
776.209
]
},
{
"text": "Health policies are important, but for health\nto truly improve for everyone,",
"timestamp": [
776.209,
781.593
]
},
{
"text": "Health policies are important, but for health\nto truly improve for everyone,",
"timestamp": [
776.209,
781.593
]
},
{
"text": "health should be considered in all our policies–whether\nthey’re about car safety, air pollution,",
"timestamp": [
781.593,
787.92
]
},
{
"text": "health should be considered in all our policies–whether\nthey’re about car safety, air pollution,",
"timestamp": [
781.593,
787.92
]
},
{
"text": "or yes, even pizza bagels.",
"timestamp": [
787.92,
790.917
]
},
{
"text": "or yes, even pizza bagels.",
"timestamp": [
787.92,
790.917
]
},
{
"text": "I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
790.917,
792.241
]
},
{
"text": "I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
790.917,
792.241
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health, which was produced by",
"timestamp": [
792.241,
796.41
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health, which was produced by",
"timestamp": [
792.241,
796.41
]
},
{
"text": "Complexly in partnership with the American\nPublic Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
796.41,
800.83
]
},
{
"text": "Complexly in partnership with the American\nPublic Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
796.41,
800.83
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public\nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel",
"timestamp": [
800.83,
805.67
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public\nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel",
"timestamp": [
800.83,
805.67
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series\ncreated by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
805.67,
811.21
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series\ncreated by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
805.67,
811.21
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,",
"timestamp": [
811.21,
815.877
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,",
"timestamp": [
811.21,
815.877
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these brainy people.",
"timestamp": [
815.877,
819.61
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these brainy people.",
"timestamp": [
815.877,
819.61
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone forever",
"timestamp": [
819.61,
823.096
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone forever",
"timestamp": [
819.61,
823.096
]
},
{
"text": "please consider joining our community of \nsupporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
823.096,
826.755
]
},
{
"text": "please consider joining our community of \nsupporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
823.096,
826.755
]
}
] |
[
[
"Seat Belts & Your Health",
"Beginning in the 1950s, American orthopedic\nsurgeon and noted sports car fanatic Dr. John Stateswas working as a physician at the Watkins\nGlen International Speedway in New York state.While working the job, Dr. States witnessed\ncountless high-speed crashes.But he noticed that even though the racecars\nwere going much faster than cars on the highway,the drivers were actually more likely to walk\naway from crashes without serious injurycompared to drivers on the open road.Dr. States credited this to safety precautions\nlike seatbelts and helmets.Back then, there were few safe driving laws\nin place,and driving-related deaths and injuries \nin the U.S. were skyrocketing.Most cars didn’t even come with seat belts!Dr. States knew that a change was needed.Over the next several decades, he conducted\nresearch on severe crashes,and even designed and patented his very own seatbelt.He became one of the country’s leading \nadvocates of seatbeltsand challenged policymakers in New York \nto improve automotive safety.Finally, in 1984, New York became the first\nU.S. state to mandate the use of seat belts–thanks largely to Dr. States’ decades of work.Today, 49 states have adopted similar seat\nbelt laws, and seat belt use has continuedto grow–from 11% in 1981 to around 90% in\n2020, saving almost 15,000 lives in 2017 alone,while cutting the risk of serious \ninjury by 50%.Looking back, we might call this an almost\nperfect, fairytale-ending to a story abouthow public health and policy can come together\nto improve and save lives.But it’s not always so simple in the moment.If you’ve been paying attention since about\n2020, you’re no doubt familiar with thetension that can come with crafting health\npolicy.When public health crises arise, the people\nwho make policies can often find themselvesin the difficult position of having to balance\nsome people’s freedom to do what they wantwith other people’s right to be healthy.Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash\nCourse Public Health!INTRO"
],
[
"Understanding Health & Policy",
"When we talk about health and policy, we’re\ntalking about policies that change human behaviorsor their environments to improve overall health\nand wellbeing.That’s health policy.It sounds simple enough, but sometimes it\ncan get complicated.Like, consider the issue of smoking in indoor\npublic settings.This impacts the health of the smoker, but\nalso the health of the non-smoking peoplearound them, because they can wind up inhaling\nthe same potentially harmful chemicals thatthat smoker is inhaling voluntarily.Governments have struggled for a long time\nwith how to tackle this issue,but it wasn’t until 2004 that Ireland became the first\ncountry in the worldto ban smoking in all indoor workplaces.These smoking bans, as well as seat belt laws\nlike the ones recommended by Dr. States, arean example of a mandate, or a legal order\nthat tells people or companies how to act.Again, assuming that you’re living in a\nworld that was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic,the idea of a mandate may be familiar to you.But policies don’t–and often can’t–just\ntell people to be healthier.So, policymakers need a few different tools\nin their health policy toolbox.Some of these tools are policies that aim\nto educate people.Take healthy eating, for instance.There’s no all-knowing frozen-pizza-bagel\npolice who are going to come knocking if we’ve had one pizza bagel too many.Which today, as a non-American, I learned\nis actually just a bagel with pizza toppings on it.But flip that pizza bagel box over and we\nsee a list of nutrition facts that are thereto remind us exactly what we are–and aren’t–putting\ninto our bodies.In the U.S., those nutrition facts are there\nbecause of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act,which was signed in 1990 and basically\nsays that people have a right to knowwhat they’re putting into their bodies.This is why even the most eye-catching, mouth-watering,\nstomach-grumbling food packaging out therestill needs to clearly feature those oh-so-recognizable\nnutrition facts.This can include other information, too.Like in some countries, there are warnings\non the front of products that contain excessivelevels of things like sugar or sodium."
],
[
"Vaccination Policies",
"Another complicated – and heavily debated\nbut known to be good – issue that policy makersmust grapple with is vaccination, or boosting the body’s defenses against a disease with a vaccine.Consider measles, a highly infectious disease\nmost commonly associatedwith health complications among children.In 1912, measles became common enough in the\nU.S. that it was named a nationally notifiable disease, which is a disease that healthcare\nproviders must report to local health departments.Measles continued to be so common that, by\n1963, nearly every child was expected to getmeasles by the time they were 15, and up to\n4 million people in the U.S. were infected every year.Measles was also responsible for up to 500\ndeaths and 48,000 hospitalizations each year.However, policies requiring childhood vaccinations\nover the last several decades have meant thatan increasing number of people have become\nvaccinated against measles,improving overall childhood health.And in the year 2000, measles was declared\neliminated from the U.S.-- thanks largelyto the push from government and public health\nauthorities to get kids vaccinated.For the record, “eliminated” doesn’t\nmean that there hasn’t been a single case of measles–just that there hasn’t been an observed spread of the disease that lasted longer than a year.Different countries approach vaccination policy\nin different ways.In a 2019 analysis of over 140 countries,\n89 were found to havesome form of nationwide mandatory \nvaccine policy for children.And in 20 countries, including the U.S., vaccination\nwas only mandatory for entry into school.Meanwhile, 33 countries recommended childhood\nvaccinations but didn’t mandate them.Policies also affect our health in ways that\naren’t quite as obviousas giving our immune systems a boost – \nlike by environmental regulations."
],
[
"How Policies Save Lives",
"For example, in 1970, with the help of health\nexperts, politicians, and factory workers,the U.S. passed the Clean Air Act, which regulated\nthe emissions of hazardous pollutants fromthings like vehicles and factories. From\n1970 until 2020, the combined emissionsof six common air pollutants was found to have\ndecreased by 78%.This has had strong health impacts by preventing\npremature deaths and other negative health outcomeslike asthma, bronchitis, and heart attacks.But around the world, governments have had a lot of success improving health through policies and programs.Let's go to the Thought Bubble–and while\nwe’re at it, let’s go to Brazil!So for a long time, Brazil has been pretty\nclear about one thing: health is a human right.Its constitution literally says that “Health\nis a right to be enjoyed by all and a duty of the State.”And Brazil takes this very seriously.Whether you’ve lived in Brazil your whole\nlife, or you’re a foreign resident in the country, Brazil offers free health care in its hospitals and clinics as part of its universal health care program.It’s also been very quick to respond to\ndisease outbreaks, such as HIV infectionsand subsequent AIDS cases.As global cases of AIDs doubled or even tripled\namong certain groups from 2006 to 2015,Brazil responded rapidly to the trend - thanks in\npart to community-led efforts - by providingfree treatment to all HIV-positive adults\nwho sought care.In 2017, Brazil became the first country in\nLatin America to incorporate a preventativepill for HIV into its health care policy,\nby making the pill available to whoever wanted it.The pill has been tested and proven to dramatically\ndecrease the chances of contracting HIVwhen someone takes it every day.To help make this possible, the Brazilian\nHealth Ministry made a deal with the drug’smanufacturer to buy the drug for about 75\ncents per dose, which drastically increasedaccessibility to preventative treatment for\npeople in Brazil.Thanks, Thought Bubble.So, these are some of the ways that we use\npolicy to influence our health.But it turns out that a lot of the policies\nthat impact our healtharen’t actually “health policies” in the traditional sense.Instead, these policies have indirect, unintended\nconsequences on our health–and often not for the better.Consider zoning laws, which basically regulate\nhow land is used and developed.They regulate what land can be used for homes,\nshopping malls, factories, and so on.And these are supposed to be laws about land–not\npeople.But it turns out that people also use land\nfor, you know, existing–so, it shouldn’t be a surprise that these laws \nalso affect human health.Like, an indirect result of zoning laws is\nthat people living in low-income and denselypopulated communities often find themselves\nliving dangerously close to industrial facilities.This can lead to exposure to poor air quality\nand toxic waste, which can increase the ratesof asthma, cancer, and chronic disease.When it comes to who creates and drafts these\npolicies, we’re mostly talking about governments."
],
[
"Who Makes Health Policy?",
"Most countries also have a department of health\nor a ministry of health or a something of health,which is a government branch dedicated to overseeing and improving population health in that country.And often, this power is spread out across\ndifferent levels of government.Like in the United States, the power to create\nand enforce health policies is shared betweenthe federal government, states, cities, and\nsmaller localities.But pathogens and diseases don’t really\ncare about our imaginary political and geographical lines.So, who helps countries coordinate their efforts\nto respond to, say, a global public health crisis?No, literally–WHO.The W-H-O - or the World Health Organization–\nis an agency of the United Nations responsiblefor overseeing international public health.The W-H-O is made up of around 8,000 doctors,\npublic health specialists, scientists,and other experts who help governments and scientists\nlearn from each other, share resources,and work together to keep the global community\nhealthy.But not all health policies have their origins\nin fancy wood-paneled government roomsor high-tech research labs.Some of the biggest drivers of innovations\nin health policy have begun on the streets,with groups of everyday people coming together\nto demand health policy change.These are social justice movements.After all, health is a human right, and activists\nhave long been a part of the story of howhealth has been protected and improved.One such movement has revolved around the\nHIV and AIDS epidemic since the 1980s,as governments around the world avoided taking\naction against the rapidly spreading disease.Just in the United States, over 40,000 people\nwere HIV-positive by 1987.And globally, more than 60,000 people had\ndied from the syndrome.In response, citizens in the U.S. formed the\nAIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, or ACT UP,an organization that protested the FDA’s\nslow and opaque drug-approval policy,which resulted in thousands dead from lack \nof access to life-saving drugs.Following widespread protests around the country,\nthe process was accelerated and better informationabout the disease and treatment became more\nwidely available to the public and public health community."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"Policies are an opportunity to break down\nbarriers to healthand improve health for, well, pretty much everyone!But without continued evaluation of our policies\nand without placing affected communitiesand health experts at the forefront of policy\nefforts, these policies can also lead tohealth inequities and systemic failures \nthat let people down.Health policies are important, but for health\nto truly improve for everyone,health should be considered in all our policies–whether\nthey’re about car safety, air pollution,or yes, even pizza bagels.I’ll see you next time.Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health, which was produced byComplexly in partnership with the American\nPublic Health Association.If you want to learn even more about Public\nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channelto watch “That’s Public Health” a series\ncreated by APHA and Complexly.Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,and made with the help of all these brainy people.If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone foreverplease consider joining our community of \nsupporters on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Rap and Hip Hop: Crash Course Black American History #47
|
RHCA5b9TkVg
| 894 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith, and this is Crash Course\nBlack American History.",
"timestamp": [
0.149,
4.26
]
},
{
"text": "And today we’re talking about the origins\nof rap and hip hop.",
"timestamp": [
4.26,
9.061
]
},
{
"text": "On the streets of Harlem and the South Bronx\nin New York City in the late 1970s, rap and hip hop ",
"timestamp": [
9.061,
14.372
]
},
{
"text": "emerged as a direct response to two\nthings: 1) the rampant economic and political",
"timestamp": [
14.372,
20.679
]
},
{
"text": "inequality of the post-1960s Civil Rights\nera and 2) the Black Arts Movement in the 1960s and 1970s.",
"timestamp": [
20.679,
28.99
]
},
{
"text": "Performers tackled a range of subjects, from\npure braggadocio to parties to race, class,",
"timestamp": [
28.99,
36.106
]
},
{
"text": "gender, and the unfolding political crises\nin the Black community.",
"timestamp": [
36.106,
39.58
]
},
{
"text": "By the 1990s, hip hop counterculture emerged\ninto the mainstream and in doing so created",
"timestamp": [
39.58,
45.92
]
},
{
"text": "upward mobility for individual artists through\ntheir fame and wealth,",
"timestamp": [
45.92,
49.703
]
},
{
"text": "and subsequently lifted many of them out of poverty.",
"timestamp": [
49.703,
53.528
]
},
{
"text": "Many artists also embedded social and political\nanalysis into their work in an attempt to",
"timestamp": [
53.528,
59.03
]
},
{
"text": "critique different aspects of American society\nand disrupt the status quo.",
"timestamp": [
59.03,
63.42
]
},
{
"text": "They used their lyrics and platform to explore\nissues like state surveillance, drug addiction,",
"timestamp": [
63.42,
69.78
]
},
{
"text": "crime, unemployment, and racism.",
"timestamp": [
69.78,
72.99
]
},
{
"text": "Soon hip hop became a billion dollar industry\nthat pioneered new forms of musical production",
"timestamp": [
72.99,
78.85
]
},
{
"text": "that continue to evolve and revolutionize\nthe music industry to this day.",
"timestamp": [
78.85,
83.62
]
},
{
"text": "So as we learn about the rise of hip hop and\nrap, we’ll look at the resulting",
"timestamp": [
83.62,
87.285
]
},
{
"text": "cultural conversations this important \ngenre of music inspired.",
"timestamp": [
87.285,
91.825
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s get started.",
"timestamp": [
91.825,
92.792
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
92.792,
101.792
]
},
{
"text": "Rap and hip hop began in the 1970s",
"timestamp": [
101.792,
104.378
]
},
{
"text": "on the streets of New York City, \nspecifically in the Bronx.",
"timestamp": [
104.378,
107.94
]
},
{
"text": "It started as a form of pure showmanship at\nblock parties or other social gatherings at",
"timestamp": [
107.94,
113.17
]
},
{
"text": "places like recreation centers and parks.",
"timestamp": [
113.17,
116.368
]
},
{
"text": "Disc Jockeys (more commonly known as DJs or\nemcees) would compete with each other by layering",
"timestamp": [
116.368,
122.39
]
},
{
"text": "and remixing beats at their turntables, and\nrhyming over the beats while friends",
"timestamp": [
122.39,
127.244
]
},
{
"text": "battled it out in informal break dancing competitions.",
"timestamp": [
127.244,
130.289
]
},
{
"text": "After the Civil Rights victories of the 1960s,\nlike the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the",
"timestamp": [
130.289,
135.849
]
},
{
"text": "Voting Rights Act of 1965, Black communities\nexperienced a decreased interest in their",
"timestamp": [
135.849,
140.68
]
},
{
"text": "political and economic well-being from the\ngovernment and policy makers.",
"timestamp": [
140.68,
144.719
]
},
{
"text": "The result was a lack of investment in Black\ncommunities and their social infrastructure,",
"timestamp": [
144.719,
148.591
]
},
{
"text": "resulting in staggering poverty rates, increased\npolice surveillance,",
"timestamp": [
148.591,
152.515
]
},
{
"text": "and ambiguous messaging from \nformer allies of the Black liberation struggle.",
"timestamp": [
152.515,
157.31
]
},
{
"text": "At the same time, the country was seeing the\nburgeoning Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 1970s, ",
"timestamp": [
157.31,
163.631
]
},
{
"text": "which emphasized radical visions\nof re-imagining Blackness",
"timestamp": [
163.631,
166.91
]
},
{
"text": "through music, visual art, poetry, theater, and literature.",
"timestamp": [
166.91,
171.659
]
},
{
"text": "Hip hop was in many ways, an extension of\nthis artistic project.",
"timestamp": [
171.659,
175.73
]
},
{
"text": "And in the years that followed, Black communities\nturned to hip hop counterculture as an outlet",
"timestamp": [
175.73,
180.779
]
},
{
"text": "for self-expression and freedom dreaming.",
"timestamp": [
180.779,
183.48
]
},
{
"text": "The origins of hip hop music can be roughly\ncategorized by four main pillars --",
"timestamp": [
183.48,
188.408
]
},
{
"text": "although we should note that it contains multiple forms\nof artistic expression that don’t fit neatly",
"timestamp": [
188.408,
193.469
]
},
{
"text": "into any specific category, especially as\nthe genre has grown and evolved over time.",
"timestamp": [
193.469,
199.14
]
},
{
"text": "But let’s take a look at these four pillars\nin the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
199.14,
202.29
]
},
{
"text": "The first is DeeJaying or making music and\nbeats using record players, turntables, and DJ mixers.",
"timestamp": [
202.29,
209.489
]
},
{
"text": "This, had never been done before, and completely\nrevolutionized the sound and texture of the music.",
"timestamp": [
209.489,
215.645
]
},
{
"text": "It also allowed DJ’s to become sort of orchestrators,\nbasically using their turntables",
"timestamp": [
215.645,
221.161
]
},
{
"text": "like a conductor would use their baton.",
"timestamp": [
221.161,
223.409
]
},
{
"text": "The second pillar is rapping or making rhythmic\nvocal rhymes over the beats created by DJs.",
"timestamp": [
223.409,
230.069
]
},
{
"text": "Both DJing and rapping have diasporic roots\nwithin the Black community, drawing on traditions",
"timestamp": [
230.069,
235.489
]
},
{
"text": "of African American gospel call and response,\nWest African storytelling, and Jamaican remixing",
"timestamp": [
235.489,
241.4
]
},
{
"text": "and music sampling (just to name a few).",
"timestamp": [
241.4,
244.297
]
},
{
"text": "The third pillar is graffiti painting.",
"timestamp": [
244.297,
247.09
]
},
{
"text": "Movies like \"Wild Style\" and \"Beat Street\" helped\nto popularize the connection between hip hop and graffiti.",
"timestamp": [
247.09,
253.003
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes graffiti gets a bad rep, and is\ntied to images of social decay and urban blight,",
"timestamp": [
253.003,
259.523
]
},
{
"text": "but the truth is that many graffiti artists\nare incredibly talented, and some of the work",
"timestamp": [
259.523,
264.729
]
},
{
"text": "they create serves as a direct challenge to\nthe idea that beautiful art can only be found",
"timestamp": [
264.729,
270.509
]
},
{
"text": "in a fancy museum or a gallery.",
"timestamp": [
270.509,
273.569
]
},
{
"text": "The fourth and final pillar is break dancing,\na style of dance that encompasses attitude,",
"timestamp": [
273.569,
279.04
]
},
{
"text": "style, and oftentimes acrobatic agility.",
"timestamp": [
279.04,
282.53
]
},
{
"text": "Now, real life Clint would never dare try\nthis on camera because my knees would be paying",
"timestamp": [
282.53,
287.18
]
},
{
"text": "for it tomorrow, but animated Clint doesn’t\nhave to worry about sore knees,",
"timestamp": [
287.18,
292.004
]
},
{
"text": "and is always down, to break it down.",
"timestamp": [
292.004,
294.58
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
294.58,
296.169
]
},
{
"text": "Now we can’t talk about hip hop and rap without talking about the people and personalities that made the music.",
"timestamp": [
296.169,
301.991
]
},
{
"text": "Groups like Grandmaster Flash and the Furious\nFive were pioneers of the genre and they laid",
"timestamp": [
301.991,
307.37
]
},
{
"text": "the groundwork for folks that would come after\nwith their lyrical dexterity and social commentary.",
"timestamp": [
307.37,
313.039
]
},
{
"text": "One of the most politically charged music groups in history, Public Enemy, came onto the scene in the late 1980s.",
"timestamp": [
313.039,
319.758
]
},
{
"text": "They employed the rhetoric of Black Nationalism\nand Black militancy",
"timestamp": [
319.758,
323.215
]
},
{
"text": "and embraced revolutionary ideas \nlike overthrowing the government.",
"timestamp": [
323.215,
327.3
]
},
{
"text": "Their hit single “Fight the Power” was\nreleased in 1989 and featured",
"timestamp": [
327.3,
332.362
]
},
{
"text": "in director Spike Lee’s classic film \n“Do the Right Thing.”",
"timestamp": [
332.362,
336.255
]
},
{
"text": "The song tackled racism head-on and called on Black people to challenge and fight back against white supremacy.",
"timestamp": [
336.255,
342.127
]
},
{
"text": "Other groups and artists that were contemporaries\nof Public Enemy include Run-DMC,",
"timestamp": [
342.127,
346.887
]
},
{
"text": "Eric B and Rakim, Salt-N-Pepa, Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, \nQueen Latifah, and A Tribe Called Quest.",
"timestamp": [
346.887,
354.19
]
},
{
"text": "Each of these artists brought a complex mix\nof style, lyrical prowess,",
"timestamp": [
354.19,
358.505
]
},
{
"text": "and artistry to their work that looked \nto challenge social norms.",
"timestamp": [
358.505,
362.471
]
},
{
"text": "And these artists brought further innovation to the airwaves by pioneering new forms of music, sampling, and mixing.",
"timestamp": [
362.471,
370.25
]
},
{
"text": "But early hip hop and rap stage competitions\nalso often sparked heated rivalries",
"timestamp": [
370.25,
375.314
]
},
{
"text": "that sometimes took on the form of gang rivalries.",
"timestamp": [
375.314,
378.84
]
},
{
"text": "For example, Wu-Tang Clan brought together\nartists, some of whom were formerly affiliated",
"timestamp": [
378.84,
383.96
]
},
{
"text": "with rival gangs, to represent their neighborhoods\nin competitions against other rap groups",
"timestamp": [
383.96,
389.396
]
},
{
"text": "from hubs like Harlem, Brooklyn, and the Bronx.",
"timestamp": [
389.396,
392.61
]
},
{
"text": "Wu-Tang painted vivid pictures of urban life\nusing the language of the streets.",
"timestamp": [
392.61,
397.83
]
},
{
"text": "But this was more than just slang for them;\nthey created a new lexicon that weaved together",
"timestamp": [
397.83,
403.56
]
},
{
"text": "rhetoric with diverse influences including\nthe Five Percent Nation (an offshoot of the Nation of Islam),",
"timestamp": [
403.56,
409.896
]
},
{
"text": "philosophy, Asian cinema, and food.",
"timestamp": [
409.896,
412.689
]
},
{
"text": "So these groups and artists were engaging\nin a complex nexus of intersecting identities",
"timestamp": [
412.689,
417.979
]
},
{
"text": "and influences even as they were pioneering\ntheir own new forms of expression.",
"timestamp": [
417.979,
423.035
]
},
{
"text": "As hip hop began to take over the mainstream\nas a dominant countercultural voice by the 1990s, ",
"timestamp": [
423.035,
428.623
]
},
{
"text": "some rappers and Black record label\nowners became millionaires seemingly overnight.",
"timestamp": [
428.623,
433.97
]
},
{
"text": "Rap artists like Notorious B.I.G., Tupac\nShakur, and their supporting record labels",
"timestamp": [
433.97,
439.737
]
},
{
"text": "Bad Boy Records (led by Sean “Puffy” Combs)\nand Death Row Records (led by Suge Knight)",
"timestamp": [
439.737,
445.26
]
},
{
"text": "epitomized the infamous East Coast vs West\nCoast rivalry.",
"timestamp": [
445.26,
449.61
]
},
{
"text": "Biggie and Bad Boy represented the original\nNew York City-centric roots of hip hop",
"timestamp": [
449.61,
455.06
]
},
{
"text": "while Tupac and Death Row represented the expansion\nof hip hop outside of its regional New York roots",
"timestamp": [
455.06,
461.555
]
},
{
"text": "by offering a distinctly California sound.",
"timestamp": [
461.555,
464.5
]
},
{
"text": "In the late 1980s rappers Too Short, N.W.A,\nand Ice-T had already pioneered hip hop on the West Coast.",
"timestamp": [
464.5,
472.64
]
},
{
"text": "Coming out of economically depressed areas\nin Los Angeles and Oakland,",
"timestamp": [
472.64,
476.225
]
},
{
"text": "their lyrics often reflected personal experiences.",
"timestamp": [
476.225,
479.05
]
},
{
"text": "Some of N.W.A.’s most popular and most controversial\nsongs served as a direct response to the",
"timestamp": [
479.05,
485.409
]
},
{
"text": "police brutality they witnessed in their own neighborhoods\nand questioned the very legitimacy of policing,",
"timestamp": [
485.409,
491.34
]
},
{
"text": "an institution that many felt was only there\nto surveil and harass Black people.",
"timestamp": [
491.34,
497.295
]
},
{
"text": "Regional differences played a major role in\nthe evolution of rap styles and content.",
"timestamp": [
497.295,
502.05
]
},
{
"text": "But the coast to coast rivalry centered largely\non Tupac and Biggie’s interpersonal conflict.",
"timestamp": [
502.05,
508.33
]
},
{
"text": "The rivalry had much to do with competition\namong their record labels, media coverage,",
"timestamp": [
508.33,
513.56
]
},
{
"text": "and two talented lyricists with a penchant\nfor quick and rhythmic comebacks on their records.",
"timestamp": [
513.56,
519.144
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, the conflict between them ended\nin tragedy and the still-unsolved murders",
"timestamp": [
519.144,
525.285
]
},
{
"text": "of Tupac Shakur in 1996 and the Notorious\nB.I.G in 1997.",
"timestamp": [
525.285,
530.93
]
},
{
"text": "As hip hop moved further and further into\nthe mainstream, older Americans (both white and Black)",
"timestamp": [
530.93,
537.175
]
},
{
"text": "often viewed it as a symbol of everything that was wrong in Black, working class communities.",
"timestamp": [
537.175,
543.43
]
},
{
"text": "This negative association affected all aspects\nof Black America.",
"timestamp": [
543.43,
548.154
]
},
{
"text": "Some of the animosity toward hip hop in the\n1990s centered on discomfort with the controversial",
"timestamp": [
548.154,
553.66
]
},
{
"text": "lyrics which painted an explicit picture of\nwhat many people called “ghetto” life,",
"timestamp": [
553.66,
559.84
]
},
{
"text": "in addition to hypersexuality, violence, and\nmisogyny that denigrated women",
"timestamp": [
559.84,
564.791
]
},
{
"text": "while simultaneously glorifying the image of gang life.",
"timestamp": [
564.791,
569.008
]
},
{
"text": "One of the strongest opponents of rap music\nwas long-standing civil rights activist and politician",
"timestamp": [
569.008,
574.297
]
},
{
"text": "C. Delores Tucker, who campaigned\nagainst what she saw",
"timestamp": [
574.297,
578.347
]
},
{
"text": "as the “threat” of hip hop music to Black communities.",
"timestamp": [
578.347,
582.628
]
},
{
"text": "Even more discomfort grew out of the lyrical\nuse of the N-word and unrestrained profanity in hip hop songs.",
"timestamp": [
582.628,
590.73
]
},
{
"text": "Hip hop artists worked to reclaim and repurpose\nthe N-word in their songs by replacing the",
"timestamp": [
590.73,
596.03
]
},
{
"text": "“er” at the end of the word with an “a”'\nas an act of rebellion against the racial slur.",
"timestamp": [
596.03,
602.592
]
},
{
"text": "But this argument of reclamation and repurposing\nwasn’t always persuasive, particularly to",
"timestamp": [
602.592,
607.92
]
},
{
"text": "older Black communities who had witnessed\nthe word’s use as a much more common slur",
"timestamp": [
607.92,
612.88
]
},
{
"text": "in the early half of the 20th century.",
"timestamp": [
612.88,
615.112
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, in 2007 the NAACP would even stage\nan actual “funeral” for the N-word,",
"timestamp": [
615.112,
622.762
]
},
{
"text": "pushing to eliminate it from the \nAmerican lexicon altogether.",
"timestamp": [
622.762,
626.75
]
},
{
"text": "But rap and hip hop in the nineties wasn’t entirely focused on battles of the coast or hypermasculinity of male emcees.",
"timestamp": [
626.75,
634.81
]
},
{
"text": "It also saw significant output and innovation\nfrom Black women emcees.",
"timestamp": [
634.81,
640.136
]
},
{
"text": "Black women stepped into the male-dominated genre and offered fresh perspectives and musical revolutions of their own.",
"timestamp": [
640.136,
647.69
]
},
{
"text": "They shifted the tone of rap music away from\nantagonizing and objectifying women to foregrounding",
"timestamp": [
647.69,
654.19
]
},
{
"text": "Black feminist messaging and bringing those\nrevolutionary politics to a broader audience.",
"timestamp": [
654.19,
659.64
]
},
{
"text": "Female rappers like MC Lyte, Yo-Yo, Queen\nLatifah, Da Brat, and Eve all evolved as artists",
"timestamp": [
659.64,
666.76
]
},
{
"text": "by refuting and denying the sexist and misogynistic\nscripts offered to them by their male counterparts.",
"timestamp": [
666.76,
672.46
]
},
{
"text": "They articulated fresh perspectives on sexual,\nracial, and class politics through their music.",
"timestamp": [
672.46,
678.76
]
},
{
"text": "For example: Queen Latifah’s 1993 “U.N.I.T.Y.”",
"timestamp": [
678.76,
683.7
]
},
{
"text": "was a commentary on the state of Black women\nin society and gender politics.",
"timestamp": [
683.7,
687.81
]
},
{
"text": "The lyrics focus on sexism, sexual harassment,\nand the public pressures",
"timestamp": [
687.81,
691.991
]
},
{
"text": "that women in hip hop were often\n forced to conform to.",
"timestamp": [
691.991,
695.95
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, Sister Souljah’s “The Hate\nThat Hate Produced” in 1992",
"timestamp": [
695.95,
700.664
]
},
{
"text": "evoked Black power rhetoric and called for \nthe eradication of white supremacy.",
"timestamp": [
700.664,
705.486
]
},
{
"text": "While some Black women rappers focused on\na radical politics of unity and community engagement, ",
"timestamp": [
705.486,
710.923
]
},
{
"text": "others revolutionized the way\nthat Black women were viewed as sexual objects",
"timestamp": [
710.923,
715.41
]
},
{
"text": "by taking control of their own hypersexualized\nrepresentation in popular media.",
"timestamp": [
715.41,
720.706
]
},
{
"text": "Rappers like Lil' Kim and Foxy Brown focused\non a more sexualized feminine image, but projected",
"timestamp": [
720.706,
727.19
]
},
{
"text": "an aura of dominance, control, and lyrical\nprowess that kinda flipped the script",
"timestamp": [
727.19,
733.256
]
},
{
"text": "of Black women being passive receivers of the male\ngaze and into one of being",
"timestamp": [
733.256,
738.585
]
},
{
"text": "in control of how that gaze was \ndirected and deployed.",
"timestamp": [
738.585,
742.73
]
},
{
"text": "And artists like Missy Elliott offered an\neven more complex and queered image ",
"timestamp": [
742.73,
746.934
]
},
{
"text": "of Black womanhood at the \nturn of the 21st century.",
"timestamp": [
746.934,
750.43
]
},
{
"text": "Like their male counterparts, Black women emcees also garnered widespread commercial and critical acclaim.",
"timestamp": [
750.43,
756.892
]
},
{
"text": "Hip hop artist Lauryn Hill, formerly of the\nrap group The Fugees, became one of the most",
"timestamp": [
756.892,
761.84
]
},
{
"text": "well known examples of hip hop and Black feminism’s\nwide reach.",
"timestamp": [
761.84,
765.84
]
},
{
"text": "Her first solo album “The Miseducation of\nLauryn Hill,” released in 1998,",
"timestamp": [
765.84,
771.769
]
},
{
"text": "won critical acclaim, worldwide sales, \nand five Grammy awards.",
"timestamp": [
771.769,
776.86
]
},
{
"text": "From the coastal wars to the culture wars\nof the 1990s, hip hop and rap had a lasting",
"timestamp": [
776.86,
781.94
]
},
{
"text": "influence on American popular culture and\nmusic, as well as on diasporic expressions",
"timestamp": [
781.94,
787.68
]
},
{
"text": "of Blackness throughout the world.",
"timestamp": [
787.68,
790.35
]
},
{
"text": "As hip hop and rap evolved to encompass other\ndemographics outside of the Black community in New York City, ",
"timestamp": [
790.35,
795.896
]
},
{
"text": "the artform became an expansive language that encompassed a variety of cultural critiques and shifts.",
"timestamp": [
795.896,
802.45
]
},
{
"text": "From its days on the streets of the Bronx,\nto its place as a global cultural juggernaut today, ",
"timestamp": [
802.45,
808.509
]
},
{
"text": "hip hop has continued to \nevolve and expand.",
"timestamp": [
808.509,
812.386
]
},
{
"text": "It’s now a global phenomenon that has been\nadapted and embraced by a wide variety of cultures.",
"timestamp": [
812.386,
818.39
]
},
{
"text": "It has gone from the fringes of society to\nthe center of American culture, with hip hop",
"timestamp": [
818.39,
823.26
]
},
{
"text": "artists even headlining the Super Bowl Half-Time\nShow for the first time in 2022.",
"timestamp": [
823.26,
829.168
]
},
{
"text": "Today, as hip hop becomes even more mainstream,\nit’s important to remember its cultural",
"timestamp": [
829.168,
834.36
]
},
{
"text": "roots as a method of self-exploration, rebellion,\nand anti-white supremacist advocacy.",
"timestamp": [
834.36,
840.66
]
},
{
"text": "And while the genre continues to grow and\nevolve, we shouldn’t forget its origins,",
"timestamp": [
840.66,
845.9
]
},
{
"text": "and how Black rappers used the artform to\nfight against social ills and racism,",
"timestamp": [
845.9,
851.989
]
},
{
"text": "all while highlighting the creativity, innovation,\nand activism within the Black community.",
"timestamp": [
851.989,
858.212
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s these lessons and forms of self-expression\nthat still carry over to many artists today",
"timestamp": [
858.212,
864.71
]
},
{
"text": "who explicitly see themselves as a part of\nthat revolutionary hip hop lineage.",
"timestamp": [
864.71,
870.522
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
870.522,
872.276
]
},
{
"text": "I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
872.276,
873.76
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made with the help of all\nthese nice people and our animation team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
873.76,
878.51
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by all our viewers\nand supporters.",
"timestamp": [
878.51,
882.31
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you to all our Patrons who support the\nshow on Patreon, and thank you to those of",
"timestamp": [
882.31,
886.45
]
},
{
"text": "you who participated in the 2021 Crash Course\nLearner Coin campaign.",
"timestamp": [
886.45,
891.286
]
},
{
"text": "Your contributions support millions of learners.",
"timestamp": [
891.286,
894.018
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Which Healthcare System is Best? Crash Course Public Health #7
|
vxvhGj9fA3g
| 764 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction to Health Care Systems",
"end_time": 123
},
{
"start_time": 123,
"title": "Six Building Blocks",
"end_time": 318
},
{
"start_time": 318,
"title": "Beveridge Model",
"end_time": 397
},
{
"start_time": 397,
"title": "Bismarck Model",
"end_time": 429
},
{
"start_time": 429,
"title": "National Health Insurance Model",
"end_time": 455
},
{
"start_time": 455,
"title": "Out-of-Pocket Model",
"end_time": 645
},
{
"start_time": 645,
"title": "Goals of Healthcare",
"end_time": 704
},
{
"start_time": 704,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 764
}
] |
[
{
"text": "For a lot of us, the phrase “health care system” \ncan feel like a labyrinth full of paperwork, ",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
5.52
]
},
{
"text": "For a lot of us, the phrase “health care system” \ncan feel like a labyrinth full of paperwork, ",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
5.52
]
},
{
"text": "long lines, and strange-smelling waiting rooms. \nAnd navigating this labyrinth can be stressful ",
"timestamp": [
5.52,
11.44
]
},
{
"text": "long lines, and strange-smelling waiting rooms. \nAnd navigating this labyrinth can be stressful ",
"timestamp": [
5.52,
11.44
]
},
{
"text": "and overwhelming. In fact, just figuring out \nhow to start your health care journey can ",
"timestamp": [
11.44,
16.08
]
},
{
"text": "and overwhelming. In fact, just figuring out \nhow to start your health care journey can ",
"timestamp": [
11.44,
16.08
]
},
{
"text": "feel hard enough–not to mention doing the \nactual, you know, caring for your health.\n ",
"timestamp": [
16.08,
21.44
]
},
{
"text": "feel hard enough–not to mention doing the \nactual, you know, caring for your health.\n ",
"timestamp": [
16.08,
21.44
]
},
{
"text": "But this isn’t a 21st-century \nproblem. People have spent ",
"timestamp": [
21.44,
25.44
]
},
{
"text": "But this isn’t a 21st-century \nproblem. People have spent ",
"timestamp": [
21.44,
25.44
]
},
{
"text": "hundreds of years imagining different ways \nto help people navigate the labyrinth–and ",
"timestamp": [
25.44,
30.32
]
},
{
"text": "hundreds of years imagining different ways \nto help people navigate the labyrinth–and ",
"timestamp": [
25.44,
30.32
]
},
{
"text": "they’ve come up with a bunch of different paths, \neach with their own benefits and pitfalls.\n ",
"timestamp": [
30.32,
35.84
]
},
{
"text": "they’ve come up with a bunch of different paths, \neach with their own benefits and pitfalls.\n ",
"timestamp": [
30.32,
35.84
]
},
{
"text": "In a lot of places, we’ve combined these \napproaches. Like, the U.S. has kind of taken ",
"timestamp": [
35.84,
41.04
]
},
{
"text": "In a lot of places, we’ve combined these \napproaches. Like, the U.S. has kind of taken ",
"timestamp": [
35.84,
41.04
]
},
{
"text": "approaches to health care from pretty much \neverywhere! Which sounds promising–but has ",
"timestamp": [
41.04,
46.48
]
},
{
"text": "approaches to health care from pretty much \neverywhere! Which sounds promising–but has ",
"timestamp": [
41.04,
46.48
]
},
{
"text": "turned out to be…well, you’ll see what I mean.",
"timestamp": [
46.48,
49.893
]
},
{
"text": "turned out to be…well, you’ll see what I mean.",
"timestamp": [
46.48,
49.893
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
49.893,
53.195
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
49.893,
53.195
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
53.195,
62.4
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO]",
"timestamp": [
53.195,
62.4
]
},
{
"text": "It feels weird to say, but our health isn’t just \nsomething that we have. It’s also something that ",
"timestamp": [
62.4,
67.84
]
},
{
"text": "It feels weird to say, but our health isn’t just \nsomething that we have. It’s also something that ",
"timestamp": [
62.4,
67.84
]
},
{
"text": "is cared for and provided to us by others. These \npeople are our health care providers. And sure, ",
"timestamp": [
67.84,
75.52
]
},
{
"text": "is cared for and provided to us by others. These \npeople are our health care providers. And sure, ",
"timestamp": [
67.84,
75.52
]
},
{
"text": "they include doctors and surgeons who treat us \nwhen we need immediate care, but also people ",
"timestamp": [
75.52,
80.48
]
},
{
"text": "they include doctors and surgeons who treat us \nwhen we need immediate care, but also people ",
"timestamp": [
75.52,
80.48
]
},
{
"text": "who provide ongoing, preventive treatments, like \ntherapists, dentists, and nursing home workers. \n ",
"timestamp": [
80.48,
86.4
]
},
{
"text": "who provide ongoing, preventive treatments, like \ntherapists, dentists, and nursing home workers. \n ",
"timestamp": [
80.48,
86.4
]
},
{
"text": "And while we typically receive \ncare directly from these people, ",
"timestamp": [
86.4,
89.92
]
},
{
"text": "And while we typically receive \ncare directly from these people, ",
"timestamp": [
86.4,
89.92
]
},
{
"text": "there’s an entire world behind the scenes that \nmakes this relationship between patients and ",
"timestamp": [
89.92,
95.2
]
},
{
"text": "there’s an entire world behind the scenes that \nmakes this relationship between patients and ",
"timestamp": [
89.92,
95.2
]
},
{
"text": "providers possible: the health care system.\nThe health care system is probably best known ",
"timestamp": [
95.2,
100.72
]
},
{
"text": "providers possible: the health care system.\nThe health care system is probably best known ",
"timestamp": [
95.2,
100.72
]
},
{
"text": "for generating … a lot of opinions. And news \nstories! We see attention-grabbing headlines like, ",
"timestamp": [
100.72,
107.92
]
},
{
"text": "for generating … a lot of opinions. And news \nstories! We see attention-grabbing headlines like, ",
"timestamp": [
100.72,
107.92
]
},
{
"text": "“Why America’s Healthcare System is Broken” \nor “This Man Waited 10 Hours in Emergency Room ",
"timestamp": [
107.92,
114.16
]
},
{
"text": "“Why America’s Healthcare System is Broken” \nor “This Man Waited 10 Hours in Emergency Room ",
"timestamp": [
107.92,
114.16
]
},
{
"text": "After Sky Diving Incident.” And while \nthese headlines are good at getting clicks, ",
"timestamp": [
114.16,
119.04
]
},
{
"text": "After Sky Diving Incident.” And while \nthese headlines are good at getting clicks, ",
"timestamp": [
114.16,
119.04
]
},
{
"text": "they’re not as good at explaining \nwhat a health care system does.\n ",
"timestamp": [
119.04,
122.88
]
},
{
"text": "they’re not as good at explaining \nwhat a health care system does.\n ",
"timestamp": [
119.04,
122.88
]
},
{
"text": "The World Health Organization defines a health \ncare system as all the institutions, people, ",
"timestamp": [
122.88,
128.64
]
},
{
"text": "The World Health Organization defines a health \ncare system as all the institutions, people, ",
"timestamp": [
122.88,
128.64
]
},
{
"text": "and resources “whose primary purpose it is \nto promote, restore, and maintain health”.\n ",
"timestamp": [
128.64,
134.56
]
},
{
"text": "and resources “whose primary purpose it is \nto promote, restore, and maintain health”.\n ",
"timestamp": [
128.64,
134.56
]
},
{
"text": "In general, the World Health Organization \nidentifies six building blocks that make up ",
"timestamp": [
134.56,
139.68
]
},
{
"text": "In general, the World Health Organization \nidentifies six building blocks that make up ",
"timestamp": [
134.56,
139.68
]
},
{
"text": "a strong health care system. Let’s break \nthem down a bit in the Thought Bubble.\n ",
"timestamp": [
139.68,
144.56
]
},
{
"text": "a strong health care system. Let’s break \nthem down a bit in the Thought Bubble.\n ",
"timestamp": [
139.68,
144.56
]
},
{
"text": "Meet Nate. He is having an asthma attack for the \nfirst time. The first building block that Nate ",
"timestamp": [
144.56,
151.52
]
},
{
"text": "Meet Nate. He is having an asthma attack for the \nfirst time. The first building block that Nate ",
"timestamp": [
144.56,
151.52
]
},
{
"text": "needs to successfully diagnose and treat his \nasthma attack is service delivery. Basically, ",
"timestamp": [
151.52,
157.6
]
},
{
"text": "needs to successfully diagnose and treat his \nasthma attack is service delivery. Basically, ",
"timestamp": [
151.52,
157.6
]
},
{
"text": "there needs to be enough health care facilities \nso that Nate can easily access them.\n ",
"timestamp": [
157.6,
162.24
]
},
{
"text": "there needs to be enough health care facilities \nso that Nate can easily access them.\n ",
"timestamp": [
157.6,
162.24
]
},
{
"text": "Once Nate is at his chosen healthcare \nfacility, he needs his care provider ",
"timestamp": [
162.24,
166.72
]
},
{
"text": "Once Nate is at his chosen healthcare \nfacility, he needs his care provider ",
"timestamp": [
162.24,
166.72
]
},
{
"text": "to have essential medicines, like albuterol, \nalso known as salbutamol outside of the U.S., ",
"timestamp": [
166.72,
173.04
]
},
{
"text": "to have essential medicines, like albuterol, \nalso known as salbutamol outside of the U.S., ",
"timestamp": [
166.72,
173.04
]
},
{
"text": "which helps to open airways in the lungs. \nAnd the facility may have essential supplies ",
"timestamp": [
173.04,
178.24
]
},
{
"text": "which helps to open airways in the lungs. \nAnd the facility may have essential supplies ",
"timestamp": [
173.04,
178.24
]
},
{
"text": "like a stethoscope for listening to Nate’s \nbreathing. Also, Nate probably wants there ",
"timestamp": [
178.24,
183.04
]
},
{
"text": "like a stethoscope for listening to Nate’s \nbreathing. Also, Nate probably wants there ",
"timestamp": [
178.24,
183.04
]
},
{
"text": "to be a trained professional at the facility. \nSo, another obvious building block for Nate’s ",
"timestamp": [
183.04,
188.08
]
},
{
"text": "to be a trained professional at the facility. \nSo, another obvious building block for Nate’s ",
"timestamp": [
183.04,
188.08
]
},
{
"text": "treatment is a health care workforce that can help \nhim diagnose his symptoms and then treat them. \n ",
"timestamp": [
188.08,
194.32
]
},
{
"text": "treatment is a health care workforce that can help \nhim diagnose his symptoms and then treat them. \n ",
"timestamp": [
188.08,
194.32
]
},
{
"text": "One building block that Nate might not \nbe thinking about is health information ",
"timestamp": [
194.32,
198.72
]
},
{
"text": "One building block that Nate might not \nbe thinking about is health information ",
"timestamp": [
194.32,
198.72
]
},
{
"text": "systems. These are systems that help collect \nand securely store data. And not just about ",
"timestamp": [
198.72,
203.92
]
},
{
"text": "systems. These are systems that help collect \nand securely store data. And not just about ",
"timestamp": [
198.72,
203.92
]
},
{
"text": "Nate’s health, about everyone’s health.\nThis could allow patients to have better access ",
"timestamp": [
203.92,
209.04
]
},
{
"text": "Nate’s health, about everyone’s health.\nThis could allow patients to have better access ",
"timestamp": [
203.92,
209.04
]
},
{
"text": "to their own health data, and also help healthcare \nprofessionals around the world make more informed ",
"timestamp": [
209.04,
215.2
]
},
{
"text": "to their own health data, and also help healthcare \nprofessionals around the world make more informed ",
"timestamp": [
209.04,
215.2
]
},
{
"text": "decisions and diagnose health patterns in a \npopulation. So, if a population across the ",
"timestamp": [
215.2,
220.64
]
},
{
"text": "decisions and diagnose health patterns in a \npopulation. So, if a population across the ",
"timestamp": [
215.2,
220.64
]
},
{
"text": "world is experiencing similar symptoms to Nate’s, \ndoctors can work together to find common ",
"timestamp": [
220.64,
225.92
]
},
{
"text": "world is experiencing similar symptoms to Nate’s, \ndoctors can work together to find common ",
"timestamp": [
220.64,
225.92
]
},
{
"text": "factors that could explain the illness. This \nmeans that while Nate’s asthma is being treated by ",
"timestamp": [
225.92,
231.52
]
},
{
"text": "factors that could explain the illness. This \nmeans that while Nate’s asthma is being treated by ",
"timestamp": [
225.92,
231.52
]
},
{
"text": "one provider, an entire community of experts \ncould use information about his condition and ",
"timestamp": [
231.52,
236.8
]
},
{
"text": "one provider, an entire community of experts \ncould use information about his condition and ",
"timestamp": [
231.52,
236.8
]
},
{
"text": "the medication he receives to help others.\nSo the doctor diagnoses Nate with asthma ",
"timestamp": [
236.8,
242.24
]
},
{
"text": "the medication he receives to help others.\nSo the doctor diagnoses Nate with asthma ",
"timestamp": [
236.8,
242.24
]
},
{
"text": "and treats him with medicine, thank goodness. But \nsomeone needs to pay the doctor for their time, ",
"timestamp": [
242.24,
247.6
]
},
{
"text": "and treats him with medicine, thank goodness. But \nsomeone needs to pay the doctor for their time, ",
"timestamp": [
242.24,
247.6
]
},
{
"text": "and the medicine manufacturer for providing the \nmedicine. So, Nate wants to be part of a health ",
"timestamp": [
247.6,
253.36
]
},
{
"text": "and the medicine manufacturer for providing the \nmedicine. So, Nate wants to be part of a health ",
"timestamp": [
247.6,
253.36
]
},
{
"text": "care system that is good at financing, which \nmeans it has structured ways costs are covered.\n ",
"timestamp": [
253.36,
259.44
]
},
{
"text": "care system that is good at financing, which \nmeans it has structured ways costs are covered.\n ",
"timestamp": [
253.36,
259.44
]
},
{
"text": "And to make sure that all these building blocks \nare working together, we need governance, ",
"timestamp": [
259.44,
264.64
]
},
{
"text": "And to make sure that all these building blocks \nare working together, we need governance, ",
"timestamp": [
259.44,
264.64
]
},
{
"text": "or a system to oversee public policy, medicine \nregulation, healthcare costs, and anything else ",
"timestamp": [
264.64,
270.56
]
},
{
"text": "or a system to oversee public policy, medicine \nregulation, healthcare costs, and anything else ",
"timestamp": [
264.64,
270.56
]
},
{
"text": "Nate needs to stay healthy.\nThanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
270.56,
273.84
]
},
{
"text": "Nate needs to stay healthy.\nThanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
270.56,
273.84
]
},
{
"text": "So yeah, we can probably see why a media \noutlet wouldn’t run with a headline like ",
"timestamp": [
273.84,
278.88
]
},
{
"text": "So yeah, we can probably see why a media \noutlet wouldn’t run with a headline like ",
"timestamp": [
273.84,
278.88
]
},
{
"text": "“Man Waits 10 Hours in Emergency Room Due to \nLack of Investment in Health Care Workforce, ",
"timestamp": [
278.88,
283.36
]
},
{
"text": "“Man Waits 10 Hours in Emergency Room Due to \nLack of Investment in Health Care Workforce, ",
"timestamp": [
278.88,
283.36
]
},
{
"text": "Supplies, Information System, and Assorted \nOther Institutional Challenges.” It just ",
"timestamp": [
283.36,
287.84
]
},
{
"text": "Supplies, Information System, and Assorted \nOther Institutional Challenges.” It just ",
"timestamp": [
283.36,
287.84
]
},
{
"text": "doesn’t have that same “click here!” ring to it.\nThere are around 200 countries in the world, ",
"timestamp": [
287.84,
293.76
]
},
{
"text": "doesn’t have that same “click here!” ring to it.\nThere are around 200 countries in the world, ",
"timestamp": [
287.84,
293.76
]
},
{
"text": "each with its own unique health challenges \nand solutions for tackling those problems. ",
"timestamp": [
293.76,
298.72
]
},
{
"text": "each with its own unique health challenges \nand solutions for tackling those problems. ",
"timestamp": [
293.76,
298.72
]
},
{
"text": "But this is Crash Course Public Health, not \nEncyclopedia Public Health. So, rather than ",
"timestamp": [
298.72,
304.24
]
},
{
"text": "But this is Crash Course Public Health, not \nEncyclopedia Public Health. So, rather than ",
"timestamp": [
298.72,
304.24
]
},
{
"text": "doing an Amazing Race-style speedrun of every \nhealth care system in the world, we’re going to ",
"timestamp": [
304.24,
309.52
]
},
{
"text": "doing an Amazing Race-style speedrun of every \nhealth care system in the world, we’re going to ",
"timestamp": [
304.24,
309.52
]
},
{
"text": "put them into four general groups. Each of these \nsystems basically has its own take on how to ",
"timestamp": [
309.52,
315.6
]
},
{
"text": "put them into four general groups. Each of these \nsystems basically has its own take on how to ",
"timestamp": [
309.52,
315.6
]
},
{
"text": "finance and provide health care service.\nThe first kind of health care system we’ll ",
"timestamp": [
315.6,
320.08
]
},
{
"text": "finance and provide health care service.\nThe first kind of health care system we’ll ",
"timestamp": [
315.6,
320.08
]
},
{
"text": "look at is the Beveridge model. Not the “beverage” \nmodel–it wasn’t invented by the guy who created Coca Cola. ",
"timestamp": [
320.08,
327.033
]
},
{
"text": "look at is the Beveridge model. Not the “beverage” \nmodel–it wasn’t invented by the guy who created Coca Cola. ",
"timestamp": [
320.08,
327.033
]
},
{
"text": "In 1948, the model was developed by Sir \nWilliam Beveridge, the former director of the ",
"timestamp": [
327.033,
333.04
]
},
{
"text": "In 1948, the model was developed by Sir \nWilliam Beveridge, the former director of the ",
"timestamp": [
327.033,
333.04
]
},
{
"text": "London School of Economics and Political Science. \nOne of the foundations of the Beveridge model is ",
"timestamp": [
333.04,
339.76
]
},
{
"text": "London School of Economics and Political Science. \nOne of the foundations of the Beveridge model is ",
"timestamp": [
333.04,
339.76
]
},
{
"text": "that good health is a human right–which \nmight not sound like a hot take to you, ",
"timestamp": [
339.76,
345.36
]
},
{
"text": "that good health is a human right–which \nmight not sound like a hot take to you, ",
"timestamp": [
339.76,
345.36
]
},
{
"text": "but until then, there were no models for \nhealth care systems built on that idea.\n ",
"timestamp": [
345.36,
350.48
]
},
{
"text": "but until then, there were no models for \nhealth care systems built on that idea.\n ",
"timestamp": [
345.36,
350.48
]
},
{
"text": "Beveridge recognized that one of the biggest \nbarriers between people and health care was cost. ",
"timestamp": [
350.48,
357.049
]
},
{
"text": "Beveridge recognized that one of the biggest \nbarriers between people and health care was cost. ",
"timestamp": [
350.48,
357.049
]
},
{
"text": "So, he proposed the establishment of \na government-run national health service, ",
"timestamp": [
357.049,
361.52
]
},
{
"text": "So, he proposed the establishment of \na government-run national health service, ",
"timestamp": [
357.049,
361.52
]
},
{
"text": "which would be paid for publicly by taxes, and \nthat could provide care to everyone. This was ",
"timestamp": [
361.52,
368
]
},
{
"text": "which would be paid for publicly by taxes, and \nthat could provide care to everyone. This was ",
"timestamp": [
361.52,
368
]
},
{
"text": "one of the first organized instances of universal \nhealth care. When we say universal health care ",
"timestamp": [
368,
374.56
]
},
{
"text": "one of the first organized instances of universal \nhealth care. When we say universal health care ",
"timestamp": [
368,
374.56
]
},
{
"text": "now, we mean any geographical region where \neveryone has access to health coverage, ",
"timestamp": [
374.56,
380.16
]
},
{
"text": "now, we mean any geographical region where \neveryone has access to health coverage, ",
"timestamp": [
374.56,
380.16
]
},
{
"text": "no matter which health care model is being used.\nWhen people refer to socialized medicine, ",
"timestamp": [
380.16,
385.92
]
},
{
"text": "no matter which health care model is being used.\nWhen people refer to socialized medicine, ",
"timestamp": [
380.16,
385.92
]
},
{
"text": "they’re talking about the Beveridge model. In \nsocialized medicine, the government pays for and ",
"timestamp": [
385.92,
391.44
]
},
{
"text": "they’re talking about the Beveridge model. In \nsocialized medicine, the government pays for and ",
"timestamp": [
385.92,
391.44
]
},
{
"text": "delivers healthcare. This is the system that we see \nin places like Great Britain and New Zealand.",
"timestamp": [
391.44,
397.92
]
},
{
"text": "delivers healthcare. This is the system that we see \nin places like Great Britain and New Zealand.",
"timestamp": [
391.44,
397.92
]
},
{
"text": "Another type of health care system emerged \nfrom Germany back in the late 19th century, ",
"timestamp": [
397.92,
403.12
]
},
{
"text": "Another type of health care system emerged \nfrom Germany back in the late 19th century, ",
"timestamp": [
397.92,
403.12
]
},
{
"text": "known as the Bismarck model. named after \nits founder: Otto, Prince of Bismarck, ",
"timestamp": [
403.12,
408.56
]
},
{
"text": "known as the Bismarck model. named after \nits founder: Otto, Prince of Bismarck, ",
"timestamp": [
403.12,
408.56
]
},
{
"text": "Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of \nLauenburg–which is basically a long-winded and ",
"timestamp": [
408.56,
414.32
]
},
{
"text": "Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of \nLauenburg–which is basically a long-winded and ",
"timestamp": [
408.56,
414.32
]
},
{
"text": "very badly pronounced way of saying “very fancy \nGerman diplomat with a long Wikipedia page.”\n ",
"timestamp": [
414.32,
420.64
]
},
{
"text": "very badly pronounced way of saying “very fancy \nGerman diplomat with a long Wikipedia page.”\n ",
"timestamp": [
414.32,
420.64
]
},
{
"text": "In modern Bismarckian systems, private \norganizations pay for and deliver the care, ",
"timestamp": [
420.64,
426.56
]
},
{
"text": "In modern Bismarckian systems, private \norganizations pay for and deliver the care, ",
"timestamp": [
420.64,
426.56
]
},
{
"text": "but everything is tightly regulated by \nthe government. Then, somewhere between ",
"timestamp": [
426.56,
431.84
]
},
{
"text": "but everything is tightly regulated by \nthe government. Then, somewhere between ",
"timestamp": [
426.56,
431.84
]
},
{
"text": "the Beveridge model and the Bismarck model, \nwe have the national health insurance model. ",
"timestamp": [
431.84,
437.76
]
},
{
"text": "the Beveridge model and the Bismarck model, \nwe have the national health insurance model. ",
"timestamp": [
431.84,
437.76
]
},
{
"text": "The national health insurance model is similar \nto the Beveridge model in that the government ",
"timestamp": [
437.76,
442.48
]
},
{
"text": "The national health insurance model is similar \nto the Beveridge model in that the government ",
"timestamp": [
437.76,
442.48
]
},
{
"text": "is the one paying for medical care. However, like \nthe Bismarck model, private organizations deliver it.",
"timestamp": [
442.48,
450.217
]
},
{
"text": "is the one paying for medical care. However, like \nthe Bismarck model, private organizations deliver it.",
"timestamp": [
442.48,
450.217
]
},
{
"text": "We see this model used primarily \nin Canada, Taiwan, and South Korea.",
"timestamp": [
450.217,
455.12
]
},
{
"text": "We see this model used primarily \nin Canada, Taiwan, and South Korea.",
"timestamp": [
450.217,
455.12
]
},
{
"text": "Our fourth model is the out-of-pocket model, \nwhich probably wins the award for most helpfully ",
"timestamp": [
455.12,
460.4
]
},
{
"text": "Our fourth model is the out-of-pocket model, \nwhich probably wins the award for most helpfully ",
"timestamp": [
455.12,
460.4
]
},
{
"text": "named model yet! Unfortunately, it also wins the \naward for the potentially least effective model, ",
"timestamp": [
460.4,
467.36
]
},
{
"text": "named model yet! Unfortunately, it also wins the \naward for the potentially least effective model, ",
"timestamp": [
460.4,
467.36
]
},
{
"text": "because it is basically the lack of a healthcare \nmodel. It means that people pay for 100% ",
"timestamp": [
467.36,
473.84
]
},
{
"text": "because it is basically the lack of a healthcare \nmodel. It means that people pay for 100% ",
"timestamp": [
467.36,
473.84
]
},
{
"text": "of the treatment they receive themselves. \nBasically, people get the treatment that they ",
"timestamp": [
473.84,
478.64
]
},
{
"text": "of the treatment they receive themselves. \nBasically, people get the treatment that they ",
"timestamp": [
473.84,
478.64
]
},
{
"text": "pay for, without assistance from the government or \nan insurance company. We see this model in India, ",
"timestamp": [
478.64,
484.88
]
},
{
"text": "pay for, without assistance from the government or \nan insurance company. We see this model in India, ",
"timestamp": [
478.64,
484.88
]
},
{
"text": "the United States, and some low- and middle-income \ncountries in Africa and South America.\"\n ",
"timestamp": [
484.88,
490.72
]
},
{
"text": "the United States, and some low- and middle-income \ncountries in Africa and South America.\"\n ",
"timestamp": [
484.88,
490.72
]
},
{
"text": "It’s important to remember that we’re using our \nfour health care models to speak very broadly ",
"timestamp": [
490.72,
495.76
]
},
{
"text": "It’s important to remember that we’re using our \nfour health care models to speak very broadly ",
"timestamp": [
490.72,
495.76
]
},
{
"text": "about things that can be pretty gnarly to unpack \nin practice. Many country’s health care systems ",
"timestamp": [
495.76,
501.44
]
},
{
"text": "about things that can be pretty gnarly to unpack \nin practice. Many country’s health care systems ",
"timestamp": [
495.76,
501.44
]
},
{
"text": "incorporate elements of multiple models. And \nmaybe none more so than the United States. \n ",
"timestamp": [
501.44,
507.68
]
},
{
"text": "incorporate elements of multiple models. And \nmaybe none more so than the United States. \n ",
"timestamp": [
501.44,
507.68
]
},
{
"text": "The U.S. is unique because it’s the only wealthy, \nindustrialized country without universal health ",
"timestamp": [
507.68,
514
]
},
{
"text": "The U.S. is unique because it’s the only wealthy, \nindustrialized country without universal health ",
"timestamp": [
507.68,
514
]
},
{
"text": "insurance coverage. Also, the U.S. spends way more \nmoney on health care than other wealthy countries. ",
"timestamp": [
514,
521.36
]
},
{
"text": "insurance coverage. Also, the U.S. spends way more \nmoney on health care than other wealthy countries. ",
"timestamp": [
514,
521.36
]
},
{
"text": "Like, so much money that in 2018, its spending \nmade up 42% of all global spending on health care– ",
"timestamp": [
521.36,
529.04
]
},
{
"text": "Like, so much money that in 2018, its spending \nmade up 42% of all global spending on health care– ",
"timestamp": [
521.36,
529.04
]
},
{
"text": "despite making up just 4.29% \nof the world’s total population. ",
"timestamp": [
529.04,
534.48
]
},
{
"text": "despite making up just 4.29% \nof the world’s total population. ",
"timestamp": [
529.04,
534.48
]
},
{
"text": "But despite all that spending, the quality \nof U.S. healthcare actually falls behind ",
"timestamp": [
534.48,
540.16
]
},
{
"text": "But despite all that spending, the quality \nof U.S. healthcare actually falls behind ",
"timestamp": [
534.48,
540.16
]
},
{
"text": "those other wealthy nations that don’t spend \nall that money. In one 2021 study comparing ",
"timestamp": [
540.16,
546.08
]
},
{
"text": "those other wealthy nations that don’t spend \nall that money. In one 2021 study comparing ",
"timestamp": [
540.16,
546.08
]
},
{
"text": "U.S. healthcare results to those in 11 countries \nwith similar levels of wealth, the U.S. ranked ",
"timestamp": [
546.08,
552.24
]
},
{
"text": "U.S. healthcare results to those in 11 countries \nwith similar levels of wealth, the U.S. ranked ",
"timestamp": [
546.08,
552.24
]
},
{
"text": "last in healthcare access and quality and \nhad the highest rate of premature deaths.\n ",
"timestamp": [
552.24,
558.48
]
},
{
"text": "last in healthcare access and quality and \nhad the highest rate of premature deaths.\n ",
"timestamp": [
552.24,
558.48
]
},
{
"text": "The U.S. healthcare system combines pretty much \nevery health care model we’ve discussed so far. ",
"timestamp": [
558.48,
564.24
]
},
{
"text": "The U.S. healthcare system combines pretty much \nevery health care model we’ve discussed so far. ",
"timestamp": [
558.48,
564.24
]
},
{
"text": "Like, the U.S. Veterans Health Administration \nresembles something like the Beveridge model, ",
"timestamp": [
564.24,
569.36
]
},
{
"text": "Like, the U.S. Veterans Health Administration \nresembles something like the Beveridge model, ",
"timestamp": [
564.24,
569.36
]
},
{
"text": "or socialized medicine, to take care of veterans’ \nhealth pretty much free-of-charge! ",
"timestamp": [
569.36,
574.64
]
},
{
"text": "or socialized medicine, to take care of veterans’ \nhealth pretty much free-of-charge! ",
"timestamp": [
569.36,
574.64
]
},
{
"text": "But then the U.S. also uses the Bismarck model, \nwhich can be seen in the insurance exchanges ",
"timestamp": [
574.64,
580.16
]
},
{
"text": "But then the U.S. also uses the Bismarck model, \nwhich can be seen in the insurance exchanges ",
"timestamp": [
574.64,
580.16
]
},
{
"text": "introduced by the Affordable Care Act. In these \nexchanges, private organizations pay for and ",
"timestamp": [
580.16,
586.4
]
},
{
"text": "introduced by the Affordable Care Act. In these \nexchanges, private organizations pay for and ",
"timestamp": [
580.16,
586.4
]
},
{
"text": "deliver care, but everything is tightly regulated \nby the government. People 65 years or older are ",
"timestamp": [
586.4,
593.28
]
},
{
"text": "deliver care, but everything is tightly regulated \nby the government. People 65 years or older are ",
"timestamp": [
586.4,
593.28
]
},
{
"text": "covered by Medicare, which is like Canada’s \nsystem in that it’s paid for by the government ",
"timestamp": [
593.28,
598.08
]
},
{
"text": "covered by Medicare, which is like Canada’s \nsystem in that it’s paid for by the government ",
"timestamp": [
593.28,
598.08
]
},
{
"text": "but delivered by private organizations. \n And then, as of 2020, there were around ",
"timestamp": [
598.08,
604.08
]
},
{
"text": "but delivered by private organizations. \n And then, as of 2020, there were around ",
"timestamp": [
598.08,
604.08
]
},
{
"text": "8.6%–or 28 million Americans–who weren’t insured, \nwho pretty much used the out-of-pocket model.\n ",
"timestamp": [
604.08,
612.48
]
},
{
"text": "8.6%–or 28 million Americans–who weren’t insured, \nwho pretty much used the out-of-pocket model.\n ",
"timestamp": [
604.08,
612.48
]
},
{
"text": "So, it’s natural to wonder which of these \nmodels is best. This is what public health ",
"timestamp": [
612.48,
617.84
]
},
{
"text": "So, it’s natural to wonder which of these \nmodels is best. This is what public health ",
"timestamp": [
612.48,
617.84
]
},
{
"text": "experts call a “terrible, horrible, no good, \npretty much impossible to answer question.” ",
"timestamp": [
617.84,
622.88
]
},
{
"text": "experts call a “terrible, horrible, no good, \npretty much impossible to answer question.” ",
"timestamp": [
617.84,
622.88
]
},
{
"text": "Ranking health care systems is a bit like giving a \ndefinitive ranking of the Spice Girls. It’s going ",
"timestamp": [
622.88,
628.88
]
},
{
"text": "Ranking health care systems is a bit like giving a \ndefinitive ranking of the Spice Girls. It’s going ",
"timestamp": [
622.88,
628.88
]
},
{
"text": "to come down to what criteria we’re using to build \nour ranking. Scary or Sporty? Posh or Ginger? ",
"timestamp": [
628.88,
636.96
]
},
{
"text": "to come down to what criteria we’re using to build \nour ranking. Scary or Sporty? Posh or Ginger? ",
"timestamp": [
628.88,
636.96
]
},
{
"text": "Wait, why does everyone forget about Baby??\nInstead, we can think in terms of goals, ",
"timestamp": [
636.96,
642.4
]
},
{
"text": "Wait, why does everyone forget about Baby??\nInstead, we can think in terms of goals, ",
"timestamp": [
636.96,
642.4
]
},
{
"text": "by asking what a good health \ncare system should accomplish. \n ",
"timestamp": [
642.4,
646.08
]
},
{
"text": "by asking what a good health \ncare system should accomplish. \n ",
"timestamp": [
642.4,
646.08
]
},
{
"text": "One pretty obvious goal of a health care \nsystem is to improve health–and there’s a ",
"timestamp": [
646.08,
651.44
]
},
{
"text": "One pretty obvious goal of a health care \nsystem is to improve health–and there’s a ",
"timestamp": [
646.08,
651.44
]
},
{
"text": "bunch of different ways to do this. One metric \nwe hear about often is life expectancy– ",
"timestamp": [
651.44,
657.76
]
},
{
"text": "bunch of different ways to do this. One metric \nwe hear about often is life expectancy– ",
"timestamp": [
651.44,
657.76
]
},
{
"text": "with the general scientific consensus being that \nhealthier people live longer on average. ",
"timestamp": [
657.76,
663.313
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},
{
"text": "with the general scientific consensus being that \nhealthier people live longer on average. ",
"timestamp": [
657.76,
663.313
]
},
{
"text": "In this category, some of the top performing countries \nas of 2020 are Japan and Singapore.",
"timestamp": [
663.313,
669.68
]
},
{
"text": "In this category, some of the top performing countries \nas of 2020 are Japan and Singapore.",
"timestamp": [
663.313,
669.68
]
},
{
"text": "But another useful measurement of health might \nbe the number of children who live past the ",
"timestamp": [
669.68,
673.84
]
},
{
"text": "But another useful measurement of health might \nbe the number of children who live past the ",
"timestamp": [
669.68,
673.84
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},
{
"text": "age of five, where San Marino and Estonia \nhave some of the best outcomes as of 2020.\n ",
"timestamp": [
673.84,
680.16
]
},
{
"text": "age of five, where San Marino and Estonia \nhave some of the best outcomes as of 2020.\n ",
"timestamp": [
673.84,
680.16
]
},
{
"text": "We also want a health care system that is \nresponsive. Like, when we need an appointment ",
"timestamp": [
680.16,
685.68
]
},
{
"text": "We also want a health care system that is \nresponsive. Like, when we need an appointment ",
"timestamp": [
680.16,
685.68
]
},
{
"text": "with a specialist, we don’t want to \nhave to wait months to get treated.\n ",
"timestamp": [
685.68,
689.52
]
},
{
"text": "with a specialist, we don’t want to \nhave to wait months to get treated.\n ",
"timestamp": [
685.68,
689.52
]
},
{
"text": "And we also want our health care system to be \nequitable. We don’t want a health care system ",
"timestamp": [
689.52,
695.04
]
},
{
"text": "And we also want our health care system to be \nequitable. We don’t want a health care system ",
"timestamp": [
689.52,
695.04
]
},
{
"text": "that’s only good at caring for the health \nof some people. Health is a human right, ",
"timestamp": [
695.04,
700.48
]
},
{
"text": "that’s only good at caring for the health \nof some people. Health is a human right, ",
"timestamp": [
695.04,
700.48
]
},
{
"text": "regardless of where we are or who we are.\nWe ask a lot of our health care systems. ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "regardless of where we are or who we are.\nWe ask a lot of our health care systems. ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Affordability, timeliness, \ninnovation, equitable access– ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Affordability, timeliness, \ninnovation, equitable access– ",
"timestamp": [
706.8,
711.297
]
},
{
"text": "these aren’t boxes that we can just check off easily or \npermanently. In the grand scheme of human history, ",
"timestamp": [
711.297,
718.24
]
},
{
"text": "these aren’t boxes that we can just check off easily or \npermanently. In the grand scheme of human history, ",
"timestamp": [
711.297,
718.24
]
},
{
"text": "organized health care systems are pretty \nnew–and we have a lot of work left to do.\n ",
"timestamp": [
718.24,
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]
},
{
"text": "organized health care systems are pretty \nnew–and we have a lot of work left to do.\n ",
"timestamp": [
718.24,
724.457
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
724.457,
727.65
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
724.457,
727.65
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. ",
"timestamp": [
727.65,
733.387
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. ",
"timestamp": [
727.65,
733.387
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public Health, \nhead over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
733.387,
737.954
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public Health, \nhead over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
733.387,
737.954
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” \na series by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
737.954,
742.8
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” \na series by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
737.954,
742.8
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, ",
"timestamp": [
742.8,
747.28
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, ",
"timestamp": [
742.8,
747.28
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these wombat lovers. \nIf you'd like to help keep Crash Course ",
"timestamp": [
747.28,
752.257
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these wombat lovers. \nIf you'd like to help keep Crash Course ",
"timestamp": [
747.28,
752.257
]
},
{
"text": "free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
752.257,
757.84
]
},
{
"text": "free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
752.257,
757.84
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction to Health Care Systems",
"For a lot of us, the phrase “health care system” \ncan feel like a labyrinth full of paperwork, long lines, and strange-smelling waiting rooms. \nAnd navigating this labyrinth can be stressful and overwhelming. In fact, just figuring out \nhow to start your health care journey can feel hard enough–not to mention doing the \nactual, you know, caring for your health.\n But this isn’t a 21st-century \nproblem. People have spent hundreds of years imagining different ways \nto help people navigate the labyrinth–and they’ve come up with a bunch of different paths, \neach with their own benefits and pitfalls.\n In a lot of places, we’ve combined these \napproaches. Like, the U.S. has kind of taken approaches to health care from pretty much \neverywhere! Which sounds promising–but has turned out to be…well, you’ll see what I mean.Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash Course Public Health![INTRO]It feels weird to say, but our health isn’t just \nsomething that we have. It’s also something that is cared for and provided to us by others. These \npeople are our health care providers. And sure, they include doctors and surgeons who treat us \nwhen we need immediate care, but also people who provide ongoing, preventive treatments, like \ntherapists, dentists, and nursing home workers. \n And while we typically receive \ncare directly from these people, there’s an entire world behind the scenes that \nmakes this relationship between patients and providers possible: the health care system.\nThe health care system is probably best known for generating … a lot of opinions. And news \nstories! We see attention-grabbing headlines like, “Why America’s Healthcare System is Broken” \nor “This Man Waited 10 Hours in Emergency Room After Sky Diving Incident.” And while \nthese headlines are good at getting clicks, they’re not as good at explaining \nwhat a health care system does.\n The World Health Organization defines a health \ncare system as all the institutions, people, "
],
[
"Six Building Blocks",
"and resources “whose primary purpose it is \nto promote, restore, and maintain health”.\n In general, the World Health Organization \nidentifies six building blocks that make up a strong health care system. Let’s break \nthem down a bit in the Thought Bubble.\n Meet Nate. He is having an asthma attack for the \nfirst time. The first building block that Nate needs to successfully diagnose and treat his \nasthma attack is service delivery. Basically, there needs to be enough health care facilities \nso that Nate can easily access them.\n Once Nate is at his chosen healthcare \nfacility, he needs his care provider to have essential medicines, like albuterol, \nalso known as salbutamol outside of the U.S., which helps to open airways in the lungs. \nAnd the facility may have essential supplies like a stethoscope for listening to Nate’s \nbreathing. Also, Nate probably wants there to be a trained professional at the facility. \nSo, another obvious building block for Nate’s treatment is a health care workforce that can help \nhim diagnose his symptoms and then treat them. \n One building block that Nate might not \nbe thinking about is health information systems. These are systems that help collect \nand securely store data. And not just about Nate’s health, about everyone’s health.\nThis could allow patients to have better access to their own health data, and also help healthcare \nprofessionals around the world make more informed decisions and diagnose health patterns in a \npopulation. So, if a population across the world is experiencing similar symptoms to Nate’s, \ndoctors can work together to find common factors that could explain the illness. This \nmeans that while Nate’s asthma is being treated by one provider, an entire community of experts \ncould use information about his condition and the medication he receives to help others.\nSo the doctor diagnoses Nate with asthma and treats him with medicine, thank goodness. But \nsomeone needs to pay the doctor for their time, and the medicine manufacturer for providing the \nmedicine. So, Nate wants to be part of a health care system that is good at financing, which \nmeans it has structured ways costs are covered.\n And to make sure that all these building blocks \nare working together, we need governance, or a system to oversee public policy, medicine \nregulation, healthcare costs, and anything else Nate needs to stay healthy.\nThanks, Thought Bubble.So yeah, we can probably see why a media \noutlet wouldn’t run with a headline like “Man Waits 10 Hours in Emergency Room Due to \nLack of Investment in Health Care Workforce, Supplies, Information System, and Assorted \nOther Institutional Challenges.” It just doesn’t have that same “click here!” ring to it.\nThere are around 200 countries in the world, each with its own unique health challenges \nand solutions for tackling those problems. But this is Crash Course Public Health, not \nEncyclopedia Public Health. So, rather than doing an Amazing Race-style speedrun of every \nhealth care system in the world, we’re going to put them into four general groups. Each of these \nsystems basically has its own take on how to finance and provide health care service.\nThe first kind of health care system we’ll "
],
[
"Beveridge Model",
"look at is the Beveridge model. Not the “beverage” \nmodel–it wasn’t invented by the guy who created Coca Cola. In 1948, the model was developed by Sir \nWilliam Beveridge, the former director of the London School of Economics and Political Science. \nOne of the foundations of the Beveridge model is that good health is a human right–which \nmight not sound like a hot take to you, but until then, there were no models for \nhealth care systems built on that idea.\n Beveridge recognized that one of the biggest \nbarriers between people and health care was cost. So, he proposed the establishment of \na government-run national health service, which would be paid for publicly by taxes, and \nthat could provide care to everyone. This was one of the first organized instances of universal \nhealth care. When we say universal health care now, we mean any geographical region where \neveryone has access to health coverage, no matter which health care model is being used.\nWhen people refer to socialized medicine, they’re talking about the Beveridge model. In \nsocialized medicine, the government pays for and delivers healthcare. This is the system that we see \nin places like Great Britain and New Zealand."
],
[
"Bismarck Model",
"Another type of health care system emerged \nfrom Germany back in the late 19th century, known as the Bismarck model. named after \nits founder: Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of \nLauenburg–which is basically a long-winded and very badly pronounced way of saying “very fancy \nGerman diplomat with a long Wikipedia page.”\n In modern Bismarckian systems, private \norganizations pay for and deliver the care, but everything is tightly regulated by \nthe government. Then, somewhere between "
],
[
"National Health Insurance Model",
"the Beveridge model and the Bismarck model, \nwe have the national health insurance model. The national health insurance model is similar \nto the Beveridge model in that the government is the one paying for medical care. However, like \nthe Bismarck model, private organizations deliver it.We see this model used primarily \nin Canada, Taiwan, and South Korea."
],
[
"Out-of-Pocket Model",
"Our fourth model is the out-of-pocket model, \nwhich probably wins the award for most helpfully named model yet! Unfortunately, it also wins the \naward for the potentially least effective model, because it is basically the lack of a healthcare \nmodel. It means that people pay for 100% of the treatment they receive themselves. \nBasically, people get the treatment that they pay for, without assistance from the government or \nan insurance company. We see this model in India, the United States, and some low- and middle-income \ncountries in Africa and South America.\"\n It’s important to remember that we’re using our \nfour health care models to speak very broadly about things that can be pretty gnarly to unpack \nin practice. Many country’s health care systems incorporate elements of multiple models. And \nmaybe none more so than the United States. \n The U.S. is unique because it’s the only wealthy, \nindustrialized country without universal health insurance coverage. Also, the U.S. spends way more \nmoney on health care than other wealthy countries. Like, so much money that in 2018, its spending \nmade up 42% of all global spending on health care– despite making up just 4.29% \nof the world’s total population. But despite all that spending, the quality \nof U.S. healthcare actually falls behind those other wealthy nations that don’t spend \nall that money. In one 2021 study comparing U.S. healthcare results to those in 11 countries \nwith similar levels of wealth, the U.S. ranked last in healthcare access and quality and \nhad the highest rate of premature deaths.\n The U.S. healthcare system combines pretty much \nevery health care model we’ve discussed so far. Like, the U.S. Veterans Health Administration \nresembles something like the Beveridge model, or socialized medicine, to take care of veterans’ \nhealth pretty much free-of-charge! But then the U.S. also uses the Bismarck model, \nwhich can be seen in the insurance exchanges introduced by the Affordable Care Act. In these \nexchanges, private organizations pay for and deliver care, but everything is tightly regulated \nby the government. People 65 years or older are covered by Medicare, which is like Canada’s \nsystem in that it’s paid for by the government but delivered by private organizations. \n And then, as of 2020, there were around 8.6%–or 28 million Americans–who weren’t insured, \nwho pretty much used the out-of-pocket model.\n So, it’s natural to wonder which of these \nmodels is best. This is what public health experts call a “terrible, horrible, no good, \npretty much impossible to answer question.” Ranking health care systems is a bit like giving a \ndefinitive ranking of the Spice Girls. It’s going to come down to what criteria we’re using to build \nour ranking. Scary or Sporty? Posh or Ginger? Wait, why does everyone forget about Baby??\nInstead, we can think in terms of goals, by asking what a good health \ncare system should accomplish. \n "
],
[
"Goals of Healthcare",
"One pretty obvious goal of a health care \nsystem is to improve health–and there’s a bunch of different ways to do this. One metric \nwe hear about often is life expectancy– with the general scientific consensus being that \nhealthier people live longer on average. In this category, some of the top performing countries \nas of 2020 are Japan and Singapore.But another useful measurement of health might \nbe the number of children who live past the age of five, where San Marino and Estonia \nhave some of the best outcomes as of 2020.\n We also want a health care system that is \nresponsive. Like, when we need an appointment with a specialist, we don’t want to \nhave to wait months to get treated.\n And we also want our health care system to be \nequitable. We don’t want a health care system that’s only good at caring for the health \nof some people. Health is a human right, regardless of where we are or who we are.\nWe ask a lot of our health care systems. "
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"Affordability, timeliness, \ninnovation, equitable access– these aren’t boxes that we can just check off easily or \npermanently. In the grand scheme of human history, organized health care systems are pretty \nnew–and we have a lot of work left to do.\n Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. If you want to learn even more about Public Health, \nhead over to APHA’s YouTube channel to watch “That’s Public Health” \na series by APHA and Complexly.Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, and made with the help of all these wombat lovers. \nIf you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Intro to Epidemiology: Crash Course Public Health #6
|
_luU3I03JwE
| 889 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Epidemiology",
"end_time": 82
},
{
"start_time": 82,
"title": "Origins of Epidemiology",
"end_time": 244
},
{
"start_time": 244,
"title": "Studying Disease",
"end_time": 447
},
{
"start_time": 447,
"title": "Interpreting Data",
"end_time": 574
},
{
"start_time": 574,
"title": "Bradford Hill Criteria & Mathematical Models",
"end_time": 623
},
{
"start_time": 623,
"title": "Rothman Causal Pie",
"end_time": 787
},
{
"start_time": 787,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 889
}
] |
[
{
"text": "In 2014, an outbreak of the deadly virus Ebola\nwas spreading across Guinea, a country in West Africa.",
"timestamp": [
0.149,
7.09
]
},
{
"text": "In 2014, an outbreak of the deadly virus Ebola\nwas spreading across Guinea, a country in West Africa.",
"timestamp": [
0.149,
7.09
]
},
{
"text": "The outbreak had started in a small village,\nbut spread rapidly.",
"timestamp": [
7.09,
11.789
]
},
{
"text": "The outbreak had started in a small village,\nbut spread rapidly.",
"timestamp": [
7.09,
11.789
]
},
{
"text": "By the time health officials were able to\nend the outbreak over two years later",
"timestamp": [
11.789,
15.857
]
},
{
"text": "By the time health officials were able to\nend the outbreak over two years later",
"timestamp": [
11.789,
15.857
]
},
{
"text": "there had been more than 11,000 deaths \nassociated with the virus.",
"timestamp": [
15.857,
21.07
]
},
{
"text": "there had been more than 11,000 deaths \nassociated with the virus.",
"timestamp": [
15.857,
21.07
]
},
{
"text": "The Ebola outbreak is a classic example of\nan epidemic, when more people in a group",
"timestamp": [
21.07,
26.213
]
},
{
"text": "The Ebola outbreak is a classic example of\nan epidemic, when more people in a group",
"timestamp": [
21.07,
26.213
]
},
{
"text": "than usual develop a particular illness or condition.",
"timestamp": [
26.213,
29.822
]
},
{
"text": "than usual develop a particular illness or condition.",
"timestamp": [
26.213,
29.822
]
},
{
"text": "But epidemics don’t need to be an apocalyptic\nviral event that dominates headlines.",
"timestamp": [
29.822,
35.19
]
},
{
"text": "But epidemics don’t need to be an apocalyptic\nviral event that dominates headlines.",
"timestamp": [
29.822,
35.19
]
},
{
"text": "For example, as of 2019, over 80% of school-aged\nchildren in China, Singapore, and South Korea",
"timestamp": [
35.19,
41.73
]
},
{
"text": "For example, as of 2019, over 80% of school-aged\nchildren in China, Singapore, and South Korea",
"timestamp": [
35.19,
41.73
]
},
{
"text": "were nearsighted, which is more people in\nthat group than we would expect to have that condition.",
"timestamp": [
41.73,
48.017
]
},
{
"text": "were nearsighted, which is more people in\nthat group than we would expect to have that condition.",
"timestamp": [
41.73,
48.017
]
},
{
"text": "So, we could say that nearsightedness is an\nepidemic!",
"timestamp": [
48.017,
52.088
]
},
{
"text": "So, we could say that nearsightedness is an\nepidemic!",
"timestamp": [
48.017,
52.088
]
},
{
"text": "But no matter which kind of epidemic we’re studying,",
"timestamp": [
52.088,
55.266
]
},
{
"text": "But no matter which kind of epidemic we’re studying,",
"timestamp": [
52.088,
55.266
]
},
{
"text": "we need epidemiology to help us do it.",
"timestamp": [
55.266,
58.287
]
},
{
"text": "we need epidemiology to help us do it.",
"timestamp": [
55.266,
58.287
]
},
{
"text": "Epidemiology is basically where all the science-y\nstuff happens in public health.",
"timestamp": [
58.287,
63.439
]
},
{
"text": "Epidemiology is basically where all the science-y\nstuff happens in public health.",
"timestamp": [
58.287,
63.439
]
},
{
"text": "It uses microscopes, data, math, and…pie.",
"timestamp": [
63.439,
68.078
]
},
{
"text": "It uses microscopes, data, math, and…pie.",
"timestamp": [
63.439,
68.078
]
},
{
"text": "Don’t worry, we’ll get to that.",
"timestamp": [
68.078,
69.615
]
},
{
"text": "Don’t worry, we’ll get to that.",
"timestamp": [
68.078,
69.615
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash\nCourse Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
69.615,
73.727
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash\nCourse Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
69.615,
73.727
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
73.727,
82.852
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
73.727,
82.852
]
},
{
"text": "Epidemiology is the study of the patterns\nof disease and health conditions within populations.",
"timestamp": [
82.852,
89.58
]
},
{
"text": "Epidemiology is the study of the patterns\nof disease and health conditions within populations.",
"timestamp": [
82.852,
89.58
]
},
{
"text": "It also studies the patterns’ causes and\nhow they can be controlled.",
"timestamp": [
89.58,
93.63
]
},
{
"text": "It also studies the patterns’ causes and\nhow they can be controlled.",
"timestamp": [
89.58,
93.63
]
},
{
"text": "Much like democracy and the Mamma Mia film\nfranchise, we can at least partially give",
"timestamp": [
93.63,
99.04
]
},
{
"text": "Much like democracy and the Mamma Mia film\nfranchise, we can at least partially give",
"timestamp": [
93.63,
99.04
]
},
{
"text": "credit for the word “epidemiology” to\nthe Greeks.",
"timestamp": [
99.04,
102.39
]
},
{
"text": "credit for the word “epidemiology” to\nthe Greeks.",
"timestamp": [
99.04,
102.39
]
},
{
"text": "It comes from the three Greek words “epi”,\n\"demos\", and \"logos\",",
"timestamp": [
102.39,
106.877
]
},
{
"text": "It comes from the three Greek words “epi”,\n\"demos\", and \"logos\",",
"timestamp": [
102.39,
106.877
]
},
{
"text": "which mean upon, people, and study.”",
"timestamp": [
106.877,
110
]
},
{
"text": "which mean upon, people, and study.”",
"timestamp": [
106.877,
110
]
},
{
"text": "So, epidemiology is literally the “study\nof what is upon the people.”",
"timestamp": [
110,
115
]
},
{
"text": "So, epidemiology is literally the “study\nof what is upon the people.”",
"timestamp": [
110,
115
]
},
{
"text": "Which is kind of a terrifyingly broad field.",
"timestamp": [
115,
118.37
]
},
{
"text": "Which is kind of a terrifyingly broad field.",
"timestamp": [
115,
118.37
]
},
{
"text": "Like, “what is upon the people” could\ndescribe anything from climate change to whatever",
"timestamp": [
118.37,
123.92
]
},
{
"text": "Like, “what is upon the people” could\ndescribe anything from climate change to whatever",
"timestamp": [
118.37,
123.92
]
},
{
"text": "Hank Green is plugging on TikTok today - be\nsure to check out the link in his bio!!",
"timestamp": [
123.92,
128.2
]
},
{
"text": "Hank Green is plugging on TikTok today - be\nsure to check out the link in his bio!!",
"timestamp": [
123.92,
128.2
]
},
{
"text": "But anyway, to specify, an epidemiologist–or\nsomeone who studies epidemiology–",
"timestamp": [
128.2,
133.917
]
},
{
"text": "But anyway, to specify, an epidemiologist–or\nsomeone who studies epidemiology–",
"timestamp": [
128.2,
133.917
]
},
{
"text": "wants to know who gets what diseases, where they get\nthem, and when.",
"timestamp": [
133.917,
138.588
]
},
{
"text": "wants to know who gets what diseases, where they get\nthem, and when.",
"timestamp": [
133.917,
138.588
]
},
{
"text": "Epidemiologists are kind of like detectives\nin a massive game of Clue! (or Cluedo!)",
"timestamp": [
138.588,
144.95
]
},
{
"text": "Epidemiologists are kind of like detectives\nin a massive game of Clue! (or Cluedo!)",
"timestamp": [
138.588,
144.95
]
},
{
"text": "Except instead of Professor Plum in the ballroom\nwith a candlestick,",
"timestamp": [
144.95,
148.241
]
},
{
"text": "Except instead of Professor Plum in the ballroom\nwith a candlestick,",
"timestamp": [
144.95,
148.241
]
},
{
"text": "it’s more like a bacterial infection on planet Earth that \nthreatens literally everyone.",
"timestamp": [
148.241,
154.379
]
},
{
"text": "it’s more like a bacterial infection on planet Earth that \nthreatens literally everyone.",
"timestamp": [
148.241,
154.379
]
},
{
"text": "The word and the actual practice of epidemiology\ndidn't gain traction until the 19th century,",
"timestamp": [
154.379,
160.58
]
},
{
"text": "The word and the actual practice of epidemiology\ndidn't gain traction until the 19th century,",
"timestamp": [
154.379,
160.58
]
},
{
"text": "when it mostly concerned infectious diseases.",
"timestamp": [
160.58,
163.63
]
},
{
"text": "when it mostly concerned infectious diseases.",
"timestamp": [
160.58,
163.63
]
},
{
"text": "These are health conditions caused by organisms\nlike viruses, bacteria, and parasites,",
"timestamp": [
163.63,
169.551
]
},
{
"text": "These are health conditions caused by organisms\nlike viruses, bacteria, and parasites,",
"timestamp": [
163.63,
169.551
]
},
{
"text": "which are spread between people or picked up from\nthe environment or animals.",
"timestamp": [
169.551,
173.774
]
},
{
"text": "which are spread between people or picked up from\nthe environment or animals.",
"timestamp": [
169.551,
173.774
]
},
{
"text": "But today, we understand epidemiology more\nbroadly.",
"timestamp": [
173.774,
177.624
]
},
{
"text": "But today, we understand epidemiology more\nbroadly.",
"timestamp": [
173.774,
177.624
]
},
{
"text": "This is partly because we also understand\nhealth more broadly.",
"timestamp": [
177.624,
181.86
]
},
{
"text": "This is partly because we also understand\nhealth more broadly.",
"timestamp": [
177.624,
181.86
]
},
{
"text": "And as we saw in our episodes on the determinants\nof health,",
"timestamp": [
181.86,
185
]
},
{
"text": "And as we saw in our episodes on the determinants\nof health,",
"timestamp": [
181.86,
185
]
},
{
"text": "our health is affected by more than just germs.",
"timestamp": [
185,
187.92
]
},
{
"text": "our health is affected by more than just germs.",
"timestamp": [
185,
187.92
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also impacted by our neighborhoods,\nschools, and society in general!",
"timestamp": [
187.92,
193.459
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also impacted by our neighborhoods,\nschools, and society in general!",
"timestamp": [
187.92,
193.459
]
},
{
"text": "But we also understand epidemiology differently because,",
"timestamp": [
193.459,
197.378
]
},
{
"text": "But we also understand epidemiology differently because,",
"timestamp": [
193.459,
197.378
]
},
{
"text": "at least in high-income countries, \ncauses of death have changed.",
"timestamp": [
197.378,
202.099
]
},
{
"text": "at least in high-income countries, \ncauses of death have changed.",
"timestamp": [
197.378,
202.099
]
},
{
"text": "As advances in medicine and public health\nhave meant fewer deaths from infectious diseases",
"timestamp": [
202.099,
207.519
]
},
{
"text": "As advances in medicine and public health\nhave meant fewer deaths from infectious diseases",
"timestamp": [
202.099,
207.519
]
},
{
"text": "in these places, non-infectious, also known\nas non-communicable, causes of death",
"timestamp": [
207.519,
212.999
]
},
{
"text": "in these places, non-infectious, also known\nas non-communicable, causes of death",
"timestamp": [
207.519,
212.999
]
},
{
"text": "have become a bigger area of focus.",
"timestamp": [
212.999,
216.108
]
},
{
"text": "have become a bigger area of focus.",
"timestamp": [
212.999,
216.108
]
},
{
"text": "We know - that’s pretty unfair for lower-income\ncountries.",
"timestamp": [
216.108,
219.329
]
},
{
"text": "We know - that’s pretty unfair for lower-income\ncountries.",
"timestamp": [
216.108,
219.329
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll talk about that in Episode 9 when\nwe focus on global health.",
"timestamp": [
219.329,
223.76
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll talk about that in Episode 9 when\nwe focus on global health.",
"timestamp": [
219.329,
223.76
]
},
{
"text": "So today, many epidemiologists put more emphasis\non studies of non-communicable diseases like",
"timestamp": [
223.76,
230.51
]
},
{
"text": "So today, many epidemiologists put more emphasis\non studies of non-communicable diseases like",
"timestamp": [
223.76,
230.51
]
},
{
"text": "cancer, heart disease, and diabetes, environmental\nfactors like air pollution,",
"timestamp": [
230.51,
235.79
]
},
{
"text": "cancer, heart disease, and diabetes, environmental\nfactors like air pollution,",
"timestamp": [
230.51,
235.79
]
},
{
"text": "and even the health impacts of natural disasters.",
"timestamp": [
235.79,
239.4
]
},
{
"text": "and even the health impacts of natural disasters.",
"timestamp": [
235.79,
239.4
]
},
{
"text": "They also examine the determinants of health\nand the inequities in who gets sick.",
"timestamp": [
239.4,
244.079
]
},
{
"text": "They also examine the determinants of health\nand the inequities in who gets sick.",
"timestamp": [
239.4,
244.079
]
},
{
"text": "That’s also what we’ll be focusing on\ntoday, though over at Crash Course Outbreak Science",
"timestamp": [
244.079,
248.887
]
},
{
"text": "That’s also what we’ll be focusing on\ntoday, though over at Crash Course Outbreak Science",
"timestamp": [
244.079,
248.887
]
},
{
"text": "we spend plenty of time talking about\ninfectious diseases,",
"timestamp": [
248.887,
252.45
]
},
{
"text": "we spend plenty of time talking about\ninfectious diseases,",
"timestamp": [
248.887,
252.45
]
},
{
"text": "including how public health tackles them.",
"timestamp": [
252.45,
254.77
]
},
{
"text": "including how public health tackles them.",
"timestamp": [
252.45,
254.77
]
},
{
"text": "We know with any big mystery, it’s not enough\nto know that something happened.",
"timestamp": [
254.77,
259.15
]
},
{
"text": "We know with any big mystery, it’s not enough\nto know that something happened.",
"timestamp": [
254.77,
259.15
]
},
{
"text": "We want a motive!",
"timestamp": [
259.15,
260.579
]
},
{
"text": "We want a motive!",
"timestamp": [
259.15,
260.579
]
},
{
"text": "So as epidemiologists solving a health mystery,\nwe want a cause for that health outcome.",
"timestamp": [
260.579,
267.03
]
},
{
"text": "So as epidemiologists solving a health mystery,\nwe want a cause for that health outcome.",
"timestamp": [
260.579,
267.03
]
},
{
"text": "A health outcome is what happens basically\nanytime our health status changes",
"timestamp": [
267.03,
271.417
]
},
{
"text": "A health outcome is what happens basically\nanytime our health status changes",
"timestamp": [
267.03,
271.417
]
},
{
"text": "because of, well, something happening in the world.",
"timestamp": [
271.417,
274.698
]
},
{
"text": "because of, well, something happening in the world.",
"timestamp": [
271.417,
274.698
]
},
{
"text": "This could be a good outcome, like having\nlower cancer risk thanks to air pollution laws,",
"timestamp": [
274.698,
280.359
]
},
{
"text": "This could be a good outcome, like having\nlower cancer risk thanks to air pollution laws,",
"timestamp": [
274.698,
280.359
]
},
{
"text": "or a bad outcome, like having higher\ncancer risk thanks to factors like",
"timestamp": [
280.359,
285.933
]
},
{
"text": "or a bad outcome, like having higher\ncancer risk thanks to factors like",
"timestamp": [
280.359,
285.933
]
},
{
"text": "only being able to afford to live in an area close to\na chemical plant.",
"timestamp": [
285.933,
289.895
]
},
{
"text": "only being able to afford to live in an area close to\na chemical plant.",
"timestamp": [
285.933,
289.895
]
},
{
"text": "Epidemiologists begin with a hypothesis about\nwhy a health outcome",
"timestamp": [
289.895,
294.654
]
},
{
"text": "Epidemiologists begin with a hypothesis about\nwhy a health outcome",
"timestamp": [
289.895,
294.654
]
},
{
"text": "is spreading or occurring in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
294.654,
297.229
]
},
{
"text": "is spreading or occurring in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
294.654,
297.229
]
},
{
"text": "Then, they conduct a scientific study to evaluate\ntheir hypothesis.",
"timestamp": [
297.229,
302.51
]
},
{
"text": "Then, they conduct a scientific study to evaluate\ntheir hypothesis.",
"timestamp": [
297.229,
302.51
]
},
{
"text": "In general, there are two kinds of epidemiological\nstudies that we’ll focus on here:",
"timestamp": [
302.51,
307.632
]
},
{
"text": "In general, there are two kinds of epidemiological\nstudies that we’ll focus on here:",
"timestamp": [
302.51,
307.632
]
},
{
"text": "experimental studies and observational studies.",
"timestamp": [
307.632,
310.999
]
},
{
"text": "experimental studies and observational studies.",
"timestamp": [
307.632,
310.999
]
},
{
"text": "In an experimental study, investigators expose\nparticipants to some kind of intervention",
"timestamp": [
310.999,
316.16
]
},
{
"text": "In an experimental study, investigators expose\nparticipants to some kind of intervention",
"timestamp": [
310.999,
316.16
]
},
{
"text": "or treatment to see how it affects their health.",
"timestamp": [
316.16,
319.293
]
},
{
"text": "or treatment to see how it affects their health.",
"timestamp": [
316.16,
319.293
]
},
{
"text": "Then they compare the outcomes to a control\ngroup that isn’t exposed to the intervention or treatment.",
"timestamp": [
319.293,
325.199
]
},
{
"text": "Then they compare the outcomes to a control\ngroup that isn’t exposed to the intervention or treatment.",
"timestamp": [
319.293,
325.199
]
},
{
"text": "Now, it’s pretty unethical to expose a group\nof people to something that could harm their health, ",
"timestamp": [
325.199,
331.327
]
},
{
"text": "Now, it’s pretty unethical to expose a group\nof people to something that could harm their health, ",
"timestamp": [
325.199,
331.327
]
},
{
"text": "so experimental studies tend to introduce\npositive interventions.",
"timestamp": [
331.327,
335.98
]
},
{
"text": "so experimental studies tend to introduce\npositive interventions.",
"timestamp": [
331.327,
335.98
]
},
{
"text": "This might include something like a new vaccine,\nas opposed to a negative intervention like a virus.",
"timestamp": [
335.98,
342.479
]
},
{
"text": "This might include something like a new vaccine,\nas opposed to a negative intervention like a virus.",
"timestamp": [
335.98,
342.479
]
},
{
"text": "In observational studies, epidemiologists\nobserve a population that is already exposed",
"timestamp": [
342.479,
348.51
]
},
{
"text": "In observational studies, epidemiologists\nobserve a population that is already exposed",
"timestamp": [
342.479,
348.51
]
},
{
"text": "to a particular treatment or risk factor,\nand compare their health to a non-exposed group.",
"timestamp": [
348.51,
355.38
]
},
{
"text": "to a particular treatment or risk factor,\nand compare their health to a non-exposed group.",
"timestamp": [
348.51,
355.38
]
},
{
"text": "This is how we go about understanding the\neffects of things",
"timestamp": [
355.38,
358.305
]
},
{
"text": "This is how we go about understanding the\neffects of things",
"timestamp": [
355.38,
358.305
]
},
{
"text": "we don’t want to intentionally expose \npeople to, like…viruses.",
"timestamp": [
358.305,
362.992
]
},
{
"text": "we don’t want to intentionally expose \npeople to, like…viruses.",
"timestamp": [
358.305,
362.992
]
},
{
"text": "One famous observational study was conducted\nby a pair of British epidemiologists,",
"timestamp": [
362.992,
368.438
]
},
{
"text": "One famous observational study was conducted\nby a pair of British epidemiologists,",
"timestamp": [
362.992,
368.438
]
},
{
"text": "Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill \n(no relation to me).",
"timestamp": [
368.438,
372.699
]
},
{
"text": "Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill \n(no relation to me).",
"timestamp": [
368.438,
372.699
]
},
{
"text": "In the mid-20th century it was widely known\nthat lung cancer rates were on the rise,",
"timestamp": [
372.699,
378.155
]
},
{
"text": "In the mid-20th century it was widely known\nthat lung cancer rates were on the rise,",
"timestamp": [
372.699,
378.155
]
},
{
"text": "but there wasn’t scientific consensus on why.",
"timestamp": [
378.155,
381.88
]
},
{
"text": "but there wasn’t scientific consensus on why.",
"timestamp": [
378.155,
381.88
]
},
{
"text": "In 1951, Doll and Bradford Hill began testing\na hypothesis for this increase: smoking.",
"timestamp": [
381.88,
388.81
]
},
{
"text": "In 1951, Doll and Bradford Hill began testing\na hypothesis for this increase: smoking.",
"timestamp": [
381.88,
388.81
]
},
{
"text": "The idea that smoking can lead to certain\nkinds of cancer is pretty common knowledge today.",
"timestamp": [
388.81,
394.823
]
},
{
"text": "The idea that smoking can lead to certain\nkinds of cancer is pretty common knowledge today.",
"timestamp": [
388.81,
394.823
]
},
{
"text": "But while some research pointed to an association\nbetween smoking and cancer,",
"timestamp": [
394.823,
400.222
]
},
{
"text": "But while some research pointed to an association\nbetween smoking and cancer,",
"timestamp": [
394.823,
400.222
]
},
{
"text": " there wasn’t enough evidence to confirm that \none event caused the other.",
"timestamp": [
400.222,
404.83
]
},
{
"text": " there wasn’t enough evidence to confirm that \none event caused the other.",
"timestamp": [
400.222,
404.83
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, smoking wasn’t even formally recognized\nas a public health issue in the United States at the time.",
"timestamp": [
404.83,
411.789
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, smoking wasn’t even formally recognized\nas a public health issue in the United States at the time.",
"timestamp": [
404.83,
411.789
]
},
{
"text": "They sent out surveys to almost 60,000 British\ndoctors asking about their smoking status",
"timestamp": [
411.789,
417.46
]
},
{
"text": "They sent out surveys to almost 60,000 British\ndoctors asking about their smoking status",
"timestamp": [
411.789,
417.46
]
},
{
"text": "in a study that experts have so ingeniously\ndubbed the British Doctors Study.",
"timestamp": [
417.46,
423.08
]
},
{
"text": "in a study that experts have so ingeniously\ndubbed the British Doctors Study.",
"timestamp": [
417.46,
423.08
]
},
{
"text": "And after getting over 40,000 responses, Doll\nand Bradford Hill found a strong association",
"timestamp": [
423.08,
430.43
]
},
{
"text": "And after getting over 40,000 responses, Doll\nand Bradford Hill found a strong association",
"timestamp": [
423.08,
430.43
]
},
{
"text": "between heavy smoking and lung cancer.",
"timestamp": [
430.43,
433.719
]
},
{
"text": "between heavy smoking and lung cancer.",
"timestamp": [
430.43,
433.719
]
},
{
"text": "And repeated follow-up studies of the same\ndoctors over the next 50 years confirmed the",
"timestamp": [
433.719,
439.31
]
},
{
"text": "And repeated follow-up studies of the same\ndoctors over the next 50 years confirmed the",
"timestamp": [
433.719,
439.31
]
},
{
"text": "originally reported relationship of smoking to several \ndifferent kinds of cancers, including lung and mouth cancer.",
"timestamp": [
439.31,
447.259
]
},
{
"text": "originally reported relationship of smoking to several \ndifferent kinds of cancers, including lung and mouth cancer.",
"timestamp": [
439.31,
447.259
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, when it comes to identifying\nthe cause of a particular health effect,",
"timestamp": [
447.259,
451.509
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, when it comes to identifying\nthe cause of a particular health effect,",
"timestamp": [
447.259,
451.509
]
},
{
"text": "we don’t always have the luxury of 50 years\nof research and 40,000 British doctors on hand.",
"timestamp": [
451.509,
457.479
]
},
{
"text": "we don’t always have the luxury of 50 years\nof research and 40,000 British doctors on hand.",
"timestamp": [
451.509,
457.479
]
},
{
"text": "Epidemiologists often have to work quickly\nto assess and respond to a health emergency.",
"timestamp": [
457.479,
463.759
]
},
{
"text": "Epidemiologists often have to work quickly\nto assess and respond to a health emergency.",
"timestamp": [
457.479,
463.759
]
},
{
"text": "Regardless of the timeline involved, interpreting\ndata is where epidemiology gets tricky–",
"timestamp": [
463.759,
469.336
]
},
{
"text": "Regardless of the timeline involved, interpreting\ndata is where epidemiology gets tricky–",
"timestamp": [
463.759,
469.336
]
},
{
"text": "because data on its own don’t tell a story.",
"timestamp": [
469.336,
472.779
]
},
{
"text": "because data on its own don’t tell a story.",
"timestamp": [
469.336,
472.779
]
},
{
"text": "For data to be useful, they need to be \ninterpreted by people.",
"timestamp": [
472.779,
476.759
]
},
{
"text": "For data to be useful, they need to be \ninterpreted by people.",
"timestamp": [
472.779,
476.759
]
},
{
"text": "And data aren’t always straightforward!",
"timestamp": [
476.759,
479.434
]
},
{
"text": "And data aren’t always straightforward!",
"timestamp": [
476.759,
479.434
]
},
{
"text": "Like, data have shown that there is a near-perfect\nrelationship between a population’s level",
"timestamp": [
479.434,
485.469
]
},
{
"text": "Like, data have shown that there is a near-perfect\nrelationship between a population’s level",
"timestamp": [
479.434,
485.469
]
},
{
"text": "of cheese consumption and the number of people\nin that population",
"timestamp": [
485.469,
489.726
]
},
{
"text": "of cheese consumption and the number of people\nin that population",
"timestamp": [
485.469,
489.726
]
},
{
"text": "who die from getting tangled in their bedsheets.",
"timestamp": [
489.726,
493.219
]
},
{
"text": "who die from getting tangled in their bedsheets.",
"timestamp": [
489.726,
493.219
]
},
{
"text": "This is a very strange but true example of\na cliche that scientists have been muttering",
"timestamp": [
493.219,
498.749
]
},
{
"text": "This is a very strange but true example of\na cliche that scientists have been muttering",
"timestamp": [
493.219,
498.749
]
},
{
"text": "in their sleep for centuries: correlation\ndoesn’t imply causation.",
"timestamp": [
498.749,
504.893
]
},
{
"text": "in their sleep for centuries: correlation\ndoesn’t imply causation.",
"timestamp": [
498.749,
504.893
]
},
{
"text": "Or, put another way, just because two things\nseem related, it doesn’t mean that one caused the other.",
"timestamp": [
504.893,
511.96
]
},
{
"text": "Or, put another way, just because two things\nseem related, it doesn’t mean that one caused the other.",
"timestamp": [
504.893,
511.96
]
},
{
"text": "So while the data appear to say that cheese\nconsumption and bed sheet murder both increase",
"timestamp": [
511.96,
517.37
]
},
{
"text": "So while the data appear to say that cheese\nconsumption and bed sheet murder both increase",
"timestamp": [
511.96,
517.37
]
},
{
"text": "at the same time, we need someone - like an\nepidemiologist - to examine and interpret",
"timestamp": [
517.37,
523.14
]
},
{
"text": "at the same time, we need someone - like an\nepidemiologist - to examine and interpret",
"timestamp": [
517.37,
523.14
]
},
{
"text": "the data to tell us whether that actually\nmeans anything, or if cheese consumption just",
"timestamp": [
523.14,
528.32
]
},
{
"text": "the data to tell us whether that actually\nmeans anything, or if cheese consumption just",
"timestamp": [
523.14,
528.32
]
},
{
"text": "happens at a similar rate to a lot of other\nthings.",
"timestamp": [
528.32,
532.17
]
},
{
"text": "happens at a similar rate to a lot of other\nthings.",
"timestamp": [
528.32,
532.17
]
},
{
"text": "To successfully interpret data, epidemiologists\nneed to rely on several pieces of evidence.",
"timestamp": [
532.17,
538.47
]
},
{
"text": "To successfully interpret data, epidemiologists\nneed to rely on several pieces of evidence.",
"timestamp": [
532.17,
538.47
]
},
{
"text": "Like, while the British Doctors Study was\none of the first population-level studies",
"timestamp": [
538.47,
542.87
]
},
{
"text": "Like, while the British Doctors Study was\none of the first population-level studies",
"timestamp": [
538.47,
542.87
]
},
{
"text": "that linked smoking to lung cancer, this wasn’t\na new idea at the time.",
"timestamp": [
542.87,
547.9
]
},
{
"text": "that linked smoking to lung cancer, this wasn’t\na new idea at the time.",
"timestamp": [
542.87,
547.9
]
},
{
"text": "As Doll and Bradford Hill conducted their\nstudies, they were following in the footsteps",
"timestamp": [
547.9,
552.48
]
},
{
"text": "As Doll and Bradford Hill conducted their\nstudies, they were following in the footsteps",
"timestamp": [
547.9,
552.48
]
},
{
"text": "of animal-based studies and chemical analyses\nof tobacco",
"timestamp": [
552.48,
556.288
]
},
{
"text": "of animal-based studies and chemical analyses\nof tobacco",
"timestamp": [
552.48,
556.288
]
},
{
"text": "that had been happening as far back as the 1900s.",
"timestamp": [
556.288,
560
]
},
{
"text": "that had been happening as far back as the 1900s.",
"timestamp": [
556.288,
560
]
},
{
"text": "Like a lot of science, their conclusion wasn’t\nthe product of two dudes doing a thing.",
"timestamp": [
560,
565.69
]
},
{
"text": "Like a lot of science, their conclusion wasn’t\nthe product of two dudes doing a thing.",
"timestamp": [
560,
565.69
]
},
{
"text": "It took decades of collaboration between a\nbunch of people in different disciplines,",
"timestamp": [
565.69,
570.43
]
},
{
"text": "It took decades of collaboration between a\nbunch of people in different disciplines,",
"timestamp": [
565.69,
570.43
]
},
{
"text": "each following their own unique path of evidence\nto the same conclusion.",
"timestamp": [
570.43,
574.847
]
},
{
"text": "each following their own unique path of evidence\nto the same conclusion.",
"timestamp": [
570.43,
574.847
]
},
{
"text": "One useful tool epidemiologists use to understand\nthe cause of an observed effect is the Bradford Hill criteria.",
"timestamp": [
574.847,
582.423
]
},
{
"text": "One useful tool epidemiologists use to understand\nthe cause of an observed effect is the Bradford Hill criteria.",
"timestamp": [
574.847,
582.423
]
},
{
"text": "And yes, that’s the same Bradford Hill from\nthe British Doctor Study –small world!",
"timestamp": [
582.423,
587.291
]
},
{
"text": "And yes, that’s the same Bradford Hill from\nthe British Doctor Study –small world!",
"timestamp": [
582.423,
587.291
]
},
{
"text": "While we won’t get into all of them here,\nBradford Hill proposed nine principles for",
"timestamp": [
587.291,
592.43
]
},
{
"text": "While we won’t get into all of them here,\nBradford Hill proposed nine principles for",
"timestamp": [
587.291,
592.43
]
},
{
"text": "establishing evidence of a causal relationship\nbetween a presumed cause and an observed effect,",
"timestamp": [
592.43,
599.051
]
},
{
"text": "establishing evidence of a causal relationship\nbetween a presumed cause and an observed effect,",
"timestamp": [
592.43,
599.051
]
},
{
"text": "like whether the effect happened after the\ncause or if the effect could be reproduced.",
"timestamp": [
599.051,
604.309
]
},
{
"text": "like whether the effect happened after the\ncause or if the effect could be reproduced.",
"timestamp": [
599.051,
604.309
]
},
{
"text": "Another tool epidemiologists use to better\nunderstand the sometimes messy relationship",
"timestamp": [
604.309,
609.39
]
},
{
"text": "Another tool epidemiologists use to better\nunderstand the sometimes messy relationship",
"timestamp": [
604.309,
609.39
]
},
{
"text": "between cause and effect is mathematical models.",
"timestamp": [
609.39,
613.474
]
},
{
"text": "between cause and effect is mathematical models.",
"timestamp": [
609.39,
613.474
]
},
{
"text": "These models tell epidemiologists which variables\nare worth paying attention to, and which ones…aren’t.",
"timestamp": [
613.474,
620.03
]
},
{
"text": "These models tell epidemiologists which variables\nare worth paying attention to, and which ones…aren’t.",
"timestamp": [
613.474,
620.03
]
},
{
"text": "Which brings us, at long last, to pie!",
"timestamp": [
620.03,
623.34
]
},
{
"text": "Which brings us, at long last, to pie!",
"timestamp": [
620.03,
623.34
]
},
{
"text": "The Rothman causal pie is a model that helps\nepidemiologists explain",
"timestamp": [
623.34,
627.758
]
},
{
"text": "The Rothman causal pie is a model that helps\nepidemiologists explain",
"timestamp": [
623.34,
627.758
]
},
{
"text": "how individual risk factors contribute to a disease.",
"timestamp": [
627.758,
631.47
]
},
{
"text": "how individual risk factors contribute to a disease.",
"timestamp": [
627.758,
631.47
]
},
{
"text": "And, like any good pie, a causal pie needs\na few different ingredients.",
"timestamp": [
631.47,
637.293
]
},
{
"text": "And, like any good pie, a causal pie needs\na few different ingredients.",
"timestamp": [
631.47,
637.293
]
},
{
"text": "Except instead of sugar and rhubarb, this\npie is made up of component causes–",
"timestamp": [
637.293,
643.271
]
},
{
"text": "Except instead of sugar and rhubarb, this\npie is made up of component causes–",
"timestamp": [
637.293,
643.271
]
},
{
"text": "which probably settles the debate about the worst\npie flavor ever.",
"timestamp": [
643.271,
647.924
]
},
{
"text": "which probably settles the debate about the worst\npie flavor ever.",
"timestamp": [
643.271,
647.924
]
},
{
"text": "Component causes are basically the different\nrisk factors that work together",
"timestamp": [
647.924,
652.374
]
},
{
"text": "Component causes are basically the different\nrisk factors that work together",
"timestamp": [
647.924,
652.374
]
},
{
"text": "to produce a certain health effect “pie”.",
"timestamp": [
652.374,
655.61
]
},
{
"text": "to produce a certain health effect “pie”.",
"timestamp": [
652.374,
655.61
]
},
{
"text": "If we have enough cause-slices to form a whole\npie, we have a sufficient cause–",
"timestamp": [
655.61,
661.19
]
},
{
"text": "If we have enough cause-slices to form a whole\npie, we have a sufficient cause–",
"timestamp": [
655.61,
661.19
]
},
{
"text": "which means the health condition goes into effect.",
"timestamp": [
661.19,
663.91
]
},
{
"text": "which means the health condition goes into effect.",
"timestamp": [
661.19,
663.91
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
663.91,
666.17
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
663.91,
666.17
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s consider tuberculosis, or TB, a highly\ninfectious disease",
"timestamp": [
666.17,
671.244
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s consider tuberculosis, or TB, a highly\ninfectious disease",
"timestamp": [
666.17,
671.244
]
},
{
"text": "caused by the bacteria \nmycobacterium tuberculosis.",
"timestamp": [
671.244,
675.219
]
},
{
"text": "caused by the bacteria \nmycobacterium tuberculosis.",
"timestamp": [
671.244,
675.219
]
},
{
"text": "Because TB is an airborne pathogen, it’s generally spread through a pretty basic human action: breathing.",
"timestamp": [
675.219,
682.024
]
},
{
"text": "Because TB is an airborne pathogen, it’s generally spread through a pretty basic human action: breathing.",
"timestamp": [
675.219,
682.024
]
},
{
"text": "And when you have too many people breathing\nin the same space, and one of them is sick,",
"timestamp": [
682.024,
686.66
]
},
{
"text": "And when you have too many people breathing\nin the same space, and one of them is sick,",
"timestamp": [
682.024,
686.66
]
},
{
"text": "there’s a higher risk for transmission.",
"timestamp": [
686.66,
688.79
]
},
{
"text": "there’s a higher risk for transmission.",
"timestamp": [
686.66,
688.79
]
},
{
"text": "So, we might consider overcrowded homes and\ncommunities to be one slice of the causal pie.",
"timestamp": [
688.79,
695.55
]
},
{
"text": "So, we might consider overcrowded homes and\ncommunities to be one slice of the causal pie.",
"timestamp": [
688.79,
695.55
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, buildings with poor ventilation\nwill be worse at getting rid of airborne bacteria,",
"timestamp": [
695.55,
701.02
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, buildings with poor ventilation\nwill be worse at getting rid of airborne bacteria,",
"timestamp": [
695.55,
701.02
]
},
{
"text": "making poor ventilation another \nnotable component cause.",
"timestamp": [
701.02,
705.08
]
},
{
"text": "making poor ventilation another \nnotable component cause.",
"timestamp": [
701.02,
705.08
]
},
{
"text": "Another component of our pie is having\na weakened, or compromised, immune system.",
"timestamp": [
705.08,
710.747
]
},
{
"text": "Another component of our pie is having\na weakened, or compromised, immune system.",
"timestamp": [
705.08,
710.747
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, if our body isn’t as good at\nfighting off disease, it’s also more likely",
"timestamp": [
710.747,
714.88
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, if our body isn’t as good at\nfighting off disease, it’s also more likely",
"timestamp": [
710.747,
714.88
]
},
{
"text": "to get sick from exposure to the bacterium.",
"timestamp": [
714.88,
717.67
]
},
{
"text": "to get sick from exposure to the bacterium.",
"timestamp": [
714.88,
717.67
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, lack of access to a tuberculosis\nvaccine means our bodies will be more likely",
"timestamp": [
717.67,
723.47
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, lack of access to a tuberculosis\nvaccine means our bodies will be more likely",
"timestamp": [
717.67,
723.47
]
},
{
"text": "to contract the disease–so that’s also\na pretty big part of the causal pie.",
"timestamp": [
723.47,
728.79
]
},
{
"text": "to contract the disease–so that’s also\na pretty big part of the causal pie.",
"timestamp": [
723.47,
728.79
]
},
{
"text": "Just like how everyone cuts a pie differently,\neveryone will have a different combination",
"timestamp": [
728.79,
733.65
]
},
{
"text": "Just like how everyone cuts a pie differently,\neveryone will have a different combination",
"timestamp": [
728.79,
733.65
]
},
{
"text": "of component causes that combine to produce\na sufficient cause for TB.",
"timestamp": [
733.65,
739.484
]
},
{
"text": "of component causes that combine to produce\na sufficient cause for TB.",
"timestamp": [
733.65,
739.484
]
},
{
"text": "But one slice that’s in every causal tuberculosis\npie is exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis.",
"timestamp": [
739.484,
747.46
]
},
{
"text": "But one slice that’s in every causal tuberculosis\npie is exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis.",
"timestamp": [
739.484,
747.46
]
},
{
"text": "This is because TB can’t, like, spontaneously\ngenerate in our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
747.46,
752.6
]
},
{
"text": "This is because TB can’t, like, spontaneously\ngenerate in our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
747.46,
752.6
]
},
{
"text": "It needs a source.",
"timestamp": [
752.6,
754.16
]
},
{
"text": "It needs a source.",
"timestamp": [
752.6,
754.16
]
},
{
"text": "This is why exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis\nis a necessary condition of TB.",
"timestamp": [
754.16,
760.956
]
},
{
"text": "This is why exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis\nis a necessary condition of TB.",
"timestamp": [
754.16,
760.956
]
},
{
"text": "Even if all the other risk factors of the\npie are in place, mycobacterium tuberculosis",
"timestamp": [
760.956,
766.57
]
},
{
"text": "Even if all the other risk factors of the\npie are in place, mycobacterium tuberculosis",
"timestamp": [
760.956,
766.57
]
},
{
"text": "is needed to “activate” the disease.",
"timestamp": [
766.57,
769.16
]
},
{
"text": "is needed to “activate” the disease.",
"timestamp": [
766.57,
769.16
]
},
{
"text": "Now, while the presence of each individual\nrisk factor increases the likelihood of TB,",
"timestamp": [
769.16,
774.844
]
},
{
"text": "Now, while the presence of each individual\nrisk factor increases the likelihood of TB,",
"timestamp": [
769.16,
774.844
]
},
{
"text": "it doesn’t guarantee it.",
"timestamp": [
774.844,
777.03
]
},
{
"text": "it doesn’t guarantee it.",
"timestamp": [
774.844,
777.03
]
},
{
"text": "But if we fill up our causal pie with a combination\nof components that produces a sufficient cause,",
"timestamp": [
777.03,
783.46
]
},
{
"text": "But if we fill up our causal pie with a combination\nof components that produces a sufficient cause,",
"timestamp": [
777.03,
783.46
]
},
{
"text": "we get our health outcome: tuberculosis.",
"timestamp": [
783.46,
787.344
]
},
{
"text": "we get our health outcome: tuberculosis.",
"timestamp": [
783.46,
787.344
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
787.344,
788.914
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
787.344,
788.914
]
},
{
"text": "Not every disease has an easily identifiable\nnecessary condition like TB does.",
"timestamp": [
788.914,
794.58
]
},
{
"text": "Not every disease has an easily identifiable\nnecessary condition like TB does.",
"timestamp": [
788.914,
794.58
]
},
{
"text": "Like, the causal pies for high blood pressure\nmight not necessarily share a slice in common.",
"timestamp": [
794.58,
800.66
]
},
{
"text": "Like, the causal pies for high blood pressure\nmight not necessarily share a slice in common.",
"timestamp": [
794.58,
800.66
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, enough component causes can combine\nin different ways to form a sufficient cause–",
"timestamp": [
800.66,
806.53
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, enough component causes can combine\nin different ways to form a sufficient cause–",
"timestamp": [
800.66,
806.53
]
},
{
"text": "and this “enoughness” varies from \nperson to person.",
"timestamp": [
806.53,
810.57
]
},
{
"text": "and this “enoughness” varies from \nperson to person.",
"timestamp": [
806.53,
810.57
]
},
{
"text": "Now, disease models aren’t completely human-error-proof.",
"timestamp": [
810.57,
814.289
]
},
{
"text": "Now, disease models aren’t completely human-error-proof.",
"timestamp": [
810.57,
814.289
]
},
{
"text": "They’re still invented by people and rely\non data collected by people.",
"timestamp": [
814.289,
818.85
]
},
{
"text": "They’re still invented by people and rely\non data collected by people.",
"timestamp": [
814.289,
818.85
]
},
{
"text": "But the more data we collect and interpret,\nthe better our health models get!",
"timestamp": [
818.85,
823.594
]
},
{
"text": "But the more data we collect and interpret,\nthe better our health models get!",
"timestamp": [
818.85,
823.594
]
},
{
"text": "And in a big, messy world where the causes\nof disease are often invisible,",
"timestamp": [
823.594,
828.917
]
},
{
"text": "And in a big, messy world where the causes\nof disease are often invisible,",
"timestamp": [
823.594,
828.917
]
},
{
"text": "where cheese and murderous bedsheets go hand-in-hand, epidemiology gives us the tools we need",
"timestamp": [
828.917,
835.783
]
},
{
"text": "where cheese and murderous bedsheets go hand-in-hand, epidemiology gives us the tools we need",
"timestamp": [
828.917,
835.783
]
},
{
"text": " to make a little bit more sense of the world and how \nit impacts our health.",
"timestamp": [
835.783,
840.748
]
},
{
"text": " to make a little bit more sense of the world and how \nit impacts our health.",
"timestamp": [
835.783,
840.748
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll continue our examination of this big\nmessy world next time, when we talk about Health Systems!",
"timestamp": [
840.748,
847.1
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll continue our examination of this big\nmessy world next time, when we talk about Health Systems!",
"timestamp": [
840.748,
847.1
]
},
{
"text": "See you then!",
"timestamp": [
847.1,
848.847
]
},
{
"text": "See you then!",
"timestamp": [
847.1,
848.847
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health, which was produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
848.847,
853.75
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health, which was produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
848.847,
853.75
]
},
{
"text": "in partnership with the American\nPublic Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
853.75,
857.067
]
},
{
"text": "in partnership with the American\nPublic Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
853.75,
857.067
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public\nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel",
"timestamp": [
857.067,
862.1
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public\nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel",
"timestamp": [
857.067,
862.1
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series\ncreated by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
862.1,
867.69
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series\ncreated by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
862.1,
867.69
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,",
"timestamp": [
867.69,
871.996
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,",
"timestamp": [
867.69,
871.996
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these smart people.",
"timestamp": [
871.996,
875.8
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these smart people.",
"timestamp": [
871.996,
875.8
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone forever",
"timestamp": [
875.8,
879.094
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone forever",
"timestamp": [
875.8,
879.094
]
},
{
"text": "please consider joining our community of \nsupporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
879.094,
882.345
]
},
{
"text": "please consider joining our community of \nsupporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
879.094,
882.345
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Epidemiology",
"In 2014, an outbreak of the deadly virus Ebola\nwas spreading across Guinea, a country in West Africa.The outbreak had started in a small village,\nbut spread rapidly.By the time health officials were able to\nend the outbreak over two years laterthere had been more than 11,000 deaths \nassociated with the virus.The Ebola outbreak is a classic example of\nan epidemic, when more people in a groupthan usual develop a particular illness or condition.But epidemics don’t need to be an apocalyptic\nviral event that dominates headlines.For example, as of 2019, over 80% of school-aged\nchildren in China, Singapore, and South Koreawere nearsighted, which is more people in\nthat group than we would expect to have that condition.So, we could say that nearsightedness is an\nepidemic!But no matter which kind of epidemic we’re studying,we need epidemiology to help us do it.Epidemiology is basically where all the science-y\nstuff happens in public health.It uses microscopes, data, math, and…pie.Don’t worry, we’ll get to that.Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash\nCourse Public Health!INTRO"
],
[
"Origins of Epidemiology",
"Epidemiology is the study of the patterns\nof disease and health conditions within populations.It also studies the patterns’ causes and\nhow they can be controlled.Much like democracy and the Mamma Mia film\nfranchise, we can at least partially givecredit for the word “epidemiology” to\nthe Greeks.It comes from the three Greek words “epi”,\n\"demos\", and \"logos\",which mean upon, people, and study.”So, epidemiology is literally the “study\nof what is upon the people.”Which is kind of a terrifyingly broad field.Like, “what is upon the people” could\ndescribe anything from climate change to whateverHank Green is plugging on TikTok today - be\nsure to check out the link in his bio!!But anyway, to specify, an epidemiologist–or\nsomeone who studies epidemiology–wants to know who gets what diseases, where they get\nthem, and when.Epidemiologists are kind of like detectives\nin a massive game of Clue! (or Cluedo!)Except instead of Professor Plum in the ballroom\nwith a candlestick,it’s more like a bacterial infection on planet Earth that \nthreatens literally everyone.The word and the actual practice of epidemiology\ndidn't gain traction until the 19th century,when it mostly concerned infectious diseases.These are health conditions caused by organisms\nlike viruses, bacteria, and parasites,which are spread between people or picked up from\nthe environment or animals.But today, we understand epidemiology more\nbroadly.This is partly because we also understand\nhealth more broadly.And as we saw in our episodes on the determinants\nof health,our health is affected by more than just germs.It’s also impacted by our neighborhoods,\nschools, and society in general!But we also understand epidemiology differently because,at least in high-income countries, \ncauses of death have changed.As advances in medicine and public health\nhave meant fewer deaths from infectious diseasesin these places, non-infectious, also known\nas non-communicable, causes of deathhave become a bigger area of focus.We know - that’s pretty unfair for lower-income\ncountries.We’ll talk about that in Episode 9 when\nwe focus on global health.So today, many epidemiologists put more emphasis\non studies of non-communicable diseases likecancer, heart disease, and diabetes, environmental\nfactors like air pollution,and even the health impacts of natural disasters.They also examine the determinants of health\nand the inequities in who gets sick."
],
[
"Studying Disease",
"That’s also what we’ll be focusing on\ntoday, though over at Crash Course Outbreak Sciencewe spend plenty of time talking about\ninfectious diseases,including how public health tackles them.We know with any big mystery, it’s not enough\nto know that something happened.We want a motive!So as epidemiologists solving a health mystery,\nwe want a cause for that health outcome.A health outcome is what happens basically\nanytime our health status changesbecause of, well, something happening in the world.This could be a good outcome, like having\nlower cancer risk thanks to air pollution laws,or a bad outcome, like having higher\ncancer risk thanks to factors likeonly being able to afford to live in an area close to\na chemical plant.Epidemiologists begin with a hypothesis about\nwhy a health outcomeis spreading or occurring in the first place.Then, they conduct a scientific study to evaluate\ntheir hypothesis.In general, there are two kinds of epidemiological\nstudies that we’ll focus on here:experimental studies and observational studies.In an experimental study, investigators expose\nparticipants to some kind of interventionor treatment to see how it affects their health.Then they compare the outcomes to a control\ngroup that isn’t exposed to the intervention or treatment.Now, it’s pretty unethical to expose a group\nof people to something that could harm their health, so experimental studies tend to introduce\npositive interventions.This might include something like a new vaccine,\nas opposed to a negative intervention like a virus.In observational studies, epidemiologists\nobserve a population that is already exposedto a particular treatment or risk factor,\nand compare their health to a non-exposed group.This is how we go about understanding the\neffects of thingswe don’t want to intentionally expose \npeople to, like…viruses.One famous observational study was conducted\nby a pair of British epidemiologists,Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill \n(no relation to me).In the mid-20th century it was widely known\nthat lung cancer rates were on the rise,but there wasn’t scientific consensus on why.In 1951, Doll and Bradford Hill began testing\na hypothesis for this increase: smoking.The idea that smoking can lead to certain\nkinds of cancer is pretty common knowledge today.But while some research pointed to an association\nbetween smoking and cancer, there wasn’t enough evidence to confirm that \none event caused the other.In fact, smoking wasn’t even formally recognized\nas a public health issue in the United States at the time.They sent out surveys to almost 60,000 British\ndoctors asking about their smoking statusin a study that experts have so ingeniously\ndubbed the British Doctors Study.And after getting over 40,000 responses, Doll\nand Bradford Hill found a strong associationbetween heavy smoking and lung cancer.And repeated follow-up studies of the same\ndoctors over the next 50 years confirmed theoriginally reported relationship of smoking to several \ndifferent kinds of cancers, including lung and mouth cancer."
],
[
"Interpreting Data",
"Unfortunately, when it comes to identifying\nthe cause of a particular health effect,we don’t always have the luxury of 50 years\nof research and 40,000 British doctors on hand.Epidemiologists often have to work quickly\nto assess and respond to a health emergency.Regardless of the timeline involved, interpreting\ndata is where epidemiology gets tricky–because data on its own don’t tell a story.For data to be useful, they need to be \ninterpreted by people.And data aren’t always straightforward!Like, data have shown that there is a near-perfect\nrelationship between a population’s levelof cheese consumption and the number of people\nin that populationwho die from getting tangled in their bedsheets.This is a very strange but true example of\na cliche that scientists have been mutteringin their sleep for centuries: correlation\ndoesn’t imply causation.Or, put another way, just because two things\nseem related, it doesn’t mean that one caused the other.So while the data appear to say that cheese\nconsumption and bed sheet murder both increaseat the same time, we need someone - like an\nepidemiologist - to examine and interpretthe data to tell us whether that actually\nmeans anything, or if cheese consumption justhappens at a similar rate to a lot of other\nthings.To successfully interpret data, epidemiologists\nneed to rely on several pieces of evidence.Like, while the British Doctors Study was\none of the first population-level studiesthat linked smoking to lung cancer, this wasn’t\na new idea at the time.As Doll and Bradford Hill conducted their\nstudies, they were following in the footstepsof animal-based studies and chemical analyses\nof tobaccothat had been happening as far back as the 1900s.Like a lot of science, their conclusion wasn’t\nthe product of two dudes doing a thing.It took decades of collaboration between a\nbunch of people in different disciplines,each following their own unique path of evidence\nto the same conclusion."
],
[
"Bradford Hill Criteria & Mathematical Models",
"One useful tool epidemiologists use to understand\nthe cause of an observed effect is the Bradford Hill criteria.And yes, that’s the same Bradford Hill from\nthe British Doctor Study –small world!While we won’t get into all of them here,\nBradford Hill proposed nine principles forestablishing evidence of a causal relationship\nbetween a presumed cause and an observed effect,like whether the effect happened after the\ncause or if the effect could be reproduced.Another tool epidemiologists use to better\nunderstand the sometimes messy relationshipbetween cause and effect is mathematical models.These models tell epidemiologists which variables\nare worth paying attention to, and which ones…aren’t.Which brings us, at long last, to pie!"
],
[
"Rothman Causal Pie",
"The Rothman causal pie is a model that helps\nepidemiologists explainhow individual risk factors contribute to a disease.And, like any good pie, a causal pie needs\na few different ingredients.Except instead of sugar and rhubarb, this\npie is made up of component causes–which probably settles the debate about the worst\npie flavor ever.Component causes are basically the different\nrisk factors that work togetherto produce a certain health effect “pie”.If we have enough cause-slices to form a whole\npie, we have a sufficient cause–which means the health condition goes into effect.Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.Let’s consider tuberculosis, or TB, a highly\ninfectious diseasecaused by the bacteria \nmycobacterium tuberculosis.Because TB is an airborne pathogen, it’s generally spread through a pretty basic human action: breathing.And when you have too many people breathing\nin the same space, and one of them is sick,there’s a higher risk for transmission.So, we might consider overcrowded homes and\ncommunities to be one slice of the causal pie.Similarly, buildings with poor ventilation\nwill be worse at getting rid of airborne bacteria,making poor ventilation another \nnotable component cause.Another component of our pie is having\na weakened, or compromised, immune system.Basically, if our body isn’t as good at\nfighting off disease, it’s also more likelyto get sick from exposure to the bacterium.Similarly, lack of access to a tuberculosis\nvaccine means our bodies will be more likelyto contract the disease–so that’s also\na pretty big part of the causal pie.Just like how everyone cuts a pie differently,\neveryone will have a different combinationof component causes that combine to produce\na sufficient cause for TB.But one slice that’s in every causal tuberculosis\npie is exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis.This is because TB can’t, like, spontaneously\ngenerate in our bodies.It needs a source.This is why exposure to mycobacterium tuberculosis\nis a necessary condition of TB.Even if all the other risk factors of the\npie are in place, mycobacterium tuberculosisis needed to “activate” the disease.Now, while the presence of each individual\nrisk factor increases the likelihood of TB,it doesn’t guarantee it.But if we fill up our causal pie with a combination\nof components that produces a sufficient cause,we get our health outcome: tuberculosis."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"Thanks, Thought Bubble.Not every disease has an easily identifiable\nnecessary condition like TB does.Like, the causal pies for high blood pressure\nmight not necessarily share a slice in common.Instead, enough component causes can combine\nin different ways to form a sufficient cause–and this “enoughness” varies from \nperson to person.Now, disease models aren’t completely human-error-proof.They’re still invented by people and rely\non data collected by people.But the more data we collect and interpret,\nthe better our health models get!And in a big, messy world where the causes\nof disease are often invisible,where cheese and murderous bedsheets go hand-in-hand, epidemiology gives us the tools we need to make a little bit more sense of the world and how \nit impacts our health.We’ll continue our examination of this big\nmessy world next time, when we talk about Health Systems!See you then!Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health, which was produced by Complexlyin partnership with the American\nPublic Health Association.If you want to learn even more about Public\nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channelto watch “That’s Public Health” a series\ncreated by APHA and Complexly.Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,and made with the help of all these smart people.If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone foreverplease consider joining our community of \nsupporters on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Anita Hill and Clarence Thomas: Crash Course Black American History #46
|
t_uMce7lK94
| 732 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith, this is Crash Course\nBlack American History. ",
"timestamp": [
0.299,
4.294
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’ll be discussing the Supreme Court confirmation\nhearing of Clarence Thomas,",
"timestamp": [
4.294,
8.62
]
},
{
"text": "who was selected by George H.W. Bush",
"timestamp": [
8.62,
11.101
]
},
{
"text": "to replace the legendary Thurgood Marshall on the court.",
"timestamp": [
11.101,
14.37
]
},
{
"text": "In 1991, during his confirmation hearing to\nbecome an Associate Justice to the Supreme Court,",
"timestamp": [
14.37,
19.089
]
},
{
"text": "Thomas faced accusations of sexual\nharassment from Anita Hill, who he had previously worked with.",
"timestamp": [
19.089,
24.859
]
},
{
"text": "Thomas denied the allegations, and before\nthe Senate Judiciary Committee he went on",
"timestamp": [
24.859,
29.039
]
},
{
"text": "to describe the treatment he was receiving\nfrom the Democrats and the media as a “high-tech lynching.”",
"timestamp": [
29.039,
35
]
},
{
"text": "Lynching has never been something to \nallude to lightly.",
"timestamp": [
35,
38.35
]
},
{
"text": "Invoking the term, means invoking the long, traumatic, painful history that Black people have long had to endure.",
"timestamp": [
38.35,
45.765
]
},
{
"text": "So by describing what was happening as a “lynching,”",
"timestamp": [
45.765,
48.869
]
},
{
"text": "Thomas tapped into something deeply-rooted, \nand deeply controversial.",
"timestamp": [
48.869,
53.72
]
},
{
"text": "Some thought Thomas was right to use the term,\ngiven the way that allegations of sexual misconduct",
"timestamp": [
53.72,
58.719
]
},
{
"text": "have been used, often unjustly, \nagainst Black men.",
"timestamp": [
58.719,
62.867
]
},
{
"text": "Others however, thought that Thomas was manipulating\nAmericans by disingenuously comparing what",
"timestamp": [
62.867,
68.58
]
},
{
"text": "was happening to him to Black men who had\nbeen shot, drowned, or hanged from trees.",
"timestamp": [
68.58,
74.5
]
},
{
"text": "There were many people who believed Anita\nHill’s allegations,",
"timestamp": [
74.5,
78.091
]
},
{
"text": "and there were many people who did not.",
"timestamp": [
78.091,
81.021
]
},
{
"text": "Hill’s decision to come forward had ramifications\nbeyond the confirmation hearing.",
"timestamp": [
81.021,
86.114
]
},
{
"text": "Following the tense confirmation battle, many\ncompanies, organizations, and institutions",
"timestamp": [
86.114,
91.29
]
},
{
"text": "began taking a deeper look at their own sexual\nharrassment policies and procedures.",
"timestamp": [
91.29,
95.6
]
},
{
"text": "In the process, and throughout the rest of\nher life, Hill became a leader",
"timestamp": [
95.6,
99.35
]
},
{
"text": "in the fight for workplace protections for all people.",
"timestamp": [
99.35,
102.509
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’ll be recounting the events of\nthat now infamous hearing and the resulting",
"timestamp": [
102.509,
106.89
]
},
{
"text": "cultural impact that the case holds in Black\nAmerican culture.",
"timestamp": [
106.89,
110.591
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s get started.",
"timestamp": [
110.591,
111.64
]
},
{
"text": "[Intro]",
"timestamp": [
111.64,
120.814
]
},
{
"text": "I want to note up top that this episode will",
"timestamp": [
120.814,
122.96
]
},
{
"text": "address some challenging topics including\nsexual violence and images of extreme violence.",
"timestamp": [
122.96,
128.46
]
},
{
"text": "In 1991, President George H.W. Bush",
"timestamp": [
128.46,
131.881
]
},
{
"text": "selected Clarence Thomas as a nominee\nto the Supreme Court of the United States.",
"timestamp": [
131.881,
136.33
]
},
{
"text": "Thomas was only the second Black man ever\nto be nominated; the first was Thurgood Marshall.",
"timestamp": [
136.33,
142.62
]
},
{
"text": "During the screening process, however, Anita\nHill came forward alleging that Thomas had",
"timestamp": [
142.62,
147.06
]
},
{
"text": "sexually harassed her when they worked together\nin the US Department of Education.",
"timestamp": [
147.06,
151.58
]
},
{
"text": "Thomas began working in the Department in\n1981 and hired Hill shortly thereafter as",
"timestamp": [
151.58,
157.19
]
},
{
"text": "his special assistant in the department of\nthe Office of Civil Rights.",
"timestamp": [
157.19,
160.745
]
},
{
"text": "According to Hill, the harassment began shortly\nafter she was hired and continued after",
"timestamp": [
160.745,
165.574
]
},
{
"text": "Thomas became the chairman of the Equal Employment\nOpportunity Commission (EEOC) and then Hill",
"timestamp": [
165.574,
172.4
]
},
{
"text": "took on a new job there as his assistant.",
"timestamp": [
172.4,
175.24
]
},
{
"text": "Hill eventually left Washington DC in 1983\nto become a law professor in her home state of Oklahoma.",
"timestamp": [
175.24,
181.67
]
},
{
"text": "It wasn’t until late in the summer of 1991,\nas the Thomas nomination was moving forward,",
"timestamp": [
181.67,
186.8
]
},
{
"text": "that she was contacted by members of the Senate\nJudiciary Committee regarding rumors of alleged",
"timestamp": [
186.8,
191.37
]
},
{
"text": "misconduct on Thomas’s part against at least\none female employee.",
"timestamp": [
191.37,
196.008
]
},
{
"text": "After an FBI investigation, the White House\ndetermined that the allegations were “unfounded.”",
"timestamp": [
196.008,
201.77
]
},
{
"text": "Plus the public confirmation had ended after\nan intense ten-day marathon of hearings.",
"timestamp": [
201.77,
207.599
]
},
{
"text": "The White House thought that would be the\nend of the story, but it wasn’t.",
"timestamp": [
207.599,
211.67
]
},
{
"text": "Not long after, NPR reporter Nina Totenberg\nlearned of the FBI report,",
"timestamp": [
211.67,
216.726
]
},
{
"text": "and of Hill’s allegations, and made those accusations public\nfor the first time on October 6th, 1991.",
"timestamp": [
216.726,
223.79
]
},
{
"text": "The next day, Hill held a press conference\nand stated publicly",
"timestamp": [
223.79,
227.262
]
},
{
"text": "that she was willing to testify about her allegations.",
"timestamp": [
227.262,
229.65
]
},
{
"text": "Joe Biden, then the head of the Senate Judiciary\nCommittee, and following pressure from interest",
"timestamp": [
229.65,
234.76
]
},
{
"text": "groups and Congress, reopened the hearing\nso that Anita Hill could testify.",
"timestamp": [
234.76,
239.99
]
},
{
"text": "Prior to their entry on the national and international\nstage in 1991, Thomas and Hill actually shared",
"timestamp": [
239.99,
245.62
]
},
{
"text": "some pretty similar backgrounds: they both came from rural roots (Thomas in Georgia and Hill in Oklahoma)",
"timestamp": [
245.62,
252.768
]
},
{
"text": "and they were both first generation college students who went on to attend Yale Law School.",
"timestamp": [
252.768,
257.818
]
},
{
"text": "But the resulting controversy from the allegations\nbeing made public caused a schism",
"timestamp": [
257.818,
262.895
]
},
{
"text": "along both racial and gender lines in the United States.",
"timestamp": [
262.895,
266.71
]
},
{
"text": "For example, after the allegations came out\nagainst Thomas, 38% of Americans believed",
"timestamp": [
266.71,
272.409
]
},
{
"text": "he should still be selected to the nation’s\nhighest court, even though 51% of those polled",
"timestamp": [
272.409,
277.819
]
},
{
"text": "in that same survey believed that the Senate\nhad not taken Hill’s claims as seriously as they should have.",
"timestamp": [
277.819,
284.009
]
},
{
"text": "The case also divided the African American\ncommunity along lines of gender,",
"timestamp": [
284.009,
287.996
]
},
{
"text": "in large part because it was an example of an intraracial\nstruggle and not an interracial struggle.",
"timestamp": [
287.996,
293.855
]
},
{
"text": "Some Black people expressed support for Thomas\nin part because, during his confirmation hearing,",
"timestamp": [
293.855,
298.635
]
},
{
"text": "they were convinced by his lynching comparison.",
"timestamp": [
298.635,
301.09
]
},
{
"text": "As Thomas put it:",
"timestamp": [
301.09,
303.304
]
},
{
"text": "\"And from my standpoint as a black American,\nas far as I'm concerned, it is a high-tech",
"timestamp": [
303.304,
309.029
]
},
{
"text": "lynching for uppity blacks who in any way\ndeign to think for themselves, to do for themselves,",
"timestamp": [
309.029,
314.37
]
},
{
"text": "to have different ideas, and it is a message\nthat unless you kowtow to an old order,",
"timestamp": [
314.37,
320.776
]
},
{
"text": "this is what will happen to you.",
"timestamp": [
320.776,
322.672
]
},
{
"text": "You will be lynched, destroyed, caricatured\nby a committee of the U.S. Senate,",
"timestamp": [
322.672,
328.3
]
},
{
"text": "rather than hung from a tree.\"",
"timestamp": [
328.3,
330.37
]
},
{
"text": "As we said, lynching holds a dark place in\nBlack American history and politics,",
"timestamp": [
330.37,
335.299
]
},
{
"text": "harkening back to a past when Black people were subject\nto extrajudicial terrorism from white people",
"timestamp": [
335.299,
341.37
]
},
{
"text": "who would murder them without remorse or cause.",
"timestamp": [
341.37,
344.701
]
},
{
"text": "According to the Equal Justice Initiative,\nat least 6,500 racial terror lynchings occurred",
"timestamp": [
344.701,
350.879
]
},
{
"text": "in the United States between 1865 and 1950,\nwith likely thousands more victims",
"timestamp": [
350.879,
357.578
]
},
{
"text": "whose names we’ll never know.",
"timestamp": [
357.578,
359.52
]
},
{
"text": "Although Black women were sometimes the victims\nof lynching, very often the victims",
"timestamp": [
359.52,
364.511
]
},
{
"text": "were Black men who were falsely accused of raping or\nsexually assaulting white women.",
"timestamp": [
364.511,
369.159
]
},
{
"text": "These false allegations were then used to\njustify horrific and unimaginable violence against Black men.",
"timestamp": [
369.159,
376.059
]
},
{
"text": "So all of this is to say, that when Clarence\nThomas invoked the idea of a",
"timestamp": [
376.059,
380.586
]
},
{
"text": "“high-tech lynching,” he tapped into this history of\nintragroup solidarity between Black men and",
"timestamp": [
380.586,
386.969
]
},
{
"text": "Black women on an issue that everyone in the\ncommunity was familiar with.",
"timestamp": [
386.969,
392.039
]
},
{
"text": "But the thing is, in doing so he subtly implied\nthat Hill was outside of that intragroup unity",
"timestamp": [
392.039,
399.599
]
},
{
"text": "and that what she was doing was something\nthat could be done to any Black man at any time.",
"timestamp": [
399.599,
405.65
]
},
{
"text": "And some in the Black community vilified Hill\nas a “race traitor”",
"timestamp": [
405.65,
409.826
]
},
{
"text": "and identified Thomas as the real victim.",
"timestamp": [
409.826,
412.847
]
},
{
"text": "According to political scientist, author,\nand professor Melissa Harris-Perry, ",
"timestamp": [
412.847,
416.902
]
},
{
"text": "“After he invoked the specter of lynching, Thomas’s\napproval ratings among Black Americans",
"timestamp": [
416.902,
421.451
]
},
{
"text": "jumped to nearly 50 percent.”",
"timestamp": [
421.451,
423.68
]
},
{
"text": "This number was surprising in part because,\naccording to Harris-Perry, Thomas’s career",
"timestamp": [
423.68,
428.21
]
},
{
"text": "as a conservative justice meant that many\nof his judicial decisions and philosophies",
"timestamp": [
428.21,
433.199
]
},
{
"text": "ran counter to the prevailing sentiments and\npolitical ideologies of the larger Black community.",
"timestamp": [
433.199,
438.539
]
},
{
"text": "To be clear, support for Thomas from the Black\ncommunity was far from universal.",
"timestamp": [
438.539,
443.839
]
},
{
"text": "During the hearings and afterwards, many Black\nwomen remained strong supporters of Hill",
"timestamp": [
443.839,
448.214
]
},
{
"text": "both privately and publicly.",
"timestamp": [
448.214,
450.971
]
},
{
"text": "After the hearings, in which Thomas was narrowly\nconfirmed by a 52-48 vote in the Senate on",
"timestamp": [
450.971,
456.449
]
},
{
"text": "October 15th, 1991, the National Coalition\nof 100 Black Women awarded Hill",
"timestamp": [
456.449,
462.458
]
},
{
"text": "the Ida B. Wells Award in honor of her courage \nin coming forward.",
"timestamp": [
462.458,
466.753
]
},
{
"text": "Additionally, in an ad published in the New\nYork Times, 1,603 African American women defended Hill.",
"timestamp": [
466.753,
474.661
]
},
{
"text": "In the ad, titled “African American Women\nin Defense of Ourselves” the women wrote:",
"timestamp": [
474.661,
481.755
]
},
{
"text": "“We are particularly outraged by the racist\nand sexist treatment of Professor Anita Hill,",
"timestamp": [
481.755,
486.75
]
},
{
"text": "an African American woman who was maligned\nand castigated for daring to speak publicly",
"timestamp": [
486.75,
492.189
]
},
{
"text": "of her own experience of sexual abuse.",
"timestamp": [
492.189,
494.629
]
},
{
"text": "The malicious defamation of Professor Hill\ninsulted all women of African descent",
"timestamp": [
494.629,
499.741
]
},
{
"text": "and sent a dangerous message to any woman who\nmight contemplate a sexual harassment complaint.”",
"timestamp": [
499.741,
505.509
]
},
{
"text": "The women were responding not only to the\npublic treatment of Hill but also because",
"timestamp": [
505.509,
509.74
]
},
{
"text": "of their concern that Hill’s treatment might\ndissuade other Black women from coming forward",
"timestamp": [
509.74,
515.13
]
},
{
"text": "with their experience of sexual harrasment\nin the workplace.",
"timestamp": [
515.13,
518.101
]
},
{
"text": "The group also engaged in criticism of Thomas\nbeyond the allegations of harassment and let",
"timestamp": [
518.101,
523.539
]
},
{
"text": "it be known that racial representation on\nthe court was not sufficient if the justice",
"timestamp": [
523.539,
529.13
]
},
{
"text": "was going to, as they believed Thomas would,\nfail to protect the rights of the vast majority of Black Americans.",
"timestamp": [
529.13,
536.22
]
},
{
"text": "Another part of the ad read, “As women of\nAfrican descent, we are deeply troubled by",
"timestamp": [
536.22,
541.66
]
},
{
"text": "the recent nomination, confirmation and seating of Clarence Thomas as an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.",
"timestamp": [
541.66,
548.149
]
},
{
"text": "We know that the presence of Clarence Thomas\non the Court will be continually used to divert",
"timestamp": [
548.149,
552.67
]
},
{
"text": "attention from historic struggles for social\njustice through suggestions that the presence",
"timestamp": [
552.67,
558.149
]
},
{
"text": "of a Black man on the Supreme Court constitutes an assurance that the rights of African Americans will be protected.”",
"timestamp": [
558.149,
565.31
]
},
{
"text": "And they weren’t alone in their concern, the\nNAACP, the National Organization for Women,",
"timestamp": [
565.31,
571
]
},
{
"text": "and dozens more were all concerned that Thomas\nwould vote in ways that were the opposite",
"timestamp": [
571,
575.81
]
},
{
"text": "of Thurgood Marshall, in ways that would be a threat to important issues like affirmative action and abortion.",
"timestamp": [
575.81,
582.05
]
},
{
"text": "In the aftermath of the case, Anita Hill continued\nto be a law professor and also went on to",
"timestamp": [
582.05,
587.459
]
},
{
"text": "become a prominent social activist, public\nspeaker, and advocate for women’s rights.",
"timestamp": [
587.459,
592.41
]
},
{
"text": "The case experienced renewed interest and\nattention when, in 2018 during the hearing",
"timestamp": [
592.41,
598.899
]
},
{
"text": "of Supreme Court Justice nominee Brett Kavanaugh,\nChristine Blasey Ford brought allegations",
"timestamp": [
598.899,
604.24
]
},
{
"text": "of sexual assault against him.",
"timestamp": [
604.24,
606.81
]
},
{
"text": "Many parallels were drawn between the two\ncases, not the least of which because they",
"timestamp": [
606.81,
610.86
]
},
{
"text": "both caused divisions along political and\ngender lines throughout the United States.",
"timestamp": [
610.86,
615.81
]
},
{
"text": "Although there were marked similarities between\nthe two sets of allegations, it’s worth",
"timestamp": [
615.81,
619.45
]
},
{
"text": "mentioning that, in large part because of\nthe #MeToo movement—which was started by",
"timestamp": [
619.45,
623.829
]
},
{
"text": "a Black woman named Tarana Burke—there’s\na difference in public awareness of",
"timestamp": [
623.829,
628.365
]
},
{
"text": "and sensitivity to issues of sexual harassment today compared\nto when Hill came forward in 1991.",
"timestamp": [
628.365,
635.877
]
},
{
"text": "The real legacy of the Anita Hill and Clarence\nThomas case is that it inspired future generations",
"timestamp": [
635.877,
641.339
]
},
{
"text": "of women (particularly Black women) to speak\nup in defense of themselves",
"timestamp": [
641.339,
646.14
]
},
{
"text": "and their right to safety from harassment in the workplace.",
"timestamp": [
646.14,
649.13
]
},
{
"text": "In 2021, Hill herself said, \"Thirty years\nlater, I'm here to say that even though Clarence Thomas",
"timestamp": [
649.13,
656.516
]
},
{
"text": "was confirmed, I do believe that what\nI did was effective because it opened up the",
"timestamp": [
656.516,
661.129
]
},
{
"text": "conversation publicly in a way that had never\nbeen done before… I've heard from people",
"timestamp": [
661.129,
666.11
]
},
{
"text": "whose lives have been changed because that\nconversation was open.\"",
"timestamp": [
666.11,
670.91
]
},
{
"text": "Even with that being true, for Hill, it didn’t\ncome without a cost.",
"timestamp": [
670.91,
675.412
]
},
{
"text": "After the hearing Hill faced public scrutiny,\nand attempts to discredit her and destroy her career.",
"timestamp": [
675.412,
681.252
]
},
{
"text": "She received human feces through the mail\nand even death threats.",
"timestamp": [
681.252,
685.47
]
},
{
"text": "But over time she has been hailed as a changemaker\nin conversations around women’s safety in the workplace.",
"timestamp": [
685.47,
692.341
]
},
{
"text": "Today the legacy of this fight continues to\ngive support and strength to all people who",
"timestamp": [
692.341,
697.171
]
},
{
"text": "come forward with sexual harassment allegations\nand to create a safer, fairer, and more equitable",
"timestamp": [
697.171,
702.99
]
},
{
"text": "workplace across the country for everyone.",
"timestamp": [
702.99,
706.581
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
706.581,
707.86
]
},
{
"text": "I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
707.86,
709.6
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made with the help of all\nthese nice people and our animation team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
709.6,
714.339
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by all our viewers\nand supporters.",
"timestamp": [
714.339,
718.16
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you to all our Patrons who support the\nshow on Patreon, and thank you to those of you",
"timestamp": [
718.16,
722.702
]
},
{
"text": "who participated in the 2021 Crash Course\nLearner Coin campaign.",
"timestamp": [
722.702,
726.836
]
},
{
"text": "Your contributions support millions of learners.\nThank you.",
"timestamp": [
726.836,
731.073
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Stress is Bad for Your Health: Crash Course Public Health #5
|
rKaG9VaM0pw
| 785 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Society and Your Health",
"end_time": 125
},
{
"start_time": 125,
"title": "Health Literacy",
"end_time": 225
},
{
"start_time": 225,
"title": "Stress",
"end_time": 386
},
{
"start_time": 386,
"title": "Measuring Stress",
"end_time": 456
},
{
"start_time": 456,
"title": "Adverse Childhood Experiences",
"end_time": 531
},
{
"start_time": 531,
"title": "Identity and Health",
"end_time": 691
},
{
"start_time": 691,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 785
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Okay, so here’s the understatement of the\ncentury: people are…complicated.",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.827
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so here’s the understatement of the\ncentury: people are…complicated.",
"timestamp": [
0,
4.827
]
},
{
"text": "Like, when the American poet Walt Whitman\nfamously wrote, “I contain multitudes,”",
"timestamp": [
4.827,
9.46
]
},
{
"text": "Like, when the American poet Walt Whitman\nfamously wrote, “I contain multitudes,”",
"timestamp": [
4.827,
9.46
]
},
{
"text": "he was definitely being poetic, but he was\nprobably mostly saying something along the",
"timestamp": [
9.46,
14.09
]
},
{
"text": "he was definitely being poetic, but he was\nprobably mostly saying something along the",
"timestamp": [
9.46,
14.09
]
},
{
"text": "lines of “I really don’t have time to\nget into how complex I am right now, okay?!”",
"timestamp": [
14.09,
19.556
]
},
{
"text": "lines of “I really don’t have time to\nget into how complex I am right now, okay?!”",
"timestamp": [
14.09,
19.556
]
},
{
"text": "But, unfortunately, public health experts\ndon’t have that luxury.",
"timestamp": [
19.556,
23.699
]
},
{
"text": "But, unfortunately, public health experts\ndon’t have that luxury.",
"timestamp": [
19.556,
23.699
]
},
{
"text": "To do their job, they need to know who’s\nhealthy, who’s not, and most importantly, why.",
"timestamp": [
23.699,
28.749
]
},
{
"text": "To do their job, they need to know who’s\nhealthy, who’s not, and most importantly, why.",
"timestamp": [
23.699,
28.749
]
},
{
"text": "Our identities, societies, and health are\nall mixed together in a cool, weird, and often",
"timestamp": [
28.749,
33.95
]
},
{
"text": "Our identities, societies, and health are\nall mixed together in a cool, weird, and often",
"timestamp": [
28.749,
33.95
]
},
{
"text": "deeply unfair way–thanks in large part to",
"timestamp": [
33.95,
37.869
]
},
{
"text": "deeply unfair way–thanks in large part to",
"timestamp": [
33.95,
37.869
]
},
{
"text": "the social determinants of health\nthat we covered last episode.",
"timestamp": [
37.869,
41.599
]
},
{
"text": "the social determinants of health\nthat we covered last episode.",
"timestamp": [
37.869,
41.599
]
},
{
"text": "Experts are still striving to \nunderstand it all.",
"timestamp": [
41.599,
45.21
]
},
{
"text": "Experts are still striving to \nunderstand it all.",
"timestamp": [
41.599,
45.21
]
},
{
"text": "But lucky for us, at Crash Course, we’re\npretty much in the business of striving to",
"timestamp": [
45.21,
49.62
]
},
{
"text": "But lucky for us, at Crash Course, we’re\npretty much in the business of striving to",
"timestamp": [
45.21,
49.62
]
},
{
"text": "understand stuff–and we don’t back down\nfrom a challenge!",
"timestamp": [
49.62,
53.15
]
},
{
"text": "understand stuff–and we don’t back down\nfrom a challenge!",
"timestamp": [
49.62,
53.15
]
},
{
"text": "So today, we’re going to go beyond the basics\nand look at exactly how society “hacks”",
"timestamp": [
53.15,
58.36
]
},
{
"text": "So today, we’re going to go beyond the basics\nand look at exactly how society “hacks”",
"timestamp": [
53.15,
58.36
]
},
{
"text": "into our bodies and affects our health–and\nwhy it affects each of us differently.",
"timestamp": [
58.36,
63.18
]
},
{
"text": "into our bodies and affects our health–and\nwhy it affects each of us differently.",
"timestamp": [
58.36,
63.18
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill.",
"timestamp": [
63.18,
65
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill.",
"timestamp": [
63.18,
65
]
},
{
"text": "And welcome to Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
65,
67.583
]
},
{
"text": "And welcome to Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
65,
67.583
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
67.583,
76.653
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
67.583,
76.653
]
},
{
"text": "The social determinants of health are the\nconditions of our societies that influence our health.",
"timestamp": [
76.653,
82.559
]
},
{
"text": "The social determinants of health are the\nconditions of our societies that influence our health.",
"timestamp": [
76.653,
82.559
]
},
{
"text": "These include things like our income, housing,\nand education that can affect us on a biological level.",
"timestamp": [
82.559,
89.226
]
},
{
"text": "These include things like our income, housing,\nand education that can affect us on a biological level.",
"timestamp": [
82.559,
89.226
]
},
{
"text": "This is because as living organisms, we need…stuff.",
"timestamp": [
89.226,
93.001
]
},
{
"text": "This is because as living organisms, we need…stuff.",
"timestamp": [
89.226,
93.001
]
},
{
"text": "You know: food, oxygen, even YouTube videos.",
"timestamp": [
93.001,
96.77
]
},
{
"text": "You know: food, oxygen, even YouTube videos.",
"timestamp": [
93.001,
96.77
]
},
{
"text": "Stuff!",
"timestamp": [
96.77,
97.77
]
},
{
"text": "Stuff!",
"timestamp": [
96.77,
97.77
]
},
{
"text": "These are resources that we extract from our\nsurroundings and use to make ourselves, like,",
"timestamp": [
97.77,
102.57
]
},
{
"text": "These are resources that we extract from our\nsurroundings and use to make ourselves, like,",
"timestamp": [
97.77,
102.57
]
},
{
"text": "not dead.",
"timestamp": [
102.57,
103.719
]
},
{
"text": "not dead.",
"timestamp": [
102.57,
103.719
]
},
{
"text": "Or, in the case of YouTube videos, not bored.",
"timestamp": [
103.719,
107.13
]
},
{
"text": "Or, in the case of YouTube videos, not bored.",
"timestamp": [
103.719,
107.13
]
},
{
"text": "For a lot of us, when we hear the word “resource,”\none of the first things that comes to mind",
"timestamp": [
107.13,
111.21
]
},
{
"text": "For a lot of us, when we hear the word “resource,”\none of the first things that comes to mind",
"timestamp": [
107.13,
111.21
]
},
{
"text": "is probably money.",
"timestamp": [
111.21,
112.71
]
},
{
"text": "is probably money.",
"timestamp": [
111.21,
112.71
]
},
{
"text": "Like we mentioned last time, having access\nto money is a pretty big deal for our health.",
"timestamp": [
112.71,
119.024
]
},
{
"text": "Like we mentioned last time, having access\nto money is a pretty big deal for our health.",
"timestamp": [
112.71,
119.024
]
},
{
"text": "More money can translate into more medical\nservices, access to healthier foods, and better housing.",
"timestamp": [
119.024,
125
]
},
{
"text": "More money can translate into more medical\nservices, access to healthier foods, and better housing.",
"timestamp": [
119.024,
125
]
},
{
"text": "But if we stretch our definition of “resource”\njust a bit, another resource we can",
"timestamp": [
125,
129.605
]
},
{
"text": "But if we stretch our definition of “resource”\njust a bit, another resource we can",
"timestamp": [
125,
129.605
]
},
{
"text": "think about in the context of our health is knowledge.",
"timestamp": [
129.605,
133.41
]
},
{
"text": "think about in the context of our health is knowledge.",
"timestamp": [
129.605,
133.41
]
},
{
"text": "In this case, we’re not talking about memorizing\ncountry capitals or who started the War of 1812.",
"timestamp": [
133.41,
139.659
]
},
{
"text": "In this case, we’re not talking about memorizing\ncountry capitals or who started the War of 1812.",
"timestamp": [
133.41,
139.659
]
},
{
"text": "We’re talking about knowledge about our\nhealth–or health literacy.",
"timestamp": [
139.659,
144.44
]
},
{
"text": "We’re talking about knowledge about our\nhealth–or health literacy.",
"timestamp": [
139.659,
144.44
]
},
{
"text": "To be health literate, we don’t need to\nbe a doctor.",
"timestamp": [
144.44,
147.53
]
},
{
"text": "To be health literate, we don’t need to\nbe a doctor.",
"timestamp": [
144.44,
147.53
]
},
{
"text": "We just want to have the ability to locate,\nrecognize, and use basic medical information and services.",
"timestamp": [
147.53,
154.28
]
},
{
"text": "We just want to have the ability to locate,\nrecognize, and use basic medical information and services.",
"timestamp": [
147.53,
154.28
]
},
{
"text": "If our health were a foreign language, we’d\nbasically just want to know enough to be able",
"timestamp": [
154.28,
158.56
]
},
{
"text": "If our health were a foreign language, we’d\nbasically just want to know enough to be able",
"timestamp": [
154.28,
158.56
]
},
{
"text": "to ask where the nearest bathroom is and be\nable to get ourselves there to use it.",
"timestamp": [
158.56,
163.7
]
},
{
"text": "to ask where the nearest bathroom is and be\nable to get ourselves there to use it.",
"timestamp": [
158.56,
163.7
]
},
{
"text": "The other piece of our health literacy is\nknowing how to navigate our health care system.",
"timestamp": [
163.7,
169.39
]
},
{
"text": "The other piece of our health literacy is\nknowing how to navigate our health care system.",
"timestamp": [
163.7,
169.39
]
},
{
"text": "For a lot of us, the health care system may\nseem like a labyrinth of paperwork and expenses",
"timestamp": [
169.39,
174.68
]
},
{
"text": "For a lot of us, the health care system may\nseem like a labyrinth of paperwork and expenses",
"timestamp": [
169.39,
174.68
]
},
{
"text": "that can feel impossible to figure out.",
"timestamp": [
174.68,
177.08
]
},
{
"text": "that can feel impossible to figure out.",
"timestamp": [
174.68,
177.08
]
},
{
"text": "Things like knowing the difference between\nan emergency room and urgent care and when",
"timestamp": [
177.08,
181.82
]
},
{
"text": "Things like knowing the difference between\nan emergency room and urgent care and when",
"timestamp": [
177.08,
181.82
]
},
{
"text": "to go to which one are basic questions that\ncan feel hard to navigate.",
"timestamp": [
181.82,
186.89
]
},
{
"text": "to go to which one are basic questions that\ncan feel hard to navigate.",
"timestamp": [
181.82,
186.89
]
},
{
"text": "So while health literacy might help us identify\nif we’re sick, knowledge of our particular",
"timestamp": [
186.89,
192.53
]
},
{
"text": "So while health literacy might help us identify\nif we’re sick, knowledge of our particular",
"timestamp": [
186.89,
192.53
]
},
{
"text": "health care system might help us find a doctor\nwho specializes in our particular kind of sickness.",
"timestamp": [
192.53,
198.451
]
},
{
"text": "health care system might help us find a doctor\nwho specializes in our particular kind of sickness.",
"timestamp": [
192.53,
198.451
]
},
{
"text": "Together, money and knowledge are a major\npart of another resource that is pretty central",
"timestamp": [
198.451,
203.63
]
},
{
"text": "Together, money and knowledge are a major\npart of another resource that is pretty central",
"timestamp": [
198.451,
203.63
]
},
{
"text": "to our health: autonomy, or how much control\nwe have over our life.",
"timestamp": [
203.63,
209.213
]
},
{
"text": "to our health: autonomy, or how much control\nwe have over our life.",
"timestamp": [
203.63,
209.213
]
},
{
"text": "People who report feeling less in control\nof things like their income, occupation, and",
"timestamp": [
209.213,
214.56
]
},
{
"text": "People who report feeling less in control\nof things like their income, occupation, and",
"timestamp": [
209.213,
214.56
]
},
{
"text": "daily schedule typically are also more likely\nto smoke, have higher blood pressure, and",
"timestamp": [
214.56,
220.33
]
},
{
"text": "daily schedule typically are also more likely\nto smoke, have higher blood pressure, and",
"timestamp": [
214.56,
220.33
]
},
{
"text": "have less time to exercise, all which are\ncorrelated with worse health outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
220.33,
225.98
]
},
{
"text": "have less time to exercise, all which are\ncorrelated with worse health outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
220.33,
225.98
]
},
{
"text": "And feeling less in control of things might\nlead to something",
"timestamp": [
225.98,
229.383
]
},
{
"text": "And feeling less in control of things might\nlead to something",
"timestamp": [
225.98,
229.383
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve all felt from time to time: stress.",
"timestamp": [
229.383,
232.821
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve all felt from time to time: stress.",
"timestamp": [
229.383,
232.821
]
},
{
"text": "Whether we’re anxious about giving a speech\nat our brother’s wedding or worried that",
"timestamp": [
232.821,
237.2
]
},
{
"text": "Whether we’re anxious about giving a speech\nat our brother’s wedding or worried that",
"timestamp": [
232.821,
237.2
]
},
{
"text": "we didn’t exactly crush that biology exam\nyesterday, life is full of stressful moments",
"timestamp": [
237.2,
243.46
]
},
{
"text": "we didn’t exactly crush that biology exam\nyesterday, life is full of stressful moments",
"timestamp": [
237.2,
243.46
]
},
{
"text": "that leave our heads aching, our hearts racing,\nand our bodies feeling…[indistinct groan].",
"timestamp": [
243.46,
249.65
]
},
{
"text": "that leave our heads aching, our hearts racing,\nand our bodies feeling…[indistinct groan].",
"timestamp": [
243.46,
249.65
]
},
{
"text": "But as it turns out, having these anxieties\nsimmering on the backburner of our brains",
"timestamp": [
249.65,
254.93
]
},
{
"text": "But as it turns out, having these anxieties\nsimmering on the backburner of our brains",
"timestamp": [
249.65,
254.93
]
},
{
"text": "literally all the time can be more than just\nstressful.",
"timestamp": [
254.93,
259.29
]
},
{
"text": "literally all the time can be more than just\nstressful.",
"timestamp": [
254.93,
259.29
]
},
{
"text": "It can be detrimental to our health.",
"timestamp": [
259.29,
262.258
]
},
{
"text": "It can be detrimental to our health.",
"timestamp": [
259.29,
262.258
]
},
{
"text": "Stress can literally make our bodies age faster,\nwhich now that I know that also kind of stresses",
"timestamp": [
262.258,
269.58
]
},
{
"text": "Stress can literally make our bodies age faster,\nwhich now that I know that also kind of stresses",
"timestamp": [
262.258,
269.58
]
},
{
"text": "me out, and oh god here comes that dread…",
"timestamp": [
269.58,
271.95
]
},
{
"text": "me out, and oh god here comes that dread…",
"timestamp": [
269.58,
271.95
]
},
{
"text": "Now, don’t get me wrong.",
"timestamp": [
271.95,
273.709
]
},
{
"text": "Now, don’t get me wrong.",
"timestamp": [
271.95,
273.709
]
},
{
"text": "Some stress can actually be useful.",
"timestamp": [
273.709,
276.434
]
},
{
"text": "Some stress can actually be useful.",
"timestamp": [
273.709,
276.434
]
},
{
"text": "Like early in human history, the stress of\npotentially being eaten",
"timestamp": [
276.434,
280.646
]
},
{
"text": "Like early in human history, the stress of\npotentially being eaten",
"timestamp": [
276.434,
280.646
]
},
{
"text": "by the local pride of lions told us to leave them alone.",
"timestamp": [
280.646,
284.196
]
},
{
"text": "by the local pride of lions told us to leave them alone.",
"timestamp": [
280.646,
284.196
]
},
{
"text": "And the added stress of fighting off a virus\nis also a big part of how our immune system",
"timestamp": [
284.196,
290.01
]
},
{
"text": "And the added stress of fighting off a virus\nis also a big part of how our immune system",
"timestamp": [
284.196,
290.01
]
},
{
"text": "learns how to fight diseases and improve itself\nfor the next time it encounters that virus.",
"timestamp": [
290.01,
295
]
},
{
"text": "learns how to fight diseases and improve itself\nfor the next time it encounters that virus.",
"timestamp": [
290.01,
295
]
},
{
"text": "But when stress becomes frequent, or chronic,\nit can start to add up and take a toll on our health..",
"timestamp": [
295,
301.805
]
},
{
"text": "But when stress becomes frequent, or chronic,\nit can start to add up and take a toll on our health..",
"timestamp": [
295,
301.805
]
},
{
"text": "And for some groups of people, the amount\nof chronic stress they experience, often through",
"timestamp": [
301.805,
306.68
]
},
{
"text": "And for some groups of people, the amount\nof chronic stress they experience, often through",
"timestamp": [
301.805,
306.68
]
},
{
"text": "long-term issues like discrimination and marginalization,\nis so large that scientists can actually detect",
"timestamp": [
306.68,
313.62
]
},
{
"text": "long-term issues like discrimination and marginalization,\nis so large that scientists can actually detect",
"timestamp": [
306.68,
313.62
]
},
{
"text": "noticeable differences in the group’s health\noutcomes.",
"timestamp": [
313.62,
317.49
]
},
{
"text": "noticeable differences in the group’s health\noutcomes.",
"timestamp": [
313.62,
317.49
]
},
{
"text": "In the early 1990s, the American public health\nprofessor Dr. Arline Geronimus was researching",
"timestamp": [
317.49,
323.07
]
},
{
"text": "In the early 1990s, the American public health\nprofessor Dr. Arline Geronimus was researching",
"timestamp": [
317.49,
323.07
]
},
{
"text": "the factors that affected women’s fertility\nwhen she noticed something strange.",
"timestamp": [
323.07,
327.97
]
},
{
"text": "the factors that affected women’s fertility\nwhen she noticed something strange.",
"timestamp": [
323.07,
327.97
]
},
{
"text": "Data showed that for white women, the age\nrange associated with high fertility, healthy pregnancy",
"timestamp": [
327.97,
334.416
]
},
{
"text": "Data showed that for white women, the age\nrange associated with high fertility, healthy pregnancy",
"timestamp": [
327.97,
334.416
]
},
{
"text": "and lower risk of infant death was\ngenerally somewhere between 20 and 30.",
"timestamp": [
334.416,
339.89
]
},
{
"text": "and lower risk of infant death was\ngenerally somewhere between 20 and 30.",
"timestamp": [
334.416,
339.89
]
},
{
"text": "However, for Black women, that age range was\ngenerally in their teens.",
"timestamp": [
339.89,
345.36
]
},
{
"text": "However, for Black women, that age range was\ngenerally in their teens.",
"timestamp": [
339.89,
345.36
]
},
{
"text": "Geronimus hypothesized that because of the\nstressful social, economic, and environmental",
"timestamp": [
345.36,
350.42
]
},
{
"text": "Geronimus hypothesized that because of the\nstressful social, economic, and environmental",
"timestamp": [
345.36,
350.42
]
},
{
"text": "factors that Black women face as a result\nof systemic racism, their bodies are literally",
"timestamp": [
350.42,
355.68
]
},
{
"text": "factors that Black women face as a result\nof systemic racism, their bodies are literally",
"timestamp": [
350.42,
355.68
]
},
{
"text": "aging faster than the average white woman.",
"timestamp": [
355.68,
358.47
]
},
{
"text": "aging faster than the average white woman.",
"timestamp": [
355.68,
358.47
]
},
{
"text": "Dr. Geronimus called this “weathering.”",
"timestamp": [
358.47,
361.582
]
},
{
"text": "Dr. Geronimus called this “weathering.”",
"timestamp": [
358.47,
361.582
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble to see what\nit means for our health.",
"timestamp": [
361.582,
364.824
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble to see what\nit means for our health.",
"timestamp": [
361.582,
364.824
]
},
{
"text": "You may know of weathering as the thing that\nhappens to rock formations when things like",
"timestamp": [
364.824,
369.53
]
},
{
"text": "You may know of weathering as the thing that\nhappens to rock formations when things like",
"timestamp": [
364.824,
369.53
]
},
{
"text": "wind and rain break them down over time.",
"timestamp": [
369.53,
372.414
]
},
{
"text": "wind and rain break them down over time.",
"timestamp": [
369.53,
372.414
]
},
{
"text": "Except in this case, the thing that’s being\nworn down is our body.",
"timestamp": [
372.414,
377.34
]
},
{
"text": "Except in this case, the thing that’s being\nworn down is our body.",
"timestamp": [
372.414,
377.34
]
},
{
"text": "And the thing doing the wearing down is stress,\nwhich can be a consequence of,",
"timestamp": [
377.34,
382.362
]
},
{
"text": "And the thing doing the wearing down is stress,\nwhich can be a consequence of,",
"timestamp": [
377.34,
382.362
]
},
{
"text": "and compounded by factors like racism.",
"timestamp": [
382.362,
385.566
]
},
{
"text": "and compounded by factors like racism.",
"timestamp": [
382.362,
385.566
]
},
{
"text": "Stress might not seem like something that\nwe can get real science-y about.",
"timestamp": [
385.566,
390.37
]
},
{
"text": "Stress might not seem like something that\nwe can get real science-y about.",
"timestamp": [
385.566,
390.37
]
},
{
"text": "Like, we measure the distance between galaxies\nin light-years, we measure bananas in bunches,",
"timestamp": [
390.37,
396.774
]
},
{
"text": "Like, we measure the distance between galaxies\nin light-years, we measure bananas in bunches,",
"timestamp": [
390.37,
396.774
]
},
{
"text": "and for me at least, I just kind of measure\nstress by how much I want to scream",
"timestamp": [
396.774,
401.122
]
},
{
"text": "and for me at least, I just kind of measure\nstress by how much I want to scream",
"timestamp": [
396.774,
401.122
]
},
{
"text": "or crawl back into bed.",
"timestamp": [
401.122,
402.928
]
},
{
"text": "or crawl back into bed.",
"timestamp": [
401.122,
402.928
]
},
{
"text": "While it’s not like stressful experience\nleave behind little stress particles that",
"timestamp": [
402.928,
407.68
]
},
{
"text": "While it’s not like stressful experience\nleave behind little stress particles that",
"timestamp": [
402.928,
407.68
]
},
{
"text": "we can count, it turns out scientists can\ntrack the history of stress in our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
407.68,
413.68
]
},
{
"text": "we can count, it turns out scientists can\ntrack the history of stress in our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
407.68,
413.68
]
},
{
"text": "To do this, they use a measurement called\nour allostatic load.",
"timestamp": [
413.68,
417.35
]
},
{
"text": "To do this, they use a measurement called\nour allostatic load.",
"timestamp": [
413.68,
417.35
]
},
{
"text": "Which, now I say it out loud, sounds like\na pretty great band name!",
"timestamp": [
417.35,
421.36
]
},
{
"text": "Which, now I say it out loud, sounds like\na pretty great band name!",
"timestamp": [
417.35,
421.36
]
},
{
"text": "Our allostatic load is basically the measurable\nwear and tear that our body goes through when",
"timestamp": [
421.36,
426.49
]
},
{
"text": "Our allostatic load is basically the measurable\nwear and tear that our body goes through when",
"timestamp": [
421.36,
426.49
]
},
{
"text": "it’s under severe or chronic stress.",
"timestamp": [
426.49,
429.026
]
},
{
"text": "it’s under severe or chronic stress.",
"timestamp": [
426.49,
429.026
]
},
{
"text": "There are certain biological processes associated\nwith stress, like increases in heart rate",
"timestamp": [
429.026,
434.4
]
},
{
"text": "There are certain biological processes associated\nwith stress, like increases in heart rate",
"timestamp": [
429.026,
434.4
]
},
{
"text": "or spikes in a stress hormone called cortisol.",
"timestamp": [
434.4,
437.74
]
},
{
"text": "or spikes in a stress hormone called cortisol.",
"timestamp": [
434.4,
437.74
]
},
{
"text": "When these things happen repeatedly for a\nlong time, they can leave behind distinct",
"timestamp": [
437.74,
442.27
]
},
{
"text": "When these things happen repeatedly for a\nlong time, they can leave behind distinct",
"timestamp": [
437.74,
442.27
]
},
{
"text": "biological markers that we can measure.",
"timestamp": [
442.27,
445.4
]
},
{
"text": "biological markers that we can measure.",
"timestamp": [
442.27,
445.4
]
},
{
"text": "This includes things like cholesterol levels\nand changes in our hormone patterns that may",
"timestamp": [
445.4,
449.79
]
},
{
"text": "This includes things like cholesterol levels\nand changes in our hormone patterns that may",
"timestamp": [
445.4,
449.79
]
},
{
"text": "negatively affect our health.",
"timestamp": [
449.79,
452.206
]
},
{
"text": "negatively affect our health.",
"timestamp": [
449.79,
452.206
]
},
{
"text": "Allostatic load is like our body’s very\nown stress-fossil!",
"timestamp": [
452.206,
456.331
]
},
{
"text": "Allostatic load is like our body’s very\nown stress-fossil!",
"timestamp": [
452.206,
456.331
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
456.331,
457.77
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble!",
"timestamp": [
456.331,
457.77
]
},
{
"text": "Now, we may think of stress as a very adulty\nphenomenon.",
"timestamp": [
457.77,
462.5
]
},
{
"text": "Now, we may think of stress as a very adulty\nphenomenon.",
"timestamp": [
457.77,
462.5
]
},
{
"text": "We get stressed about things like paying bills\nor sitting in traffic.",
"timestamp": [
462.5,
467.389
]
},
{
"text": "We get stressed about things like paying bills\nor sitting in traffic.",
"timestamp": [
462.5,
467.389
]
},
{
"text": "But for some people, stress can literally\nbegin at birth.",
"timestamp": [
467.389,
471.67
]
},
{
"text": "But for some people, stress can literally\nbegin at birth.",
"timestamp": [
467.389,
471.67
]
},
{
"text": "Adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, are\npotentially traumatic events",
"timestamp": [
471.67,
476.859
]
},
{
"text": "Adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, are\npotentially traumatic events",
"timestamp": [
471.67,
476.859
]
},
{
"text": "that occur in childhood as we grow up.",
"timestamp": [
476.859,
479.535
]
},
{
"text": "that occur in childhood as we grow up.",
"timestamp": [
476.859,
479.535
]
},
{
"text": "These events can include things like food\ninsecurity, domestic violence, or living in",
"timestamp": [
479.535,
484.58
]
},
{
"text": "These events can include things like food\ninsecurity, domestic violence, or living in",
"timestamp": [
479.535,
484.58
]
},
{
"text": "a home with someone struggling with drug misuse\nor mental illness.",
"timestamp": [
484.58,
489.1
]
},
{
"text": "a home with someone struggling with drug misuse\nor mental illness.",
"timestamp": [
484.58,
489.1
]
},
{
"text": "And experiencing four or more ACEs has been\nassociated with increased risks for things",
"timestamp": [
489.1,
494.36
]
},
{
"text": "And experiencing four or more ACEs has been\nassociated with increased risks for things",
"timestamp": [
489.1,
494.36
]
},
{
"text": "like cancer, diabetes, and suicide.",
"timestamp": [
494.36,
498.04
]
},
{
"text": "like cancer, diabetes, and suicide.",
"timestamp": [
494.36,
498.04
]
},
{
"text": "That’s because dealing with so many ACEs\ncan be pretty darn stressful–and things",
"timestamp": [
498.04,
504.041
]
},
{
"text": "That’s because dealing with so many ACEs\ncan be pretty darn stressful–and things",
"timestamp": [
498.04,
504.041
]
},
{
"text": "like racism and systemic inequality only make\nthis stress more severe.",
"timestamp": [
504.041,
509.771
]
},
{
"text": "like racism and systemic inequality only make\nthis stress more severe.",
"timestamp": [
504.041,
509.771
]
},
{
"text": "But public health experts don’t have some\nalgorithm or magic converter that lets them",
"timestamp": [
509.771,
514.51
]
},
{
"text": "But public health experts don’t have some\nalgorithm or magic converter that lets them",
"timestamp": [
509.771,
514.51
]
},
{
"text": "plug in all of our stressy social determinants\nof health and come up with crystal clear predictions",
"timestamp": [
514.51,
520.7
]
},
{
"text": "plug in all of our stressy social determinants\nof health and come up with crystal clear predictions",
"timestamp": [
514.51,
520.7
]
},
{
"text": "for our health future.",
"timestamp": [
520.7,
522.7
]
},
{
"text": "for our health future.",
"timestamp": [
520.7,
522.7
]
},
{
"text": "Because humans are, like, kind of complicated!",
"timestamp": [
522.7,
526.37
]
},
{
"text": "Because humans are, like, kind of complicated!",
"timestamp": [
522.7,
526.37
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, if people are good at one thing, it’s\nbeing a whole bunch of different things.",
"timestamp": [
526.37,
531.143
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, if people are good at one thing, it’s\nbeing a whole bunch of different things.",
"timestamp": [
526.37,
531.143
]
},
{
"text": "Take our identities, which includes factors\nlike our race, class, gender, and sexual orientation–",
"timestamp": [
531.143,
538.182
]
},
{
"text": "Take our identities, which includes factors\nlike our race, class, gender, and sexual orientation–",
"timestamp": [
531.143,
538.182
]
},
{
"text": "just to name a few.",
"timestamp": [
538.182,
539.7
]
},
{
"text": "just to name a few.",
"timestamp": [
538.182,
539.7
]
},
{
"text": "It should come as no surprise then, that humans\noccupy several different identities at once.",
"timestamp": [
539.7,
546.61
]
},
{
"text": "It should come as no surprise then, that humans\noccupy several different identities at once.",
"timestamp": [
539.7,
546.61
]
},
{
"text": "Those different combinations, and the way\nour larger society views them, affect us differently.",
"timestamp": [
546.61,
553.07
]
},
{
"text": "Those different combinations, and the way\nour larger society views them, affect us differently.",
"timestamp": [
546.61,
553.07
]
},
{
"text": "To help put this in perspective, we can consider\nthe concept of intersectionality.",
"timestamp": [
553.07,
558.07
]
},
{
"text": "To help put this in perspective, we can consider\nthe concept of intersectionality.",
"timestamp": [
553.07,
558.07
]
},
{
"text": "The term was coined by American law professor\nand civil rights activist Kimberlé Crenshaw",
"timestamp": [
558.07,
562.46
]
},
{
"text": "The term was coined by American law professor\nand civil rights activist Kimberlé Crenshaw",
"timestamp": [
558.07,
562.46
]
},
{
"text": "in the late ‘80s to explain why theories\nof sexual discrimination and racial discrimination",
"timestamp": [
562.46,
568.29
]
},
{
"text": "in the late ‘80s to explain why theories\nof sexual discrimination and racial discrimination",
"timestamp": [
562.46,
568.29
]
},
{
"text": "at the time weren’t able to explain the\nwide and unique array of discrimination",
"timestamp": [
568.29,
573.435
]
},
{
"text": "at the time weren’t able to explain the\nwide and unique array of discrimination",
"timestamp": [
568.29,
573.435
]
},
{
"text": "that Black women face.",
"timestamp": [
573.435,
575.23
]
},
{
"text": "that Black women face.",
"timestamp": [
573.435,
575.23
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, someone who identifies as both\nBlack and a woman, faces different challenges",
"timestamp": [
575.23,
580.75
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, someone who identifies as both\nBlack and a woman, faces different challenges",
"timestamp": [
575.23,
580.75
]
},
{
"text": "due to discrimination than someone who identifies\nas Black and is not a woman",
"timestamp": [
580.75,
585.534
]
},
{
"text": "due to discrimination than someone who identifies\nas Black and is not a woman",
"timestamp": [
580.75,
585.534
]
},
{
"text": "or is a woman and who is not Black.",
"timestamp": [
585.534,
588.49
]
},
{
"text": "or is a woman and who is not Black.",
"timestamp": [
585.534,
588.49
]
},
{
"text": "Those challenges, like worse pay, housing,\nand job security, were not being acknowledged",
"timestamp": [
588.49,
594.23
]
},
{
"text": "Those challenges, like worse pay, housing,\nand job security, were not being acknowledged",
"timestamp": [
588.49,
594.23
]
},
{
"text": "by theories that focused only on one part\nof a person’s identity.",
"timestamp": [
594.23,
599.146
]
},
{
"text": "by theories that focused only on one part\nof a person’s identity.",
"timestamp": [
594.23,
599.146
]
},
{
"text": "Intersectionality helps us understand that\nwe can’t untangle the different parts of",
"timestamp": [
599.146,
603.98
]
},
{
"text": "Intersectionality helps us understand that\nwe can’t untangle the different parts of",
"timestamp": [
599.146,
603.98
]
},
{
"text": "our identities from one another.",
"timestamp": [
603.98,
606.34
]
},
{
"text": "our identities from one another.",
"timestamp": [
603.98,
606.34
]
},
{
"text": "An intersectional approach to public health\ncan help us better understand the context",
"timestamp": [
606.34,
610.76
]
},
{
"text": "An intersectional approach to public health\ncan help us better understand the context",
"timestamp": [
606.34,
610.76
]
},
{
"text": "around health disparities and differences\nin health outcomes, and better tailor",
"timestamp": [
610.76,
615.898
]
},
{
"text": "around health disparities and differences\nin health outcomes, and better tailor",
"timestamp": [
610.76,
615.898
]
},
{
"text": "public health interventions to more fully meet the\nneeds of people.",
"timestamp": [
615.898,
619.81
]
},
{
"text": "public health interventions to more fully meet the\nneeds of people.",
"timestamp": [
615.898,
619.81
]
},
{
"text": "For example, Black women diagnosed with HIV\nin the US can face an intersection of discrimination",
"timestamp": [
619.81,
626.07
]
},
{
"text": "For example, Black women diagnosed with HIV\nin the US can face an intersection of discrimination",
"timestamp": [
619.81,
626.07
]
},
{
"text": "from racism, classism, sexism \nand HIV-related stigma.",
"timestamp": [
626.07,
631.48
]
},
{
"text": "from racism, classism, sexism \nand HIV-related stigma.",
"timestamp": [
626.07,
631.48
]
},
{
"text": "The vulnerability that arises can impact their\naccess and quality of health care,",
"timestamp": [
631.48,
636.766
]
},
{
"text": "The vulnerability that arises can impact their\naccess and quality of health care,",
"timestamp": [
631.48,
636.766
]
},
{
"text": "leading to an increased risk of poor health outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
636.766,
640.776
]
},
{
"text": "leading to an increased risk of poor health outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
636.766,
640.776
]
},
{
"text": "So, an effective public health approach to\nHIV among Black women would need to account",
"timestamp": [
640.776,
645.75
]
},
{
"text": "So, an effective public health approach to\nHIV among Black women would need to account",
"timestamp": [
640.776,
645.75
]
},
{
"text": "not for just the virus, but also the effects\nof this intersectional discrimination.",
"timestamp": [
645.75,
651.112
]
},
{
"text": "not for just the virus, but also the effects\nof this intersectional discrimination.",
"timestamp": [
645.75,
651.112
]
},
{
"text": "People aren’t walking Ikea manuals, with\neach page having a detailed diagram of how",
"timestamp": [
651.112,
656.43
]
},
{
"text": "People aren’t walking Ikea manuals, with\neach page having a detailed diagram of how",
"timestamp": [
651.112,
656.43
]
},
{
"text": "one part of our identity fits neatly into\nthe others.",
"timestamp": [
656.43,
659.91
]
},
{
"text": "one part of our identity fits neatly into\nthe others.",
"timestamp": [
656.43,
659.91
]
},
{
"text": "The different parts of our identities–like\nour ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class",
"timestamp": [
659.91,
665.16
]
},
{
"text": "The different parts of our identities–like\nour ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class",
"timestamp": [
659.91,
665.16
]
},
{
"text": "–always interacting with our environments\nare never constant.",
"timestamp": [
665.16,
668.86
]
},
{
"text": "–always interacting with our environments\nare never constant.",
"timestamp": [
665.16,
668.86
]
},
{
"text": "The struggles that marginalized people experience\nfrom their identities isn't due to any identity itself, ",
"timestamp": [
668.86,
675.195
]
},
{
"text": "The struggles that marginalized people experience\nfrom their identities isn't due to any identity itself, ",
"timestamp": [
668.86,
675.195
]
},
{
"text": "but rather society's unwillingness\nto accept certain identities and treat them fairly.",
"timestamp": [
675.195,
680.568
]
},
{
"text": "but rather society's unwillingness\nto accept certain identities and treat them fairly.",
"timestamp": [
675.195,
680.568
]
},
{
"text": "People’s identities are kind of like the\nworld’s most complicated pinball machines–",
"timestamp": [
680.568,
685.568
]
},
{
"text": "People’s identities are kind of like the\nworld’s most complicated pinball machines–",
"timestamp": [
680.568,
685.568
]
},
{
"text": "if that pinball machine had a bazillion balls\nall ping-ponging off each other all the time.",
"timestamp": [
685.568,
690.61
]
},
{
"text": "if that pinball machine had a bazillion balls\nall ping-ponging off each other all the time.",
"timestamp": [
685.568,
690.61
]
},
{
"text": "So, if we’ve learned anything from these\npast two episodes, it’s that the ways society",
"timestamp": [
690.61,
696.6
]
},
{
"text": "So, if we’ve learned anything from these\npast two episodes, it’s that the ways society",
"timestamp": [
690.61,
696.6
]
},
{
"text": "affects our health are complicated, and there’s\nno cookie-cutter solution",
"timestamp": [
696.6,
701.229
]
},
{
"text": "affects our health are complicated, and there’s\nno cookie-cutter solution",
"timestamp": [
696.6,
701.229
]
},
{
"text": "that can improve health for everybody equally.",
"timestamp": [
701.229,
704.652
]
},
{
"text": "that can improve health for everybody equally.",
"timestamp": [
701.229,
704.652
]
},
{
"text": "Our bodies, environments, and society are\nall just too complicated and unpredictable.",
"timestamp": [
704.652,
710.812
]
},
{
"text": "Our bodies, environments, and society are\nall just too complicated and unpredictable.",
"timestamp": [
704.652,
710.812
]
},
{
"text": "While we still have a long way to go, fortunately,\nrecognition of all of this has led to new",
"timestamp": [
710.812,
715.89
]
},
{
"text": "While we still have a long way to go, fortunately,\nrecognition of all of this has led to new",
"timestamp": [
710.812,
715.89
]
},
{
"text": "efforts by public health entities to fund\nand partner with community organizations to",
"timestamp": [
715.89,
721.01
]
},
{
"text": "efforts by public health entities to fund\nand partner with community organizations to",
"timestamp": [
715.89,
721.01
]
},
{
"text": "develop and tailor public health messages,\nprevention programs and solutions that are",
"timestamp": [
721.01,
726.029
]
},
{
"text": "develop and tailor public health messages,\nprevention programs and solutions that are",
"timestamp": [
721.01,
726.029
]
},
{
"text": "effective and relevant to people.",
"timestamp": [
726.029,
728.54
]
},
{
"text": "effective and relevant to people.",
"timestamp": [
726.029,
728.54
]
},
{
"text": "Our identities, society’s acceptance of\nthose identities and the environment",
"timestamp": [
728.54,
733.184
]
},
{
"text": "Our identities, society’s acceptance of\nthose identities and the environment",
"timestamp": [
728.54,
733.184
]
},
{
"text": "are all intertwined: we absolutely contain multitudes.",
"timestamp": [
733.184,
738.573
]
},
{
"text": "are all intertwined: we absolutely contain multitudes.",
"timestamp": [
733.184,
738.573
]
},
{
"text": "And, when all this is properly taken into\naccount, we can be nudged towards better health.",
"timestamp": [
738.573,
745.16
]
},
{
"text": "And, when all this is properly taken into\naccount, we can be nudged towards better health.",
"timestamp": [
738.573,
745.16
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health, which was produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
745.16,
750.381
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health, which was produced by Complexly",
"timestamp": [
745.16,
750.381
]
},
{
"text": "in partnership with the American\nPublic Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
750.381,
753.87
]
},
{
"text": "in partnership with the American\nPublic Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
750.381,
753.87
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public\nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel",
"timestamp": [
753.87,
757.98
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public\nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel",
"timestamp": [
753.87,
757.98
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series\ncreated by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
757.98,
763.79
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series\ncreated by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
757.98,
763.79
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,",
"timestamp": [
763.79,
768.269
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,",
"timestamp": [
763.79,
768.269
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these kind people.",
"timestamp": [
768.269,
771.96
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these kind people.",
"timestamp": [
768.269,
771.96
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone forever",
"timestamp": [
771.96,
774.852
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone forever",
"timestamp": [
771.96,
774.852
]
},
{
"text": "please consider joining our \ncommunity of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
774.852,
778.707
]
},
{
"text": "please consider joining our \ncommunity of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
774.852,
778.707
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Society and Your Health",
"Okay, so here’s the understatement of the\ncentury: people are…complicated.Like, when the American poet Walt Whitman\nfamously wrote, “I contain multitudes,”he was definitely being poetic, but he was\nprobably mostly saying something along thelines of “I really don’t have time to\nget into how complex I am right now, okay?!”But, unfortunately, public health experts\ndon’t have that luxury.To do their job, they need to know who’s\nhealthy, who’s not, and most importantly, why.Our identities, societies, and health are\nall mixed together in a cool, weird, and oftendeeply unfair way–thanks in large part tothe social determinants of health\nthat we covered last episode.Experts are still striving to \nunderstand it all.But lucky for us, at Crash Course, we’re\npretty much in the business of striving tounderstand stuff–and we don’t back down\nfrom a challenge!So today, we’re going to go beyond the basics\nand look at exactly how society “hacks”into our bodies and affects our health–and\nwhy it affects each of us differently.Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill.And welcome to Crash Course Public Health!INTROThe social determinants of health are the\nconditions of our societies that influence our health.These include things like our income, housing,\nand education that can affect us on a biological level.This is because as living organisms, we need…stuff.You know: food, oxygen, even YouTube videos.Stuff!These are resources that we extract from our\nsurroundings and use to make ourselves, like,not dead.Or, in the case of YouTube videos, not bored.For a lot of us, when we hear the word “resource,”\none of the first things that comes to mindis probably money.Like we mentioned last time, having access\nto money is a pretty big deal for our health.More money can translate into more medical\nservices, access to healthier foods, and better housing."
],
[
"Health Literacy",
"But if we stretch our definition of “resource”\njust a bit, another resource we canthink about in the context of our health is knowledge.In this case, we’re not talking about memorizing\ncountry capitals or who started the War of 1812.We’re talking about knowledge about our\nhealth–or health literacy.To be health literate, we don’t need to\nbe a doctor.We just want to have the ability to locate,\nrecognize, and use basic medical information and services.If our health were a foreign language, we’d\nbasically just want to know enough to be ableto ask where the nearest bathroom is and be\nable to get ourselves there to use it.The other piece of our health literacy is\nknowing how to navigate our health care system.For a lot of us, the health care system may\nseem like a labyrinth of paperwork and expensesthat can feel impossible to figure out.Things like knowing the difference between\nan emergency room and urgent care and whento go to which one are basic questions that\ncan feel hard to navigate.So while health literacy might help us identify\nif we’re sick, knowledge of our particularhealth care system might help us find a doctor\nwho specializes in our particular kind of sickness.Together, money and knowledge are a major\npart of another resource that is pretty centralto our health: autonomy, or how much control\nwe have over our life.People who report feeling less in control\nof things like their income, occupation, anddaily schedule typically are also more likely\nto smoke, have higher blood pressure, andhave less time to exercise, all which are\ncorrelated with worse health outcomes."
],
[
"Stress",
"And feeling less in control of things might\nlead to somethingwe’ve all felt from time to time: stress.Whether we’re anxious about giving a speech\nat our brother’s wedding or worried thatwe didn’t exactly crush that biology exam\nyesterday, life is full of stressful momentsthat leave our heads aching, our hearts racing,\nand our bodies feeling…[indistinct groan].But as it turns out, having these anxieties\nsimmering on the backburner of our brainsliterally all the time can be more than just\nstressful.It can be detrimental to our health.Stress can literally make our bodies age faster,\nwhich now that I know that also kind of stressesme out, and oh god here comes that dread…Now, don’t get me wrong.Some stress can actually be useful.Like early in human history, the stress of\npotentially being eatenby the local pride of lions told us to leave them alone.And the added stress of fighting off a virus\nis also a big part of how our immune systemlearns how to fight diseases and improve itself\nfor the next time it encounters that virus.But when stress becomes frequent, or chronic,\nit can start to add up and take a toll on our health..And for some groups of people, the amount\nof chronic stress they experience, often throughlong-term issues like discrimination and marginalization,\nis so large that scientists can actually detectnoticeable differences in the group’s health\noutcomes.In the early 1990s, the American public health\nprofessor Dr. Arline Geronimus was researchingthe factors that affected women’s fertility\nwhen she noticed something strange.Data showed that for white women, the age\nrange associated with high fertility, healthy pregnancyand lower risk of infant death was\ngenerally somewhere between 20 and 30.However, for Black women, that age range was\ngenerally in their teens.Geronimus hypothesized that because of the\nstressful social, economic, and environmentalfactors that Black women face as a result\nof systemic racism, their bodies are literallyaging faster than the average white woman.Dr. Geronimus called this “weathering.”Let’s go to the Thought Bubble to see what\nit means for our health.You may know of weathering as the thing that\nhappens to rock formations when things likewind and rain break them down over time.Except in this case, the thing that’s being\nworn down is our body.And the thing doing the wearing down is stress,\nwhich can be a consequence of,and compounded by factors like racism.Stress might not seem like something that\nwe can get real science-y about."
],
[
"Measuring Stress",
"Like, we measure the distance between galaxies\nin light-years, we measure bananas in bunches,and for me at least, I just kind of measure\nstress by how much I want to screamor crawl back into bed.While it’s not like stressful experience\nleave behind little stress particles thatwe can count, it turns out scientists can\ntrack the history of stress in our bodies.To do this, they use a measurement called\nour allostatic load.Which, now I say it out loud, sounds like\na pretty great band name!Our allostatic load is basically the measurable\nwear and tear that our body goes through whenit’s under severe or chronic stress.There are certain biological processes associated\nwith stress, like increases in heart rateor spikes in a stress hormone called cortisol.When these things happen repeatedly for a\nlong time, they can leave behind distinctbiological markers that we can measure.This includes things like cholesterol levels\nand changes in our hormone patterns that maynegatively affect our health.Allostatic load is like our body’s very\nown stress-fossil!"
],
[
"Adverse Childhood Experiences",
"Thanks, Thought Bubble!Now, we may think of stress as a very adulty\nphenomenon.We get stressed about things like paying bills\nor sitting in traffic.But for some people, stress can literally\nbegin at birth.Adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, are\npotentially traumatic eventsthat occur in childhood as we grow up.These events can include things like food\ninsecurity, domestic violence, or living ina home with someone struggling with drug misuse\nor mental illness.And experiencing four or more ACEs has been\nassociated with increased risks for thingslike cancer, diabetes, and suicide.That’s because dealing with so many ACEs\ncan be pretty darn stressful–and thingslike racism and systemic inequality only make\nthis stress more severe.But public health experts don’t have some\nalgorithm or magic converter that lets themplug in all of our stressy social determinants\nof health and come up with crystal clear predictionsfor our health future.Because humans are, like, kind of complicated!I mean, if people are good at one thing, it’s\nbeing a whole bunch of different things."
],
[
"Identity and Health",
"Take our identities, which includes factors\nlike our race, class, gender, and sexual orientation–just to name a few.It should come as no surprise then, that humans\noccupy several different identities at once.Those different combinations, and the way\nour larger society views them, affect us differently.To help put this in perspective, we can consider\nthe concept of intersectionality.The term was coined by American law professor\nand civil rights activist Kimberlé Crenshawin the late ‘80s to explain why theories\nof sexual discrimination and racial discriminationat the time weren’t able to explain the\nwide and unique array of discriminationthat Black women face.Basically, someone who identifies as both\nBlack and a woman, faces different challengesdue to discrimination than someone who identifies\nas Black and is not a womanor is a woman and who is not Black.Those challenges, like worse pay, housing,\nand job security, were not being acknowledgedby theories that focused only on one part\nof a person’s identity.Intersectionality helps us understand that\nwe can’t untangle the different parts ofour identities from one another.An intersectional approach to public health\ncan help us better understand the contextaround health disparities and differences\nin health outcomes, and better tailorpublic health interventions to more fully meet the\nneeds of people.For example, Black women diagnosed with HIV\nin the US can face an intersection of discriminationfrom racism, classism, sexism \nand HIV-related stigma.The vulnerability that arises can impact their\naccess and quality of health care,leading to an increased risk of poor health outcomes.So, an effective public health approach to\nHIV among Black women would need to accountnot for just the virus, but also the effects\nof this intersectional discrimination.People aren’t walking Ikea manuals, with\neach page having a detailed diagram of howone part of our identity fits neatly into\nthe others.The different parts of our identities–like\nour ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class–always interacting with our environments\nare never constant.The struggles that marginalized people experience\nfrom their identities isn't due to any identity itself, but rather society's unwillingness\nto accept certain identities and treat them fairly.People’s identities are kind of like the\nworld’s most complicated pinball machines–if that pinball machine had a bazillion balls\nall ping-ponging off each other all the time.So, if we’ve learned anything from these\npast two episodes, it’s that the ways society"
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"affects our health are complicated, and there’s\nno cookie-cutter solutionthat can improve health for everybody equally.Our bodies, environments, and society are\nall just too complicated and unpredictable.While we still have a long way to go, fortunately,\nrecognition of all of this has led to newefforts by public health entities to fund\nand partner with community organizations todevelop and tailor public health messages,\nprevention programs and solutions that areeffective and relevant to people.Our identities, society’s acceptance of\nthose identities and the environmentare all intertwined: we absolutely contain multitudes.And, when all this is properly taken into\naccount, we can be nudged towards better health.Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health, which was produced by Complexlyin partnership with the American\nPublic Health Association.If you want to learn even more about Public\nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channelto watch “That’s Public Health” a series\ncreated by APHA and Complexly.Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,and made with the help of all these kind people.If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone foreverplease consider joining our \ncommunity of supporters on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Los Angeles Uprisings: Crash Course Black American History #45
|
prKS4YsSnmE
| 748 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course\nBlack American History!",
"timestamp": [
0.429,
4.72
]
},
{
"text": "As we film this in 2022, the Movement for\nBlack Lives and other protests against police",
"timestamp": [
4.72,
9.9
]
},
{
"text": "brutality and racial violence in the United\nStates are ongoing, often led by local activists,",
"timestamp": [
9.9,
15.54
]
},
{
"text": "who fight to make their communities safer\nand more equitable.",
"timestamp": [
15.54,
18.612
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes the manifestations of that activism\nand movement work are quiet and more subtle,",
"timestamp": [
18.612,
25.03
]
},
{
"text": "and sometimes they are louder and more direct.",
"timestamp": [
25.03,
28.19
]
},
{
"text": "Over the course of the Black Lives Matter\nmovement—",
"timestamp": [
28.19,
30.69
]
},
{
"text": "in Ferguson, in Baltimore, in Minneapolis,\nin New York City just to name a few—",
"timestamp": [
30.69,
35.94
]
},
{
"text": "we have seen people rise up against not only\npolice violence, but also the long history",
"timestamp": [
35.94,
40.71
]
},
{
"text": "of violent public policy that has stripped\ntheir communities of the resources, investments,",
"timestamp": [
40.71,
46.04
]
},
{
"text": "and opportunities the need to improve their\nsocial and economic circumstances.",
"timestamp": [
46.04,
50.989
]
},
{
"text": "These uprisings are often the manifestation\nof years, decades, generations of anger and",
"timestamp": [
50.989,
57.77
]
},
{
"text": "disillusionment with the way that the system\nhas operated in ways that are deeply unfair.",
"timestamp": [
57.77,
63.629
]
},
{
"text": "And while oftentimes police violence is the\nthing that lights the fuse, ",
"timestamp": [
63.629,
68.358
]
},
{
"text": "the dynamite had been building up for a while.",
"timestamp": [
68.358,
71.74
]
},
{
"text": "Some of this comes from the pressure that\nwhite supremacy has placed upon multiple historically",
"timestamp": [
71.74,
76
]
},
{
"text": "marginalized communities, who are already\nstruggling, and who are made to fight against",
"timestamp": [
76,
80.61
]
},
{
"text": "one another for the resources they need to\nthrive.",
"timestamp": [
80.61,
83.78
]
},
{
"text": "Perhaps no moment represents this better than\nthe Los Angeles uprising of 1992, a moment",
"timestamp": [
83.78,
90.38
]
},
{
"text": "that serves as a reminder of what happens\nwhen people feel like society is treating",
"timestamp": [
90.38,
94.52
]
},
{
"text": "them with a lack of respect, and undermining\ntheir opportunities for a better life.",
"timestamp": [
94.52,
99.619
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start the show.",
"timestamp": [
99.619,
100.775
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
100.775,
109.849
]
},
{
"text": "One note on language, you might notice in\nthis episode that instead of calling it the",
"timestamp": [
109.849,
114.85
]
},
{
"text": "“Los Angeles Riots” or the “Watts Riots”,\nas many people have since these events happened,",
"timestamp": [
114.85,
120.07
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve referred to them as “uprisings”\nand “rebellions.”",
"timestamp": [
120.07,
123.409
]
},
{
"text": "As you’ve no doubt noticed in this series,\nthe language that we use really matters.",
"timestamp": [
123.409,
129.33
]
},
{
"text": "The word “riot” has often been used by\nmany people to describe moments when Black",
"timestamp": [
129.33,
134.64
]
},
{
"text": "people push back against the violence being\nenacted on them, and it has often been done",
"timestamp": [
134.64,
139.629
]
},
{
"text": "to imply a certain level of chaos and mayhem\nand incoherence to what was transpiring.",
"timestamp": [
139.629,
146.48
]
},
{
"text": "“The rioters were burning their city now,\nas the insane sometimes mutilate themselves,”",
"timestamp": [
146.48,
152.769
]
},
{
"text": "wrote a Los Angeles Times reporter on August\n15, 1965 when talking about Watts.",
"timestamp": [
152.769,
158.989
]
},
{
"text": "Part of what such language is meant to do,\nis undermine the very real political dimension",
"timestamp": [
158.989,
163.549
]
},
{
"text": "of the protests, which emerges from genuine\ngrievance with the circumstances around them.",
"timestamp": [
163.549,
168.919
]
},
{
"text": "So in an effort to acknowledge the social\nand political forces shaping these events,",
"timestamp": [
168.919,
173.819
]
},
{
"text": "and the larger tradition of Black protests\nthey are a part of, describing these events",
"timestamp": [
173.819,
178.609
]
},
{
"text": "as “rebellions” and “uprisings” rather\nthan “riots” feels more accurate,",
"timestamp": [
178.609,
183.63
]
},
{
"text": "more nuanced, and more responsible.",
"timestamp": [
183.63,
186.269
]
},
{
"text": "Now, as we start this complicated episode\nI want to emphasize a few things.",
"timestamp": [
186.269,
191.249
]
},
{
"text": "First, history isn’t just a straight line,\nbut there are often loops, and turns, and echoes.",
"timestamp": [
191.249,
197.569
]
},
{
"text": "So this may not be the most chronological\nstory, but trust me when I say",
"timestamp": [
197.569,
202.077
]
},
{
"text": "you’ll understand it by the time we get to the end.",
"timestamp": [
202.077,
204.659
]
},
{
"text": "By 1965, the Immigration and Nationality Act\nrelaxed previous immigration laws and led",
"timestamp": [
204.659,
210.729
]
},
{
"text": "to an influx of immigrants from Asia, Latin\nAmerica, and the Caribbean.",
"timestamp": [
210.729,
215.139
]
},
{
"text": "And this is great right?",
"timestamp": [
215.139,
217.249
]
},
{
"text": "Absolutely - immigration policies bring innovation\nand other societal, cultural, and economic benefits.",
"timestamp": [
217.249,
223.779
]
},
{
"text": "Plus, it’s just aligned with the values\nthat the United States has often espoused",
"timestamp": [
223.779,
227.849
]
},
{
"text": "as being important.",
"timestamp": [
227.849,
229.37
]
},
{
"text": "But the implications of this act also created\na few challenges",
"timestamp": [
229.37,
233.302
]
},
{
"text": "because of the racism that was present in America.",
"timestamp": [
233.302,
236.169
]
},
{
"text": "Black Americans were already strapped for\nresources and opportunities.",
"timestamp": [
236.169,
240.489
]
},
{
"text": "Many of these communities were facing poverty,\nhousing shortages, underfunded public school systems,",
"timestamp": [
240.489,
245.766
]
},
{
"text": "poor public health infrastructure,\ndeindustrialization, and white flight.",
"timestamp": [
245.766,
250
]
},
{
"text": "Then, immigrants from the regions I just mentioned,\nstarted moving into urban neighborhoods where",
"timestamp": [
250,
255.519
]
},
{
"text": "many Black Americans already lived and worked,\ncreating an increased sense of competition",
"timestamp": [
255.519,
260.62
]
},
{
"text": "for resources that already felt so scarce.",
"timestamp": [
260.62,
263.53
]
},
{
"text": "California specifically had large influxes\nof Asian immigrants during the 1960s.",
"timestamp": [
263.53,
269.21
]
},
{
"text": "And Korean immigrants were starting to thrive\nin what had traditionally been Black communities.",
"timestamp": [
269.21,
274.01
]
},
{
"text": "Another large part of what shaped the landscape\nof racial tension in southern California",
"timestamp": [
274.01,
278.257
]
},
{
"text": "was the Watts Rebellion of 1965.",
"timestamp": [
278.257,
281.669
]
},
{
"text": "The Watts Rebellion started after a Los Angeles\npolice officer pulled over a young man named Marquette Frye.",
"timestamp": [
281.669,
287.78
]
},
{
"text": "It began as a “traffic stop,” but escalated\nvery quickly.",
"timestamp": [
287.78,
291.711
]
},
{
"text": "An eyewitness told The Los Angeles Times,\n“I remember that they took him and threw",
"timestamp": [
291.711,
296.409
]
},
{
"text": "him in the car like a bag of laundry and kicked\nhis feet in and slammed the door.”",
"timestamp": [
296.409,
301.334
]
},
{
"text": "Many community members looked on and started\nto become more concerned",
"timestamp": [
301.334,
305
]
},
{
"text": "as the police became more belligerent.",
"timestamp": [
305,
307.49
]
},
{
"text": "This culminated in the police officers arresting\nand beating not only Marquette Frye,",
"timestamp": [
307.49,
311.823
]
},
{
"text": "but multiple members of the Frye family who had tried to\nstep in and help Marquette.",
"timestamp": [
311.823,
316.07
]
},
{
"text": "The crowd grew and became angrier at the police\nbrutality they were witnessing.",
"timestamp": [
316.07,
321.19
]
},
{
"text": "After the police left, the tension escalated\nand led to 6 days of uprisings that ended",
"timestamp": [
321.19,
326.169
]
},
{
"text": "in 34 deaths, over a thousand injuries, and\nfour thousand arrests, and 40 million dollars in damages.",
"timestamp": [
326.169,
333.78
]
},
{
"text": "As a result of the Watts Rebellion, real estate\nprices plummeted.",
"timestamp": [
333.78,
337.96
]
},
{
"text": "Many businesses were destroyed, which created\nopportunities for Koreans arriving in the country,",
"timestamp": [
337.96,
342.589
]
},
{
"text": "many of whom would pool money together\nthrough a system known as kye,",
"timestamp": [
342.589,
346.469
]
},
{
"text": "to buy businesses cheaply and with little competition.",
"timestamp": [
346.469,
349.31
]
},
{
"text": "Though many Black Americans welcomed Korean\nimmigrants with open arms, there was also",
"timestamp": [
349.31,
353.24
]
},
{
"text": "tension because of the way that Black Americans\nfelt like they were being treated in Korean businesses.",
"timestamp": [
353.24,
358.086
]
},
{
"text": "Many Black Americans felt like Korean immigrant\nstore owners",
"timestamp": [
358.086,
361.364
]
},
{
"text": "did not respect them or treat them with dignity.",
"timestamp": [
361.364,
364.03
]
},
{
"text": "Black Americans also felt that the Korean\nimmigrants wanted their business,",
"timestamp": [
364.03,
368.204
]
},
{
"text": "but they were unwilling to hire Black employees.",
"timestamp": [
368.204,
370.94
]
},
{
"text": "Which was especially frustrating given that\nthose businesses were in Black communities.",
"timestamp": [
370.94,
375.59
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile Korean business owners felt like\nthey were being subjected to violence and",
"timestamp": [
375.59,
380.08
]
},
{
"text": "felt like they needed to respond to it.",
"timestamp": [
380.08,
382.19
]
},
{
"text": "Korean immigrants stated that the high crime rate and history of violence warranted their discriminatory behavior.",
"timestamp": [
382.19,
388.199
]
},
{
"text": "And from a hiring perspective, in their view,\nthese were family businesses and they couldn’t",
"timestamp": [
388.199,
393.36
]
},
{
"text": "afford to hire many other employees in the\nfirst place.",
"timestamp": [
393.36,
396.425
]
},
{
"text": "People on both sides were scared, angry, frustrated,\nand overwhelmed.",
"timestamp": [
396.425,
402.07
]
},
{
"text": "Over the course of many years, the tension\nadded to the dynamite that was just waiting to be lit.",
"timestamp": [
402.07,
407.669
]
},
{
"text": "The reality is that when there is not enough\nto go around, and people are struggling day-to-day,",
"timestamp": [
407.669,
413.79
]
},
{
"text": "the sense of despair born from scarcity—which\nI remind you is manufactured scarcity that",
"timestamp": [
413.79,
419.009
]
},
{
"text": "stems from public policy decisions—often\ncan lead people to behave in ways that…well",
"timestamp": [
419.009,
425.198
]
},
{
"text": "reflect a sense of anger and desperation.",
"timestamp": [
425.198,
428.206
]
},
{
"text": "And it usually doesn’t bring out the best\nin people.",
"timestamp": [
428.206,
431.241
]
},
{
"text": "These issues only increased as the decades\nwent on.",
"timestamp": [
431.241,
434.419
]
},
{
"text": "The 1980s and 1990s were a time of widespread,\nglobal conservatism.",
"timestamp": [
434.419,
439.09
]
},
{
"text": "Black activists pushed against this conservatism\nthrough an artistic renaissance that included",
"timestamp": [
439.09,
443.749
]
},
{
"text": "hip hop and rap music, the Anti-Apartheid\nmovement in solidarity with South Africa,",
"timestamp": [
443.749,
448.009
]
},
{
"text": "and the presidential runs of Jesse Jackson\nin 1984 and 1988.",
"timestamp": [
448.009,
452.907
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, animosity between Black Americans\nand Korean immigrants in California continued to escalate.",
"timestamp": [
452.907,
458.497
]
},
{
"text": "In 1990, an estimated 65 to 80% of businesses\nin South Central LA were Korean owned.",
"timestamp": [
458.497,
465.439
]
},
{
"text": "A 1992 survey of these communities showed\nthat there was considerable racial prejudice",
"timestamp": [
465.439,
470.199
]
},
{
"text": "against Black American customers by these\nbusinesses.",
"timestamp": [
470.199,
473.06
]
},
{
"text": "The survey found that many Black Americans\nbelieved that Korean business owners charged",
"timestamp": [
473.06,
477.629
]
},
{
"text": "them high prices for low quality goods and\nonly cared about profits and not the communities themselves.",
"timestamp": [
477.629,
483.509
]
},
{
"text": "These tensions culminated in two major events.",
"timestamp": [
483.509,
486.369
]
},
{
"text": "First, was the murder of Latasha Harlins in 1991.",
"timestamp": [
486.369,
490.8
]
},
{
"text": "Latasha Harlins was a 15-year-old Black girl\nwho was shot by Korean business owner Soon Ja Du.",
"timestamp": [
490.8,
497.289
]
},
{
"text": "What happened is on March 16, Latasha went\nto Empire Liquor store in Los Angeles ",
"timestamp": [
497.289,
501.969
]
},
{
"text": "to purchase some orange juice.",
"timestamp": [
501.969,
503.84
]
},
{
"text": "She was in a rush and threw the $1.79 bottle\nof juice in her bag.",
"timestamp": [
503.84,
508.759
]
},
{
"text": "Despite Harlins having the money in her hand,\nDu accused Harlins of stealing and grabbed her bag.",
"timestamp": [
508.759,
514.155
]
},
{
"text": "After the scuffle, Harlins threw the juice\nbottle back on the counter,",
"timestamp": [
514.155,
517.968
]
},
{
"text": "but Du shot the 15-year-old in the head.",
"timestamp": [
517.968,
520.57
]
},
{
"text": "Du was arrested and put on trial.",
"timestamp": [
520.57,
522.95
]
},
{
"text": "She was convicted in October 1991 by the jury\nbased on security footage and they recommended",
"timestamp": [
522.95,
528.5
]
},
{
"text": "the maximum 16 year jail sentence for involuntary\nmanslaughter.",
"timestamp": [
528.5,
533
]
},
{
"text": "But the Judge rejected the jury's recommendation\nand decided to keep Du out of prison, instead",
"timestamp": [
533,
538.48
]
},
{
"text": "giving her five years probation, 400 hours\nof community service, and a $500 fine.",
"timestamp": [
538.48,
543.86
]
},
{
"text": "The second event was the beating of Rodney\nKing by Los Angeles police on March 3, 1991.",
"timestamp": [
543.86,
550.149
]
},
{
"text": "King was arrested for what was known as “felony\nevading.”",
"timestamp": [
550.149,
553.66
]
},
{
"text": "When California Highway Patrol tried to pull\nhim over, King kept going, and it turned into",
"timestamp": [
553.66,
558.089
]
},
{
"text": "a high-speed chase involving multiple officers.",
"timestamp": [
558.089,
561.279
]
},
{
"text": "The officers claimed that King was high and\ntried to attack them,",
"timestamp": [
561.279,
565.193
]
},
{
"text": "prompting them to beat him out of self defense.",
"timestamp": [
565.193,
567.82
]
},
{
"text": "But video footage of the brutal attack showed\nKing crawling on the ground unable to get up.",
"timestamp": [
567.82,
573.898
]
},
{
"text": "The attack left him with a fractured skull\nand cheekbone.",
"timestamp": [
573.898,
577.8
]
},
{
"text": "The video showed that nothing about this was\nself defense.",
"timestamp": [
577.8,
581.79
]
},
{
"text": "The man who filmed it from his window, George\nHolliday, sent the footage to a local television station.",
"timestamp": [
581.79,
588.15
]
},
{
"text": "Remember, this was before widespread use of\nthe internet or camera phones.",
"timestamp": [
588.15,
592.934
]
},
{
"text": "Within days, the video was on every major\ntelevision network.",
"timestamp": [
592.934,
597.06
]
},
{
"text": "And it sparked outrage.",
"timestamp": [
597.06,
598.57
]
},
{
"text": "On March 15, LAPD Sergeant Stacey Koon, Officers\nLaurence Powell, Timothy Wind,",
"timestamp": [
598.57,
604.312
]
},
{
"text": "and Theodore Briseño were indicted for assault.",
"timestamp": [
604.312,
607.65
]
},
{
"text": "The jury was majority white.",
"timestamp": [
607.65,
609.92
]
},
{
"text": "But the officers were ultimately acquitted\non April 29, 1992 around 3:00pm.",
"timestamp": [
609.92,
617.31
]
},
{
"text": "By 4:15pm the uprising had started.",
"timestamp": [
617.31,
621.568
]
},
{
"text": "And by 8:15pm the first fatality was reported\non the news.",
"timestamp": [
621.568,
626.279
]
},
{
"text": "On April 30th, the uprisings moved into Koreatown,\na mostly Asian American neighborhood",
"timestamp": [
626.279,
631.511
]
},
{
"text": "which ended up sustaining significant damages.",
"timestamp": [
631.511,
634.329
]
},
{
"text": "The uprisings were mostly stopped on May 2,\n1992 after the national guard,",
"timestamp": [
634.329,
640
]
},
{
"text": "members of the military, and the entire LAPD were deployed\nin South Central, LA.",
"timestamp": [
640,
645.24
]
},
{
"text": "By that time, 63 people had been killed, over\n2,000 were injured, and 8,000 were arrested.",
"timestamp": [
645.24,
652.38
]
},
{
"text": "Two of the officers were eventually sentenced\nto 30 months in prison for violating",
"timestamp": [
652.38,
656.345
]
},
{
"text": "Rodney King's civil rights, King received $3.8 million\nin civil damages from the city of Los Angeles,",
"timestamp": [
656.345,
662.22
]
},
{
"text": "and Latasha Harlins's family received a $300,000\ninsurance settlement.",
"timestamp": [
662.22,
667.029
]
},
{
"text": "But the damage had already been done to the\ncommunity.",
"timestamp": [
667.029,
671.186
]
},
{
"text": "Many felt like it was too little, too late.",
"timestamp": [
671.186,
674.589
]
},
{
"text": "The Los Angeles uprisings were one of the\nmost consequential,",
"timestamp": [
674.589,
678.567
]
},
{
"text": "complicated conflicts in modern US history.",
"timestamp": [
678.567,
681.32
]
},
{
"text": "The beating of Rodney King, the violent murder\nof Latasha Harlins, combined with the economic",
"timestamp": [
681.32,
686.05
]
},
{
"text": "and social strain on communities who had historically\nbeen denied access to the same levers of upward",
"timestamp": [
686.05,
691.44
]
},
{
"text": "mobility as their white counterparts—culminated\nin a devastating outcome.",
"timestamp": [
691.44,
695.269
]
},
{
"text": "It was an outburst of frustration and strain\nthat reflected a larger tension that existed",
"timestamp": [
695.269,
701.93
]
},
{
"text": "in various cities across the United States.",
"timestamp": [
701.93,
704.6
]
},
{
"text": "But this is part of the insidiousness of racism\nin this country.",
"timestamp": [
704.6,
708.31
]
},
{
"text": "It’s not just about Black Americans being\ndisenfranchised and oppressed.",
"timestamp": [
708.31,
712.65
]
},
{
"text": "It's about creating the conditions that facilitate\nviolence and division in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
712.65,
717.551
]
},
{
"text": "Pressure doesn’t always create diamonds.",
"timestamp": [
717.551,
720.339
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, pressure creates explosions.",
"timestamp": [
720.339,
724.006
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
724.006,
725.25
]
},
{
"text": "I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
725.25,
727.033
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made with the help of all\nthese nice people and our animation team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
727.033,
731.76
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by all our viewers\nand supporters.",
"timestamp": [
731.76,
735.42
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you to all our Patrons who support the\nshow on Patreon, and thank you to those of",
"timestamp": [
735.42,
739.48
]
},
{
"text": "you who participated in the 2021 Crash Course\nLearner Coin campaign.",
"timestamp": [
739.48,
743.639
]
},
{
"text": "Your contributions support millions of learners. Thank\nyou.",
"timestamp": [
743.639,
747.5
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How Society Affects Your Health: Crash Course Public Health #4
|
CcdSeqqMR5M
| 829 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Society and Your Health",
"end_time": 102
},
{
"start_time": 102,
"title": "Defining Society",
"end_time": 192
},
{
"start_time": 192,
"title": "Food Inequality",
"end_time": 294
},
{
"start_time": 294,
"title": "Housing Inequality",
"end_time": 331
},
{
"start_time": 331,
"title": "Healthcare Inequality",
"end_time": 463
},
{
"start_time": 463,
"title": "Income Inequality",
"end_time": 604
},
{
"start_time": 604,
"title": "Socioeconomic Status",
"end_time": 734
},
{
"start_time": 734,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 829
}
] |
[
{
"text": "In 1848, an outbreak of typhus \nwas ravaging Upper Silesia, ",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
4.64
]
},
{
"text": "In 1848, an outbreak of typhus \nwas ravaging Upper Silesia, ",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
4.64
]
},
{
"text": "a poor, rural community in what’s now considered \nmodern-day Poland. Today, we know that typhus is ",
"timestamp": [
4.64,
10.64
]
},
{
"text": "a poor, rural community in what’s now considered \nmodern-day Poland. Today, we know that typhus is ",
"timestamp": [
4.64,
10.64
]
},
{
"text": "a bacterial disease spread through contact with \ninfected body lice. But back then, we mostly just ",
"timestamp": [
10.64,
16.56
]
},
{
"text": "a bacterial disease spread through contact with \ninfected body lice. But back then, we mostly just ",
"timestamp": [
10.64,
16.56
]
},
{
"text": "knew that it was killing a lot of people.\nTo learn more about the disease’s spread, ",
"timestamp": [
16.56,
21.44
]
},
{
"text": "knew that it was killing a lot of people.\nTo learn more about the disease’s spread, ",
"timestamp": [
16.56,
21.44
]
},
{
"text": "government officials sent a bright, young German \npathologist named Rudolf Virchow to investigate. ",
"timestamp": [
21.44,
27.6
]
},
{
"text": "government officials sent a bright, young German \npathologist named Rudolf Virchow to investigate. ",
"timestamp": [
21.44,
27.6
]
},
{
"text": "In a 290-page report detailing his findings, \nVirchow came to a groundbreaking conclusion.",
"timestamp": [
27.6,
35.04
]
},
{
"text": "In a 290-page report detailing his findings, \nVirchow came to a groundbreaking conclusion.",
"timestamp": [
27.6,
35.04
]
},
{
"text": "He proposed that there was a strong \nconnection between the spread of disease ",
"timestamp": [
35.04,
39.44
]
},
{
"text": "He proposed that there was a strong \nconnection between the spread of disease ",
"timestamp": [
35.04,
39.44
]
},
{
"text": "in the region and the poor social \nconditions in which people lived.",
"timestamp": [
39.44,
43.44
]
},
{
"text": "in the region and the poor social \nconditions in which people lived.",
"timestamp": [
39.44,
43.44
]
},
{
"text": "Today, we’re going to break down every \nsingle page of Virchow’s report and–",
"timestamp": [
43.44,
48.48
]
},
{
"text": "Today, we’re going to break down every \nsingle page of Virchow’s report and–",
"timestamp": [
43.44,
48.48
]
},
{
"text": "Oh, what’s that? We’re just doing \ntwo sentences? Thank goodness.",
"timestamp": [
48.48,
52.8
]
},
{
"text": "Oh, what’s that? We’re just doing \ntwo sentences? Thank goodness.",
"timestamp": [
48.48,
52.8
]
},
{
"text": "Virchow wrote that, “If medicine is to \nfulfill her greatest task, then she must ",
"timestamp": [
53.52,
58.08
]
},
{
"text": "Virchow wrote that, “If medicine is to \nfulfill her greatest task, then she must ",
"timestamp": [
53.52,
58.08
]
},
{
"text": "enter the political and social life. Do \nwe not always find the diseases of the ",
"timestamp": [
58.08,
63.04
]
},
{
"text": "enter the political and social life. Do \nwe not always find the diseases of the ",
"timestamp": [
58.08,
63.04
]
},
{
"text": "populace traceable to defects in society?”\nOkay, translation: When it comes to when ",
"timestamp": [
63.04,
68.96
]
},
{
"text": "populace traceable to defects in society?”\nOkay, translation: When it comes to when ",
"timestamp": [
63.04,
68.96
]
},
{
"text": "and how we maintain our health, \nsociety is kind of a big deal.",
"timestamp": [
68.96,
74
]
},
{
"text": "and how we maintain our health, \nsociety is kind of a big deal.",
"timestamp": [
68.96,
74
]
},
{
"text": "And today, we’re going to take a look at \nexactly what defects in our society Virchow ",
"timestamp": [
74,
79.52
]
},
{
"text": "And today, we’re going to take a look at \nexactly what defects in our society Virchow ",
"timestamp": [
74,
79.52
]
},
{
"text": "was talking about. Turns out, these defects are \nconnected to the social determinants of health, ",
"timestamp": [
79.52,
85.28
]
},
{
"text": "was talking about. Turns out, these defects are \nconnected to the social determinants of health, ",
"timestamp": [
79.52,
85.28
]
},
{
"text": "and they are deeply connected to one another.",
"timestamp": [
85.28,
88.88
]
},
{
"text": "and they are deeply connected to one another.",
"timestamp": [
85.28,
88.88
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this \nis Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
88.88,
99.84
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this \nis Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
88.88,
99.84
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
101.08,
102.08
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
101.08,
102.08
]
},
{
"text": "I want to note up top, for the purposes \nof this episode, we’ll stick with the ",
"timestamp": [
102.08,
106.24
]
},
{
"text": "I want to note up top, for the purposes \nof this episode, we’ll stick with the ",
"timestamp": [
102.08,
106.24
]
},
{
"text": "basics of this incredibly complex topic.\nSo let’s start here: we exist in a society.",
"timestamp": [
106.24,
112.48
]
},
{
"text": "basics of this incredibly complex topic.\nSo let’s start here: we exist in a society.",
"timestamp": [
106.24,
112.48
]
},
{
"text": "Over at Crash Course Sociology, we define \nsociety as “a group of people who share a ",
"timestamp": [
112.48,
117.68
]
},
{
"text": "Over at Crash Course Sociology, we define \nsociety as “a group of people who share a ",
"timestamp": [
112.48,
117.68
]
},
{
"text": "culture and a territory.” Everything \nwe do, we do in our society. We shop, ",
"timestamp": [
117.68,
123.44
]
},
{
"text": "culture and a territory.” Everything \nwe do, we do in our society. We shop, ",
"timestamp": [
117.68,
123.44
]
},
{
"text": "date, and bathe in society.\nAnd in general, society has also done",
"timestamp": [
123.44,
128.48
]
},
{
"text": "date, and bathe in society.\nAnd in general, society has also done",
"timestamp": [
123.44,
128.48
]
},
{
"text": "a lot to improve our health, by making \nthings like sanitation, healthy foods, ",
"timestamp": [
128.48,
134.32
]
},
{
"text": "a lot to improve our health, by making \nthings like sanitation, healthy foods, ",
"timestamp": [
128.48,
134.32
]
},
{
"text": "and affordable housing more available.\nImprovements like these are a big part of why ",
"timestamp": [
134.32,
139.12
]
},
{
"text": "and affordable housing more available.\nImprovements like these are a big part of why ",
"timestamp": [
134.32,
139.12
]
},
{
"text": "global life expectancy has increased so much over \nthe last few centuries. Like up until around 1800, ",
"timestamp": [
139.12,
146.32
]
},
{
"text": "global life expectancy has increased so much over \nthe last few centuries. Like up until around 1800, ",
"timestamp": [
139.12,
146.32
]
},
{
"text": "the vast majority of people on Earth lived in \npoverty, and infant mortality was extremely high. ",
"timestamp": [
146.32,
153.04
]
},
{
"text": "the vast majority of people on Earth lived in \npoverty, and infant mortality was extremely high. ",
"timestamp": [
146.32,
153.04
]
},
{
"text": "Overall, not a single country had an \naverage life expectancy over 40 years.",
"timestamp": [
153.6,
158.48
]
},
{
"text": "Overall, not a single country had an \naverage life expectancy over 40 years.",
"timestamp": [
153.6,
158.48
]
},
{
"text": "But as we got better at building societies, \nwe got better at helping people live longer. ",
"timestamp": [
158.48,
163.12
]
},
{
"text": "But as we got better at building societies, \nwe got better at helping people live longer. ",
"timestamp": [
158.48,
163.12
]
},
{
"text": "As of 2019, the United Nations estimates that the \naverage global life expectancy is over 72 years.",
"timestamp": [
163.68,
170.96
]
},
{
"text": "As of 2019, the United Nations estimates that the \naverage global life expectancy is over 72 years.",
"timestamp": [
163.68,
170.96
]
},
{
"text": "Though we should note that was pre-Covid.",
"timestamp": [
170.96,
173.36
]
},
{
"text": "Though we should note that was pre-Covid.",
"timestamp": [
170.96,
173.36
]
},
{
"text": "And life expectancy hasn’t increased \nthe same way in every society.",
"timestamp": [
173.36,
178.24
]
},
{
"text": "And life expectancy hasn’t increased \nthe same way in every society.",
"timestamp": [
173.36,
178.24
]
},
{
"text": "While society-level improvements can improve \nthe health of the general population, ",
"timestamp": [
178.24,
183.04
]
},
{
"text": "While society-level improvements can improve \nthe health of the general population, ",
"timestamp": [
178.24,
183.04
]
},
{
"text": "they don’t always do this equally. \nThe impact of these improvements ",
"timestamp": [
183.04,
187.12
]
},
{
"text": "they don’t always do this equally. \nThe impact of these improvements ",
"timestamp": [
183.04,
187.12
]
},
{
"text": "often varies according to things like race, \nethnicity, class, gender, and disability.",
"timestamp": [
187.12,
192.64
]
},
{
"text": "often varies according to things like race, \nethnicity, class, gender, and disability.",
"timestamp": [
187.12,
192.64
]
},
{
"text": "To understand why, we need to start by looking \nat the living and working conditions in which ",
"timestamp": [
192.64,
197.28
]
},
{
"text": "To understand why, we need to start by looking \nat the living and working conditions in which ",
"timestamp": [
192.64,
197.28
]
},
{
"text": "we spend our time – and which impact our health. \nWe call these the social determinants of health.",
"timestamp": [
197.28,
203.6
]
},
{
"text": "we spend our time – and which impact our health. \nWe call these the social determinants of health.",
"timestamp": [
197.28,
203.6
]
},
{
"text": "Now, some of the social determinants \nof health might feel pretty obvious. ",
"timestamp": [
203.6,
207.76
]
},
{
"text": "Now, some of the social determinants \nof health might feel pretty obvious. ",
"timestamp": [
203.6,
207.76
]
},
{
"text": "Like, we don’t need to be a discerning, \n19th-century German physician to know that ",
"timestamp": [
207.76,
212.08
]
},
{
"text": "Like, we don’t need to be a discerning, \n19th-century German physician to know that ",
"timestamp": [
207.76,
212.08
]
},
{
"text": "a society without access to food probably \nisn’t going to be a society for very long.",
"timestamp": [
212.08,
217.36
]
},
{
"text": "a society without access to food probably \nisn’t going to be a society for very long.",
"timestamp": [
212.08,
217.36
]
},
{
"text": "But just because a society has food doesn’t mean \nthat equal access to healthy foods is a given.\n ",
"timestamp": [
217.36,
223.92
]
},
{
"text": "But just because a society has food doesn’t mean \nthat equal access to healthy foods is a given.\n ",
"timestamp": [
217.36,
223.92
]
},
{
"text": "A food desert is a neighborhood without easy \naccess to fresh foods like fruits and vegetables. ",
"timestamp": [
223.92,
230
]
},
{
"text": "A food desert is a neighborhood without easy \naccess to fresh foods like fruits and vegetables. ",
"timestamp": [
223.92,
230
]
},
{
"text": "Rather than fully-stocked grocery stores, \nresidents in these neighborhoods might have ",
"timestamp": [
230.56,
234.4
]
},
{
"text": "Rather than fully-stocked grocery stores, \nresidents in these neighborhoods might have ",
"timestamp": [
230.56,
234.4
]
},
{
"text": "to rely on convenience stores, gas \nstations, and fast food restaurants.",
"timestamp": [
234.4,
238.8
]
},
{
"text": "to rely on convenience stores, gas \nstations, and fast food restaurants.",
"timestamp": [
234.4,
238.8
]
},
{
"text": "The lack of consistent \naccess to enough affordable, ",
"timestamp": [
239.36,
242.16
]
},
{
"text": "The lack of consistent \naccess to enough affordable, ",
"timestamp": [
239.36,
242.16
]
},
{
"text": "healthy food in places like food deserts",
"timestamp": [
242.16,
244.48
]
},
{
"text": "healthy food in places like food deserts",
"timestamp": [
242.16,
244.48
]
},
{
"text": "is called food insecurity.",
"timestamp": [
244.48,
246.64
]
},
{
"text": "is called food insecurity.",
"timestamp": [
244.48,
246.64
]
},
{
"text": "It could be difficult to access food because \nit’s physically far away. For example, ",
"timestamp": [
246.64,
251.52
]
},
{
"text": "It could be difficult to access food because \nit’s physically far away. For example, ",
"timestamp": [
246.64,
251.52
]
},
{
"text": "developers may be less incentivized \nto build fully-stocked supermarkets",
"timestamp": [
251.52,
255.6
]
},
{
"text": "developers may be less incentivized \nto build fully-stocked supermarkets",
"timestamp": [
251.52,
255.6
]
},
{
"text": "in low-income communities where people \nhave less money to spend in stores, ",
"timestamp": [
255.6,
260.16
]
},
{
"text": "in low-income communities where people \nhave less money to spend in stores, ",
"timestamp": [
255.6,
260.16
]
},
{
"text": "making the nearest grocery store \na long bus or car ride away.",
"timestamp": [
260.16,
264.32
]
},
{
"text": "making the nearest grocery store \na long bus or car ride away.",
"timestamp": [
260.16,
264.32
]
},
{
"text": "But healthy food may be hard to access \nbecause it’s just too expensive. ",
"timestamp": [
264.32,
267.84
]
},
{
"text": "But healthy food may be hard to access \nbecause it’s just too expensive. ",
"timestamp": [
264.32,
267.84
]
},
{
"text": "A survey of 11 Southern African cities by \nthe African Food Security Urban Network ",
"timestamp": [
268.72,
273.76
]
},
{
"text": "A survey of 11 Southern African cities by \nthe African Food Security Urban Network ",
"timestamp": [
268.72,
273.76
]
},
{
"text": "found that even in poor neighborhoods \nwhere food is physically nearby, ",
"timestamp": [
273.76,
278.08
]
},
{
"text": "found that even in poor neighborhoods \nwhere food is physically nearby, ",
"timestamp": [
273.76,
278.08
]
},
{
"text": "on average, 57% of families in these neighborhoods \nstill reported limited access to healthy food.",
"timestamp": [
278.08,
284.32
]
},
{
"text": "on average, 57% of families in these neighborhoods \nstill reported limited access to healthy food.",
"timestamp": [
278.08,
284.32
]
},
{
"text": "This suggests that the problem isn’t \nalways a matter of distance or convenience.",
"timestamp": [
284.32,
288.8
]
},
{
"text": "This suggests that the problem isn’t \nalways a matter of distance or convenience.",
"timestamp": [
284.32,
288.8
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, food is just so expensive that the \ncost prohibits families from accessing it!",
"timestamp": [
288.8,
294.4
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, food is just so expensive that the \ncost prohibits families from accessing it!",
"timestamp": [
288.8,
294.4
]
},
{
"text": "And while we’re discussing food, ",
"timestamp": [
294.4,
296.08
]
},
{
"text": "And while we’re discussing food, ",
"timestamp": [
294.4,
296.08
]
},
{
"text": "we might as well talk about another \nelement of Survival 101: shelter.",
"timestamp": [
296.08,
300.88
]
},
{
"text": "we might as well talk about another \nelement of Survival 101: shelter.",
"timestamp": [
296.08,
300.88
]
},
{
"text": "Stable housing is a foundation for good health. \nEvidence suggests that people who experience",
"timestamp": [
300.88,
306.88
]
},
{
"text": "Stable housing is a foundation for good health. \nEvidence suggests that people who experience",
"timestamp": [
300.88,
306.88
]
},
{
"text": "housing instability - like being \nbehind on their rent or mortgage, ",
"timestamp": [
306.88,
310.96
]
},
{
"text": "housing instability - like being \nbehind on their rent or mortgage, ",
"timestamp": [
306.88,
310.96
]
},
{
"text": "moving for cost reasons, eviction, or \nexperiencing homelessness - are more ",
"timestamp": [
310.96,
315.76
]
},
{
"text": "moving for cost reasons, eviction, or \nexperiencing homelessness - are more ",
"timestamp": [
310.96,
315.76
]
},
{
"text": "likely to self-rate their health as poor and are \nmore likely to experience depression and anxiety. ",
"timestamp": [
315.76,
322.32
]
},
{
"text": "likely to self-rate their health as poor and are \nmore likely to experience depression and anxiety. ",
"timestamp": [
315.76,
322.32
]
},
{
"text": "These experiences are stressful, and \ndata suggests that this stress is ",
"timestamp": [
322.32,
326.88
]
},
{
"text": "These experiences are stressful, and \ndata suggests that this stress is ",
"timestamp": [
322.32,
326.88
]
},
{
"text": "partly responsible for the relationship \nbetween housing instability and health.",
"timestamp": [
326.88,
331.68
]
},
{
"text": "partly responsible for the relationship \nbetween housing instability and health.",
"timestamp": [
326.88,
331.68
]
},
{
"text": "Like food and shelter, being able to \nregularly and reliably access health services, ",
"timestamp": [
331.68,
337.2
]
},
{
"text": "Like food and shelter, being able to \nregularly and reliably access health services, ",
"timestamp": [
331.68,
337.2
]
},
{
"text": "like a doctor or pharmacy, is key to preventing \ndisease, treating health conditions, and reducing ",
"timestamp": [
337.2,
343.04
]
},
{
"text": "like a doctor or pharmacy, is key to preventing \ndisease, treating health conditions, and reducing ",
"timestamp": [
337.2,
343.04
]
},
{
"text": "the likelihood that we die early. So, public \nhealth experts consider access to health care ",
"timestamp": [
343.04,
349.2
]
},
{
"text": "the likelihood that we die early. So, public \nhealth experts consider access to health care ",
"timestamp": [
343.04,
349.2
]
},
{
"text": "to be another key social determinant of health.\nMuch like life expectancy, in the grand scheme ",
"timestamp": [
349.2,
355.36
]
},
{
"text": "to be another key social determinant of health.\nMuch like life expectancy, in the grand scheme ",
"timestamp": [
349.2,
355.36
]
},
{
"text": "of human history, health care has sort of \nnever been better than it is right now.",
"timestamp": [
355.36,
359.28
]
},
{
"text": "of human history, health care has sort of \nnever been better than it is right now.",
"timestamp": [
355.36,
359.28
]
},
{
"text": "Innovations in science and medicine mean that\nwe should be better ",
"timestamp": [
360,
363.84
]
},
{
"text": "Innovations in science and medicine mean that\nwe should be better ",
"timestamp": [
360,
363.84
]
},
{
"text": "at managing and curing disease\nthan ever before.",
"timestamp": [
363.84,
367.44
]
},
{
"text": "at managing and curing disease\nthan ever before.",
"timestamp": [
363.84,
367.44
]
},
{
"text": "But, like with the other \nimprovements we’ve discussed,",
"timestamp": [
367.44,
370.48
]
},
{
"text": "But, like with the other \nimprovements we’ve discussed,",
"timestamp": [
367.44,
370.48
]
},
{
"text": "we haven’t managed to make these \nadvancements accessible to everyone.",
"timestamp": [
370.48,
374.88
]
},
{
"text": "we haven’t managed to make these \nadvancements accessible to everyone.",
"timestamp": [
370.48,
374.88
]
},
{
"text": "For one thing, to receive health care, \nwe need to transport our bodies to a ",
"timestamp": [
374.88,
378.96
]
},
{
"text": "For one thing, to receive health care, \nwe need to transport our bodies to a ",
"timestamp": [
374.88,
378.96
]
},
{
"text": "place where our health can be, well, cared \nfor. Yet every year in the United States, ",
"timestamp": [
378.96,
384.4
]
},
{
"text": "place where our health can be, well, cared \nfor. Yet every year in the United States, ",
"timestamp": [
378.96,
384.4
]
},
{
"text": "around 3.6 million people don’t receive medical \ncare just because of transportation issues.",
"timestamp": [
384.4,
390.8
]
},
{
"text": "around 3.6 million people don’t receive medical \ncare just because of transportation issues.",
"timestamp": [
384.4,
390.8
]
},
{
"text": "Like with food deserts, these issues \nmight arise because of distance. ",
"timestamp": [
390.8,
395.12
]
},
{
"text": "Like with food deserts, these issues \nmight arise because of distance. ",
"timestamp": [
390.8,
395.12
]
},
{
"text": "Some of us live in rural areas far from \nthe nearest hospital. But even in cities, ",
"timestamp": [
395.12,
400.32
]
},
{
"text": "Some of us live in rural areas far from \nthe nearest hospital. But even in cities, ",
"timestamp": [
395.12,
400.32
]
},
{
"text": "things like traffic or an unreliable public \ntransportation system with multiple transfers ",
"timestamp": [
400.32,
405.6
]
},
{
"text": "things like traffic or an unreliable public \ntransportation system with multiple transfers ",
"timestamp": [
400.32,
405.6
]
},
{
"text": "can require time that a lot of us just \ndon’t have to get to appointments.",
"timestamp": [
405.6,
410.16
]
},
{
"text": "can require time that a lot of us just \ndon’t have to get to appointments.",
"timestamp": [
405.6,
410.16
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s not enough to just get to a healthcare \nprovider. We also need to be able to afford care. ",
"timestamp": [
410.16,
416.32
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s not enough to just get to a healthcare \nprovider. We also need to be able to afford care. ",
"timestamp": [
410.16,
416.32
]
},
{
"text": "Access to affordable and quality \ninsurance reduces barriers to health ",
"timestamp": [
417.04,
420.96
]
},
{
"text": "Access to affordable and quality \ninsurance reduces barriers to health ",
"timestamp": [
417.04,
420.96
]
},
{
"text": "care by reducing the cost of check-ups, \ntreatment, and medicine. It also makes us ",
"timestamp": [
420.96,
426.48
]
},
{
"text": "care by reducing the cost of check-ups, \ntreatment, and medicine. It also makes us ",
"timestamp": [
420.96,
426.48
]
},
{
"text": "more likely to visit a doctor for preventive care \nand less likely to delay care when we’re unwell, ",
"timestamp": [
426.48,
432.72
]
},
{
"text": "more likely to visit a doctor for preventive care \nand less likely to delay care when we’re unwell, ",
"timestamp": [
426.48,
432.72
]
},
{
"text": "practices which are linked to better health.\nFor example, studies in Indonesia and Ghana ",
"timestamp": [
432.72,
438.08
]
},
{
"text": "practices which are linked to better health.\nFor example, studies in Indonesia and Ghana ",
"timestamp": [
432.72,
438.08
]
},
{
"text": "have shown that access to health insurance was \nstrongly associated with pregnant women getting ",
"timestamp": [
438.08,
443.2
]
},
{
"text": "have shown that access to health insurance was \nstrongly associated with pregnant women getting ",
"timestamp": [
438.08,
443.2
]
},
{
"text": "check-ups throughout their pregnancy, which \nallowed prevention and diagnosis of potential ",
"timestamp": [
443.2,
448.16
]
},
{
"text": "check-ups throughout their pregnancy, which \nallowed prevention and diagnosis of potential ",
"timestamp": [
443.2,
448.16
]
},
{
"text": "problems early on in the pregnancy. And without \ninsurance, we’re less likely to get to a doctor ",
"timestamp": [
448.16,
454.96
]
},
{
"text": "problems early on in the pregnancy. And without \ninsurance, we’re less likely to get to a doctor ",
"timestamp": [
448.16,
454.96
]
},
{
"text": "and to experience those benefits.\nAnd so long as we’re talking about ",
"timestamp": [
454.96,
459.28
]
},
{
"text": "and to experience those benefits.\nAnd so long as we’re talking about ",
"timestamp": [
454.96,
459.28
]
},
{
"text": "costs, nothing tells the story quite like money.\nTake income, or how much money a household makes. ",
"timestamp": [
459.28,
466.64
]
},
{
"text": "costs, nothing tells the story quite like money.\nTake income, or how much money a household makes. ",
"timestamp": [
459.28,
466.64
]
},
{
"text": "In the United States, the gap in life expectancy \nbetween the richest and poorest people ",
"timestamp": [
466.64,
471.84
]
},
{
"text": "In the United States, the gap in life expectancy \nbetween the richest and poorest people ",
"timestamp": [
466.64,
471.84
]
},
{
"text": "is 10 years for women and 14 years for men.\nAnother financial factor that contributes ",
"timestamp": [
471.84,
478
]
},
{
"text": "is 10 years for women and 14 years for men.\nAnother financial factor that contributes ",
"timestamp": [
471.84,
478
]
},
{
"text": "to our health is our wealth. While income \nis the new money we earn from things like ",
"timestamp": [
478,
483.2
]
},
{
"text": "to our health is our wealth. While income \nis the new money we earn from things like ",
"timestamp": [
478,
483.2
]
},
{
"text": "our work and investments, wealth is the \ntotal value of all the stuff that we own, ",
"timestamp": [
483.2,
488.24
]
},
{
"text": "our work and investments, wealth is the \ntotal value of all the stuff that we own, ",
"timestamp": [
483.2,
488.24
]
},
{
"text": "from the money in our bank account to our real \nestate. Whether it’s our income or our wealth, ",
"timestamp": [
488.24,
494.72
]
},
{
"text": "from the money in our bank account to our real \nestate. Whether it’s our income or our wealth, ",
"timestamp": [
488.24,
494.72
]
},
{
"text": "money is one of the keys to unlocking all those \nsocial determinants we’ve been talking about.",
"timestamp": [
494.72,
500
]
},
{
"text": "money is one of the keys to unlocking all those \nsocial determinants we’ve been talking about.",
"timestamp": [
494.72,
500
]
},
{
"text": "And when it comes to making money, \nit certainly helps to have access to ",
"timestamp": [
500,
504.16
]
},
{
"text": "And when it comes to making money, \nit certainly helps to have access to ",
"timestamp": [
500,
504.16
]
},
{
"text": "quality education. Almost universally, \nimprovements in countries’ education ",
"timestamp": [
504.16,
509.44
]
},
{
"text": "quality education. Almost universally, \nimprovements in countries’ education ",
"timestamp": [
504.16,
509.44
]
},
{
"text": "systems have been linked to increases in their \naverage household income. Plus, level of education ",
"timestamp": [
509.44,
515.04
]
},
{
"text": "systems have been linked to increases in their \naverage household income. Plus, level of education ",
"timestamp": [
509.44,
515.04
]
},
{
"text": "can also affect the way we feel in healthcare \nenvironments. Education can give us the tools, ",
"timestamp": [
515.04,
520.96
]
},
{
"text": "can also affect the way we feel in healthcare \nenvironments. Education can give us the tools, ",
"timestamp": [
515.04,
520.96
]
},
{
"text": "skills, and even the confidence we need to \nnavigate complicated things like healthcare.",
"timestamp": [
520.96,
526.32
]
},
{
"text": "skills, and even the confidence we need to \nnavigate complicated things like healthcare.",
"timestamp": [
520.96,
526.32
]
},
{
"text": "So while, say, a college grad with a science \nbackground might feel more comfortable ",
"timestamp": [
526.32,
530.72
]
},
{
"text": "So while, say, a college grad with a science \nbackground might feel more comfortable ",
"timestamp": [
526.32,
530.72
]
},
{
"text": "talking about treatment options with a doctor, \nsomeone without that academic background ",
"timestamp": [
530.72,
535.28
]
},
{
"text": "talking about treatment options with a doctor, \nsomeone without that academic background ",
"timestamp": [
530.72,
535.28
]
},
{
"text": "might feel awkward or anxious.\nThat may seem like a small difference, ",
"timestamp": [
535.28,
540.32
]
},
{
"text": "might feel awkward or anxious.\nThat may seem like a small difference, ",
"timestamp": [
535.28,
540.32
]
},
{
"text": "but it can impact how frequently we \nreceive check-ups and preventive care ",
"timestamp": [
540.32,
544.88
]
},
{
"text": "but it can impact how frequently we \nreceive check-ups and preventive care ",
"timestamp": [
540.32,
544.88
]
},
{
"text": "which, over time, can make a \nbig difference in our health. ",
"timestamp": [
544.88,
549.28
]
},
{
"text": "which, over time, can make a \nbig difference in our health. ",
"timestamp": [
544.88,
549.28
]
},
{
"text": "Education also plays a major \nrole in our occupation, ",
"timestamp": [
549.28,
552.8
]
},
{
"text": "Education also plays a major \nrole in our occupation, ",
"timestamp": [
549.28,
552.8
]
},
{
"text": "or the kind of work we do, and we generally \nassign a social status to that work.",
"timestamp": [
552.8,
558.24
]
},
{
"text": "or the kind of work we do, and we generally \nassign a social status to that work.",
"timestamp": [
552.8,
558.24
]
},
{
"text": "Like, we might say that a suited-up hedge fund \nmanager at a bank has a high occupational status. ",
"timestamp": [
558.24,
564.72
]
},
{
"text": "Like, we might say that a suited-up hedge fund \nmanager at a bank has a high occupational status. ",
"timestamp": [
558.24,
564.72
]
},
{
"text": "But then there’s the bank’s summer intern whose \nbiggest responsibility is to deliver the hedge ",
"timestamp": [
564.72,
569.52
]
},
{
"text": "But then there’s the bank’s summer intern whose \nbiggest responsibility is to deliver the hedge ",
"timestamp": [
564.72,
569.52
]
},
{
"text": "fund manager her afternoon coffee exactly how \nshe likes it. And then there’s the barista ",
"timestamp": [
569.52,
575.36
]
},
{
"text": "fund manager her afternoon coffee exactly how \nshe likes it. And then there’s the barista ",
"timestamp": [
569.52,
575.36
]
},
{
"text": "down the street who made that coffee. Their \noccupational status would probably be lower.",
"timestamp": [
575.36,
582.16
]
},
{
"text": "down the street who made that coffee. Their \noccupational status would probably be lower.",
"timestamp": [
575.36,
582.16
]
},
{
"text": "And people with lower occupational status tend \nto be more stressed, have worse health care, ",
"timestamp": [
582.16,
587.44
]
},
{
"text": "And people with lower occupational status tend \nto be more stressed, have worse health care, ",
"timestamp": [
582.16,
587.44
]
},
{
"text": "and less freedom over how they spend their \ntime–all of which affects their health.",
"timestamp": [
587.44,
592.48
]
},
{
"text": "and less freedom over how they spend their \ntime–all of which affects their health.",
"timestamp": [
587.44,
592.48
]
},
{
"text": "But in life, and in public health, we don’t \nmeasure people by their occupation alone. And ",
"timestamp": [
592.48,
598.24
]
},
{
"text": "But in life, and in public health, we don’t \nmeasure people by their occupation alone. And ",
"timestamp": [
592.48,
598.24
]
},
{
"text": "by now, we can see how all of the determinants \nof health we’ve described so far are related.",
"timestamp": [
598.24,
604.24
]
},
{
"text": "by now, we can see how all of the determinants \nof health we’ve described so far are related.",
"timestamp": [
598.24,
604.24
]
},
{
"text": "Combining the measurements of \nincome, occupation, education, ",
"timestamp": [
604.24,
608
]
},
{
"text": "Combining the measurements of \nincome, occupation, education, ",
"timestamp": [
604.24,
608
]
},
{
"text": "and more helps to determine our socioeconomic \nstatus. This basically tells us where we fall ",
"timestamp": [
608,
614.32
]
},
{
"text": "and more helps to determine our socioeconomic \nstatus. This basically tells us where we fall ",
"timestamp": [
608,
614.32
]
},
{
"text": "in the grand hierarchy of our society. \nIt’s also one of the ways public health ",
"timestamp": [
614.32,
619.44
]
},
{
"text": "in the grand hierarchy of our society. \nIt’s also one of the ways public health ",
"timestamp": [
614.32,
619.44
]
},
{
"text": "experts group people together to better \nunderstand health across different groups.",
"timestamp": [
619.44,
623.84
]
},
{
"text": "experts group people together to better \nunderstand health across different groups.",
"timestamp": [
619.44,
623.84
]
},
{
"text": "But the world isn’t just \nmade up of Harvard-educated ",
"timestamp": [
623.84,
627.2
]
},
{
"text": "But the world isn’t just \nmade up of Harvard-educated ",
"timestamp": [
623.84,
627.2
]
},
{
"text": "bankers and coffee-brewing baristas.\nMost of us fall somewhere in between–and ",
"timestamp": [
627.2,
632.24
]
},
{
"text": "bankers and coffee-brewing baristas.\nMost of us fall somewhere in between–and ",
"timestamp": [
627.2,
632.24
]
},
{
"text": "the details can be subjective.\nLet’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
632.24,
636.96
]
},
{
"text": "the details can be subjective.\nLet’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
632.24,
636.96
]
},
{
"text": "Our story starts with two people \nworking at the Marsupial Research Lab ",
"timestamp": [
636.96,
641.28
]
},
{
"text": "Our story starts with two people \nworking at the Marsupial Research Lab ",
"timestamp": [
636.96,
641.28
]
},
{
"text": "at the fictional Stancester University.",
"timestamp": [
641.28,
643.76
]
},
{
"text": "at the fictional Stancester University.",
"timestamp": [
641.28,
643.76
]
},
{
"text": "Our first person is Dr. Pouches, a young, \ncelebrated professor who is the world’s ",
"timestamp": [
643.76,
649.28
]
},
{
"text": "Our first person is Dr. Pouches, a young, \ncelebrated professor who is the world’s ",
"timestamp": [
643.76,
649.28
]
},
{
"text": "leading expert on, I don’t know, wombats. \nThey’re the keynote speaker at the Global ",
"timestamp": [
649.28,
655.28
]
},
{
"text": "leading expert on, I don’t know, wombats. \nThey’re the keynote speaker at the Global ",
"timestamp": [
649.28,
655.28
]
},
{
"text": "Marsupial Convention, the face of Wombat \nWeekly, and they’re generally considered to ",
"timestamp": [
655.28,
660
]
},
{
"text": "Marsupial Convention, the face of Wombat \nWeekly, and they’re generally considered to ",
"timestamp": [
655.28,
660
]
},
{
"text": "be something of a wombat prodigy.\nOur second person is Burt, ",
"timestamp": [
660,
664
]
},
{
"text": "be something of a wombat prodigy.\nOur second person is Burt, ",
"timestamp": [
660,
664
]
},
{
"text": "a wombat sanitation worker who specializes \nin cleaning up after the wombats in the lab. ",
"timestamp": [
664,
669.28
]
},
{
"text": "a wombat sanitation worker who specializes \nin cleaning up after the wombats in the lab. ",
"timestamp": [
664,
669.28
]
},
{
"text": "Burt has a high school diploma, has received \nspecial training for his role, and is working ",
"timestamp": [
669.28,
674.32
]
},
{
"text": "Burt has a high school diploma, has received \nspecial training for his role, and is working ",
"timestamp": [
669.28,
674.32
]
},
{
"text": "on obtaining his laboratory animal technologist \ncertification, but he never went to college.",
"timestamp": [
674.32,
680
]
},
{
"text": "on obtaining his laboratory animal technologist \ncertification, but he never went to college.",
"timestamp": [
674.32,
680
]
},
{
"text": "Based on education and occupation alone, ",
"timestamp": [
680,
682.72
]
},
{
"text": "Based on education and occupation alone, ",
"timestamp": [
680,
682.72
]
},
{
"text": "we, as outside observers, might think Dr. \nPouches has the higher socioeconomic status. ",
"timestamp": [
682.72,
689.28
]
},
{
"text": "we, as outside observers, might think Dr. \nPouches has the higher socioeconomic status. ",
"timestamp": [
682.72,
689.28
]
},
{
"text": "But, Dr. Pouches and Burt might \nnot rank themselves that way.",
"timestamp": [
689.28,
693.04
]
},
{
"text": "But, Dr. Pouches and Burt might \nnot rank themselves that way.",
"timestamp": [
689.28,
693.04
]
},
{
"text": "Turns out that Dr. Pouches is struggling to \nget tenure at their university, while Burt has ",
"timestamp": [
693.68,
699.44
]
},
{
"text": "Turns out that Dr. Pouches is struggling to \nget tenure at their university, while Burt has ",
"timestamp": [
693.68,
699.44
]
},
{
"text": "a pretty steady gig. He makes a consistent yearly \nsalary, gets great benefits, and after a few years ",
"timestamp": [
699.44,
705.36
]
},
{
"text": "a pretty steady gig. He makes a consistent yearly \nsalary, gets great benefits, and after a few years ",
"timestamp": [
699.44,
705.36
]
},
{
"text": "on the job is even promoted to Assistant \nDirector of Marsupial Sanitation Affairs! ",
"timestamp": [
705.36,
710.72
]
},
{
"text": "on the job is even promoted to Assistant \nDirector of Marsupial Sanitation Affairs! ",
"timestamp": [
705.36,
710.72
]
},
{
"text": "So, in a community where job security is\nhighly valued, Burt may consider himself ",
"timestamp": [
710.72,
715.44
]
},
{
"text": "So, in a community where job security is\nhighly valued, Burt may consider himself ",
"timestamp": [
710.72,
715.44
]
},
{
"text": "in a pretty good socioeconomic \nposition, while Dr. Pouches may not.",
"timestamp": [
715.44,
720.64
]
},
{
"text": "in a pretty good socioeconomic \nposition, while Dr. Pouches may not.",
"timestamp": [
715.44,
720.64
]
},
{
"text": "But in an alternate scenario where Dr. \nPouches had tenure in the bag (or the pouch),",
"timestamp": [
720.64,
725.76
]
},
{
"text": "But in an alternate scenario where Dr. \nPouches had tenure in the bag (or the pouch),",
"timestamp": [
720.64,
725.76
]
},
{
"text": "plus the fame, clout, and upperhand in \nhashtag-Marsupial Twitter arguments, ",
"timestamp": [
725.76,
730.72
]
},
{
"text": "plus the fame, clout, and upperhand in \nhashtag-Marsupial Twitter arguments, ",
"timestamp": [
725.76,
730.72
]
},
{
"text": "they may consider themself better off. ",
"timestamp": [
730.72,
733.644
]
},
{
"text": "they may consider themself better off. ",
"timestamp": [
730.72,
733.644
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
733.644,
735
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
733.644,
735
]
},
{
"text": "So it’s, of course, never quite that simple. \nThere are many other factors, like race, religion, ",
"timestamp": [
735,
741.84
]
},
{
"text": "So it’s, of course, never quite that simple. \nThere are many other factors, like race, religion, ",
"timestamp": [
735,
741.84
]
},
{
"text": "and gender, that contribute to socioeconomic \nstatus. But it’s clear that different societies, ",
"timestamp": [
741.84,
748.08
]
},
{
"text": "and gender, that contribute to socioeconomic \nstatus. But it’s clear that different societies, ",
"timestamp": [
741.84,
748.08
]
},
{
"text": "communities, and individuals will weigh different \nparts of our socioeconomic status differently. ",
"timestamp": [
748.08,
754.08
]
},
{
"text": "communities, and individuals will weigh different \nparts of our socioeconomic status differently. ",
"timestamp": [
748.08,
754.08
]
},
{
"text": "And that can affect our access \nto important health resources.",
"timestamp": [
754.08,
758.24
]
},
{
"text": "And that can affect our access \nto important health resources.",
"timestamp": [
754.08,
758.24
]
},
{
"text": "Understanding how and why societies and the people \nliving in them view those parts differently, ",
"timestamp": [
758.24,
763.92
]
},
{
"text": "Understanding how and why societies and the people \nliving in them view those parts differently, ",
"timestamp": [
758.24,
763.92
]
},
{
"text": "especially when it comes to our identities, \nis all part of better understanding the ",
"timestamp": [
763.92,
768.8
]
},
{
"text": "especially when it comes to our identities, \nis all part of better understanding the ",
"timestamp": [
763.92,
768.8
]
},
{
"text": "social determinants of health. Because at \nCrash Course, we don’t just want to know ",
"timestamp": [
768.8,
773.76
]
},
{
"text": "social determinants of health. Because at \nCrash Course, we don’t just want to know ",
"timestamp": [
768.8,
773.76
]
},
{
"text": "that something happens. We want to know \nwhy, so maybe, we can make it better.",
"timestamp": [
773.76,
778.96
]
},
{
"text": "that something happens. We want to know \nwhy, so maybe, we can make it better.",
"timestamp": [
773.76,
778.96
]
},
{
"text": "Join us next episode as we dig deeper into the \nsocial determinants of health to figure out ",
"timestamp": [
778.96,
784.48
]
},
{
"text": "Join us next episode as we dig deeper into the \nsocial determinants of health to figure out ",
"timestamp": [
778.96,
784.48
]
},
{
"text": "exactly how they affect us–wombats or no wombats.",
"timestamp": [
784.48,
788.8
]
},
{
"text": "exactly how they affect us–wombats or no wombats.",
"timestamp": [
784.48,
788.8
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
788.8,
791.84
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
788.8,
791.84
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. ",
"timestamp": [
791.84,
796.96
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. ",
"timestamp": [
791.84,
796.96
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
796.96,
802.32
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
796.96,
802.32
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series \ncreated by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
802.32,
808
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series \ncreated by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
802.32,
808
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, ",
"timestamp": [
808,
812.89
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, ",
"timestamp": [
808,
812.89
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these curious \npeople. If you'd like to help keep Crash Course ",
"timestamp": [
812.89,
817.695
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these curious \npeople. If you'd like to help keep Crash Course ",
"timestamp": [
812.89,
817.695
]
},
{
"text": "free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
817.695,
822.984
]
},
{
"text": "free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
817.695,
822.984
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Society and Your Health",
"In 1848, an outbreak of typhus \nwas ravaging Upper Silesia, a poor, rural community in what’s now considered \nmodern-day Poland. Today, we know that typhus is a bacterial disease spread through contact with \ninfected body lice. But back then, we mostly just knew that it was killing a lot of people.\nTo learn more about the disease’s spread, government officials sent a bright, young German \npathologist named Rudolf Virchow to investigate. In a 290-page report detailing his findings, \nVirchow came to a groundbreaking conclusion.He proposed that there was a strong \nconnection between the spread of disease in the region and the poor social \nconditions in which people lived.Today, we’re going to break down every \nsingle page of Virchow’s report and–Oh, what’s that? We’re just doing \ntwo sentences? Thank goodness.Virchow wrote that, “If medicine is to \nfulfill her greatest task, then she must enter the political and social life. Do \nwe not always find the diseases of the populace traceable to defects in society?”\nOkay, translation: When it comes to when and how we maintain our health, \nsociety is kind of a big deal.And today, we’re going to take a look at \nexactly what defects in our society Virchow was talking about. Turns out, these defects are \nconnected to the social determinants of health, and they are deeply connected to one another.Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this \nis Crash Course Public Health!INTRO"
],
[
"Defining Society",
"I want to note up top, for the purposes \nof this episode, we’ll stick with the basics of this incredibly complex topic.\nSo let’s start here: we exist in a society.Over at Crash Course Sociology, we define \nsociety as “a group of people who share a culture and a territory.” Everything \nwe do, we do in our society. We shop, date, and bathe in society.\nAnd in general, society has also donea lot to improve our health, by making \nthings like sanitation, healthy foods, and affordable housing more available.\nImprovements like these are a big part of why global life expectancy has increased so much over \nthe last few centuries. Like up until around 1800, the vast majority of people on Earth lived in \npoverty, and infant mortality was extremely high. Overall, not a single country had an \naverage life expectancy over 40 years.But as we got better at building societies, \nwe got better at helping people live longer. As of 2019, the United Nations estimates that the \naverage global life expectancy is over 72 years.Though we should note that was pre-Covid.And life expectancy hasn’t increased \nthe same way in every society.While society-level improvements can improve \nthe health of the general population, they don’t always do this equally. \nThe impact of these improvements often varies according to things like race, \nethnicity, class, gender, and disability."
],
[
"Food Inequality",
"To understand why, we need to start by looking \nat the living and working conditions in which we spend our time – and which impact our health. \nWe call these the social determinants of health.Now, some of the social determinants \nof health might feel pretty obvious. Like, we don’t need to be a discerning, \n19th-century German physician to know that a society without access to food probably \nisn’t going to be a society for very long.But just because a society has food doesn’t mean \nthat equal access to healthy foods is a given.\n A food desert is a neighborhood without easy \naccess to fresh foods like fruits and vegetables. Rather than fully-stocked grocery stores, \nresidents in these neighborhoods might have to rely on convenience stores, gas \nstations, and fast food restaurants.The lack of consistent \naccess to enough affordable, healthy food in places like food desertsis called food insecurity.It could be difficult to access food because \nit’s physically far away. For example, developers may be less incentivized \nto build fully-stocked supermarketsin low-income communities where people \nhave less money to spend in stores, making the nearest grocery store \na long bus or car ride away.But healthy food may be hard to access \nbecause it’s just too expensive. A survey of 11 Southern African cities by \nthe African Food Security Urban Network found that even in poor neighborhoods \nwhere food is physically nearby, on average, 57% of families in these neighborhoods \nstill reported limited access to healthy food.This suggests that the problem isn’t \nalways a matter of distance or convenience.Sometimes, food is just so expensive that the \ncost prohibits families from accessing it!"
],
[
"Housing Inequality",
"And while we’re discussing food, we might as well talk about another \nelement of Survival 101: shelter.Stable housing is a foundation for good health. \nEvidence suggests that people who experiencehousing instability - like being \nbehind on their rent or mortgage, moving for cost reasons, eviction, or \nexperiencing homelessness - are more likely to self-rate their health as poor and are \nmore likely to experience depression and anxiety. These experiences are stressful, and \ndata suggests that this stress is partly responsible for the relationship \nbetween housing instability and health."
],
[
"Healthcare Inequality",
"Like food and shelter, being able to \nregularly and reliably access health services, like a doctor or pharmacy, is key to preventing \ndisease, treating health conditions, and reducing the likelihood that we die early. So, public \nhealth experts consider access to health care to be another key social determinant of health.\nMuch like life expectancy, in the grand scheme of human history, health care has sort of \nnever been better than it is right now.Innovations in science and medicine mean that\nwe should be better at managing and curing disease\nthan ever before.But, like with the other \nimprovements we’ve discussed,we haven’t managed to make these \nadvancements accessible to everyone.For one thing, to receive health care, \nwe need to transport our bodies to a place where our health can be, well, cared \nfor. Yet every year in the United States, around 3.6 million people don’t receive medical \ncare just because of transportation issues.Like with food deserts, these issues \nmight arise because of distance. Some of us live in rural areas far from \nthe nearest hospital. But even in cities, things like traffic or an unreliable public \ntransportation system with multiple transfers can require time that a lot of us just \ndon’t have to get to appointments.And it’s not enough to just get to a healthcare \nprovider. We also need to be able to afford care. Access to affordable and quality \ninsurance reduces barriers to health care by reducing the cost of check-ups, \ntreatment, and medicine. It also makes us more likely to visit a doctor for preventive care \nand less likely to delay care when we’re unwell, practices which are linked to better health.\nFor example, studies in Indonesia and Ghana have shown that access to health insurance was \nstrongly associated with pregnant women getting check-ups throughout their pregnancy, which \nallowed prevention and diagnosis of potential problems early on in the pregnancy. And without \ninsurance, we’re less likely to get to a doctor and to experience those benefits.\nAnd so long as we’re talking about costs, nothing tells the story quite like money.\nTake income, or how much money a household makes. "
],
[
"Income Inequality",
"In the United States, the gap in life expectancy \nbetween the richest and poorest people is 10 years for women and 14 years for men.\nAnother financial factor that contributes to our health is our wealth. While income \nis the new money we earn from things like our work and investments, wealth is the \ntotal value of all the stuff that we own, from the money in our bank account to our real \nestate. Whether it’s our income or our wealth, money is one of the keys to unlocking all those \nsocial determinants we’ve been talking about.And when it comes to making money, \nit certainly helps to have access to quality education. Almost universally, \nimprovements in countries’ education systems have been linked to increases in their \naverage household income. Plus, level of education can also affect the way we feel in healthcare \nenvironments. Education can give us the tools, skills, and even the confidence we need to \nnavigate complicated things like healthcare.So while, say, a college grad with a science \nbackground might feel more comfortable talking about treatment options with a doctor, \nsomeone without that academic background might feel awkward or anxious.\nThat may seem like a small difference, but it can impact how frequently we \nreceive check-ups and preventive care which, over time, can make a \nbig difference in our health. Education also plays a major \nrole in our occupation, or the kind of work we do, and we generally \nassign a social status to that work.Like, we might say that a suited-up hedge fund \nmanager at a bank has a high occupational status. But then there’s the bank’s summer intern whose \nbiggest responsibility is to deliver the hedge fund manager her afternoon coffee exactly how \nshe likes it. And then there’s the barista down the street who made that coffee. Their \noccupational status would probably be lower.And people with lower occupational status tend \nto be more stressed, have worse health care, and less freedom over how they spend their \ntime–all of which affects their health.But in life, and in public health, we don’t \nmeasure people by their occupation alone. And by now, we can see how all of the determinants \nof health we’ve described so far are related."
],
[
"Socioeconomic Status",
"Combining the measurements of \nincome, occupation, education, and more helps to determine our socioeconomic \nstatus. This basically tells us where we fall in the grand hierarchy of our society. \nIt’s also one of the ways public health experts group people together to better \nunderstand health across different groups.But the world isn’t just \nmade up of Harvard-educated bankers and coffee-brewing baristas.\nMost of us fall somewhere in between–and the details can be subjective.\nLet’s go to the Thought Bubble.Our story starts with two people \nworking at the Marsupial Research Lab at the fictional Stancester University.Our first person is Dr. Pouches, a young, \ncelebrated professor who is the world’s leading expert on, I don’t know, wombats. \nThey’re the keynote speaker at the Global Marsupial Convention, the face of Wombat \nWeekly, and they’re generally considered to be something of a wombat prodigy.\nOur second person is Burt, a wombat sanitation worker who specializes \nin cleaning up after the wombats in the lab. Burt has a high school diploma, has received \nspecial training for his role, and is working on obtaining his laboratory animal technologist \ncertification, but he never went to college.Based on education and occupation alone, we, as outside observers, might think Dr. \nPouches has the higher socioeconomic status. But, Dr. Pouches and Burt might \nnot rank themselves that way.Turns out that Dr. Pouches is struggling to \nget tenure at their university, while Burt has a pretty steady gig. He makes a consistent yearly \nsalary, gets great benefits, and after a few years on the job is even promoted to Assistant \nDirector of Marsupial Sanitation Affairs! So, in a community where job security is\nhighly valued, Burt may consider himself in a pretty good socioeconomic \nposition, while Dr. Pouches may not.But in an alternate scenario where Dr. \nPouches had tenure in the bag (or the pouch),plus the fame, clout, and upperhand in \nhashtag-Marsupial Twitter arguments, they may consider themself better off. Thanks, Thought Bubble."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"So it’s, of course, never quite that simple. \nThere are many other factors, like race, religion, and gender, that contribute to socioeconomic \nstatus. But it’s clear that different societies, communities, and individuals will weigh different \nparts of our socioeconomic status differently. And that can affect our access \nto important health resources.Understanding how and why societies and the people \nliving in them view those parts differently, especially when it comes to our identities, \nis all part of better understanding the social determinants of health. Because at \nCrash Course, we don’t just want to know that something happens. We want to know \nwhy, so maybe, we can make it better.Join us next episode as we dig deeper into the \nsocial determinants of health to figure out exactly how they affect us–wombats or no wombats.Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel to watch “That’s Public Health” a series \ncreated by APHA and Complexly.Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, and made with the help of all these curious \npeople. If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How the Environment Affects Your Health: Crash Course Public Health #3
|
g3vf0I_j9kk
| 864 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: The Environment and Your Health",
"end_time": 129
},
{
"start_time": 129,
"title": "Defining our Environment",
"end_time": 223
},
{
"start_time": 223,
"title": "Air Pollution",
"end_time": 387
},
{
"start_time": 387,
"title": "Water Pollution",
"end_time": 491
},
{
"start_time": 491,
"title": "The Neighborhood Factor",
"end_time": 719
},
{
"start_time": 719,
"title": "Environmental Justice",
"end_time": 731
},
{
"start_time": 731,
"title": "Climate Change",
"end_time": 808
},
{
"start_time": 808,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 864
}
] |
[
{
"text": "In July of 1995, something \nunprecedented went down in Chicago–",
"timestamp": [
0.32,
6.08
]
},
{
"text": "In July of 1995, something \nunprecedented went down in Chicago–",
"timestamp": [
0.32,
6.08
]
},
{
"text": "a heat wave that ground the entire city to a halt.",
"timestamp": [
6.08,
10.24
]
},
{
"text": "a heat wave that ground the entire city to a halt.",
"timestamp": [
6.08,
10.24
]
},
{
"text": "The heat index, which measures \nhow the temperature feels to us,",
"timestamp": [
10.24,
14.08
]
},
{
"text": "The heat index, which measures \nhow the temperature feels to us,",
"timestamp": [
10.24,
14.08
]
},
{
"text": "jumped to a record-setting 126 degrees Fahrenheit.",
"timestamp": [
14.08,
18.88
]
},
{
"text": "jumped to a record-setting 126 degrees Fahrenheit.",
"timestamp": [
14.08,
18.88
]
},
{
"text": "Chicago was unprepared. As residents \ncranked up their air conditioning,",
"timestamp": [
18.88,
23.68
]
},
{
"text": "Chicago was unprepared. As residents \ncranked up their air conditioning,",
"timestamp": [
18.88,
23.68
]
},
{
"text": "the spike in electrical use led \nto power outages across the city.",
"timestamp": [
23.68,
28
]
},
{
"text": "the spike in electrical use led \nto power outages across the city.",
"timestamp": [
23.68,
28
]
},
{
"text": "Cars broke down and the city’s emergency \nresponse units were overwhelmed.",
"timestamp": [
28,
32.8
]
},
{
"text": "Cars broke down and the city’s emergency \nresponse units were overwhelmed.",
"timestamp": [
28,
32.8
]
},
{
"text": "Ambulance services sometimes took \ntwo hours to arrive on the scene,",
"timestamp": [
32.8,
37.44
]
},
{
"text": "Ambulance services sometimes took \ntwo hours to arrive on the scene,",
"timestamp": [
32.8,
37.44
]
},
{
"text": "and then had trouble finding \nsomewhere to take people",
"timestamp": [
37.44,
40.16
]
},
{
"text": "and then had trouble finding \nsomewhere to take people",
"timestamp": [
37.44,
40.16
]
},
{
"text": "because hospitals were full and \nclosing their doors to new patients.",
"timestamp": [
40.16,
44.16
]
},
{
"text": "because hospitals were full and \nclosing their doors to new patients.",
"timestamp": [
40.16,
44.16
]
},
{
"text": "The oppressive heat lasted \nabout a week and it’s estimated",
"timestamp": [
44.16,
47.76
]
},
{
"text": "The oppressive heat lasted \nabout a week and it’s estimated",
"timestamp": [
44.16,
47.76
]
},
{
"text": "that up to 739 Chicago residents lost their \nlives from heat-related complications.",
"timestamp": [
47.76,
54.8
]
},
{
"text": "that up to 739 Chicago residents lost their \nlives from heat-related complications.",
"timestamp": [
47.76,
54.8
]
},
{
"text": "But follow-up reporting revealed \nthat the impact wasn’t random.",
"timestamp": [
54.8,
58.48
]
},
{
"text": "But follow-up reporting revealed \nthat the impact wasn’t random.",
"timestamp": [
54.8,
58.48
]
},
{
"text": "A map of deaths showed that \nthe communities most affected",
"timestamp": [
58.48,
61.84
]
},
{
"text": "A map of deaths showed that \nthe communities most affected",
"timestamp": [
58.48,
61.84
]
},
{
"text": "were those that suffered from a lack of \ninfrastructure and community resources,",
"timestamp": [
61.84,
66.48
]
},
{
"text": "were those that suffered from a lack of \ninfrastructure and community resources,",
"timestamp": [
61.84,
66.48
]
},
{
"text": "mostly in the south and west of the city.\n25 years later, Chicago found itself staring down ",
"timestamp": [
66.48,
72.48
]
},
{
"text": "mostly in the south and west of the city.\n25 years later, Chicago found itself staring down ",
"timestamp": [
66.48,
72.48
]
},
{
"text": "a different headline-grabbing crisis:\nthe COVID-19 pandemic.",
"timestamp": [
72.48,
77.36
]
},
{
"text": "a different headline-grabbing crisis:\nthe COVID-19 pandemic.",
"timestamp": [
72.48,
77.36
]
},
{
"text": "Early in the pandemic, a local news station \nin Chicago analyzed the number of covid deaths",
"timestamp": [
77.36,
82.48
]
},
{
"text": "Early in the pandemic, a local news station \nin Chicago analyzed the number of covid deaths",
"timestamp": [
77.36,
82.48
]
},
{
"text": "in different neighborhoods across the \ncity, and an interesting trend appeared.",
"timestamp": [
82.48,
87.68
]
},
{
"text": "in different neighborhoods across the \ncity, and an interesting trend appeared.",
"timestamp": [
82.48,
87.68
]
},
{
"text": "The map that emerged showed \nsimilarities to the map",
"timestamp": [
87.68,
90.56
]
},
{
"text": "The map that emerged showed \nsimilarities to the map",
"timestamp": [
87.68,
90.56
]
},
{
"text": "of Chicago’s death toll from the 1995 heat wave.",
"timestamp": [
90.56,
94.16
]
},
{
"text": "of Chicago’s death toll from the 1995 heat wave.",
"timestamp": [
90.56,
94.16
]
},
{
"text": "These maps describe two distinct health outcomes \nat two different moments 25 years apart.",
"timestamp": [
94.16,
99.84
]
},
{
"text": "These maps describe two distinct health outcomes \nat two different moments 25 years apart.",
"timestamp": [
94.16,
99.84
]
},
{
"text": "Yet the story they tell is the same: \npeople who live in certain neighborhoods",
"timestamp": [
99.84,
104.48
]
},
{
"text": "Yet the story they tell is the same: \npeople who live in certain neighborhoods",
"timestamp": [
99.84,
104.48
]
},
{
"text": "have faced measurably worse health \noutcomes than those in other neighborhoods.",
"timestamp": [
104.48,
109.68
]
},
{
"text": "have faced measurably worse health \noutcomes than those in other neighborhoods.",
"timestamp": [
104.48,
109.68
]
},
{
"text": "To help understand why, we need to look \nat the role that our environment plays",
"timestamp": [
109.68,
113.92
]
},
{
"text": "To help understand why, we need to look \nat the role that our environment plays",
"timestamp": [
109.68,
113.92
]
},
{
"text": "in determining our health.",
"timestamp": [
113.92,
116
]
},
{
"text": "in determining our health.",
"timestamp": [
113.92,
116
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill and this \nis Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
116,
119.808
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill and this \nis Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
116,
119.808
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
119.808,
129.12
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC]",
"timestamp": [
119.808,
129.12
]
},
{
"text": "We often think of our environment \nas the world outside our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
129.12,
133.2
]
},
{
"text": "We often think of our environment \nas the world outside our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
129.12,
133.2
]
},
{
"text": "Like, we think of ourselves \nas being in an environment.",
"timestamp": [
133.2,
137.2
]
},
{
"text": "Like, we think of ourselves \nas being in an environment.",
"timestamp": [
133.2,
137.2
]
},
{
"text": "Where our skin stops, our environment begins.",
"timestamp": [
137.2,
140.96
]
},
{
"text": "Where our skin stops, our environment begins.",
"timestamp": [
137.2,
140.96
]
},
{
"text": "But we don’t always consider the ways that \nour environment is sort of part of our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
140.96,
146
]
},
{
"text": "But we don’t always consider the ways that \nour environment is sort of part of our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
140.96,
146
]
},
{
"text": "Sure, my body is mainly made up of...me.",
"timestamp": [
146.64,
149.76
]
},
{
"text": "Sure, my body is mainly made up of...me.",
"timestamp": [
146.64,
149.76
]
},
{
"text": "But all that oxygen and water that my \nbody depends on comes from somewhere.",
"timestamp": [
149.76,
154.88
]
},
{
"text": "But all that oxygen and water that my \nbody depends on comes from somewhere.",
"timestamp": [
149.76,
154.88
]
},
{
"text": "Our bodies are biological machines built to turn \nour environments into stuff we need to survive. ",
"timestamp": [
154.88,
160.88
]
},
{
"text": "Our bodies are biological machines built to turn \nour environments into stuff we need to survive. ",
"timestamp": [
154.88,
160.88
]
},
{
"text": "It’s what bodies do!",
"timestamp": [
160.88,
162.72
]
},
{
"text": "It’s what bodies do!",
"timestamp": [
160.88,
162.72
]
},
{
"text": "But when that environment becomes \ncontaminated or conditions become too extreme,",
"timestamp": [
162.72,
168.08
]
},
{
"text": "But when that environment becomes \ncontaminated or conditions become too extreme,",
"timestamp": [
162.72,
168.08
]
},
{
"text": "our health may be put in jeopardy.\nThe environmental factors that",
"timestamp": [
168.08,
172.72
]
},
{
"text": "our health may be put in jeopardy.\nThe environmental factors that",
"timestamp": [
168.08,
172.72
]
},
{
"text": "affect our health outcomes\nare what we are calling the",
"timestamp": [
172.72,
175.661
]
},
{
"text": "affect our health outcomes\nare what we are calling the",
"timestamp": [
172.72,
175.661
]
},
{
"text": "environmental determinants of health.\nWe can divide these ",
"timestamp": [
175.661,
179.12
]
},
{
"text": "environmental determinants of health.\nWe can divide these ",
"timestamp": [
175.661,
179.12
]
},
{
"text": "determinants into two major categories:\nthe ones related to our natural environment,",
"timestamp": [
179.12,
184.64
]
},
{
"text": "determinants into two major categories:\nthe ones related to our natural environment,",
"timestamp": [
179.12,
184.64
]
},
{
"text": "and the ones related to our built environment.",
"timestamp": [
184.64,
187.52
]
},
{
"text": "and the ones related to our built environment.",
"timestamp": [
184.64,
187.52
]
},
{
"text": "Our natural environment is all that \nnon-human-made stuff around us,",
"timestamp": [
187.52,
191.36
]
},
{
"text": "Our natural environment is all that \nnon-human-made stuff around us,",
"timestamp": [
187.52,
191.36
]
},
{
"text": "like forests and mountains.\nOn the other hand, our built environment ",
"timestamp": [
191.36,
195.92
]
},
{
"text": "like forests and mountains.\nOn the other hand, our built environment ",
"timestamp": [
191.36,
195.92
]
},
{
"text": "is the environment we tend to think of as\n“human-made,” like our homes, streets, ",
"timestamp": [
195.92,
201.44
]
},
{
"text": "is the environment we tend to think of as\n“human-made,” like our homes, streets, ",
"timestamp": [
195.92,
201.44
]
},
{
"text": "or even miniature golf courses!\nWhen thinking about our environment, ",
"timestamp": [
201.44,
205.6
]
},
{
"text": "or even miniature golf courses!\nWhen thinking about our environment, ",
"timestamp": [
201.44,
205.6
]
},
{
"text": "public health experts generally consider\nhow our built and natural environments ",
"timestamp": [
205.6,
209.92
]
},
{
"text": "public health experts generally consider\nhow our built and natural environments ",
"timestamp": [
205.6,
209.92
]
},
{
"text": "come together to influence a \npopulation’s overall health.",
"timestamp": [
209.92,
214
]
},
{
"text": "come together to influence a \npopulation’s overall health.",
"timestamp": [
209.92,
214
]
},
{
"text": "For example, while we know that the air we \nbreathe and the water we drink aren’t human-made,",
"timestamp": [
214,
219.2
]
},
{
"text": "For example, while we know that the air we \nbreathe and the water we drink aren’t human-made,",
"timestamp": [
214,
219.2
]
},
{
"text": "we can recognize that they are human-influenced!",
"timestamp": [
219.2,
222.88
]
},
{
"text": "we can recognize that they are human-influenced!",
"timestamp": [
219.2,
222.88
]
},
{
"text": "Like, if we take a deep breath of air, we’re \nmostly breathing in nitrogen and oxygen;",
"timestamp": [
222.88,
228.48
]
},
{
"text": "Like, if we take a deep breath of air, we’re \nmostly breathing in nitrogen and oxygen;",
"timestamp": [
222.88,
228.48
]
},
{
"text": "but not only those things. A closer \nlook reveals there’s a whole bunch",
"timestamp": [
228.48,
232.72
]
},
{
"text": "but not only those things. A closer \nlook reveals there’s a whole bunch",
"timestamp": [
228.48,
232.72
]
},
{
"text": "of other stuff in that breath, too.\nAir pollution is the stuff in the air ",
"timestamp": [
232.72,
236.96
]
},
{
"text": "of other stuff in that breath, too.\nAir pollution is the stuff in the air ",
"timestamp": [
232.72,
236.96
]
},
{
"text": "that is harmful to the health \nof both humans and the planet.",
"timestamp": [
236.96,
241.2
]
},
{
"text": "that is harmful to the health \nof both humans and the planet.",
"timestamp": [
236.96,
241.2
]
},
{
"text": "One major airborne pollutant on our public \nhealth radar is particulate matter, or PM.",
"timestamp": [
241.2,
247.92
]
},
{
"text": "One major airborne pollutant on our public \nhealth radar is particulate matter, or PM.",
"timestamp": [
241.2,
247.92
]
},
{
"text": "These are particles like dust or smoke that \nare too small to be seen with the naked eye,",
"timestamp": [
247.92,
252.56
]
},
{
"text": "These are particles like dust or smoke that \nare too small to be seen with the naked eye,",
"timestamp": [
247.92,
252.56
]
},
{
"text": "and can come from things like car \nexhausts and construction sites.",
"timestamp": [
252.56,
256.8
]
},
{
"text": "and can come from things like car \nexhausts and construction sites.",
"timestamp": [
252.56,
256.8
]
},
{
"text": "This is small enough to work its way into \nour lungs or even infiltrate our bloodstream.",
"timestamp": [
256.8,
263.6
]
},
{
"text": "This is small enough to work its way into \nour lungs or even infiltrate our bloodstream.",
"timestamp": [
256.8,
263.6
]
},
{
"text": "The smallest of these particles can be 30 \ntimes thinner than a strand of human hair.",
"timestamp": [
263.6,
269.52
]
},
{
"text": "The smallest of these particles can be 30 \ntimes thinner than a strand of human hair.",
"timestamp": [
263.6,
269.52
]
},
{
"text": "And it turns out when \nyou’re that small and light,",
"timestamp": [
269.52,
272.48
]
},
{
"text": "And it turns out when \nyou’re that small and light,",
"timestamp": [
269.52,
272.48
]
},
{
"text": "you can hang around in the air for weeks at a \ntime, sometimes traveling hundreds of miles.",
"timestamp": [
272.48,
277.92
]
},
{
"text": "you can hang around in the air for weeks at a \ntime, sometimes traveling hundreds of miles.",
"timestamp": [
272.48,
277.92
]
},
{
"text": "Which is how smoke from a wildfire \nin California can travel over",
"timestamp": [
277.92,
282.34
]
},
{
"text": "Which is how smoke from a wildfire \nin California can travel over",
"timestamp": [
277.92,
282.34
]
},
{
"text": "2,000 miles to New York City,\naffecting the air quality across the U.S.",
"timestamp": [
282.34,
287.751
]
},
{
"text": "2,000 miles to New York City,\naffecting the air quality across the U.S.",
"timestamp": [
282.34,
287.751
]
},
{
"text": "Now, when we picture air pollution,\nwe tend to imagine cities full of ",
"timestamp": [
288.08,
292.16
]
},
{
"text": "Now, when we picture air pollution,\nwe tend to imagine cities full of ",
"timestamp": [
288.08,
292.16
]
},
{
"text": "gas-guzzling cars and smoke-spewing factories.\nBut air pollution can come from other, ",
"timestamp": [
292.16,
297.92
]
},
{
"text": "gas-guzzling cars and smoke-spewing factories.\nBut air pollution can come from other, ",
"timestamp": [
292.16,
297.92
]
},
{
"text": "less expected sources\nthat aren’t right outside our front door.",
"timestamp": [
297.92,
301.28
]
},
{
"text": "less expected sources\nthat aren’t right outside our front door.",
"timestamp": [
297.92,
301.28
]
},
{
"text": "One review found that, because of \ntraffic-related pollution like car emissions,",
"timestamp": [
302,
306.56
]
},
{
"text": "One review found that, because of \ntraffic-related pollution like car emissions,",
"timestamp": [
302,
306.56
]
},
{
"text": "children living as far as 500 meters, or \nabout a third of a mile, of a busy road",
"timestamp": [
306.56,
312.96
]
},
{
"text": "children living as far as 500 meters, or \nabout a third of a mile, of a busy road",
"timestamp": [
306.56,
312.96
]
},
{
"text": "can experience negative health \noutcomes, like exacerbated asthma.",
"timestamp": [
312.96,
317.28
]
},
{
"text": "can experience negative health \noutcomes, like exacerbated asthma.",
"timestamp": [
312.96,
317.28
]
},
{
"text": "The same report estimated that as much as 45% ",
"timestamp": [
317.28,
320.32
]
},
{
"text": "The same report estimated that as much as 45% ",
"timestamp": [
317.28,
320.32
]
},
{
"text": "of people in large cities in North America\nlive within that distance from a busy road.",
"timestamp": [
320.32,
325.44
]
},
{
"text": "of people in large cities in North America\nlive within that distance from a busy road.",
"timestamp": [
320.32,
325.44
]
},
{
"text": "And the World Health Organization \nreports that 99% of the global population",
"timestamp": [
325.44,
330.8
]
},
{
"text": "And the World Health Organization \nreports that 99% of the global population",
"timestamp": [
325.44,
330.8
]
},
{
"text": "breathes air that exceeds their guideline \nlimits for outdoor air pollution,",
"timestamp": [
330.8,
335.04
]
},
{
"text": "breathes air that exceeds their guideline \nlimits for outdoor air pollution,",
"timestamp": [
330.8,
335.04
]
},
{
"text": "which contributes to as many as \n4.2 million deaths every year.",
"timestamp": [
335.04,
340.88
]
},
{
"text": "which contributes to as many as \n4.2 million deaths every year.",
"timestamp": [
335.04,
340.88
]
},
{
"text": "And air pollution isn’t just \noutdoors. It’s in our homes, too!",
"timestamp": [
340.88,
345.92
]
},
{
"text": "And air pollution isn’t just \noutdoors. It’s in our homes, too!",
"timestamp": [
340.88,
345.92
]
},
{
"text": "Some of that can come from \noutside elements coming in,",
"timestamp": [
345.92,
349.28
]
},
{
"text": "Some of that can come from \noutside elements coming in,",
"timestamp": [
345.92,
349.28
]
},
{
"text": "but some of it is introduced by the \nactivities done inside our homes.",
"timestamp": [
349.28,
353.52
]
},
{
"text": "but some of it is introduced by the \nactivities done inside our homes.",
"timestamp": [
349.28,
353.52
]
},
{
"text": "As we cook and clean, we’re actually \nintroducing potentially harmful particles",
"timestamp": [
353.52,
358.4
]
},
{
"text": "As we cook and clean, we’re actually \nintroducing potentially harmful particles",
"timestamp": [
353.52,
358.4
]
},
{
"text": "and chemical compounds into the air,\nwhich can hang around long enough",
"timestamp": [
358.4,
362.88
]
},
{
"text": "and chemical compounds into the air,\nwhich can hang around long enough",
"timestamp": [
358.4,
362.88
]
},
{
"text": "to eventually work their ways into our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
362.88,
365.92
]
},
{
"text": "to eventually work their ways into our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
362.88,
365.92
]
},
{
"text": "Gas-based cooking is one of the biggest culprits,\nbecause it releases things like smoke particles",
"timestamp": [
365.92,
372
]
},
{
"text": "Gas-based cooking is one of the biggest culprits,\nbecause it releases things like smoke particles",
"timestamp": [
365.92,
372
]
},
{
"text": "and carbon dioxide that \ncan stick around our homes.",
"timestamp": [
372,
375.76
]
},
{
"text": "and carbon dioxide that \ncan stick around our homes.",
"timestamp": [
372,
375.76
]
},
{
"text": "Even baking a cake in a gas oven\ncan emit up to double the levels",
"timestamp": [
375.76,
380.56
]
},
{
"text": "Even baking a cake in a gas oven\ncan emit up to double the levels",
"timestamp": [
375.76,
380.56
]
},
{
"text": "of the potentially dangerous gas\nnitrogen dioxide than US regulators",
"timestamp": [
380.56,
385.12
]
},
{
"text": "of the potentially dangerous gas\nnitrogen dioxide than US regulators",
"timestamp": [
380.56,
385.12
]
},
{
"text": "like the EPA consider safe for our lungs.\nThen there’s the problem of water.",
"timestamp": [
385.12,
390.56
]
},
{
"text": "like the EPA consider safe for our lungs.\nThen there’s the problem of water.",
"timestamp": [
385.12,
390.56
]
},
{
"text": "You might have heard of it.\nIt’s, you know, most of what you are.",
"timestamp": [
390.56,
394.72
]
},
{
"text": "You might have heard of it.\nIt’s, you know, most of what you are.",
"timestamp": [
390.56,
394.72
]
},
{
"text": "Like air, water is part of \nour natural environment.",
"timestamp": [
394.72,
398.56
]
},
{
"text": "Like air, water is part of \nour natural environment.",
"timestamp": [
394.72,
398.56
]
},
{
"text": "But the systems we’ve developed\nto deliver water to our homes,",
"timestamp": [
398.56,
402.24
]
},
{
"text": "But the systems we’ve developed\nto deliver water to our homes,",
"timestamp": [
398.56,
402.24
]
},
{
"text": "like plumbing, come with\ntheir own set of risks.",
"timestamp": [
402.24,
405.2
]
},
{
"text": "like plumbing, come with\ntheir own set of risks.",
"timestamp": [
402.24,
405.2
]
},
{
"text": "Water pollution happens when our\nwater supply becomes contaminated",
"timestamp": [
405.2,
409.2
]
},
{
"text": "Water pollution happens when our\nwater supply becomes contaminated",
"timestamp": [
405.2,
409.2
]
},
{
"text": "with harmful substances. Some forms\nof water pollution feel pretty obvious,",
"timestamp": [
409.2,
414.32
]
},
{
"text": "with harmful substances. Some forms\nof water pollution feel pretty obvious,",
"timestamp": [
409.2,
414.32
]
},
{
"text": "like a Coca-Cola can bobbing down a river ",
"timestamp": [
414.32,
417.28
]
},
{
"text": "like a Coca-Cola can bobbing down a river ",
"timestamp": [
414.32,
417.28
]
},
{
"text": "or the oil spill in the \nGulf of Mexico back in 2010.",
"timestamp": [
417.28,
421.36
]
},
{
"text": "or the oil spill in the \nGulf of Mexico back in 2010.",
"timestamp": [
417.28,
421.36
]
},
{
"text": "But others aren’t so obvious, like when\nlead leaches out from our pipes",
"timestamp": [
421.36,
425.92
]
},
{
"text": "But others aren’t so obvious, like when\nlead leaches out from our pipes",
"timestamp": [
421.36,
425.92
]
},
{
"text": "and into our drinking water, or when\nfertilizer runs off into a river.",
"timestamp": [
425.92,
430.72
]
},
{
"text": "and into our drinking water, or when\nfertilizer runs off into a river.",
"timestamp": [
425.92,
430.72
]
},
{
"text": "When it comes to our water supply,\none of the major pollutants that have",
"timestamp": [
430.72,
435.2
]
},
{
"text": "When it comes to our water supply,\none of the major pollutants that have",
"timestamp": [
430.72,
435.2
]
},
{
"text": "public health experts on high alert are\nper- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS.",
"timestamp": [
435.2,
441.52
]
},
{
"text": "public health experts on high alert are\nper- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS.",
"timestamp": [
435.2,
441.52
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes called “forever chemicals,” these\nman-made pollutants have a super strong",
"timestamp": [
441.52,
446.88
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes called “forever chemicals,” these\nman-made pollutants have a super strong",
"timestamp": [
441.52,
446.88
]
},
{
"text": "chemical make-up that prevents them\nfrom breaking down naturally in the environment.",
"timestamp": [
446.88,
452
]
},
{
"text": "chemical make-up that prevents them\nfrom breaking down naturally in the environment.",
"timestamp": [
446.88,
452
]
},
{
"text": "Over time, these chemicals \ncan seep into groundwater, ",
"timestamp": [
452,
455.84
]
},
{
"text": "Over time, these chemicals \ncan seep into groundwater, ",
"timestamp": [
452,
455.84
]
},
{
"text": "eventually working their \nway into our drinking water.",
"timestamp": [
455.84,
459.6
]
},
{
"text": "eventually working their \nway into our drinking water.",
"timestamp": [
455.84,
459.6
]
},
{
"text": "And because they’re tough to break down,\nmany household water filters struggle",
"timestamp": [
459.6,
463.6
]
},
{
"text": "And because they’re tough to break down,\nmany household water filters struggle",
"timestamp": [
459.6,
463.6
]
},
{
"text": "to totally eliminate these chemicals\nfrom our water supply.",
"timestamp": [
463.6,
468
]
},
{
"text": "to totally eliminate these chemicals\nfrom our water supply.",
"timestamp": [
463.6,
468
]
},
{
"text": "There’s a lot we still need to learn about\nthe long-term effects of PFAS on the human body.",
"timestamp": [
468,
473.92
]
},
{
"text": "There’s a lot we still need to learn about\nthe long-term effects of PFAS on the human body.",
"timestamp": [
468,
473.92
]
},
{
"text": "But early findings suggest that PFAS\ncould trigger negative health outcomes",
"timestamp": [
473.92,
478.48
]
},
{
"text": "But early findings suggest that PFAS\ncould trigger negative health outcomes",
"timestamp": [
473.92,
478.48
]
},
{
"text": "ranging from altered brain development\nto cancer.",
"timestamp": [
478.48,
482.71
]
},
{
"text": "ranging from altered brain development\nto cancer.",
"timestamp": [
478.48,
482.71
]
},
{
"text": "More than 4,500 of these chemicals are currently used around the world, ",
"timestamp": [
482.71,
487.661
]
},
{
"text": "More than 4,500 of these chemicals are currently used around the world, ",
"timestamp": [
482.71,
487.661
]
},
{
"text": "in everything from non-stick \npans to firefighting foam.",
"timestamp": [
487.661,
491.44
]
},
{
"text": "in everything from non-stick \npans to firefighting foam.",
"timestamp": [
487.661,
491.44
]
},
{
"text": "Now, when it comes to predicting\nand improving the health of a population,",
"timestamp": [
491.44,
495.36
]
},
{
"text": "Now, when it comes to predicting\nand improving the health of a population,",
"timestamp": [
491.44,
495.36
]
},
{
"text": "one of the biggest factors to consider\nis the environment in which our homes exist:",
"timestamp": [
495.36,
500.64
]
},
{
"text": "one of the biggest factors to consider\nis the environment in which our homes exist:",
"timestamp": [
495.36,
500.64
]
},
{
"text": "our neighborhoods. For instance, we know\nthat some people living in the West End of Chicago",
"timestamp": [
500.64,
505.6
]
},
{
"text": "our neighborhoods. For instance, we know\nthat some people living in the West End of Chicago",
"timestamp": [
500.64,
505.6
]
},
{
"text": "had it worse than others \nduring the 1995 heat wave, ",
"timestamp": [
505.6,
509.12
]
},
{
"text": "had it worse than others \nduring the 1995 heat wave, ",
"timestamp": [
505.6,
509.12
]
},
{
"text": "but it wasn't the same in every \nneighborhood in that area.",
"timestamp": [
509.12,
512.96
]
},
{
"text": "but it wasn't the same in every \nneighborhood in that area.",
"timestamp": [
509.12,
512.96
]
},
{
"text": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble to see why.",
"timestamp": [
512.96,
515.76
]
},
{
"text": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble to see why.",
"timestamp": [
512.96,
515.76
]
},
{
"text": "In 2002, American sociologist and urban\nstudies expert Eric Klinenberg published a book",
"timestamp": [
515.76,
521.84
]
},
{
"text": "In 2002, American sociologist and urban\nstudies expert Eric Klinenberg published a book",
"timestamp": [
515.76,
521.84
]
},
{
"text": "comparing two neighborhoods impacted by the \nheat wave: North Lawndale and South Lawndale.",
"timestamp": [
521.84,
528
]
},
{
"text": "comparing two neighborhoods impacted by the \nheat wave: North Lawndale and South Lawndale.",
"timestamp": [
521.84,
528
]
},
{
"text": "Both neighborhoods had similar populations\nof elderly people as well as similar levels of",
"timestamp": [
528,
532.96
]
},
{
"text": "Both neighborhoods had similar populations\nof elderly people as well as similar levels of",
"timestamp": [
528,
532.96
]
},
{
"text": "people living in poverty–which are factors\nassociated with higher heat-related deaths.",
"timestamp": [
532.96,
538.56
]
},
{
"text": "people living in poverty–which are factors\nassociated with higher heat-related deaths.",
"timestamp": [
532.96,
538.56
]
},
{
"text": "But when Klinenberg looked at the heat-related\ndeaths in the two neighborhoods, he found that",
"timestamp": [
538.56,
543.6
]
},
{
"text": "But when Klinenberg looked at the heat-related\ndeaths in the two neighborhoods, he found that",
"timestamp": [
538.56,
543.6
]
},
{
"text": "North Lawndale experienced heat-related deaths\nat a rate 10 times higher than South Lawndale.",
"timestamp": [
543.6,
550.56
]
},
{
"text": "North Lawndale experienced heat-related deaths\nat a rate 10 times higher than South Lawndale.",
"timestamp": [
543.6,
550.56
]
},
{
"text": "Compared to South Lawndale, North Lawndale \nhad significantly more abandoned buildings, ",
"timestamp": [
550.56,
556.48
]
},
{
"text": "Compared to South Lawndale, North Lawndale \nhad significantly more abandoned buildings, ",
"timestamp": [
550.56,
556.48
]
},
{
"text": "empty lots, and shuttered storefronts. \nFewer community buildings ",
"timestamp": [
556.48,
560.8
]
},
{
"text": "empty lots, and shuttered storefronts. \nFewer community buildings ",
"timestamp": [
556.48,
560.8
]
},
{
"text": "like banks and grocery stores meant that",
"timestamp": [
560.8,
562.88
]
},
{
"text": "like banks and grocery stores meant that",
"timestamp": [
560.8,
562.88
]
},
{
"text": "residents without air conditioners in their homes\nlikely had difficulty locating air conditioning",
"timestamp": [
562.88,
568.88
]
},
{
"text": "residents without air conditioners in their homes\nlikely had difficulty locating air conditioning",
"timestamp": [
562.88,
568.88
]
},
{
"text": "in public places to find relief from the heat.\nIn addition, North Lawndale had sidewalks",
"timestamp": [
568.88,
574.48
]
},
{
"text": "in public places to find relief from the heat.\nIn addition, North Lawndale had sidewalks",
"timestamp": [
568.88,
574.48
]
},
{
"text": "that were in far worse \ncondition than South Lawndale, ",
"timestamp": [
574.48,
578.16
]
},
{
"text": "that were in far worse \ncondition than South Lawndale, ",
"timestamp": [
574.48,
578.16
]
},
{
"text": "which suggested that older \nresidents who don’t drive",
"timestamp": [
578.16,
581.04
]
},
{
"text": "which suggested that older \nresidents who don’t drive",
"timestamp": [
578.16,
581.04
]
},
{
"text": "might have been reluctant to leave their\nhomes for fear of falling while walking,",
"timestamp": [
581.04,
586
]
},
{
"text": "might have been reluctant to leave their\nhomes for fear of falling while walking,",
"timestamp": [
581.04,
586
]
},
{
"text": "or unable to leave their homes because\ndamaged sidewalks can be impossible",
"timestamp": [
586,
590.24
]
},
{
"text": "or unable to leave their homes because\ndamaged sidewalks can be impossible",
"timestamp": [
586,
590.24
]
},
{
"text": "to navigate with a wheelchair. North Lawndale\nalso had higher rates of violent crime,",
"timestamp": [
590.24,
596.24
]
},
{
"text": "to navigate with a wheelchair. North Lawndale\nalso had higher rates of violent crime,",
"timestamp": [
590.24,
596.24
]
},
{
"text": "which may have meant that residents\nwere less likely to leave their homes",
"timestamp": [
596.24,
600
]
},
{
"text": "which may have meant that residents\nwere less likely to leave their homes",
"timestamp": [
596.24,
600
]
},
{
"text": "for fear of robbery while they were away.\nThey were also less likely to crack open",
"timestamp": [
600,
604.96
]
},
{
"text": "for fear of robbery while they were away.\nThey were also less likely to crack open",
"timestamp": [
600,
604.96
]
},
{
"text": "the windows or sleep outside -- strategies that\nmight’ve helped them cope with the heat wave.",
"timestamp": [
604.96,
610.64
]
},
{
"text": "the windows or sleep outside -- strategies that\nmight’ve helped them cope with the heat wave.",
"timestamp": [
604.96,
610.64
]
},
{
"text": "These infrastructure challenges and high rates\nof violent crime also had social implications",
"timestamp": [
610.64,
616.16
]
},
{
"text": "These infrastructure challenges and high rates\nof violent crime also had social implications",
"timestamp": [
610.64,
616.16
]
},
{
"text": "that came into play during the heat wave.\nThe absence of a connected community",
"timestamp": [
616.16,
620.48
]
},
{
"text": "that came into play during the heat wave.\nThe absence of a connected community",
"timestamp": [
616.16,
620.48
]
},
{
"text": "meant that residents had fewer opportunities\nto build connections with their neighbors.",
"timestamp": [
620.48,
625.28
]
},
{
"text": "meant that residents had fewer opportunities\nto build connections with their neighbors.",
"timestamp": [
620.48,
625.28
]
},
{
"text": "This lack of social cohesion put the residents\nat risk of severe social isolation, and made them",
"timestamp": [
625.28,
631.68
]
},
{
"text": "This lack of social cohesion put the residents\nat risk of severe social isolation, and made them",
"timestamp": [
625.28,
631.68
]
},
{
"text": "less likely to have a social network that\nthey could lean on during the heat wave.",
"timestamp": [
631.68,
636.08
]
},
{
"text": "less likely to have a social network that\nthey could lean on during the heat wave.",
"timestamp": [
631.68,
636.08
]
},
{
"text": "Faced with a lack of suitable options, residents\nremained in the sweltering heat of their homes.",
"timestamp": [
636.08,
642.32
]
},
{
"text": "Faced with a lack of suitable options, residents\nremained in the sweltering heat of their homes.",
"timestamp": [
636.08,
642.32
]
},
{
"text": "And for many, this proved deadly.\nThanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
642.32,
646.96
]
},
{
"text": "And for many, this proved deadly.\nThanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
642.32,
646.96
]
},
{
"text": "So there’s no escaping the influence\nour environment has on our health.",
"timestamp": [
646.96,
651.76
]
},
{
"text": "So there’s no escaping the influence\nour environment has on our health.",
"timestamp": [
646.96,
651.76
]
},
{
"text": "But we do have some say in how we manage\nand build our environments–",
"timestamp": [
651.76,
656.72
]
},
{
"text": "But we do have some say in how we manage\nand build our environments–",
"timestamp": [
651.76,
656.72
]
},
{
"text": "and in who those environments protect.\nDecades of studies have found that",
"timestamp": [
656.72,
661.84
]
},
{
"text": "and in who those environments protect.\nDecades of studies have found that",
"timestamp": [
656.72,
661.84
]
},
{
"text": "marginalized and low-income populations are \ndisproportionately exposed to environmental",
"timestamp": [
661.84,
667.6
]
},
{
"text": "marginalized and low-income populations are \ndisproportionately exposed to environmental",
"timestamp": [
661.84,
667.6
]
},
{
"text": "pollutions, often because they don’t have\nthe support from their government",
"timestamp": [
667.6,
671.92
]
},
{
"text": "pollutions, often because they don’t have\nthe support from their government",
"timestamp": [
667.6,
671.92
]
},
{
"text": "or communities to escape or improve their\nenvironments, and because their communities",
"timestamp": [
671.92,
676.88
]
},
{
"text": "or communities to escape or improve their\nenvironments, and because their communities",
"timestamp": [
671.92,
676.88
]
},
{
"text": "are often targets for things like hazardous\nwaste sites. Enter: environmental justice!",
"timestamp": [
676.88,
684
]
},
{
"text": "are often targets for things like hazardous\nwaste sites. Enter: environmental justice!",
"timestamp": [
676.88,
684
]
},
{
"text": "American environmental justice activist\nDr. Robert Bullard defines environmental justice",
"timestamp": [
684,
689.28
]
},
{
"text": "American environmental justice activist\nDr. Robert Bullard defines environmental justice",
"timestamp": [
684,
689.28
]
},
{
"text": "as the principle that “all people and communities\nare entitled to equal protection of environmental",
"timestamp": [
689.28,
695.12
]
},
{
"text": "as the principle that “all people and communities\nare entitled to equal protection of environmental",
"timestamp": [
689.28,
695.12
]
},
{
"text": "and public health laws and regulations.”\nIn short, the environmental justice movement",
"timestamp": [
695.12,
699.44
]
},
{
"text": "and public health laws and regulations.”\nIn short, the environmental justice movement",
"timestamp": [
695.12,
699.44
]
},
{
"text": "calls for us to address our shared history\nof racism, exploitation, and segregation",
"timestamp": [
699.44,
705.52
]
},
{
"text": "calls for us to address our shared history\nof racism, exploitation, and segregation",
"timestamp": [
699.44,
705.52
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},
{
"text": "to create an environment that’s healthy\nfor everyone. And just to be clear, this",
"timestamp": [
705.52,
710.48
]
},
{
"text": "to create an environment that’s healthy\nfor everyone. And just to be clear, this",
"timestamp": [
705.52,
710.48
]
},
{
"text": "means improving environments everywhere.\nEnvironmental justice also demands",
"timestamp": [
710.48,
715.52
]
},
{
"text": "means improving environments everywhere.\nEnvironmental justice also demands",
"timestamp": [
710.48,
715.52
]
},
{
"text": "that we find solutions for these unfair and\npreventable differences in health outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
715.52,
720.88
]
},
{
"text": "that we find solutions for these unfair and\npreventable differences in health outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
715.52,
720.88
]
},
{
"text": "Not tomorrow. Not eventually.\nRight. Now.",
"timestamp": [
720.88,
724.16
]
},
{
"text": "Not tomorrow. Not eventually.\nRight. Now.",
"timestamp": [
720.88,
724.16
]
},
{
"text": "What makes the environmental justice\nmovement so urgent is climate change,",
"timestamp": [
724.16,
728.72
]
},
{
"text": "What makes the environmental justice\nmovement so urgent is climate change,",
"timestamp": [
724.16,
728.72
]
},
{
"text": "one of the biggest challenges facing our planet.\nClimate change is the change in average weather patterns",
"timestamp": [
728.72,
734.854
]
},
{
"text": "one of the biggest challenges facing our planet.\nClimate change is the change in average weather patterns",
"timestamp": [
728.72,
734.854
]
},
{
"text": "in a region over a long period of time.\nIn the last two centuries alone, human activity",
"timestamp": [
734.854,
740.96
]
},
{
"text": "in a region over a long period of time.\nIn the last two centuries alone, human activity",
"timestamp": [
734.854,
740.96
]
},
{
"text": "and growth has caused our climate to change\nat a faster pace than it has even in the",
"timestamp": [
740.96,
746.08
]
},
{
"text": "and growth has caused our climate to change\nat a faster pace than it has even in the",
"timestamp": [
740.96,
746.08
]
},
{
"text": "last 65 million years. In fact, the Union\nof Concerned Scientists estimates that",
"timestamp": [
746.08,
752.8
]
},
{
"text": "last 65 million years. In fact, the Union\nof Concerned Scientists estimates that",
"timestamp": [
746.08,
752.8
]
},
{
"text": "if humans continue to alter the climate\nat the rate we are now, we could see events",
"timestamp": [
752.8,
757.52
]
},
{
"text": "if humans continue to alter the climate\nat the rate we are now, we could see events",
"timestamp": [
752.8,
757.52
]
},
{
"text": "like that Chicago heat wave as often as\nthree times per year by the end of the century.",
"timestamp": [
757.52,
763.44
]
},
{
"text": "like that Chicago heat wave as often as\nthree times per year by the end of the century.",
"timestamp": [
757.52,
763.44
]
},
{
"text": "Now, climate change is a global problem,\nand it affects all of us. But its effects",
"timestamp": [
763.44,
769.12
]
},
{
"text": "Now, climate change is a global problem,\nand it affects all of us. But its effects",
"timestamp": [
763.44,
769.12
]
},
{
"text": "will always weigh most heavily on communities ",
"timestamp": [
769.12,
771.68
]
},
{
"text": "will always weigh most heavily on communities ",
"timestamp": [
769.12,
771.68
]
},
{
"text": "not equipped with the same \ntools and support as others.",
"timestamp": [
771.68,
775
]
},
{
"text": "not equipped with the same \ntools and support as others.",
"timestamp": [
771.68,
775
]
},
{
"text": "These are often groups that have ancestral\nties to a particular location, who can’t afford",
"timestamp": [
775.44,
780.96
]
},
{
"text": "These are often groups that have ancestral\nties to a particular location, who can’t afford",
"timestamp": [
775.44,
780.96
]
},
{
"text": "to relocate, or who face other health challenges\non top of the ones presented by their environment.",
"timestamp": [
780.96,
786.64
]
},
{
"text": "to relocate, or who face other health challenges\non top of the ones presented by their environment.",
"timestamp": [
780.96,
786.64
]
},
{
"text": "The good news here is that today, public health\nresearchers are working to make the environment",
"timestamp": [
786.64,
791.52
]
},
{
"text": "The good news here is that today, public health\nresearchers are working to make the environment",
"timestamp": [
786.64,
791.52
]
},
{
"text": "work for our health–not against it. Policymakers\ncan work with scientists to create regulations",
"timestamp": [
791.52,
798.24
]
},
{
"text": "work for our health–not against it. Policymakers\ncan work with scientists to create regulations",
"timestamp": [
791.52,
798.24
]
},
{
"text": "around what we put into our water and air.\nCommunities can invest in cooling stations",
"timestamp": [
798.24,
804.16
]
},
{
"text": "around what we put into our water and air.\nCommunities can invest in cooling stations",
"timestamp": [
798.24,
804.16
]
},
{
"text": "and community centers where people can\ncool off on a hot summer day.",
"timestamp": [
804.16,
808
]
},
{
"text": "and community centers where people can\ncool off on a hot summer day.",
"timestamp": [
804.16,
808
]
},
{
"text": "But maybe most importantly, we can continue\nto better understand and address the parts of",
"timestamp": [
808,
813.2
]
},
{
"text": "But maybe most importantly, we can continue\nto better understand and address the parts of",
"timestamp": [
808,
813.2
]
},
{
"text": "our society that make the \nenvironmental determinants of health",
"timestamp": [
813.2,
816.454
]
},
{
"text": "our society that make the \nenvironmental determinants of health",
"timestamp": [
813.2,
816.454
]
},
{
"text": "affect us unequally in the first place–",
"timestamp": [
816.454,
818.88
]
},
{
"text": "affect us unequally in the first place–",
"timestamp": [
816.454,
818.88
]
},
{
"text": "namely, the social determinants of health.\nMore on that in the next episode.",
"timestamp": [
818.88,
824.4
]
},
{
"text": "namely, the social determinants of health.\nMore on that in the next episode.",
"timestamp": [
818.88,
824.4
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
824.4,
827.84
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
824.4,
827.84
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. ",
"timestamp": [
827.84,
833.04
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. ",
"timestamp": [
827.84,
833.04
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
833.04,
837.92
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
833.04,
837.92
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a \nseries created by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
837.92,
843.44
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a \nseries created by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
837.92,
843.44
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, ",
"timestamp": [
843.44,
848.24
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, ",
"timestamp": [
843.44,
848.24
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these nice \npeople. If you'd like to help keep ",
"timestamp": [
848.24,
852.474
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these nice \npeople. If you'd like to help keep ",
"timestamp": [
848.24,
852.474
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
852.474,
858.402
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
852.474,
858.402
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: The Environment and Your Health",
"In July of 1995, something \nunprecedented went down in Chicago–a heat wave that ground the entire city to a halt.The heat index, which measures \nhow the temperature feels to us,jumped to a record-setting 126 degrees Fahrenheit.Chicago was unprepared. As residents \ncranked up their air conditioning,the spike in electrical use led \nto power outages across the city.Cars broke down and the city’s emergency \nresponse units were overwhelmed.Ambulance services sometimes took \ntwo hours to arrive on the scene,and then had trouble finding \nsomewhere to take peoplebecause hospitals were full and \nclosing their doors to new patients.The oppressive heat lasted \nabout a week and it’s estimatedthat up to 739 Chicago residents lost their \nlives from heat-related complications.But follow-up reporting revealed \nthat the impact wasn’t random.A map of deaths showed that \nthe communities most affectedwere those that suffered from a lack of \ninfrastructure and community resources,mostly in the south and west of the city.\n25 years later, Chicago found itself staring down a different headline-grabbing crisis:\nthe COVID-19 pandemic.Early in the pandemic, a local news station \nin Chicago analyzed the number of covid deathsin different neighborhoods across the \ncity, and an interesting trend appeared.The map that emerged showed \nsimilarities to the mapof Chicago’s death toll from the 1995 heat wave.These maps describe two distinct health outcomes \nat two different moments 25 years apart.Yet the story they tell is the same: \npeople who live in certain neighborhoodshave faced measurably worse health \noutcomes than those in other neighborhoods.To help understand why, we need to look \nat the role that our environment playsin determining our health.Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill and this \nis Crash Course Public Health![INTRO MUSIC]"
],
[
"Defining our Environment",
"We often think of our environment \nas the world outside our bodies.Like, we think of ourselves \nas being in an environment.Where our skin stops, our environment begins.But we don’t always consider the ways that \nour environment is sort of part of our bodies.Sure, my body is mainly made up of...me.But all that oxygen and water that my \nbody depends on comes from somewhere.Our bodies are biological machines built to turn \nour environments into stuff we need to survive. It’s what bodies do!But when that environment becomes \ncontaminated or conditions become too extreme,our health may be put in jeopardy.\nThe environmental factors thataffect our health outcomes\nare what we are calling theenvironmental determinants of health.\nWe can divide these determinants into two major categories:\nthe ones related to our natural environment,and the ones related to our built environment.Our natural environment is all that \nnon-human-made stuff around us,like forests and mountains.\nOn the other hand, our built environment is the environment we tend to think of as\n“human-made,” like our homes, streets, or even miniature golf courses!\nWhen thinking about our environment, public health experts generally consider\nhow our built and natural environments come together to influence a \npopulation’s overall health.For example, while we know that the air we \nbreathe and the water we drink aren’t human-made,we can recognize that they are human-influenced!Like, if we take a deep breath of air, we’re \nmostly breathing in nitrogen and oxygen;"
],
[
"Air Pollution",
"but not only those things. A closer \nlook reveals there’s a whole bunchof other stuff in that breath, too.\nAir pollution is the stuff in the air that is harmful to the health \nof both humans and the planet.One major airborne pollutant on our public \nhealth radar is particulate matter, or PM.These are particles like dust or smoke that \nare too small to be seen with the naked eye,and can come from things like car \nexhausts and construction sites.This is small enough to work its way into \nour lungs or even infiltrate our bloodstream.The smallest of these particles can be 30 \ntimes thinner than a strand of human hair.And it turns out when \nyou’re that small and light,you can hang around in the air for weeks at a \ntime, sometimes traveling hundreds of miles.Which is how smoke from a wildfire \nin California can travel over2,000 miles to New York City,\naffecting the air quality across the U.S.Now, when we picture air pollution,\nwe tend to imagine cities full of gas-guzzling cars and smoke-spewing factories.\nBut air pollution can come from other, less expected sources\nthat aren’t right outside our front door.One review found that, because of \ntraffic-related pollution like car emissions,children living as far as 500 meters, or \nabout a third of a mile, of a busy roadcan experience negative health \noutcomes, like exacerbated asthma.The same report estimated that as much as 45% of people in large cities in North America\nlive within that distance from a busy road.And the World Health Organization \nreports that 99% of the global populationbreathes air that exceeds their guideline \nlimits for outdoor air pollution,which contributes to as many as \n4.2 million deaths every year.And air pollution isn’t just \noutdoors. It’s in our homes, too!Some of that can come from \noutside elements coming in,but some of it is introduced by the \nactivities done inside our homes.As we cook and clean, we’re actually \nintroducing potentially harmful particlesand chemical compounds into the air,\nwhich can hang around long enoughto eventually work their ways into our bodies.Gas-based cooking is one of the biggest culprits,\nbecause it releases things like smoke particlesand carbon dioxide that \ncan stick around our homes.Even baking a cake in a gas oven\ncan emit up to double the levelsof the potentially dangerous gas\nnitrogen dioxide than US regulatorslike the EPA consider safe for our lungs.\nThen there’s the problem of water."
],
[
"Water Pollution",
"You might have heard of it.\nIt’s, you know, most of what you are.Like air, water is part of \nour natural environment.But the systems we’ve developed\nto deliver water to our homes,like plumbing, come with\ntheir own set of risks.Water pollution happens when our\nwater supply becomes contaminatedwith harmful substances. Some forms\nof water pollution feel pretty obvious,like a Coca-Cola can bobbing down a river or the oil spill in the \nGulf of Mexico back in 2010.But others aren’t so obvious, like when\nlead leaches out from our pipesand into our drinking water, or when\nfertilizer runs off into a river.When it comes to our water supply,\none of the major pollutants that havepublic health experts on high alert are\nper- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS.Sometimes called “forever chemicals,” these\nman-made pollutants have a super strongchemical make-up that prevents them\nfrom breaking down naturally in the environment.Over time, these chemicals \ncan seep into groundwater, eventually working their \nway into our drinking water.And because they’re tough to break down,\nmany household water filters struggleto totally eliminate these chemicals\nfrom our water supply.There’s a lot we still need to learn about\nthe long-term effects of PFAS on the human body.But early findings suggest that PFAS\ncould trigger negative health outcomesranging from altered brain development\nto cancer.More than 4,500 of these chemicals are currently used around the world, in everything from non-stick \npans to firefighting foam."
],
[
"The Neighborhood Factor",
"Now, when it comes to predicting\nand improving the health of a population,one of the biggest factors to consider\nis the environment in which our homes exist:our neighborhoods. For instance, we know\nthat some people living in the West End of Chicagohad it worse than others \nduring the 1995 heat wave, but it wasn't the same in every \nneighborhood in that area.Let's go to the Thought Bubble to see why.In 2002, American sociologist and urban\nstudies expert Eric Klinenberg published a bookcomparing two neighborhoods impacted by the \nheat wave: North Lawndale and South Lawndale.Both neighborhoods had similar populations\nof elderly people as well as similar levels ofpeople living in poverty–which are factors\nassociated with higher heat-related deaths.But when Klinenberg looked at the heat-related\ndeaths in the two neighborhoods, he found thatNorth Lawndale experienced heat-related deaths\nat a rate 10 times higher than South Lawndale.Compared to South Lawndale, North Lawndale \nhad significantly more abandoned buildings, empty lots, and shuttered storefronts. \nFewer community buildings like banks and grocery stores meant thatresidents without air conditioners in their homes\nlikely had difficulty locating air conditioningin public places to find relief from the heat.\nIn addition, North Lawndale had sidewalksthat were in far worse \ncondition than South Lawndale, which suggested that older \nresidents who don’t drivemight have been reluctant to leave their\nhomes for fear of falling while walking,or unable to leave their homes because\ndamaged sidewalks can be impossibleto navigate with a wheelchair. North Lawndale\nalso had higher rates of violent crime,which may have meant that residents\nwere less likely to leave their homesfor fear of robbery while they were away.\nThey were also less likely to crack openthe windows or sleep outside -- strategies that\nmight’ve helped them cope with the heat wave.These infrastructure challenges and high rates\nof violent crime also had social implicationsthat came into play during the heat wave.\nThe absence of a connected communitymeant that residents had fewer opportunities\nto build connections with their neighbors.This lack of social cohesion put the residents\nat risk of severe social isolation, and made themless likely to have a social network that\nthey could lean on during the heat wave.Faced with a lack of suitable options, residents\nremained in the sweltering heat of their homes.And for many, this proved deadly.\nThanks, Thought Bubble.So there’s no escaping the influence\nour environment has on our health.But we do have some say in how we manage\nand build our environments–and in who those environments protect.\nDecades of studies have found thatmarginalized and low-income populations are \ndisproportionately exposed to environmentalpollutions, often because they don’t have\nthe support from their governmentor communities to escape or improve their\nenvironments, and because their communitiesare often targets for things like hazardous\nwaste sites. Enter: environmental justice!American environmental justice activist\nDr. Robert Bullard defines environmental justiceas the principle that “all people and communities\nare entitled to equal protection of environmentaland public health laws and regulations.”\nIn short, the environmental justice movementcalls for us to address our shared history\nof racism, exploitation, and segregationto create an environment that’s healthy\nfor everyone. And just to be clear, thismeans improving environments everywhere.\nEnvironmental justice also demandsthat we find solutions for these unfair and\npreventable differences in health outcomes."
],
[
"Environmental Justice",
"Not tomorrow. Not eventually.\nRight. Now.What makes the environmental justice\nmovement so urgent is climate change,one of the biggest challenges facing our planet.\nClimate change is the change in average weather patterns"
],
[
"Climate Change",
"in a region over a long period of time.\nIn the last two centuries alone, human activityand growth has caused our climate to change\nat a faster pace than it has even in thelast 65 million years. In fact, the Union\nof Concerned Scientists estimates thatif humans continue to alter the climate\nat the rate we are now, we could see eventslike that Chicago heat wave as often as\nthree times per year by the end of the century.Now, climate change is a global problem,\nand it affects all of us. But its effectswill always weigh most heavily on communities not equipped with the same \ntools and support as others.These are often groups that have ancestral\nties to a particular location, who can’t affordto relocate, or who face other health challenges\non top of the ones presented by their environment.The good news here is that today, public health\nresearchers are working to make the environmentwork for our health–not against it. Policymakers\ncan work with scientists to create regulationsaround what we put into our water and air.\nCommunities can invest in cooling stationsand community centers where people can\ncool off on a hot summer day."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"But maybe most importantly, we can continue\nto better understand and address the parts ofour society that make the \nenvironmental determinants of healthaffect us unequally in the first place–namely, the social determinants of health.\nMore on that in the next episode.Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel to watch “That’s Public Health” a \nseries created by APHA and Complexly.Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, and made with the help of all these nice \npeople. If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How Your Biology Affects Your Health: Crash Course Public Health #2
|
SzsifG0UvTM
| 762 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Biological Determinants",
"end_time": 87
},
{
"start_time": 87,
"title": "Behavioral & Biomedical Approach",
"end_time": 164
},
{
"start_time": 164,
"title": "Social Approach",
"end_time": 251
},
{
"start_time": 251,
"title": "Determinants of Health",
"end_time": 342
},
{
"start_time": 342,
"title": "Biological Determinants",
"end_time": 556
},
{
"start_time": 556,
"title": "Epigenetics",
"end_time": 693
},
{
"start_time": 693,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 762
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Destiny.",
"timestamp": [
0.48,
1.5
]
},
{
"text": "Destiny.",
"timestamp": [
0.48,
1.5
]
},
{
"text": "We might think of it as that thing that brings\ntwo star-crossed lovers together.",
"timestamp": [
1.5,
5.2
]
},
{
"text": "We might think of it as that thing that brings\ntwo star-crossed lovers together.",
"timestamp": [
1.5,
5.2
]
},
{
"text": "Or the thing that made us hit the jackpot\nin Vegas.",
"timestamp": [
5.2,
8.13
]
},
{
"text": "Or the thing that made us hit the jackpot\nin Vegas.",
"timestamp": [
5.2,
8.13
]
},
{
"text": "Or the thing that made our one true love break up with us",
"timestamp": [
8.13,
11.039
]
},
{
"text": "Or the thing that made our one true love break up with us",
"timestamp": [
8.13,
11.039
]
},
{
"text": "because we went on to lose our Vegas winnings.",
"timestamp": [
11.039,
13.919
]
},
{
"text": "because we went on to lose our Vegas winnings.",
"timestamp": [
11.039,
13.919
]
},
{
"text": "But we don’t often think about our health\nas being particularly intertwined with destiny.",
"timestamp": [
13.919,
19.06
]
},
{
"text": "But we don’t often think about our health\nas being particularly intertwined with destiny.",
"timestamp": [
13.919,
19.06
]
},
{
"text": "We like to think our health is in our own\nhands.",
"timestamp": [
19.06,
22.41
]
},
{
"text": "We like to think our health is in our own\nhands.",
"timestamp": [
19.06,
22.41
]
},
{
"text": "And to some extent, it is.",
"timestamp": [
22.41,
23.769
]
},
{
"text": "And to some extent, it is.",
"timestamp": [
22.41,
23.769
]
},
{
"text": "We look both ways before we cross the street\nto avoid being hit by cars.",
"timestamp": [
23.769,
28.119
]
},
{
"text": "We look both ways before we cross the street\nto avoid being hit by cars.",
"timestamp": [
23.769,
28.119
]
},
{
"text": "We brush our teeth every night before we go to bed,",
"timestamp": [
28.119,
30.71
]
},
{
"text": "We brush our teeth every night before we go to bed,",
"timestamp": [
28.119,
30.71
]
},
{
"text": "and we eat vegetables to stay nourished…a\npickle counts as a vegetable, right?",
"timestamp": [
30.71,
36.055
]
},
{
"text": "and we eat vegetables to stay nourished…a\npickle counts as a vegetable, right?",
"timestamp": [
30.71,
36.055
]
},
{
"text": "And this story of cause-and-effect makes sense to us.",
"timestamp": [
36.055,
39.149
]
},
{
"text": "And this story of cause-and-effect makes sense to us.",
"timestamp": [
36.055,
39.149
]
},
{
"text": "Our health doesn’t feel particularly mystical,\nor like it’s been stitched into the cosmos.",
"timestamp": [
39.149,
45
]
},
{
"text": "Our health doesn’t feel particularly mystical,\nor like it’s been stitched into the cosmos.",
"timestamp": [
39.149,
45
]
},
{
"text": "But while there are no prophecies or Chosen\nOnes in the world of public health,",
"timestamp": [
45,
49.019
]
},
{
"text": "But while there are no prophecies or Chosen\nOnes in the world of public health,",
"timestamp": [
45,
49.019
]
},
{
"text": "there are elements outside of our decisions",
"timestamp": [
49.019,
51.68
]
},
{
"text": "there are elements outside of our decisions",
"timestamp": [
49.019,
51.68
]
},
{
"text": "that actually play a pretty big role in our wellbeing.",
"timestamp": [
51.68,
55.92
]
},
{
"text": "that actually play a pretty big role in our wellbeing.",
"timestamp": [
51.68,
55.92
]
},
{
"text": "From the DNA in our cells to the air quality\nright outside our homes,",
"timestamp": [
55.92,
60.539
]
},
{
"text": "From the DNA in our cells to the air quality\nright outside our homes,",
"timestamp": [
55.92,
60.539
]
},
{
"text": "there are countless factors that influence\nour health every day, all the time.",
"timestamp": [
60.539,
65.346
]
},
{
"text": "there are countless factors that influence\nour health every day, all the time.",
"timestamp": [
60.539,
65.346
]
},
{
"text": "But thankfully, public health experts are\nworking behind the scenes to intervene with “fate”",
"timestamp": [
65.346,
70.79
]
},
{
"text": "But thankfully, public health experts are\nworking behind the scenes to intervene with “fate”",
"timestamp": [
65.346,
70.79
]
},
{
"text": "and give us all the best possible chance for\nliving a healthy life.",
"timestamp": [
70.79,
74.832
]
},
{
"text": "and give us all the best possible chance for\nliving a healthy life.",
"timestamp": [
70.79,
74.832
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash\nCourse Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
74.832,
78.861
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash\nCourse Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
74.832,
78.861
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
78.861,
88.034
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
78.861,
88.034
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the belief that we are the captains of\nour health destinies can be appealing,",
"timestamp": [
88.034,
92.83
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the belief that we are the captains of\nour health destinies can be appealing,",
"timestamp": [
88.034,
92.83
]
},
{
"text": "because it suggests our actions are what determine\nwhether we end up sick or, well, dead.",
"timestamp": [
92.83,
98.7
]
},
{
"text": "because it suggests our actions are what determine\nwhether we end up sick or, well, dead.",
"timestamp": [
92.83,
98.7
]
},
{
"text": "Like, in the epic saga of our health destinies,\nwe don’t want to feel like",
"timestamp": [
98.7,
103.06
]
},
{
"text": "Like, in the epic saga of our health destinies,\nwe don’t want to feel like",
"timestamp": [
98.7,
103.06
]
},
{
"text": "we’re just a character in someone else’s movie script.",
"timestamp": [
103.06,
106.2
]
},
{
"text": "we’re just a character in someone else’s movie script.",
"timestamp": [
103.06,
106.2
]
},
{
"text": "We want to be, you know, the director.",
"timestamp": [
106.2,
108.81
]
},
{
"text": "We want to be, you know, the director.",
"timestamp": [
106.2,
108.81
]
},
{
"text": "When public health workers think about the\nways that our actions factor into our health,",
"timestamp": [
108.81,
112.98
]
},
{
"text": "When public health workers think about the\nways that our actions factor into our health,",
"timestamp": [
108.81,
112.98
]
},
{
"text": "they’re applying a behavioral approach to health.",
"timestamp": [
112.98,
116.53
]
},
{
"text": "they’re applying a behavioral approach to health.",
"timestamp": [
112.98,
116.53
]
},
{
"text": "For example, experts taking a behavioral approach\nmight say that when we smoke cigarettes,",
"timestamp": [
116.53,
121.12
]
},
{
"text": "For example, experts taking a behavioral approach\nmight say that when we smoke cigarettes,",
"timestamp": [
116.53,
121.12
]
},
{
"text": "we’re engaging in a behavior that makes\nus up to 30 times more likely",
"timestamp": [
121.12,
126
]
},
{
"text": "we’re engaging in a behavior that makes\nus up to 30 times more likely",
"timestamp": [
121.12,
126
]
},
{
"text": "to get lung cancer than someone who doesn’t smoke.",
"timestamp": [
126,
129.259
]
},
{
"text": "to get lung cancer than someone who doesn’t smoke.",
"timestamp": [
126,
129.259
]
},
{
"text": "That’s why a big part of many public health workers’ jobs",
"timestamp": [
129.259,
132.53
]
},
{
"text": "That’s why a big part of many public health workers’ jobs",
"timestamp": [
129.259,
132.53
]
},
{
"text": "is to encourage people to adopt healthier behaviors,",
"timestamp": [
132.53,
135.97
]
},
{
"text": "is to encourage people to adopt healthier behaviors,",
"timestamp": [
132.53,
135.97
]
},
{
"text": "through things like “don’t text and drive”\nmessaging on billboards and anti-drug media ads.",
"timestamp": [
135.97,
141.59
]
},
{
"text": "through things like “don’t text and drive”\nmessaging on billboards and anti-drug media ads.",
"timestamp": [
135.97,
141.59
]
},
{
"text": "But the behavioral approach isn’t the only\nway health experts think about our health.",
"timestamp": [
141.59,
146.5
]
},
{
"text": "But the behavioral approach isn’t the only\nway health experts think about our health.",
"timestamp": [
141.59,
146.5
]
},
{
"text": "For example, public health experts could take\na biomedical approach to health,",
"timestamp": [
146.5,
150.909
]
},
{
"text": "For example, public health experts could take\na biomedical approach to health,",
"timestamp": [
146.5,
150.909
]
},
{
"text": "where they approach disease as a condition\ncaused by germs or a problem with our organs,",
"timestamp": [
150.909,
155.579
]
},
{
"text": "where they approach disease as a condition\ncaused by germs or a problem with our organs,",
"timestamp": [
150.909,
155.579
]
},
{
"text": "rather than just a problem with our behavior.",
"timestamp": [
155.579,
159.03
]
},
{
"text": "rather than just a problem with our behavior.",
"timestamp": [
155.579,
159.03
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, public health researchers might\nexamine how smoking tobacco affects our brains.",
"timestamp": [
159.03,
163.989
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, public health researchers might\nexamine how smoking tobacco affects our brains.",
"timestamp": [
159.03,
163.989
]
},
{
"text": "But one of the most influential and comprehensive\napproaches to health,",
"timestamp": [
163.989,
168.75
]
},
{
"text": "But one of the most influential and comprehensive\napproaches to health,",
"timestamp": [
163.989,
168.75
]
},
{
"text": "the one we’ll be following most closely\nhere at Crash Course, is the social approach.",
"timestamp": [
168.75,
174.749
]
},
{
"text": "the one we’ll be following most closely\nhere at Crash Course, is the social approach.",
"timestamp": [
168.75,
174.749
]
},
{
"text": "This approach acknowledges that our health\nchoices and behaviors",
"timestamp": [
174.749,
177.769
]
},
{
"text": "This approach acknowledges that our health\nchoices and behaviors",
"timestamp": [
174.749,
177.769
]
},
{
"text": "are impacted by the entire world around us,",
"timestamp": [
177.769,
181.93
]
},
{
"text": "are impacted by the entire world around us,",
"timestamp": [
177.769,
181.93
]
},
{
"text": "including social, cultural, political, and\nenvironmental factors.",
"timestamp": [
181.93,
186.37
]
},
{
"text": "including social, cultural, political, and\nenvironmental factors.",
"timestamp": [
181.93,
186.37
]
},
{
"text": "When addressing smoking, a public health expert\ntaking the social approach",
"timestamp": [
186.37,
190.17
]
},
{
"text": "When addressing smoking, a public health expert\ntaking the social approach",
"timestamp": [
186.37,
190.17
]
},
{
"text": "might look at how tobacco is portrayed in the media,",
"timestamp": [
190.17,
192.7
]
},
{
"text": "might look at how tobacco is portrayed in the media,",
"timestamp": [
190.17,
192.7
]
},
{
"text": "or what smoke-free policies are in place in businesses.",
"timestamp": [
192.7,
196.379
]
},
{
"text": "or what smoke-free policies are in place in businesses.",
"timestamp": [
192.7,
196.379
]
},
{
"text": "They may also pay attention to who is most\naffected by these decisions.",
"timestamp": [
196.379,
201.209
]
},
{
"text": "They may also pay attention to who is most\naffected by these decisions.",
"timestamp": [
196.379,
201.209
]
},
{
"text": "In the United States, for instance, advertisers\ntend to target smoking-based marketing",
"timestamp": [
201.209,
205.739
]
},
{
"text": "In the United States, for instance, advertisers\ntend to target smoking-based marketing",
"timestamp": [
201.209,
205.739
]
},
{
"text": "towards urban neighborhoods and neighborhoods\nwith more Black residents.",
"timestamp": [
205.739,
210.156
]
},
{
"text": "towards urban neighborhoods and neighborhoods\nwith more Black residents.",
"timestamp": [
205.739,
210.156
]
},
{
"text": "Taking a social approach to health opens the\ndoor to the question of health inequity,",
"timestamp": [
210.156,
215.41
]
},
{
"text": "Taking a social approach to health opens the\ndoor to the question of health inequity,",
"timestamp": [
210.156,
215.41
]
},
{
"text": "which is when different groups of people face\ndifferent health outcomes",
"timestamp": [
215.41,
218.829
]
},
{
"text": "which is when different groups of people face\ndifferent health outcomes",
"timestamp": [
215.41,
218.829
]
},
{
"text": "because of an uneven distribution of resources,",
"timestamp": [
218.829,
222.31
]
},
{
"text": "because of an uneven distribution of resources,",
"timestamp": [
218.829,
222.31
]
},
{
"text": "or because of structural differences in how they’re treated.",
"timestamp": [
222.31,
226.512
]
},
{
"text": "or because of structural differences in how they’re treated.",
"timestamp": [
222.31,
226.512
]
},
{
"text": "Health inequity is unfair and unjust,",
"timestamp": [
226.512,
229.79
]
},
{
"text": "Health inequity is unfair and unjust,",
"timestamp": [
226.512,
229.79
]
},
{
"text": "and uncovering and addressing it is a big\npart of many public health experts’ jobs.",
"timestamp": [
229.79,
234.439
]
},
{
"text": "and uncovering and addressing it is a big\npart of many public health experts’ jobs.",
"timestamp": [
229.79,
234.439
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the social approach doesn’t imply that\nwe totally lack control over our health destinies.",
"timestamp": [
234.439,
240.107
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the social approach doesn’t imply that\nwe totally lack control over our health destinies.",
"timestamp": [
234.439,
240.107
]
},
{
"text": "What it does tell us, however, is that we’re\nnot the only ones calling the shots.",
"timestamp": [
240.107,
245.04
]
},
{
"text": "What it does tell us, however, is that we’re\nnot the only ones calling the shots.",
"timestamp": [
240.107,
245.04
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, in the major motion picture of our\nhealth, most of the action takes place “offscreen.”",
"timestamp": [
245.04,
251.612
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, in the major motion picture of our\nhealth, most of the action takes place “offscreen.”",
"timestamp": [
245.04,
251.612
]
},
{
"text": "What we’re talking about are the determinants of health.",
"timestamp": [
251.612,
255.499
]
},
{
"text": "What we’re talking about are the determinants of health.",
"timestamp": [
251.612,
255.499
]
},
{
"text": "These are the conditions in which we are born, live, and work",
"timestamp": [
255.499,
258.63
]
},
{
"text": "These are the conditions in which we are born, live, and work",
"timestamp": [
255.499,
258.63
]
},
{
"text": "that all have an influence on our health.",
"timestamp": [
258.63,
261.6
]
},
{
"text": "that all have an influence on our health.",
"timestamp": [
258.63,
261.6
]
},
{
"text": "They span everything from our education level\nto our income level,",
"timestamp": [
261.6,
265.92
]
},
{
"text": "They span everything from our education level\nto our income level,",
"timestamp": [
261.6,
265.92
]
},
{
"text": "to even our zip code and our genetic code.",
"timestamp": [
265.92,
269.57
]
},
{
"text": "to even our zip code and our genetic code.",
"timestamp": [
265.92,
269.57
]
},
{
"text": "While there are many ways to frame the determinants of health,",
"timestamp": [
269.57,
272.76
]
},
{
"text": "While there are many ways to frame the determinants of health,",
"timestamp": [
269.57,
272.76
]
},
{
"text": "in Crash Course Public Health, we’ll place\nthem into three main buckets.",
"timestamp": [
272.76,
277.38
]
},
{
"text": "in Crash Course Public Health, we’ll place\nthem into three main buckets.",
"timestamp": [
272.76,
277.38
]
},
{
"text": "There are the environmental determinants,\nwhich consider how environmental factors",
"timestamp": [
277.38,
281.87
]
},
{
"text": "There are the environmental determinants,\nwhich consider how environmental factors",
"timestamp": [
277.38,
281.87
]
},
{
"text": "like our water supply, exposure to pollution,\nand climate change factor into our health.",
"timestamp": [
281.87,
287.79
]
},
{
"text": "like our water supply, exposure to pollution,\nand climate change factor into our health.",
"timestamp": [
281.87,
287.79
]
},
{
"text": "There are the social determinants of health,",
"timestamp": [
287.79,
290.34
]
},
{
"text": "There are the social determinants of health,",
"timestamp": [
287.79,
290.34
]
},
{
"text": "which cover the relationship between our health\nand where and how we live.",
"timestamp": [
290.34,
294.7
]
},
{
"text": "which cover the relationship between our health\nand where and how we live.",
"timestamp": [
290.34,
294.7
]
},
{
"text": "These include things like our income, education\nsystem, health policies put in place",
"timestamp": [
294.7,
299.09
]
},
{
"text": "These include things like our income, education\nsystem, health policies put in place",
"timestamp": [
294.7,
299.09
]
},
{
"text": "by our governments, and how our access to\nresources is affected by our race.",
"timestamp": [
299.09,
304.1
]
},
{
"text": "by our governments, and how our access to\nresources is affected by our race.",
"timestamp": [
299.09,
304.1
]
},
{
"text": "And then there are the biological determinants of health.",
"timestamp": [
304.1,
307.54
]
},
{
"text": "And then there are the biological determinants of health.",
"timestamp": [
304.1,
307.54
]
},
{
"text": "These are the particular biological characteristics\nthat can determine our health outcomes–",
"timestamp": [
307.54,
312.42
]
},
{
"text": "These are the particular biological characteristics\nthat can determine our health outcomes–",
"timestamp": [
307.54,
312.42
]
},
{
"text": "like our genes, sex, and age.",
"timestamp": [
312.42,
315
]
},
{
"text": "like our genes, sex, and age.",
"timestamp": [
312.42,
315
]
},
{
"text": "And in public health, rather than looking\nat just, like, our kidneys,",
"timestamp": [
315,
318.73
]
},
{
"text": "And in public health, rather than looking\nat just, like, our kidneys,",
"timestamp": [
315,
318.73
]
},
{
"text": "we’re focusing on the biological factors\nthat could affect our kidneys,",
"timestamp": [
318.73,
323.19
]
},
{
"text": "we’re focusing on the biological factors\nthat could affect our kidneys,",
"timestamp": [
318.73,
323.19
]
},
{
"text": "like a family history of kidney disease.",
"timestamp": [
323.19,
325.9
]
},
{
"text": "like a family history of kidney disease.",
"timestamp": [
323.19,
325.9
]
},
{
"text": "As we’ll see, there are no hard borders\nbetween each determinant,",
"timestamp": [
325.9,
330.2
]
},
{
"text": "As we’ll see, there are no hard borders\nbetween each determinant,",
"timestamp": [
325.9,
330.2
]
},
{
"text": "and it’s pretty much impossible to talk\nabout one without stumbling into another one.",
"timestamp": [
330.2,
335.65
]
},
{
"text": "and it’s pretty much impossible to talk\nabout one without stumbling into another one.",
"timestamp": [
330.2,
335.65
]
},
{
"text": "Each determinant is related to the others,",
"timestamp": [
335.65,
338.16
]
},
{
"text": "Each determinant is related to the others,",
"timestamp": [
335.65,
338.16
]
},
{
"text": "and a complete picture of our “health destiny”\nwill always consider all three.",
"timestamp": [
338.16,
342.81
]
},
{
"text": "and a complete picture of our “health destiny”\nwill always consider all three.",
"timestamp": [
338.16,
342.81
]
},
{
"text": "But for now, let’s focus on just biological\ndeterminants, looking at age as an example.",
"timestamp": [
342.81,
349.14
]
},
{
"text": "But for now, let’s focus on just biological\ndeterminants, looking at age as an example.",
"timestamp": [
342.81,
349.14
]
},
{
"text": "In a kind of wild statistic, about half of\nall children",
"timestamp": [
349.14,
353.09
]
},
{
"text": "In a kind of wild statistic, about half of\nall children",
"timestamp": [
349.14,
353.09
]
},
{
"text": "will have at least one ear infection before\nthey turn two.",
"timestamp": [
353.09,
356.78
]
},
{
"text": "will have at least one ear infection before\nthey turn two.",
"timestamp": [
353.09,
356.78
]
},
{
"text": "And while it’s easy to chalk this up to\nkids just acting in profoundly germy ways,",
"timestamp": [
356.78,
361.46
]
},
{
"text": "And while it’s easy to chalk this up to\nkids just acting in profoundly germy ways,",
"timestamp": [
356.78,
361.46
]
},
{
"text": "it turns out these ear infections are at least\npartially determined by kids’ biologies!",
"timestamp": [
361.46,
366.09
]
},
{
"text": "it turns out these ear infections are at least\npartially determined by kids’ biologies!",
"timestamp": [
361.46,
366.09
]
},
{
"text": "For one, children have shorter and more horizontal\neustachian tubes,",
"timestamp": [
366.09,
370.73
]
},
{
"text": "For one, children have shorter and more horizontal\neustachian tubes,",
"timestamp": [
366.09,
370.73
]
},
{
"text": "which are these kind of neat and super necessary tubes",
"timestamp": [
370.73,
373.61
]
},
{
"text": "which are these kind of neat and super necessary tubes",
"timestamp": [
370.73,
373.61
]
},
{
"text": "that help drain fluid from our ears to the\nback of our throat.",
"timestamp": [
373.61,
377.73
]
},
{
"text": "that help drain fluid from our ears to the\nback of our throat.",
"timestamp": [
373.61,
377.73
]
},
{
"text": "But it turns out the particular shape of these\ntubes in children",
"timestamp": [
377.73,
381.38
]
},
{
"text": "But it turns out the particular shape of these\ntubes in children",
"timestamp": [
377.73,
381.38
]
},
{
"text": "means that fluid is more likely to get trapped\nin the ear,",
"timestamp": [
381.38,
385
]
},
{
"text": "means that fluid is more likely to get trapped\nin the ear,",
"timestamp": [
381.38,
385
]
},
{
"text": "which makes it the perfect destination for\nbacteria to do some serious growing.",
"timestamp": [
385,
390.898
]
},
{
"text": "which makes it the perfect destination for\nbacteria to do some serious growing.",
"timestamp": [
385,
390.898
]
},
{
"text": "So, just being a young kid actually turns\nout to be a major biological determinant",
"timestamp": [
390.898,
396.431
]
},
{
"text": "So, just being a young kid actually turns\nout to be a major biological determinant",
"timestamp": [
390.898,
396.431
]
},
{
"text": "of being prone to ear infections.",
"timestamp": [
396.431,
398.96
]
},
{
"text": "of being prone to ear infections.",
"timestamp": [
396.431,
398.96
]
},
{
"text": "Now, while our age isn't really under our\ncontrol, it still changes over time,",
"timestamp": [
398.96,
404.08
]
},
{
"text": "Now, while our age isn't really under our\ncontrol, it still changes over time,",
"timestamp": [
398.96,
404.08
]
},
{
"text": "which affects the kinds of factors that influence\nour health, too.",
"timestamp": [
404.08,
408.03
]
},
{
"text": "which affects the kinds of factors that influence\nour health, too.",
"timestamp": [
404.08,
408.03
]
},
{
"text": "A lot of biological determinants are like\nthis–",
"timestamp": [
408.03,
411.5
]
},
{
"text": "A lot of biological determinants are like\nthis–",
"timestamp": [
408.03,
411.5
]
},
{
"text": "while they can seem permanent, they can actually change",
"timestamp": [
411.5,
414.22
]
},
{
"text": "while they can seem permanent, they can actually change",
"timestamp": [
411.5,
414.22
]
},
{
"text": "due to time, our behavior, or our environment.",
"timestamp": [
414.22,
418.5
]
},
{
"text": "due to time, our behavior, or our environment.",
"timestamp": [
414.22,
418.5
]
},
{
"text": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble for more.",
"timestamp": [
418.5,
420.56
]
},
{
"text": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble for more.",
"timestamp": [
418.5,
420.56
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s say there are two identical twin brothers,\nGus and Jack,",
"timestamp": [
420.56,
425.28
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s say there are two identical twin brothers,\nGus and Jack,",
"timestamp": [
420.56,
425.28
]
},
{
"text": "who want to set out and open an organic guacamole\nbusiness together.",
"timestamp": [
425.28,
430.28
]
},
{
"text": "who want to set out and open an organic guacamole\nbusiness together.",
"timestamp": [
425.28,
430.28
]
},
{
"text": "The brothers decide to split the business\noperations into two parts:",
"timestamp": [
430.28,
434.22
]
},
{
"text": "The brothers decide to split the business\noperations into two parts:",
"timestamp": [
430.28,
434.22
]
},
{
"text": "Gus is in charge of growing avocados in an\norchard out in the countryside,",
"timestamp": [
434.22,
438.54
]
},
{
"text": "Gus is in charge of growing avocados in an\norchard out in the countryside,",
"timestamp": [
434.22,
438.54
]
},
{
"text": "while Jack heads to the big city to handle\nthe business negotiations.",
"timestamp": [
438.54,
442.52
]
},
{
"text": "while Jack heads to the big city to handle\nthe business negotiations.",
"timestamp": [
438.54,
442.52
]
},
{
"text": "Now, Jack and Gus are both healthy,",
"timestamp": [
442.52,
445.14
]
},
{
"text": "Now, Jack and Gus are both healthy,",
"timestamp": [
442.52,
445.14
]
},
{
"text": "but they do have a family history of heart\ndisease and skin cancer.",
"timestamp": [
445.14,
449.31
]
},
{
"text": "but they do have a family history of heart\ndisease and skin cancer.",
"timestamp": [
445.14,
449.31
]
},
{
"text": "So in this case, this shared family history",
"timestamp": [
449.31,
451.47
]
},
{
"text": "So in this case, this shared family history",
"timestamp": [
449.31,
451.47
]
},
{
"text": "is one of Jack and Gus’ biological determinants of health.",
"timestamp": [
451.47,
455.73
]
},
{
"text": "is one of Jack and Gus’ biological determinants of health.",
"timestamp": [
451.47,
455.73
]
},
{
"text": "Anyways, out in the big city, a few years\ngo by",
"timestamp": [
455.73,
458.46
]
},
{
"text": "Anyways, out in the big city, a few years\ngo by",
"timestamp": [
455.73,
458.46
]
},
{
"text": "and Jack is kind of crushing it in the business world.",
"timestamp": [
458.46,
461.81
]
},
{
"text": "and Jack is kind of crushing it in the business world.",
"timestamp": [
458.46,
461.81
]
},
{
"text": "He’s creating a huge demand for his guacamole\nby networking with local grocers",
"timestamp": [
461.81,
466.95
]
},
{
"text": "He’s creating a huge demand for his guacamole\nby networking with local grocers",
"timestamp": [
461.81,
466.95
]
},
{
"text": "and promoting his guac all over the city.",
"timestamp": [
466.95,
469.94
]
},
{
"text": "and promoting his guac all over the city.",
"timestamp": [
466.95,
469.94
]
},
{
"text": "Jack spends most of his day tied to his desk,\nbusily tending to phone calls with potential buyers.",
"timestamp": [
469.94,
476.68
]
},
{
"text": "Jack spends most of his day tied to his desk,\nbusily tending to phone calls with potential buyers.",
"timestamp": [
469.94,
476.68
]
},
{
"text": "He doesn’t have much time to exercise because, well,",
"timestamp": [
476.68,
480.19
]
},
{
"text": "He doesn’t have much time to exercise because, well,",
"timestamp": [
476.68,
480.19
]
},
{
"text": "guacamole empires don’t exactly run themselves.",
"timestamp": [
480.19,
483.362
]
},
{
"text": "guacamole empires don’t exactly run themselves.",
"timestamp": [
480.19,
483.362
]
},
{
"text": "After a few years in the city,",
"timestamp": [
483.362,
485.19
]
},
{
"text": "After a few years in the city,",
"timestamp": [
483.362,
485.19
]
},
{
"text": "Jack begins to notice a feeling like there’s\na persistent squeezing in his chest.",
"timestamp": [
485.19,
490.04
]
},
{
"text": "Jack begins to notice a feeling like there’s\na persistent squeezing in his chest.",
"timestamp": [
485.19,
490.04
]
},
{
"text": "He goes to the doctor, who diagnoses Jack\nwith coronary artery disease,",
"timestamp": [
490.04,
494.65
]
},
{
"text": "He goes to the doctor, who diagnoses Jack\nwith coronary artery disease,",
"timestamp": [
490.04,
494.65
]
},
{
"text": "a condition which puts him at a higher risk\nof heart attacks.",
"timestamp": [
494.65,
498.59
]
},
{
"text": "a condition which puts him at a higher risk\nof heart attacks.",
"timestamp": [
494.65,
498.59
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, back at the orchard, all that heavy-duty\navocado-tending",
"timestamp": [
498.59,
502.3
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, back at the orchard, all that heavy-duty\navocado-tending",
"timestamp": [
498.59,
502.3
]
},
{
"text": "means that Gus is in the best shape of his life.",
"timestamp": [
502.3,
506.08
]
},
{
"text": "means that Gus is in the best shape of his life.",
"timestamp": [
502.3,
506.08
]
},
{
"text": "His heart is healthy, but working on the farm\nalso means he’s spending a lot of time in the sun,",
"timestamp": [
506.08,
512.44
]
},
{
"text": "His heart is healthy, but working on the farm\nalso means he’s spending a lot of time in the sun,",
"timestamp": [
506.08,
512.44
]
},
{
"text": "which is a serious risk factor for skin cancer.",
"timestamp": [
512.44,
515.539
]
},
{
"text": "which is a serious risk factor for skin cancer.",
"timestamp": [
512.44,
515.539
]
},
{
"text": "Sure enough, Gus begins to notice an asymmetrical\nmole with irregular borders on his neck,",
"timestamp": [
515.539,
522.139
]
},
{
"text": "Sure enough, Gus begins to notice an asymmetrical\nmole with irregular borders on his neck,",
"timestamp": [
515.539,
522.139
]
},
{
"text": "which his doctor diagnoses as stage one skin cancer.",
"timestamp": [
522.139,
526.019
]
},
{
"text": "which his doctor diagnoses as stage one skin cancer.",
"timestamp": [
522.139,
526.019
]
},
{
"text": "Thankfully, Gus caught it early and was able\nto get it removed.",
"timestamp": [
526.019,
529.83
]
},
{
"text": "Thankfully, Gus caught it early and was able\nto get it removed.",
"timestamp": [
526.019,
529.83
]
},
{
"text": "But remember kids, always wear sunscreen!",
"timestamp": [
529.83,
532.45
]
},
{
"text": "But remember kids, always wear sunscreen!",
"timestamp": [
529.83,
532.45
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
532.45,
534.05
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
532.45,
534.05
]
},
{
"text": "Now, we can’t know for certain if Jack and\nGus were “biologically inclined”",
"timestamp": [
534.05,
538.82
]
},
{
"text": "Now, we can’t know for certain if Jack and\nGus were “biologically inclined”",
"timestamp": [
534.05,
538.82
]
},
{
"text": "to have these particular health outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
538.82,
541.839
]
},
{
"text": "to have these particular health outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
538.82,
541.839
]
},
{
"text": "But what we do know is that despite sharing\nnearly identical DNA",
"timestamp": [
541.839,
546.529
]
},
{
"text": "But what we do know is that despite sharing\nnearly identical DNA",
"timestamp": [
541.839,
546.529
]
},
{
"text": "and a family history of skin cancer and heart disease,",
"timestamp": [
546.529,
549.32
]
},
{
"text": "and a family history of skin cancer and heart disease,",
"timestamp": [
546.529,
549.32
]
},
{
"text": "each brother experienced unique health outcomes\nthat were likely determined",
"timestamp": [
549.32,
554.029
]
},
{
"text": "each brother experienced unique health outcomes\nthat were likely determined",
"timestamp": [
549.32,
554.029
]
},
{
"text": "by differences in their environments.",
"timestamp": [
554.029,
556.509
]
},
{
"text": "by differences in their environments.",
"timestamp": [
554.029,
556.509
]
},
{
"text": "To deepen our understanding of the relationship",
"timestamp": [
556.509,
558.8
]
},
{
"text": "To deepen our understanding of the relationship",
"timestamp": [
556.509,
558.8
]
},
{
"text": "between our biologies and the outside world\neven further,",
"timestamp": [
558.8,
562.019
]
},
{
"text": "between our biologies and the outside world\neven further,",
"timestamp": [
558.8,
562.019
]
},
{
"text": "we can take a peek at a novel area of study:\nepigenetics.",
"timestamp": [
562.019,
566.73
]
},
{
"text": "we can take a peek at a novel area of study:\nepigenetics.",
"timestamp": [
562.019,
566.73
]
},
{
"text": "Now, we tend to think of our genetics",
"timestamp": [
566.73,
569.029
]
},
{
"text": "Now, we tend to think of our genetics",
"timestamp": [
566.73,
569.029
]
},
{
"text": "as an impenetrable stronghold of “me-ness”\nat the center of our cells.",
"timestamp": [
569.029,
574.64
]
},
{
"text": "as an impenetrable stronghold of “me-ness”\nat the center of our cells.",
"timestamp": [
569.029,
574.64
]
},
{
"text": "After all, our genes are made up of segments\nof our DNA,",
"timestamp": [
574.64,
578.569
]
},
{
"text": "After all, our genes are made up of segments\nof our DNA,",
"timestamp": [
574.64,
578.569
]
},
{
"text": "and our DNA is basically a big instruction\nmanual that tells our bodies how to look and act",
"timestamp": [
578.569,
584.544
]
},
{
"text": "and our DNA is basically a big instruction\nmanual that tells our bodies how to look and act",
"timestamp": [
578.569,
584.544
]
},
{
"text": "and be, well, our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
584.544,
587.139
]
},
{
"text": "and be, well, our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
584.544,
587.139
]
},
{
"text": "But epigenetics says, “not so fast.”",
"timestamp": [
587.139,
590.159
]
},
{
"text": "But epigenetics says, “not so fast.”",
"timestamp": [
587.139,
590.159
]
},
{
"text": "Epigenetics is the study of the outside factors",
"timestamp": [
590.159,
593.089
]
},
{
"text": "Epigenetics is the study of the outside factors",
"timestamp": [
590.159,
593.089
]
},
{
"text": "that determine how much some genes are expressed\nin our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
593.089,
597.31
]
},
{
"text": "that determine how much some genes are expressed\nin our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
593.089,
597.31
]
},
{
"text": "According to epigenetics, everything from\nair quality to stress levels",
"timestamp": [
597.31,
601.449
]
},
{
"text": "According to epigenetics, everything from\nair quality to stress levels",
"timestamp": [
597.31,
601.449
]
},
{
"text": "can factor into how our genes are expressed.",
"timestamp": [
601.449,
604.579
]
},
{
"text": "can factor into how our genes are expressed.",
"timestamp": [
601.449,
604.579
]
},
{
"text": "Now, epigenetics doesn’t mean your DNA sequence\nis actually changing or mutating.",
"timestamp": [
604.579,
610.279
]
},
{
"text": "Now, epigenetics doesn’t mean your DNA sequence\nis actually changing or mutating.",
"timestamp": [
604.579,
610.279
]
},
{
"text": "What’s changing is your body’s interpretation\nof your DNA.",
"timestamp": [
610.279,
614.08
]
},
{
"text": "What’s changing is your body’s interpretation\nof your DNA.",
"timestamp": [
610.279,
614.08
]
},
{
"text": "You can imagine epigenetics as a sort of chemical\nlightswitch inside your cells,",
"timestamp": [
614.08,
619.709
]
},
{
"text": "You can imagine epigenetics as a sort of chemical\nlightswitch inside your cells,",
"timestamp": [
614.08,
619.709
]
},
{
"text": "which your environment and behaviors can brighten\nor dim--or even turn off completely.",
"timestamp": [
619.709,
625.889
]
},
{
"text": "which your environment and behaviors can brighten\nor dim--or even turn off completely.",
"timestamp": [
619.709,
625.889
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s travel back to the end of World War\nII, to the Dutch Hunger Winter,",
"timestamp": [
625.889,
630.67
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s travel back to the end of World War\nII, to the Dutch Hunger Winter,",
"timestamp": [
625.889,
630.67
]
},
{
"text": "a famine that occurred when the Netherlands\nwas experiencing a bitterly cold winter",
"timestamp": [
630.67,
635.459
]
},
{
"text": "a famine that occurred when the Netherlands\nwas experiencing a bitterly cold winter",
"timestamp": [
630.67,
635.459
]
},
{
"text": "and a national food shortage.",
"timestamp": [
635.459,
638.559
]
},
{
"text": "and a national food shortage.",
"timestamp": [
635.459,
638.559
]
},
{
"text": "During this time, pregnant women who were starving",
"timestamp": [
638.559,
640.939
]
},
{
"text": "During this time, pregnant women who were starving",
"timestamp": [
638.559,
640.939
]
},
{
"text": "were often giving birth to underweight, malnourished babies.",
"timestamp": [
640.939,
644.61
]
},
{
"text": "were often giving birth to underweight, malnourished babies.",
"timestamp": [
640.939,
644.61
]
},
{
"text": "Over the following decades, scientists continued\nto track these babies far into the future,",
"timestamp": [
644.61,
650.449
]
},
{
"text": "Over the following decades, scientists continued\nto track these babies far into the future,",
"timestamp": [
644.61,
650.449
]
},
{
"text": "when the famine was a distant memory and all\nthose babies had grown up.",
"timestamp": [
650.449,
654.93
]
},
{
"text": "when the famine was a distant memory and all\nthose babies had grown up.",
"timestamp": [
650.449,
654.93
]
},
{
"text": "What they found was that even decades later,",
"timestamp": [
654.93,
657.499
]
},
{
"text": "What they found was that even decades later,",
"timestamp": [
654.93,
657.499
]
},
{
"text": "people born during the famine were more likely\nto develop diseases such as heart disease,",
"timestamp": [
657.499,
662.769
]
},
{
"text": "people born during the famine were more likely\nto develop diseases such as heart disease,",
"timestamp": [
657.499,
662.769
]
},
{
"text": "schizophrenia, and impaired glucose tolerance,\na risk factor for diseases like diabetes.",
"timestamp": [
662.769,
668.93
]
},
{
"text": "schizophrenia, and impaired glucose tolerance,\na risk factor for diseases like diabetes.",
"timestamp": [
662.769,
668.93
]
},
{
"text": "This suggested that their bodies were able\nto “remember” the stress",
"timestamp": [
668.93,
672.447
]
},
{
"text": "This suggested that their bodies were able\nto “remember” the stress",
"timestamp": [
668.93,
672.447
]
},
{
"text": "experienced in the womb.",
"timestamp": [
672.447,
674.569
]
},
{
"text": "experienced in the womb.",
"timestamp": [
672.447,
674.569
]
},
{
"text": "And wouldn’t you know it, researchers found\nthat individuals born amid the famine",
"timestamp": [
674.569,
679.439
]
},
{
"text": "And wouldn’t you know it, researchers found\nthat individuals born amid the famine",
"timestamp": [
674.569,
679.439
]
},
{
"text": "had specific epigenetic markers on a gene\nthat played a role in diabetes.",
"timestamp": [
679.439,
685.25
]
},
{
"text": "had specific epigenetic markers on a gene\nthat played a role in diabetes.",
"timestamp": [
679.439,
685.25
]
},
{
"text": "This was the first observed instance of early\nenvironmental factors, like famine,",
"timestamp": [
685.25,
690.519
]
},
{
"text": "This was the first observed instance of early\nenvironmental factors, like famine,",
"timestamp": [
685.25,
690.519
]
},
{
"text": "resulting in epigenetic changes.",
"timestamp": [
690.519,
692.949
]
},
{
"text": "resulting in epigenetic changes.",
"timestamp": [
690.519,
692.949
]
},
{
"text": "With so many external variables at play,",
"timestamp": [
692.949,
695.99
]
},
{
"text": "With so many external variables at play,",
"timestamp": [
692.949,
695.99
]
},
{
"text": "it can feel like our health destinies are\ntrapped behind a veil of unknowability.",
"timestamp": [
695.99,
702.269
]
},
{
"text": "it can feel like our health destinies are\ntrapped behind a veil of unknowability.",
"timestamp": [
695.99,
702.269
]
},
{
"text": "But by continuing to study the determinants of health,",
"timestamp": [
702.269,
705.249
]
},
{
"text": "But by continuing to study the determinants of health,",
"timestamp": [
702.269,
705.249
]
},
{
"text": "we‘ll start to nudge that veil aside and\nget a peek at the complex factors at play.",
"timestamp": [
705.249,
711.269
]
},
{
"text": "we‘ll start to nudge that veil aside and\nget a peek at the complex factors at play.",
"timestamp": [
705.249,
711.269
]
},
{
"text": "Next time, we’ll take a closer look into\nthe deep and surprising ways",
"timestamp": [
711.269,
715.209
]
},
{
"text": "Next time, we’ll take a closer look into\nthe deep and surprising ways",
"timestamp": [
711.269,
715.209
]
},
{
"text": "that our environments act on our health.",
"timestamp": [
715.209,
718.149
]
},
{
"text": "that our environments act on our health.",
"timestamp": [
715.209,
718.149
]
},
{
"text": "And – spoiler alert – [whispers] it’s\nhappening to you right now.",
"timestamp": [
718.149,
721.86
]
},
{
"text": "And – spoiler alert – [whispers] it’s\nhappening to you right now.",
"timestamp": [
718.149,
721.86
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health,",
"timestamp": [
721.86,
725.68
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health,",
"timestamp": [
721.86,
725.68
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership\nwith the American Public Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
725.68,
731.04
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership\nwith the American Public Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
725.68,
731.04
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public Health,",
"timestamp": [
731.04,
733.47
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public Health,",
"timestamp": [
731.04,
733.47
]
},
{
"text": "head over to APHA’s YouTube channel to watch\n“That’s Public Health”",
"timestamp": [
733.47,
737.389
]
},
{
"text": "head over to APHA’s YouTube channel to watch\n“That’s Public Health”",
"timestamp": [
733.47,
737.389
]
},
{
"text": "a series created by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
737.389,
741.47
]
},
{
"text": "a series created by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
737.389,
741.47
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,",
"timestamp": [
741.47,
745.829
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,",
"timestamp": [
741.47,
745.829
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these delightful people.",
"timestamp": [
745.829,
748.98
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these delightful people.",
"timestamp": [
745.829,
748.98
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone forever",
"timestamp": [
748.98,
752.199
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone forever",
"timestamp": [
748.98,
752.199
]
},
{
"text": "please consider joining our community of supporters\non Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
752.199,
755.984
]
},
{
"text": "please consider joining our community of supporters\non Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
752.199,
755.984
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Biological Determinants",
"Destiny.We might think of it as that thing that brings\ntwo star-crossed lovers together.Or the thing that made us hit the jackpot\nin Vegas.Or the thing that made our one true love break up with usbecause we went on to lose our Vegas winnings.But we don’t often think about our health\nas being particularly intertwined with destiny.We like to think our health is in our own\nhands.And to some extent, it is.We look both ways before we cross the street\nto avoid being hit by cars.We brush our teeth every night before we go to bed,and we eat vegetables to stay nourished…a\npickle counts as a vegetable, right?And this story of cause-and-effect makes sense to us.Our health doesn’t feel particularly mystical,\nor like it’s been stitched into the cosmos.But while there are no prophecies or Chosen\nOnes in the world of public health,there are elements outside of our decisionsthat actually play a pretty big role in our wellbeing.From the DNA in our cells to the air quality\nright outside our homes,there are countless factors that influence\nour health every day, all the time.But thankfully, public health experts are\nworking behind the scenes to intervene with “fate”and give us all the best possible chance for\nliving a healthy life.Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill, and this is Crash\nCourse Public Health!INTRO"
],
[
"Behavioral & Biomedical Approach",
"Now, the belief that we are the captains of\nour health destinies can be appealing,because it suggests our actions are what determine\nwhether we end up sick or, well, dead.Like, in the epic saga of our health destinies,\nwe don’t want to feel likewe’re just a character in someone else’s movie script.We want to be, you know, the director.When public health workers think about the\nways that our actions factor into our health,they’re applying a behavioral approach to health.For example, experts taking a behavioral approach\nmight say that when we smoke cigarettes,we’re engaging in a behavior that makes\nus up to 30 times more likelyto get lung cancer than someone who doesn’t smoke.That’s why a big part of many public health workers’ jobsis to encourage people to adopt healthier behaviors,through things like “don’t text and drive”\nmessaging on billboards and anti-drug media ads.But the behavioral approach isn’t the only\nway health experts think about our health.For example, public health experts could take\na biomedical approach to health,where they approach disease as a condition\ncaused by germs or a problem with our organs,rather than just a problem with our behavior.For instance, public health researchers might\nexamine how smoking tobacco affects our brains.But one of the most influential and comprehensive\napproaches to health,"
],
[
"Social Approach",
"the one we’ll be following most closely\nhere at Crash Course, is the social approach.This approach acknowledges that our health\nchoices and behaviorsare impacted by the entire world around us,including social, cultural, political, and\nenvironmental factors.When addressing smoking, a public health expert\ntaking the social approachmight look at how tobacco is portrayed in the media,or what smoke-free policies are in place in businesses.They may also pay attention to who is most\naffected by these decisions.In the United States, for instance, advertisers\ntend to target smoking-based marketingtowards urban neighborhoods and neighborhoods\nwith more Black residents.Taking a social approach to health opens the\ndoor to the question of health inequity,which is when different groups of people face\ndifferent health outcomesbecause of an uneven distribution of resources,or because of structural differences in how they’re treated.Health inequity is unfair and unjust,and uncovering and addressing it is a big\npart of many public health experts’ jobs.Now, the social approach doesn’t imply that\nwe totally lack control over our health destinies.What it does tell us, however, is that we’re\nnot the only ones calling the shots.In fact, in the major motion picture of our\nhealth, most of the action takes place “offscreen.”"
],
[
"Determinants of Health",
"What we’re talking about are the determinants of health.These are the conditions in which we are born, live, and workthat all have an influence on our health.They span everything from our education level\nto our income level,to even our zip code and our genetic code.While there are many ways to frame the determinants of health,in Crash Course Public Health, we’ll place\nthem into three main buckets.There are the environmental determinants,\nwhich consider how environmental factorslike our water supply, exposure to pollution,\nand climate change factor into our health.There are the social determinants of health,which cover the relationship between our health\nand where and how we live.These include things like our income, education\nsystem, health policies put in placeby our governments, and how our access to\nresources is affected by our race.And then there are the biological determinants of health.These are the particular biological characteristics\nthat can determine our health outcomes–like our genes, sex, and age.And in public health, rather than looking\nat just, like, our kidneys,we’re focusing on the biological factors\nthat could affect our kidneys,like a family history of kidney disease.As we’ll see, there are no hard borders\nbetween each determinant,and it’s pretty much impossible to talk\nabout one without stumbling into another one.Each determinant is related to the others,and a complete picture of our “health destiny”\nwill always consider all three."
],
[
"Biological Determinants",
"But for now, let’s focus on just biological\ndeterminants, looking at age as an example.In a kind of wild statistic, about half of\nall childrenwill have at least one ear infection before\nthey turn two.And while it’s easy to chalk this up to\nkids just acting in profoundly germy ways,it turns out these ear infections are at least\npartially determined by kids’ biologies!For one, children have shorter and more horizontal\neustachian tubes,which are these kind of neat and super necessary tubesthat help drain fluid from our ears to the\nback of our throat.But it turns out the particular shape of these\ntubes in childrenmeans that fluid is more likely to get trapped\nin the ear,which makes it the perfect destination for\nbacteria to do some serious growing.So, just being a young kid actually turns\nout to be a major biological determinantof being prone to ear infections.Now, while our age isn't really under our\ncontrol, it still changes over time,which affects the kinds of factors that influence\nour health, too.A lot of biological determinants are like\nthis–while they can seem permanent, they can actually changedue to time, our behavior, or our environment.Let's go to the Thought Bubble for more.Let’s say there are two identical twin brothers,\nGus and Jack,who want to set out and open an organic guacamole\nbusiness together.The brothers decide to split the business\noperations into two parts:Gus is in charge of growing avocados in an\norchard out in the countryside,while Jack heads to the big city to handle\nthe business negotiations.Now, Jack and Gus are both healthy,but they do have a family history of heart\ndisease and skin cancer.So in this case, this shared family historyis one of Jack and Gus’ biological determinants of health.Anyways, out in the big city, a few years\ngo byand Jack is kind of crushing it in the business world.He’s creating a huge demand for his guacamole\nby networking with local grocersand promoting his guac all over the city.Jack spends most of his day tied to his desk,\nbusily tending to phone calls with potential buyers.He doesn’t have much time to exercise because, well,guacamole empires don’t exactly run themselves.After a few years in the city,Jack begins to notice a feeling like there’s\na persistent squeezing in his chest.He goes to the doctor, who diagnoses Jack\nwith coronary artery disease,a condition which puts him at a higher risk\nof heart attacks.Meanwhile, back at the orchard, all that heavy-duty\navocado-tendingmeans that Gus is in the best shape of his life.His heart is healthy, but working on the farm\nalso means he’s spending a lot of time in the sun,which is a serious risk factor for skin cancer.Sure enough, Gus begins to notice an asymmetrical\nmole with irregular borders on his neck,which his doctor diagnoses as stage one skin cancer.Thankfully, Gus caught it early and was able\nto get it removed.But remember kids, always wear sunscreen!Thanks, Thought Bubble.Now, we can’t know for certain if Jack and\nGus were “biologically inclined”to have these particular health outcomes.But what we do know is that despite sharing\nnearly identical DNAand a family history of skin cancer and heart disease,each brother experienced unique health outcomes\nthat were likely determinedby differences in their environments."
],
[
"Epigenetics",
"To deepen our understanding of the relationshipbetween our biologies and the outside world\neven further,we can take a peek at a novel area of study:\nepigenetics.Now, we tend to think of our geneticsas an impenetrable stronghold of “me-ness”\nat the center of our cells.After all, our genes are made up of segments\nof our DNA,and our DNA is basically a big instruction\nmanual that tells our bodies how to look and actand be, well, our bodies.But epigenetics says, “not so fast.”Epigenetics is the study of the outside factorsthat determine how much some genes are expressed\nin our bodies.According to epigenetics, everything from\nair quality to stress levelscan factor into how our genes are expressed.Now, epigenetics doesn’t mean your DNA sequence\nis actually changing or mutating.What’s changing is your body’s interpretation\nof your DNA.You can imagine epigenetics as a sort of chemical\nlightswitch inside your cells,which your environment and behaviors can brighten\nor dim--or even turn off completely.Let’s travel back to the end of World War\nII, to the Dutch Hunger Winter,a famine that occurred when the Netherlands\nwas experiencing a bitterly cold winterand a national food shortage.During this time, pregnant women who were starvingwere often giving birth to underweight, malnourished babies.Over the following decades, scientists continued\nto track these babies far into the future,when the famine was a distant memory and all\nthose babies had grown up.What they found was that even decades later,people born during the famine were more likely\nto develop diseases such as heart disease,schizophrenia, and impaired glucose tolerance,\na risk factor for diseases like diabetes.This suggested that their bodies were able\nto “remember” the stressexperienced in the womb.And wouldn’t you know it, researchers found\nthat individuals born amid the faminehad specific epigenetic markers on a gene\nthat played a role in diabetes.This was the first observed instance of early\nenvironmental factors, like famine,resulting in epigenetic changes.With so many external variables at play,"
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"it can feel like our health destinies are\ntrapped behind a veil of unknowability.But by continuing to study the determinants of health,we‘ll start to nudge that veil aside and\nget a peek at the complex factors at play.Next time, we’ll take a closer look into\nthe deep and surprising waysthat our environments act on our health.And – spoiler alert – [whispers] it’s\nhappening to you right now.Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health,which was produced by Complexly in partnership\nwith the American Public Health Association.If you want to learn even more about Public Health,head over to APHA’s YouTube channel to watch\n“That’s Public Health”a series created by APHA and Complexly.Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN,and made with the help of all these delightful people.If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone foreverplease consider joining our community of supporters\non Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Jesse Jackson: Crash Course Black American History #44
|
C2vl1mixqLU
| 691 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith, this is Crash Course \nBlack American History and today we’re learning ",
"timestamp": [
0.4,
5.92
]
},
{
"text": "about Reverend Jesse Jackson and Operation PUSH. \nOperation PUSH was an organization founded in 1971 ",
"timestamp": [
5.92,
12.48
]
},
{
"text": "as a supplement to and continuation of \nthe civil rights victories of the 1960s, ",
"timestamp": [
13.04,
18.56
]
},
{
"text": "as well as a response to the War on \nPoverty, the Watts Rebellion of 1965, ",
"timestamp": [
18.56,
24.08
]
},
{
"text": "and the subsequent rebellions that followed the \nassassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.\n ",
"timestamp": [
24.08,
29.04
]
},
{
"text": "PUSH attempted to fill a void in largely urban, \npoor, and predominantly Black centers. Its leader, ",
"timestamp": [
29.04,
35.44
]
},
{
"text": "the Reverend Jesse Jackson worked directly with \nDr. Martin Luther King Jr. He was a powerful, ",
"timestamp": [
35.44,
40.88
]
},
{
"text": "important voice during the Civil Rights \nMovement. But the organization itself, ",
"timestamp": [
40.88,
45.44
]
},
{
"text": "as well as Reverend Jackson, occasionally \nstruggled with public image issues. So today ",
"timestamp": [
45.44,
50.64
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll be discussing this landmark organization, \nits founding, its successes, and its downfall. ",
"timestamp": [
50.64,
56.16
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start the show.\n[intro] \n ",
"timestamp": [
56.72,
58.84
]
},
{
"text": "The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and \n1960s saw important strides for Black Americans. ",
"timestamp": [
67.04,
72.64
]
},
{
"text": "Part of a global movement of Black pride, \npost-colonial struggles, and a burgeoning ",
"timestamp": [
72.64,
77.36
]
},
{
"text": "sense of diasporic solidarity, the Civil \nRights Movement was marked by both social and ",
"timestamp": [
77.36,
82.56
]
},
{
"text": "legislative victories in the United States.\nSome of these victories included the Civil ",
"timestamp": [
82.56,
86.16
]
},
{
"text": "Rights Act of 1964 (which banned various \nforms of discrimination in employment, ",
"timestamp": [
86.16,
91.44
]
},
{
"text": "institutions, and privately-owned public \naccommodations) and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ",
"timestamp": [
91.44,
97.2
]
},
{
"text": "(which prevented state and local governments from \ndenying citizens equal access to voting rights). \n ",
"timestamp": [
97.2,
102.32
]
},
{
"text": "The 1960s also marked the era of President \nLyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society,” which ",
"timestamp": [
102.32,
107.68
]
},
{
"text": "saw significant legislative and social policy \npushes to reduce poverty nationwide. It was ",
"timestamp": [
107.68,
113.04
]
},
{
"text": "the largest social reform agenda in modern \nhistory. It included the establishment of ",
"timestamp": [
113.04,
117.68
]
},
{
"text": "a job corps for 100,000 disadvantaged men, a \nCommunity Action program that allowed people ",
"timestamp": [
117.68,
122.24
]
},
{
"text": "to tackle poverty in their own communities, plans \nto help unemployed people find sustainable work, ",
"timestamp": [
122.24,
126.96
]
},
{
"text": "money for farmers to purchase land, the \nFair Housing Act of 1968, and help for ",
"timestamp": [
126.96,
131.52
]
},
{
"text": "unemployed parents entering the workforce. \nJohnson’s Great Society also established some ",
"timestamp": [
131.52,
136.4
]
},
{
"text": "landmark programs that still exist today, such \nas Medicare and Medicaid, and Head Start.\n ",
"timestamp": [
136.4,
142.08
]
},
{
"text": "But Johnson’s Great Society failed to address some \nkey issues in the fight to eliminate poverty.\n ",
"timestamp": [
142.64,
147.84
]
},
{
"text": "Some said his policies didn’t go far enough. \nFor example, many wanted Johnson to include ",
"timestamp": [
147.84,
152.88
]
},
{
"text": "a universal basic income or guaranteed jobs for \nthe unemployed. Additionally, the Great Society ",
"timestamp": [
152.88,
158.24
]
},
{
"text": "didn’t address the issues that emerged from \nglobal capitalism, such as large corporations ",
"timestamp": [
158.24,
163.28
]
},
{
"text": "shifting their operations to low-wage markets, \nwhich caused a decline in the number of stable ",
"timestamp": [
163.28,
168.08
]
},
{
"text": "and well-paid manufacturing jobs that for so \nlong had been the catalyst of upward mobility ",
"timestamp": [
168.08,
173.04
]
},
{
"text": "for millions of people in America. \nAnd some of the Great Society programs were ",
"timestamp": [
173.04,
176.96
]
},
{
"text": "racially biased. They increased opportunities and \naccess for white families, but didn’t address the ",
"timestamp": [
176.96,
181.84
]
},
{
"text": "needs of poor Black Americans. Because the spread \nof integration had led to so-called “white flight” ",
"timestamp": [
181.84,
186.48
]
},
{
"text": "(where white families would move out of integrated \nneighborhoods) this also caused a more informal ",
"timestamp": [
186.48,
191.12
]
},
{
"text": "form of segregation that had lasting impacts. \nPublic schools with predominantly Black students, ",
"timestamp": [
191.12,
196.56
]
},
{
"text": "received little federal funding, meaning \nthey had fewer resources, which exacerbated ",
"timestamp": [
196.56,
201.52
]
},
{
"text": "already existing racial inequality.\nIn response to the shortcomings of ",
"timestamp": [
201.52,
204.72
]
},
{
"text": "government-sponsored social programs, \nBlack people nationwide continued the ",
"timestamp": [
204.72,
208.56
]
},
{
"text": "freedom struggle. They achieved most success by \nfounding small, grassroots organizations from ",
"timestamp": [
208.56,
213.04
]
},
{
"text": "within the community that could meet \ntheir needs in a more specific way. \n ",
"timestamp": [
213.04,
217.28
]
},
{
"text": "One successful example of this type of grassroots \norganizing (that eventually snowballed into a ",
"timestamp": [
217.28,
221.6
]
},
{
"text": "nationwide organization) was Operation PUSH (an \nacronym that originally stood for People United to ",
"timestamp": [
221.6,
227.68
]
},
{
"text": "“Save” Humanity that was later changed to People \nUnited to “Serve” Humanity). The organization ",
"timestamp": [
227.68,
233.6
]
},
{
"text": "was founded by Rev. Jesse Jackson in 1971 with \nthe specific mission to improve the economic ",
"timestamp": [
233.6,
239.76
]
},
{
"text": "conditions of Black Americans in Chicago.\nLet’s learn more about Rev. ",
"timestamp": [
239.76,
243.6
]
},
{
"text": "Jackson in the Thought Bubble. \nRev. Jesse Jackson was born Jesse Burns ",
"timestamp": [
243.6,
248.8
]
},
{
"text": "(later adopting the name Jackson from his \nstep-father) on October 8th 1941 in Greenville, ",
"timestamp": [
248.8,
254.48
]
},
{
"text": "South Carolina. Growing up in the segregated \nSouth, he excelled in school and sports.\n ",
"timestamp": [
254.48,
260.24
]
},
{
"text": "Jackson’s forays into political organizing \nand social activism began in college, ",
"timestamp": [
260.24,
265.2
]
},
{
"text": "where he became heavily involved in local \ncivil rights demonstrations. In 1964, ",
"timestamp": [
265.2,
270.4
]
},
{
"text": "he graduated from North Carolina Agricultural \nand Technical State College in Greensboro, ",
"timestamp": [
270.4,
274.8
]
},
{
"text": "North Carolina with a bachelor’s in sociology.\nAfter graduation he traveled to Selma, Alabama ",
"timestamp": [
274.8,
280.64
]
},
{
"text": "to march with Dr. King, and became active in \nKing’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference. ",
"timestamp": [
280.64,
284.96
]
},
{
"text": "The SCLC was (and remains to this day) a landmark \ncivil rights organization. Alongside the SCLC, ",
"timestamp": [
285.52,
293.28
]
},
{
"text": "Jackson helped coordinate civil \nrights protests across the South.\n ",
"timestamp": [
293.28,
296.88
]
},
{
"text": "In 1966 King appointed Jackson as the \nfirst director of Operation Breadbasket ",
"timestamp": [
296.88,
302.24
]
},
{
"text": "in Chicago. Operation Breadbasket was an offshoot \nof the SCLC that got more jobs for Black Americans ",
"timestamp": [
302.24,
308.96
]
},
{
"text": "by organizing various levels of boycotts against \ncompanies that refused to hire Black employees. ",
"timestamp": [
308.96,
313.6
]
},
{
"text": "Jackson was with King when he was assassinated on \nApril 4th 1968. Jackson was just 26 years old.\n ",
"timestamp": [
315.44,
323.12
]
},
{
"text": "Within a couple years, Jackson exited from \nthe SCLC under a cloud of accusations from ",
"timestamp": [
323.12,
328.4
]
},
{
"text": "other leaders (namely Ralph Abernathy) that he was \nusing the organization for his own personal gain. ",
"timestamp": [
328.4,
333.76
]
},
{
"text": "He formally resigned in 1971.\nThanks Thought Bubble.\n ",
"timestamp": [
334.32,
338.56
]
},
{
"text": "That same year, in 1971, Jackson founded \nOperation PUSH. Although the organization ",
"timestamp": [
339.12,
344.88
]
},
{
"text": "struggled financially in its early years, PUSH was \nable to raise money from notable Black Americans. ",
"timestamp": [
344.88,
350
]
},
{
"text": "PUSH sought to improve the economic \nand social conditions of Black people ",
"timestamp": [
350.56,
354.32
]
},
{
"text": "domestically and internationally.\nTo that end they hosted a number of ",
"timestamp": [
354.32,
358.4
]
},
{
"text": "direct action campaigns, had a weekly radio \nbroadcast, and gave out awards to prominent ",
"timestamp": [
358.4,
363.04
]
},
{
"text": "Black people in the US and abroad. Jackson saw \nhis work as part of what would become known as ",
"timestamp": [
363.04,
368.72
]
},
{
"text": "a “Rainbow Coalition,”--a phrase originally \ncoined by Black Panther leader Fred Hampton—which ",
"timestamp": [
368.72,
373.68
]
},
{
"text": "referred to a group of diverse Americans \nworking together to fight for justice for all.\n ",
"timestamp": [
373.68,
378.8
]
},
{
"text": "One of the cornerstones of PUSH’s agenda was \nweekly Saturday morning rallies at the Hyde Park ",
"timestamp": [
378.8,
383.84
]
},
{
"text": "Headquarters of PUSH in Chicago. Strategically \nscheduled for Saturday so that Jackson, ",
"timestamp": [
383.84,
389.28
]
},
{
"text": "a self-professed “country preacher,” would not \nhave to compete with other ministers on Sunday, ",
"timestamp": [
389.28,
394
]
},
{
"text": "the rallies were an important source of \nJackson’s influence in the community.\n ",
"timestamp": [
394,
397.84
]
},
{
"text": "Operation PUSH established \nseveral key social programs ",
"timestamp": [
397.84,
401.12
]
},
{
"text": "that looked to improve the circumstances \nof Black people in the Chicago ",
"timestamp": [
401.12,
404.48
]
},
{
"text": "community. Jackson established a platform to help \nBlack homeowners, workers, and businesses and ",
"timestamp": [
404.48,
405.44
]
},
{
"text": "founded PUSH Excel, a program that focused on \nkeeping Black youth in school and helped them ",
"timestamp": [
405.44,
410.24
]
},
{
"text": "with job placement after graduation.\nThe program also successfully lobbied ",
"timestamp": [
410.24,
414.32
]
},
{
"text": "organizations and major corporations with \na heavy presence in the Black community to ",
"timestamp": [
414.32,
419.04
]
},
{
"text": "adopt affirmative action programs, which \nincluded getting companies to commit to ",
"timestamp": [
419.04,
422.56
]
},
{
"text": "hiring more Black people and people of \ncolor as executives and supervisors. \n ",
"timestamp": [
422.56,
427.04
]
},
{
"text": "PUSH held vigils and boycotts to win \nthese important employment concessions ",
"timestamp": [
435.04,
438.48
]
},
{
"text": "and even managed to get several major corporations \nto sign voluntary agreements to hire more Black ",
"timestamp": [
438.48,
443.52
]
},
{
"text": "people, increase business with minorities, donate \nmoney to Black colleges and other organizations, ",
"timestamp": [
443.52,
448.8
]
},
{
"text": "and increase ads in Black publications. \nBut despite these important gains, PUSH ",
"timestamp": [
448.8,
453.6
]
},
{
"text": "suffered under the weight of public scrutiny. \nJackson’s high-profile image in the community, ",
"timestamp": [
453.6,
458.56
]
},
{
"text": "and his role as the face of PUSH, meant that \ncriticism of Jackson was difficult to disentangle ",
"timestamp": [
458.56,
463.76
]
},
{
"text": "from criticism of the organization as a whole. In \n1983, Jackson launched his presidential campaign, ",
"timestamp": [
463.76,
469.76
]
},
{
"text": "and formally resigned from his leadership \nposition within the organization.\n ",
"timestamp": [
469.76,
472.64
]
},
{
"text": "In 1984, after he ended his presidential campaign, \nJackson formally launched a new organization, ",
"timestamp": [
473.28,
479.2
]
},
{
"text": "the National Rainbow Coalition, which \nsought equal rights for all Americans. ",
"timestamp": [
479.2,
483.6
]
},
{
"text": "The new group positioned themselves as a counter \nto President Ronald Reagan’s economic agenda, ",
"timestamp": [
484.16,
489.12
]
},
{
"text": "known as “Reaganomics.” \n“Reaganomics” called for widespread tax cuts, ",
"timestamp": [
489.12,
493.68
]
},
{
"text": "a decrease in spending for social programs, \nand deregulation of domestic markets. ",
"timestamp": [
493.68,
498.32
]
},
{
"text": "Many Black leaders believed that Reagan’s \npolicies contributed to unemployment and ",
"timestamp": [
498.32,
503.12
]
},
{
"text": "economic instability in Black communities.\nJackson’s speech at the 1984 Democratic National ",
"timestamp": [
503.12,
508.56
]
},
{
"text": "Convention was, like the organization he would \nfound, called “The Rainbow Coalition” and looked ",
"timestamp": [
508.56,
514.64
]
},
{
"text": "to unite disenfranchised people from all walks of \nlife (poor whites, Black people, Latino people, ",
"timestamp": [
514.64,
520.48
]
},
{
"text": "youth, Asian Americans, Native Americans, \ndisabled people, small farmers, and others). \n ",
"timestamp": [
520.48,
525.52
]
},
{
"text": "As Jackson said, “America is not like a blanket — \none piece of unbroken cloth, the same color, the ",
"timestamp": [
525.52,
534.88
]
},
{
"text": "same texture, the same size. America is more like \na quilt: many patches, many pieces, many colors, ",
"timestamp": [
534.88,
542.88
]
},
{
"text": "many sizes, all woven and held together by a \ncommon thread. The white, the Hispanic, the black, ",
"timestamp": [
543.52,
550.48
]
},
{
"text": "the Arab, the Jew, the woman, the native American, \nthe small farmer, the businessperson, the ",
"timestamp": [
550.48,
555.36
]
},
{
"text": "environmentalist, the peace activist, the young, \nthe old, the lesbian, the gay, and the disabled ",
"timestamp": [
555.36,
560.48
]
},
{
"text": "make up the American quilt. Even in our fractured \nstate, all of us count and fit somewhere.”\n ",
"timestamp": [
560.48,
567.6
]
},
{
"text": "In 1996, Jackson’s new organization, \nthe National Rainbow Coalition, ",
"timestamp": [
567.6,
572.56
]
},
{
"text": "and Jackson’s old organization, Operation \nPUSH, merged to form a new hybrid organization, ",
"timestamp": [
572.56,
578.72
]
},
{
"text": "the Rainbow PUSH Coalition. The merger continued \nthe mission of the previous two organizations ",
"timestamp": [
578.72,
584
]
},
{
"text": "which sought to protect and gain civil rights \nthrough economic and educational initiatives, ",
"timestamp": [
584,
589.36
]
},
{
"text": "and to promote peace and justice worldwide. \nThe new organization also pushed aggressively ",
"timestamp": [
589.36,
594.72
]
},
{
"text": "for Black involvement in new emerging sectors \nof American society such as Wall Street, ",
"timestamp": [
594.72,
599.6
]
},
{
"text": "telecommunications, and in Silicon Valley. ",
"timestamp": [
599.6,
602.32
]
},
{
"text": "The Rainbow PUSH Coalition is still operational \nand continues to promote these ideals today. \n ",
"timestamp": [
602.32,
608
]
},
{
"text": "Jackson’s vision served as a bridge from \nthe victories of the Civil Rights Movement ",
"timestamp": [
608.56,
612.56
]
},
{
"text": "of the 1950s and 1960s to today, extending \nthe mission of social activists and allies. ",
"timestamp": [
612.56,
618.88
]
},
{
"text": "His work addressed the political and economic \ndisparities in the Black American community, ",
"timestamp": [
619.44,
624
]
},
{
"text": "as well as in communities of color worldwide. \nDespite its many permutations and pitfalls over ",
"timestamp": [
624,
629.28
]
},
{
"text": "the years, what Operation PUSH and its legacy \nshow us is the strength, power, and potential of ",
"timestamp": [
629.28,
636.4
]
},
{
"text": "grassroots organizing, not only within the Black \ncommunity, but through communities nationwide. ",
"timestamp": [
636.4,
641.36
]
},
{
"text": "As Jackson himself noted, it’s important to: \n\"Hold your head high, stick your chest out. ",
"timestamp": [
642.08,
647.68
]
},
{
"text": "You can make it. It gets dark sometimes \nbut the morning comes. Keep hope alive.\"\n ",
"timestamp": [
648.24,
653.84
]
},
{
"text": "Operation PUSH shows the way that the energy \nof the Civil Rights Movement moved, changed, ",
"timestamp": [
654.72,
660.16
]
},
{
"text": "and evolved beyond the 1960s and helped shape \nthe landscape of contemporary activism. \n ",
"timestamp": [
660.16,
665.28
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching. I’ll see you next time.\nCrash Course is made with the help of ",
"timestamp": [
666.08,
670.56
]
},
{
"text": "all these nice people and our \nanimation team is Thought Cafe.\n ",
"timestamp": [
670.56,
673.76
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by \nall of our viewers and supporters. ",
"timestamp": [
673.76,
677.52
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks to all our Patrons who support the show \nat Patreon, and all of you who participated in ",
"timestamp": [
677.52,
683.12
]
},
{
"text": "the 2021 Crash Course Learner Coin campaign. \nYour contributions support millions of learners.",
"timestamp": [
683.12,
688.72
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
What is Public Health? Crash Course Public Health #1
|
5aww-Bpgkf4
| 764 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction: Public Health",
"end_time": 198
},
{
"start_time": 198,
"title": "Prevention",
"end_time": 302
},
{
"start_time": 302,
"title": "Population Health",
"end_time": 395
},
{
"start_time": 395,
"title": "Health Inequities",
"end_time": 485
},
{
"start_time": 485,
"title": "Solving Health Inequities",
"end_time": 581
},
{
"start_time": 581,
"title": "Cost of Public Health",
"end_time": 697
},
{
"start_time": 697,
"title": "Review & Credits",
"end_time": 764
}
] |
[
{
"text": "We often think of health as this self-centric \nphenomenon that begins and ends with “me.” ",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
6.039
]
},
{
"text": "We often think of health as this self-centric \nphenomenon that begins and ends with “me.” ",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
6.039
]
},
{
"text": "I choose what I eat, when I exercise, and how thoroughly \nI bathe. When I get sick, my body uses medicine ",
"timestamp": [
6.039,
13.28
]
},
{
"text": "I choose what I eat, when I exercise, and how thoroughly \nI bathe. When I get sick, my body uses medicine ",
"timestamp": [
6.039,
13.28
]
},
{
"text": "and rest to get better. And not to brag or \nanything, but that sushi-induced food poisoning ",
"timestamp": [
13.28,
18.48
]
},
{
"text": "and rest to get better. And not to brag or \nanything, but that sushi-induced food poisoning ",
"timestamp": [
13.28,
18.48
]
},
{
"text": "I had when I was a kid was my sushi-induced food \npoisoning that I had in my stomach, thank you.",
"timestamp": [
18.48,
23.6
]
},
{
"text": "I had when I was a kid was my sushi-induced food \npoisoning that I had in my stomach, thank you.",
"timestamp": [
18.48,
23.6
]
},
{
"text": "But the truth is, while each of us is the \nprotagonist of our own health journey, ",
"timestamp": [
23.6,
27.68
]
},
{
"text": "But the truth is, while each of us is the \nprotagonist of our own health journey, ",
"timestamp": [
23.6,
27.68
]
},
{
"text": "we’re not the only ones involved. Our \npersonal health is just one plotline ",
"timestamp": [
27.68,
32
]
},
{
"text": "we’re not the only ones involved. Our \npersonal health is just one plotline ",
"timestamp": [
27.68,
32
]
},
{
"text": "in a rich story of evolving research \nand policies that make up the world of public health ",
"timestamp": [
32,
37.964
]
},
{
"text": "in a rich story of evolving research \nand policies that make up the world of public health ",
"timestamp": [
32,
37.964
]
},
{
"text": "This story has been \nco-authored by thinkers, scientists, ",
"timestamp": [
37.964,
40.75
]
},
{
"text": "This story has been \nco-authored by thinkers, scientists, ",
"timestamp": [
37.964,
40.75
]
},
{
"text": "caregivers and policymakers across thousands \nof years—and it’s still being written today.",
"timestamp": [
40.75,
46.399
]
},
{
"text": "caregivers and policymakers across thousands \nof years—and it’s still being written today.",
"timestamp": [
40.75,
46.399
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m… Vanessa Hill. Welcome \nto Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
46.399,
50.652
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m… Vanessa Hill. Welcome \nto Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
46.399,
50.652
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
50.652,
59.68
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
50.652,
59.68
]
},
{
"text": "Before we dive into what public health is, what \nit isn’t, and why it’s kind of a cheat code ",
"timestamp": [
59.68,
64.56
]
},
{
"text": "Before we dive into what public health is, what \nit isn’t, and why it’s kind of a cheat code ",
"timestamp": [
59.68,
64.56
]
},
{
"text": "for making everything better for literally everyone, \nlet’s start with a basic question: what is health?",
"timestamp": [
64.56,
70.88
]
},
{
"text": "for making everything better for literally everyone, \nlet’s start with a basic question: what is health?",
"timestamp": [
64.56,
70.88
]
},
{
"text": "The word health can be traced back to the Old \nEnglish word hale, which meant “wholeness” or ",
"timestamp": [
70.88,
76.16
]
},
{
"text": "The word health can be traced back to the Old \nEnglish word hale, which meant “wholeness” or ",
"timestamp": [
70.88,
76.16
]
},
{
"text": "“a thing that is complete.” It also has ties \nto a common greeting during the Middle Ages, ",
"timestamp": [
76.16,
80.96
]
},
{
"text": "“a thing that is complete.” It also has ties \nto a common greeting during the Middle Ages, ",
"timestamp": [
76.16,
80.96
]
},
{
"text": "hail. As in, “Hail to the \nking!” or “Health to the king!”",
"timestamp": [
80.96,
84.88
]
},
{
"text": "hail. As in, “Hail to the \nking!” or “Health to the king!”",
"timestamp": [
80.96,
84.88
]
},
{
"text": "But before we even had the word “health,” the idea \nof health and health care had been around for a long time.",
"timestamp": [
84.88,
91.697
]
},
{
"text": "But before we even had the word “health,” the idea \nof health and health care had been around for a long time.",
"timestamp": [
84.88,
91.697
]
},
{
"text": "As far back as classical Greece, \nthe physician Hippocrates wrote extensively ",
"timestamp": [
91.697,
95.76
]
},
{
"text": "As far back as classical Greece, \nthe physician Hippocrates wrote extensively ",
"timestamp": [
91.697,
95.76
]
},
{
"text": "about health and what makes someone \ngood at, y’know, the not-dying thing.",
"timestamp": [
95.76,
99.68
]
},
{
"text": "about health and what makes someone \ngood at, y’know, the not-dying thing.",
"timestamp": [
95.76,
99.68
]
},
{
"text": "And a lot of the features of modern hospitals,",
"timestamp": [
99.68,
101.847
]
},
{
"text": "And a lot of the features of modern hospitals,",
"timestamp": [
99.68,
101.847
]
},
{
"text": "like the use of medical records, hygiene, and even pharmacies,",
"timestamp": [
101.847,
105.335
]
},
{
"text": "like the use of medical records, hygiene, and even pharmacies,",
"timestamp": [
101.847,
105.335
]
},
{
"text": "were developed during the Islamic Golden Age–aka the 8th \nto the 14th century common era.",
"timestamp": [
105.335,
110.88
]
},
{
"text": "were developed during the Islamic Golden Age–aka the 8th \nto the 14th century common era.",
"timestamp": [
105.335,
110.88
]
},
{
"text": "Fast forward to the 20th century and our \nunderstanding of health has made a lot of progress",
"timestamp": [
110.88,
116.441
]
},
{
"text": "Fast forward to the 20th century and our \nunderstanding of health has made a lot of progress",
"timestamp": [
110.88,
116.441
]
},
{
"text": "In 1946, the World Health Organization \ndefined health as “a state of complete physical, ",
"timestamp": [
116.441,
122.08
]
},
{
"text": "In 1946, the World Health Organization \ndefined health as “a state of complete physical, ",
"timestamp": [
116.441,
122.08
]
},
{
"text": "mental and social well-being and not merely \nthe absence of disease or infirmity.” ",
"timestamp": [
122.08,
127.04
]
},
{
"text": "mental and social well-being and not merely \nthe absence of disease or infirmity.” ",
"timestamp": [
122.08,
127.04
]
},
{
"text": "But “complete” physical, mental, and \nsocial well-being is a pretty lofty goal.",
"timestamp": [
127.04,
132.48
]
},
{
"text": "But “complete” physical, mental, and \nsocial well-being is a pretty lofty goal.",
"timestamp": [
127.04,
132.48
]
},
{
"text": "Like, under this definition, someone with high \nblood pressure might automatically be considered \"unhealthy\"",
"timestamp": [
132.48,
138.321
]
},
{
"text": "Like, under this definition, someone with high \nblood pressure might automatically be considered \"unhealthy\"",
"timestamp": [
132.48,
138.321
]
},
{
"text": "because they’re not in a \"state of \ncomplete physical well-being.” ",
"timestamp": [
138.321,
141.839
]
},
{
"text": "because they’re not in a \"state of \ncomplete physical well-being.” ",
"timestamp": [
138.321,
141.839
]
},
{
"text": "But many people with high blood pressure don't necessarily feel \nunhealthy. And many live long, fulfilling lives.",
"timestamp": [
141.839,
149.12
]
},
{
"text": "But many people with high blood pressure don't necessarily feel \nunhealthy. And many live long, fulfilling lives.",
"timestamp": [
141.839,
149.12
]
},
{
"text": "Rather than treating health as some ideal state \nof being that we’re constantly striving for, ",
"timestamp": [
149.12,
153.84
]
},
{
"text": "Rather than treating health as some ideal state \nof being that we’re constantly striving for, ",
"timestamp": [
149.12,
153.84
]
},
{
"text": "some 21st-century approaches \nto health have treated it as ",
"timestamp": [
153.84,
156.8
]
},
{
"text": "some 21st-century approaches \nto health have treated it as ",
"timestamp": [
153.84,
156.8
]
},
{
"text": "a “capacity” or a “reserve” \nthat each of us possesses.",
"timestamp": [
156.8,
160.24
]
},
{
"text": "a “capacity” or a “reserve” \nthat each of us possesses.",
"timestamp": [
156.8,
160.24
]
},
{
"text": "We use that capacity to do all sorts \nof things, like playing sports, ",
"timestamp": [
160.24,
164.32
]
},
{
"text": "We use that capacity to do all sorts \nof things, like playing sports, ",
"timestamp": [
160.24,
164.32
]
},
{
"text": "or eating pizza, or hosting \neducational YouTube videos. ",
"timestamp": [
164.32,
168.8
]
},
{
"text": "or eating pizza, or hosting \neducational YouTube videos. ",
"timestamp": [
164.32,
168.8
]
},
{
"text": "And that capacity changes throughout our life, \nand is relative to each of us. ",
"timestamp": [
168.8,
173.551
]
},
{
"text": "And that capacity changes throughout our life, \nand is relative to each of us. ",
"timestamp": [
168.8,
173.551
]
},
{
"text": "What health means for you might look different than what it means for me,",
"timestamp": [
173.551,
177.358
]
},
{
"text": "What health means for you might look different than what it means for me,",
"timestamp": [
173.551,
177.358
]
},
{
"text": "or your parents, or a president.",
"timestamp": [
177.358,
179.76
]
},
{
"text": "or your parents, or a president.",
"timestamp": [
177.358,
179.76
]
},
{
"text": "But when our health reserve is depleted, like \nwhen we’re sick or injured, it’s important ",
"timestamp": [
179.76,
184.64
]
},
{
"text": "But when our health reserve is depleted, like \nwhen we’re sick or injured, it’s important ",
"timestamp": [
179.76,
184.64
]
},
{
"text": "to take steps to restore it. That could mean resting, \nmaking a lifestyle change, or visiting a doctor. ",
"timestamp": [
184.64,
190.88
]
},
{
"text": "to take steps to restore it. That could mean resting, \nmaking a lifestyle change, or visiting a doctor. ",
"timestamp": [
184.64,
190.88
]
},
{
"text": "So now we have a better understanding \nof what health is and how we use it. ",
"timestamp": [
190.88,
194.8
]
},
{
"text": "So now we have a better understanding \nof what health is and how we use it. ",
"timestamp": [
190.88,
194.8
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s still the matter of \nthat word “public” out front there.",
"timestamp": [
194.8,
198.56
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s still the matter of \nthat word “public” out front there.",
"timestamp": [
194.8,
198.56
]
},
{
"text": "While notions of public health vary, the American \nPublic Health Association defines its goal as: ",
"timestamp": [
198.56,
203.92
]
},
{
"text": "While notions of public health vary, the American \nPublic Health Association defines its goal as: ",
"timestamp": [
198.56,
203.92
]
},
{
"text": "“promoting and protecting the health of \npeople and the communities where they live, ",
"timestamp": [
203.92,
208.08
]
},
{
"text": "“promoting and protecting the health of \npeople and the communities where they live, ",
"timestamp": [
203.92,
208.08
]
},
{
"text": "learn, work, and play.”",
"timestamp": [
208.08,
209.76
]
},
{
"text": "learn, work, and play.”",
"timestamp": [
208.08,
209.76
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, public health is an approach to \npreventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health. ",
"timestamp": [
209.76,
215.893
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, public health is an approach to \npreventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health. ",
"timestamp": [
209.76,
215.893
]
},
{
"text": "While medical professionals address the \nspecific needs of a specific patient, ",
"timestamp": [
215.893,
220.576
]
},
{
"text": "While medical professionals address the \nspecific needs of a specific patient, ",
"timestamp": [
215.893,
220.576
]
},
{
"text": "public health experts look at the external conditions \nthat affect the health of whole communities.",
"timestamp": [
220.576,
226.16
]
},
{
"text": "public health experts look at the external conditions \nthat affect the health of whole communities.",
"timestamp": [
220.576,
226.16
]
},
{
"text": "Dr. Camara Jones, an American physician \nand former president of the",
"timestamp": [
226.16,
229.835
]
},
{
"text": "Dr. Camara Jones, an American physician \nand former president of the",
"timestamp": [
226.16,
229.835
]
},
{
"text": "American Public Health Association imagines the work \nof public health using the analogy of a cliff. ",
"timestamp": [
229.835,
235.76
]
},
{
"text": "American Public Health Association imagines the work \nof public health using the analogy of a cliff. ",
"timestamp": [
229.835,
235.76
]
},
{
"text": "We build our communities on a so-called cliff \nof “good health.” When we “fall off” the cliff, ",
"timestamp": [
235.76,
241.92
]
},
{
"text": "We build our communities on a so-called cliff \nof “good health.” When we “fall off” the cliff, ",
"timestamp": [
235.76,
241.92
]
},
{
"text": "we’re met at the bottom by an ambulance \nthat rushes us to medical care.",
"timestamp": [
241.92,
246.08
]
},
{
"text": "we’re met at the bottom by an ambulance \nthat rushes us to medical care.",
"timestamp": [
241.92,
246.08
]
},
{
"text": "Now the ambulance is great, and I \ndefinitely wouldn’t turn it down. ",
"timestamp": [
246.08,
250.08
]
},
{
"text": "Now the ambulance is great, and I \ndefinitely wouldn’t turn it down. ",
"timestamp": [
246.08,
250.08
]
},
{
"text": "But Jones argues that in general, \npeople prefer to be in a state of ",
"timestamp": [
250.08,
253.92
]
},
{
"text": "But Jones argues that in general, \npeople prefer to be in a state of ",
"timestamp": [
250.08,
253.92
]
},
{
"text": "having not fallen off a cliff in the first place. \nSo instead of just investing in ambulances, ",
"timestamp": [
253.92,
258.72
]
},
{
"text": "having not fallen off a cliff in the first place. \nSo instead of just investing in ambulances, ",
"timestamp": [
253.92,
258.72
]
},
{
"text": "we ought to invest in things that reduce \nthe need for ambulances, like trampolines ",
"timestamp": [
258.72,
264.24
]
},
{
"text": "we ought to invest in things that reduce \nthe need for ambulances, like trampolines ",
"timestamp": [
258.72,
264.24
]
},
{
"text": "to catch us on the way down the cliff, or a \nfence that keeps people safe from the edge.",
"timestamp": [
264.24,
269.12
]
},
{
"text": "to catch us on the way down the cliff, or a \nfence that keeps people safe from the edge.",
"timestamp": [
264.24,
269.12
]
},
{
"text": "Trampolines and fences represent the preventative \nmeasures that we can take to limit health issues ",
"timestamp": [
269.12,
274.8
]
},
{
"text": "Trampolines and fences represent the preventative \nmeasures that we can take to limit health issues ",
"timestamp": [
269.12,
274.8
]
},
{
"text": "for the whole community. In this same sense, \npublic health experts don’t dismiss the need ",
"timestamp": [
274.8,
280.4
]
},
{
"text": "for the whole community. In this same sense, \npublic health experts don’t dismiss the need ",
"timestamp": [
274.8,
280.4
]
},
{
"text": "for acute medical care. They just want to \nminimize the need for it to begin with! ",
"timestamp": [
280.4,
285.04
]
},
{
"text": "for acute medical care. They just want to \nminimize the need for it to begin with! ",
"timestamp": [
280.4,
285.04
]
},
{
"text": "But who are these mysterious, public health \nexperts --and what are they actually doing?",
"timestamp": [
285.04,
290.776
]
},
{
"text": "But who are these mysterious, public health \nexperts --and what are they actually doing?",
"timestamp": [
285.04,
290.776
]
},
{
"text": "Like, bankers bank, detectives detect, and public \nhealth experts do...a bunch of different things, ",
"timestamp": [
290.776,
296.896
]
},
{
"text": "Like, bankers bank, detectives detect, and public \nhealth experts do...a bunch of different things, ",
"timestamp": [
290.776,
296.896
]
},
{
"text": "as it turns out. They include restaurant \ninspectors, policymakers, and disease researchers.",
"timestamp": [
296.896,
302.56
]
},
{
"text": "as it turns out. They include restaurant \ninspectors, policymakers, and disease researchers.",
"timestamp": [
296.896,
302.56
]
},
{
"text": "A public health expert is anyone who \naddresses health at the population level. ",
"timestamp": [
302.56,
307.2
]
},
{
"text": "A public health expert is anyone who \naddresses health at the population level. ",
"timestamp": [
302.56,
307.2
]
},
{
"text": "Populations are groups of people who share common \ncharacteristics. Like being from the same region, ",
"timestamp": [
307.2,
313.2
]
},
{
"text": "Populations are groups of people who share common \ncharacteristics. Like being from the same region, ",
"timestamp": [
307.2,
313.2
]
},
{
"text": "or culture, or economic class. Or even \njust having the same jobs or interests.",
"timestamp": [
313.2,
318.72
]
},
{
"text": "or culture, or economic class. Or even \njust having the same jobs or interests.",
"timestamp": [
313.2,
318.72
]
},
{
"text": "Thinking in terms of populations helps \npublic health experts identify patterns ",
"timestamp": [
318.72,
323.36
]
},
{
"text": "Thinking in terms of populations helps \npublic health experts identify patterns ",
"timestamp": [
318.72,
323.36
]
},
{
"text": "and distributions of diseases, putting experts in \na better position to address those health issues.",
"timestamp": [
323.36,
329.36
]
},
{
"text": "and distributions of diseases, putting experts in \na better position to address those health issues.",
"timestamp": [
323.36,
329.36
]
},
{
"text": "Take lung cancer, which is the \nleading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. ",
"timestamp": [
329.36,
334.633
]
},
{
"text": "Take lung cancer, which is the \nleading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. ",
"timestamp": [
329.36,
334.633
]
},
{
"text": "A doctor concerned about lung \ncancer might screen a patient who smokes, ",
"timestamp": [
334.633,
338.72
]
},
{
"text": "A doctor concerned about lung \ncancer might screen a patient who smokes, ",
"timestamp": [
334.633,
338.72
]
},
{
"text": "conduct a lung biopsy, and \ncome up with a treatment plan.",
"timestamp": [
338.72,
342.48
]
},
{
"text": "conduct a lung biopsy, and \ncome up with a treatment plan.",
"timestamp": [
338.72,
342.48
]
},
{
"text": "But public health professionals imagine \nthe problem of lung cancer more broadly. ",
"timestamp": [
342.48,
347.12
]
},
{
"text": "But public health professionals imagine \nthe problem of lung cancer more broadly. ",
"timestamp": [
342.48,
347.12
]
},
{
"text": "While doctors are diagnosing and treating, public \nhealth experts are asking things like, ",
"timestamp": [
347.12,
351.768
]
},
{
"text": "While doctors are diagnosing and treating, public \nhealth experts are asking things like, ",
"timestamp": [
347.12,
351.768
]
},
{
"text": "what would happen to lung cancer rates if we took steps \nto limit smoking in workplaces and restaurants? ",
"timestamp": [
351.768,
357.36
]
},
{
"text": "what would happen to lung cancer rates if we took steps \nto limit smoking in workplaces and restaurants? ",
"timestamp": [
351.768,
357.36
]
},
{
"text": "And as it turns out, limiting smoking -- \nand preventing lung cancer in the first place -- ",
"timestamp": [
357.36,
362.088
]
},
{
"text": "And as it turns out, limiting smoking -- \nand preventing lung cancer in the first place -- ",
"timestamp": [
357.36,
362.088
]
},
{
"text": "is more effective at saving lives \nthan treating lung cancer once it’s there. ",
"timestamp": [
362.088,
366.4
]
},
{
"text": "is more effective at saving lives \nthan treating lung cancer once it’s there. ",
"timestamp": [
362.088,
366.4
]
},
{
"text": "And that's all thanks to public health.",
"timestamp": [
366.4,
369.12
]
},
{
"text": "And that's all thanks to public health.",
"timestamp": [
366.4,
369.12
]
},
{
"text": "But public health experts don't stop there. \nThey take the interrogation further, ",
"timestamp": [
369.12,
373.576
]
},
{
"text": "But public health experts don't stop there. \nThey take the interrogation further, ",
"timestamp": [
369.12,
373.576
]
},
{
"text": "asking questions like, why is it that Black Americans \nare more likely to die from smoking-related ",
"timestamp": [
373.576,
378.96
]
},
{
"text": "asking questions like, why is it that Black Americans \nare more likely to die from smoking-related ",
"timestamp": [
373.576,
378.96
]
},
{
"text": "diseases than white Americans, despite data \nshowing that Black Americans actually smoke ",
"timestamp": [
378.96,
384.24
]
},
{
"text": "diseases than white Americans, despite data \nshowing that Black Americans actually smoke ",
"timestamp": [
378.96,
384.24
]
},
{
"text": "fewer cigarettes on average? What are the social \nand economic conditions, like differences in ",
"timestamp": [
384.24,
390
]
},
{
"text": "fewer cigarettes on average? What are the social \nand economic conditions, like differences in ",
"timestamp": [
384.24,
390
]
},
{
"text": "levels of education or employment, that could help \nexplain this contradiction in health outcomes?",
"timestamp": [
390,
395.76
]
},
{
"text": "levels of education or employment, that could help \nexplain this contradiction in health outcomes?",
"timestamp": [
390,
395.76
]
},
{
"text": "A health outcome is what happens basically \nanytime our health status changes because of, ",
"timestamp": [
395.76,
401.04
]
},
{
"text": "A health outcome is what happens basically \nanytime our health status changes because of, ",
"timestamp": [
395.76,
401.04
]
},
{
"text": "well, something happening in the world. ",
"timestamp": [
401.04,
403.52
]
},
{
"text": "well, something happening in the world. ",
"timestamp": [
401.04,
403.52
]
},
{
"text": "And as we’ll see, that “something” \ncan be a lot of different things",
"timestamp": [
403.52,
408.48
]
},
{
"text": "And as we’ll see, that “something” \ncan be a lot of different things",
"timestamp": [
403.52,
408.48
]
},
{
"text": "These differences in health outcomes, which \narise from the social or economic conditions ",
"timestamp": [
408.48,
412.88
]
},
{
"text": "These differences in health outcomes, which \narise from the social or economic conditions ",
"timestamp": [
408.48,
412.88
]
},
{
"text": "of a community, are what we call health \ninequities. Addressing health inequities is ",
"timestamp": [
412.88,
418.48
]
},
{
"text": "of a community, are what we call health \ninequities. Addressing health inequities is ",
"timestamp": [
412.88,
418.48
]
},
{
"text": "core to the public health mission—and core to \nhow we’ll think about health in this series!",
"timestamp": [
418.48,
424.72
]
},
{
"text": "core to the public health mission—and core to \nhow we’ll think about health in this series!",
"timestamp": [
418.48,
424.72
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the goal of public health isn’t to \ncreate some super-sanitized, post-germ utopia",
"timestamp": [
424.72,
430.337
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the goal of public health isn’t to \ncreate some super-sanitized, post-germ utopia",
"timestamp": [
424.72,
430.337
]
},
{
"text": "where everyone lives forever. \nPublic health experts recognize that one ",
"timestamp": [
430.337,
434.4
]
},
{
"text": "where everyone lives forever. \nPublic health experts recognize that one ",
"timestamp": [
430.337,
434.4
]
},
{
"text": "of the hazards of having a body is that your \nbody isn’t, you know, a permanent fixture.",
"timestamp": [
434.4,
440.08
]
},
{
"text": "of the hazards of having a body is that your \nbody isn’t, you know, a permanent fixture.",
"timestamp": [
434.4,
440.08
]
},
{
"text": "Disease and injury are inevitable, but public \nhealth experts recognize that they’re not just ",
"timestamp": [
440.08,
445.28
]
},
{
"text": "Disease and injury are inevitable, but public \nhealth experts recognize that they’re not just ",
"timestamp": [
440.08,
445.28
]
},
{
"text": "entirely random occurrences, either. \nThey’re often made worse by poverty, ",
"timestamp": [
445.28,
450.56
]
},
{
"text": "entirely random occurrences, either. \nThey’re often made worse by poverty, ",
"timestamp": [
445.28,
450.56
]
},
{
"text": "war, or injustice. But that also means \nthey can be minimized by improvements ",
"timestamp": [
450.56,
456.24
]
},
{
"text": "war, or injustice. But that also means \nthey can be minimized by improvements ",
"timestamp": [
450.56,
456.24
]
},
{
"text": "in things like affordable housing.\nLet’s take a closer look at how ",
"timestamp": [
456.24,
459.52
]
},
{
"text": "in things like affordable housing.\nLet’s take a closer look at how ",
"timestamp": [
456.24,
459.52
]
},
{
"text": "public health works in a community, or \ncity–let’s call it… Vanessa city.",
"timestamp": [
459.52,
463.84
]
},
{
"text": "public health works in a community, or \ncity–let’s call it… Vanessa city.",
"timestamp": [
459.52,
463.84
]
},
{
"text": "Researchers at the local Department \nof Health observe that the city’s ",
"timestamp": [
463.84,
466.88
]
},
{
"text": "Researchers at the local Department \nof Health observe that the city’s ",
"timestamp": [
463.84,
466.88
]
},
{
"text": "residents suffer from heart disease at \na rate higher than the nation’s average, ",
"timestamp": [
466.88,
471.36
]
},
{
"text": "residents suffer from heart disease at \na rate higher than the nation’s average, ",
"timestamp": [
466.88,
471.36
]
},
{
"text": "and it’s most concentrated in a low-income \nneighborhood without an easily accessible grocery store. ",
"timestamp": [
471.36,
477.953
]
},
{
"text": "and it’s most concentrated in a low-income \nneighborhood without an easily accessible grocery store. ",
"timestamp": [
471.36,
477.953
]
},
{
"text": "The researchers identify the \nlack of access to healthy food as the probable cause.",
"timestamp": [
477.953,
483.337
]
},
{
"text": "The researchers identify the \nlack of access to healthy food as the probable cause.",
"timestamp": [
477.953,
483.337
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
483.337,
485
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
483.337,
485
]
},
{
"text": "So to address the healthy heart problem, the health department has to address the healthy food problem.",
"timestamp": [
485,
490.721
]
},
{
"text": "So to address the healthy heart problem, the health department has to address the healthy food problem.",
"timestamp": [
485,
490.721
]
},
{
"text": "From a public health perspective, there are \nmultiple solutions to this problem. First, there’s ",
"timestamp": [
490.721,
495.52
]
},
{
"text": "From a public health perspective, there are \nmultiple solutions to this problem. First, there’s ",
"timestamp": [
490.721,
495.52
]
},
{
"text": "addressing the short-term issue: people need easy \naccess to healthier food–and they need it now.",
"timestamp": [
495.52,
501.44
]
},
{
"text": "addressing the short-term issue: people need easy \naccess to healthier food–and they need it now.",
"timestamp": [
495.52,
501.44
]
},
{
"text": "So, the Vanessa city Health Department \npartners with local rec centers, ",
"timestamp": [
501.44,
505.12
]
},
{
"text": "So, the Vanessa city Health Department \npartners with local rec centers, ",
"timestamp": [
501.44,
505.12
]
},
{
"text": "to open round-the-clock food access sites with \nfresh produce and other nutritious options. ",
"timestamp": [
505.12,
510.48
]
},
{
"text": "to open round-the-clock food access sites with \nfresh produce and other nutritious options. ",
"timestamp": [
505.12,
510.48
]
},
{
"text": "The health department provides free bus \ntransportation to the food sites and even hires ",
"timestamp": [
510.48,
515.28
]
},
{
"text": "The health department provides free bus \ntransportation to the food sites and even hires ",
"timestamp": [
510.48,
515.28
]
},
{
"text": "people in the community to drop off foods directly \nto homes. The food sites also feature free blood pressure",
"timestamp": [
515.28,
521.752
]
},
{
"text": "people in the community to drop off foods directly \nto homes. The food sites also feature free blood pressure",
"timestamp": [
515.28,
521.752
]
},
{
"text": "screening services, a useful tool to \ngauge someone’s susceptibility to heart disease.",
"timestamp": [
521.752,
526.56
]
},
{
"text": "screening services, a useful tool to \ngauge someone’s susceptibility to heart disease.",
"timestamp": [
521.752,
526.56
]
},
{
"text": "And these are some great first steps, but they’re \nsort of like a temporary nutrition bandaid for the community.",
"timestamp": [
526.56,
533.273
]
},
{
"text": "And these are some great first steps, but they’re \nsort of like a temporary nutrition bandaid for the community.",
"timestamp": [
526.56,
533.273
]
},
{
"text": "That brings us to the long-term \nproblem that needs addressing: the neighborhood ",
"timestamp": [
533.273,
537.6
]
},
{
"text": "That brings us to the long-term \nproblem that needs addressing: the neighborhood ",
"timestamp": [
533.273,
537.6
]
},
{
"text": "hasn’t been given the resources necessary \nto make healthier foods easily accessible.",
"timestamp": [
537.6,
542.4
]
},
{
"text": "hasn’t been given the resources necessary \nto make healthier foods easily accessible.",
"timestamp": [
537.6,
542.4
]
},
{
"text": "To address the long term needs, the health \ndepartment works with government officials ",
"timestamp": [
542.4,
546.64
]
},
{
"text": "To address the long term needs, the health \ndepartment works with government officials ",
"timestamp": [
542.4,
546.64
]
},
{
"text": "to develop a tax plan that incentivizes small \ngrocery stores to move into the area, ",
"timestamp": [
546.64,
551.648
]
},
{
"text": "to develop a tax plan that incentivizes small \ngrocery stores to move into the area, ",
"timestamp": [
546.64,
551.648
]
},
{
"text": "This way, people in the community aren’t reliant on healthy \nfood donations from outside the community. ",
"timestamp": [
551.648,
557.6
]
},
{
"text": "This way, people in the community aren’t reliant on healthy \nfood donations from outside the community. ",
"timestamp": [
551.648,
557.6
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, the health department sponsors \nthe local gardening club and connects them to city officials.",
"timestamp": [
557.6,
563.377
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, the health department sponsors \nthe local gardening club and connects them to city officials.",
"timestamp": [
557.6,
563.377
]
},
{
"text": "Together, they turn a local \nabandoned parking lot into a community garden ",
"timestamp": [
563.377,
568
]
},
{
"text": "Together, they turn a local \nabandoned parking lot into a community garden ",
"timestamp": [
563.377,
568
]
},
{
"text": "full of produce that residents can grow and sell. ",
"timestamp": [
568,
571.36
]
},
{
"text": "full of produce that residents can grow and sell. ",
"timestamp": [
568,
571.36
]
},
{
"text": "And while the results might not be immediate, \nthe health department does start to see gradual ",
"timestamp": [
571.36,
576.48
]
},
{
"text": "And while the results might not be immediate, \nthe health department does start to see gradual ",
"timestamp": [
571.36,
576.48
]
},
{
"text": "improvements in heart disease reported in the \nneighborhood. Vanessa city’s movin’ on up!",
"timestamp": [
576.48,
582
]
},
{
"text": "improvements in heart disease reported in the \nneighborhood. Vanessa city’s movin’ on up!",
"timestamp": [
576.48,
582
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble! So, we get it: \npublic health is in the business of making everything better.",
"timestamp": [
582,
588.857
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble! So, we get it: \npublic health is in the business of making everything better.",
"timestamp": [
582,
588.857
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s also a real, proper \nfinancial investment. Because in general, ",
"timestamp": [
588.857,
593.064
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s also a real, proper \nfinancial investment. Because in general, ",
"timestamp": [
588.857,
593.064
]
},
{
"text": "it's more expensive to treat existing health conditions \nthan it is to prevent them in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
593.064,
598.56
]
},
{
"text": "it's more expensive to treat existing health conditions \nthan it is to prevent them in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
593.064,
598.56
]
},
{
"text": "Like, for every $1 invested in childhood \nvaccinations in the U.S., we can save up to $11 in medical expenses!",
"timestamp": [
598.56,
606.145
]
},
{
"text": "Like, for every $1 invested in childhood \nvaccinations in the U.S., we can save up to $11 in medical expenses!",
"timestamp": [
598.56,
606.145
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, the Centers for Disease \nControl and Prevention estimates that vaccinating ",
"timestamp": [
606.145,
610.24
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, the Centers for Disease \nControl and Prevention estimates that vaccinating ",
"timestamp": [
606.145,
610.24
]
},
{
"text": "children born between 1994 and 2018 has saved the \nU.S. nearly $406 billion in direct medical costs.",
"timestamp": [
610.24,
619.2
]
},
{
"text": "children born between 1994 and 2018 has saved the \nU.S. nearly $406 billion in direct medical costs.",
"timestamp": [
610.24,
619.2
]
},
{
"text": "Public health is basically a \nmoney-saving, life-extending, ",
"timestamp": [
619.2,
622.56
]
},
{
"text": "Public health is basically a \nmoney-saving, life-extending, ",
"timestamp": [
619.2,
622.56
]
},
{
"text": "world-bettering cheat code for improving \nhealth outcomes for literally everyone. ",
"timestamp": [
622.56,
627.92
]
},
{
"text": "world-bettering cheat code for improving \nhealth outcomes for literally everyone. ",
"timestamp": [
622.56,
627.92
]
},
{
"text": "So, if it were up to me, I'd be \ninvesting in public health like it’s ",
"timestamp": [
627.92,
631.6
]
},
{
"text": "So, if it were up to me, I'd be \ninvesting in public health like it’s ",
"timestamp": [
627.92,
631.6
]
},
{
"text": "Apple in 1980. Or the Slinky in, you \nknow, whenever Slinkys were invented.",
"timestamp": [
631.6,
637.52
]
},
{
"text": "Apple in 1980. Or the Slinky in, you \nknow, whenever Slinkys were invented.",
"timestamp": [
631.6,
637.52
]
},
{
"text": "But in a world where it can \nfeel like we’re constantly ",
"timestamp": [
637.52,
640.08
]
},
{
"text": "But in a world where it can \nfeel like we’re constantly ",
"timestamp": [
637.52,
640.08
]
},
{
"text": "teetering on the brink of crisis or the edge of \nthe cliff, investing in long-term solutions like ",
"timestamp": [
640.08,
645.52
]
},
{
"text": "teetering on the brink of crisis or the edge of \nthe cliff, investing in long-term solutions like ",
"timestamp": [
640.08,
645.52
]
},
{
"text": "tax incentives and community gardens just \ndoesn’t feel urgent at any given moment.",
"timestamp": [
645.52,
651.68
]
},
{
"text": "tax incentives and community gardens just \ndoesn’t feel urgent at any given moment.",
"timestamp": [
645.52,
651.68
]
},
{
"text": "Plus, when public health is working, \nwe don’t always see its impact. ",
"timestamp": [
651.68,
656.16
]
},
{
"text": "Plus, when public health is working, \nwe don’t always see its impact. ",
"timestamp": [
651.68,
656.16
]
},
{
"text": "Our brains are just better at noticing \nwhen things aren’t going to plan.",
"timestamp": [
656.16,
660.24
]
},
{
"text": "Our brains are just better at noticing \nwhen things aren’t going to plan.",
"timestamp": [
656.16,
660.24
]
},
{
"text": "The result is that in places such as the U.S., ",
"timestamp": [
660.24,
663.36
]
},
{
"text": "The result is that in places such as the U.S., ",
"timestamp": [
660.24,
663.36
]
},
{
"text": "public health tends to get ample funding only when \nthere’s an active health crisis. ",
"timestamp": [
663.36,
668.448
]
},
{
"text": "public health tends to get ample funding only when \nthere’s an active health crisis. ",
"timestamp": [
663.36,
668.448
]
},
{
"text": "So when health issues aren’t dominating the headlines, public \nhealth is often seriously underfunded, ",
"timestamp": [
668.448,
674.56
]
},
{
"text": "So when health issues aren’t dominating the headlines, public \nhealth is often seriously underfunded, ",
"timestamp": [
668.448,
674.56
]
},
{
"text": "which can lead to a downsized workforce with outdated \nequipment, setting us up for long-term failure.",
"timestamp": [
674.56,
680.96
]
},
{
"text": "which can lead to a downsized workforce with outdated \nequipment, setting us up for long-term failure.",
"timestamp": [
674.56,
680.96
]
},
{
"text": "In the United States, for instance, we spend \nonly about 0.5% of our total healthcare budget ",
"timestamp": [
680.96,
687.76
]
},
{
"text": "In the United States, for instance, we spend \nonly about 0.5% of our total healthcare budget ",
"timestamp": [
680.96,
687.76
]
},
{
"text": "on efforts to prevent diseases like \nlung cancer. ",
"timestamp": [
687.76,
691.695
]
},
{
"text": "on efforts to prevent diseases like \nlung cancer. ",
"timestamp": [
687.76,
691.695
]
},
{
"text": "This ranks as one of the smallest investments among high income countries.",
"timestamp": [
691.695,
697.28
]
},
{
"text": "This ranks as one of the smallest investments among high income countries.",
"timestamp": [
691.695,
697.28
]
},
{
"text": "So, over the course of this series, \nwe’re going to pull back the veil, ",
"timestamp": [
697.28,
701.2
]
},
{
"text": "So, over the course of this series, \nwe’re going to pull back the veil, ",
"timestamp": [
697.28,
701.2
]
},
{
"text": "so we can notice public health \nat work. And where we fit into the picture. ",
"timestamp": [
701.2,
707.177
]
},
{
"text": "so we can notice public health \nat work. And where we fit into the picture. ",
"timestamp": [
701.2,
707.177
]
},
{
"text": "Because when it comes to \npublic health, we all have a part to play.",
"timestamp": [
707.177,
710.8
]
},
{
"text": "Because when it comes to \npublic health, we all have a part to play.",
"timestamp": [
707.177,
710.8
]
},
{
"text": "Yes, humans are great at transmitting ",
"timestamp": [
710.8,
713.2
]
},
{
"text": "Yes, humans are great at transmitting ",
"timestamp": [
710.8,
713.2
]
},
{
"text": "germs and bacteria and disease. But we’re \nalso pretty good at spreading other things, ",
"timestamp": [
713.2,
718.16
]
},
{
"text": "germs and bacteria and disease. But we’re \nalso pretty good at spreading other things, ",
"timestamp": [
713.2,
718.16
]
},
{
"text": "like new information and better ideas. We'll get \ninto some of those ideas next time. See you then!",
"timestamp": [
718.16,
725.2
]
},
{
"text": "like new information and better ideas. We'll get \ninto some of those ideas next time. See you then!",
"timestamp": [
718.16,
725.2
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
725.2,
728.4
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, ",
"timestamp": [
725.2,
728.4
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. ",
"timestamp": [
728.4,
733.28
]
},
{
"text": "which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. ",
"timestamp": [
728.4,
733.28
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
733.28,
738.24
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel ",
"timestamp": [
733.28,
738.24
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a \nseries created by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
738.24,
743.68
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a \nseries created by APHA and Complexly.",
"timestamp": [
738.24,
743.68
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, ",
"timestamp": [
743.68,
747.6
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, ",
"timestamp": [
743.68,
747.6
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these lovely \npeople. If you'd like to help keep ",
"timestamp": [
747.6,
751.944
]
},
{
"text": "and made with the help of all these lovely \npeople. If you'd like to help keep ",
"timestamp": [
747.6,
751.944
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
751.944,
757.84
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
751.944,
757.84
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction: Public Health",
"We often think of health as this self-centric \nphenomenon that begins and ends with “me.” I choose what I eat, when I exercise, and how thoroughly \nI bathe. When I get sick, my body uses medicine and rest to get better. And not to brag or \nanything, but that sushi-induced food poisoning I had when I was a kid was my sushi-induced food \npoisoning that I had in my stomach, thank you.But the truth is, while each of us is the \nprotagonist of our own health journey, we’re not the only ones involved. Our \npersonal health is just one plotline in a rich story of evolving research \nand policies that make up the world of public health This story has been \nco-authored by thinkers, scientists, caregivers and policymakers across thousands \nof years—and it’s still being written today.Hi, I’m… Vanessa Hill. Welcome \nto Crash Course Public Health!INTROBefore we dive into what public health is, what \nit isn’t, and why it’s kind of a cheat code for making everything better for literally everyone, \nlet’s start with a basic question: what is health?The word health can be traced back to the Old \nEnglish word hale, which meant “wholeness” or “a thing that is complete.” It also has ties \nto a common greeting during the Middle Ages, hail. As in, “Hail to the \nking!” or “Health to the king!”But before we even had the word “health,” the idea \nof health and health care had been around for a long time.As far back as classical Greece, \nthe physician Hippocrates wrote extensively about health and what makes someone \ngood at, y’know, the not-dying thing.And a lot of the features of modern hospitals,like the use of medical records, hygiene, and even pharmacies,were developed during the Islamic Golden Age–aka the 8th \nto the 14th century common era.Fast forward to the 20th century and our \nunderstanding of health has made a lot of progressIn 1946, the World Health Organization \ndefined health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely \nthe absence of disease or infirmity.” But “complete” physical, mental, and \nsocial well-being is a pretty lofty goal.Like, under this definition, someone with high \nblood pressure might automatically be considered \"unhealthy\"because they’re not in a \"state of \ncomplete physical well-being.” But many people with high blood pressure don't necessarily feel \nunhealthy. And many live long, fulfilling lives.Rather than treating health as some ideal state \nof being that we’re constantly striving for, some 21st-century approaches \nto health have treated it as a “capacity” or a “reserve” \nthat each of us possesses.We use that capacity to do all sorts \nof things, like playing sports, or eating pizza, or hosting \neducational YouTube videos. And that capacity changes throughout our life, \nand is relative to each of us. What health means for you might look different than what it means for me,or your parents, or a president.But when our health reserve is depleted, like \nwhen we’re sick or injured, it’s important to take steps to restore it. That could mean resting, \nmaking a lifestyle change, or visiting a doctor. So now we have a better understanding \nof what health is and how we use it. But there’s still the matter of \nthat word “public” out front there."
],
[
"Prevention",
"While notions of public health vary, the American \nPublic Health Association defines its goal as: “promoting and protecting the health of \npeople and the communities where they live, learn, work, and play.”In other words, public health is an approach to \npreventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health. While medical professionals address the \nspecific needs of a specific patient, public health experts look at the external conditions \nthat affect the health of whole communities.Dr. Camara Jones, an American physician \nand former president of theAmerican Public Health Association imagines the work \nof public health using the analogy of a cliff. We build our communities on a so-called cliff \nof “good health.” When we “fall off” the cliff, we’re met at the bottom by an ambulance \nthat rushes us to medical care.Now the ambulance is great, and I \ndefinitely wouldn’t turn it down. But Jones argues that in general, \npeople prefer to be in a state of having not fallen off a cliff in the first place. \nSo instead of just investing in ambulances, we ought to invest in things that reduce \nthe need for ambulances, like trampolines to catch us on the way down the cliff, or a \nfence that keeps people safe from the edge.Trampolines and fences represent the preventative \nmeasures that we can take to limit health issues for the whole community. In this same sense, \npublic health experts don’t dismiss the need for acute medical care. They just want to \nminimize the need for it to begin with! But who are these mysterious, public health \nexperts --and what are they actually doing?Like, bankers bank, detectives detect, and public \nhealth experts do...a bunch of different things, as it turns out. They include restaurant \ninspectors, policymakers, and disease researchers."
],
[
"Population Health",
"A public health expert is anyone who \naddresses health at the population level. Populations are groups of people who share common \ncharacteristics. Like being from the same region, or culture, or economic class. Or even \njust having the same jobs or interests.Thinking in terms of populations helps \npublic health experts identify patterns and distributions of diseases, putting experts in \na better position to address those health issues.Take lung cancer, which is the \nleading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. A doctor concerned about lung \ncancer might screen a patient who smokes, conduct a lung biopsy, and \ncome up with a treatment plan.But public health professionals imagine \nthe problem of lung cancer more broadly. While doctors are diagnosing and treating, public \nhealth experts are asking things like, what would happen to lung cancer rates if we took steps \nto limit smoking in workplaces and restaurants? And as it turns out, limiting smoking -- \nand preventing lung cancer in the first place -- is more effective at saving lives \nthan treating lung cancer once it’s there. And that's all thanks to public health.But public health experts don't stop there. \nThey take the interrogation further, asking questions like, why is it that Black Americans \nare more likely to die from smoking-related diseases than white Americans, despite data \nshowing that Black Americans actually smoke fewer cigarettes on average? What are the social \nand economic conditions, like differences in levels of education or employment, that could help \nexplain this contradiction in health outcomes?"
],
[
"Health Inequities",
"A health outcome is what happens basically \nanytime our health status changes because of, well, something happening in the world. And as we’ll see, that “something” \ncan be a lot of different thingsThese differences in health outcomes, which \narise from the social or economic conditions of a community, are what we call health \ninequities. Addressing health inequities is core to the public health mission—and core to \nhow we’ll think about health in this series!Now, the goal of public health isn’t to \ncreate some super-sanitized, post-germ utopiawhere everyone lives forever. \nPublic health experts recognize that one of the hazards of having a body is that your \nbody isn’t, you know, a permanent fixture.Disease and injury are inevitable, but public \nhealth experts recognize that they’re not just entirely random occurrences, either. \nThey’re often made worse by poverty, war, or injustice. But that also means \nthey can be minimized by improvements in things like affordable housing.\nLet’s take a closer look at how public health works in a community, or \ncity–let’s call it… Vanessa city.Researchers at the local Department \nof Health observe that the city’s residents suffer from heart disease at \na rate higher than the nation’s average, and it’s most concentrated in a low-income \nneighborhood without an easily accessible grocery store. The researchers identify the \nlack of access to healthy food as the probable cause.Let’s go to the Thought Bubble."
],
[
"Solving Health Inequities",
"So to address the healthy heart problem, the health department has to address the healthy food problem.From a public health perspective, there are \nmultiple solutions to this problem. First, there’s addressing the short-term issue: people need easy \naccess to healthier food–and they need it now.So, the Vanessa city Health Department \npartners with local rec centers, to open round-the-clock food access sites with \nfresh produce and other nutritious options. The health department provides free bus \ntransportation to the food sites and even hires people in the community to drop off foods directly \nto homes. The food sites also feature free blood pressurescreening services, a useful tool to \ngauge someone’s susceptibility to heart disease.And these are some great first steps, but they’re \nsort of like a temporary nutrition bandaid for the community.That brings us to the long-term \nproblem that needs addressing: the neighborhood hasn’t been given the resources necessary \nto make healthier foods easily accessible.To address the long term needs, the health \ndepartment works with government officials to develop a tax plan that incentivizes small \ngrocery stores to move into the area, This way, people in the community aren’t reliant on healthy \nfood donations from outside the community. Meanwhile, the health department sponsors \nthe local gardening club and connects them to city officials.Together, they turn a local \nabandoned parking lot into a community garden full of produce that residents can grow and sell. And while the results might not be immediate, \nthe health department does start to see gradual improvements in heart disease reported in the \nneighborhood. Vanessa city’s movin’ on up!"
],
[
"Cost of Public Health",
"Thanks, Thought Bubble! So, we get it: \npublic health is in the business of making everything better.But it’s also a real, proper \nfinancial investment. Because in general, it's more expensive to treat existing health conditions \nthan it is to prevent them in the first place.Like, for every $1 invested in childhood \nvaccinations in the U.S., we can save up to $11 in medical expenses!In fact, the Centers for Disease \nControl and Prevention estimates that vaccinating children born between 1994 and 2018 has saved the \nU.S. nearly $406 billion in direct medical costs.Public health is basically a \nmoney-saving, life-extending, world-bettering cheat code for improving \nhealth outcomes for literally everyone. So, if it were up to me, I'd be \ninvesting in public health like it’s Apple in 1980. Or the Slinky in, you \nknow, whenever Slinkys were invented.But in a world where it can \nfeel like we’re constantly teetering on the brink of crisis or the edge of \nthe cliff, investing in long-term solutions like tax incentives and community gardens just \ndoesn’t feel urgent at any given moment.Plus, when public health is working, \nwe don’t always see its impact. Our brains are just better at noticing \nwhen things aren’t going to plan.The result is that in places such as the U.S., public health tends to get ample funding only when \nthere’s an active health crisis. So when health issues aren’t dominating the headlines, public \nhealth is often seriously underfunded, which can lead to a downsized workforce with outdated \nequipment, setting us up for long-term failure.In the United States, for instance, we spend \nonly about 0.5% of our total healthcare budget on efforts to prevent diseases like \nlung cancer. This ranks as one of the smallest investments among high income countries."
],
[
"Review & Credits",
"So, over the course of this series, \nwe’re going to pull back the veil, so we can notice public health \nat work. And where we fit into the picture. Because when it comes to \npublic health, we all have a part to play.Yes, humans are great at transmitting germs and bacteria and disease. But we’re \nalso pretty good at spreading other things, like new information and better ideas. We'll get \ninto some of those ideas next time. See you then!Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course Public Health, which was produced by Complexly in partnership \nwith the American Public Health Association. If you want to learn even more about Public \nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel to watch “That’s Public Health” a \nseries created by APHA and Complexly.Crash Course was filmed in the Castle \nGeraghty studio in Indianapolis, IN, and made with the help of all these lovely \npeople. If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever please consider \njoining our community of supporters on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Shirley Chisholm: Crash Course Black American History #43
|
ATfkyVN7M5c
| 706 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course\nBlack American History!",
"timestamp": [
0.64,
5.27
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’re talking about the 1970s.",
"timestamp": [
5.27,
7.859
]
},
{
"text": "Lots of things happened in the 70s, like bell\nbottoms, tinted glasses, and disco.",
"timestamp": [
7.859,
13.29
]
},
{
"text": "But something really important happened in\n1972.",
"timestamp": [
13.29,
16.32
]
},
{
"text": "Yes yes, I know your initial thought was well\nof course Clint, Stevie Wonder released his",
"timestamp": [
16.32,
23.08
]
},
{
"text": "smash hit, Superstition.",
"timestamp": [
23.08,
25.47
]
},
{
"text": "And while, I agree, Stevie Wonder is the GOAT,\nthere was another important piece of Black",
"timestamp": [
25.47,
30.499
]
},
{
"text": "history that happened that year.",
"timestamp": [
30.499,
33.53
]
},
{
"text": "In 1972, Shirley Chisholm became the first\nBlack woman to seek the presidential nomination",
"timestamp": [
33.53,
39.03
]
},
{
"text": "from any major political party in the United\nStates.",
"timestamp": [
39.03,
41.93
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’ll learn about Shirley Chisholm’s\nimpact on society and how her historic campaign",
"timestamp": [
41.93,
47.75
]
},
{
"text": "paved the way for so many Black political\nleaders today.",
"timestamp": [
47.75,
50.769
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start the show!",
"timestamp": [
50.769,
54.949
]
},
{
"text": "(Intro Music)\nIn the 1970s there were a number of movements",
"timestamp": [
54.949,
64.36
]
},
{
"text": "happening in the United States, movements\ncentered on Black, Latino, Indigenous, women,",
"timestamp": [
64.36,
71.01
]
},
{
"text": "and LGBTQ communities were all organizing\nin an effort to obtain equal rights.",
"timestamp": [
71.01,
77.53
]
},
{
"text": "This is not to say that these movements were\nnew, but that this time period saw a surge",
"timestamp": [
77.53,
83.759
]
},
{
"text": "in their traction and their national prominence.",
"timestamp": [
83.759,
86.27
]
},
{
"text": "And all of this was happening alongside the\nAnti-Vietnam war movement and the Sexual Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
86.27,
92.42
]
},
{
"text": "It was a time when public consciousness was\nshifting.",
"timestamp": [
92.42,
96.21
]
},
{
"text": "All of these movements changed the way that\npeople viewed relationships between men and",
"timestamp": [
96.21,
101.08
]
},
{
"text": "women and traditional ideas about gender binaries.",
"timestamp": [
101.08,
103.939
]
},
{
"text": "The movements also transformed youth culture\nand promoted a period of deep distrust in",
"timestamp": [
103.939,
109.42
]
},
{
"text": "American authority and the older generation\nthat perpetuated some of these institutional",
"timestamp": [
109.42,
113.479
]
},
{
"text": "and traditional norms.",
"timestamp": [
113.479,
115.439
]
},
{
"text": "Also during this time, there was an unfortunate\nshift in the economy.",
"timestamp": [
115.439,
119
]
},
{
"text": "There was massive deindustrialization and\ninflation.",
"timestamp": [
119,
124.09
]
},
{
"text": "Deindustrialization–a decline in manufacturing\nand thus economic activity—was happening",
"timestamp": [
124.09,
129.78
]
},
{
"text": "in many cities in parts of the Rust Belt - a\npart of the United States that consists of",
"timestamp": [
129.78,
134.56
]
},
{
"text": "many communities that relied on factory work\nand coal production for economic security.",
"timestamp": [
134.56,
139.9
]
},
{
"text": "There was a lot going on and a lot changing.",
"timestamp": [
139.9,
144.4
]
},
{
"text": "All of these dynamics - the social changes,\neconomic shifts - also changed who was becoming",
"timestamp": [
144.4,
149.76
]
},
{
"text": "involved in politics.",
"timestamp": [
149.76,
152.06
]
},
{
"text": "Taking the concerns of marginalized people\nseriously—or at least acknowledging that",
"timestamp": [
152.06,
157.26
]
},
{
"text": "these issues exist—started to become increasingly\nimportant for candidates to have political",
"timestamp": [
157.26,
164.08
]
},
{
"text": "traction.",
"timestamp": [
164.08,
165.08
]
},
{
"text": "Even though Black Americans had long tried\nto get involved in the electoral process in",
"timestamp": [
165.08,
168.91
]
},
{
"text": "whatever ways they could, this moment was\ndifferent because they could finally get more",
"timestamp": [
168.91,
173.41
]
},
{
"text": "directly involved than perhaps they’d ever\nbeen before.",
"timestamp": [
173.41,
176.79
]
},
{
"text": "This era of politics immediately followed\nthe Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited",
"timestamp": [
176.79,
182.019
]
},
{
"text": "racial discrimination in voting.",
"timestamp": [
182.019,
184.71
]
},
{
"text": "It essentially enfranchised Black Americans\nin the South by banning literacy tests and",
"timestamp": [
184.71,
189.739
]
},
{
"text": "other practices that kept them from voting.",
"timestamp": [
189.739,
193.379
]
},
{
"text": "This allowed for Black Americans to have their\nvoices heard in the ballot box.",
"timestamp": [
193.379,
197.83
]
},
{
"text": "And honestly, when we think about when “American\nDemocracy began” many scholars argue that",
"timestamp": [
197.83,
205.63
]
},
{
"text": "it’s more accurate to say that it’s beginning\nwas 1965 and not 1776, because before that,",
"timestamp": [
205.63,
212.75
]
},
{
"text": "a significant majority of adults didn’t\nhave the right to vote, one of the most foundational",
"timestamp": [
212.75,
217.97
]
},
{
"text": "parts of any self-proclaimed democracy.",
"timestamp": [
217.97,
220.73
]
},
{
"text": "And with Black people now able to vote, Black\ncandidates became a more realistic possibility.",
"timestamp": [
220.73,
227.09
]
},
{
"text": "And up steps, Shirley Chisholm.",
"timestamp": [
227.09,
231.02
]
},
{
"text": "Chisholm's candidacy and political practices\nwere possible because of those political shifts.",
"timestamp": [
231.02,
236.48
]
},
{
"text": "She proved that when you allow Black Americans\nto vote, electoral victories for Black candidates",
"timestamp": [
236.48,
241.18
]
},
{
"text": "can happen.",
"timestamp": [
241.18,
242.76
]
},
{
"text": "She represented Black people, but Black women\nspecifically.",
"timestamp": [
242.76,
245.879
]
},
{
"text": "And she made a specific distinction between\nthe challenges that Black women faced compared",
"timestamp": [
245.879,
251.28
]
},
{
"text": "to Black men.",
"timestamp": [
251.28,
252.62
]
},
{
"text": "She was also the child of immigrants, demonstrating\nhow Black Americans are not a monolith, but",
"timestamp": [
252.62,
258.42
]
},
{
"text": "come from a diverse set of backgrounds.",
"timestamp": [
258.42,
261.34
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s learn a little bit more about Shirley's\nearly life in the thought bubble.",
"timestamp": [
261.34,
266.2
]
},
{
"text": "Shirley Chisholm was born Shirley Anita St.\nHill in Brooklyn, New York in 1924.",
"timestamp": [
266.2,
272.35
]
},
{
"text": "She was a Black American of West Indian descent.",
"timestamp": [
272.35,
275.33
]
},
{
"text": "The oldest of four daughters, her parents\nwere Charles St. Hill, a factory worker from",
"timestamp": [
275.33,
279.94
]
},
{
"text": "Guyana, and Ruby Seale St. Hill, a seamstress\nfrom Barbados.",
"timestamp": [
279.94,
284.63
]
},
{
"text": "Both of their political ideologies aligned\nwith those of the leader Marcus Garvey who",
"timestamp": [
284.63,
288.87
]
},
{
"text": "preached fervently about Black self-determination.",
"timestamp": [
288.87,
292.53
]
},
{
"text": "Shirley spent most of her childhood living\nwith her maternal grandmother and actually",
"timestamp": [
292.53,
296.41
]
},
{
"text": "received her early education in Barbados.",
"timestamp": [
296.41,
299.47
]
},
{
"text": "She later said she'd learned to love her skin\nand her heritage from her grandmother and",
"timestamp": [
299.47,
303.41
]
},
{
"text": "that her Caribbean identity played a huge\nrole in her social and political views.",
"timestamp": [
303.41,
309.24
]
},
{
"text": "She returned to the United States in 1934\nand credited her education in Barbados as",
"timestamp": [
309.24,
314.44
]
},
{
"text": "the main reason she spoke and wrote so well.",
"timestamp": [
314.44,
317.24
]
},
{
"text": "She graduated from Brooklyn’s Girls’ High\nSchool in 1942 and from Brooklyn College cum",
"timestamp": [
317.24,
322.54
]
},
{
"text": "laude in 1946 where she pushed for more classes\non Black history and also encouraged more",
"timestamp": [
322.54,
328.52
]
},
{
"text": "women to get involved in student government.",
"timestamp": [
328.52,
330.83
]
},
{
"text": "Her political interests also grew while in\ncollege.",
"timestamp": [
330.83,
333.96
]
},
{
"text": "A critical moment for the development of her\npolitical philosophy happened when she attended",
"timestamp": [
333.96,
338.08
]
},
{
"text": "a speech by Stanley Steingut, a leader in\nthe Brooklyn Democratic party.",
"timestamp": [
338.08,
342.4
]
},
{
"text": "He claimed that Black people needed White\npeople to get ahead.",
"timestamp": [
342.4,
346.67
]
},
{
"text": "Shirley…did not agree and was inspired to\ndo the exact opposite: prove that Black Americans",
"timestamp": [
346.67,
353.19
]
},
{
"text": "were self-sufficient and could get ahead on\ntheir own.",
"timestamp": [
353.19,
357.56
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks Thought Bubble\nWith a renewed sense of direction, Shirley",
"timestamp": [
357.56,
360.911
]
},
{
"text": "kept her education going.",
"timestamp": [
360.911,
362.4
]
},
{
"text": "As she worked in different roles as an early\nchildhood education teacher and administrator,",
"timestamp": [
362.4,
366.94
]
},
{
"text": "she continued taking graduate school classes\nand received her master's degree in early",
"timestamp": [
366.94,
370.57
]
},
{
"text": "childhood education from Columbia University\nTeachers College in 1951.",
"timestamp": [
370.57,
375.47
]
},
{
"text": "In 1964 she ran to be state representative\nof her local community, the mostly poor Black",
"timestamp": [
375.47,
381.33
]
},
{
"text": "and Caribbean neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant\nin Brooklyn.",
"timestamp": [
381.33,
385.56
]
},
{
"text": "She won by a landslide and became the second\nAfrican-American woman in the New York State",
"timestamp": [
385.56,
390.84
]
},
{
"text": "legislature!",
"timestamp": [
390.84,
391.84
]
},
{
"text": "In 1968, she ran for Congress.",
"timestamp": [
391.84,
395.18
]
},
{
"text": "She ran against the veteran civil rights worker\nJames Farmer, who was more politically conservative",
"timestamp": [
395.18,
399.99
]
},
{
"text": "than her.",
"timestamp": [
399.99,
401.29
]
},
{
"text": "Farmer, instead of standing in solidarity\nwith Chisholm and respecting her as a candidate,",
"timestamp": [
401.29,
404.08
]
},
{
"text": "framed her as too bossy and too feminine to\nbe a great leader.",
"timestamp": [
404.08,
408.38
]
},
{
"text": "However, her support from local women - both\nBlack and White - in a district where women",
"timestamp": [
408.38,
411.96
]
},
{
"text": "outnumbered male voters more than two to one\nbrought her to victory.",
"timestamp": [
411.96,
417.51
]
},
{
"text": "Despite her historic win, she did not have\nan easy time when she made it to Capitol Hill.",
"timestamp": [
417.51,
421.81
]
},
{
"text": "She was quickly placed on the Committee on\nAgriculture, despite Brooklyn not really being",
"timestamp": [
421.81,
426.82
]
},
{
"text": "known as a rural heartland.",
"timestamp": [
426.82,
429.26
]
},
{
"text": "She was actually mostly okay with that, thanks\nto the committee’s role with food programs",
"timestamp": [
429.26,
433.86
]
},
{
"text": "and migrant labor.",
"timestamp": [
433.86,
435.42
]
},
{
"text": "Chisholm also played a critical role in developing\nthe Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women",
"timestamp": [
435.42,
440.65
]
},
{
"text": "Infants and Children, better known as WIC\ntoday.",
"timestamp": [
440.65,
445.06
]
},
{
"text": "But then she learned she was going to be placed\non the rural development and forestry subcommittee.",
"timestamp": [
445.06,
450.48
]
},
{
"text": "And that was too much.",
"timestamp": [
450.48,
452.74
]
},
{
"text": "She openly protested the assignment and her\npersistence paid off.",
"timestamp": [
452.74,
457.61
]
},
{
"text": "She was reassigned to the Veterans’ Affairs\nCommittee—famously remarking “There are",
"timestamp": [
457.61,
462.36
]
},
{
"text": "a lot more veterans in my district than there\nare trees.”",
"timestamp": [
462.36,
466.15
]
},
{
"text": "But Chisolm wasn’t done yet.",
"timestamp": [
466.15,
468.84
]
},
{
"text": "In January of 1972, she announced that she\nwas running for the Democratic nomination",
"timestamp": [
468.84,
473.75
]
},
{
"text": "for the presidency at the Concord Baptist\nChurch in Brooklyn, New York.",
"timestamp": [
473.75,
477.51
]
},
{
"text": "In her announcement she stated: \"I am not\nthe candidate of black America, although I",
"timestamp": [
477.51,
486.281
]
},
{
"text": "am black and proud.",
"timestamp": [
486.281,
487.281
]
},
{
"text": "I am not the candidate of the women's movement\nof this country, although I am a woman and",
"timestamp": [
487.281,
491.96
]
},
{
"text": "equally proud of that … I am the candidate\nof the people of America … and my presence",
"timestamp": [
491.96,
498.5
]
},
{
"text": "before you symbolizes a new era in American\npolitical history.\"",
"timestamp": [
498.5,
504.21
]
},
{
"text": "Chisholm had always said that her greatest\nopposition came from men, regardless of race,",
"timestamp": [
504.21,
510.69
]
},
{
"text": "and unfortunately, this proved to be especially\ntrue during her candidacy.",
"timestamp": [
510.69,
515.19
]
},
{
"text": "One of her opponents that stood out the most\nwas George Wallace, the former Governor of",
"timestamp": [
515.19,
519.9
]
},
{
"text": "Alabama who had famously stated there would\nbe “segregation now, segregation tomorrow,",
"timestamp": [
519.9,
527.2
]
},
{
"text": "and segregation forever.\"",
"timestamp": [
527.2,
528.45
]
},
{
"text": "He is most well known for the state-sanctioned\nviolence he directed towards Black Americans",
"timestamp": [
528.45,
533.06
]
},
{
"text": "during the Civil Rights Movement.",
"timestamp": [
533.06,
534.5
]
},
{
"text": "So you had a person who was effectively the\nface of segregation and a person who was effectively",
"timestamp": [
534.5,
542.2
]
},
{
"text": "the face of Black women in politics running\nin the same primary.",
"timestamp": [
542.2,
547.5
]
},
{
"text": "In the end though, neither Chisholm nor Wallace\nwould become the Democratic nominee.",
"timestamp": [
547.5,
551.96
]
},
{
"text": "Chrisholm's campaign was under-financed and\nshe did not receive much support from the",
"timestamp": [
551.96,
556.76
]
},
{
"text": "mostly male Congressional Black Caucus.",
"timestamp": [
556.76,
559.01
]
},
{
"text": "But she did have some success!",
"timestamp": [
559.01,
561.03
]
},
{
"text": "She entered 12 primaries and gained 152 of\nthe delegate’s votes, about 10% of the totals",
"timestamp": [
561.03,
567.76
]
},
{
"text": "in those 12 primaries.",
"timestamp": [
567.76,
569.71
]
},
{
"text": "She also made huge strides in coalition-building\nbetween women of all races and other liberal",
"timestamp": [
569.71,
574.6
]
},
{
"text": "groups.",
"timestamp": [
574.6,
575.7
]
},
{
"text": "Even though she did not receive the nomination,\nher candidacy and politics reflected the desire",
"timestamp": [
575.7,
580.98
]
},
{
"text": "for change during these times.",
"timestamp": [
580.98,
583.72
]
},
{
"text": "She envisioned and shaped the narrative about\ncreating a multicultural space for political",
"timestamp": [
583.72,
588.09
]
},
{
"text": "engagement.",
"timestamp": [
588.09,
589.09
]
},
{
"text": "But the animosity towards her candidacy also\nplayed a role in setting up the conservative",
"timestamp": [
589.09,
593.43
]
},
{
"text": "backlash and the law-and-order agenda that\nwe talked about in our previous episode on",
"timestamp": [
593.43,
598.34
]
},
{
"text": "the War on Drugs.",
"timestamp": [
598.34,
599.76
]
},
{
"text": "In 1983, Chrisholm retired from Congress.",
"timestamp": [
599.76,
602.67
]
},
{
"text": "She accepted the Purington Chair at Mount\nHolyoke College in Massachusetts and remained",
"timestamp": [
602.67,
607.86
]
},
{
"text": "there until 1987.",
"timestamp": [
607.86,
609.97
]
},
{
"text": "She collaborated with 15 other Black women\nin 1990 to establish the organization, African-American",
"timestamp": [
609.97,
616.13
]
},
{
"text": "Women for Reproductive Freedom.",
"timestamp": [
616.13,
618.19
]
},
{
"text": "She lived out her retirement in Florida until\nshe passed away in 2005.",
"timestamp": [
618.19,
623
]
},
{
"text": "Chisholm made a huge impact on American politics.",
"timestamp": [
623,
626.51
]
},
{
"text": "Even though she did not win the Democratic\nprimary for president, her tenacity informed",
"timestamp": [
626.51,
630.64
]
},
{
"text": "much of what we understand about liberal politics\ntoday.",
"timestamp": [
630.64,
633.92
]
},
{
"text": "She also was an expert coalition builder and\nknew how to rally people together under common",
"timestamp": [
633.92,
638.84
]
},
{
"text": "goals, even if they were different.",
"timestamp": [
638.84,
639.84
]
},
{
"text": "She inspired so many female politicians and\nhighlighted the misogyny that was present",
"timestamp": [
639.84,
644.64
]
},
{
"text": "even within the Black community.",
"timestamp": [
644.64,
646.55
]
},
{
"text": "She laid the groundwork for subsequent nationwide\ncampaigns for African Americans: Jesse Jackson",
"timestamp": [
646.55,
652.62
]
},
{
"text": "in 1984 and 1988 and Barack Obama in 2008.",
"timestamp": [
652.62,
655.39
]
},
{
"text": "And in 2015, in a sort of full-circle moment,\nPresident Barack Obama posthumously awarded",
"timestamp": [
655.39,
662.45
]
},
{
"text": "Shirley Chisholm with the Presidential Medal\nof Freedom, the highest civilian award in",
"timestamp": [
662.45,
667.77
]
},
{
"text": "the United States.",
"timestamp": [
667.77,
668.77
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn more about Shirley Chisholm\nand the impact she had on American politics,",
"timestamp": [
668.77,
673.13
]
},
{
"text": "check out her autobiography, Unbossed and\nUnbought.",
"timestamp": [
673.13,
675.17
]
},
{
"text": "This book documents her rise to the U.S. House\nof Representatives, and also has a really",
"timestamp": [
675.17,
679.84
]
},
{
"text": "great title.",
"timestamp": [
679.84,
681.4
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching!",
"timestamp": [
681.4,
684.91
]
},
{
"text": "I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
684.91,
701.28
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course Public Health Preview!
|
PjdJ19ugXzQ
| 280 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Is your health…yours?",
"timestamp": [
0.5,
2.525
]
},
{
"text": "Well in a lot of ways, yeah!",
"timestamp": [
2.525,
4.451
]
},
{
"text": "Our health is a story about our bodies, our\nhabits, and our choices.",
"timestamp": [
4.451,
9.425
]
},
{
"text": "But like with any good story, the more attention you pay, the more complex and interesting",
"timestamp": [
9.425,
15.259
]
},
{
"text": "the story becomes.",
"timestamp": [
15.259,
16.657
]
},
{
"text": "It turns out that the story of your health\nisn’t just about you.",
"timestamp": [
16.657,
21.199
]
},
{
"text": "It’s actually about a bunch of other stuff,\ntoo.",
"timestamp": [
21.199,
24.46
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the story of the social, economic,\nand environmental conditions that make up our lives. ",
"timestamp": [
24.46,
30.504
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the story of people collaborating across\ncontinents and over the course of generations",
"timestamp": [
30.504,
35.8
]
},
{
"text": "to build a healthier world.",
"timestamp": [
35.8,
37.62
]
},
{
"text": "It’s the story of a changing climate, social\njustice movements, and even the Internet! ",
"timestamp": [
37.62,
42.797
]
},
{
"text": "Public health experts take all of this into\nconsideration to build a richly thought-out",
"timestamp": [
42.797,
48.559
]
},
{
"text": "world that works to improve our health -- sometimes\nin pretty cool and surprising ways!",
"timestamp": [
48.559,
54.899
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Vanessa Hill.",
"timestamp": [
54.899,
56.87
]
},
{
"text": "Welcome to Crash Course Public Health!",
"timestamp": [
56.87,
59.35
]
},
{
"text": "You might know me from YouTube, from my channel BrainCraft.",
"timestamp": [
59.35,
62.809
]
},
{
"text": "I like to take an experimental approach to\ncontent exploring our health and wellbeing",
"timestamp": [
62.809,
68.074
]
},
{
"text": "– like investigating why crystal healing\nexists, or creating a bedtime procrastination hotline. ",
"timestamp": [
68.074,
75
]
},
{
"text": "Over the years, I’ve made documentaries\nabout topics like designer DNA, and what algorithms",
"timestamp": [
75,
80.38
]
},
{
"text": "do to our attention and emotions.",
"timestamp": [
80.38,
83.38
]
},
{
"text": "Though my biggest experiment to date was a\nHollywood reality show about improving your",
"timestamp": [
83.38,
88.619
]
},
{
"text": "sleep with the latest sleep techniques and\ntechnology. ",
"timestamp": [
88.619,
92.11
]
},
{
"text": "The comments on this show highlighted one\nthing – it’s really hard to actually change",
"timestamp": [
92.11,
97.479
]
},
{
"text": "your behavior to be more healthy. ",
"timestamp": [
97.479,
99.38
]
},
{
"text": "Heaps of viewers asked questions like: How\ndo I actually stop using my phone in bed?",
"timestamp": [
99.38,
104.45
]
},
{
"text": "Or, How do I stop procrastinating my bedtime?",
"timestamp": [
104.45,
107.909
]
},
{
"text": "And I couldn’t answer them, because in all\nof the scientific literature there were no answers. ",
"timestamp": [
107.909,
113.42
]
},
{
"text": "And this bothered me. ",
"timestamp": [
113.42,
114.7
]
},
{
"text": "So in what is an extremely unlikely career\nsegue, I went from being the executive producer",
"timestamp": [
114.7,
120.009
]
},
{
"text": "of a Hollywood reality show to a sleep researcher.",
"timestamp": [
120.009,
123.69
]
},
{
"text": "My research investigates the best behavior\nchange techniques for improving your sleep,",
"timestamp": [
123.69,
128.84
]
},
{
"text": "and how we can better communicate with people about their health.",
"timestamp": [
128.84,
132.7
]
},
{
"text": "Which means less of me pretending to be a\nscientist on TV and more of me actually being",
"timestamp": [
132.7,
138.11
]
},
{
"text": "a scientist in real life. ",
"timestamp": [
138.11,
139.53
]
},
{
"text": "It’s not the hottest take of all time, but\nI believe that everyone deserves the right",
"timestamp": [
139.53,
144.33
]
},
{
"text": "to live their healthiest possible life.",
"timestamp": [
144.33,
147.29
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, I believe that health is a human\nright.",
"timestamp": [
147.29,
151.05
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s the public health mission!",
"timestamp": [
151.05,
152.91
]
},
{
"text": "More specifically, public health is an approach\nto preventing disease, prolonging life, and",
"timestamp": [
152.91,
158.16
]
},
{
"text": "promoting health for everyone.",
"timestamp": [
158.16,
161.108
]
},
{
"text": "Public health experts do this work by looking\nat the big picture to address health across",
"timestamp": [
161.108,
166.14
]
},
{
"text": "entire populations.",
"timestamp": [
166.14,
168.42
]
},
{
"text": "To do this, they collaborate with experts\nin tons of other fields, including sociology,",
"timestamp": [
168.42,
173.76
]
},
{
"text": "statistics, politics, environmental science\n– and a lot more.",
"timestamp": [
173.76,
177.96
]
},
{
"text": "But we often don’t notice public health\nat work around us.",
"timestamp": [
177.96,
181.96
]
},
{
"text": "Because much like our own health, we’re\nusually better at noticing when public health",
"timestamp": [
181.96,
186.32
]
},
{
"text": "isn’t working than when it is.",
"timestamp": [
186.32,
188.928
]
},
{
"text": "But once you start to notice public health\nat work, it’s hard to stop noticing all",
"timestamp": [
188.928,
193.74
]
},
{
"text": "the places where it’s working.",
"timestamp": [
193.74,
195.95
]
},
{
"text": "Over the next 10 episodes, we’re going to\nunpack what public health is, who does public",
"timestamp": [
195.95,
202.17
]
},
{
"text": "health work, and why thinking about it is\nso important!",
"timestamp": [
202.17,
206.524
]
},
{
"text": "We’re also going to deep dive into health\nequity to address some big questions about",
"timestamp": [
206.524,
211.71
]
},
{
"text": "how things like identity and stigma interact\nwith our health…like, why is it that Black",
"timestamp": [
211.71,
217.86
]
},
{
"text": "women’s bodies are literally aging faster\nthan White women's bodies? ",
"timestamp": [
217.86,
222.34
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll answer that question and more, and\nwe’ll also do some traveling!",
"timestamp": [
222.34,
226.239
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll travel back to the Middle Ages when\nthe English word “health” first bubbled",
"timestamp": [
226.239,
230.94
]
},
{
"text": "up, to a historic typhus outbreak in 19th\ncentury Silesia, to the fictional land of Vanessa-City. ",
"timestamp": [
230.94,
238.497
]
},
{
"text": "We can’t wait to share this series with\nyou!",
"timestamp": [
238.497,
241.72
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Public Health, which was produced by",
"timestamp": [
241.72,
245.86
]
},
{
"text": "Complexly in partnership with the American\nPublic Health Association.",
"timestamp": [
245.86,
249.75
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to learn even more about Public\nHealth, head over to APHA’s YouTube channel",
"timestamp": [
249.75,
254.159
]
},
{
"text": "to watch “That’s Public Health” a series\ncreated by APHA and Complexly. ",
"timestamp": [
254.159,
259.78
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course was filmed in the Castle Geraghty\nstudio in Indianapolis, IN, and made with",
"timestamp": [
259.78,
265.38
]
},
{
"text": "the help of all these awesome people.",
"timestamp": [
265.38,
268.55
]
},
{
"text": "If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone forever please consider joining",
"timestamp": [
268.55,
273.15
]
},
{
"text": "our community of supporters on Patreon. ",
"timestamp": [
273.15,
275.595
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Celebration and Lifelong Learning | How to College | Crash Course
|
ItlvHgot7MQ
| 478 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Oh, hi there!",
"timestamp": [
6.12,
7.12
]
},
{
"text": "As you can see, we’re having a bit of a\nparty.",
"timestamp": [
7.12,
9.09
]
},
{
"text": "CONFETTI!",
"timestamp": [
9.09,
10.09
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s because all the papers have been\nsubmitted,",
"timestamp": [
10.09,
11.29
]
},
{
"text": "the tests have all been taken, final projects\npresented,",
"timestamp": [
11.29,
13.9
]
},
{
"text": "and everything borrowed has been returned\nto the library.",
"timestamp": [
13.9,
15.92
]
},
{
"text": "That means there’s only one thing to do:\ncelebrate!",
"timestamp": [
15.92,
18.88
]
},
{
"text": "MORE CONFETTI!",
"timestamp": [
18.88,
19.93
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s because attending college is\na really rewarding experience,",
"timestamp": [
19.93,
24.63
]
},
{
"text": "but sometimes, we all get so caught up in\nachieving the next goal",
"timestamp": [
24.63,
27.349
]
},
{
"text": "on our list that we forget to bask in our\nown success.",
"timestamp": [
27.349,
29.71
]
},
{
"text": "Think about it: just as you finished one semester\nyou were probably",
"timestamp": [
29.71,
32.739
]
},
{
"text": "already setting up your schedule, buying books,",
"timestamp": [
32.739,
35.16
]
},
{
"text": "and preparing for the challenges of the next\none.",
"timestamp": [
35.16,
37.219
]
},
{
"text": "Or, maybe you finally scheduled an appointment\nwith your career advisor",
"timestamp": [
37.219,
40.35
]
},
{
"text": "but now you’re thinking about all the other\nappointments you haven't scheduled yet.",
"timestamp": [
40.35,
43.059
]
},
{
"text": "As students we get so used to looking ahead\nand planning and",
"timestamp": [
43.059,
46.079
]
},
{
"text": "trying to balance all our responsibilities\nthat we end up thinking",
"timestamp": [
46.079,
49.23
]
},
{
"text": "about the future instead of focusing on the\npresent.",
"timestamp": [
49.23,
51.62
]
},
{
"text": "But if there was ever a time to stop and smell\nthe roses,",
"timestamp": [
51.62,
53.77
]
},
{
"text": "it’s after we’ve completed our degree.",
"timestamp": [
53.77,
55.399
]
},
{
"text": "It’s time to pause for a moment, take a\ndeep breath, rest, relax…",
"timestamp": [
55.399,
58.87
]
},
{
"text": "and then celebrate ourselves for all we’ve\ndone!",
"timestamp": [
58.87,
61.089
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, even celebrating smaller achievements,\nnot just the big ones,",
"timestamp": [
61.089,
64.32
]
},
{
"text": "helps you build confidence in yourself, which\nis key to becoming a lifelong learner.",
"timestamp": [
64.32,
68.1
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky, and this is Crash\nCourse: How to College.",
"timestamp": [
68.1,
71.44
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in partnership\nwith Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
71.44,
74.37
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s talk about celebrating your accomplishments\nand developing",
"timestamp": [
74.37,
77.2
]
},
{
"text": "a lifelong love of learning.",
"timestamp": [
77.2,
79.08
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
79.08,
81.86
]
},
{
"text": "As we get older, we get a lot fewer gold stars\non things --",
"timestamp": [
81.86,
89.75
]
},
{
"text": "but you know what?",
"timestamp": [
89.75,
90.85
]
},
{
"text": "I think we should get more.",
"timestamp": [
90.85,
92.5
]
},
{
"text": "Celebrating our successes might feel silly\nat first,",
"timestamp": [
92.5,
94.97
]
},
{
"text": "but it's important to recognize how far we've\ncome and how much we've learned",
"timestamp": [
94.97,
98.17
]
},
{
"text": "–like I said, it's a key way of building\nconfidence in yourself.",
"timestamp": [
98.17,
102.23
]
},
{
"text": "And there are even a couple of key things\nyou can do to help make celebrating yourself",
"timestamp": [
102.23,
105.61
]
},
{
"text": "a habit.",
"timestamp": [
105.61,
106.61
]
},
{
"text": "For one, celebrating the things we’ve achieved\nputs us in a great position to reflect.",
"timestamp": [
106.61,
110.08
]
},
{
"text": "We can ask ourselves questions like: what\nwe’re most proud of",
"timestamp": [
110.08,
112.64
]
},
{
"text": "from each year of our degree, what we enjoyed\nthe most about our education,",
"timestamp": [
112.64,
115.96
]
},
{
"text": "and how we overcame obstacles.",
"timestamp": [
115.96,
117.33
]
},
{
"text": "Chances are, you’ve accomplished more than\nyou realize.",
"timestamp": [
117.33,
120.15
]
},
{
"text": "And you can start practicing how you can use\nthese moments as important examples",
"timestamp": [
120.15,
124.38
]
},
{
"text": "that demonstrate your experience by looking\nup",
"timestamp": [
124.38,
126.59
]
},
{
"text": "common interview questions and drafting your\nanswers.",
"timestamp": [
126.59,
128.86
]
},
{
"text": "For example, a common interview question asks\nyou",
"timestamp": [
128.86,
131.171
]
},
{
"text": "what your strengths and weaknesses are;",
"timestamp": [
131.171,
133.349
]
},
{
"text": "calmly reflecting on your academic career\nahead of time can give you",
"timestamp": [
133.349,
135.81
]
},
{
"text": "genuine and thoughtful answers to this question.",
"timestamp": [
135.81,
137.739
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
137.739,
139.18
]
},
{
"text": "Michael spent his last semester in college",
"timestamp": [
139.18,
140.849
]
},
{
"text": "working as a front desk receptionist for a\nlocal business.",
"timestamp": [
140.849,
143.87
]
},
{
"text": "While working there, he was the first point\nof contact",
"timestamp": [
143.87,
145.79
]
},
{
"text": "for customers who needed help with solving\na problem.",
"timestamp": [
145.79,
148.069
]
},
{
"text": "Over time, he learned how to efficiently evaluate\na problem",
"timestamp": [
148.069,
150.349
]
},
{
"text": "without alienating the customer.",
"timestamp": [
150.349,
151.89
]
},
{
"text": "Now, when applying to potential employers,",
"timestamp": [
151.89,
154.069
]
},
{
"text": "Michael lists “problem-solving” as one\narea of strength.",
"timestamp": [
154.069,
156.61
]
},
{
"text": "And when he goes in for an interview, he can\nmention",
"timestamp": [
156.61,
158.519
]
},
{
"text": "the steps he took to help address specific\nproblems, or",
"timestamp": [
158.519,
161.129
]
},
{
"text": "how he got better at problem-solving with\nnew challenges.",
"timestamp": [
161.129,
163.379
]
},
{
"text": "Michael’s role also required him to use\noffice technology.",
"timestamp": [
163.379,
165.889
]
},
{
"text": "Both hardware, like the computer and copy\nmachine, and software,",
"timestamp": [
165.889,
169.26
]
},
{
"text": "which is any program that’s installed on\nthese devices.",
"timestamp": [
169.26,
171.28
]
},
{
"text": "And this is where Michael can admit one of\nhis weaknesses:",
"timestamp": [
171.28,
173.65
]
},
{
"text": "the mid-90s printer.",
"timestamp": [
173.65,
175.099
]
},
{
"text": "Don’t worry, none of us liked the mid-90s\nprinter,",
"timestamp": [
175.099,
178.069
]
},
{
"text": "and the last of their kind still exist in\noffices around the country to haunt us all.",
"timestamp": [
178.069,
182.109
]
},
{
"text": "When asked about his weaknesses in the interview,",
"timestamp": [
182.109,
184.099
]
},
{
"text": "Michael can explain that he’s familiar with",
"timestamp": [
184.099,
185.349
]
},
{
"text": "a broad range of hardware and software programs,\nbut for some reason,",
"timestamp": [
185.349,
189.34
]
},
{
"text": "he’s never been able to manage that gremlin-haunted\nprinter from 1996.",
"timestamp": [
189.34,
193.2
]
},
{
"text": "This is just one example of how previous experiences\ncan prepare us",
"timestamp": [
193.2,
195.959
]
},
{
"text": "for an interview, but we can do similar reflecting\nabout any",
"timestamp": [
195.959,
198.76
]
},
{
"text": "significant experience like class projects,\nvolunteer work,",
"timestamp": [
198.76,
202.359
]
},
{
"text": "internships, research, and other practical\nlearning experiences.",
"timestamp": [
202.359,
206.62
]
},
{
"text": "And if you want to learn more about how to\nfind a job,",
"timestamp": [
206.62,
208.66
]
},
{
"text": "check out episode 13 on transitioning to full-time\nwork!",
"timestamp": [
208.66,
211.109
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
211.109,
212.239
]
},
{
"text": "Another way to celebrate your own success\nis to journal,",
"timestamp": [
212.239,
214.639
]
},
{
"text": "or even keep a diary.",
"timestamp": [
214.639,
215.639
]
},
{
"text": "You can use a journal to write down the questions\nand answers",
"timestamp": [
215.639,
217.87
]
},
{
"text": "you want to reflect on, but you can also use\nit to just…keep track of your experiences.",
"timestamp": [
217.87,
222.51
]
},
{
"text": "Because the things you did in your sophomore\nyear of college",
"timestamp": [
222.51,
224.31
]
},
{
"text": "are still going to be pretty clear in your\nmemory on graduation,",
"timestamp": [
224.31,
226.859
]
},
{
"text": "but trust me, time takes its toll!",
"timestamp": [
226.859,
229.17
]
},
{
"text": "Having a diary or journal of your experiences\nas they happen,",
"timestamp": [
229.17,
232.22
]
},
{
"text": "even if it’s just 5 minutes a day, can be\nextremely valuable to look back on",
"timestamp": [
232.22,
235.569
]
},
{
"text": "years later as you want to remember how much\nyou’ve achieved–",
"timestamp": [
235.569,
238.069
]
},
{
"text": "and the details of those achievements.",
"timestamp": [
238.069,
239.79
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, celebrating and looking back on\nyour accomplishments",
"timestamp": [
239.79,
242.45
]
},
{
"text": "actually prepares you for your next step.",
"timestamp": [
242.45,
244.389
]
},
{
"text": "But this reflection doesn’t have to be all\non you!",
"timestamp": [
244.389,
246.859
]
},
{
"text": "Tell someone!",
"timestamp": [
246.859,
247.859
]
},
{
"text": "Tell a lot of someones.",
"timestamp": [
247.859,
248.859
]
},
{
"text": "Share your accomplishments with the people\naround you who matter to you",
"timestamp": [
248.859,
251.249
]
},
{
"text": "and have helped you get where you are, whether\nthat’s your family,",
"timestamp": [
251.249,
253.43
]
},
{
"text": "a favorite coach, or your mentor.",
"timestamp": [
253.43,
255.159
]
},
{
"text": "These people have supported you through your\ndegree,",
"timestamp": [
255.159,
257.03
]
},
{
"text": "and they’ll appreciate the chance to celebrate\nyour wins, no matter how big or small.",
"timestamp": [
257.03,
260.32
]
},
{
"text": "And finally, when you’re celebrating yourself,\nbe sure to reward yourself.",
"timestamp": [
260.32,
263.419
]
},
{
"text": "Now, there’s a fine line to walk here: you\ndon’t want to reward yourself",
"timestamp": [
263.419,
266.71
]
},
{
"text": "just to get that gold star.",
"timestamp": [
266.71,
268.56
]
},
{
"text": "You want to celebrate your effort and the\nsuccess that came from it.",
"timestamp": [
268.56,
271.229
]
},
{
"text": "So this might mean pulling an all-nighter\nto meet a last minute deadline",
"timestamp": [
271.229,
274.22
]
},
{
"text": "and then treating yourself to a relaxing day\nat the spa,",
"timestamp": [
274.22,
276.57
]
},
{
"text": "or going for a long coastal hike to reconnect\nwith nature.",
"timestamp": [
276.57,
279.41
]
},
{
"text": "Maybe a bunch of people in your group of friends\ngot promoted",
"timestamp": [
279.41,
281.12
]
},
{
"text": "all at once, so you decide to have a celebratory\ngroup dinner.",
"timestamp": [
281.12,
283.949
]
},
{
"text": "And eventually, we learn to associate the\neffort and success itself",
"timestamp": [
283.949,
287.009
]
},
{
"text": "with inherent satisfaction;",
"timestamp": [
287.009,
288.569
]
},
{
"text": "we experience pleasure in learning.",
"timestamp": [
288.569,
290.46
]
},
{
"text": "This is intrinsic motivation, and it’s a\nkey part of lifelong learning.",
"timestamp": [
290.46,
293.639
]
},
{
"text": "An undergraduate degree gives you a solid\nfoundation for career success,",
"timestamp": [
293.639,
297.21
]
},
{
"text": "but lifelong learning continues your development\nof knowledge",
"timestamp": [
297.21,
299.71
]
},
{
"text": "and skills after formal education ends.",
"timestamp": [
299.71,
302.11
]
},
{
"text": "You can develop new skills–and sharpen old\nones–",
"timestamp": [
302.11,
304.68
]
},
{
"text": "while building and expanding on the knowledge\nyou learned in college.",
"timestamp": [
304.68,
307.26
]
},
{
"text": "This can be pretty important, because not\nevery skill",
"timestamp": [
307.26,
310.33
]
},
{
"text": "or piece of knowledge you learn in the classroom\nremains relevant",
"timestamp": [
310.33,
312.77
]
},
{
"text": "for the length of your entire career -",
"timestamp": [
312.77,
314.3
]
},
{
"text": "especially when you consider the fact that\nan average career lasts about 31 years!",
"timestamp": [
314.3,
317.78
]
},
{
"text": "Now in that time, there’s a lot of new knowledge\nbeing generated",
"timestamp": [
317.78,
321.229
]
},
{
"text": "in just about every field.",
"timestamp": [
321.229,
322.71
]
},
{
"text": "Some people keep up-to-date by reading",
"timestamp": [
322.71,
323.949
]
},
{
"text": "professional magazines and academic journals,",
"timestamp": [
323.949,
326.419
]
},
{
"text": "while other people take continuing education\nclasses–",
"timestamp": [
326.419,
328.58
]
},
{
"text": "in fact, sometimes that’s mandated by law.",
"timestamp": [
328.58,
330.37
]
},
{
"text": "And skills can become outdated, too.",
"timestamp": [
330.37,
332.74
]
},
{
"text": "Some researchers have suggested that every\nfive years,",
"timestamp": [
332.74,
334.99
]
},
{
"text": "a specific job skill, like having a commercial\ndriving license,",
"timestamp": [
334.99,
338.49
]
},
{
"text": "becomes half as valuable as it was.",
"timestamp": [
338.49,
340.569
]
},
{
"text": "Now obviously this isn’t true for every\ncareer,",
"timestamp": [
340.569,
342.94
]
},
{
"text": "but it does give you a good idea of why you\nshould stay on top of skill development.",
"timestamp": [
342.94,
346.849
]
},
{
"text": "So, how do you do that?",
"timestamp": [
346.849,
348.479
]
},
{
"text": "Well, mindset definitely helps!",
"timestamp": [
348.479,
350.09
]
},
{
"text": "Define what being a lifelong learner looks\nlike for you,",
"timestamp": [
350.09,
352.77
]
},
{
"text": "and pursue knowledge in a way that makes sense\nfor you and your goals.",
"timestamp": [
352.77,
355.55
]
},
{
"text": "And one way to formally keep learning we can\nconsider is graduate school,",
"timestamp": [
355.55,
359.25
]
},
{
"text": "which is additional school for people who\nhave already gotten their undergraduate degree.",
"timestamp": [
359.25,
362.52
]
},
{
"text": "Through grad school, you can earn an advanced\ndegree,",
"timestamp": [
362.52,
364.509
]
},
{
"text": "like a master’s or doctoral degree.",
"timestamp": [
364.509,
366
]
},
{
"text": "And although grad school is not the best choice\nfor everyone,",
"timestamp": [
366,
368.59
]
},
{
"text": "it could be the right choice for you if your\ncareer path requires it",
"timestamp": [
368.59,
371.36
]
},
{
"text": "or if you need it to be more competitive in\nthe job market.",
"timestamp": [
371.36,
373.34
]
},
{
"text": "The ins and outs of graduate school could\nfill an entire episode,",
"timestamp": [
373.34,
376.82
]
},
{
"text": "but keep in mind that there’s no time limit\non attending grad school.",
"timestamp": [
376.82,
379.96
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, pursuing a graduate degree mid-career\ncan have several benefits;",
"timestamp": [
379.96,
383.15
]
},
{
"text": "like, if it’s relevant to your job, your\nemployer may offer tuition reimbursement.",
"timestamp": [
383.15,
387.479
]
},
{
"text": "You might also find that you have a different\ntype of motivation",
"timestamp": [
387.479,
389.69
]
},
{
"text": "at that stage in your life or have a better\nidea of the work you want to do.",
"timestamp": [
389.69,
392.699
]
},
{
"text": "But grad school is just one way to continue\nlearning after college.",
"timestamp": [
392.699,
395.669
]
},
{
"text": "There are lots of different options:",
"timestamp": [
395.669,
397.52
]
},
{
"text": "from watching fun educational YouTube videos,\nto picking up a new hobby",
"timestamp": [
397.52,
400.789
]
},
{
"text": "or reading books that are relevant to your\nfield.",
"timestamp": [
400.789,
402.59
]
},
{
"text": "We can also use tools like the US Bureau of\nLabor Statistics' Occupational Outlook Handbook,",
"timestamp": [
402.59,
407.06
]
},
{
"text": "which is published every two years.",
"timestamp": [
407.06,
408.68
]
},
{
"text": "You can search the results by the fastest-growing\njobs,",
"timestamp": [
408.68,
410.819
]
},
{
"text": "most in-demand degrees, and more.",
"timestamp": [
410.819,
412.349
]
},
{
"text": "While it's not a perfect oracle, it does allow\nus to spot trends",
"timestamp": [
412.349,
415.289
]
},
{
"text": "and themes in the workforce.",
"timestamp": [
415.289,
416.759
]
},
{
"text": "Even though college is ending, it’s really\njust the beginning.",
"timestamp": [
416.759,
419.31
]
},
{
"text": "Hopefully, you’re getting excited about\nwhat your future holds",
"timestamp": [
419.31,
421.689
]
},
{
"text": "while still celebrating what you’ve already\naccomplished.",
"timestamp": [
421.689,
424.21
]
},
{
"text": "And if you’re not quite sure how to feel,\nthat’s okay, too.",
"timestamp": [
424.21,
426.65
]
},
{
"text": "Our best advice here on Crash Course as you\nstart your new career",
"timestamp": [
426.65,
429.509
]
},
{
"text": "is to focus on expanding your knowledge, understanding\nyour strengths,",
"timestamp": [
429.509,
432.59
]
},
{
"text": "and figuring out what drives you!",
"timestamp": [
432.59,
434.18
]
},
{
"text": "Don’t be afraid to move around and try new\nthings -",
"timestamp": [
434.18,
436.09
]
},
{
"text": "it’s okay if you have multiple career paths\nover the course of your life!",
"timestamp": [
436.09,
439.03
]
},
{
"text": "Try not to pressure yourself to build a “perfect”\ncareer",
"timestamp": [
439.03,
441.091
]
},
{
"text": "because that doesn't exist!",
"timestamp": [
441.091,
443.11
]
},
{
"text": "Career development is not linear; sometimes\nyou will take steps back,",
"timestamp": [
443.11,
446.58
]
},
{
"text": "make lateral moves, or run in place as you\ndecide what your next step is.",
"timestamp": [
446.58,
449.86
]
},
{
"text": "You’re doing great, and we’re so proud\nof you and all you’ve accomplished.",
"timestamp": [
449.86,
453.31
]
},
{
"text": "CONFETTI!",
"timestamp": [
453.31,
454.31
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse How to College.",
"timestamp": [
454.31,
456.34
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded program\ncalled Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
456.34,
458.659
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State\nUniversity",
"timestamp": [
458.659,
461.21
]
},
{
"text": "to launch Study Hall on its own channel.",
"timestamp": [
461.21,
462.79
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll\nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
462.79,
466.99
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational courses\nconnected to college credit courses",
"timestamp": [
466.99,
470.449
]
},
{
"text": "that students struggle most with in their\nfirst 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
470.449,
471.949
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
471.949,
472.689
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
The War on Drugs: Crash Course Black American History #42
|
shGpC_WVDQk
| 784 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course\nBlack American History!",
"timestamp": [
0.429,
5.12
]
},
{
"text": "You know, every nation’s government has\nto create policies.",
"timestamp": [
5.12,
9.55
]
},
{
"text": "Policies are plans that detail what the government\nwants to achieve.",
"timestamp": [
9.55,
13.08
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes those policies have good outcomes,\nand sometimes…not so good.",
"timestamp": [
13.08,
18.87
]
},
{
"text": "Today we are going to talk about the War on\nDrugs, a policy initiative that has gone on",
"timestamp": [
18.87,
24.03
]
},
{
"text": "for years.",
"timestamp": [
24.03,
25.03
]
},
{
"text": "It was designed, ostensibly, to stop drug\nuse and drug dealing across the United States,",
"timestamp": [
25.03,
32.87
]
},
{
"text": "but what ended up happening is that it entangled\nmillions of Black people in the criminal legal",
"timestamp": [
32.87,
38.2
]
},
{
"text": "systems for generations.",
"timestamp": [
38.2,
40.2
]
},
{
"text": "For some people, this was an adverse consequence\nof a well-intentioned policy, but for others,",
"timestamp": [
40.2,
48.05
]
},
{
"text": "this was exactly what they wanted the policy\nto do.",
"timestamp": [
48.05,
51.76
]
},
{
"text": "Don’t believe me?",
"timestamp": [
51.76,
53.96
]
},
{
"text": "Well, you might soon.",
"timestamp": [
53.96,
57.96
]
},
{
"text": "Let's start the show!",
"timestamp": [
57.96,
64.68
]
},
{
"text": "(Intro Music)\nThe official War on Drugs lasted from Richard",
"timestamp": [
64.68,
68.15
]
},
{
"text": "Nixon’s Presidency in the early 70s and\naccording to many activists continues to this",
"timestamp": [
68.15,
73.591
]
},
{
"text": "day, though it hasn’t been as much of a\nnational obsession since the end of Bill Clinton’s",
"timestamp": [
73.591,
80.78
]
},
{
"text": "presidency.",
"timestamp": [
80.78,
81.78
]
},
{
"text": "It was an initiative promoted by the federal\ngovernment, and multiple presidents—of both",
"timestamp": [
81.78,
86.31
]
},
{
"text": "political parties—that aimed to stop the\nuse, distribution, and trade of illegal drugs.",
"timestamp": [
86.31,
92.5
]
},
{
"text": "But the thing is...a big part of how it did\nthis was by implementing stricter, more severe",
"timestamp": [
92.5,
98.44
]
},
{
"text": "prison sentences in an effort to deter drug\ndealers and users.",
"timestamp": [
98.44,
103.049
]
},
{
"text": "But the outcomes of the War on Drugs shows\nthat even if you don't explicitly mention",
"timestamp": [
103.049,
107.2
]
},
{
"text": "race in a policy, you still may be making\na policy about race - sometimes that’s intentional",
"timestamp": [
107.2,
113.7
]
},
{
"text": "and sometimes it’s not.",
"timestamp": [
113.7,
116.32
]
},
{
"text": "In order to understand the War on Drugs, we\nhave to talk about the origins of the criminalization",
"timestamp": [
116.32,
120.88
]
},
{
"text": "of Black communities.",
"timestamp": [
120.88,
122.38
]
},
{
"text": "As we’ve discussed, this has been a consistent\ntheme throughout American history, but debates",
"timestamp": [
122.38,
127.479
]
},
{
"text": "on how to address drug use in society began\nto affect Black communities more directly",
"timestamp": [
127.479,
132.709
]
},
{
"text": "in the 1960s.",
"timestamp": [
132.709,
134.39
]
},
{
"text": "Even though President Lyndon B. Johnson is\nbest known for passing the Civil Rights Act",
"timestamp": [
134.39,
140.83
]
},
{
"text": "of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965,\nhe also declared what was called a “war",
"timestamp": [
140.83,
147.011
]
},
{
"text": "on crime” in March of 1965.",
"timestamp": [
147.011,
150.249
]
},
{
"text": "The War on Crime was not exactly the same\nas the War on Drugs, but it put in place many",
"timestamp": [
150.249,
155.359
]
},
{
"text": "of the powers that would eventually make the\nWar on Drugs as expansive and as devastating",
"timestamp": [
155.359,
160.659
]
},
{
"text": "as it was.",
"timestamp": [
160.659,
161.659
]
},
{
"text": "The war on crime produced the Law Enforcement\nAssistance Act of 1965 which authorized the",
"timestamp": [
161.659,
168.249
]
},
{
"text": "federal government to take a direct role in\nmilitarizing local police.",
"timestamp": [
168.249,
172.54
]
},
{
"text": "Then the Safe Streets Act of 1968 invested\n400 million dollars in the war on crime and",
"timestamp": [
172.54,
179.68
]
},
{
"text": "created the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration\nto oversee the funding.",
"timestamp": [
179.68,
183.629
]
},
{
"text": "Much of it went to supervise low-income urban\ncommunities, even though those communities",
"timestamp": [
183.629,
189.34
]
},
{
"text": "weren’t the only places crime and drugs\ncould be found.",
"timestamp": [
189.34,
193.54
]
},
{
"text": "But low-income urban communities are where\nBlack Americans often lived.",
"timestamp": [
193.54,
199.69
]
},
{
"text": "These policies and research like the Moynihan\nReport - a report on poverty in Black communities",
"timestamp": [
199.69,
205.079
]
},
{
"text": "- served to develop and spread stereotypes\nabout black urban poverty.",
"timestamp": [
205.079,
209.519
]
},
{
"text": "They said that the tangle of poverty and drug\nuse was largely the result of individual and",
"timestamp": [
209.519,
215.09
]
},
{
"text": "cultural flaws.",
"timestamp": [
215.09,
216.129
]
},
{
"text": "The Moynihan report said that “at the heart\nof the deterioration of the fabric of Negro",
"timestamp": [
216.129,
222.25
]
},
{
"text": "society is the deterioration of the Negro\nfamily.",
"timestamp": [
222.25,
226.639
]
},
{
"text": "It is the fundamental source of the weakness\nof the Negro community at the present time.”",
"timestamp": [
226.639,
232.249
]
},
{
"text": "Moynihan acknowledged racism still played\na role, but seemed to think that the real",
"timestamp": [
232.249,
236.999
]
},
{
"text": "issue was the structure of Black families…which\ngiven all the structural impediments Black",
"timestamp": [
236.999,
242.589
]
},
{
"text": "people were facing, just seems…off base.",
"timestamp": [
242.589,
247.4
]
},
{
"text": "All of this helped lead to the end of the\nprevious war on poverty and shaped the rationale,",
"timestamp": [
247.4,
252.9
]
},
{
"text": "legislation, and policies for the war on crime.",
"timestamp": [
252.9,
255.969
]
},
{
"text": "Grassroots organizations like the Black Panther\nParty caught on to what was going on pretty",
"timestamp": [
255.969,
260.68
]
},
{
"text": "quickly and organized to protect Black communities\nfrom the police violence that followed from",
"timestamp": [
260.68,
265.93
]
},
{
"text": "being overpoliced.",
"timestamp": [
265.93,
267.47
]
},
{
"text": "Black Americans were brutally beaten and harassed\nby police, and many of them lost their lives.",
"timestamp": [
267.47,
273.98
]
},
{
"text": "They also realized the importance of political\norganizing and cultural power during these",
"timestamp": [
273.98,
278.259
]
},
{
"text": "times so they created breakfast programs and\ncommunity schools in an attempt to provide",
"timestamp": [
278.259,
283.169
]
},
{
"text": "the resources for themselves that they felt\nthe government wasn’t providing for them.",
"timestamp": [
283.169,
287.58
]
},
{
"text": "The War on Drugs really ramped up during the\nNixon presidency.",
"timestamp": [
287.58,
290.97
]
},
{
"text": "He was the first person to use the term “War\non Drugs”, and stated that drug abuse was",
"timestamp": [
290.97,
296.78
]
},
{
"text": "“Public Enemy Number One.”",
"timestamp": [
296.78,
298.979
]
},
{
"text": "President Nixon increased federal funding\nfor drug control agencies and in 1973, he",
"timestamp": [
298.979,
304.84
]
},
{
"text": "established the Drug Enforcement Administration,\nor the DEA, a special police force targeting",
"timestamp": [
304.84,
310.949
]
},
{
"text": "illicit drug use and drug smuggling.",
"timestamp": [
310.949,
313.59
]
},
{
"text": "The Nixon Administration also categorized\nmarijuana as a schedule 1 drug, which is the",
"timestamp": [
313.59,
319.25
]
},
{
"text": "most restrictive drug category in the United\nStates.",
"timestamp": [
319.25,
323.3
]
},
{
"text": "Meaning punishments for being found with that\ndrug would be severe.",
"timestamp": [
323.3,
327.889
]
},
{
"text": "During Jimmy Carter’s Presidency, there\nwere some efforts to make drug policy slightly",
"timestamp": [
327.889,
331.629
]
},
{
"text": "less punitive, and between 1973 and 1977,\n11 states decriminalized marijuana possession.",
"timestamp": [
331.629,
338.65
]
},
{
"text": "But the War on Drugs was far from over.",
"timestamp": [
338.65,
341.639
]
},
{
"text": "In the 1980s President Ronald Reagan brought\nback many of the drug possession and distribution",
"timestamp": [
341.639,
347.44
]
},
{
"text": "policies of the Nixon Administration.",
"timestamp": [
347.44,
349.52
]
},
{
"text": "The First Lady, Nancy Reagan, even started\nher famous “Just Say No” campaign, which",
"timestamp": [
349.52,
356.009
]
},
{
"text": "was intended to address the dangers of drug\nuse.",
"timestamp": [
356.009,
359.63
]
},
{
"text": "The Reagan Administration also pushed for\nsmaller government, arguing that the expansion",
"timestamp": [
359.63,
364.639
]
},
{
"text": "of social resources, like welfare programs\nand increased funding for community programming,",
"timestamp": [
364.639,
370.139
]
},
{
"text": "contributed to individual flaws and social\nfailings.",
"timestamp": [
370.139,
375.75
]
},
{
"text": "During Reagan’s administration is when we\nsee some of the most severe policies related",
"timestamp": [
375.75,
379.63
]
},
{
"text": "to drug use in United States history.",
"timestamp": [
379.63,
381.969
]
},
{
"text": "They passed harsh penalties at the federal\nlevel and encouraged state legislators to",
"timestamp": [
381.969,
386.31
]
},
{
"text": "implement them as well.",
"timestamp": [
386.31,
389.219
]
},
{
"text": "This led to a massive increase of incarceration\nfor non-violent drug crimes.",
"timestamp": [
389.219,
393.719
]
},
{
"text": "And these policies impacted Black and Latinx\npopulations the most.",
"timestamp": [
393.719,
398.37
]
},
{
"text": "And it is arguable that the Reagan Administration\ndid intend to make some of their policies",
"timestamp": [
398.37,
405.06
]
},
{
"text": "about race.",
"timestamp": [
405.06,
406.06
]
},
{
"text": "I mean they created The Welfare Queen stereotype,\na harmful caricature of a Black woman who",
"timestamp": [
406.06,
411.81
]
},
{
"text": "used welfare, and child rearing, to take money\nfrom the government.",
"timestamp": [
411.81,
415.909
]
},
{
"text": "While never actually saying the Welfare Queen\nwas Black, Reagan relied on racist language",
"timestamp": [
415.909,
421.34
]
},
{
"text": "to promote this idea and he used similar language\nwhile promoting the War on Drugs.",
"timestamp": [
421.34,
426.749
]
},
{
"text": "In 1986, Congress passed the Anti-Drug Abuse\nAct, which also had very harmful implications",
"timestamp": [
426.749,
433.139
]
},
{
"text": "for Black and Brown communities.",
"timestamp": [
433.139,
434.779
]
},
{
"text": "It created longer prison sentences for individuals\nwho utilized crack cocaine, which was usually",
"timestamp": [
434.779,
440.029
]
},
{
"text": "used by Black Americans, and shorter prison\nsentences for those who used powder cocaine,",
"timestamp": [
440.029,
445.419
]
},
{
"text": "which was usually used by white Americans.",
"timestamp": [
445.419,
447.8
]
},
{
"text": "For example - if a person had five grams of\ncrack, it would trigger an automatic five-year",
"timestamp": [
447.8,
453.9
]
},
{
"text": "sentence.",
"timestamp": [
453.9,
454.9
]
},
{
"text": "But a person had to have 500 grams of powder\ncocaine to trigger the same sentence.",
"timestamp": [
454.9,
460.759
]
},
{
"text": "So these War on Drugs policies had a disproportionate\nimpact on communities of color.",
"timestamp": [
460.759,
466.979
]
},
{
"text": "Because it wasn’t just Black people using\ndrugs.",
"timestamp": [
466.979,
470.58
]
},
{
"text": "A LOT of people were using drugs.",
"timestamp": [
470.58,
473.009
]
},
{
"text": "People of all races and backgrounds.",
"timestamp": [
473.009,
475.719
]
},
{
"text": "But the Presidential Administrations in the\nUnited States disproportionately targeted",
"timestamp": [
475.719,
480.389
]
},
{
"text": "and penalized Black and Brown Americans for\ndrug use.",
"timestamp": [
480.389,
484.219
]
},
{
"text": "And penalizing them more severely than their\nwhite counterparts.",
"timestamp": [
484.219,
489.4
]
},
{
"text": "Crack cocaine had a devastating effect on\nthe Black community during this time period.",
"timestamp": [
489.4,
493.84
]
},
{
"text": "It created addictions, deaths, and drug-related\ncrimes - hamstringing many vibrant communities",
"timestamp": [
493.84,
500.279
]
},
{
"text": "of color.",
"timestamp": [
500.279,
501.71
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s important to address /why/ this\nwas happening.",
"timestamp": [
501.71,
505.43
]
},
{
"text": "There were huge structural changes in cities,\nwhich led to white flight, deindustrialization,",
"timestamp": [
505.43,
513.11
]
},
{
"text": "loss of employment, rise of low paying service\njobs and urban blight.",
"timestamp": [
513.11,
519.12
]
},
{
"text": "Many Black middle-class families also left\ncities for the suburbs.",
"timestamp": [
519.12,
523.37
]
},
{
"text": "The loss of jobs and services in inner cities\nled to the growth of alternative economies.",
"timestamp": [
523.37,
529.529
]
},
{
"text": "It also led to crime and social dislocation.",
"timestamp": [
529.529,
533.75
]
},
{
"text": "And it was the combination of all of these\nsocial, economic, and political forces that",
"timestamp": [
533.75,
538.62
]
},
{
"text": "contributed to the devastation of drugs on\nBlack urban communities.",
"timestamp": [
538.62,
542.88
]
},
{
"text": "It wasn’t just individual failings.",
"timestamp": [
542.88,
545.41
]
},
{
"text": "During the Clinton Administration, the Violent\nCrime Control Act allowed for over 9 billion",
"timestamp": [
545.41,
551.949
]
},
{
"text": "dollars to be allotted for prison construction\nin the United States and 8 billion dollars",
"timestamp": [
551.949,
557.1
]
},
{
"text": "for 100,000 police officers.",
"timestamp": [
557.1,
559.84
]
},
{
"text": "There was also an expansion of the federal\ndeath penalty, mandatory minimum sentencing,",
"timestamp": [
559.84,
564.35
]
},
{
"text": "and truth-in-sentencing incentives to encourage\nstates to advocate for harsher punishments",
"timestamp": [
564.35,
569.889
]
},
{
"text": "without parole.",
"timestamp": [
569.889,
571.16
]
},
{
"text": "This is also when the three strikes provision\nwas promoted in the United States.",
"timestamp": [
571.16,
576.09
]
},
{
"text": "This meant that a defendant might get a life\nsentence for almost any crime, no matter how",
"timestamp": [
576.09,
581.35
]
},
{
"text": "minor, if they had two prior convictions that\nwere considered a violent offense.",
"timestamp": [
581.35,
586.86
]
},
{
"text": "All of these policies created a huge increase\nin incarceration for nonviolent drug offenses",
"timestamp": [
586.86,
591.48
]
},
{
"text": "- going from 50,000 in 1980 to 400,000 in\n1997.",
"timestamp": [
591.48,
596.62
]
},
{
"text": "Most of those incarcerated folks were Black\nAmericans.",
"timestamp": [
596.62,
602.06
]
},
{
"text": "And after all this, the War on Drugs didn’t\ndecrease drug use.",
"timestamp": [
602.06,
607.93
]
},
{
"text": "Some people pushed back against criticism\nof the war on drugs and the subsequent consequences",
"timestamp": [
607.93,
612.73
]
},
{
"text": "of mass incarceration by saying that Black\nAmericans /supported/ it, but that sort of",
"timestamp": [
612.73,
619.08
]
},
{
"text": "take is rooted in a misremembering of the\npast.",
"timestamp": [
619.08,
622.81
]
},
{
"text": "As the scholars Elizabeth Hinton, Julilly\nKohler-Hausmann, and Vesla M. Weaver have",
"timestamp": [
622.81,
628.04
]
},
{
"text": "written, “Calls for tough sentencing and\npolice protection were paired with calls for",
"timestamp": [
628.04,
632.279
]
},
{
"text": "full employment, quality education and drug\ntreatment, and criticism of police brutality….It’s",
"timestamp": [
632.279,
638.92
]
},
{
"text": "not just that those demands were ignored completely.",
"timestamp": [
638.92,
641.339
]
},
{
"text": "It’s that some elements were elevated and\nothers were diminished…",
"timestamp": [
641.339,
645.579
]
},
{
"text": "When blacks ask for /better/ policing, legislators\ntend to hear /more/ instead.”",
"timestamp": [
645.579,
653.87
]
},
{
"text": "Most experts agree that the War on Drugs was\na failure.",
"timestamp": [
653.87,
658.03
]
},
{
"text": "It didn’t decrease the number of drugs used\nin many communities.",
"timestamp": [
658.03,
661.32
]
},
{
"text": "And it actually had some awful consequences.",
"timestamp": [
661.32,
664.529
]
},
{
"text": "It was the catalyst that produced the Carceral\nState - a term that, in part, describes the",
"timestamp": [
664.529,
670.07
]
},
{
"text": "billions of dollars the US government filters\ninto the criminal justice system, which disproportionately",
"timestamp": [
670.07,
675.67
]
},
{
"text": "affects people of color.",
"timestamp": [
675.67,
677.63
]
},
{
"text": "That money goes to the budgets of police,\nsheriffs, judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys,",
"timestamp": [
677.63,
683.38
]
},
{
"text": "and even prison staff.",
"timestamp": [
683.38,
685.13
]
},
{
"text": "Here are some stats on what the War on Drugs\nactually did:",
"timestamp": [
685.13,
688.96
]
},
{
"text": "* One FBI study noted that while blacks represented\nonly 12 percent of all illegal drug users,",
"timestamp": [
688.96,
695.589
]
},
{
"text": "they made up 41 percent of all those arrested\non cocaine and heroin charges.",
"timestamp": [
695.589,
700.999
]
},
{
"text": "* Women, disproportionately Black women, are\nthe fastest-growing incarcerated population",
"timestamp": [
700.999,
706.04
]
},
{
"text": "in the U.S.\n* Since 1970, America’s incarcerated population",
"timestamp": [
706.04,
711.279
]
},
{
"text": "has increased by 500 percent - resulting in\nover 2 million people in jail and prison today.",
"timestamp": [
711.279,
718.019
]
},
{
"text": "* Despite being only about 5 percent of the\nglobal population, the U.S. contains roughly",
"timestamp": [
718.019,
722.889
]
},
{
"text": "20 percent of the world’s prison population.",
"timestamp": [
722.889,
726.42
]
},
{
"text": "According to studies, today Black and white\npeople use and sell illicit drugs at similar",
"timestamp": [
726.42,
731.98
]
},
{
"text": "rates, but black people are roughly 2.6 times\nas likely to get arrested for drug crimes.",
"timestamp": [
731.98,
738.35
]
},
{
"text": "And I’ve seen this first hand.",
"timestamp": [
738.35,
740.38
]
},
{
"text": "I’ve taught in prisons where young men have\nbeen locked up for doing the same things some",
"timestamp": [
740.38,
744.93
]
},
{
"text": "of my white college classmates did.",
"timestamp": [
744.93,
747.389
]
},
{
"text": "The difference is that one group was targeted,\nand another group wasn’t.",
"timestamp": [
747.389,
752.529
]
},
{
"text": "And oftentimes that’s what decides who ends\nup in prison, and who ends up free.",
"timestamp": [
752.529,
758.209
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
758.209,
760.069
]
},
{
"text": "I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
760.069,
783.739
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Finances After College | How to College | Crash Course
|
wlM0WTPNup0
| 521 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "When you began college, you likely \nhad the option of financial aid.",
"timestamp": [
6,
9.12
]
},
{
"text": "This aid might have been needs-based, \nit might have been grants,",
"timestamp": [
9.12,
11.44
]
},
{
"text": "and it might have been loans.",
"timestamp": [
11.44,
12.64
]
},
{
"text": "Hopefully, whatever kind of aid you \ngot involved an intake interview",
"timestamp": [
12.64,
15.68
]
},
{
"text": "or counseling session so that you could \nunderstand all of the terms and agreements.",
"timestamp": [
15.68,
19.36
]
},
{
"text": "But sometimes that doesn't happen…",
"timestamp": [
19.36,
20.8
]
},
{
"text": "and even if it did, that \nwas a couple of years ago.",
"timestamp": [
20.8,
22.8
]
},
{
"text": "But let’s not doubt ourselves.",
"timestamp": [
22.8,
23.92
]
},
{
"text": "We’re smart! We’re getting a college degree.",
"timestamp": [
23.92,
26.24
]
},
{
"text": "Some of us can interpret Hamlet’s soliloquies.",
"timestamp": [
26.24,
29.04
]
},
{
"text": "And if we can handle Shakespearean prose,",
"timestamp": [
29.04,
30.96
]
},
{
"text": "we can handle modern finance jargon \nlike “forbearance” and “consolidation.”",
"timestamp": [
30.96,
34.4
]
},
{
"text": "Student loans can feel like a lot to deal with,",
"timestamp": [
34.4,
36.16
]
},
{
"text": "but they don’t need to be incomprehensible.",
"timestamp": [
36.16,
38.16
]
},
{
"text": "We just need a little study session.",
"timestamp": [
38.16,
39.76
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky, and this \nis Crash Course: How to College.",
"timestamp": [
39.76,
42.96
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in \npartnership with Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
42.96,
46.32
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’re going to talk about \nhow to pay back our student loans.",
"timestamp": [
46.32,
48.88
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
48.88,
57.28
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, time to study some vocab.",
"timestamp": [
57.28,
59.28
]
},
{
"text": "Everyone’s situation is different, \nbut by the end of this episode,",
"timestamp": [
59.28,
61.76
]
},
{
"text": "you’ll have a cheat sheet, or study \nguide for paying back your student loans.",
"timestamp": [
61.76,
64.88
]
},
{
"text": "And like any other technical class \nwith a lot of specialized language,",
"timestamp": [
64.88,
68.08
]
},
{
"text": "you might find it useful to take notes.",
"timestamp": [
68.08,
69.76
]
},
{
"text": "So this would be a good place to pause and \ngrab your favorite note taking technology.",
"timestamp": [
69.76,
72.88
]
},
{
"text": "The first thing to remember \nis to always ask questions.",
"timestamp": [
72.88,
75.68
]
},
{
"text": "Remember that just like in the \nclassroom, there are no stupid questions.",
"timestamp": [
75.68,
79.04
]
},
{
"text": "We took out the loans, so \nwe should understand them.",
"timestamp": [
79.04,
81.44
]
},
{
"text": "And one of the first places \nwe can take our questions",
"timestamp": [
81.44,
83.44
]
},
{
"text": "will typically be our \ncollege’s financial aid office.",
"timestamp": [
83.44,
86
]
},
{
"text": "They can tell us how much we \nowe, and who we owe it to.",
"timestamp": [
86,
88.32
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, before we graduate, our school \nis obligated to offer us exit counseling,",
"timestamp": [
88.32,
93.04
]
},
{
"text": "which lets us learn about our student \ndebt and ask any questions we might have.",
"timestamp": [
93.04,
96.32
]
},
{
"text": "It’s typically an online tutorial \nstudents complete on their own,",
"timestamp": [
96.32,
99.04
]
},
{
"text": "so it’s important that if you have questions,",
"timestamp": [
99.04,
101.04
]
},
{
"text": "you talk to an actual person in the \nfinancial aid office before you graduate.",
"timestamp": [
101.04,
104.48
]
},
{
"text": "Exit counseling can also help \nus understand some basics.",
"timestamp": [
104.48,
107.04
]
},
{
"text": "Like the amount we borrowed when we first \ntook out the loan is called the principal.",
"timestamp": [
107.04,
110.32
]
},
{
"text": "And all loans also have an interest rate,",
"timestamp": [
110.32,
112.4
]
},
{
"text": "which is like the cost we pay \nto whoever loaned us money",
"timestamp": [
112.4,
114.64
]
},
{
"text": "[-- as great as that would be, they didn’t \ndo it out of the goodness of their hearts!].",
"timestamp": [
114.64,
117.68
]
},
{
"text": "When we pay back our loans, we’ll \nhave paid off both the principal",
"timestamp": [
117.68,
120.08
]
},
{
"text": "and the accrued interest.",
"timestamp": [
120.08,
121.36
]
},
{
"text": "Now, there are a couple of different \nkinds of federal loans that may have been",
"timestamp": [
121.36,
124
]
},
{
"text": "offered to you when you enrolled in college.",
"timestamp": [
124,
125.84
]
},
{
"text": "If you’re a new or recently graduated student,",
"timestamp": [
125.84,
128.08
]
},
{
"text": "you may have had access to \nDirect Subsidized Loans,",
"timestamp": [
128.08,
130.64
]
},
{
"text": "Direct Unsubsidized Loans (also known as \nStafford Loans), or Direct Plus Loans.",
"timestamp": [
130.64,
134.48
]
},
{
"text": "A Direct Subsidized Loan is available to any \nundergraduate student with financial need.",
"timestamp": [
134.48,
138.16
]
},
{
"text": "We talk more about financial aid in Episode 5,",
"timestamp": [
138.16,
140.4
]
},
{
"text": "but the important thing to know here is that \nif you are offered a subsidized federal loan,",
"timestamp": [
140.4,
144.24
]
},
{
"text": "the government will pay the interest as long \nas you are in school at least part-time;",
"timestamp": [
144.24,
148.32
]
},
{
"text": "for the first six months after you leave \nschool–which is known as a grace period;",
"timestamp": [
148.32,
151.76
]
},
{
"text": "as well as during any deferment periods, which \nis when your loan payments have been postponed.",
"timestamp": [
151.76,
156
]
},
{
"text": "A Direct Unsubsidized Loan, on the other hand, \nis available to any student who wants one.",
"timestamp": [
156,
160.48
]
},
{
"text": "This is not a needs-based loan, \nalthough how much you can borrow",
"timestamp": [
160.48,
164
]
},
{
"text": "is determined by your school, what \nyear you’re in, and other factors.",
"timestamp": [
164,
167.04
]
},
{
"text": "You as the borrower are responsible for \npaying all of the interest on this loan,",
"timestamp": [
167.04,
170.72
]
},
{
"text": "and the interest starts accruing immediately.",
"timestamp": [
170.72,
172.72
]
},
{
"text": "There are also Direct Plus Loans.",
"timestamp": [
172.72,
174.8
]
},
{
"text": "These are made to either the \nparents of undergraduates",
"timestamp": [
174.8,
176.72
]
},
{
"text": "or graduate or professional students.",
"timestamp": [
176.72,
178.72
]
},
{
"text": "Eligibility here is based on a credit check;",
"timestamp": [
178.72,
180.88
]
},
{
"text": "if you’re an undergraduate who \nis dependent on your parents",
"timestamp": [
180.88,
182.88
]
},
{
"text": "and they can’t receive Plus loans, \nyou may be eligible for more",
"timestamp": [
182.88,
185.92
]
},
{
"text": "Direct Unsubsidized Loans.",
"timestamp": [
185.92,
187.52
]
},
{
"text": "The same is true if you’re an \nindependent undergraduate student;",
"timestamp": [
187.52,
190.24
]
},
{
"text": "if you’re not dependent on your parents,",
"timestamp": [
190.24,
191.76
]
},
{
"text": "you won’t have access to the Direct Plus Loans,",
"timestamp": [
191.76,
194.08
]
},
{
"text": "but you may be eligible for a higher \namount of a Direct Unsubsidized Loan.",
"timestamp": [
194.08,
197.76
]
},
{
"text": "For you returning students \nwho have done college before,",
"timestamp": [
197.76,
200.08
]
},
{
"text": "you might be thinking “okay, I remember \nStafford Loans - where are the Perkins loans?”",
"timestamp": [
200.08,
203.68
]
},
{
"text": "I’m sorry to be the bearer of bad news,",
"timestamp": [
203.68,
205.52
]
},
{
"text": "but the last Perkins loan was distributed \nin 2018 and the program no longer exists.",
"timestamp": [
205.52,
210
]
},
{
"text": "Likewise, Federal Family Education \nLoans haven’t been around in a while.",
"timestamp": [
210,
213.36
]
},
{
"text": "Probably the most important \nthing to understand about making",
"timestamp": [
213.36,
215.6
]
},
{
"text": "your federal student loan payments \nis that although you’re borrowing",
"timestamp": [
215.6,
218.16
]
},
{
"text": "money from the government,",
"timestamp": [
218.16,
219.28
]
},
{
"text": "a third-party loan servicer has \nbeen hired to manage billing,",
"timestamp": [
219.28,
222.72
]
},
{
"text": "invoicing, payment tracking, and more.",
"timestamp": [
222.72,
224.56
]
},
{
"text": "To find out who your servicer is, you \ncan visit the studentaid.gov website.",
"timestamp": [
224.56,
227.92
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s important to keep track of what \nyou owe even while you’re in school,",
"timestamp": [
227.92,
230.96
]
},
{
"text": "because those loan payments are on the horizon,",
"timestamp": [
230.96,
232.96
]
},
{
"text": "even if it doesn’t feel like it.",
"timestamp": [
232.96,
234.16
]
},
{
"text": "That six month grace period after you graduate,",
"timestamp": [
234.16,
236.16
]
},
{
"text": "where you don’t have to start paying your loans?",
"timestamp": [
236.16,
237.92
]
},
{
"text": "Well, it goes by fast.",
"timestamp": [
237.92,
239.52
]
},
{
"text": "Paying back loans has a significant \neffect on your credit score.",
"timestamp": [
239.52,
242.56
]
},
{
"text": "Each person has one, and it \ntells banks and other lenders",
"timestamp": [
242.56,
245.28
]
},
{
"text": "how likely it is you will pay back a loan on time.",
"timestamp": [
245.28,
247.76
]
},
{
"text": "You can check yours with a third-party \nservice or through a bank that you use.",
"timestamp": [
247.76,
250.48
]
},
{
"text": "A good credit score can help us get other \nloans, buy a house, or rent an apartment.",
"timestamp": [
250.48,
254.64
]
},
{
"text": "Your score goes up when you reduce \nyour debt and make timely payments.",
"timestamp": [
254.64,
257.68
]
},
{
"text": "Of course, sometimes life \nhappens and this isn’t possible.",
"timestamp": [
257.68,
261.04
]
},
{
"text": "In these cases, it’s possible to put loans \non forbearance, or delay making payments.",
"timestamp": [
261.04,
265.28
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also possible to defer payments \nin other circumstances as well.",
"timestamp": [
265.28,
268.4
]
},
{
"text": "For example, if you go to graduate school,",
"timestamp": [
268.4,
270.16
]
},
{
"text": "you can defer until you are \nfinished earning your next degree.",
"timestamp": [
270.16,
273.04
]
},
{
"text": "Just be aware that if you do that, \nyour interest may still accrue.",
"timestamp": [
273.04,
275.52
]
},
{
"text": "This is one reason why it’s never \ntoo early to start making payments.",
"timestamp": [
275.52,
278.56
]
},
{
"text": "You can chip away at your loans \nwhen they are on forbearance",
"timestamp": [
278.56,
280.56
]
},
{
"text": "or even when you are still in school.",
"timestamp": [
280.56,
281.84
]
},
{
"text": "It’s sort of like washing a couple \ndishes when you have down time.",
"timestamp": [
282.4,
284.88
]
},
{
"text": "Paying down $100 when you have extra is a \ngreat habit, because over time it adds up.",
"timestamp": [
284.88,
289.12
]
},
{
"text": "If we don’t make payments on time, \nwe eventually have to default,",
"timestamp": [
289.12,
291.84
]
},
{
"text": "meaning we’ve failed to pay back the loan.",
"timestamp": [
291.84,
293.84
]
},
{
"text": "This is terrible for our credit and can \ncause major problems in other areas of life",
"timestamp": [
293.84,
297.44
]
},
{
"text": "(like renting an apartment \nor financing a vehicle).",
"timestamp": [
297.44,
299.76
]
},
{
"text": "So deferring loans when possible and \nchipping away at them is the best option.",
"timestamp": [
299.76,
302.88
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
302.88,
304.08
]
},
{
"text": "Casey graduated from Crash Course \nState College six months ago.",
"timestamp": [
304.08,
307.2
]
},
{
"text": "She’s been getting reminder \nletters from her loan servicer",
"timestamp": [
307.2,
309.2
]
},
{
"text": "that her loans are about to come out of deferment",
"timestamp": [
309.2,
310.96
]
},
{
"text": "and she’ll need to start making monthly payments.",
"timestamp": [
310.96,
312.72
]
},
{
"text": "To make sure she doesn’t fall behind,",
"timestamp": [
312.72,
314.56
]
},
{
"text": "Casey can make a budget to manage \nall of her financial commitments.",
"timestamp": [
314.56,
317.6
]
},
{
"text": "She needs to factor in her loan \npayments along with medical expenses,",
"timestamp": [
317.6,
320.4
]
},
{
"text": "rent payments, and necessities \nlike food and transportation.",
"timestamp": [
320.4,
322.96
]
},
{
"text": "After looking at the suggested repayment plans,",
"timestamp": [
322.96,
324.96
]
},
{
"text": "Casey’s still a little confused \nabout how much she owes and when.",
"timestamp": [
324.96,
328.16
]
},
{
"text": "If you’re unclear about your \nown monthly loan obligations,",
"timestamp": [
328.16,
330.72
]
},
{
"text": "you can use loan simulator websites to give \nyou a sense of what you’ll owe and when.",
"timestamp": [
330.72,
334.56
]
},
{
"text": "Budgets and tools like this can \nhelp you picture for the future,",
"timestamp": [
334.56,
337.12
]
},
{
"text": "exactly what you need when \nyou’re making long-term plans.",
"timestamp": [
337.12,
339.68
]
},
{
"text": "There are also loan forgiveness programs.",
"timestamp": [
339.68,
341.68
]
},
{
"text": "There are several ways to qualify, \nbut some of the most common ways",
"timestamp": [
341.68,
344.8
]
},
{
"text": "loans can be forgiven include working \nfor the government or a non-profit",
"timestamp": [
344.8,
348
]
},
{
"text": "for a specific period of time, \nteaching at a low-income school,",
"timestamp": [
348,
350.96
]
},
{
"text": "and becoming permanently disabled.",
"timestamp": [
350.96,
352.4
]
},
{
"text": "Contact your loan servicer if \nyou think you might qualify,",
"timestamp": [
352.4,
354.56
]
},
{
"text": "or look at the detailed information \navailable at studentaid.gov.",
"timestamp": [
354.56,
357.6
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
357.6,
358.48
]
},
{
"text": "Paying off student loans is a long-term \ncommitment, and in that time, a lot will happen.",
"timestamp": [
358.48,
362.8
]
},
{
"text": "We may change jobs, or even our whole careers.",
"timestamp": [
362.8,
365.2
]
},
{
"text": "We may find that we have new \nobligations that we didn’t expect.",
"timestamp": [
365.2,
367.76
]
},
{
"text": "Life is full of surprises.",
"timestamp": [
367.76,
369.44
]
},
{
"text": "That’s why it’s important to zoom \nout from our monthly payments",
"timestamp": [
369.44,
371.68
]
},
{
"text": "and consider ways to change the larger \nprocess of how we’re paying back our loans.",
"timestamp": [
371.68,
375.44
]
},
{
"text": "Making payments should feel more \nlike a marathon than a sprint.",
"timestamp": [
375.44,
378
]
},
{
"text": "So if it seems like we have to cover a \nlot of distance in a short amount of time,",
"timestamp": [
378,
380.96
]
},
{
"text": "it may be time to assess our options.",
"timestamp": [
380.96,
382.72
]
},
{
"text": "The standard repayment plan calculates \nyour repayment schedule over 10 years.",
"timestamp": [
382.72,
386.8
]
},
{
"text": "This could be far too financially \nstressful for some borrowers,",
"timestamp": [
386.8,
389.28
]
},
{
"text": "so other, income-driven repayment \nplans may be more appropriate.",
"timestamp": [
389.28,
392.4
]
},
{
"text": "It’s possible to switch to \na graduated repayment plan,",
"timestamp": [
392.4,
394.96
]
},
{
"text": "which gives us lower monthly payments \nnow, but increases over time.",
"timestamp": [
394.96,
397.84
]
},
{
"text": "There are also extended repayment \nplans, which lower our monthly payments",
"timestamp": [
397.84,
400.96
]
},
{
"text": "by increasing the length of time \nthat we’ll be paying back the loan.",
"timestamp": [
400.96,
403.2
]
},
{
"text": "Here there’s no sudden increase in \nsteepness, but we’ll be running a lot longer.",
"timestamp": [
403.2,
406.48
]
},
{
"text": "But figuring out how we want to \nrepay our loans isn’t the only step",
"timestamp": [
406.48,
409.6
]
},
{
"text": "we can take to manage how \nmuch we’re paying each month.",
"timestamp": [
409.6,
411.92
]
},
{
"text": "There are other ways to lower \nmonthly loan payments as well.",
"timestamp": [
411.92,
414.32
]
},
{
"text": "Many of us have multiple federal loans, \nand maybe even multiple servicers.",
"timestamp": [
414.32,
417.84
]
},
{
"text": "We can combine these together, \nor consolidate our loans,",
"timestamp": [
417.84,
420.88
]
},
{
"text": "in order to simplify our \nrepayment process and have",
"timestamp": [
420.88,
422.96
]
},
{
"text": "just one monthly payment to think about.",
"timestamp": [
422.96,
424.48
]
},
{
"text": "In some ways, it’s a little like deciding between",
"timestamp": [
424.48,
426.56
]
},
{
"text": "fighting 1 horse-sized duck \nor 100 duck-sized horses.",
"timestamp": [
426.56,
429.76
]
},
{
"text": "But in this case, you usually \nchoose the horse-sized duck.",
"timestamp": [
429.76,
432.24
]
},
{
"text": "When we consolidate loans, the \nmonthly payment tends to be lower,",
"timestamp": [
432.24,
435.28
]
},
{
"text": "and we usually get more time to pay them back.",
"timestamp": [
435.28,
436.96
]
},
{
"text": "Plus, you don’t have to keep \ntrack of 100 different horses.",
"timestamp": [
436.96,
439.28
]
},
{
"text": "It’s simpler, but there are \nsome potential downsides.",
"timestamp": [
439.28,
442.24
]
},
{
"text": "Consolidating loans might \nmean forfeiting your right",
"timestamp": [
442.24,
444.48
]
},
{
"text": "to certain types of loan forgiveness.",
"timestamp": [
444.48,
446.48
]
},
{
"text": "Consolidating also means that interest \nbecomes part of the new principal.",
"timestamp": [
446.48,
450.56
]
},
{
"text": "So going forward, we’ll be accruing \ninterest on a higher principal",
"timestamp": [
450.56,
453.76
]
},
{
"text": "than we would if we hadn’t consolidated.",
"timestamp": [
453.76,
455.76
]
},
{
"text": "Be careful about for-profit \nloan consolidation companies,",
"timestamp": [
455.76,
458.4
]
},
{
"text": "though–these may result in you \npaying larger monthly installments",
"timestamp": [
458.4,
460.96
]
},
{
"text": "or unfair interest rates.",
"timestamp": [
460.96,
462.48
]
},
{
"text": "Last, private loans can’t be \nconsolidated with federal loans",
"timestamp": [
462.48,
465.92
]
},
{
"text": "and are not tracked by any federal servicers,",
"timestamp": [
465.92,
468.08
]
},
{
"text": "so this option doesn’t work for everybody.",
"timestamp": [
468.08,
469.92
]
},
{
"text": "So as always, ",
"timestamp": [
469.92,
471.04
]
},
{
"text": "study up before making these decisions \nand rely on good advice whenever you can.",
"timestamp": [
471.04,
474.72
]
},
{
"text": "The important thing to remember \nis that there are options.",
"timestamp": [
474.72,
477.36
]
},
{
"text": "Ask questions!",
"timestamp": [
477.36,
477.84
]
},
{
"text": "What we’ve covered in this \nepisode is just a start,",
"timestamp": [
478.48,
480.64
]
},
{
"text": "but there are many resources \nand people that can help you.",
"timestamp": [
480.64,
483.04
]
},
{
"text": "So if you ever feel stuck, keep in mind that",
"timestamp": [
483.04,
485.04
]
},
{
"text": "all of our schooling has \nmade us excellent learners.",
"timestamp": [
485.04,
487.6
]
},
{
"text": "It may seem complicated, but \nwe’re capable of problem-solving",
"timestamp": [
487.6,
490.4
]
},
{
"text": "and gaining knowledge about our \nloans that can help us conquer them.",
"timestamp": [
490.4,
492.8
]
},
{
"text": "Becoming a person who is able \nto handle those challenges",
"timestamp": [
492.8,
494.96
]
},
{
"text": "is why we went to school in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
494.96,
496.72
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course How to College.",
"timestamp": [
496.72,
499.36
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded \nprogram called Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
499.36,
502.24
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered \nwith Arizona State University",
"timestamp": [
502.24,
504.48
]
},
{
"text": "to launch Study Hall on its own channel.",
"timestamp": [
504.48,
506.16
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll \nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
506.16,
510
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational \ncourses connected to college credit courses",
"timestamp": [
510,
513.44
]
},
{
"text": "that students struggle most \nwith in their first 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
513.44,
515.36
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
515.36,
519.84
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
After College | How to College | Crash Course
|
i4XTHxWBOXs
| 578 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Think back to when you were first starting\ncollege.",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
2.34
]
},
{
"text": "You were trying to figure out where you fit\nin,",
"timestamp": [
2.34,
4.66
]
},
{
"text": "how to get off to a good start in your courses,\nand juggling lots of questions.",
"timestamp": [
4.66,
8.64
]
},
{
"text": "It all may have seemed overwhelming at the\ntime, but you did it!.",
"timestamp": [
8.64,
11.58
]
},
{
"text": "And now that you’re preparing for graduation,",
"timestamp": [
11.58,
13.82
]
},
{
"text": "you can plan your next transition: out to\nthe great beyond.",
"timestamp": [
13.82,
16.63
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky, and this is Crash\nCourse: How to College.",
"timestamp": [
16.63,
20.039
]
},
{
"text": "A Study Hall series presented in partnership\nwith Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
20.039,
23.289
]
},
{
"text": "In this episode, we’re going to talk about\nleaving college and transitioning into…",
"timestamp": [
23.289,
27.51
]
},
{
"text": "whatever comes next!",
"timestamp": [
27.51,
30.029
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
30.029,
36.53
]
},
{
"text": "The first question many students have about\nleaving college",
"timestamp": [
36.53,
38.84
]
},
{
"text": "and beginning their next chapter is:",
"timestamp": [
38.84,
40.69
]
},
{
"text": "Where do I start?",
"timestamp": [
40.69,
41.69
]
},
{
"text": "Well, that’s a good question.",
"timestamp": [
41.69,
43.58
]
},
{
"text": "But actually, when we’re thinking about\ntransitioning from school to a job,",
"timestamp": [
43.58,
46.56
]
},
{
"text": "graduate school, or something else entirely,\nwhere we start",
"timestamp": [
46.56,
49.6
]
},
{
"text": "may not be quite as important as when we start.",
"timestamp": [
49.6,
51.91
]
},
{
"text": "The earlier you start planning your transition,\nthe better,",
"timestamp": [
51.91,
54.87
]
},
{
"text": "because getting an early start can help prepare\nyou to take the next step.",
"timestamp": [
54.87,
58.14
]
},
{
"text": "Even as soon as you get acclimated during\nyour first year of college,",
"timestamp": [
58.14,
61.29
]
},
{
"text": "start planning how you’ll make the transition\nfrom school to work.",
"timestamp": [
61.29,
64.23
]
},
{
"text": "Even little things like researching job titles–or\nwatching this video!–",
"timestamp": [
64.23,
67.37
]
},
{
"text": "can help get you started.",
"timestamp": [
67.37,
68.5
]
},
{
"text": "And here’s a secret: there are no rules\nabout",
"timestamp": [
68.5,
70.93
]
},
{
"text": "what kind of adult you have to be after college.",
"timestamp": [
70.93,
73.06
]
},
{
"text": "You can do whatever you want with your degree,",
"timestamp": [
73.06,
74.98
]
},
{
"text": "and your career path doesn’t have to look\nlike anyone else’s.",
"timestamp": [
74.98,
77.47
]
},
{
"text": "Look at me!",
"timestamp": [
77.47,
78.64
]
},
{
"text": "Most linguistics majors don’t use their\ndegree to become educational YouTubers.",
"timestamp": [
78.64,
81.58
]
},
{
"text": "It’s important to manage your expectations",
"timestamp": [
81.58,
83.41
]
},
{
"text": "about what this transition could look like,\nthough.",
"timestamp": [
83.41,
85.21
]
},
{
"text": "You may not land your dream job right after\ngraduation,",
"timestamp": [
85.21,
87.87
]
},
{
"text": "but with whatever you decide to do, you’ll\nlearn more about what you want",
"timestamp": [
87.87,
91.38
]
},
{
"text": "and what you don’t want in a workplace.",
"timestamp": [
91.38,
93.21
]
},
{
"text": "So, back to the question: Where do I start?",
"timestamp": [
93.21,
95.12
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
95.12,
96.84
]
},
{
"text": "After completing multiple classes in college,\nyou probably have",
"timestamp": [
96.84,
99.04
]
},
{
"text": "a pretty good understanding of what your interests\nare,",
"timestamp": [
99.04,
101.43
]
},
{
"text": "especially if you also spent time engaging\nin extracurriculars.",
"timestamp": [
101.43,
104.25
]
},
{
"text": "But if you’re still trying to figure out\nwhat your interests are,",
"timestamp": [
104.25,
106.38
]
},
{
"text": "or if you’ve done all those things and are\nnow struggling to narrow it down,",
"timestamp": [
106.38,
109.89
]
},
{
"text": "the career services office at your school\ncan help provide support",
"timestamp": [
109.89,
112.85
]
},
{
"text": "as you begin your job search.",
"timestamp": [
112.85,
114.26
]
},
{
"text": "Take Sara.",
"timestamp": [
114.26,
115.26
]
},
{
"text": "She’s always loved animals, so when she\nstarted college",
"timestamp": [
115.26,
117.31
]
},
{
"text": "she signed up for courses in biology and environmental\nscience.",
"timestamp": [
117.31,
120.03
]
},
{
"text": "But she isn’t totally sure what kind of\ncareer she’d like to pursue,",
"timestamp": [
120.03,
123.59
]
},
{
"text": "so she asks a career advisor at her school\nabout doing an interest assessment.",
"timestamp": [
123.59,
127.13
]
},
{
"text": "Interest assessments include a series of questions\nabout your likes and dislikes.",
"timestamp": [
127.13,
129.98
]
},
{
"text": "Once you complete it, you’ll receive a report\nthat includes potential careers",
"timestamp": [
129.98,
133.47
]
},
{
"text": "based on your interests, and a career advisor\ncan help you interpret your results.",
"timestamp": [
133.47,
136.97
]
},
{
"text": "When Sara completes hers, she realizes she’s\na perfect fit for wildlife conservation.",
"timestamp": [
136.97,
140.66
]
},
{
"text": "As she looks more into it, she finds that\ncourses in public speaking,",
"timestamp": [
140.66,
144.34
]
},
{
"text": "environmental law, policy, and research are\nalso relevant,",
"timestamp": [
144.34,
147.61
]
},
{
"text": "since wildlife conservation involves advocating\nfor animals,",
"timestamp": [
147.61,
150.36
]
},
{
"text": "speaking with lawmakers, and running experiments.",
"timestamp": [
150.36,
152.47
]
},
{
"text": "Although it didn’t seem like it at first,\nher interests align perfectly",
"timestamp": [
152.47,
155.2
]
},
{
"text": "with what’s covered in these courses.",
"timestamp": [
155.2,
156.349
]
},
{
"text": "We can make the connection between our interests\nand our dream career",
"timestamp": [
156.349,
158.97
]
},
{
"text": "the same way.",
"timestamp": [
158.97,
159.97
]
},
{
"text": "Think about the ways that your interests align\nwith what you’re",
"timestamp": [
159.97,
162.1
]
},
{
"text": "currently studying in your courses.",
"timestamp": [
162.1,
163.44
]
},
{
"text": "Are there skills you still want to develop\nand improve?",
"timestamp": [
163.44,
165.82
]
},
{
"text": "Talk to an academic advisor about finding\nadditional courses that can help bridge any",
"timestamp": [
165.82,
169
]
},
{
"text": "gaps.",
"timestamp": [
169,
170
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
170,
171
]
},
{
"text": "Other things you can do to make connections\nbetween your coursework",
"timestamp": [
171,
172.54
]
},
{
"text": "and your career aspirations include connecting\nwith industry professionals,",
"timestamp": [
172.54,
175.67
]
},
{
"text": "attending industry networking events and conferences,",
"timestamp": [
175.67,
178.099
]
},
{
"text": "and joining professional organizations.",
"timestamp": [
178.099,
180.08
]
},
{
"text": "And to maximize how effective these strategies\nare for you,",
"timestamp": [
180.08,
182.65
]
},
{
"text": "you’ll want to make sure all your professional\nmaterials are up to date.",
"timestamp": [
182.65,
185.76
]
},
{
"text": "This way, if you meet someone at a networking\nevent or come across a job you like,",
"timestamp": [
185.76,
189.38
]
},
{
"text": "you’ll already have what you need to apply.",
"timestamp": [
189.38,
191.349
]
},
{
"text": "What you’ll need can vary field to field,\nbut we recommend creating an updated resume",
"timestamp": [
191.349,
195.16
]
},
{
"text": "that includes your most relevant jobs, internships,\nand coursework",
"timestamp": [
195.16,
198.17
]
},
{
"text": "that you can adjust depending on the job.",
"timestamp": [
198.17,
199.52
]
},
{
"text": "It can also be helpful to make sure your LinkedIn\nprofile",
"timestamp": [
199.52,
201.92
]
},
{
"text": "and other social media accounts are ready\nto be reviewed by potential employers",
"timestamp": [
201.92,
205.66
]
},
{
"text": "because employers may check your social media\nto learn more about you.",
"timestamp": [
205.66,
208.49
]
},
{
"text": "This might mean making sure LinkedIn lists\nall your relevant information",
"timestamp": [
208.49,
211.329
]
},
{
"text": "- especially since some jobs will use it instead\nof a resume -",
"timestamp": [
211.329,
213.89
]
},
{
"text": "or making sure your privacy settings are set\nto only make public",
"timestamp": [
213.89,
216.58
]
},
{
"text": "what you're comfortable with.",
"timestamp": [
216.58,
217.72
]
},
{
"text": "You may also want to consider creating a portfolio",
"timestamp": [
217.72,
220.379
]
},
{
"text": "to showcase projects you’ve completed from\nyour job, internship, or class.",
"timestamp": [
220.379,
224.25
]
},
{
"text": "Portfolios are common in fields like the fine\narts, writing, tech, or similar industries",
"timestamp": [
224.25,
227.66
]
},
{
"text": "where employers like to see samples of your\nwork in order to assess your ability.",
"timestamp": [
227.66,
230.959
]
},
{
"text": "Even if it’s not a required application\npiece for your industry,",
"timestamp": [
230.959,
233.27
]
},
{
"text": "having a website or other type of portfolio\nis a great way to showcase",
"timestamp": [
233.27,
236.82
]
},
{
"text": "more skills than just what you could fit in\nyour resume or cover letter.",
"timestamp": [
236.82,
239.69
]
},
{
"text": "Once you’ve connected what you’re interested\nin to what kind of job you’d like,",
"timestamp": [
239.69,
242.78
]
},
{
"text": "the next step in your process is to build\nyour experience.",
"timestamp": [
242.78,
245.69
]
},
{
"text": "You may remember that in episode 10 we talked\nabout gaining practical experience",
"timestamp": [
245.69,
248.81
]
},
{
"text": "through extra experiences like volunteer work\nand study abroad.",
"timestamp": [
248.81,
251.51
]
},
{
"text": "While you don’t have to do these things,\nparticipating can",
"timestamp": [
251.51,
254.19
]
},
{
"text": "help you figure out your interests and gain\nexperience to enter the workforce.",
"timestamp": [
254.19,
256.769
]
},
{
"text": "As you build your experience, it can also\nbe helpful to find a mentor",
"timestamp": [
256.769,
260.4
]
},
{
"text": "to help you on your job-hunting journey.",
"timestamp": [
260.4,
262.09
]
},
{
"text": "A mentor can be anyone you admire, respect,\nand want to learn from.",
"timestamp": [
262.09,
265.21
]
},
{
"text": "You may have more than one mentor, and a mentorship\ncan last",
"timestamp": [
265.21,
267.43
]
},
{
"text": "for a short or long period of time.",
"timestamp": [
267.43,
268.949
]
},
{
"text": "So neither of you are signing up for a lifetime\ncommitment!",
"timestamp": [
268.949,
271.099
]
},
{
"text": "These magical people who are willing to give\nback a bit",
"timestamp": [
271.099,
273.749
]
},
{
"text": "by looking out for you can sound like unicorns,",
"timestamp": [
273.749,
276.79
]
},
{
"text": "but they’re actually easier to find than\nyou think.",
"timestamp": [
276.79,
278.449
]
},
{
"text": "You can find a mentor at your job or internship,",
"timestamp": [
278.449,
280.599
]
},
{
"text": "in the community, or in professional associations,\nwhich are organizations",
"timestamp": [
280.599,
283.839
]
},
{
"text": "where members share the same professional\ninterests.",
"timestamp": [
283.839,
286.61
]
},
{
"text": "Professional associations can also link you\nto mentorship networks,",
"timestamp": [
286.61,
289.539
]
},
{
"text": "where you can connect with industry professionals\nwho are eager to mentor you.",
"timestamp": [
289.539,
292.21
]
},
{
"text": "And sometimes a mentor can be right in front\nof you!",
"timestamp": [
292.21,
295.04
]
},
{
"text": "Within your major or school other students,\ngraduate students, alumni,",
"timestamp": [
295.04,
298.479
]
},
{
"text": "faculty and other people in your field are\nall clumped together.",
"timestamp": [
298.479,
301.34
]
},
{
"text": "So don’t be afraid to talk to them!",
"timestamp": [
301.34,
302.63
]
},
{
"text": "Attend office hours to get to know your faculty\nand ask about",
"timestamp": [
302.63,
305.469
]
},
{
"text": "projects you can assist them with.",
"timestamp": [
305.469,
306.699
]
},
{
"text": "Talk to them about how they developed their\ncareer path.",
"timestamp": [
306.699,
309.199
]
},
{
"text": "Your career doesn’t have to look exactly\nlike theirs,",
"timestamp": [
309.199,
312.069
]
},
{
"text": "but hearing from someone who has already gained\na lot of experience",
"timestamp": [
312.069,
314.49
]
},
{
"text": "can help you decide how to embark on your\nown career path.",
"timestamp": [
314.49,
316.86
]
},
{
"text": "And while it can be scary to start these conversations\nyourself,",
"timestamp": [
316.86,
320.28
]
},
{
"text": "sometimes these situations are already being\nset up.",
"timestamp": [
320.28,
323.069
]
},
{
"text": "Check with your school’s career center or\nstudent activities department",
"timestamp": [
323.069,
325.889
]
},
{
"text": "about upcoming events, like career fairs and\nalumni networking sessions",
"timestamp": [
325.889,
329.499
]
},
{
"text": "where you can connect with people who are\nalready doing the work",
"timestamp": [
329.499,
331.599
]
},
{
"text": "you want to do in the future.",
"timestamp": [
331.599,
333.029
]
},
{
"text": "One way to prep for job-hunting situations\nis to get really good at explaining",
"timestamp": [
333.029,
336.349
]
},
{
"text": "who you are and what you do.",
"timestamp": [
336.349,
337.759
]
},
{
"text": "When you meet with your career advisor or\nmentor, work with them",
"timestamp": [
337.759,
340.28
]
},
{
"text": "to create and practice your elevator pitch,",
"timestamp": [
340.28,
341.93
]
},
{
"text": "which is a brief summary of who you are and\nwhat you’re interested in professionally.",
"timestamp": [
341.93,
345.71
]
},
{
"text": "You can use your elevator pitch at networking\nevents—include what you’re studying",
"timestamp": [
345.71,
348.99
]
},
{
"text": "and how you plan to tie that into your career.",
"timestamp": [
348.99,
350.999
]
},
{
"text": "Throughout college, there will be times when\nyou have",
"timestamp": [
350.999,
353.039
]
},
{
"text": "competing priorities–especially if you’re\nlooking for a job",
"timestamp": [
353.039,
355.899
]
},
{
"text": "during your last year or semester of school.",
"timestamp": [
355.899,
358.509
]
},
{
"text": "For example, exam time tends to be busier\nbecause you have to juggle",
"timestamp": [
358.509,
361.93
]
},
{
"text": "study time with work, family obligations,\nsocializing with friends,",
"timestamp": [
361.93,
365.91
]
},
{
"text": "and getting rest.",
"timestamp": [
365.91,
367.169
]
},
{
"text": "During exam times, it’s important to communicate\nwith the people in your life.",
"timestamp": [
367.169,
369.839
]
},
{
"text": "If you have a job, share your exam schedule\nwith your supervisor.",
"timestamp": [
369.839,
373.07
]
},
{
"text": "Let your family and friends know that you\nwill have limited availability",
"timestamp": [
373.07,
375.729
]
},
{
"text": "in the weeks leading up to exams and that\nyou look forward",
"timestamp": [
375.729,
378.059
]
},
{
"text": "to connecting with them once exams are over.",
"timestamp": [
378.059,
379.81
]
},
{
"text": "As you balance school and work, consider what\nyou’ve learned in your courses",
"timestamp": [
379.81,
383.219
]
},
{
"text": "and how that applies to your career goals.",
"timestamp": [
383.219,
385.409
]
},
{
"text": "Or on the flip side, what skills or knowledge\ndo you need",
"timestamp": [
385.409,
387.84
]
},
{
"text": "to gain before applying for jobs?",
"timestamp": [
387.84,
389.789
]
},
{
"text": "Keep up with what’s happening in your desired\nfield",
"timestamp": [
389.789,
391.499
]
},
{
"text": "and keep an eye on the job outlook, which\nthe Bureau of Labor Statistics",
"timestamp": [
391.499,
394.9
]
},
{
"text": "defines as the growth rate of an occupation.",
"timestamp": [
394.9,
397.249
]
},
{
"text": "This helps you determine whether jobs will\nbe available in your field",
"timestamp": [
397.249,
399.399
]
},
{
"text": "long after you graduate.",
"timestamp": [
399.399,
400.439
]
},
{
"text": "When you identify a gap in your skills or\nexperience,",
"timestamp": [
400.439,
403.05
]
},
{
"text": "look for ways to fill that gap.",
"timestamp": [
403.05,
404.93
]
},
{
"text": "Seek opportunities to learn outside the classroom,",
"timestamp": [
404.93,
407.21
]
},
{
"text": "even if it’s for a topic that doesn’t\nrelate to your studies.",
"timestamp": [
407.21,
409.189
]
},
{
"text": "Pursuing education for your courses as well\nas for your own personal knowledge",
"timestamp": [
409.189,
412.36
]
},
{
"text": "helps you to become a well-rounded person.",
"timestamp": [
412.36,
414.24
]
},
{
"text": "The same is true for leadership experiences,",
"timestamp": [
414.24,
416.55
]
},
{
"text": "which can help you sharpen your skills and\nprepare for the workforce.",
"timestamp": [
416.55,
418.999
]
},
{
"text": "In a 2021 survey, employers reported that,",
"timestamp": [
418.999,
421.939
]
},
{
"text": "when having to decide between two candidates,",
"timestamp": [
421.939,
423.69
]
},
{
"text": "they went with the candidate who had previously\nheld a leadership position.",
"timestamp": [
423.69,
427.09
]
},
{
"text": "Serving on committees at your school,",
"timestamp": [
427.09,
428.509
]
},
{
"text": "running for office within your student government,",
"timestamp": [
428.509,
430.149
]
},
{
"text": "or completing projects in the community can\nhelp you develop leadership,",
"timestamp": [
430.149,
433.449
]
},
{
"text": "teamwork, communication, and critical thinking\nskills.",
"timestamp": [
433.449,
436.639
]
},
{
"text": "Most students start developing these skills\nin a volunteer position, job, or internship.",
"timestamp": [
436.639,
439.919
]
},
{
"text": "An internship is a practical experience that",
"timestamp": [
439.919,
441.56
]
},
{
"text": "many college students participate in at least\nonce during their college careers.",
"timestamp": [
441.56,
445.05
]
},
{
"text": "With an internship, you can build your resume\nand show",
"timestamp": [
445.05,
446.869
]
},
{
"text": "potential employers that you have the education,\nexperience, and motivation",
"timestamp": [
446.869,
450.199
]
},
{
"text": "to go above and beyond what is required of\nyou.",
"timestamp": [
450.199,
452.619
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, employers often hire former interns\nfor full-time positions",
"timestamp": [
452.619,
455.849
]
},
{
"text": "after graduation, so be prepared to make a\ngreat impression.",
"timestamp": [
455.849,
458.379
]
},
{
"text": "The length of an internship may vary,",
"timestamp": [
458.379,
460.4
]
},
{
"text": "lasting anywhere from a few weeks to an entire\nsummer, semester, or year.",
"timestamp": [
460.4,
463.719
]
},
{
"text": "Some internships can be done after you graduate,",
"timestamp": [
463.719,
465.669
]
},
{
"text": "but most are done during your undergraduate\nyears.",
"timestamp": [
465.669,
467.86
]
},
{
"text": "They can be paid, but most are unpaid, and\nmany schools",
"timestamp": [
467.86,
471.08
]
},
{
"text": "even charge tuition in order to enroll in\nan internship course.",
"timestamp": [
471.08,
473.56
]
},
{
"text": "For students with financial concerns/limitations,",
"timestamp": [
473.56,
476.479
]
},
{
"text": "an internship could be a great option, but\ntaking an unpaid position",
"timestamp": [
476.479,
479.569
]
},
{
"text": "may not be feasible.",
"timestamp": [
479.569,
480.74
]
},
{
"text": "For these students, working with career counselors\nis critical",
"timestamp": [
480.74,
483.61
]
},
{
"text": "to find part-time jobs or other experiences\nthat will provide",
"timestamp": [
483.61,
486.229
]
},
{
"text": "similar industry-related experience (if possible).",
"timestamp": [
486.229,
489.169
]
},
{
"text": "Employers may require students to have a certain\nnumber of college credits",
"timestamp": [
489.169,
491.509
]
},
{
"text": "to qualify for the internship or may specify\nin the job posting",
"timestamp": [
491.509,
494.919
]
},
{
"text": "that the internship is geared toward freshman,\nsophomore, junior,",
"timestamp": [
494.919,
497.55
]
},
{
"text": "or senior students specifically.",
"timestamp": [
497.55,
499.15
]
},
{
"text": "You can find internships through the career\ncenter at your school,",
"timestamp": [
499.15,
502.059
]
},
{
"text": "looking online, or even using some of the\nconnections in your network.",
"timestamp": [
502.059,
505.639
]
},
{
"text": "Mentorships could lead to a connection that\ncould help secure",
"timestamp": [
505.639,
507.179
]
},
{
"text": "a paid internship in the field.",
"timestamp": [
507.179,
509.24
]
},
{
"text": "It's all about who you know!",
"timestamp": [
509.24,
510.74
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, interning is all about trying\na career out,",
"timestamp": [
510.74,
512.95
]
},
{
"text": "learning what you like in the workplace,",
"timestamp": [
512.95,
514.74
]
},
{
"text": "and developing skills that you can build on\nas you continue your career.",
"timestamp": [
514.74,
517.34
]
},
{
"text": "You might also consider an apprenticeship,\na program in which",
"timestamp": [
517.34,
520.08
]
},
{
"text": "college students can learn a trade or skill.",
"timestamp": [
520.08,
522.28
]
},
{
"text": "Apprenticeships are more frequently offered\nby community colleges and trade schools,",
"timestamp": [
522.28,
525.55
]
},
{
"text": "but some universities offer them as well.",
"timestamp": [
525.55,
527.25
]
},
{
"text": "In an apprenticeship, you spend part of your\ntime learning and part of your time working.",
"timestamp": [
527.25,
530.27
]
},
{
"text": "These are often more hands-on than internships",
"timestamp": [
530.27,
532.44
]
},
{
"text": "because they include on-the-job training for\na specific trade.",
"timestamp": [
532.44,
535.15
]
},
{
"text": "Whichever opportunity you decide to pursue,",
"timestamp": [
535.15,
537.26
]
},
{
"text": "be sure to think about whether it is a good\nfit for you.",
"timestamp": [
537.26,
539.65
]
},
{
"text": "Leaving college can be just as stressful as\nstarting college.",
"timestamp": [
539.65,
542.42
]
},
{
"text": "So, it takes work.",
"timestamp": [
542.42,
543.42
]
},
{
"text": "But you’ve already had to adapt to a new\nway of learning,",
"timestamp": [
543.42,
545.66
]
},
{
"text": "become more independent, and figure out how\nto juggle competing priorities.",
"timestamp": [
545.66,
548.27
]
},
{
"text": "You did it!",
"timestamp": [
548.27,
549.27
]
},
{
"text": "And you can do it again, using the same knowledge\nand skills",
"timestamp": [
549.27,
551.93
]
},
{
"text": "you already have to make it happen.",
"timestamp": [
551.93,
553.52
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse How to College.",
"timestamp": [
553.52,
555.99
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded program\ncalled Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
555.99,
559.18
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State\nUniversity to launch Study Hall",
"timestamp": [
559.18,
562.01
]
},
{
"text": "on its own channel.",
"timestamp": [
562.01,
563.01
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll\nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
563.01,
567.1
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational courses\nconnected to college credit courses",
"timestamp": [
567.1,
570.67
]
},
{
"text": "that students struggle most with in their\nfirst 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
570.67,
572.14
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
572.14,
572.86
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Marsha P. Johnson and the Stonewall Rebellion: Crash Course Black American History #41
|
ftcvaJCKVjs
| 718 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is \nCrash Course Black American History",
"timestamp": [
0.64,
4.64
]
},
{
"text": "and today we’re learning about Marsha \nP. Johnson and the Stonewall Rebellion.",
"timestamp": [
5.2,
9.44
]
},
{
"text": "Serving as a pivotal moment in \nthe modern Gay Rights Movement,",
"timestamp": [
10.08,
13.04
]
},
{
"text": "Stonewall began on June 28, 1969, and lasted \nsix days in New York City’s Greenwich Village.",
"timestamp": [
13.04,
19.44
]
},
{
"text": "And even though the rebellion \nitself lasted less than a week, ",
"timestamp": [
20,
23.2
]
},
{
"text": "the reverberations lasted for generations.",
"timestamp": [
23.76,
26.88
]
},
{
"text": "Out of Stonewall emerged the establishment \nof one of the first gay pride parades,",
"timestamp": [
26.88,
31.28
]
},
{
"text": "increased activism and organizing \non behalf of gay people,",
"timestamp": [
31.84,
34.8
]
},
{
"text": "and greater attention paid to the \nrights and needs of LGBTQ communities.",
"timestamp": [
35.44,
40.4
]
},
{
"text": "At the heart of this organizing were \nBlack and Women of Color activists",
"timestamp": [
40.96,
45.2
]
},
{
"text": "like Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera.",
"timestamp": [
45.2,
47.84
]
},
{
"text": "They were important catalysts who held \norganizational prowess and passion for change,",
"timestamp": [
48.4,
53.44
]
},
{
"text": "inspiring countless queer people around the world",
"timestamp": [
54.08,
56.4
]
},
{
"text": "to stand up against bigotry and \ndiscrimination from broader society.",
"timestamp": [
56.96,
60.72
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start the show.",
"timestamp": [
61.6,
71.84
]
},
{
"text": "[Intro music]",
"timestamp": [
71.84,
72.16
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s begin with the events \nof the Stonewall Rebellion.",
"timestamp": [
72.16,
74.96
]
},
{
"text": "Leading up to the night of June 28th, 1969,\nthe popular gay bar–the Stonewall Inn,",
"timestamp": [
75.68,
81.76
]
},
{
"text": "and the queer community more generally–were\nunder surveillance by the New York City police.",
"timestamp": [
82.4,
87.12
]
},
{
"text": "The Stonewall Inn and other bars that primarily\nserved LGBTQ communities",
"timestamp": [
87.68,
92.8
]
},
{
"text": "were under constant attack by law enforcement.",
"timestamp": [
92.8,
95.84
]
},
{
"text": "But this was also the era when queer desire\nand actions—even just holding hands, kissing,",
"timestamp": [
95.84,
102.72
]
},
{
"text": "or dancing with someone of the \nsame sex—were criminalized.",
"timestamp": [
102.72,
106.72
]
},
{
"text": "This was due to a massive effort by the \nUS government and law enforcement agencies",
"timestamp": [
106.72,
110.8
]
},
{
"text": "like the FBI, which resulted in arrest, ",
"timestamp": [
110.8,
113.6
]
},
{
"text": "harassment, and sometimes \nthe threat of public exposure",
"timestamp": [
113.6,
116.64
]
},
{
"text": "for people who were not public \nabout their sexual orientation,",
"timestamp": [
117.2,
120.32
]
},
{
"text": "especially at a time when it \nwas incredibly dangerous to be.",
"timestamp": [
120.88,
123.92
]
},
{
"text": "As a result, places like Stonewall \nbecame the center of gay nightlife",
"timestamp": [
124.48,
128.88
]
},
{
"text": "and served as a refuge from ongoing persecution.",
"timestamp": [
129.44,
132.4
]
},
{
"text": "It was an important site of safety away \nfrom the scrutiny and public harassment",
"timestamp": [
133.12,
137.36
]
},
{
"text": "of police and from the rest of society.",
"timestamp": [
137.36,
140.4
]
},
{
"text": "Police arrived at Stonewall that night\nfor a raid to crack down on gay bars",
"timestamp": [
140.4,
144.8
]
},
{
"text": "that were operating without a New \nYork State Liquor Authority License.",
"timestamp": [
144.8,
147.84
]
},
{
"text": "This was routinely used as an excuse \nto harass gay bars during this time.",
"timestamp": [
148.4,
153.12
]
},
{
"text": "However, this was also because the state ",
"timestamp": [
153.76,
156
]
},
{
"text": "refused to give liquor licenses to \nbars that served the gay community.",
"timestamp": [
156,
160.08
]
},
{
"text": "Soon, Mafia affiliates and other \nopportunists began to run the establishments",
"timestamp": [
160.08,
165.28
]
},
{
"text": "(and allegedly made deals with the police ",
"timestamp": [
165.28,
167.44
]
},
{
"text": "to cover everything\nup and stay in business).",
"timestamp": [
167.44,
169.84
]
},
{
"text": "During the raid, patrons \nand employees of Stonewall ",
"timestamp": [
170.56,
173.92
]
},
{
"text": "were frisked, assaulted, \nand dragged into the street.",
"timestamp": [
173.92,
177.44
]
},
{
"text": "But those patrons, employees, and other \nneighborhood residents also fought back,",
"timestamp": [
178,
182.96
]
},
{
"text": "refusing to accept treatment \nlike this at the hands of people",
"timestamp": [
183.52,
187.2
]
},
{
"text": "who should have been protecting \nthem rather than harassing them.",
"timestamp": [
187.2,
190.64
]
},
{
"text": "The resulting protests lasted for six days on \nboth Christopher Street and adjacent blocks.",
"timestamp": [
190.64,
196.8
]
},
{
"text": "Authorities hosed people in the streets, \nthrew tear gas at them, and arrested them.",
"timestamp": [
197.52,
202.88
]
},
{
"text": "But the Stonewall activists continued to resist,",
"timestamp": [
202.88,
205.76
]
},
{
"text": "forming Rockette-style kick \nlines in front of the police,",
"timestamp": [
206.48,
209.84
]
},
{
"text": "smashing windows, uprooting parking meters, \nand throwing bottles at the authorities.",
"timestamp": [
210.4,
215.28
]
},
{
"text": "They chanted slogans like “Liberate \nthe bar!” and “We Shall Overcome.”",
"timestamp": [
215.84,
221.52
]
},
{
"text": "And at the heart of this rebellion \nwere two transgender women of color,",
"timestamp": [
221.52,
225.04
]
},
{
"text": "Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera.",
"timestamp": [
225.68,
228.48
]
},
{
"text": "Accounts of the night of the Stonewall \nraid and subsequent rebellion vary widely,",
"timestamp": [
228.48,
233.44
]
},
{
"text": "but Johnson and Rivera were among those \nwho fought back and resisted arrest.",
"timestamp": [
233.44,
238.16
]
},
{
"text": "Some recall Marsha being in full drag;\nsome remember it differently.",
"timestamp": [
238.72,
242.4
]
},
{
"text": "Some stories of the night recall Johnson being \nthe first person to throw a brick at the police,",
"timestamp": [
242.96,
247.04
]
},
{
"text": "while other records exclude her entirely.",
"timestamp": [
247.68,
249.68
]
},
{
"text": "The exact order of who did \nwhat first remains unclear,",
"timestamp": [
250.32,
254.16
]
},
{
"text": "in part because there was limited \ndocumentation of the events that night.",
"timestamp": [
254.16,
257.92
]
},
{
"text": "But in a 1987 interview \nwith historian Eric Marcus,",
"timestamp": [
257.92,
261.92
]
},
{
"text": "Johnson stated that she hadn’t arrived that night \nto Stonewall until the uprising was well underway.",
"timestamp": [
261.92,
267.28
]
},
{
"text": "She also said that the police had forced her \nand others onto the bar’s wall to line up",
"timestamp": [
267.28,
271.84
]
},
{
"text": "and be frisked the night \nbefore the rebellion began",
"timestamp": [
271.84,
274
]
},
{
"text": "and then the police returned the \nnext day to set Stonewall on fire.",
"timestamp": [
274.56,
278.72
]
},
{
"text": "On the one-year anniversary of \nthe rebellion, on June 28, 1970,",
"timestamp": [
278.72,
282.96
]
},
{
"text": "thousands marched in the streets of \nManhattan from Stonewall Inn to Central Park.",
"timestamp": [
283.6,
288.48
]
},
{
"text": "They called their march ",
"timestamp": [
288.48,
289.28
]
},
{
"text": "“Christopher Street Liberation Day” and it \nwas one of America’s first gay pride parades.",
"timestamp": [
289.92,
294.96
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s return to Marsha P. \nJohnson in the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
295.52,
298.72
]
},
{
"text": "Marsha P. Johnson was a Black trans woman ",
"timestamp": [
299.6,
301.84
]
},
{
"text": "who was an iconic figure in New \nYork City’s LGBTQ community.",
"timestamp": [
301.84,
305.28
]
},
{
"text": "She became known for her signature confidence",
"timestamp": [
305.28,
307.6
]
},
{
"text": "and for resisting the harassment \nand ridicule that she experienced",
"timestamp": [
307.6,
311.28
]
},
{
"text": "as a result of her identity as a trans woman \nin a homophobic and transphobic society.",
"timestamp": [
311.28,
316.24
]
},
{
"text": "Marsha started to dress in girl’s \nclothing around the age of 5,",
"timestamp": [
316.8,
321.04
]
},
{
"text": "which drew the ire of her parents, as well as from \na society that didn’t approve of such a thing.",
"timestamp": [
321.04,
326.16
]
},
{
"text": "Despite their disagreements, ",
"timestamp": [
326.88,
328.4
]
},
{
"text": "she remained close to her family and kept \nin touch with them through the years.",
"timestamp": [
328.4,
332.48
]
},
{
"text": "After she graduated high school in 1963,",
"timestamp": [
332.48,
334.88
]
},
{
"text": "Johnson moved to New York’s Greenwich \nVillage with $15 and a bag of clothes.",
"timestamp": [
335.44,
340.8
]
},
{
"text": "Because she was homeless, she turned to \nsex work to support herself and survive.",
"timestamp": [
340.8,
345.2
]
},
{
"text": "Soon, she found a community among the \nboisterous nightlife of Christopher Street.",
"timestamp": [
346.16,
350.96
]
},
{
"text": "She utilized multiple names while perfecting her ",
"timestamp": [
350.96,
353.44
]
},
{
"text": "persona among Christopher \nStreet’s notable figures,",
"timestamp": [
353.44,
356.16
]
},
{
"text": "going alternately by Malcolm and Black \nMarsha before settling on Marsha P. Johnson.",
"timestamp": [
356.16,
361.52
]
},
{
"text": "She purportedly chose \"Johnson\" after the popular \nrestaurant and hotel chain, Howard Johnson’s,",
"timestamp": [
361.52,
366.64
]
},
{
"text": "and the \"P\" for “Pay it No Mind,”",
"timestamp": [
367.2,
369.84
]
},
{
"text": "a saying she coined and used \nto dismiss her adversaries.",
"timestamp": [
369.84,
373.36
]
},
{
"text": "She met the young 11-year-old \nSylvia Rivera when she was 17",
"timestamp": [
373.36,
377.52
]
},
{
"text": "and they were both working as \nsex workers in New York City.",
"timestamp": [
377.52,
380.48
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
381.44,
382.24
]
},
{
"text": "Johnson's work largely centered \non helping transgender and ",
"timestamp": [
382.96,
386.08
]
},
{
"text": "queer communities",
"timestamp": [
386.08,
386.88
]
},
{
"text": "in New York City and throughout the world.",
"timestamp": [
386.88,
389.2
]
},
{
"text": "Following Stonewall, Johnson and Rivera \nfounded an organization called S.T.A.R.,",
"timestamp": [
389.2,
393.84
]
},
{
"text": "the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries.",
"timestamp": [
394.48,
397.68
]
},
{
"text": "The organization clothed, fed, housed, \nand advocated for transgender youth",
"timestamp": [
397.68,
402.88
]
},
{
"text": "in New York, Chicago, \nCalifornia, and even in England.",
"timestamp": [
402.88,
406.56
]
},
{
"text": "Johnson also became a member of the Gay Liberation\nFront (GLF).",
"timestamp": [
407.12,
410.8
]
},
{
"text": "This group focused on political action \nand greater protections for citizens ",
"timestamp": [
410.8,
415.52
]
},
{
"text": "based on their sexual identity,",
"timestamp": [
415.52,
417.36
]
},
{
"text": "and also fought against \nunethical and unequal laws.",
"timestamp": [
417.36,
420.88
]
},
{
"text": "As a popular face of the resistance,",
"timestamp": [
420.88,
422.56
]
},
{
"text": "Johnson toured around the world with the \npopular drag theater company, Hot Peaches.",
"timestamp": [
423.12,
428.24
]
},
{
"text": "As her popularity and notoriety rose, she also \ninteracted with famous artists and celebrities,",
"timestamp": [
428.24,
433.92
]
},
{
"text": "such as Andy Warhol, who in 1975, featured Johnson\non a screen print",
"timestamp": [
434.48,
439.92
]
},
{
"text": "of drag queens and transgender nightclub \npatrons at the Gilded Grape in New York City.",
"timestamp": [
439.92,
445.84
]
},
{
"text": "But Johnson’s life was far from easy, and \neven though she spent time with celebrities,",
"timestamp": [
445.84,
451.04
]
},
{
"text": "it did not translate into her \nown sustained economic stability.",
"timestamp": [
451.04,
455.12
]
},
{
"text": "What’s more, Marsha had a \ncomplex history of illness.",
"timestamp": [
455.12,
459.12
]
},
{
"text": "She experienced periods of mental illness, \narrests by harassing police officers,",
"timestamp": [
459.12,
463.84
]
},
{
"text": "and time spent in psychiatric hospitals.",
"timestamp": [
463.84,
465.84
]
},
{
"text": "In an interview later in life, she also shared \nthat she had been raped by a boy as a child.",
"timestamp": [
466.4,
472
]
},
{
"text": "Through it all, she continued \nto promote gay civil rights.",
"timestamp": [
472.72,
476.24
]
},
{
"text": "Struggling on and off throughout her \nlifetime with her mental illness,",
"timestamp": [
476.24,
479.76
]
},
{
"text": "Marsha was remembered by some as \nextremely sweet, generous, and kind,",
"timestamp": [
479.76,
484.72
]
},
{
"text": "and by others as confrontational, \nerratic, and at times violent.",
"timestamp": [
485.28,
489.2
]
},
{
"text": "Marsha and her fellow trans women and activists\nfaced constant harassment from police,",
"timestamp": [
490,
495.36
]
},
{
"text": "and other hazards from living in \na violently transphobic society.",
"timestamp": [
495.92,
499.52
]
},
{
"text": "As has been the case, with Marsha, ",
"timestamp": [
500.48,
502.32
]
},
{
"text": "and with other important figures we’ve \ndiscussed throughout this series,",
"timestamp": [
502.32,
504.96
]
},
{
"text": "the goal isn’t to run away from the \nthings that made them complicated,",
"timestamp": [
505.6,
508.56
]
},
{
"text": "to try to paint them singularly \nas a hero without any faults.",
"timestamp": [
509.12,
513.04
]
},
{
"text": "That would be dishonest.",
"timestamp": [
513.68,
514.56
]
},
{
"text": "The truth is that, all of us, even people who do \nextraordinary, remarkable, world-changing things,",
"timestamp": [
515.2,
522.16
]
},
{
"text": "are well…people.",
"timestamp": [
523.2,
524.88
]
},
{
"text": "And to be a person means that you are not a \ntwo-dimensional caricature of just good or evil,",
"timestamp": [
525.44,
531.36
]
},
{
"text": "but that you’re likely a person who has done \nstuff you’re proud of, and stuff you aren’t.",
"timestamp": [
532,
536.88
]
},
{
"text": "And when we talk about important \nhistorical figures, like Johnson,",
"timestamp": [
537.6,
541.36
]
},
{
"text": "it’s important that we \nacknowledge that part as well.",
"timestamp": [
541.92,
545.12
]
},
{
"text": "An early AIDS activist and \nmember of the revolutionary ",
"timestamp": [
545.12,
548.08
]
},
{
"text": "AIDS activist group, ACT UP",
"timestamp": [
548.08,
550.4
]
},
{
"text": "(or AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power),",
"timestamp": [
550.4,
552.8
]
},
{
"text": "Johnson announced in a June 26, 1992 interview \nthat she had been HIV positive since 1990.",
"timestamp": [
553.44,
560.4
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, the end of her \nlife would be marked by tragedy.",
"timestamp": [
561.04,
565.28
]
},
{
"text": "On July 6, 1992, Johnson was found to have drowned \nin the Hudson River off the West Village Piers.",
"timestamp": [
565.28,
572.24
]
},
{
"text": "Although police initially \ndeclared her death a suicide,",
"timestamp": [
572.88,
575.92
]
},
{
"text": "several witnesses have suggested she \nwas murdered by homophobic assailants.",
"timestamp": [
575.92,
580.8
]
},
{
"text": "Today, Johnson’s life and legacy can be remembered\nthrough films such as",
"timestamp": [
580.8,
585.28
]
},
{
"text": "Pay it No Mind: Marsha P. Johnson (2012),",
"timestamp": [
585.28,
587.6
]
},
{
"text": "The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson (2017),",
"timestamp": [
587.6,
589.84
]
},
{
"text": "and Happy Birthday, Marsha! (2017).",
"timestamp": [
589.84,
591.36
]
},
{
"text": "The legacies of Stonewall extend beyond the six \ndays that the rebellion raged on in New York.",
"timestamp": [
591.36,
596.8
]
},
{
"text": "This event marked some of the most famous \nearly activism of the Gay Rights Movement.",
"timestamp": [
596.8,
601.28
]
},
{
"text": "Its momentum continues to inspire \nsubsequent generations of LGBTQ activists",
"timestamp": [
601.28,
606.56
]
},
{
"text": "and serves as a lasting legacy of the \nwork of people like Johnson and others.",
"timestamp": [
606.56,
611.36
]
},
{
"text": "Although many raids occurred on New York \nCity gar bars before and after Stonewall,",
"timestamp": [
611.36,
615.76
]
},
{
"text": "none of them resulted in the same kind of lasting \nand sustained political organizing and activism.",
"timestamp": [
616.4,
622
]
},
{
"text": "Stonewall was a moment when the defiance \nand political organizing of the 1960s",
"timestamp": [
622.64,
627.52
]
},
{
"text": "came in direct contact with \nthe repression of the state.",
"timestamp": [
628.08,
631.92
]
},
{
"text": "Therefore, Stonewall stands as an important \nmoment in the history of LGBTQ activism.",
"timestamp": [
631.92,
638.16
]
},
{
"text": "And those like Johnson, who \nlived at the intersections ",
"timestamp": [
638.16,
641.04
]
},
{
"text": "of multiple modes of oppression",
"timestamp": [
641.04,
642.48
]
},
{
"text": "for being gay, Black, and transgender, ",
"timestamp": [
643.12,
646.4
]
},
{
"text": "paved the way for greater access \nto dignity and legal protections",
"timestamp": [
647.12,
651.68
]
},
{
"text": "for all gay people.",
"timestamp": [
651.68,
652.64
]
},
{
"text": "Although her role in the revolution \nis often debated and contested,",
"timestamp": [
653.52,
656.96
]
},
{
"text": "it seems undeniable that Marsha P. Johnson \nhad an indelible and lasting impact",
"timestamp": [
657.52,
663.28
]
},
{
"text": "on the formation of more equitable \npolitics for queer people worldwide",
"timestamp": [
663.28,
667.76
]
},
{
"text": "with her activism, with her bravery, and \nwith her signature “Pay it No Mind” attitude.",
"timestamp": [
667.76,
672.72
]
},
{
"text": "She was vital in making the connection \nbetween Gay Rights and Human Rights.",
"timestamp": [
673.44,
678.48
]
},
{
"text": "Today, we remember Stonewall and its legacies",
"timestamp": [
678.48,
681.44
]
},
{
"text": "for the role it played in \nexpanding knowledge of gay culture",
"timestamp": [
682,
685.36
]
},
{
"text": "and bringing the expansive beauty of \nthis community to the larger public.",
"timestamp": [
685.36,
688.96
]
},
{
"text": "What started as a rebellion became \nthe beginning of a revolution.",
"timestamp": [
689.84,
693.52
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
694.56,
695.36
]
},
{
"text": "I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
696.24,
697.6
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made with the \nhelp of all these nice people,",
"timestamp": [
697.6,
700.16
]
},
{
"text": "and our animation team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
700.16,
702.32
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by \nall of our viewers and supporters.",
"timestamp": [
702.32,
706
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks to all of our patrons \nwho support the show on Patreon,",
"timestamp": [
706,
709.36
]
},
{
"text": "and all of you who participated in the \n2021 Crash Course Learner Coin Campaign.",
"timestamp": [
709.36,
713.52
]
},
{
"text": "Your contributions support \nmillions of learners. Thank you.",
"timestamp": [
714.08,
718.08
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How to Graduate | How to College | Crash Course
|
V16qfhdIK6M
| 571 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Graduation might feel like this magical moment\nin our college careers.",
"timestamp": [
6.08,
9.96
]
},
{
"text": "Whether we get to do the whole square-hat-plus-wizard-robes\nthing",
"timestamp": [
9.96,
12.959
]
},
{
"text": "or watch our professors solemnly walk down\nthe room with their swords",
"timestamp": [
12.959,
16.33
]
},
{
"text": "(no, really), finally all our hard work gets\nofficially recognized.",
"timestamp": [
16.33,
20.91
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes though, graduating might feel a\nlot murkier and",
"timestamp": [
20.91,
24.3
]
},
{
"text": "we might be uncertain how exactly we get to\nthis big, looming goal, and… that’s fair.",
"timestamp": [
24.3,
28.86
]
},
{
"text": "Because really, graduation is the last leg\nof a long race that we started",
"timestamp": [
28.86,
32.89
]
},
{
"text": "way back before we even applied to college.",
"timestamp": [
32.89,
35.13
]
},
{
"text": "But with a little planning, we can set ourselves\nup",
"timestamp": [
35.13,
37.35
]
},
{
"text": "for life after graduation and get the most\nout of our college’s resources.",
"timestamp": [
37.35,
40.909
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky, and this is Crash\nCourse: How to College",
"timestamp": [
40.909,
44.08
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in partnership\nwith Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
44.08,
48.01
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’re going to talk about finishing\ncollege.",
"timestamp": [
48.01,
52.31
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
52.31,
59.269
]
},
{
"text": "Graduation seems like it must be this automatic\nthing, right?",
"timestamp": [
59.269,
63.159
]
},
{
"text": "Do the courses, get the diploma.",
"timestamp": [
63.159,
65.5
]
},
{
"text": "And well, it sort of works like that.",
"timestamp": [
65.5,
68.21
]
},
{
"text": "But just like you wouldn’t show up on the\nday of a race without preparing,",
"timestamp": [
68.21,
71.18
]
},
{
"text": "you actually do have to prepare for graduation.",
"timestamp": [
71.18,
73.35
]
},
{
"text": "And that preparation can begin up to a year\nin advance.",
"timestamp": [
73.35,
76.27
]
},
{
"text": "You have to talk to your advisors, make sure\nyou’re meeting all your degree requirements.",
"timestamp": [
76.27,
79.54
]
},
{
"text": "It can be stressful!",
"timestamp": [
79.54,
80.82
]
},
{
"text": "So let’s talk about it.",
"timestamp": [
80.82,
81.82
]
},
{
"text": "The first step towards graduating is to make\nsure we're ready.",
"timestamp": [
81.82,
84.98
]
},
{
"text": "And that might happen a lot earlier than you\nthink;",
"timestamp": [
84.98,
86.99
]
},
{
"text": "you should be checking your course progress\nat least once a year,",
"timestamp": [
86.99,
89.37
]
},
{
"text": "but many schools require you to meet with\nyour advisor at least once a semester.",
"timestamp": [
89.37,
92.42
]
},
{
"text": "And as we've discussed in earlier episodes,\npart of this meeting",
"timestamp": [
92.42,
95.61
]
},
{
"text": "should be verifying that you're still on track\nto graduate by your",
"timestamp": [
95.61,
98.77
]
},
{
"text": "anticipated graduation date, and that you're\ntaking the courses you need",
"timestamp": [
98.77,
102.03
]
},
{
"text": "to take in order to graduate with the major\nyou want.",
"timestamp": [
102.03,
104.56
]
},
{
"text": "Like, I was a linguistics major, so to graduate\nI had to take",
"timestamp": [
104.56,
107.44
]
},
{
"text": "courses like phonetics and phonology,",
"timestamp": [
107.44,
109.31
]
},
{
"text": "but I also took a course called Lying and\nDeceit to round out my education.",
"timestamp": [
109.31,
113.38
]
},
{
"text": "Your college will keep track of all this for\nyou and you can usually see",
"timestamp": [
113.38,
116.49
]
},
{
"text": "a list of what courses you’ve already completed\nthrough",
"timestamp": [
116.49,
118.8
]
},
{
"text": "whatever online system your school uses.",
"timestamp": [
118.8,
121.2
]
},
{
"text": "But you can also track the completion of course\nrequirements in a spreadsheet",
"timestamp": [
121.2,
124.2
]
},
{
"text": "or task manager, so you know when you’ve\nmet the qualifications.",
"timestamp": [
124.2,
126.84
]
},
{
"text": "And as we complete our last lap around the\ntrack,",
"timestamp": [
126.84,
129.28
]
},
{
"text": "we also have some options that allow us to\nfinish in style.",
"timestamp": [
129.28,
132
]
},
{
"text": "The major we chose may include the opportunity\nto complete a capstone or a thesis.",
"timestamp": [
132,
135.93
]
},
{
"text": "In general, a capstone is a project that you\ncomplete during your",
"timestamp": [
135.93,
138.46
]
},
{
"text": "final year of study that suggests the solution\nto a known problem within your field.",
"timestamp": [
138.46,
142.73
]
},
{
"text": "For example, someone in healthcare administration\nmight propose a policy",
"timestamp": [
142.73,
146.63
]
},
{
"text": "that will significantly improve patient safety\nat a local hospital.",
"timestamp": [
146.63,
149.3
]
},
{
"text": "A thesis, while also done in your final year,\ninstead",
"timestamp": [
149.3,
152.43
]
},
{
"text": "gathers all of the knowledge you’ve learned\nabout your field",
"timestamp": [
152.43,
154.68
]
},
{
"text": "and uses it to create new research.",
"timestamp": [
154.68,
156.7
]
},
{
"text": "Maybe you’re a philosophy student and you\nhave an original argument about Plato’s",
"timestamp": [
156.7,
160.18
]
},
{
"text": "works.",
"timestamp": [
160.18,
161.18
]
},
{
"text": "Or if you’re in engineering, you might work\nin a lab,",
"timestamp": [
161.18,
163.09
]
},
{
"text": "doing a piece of original research that contributes\nto a larger research project.",
"timestamp": [
163.09,
166.94
]
},
{
"text": "In either case, you’ll be working closely\nwith a faculty mentor",
"timestamp": [
166.94,
169.78
]
},
{
"text": "to complete your project, whether it’s a\ncapstone or thesis.",
"timestamp": [
169.78,
172.53
]
},
{
"text": "Some schools even allow you to do an honors\nversion of these projects.",
"timestamp": [
172.53,
175.68
]
},
{
"text": "Some schools only offer either a capstone\nor a thesis.",
"timestamp": [
175.68,
179.12
]
},
{
"text": "But if your school offers you a choice, which\none should you do?",
"timestamp": [
179.12,
181.72
]
},
{
"text": "Well, that’s going to depend on your goal.",
"timestamp": [
181.72,
183.959
]
},
{
"text": "If you are planning on going immediately into\nthe workforce, a capstone project",
"timestamp": [
183.959,
187.06
]
},
{
"text": "may give you the ability to demonstrate your\nknowledge of the field,",
"timestamp": [
187.06,
189.48
]
},
{
"text": "and possibly even bring a project to your\nfirst job.",
"timestamp": [
189.48,
191.35
]
},
{
"text": "But if you’re planning on going to graduate\nschool,",
"timestamp": [
191.35,
193.51
]
},
{
"text": "having generated original research via your\nthesis can be a very valuable skill to have.",
"timestamp": [
193.51,
197.78
]
},
{
"text": "A capstone project or thesis is a big time\ncommitment.",
"timestamp": [
197.78,
201.47
]
},
{
"text": "They entail a lot of independent work on top\nof what you’re already balancing.",
"timestamp": [
201.47,
205.01
]
},
{
"text": "So it’s worth some serious consideration–even\ndiscussing it with an academic advisor!",
"timestamp": [
205.01,
208.8
]
},
{
"text": "--to make sure a capstone or thesis is something\nyou have time to complete well.",
"timestamp": [
208.8,
212.18
]
},
{
"text": "Of course, eventually the day comes when it’s\nour last day of class,",
"timestamp": [
212.18,
215.44
]
},
{
"text": "our last final exam, and our last assignment\nto submit.",
"timestamp": [
215.44,
218.02
]
},
{
"text": "So after making sure we’re on track to graduate,\nthe next step is to start thinking about the",
"timestamp": [
218.02,
221.44
]
},
{
"text": "future.",
"timestamp": [
221.44,
222.44
]
},
{
"text": "College can sometimes feel like a very individual\nexperience.",
"timestamp": [
222.44,
224.73
]
},
{
"text": "The papers I wrote for class contained my\nown ideas.",
"timestamp": [
224.73,
227.42
]
},
{
"text": "My specific path through my course requirements\nwas unique.",
"timestamp": [
227.42,
230.66
]
},
{
"text": "I took classes with a combination of professors\nthat not everyone had.",
"timestamp": [
230.66,
233.29
]
},
{
"text": "My major may even feel like part of my identity\nbecause it has shaped my personal skills and",
"timestamp": [
233.29,
238.15
]
},
{
"text": "my breadth of knowledge.",
"timestamp": [
238.15,
239.15
]
},
{
"text": "But college is more than an individual experience.",
"timestamp": [
239.15,
241.75
]
},
{
"text": "The whole time, we’re really part of a team.",
"timestamp": [
241.75,
243.569
]
},
{
"text": "It’s like racing cars.",
"timestamp": [
243.569,
245.019
]
},
{
"text": "We’re in the driver’s seat, but we also\nhave a pit crew:",
"timestamp": [
245.019,
247.44
]
},
{
"text": "teammates with special skills to change our\ntires and fill up our tank super fast,",
"timestamp": [
247.44,
250.55
]
},
{
"text": "so we can get back out there and finish the\nrace.",
"timestamp": [
250.55,
253.03
]
},
{
"text": "In college, our team includes the professors,\ncareer counselors,",
"timestamp": [
253.03,
255.95
]
},
{
"text": "advisors, and an alumni network, all of which\nhave tools that can help us succeed.",
"timestamp": [
255.95,
260.09
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
260.09,
261.629
]
},
{
"text": "Some of our most important teammates are found",
"timestamp": [
261.629,
263.58
]
},
{
"text": "in our college’s career services department.",
"timestamp": [
263.58,
265.229
]
},
{
"text": "Chances are it will be called something slightly\ndifferent at your school,",
"timestamp": [
265.229,
268.83
]
},
{
"text": "but the Office of Career Services is for educating,\nadvising,",
"timestamp": [
268.83,
272.24
]
},
{
"text": "and connecting students to employment opportunities,",
"timestamp": [
272.24,
274.93
]
},
{
"text": "whether that's a mentorship program, internship,\nsummer work,",
"timestamp": [
274.93,
277.889
]
},
{
"text": "or post-graduation employment.",
"timestamp": [
277.889,
279.379
]
},
{
"text": "A major priority of our last couple semesters\nshould be to make a pit stop there.",
"timestamp": [
279.379,
283.68
]
},
{
"text": "Just like a race car driver’s crew, the\ncareer services department",
"timestamp": [
283.68,
286.77
]
},
{
"text": "will have special tools that give us an edge\nin the race…",
"timestamp": [
286.77,
289.349
]
},
{
"text": "or in this case start our careers and land\na job.",
"timestamp": [
289.349,
292.02
]
},
{
"text": "And getting an edge in a race doesn’t just\nmean SPEED!",
"timestamp": [
292.02,
293.74
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, if your car only goes fast, you’ll\nprobably drive right off the track on a tight",
"timestamp": [
293.74,
298.49
]
},
{
"text": "turn.",
"timestamp": [
298.49,
299.49
]
},
{
"text": "In a race, you need to know your car: its\nstrengths, weaknesses, top speeds,",
"timestamp": [
299.49,
303.589
]
},
{
"text": "cornering ability, and how it handles in different\nsituations.",
"timestamp": [
303.589,
306.12
]
},
{
"text": "Like, in the rain or dirt.",
"timestamp": [
306.12,
307.539
]
},
{
"text": "Think of your resume like a car you’re going\nto take to the track:",
"timestamp": [
307.539,
310.729
]
},
{
"text": "What are your strengths and weaknesses, where\ndo you move quickly, are you good at learning",
"timestamp": [
310.729,
314.21
]
},
{
"text": "things,",
"timestamp": [
314.21,
315.21
]
},
{
"text": "how do you showcase that to possible employers,",
"timestamp": [
315.21,
317.719
]
},
{
"text": "how well do you deal with new situations,\nwhat softwares are you good at",
"timestamp": [
317.719,
321.15
]
},
{
"text": "and what softwares do you need to put extra\ntime into?",
"timestamp": [
321.15,
323.139
]
},
{
"text": "Then there’s the track itself.",
"timestamp": [
323.139,
324.3
]
},
{
"text": "You need to know the track so you know where\nthe turns are, where you need to brake,",
"timestamp": [
324.3,
328.789
]
},
{
"text": "where you can put your foot down!",
"timestamp": [
328.789,
330
]
},
{
"text": "Think of the job market like a track.",
"timestamp": [
330,
332.759
]
},
{
"text": "You need to know the lay of the land in your\njob market so you can customize your resume",
"timestamp": [
332.759,
337.05
]
},
{
"text": "or LinkedIn profile to be specific and cut\nthrough the competition.",
"timestamp": [
337.05,
340.36
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
340.36,
341.619
]
},
{
"text": "Career counselors can also help us write compelling\nresumes and cover letters.",
"timestamp": [
341.619,
344.869
]
},
{
"text": "When we zip by that checkered flag, we want\nour car to turn heads,",
"timestamp": [
344.869,
348.729
]
},
{
"text": "and attention to detail on our resume will\nhelp us stand out from the pack.",
"timestamp": [
348.729,
351.689
]
},
{
"text": "It’s definitely a good idea to stop by,",
"timestamp": [
351.689,
353.86
]
},
{
"text": "whether we are already sending in job applications\nor we are planning to soon.",
"timestamp": [
353.86,
356.86
]
},
{
"text": "The career services department may also have\nrelationships",
"timestamp": [
356.86,
359.539
]
},
{
"text": "with professional associations and may have",
"timestamp": [
359.539,
361.389
]
},
{
"text": "databases to connect us to alumni as well.",
"timestamp": [
361.389,
363.28
]
},
{
"text": "These can help us get our foot in the door\nby networking with people",
"timestamp": [
363.28,
365.689
]
},
{
"text": "in our desired field and learn from their\nexperience about what to do next.",
"timestamp": [
365.689,
369.569
]
},
{
"text": "Now, not all of us will be looking for a job\nwhen we’re preparing to graduate.",
"timestamp": [
369.569,
373.099
]
},
{
"text": "Some of us will basically be signing up for\nanother race: Graduate school!",
"timestamp": [
373.099,
376.83
]
},
{
"text": "Students who are graduating with a bachelor's\ndegree have the option",
"timestamp": [
376.83,
379.4
]
},
{
"text": "to continue their education or to just become\nbetter qualified for certain jobs,",
"timestamp": [
379.4,
383.21
]
},
{
"text": "by going through a more specialized college\napplication process",
"timestamp": [
383.21,
386.21
]
},
{
"text": "to earn an advanced degree.",
"timestamp": [
386.21,
387.71
]
},
{
"text": "People who are accepted to these programs\nwill go on to earn specialized degrees",
"timestamp": [
387.71,
390.419
]
},
{
"text": "like a master's, JD, MD, or PhD–to just\nname a few!",
"timestamp": [
390.419,
394.08
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to pursue one of these post-baccalaureate\ndegrees,",
"timestamp": [
394.08,
396.83
]
},
{
"text": "the professors you work with over the course\nof your undergraduate degree",
"timestamp": [
396.83,
399.199
]
},
{
"text": "are a great resource to help you figure out\nwhat advanced degree program is right for",
"timestamp": [
399.199,
403.24
]
},
{
"text": "you.",
"timestamp": [
403.24,
404.24
]
},
{
"text": "Some of them will even be willing to help\nreview your graduate school application,",
"timestamp": [
404.24,
406.529
]
},
{
"text": "with feedback for making it the best it can\nbe.",
"timestamp": [
406.529,
408.249
]
},
{
"text": "And your graduate application will have several\nparts.",
"timestamp": [
408.249,
411.21
]
},
{
"text": "Some schools may require an aptitude test,\nlike the GRE or LSAT.",
"timestamp": [
411.21,
414.72
]
},
{
"text": "Most schools will want to see your transcripts",
"timestamp": [
414.72,
415.939
]
},
{
"text": "and a statement of purpose–and that’s\nsomething a professor can help you review.",
"timestamp": [
415.939,
418.919
]
},
{
"text": "Overall, grad school can be a great opportunity,",
"timestamp": [
418.919,
421.919
]
},
{
"text": "but it’s also not a requirement for every\njob or for everyone.",
"timestamp": [
421.919,
424.449
]
},
{
"text": "I went to grad school because I wasn’t exactly\nsure",
"timestamp": [
424.449,
426.619
]
},
{
"text": "what else I wanted to do after I finished\nundergrad (which is totally valid!).",
"timestamp": [
426.619,
428.479
]
},
{
"text": "One of our managing editors went to grad school\nso they could teach.",
"timestamp": [
428.479,
430.659
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s never too early to be thinking\nabout your next steps",
"timestamp": [
430.659,
433.179
]
},
{
"text": "whether it’s a job or grad school.",
"timestamp": [
433.179,
434.99
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, knowing that grad school is an option,",
"timestamp": [
434.99,
437.27
]
},
{
"text": "or might be an essential step, can help you\nwhen choosing your major.",
"timestamp": [
437.27,
439.87
]
},
{
"text": "So getting to graduation does take some planning\nand stamina",
"timestamp": [
439.87,
442.839
]
},
{
"text": "to make it through the last leg of our race\n--",
"timestamp": [
442.839,
444.96
]
},
{
"text": "there are course requirements to check, final\nprojects to submit,",
"timestamp": [
444.96,
448.18
]
},
{
"text": "and the future to contemplate with the help\nof",
"timestamp": [
448.18,
450.139
]
},
{
"text": "many different advisors and career services.",
"timestamp": [
450.139,
452.429
]
},
{
"text": "And we here at Crash Course wholeheartedly\nbelieve you can do it!",
"timestamp": [
452.429,
455.669
]
},
{
"text": "Graduation day is usually called commencement,",
"timestamp": [
455.669,
457.319
]
},
{
"text": "and it will be marked on your college’s\nacademic calendar well in advance",
"timestamp": [
457.319,
460.05
]
},
{
"text": "so that you can plan ahead..",
"timestamp": [
460.05,
461.4
]
},
{
"text": "And commencement is a fun day!",
"timestamp": [
461.4,
462.479
]
},
{
"text": "To prepare for commencement, we have to fill\nout the right forms",
"timestamp": [
462.479,
465.06
]
},
{
"text": "with our registrar’s office, usually in\nour last or second-to-last semester.",
"timestamp": [
465.06,
468.469
]
},
{
"text": "When we do this, they should let you know\nif you have any",
"timestamp": [
468.469,
470.74
]
},
{
"text": "holds on your account that might prevent you\nfrom walking at graduation",
"timestamp": [
470.74,
473.449
]
},
{
"text": "or getting your physical diploma.",
"timestamp": [
473.449,
475.279
]
},
{
"text": "Commencement ceremonies look different at\nevery school,",
"timestamp": [
475.279,
476.959
]
},
{
"text": "but there will probably be a big ceremony\nfor all the graduates.",
"timestamp": [
476.959,
480.069
]
},
{
"text": "There may also be special ones for Black students,\nveterans, student parents,",
"timestamp": [
480.069,
483.61
]
},
{
"text": "Latinx students, international students, first-generation\nstudents,",
"timestamp": [
483.61,
486.43
]
},
{
"text": "LGBTQIA+ students, and more.",
"timestamp": [
486.43,
488.729
]
},
{
"text": "There may even be special ceremonies for honors\nstudents",
"timestamp": [
488.729,
491.139
]
},
{
"text": "and for your major’s department as well.",
"timestamp": [
491.139,
492.44
]
},
{
"text": "Last, it’s important to remember that our\nrelationship with our college",
"timestamp": [
492.44,
495.02
]
},
{
"text": "does not end on graduation day.",
"timestamp": [
495.02,
496.83
]
},
{
"text": "When we are handed that diploma, we become\nalumni, and alumni typically",
"timestamp": [
496.83,
500.05
]
},
{
"text": "have lifetime access to their school’s network\nof professionals and graduates.",
"timestamp": [
500.05,
503.33
]
},
{
"text": "We may even be able to join local clubs and\nstay in touch with",
"timestamp": [
503.33,
505.749
]
},
{
"text": "our classmates out in the real world.",
"timestamp": [
505.749,
507.12
]
},
{
"text": "This is a major way that people can help each\nother find",
"timestamp": [
507.12,
509.46
]
},
{
"text": "job opportunities and progress in their careers.",
"timestamp": [
509.46,
511.83
]
},
{
"text": "Our college is on our team, and there are\nmany people there",
"timestamp": [
511.83,
514.63
]
},
{
"text": "committed to ensuring our success.",
"timestamp": [
514.63,
516.99
]
},
{
"text": "Commencement is a day to feel proud of our\naccomplishments.",
"timestamp": [
516.99,
518.76
]
},
{
"text": "We worked hard and have been through a lot\nby this point.",
"timestamp": [
518.76,
520.84
]
},
{
"text": "Our diploma has one name on it, but it’s\nalso true that we’ve got a team supporting",
"timestamp": [
520.84,
524.43
]
},
{
"text": "us,",
"timestamp": [
524.43,
525.43
]
},
{
"text": "from classmates, to career counselors and\nprofessors.",
"timestamp": [
525.43,
527.19
]
},
{
"text": "Eventually, the time comes where we've handed\nin our last assignment,",
"timestamp": [
527.19,
530.15
]
},
{
"text": "we've taken our last final exam, and we've\nsat through the last day",
"timestamp": [
530.15,
533.05
]
},
{
"text": "of the last day of class to reach this point:\ngraduation!",
"timestamp": [
533.05,
536.08
]
},
{
"text": "It's time to feel good, to feel accomplished,\nand to celebrate what you've achieved!",
"timestamp": [
536.08,
540.11
]
},
{
"text": "Take a minute to enjoy all the hoopla because\nwe worked hard and we deserve it.",
"timestamp": [
540.11,
543.82
]
},
{
"text": "Others should be proud of us, but we should\nbe proud of us, too!",
"timestamp": [
543.82,
545.99
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse How to College.",
"timestamp": [
545.99,
548.8
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded program\ncalled Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
548.8,
551.58
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State\nUniversity to launch",
"timestamp": [
551.58,
553.92
]
},
{
"text": "Study Hall on its own channel.",
"timestamp": [
553.92,
555.44
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll\nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
555.44,
559.41
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational courses\nconnected to college credit courses",
"timestamp": [
559.41,
563.46
]
},
{
"text": "that students struggle most with in their\nfirst 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
563.46,
564.952
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
564.952,
565.63
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Your Mental Health in College | How to College | Crash Course
|
l_9PchV6PIc
| 547 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "As you prepare to start or head back to college,",
"timestamp": [
6.089,
8.53
]
},
{
"text": "you’ve probably heard at least one person\nsay that it will be the best time of your",
"timestamp": [
8.53,
12.28
]
},
{
"text": "life.",
"timestamp": [
12.28,
13.28
]
},
{
"text": "If movies and TV are anything to go by,",
"timestamp": [
13.28,
14.76
]
},
{
"text": "college is packed with all-night parties,\nroad trips,",
"timestamp": [
14.76,
16.79
]
},
{
"text": "and Instagrammable sleepovers where you and\nyour friends binge the entire new season",
"timestamp": [
16.79,
20.76
]
},
{
"text": "of The Great British Baking Show in a night.",
"timestamp": [
20.76,
21.92
]
},
{
"text": "But college isn’t just one long party, and\nit can be a challenge to look after your health.",
"timestamp": [
21.92,
25.75
]
},
{
"text": "This might be your first time living on your\nown, without your Mom around",
"timestamp": [
25.75,
28.41
]
},
{
"text": "to constantly check your forehead for a temperature,\njust in case.",
"timestamp": [
28.41,
31.01
]
},
{
"text": "This may be the first time your immune system\nhas seen such young germs",
"timestamp": [
31.01,
33.66
]
},
{
"text": "since you were a teen yourself.",
"timestamp": [
33.66,
34.85
]
},
{
"text": "Or it could just be a new set of experiences\nto juggle",
"timestamp": [
34.85,
37.1
]
},
{
"text": "–and that can be plenty stressful and overwhelming.",
"timestamp": [
37.1,
39.71
]
},
{
"text": "But the better you take care of yourself,\nthe better you can balance self-care",
"timestamp": [
39.71,
42.89
]
},
{
"text": "of your body and mind with the demands of\nschool, work, family, and friends.",
"timestamp": [
42.89,
46.59
]
},
{
"text": "Wherever you are in your college experience,",
"timestamp": [
46.59,
48.61
]
},
{
"text": "it’s a great time to explore ways that you\ncan keep your mental,",
"timestamp": [
48.61,
51.2
]
},
{
"text": "emotional, and physical health in check and\ndiscover resources",
"timestamp": [
51.2,
53.94
]
},
{
"text": "you can access for help.",
"timestamp": [
53.94,
54.94
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky, and this is Crash\nCourse: How to College.",
"timestamp": [
54.94,
58.079
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in partnership\nwith Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
58.079,
61.39
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’re talking about Protecting Your\nMental Health.",
"timestamp": [
61.39,
65.33
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
65.33,
72.32
]
},
{
"text": "Mental health refers to our emotional, psychological,\nand social well-being.",
"timestamp": [
72.32,
75.749
]
},
{
"text": "It affects how we think, feel, and act, and\nalso determines how we handle",
"timestamp": [
75.749,
80.1
]
},
{
"text": "stress and everyday responsibilities.",
"timestamp": [
80.1,
82.28
]
},
{
"text": "Whether this is our first time away from home\nor our third term back at college,",
"timestamp": [
82.28,
85.429
]
},
{
"text": "it can be overwhelming.",
"timestamp": [
85.429,
86.429
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve gone from having structure in our\nlife",
"timestamp": [
86.429,
88.509
]
},
{
"text": "that’s imposed by someone or something else",
"timestamp": [
88.509,
90.159
]
},
{
"text": "–our high school, our job, our family–",
"timestamp": [
90.159,
92.359
]
},
{
"text": "and suddenly we’re in charge.",
"timestamp": [
92.359,
93.889
]
},
{
"text": "Sure, we still have those responsibilities,",
"timestamp": [
93.889,
95.71
]
},
{
"text": "but we’ve made the decision that among all\nthose responsibilities,",
"timestamp": [
95.71,
99.119
]
},
{
"text": "we’re putting college up at the top.",
"timestamp": [
99.119,
101.24
]
},
{
"text": "Suddenly, we’re setting our own schedule\nand arranging life around classes and studying.",
"timestamp": [
101.24,
104.819
]
},
{
"text": "And while having the freedom to do that is\nawesome, wow, can it be overwhelming.",
"timestamp": [
104.819,
108.09
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, research tells us that over 80% of\nstudents feel overwhelmed",
"timestamp": [
108.09,
112.609
]
},
{
"text": "at some point in their college career.",
"timestamp": [
112.609,
114.049
]
},
{
"text": "So if you find yourself feeling this way,\nyou’re not alone!",
"timestamp": [
114.049,
116.409
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, you’re pretty much in the same\nboat as everyone else.",
"timestamp": [
116.409,
118.649
]
},
{
"text": "And while we don’t want you underwhelmed\neither,",
"timestamp": [
118.649,
120.95
]
},
{
"text": "being overwhelmed can lead to stress, headaches,\nanxiety, illness,",
"timestamp": [
120.95,
124.409
]
},
{
"text": "and a bunch of other things we want to avoid.",
"timestamp": [
124.409,
125.969
]
},
{
"text": "While there is no quick fix for any of this,\nthere are some steps you can take",
"timestamp": [
125.969,
129.84
]
},
{
"text": "to manage the health of both your body and\nmind.",
"timestamp": [
129.84,
131.92
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll cover some of the highlights today–some\nof the ones that are most accessible.",
"timestamp": [
131.92,
134.73
]
},
{
"text": "And, we’re gonna start with the strategy\nyou probably already hear a lot about: sleep.",
"timestamp": [
134.73,
139.069
]
},
{
"text": "The relationship between college students\nand sleep",
"timestamp": [
139.069,
141.09
]
},
{
"text": "is infamously on-again/off-again, am I right?!",
"timestamp": [
141.09,
143.4
]
},
{
"text": "You might wonder how you can possibly get\nmore sleep given all of your responsibilities,",
"timestamp": [
143.4,
148.459
]
},
{
"text": "but adequate sleep can actually help you be\nmore productive.",
"timestamp": [
148.459,
151.42
]
},
{
"text": "Poor sleep quality can make it difficult to\nthink clearly,",
"timestamp": [
151.42,
154.019
]
},
{
"text": "work effectively, and maintain a positive\nmood.",
"timestamp": [
154.019,
156.43
]
},
{
"text": "Poor sleep can also impact your memory, focus,\nand immune system.",
"timestamp": [
156.43,
159.19
]
},
{
"text": "And that’s not what we want.",
"timestamp": [
159.19,
160.65
]
},
{
"text": "Be mindful of where you sleep.",
"timestamp": [
160.65,
162.38
]
},
{
"text": "With so much going on, you might find it easy\nto crash on the couch",
"timestamp": [
162.38,
165.02
]
},
{
"text": "or even catch some Z’s on your desk or those\nfancy library armchairs.",
"timestamp": [
165.02,
168.319
]
},
{
"text": "Or, you might find yourself using your bed",
"timestamp": [
168.319,
169.79
]
},
{
"text": "for everything from studying and eating to\nwatching TV",
"timestamp": [
169.79,
172.219
]
},
{
"text": "and scrolling through social media,",
"timestamp": [
172.219,
173.81
]
},
{
"text": "But if possible, reserve your bed for unwinding\nand sleeping;",
"timestamp": [
173.81,
177.37
]
},
{
"text": "reserve your workspace for…well, work.",
"timestamp": [
177.37,
179.66
]
},
{
"text": "This way, you start to train good habits and\nyour brain will",
"timestamp": [
179.66,
181.769
]
},
{
"text": "associate “bed” with “rest” and “desk”\nwith “work.”",
"timestamp": [
181.769,
184.95
]
},
{
"text": "Once you separate your work area from your\nrest area,",
"timestamp": [
184.95,
187.859
]
},
{
"text": "try to maintain a consistent sleep schedule.",
"timestamp": [
187.859,
190.11
]
},
{
"text": "Limit screen time and avoid caffeine before\nyou plan on hitting the sack.",
"timestamp": [
190.11,
194.189
]
},
{
"text": "That means coffee, but that also means soda,\ntea, energy drinks, and chocolate,",
"timestamp": [
194.189,
196.989
]
},
{
"text": "since caffeine can be found in all of these,\ntoo.",
"timestamp": [
196.989,
199.51
]
},
{
"text": "All these things can affect your brain and\nkeep you from falling asleep.",
"timestamp": [
199.51,
202.239
]
},
{
"text": "Sleep is important, and we’ve definitely\ngot to make it a priority",
"timestamp": [
202.239,
205.16
]
},
{
"text": "as much as we can since without it, our brains\nkinda start to malfunction",
"timestamp": [
205.16,
208.69
]
},
{
"text": "-- which affects our mental health.",
"timestamp": [
208.69,
210.03
]
},
{
"text": "But when we’re not sleeping,",
"timestamp": [
210.03,
211.769
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve also got to make sure our brains have\nenough energy to function,",
"timestamp": [
211.769,
214.9
]
},
{
"text": "which makes nutrition another key way to protect\nyour mental health.",
"timestamp": [
214.9,
217.659
]
},
{
"text": "As college students -- and just busy people\n--",
"timestamp": [
217.659,
219.9
]
},
{
"text": "we’re often looking for two things: fast\nand cheap.",
"timestamp": [
219.9,
223.05
]
},
{
"text": "And that might mean scavenging a lot of free\npizza,",
"timestamp": [
223.05,
225.18
]
},
{
"text": "quickly microwaving some ramen noodles,",
"timestamp": [
225.18,
226.819
]
},
{
"text": "or just grabbing a coffee instead of stopping\nfor lunch.",
"timestamp": [
226.819,
229.78
]
},
{
"text": "But if we let this become a habit and don’t\nalso incorporate a variety of foods",
"timestamp": [
229.78,
233.2
]
},
{
"text": "with a variety of different nutrients,",
"timestamp": [
233.2,
235.049
]
},
{
"text": "we aren’t fueling our bodies to perform\nat their best.",
"timestamp": [
235.049,
237.68
]
},
{
"text": "And this can lead to lower grades, getting\nsick more frequently,",
"timestamp": [
237.68,
241.359
]
},
{
"text": "feeling tired and unmotivated, an inability\nto focus,",
"timestamp": [
241.359,
244.779
]
},
{
"text": "and experiencing depression and anxiety.",
"timestamp": [
244.779,
246.68
]
},
{
"text": "Healthy eating can mean a lot of different\nthings for a lot of different people,",
"timestamp": [
246.68,
249.25
]
},
{
"text": "so we’ve put some general references in\nthe description.",
"timestamp": [
249.25,
251.659
]
},
{
"text": "And we get it—healthier eating doesn’t\nalways go hand in hand with fast and cheap.",
"timestamp": [
251.659,
255.639
]
},
{
"text": "If you can't afford nutritious meals and need\nhelp gaining access to these foods,",
"timestamp": [
255.639,
258.81
]
},
{
"text": "check in with your school’s health and wellness\ncenter about available resources.",
"timestamp": [
258.81,
262.8
]
},
{
"text": "Many colleges and universities address food\ninsecurity",
"timestamp": [
262.8,
265.22
]
},
{
"text": "—which is insufficient access to healthy\nfoods—",
"timestamp": [
265.22,
267.27
]
},
{
"text": "by establishing campus food pantries,",
"timestamp": [
267.27,
269.59
]
},
{
"text": "developing partnerships with community kitchens,",
"timestamp": [
269.59,
271.49
]
},
{
"text": "and enacting meal swipe programs,",
"timestamp": [
271.49,
273.84
]
},
{
"text": "which enable students to purchase a meal in\nthe dining hall using a meal card.",
"timestamp": [
273.84,
277.21
]
},
{
"text": "And, many schools allow students",
"timestamp": [
277.21,
278.86
]
},
{
"text": "to apply for these food assistance programs\nanonymously.",
"timestamp": [
278.86,
280.87
]
},
{
"text": "We all deserve to nourish our bodies.",
"timestamp": [
280.87,
283
]
},
{
"text": "If your campus has a fitness or athletic center,",
"timestamp": [
283,
285.24
]
},
{
"text": "consider making a stop there once or twice\na week.",
"timestamp": [
285.24,
287.18
]
},
{
"text": "But before you start any new exercise program,",
"timestamp": [
287.18,
288.979
]
},
{
"text": "you should always talk to your doctor about\nyour baseline health",
"timestamp": [
288.979,
291.02
]
},
{
"text": "and find out if they have any concerns.",
"timestamp": [
291.02,
292.31
]
},
{
"text": "Ideally, you should take a friend with you\nto the gym.",
"timestamp": [
292.31,
294.38
]
},
{
"text": "This person is there to keep you company,",
"timestamp": [
294.38,
295.92
]
},
{
"text": "but you can also spot each other with weights\nand other challenging exercises.",
"timestamp": [
295.92,
299.84
]
},
{
"text": "This way, you run no chance of being the next\nviral video of someone",
"timestamp": [
299.84,
303.24
]
},
{
"text": "face planting while stepping onto a treadmill.",
"timestamp": [
303.24,
304.97
]
},
{
"text": "As for what you do at the gym, well, that\ndepends on your interests!",
"timestamp": [
304.97,
307.819
]
},
{
"text": "You can go old-school with weight training,\nhit the elliptical,",
"timestamp": [
307.819,
310.91
]
},
{
"text": "take a class, or even use online options to\nhelp you craft an exercise routine.",
"timestamp": [
310.91,
314.84
]
},
{
"text": "There are apps for that, and you can also\nuse social media",
"timestamp": [
314.84,
317.139
]
},
{
"text": "to find trainers posting short routines for\ntheir followers.",
"timestamp": [
317.139,
319.55
]
},
{
"text": "At first glance, it might seem odd to group\nphysical health and meditation together.",
"timestamp": [
319.55,
323.44
]
},
{
"text": "One is about training your body, and the other\nis about, well, training your mind.",
"timestamp": [
323.44,
327.7
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s actually pretty much the same process\nfor both:",
"timestamp": [
327.7,
330.099
]
},
{
"text": "just like a gym buddy is more likely to motivate\nyou to work out,",
"timestamp": [
330.099,
332.86
]
},
{
"text": "daily meditation is more likely to happen\nif you have the motivation of a friend.",
"timestamp": [
332.86,
336.61
]
},
{
"text": "Mindfulness is about finding a practice",
"timestamp": [
336.61,
338.08
]
},
{
"text": "that helps you be aware of your thoughts,\nfeelings, surroundings,",
"timestamp": [
338.08,
341.16
]
},
{
"text": "and body without judgment.",
"timestamp": [
341.16,
342.8
]
},
{
"text": "Instead of focusing on our immediate stressors",
"timestamp": [
342.8,
344.51
]
},
{
"text": "or beating ourselves up for a mistake, we\njust accept being in the now.",
"timestamp": [
344.51,
347.86
]
},
{
"text": "There are a lot of ways to practice mindfulness.",
"timestamp": [
347.86,
350.26
]
},
{
"text": "And while it does work for many people,",
"timestamp": [
350.26,
351.97
]
},
{
"text": "about 1 in 10 people find that they become\ndepressed",
"timestamp": [
351.97,
354.319
]
},
{
"text": "or experience more extreme responses.",
"timestamp": [
354.319,
356.77
]
},
{
"text": "This is why we say that this isn’t something\nyou should start alone.",
"timestamp": [
356.77,
358.91
]
},
{
"text": "Just like with the gym, you should clear it\nwith your doctor",
"timestamp": [
358.91,
361.02
]
},
{
"text": "and find a buddy to practice with.",
"timestamp": [
361.02,
362.539
]
},
{
"text": "This way you have someone to talk to, and\ndon’t have to wonder",
"timestamp": [
362.539,
364.86
]
},
{
"text": "if your feelings are unusual.",
"timestamp": [
364.86,
365.86
]
},
{
"text": "Pay attention to how you feel, and if things\nseem off or wrong, don’t be afraid to stop",
"timestamp": [
365.86,
370.13
]
},
{
"text": "and get help.",
"timestamp": [
370.13,
371.13
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s be honest, college can be an emotional\nrollercoaster;",
"timestamp": [
371.13,
373.5
]
},
{
"text": "you might feel excited, but you might also\nfeel overwhelmed, lonely, or homesick.",
"timestamp": [
373.5,
377.83
]
},
{
"text": "Gaining a sense of belonging takes time, but\ndeveloping a support system can help.",
"timestamp": [
377.83,
381.479
]
},
{
"text": "There are lots of ways to find your place\nin college,",
"timestamp": [
381.479,
383.53
]
},
{
"text": "in fact, we have a whole episode about it!",
"timestamp": [
383.53,
385.979
]
},
{
"text": "And one of the main strategies we recommend\nis getting involved",
"timestamp": [
385.979,
388
]
},
{
"text": "in campus activities and student life on and\noff campus.",
"timestamp": [
388,
390.61
]
},
{
"text": "Like you can start building a support system\nby joining student clubs,",
"timestamp": [
390.61,
393.509
]
},
{
"text": "special interest groups, sororities, fraternities,\nand other groups.",
"timestamp": [
393.509,
396.23
]
},
{
"text": "These will hopefully be filled with students\nwith similar interests",
"timestamp": [
396.23,
398.419
]
},
{
"text": "or backgrounds who will help you feel like\npart of a community and",
"timestamp": [
398.419,
401.009
]
},
{
"text": "like less of an outsider or homesick -- which\nare totally normal feelings.",
"timestamp": [
401.009,
404.22
]
},
{
"text": "I also want to be really clear that just because\nyou’re an adult and in college,",
"timestamp": [
404.22,
408.02
]
},
{
"text": "it’s okay to feel lost or sad, or like you\ndon’t know what to do.",
"timestamp": [
408.02,
410.759
]
},
{
"text": "You don’t have to have everything figured\nout.",
"timestamp": [
410.759,
413.02
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, I’ll say it louder for the people\nin the back:",
"timestamp": [
413.02,
414.97
]
},
{
"text": "YOU DO NOT HAVE TO HAVE IT ALL FIGURED OUT.",
"timestamp": [
414.97,
417.439
]
},
{
"text": "What many college students don’t realize\nis that knowing when to ask for help",
"timestamp": [
417.439,
421.509
]
},
{
"text": "and then following through on using helpful\nresources is actually a hallmark",
"timestamp": [
421.509,
424.659
]
},
{
"text": "of becoming a productive adult.",
"timestamp": [
424.659,
426.479
]
},
{
"text": "And there are resources out there for you.",
"timestamp": [
426.479,
428.25
]
},
{
"text": "Like counseling services, which can help you\naddress",
"timestamp": [
428.25,
430.509
]
},
{
"text": "personal, academic, and career-related issues.",
"timestamp": [
430.509,
432.75
]
},
{
"text": "Common questions you can explore here include:",
"timestamp": [
432.75,
434.37
]
},
{
"text": "How can I better handle stress?",
"timestamp": [
434.37,
435.849
]
},
{
"text": "How do I get over feeling homesick?",
"timestamp": [
435.849,
438.33
]
},
{
"text": "Which career path should I choose?",
"timestamp": [
438.33,
439.59
]
},
{
"text": "If a counselor determines that you would benefit\nfrom long-term counseling,",
"timestamp": [
439.59,
442.419
]
},
{
"text": "they’ll likely give you a referral to a\ncommunity counseling agency",
"timestamp": [
442.419,
445.879
]
},
{
"text": "so that you can address more specific counseling\nneeds on a regular basis.",
"timestamp": [
445.879,
449.03
]
},
{
"text": "At the university level, counseling services\nare provided by",
"timestamp": [
449.03,
451.58
]
},
{
"text": "licensed mental health professionals in individual\nor group settings.",
"timestamp": [
451.58,
455.449
]
},
{
"text": "Individual counseling is best for students\nwho feel more comfortable",
"timestamp": [
455.449,
457.479
]
},
{
"text": "doing one-on-one sessions in a private setting.",
"timestamp": [
457.479,
459.83
]
},
{
"text": "Group counseling is recommended for students\nwho would find it helpful",
"timestamp": [
459.83,
461.99
]
},
{
"text": "to hear from other students with shared experiences.",
"timestamp": [
461.99,
464.38
]
},
{
"text": "Victim services is a part of counseling services\nthat caters to students",
"timestamp": [
464.38,
467.36
]
},
{
"text": "who have been a victim of a crime; crisis\nservices are available for students",
"timestamp": [
467.36,
470.78
]
},
{
"text": "who need immediate help to overcome distress.",
"timestamp": [
470.78,
472.87
]
},
{
"text": "If you’re feeling so overwhelmed, depressed,",
"timestamp": [
472.87,
475.11
]
},
{
"text": "or afraid that you’re in danger of harming\nyourself or others,",
"timestamp": [
475.11,
477.28
]
},
{
"text": "here are some numbers you can call immediately.",
"timestamp": [
477.28,
479.06
]
},
{
"text": "We’ve also put them in the description.",
"timestamp": [
479.06,
480.77
]
},
{
"text": "There’s a lot we can do by ourselves to\nprotect our mental health",
"timestamp": [
480.77,
483.47
]
},
{
"text": "beyond the few tips we’ve mentioned here,",
"timestamp": [
483.47,
485.439
]
},
{
"text": "and we encourage you to find what works for\nyou.",
"timestamp": [
485.439,
487.81
]
},
{
"text": "But no matter what, it’s important to remember\nthat we don’t have to do everything on our",
"timestamp": [
487.81,
491.039
]
},
{
"text": "own.",
"timestamp": [
491.039,
492.039
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, our mental health can have a “domino\neffect” on our overall health,",
"timestamp": [
492.039,
495.43
]
},
{
"text": "so know there are lots of resources out there\nto help you",
"timestamp": [
495.43,
498.129
]
},
{
"text": "keep up with your mental health in college,",
"timestamp": [
498.129,
499.849
]
},
{
"text": "whether you’re having short term struggles\nor are dealing with something larger",
"timestamp": [
499.849,
502.34
]
},
{
"text": "like anxiety or depression.",
"timestamp": [
502.34,
504.069
]
},
{
"text": "Just one change in your mindset can impact\nyour",
"timestamp": [
504.069,
506.039
]
},
{
"text": "physical and emotional health positively or\nnegatively",
"timestamp": [
506.039,
508.439
]
},
{
"text": "–that’s why it’s so important to protect\nit!",
"timestamp": [
508.439,
510.569
]
},
{
"text": "Maintaining your mental health isn’t about\nfeeling good all the time;",
"timestamp": [
510.569,
513.36
]
},
{
"text": "it’s about recognizing when you don’t\nfeel good",
"timestamp": [
513.36,
515.32
]
},
{
"text": "and what you can do to get the help you need.",
"timestamp": [
515.32,
517.029
]
},
{
"text": "So look out for yourself and look out for\neach other.",
"timestamp": [
517.029,
518.87
]
},
{
"text": "Here at Crash Course, we believe the world\nneeds you to keep being awesome.",
"timestamp": [
518.87,
521.8
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse How to College.",
"timestamp": [
521.8,
524.28
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded program\ncalled Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
524.28,
527.65
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State\nUniversity to launch",
"timestamp": [
527.65,
529.86
]
},
{
"text": "Study Hall on its own channel.",
"timestamp": [
529.86,
532.02
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll\nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
532.02,
535.49
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational courses\nconnected to college credit courses",
"timestamp": [
535.49,
539.25
]
},
{
"text": "that students struggle most with in their\nfirst 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
539.25,
540.95
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
540.95,
541.75
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Women and the Black Power Movement: Crash Course Black American History #40
|
j-OMR3h4Isw
| 664 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course\nBlack American History!",
"timestamp": [
1.12,
4.78
]
},
{
"text": "One theme we’ve seen throughout this series\nis that women were, and are, some of the most",
"timestamp": [
4.78,
9.66
]
},
{
"text": "important people in the movement for equality.",
"timestamp": [
9.66,
12.77
]
},
{
"text": "There is a long lineage of Black women freedom\nfighters that extend from slavery, through",
"timestamp": [
12.77,
17.96
]
},
{
"text": "reconstruction, through Jim Crow, through\nthe civil rights movement.",
"timestamp": [
17.96,
21.61
]
},
{
"text": "Folks like Harriet Tubman, Mary Church Terrell,\nIda B. Wells, Rosa Parks, Claudette Colvin,",
"timestamp": [
21.61,
28.23
]
},
{
"text": "Zora Neale Hurston, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella\nBaker, Daisy Bates the list goes on and on.",
"timestamp": [
28.23,
33.78
]
},
{
"text": "But that work didn’t end with the Civil\nRights Movement.",
"timestamp": [
33.78,
36.57
]
},
{
"text": "Black women continued to lead this fight even\nwhen they weren’t at the center of attention.",
"timestamp": [
36.57,
41.219
]
},
{
"text": "The Black Power movement is usually characterized\nby what men did, but today we’re going to",
"timestamp": [
41.219,
46.55
]
},
{
"text": "specifically highlight the roles that Black\nwomen played in that space and how their work",
"timestamp": [
46.55,
50.339
]
},
{
"text": "helped to bring us to where we are today.",
"timestamp": [
50.339,
54.91
]
},
{
"text": "Let's start the show!",
"timestamp": [
54.91,
61.629
]
},
{
"text": "(Intro Music)\nListen, the role of women in activism is imperative",
"timestamp": [
61.629,
67.02
]
},
{
"text": "to acknowledge.",
"timestamp": [
67.02,
68.02
]
},
{
"text": "It’s not just some “inclusivity” thing\nwe do just because we think we’re supposed",
"timestamp": [
68.02,
72.08
]
},
{
"text": "to do it.",
"timestamp": [
72.08,
73.09
]
},
{
"text": "We bring it up because it reflects what /actually/\nhappened.",
"timestamp": [
73.09,
75.29
]
},
{
"text": "Black women were at the forefront of community\norganizing and Black thought, both before",
"timestamp": [
75.29,
81.65
]
},
{
"text": "and after the Civil Rights Movement.",
"timestamp": [
81.65,
83.63
]
},
{
"text": "The women of the Black Power movement, brought\nto light the significance of “intersectionality,”",
"timestamp": [
83.63,
89.33
]
},
{
"text": "which is a way of saying that women experience\nthe world differently than men do because",
"timestamp": [
89.33,
93.38
]
},
{
"text": "misogyny and gender discrimination, and then\nif you multiply that by the consequences of",
"timestamp": [
93.38,
98.03
]
},
{
"text": "being a Black woman, then you often find that\nthe world treats you even worse.",
"timestamp": [
98.03,
102.61
]
},
{
"text": "And intersectionality applies to all different\nparts of identity including sexual orientation,",
"timestamp": [
102.61,
108.91
]
},
{
"text": "nationality, and socioeconomic status.",
"timestamp": [
108.91,
111.64
]
},
{
"text": "The Black Power movement was a global activist\nmovement that involved three essential pillars:",
"timestamp": [
111.64,
117.69
]
},
{
"text": "Black community control, Black self-determination,\nand Black self-defense.",
"timestamp": [
117.69,
122.97
]
},
{
"text": "Black Power has historically been characterized\nas being anti-white.",
"timestamp": [
122.97,
126.6
]
},
{
"text": "But that is not really the case.",
"timestamp": [
126.6,
129.14
]
},
{
"text": "The Black Power movement was an outgrowth\nof Black nationalist thought that privileged",
"timestamp": [
129.14,
134.04
]
},
{
"text": "self-determination and pride, but was not\nracist in its scope.",
"timestamp": [
134.04,
139.319
]
},
{
"text": "It recognized the role of white supremacy\nin everyday society, and essentially encouraged",
"timestamp": [
139.319,
144.069
]
},
{
"text": "Black people to create spaces for themselves\nin a society that was constantly excluding",
"timestamp": [
144.069,
149.25
]
},
{
"text": "them from its services, resources, and institutions.",
"timestamp": [
149.25,
153.939
]
},
{
"text": "Inspired by folks like Malcolm X, the Black\nPower movement encouraged Black people to",
"timestamp": [
153.939,
157.689
]
},
{
"text": "stop worrying about inclusion and start creating\nspaces for themselves.",
"timestamp": [
157.689,
162.489
]
},
{
"text": "The idea of Black Power was not a new phenomenon,\nbut it became more popular during the 1960's.",
"timestamp": [
162.489,
169.299
]
},
{
"text": "Its popularization stemmed from the decolonization\nof the African continent, disillusionment",
"timestamp": [
169.299,
174.53
]
},
{
"text": "with the shortcomings of the Civil Rights\nMovement, and a recognition of the decades-long",
"timestamp": [
174.53,
178.81
]
},
{
"text": "trauma of Jim Crow.",
"timestamp": [
178.81,
180.359
]
},
{
"text": "Many Black Americans were struggling to find\nsocial and economic stability after generations",
"timestamp": [
180.359,
185.4
]
},
{
"text": "of state-sanctioned segregation.",
"timestamp": [
185.4,
186.959
]
},
{
"text": "While many believe that the Civil Rights Movement\ndid /formally/ end Jim Crow, one of the major",
"timestamp": [
186.959,
191.87
]
},
{
"text": "critiques of the movement and its legislative\nvictories – the Civil Rights Act of 1964,",
"timestamp": [
191.87,
196.939
]
},
{
"text": "the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair\nHousing Act of 1968 – was that it did not",
"timestamp": [
196.939,
203.12
]
},
{
"text": "adequately address issues of poverty, housing\ninequality, unemployment, over-policing, and",
"timestamp": [
203.12,
208.639
]
},
{
"text": "lack of educational resources.",
"timestamp": [
208.639,
211.22
]
},
{
"text": "These all disproportionately impacted Black\ncommunities.",
"timestamp": [
211.22,
215.65
]
},
{
"text": "And while the Black Power movement was a political\nphenomenon, it was also a cultural one.",
"timestamp": [
215.65,
220.62
]
},
{
"text": "It provided a space for Black Americans looking\nfor validation of their culture, affirmation",
"timestamp": [
220.62,
225.569
]
},
{
"text": "of their dignity, acknowledgement of their\nbeauty and intelligence, and a collective",
"timestamp": [
225.569,
230.12
]
},
{
"text": "assertion of pride in a world that was often\ndevalued them.",
"timestamp": [
230.12,
234.76
]
},
{
"text": "Many organizations within the Black Power\nmovement have been framed as male-dominated",
"timestamp": [
234.76,
239.04
]
},
{
"text": "and sexist.",
"timestamp": [
239.04,
240.04
]
},
{
"text": "And in many ways, this is true.",
"timestamp": [
240.04,
243.379
]
},
{
"text": "These organizations weren’t perfect by any\nmeans.",
"timestamp": [
243.379,
246.579
]
},
{
"text": "Sexism did manifest itself—both structurally\nand interpersonally and it should be acknowledged",
"timestamp": [
246.579,
252.139
]
},
{
"text": "and taken seriously.",
"timestamp": [
252.139,
253.45
]
},
{
"text": "At the same time, it’s also true that women\nwere present, vocal, and influential in the",
"timestamp": [
253.45,
258.379
]
},
{
"text": "ranks of all of these organizations, just\nas they were during the Civil Rights Movement",
"timestamp": [
258.379,
263.43
]
},
{
"text": "and are in today’s Black Lives Matter movement.",
"timestamp": [
263.43,
266.06
]
},
{
"text": "Again, both can be true, and it’s always\nimportant for us to sit with that complexity.",
"timestamp": [
266.06,
273.86
]
},
{
"text": "Many women joined these organizations in order\nto push the men to be more thoughtful and",
"timestamp": [
273.86,
277.86
]
},
{
"text": "equitable with regard to sex and gender.",
"timestamp": [
277.86,
280.819
]
},
{
"text": "And the organizations were better for it.",
"timestamp": [
280.819,
283.729
]
},
{
"text": "The women members were the ones who pushed\nthe groups in the direction of a more radical",
"timestamp": [
283.729,
288.05
]
},
{
"text": "interpretation of what it means work towards\nfull liberation, for /all/ Black people, not",
"timestamp": [
288.05,
293.79
]
},
{
"text": "just Black men.",
"timestamp": [
293.79,
295.24
]
},
{
"text": "So let's talk about the role of Black women\nin one of these organizations, the Black Panther",
"timestamp": [
295.24,
299.87
]
},
{
"text": "Party, in the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
299.87,
302.06
]
},
{
"text": "The Black Panther Party, originally known\nas the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense,",
"timestamp": [
302.06,
306.22
]
},
{
"text": "was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale\nin October 1966 in Oakland, California.",
"timestamp": [
306.22,
311.87
]
},
{
"text": "The first female member was J. Tarika Lewis.",
"timestamp": [
311.87,
314.56
]
},
{
"text": "She was a 16-year-old high school student\nwhen she joined the party in 1967.",
"timestamp": [
314.56,
319.49
]
},
{
"text": "She participated in their political education\nclasses, attended rallies, and was the artist",
"timestamp": [
319.49,
324.191
]
},
{
"text": "for their newspaper.",
"timestamp": [
324.191,
325.389
]
},
{
"text": "She played an integral role in shaping how\nthe Black Panther Party was publicly viewed,",
"timestamp": [
325.389,
330.15
]
},
{
"text": "as well as how they viewed themselves.",
"timestamp": [
330.15,
332.08
]
},
{
"text": "As the party grew, more women joined.",
"timestamp": [
332.08,
335.02
]
},
{
"text": "Some of the most notable women were Kathleen\nCleaver, Ericka Huggins, and Elaine Brown.",
"timestamp": [
335.02,
340.4
]
},
{
"text": "Kathleen Cleaver was a former member of the\nStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.",
"timestamp": [
340.4,
347.13
]
},
{
"text": "Cleaver was the communications secretary and\nthe first female member of Black Panther’s",
"timestamp": [
347.13,
351.729
]
},
{
"text": "main decision-making body.",
"timestamp": [
351.729,
353.49
]
},
{
"text": "Ericka Huggins had multiple leadership roles\n- becoming a leader in the Los Angeles chapter",
"timestamp": [
353.49,
358.43
]
},
{
"text": "and founding the New Haven, Connecticut chapter.",
"timestamp": [
358.43,
361.159
]
},
{
"text": "Elaine Brown was appointed the new leader\nof the entire Black Panther Party in 1974,",
"timestamp": [
361.159,
366.9
]
},
{
"text": "after Huey Newton fled prosecution to Cuba.",
"timestamp": [
366.9,
369.889
]
},
{
"text": "Even though she faced quite a bit of sexism\nduring her tenure, she led the party for three",
"timestamp": [
369.889,
373.35
]
},
{
"text": "years and also established the Black Panther\nparty's Liberation School.",
"timestamp": [
373.35,
377.689
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
377.689,
379.4
]
},
{
"text": "Needless to say, women were a huge part of\nthe Black Panther Party and the Black Power",
"timestamp": [
379.4,
384.31
]
},
{
"text": "Movement!",
"timestamp": [
384.31,
385.57
]
},
{
"text": "And that wasn’t all of them.",
"timestamp": [
385.57,
387.099
]
},
{
"text": "There was Charlotte Hill O'Neal, a musician,\npoet, and artist who was a major figure in",
"timestamp": [
387.099,
391.97
]
},
{
"text": "the International Section of the Black Panther\nParty; Assata Shakur who led the Black Panther",
"timestamp": [
391.97,
396.37
]
},
{
"text": "Party in Harlem.",
"timestamp": [
396.37,
397.52
]
},
{
"text": "She was later charged with killing a police\nofficer in 1973 and fled to Cuba where she",
"timestamp": [
397.52,
402.12
]
},
{
"text": "maintains her innocence; and of course Angela\nDavis, who remains incredibly influential",
"timestamp": [
402.12,
409.659
]
},
{
"text": "as a mentor for young activists today.",
"timestamp": [
409.659,
412.5
]
},
{
"text": "Women ultimately composed two-thirds of Black\nPanther Party membership across 40 chapters.",
"timestamp": [
412.5,
417.34
]
},
{
"text": "And their influence within the organization\ngrew.",
"timestamp": [
417.34,
421.18
]
},
{
"text": "Many of the head editors of the Black Panther\nParty newspaper were women.",
"timestamp": [
421.18,
424.68
]
},
{
"text": "They even pushed the Panthers to include childcare\ncenters for each local chapter.",
"timestamp": [
424.68,
429.93
]
},
{
"text": "Black women weren’t only involved in political\norganizations tied to the Black Power Movement,",
"timestamp": [
429.93,
434.71
]
},
{
"text": "but also artistic and cultural ones.",
"timestamp": [
434.71,
437.879
]
},
{
"text": "In these spaces, Black women writers and artists\nused Black Power ideologies to help express",
"timestamp": [
437.879,
443.469
]
},
{
"text": "themselves.",
"timestamp": [
443.469,
444.469
]
},
{
"text": "Through music, literature, and theater Black\nwomen told stories of their lived experiences",
"timestamp": [
444.469,
450.12
]
},
{
"text": "and outlined how that shaped their political\nphilosophies.",
"timestamp": [
450.12,
452.68
]
},
{
"text": "Much of this was done through the Black Arts\nMovement.",
"timestamp": [
452.68,
455.979
]
},
{
"text": "The Black Arts Movement lasted from 1965 until\n1975.",
"timestamp": [
455.979,
460.81
]
},
{
"text": "It was founded by the writer Leroi Jones,\nlater known as Amiri Baraka.",
"timestamp": [
460.81,
466.28
]
},
{
"text": "He also founded the Black Arts Repertory Theater/School.",
"timestamp": [
466.28,
470.719
]
},
{
"text": "Many of the women who produced art during\nthis period were cultural naturalists.",
"timestamp": [
470.719,
475.57
]
},
{
"text": "Cultural naturalists used culture – poetry,\nnovels, visual arts, and theater – to affirm",
"timestamp": [
475.57,
482.009
]
},
{
"text": "community, promote Black consciousness and\nachieve liberation.",
"timestamp": [
482.009,
485.78
]
},
{
"text": "If you read any poetry during your high school\nliterature courses, you may have heard of",
"timestamp": [
485.78,
489.34
]
},
{
"text": "some of these poets.",
"timestamp": [
489.34,
490.34
]
},
{
"text": "For example, Maya Angelou’s work grew out\nof the Black Arts Movement.",
"timestamp": [
490.34,
494.27
]
},
{
"text": "Her most famous work, “I Know Why the Caged\nBird Sings,” is an autobiography of her",
"timestamp": [
494.27,
499.09
]
},
{
"text": "childhood which addresses themes of Black\ngirlhood, femininity, racism, and trauma.",
"timestamp": [
499.09,
505.69
]
},
{
"text": "There was also the play “For Colored Girls\nWho Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow",
"timestamp": [
505.69,
511.009
]
},
{
"text": "Is Enuf” by Ntozake Shange, who was influenced\nby the Black Arts Movement.",
"timestamp": [
511.009,
517.05
]
},
{
"text": "Poet and writer Sonia Sanchez was another\nmajor contributor to the movement.",
"timestamp": [
517.05,
521.479
]
},
{
"text": "Two of her most important collections of poetry\nwere “Homecoming”and “We a BaddDDD People.”",
"timestamp": [
521.479,
528.339
]
},
{
"text": "Her work focused on the highs and lows in\nthe lives of everyday Black women.",
"timestamp": [
528.339,
533.26
]
},
{
"text": "Audre Lorde was another important contributor\nto this movement.",
"timestamp": [
533.26,
536.45
]
},
{
"text": "She wrote many books during this time including\nThe First Cities, Cable to Rage, and From",
"timestamp": [
536.45,
542.18
]
},
{
"text": "a Land Where Other People Live.",
"timestamp": [
542.18,
544.38
]
},
{
"text": "Her books address many topics: her Blackness,\nher identity as a woman, her identity as a",
"timestamp": [
544.38,
550.85
]
},
{
"text": "lesbian, and motherhood.",
"timestamp": [
550.85,
552.3
]
},
{
"text": "Nikki Giovanni is one of the more famous poets\nto come out of this period.",
"timestamp": [
552.3,
556.17
]
},
{
"text": "Dubbed “The Poet of the Black Revolution,”\nsome of the most important works she contributed",
"timestamp": [
556.17,
560.42
]
},
{
"text": "to the movement were the poetry collections\nBlack Feeling, Black Talk, Black Judgment,",
"timestamp": [
560.42,
566.2
]
},
{
"text": "and Re: Creation.",
"timestamp": [
566.2,
567.26
]
},
{
"text": "I feel lucky to have been able to talk to\nMs. Giovanni about her work and how so much",
"timestamp": [
567.26,
571.36
]
},
{
"text": "of the work she did makes the work I do possible.",
"timestamp": [
571.36,
574.12
]
},
{
"text": "All of these women paved the way for even\nmore exploration of Black liberation and the",
"timestamp": [
574.12,
579.46
]
},
{
"text": "nuance of Black women’s experiences in literature.",
"timestamp": [
579.46,
583.13
]
},
{
"text": "Much of the work produced by women in the\nBlack Arts Movement focused on power and agency",
"timestamp": [
583.13,
587.48
]
},
{
"text": "through the feminist lens to tell the story\nof Black women in America.",
"timestamp": [
587.48,
592.15
]
},
{
"text": "Even though the 1960s and 70s can sometimes\nbe thought of as an era in which women were",
"timestamp": [
592.15,
596.97
]
},
{
"text": "rarely more than secretaries, typists, assistants,\nand homemakers, the women of the Black Power",
"timestamp": [
596.97,
602.49
]
},
{
"text": "Movement redefined and rejected that notion.",
"timestamp": [
602.49,
605.86
]
},
{
"text": "These women shaped the trajectory of the fight\nfor inequality not just in the Black power",
"timestamp": [
605.86,
610.87
]
},
{
"text": "movement, but in the feminist and gay rights\nmovement too.",
"timestamp": [
610.87,
615.08
]
},
{
"text": "And not only did they lead across these movements,\nbut they forced them to become even more radical,",
"timestamp": [
615.08,
620.5
]
},
{
"text": "by decentering the experiences of men to create\nspace for the experiences of women and LGBTQ",
"timestamp": [
620.5,
627.73
]
},
{
"text": "communities.",
"timestamp": [
627.73,
628.73
]
},
{
"text": "But again, this was not new and it was not\nthe last time.",
"timestamp": [
628.73,
632.86
]
},
{
"text": "Black women have been at the forefront of\nsocial movements throughout American history",
"timestamp": [
632.86,
637.19
]
},
{
"text": "and there is no doubt that they will continue\nto.",
"timestamp": [
637.19,
640.63
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching!",
"timestamp": [
640.63,
641.66
]
},
{
"text": "I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
641.66,
643.63
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made with the help of all\nthese nice people and our animation team is",
"timestamp": [
643.63,
647
]
},
{
"text": "Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
647,
648.26
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by all of our\nviewers and supporters.",
"timestamp": [
648.26,
652.19
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks to those who bought the 2021 Crash\nCourse Learner Coin, and to our Patrons on",
"timestamp": [
652.19,
662.92
]
},
{
"text": "Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
662.92,
663.459
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How to Work in College | Crash Course | How to College
|
rnjeJxO_vs4
| 486 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "It might be hard to believe, but it's actually\npretty common to work while you're in college.",
"timestamp": [
6.08,
9.639
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, over 80% of part-time undergraduates\nwork,",
"timestamp": [
9.639,
12.61
]
},
{
"text": "while 43% of full-time undergraduate students\nwork.",
"timestamp": [
12.61,
15.11
]
},
{
"text": "That's... that's a lot of students who are\nout there trying to balance",
"timestamp": [
15.11,
17.63
]
},
{
"text": "learning and coursework and friends and family,\nrest and fun.",
"timestamp": [
17.63,
21.36
]
},
{
"text": "It's like the ultimate juggling act–and\nyet, if you don't know anyone in college",
"timestamp": [
21.36,
24.91
]
},
{
"text": "who's working, you might not be aware of how\nnormal it is.",
"timestamp": [
24.91,
27.15
]
},
{
"text": "Many of those students work to pay for stuff\nlike tuition or textbooks and other supplies.",
"timestamp": [
27.15,
31.02
]
},
{
"text": "Other students work to fund their living expenses,",
"timestamp": [
31.02,
32.89
]
},
{
"text": "like gas or the bus to get to school, food,\nor rent.",
"timestamp": [
32.89,
35.361
]
},
{
"text": "Or necessities like childcare or health insurance.",
"timestamp": [
35.361,
37.23
]
},
{
"text": "None of these reasons are mutually exclusive,\nand sometimes students",
"timestamp": [
37.23,
40.19
]
},
{
"text": "even work to get experience or to earn cash\nfor school trips and nights out with friends.",
"timestamp": [
40.19,
43.699
]
},
{
"text": "For me, my job in college helped me learn\nto manage my time and to pay for necessities.",
"timestamp": [
43.699,
47.309
]
},
{
"text": "So yes, working and going to school is not\neasy, but if you’re thinking about giving",
"timestamp": [
47.309,
51.33
]
},
{
"text": "it a shot,",
"timestamp": [
51.33,
52.33
]
},
{
"text": "you’re definitely not alone.",
"timestamp": [
52.33,
53.33
]
},
{
"text": "It takes some planning, but getting a job\nwhile pursuing your studies",
"timestamp": [
53.33,
55.549
]
},
{
"text": "also comes with several benefits for your\ncareer and professional development.",
"timestamp": [
55.549,
58.559
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky, and this is Crash\nCourse: How to College.",
"timestamp": [
58.559,
61.549
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in partnership\nwith Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
61.549,
65.23
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’re talking about how to balance\na job while you’re in school.",
"timestamp": [
65.23,
70.14
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
70.14,
76.89
]
},
{
"text": "If you want (or need) a job while you’re\nin college,",
"timestamp": [
76.89,
79.8
]
},
{
"text": "one of the first things to consider should\nbe how many hours you can dedicate",
"timestamp": [
79.8,
82.72
]
},
{
"text": "to a job as that will help you decide what\nkind of job you should look for.",
"timestamp": [
82.72,
85.75
]
},
{
"text": "You’ll need to think about how many hours\nall the different parts of your life",
"timestamp": [
85.75,
89.23
]
},
{
"text": "take and where a job might fit in.",
"timestamp": [
89.23,
91.06
]
},
{
"text": "Like maybe you take care of a family member\nin the mornings before heading to class.",
"timestamp": [
91.06,
93.92
]
},
{
"text": "And in an earlier episode of How to College,\nwe mentioned that the amount of time",
"timestamp": [
93.92,
97.98
]
},
{
"text": "you spend on coursework depends on whether\nyou are enrolled part-time or full-time.",
"timestamp": [
97.98,
101.03
]
},
{
"text": "Different classes also require different amounts\nof study time.",
"timestamp": [
101.03,
104.18
]
},
{
"text": "So writing down your full schedule or creating\na calendar is a good first step.",
"timestamp": [
104.18,
107.56
]
},
{
"text": "You might discover you really only have time\nfor something more short term,",
"timestamp": [
107.56,
110.57
]
},
{
"text": "like a seasonal job at a local company where\nyou",
"timestamp": [
110.57,
112.8
]
},
{
"text": "only work during busy times like the holidays.",
"timestamp": [
112.8,
115.04
]
},
{
"text": "Businesses located close to college campuses\nare often used to hiring students,",
"timestamp": [
115.04,
118.21
]
},
{
"text": "so they may offer more flexibility than other\nplaces.",
"timestamp": [
118.21,
120.729
]
},
{
"text": "Or if the hours you have available have to\nbe close to when your classes are,",
"timestamp": [
120.729,
124.02
]
},
{
"text": "you might consider an on-campus job.",
"timestamp": [
124.02,
125.75
]
},
{
"text": "And bonus!",
"timestamp": [
125.75,
126.75
]
},
{
"text": "-- if you get an on-campus job, you may have\nmore flexibility to work",
"timestamp": [
126.75,
129.409
]
},
{
"text": "and still be involved in campus activities.",
"timestamp": [
129.409,
131.18
]
},
{
"text": "In most cases, you can inquire directly with\nthe department you want to work",
"timestamp": [
131.18,
134.65
]
},
{
"text": "for or contact the career center at your college\nto learn more about",
"timestamp": [
134.65,
137.959
]
},
{
"text": "job opportunities on campus.",
"timestamp": [
137.959,
139.91
]
},
{
"text": "Many institutions have online job board services\ntoo.",
"timestamp": [
139.91,
142.23
]
},
{
"text": "If you are eligible for Federal Work-Study,\nyou have the option",
"timestamp": [
142.23,
144.96
]
},
{
"text": "to get a part-time job on or off-campus.",
"timestamp": [
144.96,
146.74
]
},
{
"text": "Federal Work-Study—which you may remember\nfrom episode 5—",
"timestamp": [
146.74,
149.88
]
},
{
"text": "is a government program that funds part-time\nwork experiences for eligible students.",
"timestamp": [
149.88,
153.48
]
},
{
"text": "Your financial aid office or student career\ncenter can help you determine",
"timestamp": [
153.48,
156.38
]
},
{
"text": "whether you are eligible for Federal Work-Study\nand where you can find these jobs.",
"timestamp": [
156.38,
159.209
]
},
{
"text": "You can also check out StudentAid.gov for\nmore information about the Federal Work-Study",
"timestamp": [
159.209,
163.12
]
},
{
"text": "program.",
"timestamp": [
163.12,
164.12
]
},
{
"text": "Then once you figure out the type of job that\nworks for your schedule,",
"timestamp": [
164.12,
166.24
]
},
{
"text": "consider what you’re working toward, whether\nthat’s making extra money",
"timestamp": [
166.24,
169.45
]
},
{
"text": "or gaining early experience in your field.",
"timestamp": [
169.45,
171.41
]
},
{
"text": "It’s worthwhile to mention that many students\nbalance full-time work",
"timestamp": [
171.41,
174.18
]
},
{
"text": "with part-time enrollment and successfully\nprogress through college.",
"timestamp": [
174.18,
176.66
]
},
{
"text": "But whether you have a job already or are\nsearching for one once you’ve started school,",
"timestamp": [
176.66,
180.4
]
},
{
"text": "making all the pieces of your life fit together\nwill take some creativity.",
"timestamp": [
180.4,
183.08
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, if you have to commute to your\njob or school, think about",
"timestamp": [
183.08,
186.61
]
},
{
"text": "using that time to review a study guide for\none of your courses.",
"timestamp": [
186.61,
189.489
]
},
{
"text": "You can also listen to an audio book or tune\ninto a lecture, as long",
"timestamp": [
189.489,
192.98
]
},
{
"text": "as it doesn’t compromise your ability to\ncommute safely and stay aware of your surroundings.",
"timestamp": [
192.98,
195.96
]
},
{
"text": "If you need other pockets of time to study,\nbe sure",
"timestamp": [
195.96,
198.38
]
},
{
"text": "to take all the breaks you’re allowed and\ntry to use part of each one to review your",
"timestamp": [
198.38,
201.36
]
},
{
"text": "class notes or check your syllabus to make\nsure you’re not missing",
"timestamp": [
201.36,
203.91
]
},
{
"text": "any upcoming assignments.",
"timestamp": [
203.91,
205.3
]
},
{
"text": "But as important as work and school might\nbe, they’re not as important",
"timestamp": [
205.3,
208.36
]
},
{
"text": "as our well-being.",
"timestamp": [
208.36,
209.36
]
},
{
"text": "You’ll perform much better in class and\nat work if you’re",
"timestamp": [
209.36,
211.74
]
},
{
"text": "investing time in yourself and the things\nyou like to do.",
"timestamp": [
211.74,
214.05
]
},
{
"text": "Going to school is challenging enough, but\nadding work and personal commitments",
"timestamp": [
214.05,
216.89
]
},
{
"text": "can make you feel like you want to quit.",
"timestamp": [
216.89,
218.39
]
},
{
"text": "Make time for yourself as often as you can\nto avoid burnout,",
"timestamp": [
218.39,
221.28
]
},
{
"text": "which The American Institute of Stress describes\nas exhaustion, frustration,",
"timestamp": [
221.28,
223.84
]
},
{
"text": "headaches, and other physical and emotional\nsymptoms brought on by stress.",
"timestamp": [
223.84,
227.52
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll go into more detail about taking care\nof your mental health in our next episode.",
"timestamp": [
227.52,
230.6
]
},
{
"text": "Time management is central to everything we’ve\ndiscussed so far:",
"timestamp": [
230.6,
233.36
]
},
{
"text": "finding a job, using your breaks wisely, and\ntaking care of yourself.",
"timestamp": [
233.36,
236.77
]
},
{
"text": "Whether you’re naturally good at managing\nyour time or you need a bit of help,",
"timestamp": [
236.77,
240.15
]
},
{
"text": "you can use time management tools, like planners,\ncalendars, and lists to help stay on track.",
"timestamp": [
240.15,
244.56
]
},
{
"text": "Apps like Evernote, Trello, and Google Keep\nare designed to help you stay",
"timestamp": [
244.56,
247.98
]
},
{
"text": "organized and productive.",
"timestamp": [
247.98,
249.379
]
},
{
"text": "Other apps like Serene, Freedom, and AntiSocial\nhelp to block distractions",
"timestamp": [
249.379,
253.31
]
},
{
"text": "on your phone so that you can focus better.",
"timestamp": [
253.31,
255.11
]
},
{
"text": "You can also tap into tools through Blackboard\nor Canvas,",
"timestamp": [
255.11,
257.94
]
},
{
"text": "which are online learning platforms that many\nteachers use regardless",
"timestamp": [
257.94,
261
]
},
{
"text": "of if it is an online or in-person class.",
"timestamp": [
261,
263.33
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, you may already be using one of these\nplatforms to access your courses.",
"timestamp": [
263.33,
266.789
]
},
{
"text": "You can use the calendars and assignment tracking\ntools they have",
"timestamp": [
266.789,
268.86
]
},
{
"text": "to stay on task and maintain balance in your\nschedule.",
"timestamp": [
268.86,
271.33
]
},
{
"text": "With so many apps and tools available, you\nmight be wondering",
"timestamp": [
271.33,
274.159
]
},
{
"text": "how to choose the best one for yourself.",
"timestamp": [
274.159,
275.789
]
},
{
"text": "It might take some trial and error–just\ntry one out and see if you like it!",
"timestamp": [
275.789,
278.52
]
},
{
"text": "Understand how you work best and what motivates\nyou to succeed.",
"timestamp": [
278.52,
281.68
]
},
{
"text": "Use that knowledge to choose tools that meet\nyour specific needs",
"timestamp": [
281.68,
284.05
]
},
{
"text": "and enable you to excel at working while in\ncollege.",
"timestamp": [
284.05,
286.58
]
},
{
"text": "Knowing yourself is important when it comes\nto setting realistic goals",
"timestamp": [
286.58,
289.49
]
},
{
"text": "and expectations.",
"timestamp": [
289.49,
290.49
]
},
{
"text": "For example, if you know that your energy\nis highest during the afternoons,",
"timestamp": [
290.49,
293.77
]
},
{
"text": "try not to schedule too many morning courses\nand see if you can get a job",
"timestamp": [
293.77,
297.623
]
},
{
"text": "that has evening shifts.",
"timestamp": [
297.623,
298.639
]
},
{
"text": "While you should try to be flexible for the\ntimes when you have to take a morning class",
"timestamp": [
298.639,
301.939
]
},
{
"text": "or work an early morning shift, you should\nalso be mindful of your own strengths",
"timestamp": [
301.939,
305.509
]
},
{
"text": "and weaknesses as you make plans for college\nand work.",
"timestamp": [
305.509,
307.629
]
},
{
"text": "But regardless of why you’ve decided to\nwork while in school or",
"timestamp": [
307.629,
310.139
]
},
{
"text": "how you choose to manage your time, Keep in\nmind that working while in college",
"timestamp": [
310.139,
313.71
]
},
{
"text": "gives you useful experience to add to your\nresume.",
"timestamp": [
313.71,
315.68
]
},
{
"text": "You can gain hard skills, which are also known\nas technical skills,",
"timestamp": [
315.68,
318.33
]
},
{
"text": "through on-the-job training.",
"timestamp": [
318.33,
319.41
]
},
{
"text": "Examples of hard skills include accounting,\ndata analysis, graphic design, and marketing.",
"timestamp": [
319.41,
324.349
]
},
{
"text": "Soft skills, on the other hand, are character\ntraits and interpersonal skills",
"timestamp": [
324.349,
327.639
]
},
{
"text": "– they're skills that are about who you\nare rather than what you know.",
"timestamp": [
327.639,
330.389
]
},
{
"text": "Examples of soft skills in the workplace include\nleadership and mentoring skills,",
"timestamp": [
330.389,
333.669
]
},
{
"text": "communication skills, conflict resolution,\nand even time management skills.",
"timestamp": [
333.669,
337.27
]
},
{
"text": "As you pursue employment, consider which of\nthese skills you have",
"timestamp": [
337.27,
340.229
]
},
{
"text": "and which ones you still want to develop.",
"timestamp": [
340.229,
341.8
]
},
{
"text": "Keep that in mind for networking, which is\nwhen you establish and",
"timestamp": [
341.8,
344.3
]
},
{
"text": "build relationships that you'll have throughout\nyour career.",
"timestamp": [
344.3,
346.419
]
},
{
"text": "If you’ve already found a job, you can network\nto meet new people",
"timestamp": [
346.419,
348.88
]
},
{
"text": "and learn about career paths.",
"timestamp": [
348.88,
349.9
]
},
{
"text": "If you’re still looking for a job, talking\nto people in your network",
"timestamp": [
349.9,
352.909
]
},
{
"text": "is a great way to discover new opportunities.",
"timestamp": [
352.909,
355.259
]
},
{
"text": "Employers love candidates with the education\nand experience",
"timestamp": [
355.259,
358.069
]
},
{
"text": "needed for the role but they also want to\nmake sure that job candidates",
"timestamp": [
358.069,
361.129
]
},
{
"text": "fit into the team and identify with the company’s\nvalues.",
"timestamp": [
361.129,
363.699
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
363.699,
365.169
]
},
{
"text": "Myra has been studying psychology at Crash\nCourse University.",
"timestamp": [
365.169,
368.159
]
},
{
"text": "She isn’t totally sure what she wants to\ndo after graduation yet,",
"timestamp": [
368.159,
371.509
]
},
{
"text": "but she does know she wants to pick up a part\ntime job next semester.",
"timestamp": [
371.509,
374.889
]
},
{
"text": "She decides to hit up her university’s job\nfair to explore her options.",
"timestamp": [
374.889,
377.78
]
},
{
"text": "While she’s there, she meets potential employers,\npeers, and older students",
"timestamp": [
377.78,
381.28
]
},
{
"text": "who are able to give her tips for making the\nmost of networking:",
"timestamp": [
381.28,
383.569
]
},
{
"text": "Mix it up - your school will likely offer\nnetworking events throughout each semester",
"timestamp": [
383.569,
387.37
]
},
{
"text": "(like job fairs!) but you can also network\nwithin student groups,",
"timestamp": [
387.37,
390.65
]
},
{
"text": "teams, and even in class!",
"timestamp": [
390.65,
392.559
]
},
{
"text": "Reciprocate!",
"timestamp": [
392.559,
393.559
]
},
{
"text": "Always look for ways that you can help other\npeople",
"timestamp": [
393.559,
394.96
]
},
{
"text": "in your network advance in their careers.",
"timestamp": [
394.96,
396.47
]
},
{
"text": "Develop your online presence - it’s okay\nto have fun with your social media,",
"timestamp": [
396.47,
400.369
]
},
{
"text": "but be mindful of what you post as it could\naffect your career.",
"timestamp": [
400.369,
402.61
]
},
{
"text": "And, of course, be yourself!",
"timestamp": [
402.61,
404.9
]
},
{
"text": "People want to meet the real you,",
"timestamp": [
404.9,
406.27
]
},
{
"text": "so be genuine and approachable when interacting\nwith others.",
"timestamp": [
406.27,
408.77
]
},
{
"text": "Finally, don’t limit yourself in terms of\nwork opportunities.",
"timestamp": [
408.77,
411.49
]
},
{
"text": "In addition to hourly and federal work-study\njobs, internships are a great way to network,",
"timestamp": [
411.49,
416.789
]
},
{
"text": "explore your interests, and gain knowledge\nin a specific field.",
"timestamp": [
416.789,
420.219
]
},
{
"text": "Internships offer practical work experience,\nare usually part-time, and may be paid or",
"timestamp": [
420.219,
423.919
]
},
{
"text": "unpaid.",
"timestamp": [
423.919,
424.919
]
},
{
"text": "(Looks like our friend Myra landed herself\na paid internship",
"timestamp": [
424.919,
426.559
]
},
{
"text": "doing clinical psychology research–go Myra!)",
"timestamp": [
426.559,
428.479
]
},
{
"text": "Stay tuned for Episode 13, where we will discuss\nhow",
"timestamp": [
428.479,
431.779
]
},
{
"text": "internships work and what you can learn from\nthem.",
"timestamp": [
431.779,
432.779
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
432.779,
433.779
]
},
{
"text": "Outside of jobs and internships, you can look\ninto other endeavors",
"timestamp": [
433.779,
435.409
]
},
{
"text": "that double as learning and work opportunities,\nlike study abroad,",
"timestamp": [
435.409,
438.719
]
},
{
"text": "field research, volunteer work, and tutoring.",
"timestamp": [
438.719,
441.069
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, you have a lot of options when\nit comes to working while in college.",
"timestamp": [
441.069,
444.379
]
},
{
"text": "The key to finding the right path for you\nis to research your options in advance,",
"timestamp": [
444.379,
448.309
]
},
{
"text": "build your professional network, and take\ngood care of yourself in the process.",
"timestamp": [
448.309,
451.649
]
},
{
"text": "Balancing everything you want to do in college\nwon’t always be easy but getting valuable,",
"timestamp": [
451.649,
455.49
]
},
{
"text": "hands-on experience early supports your interests,",
"timestamp": [
455.49,
458.319
]
},
{
"text": "enhances your life, and plants seeds for your\nfuture.",
"timestamp": [
458.319,
460.49
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse How to College.",
"timestamp": [
460.49,
463.499
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded program\ncalled Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
463.499,
466.409
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State\nUniversity to launch Study Hall on its own",
"timestamp": [
466.409,
469.559
]
},
{
"text": "channel.",
"timestamp": [
469.559,
470.559
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll\nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
470.559,
474.439
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational courses\nconnected to college credit courses",
"timestamp": [
474.439,
477.709
]
},
{
"text": "that students struggle most with in their\nfirst 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
477.709,
479.661
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
479.661,
480.569
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How to Transfer Colleges | Crash Course | How to College
|
-RQdkW-em-g
| 520 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "From little things like the color of our hair\nor what we eat for breakfast every day,",
"timestamp": [
6.12,
9.79
]
},
{
"text": "to big things like where we live or who our\nfriends are,",
"timestamp": [
9.79,
12.57
]
},
{
"text": "it's cliché but true that change is a fact\nof life.",
"timestamp": [
12.57,
15.16
]
},
{
"text": "And that can be both scary and exciting.",
"timestamp": [
15.16,
19.3
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, we know our destination from the\nstart, but we may find a better route to get",
"timestamp": [
19.3,
24.141
]
},
{
"text": "there.",
"timestamp": [
24.141,
25.141
]
},
{
"text": "Other times, we realize that we need to go\nto a different destination,",
"timestamp": [
25.141,
27.45
]
},
{
"text": "but with a little clever planning, we can\ntransfer to another train",
"timestamp": [
27.45,
29.95
]
},
{
"text": "without backtracking or losing our progress.",
"timestamp": [
29.95,
31.85
]
},
{
"text": "When a student changes colleges, that’s\ncalled “transferring,”",
"timestamp": [
31.85,
34.67
]
},
{
"text": "and while it might sound like something complicated\nand out of the ordinary,",
"timestamp": [
34.67,
37.69
]
},
{
"text": "it’s actually very common.",
"timestamp": [
37.69,
39.26
]
},
{
"text": "Think of transferring, or changing, colleges\nlike changing subways",
"timestamp": [
39.26,
42.449
]
},
{
"text": "or connecting to another flight.",
"timestamp": [
42.449,
43.89
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, transferring is the recommended\nroute, part of the plan from the start.",
"timestamp": [
43.89,
47.76
]
},
{
"text": "And just like the subway, it helps when we\nstudy the map a bit,",
"timestamp": [
47.76,
50.05
]
},
{
"text": "so we feel confident and prepared when we\nmake a change.",
"timestamp": [
50.05,
52.51
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky, and this is Crash\nCourse: How to College",
"timestamp": [
52.51,
55.749
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in partnership\nwith Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
55.749,
58.77
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s talk about transferring schools.",
"timestamp": [
58.77,
62.53
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
62.53,
69.36
]
},
{
"text": "According to the National Student Clearinghouse\nResearch Center,",
"timestamp": [
69.36,
72.47
]
},
{
"text": "38% of students transfer at least once within\nthe first six years of college-level education.",
"timestamp": [
72.47,
77.36
]
},
{
"text": "There are plenty of reasons a student might\nchoose to transfer.",
"timestamp": [
77.36,
79.5
]
},
{
"text": "They might experience a major life event that\nprompts them to switch schools...",
"timestamp": [
79.5,
83.08
]
},
{
"text": "or they might develop a new academic interest\nthat their current school doesn’t offer.",
"timestamp": [
83.08,
86.3
]
},
{
"text": "Or transferring might’ve always been the\nplan -- many students start out",
"timestamp": [
86.3,
89.42
]
},
{
"text": "at community colleges and transfer once they’ve\ngotten the basics out of the way.",
"timestamp": [
89.42,
92.61
]
},
{
"text": "When a student decides to switch colleges\nfor any reason,",
"timestamp": [
92.61,
95.17
]
},
{
"text": "we say that they’re transferring or that\nthey’re a transfer student…",
"timestamp": [
95.17,
97.97
]
},
{
"text": "Like we said at the start, change can be scary\nand it’s easy for indecision to set in.",
"timestamp": [
97.97,
101.92
]
},
{
"text": "But if we know it’s time for change, it’s\nmuch better for us to make a choice",
"timestamp": [
101.92,
105.33
]
},
{
"text": "and revise it later than to not make a choice\nat all.",
"timestamp": [
105.33,
107.61
]
},
{
"text": "Just like with train lines, there are a million\ndifferent combinations",
"timestamp": [
107.61,
110.13
]
},
{
"text": "that will work to get us from school A to\nschool B.",
"timestamp": [
110.13,
112.11
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
112.11,
113.11
]
},
{
"text": "One common transfer route is from community\ncollege to a 4-year institution.",
"timestamp": [
113.11,
115.65
]
},
{
"text": "Take my friend Dan.",
"timestamp": [
115.65,
117.97
]
},
{
"text": "Dan studies at community college and is working\non an associate's degree in health sciences.",
"timestamp": [
117.97,
121.86
]
},
{
"text": "Dan has always known he wants to pursue a\nhealthcare career that requires a bachelor’s",
"timestamp": [
121.86,
125.27
]
},
{
"text": "degree,",
"timestamp": [
125.27,
126.27
]
},
{
"text": "but Dan didn't have the best grades in high\nschool, and he never took his SATs.",
"timestamp": [
126.27,
129.129
]
},
{
"text": "So instead of worrying about that now, he\ndecided he would take the time",
"timestamp": [
129.129,
132
]
},
{
"text": "to get excellent grades at his community college,\nwith the idea that he would then",
"timestamp": [
132,
135.4
]
},
{
"text": "take advantage of transferring from that community\ncollege to a 4-year university.",
"timestamp": [
135.4,
139.079
]
},
{
"text": "In some states, there are actually agreements\nbetween two- and four-year institutions",
"timestamp": [
139.079,
142.769
]
},
{
"text": "that guarantee automatic admission to anyone\nwho gets a certain",
"timestamp": [
142.769,
146.12
]
},
{
"text": "minimum GPA at the community college level.",
"timestamp": [
146.12,
148.549
]
},
{
"text": "And that's the way Dan's going–he'll graduate\nfrom his community college",
"timestamp": [
148.549,
151.25
]
},
{
"text": "with an associate's in health sciences and\nhe'll use the transfer agreement program",
"timestamp": [
151.25,
155.04
]
},
{
"text": "to continue on to a local 4-year university.",
"timestamp": [
155.04,
157.76
]
},
{
"text": "Let's look at another case.",
"timestamp": [
157.76,
159.03
]
},
{
"text": "Suppose Liz started as a history major, then\nrealized she has a passion for brain science.",
"timestamp": [
159.03,
163.63
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, her current school doesn’t\nhave the major that she has in mind,",
"timestamp": [
163.63,
167.2
]
},
{
"text": "but another school has a neuroscience major.",
"timestamp": [
167.2,
170.099
]
},
{
"text": "And that new school would also give her the\nopportunity to do neuroscience research,",
"timestamp": [
170.099,
173.459
]
},
{
"text": "even as an undergraduate!",
"timestamp": [
173.459,
175.359
]
},
{
"text": "So Liz transfers from her 4-year school to\na different 4-year school",
"timestamp": [
175.359,
178.67
]
},
{
"text": "after learning more about herself and what\nshe wants to do.",
"timestamp": [
178.67,
181.239
]
},
{
"text": "And some people transfer from a 4-year college\nto a community college.",
"timestamp": [
181.239,
184.499
]
},
{
"text": "Take Marta, who’s studying at a 4-year college\nin the US in the Midwest,",
"timestamp": [
184.499,
187.9
]
},
{
"text": "but because of her family situation, she needs\nto be closer to home in the Northeast.",
"timestamp": [
187.9,
192.379
]
},
{
"text": "It might make sense for Marta to transfer\nto a local community college.",
"timestamp": [
192.379,
195.099
]
},
{
"text": "When she transfers, she’ll have a smaller\nfinancial obligation, she can live close to",
"timestamp": [
195.099,
199.579
]
},
{
"text": "family,",
"timestamp": [
199.579,
200.579
]
},
{
"text": "and she can finish her degree more quickly\nto prepare to land a job.",
"timestamp": [
200.579,
202.909
]
},
{
"text": "Remember, transferring is always about aligning\nyour education with your goals",
"timestamp": [
202.909,
206.54
]
},
{
"text": "and priorities and what works best for you.",
"timestamp": [
206.54,
208.769
]
},
{
"text": "There may even be situations where a student\nmight be",
"timestamp": [
208.769,
210.68
]
},
{
"text": "attending two institutions at the same time,\nlike if you’re going to summer school",
"timestamp": [
210.68,
214.169
]
},
{
"text": "closer to home while completing a degree in\nanother state during the fall and spring.",
"timestamp": [
214.169,
218.17
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
218.17,
219.17
]
},
{
"text": "For a lot of transfer students, the first\nthing to consider is the financial impact.",
"timestamp": [
219.17,
222.489
]
},
{
"text": "Now, if you've always planned to transfer\nfrom a community college",
"timestamp": [
222.489,
225.151
]
},
{
"text": "to a four-year college, you're probably aware\nthat tuition is going to cost more–",
"timestamp": [
225.151,
228.86
]
},
{
"text": "but this might be a pretty big surprise if\nyou weren't already aware of it!",
"timestamp": [
228.86,
232.12
]
},
{
"text": "AND tuition costs vary between four-year colleges;",
"timestamp": [
232.12,
234.849
]
},
{
"text": "you might live in an area that has a state\nuniversity and private colleges,",
"timestamp": [
234.849,
237.859
]
},
{
"text": "and while both will accept a transfer student\nfrom the local community college,",
"timestamp": [
237.859,
240.97
]
},
{
"text": "chances are, their tuition will be very different.",
"timestamp": [
240.97,
243.169
]
},
{
"text": "And if you're moving to a trade or technical\nschool for a really specialized education,",
"timestamp": [
243.169,
247.349
]
},
{
"text": "you may be surprised at the cost–these degrees\naverage about $33,000 USD.",
"timestamp": [
247.349,
252.299
]
},
{
"text": "Transferring can also affect how you pay for\nschool.",
"timestamp": [
252.299,
254.529
]
},
{
"text": "You'll need to check with the student financial\naid offices at both your current school",
"timestamp": [
254.529,
258.04
]
},
{
"text": "and the school you're considering to find\nout how any federal financial aid",
"timestamp": [
258.04,
260.89
]
},
{
"text": "or scholarships you have will be affected–and\ndon't be surprised if it gets recalculated.",
"timestamp": [
260.89,
264.889
]
},
{
"text": "On the plus side, some universities are starting\nto offer scholarships",
"timestamp": [
264.889,
268
]
},
{
"text": "explicitly for transfer students from community\ncolleges,",
"timestamp": [
268,
270.59
]
},
{
"text": "so if that's you, it's definitely worth looking\ninto–or even asking",
"timestamp": [
270.59,
273.819
]
},
{
"text": "the school's transfer resource coordinator\nif they know of any specialized funds for",
"timestamp": [
273.819,
277.27
]
},
{
"text": "you.",
"timestamp": [
277.27,
278.27
]
},
{
"text": "And if you took out student loans to pay for\ncollege, you’ll want to understand",
"timestamp": [
278.27,
280.31
]
},
{
"text": "how they’ll be affected by transferring.",
"timestamp": [
280.31,
282.52
]
},
{
"text": "Usually, if a student borrowed money to go\nto school A,",
"timestamp": [
282.52,
285.05
]
},
{
"text": "they’re likely able to defer, or postpone,\ntheir federal loan payments",
"timestamp": [
285.05,
288.629
]
},
{
"text": "without interest until they graduate from\nschool B.",
"timestamp": [
288.629,
291.849
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s best to check all the fine print.",
"timestamp": [
291.849,
293.34
]
},
{
"text": "The second thing to think through are the\nrequirements you’ll need to fulfill",
"timestamp": [
293.34,
296.33
]
},
{
"text": "to get into your new school.",
"timestamp": [
296.33,
298.199
]
},
{
"text": "Transferring is kind of like a light version\nof applying to college all over again.",
"timestamp": [
298.199,
301.12
]
},
{
"text": "You’ll want to research places you might\nwant to attend based on your new goals,",
"timestamp": [
301.12,
304
]
},
{
"text": "as well as ensure they’re accredited (we\ntalk more about this in episode two!).",
"timestamp": [
304,
307.25
]
},
{
"text": "There will also be some sort of admissions\nprocess.",
"timestamp": [
307.25,
309.389
]
},
{
"text": "Community colleges tend to have open admissions,\nwhich means",
"timestamp": [
309.389,
311.97
]
},
{
"text": "they need to see a GED or high school diploma,",
"timestamp": [
311.97,
313.71
]
},
{
"text": "but have fewer requirements to meet overall.",
"timestamp": [
313.71,
315.99
]
},
{
"text": "But if you’re transferring to a 4-year institution,\nthere are usually more requirements",
"timestamp": [
315.99,
319.59
]
},
{
"text": "and you’ll want to keep track of the admissions\ntimeline",
"timestamp": [
319.59,
321.71
]
},
{
"text": "because there are typically strict deadlines\nfor submitting application documents.",
"timestamp": [
321.71,
325.37
]
},
{
"text": "Additionally, and we talk more about this\nin our next episode,",
"timestamp": [
325.37,
327.96
]
},
{
"text": "different institutions have different expectations\nof how much work",
"timestamp": [
327.96,
331.01
]
},
{
"text": "will be required outside of class.",
"timestamp": [
331.01,
332.59
]
},
{
"text": "Make sure you can balance your work and family\nobligations",
"timestamp": [
332.59,
334.78
]
},
{
"text": "with the expected academic load at any potential\ninstitutions.",
"timestamp": [
334.78,
337.86
]
},
{
"text": "It sounds like a lot, but there are people\nwho can help.",
"timestamp": [
337.86,
340.4
]
},
{
"text": "Admissions counselors and advisors at your\ntransfer school can explain",
"timestamp": [
340.4,
343.199
]
},
{
"text": "whether your current school has any agreements\nwith them.",
"timestamp": [
343.199,
345.389
]
},
{
"text": "You may be eligible for guaranteed admission\ninto your transfer institution",
"timestamp": [
345.389,
348.599
]
},
{
"text": "if the two schools have an agreement.",
"timestamp": [
348.599,
349.93
]
},
{
"text": "It may be possible to talk to a transfer specialist,",
"timestamp": [
349.93,
352.37
]
},
{
"text": "who’s someone in the admissions office dedicated\nto transfer students,",
"timestamp": [
352.37,
355.849
]
},
{
"text": "to help you figure out the requirements for\nyour new school",
"timestamp": [
355.849,
358.21
]
},
{
"text": "and how much of the progress you’ve already\nmade will transfer for credit.",
"timestamp": [
358.21,
361.2
]
},
{
"text": "An intro-level English course might have a\nslightly different name,",
"timestamp": [
361.2,
364.28
]
},
{
"text": "course code, and description at each school,\nbut may satisfy the same requirements.",
"timestamp": [
364.28,
367.389
]
},
{
"text": "By comparing the syllabi between two courses\nand comparing",
"timestamp": [
367.389,
370.51
]
},
{
"text": "the skills that you have attained to your\nnew school’s requirements,",
"timestamp": [
370.51,
373.37
]
},
{
"text": "you can make sure you are ready to hit the\nground running.",
"timestamp": [
373.37,
375.22
]
},
{
"text": "But…",
"timestamp": [
375.22,
376.22
]
},
{
"text": "there may be strings attached, like a minimum\nGPA requirement",
"timestamp": [
376.22,
378.93
]
},
{
"text": "or a maximum number of credits that they allow\nto transfer.",
"timestamp": [
378.93,
381.3
]
},
{
"text": "These are called articulation agreements and\nare very common;",
"timestamp": [
381.3,
383.889
]
},
{
"text": "ask an Admissions or Transfer counselor about\narticulation agreements",
"timestamp": [
383.889,
386.58
]
},
{
"text": "with schools in and out of state.",
"timestamp": [
386.58,
388.08
]
},
{
"text": "Now the last thing to research isn’t about\nnumbers and documents, but about you.",
"timestamp": [
388.08,
391.65
]
},
{
"text": "It’s best to take the time to make sure\nyou will be comfortable at your new institution.",
"timestamp": [
391.65,
395.13
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, take the opportunity to visit\nyour transfer school if possible",
"timestamp": [
395.13,
398.629
]
},
{
"text": "to get a sense of the campus culture.",
"timestamp": [
398.629,
399.919
]
},
{
"text": "We talk more about how to find the right school\nfor you in Episode 2.",
"timestamp": [
399.919,
402.729
]
},
{
"text": "Or check out what services your new transfer\nschool offers before enrolling,",
"timestamp": [
402.729,
406.259
]
},
{
"text": "like the library, athletic center, or deals\navailable to students on food and merchandise.",
"timestamp": [
406.259,
410.5
]
},
{
"text": "Then once you’ve decided on a route, you’ll\nwant to start working out the details,",
"timestamp": [
410.5,
414.18
]
},
{
"text": "like coursework and credits.",
"timestamp": [
414.18,
415.599
]
},
{
"text": "Students who transfer will likely have to\ngo through the process",
"timestamp": [
415.599,
417.74
]
},
{
"text": "of declaring a major again, which we discussed\nin episode 6.",
"timestamp": [
417.74,
420.82
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, there are sometimes roadblocks\nthat rule out",
"timestamp": [
420.82,
422.889
]
},
{
"text": "the possibility of transferring certain credits.",
"timestamp": [
422.889,
425.229
]
},
{
"text": "Schools often require a grade of at least\na C for a course to transfer.",
"timestamp": [
425.229,
428.11
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also possible that a course won’t\ntransfer",
"timestamp": [
428.11,
429.81
]
},
{
"text": "because it doesn’t cover the same learning\ntargets as another.",
"timestamp": [
429.81,
432.55
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, credits may not transfer because\nyou’ve taken two or more",
"timestamp": [
432.55,
435.389
]
},
{
"text": "courses covering similar content.",
"timestamp": [
435.389,
437.099
]
},
{
"text": "And lastly, a course might have been taken\nat a for-profit school",
"timestamp": [
437.099,
440.629
]
},
{
"text": "whose credits won’t count at other institutions.",
"timestamp": [
440.629,
442.68
]
},
{
"text": "But finding out that certain credits won’t\ntransfer doesn’t have to derail your plans.",
"timestamp": [
442.68,
446.4
]
},
{
"text": "As soon as you know which credits are a problem,\nyou can make a plan",
"timestamp": [
446.4,
449.12
]
},
{
"text": "to get back on track and acquire the necessary\ncredits at your transfer institution.",
"timestamp": [
449.12,
452.229
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, there are a lot of questions to\nask that help you get where you need to be.",
"timestamp": [
452.229,
456.62
]
},
{
"text": "In the end, it's a lot like preparing to travel.",
"timestamp": [
456.62,
458.62
]
},
{
"text": "You know what your goal is and you know how\nyou need to get there,",
"timestamp": [
458.62,
461.62
]
},
{
"text": "but sometimes planes are grounded and you\nneed to take a train instead.",
"timestamp": [
461.62,
464.419
]
},
{
"text": "It's a different route but the same goal,\nand being prepared and flexible",
"timestamp": [
464.419,
467.919
]
},
{
"text": "means you'll get there in the end.",
"timestamp": [
467.919,
469.139
]
},
{
"text": "If you make this choice, you're doing it because\nyou've realized",
"timestamp": [
469.139,
472.05
]
},
{
"text": "that the route to getting to your destination\nhas changed–and that's okay!",
"timestamp": [
472.05,
475.319
]
},
{
"text": "Big changes like transferring schools can\ncome with new and unexpected challenges,",
"timestamp": [
475.319,
479.3
]
},
{
"text": "but as long as you know that the change is\nfor the best,",
"timestamp": [
479.3,
481.74
]
},
{
"text": "transferring is worth the work.",
"timestamp": [
481.74,
482.909
]
},
{
"text": "With a little preparation and counseling from\nadvisors and professors,",
"timestamp": [
482.909,
486.069
]
},
{
"text": "transferring doesn’t have to be as complicated\nas it might sound at first.",
"timestamp": [
486.069,
489.55
]
},
{
"text": "When you have the right plan, transferring\nschools might even",
"timestamp": [
489.55,
492.19
]
},
{
"text": "be the best way to end up at the destination\nyou’re dreaming of.",
"timestamp": [
492.19,
495.02
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse How to College.",
"timestamp": [
495.02,
497.379
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded program\ncalled Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
497.379,
500.919
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State\nUniversity to launch Study Hall on its own",
"timestamp": [
500.919,
504.4
]
},
{
"text": "channel.",
"timestamp": [
504.4,
505.4
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll\nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
505.4,
509.03
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational courses\nconnected to college credit courses",
"timestamp": [
509.03,
512.349
]
},
{
"text": "that students struggle most with in their\nfirst 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
512.349,
513.849
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
513.849,
514.729
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
The Black Panther Party: Crash Course Black American History #39
|
ao0Jozn_7HM
| 828 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course\nBlack American History.",
"timestamp": [
0.269,
3.719
]
},
{
"text": "In the history of the fight for Black liberation\nthere have been Black political organizations",
"timestamp": [
3.719,
8.629
]
},
{
"text": "who have been around doing this work for decades.",
"timestamp": [
8.629,
11.42
]
},
{
"text": "Organizations, for example, like the NAACP\nand the National Urban League were founded",
"timestamp": [
11.42,
17.04
]
},
{
"text": "in the early 20th century and still exist\ntoday.",
"timestamp": [
17.04,
20.07
]
},
{
"text": "And these groups, which have been in existence\nfor over a century, have helped bring about",
"timestamp": [
20.07,
24.43
]
},
{
"text": "some incredibly important policy changes when\nit comes to the civil and political rights",
"timestamp": [
24.43,
28.83
]
},
{
"text": "of Black Americans and have also served as\na platform from which Black people could make",
"timestamp": [
28.83,
33.82
]
},
{
"text": "their concerns known.",
"timestamp": [
33.82,
35.18
]
},
{
"text": "But sometimes, an organization doesn’t have\nto have existed for a long time in order to",
"timestamp": [
35.18,
40.579
]
},
{
"text": "have a huge impact on the history of this\ncountry.",
"timestamp": [
40.579,
42.989
]
},
{
"text": "An example of that is the Black Panther Party.",
"timestamp": [
42.989,
46.38
]
},
{
"text": "Founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale,\nthe Black Panther Party reached its peak just",
"timestamp": [
46.38,
51.47
]
},
{
"text": "four years later in 1970.",
"timestamp": [
51.47,
54.11
]
},
{
"text": "The organization had an impact on US history\nand culture that far exceeded its relatively",
"timestamp": [
54.11,
58.97
]
},
{
"text": "short lifespan and small membership.",
"timestamp": [
58.97,
61.25
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s take a look to understand why.",
"timestamp": [
61.25,
65.82
]
},
{
"text": "[intro music]",
"timestamp": [
65.82,
70.78
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start with the Black Panther Party’s\norigin story in the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
70.78,
76.329
]
},
{
"text": "Originally known as the “Black Panther Party\nfor Self-Defense,” the organization started",
"timestamp": [
76.329,
80.18
]
},
{
"text": "through the campus organizing of Seale and\nNewton.",
"timestamp": [
80.18,
83.119
]
},
{
"text": "They met in Oakland California in 1961 while\nthey were both students at Merritt College.",
"timestamp": [
83.119,
88.999
]
},
{
"text": "In the tense atmosphere following the 1965\nassassination of Malcolm X, Newton, Seale",
"timestamp": [
88.999,
93.95
]
},
{
"text": "and other student activists organized the\n“Black History Fact Group.”",
"timestamp": [
93.95,
97.939
]
},
{
"text": "The group was founded in part as a response\nto the university failing to acknowledge the",
"timestamp": [
97.939,
101.909
]
},
{
"text": "role of African Americans in settling the\nAmerican West in the 1800s.",
"timestamp": [
101.909,
106.52
]
},
{
"text": "Among their goals was to urge the school to\noffer courses in Black history and to establish",
"timestamp": [
106.52,
111.409
]
},
{
"text": "a Black Studies Department.",
"timestamp": [
111.409,
112.74
]
},
{
"text": "Newton and Seale also joined the college’s\nSoul Students Advisory Council, whose stated",
"timestamp": [
112.74,
116.859
]
},
{
"text": "goal was to “develop Black student leadership,\nadvocate for a more inclusive curriculum and",
"timestamp": [
116.859,
122.42
]
},
{
"text": "to connect the university to the community.”",
"timestamp": [
122.42,
124.969
]
},
{
"text": "Disputes within the group would lead Newton\nand Seale to eventually resign.",
"timestamp": [
124.969,
129.35
]
},
{
"text": "But their struggle to continue the work of\nradical Black political organizing didn’t",
"timestamp": [
129.35,
133.57
]
},
{
"text": "end there.",
"timestamp": [
133.57,
134.92
]
},
{
"text": "Newton and Seale pivoted their goals.",
"timestamp": [
134.92,
137.65
]
},
{
"text": "Rather than looking to join another political\norganization, they decided to form their own.",
"timestamp": [
137.65,
142.8
]
},
{
"text": "Students of the teachings of Malcolm X, they\nfounded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense",
"timestamp": [
142.8,
146.69
]
},
{
"text": "(later the Black Panther Party) in 1966 following\nthe murder of unarmed teenager Matthew Johnson",
"timestamp": [
146.69,
154.34
]
},
{
"text": "at the hands of the San Francisco police.",
"timestamp": [
154.34,
156.88
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
156.88,
159.11
]
},
{
"text": "According to historian Robyn C. Spencer, Newton\nand Seale framed the tenets of their new organization",
"timestamp": [
159.11,
164.33
]
},
{
"text": "around the belief that Black Americans were\nliving in an internal colony within the larger",
"timestamp": [
164.33,
169.01
]
},
{
"text": "“mother country” of the United States.",
"timestamp": [
169.01,
171.71
]
},
{
"text": "Borrowing from Black nationalist and post-colonial\nmovements of the time, they posited that the",
"timestamp": [
171.71,
176.74
]
},
{
"text": "relationship between the Black colony and\nthe “mother country” was, according to",
"timestamp": [
176.74,
180.4
]
},
{
"text": "Spencer “...one of pure exploitation of\nlabor and resources.”",
"timestamp": [
180.4,
185.38
]
},
{
"text": "Therefore they sought to liberate the Black\ncolony through self-determination as part",
"timestamp": [
185.38,
189.56
]
},
{
"text": "of a larger goal to “...transform America\nand eventually the rest of the world,” which",
"timestamp": [
189.56,
196.11
]
},
{
"text": "aligned with their larger vision of correcting\nracial and class inequalities.",
"timestamp": [
196.11,
200.7
]
},
{
"text": "Seale and Newton were also interested in how\nBlack liberation struggles worldwide were",
"timestamp": [
200.7,
205.22
]
},
{
"text": "interconnected to the struggles of Black Americans.",
"timestamp": [
205.22,
208.05
]
},
{
"text": "They were avid readers of Marxist theory and\nstudied anti-colonial movements from around",
"timestamp": [
208.05,
212.46
]
},
{
"text": "the world.",
"timestamp": [
212.46,
213.46
]
},
{
"text": "They believed that guerilla warfare could\nbe an effective strategy for social change",
"timestamp": [
213.46,
217.64
]
},
{
"text": "and that small groups of armed people could\nlead the charge.",
"timestamp": [
217.64,
221.951
]
},
{
"text": "Their politics were also informed by struggles\nfor self-determination across the world in",
"timestamp": [
221.951,
226.76
]
},
{
"text": "places like Vietnam, Zimbabwe (known then\nas Rhodesia), South Africa and Mozambique.",
"timestamp": [
226.76,
233.21
]
},
{
"text": "After the Black Panthers were founded Newton\nand Seale outlined the group’s agenda, philosophical",
"timestamp": [
233.21,
237.81
]
},
{
"text": "views, and political objectives in their Ten-Point\nProgram.",
"timestamp": [
237.81,
241.4
]
},
{
"text": "The Program’s objectives state:\n1.",
"timestamp": [
241.4,
244.569
]
},
{
"text": "We want freedom.",
"timestamp": [
244.569,
245.85
]
},
{
"text": "We want power to determine the destiny of\nour black and oppressed communities.",
"timestamp": [
245.85,
249.88
]
},
{
"text": "2.",
"timestamp": [
249.88,
251.01
]
},
{
"text": "We want full employment for our people\n3.",
"timestamp": [
251.01,
254.7
]
},
{
"text": "We want an end to the robbery by the capitalists\nof our black and oppressed communities.",
"timestamp": [
254.7,
259.749
]
},
{
"text": "4.",
"timestamp": [
259.749,
260.81
]
},
{
"text": "We want decent housing, fit for the shelter\nof human beings.",
"timestamp": [
260.81,
265.15
]
},
{
"text": "5.",
"timestamp": [
265.15,
266.22
]
},
{
"text": "We want decent education for our people that\nexposes the true nature of this decadent American",
"timestamp": [
266.22,
271.389
]
},
{
"text": "society.",
"timestamp": [
271.389,
272.389
]
},
{
"text": "We want education that teaches us our true\nhistory and our role in the present-day society.",
"timestamp": [
272.389,
278.389
]
},
{
"text": "6.",
"timestamp": [
278.389,
279.56
]
},
{
"text": "We want completely free health care for all\nblack and oppressed people.",
"timestamp": [
279.56,
284.49
]
},
{
"text": "7.",
"timestamp": [
284.49,
285.49
]
},
{
"text": "We want an immediate end to police brutality\nand murder of black people, other people of",
"timestamp": [
285.49,
290.569
]
},
{
"text": "color, all oppressed people inside the United\nStates.",
"timestamp": [
290.569,
294.62
]
},
{
"text": "8.",
"timestamp": [
294.62,
295.74
]
},
{
"text": "We want an immediate end to all wars of aggression\n9.",
"timestamp": [
295.74,
300.169
]
},
{
"text": "We want freedom for all black and oppressed\npeople now held in US federal, state, county,",
"timestamp": [
300.169,
306.219
]
},
{
"text": "city, and military prisons and jails.",
"timestamp": [
306.219,
308.909
]
},
{
"text": "We want trials by jury of peers for all persons\ncharged with so-called crimes under the laws",
"timestamp": [
308.909,
314.509
]
},
{
"text": "of this country.",
"timestamp": [
314.509,
315.88
]
},
{
"text": "10.",
"timestamp": [
315.88,
316.88
]
},
{
"text": "We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing,\njustice, peace, and people’s community control",
"timestamp": [
316.88,
325.36
]
},
{
"text": "of modern technology.",
"timestamp": [
325.36,
326.96
]
},
{
"text": "After creating this ten point platform, they\ndecided on a name, borrowing from the Lowndes",
"timestamp": [
326.96,
331.449
]
},
{
"text": "County Freedom Organization in Lowndes County\nAlabama, a political group that used the image",
"timestamp": [
331.449,
336.78
]
},
{
"text": "of the Black Panther in their materials and\nwas led by activists including Stokely Carmichael",
"timestamp": [
336.78,
341.3
]
},
{
"text": "and John Hulett.",
"timestamp": [
341.3,
342.65
]
},
{
"text": "In addition to their 10-point program, the\nBlack Panthers were also actively engaged",
"timestamp": [
342.65,
346.62
]
},
{
"text": "in their community through a number of social\nprograms that looked to pool collective resources",
"timestamp": [
346.62,
351.289
]
},
{
"text": "to support the Black community.",
"timestamp": [
351.289,
353.199
]
},
{
"text": "This group of programs served as a rallying\ncry and human rights manifesto, aiming to",
"timestamp": [
353.199,
358.589
]
},
{
"text": "correct centuries of harm inflicted on all\noppressed people.",
"timestamp": [
358.589,
362.219
]
},
{
"text": "The Black Panthers’ vision was at once practical,\ndemanding things like healthcare and housing,",
"timestamp": [
362.219,
368.61
]
},
{
"text": "while simultaneously being revolutionary in\nits scope.",
"timestamp": [
368.61,
371.159
]
},
{
"text": "Among their most popular programs were the\nestablishment of free health clinics in 13",
"timestamp": [
371.159,
375.74
]
},
{
"text": "African American communities across the country\nand the implementation of free breakfast programs",
"timestamp": [
375.74,
380.96
]
},
{
"text": "for school children in different parts of\nthe US.",
"timestamp": [
380.96,
383.129
]
},
{
"text": "The free breakfast program started by the\nBlack Panthers became an inspiration for the",
"timestamp": [
383.129,
387.55
]
},
{
"text": "breakfast programs that still exist in schools\nacross the country.",
"timestamp": [
387.55,
391.569
]
},
{
"text": "The Black Panthers were also known for carrying\nunconcealed, loaded weapons and monitoring",
"timestamp": [
391.569,
396.569
]
},
{
"text": "the activities of local police in Black neighborhoods.",
"timestamp": [
396.569,
399.259
]
},
{
"text": "As they continued to engage in political activism\nand social change, their popularity grew across",
"timestamp": [
399.259,
403.96
]
},
{
"text": "the country, especially in urban centers with\nlarge minority communities like Los Angeles,",
"timestamp": [
403.96,
409.08
]
},
{
"text": "New York City, and Philadelphia.",
"timestamp": [
409.08,
411.87
]
},
{
"text": "Additional chapters were established in places\nlike Chicago; Indianapolis; Detroit; Des Moines,",
"timestamp": [
411.87,
416.19
]
},
{
"text": "Iowa; Paterson, New Jersey; and Wichita, Kansas.",
"timestamp": [
416.19,
419.509
]
},
{
"text": "By 1968, approximately 2 years after they\nwere founded, the Panthers had roughly 2,000",
"timestamp": [
419.509,
425.009
]
},
{
"text": "members across the country.",
"timestamp": [
425.009,
426.55
]
},
{
"text": "But the burgeoning political movement that\nsought to guarantee the rights and freedoms",
"timestamp": [
426.55,
429.969
]
},
{
"text": "of Black people also attracted a fair amount\nof controversy, especially as it relates to",
"timestamp": [
429.969,
435.199
]
},
{
"text": "their interactions with the US government\nand the police.",
"timestamp": [
435.199,
438.409
]
},
{
"text": "For example in October of 1967 Newton allegedly\nkilled Oakland police officer John Frey.",
"timestamp": [
438.409,
445.06
]
},
{
"text": "This followed a period of armed interactions\nwith police officers since one of the principal",
"timestamp": [
445.06,
448.93
]
},
{
"text": "tenets of the Black Panthers was the right\nto self defense in the face of white supremacist",
"timestamp": [
448.93,
453.68
]
},
{
"text": "violence.",
"timestamp": [
453.68,
454.68
]
},
{
"text": "In May of 1967 Newton had sent more than 2\ndozen armed Panthers to the California State",
"timestamp": [
454.68,
459.559
]
},
{
"text": "Capitol in Sacramento to protest the passing\nof a law that would take away their right",
"timestamp": [
459.559,
464.069
]
},
{
"text": "to openly bear arms.",
"timestamp": [
464.069,
465.899
]
},
{
"text": "Ronald Reagan was governor of California at\nthat time and vehemently opposed the Panthers,",
"timestamp": [
465.899,
470.71
]
},
{
"text": "who he believed served as a threat to his\n“law-and-order” campaign.",
"timestamp": [
470.71,
474.49
]
},
{
"text": "The resulting news coverage painted the Panthers\nas a militant group and the new leaders of",
"timestamp": [
474.49,
479.249
]
},
{
"text": "the Black Power movement.",
"timestamp": [
479.249,
480.659
]
},
{
"text": "By the morning of October 28th 1967, Newton\nestimated that Oakland police had pulled him",
"timestamp": [
480.659,
486.999
]
},
{
"text": "over more than 50 times since 1966.",
"timestamp": [
486.999,
490.18
]
},
{
"text": "That morning, he was pulled over by police\nand within minutes Newton was on the ground",
"timestamp": [
490.18,
496.289
]
},
{
"text": "with a bullet in his stomach, officer John\nFrey was fatally wounded, and another officer",
"timestamp": [
496.289,
502.369
]
},
{
"text": "was injured.",
"timestamp": [
502.369,
503.599
]
},
{
"text": "Newton was named as the shooter and handcuffed\nwhile still in the hospital.",
"timestamp": [
503.599,
507.449
]
},
{
"text": "During this period in 1967 while Newton awaited\ntrial and Seale was serving a six month sentence",
"timestamp": [
507.449,
513.21
]
},
{
"text": "as a result of the Black Panthers’ protest\nin Sacramento, a member named Eldridge Cleaver",
"timestamp": [
513.21,
518.15
]
},
{
"text": "(who had joined the group in 1966) took over\nas the new leader of the Panthers.",
"timestamp": [
518.15,
522.919
]
},
{
"text": "In 1967 he married fellow Black Panther member\nKathleen Neal.",
"timestamp": [
522.919,
527.46
]
},
{
"text": "Cleaver’s critically acclaimed 1968 memoir\nSoul on Ice, which told the story of his life",
"timestamp": [
527.46,
533.7
]
},
{
"text": "and time in prison, sold over one million\ncopies within two years.",
"timestamp": [
533.7,
538.34
]
},
{
"text": "Cleaver had studied the works of writers such\nas Thomas Paine, Voltaire, Karl Marx, and",
"timestamp": [
538.34,
543.53
]
},
{
"text": "Richard Wright while incarcerated, which influenced\nhis own personal philosophies and political",
"timestamp": [
543.53,
548.66
]
},
{
"text": "writings.",
"timestamp": [
548.66,
549.66
]
},
{
"text": "However there was criticism of Soul on Ice\nfor its depictions of violence and women.",
"timestamp": [
549.66,
554.73
]
},
{
"text": "Specifically, Cleaver admits in the text to\ncommitting serial rape of women, beginning",
"timestamp": [
554.73,
560
]
},
{
"text": "with Black women in poor communities “for\npractice” before beginning the serial rape",
"timestamp": [
560,
565.89
]
},
{
"text": "of white women.",
"timestamp": [
565.89,
566.97
]
},
{
"text": "Cleaver’s admissions in Soul on Ice point\nto larger societal and systematic issues of",
"timestamp": [
566.97,
572.02
]
},
{
"text": "patriarchy and sexism: namely the pervasive\ndisregard of violence towards women.",
"timestamp": [
572.02,
578.41
]
},
{
"text": "And these issues, which were present within\nthe Black Panther Party, would serve as an",
"timestamp": [
578.41,
582.91
]
},
{
"text": "ongoing challenge for the organization as\na whole.",
"timestamp": [
582.91,
586.25
]
},
{
"text": "Additionally, troubles with law enforcement\ncontinued to plague the Black Panthers.",
"timestamp": [
586.25,
590.83
]
},
{
"text": "First Newton was convicted of voluntary manslaughter\nin 1968 and sentenced to 2-15 years in prison.",
"timestamp": [
590.83,
597.78
]
},
{
"text": "However on May 29th 1970, the California Court\nof Appeals overturned the conviction and the",
"timestamp": [
597.78,
603.76
]
},
{
"text": "next few trials ended with deadlocked juries.",
"timestamp": [
603.76,
606.52
]
},
{
"text": "The Black Panthers he returned to, even after\njust a few years, had shifted dramatically",
"timestamp": [
606.52,
611.45
]
},
{
"text": "in some ways from the organization that he\nhad founded with Seale.",
"timestamp": [
611.45,
614.84
]
},
{
"text": "For example: there was now a growing group\nof white radicals who had joined the group’s",
"timestamp": [
614.84,
619.65
]
},
{
"text": "ranks.",
"timestamp": [
619.65,
620.65
]
},
{
"text": "And under the leadership of Cleaver and others,\nthe rhetoric of self-defense had shifted to",
"timestamp": [
620.65,
625.56
]
},
{
"text": "include an ideology that embraced revolutionary\nviolence.",
"timestamp": [
625.56,
629.41
]
},
{
"text": "Additionally the group faced inner turmoil.",
"timestamp": [
629.41,
632.06
]
},
{
"text": "In 1969 Alex Rackley was murdered by other\nmembers of the Black Panthers who suspected",
"timestamp": [
632.06,
638.16
]
},
{
"text": "that he was an informant.",
"timestamp": [
638.16,
640.73
]
},
{
"text": "Seale and other Panthers faced charges in\nNew Haven Connecticut for that alleged murder.",
"timestamp": [
640.73,
645.31
]
},
{
"text": "But it wasn’t only internal issues plaguing\nthe organization, external forces also impacted",
"timestamp": [
645.31,
650.66
]
},
{
"text": "the group, such as the assassination of Black\nPanther Party members Fred Hampton and Mark",
"timestamp": [
650.66,
654.99
]
},
{
"text": "Clark by the FBI and local police in Chicago\nin 1969.",
"timestamp": [
654.99,
659.71
]
},
{
"text": "See, by 1969 the FBI under its first director\nJ. Edgar Hoover had declared the Panthers",
"timestamp": [
659.71,
666.98
]
},
{
"text": "a communist organization and an enemy of the\nUnited States government.",
"timestamp": [
666.98,
671.97
]
},
{
"text": "In 1968, Hoover had called the Panthers “One\nof the greatest threats to the nation’s",
"timestamp": [
671.97,
676.78
]
},
{
"text": "internal security.”",
"timestamp": [
676.78,
677.78
]
},
{
"text": "Because of this the Panthers became the target\nof the FBI’s COINTELPRO, a secret counterintelligence",
"timestamp": [
677.78,
684.07
]
},
{
"text": "program used to surveil politically progressive\ngroups.",
"timestamp": [
684.07,
688.27
]
},
{
"text": "But the organization continued to function,\nwith Elaine Brown serving as chairwoman of",
"timestamp": [
688.27,
692.93
]
},
{
"text": "the Black Panther Party from 1974-1977.",
"timestamp": [
692.93,
697.58
]
},
{
"text": "She was the only woman to hold this role and\noften faced sexism and discrimination for",
"timestamp": [
697.58,
702.45
]
},
{
"text": "asserting herself and leading the party.",
"timestamp": [
702.45,
704.83
]
},
{
"text": "Gender roles within the party were often quite\nrestrictive, but women such as Brown, Kathleen",
"timestamp": [
704.83,
709.69
]
},
{
"text": "Cleaver, Assata Shakur, and Ericka Huggins\nheld leadership positions within the organization",
"timestamp": [
709.69,
715.28
]
},
{
"text": "including as editors of the party’s newspaper.",
"timestamp": [
715.28,
718.22
]
},
{
"text": "Still, COINTELPRO agents managed to infiltrate\nevents and the personal lives of prominent",
"timestamp": [
718.22,
724.09
]
},
{
"text": "members of the party.",
"timestamp": [
724.09,
725.53
]
},
{
"text": "In the 1970s a Senate committee led by Frank\nChurch, a Democrat from Idaho, exposed the",
"timestamp": [
725.53,
731.4
]
},
{
"text": "FBI and COINTELPRO.",
"timestamp": [
731.4,
733.27
]
},
{
"text": "As scholar Penial E. Joseph has described\nit, the FBI and COINTELPRO had a “...clandestine",
"timestamp": [
733.27,
740.32
]
},
{
"text": "role in the dismantling of the Black Power,\nNew Left, and antiwar movements” and revealed",
"timestamp": [
740.32,
745.89
]
},
{
"text": "“...further evidence of the pitfalls of\nunchecked government power.”",
"timestamp": [
745.89,
750.26
]
},
{
"text": "Under the weight of internal strife and external\npressures and surveillance, the organization",
"timestamp": [
750.26,
755.59
]
},
{
"text": "officially dissolved in 1982.",
"timestamp": [
755.59,
758.26
]
},
{
"text": "The Black Panther Party helped to bring Black\nPower to national and international prominence",
"timestamp": [
758.26,
763.87
]
},
{
"text": "and raised important questions about Black\npeople’s right to fair treatment, equality,",
"timestamp": [
763.87,
769.88
]
},
{
"text": "and self-defense.",
"timestamp": [
769.88,
771.08
]
},
{
"text": "It’s not an organization that was perfect,\nand it shouldn’t be overly-romanticized",
"timestamp": [
771.08,
776.69
]
},
{
"text": "in ways that ignore some of its institutional\nand interpersonal failings.",
"timestamp": [
776.69,
781.01
]
},
{
"text": "At the same time it’s legacy shouldn’t\nbe minimized or mischaracterized because of",
"timestamp": [
781.01,
785.72
]
},
{
"text": "the multiple forms of state-sanctioned interference\nit experienced from American intelligence",
"timestamp": [
785.72,
790.17
]
},
{
"text": "agencies.",
"timestamp": [
790.17,
791.2
]
},
{
"text": "Their contribution to the Black freedom struggles\nof the 1960s and 1970s and today were profound.",
"timestamp": [
791.2,
799.87
]
},
{
"text": "And that means sitting with all of the complexity\nthat comes with it.",
"timestamp": [
799.87,
803.54
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching, I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
803.54,
807.26
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made with the help of all\nthese nice people and our animation team is",
"timestamp": [
807.26,
810.62
]
},
{
"text": "Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
810.62,
811.62
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by all of our\nviewers and supporters.",
"timestamp": [
811.62,
815.79
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks to those who bought the 2021 Crash\nCourse Learner Coin, and to our Patrons on",
"timestamp": [
815.79,
826.43
]
},
{
"text": "Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
826.43,
827.089
]
}
] |
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[
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]
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UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Finding Your Place | How to College | Crash Course
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8Nkxbovj96U
| 505 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "In college, I learned SO MUCH that I still\nuse today.",
"timestamp": [
6.109,
9.06
]
},
{
"text": "But you know what I also spent a lot of time\ndoing that was just as important?",
"timestamp": [
9.06,
12.33
]
},
{
"text": "Eating pizza and cooking with my friends.",
"timestamp": [
12.33,
14.2
]
},
{
"text": "This, plus other outside-of-college activities\nI did,",
"timestamp": [
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16.619
]
},
{
"text": "helped me find my place in college and build\na sense of community,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "or the feeling of belonging within a peer\ngroup.",
"timestamp": [
19.88,
21.85
]
},
{
"text": "While there’s no one way to do this, we’re\ngoing to tell you how",
"timestamp": [
21.85,
24.77
]
},
{
"text": "to find your place in college and set yourself\nup for long-term success",
"timestamp": [
24.77,
27.96
]
},
{
"text": "through extra experiences and networking.",
"timestamp": [
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29.86
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky, and this is Crash\nCourse: How to College",
"timestamp": [
29.86,
33.07
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in partnership\nwith Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
33.07,
35.84
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’re talking about how to find your\nplace in college.",
"timestamp": [
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40.7
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
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47.66
]
},
{
"text": "Making the transition to college -",
"timestamp": [
47.66,
48.92
]
},
{
"text": "or BACK to college, if you’re returning\nto school after a period of time -",
"timestamp": [
48.92,
51.73
]
},
{
"text": "isn’t easy, but getting involved in extracurricular\nactivities, like joining a club,",
"timestamp": [
51.73,
56.19
]
},
{
"text": "can help you make new friends and colleagues.",
"timestamp": [
56.19,
57.76
]
},
{
"text": "Some of these people will be students,",
"timestamp": [
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59.35
]
},
{
"text": "and will be going through similar things to\nyou!",
"timestamp": [
59.35,
61.21
]
},
{
"text": "Others will be professionals in the field\nyou want to work in,",
"timestamp": [
61.21,
63.649
]
},
{
"text": "and meeting them while you're a student will\ngive you a chance",
"timestamp": [
63.649,
65.78
]
},
{
"text": "to get advice about what skills and activities\nyou should pursue",
"timestamp": [
65.78,
68.42
]
},
{
"text": "to make yourself as competitive as possible\nin the job market after you graduate.",
"timestamp": [
68.42,
72.2
]
},
{
"text": "And whether your campus exists in the virtual\nor physical world,",
"timestamp": [
72.2,
75.47
]
},
{
"text": "most colleges have a little bit of something\nfor everyone.",
"timestamp": [
75.47,
77.35
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll hit some of the highlights here, but\nthere are SO MANY opportunities",
"timestamp": [
77.35,
80.51
]
},
{
"text": "depending on your college and what you’re\ninto.",
"timestamp": [
80.51,
82.51
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, I worked at the mall,",
"timestamp": [
82.51,
84.68
]
},
{
"text": "was a part of the Taiwanese-American Students\nAssociation,",
"timestamp": [
84.68,
87.79
]
},
{
"text": "and cooked with my friends in our terrible\ndorm kitchen.",
"timestamp": [
87.79,
89.85
]
},
{
"text": "Like if you’re interested in political science,\nyou may have the option",
"timestamp": [
89.85,
92.601
]
},
{
"text": "to get involved with student government,",
"timestamp": [
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94.09
]
},
{
"text": "which is made up of students who are elected\nor volunteer",
"timestamp": [
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96.299
]
},
{
"text": "to oversee activities, programs, and initiatives",
"timestamp": [
96.299,
98.55
]
},
{
"text": "to get students more involved across the college.",
"timestamp": [
98.55,
101.2
]
},
{
"text": "Or if you’re looking to be more physically\nactive,",
"timestamp": [
101.2,
103.64
]
},
{
"text": "you can also get involved with intramural\nsports",
"timestamp": [
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105.67
]
},
{
"text": "like volleyball, basketball, or even LARPing!",
"timestamp": [
105.67,
107.71
]
},
{
"text": "Intramurals are recreational sports organized\nat your college.",
"timestamp": [
107.71,
110.64
]
},
{
"text": "In order to sign up, check out your campus\nrec center or your school’s website.",
"timestamp": [
110.64,
113.98
]
},
{
"text": "You can even sign up for some groups before\ngetting to campus,",
"timestamp": [
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116.66
]
},
{
"text": "like living-learning communities, or LLCs–",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "special interest groups that allow you to\nmeet with other students",
"timestamp": [
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121.42
]
},
{
"text": "in that residence hall that have a common\ninterest.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes these groups involve taking special\nclasses",
"timestamp": [
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125.68
]
},
{
"text": "or working on projects with the students you\nlive with,",
"timestamp": [
125.68,
128.119
]
},
{
"text": "and this can be a way to form deeper connections\nwith your classmates.",
"timestamp": [
128.119,
130.799
]
},
{
"text": "Your school might offer LLCs for students\ninterested in",
"timestamp": [
130.799,
133.04
]
},
{
"text": "social justice, business, or politics.",
"timestamp": [
133.04,
135.17
]
},
{
"text": "If your college offers this experience, you\ntypically have to apply",
"timestamp": [
135.17,
138.19
]
},
{
"text": "or indicate you want to participate in a living\nand learning community",
"timestamp": [
138.19,
141.27
]
},
{
"text": "when you’re figuring out your housing.",
"timestamp": [
141.27,
142.84
]
},
{
"text": "And most colleges these days offer opportunities",
"timestamp": [
142.84,
144.92
]
},
{
"text": "for multicultural organizations and activities\non campus.",
"timestamp": [
144.92,
148.07
]
},
{
"text": "These are often known as identity-based student\ngroups,",
"timestamp": [
148.07,
150.569
]
},
{
"text": "and they exist to form a place for students\nwith similar shared experiences to meet,",
"timestamp": [
150.569,
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]
},
{
"text": "hang out, and support one another.",
"timestamp": [
154.41,
155.45
]
},
{
"text": "This might be a club for native Francophones\nto hang out and speak French,",
"timestamp": [
155.45,
158.88
]
},
{
"text": "or a group where first-generation college\nstudents hang out and talk about",
"timestamp": [
158.88,
161.35
]
},
{
"text": "their experiences with people who understand\ntheir background.",
"timestamp": [
161.35,
164.01
]
},
{
"text": "There are also clubs for students to join\nbased on shared racial and cultural experiences.",
"timestamp": [
164.01,
168.48
]
},
{
"text": "Most schools have student associations for\npeople of",
"timestamp": [
168.48,
170.36
]
},
{
"text": "Black, Latinx, and Asian American and Pacific\nIslander backgrounds.",
"timestamp": [
170.36,
173.6
]
},
{
"text": "You can also find groups for international\nstudents, refugees,",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "veterans, students within the LGBTQIA+ community,",
"timestamp": [
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179.47
]
},
{
"text": "disabled students, and more.",
"timestamp": [
179.47,
180.709
]
},
{
"text": "But organizations and groups that are run\nthrough your college aren’t the only option",
"timestamp": [
180.709,
184.29
]
},
{
"text": "when you’re looking to find your place and\nget involved.",
"timestamp": [
184.29,
186.09
]
},
{
"text": "Gasp!",
"timestamp": [
186.09,
187.09
]
},
{
"text": "You can actually venture off-campus or out\ninto the world!",
"timestamp": [
187.09,
189.72
]
},
{
"text": "If you find yourself wanting to spread your\nwings",
"timestamp": [
189.72,
191.48
]
},
{
"text": "and find a group outside of your college existence,",
"timestamp": [
191.48,
194.01
]
},
{
"text": "consider a community group, which exists to\nbenefit the area you live in.",
"timestamp": [
194.01,
197.519
]
},
{
"text": "These can be especially useful if you have\nmoved away from home",
"timestamp": [
197.519,
199.79
]
},
{
"text": "to attend a college in a new town.",
"timestamp": [
199.79,
201.64
]
},
{
"text": "Joining a community group can help you get\nacquainted with your new area,",
"timestamp": [
201.64,
204.76
]
},
{
"text": "discover new interests, and network with like-minded\npeople.",
"timestamp": [
204.76,
207.6
]
},
{
"text": "Other groups you can find outside of the college\nmay be faith-based,",
"timestamp": [
207.6,
210.33
]
},
{
"text": "needs-based, social, or rooted in the arts,\nlike dance, poetry, and film.",
"timestamp": [
210.33,
214.04
]
},
{
"text": "Or Kiwanis clubs, which focus on community\nservice and offer opportunities",
"timestamp": [
214.04,
217.769
]
},
{
"text": "to engage in the local community while giving\nback to others.",
"timestamp": [
217.769,
220.18
]
},
{
"text": "So there are A LOT of options to help you\nbuild that sense of community",
"timestamp": [
220.18,
223.42
]
},
{
"text": "and find your place in college.",
"timestamp": [
223.42,
224.72
]
},
{
"text": "As you participate in each group or club,\ntry to reflect on what you are learning",
"timestamp": [
224.72,
228.44
]
},
{
"text": "and how each experience aligns with your interests\nand values.",
"timestamp": [
228.44,
231.93
]
},
{
"text": "Finding yourself takes time, but it helps\nto take stock of each new endeavor",
"timestamp": [
231.93,
235.2
]
},
{
"text": "and explore how it makes you feel and whether\nit fits into your future.",
"timestamp": [
235.2,
237.96
]
},
{
"text": "Finding yourself might also be a team effort.",
"timestamp": [
237.96,
240.05
]
},
{
"text": "Luckily, there are staff members at each college\nwho can help you find groups",
"timestamp": [
240.05,
243.3
]
},
{
"text": "and clubs to join and support you in navigating\nother aspects of college life.",
"timestamp": [
243.3,
246.76
]
},
{
"text": "Like, an academic advisor (who we talked about\nin more detail last episode)",
"timestamp": [
246.76,
250.07
]
},
{
"text": "is responsible for helping students meet the\nrequirements to earn their degrees.",
"timestamp": [
250.07,
253.37
]
},
{
"text": "They’re trained to help you schedule classes\neach semester,",
"timestamp": [
253.37,
255.83
]
},
{
"text": "talk to professors, find internships, and\nmore.",
"timestamp": [
255.83,
257.919
]
},
{
"text": "There are also resident advisors, or RAs,\nwhich are students employed",
"timestamp": [
257.919,
261.519
]
},
{
"text": "by the school to live in the residence halls\non campus.",
"timestamp": [
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263.96
]
},
{
"text": "They can sometimes answer your academic questions,",
"timestamp": [
263.96,
266.259
]
},
{
"text": "but RAs are specifically trained to help you\nresolve issues with your roommate,",
"timestamp": [
266.259,
269.199
]
},
{
"text": "get involved on campus, access resources to\nwork through mental or emotional issues,",
"timestamp": [
269.199,
273.3
]
},
{
"text": "and socialize with your peers.",
"timestamp": [
273.3,
274.669
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, RAs usually are your peers!",
"timestamp": [
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277.059
]
},
{
"text": "They’re often students farther along in\ntheir studies who have experienced",
"timestamp": [
277.059,
279.93
]
},
{
"text": "similar issues and can provide support.",
"timestamp": [
279.93,
281.68
]
},
{
"text": "Many college campuses make academic support\nservices available to all students.",
"timestamp": [
281.68,
285.969
]
},
{
"text": "Student services staff can help you access\ntutors, study groups,",
"timestamp": [
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288.879
]
},
{
"text": "peer advisors, and other resources you need\nto succeed.",
"timestamp": [
288.879,
291.58
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes these are also called student support\nor student success advisors.",
"timestamp": [
291.58,
294.629
]
},
{
"text": "Your school will also offer disability services,\nwhich are designed to protect",
"timestamp": [
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297.979
]
},
{
"text": "disabled students from discrimination and\nmake sure",
"timestamp": [
297.979,
299.93
]
},
{
"text": "they have equal access to educational resources.",
"timestamp": [
299.93,
302.339
]
},
{
"text": "Common accommodations provided by many schools\ninclude designated note takers,",
"timestamp": [
302.339,
306.089
]
},
{
"text": "assistive listening devices, and extended\ntime for assignments and exams.",
"timestamp": [
306.089,
309.279
]
},
{
"text": "While services will vary by school, every\nschool should have some type of",
"timestamp": [
309.279,
312.529
]
},
{
"text": "centralized resource center that any student\ncan access.",
"timestamp": [
312.529,
315.25
]
},
{
"text": "These services are often funded by student\ntuition,",
"timestamp": [
315.25,
317.029
]
},
{
"text": "so don’t hesitate to make use of all available\nstudent services!",
"timestamp": [
317.029,
320.43
]
},
{
"text": "You’re literally paying for them, you might\nas well use them!",
"timestamp": [
320.43,
322.84
]
},
{
"text": "You can also rely on faculty members to challenge\nyou academically,",
"timestamp": [
322.84,
326.11
]
},
{
"text": "present research opportunities, and assist\nyou",
"timestamp": [
326.11,
328.069
]
},
{
"text": "with applying what you’re learning in class\nto real-world situations.",
"timestamp": [
328.069,
330.879
]
},
{
"text": "And your instructors can even help you identify\nthe best way to study and prepare for exams,",
"timestamp": [
330.879,
335.24
]
},
{
"text": "which sets you up for success throughout your\ncollege experience.",
"timestamp": [
335.24,
337.949
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, getting to know the faculty (and\nother on-campus contacts)",
"timestamp": [
337.949,
341.399
]
},
{
"text": "is a great way to build our network for our\ncollege years and beyond.",
"timestamp": [
341.399,
344.55
]
},
{
"text": "Networking is one of those buzzwords that\neveryone seems to have feelings about,",
"timestamp": [
344.55,
348.199
]
},
{
"text": "but really it’s just about establishing\nand then building the professional relationships",
"timestamp": [
348.199,
351.589
]
},
{
"text": "we intend to have with people in our career\nfield.",
"timestamp": [
351.589,
353.639
]
},
{
"text": "Now I love talking to and getting to know\npeople --",
"timestamp": [
353.639,
355.899
]
},
{
"text": "like if you want to have a 45 minute conversation\nabout hopes, dreams,",
"timestamp": [
355.899,
358.449
]
},
{
"text": "and our favorite TikTok trends, I’m there.",
"timestamp": [
358.449,
360.91
]
},
{
"text": "But for lots of people networking can be kinda\nintimidating.",
"timestamp": [
360.91,
364.099
]
},
{
"text": "But it's important, because it's setting the\ngroundwork for the professional",
"timestamp": [
364.099,
366.819
]
},
{
"text": "and often personal relationships you'll have\nfor your working life–if not just your entire",
"timestamp": [
366.819,
370.289
]
},
{
"text": "life.",
"timestamp": [
370.289,
371.289
]
},
{
"text": "Thankfully, there are some ways to make it\nsimpler.",
"timestamp": [
371.289,
373.069
]
},
{
"text": "That brings us to another part about networking\nthat can be scary:",
"timestamp": [
373.069,
375.96
]
},
{
"text": "emails.",
"timestamp": [
375.96,
376.96
]
},
{
"text": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
376.96,
378.369
]
},
{
"text": "Figuring out what to call people you’re\ntrying to network with like instructors and",
"timestamp": [
378.369,
382.229
]
},
{
"text": "professors",
"timestamp": [
382.229,
383.229
]
},
{
"text": "can be harder than it seems!",
"timestamp": [
383.229,
384.229
]
},
{
"text": "You’ll likely be taught by many different\npeople with different qualifications.",
"timestamp": [
384.229,
386.49
]
},
{
"text": "Take our friend Dan.",
"timestamp": [
386.49,
387.74
]
},
{
"text": "One of Dan’s professors has a PhDs and prefers\nto be addressed as “Doctor.”",
"timestamp": [
387.74,
391.589
]
},
{
"text": "Others might prefer “Ms.,” “Mr.,”\n“Mx.” or simply “Professor.”",
"timestamp": [
391.589,
395.119
]
},
{
"text": "When in doubt, go for something more formal\nor respectful,",
"timestamp": [
395.119,
398.249
]
},
{
"text": "but regardless, your instructor will usually\ncover how they want to be addressed",
"timestamp": [
398.249,
401.219
]
},
{
"text": "on the first day of class or in an introduction\nemail, so be sure to pay close attention",
"timestamp": [
401.219,
405.029
]
},
{
"text": "and use the correct title.",
"timestamp": [
405.029,
406.029
]
},
{
"text": "And if they don’t, you can always ask!",
"timestamp": [
406.029,
407.999
]
},
{
"text": "Likewise, if you have a preferred name you’d\nlike your instructor to use,",
"timestamp": [
407.999,
411.449
]
},
{
"text": "share it when you introduce yourself in class\nor via email.",
"timestamp": [
411.449,
413.99
]
},
{
"text": "Dan’s given name is different than what\nhe likes to be called,",
"timestamp": [
413.99,
415.99
]
},
{
"text": "so at the start of the course he asks his\ninstructor to take note of his preferred name",
"timestamp": [
415.99,
420.009
]
},
{
"text": "and address him accordingly throughout the\nsemester.",
"timestamp": [
420.009,
421.979
]
},
{
"text": "Many schools have options for students to\nindicate their preferred names",
"timestamp": [
421.979,
424.11
]
},
{
"text": "on official lists, like course rosters.",
"timestamp": [
424.11,
426.3
]
},
{
"text": "If you reach out to the instructor or anyone\nyou want to connect with via email,",
"timestamp": [
426.3,
429.969
]
},
{
"text": "remember to be professional -- and coherent.",
"timestamp": [
429.969,
432.309
]
},
{
"text": "Compose a formal, succinct email, then proofread\nit to correct any typos or grammatical errors.",
"timestamp": [
432.309,
437.13
]
},
{
"text": "This means you should start with a subject\nline that says what the email will be about.",
"timestamp": [
437.13,
440.169
]
},
{
"text": "You should also start with a formal greeting\nlike",
"timestamp": [
440.169,
442.25
]
},
{
"text": "“Dear [blank]” or “Hello” and briefly\nexplain why you’re reaching out to them.",
"timestamp": [
442.25,
447.159
]
},
{
"text": "And if you’re emailing your professor, it’s\na good idea to include the name or section",
"timestamp": [
447.159,
450.939
]
},
{
"text": "of your course.",
"timestamp": [
450.939,
452.219
]
},
{
"text": "Instructors aren’t the only people who can\nbe a part of your network,",
"timestamp": [
452.219,
454.58
]
},
{
"text": "but they are excellent resources.",
"timestamp": [
454.58,
456.279
]
},
{
"text": "Consider asking them for tips in staying ahead\nin your reading and assignments,",
"timestamp": [
456.279,
459.339
]
},
{
"text": "because your instructors have firsthand knowledge\nabout how students can excel in their class.",
"timestamp": [
459.339,
463.029
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
463.029,
464.029
]
},
{
"text": "Finding your place isn’t just about finding\nyour passions and choosing your path.",
"timestamp": [
464.029,
467.349
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also about being comfortable where\nyou are,",
"timestamp": [
467.349,
469.719
]
},
{
"text": "knowing where and when to ask for support,\nand feeling safe and affirmed.",
"timestamp": [
469.719,
472.839
]
},
{
"text": "The better you feel about making new friends\nand getting involved on campus,",
"timestamp": [
472.839,
475.78
]
},
{
"text": "the better you’ll feel about finding your\nplace in college, your community, and the",
"timestamp": [
475.78,
478.869
]
},
{
"text": "world.",
"timestamp": [
478.869,
479.869
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse How to College.",
"timestamp": [
479.869,
481.699
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded program\ncalled Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
481.699,
484.719
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State\nUniversity to launch Study Hall on its own",
"timestamp": [
484.719,
488.089
]
},
{
"text": "channel.",
"timestamp": [
488.089,
489.089
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll\nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
489.089,
492.939
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational courses\nconnected to college credit courses",
"timestamp": [
492.939,
496.739
]
},
{
"text": "that students struggle most with in their\nfirst 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
496.739,
498.21
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
498.21,
499.619
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Malcolm X and the Rise of Black Power: Crash Course Black American History #38
|
8woU9Rq0cPI
| 864 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi I’m Clint Smith, and this is Crash Course\nBlack American History.",
"timestamp": [
0.26,
4.979
]
},
{
"text": "I still remember the first time that I read the autobiography\nof Malcolm X, back when I was a teenager.",
"timestamp": [
4.979,
11.36
]
},
{
"text": "I was awestruck by the story of a man who\nwent from being young, lost, and involved",
"timestamp": [
11.36,
18
]
},
{
"text": "in a life of crime to someone who transformed\nhimself into one of the most important",
"timestamp": [
18,
24.27
]
},
{
"text": "civil rights leaders in American history.",
"timestamp": [
24.27,
26.539
]
},
{
"text": "It was inspiring, to read the story of a man\nwho refused to be defined by the circumstances of his past,",
"timestamp": [
26.539,
33.219
]
},
{
"text": "and who used self-education to\nhelp himself better understand the issues",
"timestamp": [
33.219,
38.469
]
},
{
"text": "facing Black Americans, so that he could better\nadvocate on their behalf.",
"timestamp": [
38.469,
43.629
]
},
{
"text": "And sometimes, Malcolm X can be presented as a foil\nto Dr. King.",
"timestamp": [
43.629,
48.584
]
},
{
"text": "“Malcolm vs Martin.”",
"timestamp": [
48.584,
50.231
]
},
{
"text": "“Violence vs. Non-violence.”",
"timestamp": [
50.231,
52.21
]
},
{
"text": "“Nationalism vs Integration.”",
"timestamp": [
52.21,
54.199
]
},
{
"text": "But, as always, the story is much more complicated\nthan that.",
"timestamp": [
54.199,
59.8
]
},
{
"text": "Malcolm X was a complex, dynamic person who\nwas constantly evolving.",
"timestamp": [
59.8,
65.508
]
},
{
"text": "And today we’re going to learn some more about the process of that evolution.",
"timestamp": [
65.508,
70.47
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start the show.",
"timestamp": [
70.47,
71.292
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
71.292,
80.206
]
},
{
"text": "Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in 1925,",
"timestamp": [
80.206,
83.28
]
},
{
"text": "in Omaha, Nebraska.",
"timestamp": [
83.28,
85.04
]
},
{
"text": "His parents, Earl and Louise Little, had been\nsupporters of the activist Marcus Garvey.",
"timestamp": [
85.04,
90.85
]
},
{
"text": "Garvey’s followers believed in Black self-determination\nand encouraged Black Americans to form their",
"timestamp": [
90.85,
97.48
]
},
{
"text": "own nation-states in Africa.",
"timestamp": [
97.48,
99.26
]
},
{
"text": "The political backgrounds of Malcolm’s parents\nwere core to the philosophical enlightenment",
"timestamp": [
99.26,
104.55
]
},
{
"text": "he would experience later in his twenties.",
"timestamp": [
104.55,
107.3
]
},
{
"text": "Earl Little’s activism brought much-unwanted\nviolence from white supremacists.",
"timestamp": [
107.3,
111.75
]
},
{
"text": "The family regularly received death threats,\nwhich required them to relocate twice ",
"timestamp": [
111.75,
118.062
]
},
{
"text": "before Malcolm turned four.",
"timestamp": [
118.062,
119.46
]
},
{
"text": "Still, they couldn’t outrun the terror that\nfollowed them, and in 1929 they lost their",
"timestamp": [
119.46,
125.729
]
},
{
"text": "home in Lansing, Michigan to arson.",
"timestamp": [
125.729,
128.459
]
},
{
"text": "Then, in 1931 Earl Little was run over and killed by\na streetcar, and while it was",
"timestamp": [
128.459,
135
]
},
{
"text": "never proven in court, Malcolm always believed that he had been\nkilled at the hands of white supremacists.",
"timestamp": [
135,
142.54
]
},
{
"text": "And if that wasn’t enough, in 1939 Malcolm’s\nmother was committed to a mental institution",
"timestamp": [
142.54,
149.51
]
},
{
"text": "after suffering from a mental health breakdown.",
"timestamp": [
149.51,
152.769
]
},
{
"text": "At thirteen years old, Malcolm fell into the\nfoster care system and had to adopt new methods",
"timestamp": [
152.769,
158.67
]
},
{
"text": "of survival.",
"timestamp": [
158.67,
160.06
]
},
{
"text": "He dropped out of school at fifteen years\nold and turned to a life of crime where he",
"timestamp": [
160.06,
164.29
]
},
{
"text": "engaged in theft, gambling, and selling\ndrugs.",
"timestamp": [
164.29,
167.709
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
167.709,
169.751
]
},
{
"text": "In 1946, Malcolm Little was arrested and sentenced\nto eight to ten years in state prison in Massachusetts",
"timestamp": [
169.751,
175.98
]
},
{
"text": "on burglary charges.",
"timestamp": [
175.98,
177.379
]
},
{
"text": "While incarcerated, he was drawn to a newly\norganized group of Black Muslims called the",
"timestamp": [
177.379,
182.251
]
},
{
"text": "Nation of Islam (NOI) and the teachings of\nNOI leader, Elijah Muhammad.",
"timestamp": [
182.251,
187.56
]
},
{
"text": "Among Muhammad’s teachings were the principal\nideas of self-determination and Black enterprise.",
"timestamp": [
187.56,
193.239
]
},
{
"text": "He also insisted that racism worked specifically\nto keep Black Americans from achieving political,",
"timestamp": [
193.239,
198.9
]
},
{
"text": "economic, and social success.",
"timestamp": [
198.9,
201.37
]
},
{
"text": "The NOI also fought for a state of their own,\nseparate from white people, similar to the",
"timestamp": [
201.37,
206.54
]
},
{
"text": "earlier teachings of Marcus Garvey that young\nMalcolm’s parents subscribed to.",
"timestamp": [
206.54,
211.109
]
},
{
"text": "Following the custom of members of the NOI,\nMalcolm changed his last name to X.",
"timestamp": [
211.109,
216.159
]
},
{
"text": "Muhammad’s teachings suggested that given\nsurnames were “slave names” bestowed upon",
"timestamp": [
216.159,
222.139
]
},
{
"text": "them by “the white man.”",
"timestamp": [
222.139,
224.319
]
},
{
"text": "The “X” signified Malcolm’s lost tribal\nname.",
"timestamp": [
224.319,
228.389
]
},
{
"text": "And while in prison, Malcolm wrote in his\nautobiography, that he endeavored to use education",
"timestamp": [
228.389,
233.209
]
},
{
"text": "to change his life.",
"timestamp": [
233.209,
235.159
]
},
{
"text": "He said he read every book in the prison library;\nhe said he copied the entire dictionary...by hand;",
"timestamp": [
235.159,
241.514
]
},
{
"text": "and he said that he was always reading late\ninto the night.",
"timestamp": [
241.514,
245.349
]
},
{
"text": "He later wrote, “right outside my door was\na corridor light that cast a glow into my room.",
"timestamp": [
245.349,
253.81
]
},
{
"text": "The glow was enough to read by, once my eyes\nadjusted to it.",
"timestamp": [
253.81,
258.07
]
},
{
"text": "So when “lights out” came, I would sit\non the floor ",
"timestamp": [
258.07,
261.249
]
},
{
"text": "where I could continue reading in that glow.”",
"timestamp": [
261.249,
263.63
]
},
{
"text": "By the time he was paroled in 1952 after serving\n7 years,",
"timestamp": [
263.63,
268.165
]
},
{
"text": "Malcolm was a devoted follower of Elijah Muhammad.",
"timestamp": [
268.165,
271.21
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble",
"timestamp": [
271.21,
272.47
]
},
{
"text": "After he was released, he assumed a leadership\nrole in the NOI and it didn’t take long",
"timestamp": [
272.47,
277.27
]
},
{
"text": "for Malcolm to become the organization’s\nnational spokesman.",
"timestamp": [
277.27,
280.72
]
},
{
"text": "His charisma, drive, and eloquence attracted\nan astounding number of converts.",
"timestamp": [
280.72,
286.7
]
},
{
"text": "The NOI only had 500 members by the time he\njoined in 1952; by 1963 membership had increased",
"timestamp": [
286.7,
295.67
]
},
{
"text": "to 30,000.",
"timestamp": [
295.67,
297.03
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the Nation of Islam took a pretty different\napproach to civil rights activism",
"timestamp": [
297.03,
301.468
]
},
{
"text": "than other organizers at the time.",
"timestamp": [
301.468,
303.529
]
},
{
"text": "Racial uplift was core to the organization’s\nphilosophy and they had several criticisms",
"timestamp": [
303.529,
308.41
]
},
{
"text": "of Christian activists who adopted desegregation\nand nonviolent civil disobedience as their",
"timestamp": [
308.41,
313.76
]
},
{
"text": "doctrine in the movement for Black liberation.",
"timestamp": [
313.76,
316.18
]
},
{
"text": "The Nation of Islam wanted to address the\nsweeping problems of unemployment, underemployment,",
"timestamp": [
316.18,
321.689
]
},
{
"text": "and economic injustice that Black Americans faced.",
"timestamp": [
321.689,
324.44
]
},
{
"text": "There was also the oppressive presence of\nwhite political power and police brutality,",
"timestamp": [
324.44,
329.47
]
},
{
"text": "even in areas where Black people were the\nmajority.",
"timestamp": [
329.47,
332.83
]
},
{
"text": "The Nation felt that if after ten years of\nboycotts, demonstrations, sit-ins, and Freedom Rides,",
"timestamp": [
332.83,
338.75
]
},
{
"text": "Black people had still not achieved\nfreedom, it was time for a new approach.",
"timestamp": [
338.75,
344.09
]
},
{
"text": "And there were a growing number of Black folks\nacross the country who felt the same way.",
"timestamp": [
344.09,
349.292
]
},
{
"text": "Malcolm had his own critiques.",
"timestamp": [
349.292,
351.66
]
},
{
"text": "He believed that Black people needed land,\npower, and freedom, not desegregation.",
"timestamp": [
351.66,
358.81
]
},
{
"text": "He took issue with civil rights leaders he\nperceived as being sellouts who white liberals",
"timestamp": [
358.81,
363.34
]
},
{
"text": "had selected to keep Black Americans from\ndemanding actual equality.",
"timestamp": [
363.34,
368.027
]
},
{
"text": "Desegregation, he believed, may have integrated schools",
"timestamp": [
368.027,
371.835
]
},
{
"text": "but it did not move Black people closer to actual liberation.",
"timestamp": [
371.835,
376.08
]
},
{
"text": "It certainly did not address police brutality,\nunemployment, poverty, or housing shortages",
"timestamp": [
376.08,
382.74
]
},
{
"text": "greatly impacting Black communities.",
"timestamp": [
382.74,
385.4
]
},
{
"text": "An avid nationalist, Malcolm X was certain\nBlack empowerment could take place ",
"timestamp": [
385.4,
390.312
]
},
{
"text": "if Black people pooled their resources to build their\nown facilities to meet the community’s needs.",
"timestamp": [
390.312,
395.26
]
},
{
"text": "If they could develop their own hospitals,\nschools, factories, and clean up",
"timestamp": [
395.26,
399.537
]
},
{
"text": "their own neighborhoods, they would not need to\nintegrate white spaces or establishments.",
"timestamp": [
399.537,
405
]
},
{
"text": "But most importantly, he believed that this\ntype of empowerment could only happen",
"timestamp": [
405,
409.645
]
},
{
"text": "if Black people learned to love themselves, defend\nthemselves, and establish their own economic system.",
"timestamp": [
409.645,
415.835
]
},
{
"text": "In his rhetoric, Malcolm X insisted over and\nover again that “black is beautiful”",
"timestamp": [
415.835,
423.456
]
},
{
"text": "and this resonated with many Black people who lived\nin and had grown up in a society",
"timestamp": [
423.456,
428.132
]
},
{
"text": "that told them over and over again, directly and indirectly,\nthat they were ugly.",
"timestamp": [
428.132,
434.99
]
},
{
"text": "That their hair was too kinky, that their\nnoses were too wide, that their lips were too big.",
"timestamp": [
434.99,
440.93
]
},
{
"text": "The list goes on and on.",
"timestamp": [
440.93,
443.7
]
},
{
"text": "This self-love approach extended past an appreciation\nfor one’s physical attributes, though.",
"timestamp": [
443.7,
449.15
]
},
{
"text": "Malcolm X began to publicly challenge Dr. Martin\nLuther King’s philosophy of ",
"timestamp": [
449.15,
452.74
]
},
{
"text": "nonviolent direct action as they both gained more influence\nin the early 1960s.",
"timestamp": [
452.74,
458.253
]
},
{
"text": "More and more Black citizens began to defect\nfrom the non-violent movement and join the ranks",
"timestamp": [
458.253,
463.2
]
},
{
"text": "of the NOI after the Sixteenth Street Baptist\nChurch bombing in Birmingham in 1963.",
"timestamp": [
463.2,
469.33
]
},
{
"text": "Exhausted from seeing women, children, and\npeaceful demonstrators abused, tortured, and",
"timestamp": [
469.33,
475.74
]
},
{
"text": "even murdered, Black Americans began to defend\ntheir right to protest and protect their bodies",
"timestamp": [
475.74,
481.73
]
},
{
"text": "in the line of fire.",
"timestamp": [
481.73,
483.33
]
},
{
"text": "As NOI membership continued to grow, the FBI\nand other law enforcement organizations continued",
"timestamp": [
483.33,
489.55
]
},
{
"text": "their long history of keeping tabs on Black\nactivists and began infiltrating the organization.",
"timestamp": [
489.55,
495.43
]
},
{
"text": "They hired Black people to pose as members\nof The Nation and planted bugs, wiretaps,",
"timestamp": [
495.43,
501.58
]
},
{
"text": "cameras, and other surveillance equipment\nall around the organization.",
"timestamp": [
501.58,
505.96
]
},
{
"text": "And they got really close to the leaders.",
"timestamp": [
505.96,
508.74
]
},
{
"text": "One of them even served as Malcolm’s bodyguard.",
"timestamp": [
508.74,
511.805
]
},
{
"text": "But as Malcolm’s influence grew, criticisms\ndidn’t just come from outside",
"timestamp": [
511.805,
516.126
]
},
{
"text": "the Nation of Islam, it came from inside as well.",
"timestamp": [
516.126,
519.5
]
},
{
"text": "And this all came to a head in 1964.",
"timestamp": [
519.5,
523.895
]
},
{
"text": "Malcolm made public comments about John F.\nKennedy’s assassination stating that",
"timestamp": [
523.895,
528.71
]
},
{
"text": "the murder was a consequence of “chickens coming\nhome to roost.”",
"timestamp": [
528.71,
533.49
]
},
{
"text": "Elijah Muhammad hadn’t wanted any members\nspeaking on the assassination, and Muhammad",
"timestamp": [
533.49,
539.4
]
},
{
"text": "punished Malcolm X by stripping away his ability\nto do any public speaking for 90 days.",
"timestamp": [
539.4,
545.67
]
},
{
"text": "But many saw this as an excuse to shut Malcolm\nup.",
"timestamp": [
545.67,
550.25
]
},
{
"text": "See Malcolm had become the face of the Nation\nof Islam.",
"timestamp": [
550.25,
553.37
]
},
{
"text": "Journalists wrote huge profiles on him.",
"timestamp": [
553.37,
556.56
]
},
{
"text": "Interviewed him on the news.",
"timestamp": [
556.56,
558.26
]
},
{
"text": "Put his face on the cover of magazines.",
"timestamp": [
558.26,
560.342
]
},
{
"text": "And NOI leadership thought that Malcolm had become *too*\nbig,",
"timestamp": [
560.342,
565.013
]
},
{
"text": "bigger than Elijah Muhammad,",
"timestamp": [
565.013,
567.499
]
},
{
"text": "bigger than the NOI.",
"timestamp": [
567.499,
569.67
]
},
{
"text": "And they couldn’t accept that.",
"timestamp": [
569.67,
571.96
]
},
{
"text": "Another part of this is that Malcolm was steadily\ndeveloping his own civil rights framework",
"timestamp": [
571.96,
577.05
]
},
{
"text": "that was increasingly at odds with that of\nthe Nation of Islam.",
"timestamp": [
577.05,
581.15
]
},
{
"text": "Plus he had become disillusioned with its\nleadership.",
"timestamp": [
581.15,
583.71
]
},
{
"text": "He had heard rumors of Muhammad’s extramarital\naffairs with young girls in the Nation",
"timestamp": [
583.71,
588.34
]
},
{
"text": "and there was also evidence of mishandling of\nfinances by higher-ups.",
"timestamp": [
588.34,
593.54
]
},
{
"text": "So in March 1964, Malcolm parted ways with\nthe Nation of Islam",
"timestamp": [
593.54,
597.769
]
},
{
"text": "and resigned from his post as minister.",
"timestamp": [
597.769,
600.705
]
},
{
"text": "Finally free from the limitations that had\nbeen imposed on him, that April Malcolm went",
"timestamp": [
600.705,
606.111
]
},
{
"text": "on his pilgrimage to Mecca, and there he went\nthrough a phase of enlightenment.",
"timestamp": [
606.111,
612.01
]
},
{
"text": "There he changed his name to El-Hajj Malik\nEl-Shabazz.",
"timestamp": [
612.01,
617.01
]
},
{
"text": "And had some important revelations\non his trip.",
"timestamp": [
617.01,
620.75
]
},
{
"text": "For example, he no longer thought of white\npeople as the inherent enemy.",
"timestamp": [
620.75,
625.638
]
},
{
"text": "He wrote in a letter from Mecca,\n\"There were tens of thousands of pilgrims,",
"timestamp": [
625.638,
630.49
]
},
{
"text": "from all over the world.",
"timestamp": [
630.49,
632.23
]
},
{
"text": "They were of all colors, from blue-eyed blondes\nto black-skinned Africans.",
"timestamp": [
632.23,
636.65
]
},
{
"text": "But we were all participating in the same\nritual, displaying a spirit of unity and brotherhood",
"timestamp": [
636.65,
642.21
]
},
{
"text": "that my experiences in America had led me\nto believe never could exist between the white",
"timestamp": [
642.21,
648.49
]
},
{
"text": "and non-white...You may be shocked by these\nwords coming from me.",
"timestamp": [
648.49,
652.16
]
},
{
"text": "But on this pilgrimage, what I have seen,\nand experienced, has forced me to rearrange",
"timestamp": [
652.16,
658
]
},
{
"text": "much of my thought-patterns previously held,\nand to toss aside some of my previous conclusions.”",
"timestamp": [
658,
664.33
]
},
{
"text": "He did however become concerned that differences\nover religion",
"timestamp": [
664.33,
668.292
]
},
{
"text": "were preventing a united front against racism.",
"timestamp": [
668.292,
671.091
]
},
{
"text": "Shortly after returning home, he established\nthe Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU),",
"timestamp": [
671.091,
675.98
]
},
{
"text": "a name inspired by the Organization of African\nUnity (OAU) created by the newly independent African states, ",
"timestamp": [
675.98,
682.53
]
},
{
"text": "all of this following a wave of decolonization,\nas African countries became independent of",
"timestamp": [
682.53,
688.45
]
},
{
"text": "the European powers that had occupied them\nfor so long.",
"timestamp": [
688.45,
691.87
]
},
{
"text": "Open to folks of all religious backgrounds\n(but not necessarily all racial backgrounds),",
"timestamp": [
691.87,
696.905
]
},
{
"text": " the OAAU was intended to address Black economic issues",
"timestamp": [
696.905,
701.676
]
},
{
"text": "and represent Black American politics on an international level.",
"timestamp": [
701.676,
705.529
]
},
{
"text": "He wanted to ensure that Black Americans' plight was regarded\nas a human rights issue.",
"timestamp": [
705.529,
711.994
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, Malcolm X and his organization\ndidn’t have enough time",
"timestamp": [
711.994,
717.122
]
},
{
"text": "to truly set that plan in motion.",
"timestamp": [
717.122,
719.35
]
},
{
"text": "On February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated",
"timestamp": [
719.35,
723.843
]
},
{
"text": "while giving a speech to a crowd of four to\nfive hundred people at the Audubon Ballroom",
"timestamp": [
723.843,
728.41
]
},
{
"text": "in New York City.",
"timestamp": [
728.41,
729.41
]
},
{
"text": "A total of 7 shots struck him, killing him\nimmediately.",
"timestamp": [
729.41,
734.399
]
},
{
"text": "In many ways, this was no surprise, at least\nnot to Malcolm.",
"timestamp": [
734.399,
740.089
]
},
{
"text": "His lawyer at the time of his death, Percy\nSutton, stated that Malcolm",
"timestamp": [
740.089,
744.766
]
},
{
"text": "“feared for his life” and he carried a gun to protect himself.",
"timestamp": [
744.766,
749.16
]
},
{
"text": "He knew that members of the NOI were deeply upset with him, and was acutely aware that his life was in danger.",
"timestamp": [
749.16,
757.564
]
},
{
"text": "After his death, the autobiography he had\nbeen co-writing with the writer Alex Haley",
"timestamp": [
757.564,
762.187
]
},
{
"text": "was published,",
"timestamp": [
762.187,
763.517
]
},
{
"text": "and quickly Malcolm X became a cult-like\nfigure.",
"timestamp": [
763.517,
767.38
]
},
{
"text": "It is a book that continues to resonate with\nmany people who read it today, ",
"timestamp": [
767.38,
772.685
]
},
{
"text": "including me.",
"timestamp": [
772.685,
773.969
]
},
{
"text": "His legacy influenced new organizations like\nthe Black Panther Party for Self-Defense.",
"timestamp": [
773.969,
780.529
]
},
{
"text": "These organizations continued much of Malcolm’s\nphilosophy, carrying the torch for Black independence,",
"timestamp": [
780.529,
786.51
]
},
{
"text": "self-defense, self-sufficiency, and racial\npride through what were often even more militant approaches.",
"timestamp": [
786.51,
794.72
]
},
{
"text": "His rise from being a young man involved in\ncrime to becoming one of the most important",
"timestamp": [
794.72,
798.88
]
},
{
"text": "civil rights leaders in American history,\ncontinues to serve as an inspiration",
"timestamp": [
798.88,
803.529
]
},
{
"text": "for millions of people who want to change their lives and\ncircumstances",
"timestamp": [
803.529,
807.285
]
},
{
"text": "through a process of discipline, self-transformation, and education.",
"timestamp": [
807.285,
812.084
]
},
{
"text": "Malcolm X wasn’t a perfect man, in the same\nway that none of us are perfect people.",
"timestamp": [
812.084,
819.53
]
},
{
"text": "But he demonstrated a capacity for growth\nand evolution whose ultimate manifestations",
"timestamp": [
819.53,
826.209
]
},
{
"text": "we never got a chance to fully see.",
"timestamp": [
826.209,
829.029
]
},
{
"text": "Who knows where he would have ended up and\nwhat he would have accomplished if he had only",
"timestamp": [
829.029,
835.112
]
},
{
"text": "had a little more time.",
"timestamp": [
835.112,
837.049
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching.",
"timestamp": [
837.049,
838.62
]
},
{
"text": "I’ll see you next time.",
"timestamp": [
838.62,
840.79
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made with the help of all\nthese nice people",
"timestamp": [
840.79,
843.421
]
},
{
"text": "and our animation team is Thought Cafe.",
"timestamp": [
843.421,
845.61
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made possible by all of our\nviewers and supporters.",
"timestamp": [
845.61,
849.791
]
},
{
"text": "And we want to thank those who purchased the 2021 Crash\nCourse Learner Coin, ",
"timestamp": [
849.791,
854.338
]
},
{
"text": "and thank also to our Patrons on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
854.338,
856.73
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How to Choose a Major | Crash Course | How to College
|
eGR2Yf6yBRA
| 683 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "If college were a video game, a major would\nbe like the main storyline.",
"timestamp": [
6.19,
10.44
]
},
{
"text": "Sure, there are plenty of side quests, surprises,\nand achievements to earn,",
"timestamp": [
10.44,
14.99
]
},
{
"text": "but a major gives us an overall route, where\nwe take classes to reach significant plot",
"timestamp": [
14.99,
19.3
]
},
{
"text": "points and checkpoints.",
"timestamp": [
19.3,
20.3
]
},
{
"text": "And savepoints.",
"timestamp": [
20.3,
21.34
]
},
{
"text": "Hopefully lots of savepoints.",
"timestamp": [
21.34,
22.34
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a major choice—and a pretty important\none,",
"timestamp": [
22.34,
25.8
]
},
{
"text": "so students tend to put a lot of thought into\nit.",
"timestamp": [
25.8,
27.95
]
},
{
"text": "That can be a hard thing to figure out on\nyour own.",
"timestamp": [
27.95,
30.12
]
},
{
"text": "Spending too much time in a major that isn’t\nthe right fit for you can waste time and money.",
"timestamp": [
30.12,
34.44
]
},
{
"text": "Luckily, you have us.",
"timestamp": [
34.44,
35.61
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky and this is Crash\nCourse: How to College,",
"timestamp": [
35.61,
38.949
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in partnership\nwith Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
38.949,
42.46
]
},
{
"text": "Today we’re going to talk about how to decide\nwhat to dedicate your entire life to --",
"timestamp": [
42.46,
46.739
]
},
{
"text": "just kidding, that would probably take a lot\nlonger than 10 minutes.",
"timestamp": [
46.739,
50.429
]
},
{
"text": "But we are going to talk about how to decide\nwhat to spend your college life doing.",
"timestamp": [
50.429,
62.739
]
},
{
"text": "In college, there are hundreds, sometimes\neven thousands,",
"timestamp": [
62.739,
65.15
]
},
{
"text": "of different classes to choose from!",
"timestamp": [
65.15,
67.5
]
},
{
"text": "So with such a long list of possibilities,",
"timestamp": [
67.5,
70.14
]
},
{
"text": "colleges build in some structure to help us\nwade through and create our own unique journeys:",
"timestamp": [
70.14,
74.43
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, most colleges require students\nto pick a major,",
"timestamp": [
74.43,
78.1
]
},
{
"text": "which is a student’s intended area of study.",
"timestamp": [
78.1,
79.81
]
},
{
"text": "When we choose a major, we take a set of classes\nthat help us specialize our knowledge in a",
"timestamp": [
79.81,
83.32
]
},
{
"text": "particular discipline,",
"timestamp": [
83.32,
84.43
]
},
{
"text": "field, career, or skill set.",
"timestamp": [
84.43,
86.66
]
},
{
"text": "Our major becomes a guide for what classes\nwe take and where and how we spend our time.",
"timestamp": [
86.66,
90.72
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, a major is really what we get a degree\nin.",
"timestamp": [
90.72,
94.43
]
},
{
"text": "So on our diplomas it might say Bachelor’s\nof Linguistics or Associate’s in Nursing.",
"timestamp": [
94.43,
98.19
]
},
{
"text": "Like my major was linguistics, so I focused\non English sociolinguistics",
"timestamp": [
98.19,
101.69
]
},
{
"text": "and learned skills and knowledge that I could\nuse in a future career.",
"timestamp": [
101.69,
105.02
]
},
{
"text": "And this is true for all different types of\nmajors",
"timestamp": [
105.02,
106.99
]
},
{
"text": "- Finance majors learn to analyze budgets\nand investment strategies,",
"timestamp": [
106.99,
110.61
]
},
{
"text": "English majors learn to write persuasively\nand interpret texts,",
"timestamp": [
110.61,
113.22
]
},
{
"text": "and computer science majors learn to code\nand use software to solve problems.",
"timestamp": [
113.22,
116.9
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, a major is an investment of our\ntime.",
"timestamp": [
116.9,
120.28
]
},
{
"text": "And that investment pays off and we “level\nup” our abilities",
"timestamp": [
120.28,
123.13
]
},
{
"text": "by completing different segments that our\ncollege has set to guide our major journey.",
"timestamp": [
123.13,
126.6
]
},
{
"text": "The biggest segment will be the series of\ncourses a department or school lays out",
"timestamp": [
126.6,
130.28
]
},
{
"text": "for a major so that every student meets more\nor less the same standards.",
"timestamp": [
130.28,
134.18
]
},
{
"text": "So students of the same major may take some\nof the same courses,",
"timestamp": [
134.18,
136.84
]
},
{
"text": "like an introductory course or a course on\na special method used in their field.",
"timestamp": [
136.84,
140.45
]
},
{
"text": "Business majors may be required to take accounting,",
"timestamp": [
140.45,
142.95
]
},
{
"text": "chemistry majors may be required to take lab\ncourses,",
"timestamp": [
142.95,
145.48
]
},
{
"text": "or philosophy majors may be required to take\nethics.",
"timestamp": [
145.48,
147.6
]
},
{
"text": "But there is still some choice involved, because\nmany times there are several different paths",
"timestamp": [
147.6,
152.85
]
},
{
"text": "through a major to reach the ultimate power\nup: graduating with your degree.",
"timestamp": [
152.85,
156.47
]
},
{
"text": "So some major courses may have prerequisites,\nwhich is a course you must take",
"timestamp": [
156.47,
160.55
]
},
{
"text": "before you are allowed to take a more advanced\ncourse.",
"timestamp": [
160.55,
162.87
]
},
{
"text": "It’s just like how usually we have to take\nAlgebra I before we take Algebra II.",
"timestamp": [
162.87,
166.55
]
},
{
"text": "Other major courses are electives, which means\nstudents",
"timestamp": [
166.55,
169.38
]
},
{
"text": "are free to choose from a list when selecting\ncourses.",
"timestamp": [
169.38,
172
]
},
{
"text": "Electives can help students dive deeper into\na topic or hone a particular skill,",
"timestamp": [
172,
176.03
]
},
{
"text": "or just explore a new area.",
"timestamp": [
176.03,
177.69
]
},
{
"text": "For example, our director Nick was a Graphic\nDesign major, but took film courses to round",
"timestamp": [
177.69,
182.209
]
},
{
"text": "out his education.",
"timestamp": [
182.209,
183.209
]
},
{
"text": "Electives can also be helpful if a major has\nthe opportunity to choose a concentration,",
"timestamp": [
183.209,
187.95
]
},
{
"text": "or an even more specialized area of study\nwithin a field.",
"timestamp": [
187.95,
190.77
]
},
{
"text": "One of our editors, Shep, majored in English\nbut concentrated on creative writing.",
"timestamp": [
190.77,
194.73
]
},
{
"text": "Majors might also have the option of completing\na thesis or capstone project.",
"timestamp": [
194.73,
198.96
]
},
{
"text": "Writing a thesis or completing a capstone\nis kind of like a boss battle.",
"timestamp": [
198.96,
202.59
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a challenging research project that\nserves as the culmination of the degree,",
"timestamp": [
202.59,
206.77
]
},
{
"text": "usually completed during your final year.",
"timestamp": [
206.77,
208.59
]
},
{
"text": "So even if they have the same major, not every\nstudent will take exactly the same path.",
"timestamp": [
208.59,
213.52
]
},
{
"text": "It’s best for students to talk through their\nplan for completing the major’s requirements",
"timestamp": [
213.52,
216.79
]
},
{
"text": "with an academic advisor because advisors\ncan explain when certain courses",
"timestamp": [
216.79,
220.64
]
},
{
"text": "are offered and propose a game plan.",
"timestamp": [
220.64,
222.43
]
},
{
"text": "Though you can usually also do your own research\nby reading about required courses",
"timestamp": [
222.43,
226.26
]
},
{
"text": "for each major on the department’s website.",
"timestamp": [
226.26,
228.67
]
},
{
"text": "Some even have a “major map” to help college\nstudents see what courses they need to take",
"timestamp": [
228.67,
232.65
]
},
{
"text": "and when.",
"timestamp": [
232.65,
233.65
]
},
{
"text": "At this point, the path from introductory\nclasses to more advanced levels",
"timestamp": [
233.65,
237.03
]
},
{
"text": "probably already sounds like a lot.",
"timestamp": [
237.03,
238.61
]
},
{
"text": "Fortunately, there are ways to plan and manage\nyour time and course load",
"timestamp": [
238.61,
242.41
]
},
{
"text": "to try and avoid being overwhelmed or burnt\nout.",
"timestamp": [
242.41,
244.78
]
},
{
"text": "As college students, we generally get to decide\nwhat exactly our schedules look like.",
"timestamp": [
244.78,
249.03
]
},
{
"text": "For that reason, it’s best to strike a balance.",
"timestamp": [
249.03,
251.67
]
},
{
"text": "As we navigate major requirements and other\nobligations,",
"timestamp": [
251.67,
254.209
]
},
{
"text": "it’s important to make sure the schedule\nwe choose is feasible.",
"timestamp": [
254.209,
257.379
]
},
{
"text": "One way to do that is to balance your course\nload,",
"timestamp": [
257.379,
260.12
]
},
{
"text": "because major courses are usually not the\nonly required courses in college.",
"timestamp": [
260.12,
264.07
]
},
{
"text": "Most schools will also have general education,\nor “gen ed,” requirements,",
"timestamp": [
264.07,
267.82
]
},
{
"text": "which are introductory level courses in a\nrange of required subjects.",
"timestamp": [
267.82,
271.22
]
},
{
"text": "Gen eds tend to cover core academic areas,",
"timestamp": [
271.22,
273.41
]
},
{
"text": "like composition, social science, or math.",
"timestamp": [
273.41,
276.32
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, gen ed classes can broaden our\nhorizons or help us discover potential majors.",
"timestamp": [
276.32,
281.05
]
},
{
"text": "In the best case scenario, gen ed classes\nwill feel like a useful and interesting adventure,",
"timestamp": [
281.05,
285.12
]
},
{
"text": "rather than an unskippable cutscene.",
"timestamp": [
285.12,
286.71
]
},
{
"text": "Some students may find that one gen ed class\nis more difficult than another,",
"timestamp": [
286.71,
290.62
]
},
{
"text": "so choose classes wisely.",
"timestamp": [
290.62,
292.65
]
},
{
"text": "If you are already taking some challenging\ncourses for your major,",
"timestamp": [
292.65,
295.46
]
},
{
"text": "maybe pick a gen ed that you’ll find easier.",
"timestamp": [
295.46,
297.4
]
},
{
"text": "Think about it like prioritizing your quests.",
"timestamp": [
297.4,
300.15
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, major courses and gen eds are\nhelping us chip away",
"timestamp": [
300.15,
302.81
]
},
{
"text": "at the total number of credit hours we need\nto graduate.",
"timestamp": [
302.81,
305.75
]
},
{
"text": "Credit hours are like the experience points\nof college courses",
"timestamp": [
305.75,
308.3
]
},
{
"text": "-- each course is worth a certain number,\nand they indicate",
"timestamp": [
308.3,
311.15
]
},
{
"text": "how many hours per week students will spend\nin that class.",
"timestamp": [
311.15,
314.84
]
},
{
"text": "So a 3-credit hour course means that the class\nmeets roughly 3 hours each week.",
"timestamp": [
314.84,
318.88
]
},
{
"text": "Credit hours can also give us a sense of how\nmuch time",
"timestamp": [
318.88,
321.13
]
},
{
"text": "we can expect to spend working outside of\nclass.",
"timestamp": [
321.13,
323.99
]
},
{
"text": "A good rule of thumb is that for every hour\nyou spend in a class,",
"timestamp": [
323.99,
327.55
]
},
{
"text": "you’ll spend one to two hours outside of\nclass doing homework,",
"timestamp": [
327.55,
330.58
]
},
{
"text": "studying for exams, or writing papers.",
"timestamp": [
330.58,
332.96
]
},
{
"text": "So, if a student is enrolled in 15 credit\nhours,",
"timestamp": [
332.96,
336.29
]
},
{
"text": "they can expect to spend 15 hours a week in\nclass and 15 to 30 hours per week on classwork.",
"timestamp": [
336.29,
341.71
]
},
{
"text": "Which is why being a full-time student is\nlike having a full-time job",
"timestamp": [
341.71,
344.419
]
},
{
"text": "even though you’re not in class 40 hours\na week!",
"timestamp": [
344.419,
346.54
]
},
{
"text": "Of course different classes require different\namounts of work,",
"timestamp": [
346.54,
349.26
]
},
{
"text": "but credit hours can be a useful gauge for\nmanaging your time each semester.",
"timestamp": [
349.26,
352.76
]
},
{
"text": "And if you plan to work part-time while in\ncollege,",
"timestamp": [
352.76,
354.919
]
},
{
"text": "you can use this method to figure out how\nmuch time you can expect to spend on classes",
"timestamp": [
354.919,
358.21
]
},
{
"text": "so that you can set a realistic work schedule.",
"timestamp": [
358.21,
360.75
]
},
{
"text": "So really, all that’s left is to actually\nchoose your classes and major!",
"timestamp": [
360.75,
364.52
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a big decision, but not one that has\nto be overly stressful.",
"timestamp": [
364.52,
368.449
]
},
{
"text": "Even before starting college you’ll probably\nhear the question",
"timestamp": [
368.449,
371.19
]
},
{
"text": "“What are you studying?”",
"timestamp": [
371.19,
372.25
]
},
{
"text": "all the time, and it’s totally okay to say\n“I’m not sure yet!”",
"timestamp": [
372.25,
375.55
]
},
{
"text": "A lot of people start college without knowing\nwhat they want to major in,",
"timestamp": [
375.55,
378.44
]
},
{
"text": "and there's nothing wrong with taking some\ntime to weigh our options.",
"timestamp": [
378.44,
381.59
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, some departments already have suggested\nclasses for first-year students.",
"timestamp": [
381.59,
386.13
]
},
{
"text": "Some engineering programs, for example, may\nwant new students to take calculus",
"timestamp": [
386.13,
390.07
]
},
{
"text": "so they know what to expect later on.",
"timestamp": [
390.07,
392.05
]
},
{
"text": "And some students select a desired major on\ntheir application, but it’s normal to remain",
"timestamp": [
392.05,
396.73
]
},
{
"text": "“undeclared”",
"timestamp": [
396.73,
397.73
]
},
{
"text": "for our first one or two semesters of full-time\nenrollment.",
"timestamp": [
397.73,
399.79
]
},
{
"text": "In “academic speak,” being undecided means\nthat you haven’t yet declared a major,",
"timestamp": [
399.79,
403.9
]
},
{
"text": "which is when you yell your favorite subject\nas loud as you can from your window.",
"timestamp": [
403.9,
407.15
]
},
{
"text": "Just kidding!",
"timestamp": [
407.15,
408.15
]
},
{
"text": "Declaring a major actually usually just means\nformally telling the college",
"timestamp": [
408.15,
411.27
]
},
{
"text": "what path you plan on taking by submitting\nsome paperwork.",
"timestamp": [
411.27,
414.06
]
},
{
"text": "But even if you do shout it from the rooftops,\ndon’t worry.",
"timestamp": [
414.06,
417.32
]
},
{
"text": "Your major isn’t necessarily set in stone.",
"timestamp": [
417.32,
419.81
]
},
{
"text": "Many students switch majors when they change\ntheir career plans or simply change their",
"timestamp": [
419.81,
422.69
]
},
{
"text": "mind.",
"timestamp": [
422.69,
423.69
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, about a third of students end up\nswitching majors.",
"timestamp": [
423.69,
426.46
]
},
{
"text": "So pivoting is not unusual in college, but\nyou should still think through the options",
"timestamp": [
426.46,
430.479
]
},
{
"text": "because it’s not always possible to switch\njust like that.",
"timestamp": [
430.479,
433.12
]
},
{
"text": "At 4-year colleges, switching your path late\nin the game might mean having to stay for",
"timestamp": [
433.12,
437.03
]
},
{
"text": "extra semesters.",
"timestamp": [
437.03,
438.03
]
},
{
"text": "And extra semesters means extra dollars.",
"timestamp": [
438.03,
440.91
]
},
{
"text": "And trade schools often specialize in degree\nprograms or certificates for a set of careers.",
"timestamp": [
440.91,
445
]
},
{
"text": "So if you start out wanting to be a chef and\nenroll in culinary school",
"timestamp": [
445,
447.99
]
},
{
"text": "but then decide your passion was really heating,\nventilation, and air conditioning systems,",
"timestamp": [
447.99,
451.61
]
},
{
"text": "that’s going to be tricky–but not impossible\nwith planning!",
"timestamp": [
451.61,
455.07
]
},
{
"text": "Community colleges can also provide several\ndifferent routes.",
"timestamp": [
455.07,
458.13
]
},
{
"text": "One option is to enroll as a degree-seeking\nstudent",
"timestamp": [
458.13,
460.66
]
},
{
"text": "and earn an Associate’s degree in an area\nof study.",
"timestamp": [
460.66,
463.1
]
},
{
"text": "But we could also enroll to take college-level\ncourses without committing to a degree.",
"timestamp": [
463.1,
467.52
]
},
{
"text": "In either case, it’s possible for students\nto transfer from community college",
"timestamp": [
467.52,
471.289
]
},
{
"text": "to a 4-year institution and save the progress\nthey’ve made so far.",
"timestamp": [
471.289,
474.68
]
},
{
"text": "When a student transfers, or switches schools,",
"timestamp": [
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476.93
]
},
{
"text": "they can often use the credits they earned\nat their previous school",
"timestamp": [
476.93,
479.22
]
},
{
"text": "to satisfy requirements at their next one.",
"timestamp": [
479.22,
481.169
]
},
{
"text": "These are called transfer credits.",
"timestamp": [
481.169,
482.979
]
},
{
"text": "For students undecided on a career path,",
"timestamp": [
482.979,
485.11
]
},
{
"text": "the transfer track at a community college\ncan be a great option",
"timestamp": [
485.11,
487.93
]
},
{
"text": "as it gets lots of required classes out of\nthe way.",
"timestamp": [
487.93,
490.36
]
},
{
"text": "Plus, you can get acquainted with the experience\nof taking college-level",
"timestamp": [
490.36,
493.34
]
},
{
"text": "classes before you declare a major.",
"timestamp": [
493.34,
495.139
]
},
{
"text": "However, the sooner you know where you'd like\nto transfer,",
"timestamp": [
495.139,
498.12
]
},
{
"text": "the sooner you know which courses will transfer\nfor credit.",
"timestamp": [
498.12,
501.08
]
},
{
"text": "Generally, public schools are more accepting\nof credits earned elsewhere than private schools.",
"timestamp": [
501.08,
505.03
]
},
{
"text": "But no matter where you go, choosing a major\ncan require lots of reflection and planning.",
"timestamp": [
505.03,
509.75
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, our career plan points us in the\nright direction.",
"timestamp": [
509.75,
512.979
]
},
{
"text": "Like if you want to become a software engineer,",
"timestamp": [
512.979,
514.829
]
},
{
"text": "the computer science major is likely pretty\nhigh on your list.",
"timestamp": [
514.829,
517.539
]
},
{
"text": "But some of us are not yet sure what career\nwe want to pursue.",
"timestamp": [
517.539,
520.839
]
},
{
"text": "And some careers don’t require us to choose\none specific major at all.",
"timestamp": [
520.839,
524.209
]
},
{
"text": "Many first-year students are surprised to\nlearn that pre-med and pre-law",
"timestamp": [
524.209,
527.37
]
},
{
"text": "aren't themselves majors,",
"timestamp": [
527.37,
528.99
]
},
{
"text": "but programs to make sure you take all the\nrequired classes for med or law school",
"timestamp": [
528.99,
533.339
]
},
{
"text": "that can be done with virtually any major.",
"timestamp": [
533.339,
535.6
]
},
{
"text": "So it’s worth thinking through your choices.",
"timestamp": [
535.6,
537.43
]
},
{
"text": "A major may be the main storyline of our college\ncareer,",
"timestamp": [
537.43,
540.97
]
},
{
"text": "but it doesn’t have to be a single-player\ngame.",
"timestamp": [
540.97,
543.01
]
},
{
"text": "There are many resources available to help\nus decide what story will be ours",
"timestamp": [
543.01,
546.81
]
},
{
"text": "and how to navigate its twists and turns.",
"timestamp": [
546.81,
548.65
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
548.65,
550.3
]
},
{
"text": "Say Jordan is trying to decide whether to\nmajor in English Literature or Economics.",
"timestamp": [
550.3,
554.45
]
},
{
"text": "When deciding on a major,",
"timestamp": [
554.45,
556.21
]
},
{
"text": "one of the best options is to get advice from\npeople we admire or whose careers we find",
"timestamp": [
556.21,
560.089
]
},
{
"text": "exciting.",
"timestamp": [
560.089,
561.089
]
},
{
"text": "We can also rely on admissions counselors,\ncareer services departments, or academic advisors.",
"timestamp": [
561.089,
566.32
]
},
{
"text": "Professors can help too, whether you’ve\ntaken a class with them or not.",
"timestamp": [
566.32,
569.18
]
},
{
"text": "Don’t be shy.",
"timestamp": [
569.18,
570.18
]
},
{
"text": "It’s okay to email a professor and make\nan appointment,",
"timestamp": [
570.18,
572.73
]
},
{
"text": "and then ask questions about their field or\ntheir department’s majors.",
"timestamp": [
572.73,
576.35
]
},
{
"text": "Faculty and staff want to see their students\nsucceed, and it’s always possible",
"timestamp": [
576.35,
579.77
]
},
{
"text": "to ask for coaching from the experts.",
"timestamp": [
579.77,
581.68
]
},
{
"text": "There are tons of great online resources for\nchoosing a major, as well.",
"timestamp": [
581.68,
585.02
]
},
{
"text": "Check out our Study Hall channel where you’ll\nfind",
"timestamp": [
585.02,
586.79
]
},
{
"text": "Fast Guides to College Majors which takes\na closer look at many different",
"timestamp": [
586.79,
590.57
]
},
{
"text": "areas of study and what career paths those\nmajors can open for you.",
"timestamp": [
590.57,
594.19
]
},
{
"text": "Click the card or the link in the description.",
"timestamp": [
594.19,
596.13
]
},
{
"text": "You can also use websites like College Navigator\nor Big Future to learn about degree programs.",
"timestamp": [
596.13,
601.22
]
},
{
"text": "And students sometimes try sitting in on a\ncourse",
"timestamp": [
601.22,
603.68
]
},
{
"text": "in order to get a better sense of how a topic\nis taught and what a given department teaches.",
"timestamp": [
603.68,
608.13
]
},
{
"text": "When a student sits in on a course for an\nentire semester, that’s called auditing,",
"timestamp": [
608.13,
612.06
]
},
{
"text": "and it can be a useful tool for making decisions\nabout what to study next",
"timestamp": [
612.06,
616.18
]
},
{
"text": "–although it’s worth mentioning that you\nneed prior permission from the course instructor",
"timestamp": [
616.18,
620.19
]
},
{
"text": "to do this.",
"timestamp": [
620.19,
621.19
]
},
{
"text": "As you satisfy gen ed requirements, you may\nfind yourself wanting",
"timestamp": [
621.19,
624.41
]
},
{
"text": "to take one or two more courses in that topic.",
"timestamp": [
624.41,
627.42
]
},
{
"text": "That can be helpful as well, and if you don’t\nend up using those courses to count towards",
"timestamp": [
627.42,
630.57
]
},
{
"text": "your major,",
"timestamp": [
630.57,
631.57
]
},
{
"text": "they could always become part of a minor,",
"timestamp": [
631.57,
633.46
]
},
{
"text": "or a secondary area of focus.",
"timestamp": [
633.46,
635.25
]
},
{
"text": "Taking classes and talking to professors is\nalways going to be a great option to learn",
"timestamp": [
635.25,
639.18
]
},
{
"text": "about majors.",
"timestamp": [
639.18,
640.18
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
640.18,
641.19
]
},
{
"text": "Remember, a major is an investment.",
"timestamp": [
641.19,
642.82
]
},
{
"text": "One day, when interviewing for a job, the\nmajor you choose",
"timestamp": [
642.82,
645.98
]
},
{
"text": "might help you explain how you developed your\npassions",
"timestamp": [
645.98,
648.149
]
},
{
"text": "and interests into marketable skills.",
"timestamp": [
648.149,
650.01
]
},
{
"text": "And no matter how many wrong turns you make",
"timestamp": [
650.01,
652.12
]
},
{
"text": "or how many classes and credit hours you squeeze\nin,",
"timestamp": [
652.12,
655.2
]
},
{
"text": "remember ultimately college is teaching us\nhow to learn --",
"timestamp": [
655.2,
658.089
]
},
{
"text": "which we’ll keep doing for the rest of our\nlives.",
"timestamp": [
658.089,
660.07
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse How to College.",
"timestamp": [
660.07,
663.29
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded program\ncalled Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
663.29,
666.05
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State\nUniversity to launch Study Hall on its own",
"timestamp": [
666.05,
669.899
]
},
{
"text": "channel.",
"timestamp": [
669.899,
670.899
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll\nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
670.899,
675.43
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational courses\nconnected to college credit courses",
"timestamp": [
675.43,
679.17
]
},
{
"text": "that students struggle most with in their\nfirst 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
679.17,
681.2
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
681.2,
681.75
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course Office Hours: World History
|
3k0v5ZvZrVQ
| 3,471 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 362
},
{
"start_time": 362,
"title": "Causes and effects of the Russian revolution",
"end_time": 955
},
{
"start_time": 955,
"title": "Who was Genghis Khan and how was he able to get so much territory?",
"end_time": 1256
},
{
"start_time": 1256,
"title": "How did the Cold War start?",
"end_time": 1697
},
{
"start_time": 1697,
"title": "Kwame Nkrumah and Ghana in African decolonization and the Cold War",
"end_time": 1863
},
{
"start_time": 1863,
"title": "The differences between the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans",
"end_time": 2169
},
{
"start_time": 2169,
"title": "Ataturk and the origin of nation-states",
"end_time": 2465
},
{
"start_time": 2465,
"title": "What's the best way to look back on history?",
"end_time": 2645
},
{
"start_time": 2645,
"title": "Tips for studying World History",
"end_time": 2904
},
{
"start_time": 2904,
"title": "Why didn't the silk road stretch all the way across Europe?",
"end_time": 3053
},
{
"start_time": 3053,
"title": "Favorite books on history",
"end_time": 3376
},
{
"start_time": 3376,
"title": "Outro",
"end_time": 3471
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Watch our videos and review your \nlearning with the Crash Course App!",
"timestamp": [
0,
3.04
]
},
{
"text": "Watch our videos and review your \nlearning with the Crash Course App!",
"timestamp": [
0,
3.04
]
},
{
"text": "Supplemental content is now \navailable for these courses.",
"timestamp": [
3.04,
15.92
]
},
{
"text": "Supplemental content is now \navailable for these courses.",
"timestamp": [
3.04,
15.92
]
},
{
"text": "[Theme Music]",
"timestamp": [
15.92,
16.88
]
},
{
"text": "[Theme Music]",
"timestamp": [
15.92,
16.88
]
},
{
"text": "I am joined today,\nI don't know if you know this about me,",
"timestamp": [
16.88,
19.68
]
},
{
"text": "I am joined today,\nI don't know if you know this about me,",
"timestamp": [
16.88,
19.68
]
},
{
"text": "but I am not an expert in World History\nor indeed in anything other than",
"timestamp": [
19.68,
24.08
]
},
{
"text": "but I am not an expert in World History\nor indeed in anything other than",
"timestamp": [
19.68,
24.08
]
},
{
"text": "signing your name over and over again.",
"timestamp": [
24.08,
25.52
]
},
{
"text": "signing your name over and over again.",
"timestamp": [
24.08,
25.52
]
},
{
"text": "I am joined by an actual expert\nwho knows a lot about World History,",
"timestamp": [
25.52,
29.84
]
},
{
"text": "I am joined by an actual expert\nwho knows a lot about World History,",
"timestamp": [
25.52,
29.84
]
},
{
"text": "Cathy Keller.\nHello, Cathy.",
"timestamp": [
30.64,
32.4
]
},
{
"text": "Cathy Keller.\nHello, Cathy.",
"timestamp": [
30.64,
32.4
]
},
{
"text": ">Hi, everyone.\nI'm Cathy Keller.",
"timestamp": [
34,
36.08
]
},
{
"text": ">Hi, everyone.\nI'm Cathy Keller.",
"timestamp": [
34,
36.08
]
},
{
"text": "I'm a history teacher and I was a consultant\non the Crash Course European History series.",
"timestamp": [
36.08,
41.44
]
},
{
"text": "I'm a history teacher and I was a consultant\non the Crash Course European History series.",
"timestamp": [
36.08,
41.44
]
},
{
"text": "<We are so grateful to you for doing it.\n>Thanks.",
"timestamp": [
42.48,
46.08
]
},
{
"text": "<We are so grateful to you for doing it.\n>Thanks.",
"timestamp": [
42.48,
46.08
]
},
{
"text": "<Thank you.",
"timestamp": [
46.08,
46.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Thank you.",
"timestamp": [
46.08,
46.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Here's how the study session is going to go.",
"timestamp": [
47.36,
49.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Here's how the study session is going to go.",
"timestamp": [
47.36,
49.04
]
},
{
"text": "We are going to ask questions \nthat you have sent in.",
"timestamp": [
49.04,
53.52
]
},
{
"text": "We are going to ask questions \nthat you have sent in.",
"timestamp": [
49.04,
53.52
]
},
{
"text": "Many of you have sent in questions ahead of time.",
"timestamp": [
53.52,
55.44
]
},
{
"text": "Many of you have sent in questions ahead of time.",
"timestamp": [
53.52,
55.44
]
},
{
"text": "We're going to get to those \nmost pressing questions.",
"timestamp": [
56.32,
59.12
]
},
{
"text": "We're going to get to those \nmost pressing questions.",
"timestamp": [
56.32,
59.12
]
},
{
"text": "We'll go through some of those.",
"timestamp": [
59.12,
61.04
]
},
{
"text": "We'll go through some of those.",
"timestamp": [
59.12,
61.04
]
},
{
"text": "Then, we will provide a few tips on studying ",
"timestamp": [
61.04,
64.56
]
},
{
"text": "Then, we will provide a few tips on studying ",
"timestamp": [
61.04,
64.56
]
},
{
"text": "World History and maybe even a \nlittle bit of test-taking advice.",
"timestamp": [
64.56,
68.96
]
},
{
"text": "World History and maybe even a \nlittle bit of test-taking advice.",
"timestamp": [
64.56,
68.96
]
},
{
"text": "We will end with answering \nsome questions from the chat,",
"timestamp": [
68.96,
71.92
]
},
{
"text": "We will end with answering \nsome questions from the chat,",
"timestamp": [
68.96,
71.92
]
},
{
"text": "so questions, if you're watching at \nyoutube.com/crashcourse right now,",
"timestamp": [
71.92,
75.6
]
},
{
"text": "so questions, if you're watching at \nyoutube.com/crashcourse right now,",
"timestamp": [
71.92,
75.6
]
},
{
"text": "questions that you can ask us, and \nwe will be answering those as well.",
"timestamp": [
75.6,
79.28
]
},
{
"text": "questions that you can ask us, and \nwe will be answering those as well.",
"timestamp": [
75.6,
79.28
]
},
{
"text": "Before we get to the first questions,",
"timestamp": [
79.28,
81.04
]
},
{
"text": "Before we get to the first questions,",
"timestamp": [
79.28,
81.04
]
},
{
"text": "we want to start a little bit by talking about\nour partner for office hours, Flipgrid.",
"timestamp": [
81.04,
85.12
]
},
{
"text": "we want to start a little bit by talking about\nour partner for office hours, Flipgrid.",
"timestamp": [
81.04,
85.12
]
},
{
"text": "Flipgrid is the free video \ndiscussion app from Microsoft,",
"timestamp": [
85.12,
88.72
]
},
{
"text": "Flipgrid is the free video \ndiscussion app from Microsoft,",
"timestamp": [
85.12,
88.72
]
},
{
"text": "with the mission to make learning fun \nand empowering and accessible for all.",
"timestamp": [
88.72,
93.04
]
},
{
"text": "with the mission to make learning fun \nand empowering and accessible for all.",
"timestamp": [
88.72,
93.04
]
},
{
"text": "It's been used in the classroom for ",
"timestamp": [
93.04,
94.8
]
},
{
"text": "It's been used in the classroom for ",
"timestamp": [
93.04,
94.8
]
},
{
"text": "nearly a decade.\nMy kids use it.",
"timestamp": [
94.8,
97.36
]
},
{
"text": "nearly a decade.\nMy kids use it.",
"timestamp": [
94.8,
97.36
]
},
{
"text": "I was going to say your kids probably use it,\nbut if you're studying for a world history test,",
"timestamp": [
98.4,
102
]
},
{
"text": "I was going to say your kids probably use it,\nbut if you're studying for a world history test,",
"timestamp": [
98.4,
102
]
},
{
"text": "you may not have kids,\nbut lots of kids use it.",
"timestamp": [
102,
104.64
]
},
{
"text": "you may not have kids,\nbut lots of kids use it.",
"timestamp": [
102,
104.64
]
},
{
"text": "As we talk about preparing for exams,\nFlipgrid is a convenient way to host study groups",
"timestamp": [
104.64,
108.72
]
},
{
"text": "As we talk about preparing for exams,\nFlipgrid is a convenient way to host study groups",
"timestamp": [
104.64,
108.72
]
},
{
"text": "without having to coordinate \naround class schedules ",
"timestamp": [
108.72,
110.48
]
},
{
"text": "without having to coordinate \naround class schedules ",
"timestamp": [
108.72,
110.48
]
},
{
"text": "for after-school commitments.",
"timestamp": [
110.48,
112
]
},
{
"text": "for after-school commitments.",
"timestamp": [
110.48,
112
]
},
{
"text": "You can create a group, start a topic,\nand send the link to anyone who wants to join.",
"timestamp": [
112,
116.16
]
},
{
"text": "You can create a group, start a topic,\nand send the link to anyone who wants to join.",
"timestamp": [
112,
116.16
]
},
{
"text": "You can record video or audio responses,\ndiscuss specific concepts and detail,",
"timestamp": [
116.16,
121.12
]
},
{
"text": "You can record video or audio responses,\ndiscuss specific concepts and detail,",
"timestamp": [
116.16,
121.12
]
},
{
"text": "quiz each other, prep for group presentations.\nIt's really flexible.",
"timestamp": [
121.12,
125.84
]
},
{
"text": "quiz each other, prep for group presentations.\nIt's really flexible.",
"timestamp": [
121.12,
125.84
]
},
{
"text": "We hear from Crash Course viewers all the time\nabout how helpful video is as a learning tool,",
"timestamp": [
125.84,
131.36
]
},
{
"text": "We hear from Crash Course viewers all the time\nabout how helpful video is as a learning tool,",
"timestamp": [
125.84,
131.36
]
},
{
"text": "and it is one of the reasons, of course,\nwhy we make Crash Course.",
"timestamp": [
131.36,
134.64
]
},
{
"text": "and it is one of the reasons, of course,\nwhy we make Crash Course.",
"timestamp": [
131.36,
134.64
]
},
{
"text": "But connecting with peers, and learning \nin groups with your peers in community,",
"timestamp": [
134.64,
139.2
]
},
{
"text": "But connecting with peers, and learning \nin groups with your peers in community,",
"timestamp": [
134.64,
139.2
]
},
{
"text": "is a wonderful and really powerful \nthing that Flipgrid helps make happen.",
"timestamp": [
139.2,
144.24
]
},
{
"text": "is a wonderful and really powerful \nthing that Flipgrid helps make happen.",
"timestamp": [
139.2,
144.24
]
},
{
"text": "We use Flipgrid to collect some of \nyour questions for these live streams.",
"timestamp": [
144.24,
147.28
]
},
{
"text": "We use Flipgrid to collect some of \nyour questions for these live streams.",
"timestamp": [
144.24,
147.28
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so we're going to get to that now.",
"timestamp": [
147.28,
149.84
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so we're going to get to that now.",
"timestamp": [
147.28,
149.84
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, so...",
"timestamp": [
150.56,
151.12
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, so...",
"timestamp": [
150.56,
151.12
]
},
{
"text": "Cathy--\n>Yes?",
"timestamp": [
152.72,
154.64
]
},
{
"text": "Cathy--\n>Yes?",
"timestamp": [
152.72,
154.64
]
},
{
"text": "<Before we answer any of these questions,\ncan I ask you a broad question?",
"timestamp": [
154.64,
158.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Before we answer any of these questions,\ncan I ask you a broad question?",
"timestamp": [
154.64,
158.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Sure.",
"timestamp": [
159.36,
159.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Sure.",
"timestamp": [
159.36,
159.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Because when I'm studying for a test,\nI personally find it helpful to have a sense of",
"timestamp": [
159.84,
165.52
]
},
{
"text": "<Because when I'm studying for a test,\nI personally find it helpful to have a sense of",
"timestamp": [
159.84,
165.52
]
},
{
"text": "why I'm studying for the test,\nwhy the test exists,",
"timestamp": [
165.52,
169.84
]
},
{
"text": "why I'm studying for the test,\nwhy the test exists,",
"timestamp": [
165.52,
169.84
]
},
{
"text": "why I'm studying this at all.",
"timestamp": [
170.4,
171.84
]
},
{
"text": "why I'm studying this at all.",
"timestamp": [
170.4,
171.84
]
},
{
"text": "Why do you study history?",
"timestamp": [
173.28,
174.8
]
},
{
"text": "Why do you study history?",
"timestamp": [
173.28,
174.8
]
},
{
"text": "Why do you teach history?",
"timestamp": [
174.8,
175.92
]
},
{
"text": "Why do you teach history?",
"timestamp": [
174.8,
175.92
]
},
{
"text": "Why do you think it's important to learn history?",
"timestamp": [
175.92,
178.4
]
},
{
"text": "Why do you think it's important to learn history?",
"timestamp": [
175.92,
178.4
]
},
{
"text": ">I was an English and History \ndouble major in college, ",
"timestamp": [
181.28,
186.24
]
},
{
"text": ">I was an English and History \ndouble major in college, ",
"timestamp": [
181.28,
186.24
]
},
{
"text": "and I think that those two go so well together,",
"timestamp": [
186.24,
189.04
]
},
{
"text": "and I think that those two go so well together,",
"timestamp": [
186.24,
189.04
]
},
{
"text": "in part, just because I love stories.\nLike, one of the things that first,",
"timestamp": [
189.04,
192.4
]
},
{
"text": "in part, just because I love stories.\nLike, one of the things that first,",
"timestamp": [
189.04,
192.4
]
},
{
"text": "probably the two things\nthat first really hooked me on history",
"timestamp": [
193.28,
196.16
]
},
{
"text": "probably the two things\nthat first really hooked me on history",
"timestamp": [
193.28,
196.16
]
},
{
"text": "were the assassination of Abraham Lincoln\nand the Russian Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
196.16,
201.28
]
},
{
"text": "were the assassination of Abraham Lincoln\nand the Russian Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
196.16,
201.28
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know why those two things,\nbut I just found the stories",
"timestamp": [
201.28,
204.48
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know why those two things,\nbut I just found the stories",
"timestamp": [
201.28,
204.48
]
},
{
"text": "and the people so interesting.",
"timestamp": [
204.48,
206.32
]
},
{
"text": "and the people so interesting.",
"timestamp": [
204.48,
206.32
]
},
{
"text": "I think we can learn so much about the present\nby studying the past.",
"timestamp": [
206.32,
210.32
]
},
{
"text": "I think we can learn so much about the present\nby studying the past.",
"timestamp": [
206.32,
210.32
]
},
{
"text": "Now, I don't really think \nthat we learn from the past ",
"timestamp": [
210.32,
213.76
]
},
{
"text": "Now, I don't really think \nthat we learn from the past ",
"timestamp": [
210.32,
213.76
]
},
{
"text": "to avoid making the same mistakes.",
"timestamp": [
213.76,
215.52
]
},
{
"text": "to avoid making the same mistakes.",
"timestamp": [
213.76,
215.52
]
},
{
"text": "I think we're actually pretty bad at that,\nbut I feel like understanding how people",
"timestamp": [
215.52,
220.88
]
},
{
"text": "I think we're actually pretty bad at that,\nbut I feel like understanding how people",
"timestamp": [
215.52,
220.88
]
},
{
"text": "have done things in the past can make us\nmake better decisions now,",
"timestamp": [
220.88,
224.88
]
},
{
"text": "have done things in the past can make us\nmake better decisions now,",
"timestamp": [
220.88,
224.88
]
},
{
"text": "if we're paying attention.",
"timestamp": [
225.6,
227.2
]
},
{
"text": "if we're paying attention.",
"timestamp": [
225.6,
227.2
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, I think that a lot of people\njust assume history is a bunch of",
"timestamp": [
227.2,
232.4
]
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, I think that a lot of people\njust assume history is a bunch of",
"timestamp": [
227.2,
232.4
]
},
{
"text": "memorizing names and dates.",
"timestamp": [
232.4,
233.84
]
},
{
"text": "memorizing names and dates.",
"timestamp": [
232.4,
233.84
]
},
{
"text": "I think that it's much more about big connections\nabout how people work,",
"timestamp": [
234.56,
240
]
},
{
"text": "I think that it's much more about big connections\nabout how people work,",
"timestamp": [
234.56,
240
]
},
{
"text": "about how societies work,\nabout how we make decisions,",
"timestamp": [
240,
243.04
]
},
{
"text": "about how societies work,\nabout how we make decisions,",
"timestamp": [
240,
243.04
]
},
{
"text": "what works, what doesn't work.",
"timestamp": [
243.04,
244.32
]
},
{
"text": "what works, what doesn't work.",
"timestamp": [
243.04,
244.32
]
},
{
"text": "I just think it's informed so much about\nhow I think about the present",
"timestamp": [
245.6,
249.28
]
},
{
"text": "I just think it's informed so much about\nhow I think about the present",
"timestamp": [
245.6,
249.28
]
},
{
"text": "that I find it just endlessly fascinating.",
"timestamp": [
249.92,
254
]
},
{
"text": "that I find it just endlessly fascinating.",
"timestamp": [
249.92,
254
]
},
{
"text": "Also, people are weird.",
"timestamp": [
254,
255.28
]
},
{
"text": "Also, people are weird.",
"timestamp": [
254,
255.28
]
},
{
"text": "They do really bizarre things\nand that never fails to entertain me.",
"timestamp": [
255.28,
263.44
]
},
{
"text": "They do really bizarre things\nand that never fails to entertain me.",
"timestamp": [
255.28,
263.44
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. I feel the same way.",
"timestamp": [
263.44,
264.8
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. I feel the same way.",
"timestamp": [
263.44,
264.8
]
},
{
"text": "There's something wonderful about\nknowing that a lot of our problems aren't new",
"timestamp": [
264.8,
268.88
]
},
{
"text": "There's something wonderful about\nknowing that a lot of our problems aren't new",
"timestamp": [
264.8,
268.88
]
},
{
"text": "and about knowing that a lot of\nthe challenges we face aren't new.",
"timestamp": [
268.88,
272.88
]
},
{
"text": "and about knowing that a lot of\nthe challenges we face aren't new.",
"timestamp": [
268.88,
272.88
]
},
{
"text": "Also, there's something wonderful for me\nin knowing that a lot of the challenges",
"timestamp": [
272.88,
276
]
},
{
"text": "Also, there's something wonderful for me\nin knowing that a lot of the challenges",
"timestamp": [
272.88,
276
]
},
{
"text": "that we used to face that seemed\ncompletely unsolvable and unaddressable",
"timestamp": [
276,
280.56
]
},
{
"text": "that we used to face that seemed\ncompletely unsolvable and unaddressable",
"timestamp": [
276,
280.56
]
},
{
"text": "in their time got solved and got addressed.\nFor me, that's a real encouragement.",
"timestamp": [
280.56,
288.16
]
},
{
"text": "in their time got solved and got addressed.\nFor me, that's a real encouragement.",
"timestamp": [
280.56,
288.16
]
},
{
"text": "There's some hope for me in history.",
"timestamp": [
288.16,
290.16
]
},
{
"text": "There's some hope for me in history.",
"timestamp": [
288.16,
290.16
]
},
{
"text": "Yes, it is the story of people making\nthe same mistakes over and over again.",
"timestamp": [
290.16,
293.6
]
},
{
"text": "Yes, it is the story of people making\nthe same mistakes over and over again.",
"timestamp": [
290.16,
293.6
]
},
{
"text": "But it is also a story of real lasting change.",
"timestamp": [
294.24,
298.72
]
},
{
"text": "But it is also a story of real lasting change.",
"timestamp": [
294.24,
298.72
]
},
{
"text": "Life today is different from what it was like\nduring the Russian Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
298.72,
302.8
]
},
{
"text": "Life today is different from what it was like\nduring the Russian Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
298.72,
302.8
]
},
{
"text": "It is certainly different than\nwhat it was like in the 1200s.",
"timestamp": [
302.8,
306.4
]
},
{
"text": "It is certainly different than\nwhat it was like in the 1200s.",
"timestamp": [
302.8,
306.4
]
},
{
"text": "The story of how we went on the journey that we've \ngone on in these last 800 years or 10,000 years,",
"timestamp": [
307.2,
314.08
]
},
{
"text": "The story of how we went on the journey that we've \ngone on in these last 800 years or 10,000 years,",
"timestamp": [
307.2,
314.08
]
},
{
"text": "however long you want to define history,\nis really, really interesting.",
"timestamp": [
314.08,
317.84
]
},
{
"text": "however long you want to define history,\nis really, really interesting.",
"timestamp": [
314.08,
317.84
]
},
{
"text": "I agree, above all else, for me,\nit is a fascinating story that helps",
"timestamp": [
318.64,
322.64
]
},
{
"text": "I agree, above all else, for me,\nit is a fascinating story that helps",
"timestamp": [
318.64,
322.64
]
},
{
"text": "me understand how we got to now\nand why now looks the way it does.",
"timestamp": [
322.64,
327.12
]
},
{
"text": "me understand how we got to now\nand why now looks the way it does.",
"timestamp": [
322.64,
327.12
]
},
{
"text": "Which also makes me think about\nhow now might look different.",
"timestamp": [
327.12,
331.2
]
},
{
"text": "Which also makes me think about\nhow now might look different.",
"timestamp": [
327.12,
331.2
]
},
{
"text": ">With a little hindsight, right?",
"timestamp": [
333.44,
335.04
]
},
{
"text": ">With a little hindsight, right?",
"timestamp": [
333.44,
335.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Yeah.\nIt gives you a little bit of an ability",
"timestamp": [
335.04,
337.76
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Yeah.\nIt gives you a little bit of an ability",
"timestamp": [
335.04,
337.76
]
},
{
"text": "to see your historical moment\nin a greater context,",
"timestamp": [
337.76,
342.32
]
},
{
"text": "to see your historical moment\nin a greater context,",
"timestamp": [
337.76,
342.32
]
},
{
"text": "which for me anyway, makes my\nhistorical moment slightly less terrifying,",
"timestamp": [
342.32,
346.88
]
},
{
"text": "which for me anyway, makes my\nhistorical moment slightly less terrifying,",
"timestamp": [
342.32,
346.88
]
},
{
"text": "only slightly, but it does help.",
"timestamp": [
346.88,
350.56
]
},
{
"text": "only slightly, but it does help.",
"timestamp": [
346.88,
350.56
]
},
{
"text": "We're going to actually start\nwith the Russian Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
351.76,
353.52
]
},
{
"text": "We're going to actually start\nwith the Russian Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
351.76,
353.52
]
},
{
"text": "We're going to start with your favorite,\nor what got you hooked on history,",
"timestamp": [
353.52,
358.8
]
},
{
"text": "We're going to start with your favorite,\nor what got you hooked on history,",
"timestamp": [
353.52,
358.8
]
},
{
"text": "the causes and effects of the Russian Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
358.8,
361.84
]
},
{
"text": "the causes and effects of the Russian Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
358.8,
361.84
]
},
{
"text": "Geet Grover, and I apologize if \nI mispronounce any of your names ",
"timestamp": [
362.8,
366
]
},
{
"text": "Geet Grover, and I apologize if \nI mispronounce any of your names ",
"timestamp": [
362.8,
366
]
},
{
"text": "or indeed if I mispronounced the \nnames of major historical figures.",
"timestamp": [
366,
369.04
]
},
{
"text": "or indeed if I mispronounced the \nnames of major historical figures.",
"timestamp": [
366,
369.04
]
},
{
"text": "I'll remind you that \nmispronouncing things is my thing.",
"timestamp": [
369.04,
371.12
]
},
{
"text": "I'll remind you that \nmispronouncing things is my thing.",
"timestamp": [
369.04,
371.12
]
},
{
"text": "They asked, can we talk about the background \nevents that triggered the Russian Revolution?",
"timestamp": [
373.2,
379.36
]
},
{
"text": "They asked, can we talk about the background \nevents that triggered the Russian Revolution?",
"timestamp": [
373.2,
379.36
]
},
{
"text": "And Dineo asked, why Rasputin was \nso important to the Royal family?",
"timestamp": [
379.36,
385.04
]
},
{
"text": "And Dineo asked, why Rasputin was \nso important to the Royal family?",
"timestamp": [
379.36,
385.04
]
},
{
"text": "I want to add a PS there, Cathy,\n/was/ Rasputin so important to the Royal family?",
"timestamp": [
385.04,
389.76
]
},
{
"text": "I want to add a PS there, Cathy,\n/was/ Rasputin so important to the Royal family?",
"timestamp": [
385.04,
389.76
]
},
{
"text": ">I think that he was, in the sense that\nthey had this desperately ill child",
"timestamp": [
391.68,
396.64
]
},
{
"text": ">I think that he was, in the sense that\nthey had this desperately ill child",
"timestamp": [
391.68,
396.64
]
},
{
"text": "who they were hoping to cure, and there\nwas no cure for hemophilia at that time.",
"timestamp": [
396.64,
402.48
]
},
{
"text": "who they were hoping to cure, and there\nwas no cure for hemophilia at that time.",
"timestamp": [
396.64,
402.48
]
},
{
"text": "I think it's been overplayed, in part\nbecause he's such a fascinating character.",
"timestamp": [
402.48,
406.48
]
},
{
"text": "I think it's been overplayed, in part\nbecause he's such a fascinating character.",
"timestamp": [
402.48,
406.48
]
},
{
"text": "The pictures of him are just so creepy.",
"timestamp": [
407.76,
409.273
]
},
{
"text": "The pictures of him are just so creepy.",
"timestamp": [
407.76,
409.273
]
},
{
"text": "<Oh, he's a great ... Nobody looks like Rasputin.",
"timestamp": [
409.273,
412.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Oh, he's a great ... Nobody looks like Rasputin.",
"timestamp": [
409.273,
412.48
]
},
{
"text": ">[laughs]\nNo, they seem over the top, really.",
"timestamp": [
413.4,
419.52
]
},
{
"text": ">[laughs]\nNo, they seem over the top, really.",
"timestamp": [
413.4,
419.52
]
},
{
"text": "<[laughs]\nYeah.",
"timestamp": [
419.52,
421.6
]
},
{
"text": "<[laughs]\nYeah.",
"timestamp": [
419.52,
421.6
]
},
{
"text": ">He was over the top.\nHis personality was huge.",
"timestamp": [
421.6,
424.56
]
},
{
"text": ">He was over the top.\nHis personality was huge.",
"timestamp": [
421.6,
424.56
]
},
{
"text": "I think he was kind of a party animal...\nso that was just helping part of, though,",
"timestamp": [
425.44,
430.8
]
},
{
"text": "I think he was kind of a party animal...\nso that was just helping part of, though,",
"timestamp": [
425.44,
430.8
]
},
{
"text": "a larger destabilization\nof Russia at that time.",
"timestamp": [
430.8,
435.68
]
},
{
"text": "a larger destabilization\nof Russia at that time.",
"timestamp": [
430.8,
435.68
]
},
{
"text": "Just to give some context for Russia\nin 1917, for a lot of the 19th Century,",
"timestamp": [
437.2,
443.92
]
},
{
"text": "Just to give some context for Russia\nin 1917, for a lot of the 19th Century,",
"timestamp": [
437.2,
443.92
]
},
{
"text": "Russia was pretty reactionary\nand slow to modernize.",
"timestamp": [
443.92,
447.6
]
},
{
"text": "Russia was pretty reactionary\nand slow to modernize.",
"timestamp": [
443.92,
447.6
]
},
{
"text": "They weren't really industrializing very quickly.",
"timestamp": [
447.6,
450.16
]
},
{
"text": "They weren't really industrializing very quickly.",
"timestamp": [
447.6,
450.16
]
},
{
"text": "There were some exceptions like Alexander II,\nwho was the tsar that freed the Serfs in 1861",
"timestamp": [
450.16,
457.44
]
},
{
"text": "There were some exceptions like Alexander II,\nwho was the tsar that freed the Serfs in 1861",
"timestamp": [
450.16,
457.44
]
},
{
"text": "and banned corporal punishment in the army,\nbut he was assassinated in 1881.",
"timestamp": [
457.44,
461.92
]
},
{
"text": "and banned corporal punishment in the army,\nbut he was assassinated in 1881.",
"timestamp": [
457.44,
461.92
]
},
{
"text": "When Nicholas became tsar in 1894,\nhe was never very popular.",
"timestamp": [
462.64,
466.64
]
},
{
"text": "When Nicholas became tsar in 1894,\nhe was never very popular.",
"timestamp": [
462.64,
466.64
]
},
{
"text": "He supported some of the attempts\nby his advisors to reform and modernize,",
"timestamp": [
467.44,
471.92
]
},
{
"text": "He supported some of the attempts\nby his advisors to reform and modernize,",
"timestamp": [
467.44,
471.92
]
},
{
"text": "but he really only agreed to the creation\nof the Douma, or the Parliament,",
"timestamp": [
471.92,
476.96
]
},
{
"text": "but he really only agreed to the creation\nof the Douma, or the Parliament,",
"timestamp": [
471.92,
476.96
]
},
{
"text": "because of a revolution in 1905.",
"timestamp": [
476.96,
479.68
]
},
{
"text": "because of a revolution in 1905.",
"timestamp": [
476.96,
479.68
]
},
{
"text": "Once World War I starts,\nor once the Archduke is assassinated,",
"timestamp": [
482.08,
486.24
]
},
{
"text": "Once World War I starts,\nor once the Archduke is assassinated,",
"timestamp": [
482.08,
486.24
]
},
{
"text": "Nicholas supported Serbia after his assassination.",
"timestamp": [
486.24,
489.04
]
},
{
"text": "Nicholas supported Serbia after his assassination.",
"timestamp": [
486.24,
489.04
]
},
{
"text": "Then, Russia's involvement in World War I was, ",
"timestamp": [
489.6,
492
]
},
{
"text": "Then, Russia's involvement in World War I was, ",
"timestamp": [
489.6,
492
]
},
{
"text": "I think, really the death \nblow to the Russian monarchy.",
"timestamp": [
492,
494.4
]
},
{
"text": "I think, really the death \nblow to the Russian monarchy.",
"timestamp": [
492,
494.4
]
},
{
"text": "Nicholas didn't really create any kind of\nadministrative machine to support the war effort",
"timestamp": [
495.36,
501.04
]
},
{
"text": "Nicholas didn't really create any kind of\nadministrative machine to support the war effort",
"timestamp": [
495.36,
501.04
]
},
{
"text": "with things that were important in war, like guns\nand bullets and uniforms and medicine and food.",
"timestamp": [
501.04,
508.4
]
},
{
"text": "with things that were important in war, like guns\nand bullets and uniforms and medicine and food.",
"timestamp": [
501.04,
508.4
]
},
{
"text": "<Right\n>So they're just consistently trounced",
"timestamp": [
508.96,
511.6
]
},
{
"text": "<Right\n>So they're just consistently trounced",
"timestamp": [
508.96,
511.6
]
},
{
"text": "by the Germans on the Eastern front,\nwhich was absolutely brutal.",
"timestamp": [
511.6,
515.04
]
},
{
"text": "by the Germans on the Eastern front,\nwhich was absolutely brutal.",
"timestamp": [
511.6,
515.04
]
},
{
"text": "This is going to cause all sorts of\nwar weariness, mutinies, and general strikes",
"timestamp": [
516.16,
522
]
},
{
"text": "This is going to cause all sorts of\nwar weariness, mutinies, and general strikes",
"timestamp": [
516.16,
522
]
},
{
"text": "that make it even harder to continue fighting ",
"timestamp": [
522,
524
]
},
{
"text": "that make it even harder to continue fighting ",
"timestamp": [
522,
524
]
},
{
"text": "and producing the goods that \nthey needed to fight the war.",
"timestamp": [
524,
526.32
]
},
{
"text": "and producing the goods that \nthey needed to fight the war.",
"timestamp": [
524,
526.32
]
},
{
"text": "Rasputin is just going to \nhelp to delegitimize the tsar.",
"timestamp": [
527.84,
531.2
]
},
{
"text": "Rasputin is just going to \nhelp to delegitimize the tsar.",
"timestamp": [
527.84,
531.2
]
},
{
"text": "I think one of the reasons that Rasputin\nlooked to have so much power",
"timestamp": [
532.24,
535.6
]
},
{
"text": "I think one of the reasons that Rasputin\nlooked to have so much power",
"timestamp": [
532.24,
535.6
]
},
{
"text": "is probably just he didn't touch Alexis.",
"timestamp": [
535.6,
539.2
]
},
{
"text": "is probably just he didn't touch Alexis.",
"timestamp": [
535.6,
539.2
]
},
{
"text": "That probably helped prevent the forming\nof clots that might have been forming.",
"timestamp": [
540,
544.32
]
},
{
"text": "That probably helped prevent the forming\nof clots that might have been forming.",
"timestamp": [
540,
544.32
]
},
{
"text": "There are some other theories about\nwhy that could have been,",
"timestamp": [
544.32,
546.56
]
},
{
"text": "There are some other theories about\nwhy that could have been,",
"timestamp": [
544.32,
546.56
]
},
{
"text": "but hemophilia was untreatable.",
"timestamp": [
546.56,
548.32
]
},
{
"text": "but hemophilia was untreatable.",
"timestamp": [
546.56,
548.32
]
},
{
"text": "Here's this creepy guy, in \ntight with the Royal family, ",
"timestamp": [
549.2,
553.52
]
},
{
"text": "Here's this creepy guy, in \ntight with the Royal family, ",
"timestamp": [
549.2,
553.52
]
},
{
"text": "that was just further delegitimizing him.",
"timestamp": [
553.52,
557.12
]
},
{
"text": "that was just further delegitimizing him.",
"timestamp": [
553.52,
557.12
]
},
{
"text": "But to look at 1917, specifically, there's\nactually two revolutions in Russia in 1917.",
"timestamp": [
558.16,
565.2
]
},
{
"text": "But to look at 1917, specifically, there's\nactually two revolutions in Russia in 1917.",
"timestamp": [
558.16,
565.2
]
},
{
"text": "The first starts in February, which\nis on the old Russian calendar.",
"timestamp": [
565.2,
569.28
]
},
{
"text": "The first starts in February, which\nis on the old Russian calendar.",
"timestamp": [
565.2,
569.28
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes the dates are a little funky\nwhen we get to the Russian Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
569.28,
573.28
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes the dates are a little funky\nwhen we get to the Russian Revolution.",
"timestamp": [
569.28,
573.28
]
},
{
"text": "In Petrograd, which we now call St. Petersburg,\nwhich they had previously called St. Petersburg,",
"timestamp": [
573.28,
578.08
]
},
{
"text": "In Petrograd, which we now call St. Petersburg,\nwhich they had previously called St. Petersburg,",
"timestamp": [
573.28,
578.08
]
},
{
"text": "but we'll say Petrograd for now.",
"timestamp": [
578.08,
579.68
]
},
{
"text": "but we'll say Petrograd for now.",
"timestamp": [
578.08,
579.68
]
},
{
"text": "On International Women's \nDay, women have this parade ",
"timestamp": [
581.04,
585.28
]
},
{
"text": "On International Women's \nDay, women have this parade ",
"timestamp": [
581.04,
585.28
]
},
{
"text": "and started protesting food \nscarcity and casualties",
"timestamp": [
585.28,
588.64
]
},
{
"text": "and started protesting food \nscarcity and casualties",
"timestamp": [
585.28,
588.64
]
},
{
"text": "and all of these kinds of things.",
"timestamp": [
588.64,
590.32
]
},
{
"text": "and all of these kinds of things.",
"timestamp": [
588.64,
590.32
]
},
{
"text": "The protest spread-- or the parade,\nI guess, becomes a protest.",
"timestamp": [
590.32,
593.84
]
},
{
"text": "The protest spread-- or the parade,\nI guess, becomes a protest.",
"timestamp": [
590.32,
593.84
]
},
{
"text": "It spreads and then soldiers rebelled,\nthey joined, and Nicholas is forced to abdicate.",
"timestamp": [
593.84,
598.96
]
},
{
"text": "It spreads and then soldiers rebelled,\nthey joined, and Nicholas is forced to abdicate.",
"timestamp": [
593.84,
598.96
]
},
{
"text": "That's the beginning of the first revolution.",
"timestamp": [
599.84,
601.92
]
},
{
"text": "That's the beginning of the first revolution.",
"timestamp": [
599.84,
601.92
]
},
{
"text": "In the meantime, the Douma, or the Parliament,\ndeclared itself a provisional government.",
"timestamp": [
602.72,
607.44
]
},
{
"text": "In the meantime, the Douma, or the Parliament,\ndeclared itself a provisional government.",
"timestamp": [
602.72,
607.44
]
},
{
"text": "They had all sorts of political \nparties in there represented.",
"timestamp": [
608.32,
610.96
]
},
{
"text": "They had all sorts of political \nparties in there represented.",
"timestamp": [
608.32,
610.96
]
},
{
"text": "Alexander Kerensky leads to the front of that.",
"timestamp": [
611.6,
616.24
]
},
{
"text": "Alexander Kerensky leads to the front of that.",
"timestamp": [
611.6,
616.24
]
},
{
"text": "He was a moderate socialist that came\nto lead the provisional government",
"timestamp": [
616.24,
619.68
]
},
{
"text": "He was a moderate socialist that came\nto lead the provisional government",
"timestamp": [
616.24,
619.68
]
},
{
"text": "and tried to revive the Russian war effort.",
"timestamp": [
619.68,
622.4
]
},
{
"text": "and tried to revive the Russian war effort.",
"timestamp": [
619.68,
622.4
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, the Petrograd Soviet, which was a\nworkers' council of workers in Petrograd,",
"timestamp": [
623.36,
628.72
]
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, the Petrograd Soviet, which was a\nworkers' council of workers in Petrograd,",
"timestamp": [
623.36,
628.72
]
},
{
"text": "was also claiming to be the government ",
"timestamp": [
628.72,
630.48
]
},
{
"text": "was also claiming to be the government ",
"timestamp": [
628.72,
630.48
]
},
{
"text": "and issuing its own decrees, \nso that was destabilizing.",
"timestamp": [
630.48,
633.36
]
},
{
"text": "and issuing its own decrees, \nso that was destabilizing.",
"timestamp": [
630.48,
633.36
]
},
{
"text": "Then, in April, the Germans put Lenin, who was a ",
"timestamp": [
634.16,
637.84
]
},
{
"text": "Then, in April, the Germans put Lenin, who was a ",
"timestamp": [
634.16,
637.84
]
},
{
"text": "radical Bolshevik intent on \noverthrowing the whole system,",
"timestamp": [
637.84,
641.28
]
},
{
"text": "radical Bolshevik intent on \noverthrowing the whole system,",
"timestamp": [
637.84,
641.28
]
},
{
"text": "on a train, gave him money, \nand sent him to Petrograd.",
"timestamp": [
641.28,
644.8
]
},
{
"text": "on a train, gave him money, \nand sent him to Petrograd.",
"timestamp": [
641.28,
644.8
]
},
{
"text": "Lenin starts making all these speeches\nabout peace, land, and bread.",
"timestamp": [
644.8,
648.08
]
},
{
"text": "Lenin starts making all these speeches\nabout peace, land, and bread.",
"timestamp": [
644.8,
648.08
]
},
{
"text": "That all sounded pretty good to people\nwho were war-weary, landless, and hungry.",
"timestamp": [
648.72,
653.84
]
},
{
"text": "That all sounded pretty good to people\nwho were war-weary, landless, and hungry.",
"timestamp": [
648.72,
653.84
]
},
{
"text": "That set the-",
"timestamp": [
654.8,
655.12
]
},
{
"text": "That set the-",
"timestamp": [
654.8,
655.12
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, I bet that sounded good,\nbut-- so a couple ...",
"timestamp": [
655.12,
658.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, I bet that sounded good,\nbut-- so a couple ...",
"timestamp": [
655.12,
658.48
]
},
{
"text": "just to stop you and reinforce a couple of things.",
"timestamp": [
658.48,
660.96
]
},
{
"text": "just to stop you and reinforce a couple of things.",
"timestamp": [
658.48,
660.96
]
},
{
"text": "We generally refer to this revolution\nas the February Revolution,",
"timestamp": [
661.76,
665.44
]
},
{
"text": "We generally refer to this revolution\nas the February Revolution,",
"timestamp": [
661.76,
665.44
]
},
{
"text": "even though the dates are a little weird.\nBut we think of it, we generally talk about it",
"timestamp": [
665.44,
673.28
]
},
{
"text": "even though the dates are a little weird.\nBut we think of it, we generally talk about it",
"timestamp": [
665.44,
673.28
]
},
{
"text": "as the February Revolution, right?\n>Mm-hmm (affirmative). Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
673.28,
676.48
]
},
{
"text": "as the February Revolution, right?\n>Mm-hmm (affirmative). Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
673.28,
676.48
]
},
{
"text": "<That Lenin, Vladimir Lenin had \nbeen in exile in Germany, and then--",
"timestamp": [
676.48,
682.64
]
},
{
"text": "<That Lenin, Vladimir Lenin had \nbeen in exile in Germany, and then--",
"timestamp": [
676.48,
682.64
]
},
{
"text": ">He was in Switzerland, yeah, but the Germans",
"timestamp": [
682.64,
684.64
]
},
{
"text": ">He was in Switzerland, yeah, but the Germans",
"timestamp": [
682.64,
684.64
]
},
{
"text": "<In exile in Switzerland, and \nthen the Germans basically ",
"timestamp": [
684.64,
687.84
]
},
{
"text": "<In exile in Switzerland, and \nthen the Germans basically ",
"timestamp": [
684.64,
687.84
]
},
{
"text": "funded his journey to Russia, \ncorrect me if I'm wrong here,",
"timestamp": [
687.84,
693.92
]
},
{
"text": "funded his journey to Russia, \ncorrect me if I'm wrong here,",
"timestamp": [
687.84,
693.92
]
},
{
"text": "in an attempt to further the destabilization of\nthe Russian government to weaken its ability",
"timestamp": [
693.92,
701.6
]
},
{
"text": "in an attempt to further the destabilization of\nthe Russian government to weaken its ability",
"timestamp": [
693.92,
701.6
]
},
{
"text": "to fight World War I against Germany.",
"timestamp": [
701.6,
704
]
},
{
"text": "to fight World War I against Germany.",
"timestamp": [
701.6,
704
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, which was a pretty brilliant move.\n<Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
705.12,
709.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, which was a pretty brilliant move.\n<Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
705.12,
709.2
]
},
{
"text": "The British did it to the Ottoman Empire\ntoo, with Lawrence of Arabia.",
"timestamp": [
709.2,
713.44
]
},
{
"text": "The British did it to the Ottoman Empire\ntoo, with Lawrence of Arabia.",
"timestamp": [
709.2,
713.44
]
},
{
"text": "They weren't the only ones doing it, but\nI always thought that was pretty smart.",
"timestamp": [
713.44,
716.72
]
},
{
"text": "They weren't the only ones doing it, but\nI always thought that was pretty smart.",
"timestamp": [
713.44,
716.72
]
},
{
"text": "When Lenin gets there, he's giving all these\nspeeches and rallying all the support,",
"timestamp": [
718.16,
722.24
]
},
{
"text": "When Lenin gets there, he's giving all these\nspeeches and rallying all the support,",
"timestamp": [
718.16,
722.24
]
},
{
"text": "but we've got these two \ngovernments rallying for control.",
"timestamp": [
722.24,
727.04
]
},
{
"text": "but we've got these two \ngovernments rallying for control.",
"timestamp": [
722.24,
727.04
]
},
{
"text": "Lenin just stages a coup in October of 1917,\nbasically taking over the government buildings.",
"timestamp": [
728.72,
734.4
]
},
{
"text": "Lenin just stages a coup in October of 1917,\nbasically taking over the government buildings.",
"timestamp": [
728.72,
734.4
]
},
{
"text": "Then, they hold an election, the Bolsheviks lose,\nso they just dismissed the assembly.",
"timestamp": [
735.76,
741.04
]
},
{
"text": "Then, they hold an election, the Bolsheviks lose,\nso they just dismissed the assembly.",
"timestamp": [
735.76,
741.04
]
},
{
"text": "In 1918, they signed the Treaty \nof Brest-Litovsk with Germany,",
"timestamp": [
742.24,
745.68
]
},
{
"text": "In 1918, they signed the Treaty \nof Brest-Litovsk with Germany,",
"timestamp": [
742.24,
745.68
]
},
{
"text": "which gives up most of their Western holdings\nand gets Russia out of the war.",
"timestamp": [
745.68,
750.24
]
},
{
"text": "which gives up most of their Western holdings\nand gets Russia out of the war.",
"timestamp": [
745.68,
750.24
]
},
{
"text": "Then, basically, immediately become entrenched\nin a civil war with the \"whites,\"",
"timestamp": [
751.12,
756
]
},
{
"text": "Then, basically, immediately become entrenched\nin a civil war with the \"whites,\"",
"timestamp": [
751.12,
756
]
},
{
"text": "who was basically everyone who wasn't a Bolshevik.",
"timestamp": [
756,
758.72
]
},
{
"text": "who was basically everyone who wasn't a Bolshevik.",
"timestamp": [
756,
758.72
]
},
{
"text": "That goes on for a while until about 1922,\nwhen the Bolsheviks just declare victory,",
"timestamp": [
760.24,
766
]
},
{
"text": "That goes on for a while until about 1922,\nwhen the Bolsheviks just declare victory,",
"timestamp": [
760.24,
766
]
},
{
"text": "rename the country the Soviet Union.",
"timestamp": [
766,
767.68
]
},
{
"text": "rename the country the Soviet Union.",
"timestamp": [
766,
767.68
]
},
{
"text": "Then, we start talking \nabout Soviet history and not ",
"timestamp": [
769.92,
772.56
]
},
{
"text": "Then, we start talking \nabout Soviet history and not ",
"timestamp": [
769.92,
772.56
]
},
{
"text": "Russian history, because we've \ngot to change that name too.",
"timestamp": [
772.56,
774.72
]
},
{
"text": "Russian history, because we've \ngot to change that name too.",
"timestamp": [
772.56,
774.72
]
},
{
"text": "<That revolution is the October revolution, right?\n>Right.",
"timestamp": [
776,
780.88
]
},
{
"text": "<That revolution is the October revolution, right?\n>Right.",
"timestamp": [
776,
780.88
]
},
{
"text": "<In October, there's this second revolution where\nLenin leads this coup. They hold an election.",
"timestamp": [
780.88,
789.52
]
},
{
"text": "<In October, there's this second revolution where\nLenin leads this coup. They hold an election.",
"timestamp": [
780.88,
789.52
]
},
{
"text": "They don't like the results \nof the election because ",
"timestamp": [
789.52,
791.76
]
},
{
"text": "They don't like the results \nof the election because ",
"timestamp": [
789.52,
791.76
]
},
{
"text": "it was too fair, I guess you might say.",
"timestamp": [
791.76,
794.8
]
},
{
"text": "it was too fair, I guess you might say.",
"timestamp": [
791.76,
794.8
]
},
{
"text": ">They didn't win, right?",
"timestamp": [
796,
797.2
]
},
{
"text": ">They didn't win, right?",
"timestamp": [
796,
797.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. Yeah, so they lost the election,\nwhich was a real bummer to them",
"timestamp": [
797.2,
800.16
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. Yeah, so they lost the election,\nwhich was a real bummer to them",
"timestamp": [
797.2,
800.16
]
},
{
"text": "so they dismissed the Douma, and then end the\nwar with Germany, which, of course, makes sense",
"timestamp": [
800.16,
807.6
]
},
{
"text": "so they dismissed the Douma, and then end the\nwar with Germany, which, of course, makes sense",
"timestamp": [
800.16,
807.6
]
},
{
"text": "because that's part of how Lenin got to Russia ",
"timestamp": [
807.6,
812.32
]
},
{
"text": "because that's part of how Lenin got to Russia ",
"timestamp": [
807.6,
812.32
]
},
{
"text": "in the first place and was in \nthe position that he was in.",
"timestamp": [
812.32,
814.8
]
},
{
"text": "in the first place and was in \nthe position that he was in.",
"timestamp": [
812.32,
814.8
]
},
{
"text": "Then, focus on the civil war against the \"whites\"\nand how to form a new communist country,",
"timestamp": [
815.76,
825.12
]
},
{
"text": "Then, focus on the civil war against the \"whites\"\nand how to form a new communist country,",
"timestamp": [
815.76,
825.12
]
},
{
"text": "or at least this particular Bolshevik\nversion of communism country.",
"timestamp": [
825.12,
830.08
]
},
{
"text": "or at least this particular Bolshevik\nversion of communism country.",
"timestamp": [
825.12,
830.08
]
},
{
"text": "Then, by 1922, that country exists,\nand we now know it as the Soviet Union.",
"timestamp": [
830.96,
837.12
]
},
{
"text": "Then, by 1922, that country exists,\nand we now know it as the Soviet Union.",
"timestamp": [
830.96,
837.12
]
},
{
"text": "That is the same Soviet Union \nthat existed until 1991, right? ",
"timestamp": [
838.16,
842.48
]
},
{
"text": "That is the same Soviet Union \nthat existed until 1991, right? ",
"timestamp": [
838.16,
842.48
]
},
{
"text": ">Yup, exactly.",
"timestamp": [
843.52,
845.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Yup, exactly.",
"timestamp": [
843.52,
845.36
]
},
{
"text": "<That was a big moment in history.\nOne that, some would argue,",
"timestamp": [
846,
849.44
]
},
{
"text": "<That was a big moment in history.\nOne that, some would argue,",
"timestamp": [
846,
849.44
]
},
{
"text": "continues to reverberate\n>Right now.",
"timestamp": [
849.44,
854.88
]
},
{
"text": "continues to reverberate\n>Right now.",
"timestamp": [
849.44,
854.88
]
},
{
"text": "<Yes, very much right now.",
"timestamp": [
854.88,
856.88
]
},
{
"text": "<Yes, very much right now.",
"timestamp": [
854.88,
856.88
]
},
{
"text": "The history of the Soviet Union and\nthe relationship between the SSRs of the USSR,",
"timestamp": [
857.52,
864
]
},
{
"text": "The history of the Soviet Union and\nthe relationship between the SSRs of the USSR,",
"timestamp": [
857.52,
864
]
},
{
"text": "the Soviet Socialist Republics of the USSR is, ",
"timestamp": [
864,
866.32
]
},
{
"text": "the Soviet Socialist Republics of the USSR is, ",
"timestamp": [
864,
866.32
]
},
{
"text": "of course, right now at the \ncenter of the conversations",
"timestamp": [
866.32,
869.68
]
},
{
"text": "of course, right now at the \ncenter of the conversations",
"timestamp": [
866.32,
869.68
]
},
{
"text": "about Ukraine and at the \ncenter of Putin's argument, ",
"timestamp": [
869.68,
873.44
]
},
{
"text": "about Ukraine and at the \ncenter of Putin's argument, ",
"timestamp": [
869.68,
873.44
]
},
{
"text": "that Ukraine is not a legitimate nation.",
"timestamp": [
873.44,
875.76
]
},
{
"text": "that Ukraine is not a legitimate nation.",
"timestamp": [
873.44,
875.76
]
},
{
"text": "That's just one example of how history ",
"timestamp": [
877.36,
879.84
]
},
{
"text": "That's just one example of how history ",
"timestamp": [
877.36,
879.84
]
},
{
"text": "from a hundred years ago that feels very \ndistant continues to shape the world we live in.",
"timestamp": [
879.84,
885.68
]
},
{
"text": "from a hundred years ago that feels very \ndistant continues to shape the world we live in.",
"timestamp": [
879.84,
885.68
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
886.64,
886.88
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
886.64,
886.88
]
},
{
"text": "<Next, we have a couple of questions about\nmy favorite of the major world history empires,",
"timestamp": [
888,
894.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Next, we have a couple of questions about\nmy favorite of the major world history empires,",
"timestamp": [
888,
894.48
]
},
{
"text": "the Mongol Empire. The truly\nexceptional Mongol Empire,",
"timestamp": [
894.48,
899.52
]
},
{
"text": "the Mongol Empire. The truly\nexceptional Mongol Empire,",
"timestamp": [
894.48,
899.52
]
},
{
"text": "different in so many important ways\nfrom the empires that have traditionally",
"timestamp": [
899.52,
906.88
]
},
{
"text": "different in so many important ways\nfrom the empires that have traditionally",
"timestamp": [
899.52,
906.88
]
},
{
"text": "been the focus of history classes in the US.",
"timestamp": [
906.88,
910.32
]
},
{
"text": "been the focus of history classes in the US.",
"timestamp": [
906.88,
910.32
]
},
{
"text": "Who was Genghis Khan and why was he able \nto get so much territory in so little time?",
"timestamp": [
911.2,
917.36
]
},
{
"text": "Who was Genghis Khan and why was he able \nto get so much territory in so little time?",
"timestamp": [
911.2,
917.36
]
},
{
"text": "which to be fair, is a tough question to answer\nand one that is still debated.",
"timestamp": [
917.36,
923.04
]
},
{
"text": "which to be fair, is a tough question to answer\nand one that is still debated.",
"timestamp": [
917.36,
923.04
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, and I think that we'll find \nthat with a lot of these questions.\n ",
"timestamp": [
924.88,
927.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, and I think that we'll find \nthat with a lot of these questions.\n ",
"timestamp": [
924.88,
927.76
]
},
{
"text": "It's not like historians can always \nput their answer in a nice little box.",
"timestamp": [
927.76,
932.08
]
},
{
"text": "It's not like historians can always \nput their answer in a nice little box.",
"timestamp": [
927.76,
932.08
]
},
{
"text": "They're continuing to debate these things.\nNew information comes out.",
"timestamp": [
932.08,
936
]
},
{
"text": "They're continuing to debate these things.\nNew information comes out.",
"timestamp": [
932.08,
936
]
},
{
"text": "History is constantly evolving.",
"timestamp": [
936.88,
939.84
]
},
{
"text": "History is constantly evolving.",
"timestamp": [
936.88,
939.84
]
},
{
"text": "Genghis Khan, who before he was known \nas Genghis Khan was known as Temujin,",
"timestamp": [
941.6,
947.92
]
},
{
"text": "Genghis Khan, who before he was known \nas Genghis Khan was known as Temujin,",
"timestamp": [
941.6,
947.92
]
},
{
"text": "came from a pastoral group or a herding group\nof these feuding Mongol clans and tribes",
"timestamp": [
947.92,
953.28
]
},
{
"text": "came from a pastoral group or a herding group\nof these feuding Mongol clans and tribes",
"timestamp": [
947.92,
953.28
]
},
{
"text": "during the 12th Century. He supposedly\nhad a pretty magnetic personality,",
"timestamp": [
953.28,
957.76
]
},
{
"text": "during the 12th Century. He supposedly\nhad a pretty magnetic personality,",
"timestamp": [
953.28,
957.76
]
},
{
"text": "which helps him to build \nup a following of friends.",
"timestamp": [
957.76,
960.88
]
},
{
"text": "which helps him to build \nup a following of friends.",
"timestamp": [
957.76,
960.88
]
},
{
"text": "He forges all of these alliances\nwith more powerful leaders.",
"timestamp": [
960.88,
963.76
]
},
{
"text": "He forges all of these alliances\nwith more powerful leaders.",
"timestamp": [
960.88,
963.76
]
},
{
"text": "He wins a series of victories\nand he was known for being",
"timestamp": [
964.88,
968.48
]
},
{
"text": "He wins a series of victories\nand he was known for being",
"timestamp": [
964.88,
968.48
]
},
{
"text": "pretty ruthless to his enemies, but\npretty generous to his friends.",
"timestamp": [
968.48,
972.16
]
},
{
"text": "pretty ruthless to his enemies, but\npretty generous to his friends.",
"timestamp": [
968.48,
972.16
]
},
{
"text": "He also would incorporate a lot of the warriors\nfrom the defeated tribes into his own forces.",
"timestamp": [
972.16,
977.6
]
},
{
"text": "He also would incorporate a lot of the warriors\nfrom the defeated tribes into his own forces.",
"timestamp": [
972.16,
977.6
]
},
{
"text": "Then, he's renamed, I guess,\nor becomes known as Genghis Khan,",
"timestamp": [
978.8,
983.6
]
},
{
"text": "Then, he's renamed, I guess,\nor becomes known as Genghis Khan,",
"timestamp": [
978.8,
983.6
]
},
{
"text": "which was the supreme leader of what was\nnow unified is the great Mongol nation.",
"timestamp": [
983.6,
989.44
]
},
{
"text": "which was the supreme leader of what was\nnow unified is the great Mongol nation.",
"timestamp": [
983.6,
989.44
]
},
{
"text": "The army was pretty well \norganized and disciplined,",
"timestamp": [
991.28,
993.92
]
},
{
"text": "The army was pretty well \norganized and disciplined,",
"timestamp": [
991.28,
993.92
]
},
{
"text": "which allowed the Mongols to\neventually take over most of Asia,",
"timestamp": [
994.48,
997.76
]
},
{
"text": "which allowed the Mongols to\neventually take over most of Asia,",
"timestamp": [
994.48,
997.76
]
},
{
"text": "or much of Asia and Eastern Europe,\ncapitalizing on some weaknesses there.",
"timestamp": [
997.76,
1002.08
]
},
{
"text": "or much of Asia and Eastern Europe,\ncapitalizing on some weaknesses there.",
"timestamp": [
997.76,
1002.08
]
},
{
"text": "The Abbasid Caliphate and divided China,",
"timestamp": [
1002.08,
1005.68
]
},
{
"text": "The Abbasid Caliphate and divided China,",
"timestamp": [
1002.08,
1005.68
]
},
{
"text": "which eventually results in the largest\nland-based empire in all of human history.",
"timestamp": [
1005.68,
1010.64
]
},
{
"text": "which eventually results in the largest\nland-based empire in all of human history.",
"timestamp": [
1005.68,
1010.64
]
},
{
"text": "Even though they don't have a huge lasting\ncultural impact on the areas they conquered,",
"timestamp": [
1011.52,
1016.8
]
},
{
"text": "Even though they don't have a huge lasting\ncultural impact on the areas they conquered,",
"timestamp": [
1011.52,
1016.8
]
},
{
"text": "in terms of bringing a new language\nor religion to the area,",
"timestamp": [
1016.8,
1020.48
]
},
{
"text": "in terms of bringing a new language\nor religion to the area,",
"timestamp": [
1016.8,
1020.48
]
},
{
"text": "it facilitated all of this Afro-Eurasian\ntrade and communication.",
"timestamp": [
1020.48,
1024.56
]
},
{
"text": "it facilitated all of this Afro-Eurasian\ntrade and communication.",
"timestamp": [
1020.48,
1024.56
]
},
{
"text": "Then, their collapse, I guess,\nleaves this big power vacuum",
"timestamp": [
1025.2,
1029.2
]
},
{
"text": "Then, their collapse, I guess,\nleaves this big power vacuum",
"timestamp": [
1025.2,
1029.2
]
},
{
"text": "that will be filled by the Ming Dynasty in China, ",
"timestamp": [
1029.2,
1032
]
},
{
"text": "that will be filled by the Ming Dynasty in China, ",
"timestamp": [
1029.2,
1032
]
},
{
"text": "the Ottoman and the Safavid \nempires in the Middle East,",
"timestamp": [
1032,
1034.96
]
},
{
"text": "the Ottoman and the Safavid \nempires in the Middle East,",
"timestamp": [
1032,
1034.96
]
},
{
"text": "and then the Russian State in Eastern Europe.",
"timestamp": [
1034.96,
1037.84
]
},
{
"text": "and then the Russian State in Eastern Europe.",
"timestamp": [
1034.96,
1037.84
]
},
{
"text": "I just thought it was \ninteresting too, that apparently ",
"timestamp": [
1038.48,
1040.4
]
},
{
"text": "I just thought it was \ninteresting too, that apparently ",
"timestamp": [
1038.48,
1040.4
]
},
{
"text": "climate change might have actually benefited them.",
"timestamp": [
1040.4,
1042.64
]
},
{
"text": "climate change might have actually benefited them.",
"timestamp": [
1040.4,
1042.64
]
},
{
"text": "There was a particularly wet, \nwarm period in Central Asia ",
"timestamp": [
1042.64,
1046.4
]
},
{
"text": "There was a particularly wet, \nwarm period in Central Asia ",
"timestamp": [
1042.64,
1046.4
]
},
{
"text": "that led to this boom in grass growth",
"timestamp": [
1046.4,
1048.48
]
},
{
"text": "that led to this boom in grass growth",
"timestamp": [
1046.4,
1048.48
]
},
{
"text": "and thereby livestock and horsepower,\nwhich is part of what they relied on.",
"timestamp": [
1048.48,
1052.96
]
},
{
"text": "and thereby livestock and horsepower,\nwhich is part of what they relied on.",
"timestamp": [
1048.48,
1052.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Wow. That is really interesting.\nA reminder that human history",
"timestamp": [
1052.96,
1057.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Wow. That is really interesting.\nA reminder that human history",
"timestamp": [
1052.96,
1057.2
]
},
{
"text": "is also the story of other \nspecies, whether that species ",
"timestamp": [
1057.2,
1061.92
]
},
{
"text": "is also the story of other \nspecies, whether that species ",
"timestamp": [
1057.2,
1061.92
]
},
{
"text": "be the infectious agents \nthat caused Bubonic plague",
"timestamp": [
1061.92,
1068.96
]
},
{
"text": "be the infectious agents \nthat caused Bubonic plague",
"timestamp": [
1061.92,
1068.96
]
},
{
"text": "or something like warm, wet weather\nthat allows grass to grow",
"timestamp": [
1068.96,
1075.52
]
},
{
"text": "or something like warm, wet weather\nthat allows grass to grow",
"timestamp": [
1068.96,
1075.52
]
},
{
"text": "to feed lots of horses and\nhave a little more horsepower.",
"timestamp": [
1075.52,
1079.04
]
},
{
"text": "to feed lots of horses and\nhave a little more horsepower.",
"timestamp": [
1075.52,
1079.04
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.\n<I think it's really interesting though,",
"timestamp": [
1079.04,
1081.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.\n<I think it's really interesting though,",
"timestamp": [
1079.04,
1081.76
]
},
{
"text": "that this gets to something \nreally important in history.",
"timestamp": [
1081.76,
1085.76
]
},
{
"text": "that this gets to something \nreally important in history.",
"timestamp": [
1081.76,
1085.76
]
},
{
"text": "That's one of the great questions, \"does history\nmake the man or does man make history,\"",
"timestamp": [
1085.76,
1091.2
]
},
{
"text": "That's one of the great questions, \"does history\nmake the man or does man make history,\"",
"timestamp": [
1085.76,
1091.2
]
},
{
"text": "is the way that it was phrased when I was a kid.",
"timestamp": [
1091.2,
1093.04
]
},
{
"text": "is the way that it was phrased when I was a kid.",
"timestamp": [
1091.2,
1093.04
]
},
{
"text": "Hopefully, it's phrased in a slightly \nmore inclusive way these days.",
"timestamp": [
1093.04,
1096.48
]
},
{
"text": "Hopefully, it's phrased in a slightly \nmore inclusive way these days.",
"timestamp": [
1093.04,
1096.48
]
},
{
"text": "What is the relationship \nbetween individuals and systems?",
"timestamp": [
1096.48,
1099.28
]
},
{
"text": "What is the relationship \nbetween individuals and systems?",
"timestamp": [
1096.48,
1099.28
]
},
{
"text": "When we talk about Genghis Khan, we have to focus\non these systems that were falling apart",
"timestamp": [
1099.28,
1105.04
]
},
{
"text": "When we talk about Genghis Khan, we have to focus\non these systems that were falling apart",
"timestamp": [
1099.28,
1105.04
]
},
{
"text": "at the time that he rose to power in China.\nThat the dynasty was falling apart,",
"timestamp": [
1105.04,
1110.4
]
},
{
"text": "at the time that he rose to power in China.\nThat the dynasty was falling apart,",
"timestamp": [
1105.04,
1110.4
]
},
{
"text": "that the Abbasid Empire, which \nhad been really powerful, ",
"timestamp": [
1110.4,
1114.4
]
},
{
"text": "that the Abbasid Empire, which \nhad been really powerful, ",
"timestamp": [
1110.4,
1114.4
]
},
{
"text": "the caliphate there, which had \nbeen a really, really powerful",
"timestamp": [
1115.44,
1117.92
]
},
{
"text": "the caliphate there, which had \nbeen a really, really powerful",
"timestamp": [
1115.44,
1117.92
]
},
{
"text": "and super culturally and \nhistorically important empire, ",
"timestamp": [
1117.92,
1122.64
]
},
{
"text": "and super culturally and \nhistorically important empire, ",
"timestamp": [
1117.92,
1122.64
]
},
{
"text": "spreading Islam and really \nshifting a lot of things.",
"timestamp": [
1126.48,
1131.84
]
},
{
"text": "spreading Islam and really \nshifting a lot of things.",
"timestamp": [
1126.48,
1131.84
]
},
{
"text": "Those were both so weak, \nthat this left a power vacuum ",
"timestamp": [
1131.84,
1134.88
]
},
{
"text": "Those were both so weak, \nthat this left a power vacuum ",
"timestamp": [
1131.84,
1134.88
]
},
{
"text": "and it left an opportunity \nfor the Mongol empire to come.",
"timestamp": [
1134.88,
1138.88
]
},
{
"text": "and it left an opportunity \nfor the Mongol empire to come.",
"timestamp": [
1134.88,
1138.88
]
},
{
"text": "I think it's also really important to ...\nI really like how you focused in that ",
"timestamp": [
1138.88,
1142.08
]
},
{
"text": "I think it's also really important to ...\nI really like how you focused in that ",
"timestamp": [
1138.88,
1142.08
]
},
{
"text": "answer on it,",
"timestamp": [
1142.08,
1143.6
]
},
{
"text": "answer on it,",
"timestamp": [
1142.08,
1143.6
]
},
{
"text": "while acknowledging that it's \nnot like all of these areas ",
"timestamp": [
1143.6,
1147.12
]
},
{
"text": "while acknowledging that it's \nnot like all of these areas ",
"timestamp": [
1143.6,
1147.12
]
},
{
"text": "after the relatively brief Mongol empire,",
"timestamp": [
1147.92,
1150.48
]
},
{
"text": "after the relatively brief Mongol empire,",
"timestamp": [
1147.92,
1150.48
]
},
{
"text": "where we're speaking a different language, ",
"timestamp": [
1150.48,
1152.08
]
},
{
"text": "where we're speaking a different language, ",
"timestamp": [
1150.48,
1152.08
]
},
{
"text": "or we're engaging in different \nreligious practices necessarily.",
"timestamp": [
1152.08,
1155.76
]
},
{
"text": "or we're engaging in different \nreligious practices necessarily.",
"timestamp": [
1152.08,
1155.76
]
},
{
"text": "But by connecting those places, it did lead to\na lasting shift in Afro-Eurasian trade,",
"timestamp": [
1156.4,
1164.24
]
},
{
"text": "But by connecting those places, it did lead to\na lasting shift in Afro-Eurasian trade,",
"timestamp": [
1156.4,
1164.24
]
},
{
"text": "which had a huge impact on \nthe history of the world.",
"timestamp": [
1165.12,
1168.32
]
},
{
"text": "which had a huge impact on \nthe history of the world.",
"timestamp": [
1165.12,
1168.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, totally. You see an \nupswing in the Silk Road trade, ",
"timestamp": [
1169.76,
1173.92
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, totally. You see an \nupswing in the Silk Road trade, ",
"timestamp": [
1169.76,
1173.92
]
},
{
"text": "for instance, during that period,",
"timestamp": [
1173.92,
1175.36
]
},
{
"text": "for instance, during that period,",
"timestamp": [
1173.92,
1175.36
]
},
{
"text": "which is really important.\n<Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
1175.36,
1177.84
]
},
{
"text": "which is really important.\n<Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
1175.36,
1177.84
]
},
{
"text": "At the center of how all of \nAfro-Eurasian history went really.",
"timestamp": [
1178.4,
1184.16
]
},
{
"text": "At the center of how all of \nAfro-Eurasian history went really.",
"timestamp": [
1178.4,
1184.16
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, I think that there's ...\nOne of my favorite books,",
"timestamp": [
1186.56,
1192.96
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, I think that there's ...\nOne of my favorite books,",
"timestamp": [
1186.56,
1192.96
]
},
{
"text": "I want to make sure I get the title right,\none of my favorite books of history",
"timestamp": [
1192.96,
1196.56
]
},
{
"text": "I want to make sure I get the title right,\none of my favorite books of history",
"timestamp": [
1192.96,
1196.56
]
},
{
"text": "is called the Calamitous 14th Century.\n>Oh, yeah. The Barbara Tuchman, right?",
"timestamp": [
1196.56,
1204.4
]
},
{
"text": "is called the Calamitous 14th Century.\n>Oh, yeah. The Barbara Tuchman, right?",
"timestamp": [
1196.56,
1204.4
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, yeah. That Barbara Tuchman book, ",
"timestamp": [
1204.4,
1205.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, yeah. That Barbara Tuchman book, ",
"timestamp": [
1204.4,
1205.84
]
},
{
"text": "and if it hadn't been for the \ngrowth of this Afro-Eurasian trade,",
"timestamp": [
1206.72,
1212.24
]
},
{
"text": "and if it hadn't been for the \ngrowth of this Afro-Eurasian trade,",
"timestamp": [
1206.72,
1212.24
]
},
{
"text": "the growth of the Silk Road, these\nmuch deeper connections among,",
"timestamp": [
1212.24,
1217.12
]
},
{
"text": "the growth of the Silk Road, these\nmuch deeper connections among,",
"timestamp": [
1212.24,
1217.12
]
},
{
"text": "that ranged all the way from Japan\nto Portugal and to Central and Southern Africa,",
"timestamp": [
1218.08,
1224.88
]
},
{
"text": "that ranged all the way from Japan\nto Portugal and to Central and Southern Africa,",
"timestamp": [
1218.08,
1224.88
]
},
{
"text": "if it hadn't been for all of those connections,\nwe might not have had the Black Death,",
"timestamp": [
1224.88,
1229.44
]
},
{
"text": "if it hadn't been for all of those connections,\nwe might not have had the Black Death,",
"timestamp": [
1224.88,
1229.44
]
},
{
"text": "or certainly might not have had the Black Death\nin the same way we ended up having it.",
"timestamp": [
1229.44,
1232.72
]
},
{
"text": "or certainly might not have had the Black Death\nin the same way we ended up having it.",
"timestamp": [
1229.44,
1232.72
]
},
{
"text": "We also wouldn't have had a huge explosion\nin the distribution of knowledge in that period.",
"timestamp": [
1233.6,
1239.84
]
},
{
"text": "We also wouldn't have had a huge explosion\nin the distribution of knowledge in that period.",
"timestamp": [
1233.6,
1239.84
]
},
{
"text": "What a fascinating ...\nso in that sense,",
"timestamp": [
1241.28,
1243.92
]
},
{
"text": "What a fascinating ...\nso in that sense,",
"timestamp": [
1241.28,
1243.92
]
},
{
"text": "what Genghis Khan left behind was\nsuper important to the rest of human history.",
"timestamp": [
1246.16,
1250
]
},
{
"text": "what Genghis Khan left behind was\nsuper important to the rest of human history.",
"timestamp": [
1246.16,
1250
]
},
{
"text": "Okay. There were a bunch of\nquestions about the Cold War as well.",
"timestamp": [
1251.2,
1254.16
]
},
{
"text": "Okay. There were a bunch of\nquestions about the Cold War as well.",
"timestamp": [
1251.2,
1254.16
]
},
{
"text": "I feel like Sascha maybe put it best asking,",
"timestamp": [
1254.16,
1256.8
]
},
{
"text": "I feel like Sascha maybe put it best asking,",
"timestamp": [
1254.16,
1256.8
]
},
{
"text": "\"how did the Cold War start?\nI feel like the beginning is so muddy.",
"timestamp": [
1256.8,
1260.32
]
},
{
"text": "\"how did the Cold War start?\nI feel like the beginning is so muddy.",
"timestamp": [
1256.8,
1260.32
]
},
{
"text": "The end of World War II,\neverybody's happy about winning,",
"timestamp": [
1260.32,
1263.52
]
},
{
"text": "The end of World War II,\neverybody's happy about winning,",
"timestamp": [
1260.32,
1263.52
]
},
{
"text": "and then boom, mortal enemies measuring each other ",
"timestamp": [
1263.52,
1266.8
]
},
{
"text": "and then boom, mortal enemies measuring each other ",
"timestamp": [
1263.52,
1266.8
]
},
{
"text": "in the amount of weapons able to \nexterminate the human species.\"",
"timestamp": [
1266.8,
1269.8
]
},
{
"text": "in the amount of weapons able to \nexterminate the human species.\"",
"timestamp": [
1266.8,
1269.8
]
},
{
"text": ">[laughs] Right. ",
"timestamp": [
1269.8,
1270.96
]
},
{
"text": ">[laughs] Right. ",
"timestamp": [
1269.8,
1270.96
]
},
{
"text": "<It does feel like a little bit \nof a dramatic escalation. I agree.",
"timestamp": [
1271.76,
1276
]
},
{
"text": "<It does feel like a little bit \nof a dramatic escalation. I agree.",
"timestamp": [
1271.76,
1276
]
},
{
"text": "Also, Vivi wants to know,\nhow to understand ...",
"timestamp": [
1276,
1280.52
]
},
{
"text": "Also, Vivi wants to know,\nhow to understand ...",
"timestamp": [
1276,
1280.52
]
},
{
"text": "Is it COMECON and COMINFORM?\nI've only ever seen these words written.",
"timestamp": [
1281.2,
1285.2
]
},
{
"text": "Is it COMECON and COMINFORM?\nI've only ever seen these words written.",
"timestamp": [
1281.2,
1285.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. I think it's COMECON and COMINFORM. ",
"timestamp": [
1286.72,
1289.44
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. I think it's COMECON and COMINFORM. ",
"timestamp": [
1286.72,
1289.44
]
},
{
"text": "Now, that you say that I'm not \na hundred percent sure either,",
"timestamp": [
1289.44,
1291.84
]
},
{
"text": "Now, that you say that I'm not \na hundred percent sure either,",
"timestamp": [
1289.44,
1291.84
]
},
{
"text": "because I mostly see them written,\nso I hope you're right.",
"timestamp": [
1291.84,
1294.8
]
},
{
"text": "because I mostly see them written,\nso I hope you're right.",
"timestamp": [
1291.84,
1294.8
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. But to be fair on your test,\nyou'll probably see them written as well.",
"timestamp": [
1294.8,
1298.4
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. But to be fair on your test,\nyou'll probably see them written as well.",
"timestamp": [
1294.8,
1298.4
]
},
{
"text": ">True.\n<Talk to us about the Cold War.",
"timestamp": [
1299.52,
1303.84
]
},
{
"text": ">True.\n<Talk to us about the Cold War.",
"timestamp": [
1299.52,
1303.84
]
},
{
"text": ">I feel like it's always complicated, right? ",
"timestamp": [
1306.56,
1308.32
]
},
{
"text": ">I feel like it's always complicated, right? ",
"timestamp": [
1306.56,
1308.32
]
},
{
"text": "It's always complicated, \nbut there's all this debate",
"timestamp": [
1308.32,
1311.84
]
},
{
"text": "It's always complicated, \nbut there's all this debate",
"timestamp": [
1308.32,
1311.84
]
},
{
"text": "amongst historians on the \ncauses of the Cold War. It ",
"timestamp": [
1311.84,
1314.72
]
},
{
"text": "amongst historians on the \ncauses of the Cold War. It ",
"timestamp": [
1311.84,
1314.72
]
},
{
"text": "shifted so much over time based \non current political climate.",
"timestamp": [
1314.72,
1319.76
]
},
{
"text": "shifted so much over time based \non current political climate.",
"timestamp": [
1314.72,
1319.76
]
},
{
"text": "Was it an ideological struggle, or was it one\nbased on geopolitical power after World War II?",
"timestamp": [
1319.76,
1325.44
]
},
{
"text": "Was it an ideological struggle, or was it one\nbased on geopolitical power after World War II?",
"timestamp": [
1319.76,
1325.44
]
},
{
"text": "In the 1950s, in the West, \na lot of historians post-- ",
"timestamp": [
1326.08,
1329.52
]
},
{
"text": "In the 1950s, in the West, \na lot of historians post-- ",
"timestamp": [
1326.08,
1329.52
]
},
{
"text": "or pointed to that deep ideological divide,",
"timestamp": [
1329.52,
1332.48
]
},
{
"text": "or pointed to that deep ideological divide,",
"timestamp": [
1329.52,
1332.48
]
},
{
"text": "and Stalin, and the Soviet Union's aggressive\nexpansion after World War II in Europe and Asia.",
"timestamp": [
1332.48,
1337.6
]
},
{
"text": "and Stalin, and the Soviet Union's aggressive\nexpansion after World War II in Europe and Asia.",
"timestamp": [
1332.48,
1337.6
]
},
{
"text": "This was called an \"orthodox interpretation\"\nand just basically showed America is making--",
"timestamp": [
1338.32,
1345.12
]
},
{
"text": "This was called an \"orthodox interpretation\"\nand just basically showed America is making--",
"timestamp": [
1338.32,
1345.12
]
},
{
"text": "reacting to Soviet aggression.",
"timestamp": [
1345.12,
1346.72
]
},
{
"text": "reacting to Soviet aggression.",
"timestamp": [
1345.12,
1346.72
]
},
{
"text": "Then, revisionists would point to American\neconomic expansion in Europe.",
"timestamp": [
1347.76,
1353.12
]
},
{
"text": "Then, revisionists would point to American\neconomic expansion in Europe.",
"timestamp": [
1347.76,
1353.12
]
},
{
"text": "Even going back to the open \ndoor policy of protecting ",
"timestamp": [
1353.12,
1356.56
]
},
{
"text": "Even going back to the open \ndoor policy of protecting ",
"timestamp": [
1353.12,
1356.56
]
},
{
"text": "American markets that went back to the 1890s.",
"timestamp": [
1356.56,
1359.92
]
},
{
"text": "American markets that went back to the 1890s.",
"timestamp": [
1356.56,
1359.92
]
},
{
"text": "But starting in the 1970s, the \npost-revisionist historians, ",
"timestamp": [
1359.92,
1364.16
]
},
{
"text": "But starting in the 1970s, the \npost-revisionist historians, ",
"timestamp": [
1359.92,
1364.16
]
},
{
"text": "so this all gets a little \nridiculous, I think, with the names,",
"timestamp": [
1364.16,
1366.56
]
},
{
"text": "so this all gets a little \nridiculous, I think, with the names,",
"timestamp": [
1364.16,
1366.56
]
},
{
"text": "but people like John Lewis Gaddis \nhad the benefit of hindsight ",
"timestamp": [
1366.56,
1371.12
]
},
{
"text": "but people like John Lewis Gaddis \nhad the benefit of hindsight ",
"timestamp": [
1366.56,
1371.12
]
},
{
"text": "and Detente was going on, and \nsome new archival material.",
"timestamp": [
1371.12,
1374.64
]
},
{
"text": "and Detente was going on, and \nsome new archival material.",
"timestamp": [
1371.12,
1374.64
]
},
{
"text": "Though, I want to point out \nnot the Soviet archives yet. ",
"timestamp": [
1374.64,
1377.76
]
},
{
"text": "Though, I want to point out \nnot the Soviet archives yet. ",
"timestamp": [
1374.64,
1377.76
]
},
{
"text": "The post-revisionists argued \nfor more of a middle ground,",
"timestamp": [
1378.8,
1382.08
]
},
{
"text": "The post-revisionists argued \nfor more of a middle ground,",
"timestamp": [
1378.8,
1382.08
]
},
{
"text": "pointing to the ally's delay \nin opening a second front in ",
"timestamp": [
1382.08,
1385.76
]
},
{
"text": "pointing to the ally's delay \nin opening a second front in ",
"timestamp": [
1382.08,
1385.76
]
},
{
"text": "World War II, which left the Soviets \nfighting basically alone in Europe.",
"timestamp": [
1385.76,
1390.72
]
},
{
"text": "World War II, which left the Soviets \nfighting basically alone in Europe.",
"timestamp": [
1385.76,
1390.72
]
},
{
"text": "Truman's atomic diplomacy, Washington's refusal ",
"timestamp": [
1391.6,
1395.2
]
},
{
"text": "Truman's atomic diplomacy, Washington's refusal ",
"timestamp": [
1391.6,
1395.2
]
},
{
"text": "to recognize the Soviet sphere \nof influence in Eastern Europe.",
"timestamp": [
1395.2,
1398.48
]
},
{
"text": "to recognize the Soviet sphere \nof influence in Eastern Europe.",
"timestamp": [
1395.2,
1398.48
]
},
{
"text": "They, look at more complex social, political,\nand economic causes of the Cold War.",
"timestamp": [
1398.48,
1403.44
]
},
{
"text": "They, look at more complex social, political,\nand economic causes of the Cold War.",
"timestamp": [
1398.48,
1403.44
]
},
{
"text": "When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991,\nthe Soviet archives open up,",
"timestamp": [
1404.8,
1409.28
]
},
{
"text": "When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991,\nthe Soviet archives open up,",
"timestamp": [
1404.8,
1409.28
]
},
{
"text": "which leaves historians with \nall this new information.",
"timestamp": [
1409.28,
1412.48
]
},
{
"text": "which leaves historians with \nall this new information.",
"timestamp": [
1409.28,
1412.48
]
},
{
"text": "Gaddis, for instance, is going to take a\nmuch more negative view of Stalin.",
"timestamp": [
1412.48,
1415.84
]
},
{
"text": "Gaddis, for instance, is going to take a\nmuch more negative view of Stalin.",
"timestamp": [
1412.48,
1415.84
]
},
{
"text": "Others start focusing again on \nthese ideological struggles,",
"timestamp": [
1416.8,
1419.92
]
},
{
"text": "Others start focusing again on \nthese ideological struggles,",
"timestamp": [
1416.8,
1419.92
]
},
{
"text": "and people like myself, who went\nthrough school in the Cold War,",
"timestamp": [
1421.04,
1424.08
]
},
{
"text": "and people like myself, who went\nthrough school in the Cold War,",
"timestamp": [
1421.04,
1424.08
]
},
{
"text": "and I think you too,\nbasically learned that",
"timestamp": [
1424.08,
1426.16
]
},
{
"text": "and I think you too,\nbasically learned that",
"timestamp": [
1424.08,
1426.16
]
},
{
"text": "communists were evil and\ntrying to destroy the world.",
"timestamp": [
1426.16,
1429.04
]
},
{
"text": "communists were evil and\ntrying to destroy the world.",
"timestamp": [
1426.16,
1429.04
]
},
{
"text": "I think it's important to think about our own\nsubjectivity when thinking about the Cold War,",
"timestamp": [
1429.76,
1433.92
]
},
{
"text": "I think it's important to think about our own\nsubjectivity when thinking about the Cold War,",
"timestamp": [
1429.76,
1433.92
]
},
{
"text": "like how much is that impacting\nhow I view different primary sources?",
"timestamp": [
1433.92,
1440.08
]
},
{
"text": "like how much is that impacting\nhow I view different primary sources?",
"timestamp": [
1433.92,
1440.08
]
},
{
"text": "<Right.\n>If we look at more modern interpretations",
"timestamp": [
1440.64,
1445.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Right.\n>If we look at more modern interpretations",
"timestamp": [
1440.64,
1445.2
]
},
{
"text": "and we look at-- like, the Marshall Plan\nis offering all this American aid",
"timestamp": [
1445.2,
1449.36
]
},
{
"text": "and we look at-- like, the Marshall Plan\nis offering all this American aid",
"timestamp": [
1445.2,
1449.36
]
},
{
"text": "to help rebuild Europe after World War II,\nto strengthen it against Soviet influence",
"timestamp": [
1449.36,
1454.56
]
},
{
"text": "to help rebuild Europe after World War II,\nto strengthen it against Soviet influence",
"timestamp": [
1449.36,
1454.56
]
},
{
"text": "and attempting to contain the spread of communism.\nContainment is the big idea there.",
"timestamp": [
1454.56,
1459.28
]
},
{
"text": "and attempting to contain the spread of communism.\nContainment is the big idea there.",
"timestamp": [
1454.56,
1459.28
]
},
{
"text": "Stalin bulked the Eastern European countries\naccepting the Marshall Plan because he saw that",
"timestamp": [
1460.4,
1465.44
]
},
{
"text": "Stalin bulked the Eastern European countries\naccepting the Marshall Plan because he saw that",
"timestamp": [
1460.4,
1465.44
]
},
{
"text": "as American expansionism. He created COMECON\nto prevent Eastern European countries from",
"timestamp": [
1465.44,
1471.92
]
},
{
"text": "as American expansionism. He created COMECON\nto prevent Eastern European countries from",
"timestamp": [
1465.44,
1471.92
]
},
{
"text": "aligning themselves with the West,\nso providing that aid himself.",
"timestamp": [
1471.92,
1475.2
]
},
{
"text": "aligning themselves with the West,\nso providing that aid himself.",
"timestamp": [
1471.92,
1475.2
]
},
{
"text": "COMINFORM, to answer the \nsecond half of that question, ",
"timestamp": [
1477.44,
1480.08
]
},
{
"text": "COMINFORM, to answer the \nsecond half of that question, ",
"timestamp": [
1477.44,
1480.08
]
},
{
"text": "was the international communist organization",
"timestamp": [
1480.08,
1482.56
]
},
{
"text": "was the international communist organization",
"timestamp": [
1480.08,
1482.56
]
},
{
"text": "led by the Soviet Union to organize\ncommunist parties across Europe.",
"timestamp": [
1482.56,
1487.2
]
},
{
"text": "led by the Soviet Union to organize\ncommunist parties across Europe.",
"timestamp": [
1482.56,
1487.2
]
},
{
"text": "But as Chinese communism became stronger\nand made that less relevant,",
"timestamp": [
1487.2,
1492.24
]
},
{
"text": "But as Chinese communism became stronger\nand made that less relevant,",
"timestamp": [
1487.2,
1492.24
]
},
{
"text": "it was just dissolved as \npart of the de-Stalinization ",
"timestamp": [
1492.24,
1495.76
]
},
{
"text": "it was just dissolved as \npart of the de-Stalinization ",
"timestamp": [
1492.24,
1495.76
]
},
{
"text": "that happened after Stalin's death.",
"timestamp": [
1495.76,
1498.16
]
},
{
"text": "that happened after Stalin's death.",
"timestamp": [
1495.76,
1498.16
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Yeah. Just to go \nthrough a couple of things, ",
"timestamp": [
1498.96,
1502.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Yeah. Just to go \nthrough a couple of things, ",
"timestamp": [
1498.96,
1502.32
]
},
{
"text": "a couple of important points there, I think,",
"timestamp": [
1503.36,
1505.44
]
},
{
"text": "a couple of important points there, I think,",
"timestamp": [
1503.36,
1505.44
]
},
{
"text": "so maybe at the very beginning,\nwe were taught that it was, I mean,",
"timestamp": [
1507.04,
1512
]
},
{
"text": "so maybe at the very beginning,\nwe were taught that it was, I mean,",
"timestamp": [
1507.04,
1512
]
},
{
"text": "I was certainly taught that it\nwas an ideological struggle.",
"timestamp": [
1512,
1514.88
]
},
{
"text": "I was certainly taught that it\nwas an ideological struggle.",
"timestamp": [
1512,
1514.88
]
},
{
"text": "A purely ideological struggle \nbetween, on the one hand, ",
"timestamp": [
1514.88,
1518.24
]
},
{
"text": "A purely ideological struggle \nbetween, on the one hand, ",
"timestamp": [
1514.88,
1518.24
]
},
{
"text": "an ideology that focused on \nindividualism and individual freedoms.",
"timestamp": [
1518.24,
1522.08
]
},
{
"text": "an ideology that focused on \nindividualism and individual freedoms.",
"timestamp": [
1518.24,
1522.08
]
},
{
"text": "On the other hand, an ideology that focused on\nthe overall average communal good,",
"timestamp": [
1522.08,
1528.96
]
},
{
"text": "On the other hand, an ideology that focused on\nthe overall average communal good,",
"timestamp": [
1522.08,
1528.96
]
},
{
"text": "even to the point of ",
"timestamp": [
1528.96,
1529.92
]
},
{
"text": "even to the point of ",
"timestamp": [
1528.96,
1529.92
]
},
{
"text": "terrific astonishing oppression.\nTerrific being, I don't mean like in the good way.",
"timestamp": [
1531.44,
1536.56
]
},
{
"text": "terrific astonishing oppression.\nTerrific being, I don't mean like in the good way.",
"timestamp": [
1531.44,
1536.56
]
},
{
"text": "Astonishing oppression of individual expression.\nThat was the way I learned it in high school.",
"timestamp": [
1537.2,
1545.04
]
},
{
"text": "Astonishing oppression of individual expression.\nThat was the way I learned it in high school.",
"timestamp": [
1537.2,
1545.04
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know if that's the way you learned it,\nbut that's the way that I was taught about it.",
"timestamp": [
1545.04,
1548.4
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know if that's the way you learned it,\nbut that's the way that I was taught about it.",
"timestamp": [
1545.04,
1548.4
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. Obviously, the oppression is a huge deal\nand economically they weren't able to produce",
"timestamp": [
1549.76,
1558.48
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. Obviously, the oppression is a huge deal\nand economically they weren't able to produce",
"timestamp": [
1549.76,
1558.48
]
},
{
"text": "the kind of consumer goods that were in demand. ",
"timestamp": [
1558.48,
1561.76
]
},
{
"text": "the kind of consumer goods that were in demand. ",
"timestamp": [
1558.48,
1561.76
]
},
{
"text": "There were all sorts of \nflaws in the Soviet system.",
"timestamp": [
1562.72,
1566.08
]
},
{
"text": "There were all sorts of \nflaws in the Soviet system.",
"timestamp": [
1562.72,
1566.08
]
},
{
"text": "I think though, that looking at the Soviet Union\nas this monolith gets problematic",
"timestamp": [
1566.08,
1571.84
]
},
{
"text": "I think though, that looking at the Soviet Union\nas this monolith gets problematic",
"timestamp": [
1566.08,
1571.84
]
},
{
"text": "as any kind of monolith does with people,\nbecause we never agree on anything.",
"timestamp": [
1571.84,
1576
]
},
{
"text": "as any kind of monolith does with people,\nbecause we never agree on anything.",
"timestamp": [
1571.84,
1576
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. Yeah, and over time\nthere were different Soviet Unions,",
"timestamp": [
1576,
1579.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. Yeah, and over time\nthere were different Soviet Unions,",
"timestamp": [
1576,
1579.04
]
},
{
"text": "like Stalin's Soviet Union, \neven early Stalin's Soviet Union ",
"timestamp": [
1579.04,
1583.52
]
},
{
"text": "like Stalin's Soviet Union, \neven early Stalin's Soviet Union ",
"timestamp": [
1579.04,
1583.52
]
},
{
"text": "was very different from late Stalin Soviet Union,",
"timestamp": [
1583.52,
1585.76
]
},
{
"text": "was very different from late Stalin Soviet Union,",
"timestamp": [
1583.52,
1585.76
]
},
{
"text": "and 1938 was vastly different from 1951.",
"timestamp": [
1585.76,
1589.12
]
},
{
"text": "and 1938 was vastly different from 1951.",
"timestamp": [
1585.76,
1589.12
]
},
{
"text": "That's definitely part of it,\nbut understanding the relationship,",
"timestamp": [
1590.88,
1596.48
]
},
{
"text": "That's definitely part of it,\nbut understanding the relationship,",
"timestamp": [
1590.88,
1596.48
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know how important it is to the test. ",
"timestamp": [
1596.48,
1598.56
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know how important it is to the test. ",
"timestamp": [
1596.48,
1598.56
]
},
{
"text": "You probably will, but \nunderstanding the relationship",
"timestamp": [
1598.56,
1600.88
]
},
{
"text": "You probably will, but \nunderstanding the relationship",
"timestamp": [
1598.56,
1600.88
]
},
{
"text": "between those initial ways of \nthinking about the Cold War, ",
"timestamp": [
1600.88,
1604.72
]
},
{
"text": "between those initial ways of \nthinking about the Cold War, ",
"timestamp": [
1600.88,
1604.72
]
},
{
"text": "that these were just an ideological disagreement",
"timestamp": [
1605.52,
1608.8
]
},
{
"text": "that these were just an ideological disagreement",
"timestamp": [
1605.52,
1608.8
]
},
{
"text": "about what the human social \norders should be with both sides.",
"timestamp": [
1608.8,
1613.44
]
},
{
"text": "about what the human social \norders should be with both sides.",
"timestamp": [
1608.8,
1613.44
]
},
{
"text": "But at least from our perspective, when I\nwas a kid, especially the communists",
"timestamp": [
1613.44,
1617.28
]
},
{
"text": "But at least from our perspective, when I\nwas a kid, especially the communists",
"timestamp": [
1613.44,
1617.28
]
},
{
"text": "trying to impose their worldview\nin the so-called \"third world.\"",
"timestamp": [
1617.28,
1621.6
]
},
{
"text": "trying to impose their worldview\nin the so-called \"third world.\"",
"timestamp": [
1617.28,
1621.6
]
},
{
"text": "The \"first world\" being the US and its allies, ",
"timestamp": [
1621.6,
1624.96
]
},
{
"text": "The \"first world\" being the US and its allies, ",
"timestamp": [
1621.6,
1624.96
]
},
{
"text": "the \"second world\" being \nthe Soviets and its allies,",
"timestamp": [
1624.96,
1626.96
]
},
{
"text": "the \"second world\" being \nthe Soviets and its allies,",
"timestamp": [
1624.96,
1626.96
]
},
{
"text": "and the \"third world\" being the world\nthat we were all fighting over",
"timestamp": [
1626.96,
1630.4
]
},
{
"text": "and the \"third world\" being the world\nthat we were all fighting over",
"timestamp": [
1626.96,
1630.4
]
},
{
"text": "to decide what the future\nof humanity would be.",
"timestamp": [
1630.4,
1632.96
]
},
{
"text": "to decide what the future\nof humanity would be.",
"timestamp": [
1630.4,
1632.96
]
},
{
"text": "This was a purely ideological struggle.\nThen, along come the revisionists",
"timestamp": [
1635.76,
1639.76
]
},
{
"text": "This was a purely ideological struggle.\nThen, along come the revisionists",
"timestamp": [
1635.76,
1639.76
]
},
{
"text": "and say, \"Well, actually, I think it's\na lot more complicated than that,",
"timestamp": [
1639.76,
1644.08
]
},
{
"text": "and say, \"Well, actually, I think it's\na lot more complicated than that,",
"timestamp": [
1639.76,
1644.08
]
},
{
"text": "and that maybe we shouldn't only be looking at ",
"timestamp": [
1644.08,
1646
]
},
{
"text": "and that maybe we shouldn't only be looking at ",
"timestamp": [
1644.08,
1646
]
},
{
"text": "the way communism is trying \nto expand its influence,",
"timestamp": [
1646,
1648.64
]
},
{
"text": "the way communism is trying \nto expand its influence,",
"timestamp": [
1646,
1648.64
]
},
{
"text": "but also look at the way the US is trying\nto expand its influence, and the West is.\"",
"timestamp": [
1648.64,
1652.4
]
},
{
"text": "but also look at the way the US is trying\nto expand its influence, and the West is.\"",
"timestamp": [
1648.64,
1652.4
]
},
{
"text": ">Right.\n<Then, the post-revisionist argue for?",
"timestamp": [
1652.4,
1654.88
]
},
{
"text": ">Right.\n<Then, the post-revisionist argue for?",
"timestamp": [
1652.4,
1654.88
]
},
{
"text": "Just restate it, I'm asking you. ",
"timestamp": [
1656.32,
1659.04
]
},
{
"text": "Just restate it, I'm asking you. ",
"timestamp": [
1656.32,
1659.04
]
},
{
"text": ">Oh, just, I guess, a middle \nground, like trying to ...",
"timestamp": [
1660.72,
1664.4
]
},
{
"text": ">Oh, just, I guess, a middle \nground, like trying to ...",
"timestamp": [
1660.72,
1664.4
]
},
{
"text": "which is, they asked for simplification of\n\"how did it start,\" and I was like,",
"timestamp": [
1664.4,
1668.08
]
},
{
"text": "which is, they asked for simplification of\n\"how did it start,\" and I was like,",
"timestamp": [
1664.4,
1668.08
]
},
{
"text": "\"Well, here's all these complicated responses.\"\n<It's pretty hard. Yeah. It's not simple.",
"timestamp": [
1668.08,
1671.36
]
},
{
"text": "\"Well, here's all these complicated responses.\"\n<It's pretty hard. Yeah. It's not simple.",
"timestamp": [
1668.08,
1671.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Right. I don't think you need to\nname these schools of thought necessarily",
"timestamp": [
1672.8,
1676.64
]
},
{
"text": ">Right. I don't think you need to\nname these schools of thought necessarily",
"timestamp": [
1672.8,
1676.64
]
},
{
"text": "on the AP exam, but understanding that\nthere's different perspectives on this,",
"timestamp": [
1676.64,
1680.4
]
},
{
"text": "on the AP exam, but understanding that\nthere's different perspectives on this,",
"timestamp": [
1676.64,
1680.4
]
},
{
"text": "I think is important. I would say that\nthe post-revisionists were just complicating--",
"timestamp": [
1680.4,
1686
]
},
{
"text": "I think is important. I would say that\nthe post-revisionists were just complicating--",
"timestamp": [
1680.4,
1686
]
},
{
"text": "looking at more social, political, economic causes\nand not just that ideological divide.",
"timestamp": [
1686,
1690.88
]
},
{
"text": "looking at more social, political, economic causes\nand not just that ideological divide.",
"timestamp": [
1686,
1690.88
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. Okay. Let's move on to a question\nfrom Tim Ruckle, who asks,",
"timestamp": [
1690.88,
1696.64
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. Okay. Let's move on to a question\nfrom Tim Ruckle, who asks,",
"timestamp": [
1690.88,
1696.64
]
},
{
"text": "\"how was Kwame Nkrumah and Ghana significant ",
"timestamp": [
1696.64,
1701.28
]
},
{
"text": "\"how was Kwame Nkrumah and Ghana significant ",
"timestamp": [
1696.64,
1701.28
]
},
{
"text": "in the nonaligned movement \nto African decolonization,",
"timestamp": [
1701.28,
1704.72
]
},
{
"text": "in the nonaligned movement \nto African decolonization,",
"timestamp": [
1701.28,
1704.72
]
},
{
"text": "and more broadly, in the Cold War itself?\"",
"timestamp": [
1705.28,
1709.84
]
},
{
"text": "and more broadly, in the Cold War itself?\"",
"timestamp": [
1705.28,
1709.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. I think that whole movement is\ninteresting, speaking of a middle ground.",
"timestamp": [
1712.16,
1717.04
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. I think that whole movement is\ninteresting, speaking of a middle ground.",
"timestamp": [
1712.16,
1717.04
]
},
{
"text": "The nonaligned movement was the\nthird option during the Cold War.",
"timestamp": [
1717.84,
1722.32
]
},
{
"text": "The nonaligned movement was the\nthird option during the Cold War.",
"timestamp": [
1717.84,
1722.32
]
},
{
"text": "It started with Yugoslavia \nand its leader Tito, trying ",
"timestamp": [
1722.32,
1726
]
},
{
"text": "It started with Yugoslavia \nand its leader Tito, trying ",
"timestamp": [
1722.32,
1726
]
},
{
"text": "to establish independence \nfrom Soviet-led communism.",
"timestamp": [
1726,
1729.6
]
},
{
"text": "to establish independence \nfrom Soviet-led communism.",
"timestamp": [
1726,
1729.6
]
},
{
"text": "It did have some impacts on UN\ndecision-making during the Cold War.",
"timestamp": [
1730.4,
1734.08
]
},
{
"text": "It did have some impacts on UN\ndecision-making during the Cold War.",
"timestamp": [
1730.4,
1734.08
]
},
{
"text": "Kwame Nkrumah was a part of the non-aligned\nmovement and thought that capitalism",
"timestamp": [
1735.28,
1740.72
]
},
{
"text": "Kwame Nkrumah was a part of the non-aligned\nmovement and thought that capitalism",
"timestamp": [
1735.28,
1740.72
]
},
{
"text": "had done a lot of damage to Africa,\nenvisioning socialism as the best way forward,",
"timestamp": [
1740.72,
1745.6
]
},
{
"text": "had done a lot of damage to Africa,\nenvisioning socialism as the best way forward,",
"timestamp": [
1740.72,
1745.6
]
},
{
"text": "because it had egalitarian goals.\nHe was the leader of the independence",
"timestamp": [
1745.6,
1750.96
]
},
{
"text": "because it had egalitarian goals.\nHe was the leader of the independence",
"timestamp": [
1745.6,
1750.96
]
},
{
"text": "movement in Ghana against British colonization ",
"timestamp": [
1750.96,
1753.92
]
},
{
"text": "movement in Ghana against British colonization ",
"timestamp": [
1750.96,
1753.92
]
},
{
"text": "and was elected as the first \npresident of Ghana in 1960.",
"timestamp": [
1753.92,
1757.28
]
},
{
"text": "and was elected as the first \npresident of Ghana in 1960.",
"timestamp": [
1753.92,
1757.28
]
},
{
"text": "He was a Pan-Africanist, which I think\nwas an interesting idea, meaning basically",
"timestamp": [
1758.32,
1762
]
},
{
"text": "He was a Pan-Africanist, which I think\nwas an interesting idea, meaning basically",
"timestamp": [
1758.32,
1762
]
},
{
"text": "he saw Africans as sharing a common\nhistory and a common destiny,",
"timestamp": [
1762,
1767.12
]
},
{
"text": "he saw Africans as sharing a common\nhistory and a common destiny,",
"timestamp": [
1762,
1767.12
]
},
{
"text": "whose solidarity and \ncollective self-reliance would ",
"timestamp": [
1767.12,
1771.2
]
},
{
"text": "whose solidarity and \ncollective self-reliance would ",
"timestamp": [
1767.12,
1771.2
]
},
{
"text": "empower people of African \ndescent on a global scale.",
"timestamp": [
1771.2,
1774.16
]
},
{
"text": "empower people of African \ndescent on a global scale.",
"timestamp": [
1771.2,
1774.16
]
},
{
"text": "That's even going to have an impact on the\nAmerican Civil Rights Movement.",
"timestamp": [
1774.72,
1778.64
]
},
{
"text": "That's even going to have an impact on the\nAmerican Civil Rights Movement.",
"timestamp": [
1774.72,
1778.64
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, Malcolm X travels to Ghana\nand they're all talking together.",
"timestamp": [
1778.64,
1786
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, Malcolm X travels to Ghana\nand they're all talking together.",
"timestamp": [
1778.64,
1786
]
},
{
"text": "It's interesting, again, to see that\ncommunication on a global scale.",
"timestamp": [
1786,
1790.72
]
},
{
"text": "It's interesting, again, to see that\ncommunication on a global scale.",
"timestamp": [
1786,
1790.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Yeah. It is another example of how\nwe may want to put histories into continents",
"timestamp": [
1791.44,
1802.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Yeah. It is another example of how\nwe may want to put histories into continents",
"timestamp": [
1791.44,
1802.56
]
},
{
"text": "or in these particular communities, but in fact,\nall history is world history on some level.",
"timestamp": [
1802.56,
1809.2
]
},
{
"text": "or in these particular communities, but in fact,\nall history is world history on some level.",
"timestamp": [
1802.56,
1809.2
]
},
{
"text": ">I think I tended to learn more\nabout one country at a time.",
"timestamp": [
1811.36,
1814.08
]
},
{
"text": ">I think I tended to learn more\nabout one country at a time.",
"timestamp": [
1811.36,
1814.08
]
},
{
"text": "I think world history has been interesting\nlooking at these big global movements.",
"timestamp": [
1816.24,
1821.84
]
},
{
"text": "I think world history has been interesting\nlooking at these big global movements.",
"timestamp": [
1816.24,
1821.84
]
},
{
"text": "Looking at huge trends and how they affect\nall these different areas of the globe,",
"timestamp": [
1823.2,
1829.44
]
},
{
"text": "Looking at huge trends and how they affect\nall these different areas of the globe,",
"timestamp": [
1823.2,
1829.44
]
},
{
"text": "but are interconnected. We can never detach\nourselves from that interconnectedness.",
"timestamp": [
1829.44,
1834.56
]
},
{
"text": "but are interconnected. We can never detach\nourselves from that interconnectedness.",
"timestamp": [
1829.44,
1834.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Of course, decolonization was not only\nan issue for colonized nations, but also for",
"timestamp": [
1834.56,
1839.52
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Of course, decolonization was not only\nan issue for colonized nations, but also for",
"timestamp": [
1834.56,
1839.52
]
},
{
"text": "imperialistic ones and for ones that\nclaim not to be imperialistic,",
"timestamp": [
1840.08,
1844.08
]
},
{
"text": "imperialistic ones and for ones that\nclaim not to be imperialistic,",
"timestamp": [
1840.08,
1844.08
]
},
{
"text": "but still had state-sanctioned underclasses.\nIt makes a lot of sense that Malcolm X",
"timestamp": [
1844.08,
1853.84
]
},
{
"text": "but still had state-sanctioned underclasses.\nIt makes a lot of sense that Malcolm X",
"timestamp": [
1844.08,
1853.84
]
},
{
"text": "would be going to Ghana and learning\nabout decolonization there and trying",
"timestamp": [
1853.84,
1858.96
]
},
{
"text": "would be going to Ghana and learning\nabout decolonization there and trying",
"timestamp": [
1853.84,
1858.96
]
},
{
"text": "to bring some of those ideas back to the US.\nHere's a question from Gabrielle,",
"timestamp": [
1858.96,
1863.76
]
},
{
"text": "to bring some of those ideas back to the US.\nHere's a question from Gabrielle,",
"timestamp": [
1858.96,
1863.76
]
},
{
"text": "\"What are the differences between the Aztecs, ",
"timestamp": [
1863.76,
1866.24
]
},
{
"text": "\"What are the differences between the Aztecs, ",
"timestamp": [
1863.76,
1866.24
]
},
{
"text": "the Incas, and other Native \nAmerican ethnic groups?\"",
"timestamp": [
1866.24,
1869.6
]
},
{
"text": "the Incas, and other Native \nAmerican ethnic groups?\"",
"timestamp": [
1866.24,
1869.6
]
},
{
"text": "That's broad. ",
"timestamp": [
1869.6,
1870.96
]
},
{
"text": "That's broad. ",
"timestamp": [
1869.6,
1870.96
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. I don't know why we talk so much\nabout the Aztec, the Incas, and the Maya.",
"timestamp": [
1874.4,
1879.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. I don't know why we talk so much\nabout the Aztec, the Incas, and the Maya.",
"timestamp": [
1874.4,
1879.2
]
},
{
"text": "I feel like those are the big \nthree always in the Americas, ",
"timestamp": [
1879.2,
1882.64
]
},
{
"text": "I feel like those are the big \nthree always in the Americas, ",
"timestamp": [
1879.2,
1882.64
]
},
{
"text": "but obviously, there's other \ngroups in the Americas by 1200.",
"timestamp": [
1882.64,
1888.48
]
},
{
"text": "but obviously, there's other \ngroups in the Americas by 1200.",
"timestamp": [
1882.64,
1888.48
]
},
{
"text": "But those are the big three that I think get ",
"timestamp": [
1889.44,
1891.6
]
},
{
"text": "But those are the big three that I think get ",
"timestamp": [
1889.44,
1891.6
]
},
{
"text": "brought up a lot, in part, \nbecause they're really big.",
"timestamp": [
1891.6,
1893.68
]
},
{
"text": "brought up a lot, in part, \nbecause they're really big.",
"timestamp": [
1891.6,
1893.68
]
},
{
"text": "We could debate other reasons why, but I think\nit's interesting to think about those areas",
"timestamp": [
1894.48,
1899.84
]
},
{
"text": "We could debate other reasons why, but I think\nit's interesting to think about those areas",
"timestamp": [
1894.48,
1899.84
]
},
{
"text": "geographically, because when you think\nabout the Incan Empire, for instance,",
"timestamp": [
1899.84,
1904.16
]
},
{
"text": "geographically, because when you think\nabout the Incan Empire, for instance,",
"timestamp": [
1899.84,
1904.16
]
},
{
"text": "it stretches largely North-South,\nalong the coast of mostly what's now Peru,",
"timestamp": [
1904.16,
1910
]
},
{
"text": "it stretches largely North-South,\nalong the coast of mostly what's now Peru,",
"timestamp": [
1904.16,
1910
]
},
{
"text": "rather than East-West, which most of Europe\nis in that East-West, similar latitude.",
"timestamp": [
1910.96,
1917.76
]
},
{
"text": "rather than East-West, which most of Europe\nis in that East-West, similar latitude.",
"timestamp": [
1910.96,
1917.76
]
},
{
"text": "They span a much bigger range of climates,\nnot to mention the elevation going up and down.",
"timestamp": [
1917.76,
1923.36
]
},
{
"text": "They span a much bigger range of climates,\nnot to mention the elevation going up and down.",
"timestamp": [
1917.76,
1923.36
]
},
{
"text": "I just think that's ",
"timestamp": [
1923.36,
1924.24
]
},
{
"text": "I just think that's ",
"timestamp": [
1923.36,
1924.24
]
},
{
"text": "an interesting thing about them\nand how much that must have impacted development.",
"timestamp": [
1924.24,
1929.84
]
},
{
"text": "an interesting thing about them\nand how much that must have impacted development.",
"timestamp": [
1924.24,
1929.84
]
},
{
"text": "But the Aztec and the Inca had both forcibly\ntaken over and absorbed other cultures.",
"timestamp": [
1929.84,
1936.88
]
},
{
"text": "But the Aztec and the Inca had both forcibly\ntaken over and absorbed other cultures.",
"timestamp": [
1929.84,
1936.88
]
},
{
"text": "The Aztecs were the last and the largest of these\nMesoamerican states that emerged",
"timestamp": [
1936.88,
1942.24
]
},
{
"text": "The Aztecs were the last and the largest of these\nMesoamerican states that emerged",
"timestamp": [
1936.88,
1942.24
]
},
{
"text": "before Spanish conquest, and then grew out of\nthe Mexico alliance with these two other states.",
"timestamp": [
1942.24,
1947.84
]
},
{
"text": "before Spanish conquest, and then grew out of\nthe Mexico alliance with these two other states.",
"timestamp": [
1942.24,
1947.84
]
},
{
"text": "Its power came from conquest,\nwhich made it a little bit unstable",
"timestamp": [
1948.96,
1953.28
]
},
{
"text": "Its power came from conquest,\nwhich made it a little bit unstable",
"timestamp": [
1948.96,
1953.28
]
},
{
"text": "because the areas that they\nconquered would rebel.",
"timestamp": [
1953.28,
1955.76
]
},
{
"text": "because the areas that they\nconquered would rebel.",
"timestamp": [
1953.28,
1955.76
]
},
{
"text": "Then, the areas that they conquered owed payments ",
"timestamp": [
1957.28,
1960.32
]
},
{
"text": "Then, the areas that they conquered owed payments ",
"timestamp": [
1957.28,
1960.32
]
},
{
"text": "in the form of labor and \nmaterials to Tenochtitlan.",
"timestamp": [
1960.32,
1964.48
]
},
{
"text": "in the form of labor and \nmaterials to Tenochtitlan.",
"timestamp": [
1960.32,
1964.48
]
},
{
"text": "The city itself was an \nabsolute wonder to Europeans. ",
"timestamp": [
1965.04,
1969.12
]
},
{
"text": "The city itself was an \nabsolute wonder to Europeans. ",
"timestamp": [
1965.04,
1969.12
]
},
{
"text": "They were just in awe of \nits size, of the chinampas,",
"timestamp": [
1969.12,
1972.64
]
},
{
"text": "They were just in awe of \nits size, of the chinampas,",
"timestamp": [
1969.12,
1972.64
]
},
{
"text": "or these floating islands where they grew food\nthat were used for farming.",
"timestamp": [
1972.64,
1977.76
]
},
{
"text": "or these floating islands where they grew food\nthat were used for farming.",
"timestamp": [
1972.64,
1977.76
]
},
{
"text": "People talk a lot about human\nsacrifice with the Aztecs.",
"timestamp": [
1979.52,
1983.68
]
},
{
"text": "People talk a lot about human\nsacrifice with the Aztecs.",
"timestamp": [
1979.52,
1983.68
]
},
{
"text": "It did play a role in Aztec public life, but they ",
"timestamp": [
1983.68,
1987.12
]
},
{
"text": "It did play a role in Aztec public life, but they ",
"timestamp": [
1983.68,
1987.12
]
},
{
"text": "weren't alone in that, so I \nwouldn't overemphasize it.",
"timestamp": [
1987.12,
1989.84
]
},
{
"text": "weren't alone in that, so I \nwouldn't overemphasize it.",
"timestamp": [
1987.12,
1989.84
]
},
{
"text": "The Aztec emperor Montezuma was eventually\nconquered by Hernan Cortes, the Spaniard.",
"timestamp": [
1991.84,
1998.48
]
},
{
"text": "The Aztec emperor Montezuma was eventually\nconquered by Hernan Cortes, the Spaniard.",
"timestamp": [
1991.84,
1998.48
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the Incan empire was much larger\nthan the Aztec state geographically,",
"timestamp": [
1999.12,
2003.68
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the Incan empire was much larger\nthan the Aztec state geographically,",
"timestamp": [
1999.12,
2003.68
]
},
{
"text": "and might have had as many as 10 million subjects. ",
"timestamp": [
2003.68,
2006.88
]
},
{
"text": "and might have had as many as 10 million subjects. ",
"timestamp": [
2003.68,
2006.88
]
},
{
"text": "These are estimates, but \nthey were more bureaucratic",
"timestamp": [
2006.88,
2009.92
]
},
{
"text": "These are estimates, but \nthey were more bureaucratic",
"timestamp": [
2006.88,
2009.92
]
},
{
"text": "than the Aztecs, probably because of that.\nThey used, I think it's pronounced quipus,",
"timestamp": [
2009.92,
2015.52
]
},
{
"text": "than the Aztecs, probably because of that.\nThey used, I think it's pronounced quipus,",
"timestamp": [
2009.92,
2015.52
]
},
{
"text": "a series of these nodded cords to record\ndemographic data and do all this accounting.",
"timestamp": [
2015.52,
2022.56
]
},
{
"text": "a series of these nodded cords to record\ndemographic data and do all this accounting.",
"timestamp": [
2015.52,
2022.56
]
},
{
"text": "They required the people that they conquered ",
"timestamp": [
2023.76,
2027.44
]
},
{
"text": "They required the people that they conquered ",
"timestamp": [
2023.76,
2027.44
]
},
{
"text": "to learn Quechua and to do \nmilitary service to the empire.",
"timestamp": [
2027.44,
2031.84
]
},
{
"text": "to learn Quechua and to do \nmilitary service to the empire.",
"timestamp": [
2027.44,
2031.84
]
},
{
"text": "State authority permeated much further\ninto Inca society than in the Aztec.",
"timestamp": [
2032.8,
2038.24
]
},
{
"text": "State authority permeated much further\ninto Inca society than in the Aztec.",
"timestamp": [
2032.8,
2038.24
]
},
{
"text": "That might be something I'd say if I were\nasked to compare and contrast them.",
"timestamp": [
2038.24,
2041.44
]
},
{
"text": "That might be something I'd say if I were\nasked to compare and contrast them.",
"timestamp": [
2038.24,
2041.44
]
},
{
"text": "In Incan society, women had matrilineal\ndescent and worshiped the moon,",
"timestamp": [
2043.44,
2048.64
]
},
{
"text": "In Incan society, women had matrilineal\ndescent and worshiped the moon,",
"timestamp": [
2043.44,
2048.64
]
},
{
"text": "and men worshiped the sun and traced\ntheir descent through their fathers.",
"timestamp": [
2048.64,
2052.56
]
},
{
"text": "and men worshiped the sun and traced\ntheir descent through their fathers.",
"timestamp": [
2048.64,
2052.56
]
},
{
"text": "Atahuallpa was the last emperor after,\nthe last Incan emperor after a civil war",
"timestamp": [
2053.2,
2060.08
]
},
{
"text": "Atahuallpa was the last emperor after,\nthe last Incan emperor after a civil war",
"timestamp": [
2053.2,
2060.08
]
},
{
"text": "caused by the death of his father due to smallpox.\nSpeaking of global things impacting history,",
"timestamp": [
2060.08,
2066.56
]
},
{
"text": "caused by the death of his father due to smallpox.\nSpeaking of global things impacting history,",
"timestamp": [
2060.08,
2066.56
]
},
{
"text": "and he was defeated by Pizarro.\n<Yeah, and we should say that smallpox",
"timestamp": [
2067.52,
2071.68
]
},
{
"text": "and he was defeated by Pizarro.\n<Yeah, and we should say that smallpox",
"timestamp": [
2067.52,
2071.68
]
},
{
"text": "was not in the Americas before the\nColumbian exchange began in 1492.",
"timestamp": [
2071.68,
2079.28
]
},
{
"text": "was not in the Americas before the\nColumbian exchange began in 1492.",
"timestamp": [
2071.68,
2079.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, and just was so \ndevastating. Some estimates ",
"timestamp": [
2080.8,
2084.4
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, and just was so \ndevastating. Some estimates ",
"timestamp": [
2080.8,
2084.4
]
},
{
"text": "are as much as 90% of the \npopulation of the Americas.",
"timestamp": [
2084.4,
2088.32
]
},
{
"text": "are as much as 90% of the \npopulation of the Americas.",
"timestamp": [
2084.4,
2088.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. This is a particular, this is like\na pet issue of mine, Cathy.",
"timestamp": [
2088.32,
2092.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. This is a particular, this is like\na pet issue of mine, Cathy.",
"timestamp": [
2088.32,
2092.32
]
},
{
"text": "But I think that disease is overwhelmingly\nthe most important historical force.",
"timestamp": [
2092.32,
2096.4
]
},
{
"text": "But I think that disease is overwhelmingly\nthe most important historical force.",
"timestamp": [
2092.32,
2096.4
]
},
{
"text": ">It's huge, right?\n<It completely reshaped, it became ...",
"timestamp": [
2097.28,
2102.2
]
},
{
"text": ">It's huge, right?\n<It completely reshaped, it became ...",
"timestamp": [
2097.28,
2102.2
]
},
{
"text": "I think the historian, Frank Snowden,\ndescribes it as largely incidental,",
"timestamp": [
2103.2,
2106.56
]
},
{
"text": "I think the historian, Frank Snowden,\ndescribes it as largely incidental,",
"timestamp": [
2103.2,
2106.56
]
},
{
"text": "although there were episodes of\nwhat amount to bio-terrorism.",
"timestamp": [
2106.56,
2110.8
]
},
{
"text": "although there were episodes of\nwhat amount to bio-terrorism.",
"timestamp": [
2106.56,
2110.8
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, it had a huge impact, obviously,\n90% of people in the Americas died,",
"timestamp": [
2112.08,
2116.4
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, it had a huge impact, obviously,\n90% of people in the Americas died,",
"timestamp": [
2112.08,
2116.4
]
},
{
"text": "and 500 years earlier or 400 years earlier,\nprobably half of people in Eurasia died",
"timestamp": [
2117.12,
2125.04
]
},
{
"text": "and 500 years earlier or 400 years earlier,\nprobably half of people in Eurasia died",
"timestamp": [
2117.12,
2125.04
]
},
{
"text": "in a four or five-year period\nduring the Black Death.",
"timestamp": [
2125.04,
2127.92
]
},
{
"text": "in a four or five-year period\nduring the Black Death.",
"timestamp": [
2125.04,
2127.92
]
},
{
"text": "These are huge, huge historical forces\nthat we tend to ignore because war and kings",
"timestamp": [
2128.8,
2133.68
]
},
{
"text": "These are huge, huge historical forces\nthat we tend to ignore because war and kings",
"timestamp": [
2128.8,
2133.68
]
},
{
"text": "are so much more interesting.\n>I think COVID gives us",
"timestamp": [
2133.68,
2138.4
]
},
{
"text": "are so much more interesting.\n>I think COVID gives us",
"timestamp": [
2133.68,
2138.4
]
},
{
"text": "a much better appreciation of that, right?\nWhen I think about the 1920s in the US",
"timestamp": [
2138.4,
2143.84
]
},
{
"text": "a much better appreciation of that, right?\nWhen I think about the 1920s in the US",
"timestamp": [
2138.4,
2143.84
]
},
{
"text": "and like jazz clubs and all of that now,\nI'm like, \"Of course, they went and partied",
"timestamp": [
2143.84,
2148.24
]
},
{
"text": "and like jazz clubs and all of that now,\nI'm like, \"Of course, they went and partied",
"timestamp": [
2143.84,
2148.24
]
},
{
"text": "after the influenza pandemic.\nThey were tired of quarantine.\"",
"timestamp": [
2148.24,
2152.4
]
},
{
"text": "after the influenza pandemic.\nThey were tired of quarantine.\"",
"timestamp": [
2148.24,
2152.4
]
},
{
"text": "I feel like it just changed \nmy whole perspective on that. ",
"timestamp": [
2154.16,
2156.48
]
},
{
"text": "I feel like it just changed \nmy whole perspective on that. ",
"timestamp": [
2154.16,
2156.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Me too. For sure.",
"timestamp": [
2156.48,
2157.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Me too. For sure.",
"timestamp": [
2156.48,
2157.84
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, Stan, are we going \nto talk about nation-building? ",
"timestamp": [
2158.64,
2160.88
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, Stan, are we going \nto talk about nation-building? ",
"timestamp": [
2158.64,
2160.88
]
},
{
"text": "Oh, great. We're going to \ntalk about nation-building,",
"timestamp": [
2160.88,
2164.16
]
},
{
"text": "Oh, great. We're going to \ntalk about nation-building,",
"timestamp": [
2160.88,
2164.16
]
},
{
"text": "America's favorite topic. Mahi wants to know\nhow nation states emerged.",
"timestamp": [
2164.16,
2169.12
]
},
{
"text": "America's favorite topic. Mahi wants to know\nhow nation states emerged.",
"timestamp": [
2164.16,
2169.12
]
},
{
"text": "Related, Atahan wants to know \nwho Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was.",
"timestamp": [
2170,
2175.6
]
},
{
"text": "Related, Atahan wants to know \nwho Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was.",
"timestamp": [
2170,
2175.6
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. I think this is a fascinating question\nbecause you see this in world history,",
"timestamp": [
2178.16,
2182.88
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. I think this is a fascinating question\nbecause you see this in world history,",
"timestamp": [
2178.16,
2182.88
]
},
{
"text": "the sway between local control and stronger\nnational control, that's an ongoing topic.",
"timestamp": [
2182.88,
2188.32
]
},
{
"text": "the sway between local control and stronger\nnational control, that's an ongoing topic.",
"timestamp": [
2182.88,
2188.32
]
},
{
"text": "I suppose empires are the \nother extreme of local control, ",
"timestamp": [
2188.88,
2192.32
]
},
{
"text": "I suppose empires are the \nother extreme of local control, ",
"timestamp": [
2188.88,
2192.32
]
},
{
"text": "with countries controlling these \nlarge groups of other countries.",
"timestamp": [
2192.32,
2195.28
]
},
{
"text": "with countries controlling these \nlarge groups of other countries.",
"timestamp": [
2192.32,
2195.28
]
},
{
"text": "In the 19th Century, nationalism \nled to a specific form ",
"timestamp": [
2196.16,
2200.08
]
},
{
"text": "In the 19th Century, nationalism \nled to a specific form ",
"timestamp": [
2196.16,
2200.08
]
},
{
"text": "of countries driven by this \nsense of common identity",
"timestamp": [
2200.08,
2204.48
]
},
{
"text": "of countries driven by this \nsense of common identity",
"timestamp": [
2200.08,
2204.48
]
},
{
"text": "because of language, religion,\nethnicity, similarity in cultures.",
"timestamp": [
2204.48,
2208.96
]
},
{
"text": "because of language, religion,\nethnicity, similarity in cultures.",
"timestamp": [
2204.48,
2208.96
]
},
{
"text": "In Italy and Germany, nations \nwere brought together by these ",
"timestamp": [
2210.64,
2214.64
]
},
{
"text": "In Italy and Germany, nations \nwere brought together by these ",
"timestamp": [
2210.64,
2214.64
]
},
{
"text": "strategic, eventually, by \nthese strategic limited wars.",
"timestamp": [
2214.64,
2217.44
]
},
{
"text": "strategic, eventually, by \nthese strategic limited wars.",
"timestamp": [
2214.64,
2217.44
]
},
{
"text": "In multi-ethnic empires though, like the\nOttoman Empire or the Austrian Empire,",
"timestamp": [
2218.16,
2223.36
]
},
{
"text": "In multi-ethnic empires though, like the\nOttoman Empire or the Austrian Empire,",
"timestamp": [
2218.16,
2223.36
]
},
{
"text": "a lot of nation-states were created\nin the aftermath of World War I",
"timestamp": [
2223.36,
2226.88
]
},
{
"text": "a lot of nation-states were created\nin the aftermath of World War I",
"timestamp": [
2223.36,
2226.88
]
},
{
"text": "because of what Woodrow Wilson \ncalled \"self-determination,\" ",
"timestamp": [
2226.88,
2229.92
]
},
{
"text": "because of what Woodrow Wilson \ncalled \"self-determination,\" ",
"timestamp": [
2226.88,
2229.92
]
},
{
"text": "or groups roughly deciding their own boundaries.",
"timestamp": [
2229.92,
2232.96
]
},
{
"text": "or groups roughly deciding their own boundaries.",
"timestamp": [
2229.92,
2232.96
]
},
{
"text": "Before you had war to build a nation, though,\nthere were often these idealistic groups",
"timestamp": [
2235.36,
2240.88
]
},
{
"text": "Before you had war to build a nation, though,\nthere were often these idealistic groups",
"timestamp": [
2235.36,
2240.88
]
},
{
"text": "who helped to propel that sense of common\nidentity or defining who they were.",
"timestamp": [
2240.88,
2245.52
]
},
{
"text": "who helped to propel that sense of common\nidentity or defining who they were.",
"timestamp": [
2240.88,
2245.52
]
},
{
"text": "Young Italy, for instance, \ncreated by Mazzini gave Italians ",
"timestamp": [
2246.96,
2251.92
]
},
{
"text": "Young Italy, for instance, \ncreated by Mazzini gave Italians ",
"timestamp": [
2246.96,
2251.92
]
},
{
"text": "this rosy dream, drawing on \nthe glory of ancient Rome.",
"timestamp": [
2251.92,
2256.08
]
},
{
"text": "this rosy dream, drawing on \nthe glory of ancient Rome.",
"timestamp": [
2251.92,
2256.08
]
},
{
"text": "The young Turks in the Ottoman Empire ",
"timestamp": [
2256.08,
2258.56
]
},
{
"text": "The young Turks in the Ottoman Empire ",
"timestamp": [
2256.08,
2258.56
]
},
{
"text": "forced Abdul Hamid II to \nrestore constitution in 1908.",
"timestamp": [
2258.56,
2263.52
]
},
{
"text": "forced Abdul Hamid II to \nrestore constitution in 1908.",
"timestamp": [
2258.56,
2263.52
]
},
{
"text": "The Ottoman Empire was pretty ethnically diverse.\nThey had Arabs, Albanians, Jews, et cetera,",
"timestamp": [
2266.08,
2270.8
]
},
{
"text": "The Ottoman Empire was pretty ethnically diverse.\nThey had Arabs, Albanians, Jews, et cetera,",
"timestamp": [
2266.08,
2270.8
]
},
{
"text": "and much more of that group was\nmuch more about liberal political reform,",
"timestamp": [
2270.8,
2275.68
]
},
{
"text": "and much more of that group was\nmuch more about liberal political reform,",
"timestamp": [
2270.8,
2275.68
]
},
{
"text": "but they eventually would \nsplinter off into groups. ",
"timestamp": [
2275.68,
2279.36
]
},
{
"text": "but they eventually would \nsplinter off into groups. ",
"timestamp": [
2275.68,
2279.36
]
},
{
"text": "One of those groups became more nationalistic,",
"timestamp": [
2280.4,
2283.76
]
},
{
"text": "One of those groups became more nationalistic,",
"timestamp": [
2280.4,
2283.76
]
},
{
"text": "creating a single-party state that would\nlead the Ottoman Empire into World War I.",
"timestamp": [
2283.76,
2289.12
]
},
{
"text": "creating a single-party state that would\nlead the Ottoman Empire into World War I.",
"timestamp": [
2283.76,
2289.12
]
},
{
"text": "Then, like so many other empires, World War I\nis just devastating to the Ottoman Empire.",
"timestamp": [
2289.12,
2295.2
]
},
{
"text": "Then, like so many other empires, World War I\nis just devastating to the Ottoman Empire.",
"timestamp": [
2289.12,
2295.2
]
},
{
"text": "When World War I ends, nationalists led by\nMustafa Kemal Ataturk took the Turkish empire,",
"timestamp": [
2295.2,
2302.12
]
},
{
"text": "When World War I ends, nationalists led by\nMustafa Kemal Ataturk took the Turkish empire,",
"timestamp": [
2295.2,
2302.12
]
},
{
"text": "a part of the Ottoman Empire, and they\nabandoned the sultanate and the caliphate.",
"timestamp": [
2302.12,
2308.32
]
},
{
"text": "a part of the Ottoman Empire, and they\nabandoned the sultanate and the caliphate.",
"timestamp": [
2302.12,
2308.32
]
},
{
"text": "They're no longer the head of Islam in the world,\nand transformed Turkey into an independent,",
"timestamp": [
2308.32,
2316.16
]
},
{
"text": "They're no longer the head of Islam in the world,\nand transformed Turkey into an independent,",
"timestamp": [
2308.32,
2316.16
]
},
{
"text": "modern, secular republic, thinking as--",
"timestamp": [
2316.16,
2320.8
]
},
{
"text": "modern, secular republic, thinking as--",
"timestamp": [
2316.16,
2320.8
]
},
{
"text": "it was a way to make Turkey,\nI don't know, bring it into the new age.",
"timestamp": [
2322.64,
2325.84
]
},
{
"text": "it was a way to make Turkey,\nI don't know, bring it into the new age.",
"timestamp": [
2322.64,
2325.84
]
},
{
"text": "They did have an enlightened\nauthoritarian rule under Ataturk.",
"timestamp": [
2327.44,
2331.68
]
},
{
"text": "They did have an enlightened\nauthoritarian rule under Ataturk.",
"timestamp": [
2327.44,
2331.68
]
},
{
"text": "He considered gender equality \na mark of modernization, ",
"timestamp": [
2332.32,
2335.92
]
},
{
"text": "He considered gender equality \na mark of modernization, ",
"timestamp": [
2332.32,
2335.92
]
},
{
"text": "so women got the right to vote \nand hold public office in 1934.",
"timestamp": [
2335.92,
2339.84
]
},
{
"text": "so women got the right to vote \nand hold public office in 1934.",
"timestamp": [
2335.92,
2339.84
]
},
{
"text": "Polygamy was abolished.\nWomen were given equal rights in divorce,",
"timestamp": [
2340.48,
2344.08
]
},
{
"text": "Polygamy was abolished.\nWomen were given equal rights in divorce,",
"timestamp": [
2340.48,
2344.08
]
},
{
"text": "but his program of unification \nthrough Turkification, ",
"timestamp": [
2344.8,
2348.88
]
},
{
"text": "but his program of unification \nthrough Turkification, ",
"timestamp": [
2344.8,
2348.88
]
},
{
"text": "that's a mouthful, emphasized \npeople speaking Turkish.",
"timestamp": [
2348.88,
2353.76
]
},
{
"text": "that's a mouthful, emphasized \npeople speaking Turkish.",
"timestamp": [
2348.88,
2353.76
]
},
{
"text": "Changing their surnames, if \nthey were ethnic minorities, ",
"timestamp": [
2353.76,
2357.04
]
},
{
"text": "Changing their surnames, if \nthey were ethnic minorities, ",
"timestamp": [
2353.76,
2357.04
]
},
{
"text": "to names that sounded more Turkish.",
"timestamp": [
2357.04,
2359.2
]
},
{
"text": "to names that sounded more Turkish.",
"timestamp": [
2357.04,
2359.2
]
},
{
"text": "You really get that still \nvery nationalist bet with him.",
"timestamp": [
2359.2,
2362.96
]
},
{
"text": "You really get that still \nvery nationalist bet with him.",
"timestamp": [
2359.2,
2362.96
]
},
{
"text": "<That idea of building a nation\nin part through \"Turkifying\" it,",
"timestamp": [
2362.96,
2367.44
]
},
{
"text": "<That idea of building a nation\nin part through \"Turkifying\" it,",
"timestamp": [
2362.96,
2367.44
]
},
{
"text": "through having one ethnic identity that stretches\nfrom across the entire country, no matter what",
"timestamp": [
2367.44,
2374.8
]
},
{
"text": "through having one ethnic identity that stretches\nfrom across the entire country, no matter what",
"timestamp": [
2367.44,
2374.8
]
},
{
"text": "somebody's past might look like or what their own\nethnic identity might be to themselves.",
"timestamp": [
2374.8,
2381.84
]
},
{
"text": "somebody's past might look like or what their own\nethnic identity might be to themselves.",
"timestamp": [
2374.8,
2381.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Mm-hmm (affirmative). ",
"timestamp": [
2381.84,
2384.24
]
},
{
"text": ">Mm-hmm (affirmative). ",
"timestamp": [
2381.84,
2384.24
]
},
{
"text": "Well, and that's such an \ninteresting idea, of like,",
"timestamp": [
2384.24,
2386.72
]
},
{
"text": "Well, and that's such an \ninteresting idea, of like,",
"timestamp": [
2384.24,
2386.72
]
},
{
"text": "how do you define who's \"us\" versus who's \"them?\"\nThat's, I just think, a fascinating thing",
"timestamp": [
2386.72,
2393.68
]
},
{
"text": "how do you define who's \"us\" versus who's \"them?\"\nThat's, I just think, a fascinating thing",
"timestamp": [
2386.72,
2393.68
]
},
{
"text": "to look at throughout history.\n<Yes. There's so much of ...",
"timestamp": [
2393.68,
2397.44
]
},
{
"text": "to look at throughout history.\n<Yes. There's so much of ...",
"timestamp": [
2393.68,
2397.44
]
},
{
"text": "Yes, and this is something we talked a lot about\nin the European History thing, is that,",
"timestamp": [
2397.44,
2402.16
]
},
{
"text": "Yes, and this is something we talked a lot about\nin the European History thing, is that,",
"timestamp": [
2397.44,
2402.16
]
},
{
"text": "in the European History Crash Course,\nis that the negative integration strategy",
"timestamp": [
2402.16,
2406
]
},
{
"text": "in the European History Crash Course,\nis that the negative integration strategy",
"timestamp": [
2402.16,
2406
]
},
{
"text": "for forming an idea of a people, that people\nhave a shared identity as to say,",
"timestamp": [
2406,
2411.76
]
},
{
"text": "for forming an idea of a people, that people\nhave a shared identity as to say,",
"timestamp": [
2406,
2411.76
]
},
{
"text": "\"we are not this, we are not this,\nwe hate these people.",
"timestamp": [
2411.76,
2415.92
]
},
{
"text": "\"we are not this, we are not this,\nwe hate these people.",
"timestamp": [
2411.76,
2415.92
]
},
{
"text": "These others are the opposite\nof what we are.",
"timestamp": [
2415.92,
2420.32
]
},
{
"text": "These others are the opposite\nof what we are.",
"timestamp": [
2415.92,
2420.32
]
},
{
"text": "We will identify ourselves by being not-this\nand by trying to oppress, or marginalize,",
"timestamp": [
2420.32,
2425.44
]
},
{
"text": "We will identify ourselves by being not-this\nand by trying to oppress, or marginalize,",
"timestamp": [
2420.32,
2425.44
]
},
{
"text": "or even destroy them.\"\nThen, positive integration strategies",
"timestamp": [
2425.44,
2430
]
},
{
"text": "or even destroy them.\"\nThen, positive integration strategies",
"timestamp": [
2425.44,
2430
]
},
{
"text": "focus on ways of creating \"us's\" without \"thems,\"\nwhich is maybe harder, at least according to",
"timestamp": [
2430,
2437.84
]
},
{
"text": "focus on ways of creating \"us's\" without \"thems,\"\nwhich is maybe harder, at least according to",
"timestamp": [
2430,
2437.84
]
},
{
"text": "what we've seen from history,\nbut there are some examples of it.",
"timestamp": [
2437.84,
2440.48
]
},
{
"text": "what we've seen from history,\nbut there are some examples of it.",
"timestamp": [
2437.84,
2440.48
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. Like a national anthem, you need a flag,\na holiday, all of those things help build that.",
"timestamp": [
2441.6,
2448
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. Like a national anthem, you need a flag,\na holiday, all of those things help build that.",
"timestamp": [
2441.6,
2448
]
},
{
"text": "<National heroes that you put on your money.\n>Your statutes.",
"timestamp": [
2448,
2451.12
]
},
{
"text": "<National heroes that you put on your money.\n>Your statutes.",
"timestamp": [
2448,
2451.12
]
},
{
"text": "<That can come from a ...\nmaybe come from a variety of ethnic groups",
"timestamp": [
2451.12,
2454.56
]
},
{
"text": "<That can come from a ...\nmaybe come from a variety of ethnic groups",
"timestamp": [
2451.12,
2454.56
]
},
{
"text": "or a variety of linguistic backgrounds,\nbut still share the national identity.",
"timestamp": [
2454.56,
2459.6
]
},
{
"text": "or a variety of linguistic backgrounds,\nbut still share the national identity.",
"timestamp": [
2454.56,
2459.6
]
},
{
"text": "Alright. We got a question\nsubmitted on our Flipgrid group.",
"timestamp": [
2460.48,
2464
]
},
{
"text": "Alright. We got a question\nsubmitted on our Flipgrid group.",
"timestamp": [
2460.48,
2464
]
},
{
"text": "It comes from Nia, from Bulgaria who asks, ",
"timestamp": [
2464,
2467.36
]
},
{
"text": "It comes from Nia, from Bulgaria who asks, ",
"timestamp": [
2464,
2467.36
]
},
{
"text": "\"What do you think is a \nbetter way to look at history?",
"timestamp": [
2467.36,
2470.08
]
},
{
"text": "\"What do you think is a \nbetter way to look at history?",
"timestamp": [
2467.36,
2470.08
]
},
{
"text": "On one hand, there's the emotionally\ndetached way of looking at it,",
"timestamp": [
2470.08,
2473.36
]
},
{
"text": "On one hand, there's the emotionally\ndetached way of looking at it,",
"timestamp": [
2470.08,
2473.36
]
},
{
"text": "where you just look at the facts \nand the figures, and you're ",
"timestamp": [
2473.36,
2476.96
]
},
{
"text": "where you just look at the facts \nand the figures, and you're ",
"timestamp": [
2473.36,
2476.96
]
},
{
"text": "very objective and looking \nat it as almost a fiction,",
"timestamp": [
2476.96,
2481.04
]
},
{
"text": "very objective and looking \nat it as almost a fiction,",
"timestamp": [
2476.96,
2481.04
]
},
{
"text": "like it happened to a different species or didn't\nhappen at all. You just detach yourself from it.",
"timestamp": [
2481.04,
2486.64
]
},
{
"text": "like it happened to a different species or didn't\nhappen at all. You just detach yourself from it.",
"timestamp": [
2481.04,
2486.64
]
},
{
"text": "Or, on the other hand, you can look at it as ",
"timestamp": [
2486.64,
2489.68
]
},
{
"text": "Or, on the other hand, you can look at it as ",
"timestamp": [
2486.64,
2489.68
]
},
{
"text": "fully grasping that every \nsingle one of these people",
"timestamp": [
2489.68,
2493.2
]
},
{
"text": "fully grasping that every \nsingle one of these people",
"timestamp": [
2489.68,
2493.2
]
},
{
"text": "was an actual person who actually\nlived and died, just like you will.\"",
"timestamp": [
2493.2,
2498.24
]
},
{
"text": "was an actual person who actually\nlived and died, just like you will.\"",
"timestamp": [
2493.2,
2498.24
]
},
{
"text": "I feel like that's probably the right thing\nto do, because history is most importantly",
"timestamp": [
2498.24,
2503.2
]
},
{
"text": "I feel like that's probably the right thing\nto do, because history is most importantly",
"timestamp": [
2498.24,
2503.2
]
},
{
"text": "a human story, but it's also \nvery emotionally difficult. ",
"timestamp": [
2503.2,
2507.76
]
},
{
"text": "a human story, but it's also \nvery emotionally difficult. ",
"timestamp": [
2503.2,
2507.76
]
},
{
"text": "I'm wondering which you \nthink is the better option.",
"timestamp": [
2507.76,
2510.48
]
},
{
"text": "I'm wondering which you \nthink is the better option.",
"timestamp": [
2507.76,
2510.48
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. I had to face this moment in my career ",
"timestamp": [
2513.12,
2517.6
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. I had to face this moment in my career ",
"timestamp": [
2513.12,
2517.6
]
},
{
"text": "when I was looking at \ndifferent grad school programs.",
"timestamp": [
2517.6,
2520.4
]
},
{
"text": "when I was looking at \ndifferent grad school programs.",
"timestamp": [
2517.6,
2520.4
]
},
{
"text": "I was in a PhD program. One of the schools\nthat I looked at had the top Holocaust historian",
"timestamp": [
2520.4,
2526.64
]
},
{
"text": "I was in a PhD program. One of the schools\nthat I looked at had the top Holocaust historian",
"timestamp": [
2520.4,
2526.64
]
},
{
"text": "in the country, Christopher Browning.\nI had a long conversation with him about this",
"timestamp": [
2526.64,
2530.48
]
},
{
"text": "in the country, Christopher Browning.\nI had a long conversation with him about this",
"timestamp": [
2526.64,
2530.48
]
},
{
"text": "because I wasn't sure that I could study the\nHolocaust for the rest of my life,",
"timestamp": [
2530.48,
2535.84
]
},
{
"text": "because I wasn't sure that I could study the\nHolocaust for the rest of my life,",
"timestamp": [
2530.48,
2535.84
]
},
{
"text": "because it's so emotionally intense.\nI was asking like, \"How do you do this?",
"timestamp": [
2535.84,
2540.72
]
},
{
"text": "because it's so emotionally intense.\nI was asking like, \"How do you do this?",
"timestamp": [
2535.84,
2540.72
]
},
{
"text": "How do you do this every day?\" He said,\n\"A little bit is compartmentalizing,",
"timestamp": [
2540.72,
2547.44
]
},
{
"text": "How do you do this every day?\" He said,\n\"A little bit is compartmentalizing,",
"timestamp": [
2540.72,
2547.44
]
},
{
"text": "and I think that I have learned to do that,\nas I teach the Holocaust every year,",
"timestamp": [
2547.44,
2552.56
]
},
{
"text": "and I think that I have learned to do that,\nas I teach the Holocaust every year,",
"timestamp": [
2547.44,
2552.56
]
},
{
"text": "maybe three times in a day or\nsomething.\" It's a lot, it's intense.",
"timestamp": [
2553.68,
2558.96
]
},
{
"text": "maybe three times in a day or\nsomething.\" It's a lot, it's intense.",
"timestamp": [
2553.68,
2558.96
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes you have to distance yourself\na little bit, but sometimes you just have to",
"timestamp": [
2558.96,
2564.08
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes you have to distance yourself\na little bit, but sometimes you just have to",
"timestamp": [
2558.96,
2564.08
]
},
{
"text": "let yourself feel it too, \nbecause that was my fear, ",
"timestamp": [
2564.08,
2566.72
]
},
{
"text": "let yourself feel it too, \nbecause that was my fear, ",
"timestamp": [
2564.08,
2566.72
]
},
{
"text": "was that I would become numb to it, that I would",
"timestamp": [
2566.72,
2570.4
]
},
{
"text": "was that I would become numb to it, that I would",
"timestamp": [
2566.72,
2570.4
]
},
{
"text": "not understand the gravity of it anymore.",
"timestamp": [
2570.4,
2574.32
]
},
{
"text": "not understand the gravity of it anymore.",
"timestamp": [
2570.4,
2574.32
]
},
{
"text": "There's moments where it just\nhits you like a ton of bricks.",
"timestamp": [
2574.32,
2577.2
]
},
{
"text": "There's moments where it just\nhits you like a ton of bricks.",
"timestamp": [
2574.32,
2577.2
]
},
{
"text": "I remember visiting Auschwitz and seeing this, ",
"timestamp": [
2577.2,
2580.72
]
},
{
"text": "I remember visiting Auschwitz and seeing this, ",
"timestamp": [
2577.2,
2580.72
]
},
{
"text": "they have this room full \nof hair, and it's just like",
"timestamp": [
2580.72,
2584.24
]
},
{
"text": "they have this room full \nof hair, and it's just like",
"timestamp": [
2580.72,
2584.24
]
},
{
"text": "six million Jews killed in the Holocaust.\nThat's a number we can't comprehend really,",
"timestamp": [
2584.24,
2589.68
]
},
{
"text": "six million Jews killed in the Holocaust.\nThat's a number we can't comprehend really,",
"timestamp": [
2584.24,
2589.68
]
},
{
"text": "but there's moments like that where\nit just really, really hits you.",
"timestamp": [
2591.28,
2593.76
]
},
{
"text": "but there's moments like that where\nit just really, really hits you.",
"timestamp": [
2591.28,
2593.76
]
},
{
"text": "I think you let yourself feel it in those moments,\nbut not let it paralyze you, I guess,",
"timestamp": [
2594.32,
2600.64
]
},
{
"text": "I think you let yourself feel it in those moments,\nbut not let it paralyze you, I guess,",
"timestamp": [
2594.32,
2600.64
]
},
{
"text": "and try to move forward.",
"timestamp": [
2600.64,
2604.72
]
},
{
"text": "and try to move forward.",
"timestamp": [
2600.64,
2604.72
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know if we can ever be truly\nobjective, so I'm not sure that's my goal,",
"timestamp": [
2606.16,
2610
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know if we can ever be truly\nobjective, so I'm not sure that's my goal,",
"timestamp": [
2606.16,
2610
]
},
{
"text": "but to move forward with what I'm\nresearching or what I'm talking about",
"timestamp": [
2610,
2615.44
]
},
{
"text": "but to move forward with what I'm\nresearching or what I'm talking about",
"timestamp": [
2610,
2615.44
]
},
{
"text": "without letting it completely overwhelm me.",
"timestamp": [
2615.44,
2617.6
]
},
{
"text": "without letting it completely overwhelm me.",
"timestamp": [
2615.44,
2617.6
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. I think that's really beautifully put.\nThe only thing that I'd add is that",
"timestamp": [
2618.32,
2621.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. I think that's really beautifully put.\nThe only thing that I'd add is that",
"timestamp": [
2618.32,
2621.36
]
},
{
"text": "facts and figures in history\nhave to serve human goals.",
"timestamp": [
2622.08,
2625.76
]
},
{
"text": "facts and figures in history\nhave to serve human goals.",
"timestamp": [
2622.08,
2625.76
]
},
{
"text": "We're not trying to inform artificial\nintelligences about what we were like.",
"timestamp": [
2626.72,
2630.56
]
},
{
"text": "We're not trying to inform artificial\nintelligences about what we were like.",
"timestamp": [
2626.72,
2630.56
]
},
{
"text": "We're trying to inform each other.",
"timestamp": [
2630.56,
2632
]
},
{
"text": "We're trying to inform each other.",
"timestamp": [
2630.56,
2632
]
},
{
"text": "When we're studying data or we're studying,\nwe have to remember that those are ...",
"timestamp": [
2633.92,
2640.48
]
},
{
"text": "When we're studying data or we're studying,\nwe have to remember that those are ...",
"timestamp": [
2633.92,
2640.48
]
},
{
"text": "that we're talking about people and\nwe're talking about people to people.",
"timestamp": [
2640.48,
2643.6
]
},
{
"text": "that we're talking about people and\nwe're talking about people to people.",
"timestamp": [
2640.48,
2643.6
]
},
{
"text": ">Right.\n<Alright, ",
"timestamp": [
2644.32,
2645.44
]
},
{
"text": ">Right.\n<Alright, ",
"timestamp": [
2644.32,
2645.44
]
},
{
"text": "we're going to try to \ntransition to some study tips.",
"timestamp": [
2645.44,
2647.68
]
},
{
"text": "we're going to try to \ntransition to some study tips.",
"timestamp": [
2645.44,
2647.68
]
},
{
"text": "Cathy, give us some study tips.\nI need study tips.",
"timestamp": [
2647.68,
2652.56
]
},
{
"text": "Cathy, give us some study tips.\nI need study tips.",
"timestamp": [
2647.68,
2652.56
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know about you or your students\nor the people watching this,",
"timestamp": [
2653.2,
2656.8
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know about you or your students\nor the people watching this,",
"timestamp": [
2653.2,
2656.8
]
},
{
"text": "but the pandemic has not been\ngreat for my ability to focus.",
"timestamp": [
2656.8,
2661.84
]
},
{
"text": "but the pandemic has not been\ngreat for my ability to focus.",
"timestamp": [
2656.8,
2661.84
]
},
{
"text": ">No, I discovered TikTok during the pandemic\nfor that reason, because I couldn't-",
"timestamp": [
2662.96,
2666.48
]
},
{
"text": ">No, I discovered TikTok during the pandemic\nfor that reason, because I couldn't-",
"timestamp": [
2662.96,
2666.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Me, too. It's great.\n>Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2666.48,
2669.76
]
},
{
"text": "<Me, too. It's great.\n>Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2666.48,
2669.76
]
},
{
"text": "<Sorry. I'm sorry, I forgot what you\nwere saying because I was on TikTok.",
"timestamp": [
2669.76,
2672.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Sorry. I'm sorry, I forgot what you\nwere saying because I was on TikTok.",
"timestamp": [
2669.76,
2672.72
]
},
{
"text": ">Oh, sorry.\n<I'm just checking to see how our video is doing.",
"timestamp": [
2672.72,
2676.08
]
},
{
"text": ">Oh, sorry.\n<I'm just checking to see how our video is doing.",
"timestamp": [
2672.72,
2676.08
]
},
{
"text": ">I'm sure it's doing better than mine.\n<Oh, you're on TikTok? Oh, this is very exciting.",
"timestamp": [
2676.08,
2681.28
]
},
{
"text": ">I'm sure it's doing better than mine.\n<Oh, you're on TikTok? Oh, this is very exciting.",
"timestamp": [
2676.08,
2681.28
]
},
{
"text": ">I think I heard, actually, that you guys\nhave made a series on study skills",
"timestamp": [
2685.28,
2690.24
]
},
{
"text": ">I think I heard, actually, that you guys\nhave made a series on study skills",
"timestamp": [
2685.28,
2690.24
]
},
{
"text": "and I've looked at some of those\nand I think they're great.",
"timestamp": [
2690.24,
2692.64
]
},
{
"text": "and I've looked at some of those\nand I think they're great.",
"timestamp": [
2690.24,
2692.64
]
},
{
"text": "For the AP exam in particular,\npeople who are studying for that,",
"timestamp": [
2693.36,
2698.4
]
},
{
"text": "For the AP exam in particular,\npeople who are studying for that,",
"timestamp": [
2693.36,
2698.4
]
},
{
"text": "I think the most, as someone\nwho's graded those exams a lot,",
"timestamp": [
2698.4,
2701.36
]
},
{
"text": "I think the most, as someone\nwho's graded those exams a lot,",
"timestamp": [
2698.4,
2701.36
]
},
{
"text": "know your rubrics. Know how you score\nthe points that you need on the DBQ,",
"timestamp": [
2701.92,
2707.68
]
},
{
"text": "know your rubrics. Know how you score\nthe points that you need on the DBQ,",
"timestamp": [
2701.92,
2707.68
]
},
{
"text": "on the LEQ, know what\nscores on an SAQ.",
"timestamp": [
2707.68,
2711.12
]
},
{
"text": "on the LEQ, know what\nscores on an SAQ.",
"timestamp": [
2707.68,
2711.12
]
},
{
"text": "On that note, practice by doing what\nyou'll have to do on the exam.",
"timestamp": [
2712.08,
2716.24
]
},
{
"text": "On that note, practice by doing what\nyou'll have to do on the exam.",
"timestamp": [
2712.08,
2716.24
]
},
{
"text": "Take some practice exams, write a\nDBQ in timed conditions and set ...",
"timestamp": [
2717.68,
2725.36
]
},
{
"text": "Take some practice exams, write a\nDBQ in timed conditions and set ...",
"timestamp": [
2717.68,
2725.36
]
},
{
"text": "I think if you're overwhelmed by evidence, by\nnames, which can be a lot in history or events,",
"timestamp": [
2725.36,
2731.84
]
},
{
"text": "I think if you're overwhelmed by evidence, by\nnames, which can be a lot in history or events,",
"timestamp": [
2725.36,
2731.84
]
},
{
"text": "look at the College Board key concepts and\nknow the evidence for each of those concepts.",
"timestamp": [
2731.84,
2737.2
]
},
{
"text": "look at the College Board key concepts and\nknow the evidence for each of those concepts.",
"timestamp": [
2731.84,
2737.2
]
},
{
"text": "Think about how, if that concept\nwere turned into a question,",
"timestamp": [
2737.84,
2740.88
]
},
{
"text": "Think about how, if that concept\nwere turned into a question,",
"timestamp": [
2737.84,
2740.88
]
},
{
"text": "how would you provide evidence\nfor an essay question related to that,",
"timestamp": [
2740.88,
2746
]
},
{
"text": "how would you provide evidence\nfor an essay question related to that,",
"timestamp": [
2740.88,
2746
]
},
{
"text": "and help them use what you know and\nseparate that into what's important from,",
"timestamp": [
2746,
2755.52
]
},
{
"text": "and help them use what you know and\nseparate that into what's important from,",
"timestamp": [
2746,
2755.52
]
},
{
"text": "this just flood of info, because in the end,\nyou're going to go in with what's in your brain.",
"timestamp": [
2755.52,
2759.12
]
},
{
"text": "this just flood of info, because in the end,\nyou're going to go in with what's in your brain.",
"timestamp": [
2755.52,
2759.12
]
},
{
"text": "Think about how you can use\nthat evidence in an essay.",
"timestamp": [
2760.16,
2765.12
]
},
{
"text": "Think about how you can use\nthat evidence in an essay.",
"timestamp": [
2760.16,
2765.12
]
},
{
"text": "<Watch Crash Course Study Skills,\nwhich I also recommend,",
"timestamp": [
2765.12,
2767.92
]
},
{
"text": "<Watch Crash Course Study Skills,\nwhich I also recommend,",
"timestamp": [
2765.12,
2767.92
]
},
{
"text": "and know your rubrics and\ntake a couple of practices.",
"timestamp": [
2768.96,
2772.72
]
},
{
"text": "and know your rubrics and\ntake a couple of practices.",
"timestamp": [
2768.96,
2772.72
]
},
{
"text": "You will feel so much more prepared anyway.\nPutting aside everything else, it just makes--",
"timestamp": [
2772.72,
2778.16
]
},
{
"text": "You will feel so much more prepared anyway.\nPutting aside everything else, it just makes--",
"timestamp": [
2772.72,
2778.16
]
},
{
"text": "when I would do it anyway, when I was a student,\nit would just make me feel going in like,",
"timestamp": [
2778.16,
2782.8
]
},
{
"text": "when I would do it anyway, when I was a student,\nit would just make me feel going in like,",
"timestamp": [
2778.16,
2782.8
]
},
{
"text": "\"Well, my practice SAT score might not have\nbeen very good, but I did do it.\"",
"timestamp": [
2782.8,
2789.36
]
},
{
"text": "\"Well, my practice SAT score might not have\nbeen very good, but I did do it.\"",
"timestamp": [
2782.8,
2789.36
]
},
{
"text": ">You did what you can do. In the end,\nthat doesn't define you either.",
"timestamp": [
2792.4,
2797.76
]
},
{
"text": ">You did what you can do. In the end,\nthat doesn't define you either.",
"timestamp": [
2792.4,
2797.76
]
},
{
"text": "I bombed one of my IB exams and I went on\nto major in that subject, so life goes on.",
"timestamp": [
2800.4,
2808.96
]
},
{
"text": "I bombed one of my IB exams and I went on\nto major in that subject, so life goes on.",
"timestamp": [
2800.4,
2808.96
]
},
{
"text": "You'll be okay.",
"timestamp": [
2808.96,
2809.68
]
},
{
"text": "You'll be okay.",
"timestamp": [
2808.96,
2809.68
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. I think it's hard, that's such a\nhard thing to manage because",
"timestamp": [
2809.68,
2813.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. I think it's hard, that's such a\nhard thing to manage because",
"timestamp": [
2809.68,
2813.2
]
},
{
"text": "you want to tell people like, study hard. It can\nbe really hard to focus, especially right now.",
"timestamp": [
2813.2,
2819.28
]
},
{
"text": "you want to tell people like, study hard. It can\nbe really hard to focus, especially right now.",
"timestamp": [
2813.2,
2819.28
]
},
{
"text": "I cannot imagine how difficult it is to be\ngoing to school or teaching school",
"timestamp": [
2821.04,
2825.28
]
},
{
"text": "I cannot imagine how difficult it is to be\ngoing to school or teaching school",
"timestamp": [
2821.04,
2825.28
]
},
{
"text": "right now in this historical moment.\nI am deeply sympathetic with that situation.",
"timestamp": [
2826,
2832.56
]
},
{
"text": "right now in this historical moment.\nI am deeply sympathetic with that situation.",
"timestamp": [
2826,
2832.56
]
},
{
"text": "You want to encourage people to like, study hard,\ndo their best, work really hard, all that stuff.",
"timestamp": [
2834.24,
2839.6
]
},
{
"text": "You want to encourage people to like, study hard,\ndo their best, work really hard, all that stuff.",
"timestamp": [
2834.24,
2839.6
]
},
{
"text": "But it is also worth saying that this is not\nthe defining feature of your life.",
"timestamp": [
2839.6,
2844.8
]
},
{
"text": "But it is also worth saying that this is not\nthe defining feature of your life.",
"timestamp": [
2839.6,
2844.8
]
},
{
"text": "How you do on an AP test is\nnot how you are going to ...",
"timestamp": [
2845.92,
2849.44
]
},
{
"text": "How you do on an AP test is\nnot how you are going to ...",
"timestamp": [
2845.92,
2849.44
]
},
{
"text": "is not the life you are going to have. It is one\ndata point out of literally millions in your life.",
"timestamp": [
2849.44,
2856
]
},
{
"text": "is not the life you are going to have. It is one\ndata point out of literally millions in your life.",
"timestamp": [
2849.44,
2856
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. Yeah. For sure.",
"timestamp": [
2856.56,
2857.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. Yeah. For sure.",
"timestamp": [
2856.56,
2857.84
]
},
{
"text": "<By the way, I did not do particularly well\non the AP World History test.",
"timestamp": [
2858.88,
2862.32
]
},
{
"text": "<By the way, I did not do particularly well\non the AP World History test.",
"timestamp": [
2858.88,
2862.32
]
},
{
"text": "I think I got a three and I'm here, so just fail-\n<I heard you made this series, too,",
"timestamp": [
2862.32,
2869.6
]
},
{
"text": "I think I got a three and I'm here, so just fail-\n<I heard you made this series, too,",
"timestamp": [
2862.32,
2869.6
]
},
{
"text": "that was pretty popular, so I feel like\nit worked out okay for you.",
"timestamp": [
2869.6,
2872.72
]
},
{
"text": "that was pretty popular, so I feel like\nit worked out okay for you.",
"timestamp": [
2869.6,
2872.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Just fail up, fail up. Alright.\nWe're going to take some",
"timestamp": [
2872.72,
2878.4
]
},
{
"text": "<Just fail up, fail up. Alright.\nWe're going to take some",
"timestamp": [
2872.72,
2878.4
]
},
{
"text": "questions from the chat now.\nStan, do we have any questions?",
"timestamp": [
2878.4,
2882.16
]
},
{
"text": "questions from the chat now.\nStan, do we have any questions?",
"timestamp": [
2878.4,
2882.16
]
},
{
"text": "Oh, did you already put them in there?\nOh, wow. This is very, very professional.",
"timestamp": [
2883.28,
2889.44
]
},
{
"text": "Oh, did you already put them in there?\nOh, wow. This is very, very professional.",
"timestamp": [
2883.28,
2889.44
]
},
{
"text": "I should say a quick thank you to\nStan and Zulaiha, who are running this",
"timestamp": [
2890.32,
2895.04
]
},
{
"text": "I should say a quick thank you to\nStan and Zulaiha, who are running this",
"timestamp": [
2890.32,
2895.04
]
},
{
"text": "behind the scenes and doing an extraordinary job. ",
"timestamp": [
2895.04,
2897.36
]
},
{
"text": "behind the scenes and doing an extraordinary job. ",
"timestamp": [
2895.04,
2897.36
]
},
{
"text": "Again, a big thank you to \nCathy for joining us today.",
"timestamp": [
2898.16,
2900.4
]
},
{
"text": "Again, a big thank you to \nCathy for joining us today.",
"timestamp": [
2898.16,
2900.4
]
},
{
"text": "What a lovely gift. Thank you all.\nThis is from the internet.",
"timestamp": [
2901.28,
2905.12
]
},
{
"text": "What a lovely gift. Thank you all.\nThis is from the internet.",
"timestamp": [
2901.28,
2905.12
]
},
{
"text": "It doesn't say which person,\n\"Why didn't the Silk Road stretch",
"timestamp": [
2905.12,
2908.56
]
},
{
"text": "It doesn't say which person,\n\"Why didn't the Silk Road stretch",
"timestamp": [
2905.12,
2908.56
]
},
{
"text": "all the way across Europe? Did traders\njust have no interest in going further?\"",
"timestamp": [
2908.56,
2912.8
]
},
{
"text": "all the way across Europe? Did traders\njust have no interest in going further?\"",
"timestamp": [
2908.56,
2912.8
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know the answer to this question.",
"timestamp": [
2912.8,
2914.32
]
},
{
"text": "I don't know the answer to this question.",
"timestamp": [
2912.8,
2914.32
]
},
{
"text": ">I think there's a limit, I guess,\nto how far you can go.",
"timestamp": [
2916.72,
2924.72
]
},
{
"text": ">I think there's a limit, I guess,\nto how far you can go.",
"timestamp": [
2916.72,
2924.72
]
},
{
"text": "Let me talk about the Silk Road a little bit\njust in general terms. It stretches for like",
"timestamp": [
2925.68,
2930.4
]
},
{
"text": "Let me talk about the Silk Road a little bit\njust in general terms. It stretches for like",
"timestamp": [
2925.68,
2930.4
]
},
{
"text": "2000 years, connects China to Europe,\nstarting around like 200 BCE.",
"timestamp": [
2930.4,
2935.36
]
},
{
"text": "2000 years, connects China to Europe,\nstarting around like 200 BCE.",
"timestamp": [
2930.4,
2935.36
]
},
{
"text": "The caravanserai, where merchants and\ntravelers would rest, turned into these",
"timestamp": [
2937.36,
2941.6
]
},
{
"text": "The caravanserai, where merchants and\ntravelers would rest, turned into these",
"timestamp": [
2937.36,
2941.6
]
},
{
"text": "major Central Asian commercial\ncities, like Bukhara.",
"timestamp": [
2941.6,
2944.96
]
},
{
"text": "major Central Asian commercial\ncities, like Bukhara.",
"timestamp": [
2941.6,
2944.96
]
},
{
"text": "Over the millennia it impacted trade,\nbut it also spreads religions like Buddhism,",
"timestamp": [
2946.64,
2951.76
]
},
{
"text": "Over the millennia it impacted trade,\nbut it also spreads religions like Buddhism,",
"timestamp": [
2946.64,
2951.76
]
},
{
"text": "which spreads widely from India\nthrough Central and East Asia.",
"timestamp": [
2951.76,
2955.84
]
},
{
"text": "which spreads widely from India\nthrough Central and East Asia.",
"timestamp": [
2951.76,
2955.84
]
},
{
"text": "Changing local religions, and a lot of luxury\ngoods, obviously, are traded that way.",
"timestamp": [
2956.72,
2964.72
]
},
{
"text": "Changing local religions, and a lot of luxury\ngoods, obviously, are traded that way.",
"timestamp": [
2956.72,
2964.72
]
},
{
"text": "Mostly just luxury goods, because\ntransport was so expensive.",
"timestamp": [
2964.72,
2968.24
]
},
{
"text": "Mostly just luxury goods, because\ntransport was so expensive.",
"timestamp": [
2964.72,
2968.24
]
},
{
"text": "There were periods of activity\nthat spiked and waned.",
"timestamp": [
2969.44,
2973.04
]
},
{
"text": "There were periods of activity\nthat spiked and waned.",
"timestamp": [
2969.44,
2973.04
]
},
{
"text": "We talked about the last big period\nwas the Mongol Empire revitalizing it.",
"timestamp": [
2973.04,
2978.88
]
},
{
"text": "We talked about the last big period\nwas the Mongol Empire revitalizing it.",
"timestamp": [
2973.04,
2978.88
]
},
{
"text": "I'm thinking that part of why it didn't\nspread completely, and this is not my",
"timestamp": [
2979.44,
2984.88
]
},
{
"text": "I'm thinking that part of why it didn't\nspread completely, and this is not my",
"timestamp": [
2979.44,
2984.88
]
},
{
"text": "biggest area of expertise, so this is\nan educated guess here.",
"timestamp": [
2984.88,
2988
]
},
{
"text": "biggest area of expertise, so this is\nan educated guess here.",
"timestamp": [
2984.88,
2988
]
},
{
"text": "But in 1453, the Turks conquered\nConstantinople, which is going to",
"timestamp": [
2988,
2993.92
]
},
{
"text": "But in 1453, the Turks conquered\nConstantinople, which is going to",
"timestamp": [
2988,
2993.92
]
},
{
"text": "cut off European land access to the\nSilk Road. It's part of why Europeans",
"timestamp": [
2993.92,
2998.72
]
},
{
"text": "cut off European land access to the\nSilk Road. It's part of why Europeans",
"timestamp": [
2993.92,
2998.72
]
},
{
"text": "improve their naval trade to go\nin the other direction.",
"timestamp": [
2998.72,
3000.8
]
},
{
"text": "improve their naval trade to go\nin the other direction.",
"timestamp": [
2998.72,
3000.8
]
},
{
"text": "I'm thinking about what kind of ...\nbefore that, I think that a lot of it",
"timestamp": [
3001.6,
3007.84
]
},
{
"text": "I'm thinking about what kind of ...\nbefore that, I think that a lot of it",
"timestamp": [
3001.6,
3007.84
]
},
{
"text": "probably had to do with what countries\nhad the wealth to participate.",
"timestamp": [
3007.84,
3012.08
]
},
{
"text": "probably had to do with what countries\nhad the wealth to participate.",
"timestamp": [
3007.84,
3012.08
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, had the markets for luxury goods. Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3012.08,
3014.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, had the markets for luxury goods. Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3012.08,
3014.96
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, and then also, once you hit Constantinople,\nit was easier to put stuff on a ship and then",
"timestamp": [
3014.96,
3022.4
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, and then also, once you hit Constantinople,\nit was easier to put stuff on a ship and then",
"timestamp": [
3014.96,
3022.4
]
},
{
"text": "move it via the Mediterranean trade than\nto continue to travel on the Silk Road.",
"timestamp": [
3022.96,
3027.6
]
},
{
"text": "move it via the Mediterranean trade than\nto continue to travel on the Silk Road.",
"timestamp": [
3022.96,
3027.6
]
},
{
"text": "That would probably be the biggest piece,\nwas that traveling by land is hard.",
"timestamp": [
3029.12,
3035.36
]
},
{
"text": "That would probably be the biggest piece,\nwas that traveling by land is hard.",
"timestamp": [
3029.12,
3035.36
]
},
{
"text": "Ships can carry a lot more than a camel.",
"timestamp": [
3035.36,
3036.96
]
},
{
"text": "Ships can carry a lot more than a camel.",
"timestamp": [
3035.36,
3036.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, and in a lot of cases, faster too.\nI think all of that probably went into it,",
"timestamp": [
3036.96,
3043.44
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, and in a lot of cases, faster too.\nI think all of that probably went into it,",
"timestamp": [
3036.96,
3043.44
]
},
{
"text": "but it's also important to acknowledge\nthat we don't know everything.",
"timestamp": [
3044.08,
3048
]
},
{
"text": "but it's also important to acknowledge\nthat we don't know everything.",
"timestamp": [
3044.08,
3048
]
},
{
"text": "Brady asks, \"I'm curious what John or Cathy's ",
"timestamp": [
3052,
3054.4
]
},
{
"text": "Brady asks, \"I'm curious what John or Cathy's ",
"timestamp": [
3052,
3054.4
]
},
{
"text": "favorite books are for \nhistory of any time period.\"",
"timestamp": [
3054.4,
3058.4
]
},
{
"text": "favorite books are for \nhistory of any time period.\"",
"timestamp": [
3054.4,
3058.4
]
},
{
"text": "That's a big question.\nIt's a tough one.",
"timestamp": [
3058.96,
3062.08
]
},
{
"text": "That's a big question.\nIt's a tough one.",
"timestamp": [
3058.96,
3062.08
]
},
{
"text": ">Do you have one that comes to mind quickly?",
"timestamp": [
3062.88,
3065.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Do you have one that comes to mind quickly?",
"timestamp": [
3062.88,
3065.28
]
},
{
"text": "<Well, I just read this \nbook, The Dawn of Everything, ",
"timestamp": [
3065.28,
3067.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Well, I just read this \nbook, The Dawn of Everything, ",
"timestamp": [
3065.28,
3067.84
]
},
{
"text": "that's about prehistory and makes an argument that",
"timestamp": [
3068.56,
3072
]
},
{
"text": "that's about prehistory and makes an argument that",
"timestamp": [
3068.56,
3072
]
},
{
"text": "hunter-gatherer and foraging communities\nwere much more multitudeness than",
"timestamp": [
3072,
3078.64
]
},
{
"text": "hunter-gatherer and foraging communities\nwere much more multitudeness than",
"timestamp": [
3072,
3078.64
]
},
{
"text": "we tend to imagine, ",
"timestamp": [
3078.64,
3079.76
]
},
{
"text": "we tend to imagine, ",
"timestamp": [
3078.64,
3079.76
]
},
{
"text": "that they had lots of different\nways of organizing their social orders.",
"timestamp": [
3080.88,
3084.72
]
},
{
"text": "that they had lots of different\nways of organizing their social orders.",
"timestamp": [
3080.88,
3084.72
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes with radical \negalitarianism and often not.",
"timestamp": [
3084.72,
3088.8
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes with radical \negalitarianism and often not.",
"timestamp": [
3084.72,
3088.8
]
},
{
"text": "That our ideas that before \n12,000 BCE, all human life ",
"timestamp": [
3089.36,
3094.56
]
},
{
"text": "That our ideas that before \n12,000 BCE, all human life ",
"timestamp": [
3089.36,
3094.56
]
},
{
"text": "was pretty similar and pretty historically boring,",
"timestamp": [
3094.56,
3097.52
]
},
{
"text": "was pretty similar and pretty historically boring,",
"timestamp": [
3094.56,
3097.52
]
},
{
"text": "are probably wrong. I thought that was\nreally an interesting book.",
"timestamp": [
3097.52,
3102.56
]
},
{
"text": "are probably wrong. I thought that was\nreally an interesting book.",
"timestamp": [
3097.52,
3102.56
]
},
{
"text": ">That's interesting. Yeah, I really like ...\nI read a lot of gender history.",
"timestamp": [
3104.48,
3110.4
]
},
{
"text": ">That's interesting. Yeah, I really like ...\nI read a lot of gender history.",
"timestamp": [
3104.48,
3110.4
]
},
{
"text": "Bonnie Smith, who worked on the\nEuropean History series, I had read her",
"timestamp": [
3111.6,
3115.28
]
},
{
"text": "Bonnie Smith, who worked on the\nEuropean History series, I had read her",
"timestamp": [
3111.6,
3115.28
]
},
{
"text": "in college and to be able to work\nwith her was so great.",
"timestamp": [
3115.28,
3118.16
]
},
{
"text": "in college and to be able to work\nwith her was so great.",
"timestamp": [
3115.28,
3118.16
]
},
{
"text": "She has a book about, it's like the history\nof 20th Century France as told through",
"timestamp": [
3119.04,
3125.92
]
},
{
"text": "She has a book about, it's like the history\nof 20th Century France as told through",
"timestamp": [
3119.04,
3125.92
]
},
{
"text": "the micro-history of the concierge, at where\nshe lived when she was doing her research.",
"timestamp": [
3125.92,
3132
]
},
{
"text": "the micro-history of the concierge, at where\nshe lived when she was doing her research.",
"timestamp": [
3125.92,
3132
]
},
{
"text": "That was just fascinating, because it's like this,\nhow all these global things impact this one,",
"timestamp": [
3132,
3138.32
]
},
{
"text": "That was just fascinating, because it's like this,\nhow all these global things impact this one,",
"timestamp": [
3132,
3138.32
]
},
{
"text": "just average woman. There's \nanother book I really like ",
"timestamp": [
3138.32,
3142.16
]
},
{
"text": "just average woman. There's \nanother book I really like ",
"timestamp": [
3138.32,
3142.16
]
},
{
"text": "called The Woman Beneath the Skin, which is about",
"timestamp": [
3142.16,
3144.8
]
},
{
"text": "called The Woman Beneath the Skin, which is about",
"timestamp": [
3142.16,
3144.8
]
},
{
"text": "this 18th Century German doctor\nin the German states.",
"timestamp": [
3144.8,
3150.96
]
},
{
"text": "this 18th Century German doctor\nin the German states.",
"timestamp": [
3144.8,
3150.96
]
},
{
"text": "It's like women's testimonies to him about\nwhat was going on with their bodies.",
"timestamp": [
3152.08,
3156.48
]
},
{
"text": "It's like women's testimonies to him about\nwhat was going on with their bodies.",
"timestamp": [
3152.08,
3156.48
]
},
{
"text": "You get into all this information about medical\nhistory and how they perceive themselves,",
"timestamp": [
3156.48,
3161.44
]
},
{
"text": "You get into all this information about medical\nhistory and how they perceive themselves,",
"timestamp": [
3156.48,
3161.44
]
},
{
"text": "but it's all translated \nthrough him. There's a lot of ",
"timestamp": [
3161.44,
3165.6
]
},
{
"text": "but it's all translated \nthrough him. There's a lot of ",
"timestamp": [
3161.44,
3165.6
]
},
{
"text": "good thinking about how much can you trust",
"timestamp": [
3165.6,
3169.12
]
},
{
"text": "good thinking about how much can you trust",
"timestamp": [
3165.6,
3169.12
]
},
{
"text": "what he said about them, and how much of this\nis their accurate accounts of what they said.",
"timestamp": [
3169.12,
3174.8
]
},
{
"text": "what he said about them, and how much of this\nis their accurate accounts of what they said.",
"timestamp": [
3169.12,
3174.8
]
},
{
"text": "It's hard sometimes to get those records of women, ",
"timestamp": [
3176.72,
3179.52
]
},
{
"text": "It's hard sometimes to get those records of women, ",
"timestamp": [
3176.72,
3179.52
]
},
{
"text": "and so this was just an \ninteresting avenue into it.",
"timestamp": [
3179.52,
3181.92
]
},
{
"text": "and so this was just an \ninteresting avenue into it.",
"timestamp": [
3179.52,
3181.92
]
},
{
"text": "<Oh, that sounds like it is absolutely up my ",
"timestamp": [
3181.92,
3183.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Oh, that sounds like it is absolutely up my ",
"timestamp": [
3181.92,
3183.84
]
},
{
"text": "alley.\n>Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3183.84,
3185.28
]
},
{
"text": "alley.\n>Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3183.84,
3185.28
]
},
{
"text": "<What is the title again?",
"timestamp": [
3185.28,
3186.32
]
},
{
"text": "<What is the title again?",
"timestamp": [
3185.28,
3186.32
]
},
{
"text": ">The Woman Beneath the Skin,\nit's by Barbara Duden.",
"timestamp": [
3187.04,
3189.44
]
},
{
"text": ">The Woman Beneath the Skin,\nit's by Barbara Duden.",
"timestamp": [
3187.04,
3189.44
]
},
{
"text": "She has a couple, actually. I hope\nI'm not mixing up the titles.",
"timestamp": [
3189.44,
3193.44
]
},
{
"text": "She has a couple, actually. I hope\nI'm not mixing up the titles.",
"timestamp": [
3189.44,
3193.44
]
},
{
"text": "<Great. That sounds really good. Yeah,\nmost of what I read is about the history of",
"timestamp": [
3193.44,
3199.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Great. That sounds really good. Yeah,\nmost of what I read is about the history of",
"timestamp": [
3193.44,
3199.04
]
},
{
"text": "infectious disease and the history of medicine.\nProbably my favorite book about the history of",
"timestamp": [
3199.04,
3202.64
]
},
{
"text": "infectious disease and the history of medicine.\nProbably my favorite book about the history of",
"timestamp": [
3199.04,
3202.64
]
},
{
"text": "infectious disease, which Stan gave me, it was\nsuch a great gift. It made me feel really known.",
"timestamp": [
3202.64,
3209.92
]
},
{
"text": "infectious disease, which Stan gave me, it was\nsuch a great gift. It made me feel really known.",
"timestamp": [
3202.64,
3209.92
]
},
{
"text": "Stan gave me this book called The Black Death\nby, is it Rosemary Horrox, is that her name?",
"timestamp": [
3210.8,
3216.48
]
},
{
"text": "Stan gave me this book called The Black Death\nby, is it Rosemary Horrox, is that her name?",
"timestamp": [
3210.8,
3216.48
]
},
{
"text": "[Stan, offscreen]\nYeah.",
"timestamp": [
3217.28,
3217.84
]
},
{
"text": "[Stan, offscreen]\nYeah.",
"timestamp": [
3217.28,
3217.84
]
},
{
"text": ">She collected and translated first-person\naccounts of the Black Death.",
"timestamp": [
3217.84,
3224.48
]
},
{
"text": ">She collected and translated first-person\naccounts of the Black Death.",
"timestamp": [
3217.84,
3224.48
]
},
{
"text": "Now, it's a little more \nlimited than I want it to be ",
"timestamp": [
3224.48,
3227.12
]
},
{
"text": "Now, it's a little more \nlimited than I want it to be ",
"timestamp": [
3224.48,
3227.12
]
},
{
"text": "because it's very Europe-centric.",
"timestamp": [
3227.12,
3229.44
]
},
{
"text": "because it's very Europe-centric.",
"timestamp": [
3227.12,
3229.44
]
},
{
"text": "So many of the important accounts of\nthe Black Death occurred in what is now",
"timestamp": [
3229.44,
3235.04
]
},
{
"text": "So many of the important accounts of\nthe Black Death occurred in what is now",
"timestamp": [
3229.44,
3235.04
]
},
{
"text": "known as the Middle East, or in\nNorth Africa, or in Central Asia.",
"timestamp": [
3235.04,
3239.2
]
},
{
"text": "known as the Middle East, or in\nNorth Africa, or in Central Asia.",
"timestamp": [
3235.04,
3239.2
]
},
{
"text": "But to read these first-person accounts,\ncontemporaneous accounts of what this",
"timestamp": [
3239.76,
3247.92
]
},
{
"text": "But to read these first-person accounts,\ncontemporaneous accounts of what this",
"timestamp": [
3239.76,
3247.92
]
},
{
"text": "experience was like, to live in a time where\nhalf or 60% or 70% of people in your community",
"timestamp": [
3247.92,
3254.4
]
},
{
"text": "experience was like, to live in a time where\nhalf or 60% or 70% of people in your community",
"timestamp": [
3247.92,
3254.4
]
},
{
"text": "were dying in a matter of a few months, and\nto have no idea how to make sense of it,",
"timestamp": [
3254.4,
3260.64
]
},
{
"text": "were dying in a matter of a few months, and\nto have no idea how to make sense of it,",
"timestamp": [
3254.4,
3260.64
]
},
{
"text": "and to see all of these societal rules\nbreak down, to see over and over again",
"timestamp": [
3260.64,
3266.88
]
},
{
"text": "and to see all of these societal rules\nbreak down, to see over and over again",
"timestamp": [
3260.64,
3266.88
]
},
{
"text": "people abandoning their families.\nThe kind of horror of the death rituals",
"timestamp": [
3266.88,
3275.28
]
},
{
"text": "people abandoning their families.\nThe kind of horror of the death rituals",
"timestamp": [
3266.88,
3275.28
]
},
{
"text": "breaking down, because it's impossible\nto ring the bells for everybody who died,",
"timestamp": [
3275.28,
3280.88
]
},
{
"text": "breaking down, because it's impossible\nto ring the bells for everybody who died,",
"timestamp": [
3275.28,
3280.88
]
},
{
"text": "because too many people were dying.\nThat stuff, it's really powerful to read.",
"timestamp": [
3280.88,
3287.44
]
},
{
"text": "because too many people were dying.\nThat stuff, it's really powerful to read.",
"timestamp": [
3280.88,
3287.44
]
},
{
"text": "I love reading well-translated \nfirst-person accounts, ",
"timestamp": [
3290,
3292.48
]
},
{
"text": "I love reading well-translated \nfirst-person accounts, ",
"timestamp": [
3290,
3292.48
]
},
{
"text": "because I'm never going to be somebody",
"timestamp": [
3292.48,
3293.76
]
},
{
"text": "because I'm never going to be somebody",
"timestamp": [
3292.48,
3293.76
]
},
{
"text": "who's able to read Aramaic or read Middle English. ",
"timestamp": [
3293.76,
3297.76
]
},
{
"text": "who's able to read Aramaic or read Middle English. ",
"timestamp": [
3293.76,
3297.76
]
},
{
"text": "If it's really well-translated, \nyou feel the full humanness",
"timestamp": [
3298.4,
3303.36
]
},
{
"text": "If it's really well-translated, \nyou feel the full humanness",
"timestamp": [
3298.4,
3303.36
]
},
{
"text": "of that person and you feel the fear and hope,\nthe ineradicable hope that I find so encouraging",
"timestamp": [
3303.36,
3312.72
]
},
{
"text": "of that person and you feel the fear and hope,\nthe ineradicable hope that I find so encouraging",
"timestamp": [
3303.36,
3312.72
]
},
{
"text": "in those accounts, even though they're ...\nObviously, it's the worst, one of the worst things",
"timestamp": [
3313.28,
3316.8
]
},
{
"text": "in those accounts, even though they're ...\nObviously, it's the worst, one of the worst things",
"timestamp": [
3313.28,
3316.8
]
},
{
"text": "that's ever happened to humans.\nOne of my favorite ones is this",
"timestamp": [
3316.8,
3321.6
]
},
{
"text": "that's ever happened to humans.\nOne of my favorite ones is this",
"timestamp": [
3316.8,
3321.6
]
},
{
"text": "Irish monk, John Clyn, who wrote an account\nof the plague and the account ended,",
"timestamp": [
3321.6,
3327.76
]
},
{
"text": "Irish monk, John Clyn, who wrote an account\nof the plague and the account ended,",
"timestamp": [
3321.6,
3327.76
]
},
{
"text": "\"Here, I leave extra parchment in case\nanyone is left alive to continue the story.\"",
"timestamp": [
3327.76,
3333.84
]
},
{
"text": "\"Here, I leave extra parchment in case\nanyone is left alive to continue the story.\"",
"timestamp": [
3327.76,
3333.84
]
},
{
"text": "Then, he died.\n>Did anyone continue the story?",
"timestamp": [
3335.04,
3339.36
]
},
{
"text": "Then, he died.\n>Did anyone continue the story?",
"timestamp": [
3335.04,
3339.36
]
},
{
"text": "<The only note after that reads,\n\"Here, it seems the author died.\"",
"timestamp": [
3339.36,
3343.92
]
},
{
"text": "<The only note after that reads,\n\"Here, it seems the author died.\"",
"timestamp": [
3339.36,
3343.92
]
},
{
"text": ">That's sad.\n<In different handwriting. Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3343.92,
3347.84
]
},
{
"text": ">That's sad.\n<In different handwriting. Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3343.92,
3347.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.\n<But I find it, obviously, in a dark,",
"timestamp": [
3349.04,
3353.68
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.\n<But I find it, obviously, in a dark,",
"timestamp": [
3349.04,
3353.68
]
},
{
"text": "a rather dark way, but I find it hopeful\nthat we would leave extra parchment.",
"timestamp": [
3354.32,
3357.76
]
},
{
"text": "a rather dark way, but I find it hopeful\nthat we would leave extra parchment.",
"timestamp": [
3354.32,
3357.76
]
},
{
"text": "We would hold onto that hope that\nthe story will continue and that",
"timestamp": [
3358.4,
3363.28
]
},
{
"text": "We would hold onto that hope that\nthe story will continue and that",
"timestamp": [
3358.4,
3363.28
]
},
{
"text": "somebody will keep telling the stories.\nOur opportunity and responsibility",
"timestamp": [
3363.28,
3368.08
]
},
{
"text": "somebody will keep telling the stories.\nOur opportunity and responsibility",
"timestamp": [
3363.28,
3368.08
]
},
{
"text": "as people is to listen to those stories\nand to hear them and to try to make",
"timestamp": [
3368.08,
3373.36
]
},
{
"text": "as people is to listen to those stories\nand to hear them and to try to make",
"timestamp": [
3368.08,
3373.36
]
},
{
"text": "sense of the past through them. Cathy,\nI'm so grateful to you for helping me do that",
"timestamp": [
3373.36,
3380.48
]
},
{
"text": "sense of the past through them. Cathy,\nI'm so grateful to you for helping me do that",
"timestamp": [
3373.36,
3380.48
]
},
{
"text": "through Crash Course European History, but also\nthrough all your work. Thank you so much.",
"timestamp": [
3380.48,
3385.44
]
},
{
"text": "through Crash Course European History, but also\nthrough all your work. Thank you so much.",
"timestamp": [
3380.48,
3385.44
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you so much for joining us.\nThanks to everybody who wrote in questions.",
"timestamp": [
3385.44,
3390
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you so much for joining us.\nThanks to everybody who wrote in questions.",
"timestamp": [
3385.44,
3390
]
},
{
"text": "Again, thank you so much to Flipgrid for\nsponsoring this live stream and giving students",
"timestamp": [
3390,
3395.76
]
},
{
"text": "Again, thank you so much to Flipgrid for\nsponsoring this live stream and giving students",
"timestamp": [
3390,
3395.76
]
},
{
"text": "a really wonderful set of tools to work with.\nWe're really grateful to all of you.",
"timestamp": [
3395.76,
3400.56
]
},
{
"text": "a really wonderful set of tools to work with.\nWe're really grateful to all of you.",
"timestamp": [
3395.76,
3400.56
]
},
{
"text": "Again, to Stan and Zulaiha as well.\nIt's just been really wonderful",
"timestamp": [
3400.56,
3404.64
]
},
{
"text": "Again, to Stan and Zulaiha as well.\nIt's just been really wonderful",
"timestamp": [
3400.56,
3404.64
]
},
{
"text": "to be able to spend this hour with you.\nGood luck on your tests.",
"timestamp": [
3404.64,
3407.12
]
},
{
"text": "to be able to spend this hour with you.\nGood luck on your tests.",
"timestamp": [
3404.64,
3407.12
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. Good luck, everybody. They're coming\nup in a couple of weeks here.",
"timestamp": [
3409.36,
3412.96
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. Good luck, everybody. They're coming\nup in a couple of weeks here.",
"timestamp": [
3409.36,
3412.96
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you guys for having me.\nThis is really fun. I always love",
"timestamp": [
3412.96,
3416.8
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you guys for having me.\nThis is really fun. I always love",
"timestamp": [
3412.96,
3416.8
]
},
{
"text": "to sit around and talk about history. This\nhas been a fun experience for me too.",
"timestamp": [
3416.8,
3420.32
]
},
{
"text": "to sit around and talk about history. This\nhas been a fun experience for me too.",
"timestamp": [
3416.8,
3420.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, let's do it again sometime soon.\nThis is the last of the Office Hours",
"timestamp": [
3420.32,
3424.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, let's do it again sometime soon.\nThis is the last of the Office Hours",
"timestamp": [
3420.32,
3424.72
]
},
{
"text": "live stream for now, but let us know\nwhat you liked about the series.",
"timestamp": [
3424.72,
3428.8
]
},
{
"text": "live stream for now, but let us know\nwhat you liked about the series.",
"timestamp": [
3424.72,
3428.8
]
},
{
"text": "Also, don't be afraid to let us know\nwhat you didn't like, because we would",
"timestamp": [
3428.8,
3431.92
]
},
{
"text": "Also, don't be afraid to let us know\nwhat you didn't like, because we would",
"timestamp": [
3428.8,
3431.92
]
},
{
"text": "like to do more of them, and potentially\ndo them more regularly. We'll be",
"timestamp": [
3431.92,
3435.76
]
},
{
"text": "like to do more of them, and potentially\ndo them more regularly. We'll be",
"timestamp": [
3431.92,
3435.76
]
},
{
"text": "uploading these live streams on the\nCrash Course channel soon.",
"timestamp": [
3435.76,
3439.12
]
},
{
"text": "uploading these live streams on the\nCrash Course channel soon.",
"timestamp": [
3435.76,
3439.12
]
},
{
"text": "If you missed it live or if you only\ncaught like the last half,",
"timestamp": [
3439.92,
3444.08
]
},
{
"text": "If you missed it live or if you only\ncaught like the last half,",
"timestamp": [
3439.92,
3444.08
]
},
{
"text": "you can watch the entire video soon.\nStay tuned for that. Again, thank you so much.",
"timestamp": [
3444.08,
3452.24
]
},
{
"text": "you can watch the entire video soon.\nStay tuned for that. Again, thank you so much.",
"timestamp": [
3444.08,
3452.24
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for being here. Cathy, thank you,\nand it's been a joy to learn with you all tonight.",
"timestamp": [
3452.24,
3460
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for being here. Cathy, thank you,\nand it's been a joy to learn with you all tonight.",
"timestamp": [
3452.24,
3460
]
},
{
"text": ">Thanks again.",
"timestamp": [
3460,
3460.64
]
},
{
"text": ">Thanks again.",
"timestamp": [
3460,
3460.64
]
},
{
"text": "<Bye, everybody. DFTBA.\n>Bye.",
"timestamp": [
3460.64,
3471.193
]
},
{
"text": "<Bye, everybody. DFTBA.\n>Bye.",
"timestamp": [
3460.64,
3471.193
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
"Watch our videos and review your \nlearning with the Crash Course App!Supplemental content is now \navailable for these courses.[Theme Music]I am joined today,\nI don't know if you know this about me,but I am not an expert in World History\nor indeed in anything other thansigning your name over and over again.I am joined by an actual expert\nwho knows a lot about World History,Cathy Keller.\nHello, Cathy.>Hi, everyone.\nI'm Cathy Keller.I'm a history teacher and I was a consultant\non the Crash Course European History series.<We are so grateful to you for doing it.\n>Thanks.<Thank you.<Here's how the study session is going to go.We are going to ask questions \nthat you have sent in.Many of you have sent in questions ahead of time.We're going to get to those \nmost pressing questions.We'll go through some of those.Then, we will provide a few tips on studying World History and maybe even a \nlittle bit of test-taking advice.We will end with answering \nsome questions from the chat,so questions, if you're watching at \nyoutube.com/crashcourse right now,questions that you can ask us, and \nwe will be answering those as well.Before we get to the first questions,we want to start a little bit by talking about\nour partner for office hours, Flipgrid.Flipgrid is the free video \ndiscussion app from Microsoft,with the mission to make learning fun \nand empowering and accessible for all.It's been used in the classroom for nearly a decade.\nMy kids use it.I was going to say your kids probably use it,\nbut if you're studying for a world history test,you may not have kids,\nbut lots of kids use it.As we talk about preparing for exams,\nFlipgrid is a convenient way to host study groupswithout having to coordinate \naround class schedules for after-school commitments.You can create a group, start a topic,\nand send the link to anyone who wants to join.You can record video or audio responses,\ndiscuss specific concepts and detail,quiz each other, prep for group presentations.\nIt's really flexible.We hear from Crash Course viewers all the time\nabout how helpful video is as a learning tool,and it is one of the reasons, of course,\nwhy we make Crash Course.But connecting with peers, and learning \nin groups with your peers in community,is a wonderful and really powerful \nthing that Flipgrid helps make happen.We use Flipgrid to collect some of \nyour questions for these live streams.Okay, so we're going to get to that now.Alright, so...Cathy--\n>Yes?<Before we answer any of these questions,\ncan I ask you a broad question?>Sure.<Because when I'm studying for a test,\nI personally find it helpful to have a sense ofwhy I'm studying for the test,\nwhy the test exists,why I'm studying this at all.Why do you study history?Why do you teach history?Why do you think it's important to learn history?>I was an English and History \ndouble major in college, and I think that those two go so well together,in part, just because I love stories.\nLike, one of the things that first,probably the two things\nthat first really hooked me on historywere the assassination of Abraham Lincoln\nand the Russian Revolution.I don't know why those two things,\nbut I just found the storiesand the people so interesting.I think we can learn so much about the present\nby studying the past.Now, I don't really think \nthat we learn from the past to avoid making the same mistakes.I think we're actually pretty bad at that,\nbut I feel like understanding how peoplehave done things in the past can make us\nmake better decisions now,if we're paying attention.Unfortunately, I think that a lot of people\njust assume history is a bunch ofmemorizing names and dates.I think that it's much more about big connections\nabout how people work,about how societies work,\nabout how we make decisions,what works, what doesn't work.I just think it's informed so much about\nhow I think about the presentthat I find it just endlessly fascinating.Also, people are weird.They do really bizarre things\nand that never fails to entertain me.<Yeah. I feel the same way.There's something wonderful about\nknowing that a lot of our problems aren't newand about knowing that a lot of\nthe challenges we face aren't new.Also, there's something wonderful for me\nin knowing that a lot of the challengesthat we used to face that seemed\ncompletely unsolvable and unaddressablein their time got solved and got addressed.\nFor me, that's a real encouragement.There's some hope for me in history.Yes, it is the story of people making\nthe same mistakes over and over again.But it is also a story of real lasting change.Life today is different from what it was like\nduring the Russian Revolution.It is certainly different than\nwhat it was like in the 1200s.The story of how we went on the journey that we've \ngone on in these last 800 years or 10,000 years,however long you want to define history,\nis really, really interesting.I agree, above all else, for me,\nit is a fascinating story that helpsme understand how we got to now\nand why now looks the way it does.Which also makes me think about\nhow now might look different.>With a little hindsight, right?<Yeah. Yeah.\nIt gives you a little bit of an abilityto see your historical moment\nin a greater context,which for me anyway, makes my\nhistorical moment slightly less terrifying,only slightly, but it does help.We're going to actually start\nwith the Russian Revolution.We're going to start with your favorite,\nor what got you hooked on history,the causes and effects of the Russian Revolution."
],
[
"Causes and effects of the Russian revolution",
"Geet Grover, and I apologize if \nI mispronounce any of your names or indeed if I mispronounced the \nnames of major historical figures.I'll remind you that \nmispronouncing things is my thing.They asked, can we talk about the background \nevents that triggered the Russian Revolution?And Dineo asked, why Rasputin was \nso important to the Royal family?I want to add a PS there, Cathy,\n/was/ Rasputin so important to the Royal family?>I think that he was, in the sense that\nthey had this desperately ill childwho they were hoping to cure, and there\nwas no cure for hemophilia at that time.I think it's been overplayed, in part\nbecause he's such a fascinating character.The pictures of him are just so creepy.<Oh, he's a great ... Nobody looks like Rasputin.>[laughs]\nNo, they seem over the top, really.<[laughs]\nYeah.>He was over the top.\nHis personality was huge.I think he was kind of a party animal...\nso that was just helping part of, though,a larger destabilization\nof Russia at that time.Just to give some context for Russia\nin 1917, for a lot of the 19th Century,Russia was pretty reactionary\nand slow to modernize.They weren't really industrializing very quickly.There were some exceptions like Alexander II,\nwho was the tsar that freed the Serfs in 1861and banned corporal punishment in the army,\nbut he was assassinated in 1881.When Nicholas became tsar in 1894,\nhe was never very popular.He supported some of the attempts\nby his advisors to reform and modernize,but he really only agreed to the creation\nof the Douma, or the Parliament,because of a revolution in 1905.Once World War I starts,\nor once the Archduke is assassinated,Nicholas supported Serbia after his assassination.Then, Russia's involvement in World War I was, I think, really the death \nblow to the Russian monarchy.Nicholas didn't really create any kind of\nadministrative machine to support the war effortwith things that were important in war, like guns\nand bullets and uniforms and medicine and food.<Right\n>So they're just consistently trouncedby the Germans on the Eastern front,\nwhich was absolutely brutal.This is going to cause all sorts of\nwar weariness, mutinies, and general strikesthat make it even harder to continue fighting and producing the goods that \nthey needed to fight the war.Rasputin is just going to \nhelp to delegitimize the tsar.I think one of the reasons that Rasputin\nlooked to have so much poweris probably just he didn't touch Alexis.That probably helped prevent the forming\nof clots that might have been forming.There are some other theories about\nwhy that could have been,but hemophilia was untreatable.Here's this creepy guy, in \ntight with the Royal family, that was just further delegitimizing him.But to look at 1917, specifically, there's\nactually two revolutions in Russia in 1917.The first starts in February, which\nis on the old Russian calendar.Sometimes the dates are a little funky\nwhen we get to the Russian Revolution.In Petrograd, which we now call St. Petersburg,\nwhich they had previously called St. Petersburg,but we'll say Petrograd for now.On International Women's \nDay, women have this parade and started protesting food \nscarcity and casualtiesand all of these kinds of things.The protest spread-- or the parade,\nI guess, becomes a protest.It spreads and then soldiers rebelled,\nthey joined, and Nicholas is forced to abdicate.That's the beginning of the first revolution.In the meantime, the Douma, or the Parliament,\ndeclared itself a provisional government.They had all sorts of political \nparties in there represented.Alexander Kerensky leads to the front of that.He was a moderate socialist that came\nto lead the provisional governmentand tried to revive the Russian war effort.Meanwhile, the Petrograd Soviet, which was a\nworkers' council of workers in Petrograd,was also claiming to be the government and issuing its own decrees, \nso that was destabilizing.Then, in April, the Germans put Lenin, who was a radical Bolshevik intent on \noverthrowing the whole system,on a train, gave him money, \nand sent him to Petrograd.Lenin starts making all these speeches\nabout peace, land, and bread.That all sounded pretty good to people\nwho were war-weary, landless, and hungry.That set the-<Yeah, I bet that sounded good,\nbut-- so a couple ...just to stop you and reinforce a couple of things.We generally refer to this revolution\nas the February Revolution,even though the dates are a little weird.\nBut we think of it, we generally talk about itas the February Revolution, right?\n>Mm-hmm (affirmative). Yeah.<That Lenin, Vladimir Lenin had \nbeen in exile in Germany, and then-->He was in Switzerland, yeah, but the Germans<In exile in Switzerland, and \nthen the Germans basically funded his journey to Russia, \ncorrect me if I'm wrong here,in an attempt to further the destabilization of\nthe Russian government to weaken its abilityto fight World War I against Germany.>Right, which was a pretty brilliant move.\n<Yeah.The British did it to the Ottoman Empire\ntoo, with Lawrence of Arabia.They weren't the only ones doing it, but\nI always thought that was pretty smart.When Lenin gets there, he's giving all these\nspeeches and rallying all the support,but we've got these two \ngovernments rallying for control.Lenin just stages a coup in October of 1917,\nbasically taking over the government buildings.Then, they hold an election, the Bolsheviks lose,\nso they just dismissed the assembly.In 1918, they signed the Treaty \nof Brest-Litovsk with Germany,which gives up most of their Western holdings\nand gets Russia out of the war.Then, basically, immediately become entrenched\nin a civil war with the \"whites,\"who was basically everyone who wasn't a Bolshevik.That goes on for a while until about 1922,\nwhen the Bolsheviks just declare victory,rename the country the Soviet Union.Then, we start talking \nabout Soviet history and not Russian history, because we've \ngot to change that name too.<That revolution is the October revolution, right?\n>Right.<In October, there's this second revolution where\nLenin leads this coup. They hold an election.They don't like the results \nof the election because it was too fair, I guess you might say.>They didn't win, right?<Right. Yeah, so they lost the election,\nwhich was a real bummer to themso they dismissed the Douma, and then end the\nwar with Germany, which, of course, makes sensebecause that's part of how Lenin got to Russia in the first place and was in \nthe position that he was in.Then, focus on the civil war against the \"whites\"\nand how to form a new communist country,or at least this particular Bolshevik\nversion of communism country.Then, by 1922, that country exists,\nand we now know it as the Soviet Union.That is the same Soviet Union \nthat existed until 1991, right? >Yup, exactly.<That was a big moment in history.\nOne that, some would argue,continues to reverberate\n>Right now.<Yes, very much right now.The history of the Soviet Union and\nthe relationship between the SSRs of the USSR,the Soviet Socialist Republics of the USSR is, of course, right now at the \ncenter of the conversationsabout Ukraine and at the \ncenter of Putin's argument, that Ukraine is not a legitimate nation.That's just one example of how history from a hundred years ago that feels very \ndistant continues to shape the world we live in.>Yeah.<Next, we have a couple of questions about\nmy favorite of the major world history empires,the Mongol Empire. The truly\nexceptional Mongol Empire,different in so many important ways\nfrom the empires that have traditionallybeen the focus of history classes in the US.Who was Genghis Khan and why was he able \nto get so much territory in so little time?which to be fair, is a tough question to answer\nand one that is still debated.>Right, and I think that we'll find \nthat with a lot of these questions.\n It's not like historians can always \nput their answer in a nice little box.They're continuing to debate these things.\nNew information comes out.History is constantly evolving.Genghis Khan, who before he was known \nas Genghis Khan was known as Temujin,came from a pastoral group or a herding group\nof these feuding Mongol clans and tribesduring the 12th Century. He supposedly\nhad a pretty magnetic personality,"
],
[
"Who was Genghis Khan and how was he able to get so much territory?",
"which helps him to build \nup a following of friends.He forges all of these alliances\nwith more powerful leaders.He wins a series of victories\nand he was known for beingpretty ruthless to his enemies, but\npretty generous to his friends.He also would incorporate a lot of the warriors\nfrom the defeated tribes into his own forces.Then, he's renamed, I guess,\nor becomes known as Genghis Khan,which was the supreme leader of what was\nnow unified is the great Mongol nation.The army was pretty well \norganized and disciplined,which allowed the Mongols to\neventually take over most of Asia,or much of Asia and Eastern Europe,\ncapitalizing on some weaknesses there.The Abbasid Caliphate and divided China,which eventually results in the largest\nland-based empire in all of human history.Even though they don't have a huge lasting\ncultural impact on the areas they conquered,in terms of bringing a new language\nor religion to the area,it facilitated all of this Afro-Eurasian\ntrade and communication.Then, their collapse, I guess,\nleaves this big power vacuumthat will be filled by the Ming Dynasty in China, the Ottoman and the Safavid \nempires in the Middle East,and then the Russian State in Eastern Europe.I just thought it was \ninteresting too, that apparently climate change might have actually benefited them.There was a particularly wet, \nwarm period in Central Asia that led to this boom in grass growthand thereby livestock and horsepower,\nwhich is part of what they relied on.<Wow. That is really interesting.\nA reminder that human historyis also the story of other \nspecies, whether that species be the infectious agents \nthat caused Bubonic plagueor something like warm, wet weather\nthat allows grass to growto feed lots of horses and\nhave a little more horsepower.>Yeah.\n<I think it's really interesting though,that this gets to something \nreally important in history.That's one of the great questions, \"does history\nmake the man or does man make history,\"is the way that it was phrased when I was a kid.Hopefully, it's phrased in a slightly \nmore inclusive way these days.What is the relationship \nbetween individuals and systems?When we talk about Genghis Khan, we have to focus\non these systems that were falling apartat the time that he rose to power in China.\nThat the dynasty was falling apart,that the Abbasid Empire, which \nhad been really powerful, the caliphate there, which had \nbeen a really, really powerfuland super culturally and \nhistorically important empire, spreading Islam and really \nshifting a lot of things.Those were both so weak, \nthat this left a power vacuum and it left an opportunity \nfor the Mongol empire to come.I think it's also really important to ...\nI really like how you focused in that answer on it,while acknowledging that it's \nnot like all of these areas after the relatively brief Mongol empire,where we're speaking a different language, or we're engaging in different \nreligious practices necessarily.But by connecting those places, it did lead to\na lasting shift in Afro-Eurasian trade,which had a huge impact on \nthe history of the world.>Yeah, totally. You see an \nupswing in the Silk Road trade, for instance, during that period,which is really important.\n<Yeah.At the center of how all of \nAfro-Eurasian history went really.Yeah, I think that there's ...\nOne of my favorite books,I want to make sure I get the title right,\none of my favorite books of historyis called the Calamitous 14th Century.\n>Oh, yeah. The Barbara Tuchman, right?<Yeah, yeah. That Barbara Tuchman book, and if it hadn't been for the \ngrowth of this Afro-Eurasian trade,the growth of the Silk Road, these\nmuch deeper connections among,that ranged all the way from Japan\nto Portugal and to Central and Southern Africa,if it hadn't been for all of those connections,\nwe might not have had the Black Death,or certainly might not have had the Black Death\nin the same way we ended up having it.We also wouldn't have had a huge explosion\nin the distribution of knowledge in that period.What a fascinating ...\nso in that sense,what Genghis Khan left behind was\nsuper important to the rest of human history.Okay. There were a bunch of\nquestions about the Cold War as well.I feel like Sascha maybe put it best asking,"
],
[
"How did the Cold War start?",
"\"how did the Cold War start?\nI feel like the beginning is so muddy.The end of World War II,\neverybody's happy about winning,and then boom, mortal enemies measuring each other in the amount of weapons able to \nexterminate the human species.\">[laughs] Right. <It does feel like a little bit \nof a dramatic escalation. I agree.Also, Vivi wants to know,\nhow to understand ...Is it COMECON and COMINFORM?\nI've only ever seen these words written.>Yeah. I think it's COMECON and COMINFORM. Now, that you say that I'm not \na hundred percent sure either,because I mostly see them written,\nso I hope you're right.<Yeah. But to be fair on your test,\nyou'll probably see them written as well.>True.\n<Talk to us about the Cold War.>I feel like it's always complicated, right? It's always complicated, \nbut there's all this debateamongst historians on the \ncauses of the Cold War. It shifted so much over time based \non current political climate.Was it an ideological struggle, or was it one\nbased on geopolitical power after World War II?In the 1950s, in the West, \na lot of historians post-- or pointed to that deep ideological divide,and Stalin, and the Soviet Union's aggressive\nexpansion after World War II in Europe and Asia.This was called an \"orthodox interpretation\"\nand just basically showed America is making--reacting to Soviet aggression.Then, revisionists would point to American\neconomic expansion in Europe.Even going back to the open \ndoor policy of protecting American markets that went back to the 1890s.But starting in the 1970s, the \npost-revisionist historians, so this all gets a little \nridiculous, I think, with the names,but people like John Lewis Gaddis \nhad the benefit of hindsight and Detente was going on, and \nsome new archival material.Though, I want to point out \nnot the Soviet archives yet. The post-revisionists argued \nfor more of a middle ground,pointing to the ally's delay \nin opening a second front in World War II, which left the Soviets \nfighting basically alone in Europe.Truman's atomic diplomacy, Washington's refusal to recognize the Soviet sphere \nof influence in Eastern Europe.They, look at more complex social, political,\nand economic causes of the Cold War.When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991,\nthe Soviet archives open up,which leaves historians with \nall this new information.Gaddis, for instance, is going to take a\nmuch more negative view of Stalin.Others start focusing again on \nthese ideological struggles,and people like myself, who went\nthrough school in the Cold War,and I think you too,\nbasically learned thatcommunists were evil and\ntrying to destroy the world.I think it's important to think about our own\nsubjectivity when thinking about the Cold War,like how much is that impacting\nhow I view different primary sources?<Right.\n>If we look at more modern interpretationsand we look at-- like, the Marshall Plan\nis offering all this American aidto help rebuild Europe after World War II,\nto strengthen it against Soviet influenceand attempting to contain the spread of communism.\nContainment is the big idea there.Stalin bulked the Eastern European countries\naccepting the Marshall Plan because he saw thatas American expansionism. He created COMECON\nto prevent Eastern European countries fromaligning themselves with the West,\nso providing that aid himself.COMINFORM, to answer the \nsecond half of that question, was the international communist organizationled by the Soviet Union to organize\ncommunist parties across Europe.But as Chinese communism became stronger\nand made that less relevant,it was just dissolved as \npart of the de-Stalinization that happened after Stalin's death.<Yeah. Yeah. Just to go \nthrough a couple of things, a couple of important points there, I think,so maybe at the very beginning,\nwe were taught that it was, I mean,I was certainly taught that it\nwas an ideological struggle.A purely ideological struggle \nbetween, on the one hand, an ideology that focused on \nindividualism and individual freedoms.On the other hand, an ideology that focused on\nthe overall average communal good,even to the point of terrific astonishing oppression.\nTerrific being, I don't mean like in the good way.Astonishing oppression of individual expression.\nThat was the way I learned it in high school.I don't know if that's the way you learned it,\nbut that's the way that I was taught about it.>Yeah. Obviously, the oppression is a huge deal\nand economically they weren't able to producethe kind of consumer goods that were in demand. There were all sorts of \nflaws in the Soviet system.I think though, that looking at the Soviet Union\nas this monolith gets problematicas any kind of monolith does with people,\nbecause we never agree on anything.<Right. Yeah, and over time\nthere were different Soviet Unions,like Stalin's Soviet Union, \neven early Stalin's Soviet Union was very different from late Stalin Soviet Union,and 1938 was vastly different from 1951.That's definitely part of it,\nbut understanding the relationship,I don't know how important it is to the test. You probably will, but \nunderstanding the relationshipbetween those initial ways of \nthinking about the Cold War, that these were just an ideological disagreementabout what the human social \norders should be with both sides.But at least from our perspective, when I\nwas a kid, especially the communiststrying to impose their worldview\nin the so-called \"third world.\"The \"first world\" being the US and its allies, the \"second world\" being \nthe Soviets and its allies,and the \"third world\" being the world\nthat we were all fighting overto decide what the future\nof humanity would be.This was a purely ideological struggle.\nThen, along come the revisionistsand say, \"Well, actually, I think it's\na lot more complicated than that,and that maybe we shouldn't only be looking at the way communism is trying \nto expand its influence,but also look at the way the US is trying\nto expand its influence, and the West is.\">Right.\n<Then, the post-revisionist argue for?Just restate it, I'm asking you. >Oh, just, I guess, a middle \nground, like trying to ...which is, they asked for simplification of\n\"how did it start,\" and I was like,\"Well, here's all these complicated responses.\"\n<It's pretty hard. Yeah. It's not simple.>Right. I don't think you need to\nname these schools of thought necessarilyon the AP exam, but understanding that\nthere's different perspectives on this,I think is important. I would say that\nthe post-revisionists were just complicating--looking at more social, political, economic causes\nand not just that ideological divide.<Right. Okay. Let's move on to a question\nfrom Tim Ruckle, who asks,\"how was Kwame Nkrumah and Ghana significant "
],
[
"Kwame Nkrumah and Ghana in African decolonization and the Cold War",
"in the nonaligned movement \nto African decolonization,and more broadly, in the Cold War itself?\">Yeah. I think that whole movement is\ninteresting, speaking of a middle ground.The nonaligned movement was the\nthird option during the Cold War.It started with Yugoslavia \nand its leader Tito, trying to establish independence \nfrom Soviet-led communism.It did have some impacts on UN\ndecision-making during the Cold War.Kwame Nkrumah was a part of the non-aligned\nmovement and thought that capitalismhad done a lot of damage to Africa,\nenvisioning socialism as the best way forward,because it had egalitarian goals.\nHe was the leader of the independencemovement in Ghana against British colonization and was elected as the first \npresident of Ghana in 1960.He was a Pan-Africanist, which I think\nwas an interesting idea, meaning basicallyhe saw Africans as sharing a common\nhistory and a common destiny,whose solidarity and \ncollective self-reliance would empower people of African \ndescent on a global scale.That's even going to have an impact on the\nAmerican Civil Rights Movement.For instance, Malcolm X travels to Ghana\nand they're all talking together.It's interesting, again, to see that\ncommunication on a global scale.<Yeah. Yeah. It is another example of how\nwe may want to put histories into continentsor in these particular communities, but in fact,\nall history is world history on some level.>I think I tended to learn more\nabout one country at a time.I think world history has been interesting\nlooking at these big global movements.Looking at huge trends and how they affect\nall these different areas of the globe,but are interconnected. We can never detach\nourselves from that interconnectedness.<Yeah. Of course, decolonization was not only\nan issue for colonized nations, but also forimperialistic ones and for ones that\nclaim not to be imperialistic,but still had state-sanctioned underclasses.\nIt makes a lot of sense that Malcolm Xwould be going to Ghana and learning\nabout decolonization there and tryingto bring some of those ideas back to the US.\nHere's a question from Gabrielle,"
],
[
"The differences between the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans",
"\"What are the differences between the Aztecs, the Incas, and other Native \nAmerican ethnic groups?\"That's broad. >Yeah. I don't know why we talk so much\nabout the Aztec, the Incas, and the Maya.I feel like those are the big \nthree always in the Americas, but obviously, there's other \ngroups in the Americas by 1200.But those are the big three that I think get brought up a lot, in part, \nbecause they're really big.We could debate other reasons why, but I think\nit's interesting to think about those areasgeographically, because when you think\nabout the Incan Empire, for instance,it stretches largely North-South,\nalong the coast of mostly what's now Peru,rather than East-West, which most of Europe\nis in that East-West, similar latitude.They span a much bigger range of climates,\nnot to mention the elevation going up and down.I just think that's an interesting thing about them\nand how much that must have impacted development.But the Aztec and the Inca had both forcibly\ntaken over and absorbed other cultures.The Aztecs were the last and the largest of these\nMesoamerican states that emergedbefore Spanish conquest, and then grew out of\nthe Mexico alliance with these two other states.Its power came from conquest,\nwhich made it a little bit unstablebecause the areas that they\nconquered would rebel.Then, the areas that they conquered owed payments in the form of labor and \nmaterials to Tenochtitlan.The city itself was an \nabsolute wonder to Europeans. They were just in awe of \nits size, of the chinampas,or these floating islands where they grew food\nthat were used for farming.People talk a lot about human\nsacrifice with the Aztecs.It did play a role in Aztec public life, but they weren't alone in that, so I \nwouldn't overemphasize it.The Aztec emperor Montezuma was eventually\nconquered by Hernan Cortes, the Spaniard.Now, the Incan empire was much larger\nthan the Aztec state geographically,and might have had as many as 10 million subjects. These are estimates, but \nthey were more bureaucraticthan the Aztecs, probably because of that.\nThey used, I think it's pronounced quipus,a series of these nodded cords to record\ndemographic data and do all this accounting.They required the people that they conquered to learn Quechua and to do \nmilitary service to the empire.State authority permeated much further\ninto Inca society than in the Aztec.That might be something I'd say if I were\nasked to compare and contrast them.In Incan society, women had matrilineal\ndescent and worshiped the moon,and men worshiped the sun and traced\ntheir descent through their fathers.Atahuallpa was the last emperor after,\nthe last Incan emperor after a civil warcaused by the death of his father due to smallpox.\nSpeaking of global things impacting history,and he was defeated by Pizarro.\n<Yeah, and we should say that smallpoxwas not in the Americas before the\nColumbian exchange began in 1492.>Right, and just was so \ndevastating. Some estimates are as much as 90% of the \npopulation of the Americas.<Yeah. This is a particular, this is like\na pet issue of mine, Cathy.But I think that disease is overwhelmingly\nthe most important historical force.>It's huge, right?\n<It completely reshaped, it became ...I think the historian, Frank Snowden,\ndescribes it as largely incidental,although there were episodes of\nwhat amount to bio-terrorism.Yeah, it had a huge impact, obviously,\n90% of people in the Americas died,and 500 years earlier or 400 years earlier,\nprobably half of people in Eurasia diedin a four or five-year period\nduring the Black Death.These are huge, huge historical forces\nthat we tend to ignore because war and kingsare so much more interesting.\n>I think COVID gives usa much better appreciation of that, right?\nWhen I think about the 1920s in the USand like jazz clubs and all of that now,\nI'm like, \"Of course, they went and partiedafter the influenza pandemic.\nThey were tired of quarantine.\"I feel like it just changed \nmy whole perspective on that. <Yeah. Me too. For sure.Alright, Stan, are we going \nto talk about nation-building? Oh, great. We're going to \ntalk about nation-building,America's favorite topic. Mahi wants to know\nhow nation states emerged."
],
[
"Ataturk and the origin of nation-states",
"Related, Atahan wants to know \nwho Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was.>Yeah. I think this is a fascinating question\nbecause you see this in world history,the sway between local control and stronger\nnational control, that's an ongoing topic.I suppose empires are the \nother extreme of local control, with countries controlling these \nlarge groups of other countries.In the 19th Century, nationalism \nled to a specific form of countries driven by this \nsense of common identitybecause of language, religion,\nethnicity, similarity in cultures.In Italy and Germany, nations \nwere brought together by these strategic, eventually, by \nthese strategic limited wars.In multi-ethnic empires though, like the\nOttoman Empire or the Austrian Empire,a lot of nation-states were created\nin the aftermath of World War Ibecause of what Woodrow Wilson \ncalled \"self-determination,\" or groups roughly deciding their own boundaries.Before you had war to build a nation, though,\nthere were often these idealistic groupswho helped to propel that sense of common\nidentity or defining who they were.Young Italy, for instance, \ncreated by Mazzini gave Italians this rosy dream, drawing on \nthe glory of ancient Rome.The young Turks in the Ottoman Empire forced Abdul Hamid II to \nrestore constitution in 1908.The Ottoman Empire was pretty ethnically diverse.\nThey had Arabs, Albanians, Jews, et cetera,and much more of that group was\nmuch more about liberal political reform,but they eventually would \nsplinter off into groups. One of those groups became more nationalistic,creating a single-party state that would\nlead the Ottoman Empire into World War I.Then, like so many other empires, World War I\nis just devastating to the Ottoman Empire.When World War I ends, nationalists led by\nMustafa Kemal Ataturk took the Turkish empire,a part of the Ottoman Empire, and they\nabandoned the sultanate and the caliphate.They're no longer the head of Islam in the world,\nand transformed Turkey into an independent,modern, secular republic, thinking as--it was a way to make Turkey,\nI don't know, bring it into the new age.They did have an enlightened\nauthoritarian rule under Ataturk.He considered gender equality \na mark of modernization, so women got the right to vote \nand hold public office in 1934.Polygamy was abolished.\nWomen were given equal rights in divorce,but his program of unification \nthrough Turkification, that's a mouthful, emphasized \npeople speaking Turkish.Changing their surnames, if \nthey were ethnic minorities, to names that sounded more Turkish.You really get that still \nvery nationalist bet with him.<That idea of building a nation\nin part through \"Turkifying\" it,through having one ethnic identity that stretches\nfrom across the entire country, no matter whatsomebody's past might look like or what their own\nethnic identity might be to themselves.>Mm-hmm (affirmative). Well, and that's such an \ninteresting idea, of like,how do you define who's \"us\" versus who's \"them?\"\nThat's, I just think, a fascinating thingto look at throughout history.\n<Yes. There's so much of ...Yes, and this is something we talked a lot about\nin the European History thing, is that,in the European History Crash Course,\nis that the negative integration strategyfor forming an idea of a people, that people\nhave a shared identity as to say,\"we are not this, we are not this,\nwe hate these people.These others are the opposite\nof what we are.We will identify ourselves by being not-this\nand by trying to oppress, or marginalize,or even destroy them.\"\nThen, positive integration strategiesfocus on ways of creating \"us's\" without \"thems,\"\nwhich is maybe harder, at least according towhat we've seen from history,\nbut there are some examples of it.>Yeah. Like a national anthem, you need a flag,\na holiday, all of those things help build that.<National heroes that you put on your money.\n>Your statutes.<That can come from a ...\nmaybe come from a variety of ethnic groupsor a variety of linguistic backgrounds,\nbut still share the national identity.Alright. We got a question\nsubmitted on our Flipgrid group.It comes from Nia, from Bulgaria who asks, "
],
[
"What's the best way to look back on history?",
"\"What do you think is a \nbetter way to look at history?On one hand, there's the emotionally\ndetached way of looking at it,where you just look at the facts \nand the figures, and you're very objective and looking \nat it as almost a fiction,like it happened to a different species or didn't\nhappen at all. You just detach yourself from it.Or, on the other hand, you can look at it as fully grasping that every \nsingle one of these peoplewas an actual person who actually\nlived and died, just like you will.\"I feel like that's probably the right thing\nto do, because history is most importantlya human story, but it's also \nvery emotionally difficult. I'm wondering which you \nthink is the better option.>Yeah. I had to face this moment in my career when I was looking at \ndifferent grad school programs.I was in a PhD program. One of the schools\nthat I looked at had the top Holocaust historianin the country, Christopher Browning.\nI had a long conversation with him about thisbecause I wasn't sure that I could study the\nHolocaust for the rest of my life,because it's so emotionally intense.\nI was asking like, \"How do you do this?How do you do this every day?\" He said,\n\"A little bit is compartmentalizing,and I think that I have learned to do that,\nas I teach the Holocaust every year,maybe three times in a day or\nsomething.\" It's a lot, it's intense.Sometimes you have to distance yourself\na little bit, but sometimes you just have tolet yourself feel it too, \nbecause that was my fear, was that I would become numb to it, that I wouldnot understand the gravity of it anymore.There's moments where it just\nhits you like a ton of bricks.I remember visiting Auschwitz and seeing this, they have this room full \nof hair, and it's just likesix million Jews killed in the Holocaust.\nThat's a number we can't comprehend really,but there's moments like that where\nit just really, really hits you.I think you let yourself feel it in those moments,\nbut not let it paralyze you, I guess,and try to move forward.I don't know if we can ever be truly\nobjective, so I'm not sure that's my goal,but to move forward with what I'm\nresearching or what I'm talking aboutwithout letting it completely overwhelm me.<Yeah. I think that's really beautifully put.\nThe only thing that I'd add is thatfacts and figures in history\nhave to serve human goals.We're not trying to inform artificial\nintelligences about what we were like.We're trying to inform each other.When we're studying data or we're studying,\nwe have to remember that those are ...that we're talking about people and\nwe're talking about people to people.>Right.\n<Alright, "
],
[
"Tips for studying World History",
"we're going to try to \ntransition to some study tips.Cathy, give us some study tips.\nI need study tips.I don't know about you or your students\nor the people watching this,but the pandemic has not been\ngreat for my ability to focus.>No, I discovered TikTok during the pandemic\nfor that reason, because I couldn't-<Me, too. It's great.\n>Yeah.<Sorry. I'm sorry, I forgot what you\nwere saying because I was on TikTok.>Oh, sorry.\n<I'm just checking to see how our video is doing.>I'm sure it's doing better than mine.\n<Oh, you're on TikTok? Oh, this is very exciting.>I think I heard, actually, that you guys\nhave made a series on study skillsand I've looked at some of those\nand I think they're great.For the AP exam in particular,\npeople who are studying for that,I think the most, as someone\nwho's graded those exams a lot,know your rubrics. Know how you score\nthe points that you need on the DBQ,on the LEQ, know what\nscores on an SAQ.On that note, practice by doing what\nyou'll have to do on the exam.Take some practice exams, write a\nDBQ in timed conditions and set ...I think if you're overwhelmed by evidence, by\nnames, which can be a lot in history or events,look at the College Board key concepts and\nknow the evidence for each of those concepts.Think about how, if that concept\nwere turned into a question,how would you provide evidence\nfor an essay question related to that,and help them use what you know and\nseparate that into what's important from,this just flood of info, because in the end,\nyou're going to go in with what's in your brain.Think about how you can use\nthat evidence in an essay.<Watch Crash Course Study Skills,\nwhich I also recommend,and know your rubrics and\ntake a couple of practices.You will feel so much more prepared anyway.\nPutting aside everything else, it just makes--when I would do it anyway, when I was a student,\nit would just make me feel going in like,\"Well, my practice SAT score might not have\nbeen very good, but I did do it.\">You did what you can do. In the end,\nthat doesn't define you either.I bombed one of my IB exams and I went on\nto major in that subject, so life goes on.You'll be okay.<Yeah. I think it's hard, that's such a\nhard thing to manage becauseyou want to tell people like, study hard. It can\nbe really hard to focus, especially right now.I cannot imagine how difficult it is to be\ngoing to school or teaching schoolright now in this historical moment.\nI am deeply sympathetic with that situation.You want to encourage people to like, study hard,\ndo their best, work really hard, all that stuff.But it is also worth saying that this is not\nthe defining feature of your life.How you do on an AP test is\nnot how you are going to ...is not the life you are going to have. It is one\ndata point out of literally millions in your life.>Yeah. Yeah. For sure.<By the way, I did not do particularly well\non the AP World History test.I think I got a three and I'm here, so just fail-\n<I heard you made this series, too,that was pretty popular, so I feel like\nit worked out okay for you.<Just fail up, fail up. Alright.\nWe're going to take somequestions from the chat now.\nStan, do we have any questions?Oh, did you already put them in there?\nOh, wow. This is very, very professional.I should say a quick thank you to\nStan and Zulaiha, who are running thisbehind the scenes and doing an extraordinary job. Again, a big thank you to \nCathy for joining us today.What a lovely gift. Thank you all.\nThis is from the internet."
],
[
"Why didn't the silk road stretch all the way across Europe?",
"It doesn't say which person,\n\"Why didn't the Silk Road stretchall the way across Europe? Did traders\njust have no interest in going further?\"I don't know the answer to this question.>I think there's a limit, I guess,\nto how far you can go.Let me talk about the Silk Road a little bit\njust in general terms. It stretches for like2000 years, connects China to Europe,\nstarting around like 200 BCE.The caravanserai, where merchants and\ntravelers would rest, turned into thesemajor Central Asian commercial\ncities, like Bukhara.Over the millennia it impacted trade,\nbut it also spreads religions like Buddhism,which spreads widely from India\nthrough Central and East Asia.Changing local religions, and a lot of luxury\ngoods, obviously, are traded that way.Mostly just luxury goods, because\ntransport was so expensive.There were periods of activity\nthat spiked and waned.We talked about the last big period\nwas the Mongol Empire revitalizing it.I'm thinking that part of why it didn't\nspread completely, and this is not mybiggest area of expertise, so this is\nan educated guess here.But in 1453, the Turks conquered\nConstantinople, which is going tocut off European land access to the\nSilk Road. It's part of why Europeansimprove their naval trade to go\nin the other direction.I'm thinking about what kind of ...\nbefore that, I think that a lot of itprobably had to do with what countries\nhad the wealth to participate.<Yeah, had the markets for luxury goods. Yeah.>Yeah, and then also, once you hit Constantinople,\nit was easier to put stuff on a ship and thenmove it via the Mediterranean trade than\nto continue to travel on the Silk Road.That would probably be the biggest piece,\nwas that traveling by land is hard.Ships can carry a lot more than a camel.<Yeah, and in a lot of cases, faster too.\nI think all of that probably went into it,but it's also important to acknowledge\nthat we don't know everything.Brady asks, \"I'm curious what John or Cathy's "
],
[
"Favorite books on history",
"favorite books are for \nhistory of any time period.\"That's a big question.\nIt's a tough one.>Do you have one that comes to mind quickly?<Well, I just read this \nbook, The Dawn of Everything, that's about prehistory and makes an argument thathunter-gatherer and foraging communities\nwere much more multitudeness thanwe tend to imagine, that they had lots of different\nways of organizing their social orders.Sometimes with radical \negalitarianism and often not.That our ideas that before \n12,000 BCE, all human life was pretty similar and pretty historically boring,are probably wrong. I thought that was\nreally an interesting book.>That's interesting. Yeah, I really like ...\nI read a lot of gender history.Bonnie Smith, who worked on the\nEuropean History series, I had read herin college and to be able to work\nwith her was so great.She has a book about, it's like the history\nof 20th Century France as told throughthe micro-history of the concierge, at where\nshe lived when she was doing her research.That was just fascinating, because it's like this,\nhow all these global things impact this one,just average woman. There's \nanother book I really like called The Woman Beneath the Skin, which is aboutthis 18th Century German doctor\nin the German states.It's like women's testimonies to him about\nwhat was going on with their bodies.You get into all this information about medical\nhistory and how they perceive themselves,but it's all translated \nthrough him. There's a lot of good thinking about how much can you trustwhat he said about them, and how much of this\nis their accurate accounts of what they said.It's hard sometimes to get those records of women, and so this was just an \ninteresting avenue into it.<Oh, that sounds like it is absolutely up my alley.\n>Yeah.<What is the title again?>The Woman Beneath the Skin,\nit's by Barbara Duden.She has a couple, actually. I hope\nI'm not mixing up the titles.<Great. That sounds really good. Yeah,\nmost of what I read is about the history ofinfectious disease and the history of medicine.\nProbably my favorite book about the history ofinfectious disease, which Stan gave me, it was\nsuch a great gift. It made me feel really known.Stan gave me this book called The Black Death\nby, is it Rosemary Horrox, is that her name?[Stan, offscreen]\nYeah.>She collected and translated first-person\naccounts of the Black Death.Now, it's a little more \nlimited than I want it to be because it's very Europe-centric.So many of the important accounts of\nthe Black Death occurred in what is nowknown as the Middle East, or in\nNorth Africa, or in Central Asia.But to read these first-person accounts,\ncontemporaneous accounts of what thisexperience was like, to live in a time where\nhalf or 60% or 70% of people in your communitywere dying in a matter of a few months, and\nto have no idea how to make sense of it,and to see all of these societal rules\nbreak down, to see over and over againpeople abandoning their families.\nThe kind of horror of the death ritualsbreaking down, because it's impossible\nto ring the bells for everybody who died,because too many people were dying.\nThat stuff, it's really powerful to read.I love reading well-translated \nfirst-person accounts, because I'm never going to be somebodywho's able to read Aramaic or read Middle English. If it's really well-translated, \nyou feel the full humannessof that person and you feel the fear and hope,\nthe ineradicable hope that I find so encouragingin those accounts, even though they're ...\nObviously, it's the worst, one of the worst thingsthat's ever happened to humans.\nOne of my favorite ones is thisIrish monk, John Clyn, who wrote an account\nof the plague and the account ended,\"Here, I leave extra parchment in case\nanyone is left alive to continue the story.\"Then, he died.\n>Did anyone continue the story?<The only note after that reads,\n\"Here, it seems the author died.\">That's sad.\n<In different handwriting. Yeah.>Yeah.\n<But I find it, obviously, in a dark,a rather dark way, but I find it hopeful\nthat we would leave extra parchment.We would hold onto that hope that\nthe story will continue and thatsomebody will keep telling the stories.\nOur opportunity and responsibilityas people is to listen to those stories\nand to hear them and to try to makesense of the past through them. Cathy,\nI'm so grateful to you for helping me do that"
],
[
"Outro",
"through Crash Course European History, but also\nthrough all your work. Thank you so much.Thank you so much for joining us.\nThanks to everybody who wrote in questions.Again, thank you so much to Flipgrid for\nsponsoring this live stream and giving studentsa really wonderful set of tools to work with.\nWe're really grateful to all of you.Again, to Stan and Zulaiha as well.\nIt's just been really wonderfulto be able to spend this hour with you.\nGood luck on your tests.>Yeah. Good luck, everybody. They're coming\nup in a couple of weeks here.Thank you guys for having me.\nThis is really fun. I always loveto sit around and talk about history. This\nhas been a fun experience for me too.<Yeah, let's do it again sometime soon.\nThis is the last of the Office Hourslive stream for now, but let us know\nwhat you liked about the series.Also, don't be afraid to let us know\nwhat you didn't like, because we wouldlike to do more of them, and potentially\ndo them more regularly. We'll beuploading these live streams on the\nCrash Course channel soon.If you missed it live or if you only\ncaught like the last half,you can watch the entire video soon.\nStay tuned for that. Again, thank you so much.Thanks for being here. Cathy, thank you,\nand it's been a joy to learn with you all tonight.>Thanks again.<Bye, everybody. DFTBA.\n>Bye."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course Office Hours: Geography
|
jMS-ouZNIzg
| 3,652 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 108
},
{
"start_time": 108,
"title": "What is geography?",
"end_time": 163
},
{
"start_time": 163,
"title": "Place, space, and location",
"end_time": 268
},
{
"start_time": 268,
"title": "Site, situation and scale",
"end_time": 540
},
{
"start_time": 540,
"title": "How do different types of rock form?",
"end_time": 695
},
{
"start_time": 695,
"title": "Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes",
"end_time": 817
},
{
"start_time": 817,
"title": "How is a meander formed?",
"end_time": 994
},
{
"start_time": 994,
"title": "Origin and formation of fjords",
"end_time": 1132
},
{
"start_time": 1132,
"title": "How can mountain ecosystems be restore from the impact of development and tourism?",
"end_time": 1334
},
{
"start_time": 1334,
"title": "Impact of melting Himalayan glaciers on water resources",
"end_time": 1583
},
{
"start_time": 1583,
"title": "What is posthumanism?",
"end_time": 1890
},
{
"start_time": 1890,
"title": "Who are significant geographers?",
"end_time": 2045
},
{
"start_time": 2045,
"title": "Different types of boundaries",
"end_time": 2256
},
{
"start_time": 2256,
"title": "What are the markers of development?",
"end_time": 2426
},
{
"start_time": 2426,
"title": "What is in a geography course?",
"end_time": 2730
},
{
"start_time": 2730,
"title": "Tips for studying geography",
"end_time": 2915
},
{
"start_time": 2915,
"title": "Why do we personally find geography interesting?",
"end_time": 3018
},
{
"start_time": 3018,
"title": "How to talk to students about the politics of maps",
"end_time": 3149
},
{
"start_time": 3149,
"title": "Displacement of people due to war, natural disasters, and changing coastlines",
"end_time": 3318
},
{
"start_time": 3318,
"title": "How do metamorphic rocks form?",
"end_time": 3375
},
{
"start_time": 3375,
"title": "Careers for people who study geography",
"end_time": 3575
},
{
"start_time": 3575,
"title": "Outro",
"end_time": 3652
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Watch our videos and review your \nlearning with the Crash Course App!",
"timestamp": [
0,
3.04
]
},
{
"text": "Watch our videos and review your \nlearning with the Crash Course App!",
"timestamp": [
0,
3.04
]
},
{
"text": "Supplemental content is now \navailable for these courses.",
"timestamp": [
3.04,
5.84
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},
{
"text": "Supplemental content is now \navailable for these courses.",
"timestamp": [
3.04,
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},
{
"text": ">Hello and welcome to Office Hours!",
"timestamp": [
9.44,
11.68
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},
{
"text": ">Hello and welcome to Office Hours!",
"timestamp": [
9.44,
11.68
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},
{
"text": "I'm Alizé Carrère, host of Crash Course Geography,",
"timestamp": [
11.68,
14.56
]
},
{
"text": "I'm Alizé Carrère, host of Crash Course Geography,",
"timestamp": [
11.68,
14.56
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},
{
"text": "and for the next hour, we are \nhere to answer your questions",
"timestamp": [
14.56,
17.52
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},
{
"text": "and for the next hour, we are \nhere to answer your questions",
"timestamp": [
14.56,
17.52
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},
{
"text": "and hopefully, help you study for your Geo finals.",
"timestamp": [
17.52,
20
]
},
{
"text": "and hopefully, help you study for your Geo finals.",
"timestamp": [
17.52,
20
]
},
{
"text": "<Hello, everyone, I'm April Luginbuhl Mather.",
"timestamp": [
20.64,
23.44
]
},
{
"text": "<Hello, everyone, I'm April Luginbuhl Mather.",
"timestamp": [
20.64,
23.44
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},
{
"text": "I'm a Geography professor and a consultant \non the Crash Course Geography series.",
"timestamp": [
23.44,
27.12
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},
{
"text": "I'm a Geography professor and a consultant \non the Crash Course Geography series.",
"timestamp": [
23.44,
27.12
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},
{
"text": ">And April and I just met today for the first time",
"timestamp": [
27.68,
29.6
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},
{
"text": ">And April and I just met today for the first time",
"timestamp": [
27.68,
29.6
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},
{
"text": "after having worked on this series \nfor the last 2+ years together,",
"timestamp": [
29.6,
32.96
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},
{
"text": "after having worked on this series \nfor the last 2+ years together,",
"timestamp": [
29.6,
32.96
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{
"text": "so that's been very exciting to \nbe in the same room together!",
"timestamp": [
32.96,
35.04
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},
{
"text": "so that's been very exciting to \nbe in the same room together!",
"timestamp": [
32.96,
35.04
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},
{
"text": "Okay, so here's how the \nstudy session is going to go:",
"timestamp": [
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38.24
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},
{
"text": "Okay, so here's how the \nstudy session is going to go:",
"timestamp": [
35.76,
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},
{
"text": "We've asked you to send in your most \npressing questions ahead of time,",
"timestamp": [
38.24,
40.72
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},
{
"text": "We've asked you to send in your most \npressing questions ahead of time,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "which we have with us right here,\nso we'll go through some of those first.",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "which we have with us right here,\nso we'll go through some of those first.",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "We'll provide a few tips on studying Geography, ",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "We'll provide a few tips on studying Geography, ",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "and then we'll end with answering \nsome questions from the chat,",
"timestamp": [
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49.52
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},
{
"text": "and then we'll end with answering \nsome questions from the chat,",
"timestamp": [
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49.52
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},
{
"text": "which we have right here.",
"timestamp": [
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50.32
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"text": "which we have right here.",
"timestamp": [
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"text": "But before we get to your questions, ",
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"text": "But before we get to your questions, ",
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"text": "I want to talk a little bit about our \npartner for Office Hours, Flipgrid.",
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"text": "I want to talk a little bit about our \npartner for Office Hours, Flipgrid.",
"timestamp": [
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"text": "Flipgrid is a free video discussion \napp from Microsoft with a mission ",
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{
"text": "Flipgrid is a free video discussion \napp from Microsoft with a mission ",
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{
"text": "to make learning fun and empowering for all.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "to make learning fun and empowering for all.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "It's been used in the \nclassroom for nearly a decade.",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "It's been used in the \nclassroom for nearly a decade.",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "So as we talk about preparing for exams,\nFlipgrid is a convenient way to host study groups",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "So as we talk about preparing for exams,\nFlipgrid is a convenient way to host study groups",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "without having to coordinate around class \nschedules or after-school commitments,",
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{
"text": "without having to coordinate around class \nschedules or after-school commitments,",
"timestamp": [
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"text": "and you can create a group, start a topic, \nand send the link to anyone you want to join.",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "and you can create a group, start a topic, \nand send the link to anyone you want to join.",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "You can record video or audio responses, \ndiscuss specific concepts in detail,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "You can record video or audio responses, \ndiscuss specific concepts in detail,",
"timestamp": [
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},
{
"text": "quiz each other, and prep for group presentations.",
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{
"text": "quiz each other, and prep for group presentations.",
"timestamp": [
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{
"text": "We hear from Crash Course viewers all the time \nhow helpful video is as a learning tool --",
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{
"text": "We hear from Crash Course viewers all the time \nhow helpful video is as a learning tool --",
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]
},
{
"text": "it's one of the reasons we made Crash Course!",
"timestamp": [
89.76,
91.68
]
},
{
"text": "it's one of the reasons we made Crash Course!",
"timestamp": [
89.76,
91.68
]
},
{
"text": "And connecting with peers ",
"timestamp": [
92.32,
93.44
]
},
{
"text": "And connecting with peers ",
"timestamp": [
92.32,
93.44
]
},
{
"text": "and learning in groups with \nyour peers in a community",
"timestamp": [
93.44,
95.92
]
},
{
"text": "and learning in groups with \nyour peers in a community",
"timestamp": [
93.44,
95.92
]
},
{
"text": "is a wonderful thing.",
"timestamp": [
95.92,
97.44
]
},
{
"text": "is a wonderful thing.",
"timestamp": [
95.92,
97.44
]
},
{
"text": "So, we used Flipgrid to collect some of your ",
"timestamp": [
98.16,
100
]
},
{
"text": "So, we used Flipgrid to collect some of your ",
"timestamp": [
98.16,
100
]
},
{
"text": "questions for these live \nstreams, so let's get to that.",
"timestamp": [
100,
103.28
]
},
{
"text": "questions for these live \nstreams, so let's get to that.",
"timestamp": [
100,
103.28
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, April, our first question is:\nwhat is geography?",
"timestamp": [
104.24,
109.52
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, April, our first question is:\nwhat is geography?",
"timestamp": [
104.24,
109.52
]
},
{
"text": "<Well that is the key question of \nthe whole series, really, ain't it?",
"timestamp": [
110.24,
114
]
},
{
"text": "<Well that is the key question of \nthe whole series, really, ain't it?",
"timestamp": [
110.24,
114
]
},
{
"text": "So obviously, Geography is the story of bananas --\nor at least it was for us throughout the series --",
"timestamp": [
114.96,
122.56
]
},
{
"text": "So obviously, Geography is the story of bananas --\nor at least it was for us throughout the series --",
"timestamp": [
114.96,
122.56
]
},
{
"text": "but those bananas from the first \nepisode were a really good example",
"timestamp": [
122.56,
126.24
]
},
{
"text": "but those bananas from the first \nepisode were a really good example",
"timestamp": [
122.56,
126.24
]
},
{
"text": "because they helped highlight that Geography \nis the study of difference across space.",
"timestamp": [
126.24,
130.24
]
},
{
"text": "because they helped highlight that Geography \nis the study of difference across space.",
"timestamp": [
126.24,
130.24
]
},
{
"text": "It's about understanding the place we're in and \nthe conditions and connections to other places.",
"timestamp": [
130.88,
135.92
]
},
{
"text": "It's about understanding the place we're in and \nthe conditions and connections to other places.",
"timestamp": [
130.88,
135.92
]
},
{
"text": "The definition of Geography is often \naccompanied with the types of questions we ask,",
"timestamp": [
136.72,
141.36
]
},
{
"text": "The definition of Geography is often \naccompanied with the types of questions we ask,",
"timestamp": [
136.72,
141.36
]
},
{
"text": "like, why do we see this here and not there?",
"timestamp": [
141.36,
144.24
]
},
{
"text": "like, why do we see this here and not there?",
"timestamp": [
141.36,
144.24
]
},
{
"text": "What influence do bananas or \npeople or rocks have in this place?",
"timestamp": [
145.2,
149.12
]
},
{
"text": "What influence do bananas or \npeople or rocks have in this place?",
"timestamp": [
145.2,
149.12
]
},
{
"text": "How do we experience social and \nphysical phenomena in a place?",
"timestamp": [
149.76,
153.2
]
},
{
"text": "How do we experience social and \nphysical phenomena in a place?",
"timestamp": [
149.76,
153.2
]
},
{
"text": "And these questions are really about the types \nof relationships that happen across space.",
"timestamp": [
153.76,
157.92
]
},
{
"text": "And these questions are really about the types \nof relationships that happen across space.",
"timestamp": [
153.76,
157.92
]
},
{
"text": ">So, to follow up on that, \nCamilla had a related question: ",
"timestamp": [
159.6,
163.04
]
},
{
"text": ">So, to follow up on that, \nCamilla had a related question: ",
"timestamp": [
159.6,
163.04
]
},
{
"text": "Can you explain \"place,\" \"space,\" \n\"territory,\" and \"scale?\"",
"timestamp": [
163.68,
168.88
]
},
{
"text": "Can you explain \"place,\" \"space,\" \n\"territory,\" and \"scale?\"",
"timestamp": [
163.68,
168.88
]
},
{
"text": "And also related, Ava wants to know: \nwhat is \"site\" and \"situation?\"",
"timestamp": [
168.88,
173.12
]
},
{
"text": "And also related, Ava wants to know: \nwhat is \"site\" and \"situation?\"",
"timestamp": [
168.88,
173.12
]
},
{
"text": "So just to recap, what are \"place,\" \"space,\" \n\"territory,\" \"scale,\" \"site,\" and \"situation?\"",
"timestamp": [
173.12,
179.36
]
},
{
"text": "So just to recap, what are \"place,\" \"space,\" \n\"territory,\" \"scale,\" \"site,\" and \"situation?\"",
"timestamp": [
173.12,
179.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Okay, so all of those topics, we've touched \non in some way throughout the series.",
"timestamp": [
180.16,
186.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Okay, so all of those topics, we've touched \non in some way throughout the series.",
"timestamp": [
180.16,
186.48
]
},
{
"text": "They're all related to these \nkey geographical concepts.",
"timestamp": [
186.48,
189.68
]
},
{
"text": "They're all related to these \nkey geographical concepts.",
"timestamp": [
186.48,
189.68
]
},
{
"text": "So let's-- if we just look at the relationship \nbetween \"space,\" \"place,\" and \"location,\"",
"timestamp": [
191.04,
195.36
]
},
{
"text": "So let's-- if we just look at the relationship \nbetween \"space,\" \"place,\" and \"location,\"",
"timestamp": [
191.04,
195.36
]
},
{
"text": "that's sort of the beginning of geography.",
"timestamp": [
195.92,
198.72
]
},
{
"text": "that's sort of the beginning of geography.",
"timestamp": [
195.92,
198.72
]
},
{
"text": "So \"location\" is just where something is.",
"timestamp": [
198.72,
201.36
]
},
{
"text": "So \"location\" is just where something is.",
"timestamp": [
198.72,
201.36
]
},
{
"text": "We can give \"absolute \nlocation,\" which is a definite ",
"timestamp": [
202.72,
206.24
]
},
{
"text": "We can give \"absolute \nlocation,\" which is a definite ",
"timestamp": [
202.72,
206.24
]
},
{
"text": "place, like latitude or longitude or an address,",
"timestamp": [
207.04,
210.24
]
},
{
"text": "place, like latitude or longitude or an address,",
"timestamp": [
207.04,
210.24
]
},
{
"text": "but \"relative location\" starts to get into ",
"timestamp": [
211.2,
214.24
]
},
{
"text": "but \"relative location\" starts to get into ",
"timestamp": [
211.2,
214.24
]
},
{
"text": "the meaning behind a place or the parts \nthat would be particular to an individual.",
"timestamp": [
214.24,
220.88
]
},
{
"text": "the meaning behind a place or the parts \nthat would be particular to an individual.",
"timestamp": [
214.24,
220.88
]
},
{
"text": "So for example, in my classes, \nI often will have my students ",
"timestamp": [
220.88,
224.48
]
},
{
"text": "So for example, in my classes, \nI often will have my students ",
"timestamp": [
220.88,
224.48
]
},
{
"text": "give me the location of their \nfavorite place on campus.",
"timestamp": [
225.28,
230.24
]
},
{
"text": "give me the location of their \nfavorite place on campus.",
"timestamp": [
225.28,
230.24
]
},
{
"text": "And I asked them to give me \nboth the absolute location, ",
"timestamp": [
230.8,
233.92
]
},
{
"text": "And I asked them to give me \nboth the absolute location, ",
"timestamp": [
230.8,
233.92
]
},
{
"text": "which i could type in my phone right there,",
"timestamp": [
233.92,
236.48
]
},
{
"text": "which i could type in my phone right there,",
"timestamp": [
233.92,
236.48
]
},
{
"text": "but then also the relative location, which \nis something only they can say to me.",
"timestamp": [
236.48,
242.32
]
},
{
"text": "but then also the relative location, which \nis something only they can say to me.",
"timestamp": [
236.48,
242.32
]
},
{
"text": "It's just how getting there works for \nthem, and the relationship in their mind.",
"timestamp": [
242.32,
246.48
]
},
{
"text": "It's just how getting there works for \nthem, and the relationship in their mind.",
"timestamp": [
242.32,
246.48
]
},
{
"text": "So it might be like turning \nafter a particular cafe,",
"timestamp": [
248.64,
251.44
]
},
{
"text": "So it might be like turning \nafter a particular cafe,",
"timestamp": [
248.64,
251.44
]
},
{
"text": "or y'know, noting certain landmarks \non the way to that location.",
"timestamp": [
251.44,
256.4
]
},
{
"text": "or y'know, noting certain landmarks \non the way to that location.",
"timestamp": [
251.44,
256.4
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, so that's like the mental map that we ",
"timestamp": [
256.4,
258.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, so that's like the mental map that we ",
"timestamp": [
256.4,
258.32
]
},
{
"text": "talked about in episode 2 if \nany of you guys remember that.",
"timestamp": [
258.32,
260.56
]
},
{
"text": "talked about in episode 2 if \nany of you guys remember that.",
"timestamp": [
258.32,
260.56
]
},
{
"text": "My mental map that was described in my hometown.",
"timestamp": [
261.12,
263.36
]
},
{
"text": "My mental map that was described in my hometown.",
"timestamp": [
261.12,
263.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Exactly, exactly. And so related \nto that is this idea of \"site.\"",
"timestamp": [
263.36,
267.92
]
},
{
"text": "<Exactly, exactly. And so related \nto that is this idea of \"site.\"",
"timestamp": [
263.36,
267.92
]
},
{
"text": "And \"site\" is just the local \nconditions of something in a space,",
"timestamp": [
267.92,
273.36
]
},
{
"text": "And \"site\" is just the local \nconditions of something in a space,",
"timestamp": [
267.92,
273.36
]
},
{
"text": "like describing that my main campus \nis located next to a public park,",
"timestamp": [
273.36,
279.2
]
},
{
"text": "like describing that my main campus \nis located next to a public park,",
"timestamp": [
273.36,
279.2
]
},
{
"text": "it's at the intersection of two major roads,",
"timestamp": [
279.92,
282.16
]
},
{
"text": "it's at the intersection of two major roads,",
"timestamp": [
279.92,
282.16
]
},
{
"text": "it happens to have retention ponds that I think ",
"timestamp": [
282.96,
285.6
]
},
{
"text": "it happens to have retention ponds that I think ",
"timestamp": [
282.96,
285.6
]
},
{
"text": "look like are carved in the shape \nof our initials for our school,",
"timestamp": [
285.6,
289.2
]
},
{
"text": "look like are carved in the shape \nof our initials for our school,",
"timestamp": [
285.6,
289.2
]
},
{
"text": "and it's near a large population.",
"timestamp": [
291.92,
295.68
]
},
{
"text": "and it's near a large population.",
"timestamp": [
291.92,
295.68
]
},
{
"text": "It has all the things that make \nthat a good location for a school.",
"timestamp": [
295.68,
299.92
]
},
{
"text": "It has all the things that make \nthat a good location for a school.",
"timestamp": [
295.68,
299.92
]
},
{
"text": "And after thinking about \"location,\" I also \nlike to think about \"space\" and \"place,\"",
"timestamp": [
303.12,
307.52
]
},
{
"text": "And after thinking about \"location,\" I also \nlike to think about \"space\" and \"place,\"",
"timestamp": [
303.12,
307.52
]
},
{
"text": "which means thinking about \nconditions and relationships.",
"timestamp": [
307.52,
311.04
]
},
{
"text": "which means thinking about \nconditions and relationships.",
"timestamp": [
307.52,
311.04
]
},
{
"text": "And we've spent a lot of time \non that throughout the series--",
"timestamp": [
311.04,
314.64
]
},
{
"text": "And we've spent a lot of time \non that throughout the series--",
"timestamp": [
311.04,
314.64
]
},
{
"text": ">Definitely.",
"timestamp": [
314.64,
315.12
]
},
{
"text": ">Definitely.",
"timestamp": [
314.64,
315.12
]
},
{
"text": "<but even if we just go back to episode 3, ",
"timestamp": [
315.68,
318.56
]
},
{
"text": "<but even if we just go back to episode 3, ",
"timestamp": [
315.68,
318.56
]
},
{
"text": "and we talked about \"space\" and how we \ncan experience it in four different ways,",
"timestamp": [
318.56,
322.64
]
},
{
"text": "and we talked about \"space\" and how we \ncan experience it in four different ways,",
"timestamp": [
318.56,
322.64
]
},
{
"text": "and one is just location on the ground,",
"timestamp": [
322.64,
325.2
]
},
{
"text": "and one is just location on the ground,",
"timestamp": [
322.64,
325.2
]
},
{
"text": "but also then we got into \ndifferences across space.",
"timestamp": [
325.2,
328.4
]
},
{
"text": "but also then we got into \ndifferences across space.",
"timestamp": [
325.2,
328.4
]
},
{
"text": "And that's where we start to \nget into the relationships ",
"timestamp": [
328.96,
332.48
]
},
{
"text": "And that's where we start to \nget into the relationships ",
"timestamp": [
328.96,
332.48
]
},
{
"text": "across space, and that's \"situation.\"",
"timestamp": [
332.48,
335.84
]
},
{
"text": "across space, and that's \"situation.\"",
"timestamp": [
332.48,
335.84
]
},
{
"text": "Those relationships are what \"situation\" is,",
"timestamp": [
336.64,
339.04
]
},
{
"text": "Those relationships are what \"situation\" is,",
"timestamp": [
336.64,
339.04
]
},
{
"text": "versus \"site,\" which is a place \nand the conditions in that spot.",
"timestamp": [
339.04,
343.28
]
},
{
"text": "versus \"site,\" which is a place \nand the conditions in that spot.",
"timestamp": [
339.04,
343.28
]
},
{
"text": "So if you think about episode 48, we talked about ",
"timestamp": [
344.16,
347.28
]
},
{
"text": "So if you think about episode 48, we talked about ",
"timestamp": [
344.16,
347.28
]
},
{
"text": "the situation that created the \nmanufacturing belt where we saw it.",
"timestamp": [
347.28,
351.84
]
},
{
"text": "the situation that created the \nmanufacturing belt where we saw it.",
"timestamp": [
347.28,
351.84
]
},
{
"text": "So it was a connection between mines and \nrivers and lakes and then roads and rail, ",
"timestamp": [
352.4,
358.64
]
},
{
"text": "So it was a connection between mines and \nrivers and lakes and then roads and rail, ",
"timestamp": [
352.4,
358.64
]
},
{
"text": "and that creates the situation \nthat made locating in that space ",
"timestamp": [
358.64,
362.72
]
},
{
"text": "and that creates the situation \nthat made locating in that space ",
"timestamp": [
358.64,
362.72
]
},
{
"text": "and relating to other spaces \nglobally worked the way that it did.",
"timestamp": [
362.72,
365.84
]
},
{
"text": "and relating to other spaces \nglobally worked the way that it did.",
"timestamp": [
362.72,
365.84
]
},
{
"text": "If we're measuring the connections between \nspace, that's called \"topological space,\"",
"timestamp": [
367.92,
372.16
]
},
{
"text": "If we're measuring the connections between \nspace, that's called \"topological space,\"",
"timestamp": [
367.92,
372.16
]
},
{
"text": "that can include things \nlike routing and planning--",
"timestamp": [
372.16,
374.4
]
},
{
"text": "that can include things \nlike routing and planning--",
"timestamp": [
372.16,
374.4
]
},
{
"text": ">Mmhmm (affirmative),",
"timestamp": [
374.4,
375.68
]
},
{
"text": ">Mmhmm (affirmative),",
"timestamp": [
374.4,
375.68
]
},
{
"text": "<but we also think about human \nrelationships related to space, ",
"timestamp": [
375.68,
379.68
]
},
{
"text": "<but we also think about human \nrelationships related to space, ",
"timestamp": [
375.68,
379.68
]
},
{
"text": "and the meaning a human gives to a place,",
"timestamp": [
379.68,
382.4
]
},
{
"text": "and the meaning a human gives to a place,",
"timestamp": [
379.68,
382.4
]
},
{
"text": "and that can often be more cultural, like we \nsaw in episodes 28 and 29, or more personal.",
"timestamp": [
382.96,
393.28
]
},
{
"text": "and that can often be more cultural, like we \nsaw in episodes 28 and 29, or more personal.",
"timestamp": [
382.96,
393.28
]
},
{
"text": "So \"space\" isn't just an abstract \ndistance that we're trying to overcome,",
"timestamp": [
393.28,
397.2
]
},
{
"text": "So \"space\" isn't just an abstract \ndistance that we're trying to overcome,",
"timestamp": [
393.28,
397.2
]
},
{
"text": "\"place\" then has meaning and significance.",
"timestamp": [
398,
400.72
]
},
{
"text": "\"place\" then has meaning and significance.",
"timestamp": [
398,
400.72
]
},
{
"text": "And that's that fourth aspect of \"space,\" \nthat individual perception of space and place.",
"timestamp": [
401.92,
407.84
]
},
{
"text": "And that's that fourth aspect of \"space,\" \nthat individual perception of space and place.",
"timestamp": [
401.92,
407.84
]
},
{
"text": "Let's see, so the final term \non that list was \"scale.\"",
"timestamp": [
409.28,
414
]
},
{
"text": "Let's see, so the final term \non that list was \"scale.\"",
"timestamp": [
409.28,
414
]
},
{
"text": ">\"Scale,\" okay, that's right.",
"timestamp": [
414,
415.52
]
},
{
"text": ">\"Scale,\" okay, that's right.",
"timestamp": [
414,
415.52
]
},
{
"text": "<And that really is just the \nsize of the area we're examining.",
"timestamp": [
415.52,
418.72
]
},
{
"text": "<And that really is just the \nsize of the area we're examining.",
"timestamp": [
415.52,
418.72
]
},
{
"text": "As we change scale, often we might talk about \nmoving like from a global scale to a local scale,",
"timestamp": [
419.44,
424.16
]
},
{
"text": "As we change scale, often we might talk about \nmoving like from a global scale to a local scale,",
"timestamp": [
419.44,
424.16
]
},
{
"text": "we can see different relationships \nand connections form.",
"timestamp": [
425.04,
428.32
]
},
{
"text": "we can see different relationships \nand connections form.",
"timestamp": [
425.04,
428.32
]
},
{
"text": "So if we go back to bananas in episode 1,",
"timestamp": [
428.32,
430.48
]
},
{
"text": "So if we go back to bananas in episode 1,",
"timestamp": [
428.32,
430.48
]
},
{
"text": "we described all the connections that made \nbananas a common fruit in U.S. grocery stores.",
"timestamp": [
431.04,
436.16
]
},
{
"text": "we described all the connections that made \nbananas a common fruit in U.S. grocery stores.",
"timestamp": [
431.04,
436.16
]
},
{
"text": "We looked at local conditions, and we also \nlooked at more national and global conditions.",
"timestamp": [
437.2,
443.04
]
},
{
"text": "We looked at local conditions, and we also \nlooked at more national and global conditions.",
"timestamp": [
437.2,
443.04
]
},
{
"text": "So defining \"space\" and \nhow we relate across space, ",
"timestamp": [
444.4,
448
]
},
{
"text": "So defining \"space\" and \nhow we relate across space, ",
"timestamp": [
444.4,
448
]
},
{
"text": "is really a large part of what geographers do.",
"timestamp": [
448,
450.72
]
},
{
"text": "is really a large part of what geographers do.",
"timestamp": [
448,
450.72
]
},
{
"text": "And we see that in Human Geography, ",
"timestamp": [
450.72,
452.72
]
},
{
"text": "And we see that in Human Geography, ",
"timestamp": [
450.72,
452.72
]
},
{
"text": "and like how politics might make it \nhard to cross borders or trade bananas,",
"timestamp": [
452.72,
457.6
]
},
{
"text": "and like how politics might make it \nhard to cross borders or trade bananas,",
"timestamp": [
452.72,
457.6
]
},
{
"text": "and we see that in Physical Geography when \nwe study how plants move across ecosystems.",
"timestamp": [
458.16,
462.4
]
},
{
"text": "and we see that in Physical Geography when \nwe study how plants move across ecosystems.",
"timestamp": [
458.16,
462.4
]
},
{
"text": "And again like we saw in episode \n48, we got into things like ",
"timestamp": [
464.8,
470.32
]
},
{
"text": "And again like we saw in episode \n48, we got into things like ",
"timestamp": [
464.8,
470.32
]
},
{
"text": "how there might be friction as we cross space,",
"timestamp": [
471.04,
474.48
]
},
{
"text": "how there might be friction as we cross space,",
"timestamp": [
471.04,
474.48
]
},
{
"text": "and how that might be declining over--\nas forms of transportation change.",
"timestamp": [
474.48,
478.64
]
},
{
"text": "and how that might be declining over--\nas forms of transportation change.",
"timestamp": [
474.48,
478.64
]
},
{
"text": "Kind of like the speed at which \nwe could order your rat hammocks.",
"timestamp": [
478.64,
481.92
]
},
{
"text": "Kind of like the speed at which \nwe could order your rat hammocks.",
"timestamp": [
478.64,
481.92
]
},
{
"text": ">[laughs] That's right, that's right.\nIn case anyone's wondering,",
"timestamp": [
481.92,
484.72
]
},
{
"text": ">[laughs] That's right, that's right.\nIn case anyone's wondering,",
"timestamp": [
481.92,
484.72
]
},
{
"text": "I do actually have two pet rats \nand they do sleep in hammocks.",
"timestamp": [
484.72,
488.96
]
},
{
"text": "I do actually have two pet rats \nand they do sleep in hammocks.",
"timestamp": [
484.72,
488.96
]
},
{
"text": "Their names are Alfonso and Romeo\nand they sleep in fleece hammocks.",
"timestamp": [
488.96,
492.56
]
},
{
"text": "Their names are Alfonso and Romeo\nand they sleep in fleece hammocks.",
"timestamp": [
488.96,
492.56
]
},
{
"text": "So that's where that little bit came from in case \nanyone was wondering why we made that reference.",
"timestamp": [
492.56,
496.8
]
},
{
"text": "So that's where that little bit came from in case \nanyone was wondering why we made that reference.",
"timestamp": [
492.56,
496.8
]
},
{
"text": "There were a few different personal things \nthat were integrated into the show if ",
"timestamp": [
497.84,
501.52
]
},
{
"text": "There were a few different personal things \nthat were integrated into the show if ",
"timestamp": [
497.84,
501.52
]
},
{
"text": "any of you caught on to that.",
"timestamp": [
501.52,
502.48
]
},
{
"text": "any of you caught on to that.",
"timestamp": [
501.52,
502.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Well, because we all experienced \ngeography, even in our rat hammocks.",
"timestamp": [
502.48,
506.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Well, because we all experienced \ngeography, even in our rat hammocks.",
"timestamp": [
502.48,
506.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes, even in our rat hammocks.",
"timestamp": [
506.32,
508.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes, even in our rat hammocks.",
"timestamp": [
506.32,
508.32
]
},
{
"text": "<And really, that's what I hope.",
"timestamp": [
508.32,
509.76
]
},
{
"text": "<And really, that's what I hope.",
"timestamp": [
508.32,
509.76
]
},
{
"text": "I hope that after watching some of these episodes, ",
"timestamp": [
509.76,
512.48
]
},
{
"text": "I hope that after watching some of these episodes, ",
"timestamp": [
509.76,
512.48
]
},
{
"text": "people have a more accurate idea \nof what geography /is/, right?",
"timestamp": [
512.48,
516.08
]
},
{
"text": "people have a more accurate idea \nof what geography /is/, right?",
"timestamp": [
512.48,
516.08
]
},
{
"text": "We're a discipline that's studying \nrelationships between people and places,",
"timestamp": [
516.08,
519.84
]
},
{
"text": "We're a discipline that's studying \nrelationships between people and places,",
"timestamp": [
516.08,
519.84
]
},
{
"text": "and those relationships include \nphysical and social processes",
"timestamp": [
520.56,
523.92
]
},
{
"text": "and those relationships include \nphysical and social processes",
"timestamp": [
520.56,
523.92
]
},
{
"text": "and human and non-human actors.",
"timestamp": [
524.48,
526.56
]
},
{
"text": "and human and non-human actors.",
"timestamp": [
524.48,
526.56
]
},
{
"text": "More succinctly, we often say in \nGeography: we're studying what is where, ",
"timestamp": [
527.84,
532.24
]
},
{
"text": "More succinctly, we often say in \nGeography: we're studying what is where, ",
"timestamp": [
527.84,
532.24
]
},
{
"text": "why it's there, and how it's changing.",
"timestamp": [
532.24,
534.16
]
},
{
"text": "why it's there, and how it's changing.",
"timestamp": [
532.24,
534.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Got it. So, one of the next \nquestions we're gonna cover ",
"timestamp": [
535.28,
539.92
]
},
{
"text": ">Got it. So, one of the next \nquestions we're gonna cover ",
"timestamp": [
535.28,
539.92
]
},
{
"text": "is related to potentially our rock \nepisode, which was very popular.",
"timestamp": [
539.92,
544.24
]
},
{
"text": "is related to potentially our rock \nepisode, which was very popular.",
"timestamp": [
539.92,
544.24
]
},
{
"text": "\"How do different types of rock form, and how do \nthey lead to different kinds of mineral reserves?\"",
"timestamp": [
545.36,
549.84
]
},
{
"text": "\"How do different types of rock form, and how do \nthey lead to different kinds of mineral reserves?\"",
"timestamp": [
545.36,
549.84
]
},
{
"text": "This is a question from Pranjal.",
"timestamp": [
550.72,
553.12
]
},
{
"text": "This is a question from Pranjal.",
"timestamp": [
550.72,
553.12
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, so minerals are natural substances made \nup of abundant elements in the earth's crust,",
"timestamp": [
555.36,
561.28
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, so minerals are natural substances made \nup of abundant elements in the earth's crust,",
"timestamp": [
555.36,
561.28
]
},
{
"text": "like silicon and oxygen, and it can \nbe coupled with metallic elements ",
"timestamp": [
561.28,
565.76
]
},
{
"text": "like silicon and oxygen, and it can \nbe coupled with metallic elements ",
"timestamp": [
561.28,
565.76
]
},
{
"text": "like iron, calcium, sodium, \npotassium, and magnesium.",
"timestamp": [
566.32,
570.64
]
},
{
"text": "like iron, calcium, sodium, \npotassium, and magnesium.",
"timestamp": [
566.32,
570.64
]
},
{
"text": "And all of them are solid crystals with \nfairly specific chemical compositions, ",
"timestamp": [
571.28,
575.84
]
},
{
"text": "And all of them are solid crystals with \nfairly specific chemical compositions, ",
"timestamp": [
571.28,
575.84
]
},
{
"text": "and they're the building blocks of rocks.",
"timestamp": [
576.64,
578.8
]
},
{
"text": "and they're the building blocks of rocks.",
"timestamp": [
576.64,
578.8
]
},
{
"text": "So really we have elements, which \nmake up minerals, which make up rocks.",
"timestamp": [
578.8,
582.72
]
},
{
"text": "So really we have elements, which \nmake up minerals, which make up rocks.",
"timestamp": [
578.8,
582.72
]
},
{
"text": "There's maybe 4-5,000 different \nminerals in the earth's crust, ",
"timestamp": [
583.84,
588.24
]
},
{
"text": "There's maybe 4-5,000 different \nminerals in the earth's crust, ",
"timestamp": [
583.84,
588.24
]
},
{
"text": "and each kind forms under particular \nconditions in particular places.",
"timestamp": [
588.24,
592.24
]
},
{
"text": "and each kind forms under particular \nconditions in particular places.",
"timestamp": [
588.24,
592.24
]
},
{
"text": "So they tell us a lot about the history of \nthe geological environment where we find them,",
"timestamp": [
593.04,
597.84
]
},
{
"text": "So they tell us a lot about the history of \nthe geological environment where we find them,",
"timestamp": [
593.04,
597.84
]
},
{
"text": "but there's really only about \n30 minerals that are widespread",
"timestamp": [
598.8,
602.72
]
},
{
"text": "but there's really only about \n30 minerals that are widespread",
"timestamp": [
598.8,
602.72
]
},
{
"text": "and make up most of the rock-forming \nmaterials that are commonly found.",
"timestamp": [
602.72,
607.28
]
},
{
"text": "and make up most of the rock-forming \nmaterials that are commonly found.",
"timestamp": [
602.72,
607.28
]
},
{
"text": "The rest are only easy to see when they're ",
"timestamp": [
608.8,
610.72
]
},
{
"text": "The rest are only easy to see when they're ",
"timestamp": [
608.8,
610.72
]
},
{
"text": "found concentrated in certain \nplaces by geological processes,",
"timestamp": [
610.72,
614.48
]
},
{
"text": "found concentrated in certain \nplaces by geological processes,",
"timestamp": [
610.72,
614.48
]
},
{
"text": "and those concentrations are \ninteresting to us because ",
"timestamp": [
615.12,
617.84
]
},
{
"text": "and those concentrations are \ninteresting to us because ",
"timestamp": [
615.12,
617.84
]
},
{
"text": "we extract metals from these \nconcentrations in these ores.",
"timestamp": [
618.48,
622.64
]
},
{
"text": "we extract metals from these \nconcentrations in these ores.",
"timestamp": [
618.48,
622.64
]
},
{
"text": "Mineral crystals are formed \nreally in 4 different ways:",
"timestamp": [
623.36,
627.12
]
},
{
"text": "Mineral crystals are formed \nreally in 4 different ways:",
"timestamp": [
623.36,
627.12
]
},
{
"text": "So when hot molten rock cools and crystallizes,",
"timestamp": [
627.12,
630.48
]
},
{
"text": "So when hot molten rock cools and crystallizes,",
"timestamp": [
627.12,
630.48
]
},
{
"text": "from chemicals dissolved in watery liquids,",
"timestamp": [
631.68,
634.32
]
},
{
"text": "from chemicals dissolved in watery liquids,",
"timestamp": [
631.68,
634.32
]
},
{
"text": "when existing materials are altered chemically,",
"timestamp": [
635.36,
637.92
]
},
{
"text": "when existing materials are altered chemically,",
"timestamp": [
635.36,
637.92
]
},
{
"text": "and when rocks go through metamorphosis \nand existing minerals undergo changes ",
"timestamp": [
638.72,
644.96
]
},
{
"text": "and when rocks go through metamorphosis \nand existing minerals undergo changes ",
"timestamp": [
638.72,
644.96
]
},
{
"text": "in temperature and pressure, so \neither being squeezed or heated.",
"timestamp": [
644.96,
649.12
]
},
{
"text": "in temperature and pressure, so \neither being squeezed or heated.",
"timestamp": [
644.96,
649.12
]
},
{
"text": "And minerals which contain enough \nmetal or material for it to be ",
"timestamp": [
649.12,
653.04
]
},
{
"text": "And minerals which contain enough \nmetal or material for it to be ",
"timestamp": [
649.12,
653.04
]
},
{
"text": "easily extracted are called \"ore minerals.\"",
"timestamp": [
653.04,
655.84
]
},
{
"text": "easily extracted are called \"ore minerals.\"",
"timestamp": [
653.04,
655.84
]
},
{
"text": "So for example, we talked about iron ore, and \nthat comes mainly from hematite and magnetite.",
"timestamp": [
655.84,
663.6
]
},
{
"text": "So for example, we talked about iron ore, and \nthat comes mainly from hematite and magnetite.",
"timestamp": [
655.84,
663.6
]
},
{
"text": "And the mineral must contain \nsufficient concentrations for ",
"timestamp": [
664.64,
668.16
]
},
{
"text": "And the mineral must contain \nsufficient concentrations for ",
"timestamp": [
664.64,
668.16
]
},
{
"text": "the material metal to form an ore,",
"timestamp": [
668.16,
670.08
]
},
{
"text": "the material metal to form an ore,",
"timestamp": [
668.16,
670.08
]
},
{
"text": "and the mineral must be sufficiently concentrated \nin the ground to be worth extracting.",
"timestamp": [
671.2,
675.28
]
},
{
"text": "and the mineral must be sufficiently concentrated \nin the ground to be worth extracting.",
"timestamp": [
671.2,
675.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Right.\n<Geological processes allow ",
"timestamp": [
675.28,
678.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Right.\n<Geological processes allow ",
"timestamp": [
675.28,
678.32
]
},
{
"text": "that type of concentration \nto occur in certain places.",
"timestamp": [
678.32,
682.64
]
},
{
"text": "that type of concentration \nto occur in certain places.",
"timestamp": [
678.32,
682.64
]
},
{
"text": ">Got it. Great question!",
"timestamp": [
682.64,
684.4
]
},
{
"text": ">Got it. Great question!",
"timestamp": [
682.64,
684.4
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, so Alizé, I have a question here ",
"timestamp": [
685.44,
687.52
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, so Alizé, I have a question here ",
"timestamp": [
685.44,
687.52
]
},
{
"text": "for you.\n>Okay.",
"timestamp": [
687.52,
688.32
]
},
{
"text": "for you.\n>Okay.",
"timestamp": [
687.52,
688.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Now, I know you have-- ",
"timestamp": [
689.28,
690.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Now, I know you have-- ",
"timestamp": [
689.28,
690.96
]
},
{
"text": "that you have stood on the \nedge of an active volcano.",
"timestamp": [
692.8,
695.44
]
},
{
"text": "that you have stood on the \nedge of an active volcano.",
"timestamp": [
692.8,
695.44
]
},
{
"text": ">That is true.",
"timestamp": [
695.44,
696
]
},
{
"text": ">That is true.",
"timestamp": [
695.44,
696
]
},
{
"text": "<Mutton head would like to know, what are \nthe solutions to earthquakes and volcanoes,",
"timestamp": [
697.36,
702
]
},
{
"text": "<Mutton head would like to know, what are \nthe solutions to earthquakes and volcanoes,",
"timestamp": [
697.36,
702
]
},
{
"text": "and what could be done to reduce their impacts?",
"timestamp": [
702,
704.56
]
},
{
"text": "and what could be done to reduce their impacts?",
"timestamp": [
702,
704.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Great question.\nOkay, so yes, I have indeed ",
"timestamp": [
705.52,
708.72
]
},
{
"text": ">Great question.\nOkay, so yes, I have indeed ",
"timestamp": [
705.52,
708.72
]
},
{
"text": "been on the edge of an active volcano.",
"timestamp": [
708.72,
710.24
]
},
{
"text": "been on the edge of an active volcano.",
"timestamp": [
708.72,
710.24
]
},
{
"text": "A few years ago, I was on the edge of Mount \nYasur volcano in Vanuatu in the South Pacific,",
"timestamp": [
710.24,
714.88
]
},
{
"text": "A few years ago, I was on the edge of Mount \nYasur volcano in Vanuatu in the South Pacific,",
"timestamp": [
710.24,
714.88
]
},
{
"text": "while it spewed lava as the sunset.\nAnd it was a pretty remarkable experience.",
"timestamp": [
715.44,
720.16
]
},
{
"text": "while it spewed lava as the sunset.\nAnd it was a pretty remarkable experience.",
"timestamp": [
715.44,
720.16
]
},
{
"text": "We were safe, it was not a situation where \nit was dangerous to be standing there,",
"timestamp": [
720.16,
724.96
]
},
{
"text": "We were safe, it was not a situation where \nit was dangerous to be standing there,",
"timestamp": [
720.16,
724.96
]
},
{
"text": "but it was pretty impressive to kind of feel--",
"timestamp": [
724.96,
727.68
]
},
{
"text": "but it was pretty impressive to kind of feel--",
"timestamp": [
724.96,
727.68
]
},
{
"text": "coming up through your chest, like, \nwhat was happening under your feet.",
"timestamp": [
728.72,
731.28
]
},
{
"text": "coming up through your chest, like, \nwhat was happening under your feet.",
"timestamp": [
728.72,
731.28
]
},
{
"text": "It was a really physical experience.",
"timestamp": [
731.28,
733.28
]
},
{
"text": "It was a really physical experience.",
"timestamp": [
731.28,
733.28
]
},
{
"text": "But let's get to the question--",
"timestamp": [
734.32,
735.52
]
},
{
"text": "But let's get to the question--",
"timestamp": [
734.32,
735.52
]
},
{
"text": "So to answer it, how humans respond to earthquakes \nand volcanoes is part of hazard studies.",
"timestamp": [
735.52,
741.04
]
},
{
"text": "So to answer it, how humans respond to earthquakes \nand volcanoes is part of hazard studies.",
"timestamp": [
735.52,
741.04
]
},
{
"text": "There are some interesting developments in trying ",
"timestamp": [
741.04,
742.8
]
},
{
"text": "There are some interesting developments in trying ",
"timestamp": [
741.04,
742.8
]
},
{
"text": "to understand things like volcanic \neruptions like we saw in episode 21,",
"timestamp": [
742.8,
746.88
]
},
{
"text": "to understand things like volcanic \neruptions like we saw in episode 21,",
"timestamp": [
742.8,
746.88
]
},
{
"text": "and how scientists try to monitor gases\nor use satellites to monitor surface temperature",
"timestamp": [
746.88,
751.68
]
},
{
"text": "and how scientists try to monitor gases\nor use satellites to monitor surface temperature",
"timestamp": [
746.88,
751.68
]
},
{
"text": "to get an idea of what the volcano's doing.",
"timestamp": [
751.68,
753.36
]
},
{
"text": "to get an idea of what the volcano's doing.",
"timestamp": [
751.68,
753.36
]
},
{
"text": "For earthquakes, it's a lot \nharder to predict them precisely, ",
"timestamp": [
754,
758
]
},
{
"text": "For earthquakes, it's a lot \nharder to predict them precisely, ",
"timestamp": [
754,
758
]
},
{
"text": "like a specific time, location, and magnitude.",
"timestamp": [
758,
760.48
]
},
{
"text": "like a specific time, location, and magnitude.",
"timestamp": [
758,
760.48
]
},
{
"text": "But we can look at trends and conditions \nthat make earthquakes probable,",
"timestamp": [
761.12,
764.48
]
},
{
"text": "But we can look at trends and conditions \nthat make earthquakes probable,",
"timestamp": [
761.12,
764.48
]
},
{
"text": "and in those places, there can be early warning \nsystems to give people a small window of warning,",
"timestamp": [
764.48,
768.4
]
},
{
"text": "and in those places, there can be early warning \nsystems to give people a small window of warning,",
"timestamp": [
764.48,
768.4
]
},
{
"text": "like in Japan and in the U.S.",
"timestamp": [
768.4,
769.84
]
},
{
"text": "like in Japan and in the U.S.",
"timestamp": [
768.4,
769.84
]
},
{
"text": "Though that is usually a very, \nvery small warning window.",
"timestamp": [
769.84,
773.28
]
},
{
"text": "Though that is usually a very, \nvery small warning window.",
"timestamp": [
769.84,
773.28
]
},
{
"text": "So with earthquakes, a more effective response ",
"timestamp": [
774.32,
776.32
]
},
{
"text": "So with earthquakes, a more effective response ",
"timestamp": [
774.32,
776.32
]
},
{
"text": "is being mindful of earthquake risk when \nbuilding up the environment, for example.",
"timestamp": [
776.32,
779.6
]
},
{
"text": "is being mindful of earthquake risk when \nbuilding up the environment, for example.",
"timestamp": [
776.32,
779.6
]
},
{
"text": "And as we saw in Fez in episode \n46, if you guys remember, ",
"timestamp": [
779.6,
783.28
]
},
{
"text": "And as we saw in Fez in episode \n46, if you guys remember, ",
"timestamp": [
779.6,
783.28
]
},
{
"text": "and as you can also see across Asia,",
"timestamp": [
784.24,
786.08
]
},
{
"text": "and as you can also see across Asia,",
"timestamp": [
784.24,
786.08
]
},
{
"text": "there are building styles that \nsort of work with seismic activity, ",
"timestamp": [
786.08,
789.28
]
},
{
"text": "there are building styles that \nsort of work with seismic activity, ",
"timestamp": [
786.08,
789.28
]
},
{
"text": "to some extent, obviously,",
"timestamp": [
789.28,
791.28
]
},
{
"text": "to some extent, obviously,",
"timestamp": [
789.28,
791.28
]
},
{
"text": "like, mindful building techniques, \nand thinking about how we live with ",
"timestamp": [
791.84,
795.84
]
},
{
"text": "like, mindful building techniques, \nand thinking about how we live with ",
"timestamp": [
791.84,
795.84
]
},
{
"text": "whatever tectonic motion is \ncommon in that specific area.",
"timestamp": [
795.84,
798.8
]
},
{
"text": "whatever tectonic motion is \ncommon in that specific area.",
"timestamp": [
795.84,
798.8
]
},
{
"text": "So there's your answer to \nvolcanoes and earthquakes, ",
"timestamp": [
799.6,
803.52
]
},
{
"text": "So there's your answer to \nvolcanoes and earthquakes, ",
"timestamp": [
799.6,
803.52
]
},
{
"text": "to the extent that we can prepare for them.",
"timestamp": [
803.52,
804.96
]
},
{
"text": "to the extent that we can prepare for them.",
"timestamp": [
803.52,
804.96
]
},
{
"text": "So now I have a question, another question,\nlet's see where we are now.",
"timestamp": [
806.08,
811.2
]
},
{
"text": "So now I have a question, another question,\nlet's see where we are now.",
"timestamp": [
806.08,
811.2
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, this next question has to do with rivers:\nhow is a meander formed?",
"timestamp": [
812.72,
818.24
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, this next question has to do with rivers:\nhow is a meander formed?",
"timestamp": [
812.72,
818.24
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright.\n>and that's from Bats. Thank you, Bats.",
"timestamp": [
819.92,
822.88
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright.\n>and that's from Bats. Thank you, Bats.",
"timestamp": [
819.92,
822.88
]
},
{
"text": "<So, if we look at a river on any map, \nit's really unusual to see a straight river ",
"timestamp": [
823.76,
830.24
]
},
{
"text": "<So, if we look at a river on any map, \nit's really unusual to see a straight river ",
"timestamp": [
823.76,
830.24
]
},
{
"text": "happen without human interaction.",
"timestamp": [
830.96,
833.76
]
},
{
"text": "happen without human interaction.",
"timestamp": [
830.96,
833.76
]
},
{
"text": "So most natural streams will wander, ",
"timestamp": [
834.8,
837.44
]
},
{
"text": "So most natural streams will wander, ",
"timestamp": [
834.8,
837.44
]
},
{
"text": "and when they wander they \nform these sinuous bends,",
"timestamp": [
838.08,
842.4
]
},
{
"text": "and when they wander they \nform these sinuous bends,",
"timestamp": [
838.08,
842.4
]
},
{
"text": "And the bends are what are called \"meanders.\"",
"timestamp": [
843.68,
845.52
]
},
{
"text": "And the bends are what are called \"meanders.\"",
"timestamp": [
843.68,
845.52
]
},
{
"text": "So meanders are a good example of \nthat close relationship between ",
"timestamp": [
846.08,
850.24
]
},
{
"text": "So meanders are a good example of \nthat close relationship between ",
"timestamp": [
846.08,
850.24
]
},
{
"text": "water flowing, and water flow processes,",
"timestamp": [
850.24,
853.52
]
},
{
"text": "water flowing, and water flow processes,",
"timestamp": [
850.24,
853.52
]
},
{
"text": "and then landform production.",
"timestamp": [
853.52,
856.16
]
},
{
"text": "and then landform production.",
"timestamp": [
853.52,
856.16
]
},
{
"text": "We know-- we sort of understand how meanders form.",
"timestamp": [
858.08,
861.36
]
},
{
"text": "We know-- we sort of understand how meanders form.",
"timestamp": [
858.08,
861.36
]
},
{
"text": "And the ultimate cause of why \nthey mander isn't exactly clear,",
"timestamp": [
862,
867.04
]
},
{
"text": "And the ultimate cause of why \nthey mander isn't exactly clear,",
"timestamp": [
862,
867.04
]
},
{
"text": "but one school of thought is that meanders \nget their start with the development of pools,",
"timestamp": [
867.04,
871.84
]
},
{
"text": "but one school of thought is that meanders \nget their start with the development of pools,",
"timestamp": [
867.04,
871.84
]
},
{
"text": "which are the deep parts that \noccur after-- or like at the bends,",
"timestamp": [
871.84,
878
]
},
{
"text": "which are the deep parts that \noccur after-- or like at the bends,",
"timestamp": [
871.84,
878
]
},
{
"text": "and then the riffles, which are the \nshallows that happen between bends.",
"timestamp": [
878.56,
882.8
]
},
{
"text": "and then the riffles, which are the \nshallows that happen between bends.",
"timestamp": [
878.56,
882.8
]
},
{
"text": "Pools and riffles, remember those.",
"timestamp": [
882.8,
884.56
]
},
{
"text": "Pools and riffles, remember those.",
"timestamp": [
882.8,
884.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Pools and riffles, great words.",
"timestamp": [
884.56,
886
]
},
{
"text": ">Pools and riffles, great words.",
"timestamp": [
884.56,
886
]
},
{
"text": "<And in straight channels, where the \nfast water kind of swings side to side,",
"timestamp": [
886,
890.88
]
},
{
"text": "<And in straight channels, where the \nfast water kind of swings side to side,",
"timestamp": [
886,
890.88
]
},
{
"text": "and then the pools and riffles are best developed \nwhen the river is close to its like capacity,",
"timestamp": [
890.88,
897.68
]
},
{
"text": "and then the pools and riffles are best developed \nwhen the river is close to its like capacity,",
"timestamp": [
890.88,
897.68
]
},
{
"text": "when it's pretty full, because \nthen there's a lot of force.",
"timestamp": [
897.68,
900.48
]
},
{
"text": "when it's pretty full, because \nthen there's a lot of force.",
"timestamp": [
897.68,
900.48
]
},
{
"text": "And then the next step is that there's this \nhelical flow, it's sort of like a corkscrew,",
"timestamp": [
901.76,
906.24
]
},
{
"text": "And then the next step is that there's this \nhelical flow, it's sort of like a corkscrew,",
"timestamp": [
901.76,
906.24
]
},
{
"text": "where the surface water of the meander \ntends to flow toward the outer bank,",
"timestamp": [
906.24,
910.72
]
},
{
"text": "where the surface water of the meander \ntends to flow toward the outer bank,",
"timestamp": [
906.24,
910.72
]
},
{
"text": "while the bottom water kind of \nflows towards that inner bank,",
"timestamp": [
912.24,
915.04
]
},
{
"text": "while the bottom water kind of \nflows towards that inner bank,",
"timestamp": [
912.24,
915.04
]
},
{
"text": "so you've got sort of this \ncrossing motion that can happen.",
"timestamp": [
915.04,
918.88
]
},
{
"text": "so you've got sort of this \ncrossing motion that can happen.",
"timestamp": [
915.04,
918.88
]
},
{
"text": "And then we keep track of a few different things:",
"timestamp": [
919.68,
922.4
]
},
{
"text": "And then we keep track of a few different things:",
"timestamp": [
919.68,
922.4
]
},
{
"text": "so the distribution of energy within that river\n--that flow, that helical flow --",
"timestamp": [
922.4,
929.12
]
},
{
"text": "so the distribution of energy within that river\n--that flow, that helical flow --",
"timestamp": [
922.4,
929.12
]
},
{
"text": "and then the role of erosion,\nand sediment load and deposition.",
"timestamp": [
929.12,
933.52
]
},
{
"text": "and then the role of erosion,\nand sediment load and deposition.",
"timestamp": [
929.12,
933.52
]
},
{
"text": "And so there seems to be a consensus that \nmeandering is caused by instabilities ",
"timestamp": [
933.52,
939.36
]
},
{
"text": "And so there seems to be a consensus that \nmeandering is caused by instabilities ",
"timestamp": [
933.52,
939.36
]
},
{
"text": "of turbulent water against channel banks,",
"timestamp": [
939.36,
942
]
},
{
"text": "of turbulent water against channel banks,",
"timestamp": [
939.36,
942
]
},
{
"text": "and that causes erosion and movement.",
"timestamp": [
942,
944.32
]
},
{
"text": "and that causes erosion and movement.",
"timestamp": [
942,
944.32
]
},
{
"text": "and meanders will develop \nbest in like granular beds, ",
"timestamp": [
944.32,
948.56
]
},
{
"text": "and meanders will develop \nbest in like granular beds, ",
"timestamp": [
944.32,
948.56
]
},
{
"text": "and can occur in streams of \nall sizes and at all altitudes.",
"timestamp": [
949.52,
952.64
]
},
{
"text": "and can occur in streams of \nall sizes and at all altitudes.",
"timestamp": [
949.52,
952.64
]
},
{
"text": "And those meanders, they aren't \nreally caused by like obstacles.",
"timestamp": [
952.64,
957.2
]
},
{
"text": "And those meanders, they aren't \nreally caused by like obstacles.",
"timestamp": [
952.64,
957.2
]
},
{
"text": "It's really more of that erosional action.",
"timestamp": [
957.2,
959.28
]
},
{
"text": "It's really more of that erosional action.",
"timestamp": [
957.2,
959.28
]
},
{
"text": "And sometimes it seems like obstacles, like \nsomething that isn't going to erode as well,",
"timestamp": [
960.32,
965.44
]
},
{
"text": "And sometimes it seems like obstacles, like \nsomething that isn't going to erode as well,",
"timestamp": [
960.32,
965.44
]
},
{
"text": "that actually will prevent the \nfull development of a meander.",
"timestamp": [
965.44,
968.16
]
},
{
"text": "that actually will prevent the \nfull development of a meander.",
"timestamp": [
965.44,
968.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Good question.",
"timestamp": [
970.08,
971.12
]
},
{
"text": ">Good question.",
"timestamp": [
970.08,
971.12
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, well I have one for you now.\n>Okay.",
"timestamp": [
971.12,
973.52
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, well I have one for you now.\n>Okay.",
"timestamp": [
971.12,
973.52
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, so you grew up in the Finger \nLakes region in New York state, didn't you?",
"timestamp": [
973.52,
978.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, so you grew up in the Finger \nLakes region in New York state, didn't you?",
"timestamp": [
973.52,
978.48
]
},
{
"text": ">I did, I did on Cayuga Lake, \none of the Finger Lakes.",
"timestamp": [
978.48,
981.84
]
},
{
"text": ">I did, I did on Cayuga Lake, \none of the Finger Lakes.",
"timestamp": [
978.48,
981.84
]
},
{
"text": "<And those are glacially formed lakes.",
"timestamp": [
982.96,
985.2
]
},
{
"text": "<And those are glacially formed lakes.",
"timestamp": [
982.96,
985.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Indeed.",
"timestamp": [
985.2,
986.08
]
},
{
"text": ">Indeed.",
"timestamp": [
985.2,
986.08
]
},
{
"text": "<So, we have a few questions about glacial ",
"timestamp": [
986.08,
988.64
]
},
{
"text": "<So, we have a few questions about glacial ",
"timestamp": [
986.08,
988.64
]
},
{
"text": "features.\n>Okay.",
"timestamp": [
988.64,
989.6
]
},
{
"text": "features.\n>Okay.",
"timestamp": [
988.64,
989.6
]
},
{
"text": "<So, the first one comes from Jemimah:\nwhat's the origin and formation of fjords?",
"timestamp": [
989.6,
995.84
]
},
{
"text": "<So, the first one comes from Jemimah:\nwhat's the origin and formation of fjords?",
"timestamp": [
989.6,
995.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Okay, great. Jemimah, thank you for the question.",
"timestamp": [
996.8,
998.72
]
},
{
"text": ">Okay, great. Jemimah, thank you for the question.",
"timestamp": [
996.8,
998.72
]
},
{
"text": "So, fjords are created from submerged \nu-shaped valleys called \"glacial troughs.\"",
"timestamp": [
1000.08,
1005.52
]
},
{
"text": "So, fjords are created from submerged \nu-shaped valleys called \"glacial troughs.\"",
"timestamp": [
1000.08,
1005.52
]
},
{
"text": "The valleys had been occupied by \nglaciers that eroded their walls",
"timestamp": [
1005.52,
1008.88
]
},
{
"text": "The valleys had been occupied by \nglaciers that eroded their walls",
"timestamp": [
1005.52,
1008.88
]
},
{
"text": "and scraped away loose \nsediments and rock to form these ",
"timestamp": [
1008.88,
1011.6
]
},
{
"text": "and scraped away loose \nsediments and rock to form these ",
"timestamp": [
1008.88,
1011.6
]
},
{
"text": "kind of broad, steep-sided \nvalleys that are now flooded.",
"timestamp": [
1011.6,
1014.08
]
},
{
"text": "kind of broad, steep-sided \nvalleys that are now flooded.",
"timestamp": [
1011.6,
1014.08
]
},
{
"text": "They're u-shaped, as opposed to \nthe v-shape of river valleys,",
"timestamp": [
1015.12,
1018.72
]
},
{
"text": "They're u-shaped, as opposed to \nthe v-shape of river valleys,",
"timestamp": [
1015.12,
1018.72
]
},
{
"text": "and they become inlets of the sea \nand develop distinctive coastlines,",
"timestamp": [
1018.72,
1021.76
]
},
{
"text": "and they become inlets of the sea \nand develop distinctive coastlines,",
"timestamp": [
1018.72,
1021.76
]
},
{
"text": "as in, for example, Norway and \nSouth Island in New Zealand.",
"timestamp": [
1021.76,
1025.84
]
},
{
"text": "as in, for example, Norway and \nSouth Island in New Zealand.",
"timestamp": [
1021.76,
1025.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Excellent.\nSo we're going to continue with glaciers.",
"timestamp": [
1027.04,
1030
]
},
{
"text": "<Excellent.\nSo we're going to continue with glaciers.",
"timestamp": [
1027.04,
1030
]
},
{
"text": ">Okay.\n<So how are marines formed?",
"timestamp": [
1030,
1033.68
]
},
{
"text": ">Okay.\n<So how are marines formed?",
"timestamp": [
1030,
1033.68
]
},
{
"text": "And Bats contributed that question.\n>Hi again, Bats! Great question, fantastic.",
"timestamp": [
1033.68,
1039.04
]
},
{
"text": "And Bats contributed that question.\n>Hi again, Bats! Great question, fantastic.",
"timestamp": [
1033.68,
1039.04
]
},
{
"text": "Okay so, terminal marines are \ndepositional features formed by glaciers.",
"timestamp": [
1039.04,
1043.36
]
},
{
"text": "Okay so, terminal marines are \ndepositional features formed by glaciers.",
"timestamp": [
1039.04,
1043.36
]
},
{
"text": "And I got to see one, in-- I \nwas in Iceland getting to be ",
"timestamp": [
1043.92,
1048.08
]
},
{
"text": "And I got to see one, in-- I \nwas in Iceland getting to be ",
"timestamp": [
1043.92,
1048.08
]
},
{
"text": "kind of along some glacial landscapes.",
"timestamp": [
1048.08,
1050.72
]
},
{
"text": "kind of along some glacial landscapes.",
"timestamp": [
1048.08,
1050.72
]
},
{
"text": "So we know that glaciers excavate a \ngreat deal of material as they move,",
"timestamp": [
1050.72,
1054.24
]
},
{
"text": "So we know that glaciers excavate a \ngreat deal of material as they move,",
"timestamp": [
1050.72,
1054.24
]
},
{
"text": "so when this material is \nunsorted and unstratified, ",
"timestamp": [
1054.24,
1056.8
]
},
{
"text": "so when this material is \nunsorted and unstratified, ",
"timestamp": [
1054.24,
1056.8
]
},
{
"text": "it's a jumbled mixture of \nstones of different sizes",
"timestamp": [
1056.8,
1059.52
]
},
{
"text": "it's a jumbled mixture of \nstones of different sizes",
"timestamp": [
1056.8,
1059.52
]
},
{
"text": "set in a finer mass of clay, silt, or sand.\nIt's called \"glacial till.\"",
"timestamp": [
1059.52,
1064.56
]
},
{
"text": "set in a finer mass of clay, silt, or sand.\nIt's called \"glacial till.\"",
"timestamp": [
1059.52,
1064.56
]
},
{
"text": "And so \"marines\" are usually \ncomposed of glacial till,",
"timestamp": [
1064.56,
1067.36
]
},
{
"text": "And so \"marines\" are usually \ncomposed of glacial till,",
"timestamp": [
1064.56,
1067.36
]
},
{
"text": "and it's the name for specific landforms \nproduced by the deposition of these sediments.",
"timestamp": [
1067.36,
1071.76
]
},
{
"text": "and it's the name for specific landforms \nproduced by the deposition of these sediments.",
"timestamp": [
1067.36,
1071.76
]
},
{
"text": "We have some examples of these in \nepisode 26, if you guys remember.",
"timestamp": [
1072.32,
1075.44
]
},
{
"text": "We have some examples of these in \nepisode 26, if you guys remember.",
"timestamp": [
1072.32,
1075.44
]
},
{
"text": "And depending on where the marine is deposited,",
"timestamp": [
1076,
1077.76
]
},
{
"text": "And depending on where the marine is deposited,",
"timestamp": [
1076,
1077.76
]
},
{
"text": "we can get \"lateral,\" meaning on the side,\n\"medial,\" which is when lateral marines join,",
"timestamp": [
1077.76,
1082.48
]
},
{
"text": "we can get \"lateral,\" meaning on the side,\n\"medial,\" which is when lateral marines join,",
"timestamp": [
1077.76,
1082.48
]
},
{
"text": "or there's many other types of marine deposits.",
"timestamp": [
1082.48,
1086.72
]
},
{
"text": "or there's many other types of marine deposits.",
"timestamp": [
1082.48,
1086.72
]
},
{
"text": "So when eroded debris is \ndropped at the edge of the ice, ",
"timestamp": [
1086.72,
1089.84
]
},
{
"text": "So when eroded debris is \ndropped at the edge of the ice, ",
"timestamp": [
1086.72,
1089.84
]
},
{
"text": "we get a \"terminal\" marine,",
"timestamp": [
1089.84,
1091.04
]
},
{
"text": "we get a \"terminal\" marine,",
"timestamp": [
1089.84,
1091.04
]
},
{
"text": "so it marks the furthest point \nthat a glacier has advanced.",
"timestamp": [
1091.04,
1093.84
]
},
{
"text": "so it marks the furthest point \nthat a glacier has advanced.",
"timestamp": [
1091.04,
1093.84
]
},
{
"text": "And then when the ice disappears,\nthe marines form a belt of ridges and hills.",
"timestamp": [
1094.64,
1098
]
},
{
"text": "And then when the ice disappears,\nthe marines form a belt of ridges and hills.",
"timestamp": [
1094.64,
1098
]
},
{
"text": "So, hope we got your question there.",
"timestamp": [
1099.12,
1101.6
]
},
{
"text": "So, hope we got your question there.",
"timestamp": [
1099.12,
1101.6
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, we have another one, but \nthis time we are now heading over to ",
"timestamp": [
1103.6,
1108.88
]
},
{
"text": "Alright, we have another one, but \nthis time we are now heading over to ",
"timestamp": [
1103.6,
1108.88
]
},
{
"text": "some Human Environment Geography questions.",
"timestamp": [
1109.92,
1113.04
]
},
{
"text": "some Human Environment Geography questions.",
"timestamp": [
1109.92,
1113.04
]
},
{
"text": "And these-- we got some great \nquestions in this half of the series --",
"timestamp": [
1115.28,
1119.68
]
},
{
"text": "And these-- we got some great \nquestions in this half of the series --",
"timestamp": [
1115.28,
1119.68
]
},
{
"text": "as you all remember, we had \nPhysical for the first half, ",
"timestamp": [
1119.68,
1122.16
]
},
{
"text": "as you all remember, we had \nPhysical for the first half, ",
"timestamp": [
1119.68,
1122.16
]
},
{
"text": "and Human Geography for the second half.",
"timestamp": [
1122.16,
1124.64
]
},
{
"text": "and Human Geography for the second half.",
"timestamp": [
1122.16,
1124.64
]
},
{
"text": "So April, we're going to start \nwith one question from Anurag.",
"timestamp": [
1124.64,
1129.52
]
},
{
"text": "So April, we're going to start \nwith one question from Anurag.",
"timestamp": [
1124.64,
1129.52
]
},
{
"text": "And Anurag asks: how can mountain ecosystems ",
"timestamp": [
1129.52,
1132.88
]
},
{
"text": "And Anurag asks: how can mountain ecosystems ",
"timestamp": [
1129.52,
1132.88
]
},
{
"text": "be restored from the negative impact \nof development initiatives and tourism?",
"timestamp": [
1132.88,
1136.88
]
},
{
"text": "be restored from the negative impact \nof development initiatives and tourism?",
"timestamp": [
1132.88,
1136.88
]
},
{
"text": "<That's a big question.\n>That is a big question.",
"timestamp": [
1137.44,
1139.984
]
},
{
"text": "<That's a big question.\n>That is a big question.",
"timestamp": [
1137.44,
1139.984
]
},
{
"text": "<It's a good question.",
"timestamp": [
1139.984,
1140.48
]
},
{
"text": "<It's a good question.",
"timestamp": [
1139.984,
1140.48
]
},
{
"text": "But alright, so first let's define what we mean by",
"timestamp": [
1141.28,
1144.88
]
},
{
"text": "But alright, so first let's define what we mean by",
"timestamp": [
1141.28,
1144.88
]
},
{
"text": "\"negative impact of development initiatives \nand tourism in mountain ecosystems.\"",
"timestamp": [
1144.88,
1150.16
]
},
{
"text": "\"negative impact of development initiatives \nand tourism in mountain ecosystems.\"",
"timestamp": [
1144.88,
1150.16
]
},
{
"text": "So the bulk of environmental \ndestruction or degradation ",
"timestamp": [
1151.04,
1154.88
]
},
{
"text": "So the bulk of environmental \ndestruction or degradation ",
"timestamp": [
1151.04,
1154.88
]
},
{
"text": "seems to come from a few different sources,",
"timestamp": [
1154.88,
1157.2
]
},
{
"text": "seems to come from a few different sources,",
"timestamp": [
1154.88,
1157.2
]
},
{
"text": "like commercial timber harvesting,\ndiversion of water in rivers for hydropower,",
"timestamp": [
1157.2,
1162.24
]
},
{
"text": "like commercial timber harvesting,\ndiversion of water in rivers for hydropower,",
"timestamp": [
1157.2,
1162.24
]
},
{
"text": "construction of roads and other infrastructure,\ncommodification of agriculture and cash farming,",
"timestamp": [
1162.8,
1170.32
]
},
{
"text": "construction of roads and other infrastructure,\ncommodification of agriculture and cash farming,",
"timestamp": [
1162.8,
1170.32
]
},
{
"text": "mining, and mass tourism.\nI mean, that's a wide range.",
"timestamp": [
1170.32,
1174.96
]
},
{
"text": "mining, and mass tourism.\nI mean, that's a wide range.",
"timestamp": [
1170.32,
1174.96
]
},
{
"text": "And they have ",
"timestamp": [
1174.96,
1175.68
]
},
{
"text": "And they have ",
"timestamp": [
1174.96,
1175.68
]
},
{
"text": "overlapping, cumulative, multi-scale problems,\nlike soil erosion and air and water pollution.",
"timestamp": [
1177.36,
1183.36
]
},
{
"text": "overlapping, cumulative, multi-scale problems,\nlike soil erosion and air and water pollution.",
"timestamp": [
1177.36,
1183.36
]
},
{
"text": "So a few things to keep in mind when \nconsidering the question of mountain ecosystems,",
"timestamp": [
1184.16,
1188.64
]
},
{
"text": "So a few things to keep in mind when \nconsidering the question of mountain ecosystems,",
"timestamp": [
1184.16,
1188.64
]
},
{
"text": "is that, when we talk about like \nthe physical formation of mountains,",
"timestamp": [
1189.28,
1193.12
]
},
{
"text": "is that, when we talk about like \nthe physical formation of mountains,",
"timestamp": [
1189.28,
1193.12
]
},
{
"text": "some of those physical processes are in common,",
"timestamp": [
1193.12,
1195.76
]
},
{
"text": "some of those physical processes are in common,",
"timestamp": [
1193.12,
1195.76
]
},
{
"text": "but the actual locations have very unique and \nsensitive climate and other environmental factors.",
"timestamp": [
1195.76,
1203.92
]
},
{
"text": "but the actual locations have very unique and \nsensitive climate and other environmental factors.",
"timestamp": [
1195.76,
1203.92
]
},
{
"text": "And then on the human side, the people \nwho live in those mountains are all",
"timestamp": [
1205.12,
1208.4
]
},
{
"text": "And then on the human side, the people \nwho live in those mountains are all",
"timestamp": [
1205.12,
1208.4
]
},
{
"text": "different people with different \nsystems that they are working in,",
"timestamp": [
1209.12,
1212.48
]
},
{
"text": "different people with different \nsystems that they are working in,",
"timestamp": [
1209.12,
1212.48
]
},
{
"text": "and so it's hard to create one solution \nfor a mountain ecosystem broadly,",
"timestamp": [
1212.48,
1221.12
]
},
{
"text": "and so it's hard to create one solution \nfor a mountain ecosystem broadly,",
"timestamp": [
1212.48,
1221.12
]
},
{
"text": "because it's very place-dependent on \nthose physical and human conditions.",
"timestamp": [
1221.12,
1226.32
]
},
{
"text": "because it's very place-dependent on \nthose physical and human conditions.",
"timestamp": [
1221.12,
1226.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.\n<So there ",
"timestamp": [
1226.32,
1227.12
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.\n<So there ",
"timestamp": [
1226.32,
1227.12
]
},
{
"text": "won't be like, a single, unified model \nto prevent environmental degradation,",
"timestamp": [
1227.12,
1231.76
]
},
{
"text": "won't be like, a single, unified model \nto prevent environmental degradation,",
"timestamp": [
1227.12,
1231.76
]
},
{
"text": "So if we take, for example, the Himalayas, ",
"timestamp": [
1233.76,
1235.68
]
},
{
"text": "So if we take, for example, the Himalayas, ",
"timestamp": [
1233.76,
1235.68
]
},
{
"text": "that's a mountain range \nthat covers about 2,700 km,",
"timestamp": [
1236.24,
1243.76
]
},
{
"text": "that's a mountain range \nthat covers about 2,700 km,",
"timestamp": [
1236.24,
1243.76
]
},
{
"text": "and it includes a variety of landforms, habitats--\n>Right, very diverse.",
"timestamp": [
1243.76,
1248
]
},
{
"text": "and it includes a variety of landforms, habitats--\n>Right, very diverse.",
"timestamp": [
1243.76,
1248
]
},
{
"text": "<an abundance of ecological niches,\nit ranges from subtropical to tundra,",
"timestamp": [
1248,
1253.04
]
},
{
"text": "<an abundance of ecological niches,\nit ranges from subtropical to tundra,",
"timestamp": [
1248,
1253.04
]
},
{
"text": "and so geographers are trying to understand \nhow and why that uniqueness happens,",
"timestamp": [
1254.88,
1261.12
]
},
{
"text": "and so geographers are trying to understand \nhow and why that uniqueness happens,",
"timestamp": [
1254.88,
1261.12
]
},
{
"text": "and we understand it through the connections\nbetween those different mountain environments",
"timestamp": [
1261.68,
1267.76
]
},
{
"text": "and we understand it through the connections\nbetween those different mountain environments",
"timestamp": [
1261.68,
1267.76
]
},
{
"text": "and the people who live there. ",
"timestamp": [
1267.76,
1269.12
]
},
{
"text": "and the people who live there. ",
"timestamp": [
1267.76,
1269.12
]
},
{
"text": "Now, some communities have \nlived there for over centuries",
"timestamp": [
1270,
1273.04
]
},
{
"text": "Now, some communities have \nlived there for over centuries",
"timestamp": [
1270,
1273.04
]
},
{
"text": "and carved out these really diverse, adapted \nways of living in a harsh environment,",
"timestamp": [
1273.04,
1278
]
},
{
"text": "and carved out these really diverse, adapted \nways of living in a harsh environment,",
"timestamp": [
1273.04,
1278
]
},
{
"text": "and so including the knowledge of ",
"timestamp": [
1279.76,
1282.48
]
},
{
"text": "and so including the knowledge of ",
"timestamp": [
1279.76,
1282.48
]
},
{
"text": "local communities is critical to any \nkind of conservation mitigation plan",
"timestamp": [
1282.48,
1287.6
]
},
{
"text": "local communities is critical to any \nkind of conservation mitigation plan",
"timestamp": [
1282.48,
1287.6
]
},
{
"text": "that anyone wants to develop.",
"timestamp": [
1287.6,
1289.76
]
},
{
"text": "that anyone wants to develop.",
"timestamp": [
1287.6,
1289.76
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, social values and perceptions \nend up needing to be understood well",
"timestamp": [
1289.76,
1294.32
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, social values and perceptions \nend up needing to be understood well",
"timestamp": [
1289.76,
1294.32
]
},
{
"text": "when we're working with \nnatural resource management.",
"timestamp": [
1294.32,
1296.64
]
},
{
"text": "when we're working with \nnatural resource management.",
"timestamp": [
1294.32,
1296.64
]
},
{
"text": "And it's that scale thing, y'know, \nshifting from large-scale-- ",
"timestamp": [
1297.28,
1300.96
]
},
{
"text": "And it's that scale thing, y'know, \nshifting from large-scale-- ",
"timestamp": [
1297.28,
1300.96
]
},
{
"text": "like large-scale power to local communities,",
"timestamp": [
1302.16,
1305.6
]
},
{
"text": "like large-scale power to local communities,",
"timestamp": [
1302.16,
1305.6
]
},
{
"text": "and local-- thinking about like power generation, ",
"timestamp": [
1305.6,
1309.52
]
},
{
"text": "and local-- thinking about like power generation, ",
"timestamp": [
1305.6,
1309.52
]
},
{
"text": "even from large-scale power generation \nprojects to small-scale ones",
"timestamp": [
1309.52,
1312.8
]
},
{
"text": "even from large-scale power generation \nprojects to small-scale ones",
"timestamp": [
1309.52,
1312.8
]
},
{
"text": "the local community and their own needs \nand values really need to be part of ",
"timestamp": [
1314.72,
1319.12
]
},
{
"text": "the local community and their own needs \nand values really need to be part of ",
"timestamp": [
1314.72,
1319.12
]
},
{
"text": "any kind of mountain restoration \nplan that should be enacted",
"timestamp": [
1319.12,
1324.96
]
},
{
"text": "any kind of mountain restoration \nplan that should be enacted",
"timestamp": [
1319.12,
1324.96
]
},
{
"text": ">Sure, yeah, absolutely.",
"timestamp": [
1324.96,
1327.12
]
},
{
"text": ">Sure, yeah, absolutely.",
"timestamp": [
1324.96,
1327.12
]
},
{
"text": "And since we're talking about the Himalayas, \nlet's go to another related question that came in:",
"timestamp": [
1328.64,
1332.64
]
},
{
"text": "And since we're talking about the Himalayas, \nlet's go to another related question that came in:",
"timestamp": [
1328.64,
1332.64
]
},
{
"text": "How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers ",
"timestamp": [
1333.68,
1335.76
]
},
{
"text": "How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers ",
"timestamp": [
1333.68,
1335.76
]
},
{
"text": "have a far-reaching impact on \nthe water resources of India?",
"timestamp": [
1335.76,
1340.24
]
},
{
"text": "have a far-reaching impact on \nthe water resources of India?",
"timestamp": [
1335.76,
1340.24
]
},
{
"text": "<Also a big question!",
"timestamp": [
1341.52,
1342.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Also a big question!",
"timestamp": [
1341.52,
1342.56
]
},
{
"text": "So, mountains like the Himalayas that have \nglaciers are often referred to as \"water towers,\"",
"timestamp": [
1345.68,
1352.48
]
},
{
"text": "So, mountains like the Himalayas that have \nglaciers are often referred to as \"water towers,\"",
"timestamp": [
1345.68,
1352.48
]
},
{
"text": "and that's because glaciers have \ntwo really important functions: ",
"timestamp": [
1352.48,
1356.56
]
},
{
"text": "and that's because glaciers have \ntwo really important functions: ",
"timestamp": [
1352.48,
1356.56
]
},
{
"text": "first, they store water over time,",
"timestamp": [
1356.56,
1358.72
]
},
{
"text": "first, they store water over time,",
"timestamp": [
1356.56,
1358.72
]
},
{
"text": "but second, they regulate seasonal stream flow\nby releasing runoff during dry seasons,",
"timestamp": [
1359.52,
1366.4
]
},
{
"text": "but second, they regulate seasonal stream flow\nby releasing runoff during dry seasons,",
"timestamp": [
1359.52,
1366.4
]
},
{
"text": "and then the downstream communities\nthat need that water, have access to it.",
"timestamp": [
1366.4,
1370.64
]
},
{
"text": "and then the downstream communities\nthat need that water, have access to it.",
"timestamp": [
1366.4,
1370.64
]
},
{
"text": "The water towers of Asia are \nsometimes called the \"third pole,\"",
"timestamp": [
1371.2,
1375.12
]
},
{
"text": "The water towers of Asia are \nsometimes called the \"third pole,\"",
"timestamp": [
1371.2,
1375.12
]
},
{
"text": "because the glaciers and the snow and ice \ncover of that region and other mountain ranges,",
"timestamp": [
1375.76,
1382.32
]
},
{
"text": "because the glaciers and the snow and ice \ncover of that region and other mountain ranges,",
"timestamp": [
1375.76,
1382.32
]
},
{
"text": "or ranges around the Tibetan Plateau,",
"timestamp": [
1382.32,
1384.96
]
},
{
"text": "or ranges around the Tibetan Plateau,",
"timestamp": [
1382.32,
1384.96
]
},
{
"text": "are the 3rd largest potential \nice mass in the world by volume.",
"timestamp": [
1385.52,
1389.36
]
},
{
"text": "are the 3rd largest potential \nice mass in the world by volume.",
"timestamp": [
1385.52,
1389.36
]
},
{
"text": "And those glaciers feed 10 of \nthe great rivers of the region.",
"timestamp": [
1390.24,
1395.12
]
},
{
"text": "And those glaciers feed 10 of \nthe great rivers of the region.",
"timestamp": [
1390.24,
1395.12
]
},
{
"text": "And together, that whole system provides \nwater to about 40% of the planet's population.",
"timestamp": [
1396.16,
1402.24
]
},
{
"text": "And together, that whole system provides \nwater to about 40% of the planet's population.",
"timestamp": [
1396.16,
1402.24
]
},
{
"text": "So the loss of ice in that region--\nanywhere, but especially in that region--",
"timestamp": [
1403.04,
1408
]
},
{
"text": "So the loss of ice in that region--\nanywhere, but especially in that region--",
"timestamp": [
1403.04,
1408
]
},
{
"text": "is of grave concern.\nWhen we lose that kind of ice,",
"timestamp": [
1408,
1412.16
]
},
{
"text": "is of grave concern.\nWhen we lose that kind of ice,",
"timestamp": [
1408,
1412.16
]
},
{
"text": "we're threatening things like the socio-economic \nstability of the region, potential hydropower,",
"timestamp": [
1412.16,
1419.36
]
},
{
"text": "we're threatening things like the socio-economic \nstability of the region, potential hydropower,",
"timestamp": [
1412.16,
1419.36
]
},
{
"text": "agriculture irrigation, which then \nfeeds into food security issues,",
"timestamp": [
1420.24,
1424.08
]
},
{
"text": "agriculture irrigation, which then \nfeeds into food security issues,",
"timestamp": [
1420.24,
1424.08
]
},
{
"text": "there can be cultural impacts, as well.",
"timestamp": [
1424.88,
1426.72
]
},
{
"text": "there can be cultural impacts, as well.",
"timestamp": [
1424.88,
1426.72
]
},
{
"text": "So, for a geographer, we want to understand \nwho will be impacted by ice loss,",
"timestamp": [
1427.84,
1432.72
]
},
{
"text": "So, for a geographer, we want to understand \nwho will be impacted by ice loss,",
"timestamp": [
1427.84,
1432.72
]
},
{
"text": "and that really is part of a larger \nexploration of water-society relations, ",
"timestamp": [
1433.6,
1438.16
]
},
{
"text": "and that really is part of a larger \nexploration of water-society relations, ",
"timestamp": [
1433.6,
1438.16
]
},
{
"text": "so again that human environment.",
"timestamp": [
1438.16,
1439.68
]
},
{
"text": "so again that human environment.",
"timestamp": [
1438.16,
1439.68
]
},
{
"text": "And geographers and other \nstudies-- or other scientists,",
"timestamp": [
1441.52,
1445.04
]
},
{
"text": "And geographers and other \nstudies-- or other scientists,",
"timestamp": [
1441.52,
1445.04
]
},
{
"text": "when we try to study this, \nwe're looking at things like",
"timestamp": [
1445.04,
1447.68
]
},
{
"text": "when we try to study this, \nwe're looking at things like",
"timestamp": [
1445.04,
1447.68
]
},
{
"text": "watershed management,\nand issues around things like water rights,",
"timestamp": [
1447.68,
1451.6
]
},
{
"text": "watershed management,\nand issues around things like water rights,",
"timestamp": [
1447.68,
1451.6
]
},
{
"text": "and who can access water,",
"timestamp": [
1451.6,
1454.24
]
},
{
"text": "and who can access water,",
"timestamp": [
1451.6,
1454.24
]
},
{
"text": "and how do factors like class and \ngender and race play into that,",
"timestamp": [
1454.24,
1459.6
]
},
{
"text": "and how do factors like class and \ngender and race play into that,",
"timestamp": [
1454.24,
1459.6
]
},
{
"text": "who has access to ownership and control,\nwhere is their conflict over access to water,",
"timestamp": [
1459.6,
1464.96
]
},
{
"text": "who has access to ownership and control,\nwhere is their conflict over access to water,",
"timestamp": [
1459.6,
1464.96
]
},
{
"text": "and then things like hydropower \ndevelopment and social conflicts,",
"timestamp": [
1465.6,
1468.72
]
},
{
"text": "and then things like hydropower \ndevelopment and social conflicts,",
"timestamp": [
1465.6,
1468.72
]
},
{
"text": "and even our agricultural practice--",
"timestamp": [
1469.44,
1471.2
]
},
{
"text": "and even our agricultural practice--",
"timestamp": [
1469.44,
1471.2
]
},
{
"text": "they can all affect the water supplies that \nare available in a glacier-fed watershed.",
"timestamp": [
1471.2,
1476.48
]
},
{
"text": "they can all affect the water supplies that \nare available in a glacier-fed watershed.",
"timestamp": [
1471.2,
1476.48
]
},
{
"text": "And understanding all those factors is important, ",
"timestamp": [
1477.84,
1481.36
]
},
{
"text": "And understanding all those factors is important, ",
"timestamp": [
1477.84,
1481.36
]
},
{
"text": "not just for reducing the \nproblem of mountain water,",
"timestamp": [
1483.36,
1485.84
]
},
{
"text": "not just for reducing the \nproblem of mountain water,",
"timestamp": [
1483.36,
1485.84
]
},
{
"text": "but because we can think about \nthat problem not just as, ",
"timestamp": [
1488.72,
1492.32
]
},
{
"text": "but because we can think about \nthat problem not just as, ",
"timestamp": [
1488.72,
1492.32
]
},
{
"text": "\"Oh, it's a climate change problem\"",
"timestamp": [
1492.32,
1493.6
]
},
{
"text": "\"Oh, it's a climate change problem\"",
"timestamp": [
1492.32,
1493.6
]
},
{
"text": "or \"Oh, it's an environmental problem,\"\nbut we can, again, get to that holistic--",
"timestamp": [
1493.6,
1498.16
]
},
{
"text": "or \"Oh, it's an environmental problem,\"\nbut we can, again, get to that holistic--",
"timestamp": [
1493.6,
1498.16
]
},
{
"text": "it's not just about solving that one problem, ",
"timestamp": [
1499.12,
1501.84
]
},
{
"text": "it's not just about solving that one problem, ",
"timestamp": [
1499.12,
1501.84
]
},
{
"text": "but it's connected to other \nthings happening in our society.",
"timestamp": [
1501.84,
1506.32
]
},
{
"text": "but it's connected to other \nthings happening in our society.",
"timestamp": [
1501.84,
1506.32
]
},
{
"text": "So restoring a mountain ecosystem,",
"timestamp": [
1506.32,
1508.96
]
},
{
"text": "So restoring a mountain ecosystem,",
"timestamp": [
1506.32,
1508.96
]
},
{
"text": "how is that related to things like \ntourism and population change,",
"timestamp": [
1509.52,
1513.36
]
},
{
"text": "how is that related to things like \ntourism and population change,",
"timestamp": [
1509.52,
1513.36
]
},
{
"text": "urbanization, deforestation,\nall of these different factors...",
"timestamp": [
1513.36,
1517.92
]
},
{
"text": "urbanization, deforestation,\nall of these different factors...",
"timestamp": [
1513.36,
1517.92
]
},
{
"text": "And that's all hard enough \nto do just in one country, ",
"timestamp": [
1519.6,
1522.8
]
},
{
"text": "And that's all hard enough \nto do just in one country, ",
"timestamp": [
1519.6,
1522.8
]
},
{
"text": "but that water-society \nrelationship across the Himalayas,",
"timestamp": [
1522.8,
1527.2
]
},
{
"text": "but that water-society \nrelationship across the Himalayas,",
"timestamp": [
1522.8,
1527.2
]
},
{
"text": "that has a lot of potential for \ninternational conflict as well, ",
"timestamp": [
1528.4,
1531.84
]
},
{
"text": "that has a lot of potential for \ninternational conflict as well, ",
"timestamp": [
1528.4,
1531.84
]
},
{
"text": "because you are crossing a \nwhole lot of boundaries there.",
"timestamp": [
1533.28,
1536.16
]
},
{
"text": "because you are crossing a \nwhole lot of boundaries there.",
"timestamp": [
1533.28,
1536.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, absolutely.\nI hope--- hopefully, through the series,",
"timestamp": [
1536.16,
1540.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, absolutely.\nI hope--- hopefully, through the series,",
"timestamp": [
1536.16,
1540.56
]
},
{
"text": "you got to see all the connections between--\nyeah, between these different--",
"timestamp": [
1540.56,
1545.36
]
},
{
"text": "you got to see all the connections between--\nyeah, between these different--",
"timestamp": [
1540.56,
1545.36
]
},
{
"text": "Nothing in isolation, essentially.\n<Exactly. We are all connected--",
"timestamp": [
1545.36,
1548.72
]
},
{
"text": "Nothing in isolation, essentially.\n<Exactly. We are all connected--",
"timestamp": [
1545.36,
1548.72
]
},
{
"text": ">We are all connected--\n<across space.",
"timestamp": [
1548.72,
1552.48
]
},
{
"text": ">We are all connected--\n<across space.",
"timestamp": [
1548.72,
1552.48
]
},
{
"text": ">and time!\n[both laugh]",
"timestamp": [
1552.48,
1552.56
]
},
{
"text": ">and time!\n[both laugh]",
"timestamp": [
1552.48,
1552.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, I have a question for you.\n>Okay.",
"timestamp": [
1552.56,
1555.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, I have a question for you.\n>Okay.",
"timestamp": [
1552.56,
1555.84
]
},
{
"text": "<if I can find...\n>All this talk about water.",
"timestamp": [
1555.84,
1556.96
]
},
{
"text": "<if I can find...\n>All this talk about water.",
"timestamp": [
1555.84,
1556.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Yes after talking about water.",
"timestamp": [
1557.76,
1559.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Yes after talking about water.",
"timestamp": [
1557.76,
1559.04
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so, we've talked about \nhuman-environment interactions,",
"timestamp": [
1559.68,
1564.16
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so, we've talked about \nhuman-environment interactions,",
"timestamp": [
1559.68,
1564.16
]
},
{
"text": "so I think now it's a good moment to \npivot squarely into Human Geography.",
"timestamp": [
1564.16,
1570.56
]
},
{
"text": "so I think now it's a good moment to \npivot squarely into Human Geography.",
"timestamp": [
1564.16,
1570.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes, my favorite.",
"timestamp": [
1570.56,
1571.68
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes, my favorite.",
"timestamp": [
1570.56,
1571.68
]
},
{
"text": "<So, we've been talking about the way \nhumans interact with the environment,",
"timestamp": [
1571.68,
1575.68
]
},
{
"text": "<So, we've been talking about the way \nhumans interact with the environment,",
"timestamp": [
1571.68,
1575.68
]
},
{
"text": "and that leads really well \ninto this next question. ",
"timestamp": [
1575.68,
1579.36
]
},
{
"text": "and that leads really well \ninto this next question. ",
"timestamp": [
1575.68,
1579.36
]
},
{
"text": "Joe wants to know: what is post-humanism?",
"timestamp": [
1580.96,
1583.84
]
},
{
"text": "Joe wants to know: what is post-humanism?",
"timestamp": [
1580.96,
1583.84
]
},
{
"text": ">This is a great question, Joe. ",
"timestamp": [
1584.88,
1586.64
]
},
{
"text": ">This is a great question, Joe. ",
"timestamp": [
1584.88,
1586.64
]
},
{
"text": "And we didn't talk about \npost-humanism in the series.",
"timestamp": [
1586.64,
1589.92
]
},
{
"text": "And we didn't talk about \npost-humanism in the series.",
"timestamp": [
1586.64,
1589.92
]
},
{
"text": "There's a lot of things we \nweren't able to talk about, ",
"timestamp": [
1589.92,
1591.76
]
},
{
"text": "There's a lot of things we \nweren't able to talk about, ",
"timestamp": [
1589.92,
1591.76
]
},
{
"text": "there was /so much/ we wanted to fit in!",
"timestamp": [
1591.76,
1593.44
]
},
{
"text": "there was /so much/ we wanted to fit in!",
"timestamp": [
1591.76,
1593.44
]
},
{
"text": "But this is a really, really great question.",
"timestamp": [
1594.24,
1596.08
]
},
{
"text": "But this is a really, really great question.",
"timestamp": [
1594.24,
1596.08
]
},
{
"text": "So I'm gonna ",
"timestamp": [
1596.08,
1596.88
]
},
{
"text": "So I'm gonna ",
"timestamp": [
1596.08,
1596.88
]
},
{
"text": "share a little bit about post-humanism for you and \nfor anybody listening on the livestream right now.",
"timestamp": [
1597.6,
1602.24
]
},
{
"text": "share a little bit about post-humanism for you and \nfor anybody listening on the livestream right now.",
"timestamp": [
1597.6,
1602.24
]
},
{
"text": "So post-humanism is a lens for exploring the world",
"timestamp": [
1602.24,
1606.48
]
},
{
"text": "So post-humanism is a lens for exploring the world",
"timestamp": [
1602.24,
1606.48
]
},
{
"text": "that tries to center the non-human, \nrather than the human experience.",
"timestamp": [
1606.48,
1610.32
]
},
{
"text": "that tries to center the non-human, \nrather than the human experience.",
"timestamp": [
1606.48,
1610.32
]
},
{
"text": "So when we explore the interaction \nof the environment and society,",
"timestamp": [
1610.88,
1614.24
]
},
{
"text": "So when we explore the interaction \nof the environment and society,",
"timestamp": [
1610.88,
1614.24
]
},
{
"text": "there are a number of world views we can use \nwhen we think about those interactions that ",
"timestamp": [
1614.24,
1618
]
},
{
"text": "there are a number of world views we can use \nwhen we think about those interactions that ",
"timestamp": [
1614.24,
1618
]
},
{
"text": "April's been kind of talking about.",
"timestamp": [
1618.96,
1620.4
]
},
{
"text": "April's been kind of talking about.",
"timestamp": [
1618.96,
1620.4
]
},
{
"text": "So post-humanism is compatible with ideas \nlike ecological design, for example,",
"timestamp": [
1620.4,
1624.8
]
},
{
"text": "So post-humanism is compatible with ideas \nlike ecological design, for example,",
"timestamp": [
1620.4,
1624.8
]
},
{
"text": "which is what we talked about in episode ",
"timestamp": [
1624.8,
1626.72
]
},
{
"text": "which is what we talked about in episode ",
"timestamp": [
1624.8,
1626.72
]
},
{
"text": "49, and that's something that I \ncurrently am studying for my PhD.",
"timestamp": [
1626.72,
1629.92
]
},
{
"text": "49, and that's something that I \ncurrently am studying for my PhD.",
"timestamp": [
1626.72,
1629.92
]
},
{
"text": "That was-- I think that was maybe my \nfavorite episode of the whole series.",
"timestamp": [
1629.92,
1633.84
]
},
{
"text": "That was-- I think that was maybe my \nfavorite episode of the whole series.",
"timestamp": [
1629.92,
1633.84
]
},
{
"text": "I tweeted about that because I just \nthought that was just so awesome.",
"timestamp": [
1633.84,
1637.2
]
},
{
"text": "I tweeted about that because I just \nthought that was just so awesome.",
"timestamp": [
1633.84,
1637.2
]
},
{
"text": "And maybe I'm a little biased because I'm \ncurrently deep in that world right now,",
"timestamp": [
1637.2,
1641.36
]
},
{
"text": "And maybe I'm a little biased because I'm \ncurrently deep in that world right now,",
"timestamp": [
1637.2,
1641.36
]
},
{
"text": "but I think there's nothing better than \ntrying to think about our future cities ",
"timestamp": [
1641.36,
1645.28
]
},
{
"text": "but I think there's nothing better than \ntrying to think about our future cities ",
"timestamp": [
1641.36,
1645.28
]
},
{
"text": "and dwellings and what that might look like.",
"timestamp": [
1645.28,
1646.88
]
},
{
"text": "and dwellings and what that might look like.",
"timestamp": [
1645.28,
1646.88
]
},
{
"text": "But in any case, all of that is the idea of trying \nto make the human-built environment sort of mimic,",
"timestamp": [
1647.84,
1652
]
},
{
"text": "But in any case, all of that is the idea of trying \nto make the human-built environment sort of mimic,",
"timestamp": [
1647.84,
1652
]
},
{
"text": "or be kind of, you know, \ncompatible with non-human systems.",
"timestamp": [
1652,
1657.12
]
},
{
"text": "or be kind of, you know, \ncompatible with non-human systems.",
"timestamp": [
1652,
1657.12
]
},
{
"text": "But it's also a part of [oops, excuse me]",
"timestamp": [
1657.76,
1661.92
]
},
{
"text": "But it's also a part of [oops, excuse me]",
"timestamp": [
1657.76,
1661.92
]
},
{
"text": "part of a longer legacy within \nGeography called \"Critical Geography.\"",
"timestamp": [
1661.92,
1666.16
]
},
{
"text": "part of a longer legacy within \nGeography called \"Critical Geography.\"",
"timestamp": [
1661.92,
1666.16
]
},
{
"text": "So within Critical Geography, ",
"timestamp": [
1666.16,
1668.08
]
},
{
"text": "So within Critical Geography, ",
"timestamp": [
1666.16,
1668.08
]
},
{
"text": "there are multiple lenses that look \nat all aspects of the human experience",
"timestamp": [
1668.08,
1671.76
]
},
{
"text": "there are multiple lenses that look \nat all aspects of the human experience",
"timestamp": [
1668.08,
1671.76
]
},
{
"text": "in these kind of non-dominant ways.",
"timestamp": [
1671.76,
1673.68
]
},
{
"text": "in these kind of non-dominant ways.",
"timestamp": [
1671.76,
1673.68
]
},
{
"text": "So feminist geographies and \npost-modernism, for example,",
"timestamp": [
1673.68,
1676.56
]
},
{
"text": "So feminist geographies and \npost-modernism, for example,",
"timestamp": [
1673.68,
1676.56
]
},
{
"text": "opened up geographic inquiry to looking at \nthe multiple ways a place can be experienced",
"timestamp": [
1676.56,
1680.96
]
},
{
"text": "opened up geographic inquiry to looking at \nthe multiple ways a place can be experienced",
"timestamp": [
1676.56,
1680.96
]
},
{
"text": "and not just by the dominant group.",
"timestamp": [
1680.96,
1683.52
]
},
{
"text": "and not just by the dominant group.",
"timestamp": [
1680.96,
1683.52
]
},
{
"text": "So Critical Geography is a form of \ninquiry that involves deconstructing",
"timestamp": [
1683.52,
1687.04
]
},
{
"text": "So Critical Geography is a form of \ninquiry that involves deconstructing",
"timestamp": [
1683.52,
1687.04
]
},
{
"text": "what are /our/ accepted social norms,",
"timestamp": [
1687.04,
1689.6
]
},
{
"text": "what are /our/ accepted social norms,",
"timestamp": [
1687.04,
1689.6
]
},
{
"text": "so that we can see what assumptions \nwe're using to build our realities,",
"timestamp": [
1689.6,
1693.44
]
},
{
"text": "so that we can see what assumptions \nwe're using to build our realities,",
"timestamp": [
1689.6,
1693.44
]
},
{
"text": "our expectations, or what \nwe would consider \"normal.\"",
"timestamp": [
1693.44,
1696.32
]
},
{
"text": "our expectations, or what \nwe would consider \"normal.\"",
"timestamp": [
1693.44,
1696.32
]
},
{
"text": "Critically examining our geographic assumptions \ninvolves asking the question, basically:",
"timestamp": [
1697.44,
1702.64
]
},
{
"text": "Critically examining our geographic assumptions \ninvolves asking the question, basically:",
"timestamp": [
1697.44,
1702.64
]
},
{
"text": "\"Are we building places that privilege a \nparticular class or gender or ability?\"",
"timestamp": [
1702.64,
1707.76
]
},
{
"text": "\"Are we building places that privilege a \nparticular class or gender or ability?\"",
"timestamp": [
1702.64,
1707.76
]
},
{
"text": "So in the case of post-humanism, \nwe ask the question:",
"timestamp": [
1707.76,
1710.24
]
},
{
"text": "So in the case of post-humanism, \nwe ask the question:",
"timestamp": [
1707.76,
1710.24
]
},
{
"text": "are we privileging human ideas \nof growth and economic success,",
"timestamp": [
1710.24,
1713.28
]
},
{
"text": "are we privileging human ideas \nof growth and economic success,",
"timestamp": [
1710.24,
1713.28
]
},
{
"text": "or maybe, are we considering alternatives that \nallow for the non-human to have a say, somehow.",
"timestamp": [
1713.92,
1718.8
]
},
{
"text": "or maybe, are we considering alternatives that \nallow for the non-human to have a say, somehow.",
"timestamp": [
1713.92,
1718.8
]
},
{
"text": "And, of course, that opens up one \nof my favorite theoretical doors:",
"timestamp": [
1719.44,
1723.2
]
},
{
"text": "And, of course, that opens up one \nof my favorite theoretical doors:",
"timestamp": [
1719.44,
1723.2
]
},
{
"text": "who speaks for nature, and are humans natural?",
"timestamp": [
1723.2,
1726.4
]
},
{
"text": "who speaks for nature, and are humans natural?",
"timestamp": [
1723.2,
1726.4
]
},
{
"text": "Which we don't really have \ntime for right now [laughs] ",
"timestamp": [
1726.4,
1728.88
]
},
{
"text": "Which we don't really have \ntime for right now [laughs] ",
"timestamp": [
1726.4,
1728.88
]
},
{
"text": "<That's a whole different, that's \na whole different class [laughs]",
"timestamp": [
1728.88,
1732.4
]
},
{
"text": "<That's a whole different, that's \na whole different class [laughs]",
"timestamp": [
1728.88,
1732.4
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, yeah, one day. ",
"timestamp": [
1732.4,
1733.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, yeah, one day. ",
"timestamp": [
1732.4,
1733.28
]
},
{
"text": "But the search for \"who can speak\" \nrelates to this idea of \"agency.\"",
"timestamp": [
1734.4,
1737.76
]
},
{
"text": "But the search for \"who can speak\" \nrelates to this idea of \"agency.\"",
"timestamp": [
1734.4,
1737.76
]
},
{
"text": "So \"agency\" is the power to act freely in a space,",
"timestamp": [
1737.76,
1740.4
]
},
{
"text": "So \"agency\" is the power to act freely in a space,",
"timestamp": [
1737.76,
1740.4
]
},
{
"text": "and as geographers, we like to examine \nagency by asking questions like:",
"timestamp": [
1740.4,
1744.24
]
},
{
"text": "and as geographers, we like to examine \nagency by asking questions like:",
"timestamp": [
1740.4,
1744.24
]
},
{
"text": "who has power in the relationship \nto build and identify space?",
"timestamp": [
1744.24,
1747.6
]
},
{
"text": "who has power in the relationship \nto build and identify space?",
"timestamp": [
1744.24,
1747.6
]
},
{
"text": "--and we covered that in some of our episodes--",
"timestamp": [
1747.6,
1749.28
]
},
{
"text": "--and we covered that in some of our episodes--",
"timestamp": [
1747.6,
1749.28
]
},
{
"text": "or, can humans create space specifically \nfor humans and non-humans to both thrive?",
"timestamp": [
1750.08,
1755.28
]
},
{
"text": "or, can humans create space specifically \nfor humans and non-humans to both thrive?",
"timestamp": [
1750.08,
1755.28
]
},
{
"text": "or, will we observe and respond to what \nnon-humans indicate helps and hurts them,",
"timestamp": [
1756.16,
1760.48
]
},
{
"text": "or, will we observe and respond to what \nnon-humans indicate helps and hurts them,",
"timestamp": [
1756.16,
1760.48
]
},
{
"text": "or will we create spaces for humans and then try \nto address select species that are in distress?",
"timestamp": [
1760.48,
1766.16
]
},
{
"text": "or will we create spaces for humans and then try \nto address select species that are in distress?",
"timestamp": [
1760.48,
1766.16
]
},
{
"text": "So you can see how complicated \nsome of these questions get.",
"timestamp": [
1766.16,
1769.76
]
},
{
"text": "So you can see how complicated \nsome of these questions get.",
"timestamp": [
1766.16,
1769.76
]
},
{
"text": "But ultimately, planning for the whole ecosystem \nyields a greater benefit for everyone, I think.",
"timestamp": [
1769.76,
1774.8
]
},
{
"text": "But ultimately, planning for the whole ecosystem \nyields a greater benefit for everyone, I think.",
"timestamp": [
1769.76,
1774.8
]
},
{
"text": "A lot of people would probably agree with that.",
"timestamp": [
1775.52,
1776.96
]
},
{
"text": "A lot of people would probably agree with that.",
"timestamp": [
1775.52,
1776.96
]
},
{
"text": "And we don't fully understand the \ninterconnectedness of all species",
"timestamp": [
1777.68,
1780.56
]
},
{
"text": "And we don't fully understand the \ninterconnectedness of all species",
"timestamp": [
1777.68,
1780.56
]
},
{
"text": "and how important each species is on \nthe ecosystems we all rely on today.",
"timestamp": [
1780.56,
1784.56
]
},
{
"text": "and how important each species is on \nthe ecosystems we all rely on today.",
"timestamp": [
1780.56,
1784.56
]
},
{
"text": "I think that's still something we're understanding \nand appreciating and building awareness around,",
"timestamp": [
1784.56,
1790.24
]
},
{
"text": "I think that's still something we're understanding \nand appreciating and building awareness around,",
"timestamp": [
1784.56,
1790.24
]
},
{
"text": "because we are living in one of Earth's mass \nextinction events during a climate crisis,",
"timestamp": [
1790.88,
1794.48
]
},
{
"text": "because we are living in one of Earth's mass \nextinction events during a climate crisis,",
"timestamp": [
1790.88,
1794.48
]
},
{
"text": "so just the two of those things together \ncreate just an incredible urgency",
"timestamp": [
1794.48,
1797.76
]
},
{
"text": "so just the two of those things together \ncreate just an incredible urgency",
"timestamp": [
1794.48,
1797.76
]
},
{
"text": "for humans as a species to prioritize \nmore holistic approaches to ecosystems,",
"timestamp": [
1797.76,
1802.96
]
},
{
"text": "for humans as a species to prioritize \nmore holistic approaches to ecosystems,",
"timestamp": [
1797.76,
1802.96
]
},
{
"text": "if for no other reason than our own survival.",
"timestamp": [
1802.96,
1805.52
]
},
{
"text": "if for no other reason than our own survival.",
"timestamp": [
1802.96,
1805.52
]
},
{
"text": "But some critical and post-humanist \ngeographers argue that",
"timestamp": [
1806.32,
1809.76
]
},
{
"text": "But some critical and post-humanist \ngeographers argue that",
"timestamp": [
1806.32,
1809.76
]
},
{
"text": "in order for us to live out \nthese holistic ecosystem ideals,",
"timestamp": [
1809.76,
1813.76
]
},
{
"text": "in order for us to live out \nthese holistic ecosystem ideals,",
"timestamp": [
1809.76,
1813.76
]
},
{
"text": "we first have to address the \ninequalities perpetuated between humans,",
"timestamp": [
1813.76,
1817.36
]
},
{
"text": "we first have to address the \ninequalities perpetuated between humans,",
"timestamp": [
1813.76,
1817.36
]
},
{
"text": "--and obviously, that's, um, enormous--",
"timestamp": [
1817.36,
1819.52
]
},
{
"text": "--and obviously, that's, um, enormous--",
"timestamp": [
1817.36,
1819.52
]
},
{
"text": "so we need to address racial and gender prejudice,",
"timestamp": [
1819.52,
1821.76
]
},
{
"text": "so we need to address racial and gender prejudice,",
"timestamp": [
1819.52,
1821.76
]
},
{
"text": "along with the marginalization of indigenous \nand non-western knowledge and traditions.",
"timestamp": [
1821.76,
1826.32
]
},
{
"text": "along with the marginalization of indigenous \nand non-western knowledge and traditions.",
"timestamp": [
1821.76,
1826.32
]
},
{
"text": "So the argument is that, until there's space for \n/all/ humans to have respect, dignity, agency...",
"timestamp": [
1826.32,
1831.76
]
},
{
"text": "So the argument is that, until there's space for \n/all/ humans to have respect, dignity, agency...",
"timestamp": [
1826.32,
1831.76
]
},
{
"text": "trying to make space for the non-human \nwon't be particularly successful either.",
"timestamp": [
1831.76,
1836.24
]
},
{
"text": "trying to make space for the non-human \nwon't be particularly successful either.",
"timestamp": [
1831.76,
1836.24
]
},
{
"text": "So as we look to the climate \nthat will be more harsh,",
"timestamp": [
1836.24,
1838.48
]
},
{
"text": "So as we look to the climate \nthat will be more harsh,",
"timestamp": [
1836.24,
1838.48
]
},
{
"text": "climate change coming down the pike,",
"timestamp": [
1839.12,
1840.72
]
},
{
"text": "climate change coming down the pike,",
"timestamp": [
1839.12,
1840.72
]
},
{
"text": "and our ability to adapt to that change \nwill likely connect to the ability of ",
"timestamp": [
1840.72,
1844.64
]
},
{
"text": "and our ability to adapt to that change \nwill likely connect to the ability of ",
"timestamp": [
1840.72,
1844.64
]
},
{
"text": "the whole ecosystems around us to adapt as well.",
"timestamp": [
1844.64,
1846.8
]
},
{
"text": "the whole ecosystems around us to adapt as well.",
"timestamp": [
1844.64,
1846.8
]
},
{
"text": "That's something I've been studying quite \na bit before I came to Crash Course,",
"timestamp": [
1847.52,
1850.04
]
},
{
"text": "That's something I've been studying quite \na bit before I came to Crash Course,",
"timestamp": [
1847.52,
1850.04
]
},
{
"text": "I was looking at what human \nadaptability looks like,",
"timestamp": [
1850.04,
1852.88
]
},
{
"text": "I was looking at what human \nadaptability looks like,",
"timestamp": [
1850.04,
1852.88
]
},
{
"text": "certainly in relation to each other, as humans,\nbut also in relation to kind of our--",
"timestamp": [
1852.88,
1857.6
]
},
{
"text": "certainly in relation to each other, as humans,\nbut also in relation to kind of our--",
"timestamp": [
1852.88,
1857.6
]
},
{
"text": "more broadly speaking, our \nenvironment and our surroundings.",
"timestamp": [
1858.56,
1861.36
]
},
{
"text": "more broadly speaking, our \nenvironment and our surroundings.",
"timestamp": [
1858.56,
1861.36
]
},
{
"text": "So like other mass extinctions, we're \nlikely to see a dramatic shift in how ",
"timestamp": [
1862.4,
1865.6
]
},
{
"text": "So like other mass extinctions, we're \nlikely to see a dramatic shift in how ",
"timestamp": [
1862.4,
1865.6
]
},
{
"text": "the biological and climate \nsystems of our world work.",
"timestamp": [
1865.6,
1869.04
]
},
{
"text": "the biological and climate \nsystems of our world work.",
"timestamp": [
1865.6,
1869.04
]
},
{
"text": "So a little bit on post-humanism,\nthank you, Joe.",
"timestamp": [
1870.24,
1873.04
]
},
{
"text": "So a little bit on post-humanism,\nthank you, Joe.",
"timestamp": [
1870.24,
1873.04
]
},
{
"text": "We will-- if you want some more follow-up on that,\nwe'll try and find some time.",
"timestamp": [
1873.04,
1878.28
]
},
{
"text": "We will-- if you want some more follow-up on that,\nwe'll try and find some time.",
"timestamp": [
1873.04,
1878.28
]
},
{
"text": "<[laughs]\n>Okay, so, we have another question.",
"timestamp": [
1878.28,
1881.6
]
},
{
"text": "<[laughs]\n>Okay, so, we have another question.",
"timestamp": [
1878.28,
1881.6
]
},
{
"text": "This is for April. (let me get to my page...)",
"timestamp": [
1881.6,
1884.48
]
},
{
"text": "This is for April. (let me get to my page...)",
"timestamp": [
1881.6,
1884.48
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, this is a great question.\nApril, who are significant geographers to you?",
"timestamp": [
1886.16,
1891.84
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, this is a great question.\nApril, who are significant geographers to you?",
"timestamp": [
1886.16,
1891.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Wow. That's-- in some ways, a hard question,\nbecause Geography is so big...",
"timestamp": [
1894.24,
1901.44
]
},
{
"text": "<Wow. That's-- in some ways, a hard question,\nbecause Geography is so big...",
"timestamp": [
1894.24,
1901.44
]
},
{
"text": "I'm glad you're asking \"to me\"\nbecause there's no way to like,",
"timestamp": [
1902.48,
1906.48
]
},
{
"text": "I'm glad you're asking \"to me\"\nbecause there's no way to like,",
"timestamp": [
1902.48,
1906.48
]
},
{
"text": "identify significant geographers to everyone.",
"timestamp": [
1906.48,
1909.68
]
},
{
"text": "identify significant geographers to everyone.",
"timestamp": [
1906.48,
1909.68
]
},
{
"text": "I guess I can name a few \nthat have stood out for me.",
"timestamp": [
1912.8,
1915.12
]
},
{
"text": "I guess I can name a few \nthat have stood out for me.",
"timestamp": [
1912.8,
1915.12
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, every place has such a different history\nand a different set of academic influences,",
"timestamp": [
1917.84,
1924.4
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, every place has such a different history\nand a different set of academic influences,",
"timestamp": [
1917.84,
1924.4
]
},
{
"text": "but for me, geographers like David Harvey ",
"timestamp": [
1925.76,
1931.2
]
},
{
"text": "but for me, geographers like David Harvey ",
"timestamp": [
1925.76,
1931.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes. I'm reading a lot of David Harvey \nthese days, so I very much appreciate that.",
"timestamp": [
1932.48,
1936.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes. I'm reading a lot of David Harvey \nthese days, so I very much appreciate that.",
"timestamp": [
1932.48,
1936.16
]
},
{
"text": "<[laughs] I like how your work overlaps \nwith what I've studied in my own time.",
"timestamp": [
1937.28,
1942.56
]
},
{
"text": "<[laughs] I like how your work overlaps \nwith what I've studied in my own time.",
"timestamp": [
1937.28,
1942.56
]
},
{
"text": ">[laughs] yeah\n<J.K. Gibson-Graham ",
"timestamp": [
1942.56,
1944.4
]
},
{
"text": ">[laughs] yeah\n<J.K. Gibson-Graham ",
"timestamp": [
1942.56,
1944.4
]
},
{
"text": "is another that made a profound impact on me.",
"timestamp": [
1944.4,
1946.64
]
},
{
"text": "is another that made a profound impact on me.",
"timestamp": [
1944.4,
1946.64
]
},
{
"text": "Becky Mansfield, Paul Robbins \nwere also geographers that ",
"timestamp": [
1947.92,
1951.76
]
},
{
"text": "Becky Mansfield, Paul Robbins \nwere also geographers that ",
"timestamp": [
1947.92,
1951.76
]
},
{
"text": "hugely influenced how I see the world",
"timestamp": [
1951.76,
1955.28
]
},
{
"text": "hugely influenced how I see the world",
"timestamp": [
1951.76,
1955.28
]
},
{
"text": "and how I think about how humans relate \nto each other and space and non-humans.",
"timestamp": [
1955.28,
1960.72
]
},
{
"text": "and how I think about how humans relate \nto each other and space and non-humans.",
"timestamp": [
1955.28,
1960.72
]
},
{
"text": "And then it could be a long list, \nI think, of geographers like ",
"timestamp": [
1962.48,
1967.12
]
},
{
"text": "And then it could be a long list, \nI think, of geographers like ",
"timestamp": [
1962.48,
1967.12
]
},
{
"text": "Julie Guthman, Doreen Massey, \nJames McCarthy, James Scott,",
"timestamp": [
1968.72,
1972.96
]
},
{
"text": "Julie Guthman, Doreen Massey, \nJames McCarthy, James Scott,",
"timestamp": [
1968.72,
1972.96
]
},
{
"text": "those were all people that I have learned--",
"timestamp": [
1972.96,
1976.32
]
},
{
"text": "those were all people that I have learned--",
"timestamp": [
1972.96,
1976.32
]
},
{
"text": "I've read their work and used that to learn about \npower and place and activism and agriculture",
"timestamp": [
1977.2,
1983.36
]
},
{
"text": "I've read their work and used that to learn about \npower and place and activism and agriculture",
"timestamp": [
1977.2,
1983.36
]
},
{
"text": "And then there are other geographers \nthat have just been leaders.",
"timestamp": [
1985.44,
1989.92
]
},
{
"text": "And then there are other geographers \nthat have just been leaders.",
"timestamp": [
1985.44,
1989.92
]
},
{
"text": "People like Janice Monk and ",
"timestamp": [
1989.92,
1992.88
]
},
{
"text": "People like Janice Monk and ",
"timestamp": [
1989.92,
1992.88
]
},
{
"text": "Patricia Solís, Susan Hanson,\nAudrey Kobayashi, Sally Horn, and Susan Cutter,",
"timestamp": [
1994.64,
2004.32
]
},
{
"text": "Patricia Solís, Susan Hanson,\nAudrey Kobayashi, Sally Horn, and Susan Cutter,",
"timestamp": [
1994.64,
2004.32
]
},
{
"text": "a couple others that stand out to me that--\nboth from their work and also just",
"timestamp": [
2004.32,
2010
]
},
{
"text": "a couple others that stand out to me that--\nboth from their work and also just",
"timestamp": [
2004.32,
2010
]
},
{
"text": "trying to talk to scientists and non-scientists \nabout the importance of geography",
"timestamp": [
2010,
2016.08
]
},
{
"text": "trying to talk to scientists and non-scientists \nabout the importance of geography",
"timestamp": [
2010,
2016.08
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.\n<And they, obviously, ",
"timestamp": [
2016.08,
2019.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.\n<And they, obviously, ",
"timestamp": [
2016.08,
2019.36
]
},
{
"text": "like they did all that great work",
"timestamp": [
2019.36,
2020.88
]
},
{
"text": "like they did all that great work",
"timestamp": [
2019.36,
2020.88
]
},
{
"text": "but they were influenced by others as well.\n>Before them, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2020.88,
2024.64
]
},
{
"text": "but they were influenced by others as well.\n>Before them, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2020.88,
2024.64
]
},
{
"text": "<So there's a whole world of influential \ngeographers to explore if someone's interested.",
"timestamp": [
2024.64,
2030.48
]
},
{
"text": "<So there's a whole world of influential \ngeographers to explore if someone's interested.",
"timestamp": [
2024.64,
2030.48
]
},
{
"text": ">Okay, so.\nNext, we have a question about boundaries.",
"timestamp": [
2034.56,
2041.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Okay, so.\nNext, we have a question about boundaries.",
"timestamp": [
2034.56,
2041.36
]
},
{
"text": "So April, Oscar asks if you could please \nexplain the different types of boundaries.",
"timestamp": [
2042.64,
2047.2
]
},
{
"text": "So April, Oscar asks if you could please \nexplain the different types of boundaries.",
"timestamp": [
2042.64,
2047.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Okay, alright.\nSo boundaries delineate territory.",
"timestamp": [
2047.2,
2052.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Okay, alright.\nSo boundaries delineate territory.",
"timestamp": [
2047.2,
2052.32
]
},
{
"text": "And I think at some point someone \nasked about territory as well.",
"timestamp": [
2052.32,
2055.6
]
},
{
"text": "And I think at some point someone \nasked about territory as well.",
"timestamp": [
2052.32,
2055.6
]
},
{
"text": "So, often when we're talking about \"territory,\" \nwe're talking about \"sovereign territory,\"",
"timestamp": [
2056.4,
2061.12
]
},
{
"text": "So, often when we're talking about \"territory,\" \nwe're talking about \"sovereign territory,\"",
"timestamp": [
2056.4,
2061.12
]
},
{
"text": "which just means it's an area that a \ngovernment has political control over.",
"timestamp": [
2061.12,
2065.84
]
},
{
"text": "which just means it's an area that a \ngovernment has political control over.",
"timestamp": [
2061.12,
2065.84
]
},
{
"text": "And so boundaries can move \nkind of all over the place, ",
"timestamp": [
2066.56,
2069.76
]
},
{
"text": "And so boundaries can move \nkind of all over the place, ",
"timestamp": [
2066.56,
2069.76
]
},
{
"text": "and we saw that both in episodes 35 and 37.",
"timestamp": [
2069.76,
2073.84
]
},
{
"text": "and we saw that both in episodes 35 and 37.",
"timestamp": [
2069.76,
2073.84
]
},
{
"text": "But we can think about \nboundaries in two big categories:",
"timestamp": [
2074.64,
2077.68
]
},
{
"text": "But we can think about \nboundaries in two big categories:",
"timestamp": [
2074.64,
2077.68
]
},
{
"text": "the first are physical boundaries,",
"timestamp": [
2078.24,
2080.08
]
},
{
"text": "the first are physical boundaries,",
"timestamp": [
2078.24,
2080.08
]
},
{
"text": "and those are boundaries that are \nformed around a physical feature,",
"timestamp": [
2080.08,
2083.36
]
},
{
"text": "and those are boundaries that are \nformed around a physical feature,",
"timestamp": [
2080.08,
2083.36
]
},
{
"text": "like maybe a mountain range or a riverbed.",
"timestamp": [
2083.36,
2086
]
},
{
"text": "like maybe a mountain range or a riverbed.",
"timestamp": [
2083.36,
2086
]
},
{
"text": "We have seen places where like, ",
"timestamp": [
2089.36,
2092.96
]
},
{
"text": "We have seen places where like, ",
"timestamp": [
2089.36,
2092.96
]
},
{
"text": "mountain boundaries become the \nlocation that will define that border.",
"timestamp": [
2094.16,
2100.16
]
},
{
"text": "mountain boundaries become the \nlocation that will define that border.",
"timestamp": [
2094.16,
2100.16
]
},
{
"text": "But then there's the second type, that is what ",
"timestamp": [
2100.8,
2103.84
]
},
{
"text": "But then there's the second type, that is what ",
"timestamp": [
2100.8,
2103.84
]
},
{
"text": "we call \"geometric boundary,\" \nor a boundary that is drawn.",
"timestamp": [
2103.84,
2106.96
]
},
{
"text": "we call \"geometric boundary,\" \nor a boundary that is drawn.",
"timestamp": [
2103.84,
2106.96
]
},
{
"text": "And today that boundary is drawn \nusually with some sort of survey method",
"timestamp": [
2106.96,
2112.32
]
},
{
"text": "And today that boundary is drawn \nusually with some sort of survey method",
"timestamp": [
2106.96,
2112.32
]
},
{
"text": "or some other kind of legal measurement that \nwill define a boundary in a binding sort of way,",
"timestamp": [
2112.32,
2118.64
]
},
{
"text": "or some other kind of legal measurement that \nwill define a boundary in a binding sort of way,",
"timestamp": [
2112.32,
2118.64
]
},
{
"text": "usually using maybe latitude and longitude \nor some other agreed-upon coordinate system.",
"timestamp": [
2118.64,
2123.52
]
},
{
"text": "usually using maybe latitude and longitude \nor some other agreed-upon coordinate system.",
"timestamp": [
2118.64,
2123.52
]
},
{
"text": "So when a geographer thinks about boundaries we ",
"timestamp": [
2124.96,
2128.64
]
},
{
"text": "So when a geographer thinks about boundaries we ",
"timestamp": [
2124.96,
2128.64
]
},
{
"text": "like to look at the processes \nthat created those boundaries.",
"timestamp": [
2128.64,
2132.24
]
},
{
"text": "like to look at the processes \nthat created those boundaries.",
"timestamp": [
2128.64,
2132.24
]
},
{
"text": "So if we think about like, episode 35,\nwe talked a lot about superimposed borders,",
"timestamp": [
2134.56,
2140.4
]
},
{
"text": "So if we think about like, episode 35,\nwe talked a lot about superimposed borders,",
"timestamp": [
2134.56,
2140.4
]
},
{
"text": "or borders that someone else gave to a place, ",
"timestamp": [
2140.4,
2143.92
]
},
{
"text": "or borders that someone else gave to a place, ",
"timestamp": [
2140.4,
2143.92
]
},
{
"text": "and you see that in a lot of \nformer colonial boundary cases.",
"timestamp": [
2143.92,
2151.04
]
},
{
"text": "and you see that in a lot of \nformer colonial boundary cases.",
"timestamp": [
2143.92,
2151.04
]
},
{
"text": "There's also like antecedent boundaries,\nand those are boundaries that came before",
"timestamp": [
2151.92,
2157.12
]
},
{
"text": "There's also like antecedent boundaries,\nand those are boundaries that came before",
"timestamp": [
2151.92,
2157.12
]
},
{
"text": "--that \"ante\" means \"prior to\" --",
"timestamp": [
2157.12,
2160.56
]
},
{
"text": "--that \"ante\" means \"prior to\" --",
"timestamp": [
2157.12,
2160.56
]
},
{
"text": "and the antecedent boundary is one that predates \ncultural development around a particular boundary.",
"timestamp": [
2160.56,
2167.12
]
},
{
"text": "and the antecedent boundary is one that predates \ncultural development around a particular boundary.",
"timestamp": [
2160.56,
2167.12
]
},
{
"text": "So again, mountain boundaries \noften are antecedent.",
"timestamp": [
2167.12,
2170.32
]
},
{
"text": "So again, mountain boundaries \noften are antecedent.",
"timestamp": [
2167.12,
2170.32
]
},
{
"text": "They are places where hundreds of years ago,",
"timestamp": [
2170.32,
2172.64
]
},
{
"text": "They are places where hundreds of years ago,",
"timestamp": [
2170.32,
2172.64
]
},
{
"text": "state leaders wouldn't have wanted to defend \nthat territory beyond the mountain range,",
"timestamp": [
2172.64,
2176.8
]
},
{
"text": "state leaders wouldn't have wanted to defend \nthat territory beyond the mountain range,",
"timestamp": [
2172.64,
2176.8
]
},
{
"text": "so that just sort of became their border.",
"timestamp": [
2176.8,
2178.48
]
},
{
"text": "so that just sort of became their border.",
"timestamp": [
2176.8,
2178.48
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, like, the Pyrenees Mountains or the ",
"timestamp": [
2181.12,
2183.44
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes, like, the Pyrenees Mountains or the ",
"timestamp": [
2181.12,
2183.44
]
},
{
"text": "Andes Mountains are often given \nas common examples for that.",
"timestamp": [
2183.44,
2186.4
]
},
{
"text": "Andes Mountains are often given \nas common examples for that.",
"timestamp": [
2183.44,
2186.4
]
},
{
"text": "Then you've got relic boundaries,\nand those also are sort of historical,",
"timestamp": [
2187.04,
2191.68
]
},
{
"text": "Then you've got relic boundaries,\nand those also are sort of historical,",
"timestamp": [
2187.04,
2191.68
]
},
{
"text": "you can think back hundreds of years over those,\nbut those no longer act as a boundary.",
"timestamp": [
2191.68,
2196.4
]
},
{
"text": "you can think back hundreds of years over those,\nbut those no longer act as a boundary.",
"timestamp": [
2191.68,
2196.4
]
},
{
"text": "But you can still see their \nimprint in the cultural landscape.",
"timestamp": [
2196.4,
2199.92
]
},
{
"text": "But you can still see their \nimprint in the cultural landscape.",
"timestamp": [
2196.4,
2199.92
]
},
{
"text": "So common examples for that would be like,\nthe divide between North and South Vietnam,",
"timestamp": [
2199.92,
2206.16
]
},
{
"text": "So common examples for that would be like,\nthe divide between North and South Vietnam,",
"timestamp": [
2199.92,
2206.16
]
},
{
"text": "or even the Berlin Wall.\nThose are all relics.",
"timestamp": [
2206.16,
2209.04
]
},
{
"text": "or even the Berlin Wall.\nThose are all relics.",
"timestamp": [
2206.16,
2209.04
]
},
{
"text": "And then the final category \nis \"subsequent boundaries,\" ",
"timestamp": [
2209.92,
2213.36
]
},
{
"text": "And then the final category \nis \"subsequent boundaries,\" ",
"timestamp": [
2209.92,
2213.36
]
},
{
"text": "and those are boundaries that come \nafter a change, or subsequently.",
"timestamp": [
2213.36,
2217.2
]
},
{
"text": "and those are boundaries that come \nafter a change, or subsequently.",
"timestamp": [
2213.36,
2217.2
]
},
{
"text": "And those often are new boundaries,\nso they tend to divide things like,",
"timestamp": [
2217.84,
2222.96
]
},
{
"text": "And those often are new boundaries,\nso they tend to divide things like,",
"timestamp": [
2217.84,
2222.96
]
},
{
"text": "a more current boundary would be something like \nthe boundary between Sudan and South Sudan.",
"timestamp": [
2223.76,
2228.32
]
},
{
"text": "a more current boundary would be something like \nthe boundary between Sudan and South Sudan.",
"timestamp": [
2223.76,
2228.32
]
},
{
"text": "That is a subsequent boundary, ",
"timestamp": [
2229.68,
2230.96
]
},
{
"text": "That is a subsequent boundary, ",
"timestamp": [
2229.68,
2230.96
]
},
{
"text": "and it resulted from a series of civil wars\nand then the negotiated peace process.",
"timestamp": [
2230.96,
2235.84
]
},
{
"text": "and it resulted from a series of civil wars\nand then the negotiated peace process.",
"timestamp": [
2230.96,
2235.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Alright, I think I have one for you now.",
"timestamp": [
2238.4,
2241.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Alright, I think I have one for you now.",
"timestamp": [
2238.4,
2241.84
]
},
{
"text": "You okay, Stan? [laughs]\n[Stan offscreen] Sorry",
"timestamp": [
2242.8,
2246
]
},
{
"text": "You okay, Stan? [laughs]\n[Stan offscreen] Sorry",
"timestamp": [
2242.8,
2246
]
},
{
"text": ">Stan's coughing in the background,\nmaking sure he's okay [laughs]",
"timestamp": [
2246,
2249.44
]
},
{
"text": ">Stan's coughing in the background,\nmaking sure he's okay [laughs]",
"timestamp": [
2246,
2249.44
]
},
{
"text": "<No one drowned on our watch.\n>[laughs]",
"timestamp": [
2249.44,
2252.48
]
},
{
"text": "<No one drowned on our watch.\n>[laughs]",
"timestamp": [
2249.44,
2252.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, here's one.\nSo we have a question about development.",
"timestamp": [
2252.48,
2256.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright, here's one.\nSo we have a question about development.",
"timestamp": [
2252.48,
2256.72
]
},
{
"text": "What are some of the markers of development?",
"timestamp": [
2256.72,
2258.88
]
},
{
"text": "What are some of the markers of development?",
"timestamp": [
2256.72,
2258.88
]
},
{
"text": ">Okaym that is a great question.",
"timestamp": [
2259.44,
2260.88
]
},
{
"text": ">Okaym that is a great question.",
"timestamp": [
2259.44,
2260.88
]
},
{
"text": "And development, as perhaps some of \nyou might remember from episode 40,",
"timestamp": [
2260.88,
2264.88
]
},
{
"text": "And development, as perhaps some of \nyou might remember from episode 40,",
"timestamp": [
2260.88,
2264.88
]
},
{
"text": "we talk a lot about development and some of the--\nsome of the problematic parts of that word.",
"timestamp": [
2264.88,
2273.36
]
},
{
"text": "we talk a lot about development and some of the--\nsome of the problematic parts of that word.",
"timestamp": [
2264.88,
2273.36
]
},
{
"text": "So if you go back to episode 40, ",
"timestamp": [
2274,
2275.68
]
},
{
"text": "So if you go back to episode 40, ",
"timestamp": [
2274,
2275.68
]
},
{
"text": "one thing that we tried to highlight \nwas that development is hard to define.",
"timestamp": [
2275.68,
2279.92
]
},
{
"text": "one thing that we tried to highlight \nwas that development is hard to define.",
"timestamp": [
2275.68,
2279.92
]
},
{
"text": "We can't just look at the technology \nsomeone uses and know kind of ",
"timestamp": [
2279.92,
2283.52
]
},
{
"text": "We can't just look at the technology \nsomeone uses and know kind of ",
"timestamp": [
2279.92,
2283.52
]
},
{
"text": "how so-called developed the place they're in is.",
"timestamp": [
2283.52,
2286.24
]
},
{
"text": "how so-called developed the place they're in is.",
"timestamp": [
2283.52,
2286.24
]
},
{
"text": "The concept of \"development\" is \nsocially constructed, so it can mean ",
"timestamp": [
2287.12,
2291.2
]
},
{
"text": "The concept of \"development\" is \nsocially constructed, so it can mean ",
"timestamp": [
2287.12,
2291.2
]
},
{
"text": "a lot of different things to \npeople in different contexts.",
"timestamp": [
2291.2,
2294.64
]
},
{
"text": "a lot of different things to \npeople in different contexts.",
"timestamp": [
2291.2,
2294.64
]
},
{
"text": "So when trying to think about \"development,\"\ntry and pull back from the idea of declaring how",
"timestamp": [
2294.64,
2299.76
]
},
{
"text": "So when trying to think about \"development,\"\ntry and pull back from the idea of declaring how",
"timestamp": [
2294.64,
2299.76
]
},
{
"text": "so-called \"developed\" a place is, and instead, ",
"timestamp": [
2299.76,
2301.92
]
},
{
"text": "so-called \"developed\" a place is, and instead, ",
"timestamp": [
2299.76,
2301.92
]
},
{
"text": "focus on what /specifically/ \nyou're trying to measure.",
"timestamp": [
2301.92,
2305.2
]
},
{
"text": "focus on what /specifically/ \nyou're trying to measure.",
"timestamp": [
2301.92,
2305.2
]
},
{
"text": "So for example, do you just want to know \nabout how much money people earn on average,",
"timestamp": [
2305.76,
2310.4
]
},
{
"text": "So for example, do you just want to know \nabout how much money people earn on average,",
"timestamp": [
2305.76,
2310.4
]
},
{
"text": "or are you more interested in how \neducated a population is, for example?",
"timestamp": [
2310.4,
2314.72
]
},
{
"text": "or are you more interested in how \neducated a population is, for example?",
"timestamp": [
2310.4,
2314.72
]
},
{
"text": "And that specificity is always super helpful,\nso like if you are looking for GDP,",
"timestamp": [
2315.84,
2320.24
]
},
{
"text": "And that specificity is always super helpful,\nso like if you are looking for GDP,",
"timestamp": [
2315.84,
2320.24
]
},
{
"text": "or if you mean GDP when you're \ntalking about development, ",
"timestamp": [
2320.24,
2322.4
]
},
{
"text": "or if you mean GDP when you're \ntalking about development, ",
"timestamp": [
2320.24,
2322.4
]
},
{
"text": "you can say that.",
"timestamp": [
2322.4,
2323.68
]
},
{
"text": "you can say that.",
"timestamp": [
2322.4,
2323.68
]
},
{
"text": "And if you're trying to say \nthat a country is advanced ",
"timestamp": [
2323.68,
2325.52
]
},
{
"text": "And if you're trying to say \nthat a country is advanced ",
"timestamp": [
2323.68,
2325.52
]
},
{
"text": "in technology or education, you can say that too.",
"timestamp": [
2325.52,
2327.52
]
},
{
"text": "in technology or education, you can say that too.",
"timestamp": [
2325.52,
2327.52
]
},
{
"text": "But the key is to understand that the story is \nalways complicated in in how we talk about that.",
"timestamp": [
2328.16,
2334.4
]
},
{
"text": "But the key is to understand that the story is \nalways complicated in in how we talk about that.",
"timestamp": [
2328.16,
2334.4
]
},
{
"text": "So few places, for example,\nhave uniform access to resources,",
"timestamp": [
2334.4,
2338
]
},
{
"text": "So few places, for example,\nhave uniform access to resources,",
"timestamp": [
2334.4,
2338
]
},
{
"text": "like we highlighted in episode 40 ",
"timestamp": [
2338,
2339.76
]
},
{
"text": "like we highlighted in episode 40 ",
"timestamp": [
2338,
2339.76
]
},
{
"text": "with the example of the United \nArab Emirates and Lebanon.",
"timestamp": [
2339.76,
2343.52
]
},
{
"text": "with the example of the United \nArab Emirates and Lebanon.",
"timestamp": [
2339.76,
2343.52
]
},
{
"text": "Or a country can have high GDP \nor human development statistics,",
"timestamp": [
2344.24,
2347.36
]
},
{
"text": "Or a country can have high GDP \nor human development statistics,",
"timestamp": [
2344.24,
2347.36
]
},
{
"text": "but that might hide the uneven access to \nresources people within that country have.",
"timestamp": [
2347.92,
2352.48
]
},
{
"text": "but that might hide the uneven access to \nresources people within that country have.",
"timestamp": [
2347.92,
2352.48
]
},
{
"text": "So not every country with a high GDP will rank as \nhaving the highest human development indicators,",
"timestamp": [
2353.04,
2358.48
]
},
{
"text": "So not every country with a high GDP will rank as \nhaving the highest human development indicators,",
"timestamp": [
2353.04,
2358.48
]
},
{
"text": "like education or health care.",
"timestamp": [
2358.48,
2360.16
]
},
{
"text": "like education or health care.",
"timestamp": [
2358.48,
2360.16
]
},
{
"text": "And also think about why \nyou're talking \"development.\"",
"timestamp": [
2361.52,
2364.88
]
},
{
"text": "And also think about why \nyou're talking \"development.\"",
"timestamp": [
2361.52,
2364.88
]
},
{
"text": "So when possible, if you're able \nto have discussions of development ",
"timestamp": [
2364.88,
2367.84
]
},
{
"text": "So when possible, if you're able \nto have discussions of development ",
"timestamp": [
2364.88,
2367.84
]
},
{
"text": "in context, that's very helpful.",
"timestamp": [
2368.56,
2370.08
]
},
{
"text": "in context, that's very helpful.",
"timestamp": [
2368.56,
2370.08
]
},
{
"text": "So what are the political and economic \nforces that create a GDP situation?",
"timestamp": [
2370.08,
2375.28
]
},
{
"text": "So what are the political and economic \nforces that create a GDP situation?",
"timestamp": [
2370.08,
2375.28
]
},
{
"text": "Was the country in question a colony?\nWas it call a colonizer?",
"timestamp": [
2375.28,
2379.44
]
},
{
"text": "Was the country in question a colony?\nWas it call a colonizer?",
"timestamp": [
2375.28,
2379.44
]
},
{
"text": "Has there been international \nencouragement of a secondary or ",
"timestamp": [
2379.44,
2383.52
]
},
{
"text": "Has there been international \nencouragement of a secondary or ",
"timestamp": [
2379.44,
2383.52
]
},
{
"text": "a tertiary economy for this country or not?",
"timestamp": [
2383.52,
2385.76
]
},
{
"text": "a tertiary economy for this country or not?",
"timestamp": [
2383.52,
2385.76
]
},
{
"text": "So \"development\" shouldn't be used \nto say something about a people,",
"timestamp": [
2386.32,
2389.52
]
},
{
"text": "So \"development\" shouldn't be used \nto say something about a people,",
"timestamp": [
2386.32,
2389.52
]
},
{
"text": "but instead about the conditions \npeople are trying to live within.",
"timestamp": [
2389.52,
2393.92
]
},
{
"text": "but instead about the conditions \npeople are trying to live within.",
"timestamp": [
2389.52,
2393.92
]
},
{
"text": "So that's sometimes a helpful way of looking at ",
"timestamp": [
2393.92,
2396.24
]
},
{
"text": "So that's sometimes a helpful way of looking at ",
"timestamp": [
2393.92,
2396.24
]
},
{
"text": "this kind of complicated and \nmessy word of \"development.\"",
"timestamp": [
2396.8,
2400.64
]
},
{
"text": "this kind of complicated and \nmessy word of \"development.\"",
"timestamp": [
2396.8,
2400.64
]
},
{
"text": "<It's all about the relationship. [laughs]\n>It's all about the relationship!",
"timestamp": [
2401.2,
2404.24
]
},
{
"text": "<It's all about the relationship. [laughs]\n>It's all about the relationship!",
"timestamp": [
2401.2,
2404.24
]
},
{
"text": "We'll keep coming back to that, exactly.\nOkay, so where are we now...",
"timestamp": [
2404.24,
2410.32
]
},
{
"text": "We'll keep coming back to that, exactly.\nOkay, so where are we now...",
"timestamp": [
2404.24,
2410.32
]
},
{
"text": "Also what time is it?\nIt is 8:40, perfect.",
"timestamp": [
2410.32,
2412.52
]
},
{
"text": "Also what time is it?\nIt is 8:40, perfect.",
"timestamp": [
2410.32,
2412.52
]
},
{
"text": "> I think we're in good time.",
"timestamp": [
2412.52,
2414.08
]
},
{
"text": "> I think we're in good time.",
"timestamp": [
2412.52,
2414.08
]
},
{
"text": "Looks like there might be quite a \nfew questions coming in on the chat.",
"timestamp": [
2414.08,
2417.92
]
},
{
"text": "Looks like there might be quite a \nfew questions coming in on the chat.",
"timestamp": [
2414.08,
2417.92
]
},
{
"text": "So we've just got basically I think...\nis it really? Yes!",
"timestamp": [
2417.92,
2420.96
]
},
{
"text": "So we've just got basically I think...\nis it really? Yes!",
"timestamp": [
2417.92,
2420.96
]
},
{
"text": "We've got one more question, and this \none came from Flipgrid from Leah.",
"timestamp": [
2420.96,
2423.84
]
},
{
"text": "We've got one more question, and this \none came from Flipgrid from Leah.",
"timestamp": [
2420.96,
2423.84
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so this is great because April, of course, \nteaches Geography, and Leah wants to know:",
"timestamp": [
2425.84,
2430.48
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so this is great because April, of course, \nteaches Geography, and Leah wants to know:",
"timestamp": [
2425.84,
2430.48
]
},
{
"text": "What is generally in a Geography course?\nWhat are the main things that are studied?",
"timestamp": [
2430.48,
2435.92
]
},
{
"text": "What is generally in a Geography course?\nWhat are the main things that are studied?",
"timestamp": [
2430.48,
2435.92
]
},
{
"text": "Leah is currently taking \na World History course and ",
"timestamp": [
2435.92,
2438
]
},
{
"text": "Leah is currently taking \na World History course and ",
"timestamp": [
2435.92,
2438
]
},
{
"text": "asks how are the two topics related to each other.",
"timestamp": [
2438,
2440.88
]
},
{
"text": "asks how are the two topics related to each other.",
"timestamp": [
2438,
2440.88
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright.\n>It's a great question.",
"timestamp": [
2441.44,
2442.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright.\n>It's a great question.",
"timestamp": [
2441.44,
2442.32
]
},
{
"text": "<And I like to say that Geography is \nrelated to every topic that is out there,",
"timestamp": [
2443.12,
2447.36
]
},
{
"text": "<And I like to say that Geography is \nrelated to every topic that is out there,",
"timestamp": [
2443.12,
2447.36
]
},
{
"text": "because we bring the spatial aspect to all of it.",
"timestamp": [
2447.36,
2451.76
]
},
{
"text": "because we bring the spatial aspect to all of it.",
"timestamp": [
2447.36,
2451.76
]
},
{
"text": "So for example, ",
"timestamp": [
2451.76,
2452.8
]
},
{
"text": "So for example, ",
"timestamp": [
2451.76,
2452.8
]
},
{
"text": "I mean some people will say that Geography \nand History, you have to have them both--",
"timestamp": [
2453.92,
2459.28
]
},
{
"text": "I mean some people will say that Geography \nand History, you have to have them both--",
"timestamp": [
2453.92,
2459.28
]
},
{
"text": "you can't actually have one without the other,",
"timestamp": [
2459.28,
2460.88
]
},
{
"text": "you can't actually have one without the other,",
"timestamp": [
2459.28,
2460.88
]
},
{
"text": "because History looks at events over time,\nand then Geography looks at events over space.",
"timestamp": [
2462.4,
2466.8
]
},
{
"text": "because History looks at events over time,\nand then Geography looks at events over space.",
"timestamp": [
2462.4,
2466.8
]
},
{
"text": "So to get the whole picture, \nyou have to have them together.",
"timestamp": [
2466.8,
2468.8
]
},
{
"text": "So to get the whole picture, \nyou have to have them together.",
"timestamp": [
2466.8,
2468.8
]
},
{
"text": "And Geography is related to the \nphysical sciences that way as well;",
"timestamp": [
2471.04,
2474.8
]
},
{
"text": "And Geography is related to the \nphysical sciences that way as well;",
"timestamp": [
2471.04,
2474.8
]
},
{
"text": "classes like Geology -- we've had many ",
"timestamp": [
2474.8,
2476.88
]
},
{
"text": "classes like Geology -- we've had many ",
"timestamp": [
2474.8,
2476.88
]
},
{
"text": "Geology-related questions \ntoday -- and Biology too.",
"timestamp": [
2476.88,
2479.84
]
},
{
"text": "Geology-related questions \ntoday -- and Biology too.",
"timestamp": [
2476.88,
2479.84
]
},
{
"text": "And I often will have \nstudents tell me after class, ",
"timestamp": [
2480.8,
2484.08
]
},
{
"text": "And I often will have \nstudents tell me after class, ",
"timestamp": [
2480.8,
2484.08
]
},
{
"text": "\"Oh, we're talking about this \ntopic in my other class,\"",
"timestamp": [
2484.08,
2486.64
]
},
{
"text": "\"Oh, we're talking about this \ntopic in my other class,\"",
"timestamp": [
2484.08,
2486.64
]
},
{
"text": "so there's an overlap there, but Geography brings ",
"timestamp": [
2488.64,
2492.08
]
},
{
"text": "so there's an overlap there, but Geography brings ",
"timestamp": [
2488.64,
2492.08
]
},
{
"text": "that unique perspective of looking \nat the topic at hand over space,",
"timestamp": [
2492.08,
2497.36
]
},
{
"text": "that unique perspective of looking \nat the topic at hand over space,",
"timestamp": [
2492.08,
2497.36
]
},
{
"text": "and really those relationships across space.",
"timestamp": [
2497.36,
2500
]
},
{
"text": "and really those relationships across space.",
"timestamp": [
2497.36,
2500
]
},
{
"text": "So you could find in a Geography class,\nespecially with that World History overlap,",
"timestamp": [
2501.44,
2507.84
]
},
{
"text": "So you could find in a Geography class,\nespecially with that World History overlap,",
"timestamp": [
2501.44,
2507.84
]
},
{
"text": "maybe topics of political and economic geography,",
"timestamp": [
2507.84,
2510.72
]
},
{
"text": "maybe topics of political and economic geography,",
"timestamp": [
2507.84,
2510.72
]
},
{
"text": ">Mmhmm [affirmative] definitely",
"timestamp": [
2510.72,
2510.8
]
},
{
"text": ">Mmhmm [affirmative] definitely",
"timestamp": [
2510.72,
2510.8
]
},
{
"text": "<you'll definitely find those \nin a World History class.",
"timestamp": [
2510.8,
2513.28
]
},
{
"text": "<you'll definitely find those \nin a World History class.",
"timestamp": [
2510.8,
2513.28
]
},
{
"text": "And honestly, it impresses \nme so much how many times ",
"timestamp": [
2514.24,
2517.52
]
},
{
"text": "And honestly, it impresses \nme so much how many times ",
"timestamp": [
2514.24,
2517.52
]
},
{
"text": "I reference the aftermath of WWII or the Cold War",
"timestamp": [
2517.52,
2520.8
]
},
{
"text": "I reference the aftermath of WWII or the Cold War",
"timestamp": [
2517.52,
2520.8
]
},
{
"text": ">Mmhmm [affirmative], yeah",
"timestamp": [
2520.8,
2521.12
]
},
{
"text": ">Mmhmm [affirmative], yeah",
"timestamp": [
2520.8,
2521.12
]
},
{
"text": "<to explain current geopolitics and \ninternational economic agreements,",
"timestamp": [
2521.12,
2525.76
]
},
{
"text": "<to explain current geopolitics and \ninternational economic agreements,",
"timestamp": [
2521.12,
2525.76
]
},
{
"text": "and even trends in industrial agriculture.",
"timestamp": [
2525.76,
2528.32
]
},
{
"text": "and even trends in industrial agriculture.",
"timestamp": [
2525.76,
2528.32
]
},
{
"text": "So knowing the history of a place, whether \nit's local or global, is really important",
"timestamp": [
2529.12,
2534.08
]
},
{
"text": "So knowing the history of a place, whether \nit's local or global, is really important",
"timestamp": [
2529.12,
2534.08
]
},
{
"text": "and Geography helps put that \nHistory into that context.",
"timestamp": [
2534.08,
2537.68
]
},
{
"text": "and Geography helps put that \nHistory into that context.",
"timestamp": [
2534.08,
2537.68
]
},
{
"text": ">Episode one, about bananas!\n<[laughs] yes, a lot of bananas!",
"timestamp": [
2537.68,
2540.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Episode one, about bananas!\n<[laughs] yes, a lot of bananas!",
"timestamp": [
2537.68,
2540.16
]
},
{
"text": ">There's a lot of history in there, I think.",
"timestamp": [
2540.16,
2542
]
},
{
"text": ">There's a lot of history in there, I think.",
"timestamp": [
2540.16,
2542
]
},
{
"text": "Everyone's all thrown off, maybe, \nby how that episode first began, ",
"timestamp": [
2542,
2545.04
]
},
{
"text": "Everyone's all thrown off, maybe, \nby how that episode first began, ",
"timestamp": [
2542,
2545.04
]
},
{
"text": "but it's like, you gotta know all the context!",
"timestamp": [
2545.04,
2547.04
]
},
{
"text": "but it's like, you gotta know all the context!",
"timestamp": [
2545.04,
2547.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Yes, so if you were to sign \nup for a Geography class, ",
"timestamp": [
2547.04,
2550.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Yes, so if you were to sign \nup for a Geography class, ",
"timestamp": [
2547.04,
2550.96
]
},
{
"text": "it's going to cover a wide range of topics.",
"timestamp": [
2550.96,
2553.6
]
},
{
"text": "it's going to cover a wide range of topics.",
"timestamp": [
2550.96,
2553.6
]
},
{
"text": "If you're thinking about taking \nmaybe an AP Human Geography class ",
"timestamp": [
2553.6,
2557.52
]
},
{
"text": "If you're thinking about taking \nmaybe an AP Human Geography class ",
"timestamp": [
2553.6,
2557.52
]
},
{
"text": "in a secondary school here in the U.S.,",
"timestamp": [
2557.52,
2559.68
]
},
{
"text": "in a secondary school here in the U.S.,",
"timestamp": [
2557.52,
2559.68
]
},
{
"text": "that class is going to focus \nmore on Human Geography,",
"timestamp": [
2560.4,
2563.68
]
},
{
"text": "that class is going to focus \nmore on Human Geography,",
"timestamp": [
2560.4,
2563.68
]
},
{
"text": "so topics like:\nhow do we define culture?",
"timestamp": [
2563.68,
2566.88
]
},
{
"text": "so topics like:\nhow do we define culture?",
"timestamp": [
2563.68,
2566.88
]
},
{
"text": "how does culture and language \nand art and architecture diffuse?",
"timestamp": [
2566.88,
2570.88
]
},
{
"text": "how does culture and language \nand art and architecture diffuse?",
"timestamp": [
2566.88,
2570.88
]
},
{
"text": "Diffusion's a big one. Economics, ",
"timestamp": [
2570.88,
2574.24
]
},
{
"text": "Diffusion's a big one. Economics, ",
"timestamp": [
2570.88,
2574.24
]
},
{
"text": "trade relationships between regions and \nbetween countries, population dynamics,",
"timestamp": [
2574.24,
2579.12
]
},
{
"text": "trade relationships between regions and \nbetween countries, population dynamics,",
"timestamp": [
2574.24,
2579.12
]
},
{
"text": "and then things like regional conditions \nthat'll prompt demographic change.",
"timestamp": [
2580.24,
2583.84
]
},
{
"text": "and then things like regional conditions \nthat'll prompt demographic change.",
"timestamp": [
2580.24,
2583.84
]
},
{
"text": "But if you're taking a Physical Geography course,",
"timestamp": [
2584.72,
2587.68
]
},
{
"text": "But if you're taking a Physical Geography course,",
"timestamp": [
2584.72,
2587.68
]
},
{
"text": "you're more likely to learn \nabout those interconnections ",
"timestamp": [
2587.68,
2590.24
]
},
{
"text": "you're more likely to learn \nabout those interconnections ",
"timestamp": [
2587.68,
2590.24
]
},
{
"text": "between different physical systems.",
"timestamp": [
2590.24,
2592.24
]
},
{
"text": "between different physical systems.",
"timestamp": [
2590.24,
2592.24
]
},
{
"text": "So things like the rock cycles\nand the processes that form rocks,",
"timestamp": [
2592.24,
2597.52
]
},
{
"text": "So things like the rock cycles\nand the processes that form rocks,",
"timestamp": [
2592.24,
2597.52
]
},
{
"text": "and how that formation of rocks impacts \nsoil development and then mining industries",
"timestamp": [
2597.52,
2602.88
]
},
{
"text": "and how that formation of rocks impacts \nsoil development and then mining industries",
"timestamp": [
2597.52,
2602.88
]
},
{
"text": "and where certain structures are located.",
"timestamp": [
2602.88,
2606.24
]
},
{
"text": "and where certain structures are located.",
"timestamp": [
2602.88,
2606.24
]
},
{
"text": "Or maybe atmospheric properties,\nlike the geographic study of weather and climate",
"timestamp": [
2606.24,
2610.96
]
},
{
"text": "Or maybe atmospheric properties,\nlike the geographic study of weather and climate",
"timestamp": [
2606.24,
2610.96
]
},
{
"text": "and the intersection between the \nbiosphere and the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
2610.96,
2613.92
]
},
{
"text": "and the intersection between the \nbiosphere and the atmosphere.",
"timestamp": [
2610.96,
2613.92
]
},
{
"text": "Or you have biogeography, which is the \nstudy of species distribution and migration.",
"timestamp": [
2615.68,
2619.84
]
},
{
"text": "Or you have biogeography, which is the \nstudy of species distribution and migration.",
"timestamp": [
2615.68,
2619.84
]
},
{
"text": "And all of that would be part of an \nIntroduction to Physical Geography course.",
"timestamp": [
2620.72,
2624.4
]
},
{
"text": "And all of that would be part of an \nIntroduction to Physical Geography course.",
"timestamp": [
2620.72,
2624.4
]
},
{
"text": "If you're at the university level, ",
"timestamp": [
2625.76,
2627.68
]
},
{
"text": "If you're at the university level, ",
"timestamp": [
2625.76,
2627.68
]
},
{
"text": "it's good to check with either the \ninstructor or your course description",
"timestamp": [
2627.68,
2631.36
]
},
{
"text": "it's good to check with either the \ninstructor or your course description",
"timestamp": [
2627.68,
2631.36
]
},
{
"text": "just to see what that intro course might cover.",
"timestamp": [
2631.36,
2634.16
]
},
{
"text": "just to see what that intro course might cover.",
"timestamp": [
2631.36,
2634.16
]
},
{
"text": "Some courses that are listed as \"Intro to \nGeography\" will cover both Human and Physical,",
"timestamp": [
2634.16,
2640
]
},
{
"text": "Some courses that are listed as \"Intro to \nGeography\" will cover both Human and Physical,",
"timestamp": [
2634.16,
2640
]
},
{
"text": "some just do Human.",
"timestamp": [
2640,
2641.36
]
},
{
"text": "some just do Human.",
"timestamp": [
2640,
2641.36
]
},
{
"text": "I teach--\nyou also might enter--",
"timestamp": [
2643.12,
2648.16
]
},
{
"text": "I teach--\nyou also might enter--",
"timestamp": [
2643.12,
2648.16
]
},
{
"text": "you might find an Environmental Geography course,\nwhich that's a lot of what I teach,",
"timestamp": [
2649.44,
2654.8
]
},
{
"text": "you might find an Environmental Geography course,\nwhich that's a lot of what I teach,",
"timestamp": [
2649.44,
2654.8
]
},
{
"text": "and i like that class because it \nblends the Physical and the Human.",
"timestamp": [
2657.2,
2660.24
]
},
{
"text": "and i like that class because it \nblends the Physical and the Human.",
"timestamp": [
2657.2,
2660.24
]
},
{
"text": "You have to understand those physical processes ",
"timestamp": [
2660.24,
2662.48
]
},
{
"text": "You have to understand those physical processes ",
"timestamp": [
2660.24,
2662.48
]
},
{
"text": "to then be able to talk about \nhow humans do that interacting.",
"timestamp": [
2662.48,
2665.6
]
},
{
"text": "to then be able to talk about \nhow humans do that interacting.",
"timestamp": [
2662.48,
2665.6
]
},
{
"text": "Let's see, other common classes you might run \ninto are things like World Regional Geography,",
"timestamp": [
2668.08,
2672.88
]
},
{
"text": "Let's see, other common classes you might run \ninto are things like World Regional Geography,",
"timestamp": [
2668.08,
2672.88
]
},
{
"text": "and in that class, you will examine physical and \nhuman situations for various regions in the world",
"timestamp": [
2672.88,
2679.2
]
},
{
"text": "and in that class, you will examine physical and \nhuman situations for various regions in the world",
"timestamp": [
2672.88,
2679.2
]
},
{
"text": "and those classes usually \nlook at maybe regional culture ",
"timestamp": [
2679.2,
2682.72
]
},
{
"text": "and those classes usually \nlook at maybe regional culture ",
"timestamp": [
2679.2,
2682.72
]
},
{
"text": "and history in addition to \nthat physical situation.",
"timestamp": [
2682.72,
2685.6
]
},
{
"text": "and history in addition to \nthat physical situation.",
"timestamp": [
2682.72,
2685.6
]
},
{
"text": "And then there's Weather and Climate classes,\nand that's a very common introductory class,",
"timestamp": [
2686.24,
2691.04
]
},
{
"text": "And then there's Weather and Climate classes,\nand that's a very common introductory class,",
"timestamp": [
2686.24,
2691.04
]
},
{
"text": "and that was actually my first \ngeography class in college.",
"timestamp": [
2691.04,
2693.68
]
},
{
"text": "and that was actually my first \ngeography class in college.",
"timestamp": [
2691.04,
2693.68
]
},
{
"text": ">Oh really?",
"timestamp": [
2693.68,
2694.08
]
},
{
"text": ">Oh really?",
"timestamp": [
2693.68,
2694.08
]
},
{
"text": "<Mmmhmm [affirmative] and it \nmade a very deep impression on me",
"timestamp": [
2694.08,
2697.52
]
},
{
"text": "<Mmmhmm [affirmative] and it \nmade a very deep impression on me",
"timestamp": [
2694.08,
2697.52
]
},
{
"text": "and that interplay between the physical \nand human experience that's always been ",
"timestamp": [
2697.52,
2701.92
]
},
{
"text": "and that interplay between the physical \nand human experience that's always been ",
"timestamp": [
2697.52,
2701.92
]
},
{
"text": "very compelling to me.",
"timestamp": [
2701.92,
2703.04
]
},
{
"text": "very compelling to me.",
"timestamp": [
2701.92,
2703.04
]
},
{
"text": ">Amazing.\n<Take a geography class!",
"timestamp": [
2704.32,
2706.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Amazing.\n<Take a geography class!",
"timestamp": [
2704.32,
2706.16
]
},
{
"text": ">You won't regret it!",
"timestamp": [
2707.84,
2708.64
]
},
{
"text": ">You won't regret it!",
"timestamp": [
2707.84,
2708.64
]
},
{
"text": "<You won't, you won't.\nAnd after you take that geography class...",
"timestamp": [
2708.64,
2712.24
]
},
{
"text": "<You won't, you won't.\nAnd after you take that geography class...",
"timestamp": [
2708.64,
2712.24
]
},
{
"text": "Alizé, I think you should tell all of us,\nhow do you study for your geography exams?",
"timestamp": [
2713.2,
2718.64
]
},
{
"text": "Alizé, I think you should tell all of us,\nhow do you study for your geography exams?",
"timestamp": [
2713.2,
2718.64
]
},
{
"text": ">So it's been a while...\n[both laugh]",
"timestamp": [
2719.52,
2722.64
]
},
{
"text": ">So it's been a while...\n[both laugh]",
"timestamp": [
2719.52,
2722.64
]
},
{
"text": ">But okay, this is a great question! ",
"timestamp": [
2722.64,
2724.88
]
},
{
"text": ">But okay, this is a great question! ",
"timestamp": [
2722.64,
2724.88
]
},
{
"text": "So we just want to offer some \nstudy tips for geography.",
"timestamp": [
2724.88,
2728.56
]
},
{
"text": "So we just want to offer some \nstudy tips for geography.",
"timestamp": [
2724.88,
2728.56
]
},
{
"text": "So as April has mentioned many times,\nand as the series kind of--",
"timestamp": [
2728.56,
2732.72
]
},
{
"text": "So as April has mentioned many times,\nand as the series kind of--",
"timestamp": [
2728.56,
2732.72
]
},
{
"text": "what we hope you'll take away from it is \nthat geography is all about relationships.",
"timestamp": [
2733.92,
2737.52
]
},
{
"text": "what we hope you'll take away from it is \nthat geography is all about relationships.",
"timestamp": [
2733.92,
2737.52
]
},
{
"text": "So when learning vocabulary, ",
"timestamp": [
2737.52,
2739.6
]
},
{
"text": "So when learning vocabulary, ",
"timestamp": [
2737.52,
2739.6
]
},
{
"text": "I think it's important to try and \nlearn an example to go with it.",
"timestamp": [
2739.6,
2743.44
]
},
{
"text": "I think it's important to try and \nlearn an example to go with it.",
"timestamp": [
2739.6,
2743.44
]
},
{
"text": "And this is something we tried to \ndo a lot of throughout this series,",
"timestamp": [
2743.44,
2745.84
]
},
{
"text": "And this is something we tried to \ndo a lot of throughout this series,",
"timestamp": [
2743.44,
2745.84
]
},
{
"text": "grounding some of these concepts \nand ideas in specific places.",
"timestamp": [
2746.48,
2749.84
]
},
{
"text": "grounding some of these concepts \nand ideas in specific places.",
"timestamp": [
2746.48,
2749.84
]
},
{
"text": "And so as you learn that example,\nidentify the different relationships ",
"timestamp": [
2750.88,
2756.4
]
},
{
"text": "And so as you learn that example,\nidentify the different relationships ",
"timestamp": [
2750.88,
2756.4
]
},
{
"text": "that that example embodies.",
"timestamp": [
2757.44,
2758.96
]
},
{
"text": "that that example embodies.",
"timestamp": [
2757.44,
2758.96
]
},
{
"text": "So again, always looking for the \nconnections, the relationships.",
"timestamp": [
2758.96,
2761.84
]
},
{
"text": "So again, always looking for the \nconnections, the relationships.",
"timestamp": [
2758.96,
2761.84
]
},
{
"text": "And remember that geography has \nthose three general parts, right?",
"timestamp": [
2762.4,
2766.16
]
},
{
"text": "And remember that geography has \nthose three general parts, right?",
"timestamp": [
2762.4,
2766.16
]
},
{
"text": "physical, human, and the \nhuman-environment interactions.",
"timestamp": [
2766.16,
2769.6
]
},
{
"text": "physical, human, and the \nhuman-environment interactions.",
"timestamp": [
2766.16,
2769.6
]
},
{
"text": "I almost was waiting to like, ",
"timestamp": [
2769.6,
2771.2
]
},
{
"text": "I almost was waiting to like, ",
"timestamp": [
2769.6,
2771.2
]
},
{
"text": "hear you all say that.\n[both laugh]",
"timestamp": [
2771.2,
2774.416
]
},
{
"text": "hear you all say that.\n[both laugh]",
"timestamp": [
2771.2,
2774.416
]
},
{
"text": ">and it's just silent\n<say it together, now!",
"timestamp": [
2774.416,
2776.48
]
},
{
"text": ">and it's just silent\n<say it together, now!",
"timestamp": [
2774.416,
2776.48
]
},
{
"text": ">Physical, human,\n[both] and human-environment interactions.",
"timestamp": [
2776.48,
2779.92
]
},
{
"text": ">Physical, human,\n[both] and human-environment interactions.",
"timestamp": [
2776.48,
2779.92
]
},
{
"text": "So as you think about your examples,",
"timestamp": [
2781.2,
2782.56
]
},
{
"text": "So as you think about your examples,",
"timestamp": [
2781.2,
2782.56
]
},
{
"text": "think about how that example ",
"timestamp": [
2782.56,
2783.92
]
},
{
"text": "think about how that example ",
"timestamp": [
2782.56,
2783.92
]
},
{
"text": "relates to the physical processes \n/and/ the social processes, so both,",
"timestamp": [
2783.92,
2787.76
]
},
{
"text": "relates to the physical processes \n/and/ the social processes, so both,",
"timestamp": [
2783.92,
2787.76
]
},
{
"text": "and then how the two relate to each other.",
"timestamp": [
2787.76,
2790.32
]
},
{
"text": "and then how the two relate to each other.",
"timestamp": [
2787.76,
2790.32
]
},
{
"text": "And I know it might take a little extra \ntime when you're studying to do that,",
"timestamp": [
2790.32,
2792.96
]
},
{
"text": "And I know it might take a little extra \ntime when you're studying to do that,",
"timestamp": [
2790.32,
2792.96
]
},
{
"text": "but I promise it will make specifically \nyour essay questions much better.",
"timestamp": [
2792.96,
2796.88
]
},
{
"text": "but I promise it will make specifically \nyour essay questions much better.",
"timestamp": [
2792.96,
2796.88
]
},
{
"text": "I would also add that when studying \nfor a geography class or exam,",
"timestamp": [
2797.76,
2801.52
]
},
{
"text": "I would also add that when studying \nfor a geography class or exam,",
"timestamp": [
2797.76,
2801.52
]
},
{
"text": "it's important to sit with an atlas and \ntrace the places being discussed on the maps.",
"timestamp": [
2801.52,
2806.08
]
},
{
"text": "it's important to sit with an atlas and \ntrace the places being discussed on the maps.",
"timestamp": [
2801.52,
2806.08
]
},
{
"text": "So look at what's there, what's around that \nspecific area or site that you're looking at,",
"timestamp": [
2806.08,
2811.52
]
},
{
"text": "So look at what's there, what's around that \nspecific area or site that you're looking at,",
"timestamp": [
2806.08,
2811.52
]
},
{
"text": "and this is important because it'll \nhelp build your mental map of the world,",
"timestamp": [
2811.52,
2814.56
]
},
{
"text": "and this is important because it'll \nhelp build your mental map of the world,",
"timestamp": [
2811.52,
2814.56
]
},
{
"text": "which we talked a lot about \nmental maps in this series,",
"timestamp": [
2815.12,
2817.68
]
},
{
"text": "which we talked a lot about \nmental maps in this series,",
"timestamp": [
2815.12,
2817.68
]
},
{
"text": "but that mental map will help you \nmake sense of concepts and ideas",
"timestamp": [
2817.68,
2823.28
]
},
{
"text": "but that mental map will help you \nmake sense of concepts and ideas",
"timestamp": [
2817.68,
2823.28
]
},
{
"text": "and kind of understand the contextual \nconnections between different events.",
"timestamp": [
2823.28,
2826.88
]
},
{
"text": "and kind of understand the contextual \nconnections between different events.",
"timestamp": [
2823.28,
2826.88
]
},
{
"text": "Also, build a mental library of the distribution \nof the kind of basic patterns of things like",
"timestamp": [
2828.24,
2832.64
]
},
{
"text": "Also, build a mental library of the distribution \nof the kind of basic patterns of things like",
"timestamp": [
2828.24,
2832.64
]
},
{
"text": "global temperature, pressure, \nprecipitation, landforms, ",
"timestamp": [
2832.64,
2837.12
]
},
{
"text": "global temperature, pressure, \nprecipitation, landforms, ",
"timestamp": [
2832.64,
2837.12
]
},
{
"text": "population distribution, things of this nature,",
"timestamp": [
2837.12,
2840.96
]
},
{
"text": "population distribution, things of this nature,",
"timestamp": [
2837.12,
2840.96
]
},
{
"text": "and tie those patterns back \nto the broader processes that ",
"timestamp": [
2840.96,
2843.44
]
},
{
"text": "and tie those patterns back \nto the broader processes that ",
"timestamp": [
2840.96,
2843.44
]
},
{
"text": "form those patterns in those in those places.",
"timestamp": [
2843.44,
2846.24
]
},
{
"text": "form those patterns in those in those places.",
"timestamp": [
2843.44,
2846.24
]
},
{
"text": "So just a few little tips, again, \nif you've got questions let us know.",
"timestamp": [
2846.24,
2852.64
]
},
{
"text": "So just a few little tips, again, \nif you've got questions let us know.",
"timestamp": [
2846.24,
2852.64
]
},
{
"text": "Speaking of questions, we're going \nto head over to the live Q&A, ",
"timestamp": [
2853.68,
2856.56
]
},
{
"text": "Speaking of questions, we're going \nto head over to the live Q&A, ",
"timestamp": [
2853.68,
2856.56
]
},
{
"text": "because I think a lot of people \nhave been putting in some questions.",
"timestamp": [
2856.56,
2860.24
]
},
{
"text": "because I think a lot of people \nhave been putting in some questions.",
"timestamp": [
2856.56,
2860.24
]
},
{
"text": "Please feel free to also ask us \nnot just geography questions, ",
"timestamp": [
2860.24,
2862.72
]
},
{
"text": "Please feel free to also ask us \nnot just geography questions, ",
"timestamp": [
2860.24,
2862.72
]
},
{
"text": "but also if you have any burning \nquestions about how the series was made,",
"timestamp": [
2862.72,
2866.8
]
},
{
"text": "but also if you have any burning \nquestions about how the series was made,",
"timestamp": [
2862.72,
2866.8
]
},
{
"text": "as you all know we did this during a pandemic,\nwe filmed it in my living room in Miami.",
"timestamp": [
2866.8,
2870.32
]
},
{
"text": "as you all know we did this during a pandemic,\nwe filmed it in my living room in Miami.",
"timestamp": [
2866.8,
2870.32
]
},
{
"text": "It was an incredible and very \nglobal experience via the interwebs,",
"timestamp": [
2871.36,
2876.32
]
},
{
"text": "It was an incredible and very \nglobal experience via the interwebs,",
"timestamp": [
2871.36,
2876.32
]
},
{
"text": "so we had a lot of fun doing it \nand a really amazing team that-- ",
"timestamp": [
2876.32,
2880.56
]
},
{
"text": "so we had a lot of fun doing it \nand a really amazing team that-- ",
"timestamp": [
2876.32,
2880.56
]
},
{
"text": "so many people were behind this series,",
"timestamp": [
2881.12,
2883.12
]
},
{
"text": "so many people were behind this series,",
"timestamp": [
2881.12,
2883.12
]
},
{
"text": "so please feel free to ask questions about that,",
"timestamp": [
2883.12,
2885.2
]
},
{
"text": "so please feel free to ask questions about that,",
"timestamp": [
2883.12,
2885.2
]
},
{
"text": "we would certainly be open to sharing anything \non that front as well at the end of the day.",
"timestamp": [
2885.2,
2888.88
]
},
{
"text": "we would certainly be open to sharing anything \non that front as well at the end of the day.",
"timestamp": [
2885.2,
2888.88
]
},
{
"text": "Behind-the-scenes moments are always fun.",
"timestamp": [
2890.16,
2891.6
]
},
{
"text": "Behind-the-scenes moments are always fun.",
"timestamp": [
2890.16,
2891.6
]
},
{
"text": "So let's answer a few questions from the chat.\nWhat do we have coming in?",
"timestamp": [
2891.6,
2894.48
]
},
{
"text": "So let's answer a few questions from the chat.\nWhat do we have coming in?",
"timestamp": [
2891.6,
2894.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Do you want to hold it?\n>Yeah, I can we if we unplug it",
"timestamp": [
2897.68,
2900.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Do you want to hold it?\n>Yeah, I can we if we unplug it",
"timestamp": [
2897.68,
2900.56
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so... ",
"timestamp": [
2904.16,
2905.04
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so... ",
"timestamp": [
2904.16,
2905.04
]
},
{
"text": "I'm gonna let you look at these with me",
"timestamp": [
2911.44,
2913.36
]
},
{
"text": "I'm gonna let you look at these with me",
"timestamp": [
2911.44,
2913.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright",
"timestamp": [
2913.36,
2913.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Alright",
"timestamp": [
2913.36,
2913.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Why do you personally find Geography interesting?\nLet's take that question.",
"timestamp": [
2915.28,
2918.8
]
},
{
"text": ">Why do you personally find Geography interesting?\nLet's take that question.",
"timestamp": [
2915.28,
2918.8
]
},
{
"text": "<Oh, because it's the study of everything. ",
"timestamp": [
2918.8,
2922.88
]
},
{
"text": "<Oh, because it's the study of everything. ",
"timestamp": [
2918.8,
2922.88
]
},
{
"text": "In all honesty, that's how \nI came into this discipline.",
"timestamp": [
2922.88,
2925.6
]
},
{
"text": "In all honesty, that's how \nI came into this discipline.",
"timestamp": [
2922.88,
2925.6
]
},
{
"text": "I couldn't pick. I couldn't pick one topic that \nI just wanted to know about that one thing.",
"timestamp": [
2925.6,
2930.16
]
},
{
"text": "I couldn't pick. I couldn't pick one topic that \nI just wanted to know about that one thing.",
"timestamp": [
2925.6,
2930.16
]
},
{
"text": "I was always interested in so many topics,",
"timestamp": [
2930.72,
2933.52
]
},
{
"text": "I was always interested in so many topics,",
"timestamp": [
2930.72,
2933.52
]
},
{
"text": "and then I discovered there was a \nwhole discipline that encourages that",
"timestamp": [
2933.52,
2937.2
]
},
{
"text": "and then I discovered there was a \nwhole discipline that encourages that",
"timestamp": [
2933.52,
2937.2
]
},
{
"text": "--because again, we're about those \nrelationships and connections--",
"timestamp": [
2937.2,
2940
]
},
{
"text": "--because again, we're about those \nrelationships and connections--",
"timestamp": [
2937.2,
2940
]
},
{
"text": "and it was so encouraging to realize \nthere was a place for someone like me.",
"timestamp": [
2940.56,
2945.12
]
},
{
"text": "and it was so encouraging to realize \nthere was a place for someone like me.",
"timestamp": [
2940.56,
2945.12
]
},
{
"text": "And that's the great thing, if you put geographers \ntogether we all study very different things.",
"timestamp": [
2946.48,
2950.96
]
},
{
"text": "And that's the great thing, if you put geographers \ntogether we all study very different things.",
"timestamp": [
2946.48,
2950.96
]
},
{
"text": "Like we seem to have things in \ncommon, but yet not perfectly ",
"timestamp": [
2950.96,
2954.64
]
},
{
"text": "Like we seem to have things in \ncommon, but yet not perfectly ",
"timestamp": [
2950.96,
2954.64
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, right.",
"timestamp": [
2954.64,
2955.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, right.",
"timestamp": [
2954.64,
2955.2
]
},
{
"text": "<So when we talk together, \nyou're bringing in ideas ",
"timestamp": [
2955.2,
2958.56
]
},
{
"text": "<So when we talk together, \nyou're bringing in ideas ",
"timestamp": [
2955.2,
2958.56
]
},
{
"text": "that are slightly different than the ideas I have,",
"timestamp": [
2958.56,
2960.64
]
},
{
"text": "that are slightly different than the ideas I have,",
"timestamp": [
2958.56,
2960.64
]
},
{
"text": "but they mesh together really well.",
"timestamp": [
2960.64,
2962.48
]
},
{
"text": "but they mesh together really well.",
"timestamp": [
2960.64,
2962.48
]
},
{
"text": "And I see geography as a \ndiscipline that really helps to--",
"timestamp": [
2962.48,
2965.28
]
},
{
"text": "And I see geography as a \ndiscipline that really helps to--",
"timestamp": [
2962.48,
2965.28
]
},
{
"text": "we're a good problem-solving \ndiscipline because we're all about ",
"timestamp": [
2965.28,
2968.72
]
},
{
"text": "we're a good problem-solving \ndiscipline because we're all about ",
"timestamp": [
2965.28,
2968.72
]
},
{
"text": "those disparate ideas coming \ntogether to make connections",
"timestamp": [
2968.72,
2972.56
]
},
{
"text": "those disparate ideas coming \ntogether to make connections",
"timestamp": [
2968.72,
2972.56
]
},
{
"text": "and in this day and age, we need problem-solvers.",
"timestamp": [
2972.56,
2975.76
]
},
{
"text": "and in this day and age, we need problem-solvers.",
"timestamp": [
2972.56,
2975.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, my answer that question is that ",
"timestamp": [
2975.76,
2978.64
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, my answer that question is that ",
"timestamp": [
2975.76,
2978.64
]
},
{
"text": "I love it because I find \nit very interdisciplinary,",
"timestamp": [
2978.64,
2981.36
]
},
{
"text": "I love it because I find \nit very interdisciplinary,",
"timestamp": [
2978.64,
2981.36
]
},
{
"text": "and I think, I mean a lot of my \ntraining over the years has been very--",
"timestamp": [
2981.36,
2985.52
]
},
{
"text": "and I think, I mean a lot of my \ntraining over the years has been very--",
"timestamp": [
2981.36,
2985.52
]
},
{
"text": "from an interdisciplinary angle.",
"timestamp": [
2986.16,
2987.6
]
},
{
"text": "from an interdisciplinary angle.",
"timestamp": [
2986.16,
2987.6
]
},
{
"text": "But to April's point, it's about looking \nat how everything relates to one another,",
"timestamp": [
2987.6,
2992.8
]
},
{
"text": "But to April's point, it's about looking \nat how everything relates to one another,",
"timestamp": [
2987.6,
2992.8
]
},
{
"text": "and I just feel like so many of the problems that \nwe're facing today are so complex and intertwined",
"timestamp": [
2992.8,
2998.4
]
},
{
"text": "and I just feel like so many of the problems that \nwe're facing today are so complex and intertwined",
"timestamp": [
2992.8,
2998.4
]
},
{
"text": "that trying to solve for one side without \nsolving for the other 50 is both difficult",
"timestamp": [
2998.4,
3004.32
]
},
{
"text": "that trying to solve for one side without \nsolving for the other 50 is both difficult",
"timestamp": [
2998.4,
3004.32
]
},
{
"text": "and it requires this holistic thinking.",
"timestamp": [
3004.32,
3007.92
]
},
{
"text": "and it requires this holistic thinking.",
"timestamp": [
3004.32,
3007.92
]
},
{
"text": "And so for me, Geography offers a \nreally powerful way of capturing that--",
"timestamp": [
3007.92,
3011.04
]
},
{
"text": "And so for me, Geography offers a \nreally powerful way of capturing that--",
"timestamp": [
3007.92,
3011.04
]
},
{
"text": "capturing that, or at least those lines \nof inquiry kind of head in that direction.",
"timestamp": [
3012.48,
3016.24
]
},
{
"text": "capturing that, or at least those lines \nof inquiry kind of head in that direction.",
"timestamp": [
3012.48,
3016.24
]
},
{
"text": "We have a question from Adam Carmen:\n\"How do you talk to students about the politics ",
"timestamp": [
3017.52,
3021.52
]
},
{
"text": "We have a question from Adam Carmen:\n\"How do you talk to students about the politics ",
"timestamp": [
3017.52,
3021.52
]
},
{
"text": "of maps and how they don't tell us everything? \nThanks for the series, that was awesome!\"",
"timestamp": [
3021.52,
3027.2
]
},
{
"text": "of maps and how they don't tell us everything? \nThanks for the series, that was awesome!\"",
"timestamp": [
3021.52,
3027.2
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you, thank you, Adam!\n<Thank you",
"timestamp": [
3027.2,
3028.72
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you, thank you, Adam!\n<Thank you",
"timestamp": [
3027.2,
3028.72
]
},
{
"text": ">Great question.\n<Yeah!",
"timestamp": [
3029.6,
3031.6
]
},
{
"text": ">Great question.\n<Yeah!",
"timestamp": [
3029.6,
3031.6
]
},
{
"text": "And I love talking about maps,\nI love reading maps, maps are fun.",
"timestamp": [
3031.6,
3037.92
]
},
{
"text": "And I love talking about maps,\nI love reading maps, maps are fun.",
"timestamp": [
3031.6,
3037.92
]
},
{
"text": "But I approach it from a data literacy standpoint,",
"timestamp": [
3038.8,
3042.48
]
},
{
"text": "But I approach it from a data literacy standpoint,",
"timestamp": [
3038.8,
3042.48
]
},
{
"text": "and I teach it alongside lessons\nthat I design around data literacy.",
"timestamp": [
3043.12,
3049.76
]
},
{
"text": "and I teach it alongside lessons\nthat I design around data literacy.",
"timestamp": [
3043.12,
3049.76
]
},
{
"text": "We have to read maps just like we would \nread a news article or data in a table...",
"timestamp": [
3050.4,
3056.4
]
},
{
"text": "We have to read maps just like we would \nread a news article or data in a table...",
"timestamp": [
3050.4,
3056.4
]
},
{
"text": ">graphs, yeah.\n<yeah, ",
"timestamp": [
3056.4,
3057.84
]
},
{
"text": ">graphs, yeah.\n<yeah, ",
"timestamp": [
3056.4,
3057.84
]
},
{
"text": "like you really do need to understand the context",
"timestamp": [
3057.84,
3061.04
]
},
{
"text": "like you really do need to understand the context",
"timestamp": [
3057.84,
3061.04
]
},
{
"text": "The quintessential book that is referred to\nis called \"How to Lie with Maps\"",
"timestamp": [
3064.64,
3068.72
]
},
{
"text": "The quintessential book that is referred to\nis called \"How to Lie with Maps\"",
"timestamp": [
3064.64,
3068.72
]
},
{
"text": "and the nice thing about that book is,\nit really is a media literacy read.",
"timestamp": [
3069.28,
3075.68
]
},
{
"text": "and the nice thing about that book is,\nit really is a media literacy read.",
"timestamp": [
3069.28,
3075.68
]
},
{
"text": "You're learning: how are you discerning \nthe media that you're consuming? \n ",
"timestamp": [
3075.68,
3080.56
]
},
{
"text": "You're learning: how are you discerning \nthe media that you're consuming? \n ",
"timestamp": [
3075.68,
3080.56
]
},
{
"text": "And again, remembering that \nmaps are written for a purpose.",
"timestamp": [
3081.2,
3084.56
]
},
{
"text": "And again, remembering that \nmaps are written for a purpose.",
"timestamp": [
3081.2,
3084.56
]
},
{
"text": "So if you do nothing else, identify what the \npurpose the map maker had when they made that map,",
"timestamp": [
3084.56,
3090
]
},
{
"text": "So if you do nothing else, identify what the \npurpose the map maker had when they made that map,",
"timestamp": [
3084.56,
3090
]
},
{
"text": "and then only use that map for that purpose,\nand we tend to not always do that.",
"timestamp": [
3090,
3095.84
]
},
{
"text": "and then only use that map for that purpose,\nand we tend to not always do that.",
"timestamp": [
3090,
3095.84
]
},
{
"text": "And that starts to become that slippery slope \nwhen a map stops being true to what it was for",
"timestamp": [
3096.96,
3102.8
]
},
{
"text": "And that starts to become that slippery slope \nwhen a map stops being true to what it was for",
"timestamp": [
3096.96,
3102.8
]
},
{
"text": "and starts maybe telling us a weird story.",
"timestamp": [
3102.8,
3105.92
]
},
{
"text": "and starts maybe telling us a weird story.",
"timestamp": [
3102.8,
3105.92
]
},
{
"text": "Oftentimes, if we go back and say,\n\"Okay, well what was the original intent?",
"timestamp": [
3105.92,
3109.36
]
},
{
"text": "Oftentimes, if we go back and say,\n\"Okay, well what was the original intent?",
"timestamp": [
3105.92,
3109.36
]
},
{
"text": "Where did the data come from?\"",
"timestamp": [
3109.36,
3110.8
]
},
{
"text": "Where did the data come from?\"",
"timestamp": [
3109.36,
3110.8
]
},
{
"text": "And that does take a little \nextra work on our part,",
"timestamp": [
3111.36,
3114.16
]
},
{
"text": "And that does take a little \nextra work on our part,",
"timestamp": [
3111.36,
3114.16
]
},
{
"text": "but again that media literacy, \ndata literacy, geographic literacy,",
"timestamp": [
3114.16,
3119.44
]
},
{
"text": "but again that media literacy, \ndata literacy, geographic literacy,",
"timestamp": [
3114.16,
3119.44
]
},
{
"text": "those are incredibly important things \nto be global citizens right now.",
"timestamp": [
3119.44,
3123.36
]
},
{
"text": "those are incredibly important things \nto be global citizens right now.",
"timestamp": [
3119.44,
3123.36
]
},
{
"text": "Those are things that are worth the time,\nin my opinion.",
"timestamp": [
3123.36,
3126.16
]
},
{
"text": "Those are things that are worth the time,\nin my opinion.",
"timestamp": [
3123.36,
3126.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, I was going to say that it's a \ngood reflex to have in general, I think,",
"timestamp": [
3126.16,
3129.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, I was going to say that it's a \ngood reflex to have in general, I think,",
"timestamp": [
3126.16,
3129.2
]
},
{
"text": "to kind of think about the \nperspective that it's coming from.",
"timestamp": [
3129.2,
3132.16
]
},
{
"text": "to kind of think about the \nperspective that it's coming from.",
"timestamp": [
3129.2,
3132.16
]
},
{
"text": "Let's see, what else...",
"timestamp": [
3133.44,
3137.84
]
},
{
"text": "Let's see, what else...",
"timestamp": [
3133.44,
3137.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Oh, alright. So here's a question from Trevin:",
"timestamp": [
3139.2,
3146.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Oh, alright. So here's a question from Trevin:",
"timestamp": [
3139.2,
3146.96
]
},
{
"text": "Do you know how governments manage ",
"timestamp": [
3150.08,
3151.68
]
},
{
"text": "Do you know how governments manage ",
"timestamp": [
3150.08,
3151.68
]
},
{
"text": "where to put people who \nhave been displaced by war,",
"timestamp": [
3151.68,
3154.24
]
},
{
"text": "where to put people who \nhave been displaced by war,",
"timestamp": [
3151.68,
3154.24
]
},
{
"text": "natural disasters, changing coastlines, etc.? \n ",
"timestamp": [
3154.24,
3156.8
]
},
{
"text": "natural disasters, changing coastlines, etc.? \n ",
"timestamp": [
3154.24,
3156.8
]
},
{
"text": "There is not one thing for that.",
"timestamp": [
3159.12,
3162.32
]
},
{
"text": "There is not one thing for that.",
"timestamp": [
3159.12,
3162.32
]
},
{
"text": "There is--oh let's see,",
"timestamp": [
3162.32,
3167.2
]
},
{
"text": "There is--oh let's see,",
"timestamp": [
3162.32,
3167.2
]
},
{
"text": "sorry, as i'm getting caught up here...",
"timestamp": [
3171.28,
3172.64
]
},
{
"text": "sorry, as i'm getting caught up here...",
"timestamp": [
3171.28,
3172.64
]
},
{
"text": "[Stan, offscreen]\nWe've got Zora's answer pulled up here",
"timestamp": [
3172.64,
3174.36
]
},
{
"text": "[Stan, offscreen]\nWe've got Zora's answer pulled up here",
"timestamp": [
3172.64,
3174.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Okay, awesome. Thank you so much.\n>I'll let you hold that",
"timestamp": [
3175.68,
3178.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Okay, awesome. Thank you so much.\n>I'll let you hold that",
"timestamp": [
3175.68,
3178.96
]
},
{
"text": "<We have the others in our \nteam here chiming in as well ",
"timestamp": [
3178.96,
3182.64
]
},
{
"text": "<We have the others in our \nteam here chiming in as well ",
"timestamp": [
3178.96,
3182.64
]
},
{
"text": ">[laughs] There were many of us on the show",
"timestamp": [
3183.2,
3185.36
]
},
{
"text": ">[laughs] There were many of us on the show",
"timestamp": [
3183.2,
3185.36
]
},
{
"text": "<There were many of us as part of this.",
"timestamp": [
3185.36,
3187.44
]
},
{
"text": "<There were many of us as part of this.",
"timestamp": [
3185.36,
3187.44
]
},
{
"text": "So there are a lot of factors involved,\nand ultimately, it depends on the resources",
"timestamp": [
3189.44,
3194.96
]
},
{
"text": "So there are a lot of factors involved,\nand ultimately, it depends on the resources",
"timestamp": [
3189.44,
3194.96
]
},
{
"text": "at the government's disposal.",
"timestamp": [
3195.76,
3197.28
]
},
{
"text": "at the government's disposal.",
"timestamp": [
3195.76,
3197.28
]
},
{
"text": "So like, where do people go when their homes\nand livelihoods have been destroyed?",
"timestamp": [
3197.84,
3201.76
]
},
{
"text": "So like, where do people go when their homes\nand livelihoods have been destroyed?",
"timestamp": [
3197.84,
3201.76
]
},
{
"text": "They may be internally displaced,\nthey might be part of international migration--",
"timestamp": [
3202.72,
3207.84
]
},
{
"text": "They may be internally displaced,\nthey might be part of international migration--",
"timestamp": [
3202.72,
3207.84
]
},
{
"text": "people are often forced to \nmigrate to distant cities ",
"timestamp": [
3211.76,
3214.56
]
},
{
"text": "people are often forced to \nmigrate to distant cities ",
"timestamp": [
3211.76,
3214.56
]
},
{
"text": "and that adds to congestion in the cities.",
"timestamp": [
3214.56,
3216.88
]
},
{
"text": "and that adds to congestion in the cities.",
"timestamp": [
3214.56,
3216.88
]
},
{
"text": "And wars, in particular, can \ncreate additional complications",
"timestamp": [
3218.72,
3224.24
]
},
{
"text": "And wars, in particular, can \ncreate additional complications",
"timestamp": [
3218.72,
3224.24
]
},
{
"text": "because the chain of migration is \nnot going to necessarily work well.",
"timestamp": [
3224.24,
3228.96
]
},
{
"text": "because the chain of migration is \nnot going to necessarily work well.",
"timestamp": [
3224.24,
3228.96
]
},
{
"text": "People might get stopped along the way,\nand then the question becomes:",
"timestamp": [
3230.32,
3235.76
]
},
{
"text": "People might get stopped along the way,\nand then the question becomes:",
"timestamp": [
3230.32,
3235.76
]
},
{
"text": "will a host country even accept \nsomeone who is migrating?",
"timestamp": [
3235.76,
3239.92
]
},
{
"text": "will a host country even accept \nsomeone who is migrating?",
"timestamp": [
3235.76,
3239.92
]
},
{
"text": "And that really depends on\nwhere that person is from,",
"timestamp": [
3239.92,
3242.48
]
},
{
"text": "And that really depends on\nwhere that person is from,",
"timestamp": [
3239.92,
3242.48
]
},
{
"text": "where they're going to,\nwhat the politics around the given event is...",
"timestamp": [
3243.36,
3248.16
]
},
{
"text": "where they're going to,\nwhat the politics around the given event is...",
"timestamp": [
3243.36,
3248.16
]
},
{
"text": "And so when we think about displaced peoples, ",
"timestamp": [
3248.88,
3251.92
]
},
{
"text": "And so when we think about displaced peoples, ",
"timestamp": [
3248.88,
3251.92
]
},
{
"text": "we really also need to be \nhaving conversations about",
"timestamp": [
3252.8,
3255.84
]
},
{
"text": "we really also need to be \nhaving conversations about",
"timestamp": [
3252.8,
3255.84
]
},
{
"text": "what is the capacity for that,\nand how do patterns of people moving--",
"timestamp": [
3255.84,
3261.52
]
},
{
"text": "what is the capacity for that,\nand how do patterns of people moving--",
"timestamp": [
3255.84,
3261.52
]
},
{
"text": "what are the existing patterns?\nwhere are there problems with that movement,",
"timestamp": [
3264,
3267.6
]
},
{
"text": "what are the existing patterns?\nwhere are there problems with that movement,",
"timestamp": [
3264,
3267.6
]
},
{
"text": "and how can we prepare for changes\nin those migration patterns?",
"timestamp": [
3267.6,
3273.76
]
},
{
"text": "and how can we prepare for changes\nin those migration patterns?",
"timestamp": [
3267.6,
3273.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, and something just to add to that:\nin my research lab at the University of Miami,",
"timestamp": [
3273.76,
3278.48
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, and something just to add to that:\nin my research lab at the University of Miami,",
"timestamp": [
3273.76,
3278.48
]
},
{
"text": "there's a lot of conversation around\nwhat happens when a climate disaster takes place.",
"timestamp": [
3280,
3285.44
]
},
{
"text": "there's a lot of conversation around\nwhat happens when a climate disaster takes place.",
"timestamp": [
3280,
3285.44
]
},
{
"text": "Where do people-- like, where do people go?\nHow can you get ahead of some of that?",
"timestamp": [
3286,
3289.92
]
},
{
"text": "Where do people-- like, where do people go?\nHow can you get ahead of some of that?",
"timestamp": [
3286,
3289.92
]
},
{
"text": "Are questions of retreat appropriate?\nIt's complicated.",
"timestamp": [
3289.92,
3295.2
]
},
{
"text": "Are questions of retreat appropriate?\nIt's complicated.",
"timestamp": [
3289.92,
3295.2
]
},
{
"text": "And trying to be proactive instead of reactive,\nhow do we make-- strike that balance?",
"timestamp": [
3295.2,
3299.92
]
},
{
"text": "And trying to be proactive instead of reactive,\nhow do we make-- strike that balance?",
"timestamp": [
3295.2,
3299.92
]
},
{
"text": "So it's a com-- it's a great question;\nIt's a complicated one.",
"timestamp": [
3300.64,
3303.36
]
},
{
"text": "So it's a com-- it's a great question;\nIt's a complicated one.",
"timestamp": [
3300.64,
3303.36
]
},
{
"text": "I think that there's a lot of \nconversation happening right now,",
"timestamp": [
3303.36,
3308.4
]
},
{
"text": "I think that there's a lot of \nconversation happening right now,",
"timestamp": [
3303.36,
3308.4
]
},
{
"text": "recognizing what's coming down the pike\nfor a lot of us around the world.",
"timestamp": [
3308.4,
3312.64
]
},
{
"text": "recognizing what's coming down the pike\nfor a lot of us around the world.",
"timestamp": [
3308.4,
3312.64
]
},
{
"text": "Great question.\n<Alright, let's see...",
"timestamp": [
3314.8,
3319.6
]
},
{
"text": "Great question.\n<Alright, let's see...",
"timestamp": [
3314.8,
3319.6
]
},
{
"text": "How do metamorphic rocks form?\n>From Jimmy.",
"timestamp": [
3319.6,
3323.84
]
},
{
"text": "How do metamorphic rocks form?\n>From Jimmy.",
"timestamp": [
3319.6,
3323.84
]
},
{
"text": "<From Jimmy.\nLet's see...",
"timestamp": [
3323.84,
3326.24
]
},
{
"text": "<From Jimmy.\nLet's see...",
"timestamp": [
3323.84,
3326.24
]
},
{
"text": "So metamorphic rock is one \nof the three types of rock.",
"timestamp": [
3327.6,
3331.04
]
},
{
"text": "So metamorphic rock is one \nof the three types of rock.",
"timestamp": [
3327.6,
3331.04
]
},
{
"text": "And when we have mountain-building processes, ",
"timestamp": [
3331.6,
3335.28
]
},
{
"text": "And when we have mountain-building processes, ",
"timestamp": [
3331.6,
3335.28
]
},
{
"text": "that involves a great deal of \npressure and high temperatures,",
"timestamp": [
3335.84,
3340.56
]
},
{
"text": "that involves a great deal of \npressure and high temperatures,",
"timestamp": [
3335.84,
3340.56
]
},
{
"text": "and those extreme conditions will transform ",
"timestamp": [
3340.56,
3343.2
]
},
{
"text": "and those extreme conditions will transform ",
"timestamp": [
3340.56,
3343.2
]
},
{
"text": "igneous or sedimentary rocks \ninto metamorphic rocks, right?",
"timestamp": [
3343.2,
3346.4
]
},
{
"text": "igneous or sedimentary rocks \ninto metamorphic rocks, right?",
"timestamp": [
3343.2,
3346.4
]
},
{
"text": "That \"metamorphic\" part means \"to change,\" ",
"timestamp": [
3347.76,
3350.4
]
},
{
"text": "That \"metamorphic\" part means \"to change,\" ",
"timestamp": [
3347.76,
3350.4
]
},
{
"text": "so any rock, even metamorphic \nrock, can be transformed",
"timestamp": [
3351.12,
3355.12
]
},
{
"text": "so any rock, even metamorphic \nrock, can be transformed",
"timestamp": [
3351.12,
3355.12
]
},
{
"text": "and undergo physical or chemical changes\nwith enough pressure and temperature change.",
"timestamp": [
3355.12,
3362.24
]
},
{
"text": "and undergo physical or chemical changes\nwith enough pressure and temperature change.",
"timestamp": [
3355.12,
3362.24
]
},
{
"text": ">I think we maybe have time for one more question,\nwe've got a few more minutes left.",
"timestamp": [
3362.24,
3366.64
]
},
{
"text": ">I think we maybe have time for one more question,\nwe've got a few more minutes left.",
"timestamp": [
3362.24,
3366.64
]
},
{
"text": "<Let's see...",
"timestamp": [
3367.28,
3367.76
]
},
{
"text": "<Let's see...",
"timestamp": [
3367.28,
3367.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Oh, great!",
"timestamp": [
3372.24,
3373.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Oh, great!",
"timestamp": [
3372.24,
3373.36
]
},
{
"text": "I was wondering, what about careers for \nthose that have a Geography sub-discipline?",
"timestamp": [
3373.36,
3378.88
]
},
{
"text": "I was wondering, what about careers for \nthose that have a Geography sub-discipline?",
"timestamp": [
3373.36,
3378.88
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, people who-- ",
"timestamp": [
3379.68,
3380.56
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, people who-- ",
"timestamp": [
3379.68,
3380.56
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, careers for people who \ngo down the path of Geography!",
"timestamp": [
3380.56,
3383.2
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, careers for people who \ngo down the path of Geography!",
"timestamp": [
3380.56,
3383.2
]
},
{
"text": "It's a great question.\n<What do you do if you're a geographer?",
"timestamp": [
3383.2,
3386.08
]
},
{
"text": "It's a great question.\n<What do you do if you're a geographer?",
"timestamp": [
3383.2,
3386.08
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, so there are so many things that \nyou can do with a Geography degree.",
"timestamp": [
3386.08,
3394.72
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, so there are so many things that \nyou can do with a Geography degree.",
"timestamp": [
3386.08,
3394.72
]
},
{
"text": "There is a high demand right \nnow for geospatial knowledge, ",
"timestamp": [
3396.96,
3403.6
]
},
{
"text": "There is a high demand right \nnow for geospatial knowledge, ",
"timestamp": [
3396.96,
3403.6
]
},
{
"text": "so that's things like \nmap-making, geographic databases,",
"timestamp": [
3403.6,
3407.28
]
},
{
"text": "so that's things like \nmap-making, geographic databases,",
"timestamp": [
3403.6,
3407.28
]
},
{
"text": "working with geographic data and using that to ",
"timestamp": [
3408.4,
3410.64
]
},
{
"text": "working with geographic data and using that to ",
"timestamp": [
3408.4,
3410.64
]
},
{
"text": "model things like routes or \nunderstand land-use change",
"timestamp": [
3410.64,
3414.56
]
},
{
"text": "model things like routes or \nunderstand land-use change",
"timestamp": [
3410.64,
3414.56
]
},
{
"text": "it's a very practical thing to do with Geography.",
"timestamp": [
3415.84,
3418.96
]
},
{
"text": "it's a very practical thing to do with Geography.",
"timestamp": [
3415.84,
3418.96
]
},
{
"text": "Things we highlighted, like urban planning-- \nmy bachelor's degree was actually in ",
"timestamp": [
3418.96,
3424
]
},
{
"text": "Things we highlighted, like urban planning-- \nmy bachelor's degree was actually in ",
"timestamp": [
3418.96,
3424
]
},
{
"text": "Urban and Environmental Planning,",
"timestamp": [
3424,
3425.6
]
},
{
"text": "Urban and Environmental Planning,",
"timestamp": [
3424,
3425.6
]
},
{
"text": "and I could have used that to become an \nurban planner or an environmental planner.",
"timestamp": [
3426.4,
3430.72
]
},
{
"text": "and I could have used that to become an \nurban planner or an environmental planner.",
"timestamp": [
3426.4,
3430.72
]
},
{
"text": "So you see geographers working in \ndepartments of neighborhood development, too,",
"timestamp": [
3432.08,
3437.52
]
},
{
"text": "So you see geographers working in \ndepartments of neighborhood development, too,",
"timestamp": [
3432.08,
3437.52
]
},
{
"text": "at least here in the United \nStates, and there are comparable ",
"timestamp": [
3437.52,
3440.24
]
},
{
"text": "at least here in the United \nStates, and there are comparable ",
"timestamp": [
3437.52,
3440.24
]
},
{
"text": "positions to that in other countries, as well.",
"timestamp": [
3441.12,
3443.36
]
},
{
"text": "positions to that in other countries, as well.",
"timestamp": [
3441.12,
3443.36
]
},
{
"text": "So those are a few that come \nto mind very quickly, lots-- ",
"timestamp": [
3445.36,
3448.56
]
},
{
"text": "So those are a few that come \nto mind very quickly, lots-- ",
"timestamp": [
3445.36,
3448.56
]
},
{
"text": "you see people throughout things like \nour Environmental Protection Agency,",
"timestamp": [
3448.56,
3453.28
]
},
{
"text": "you see people throughout things like \nour Environmental Protection Agency,",
"timestamp": [
3448.56,
3453.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, I was just going to say,\nsome policy,",
"timestamp": [
3453.28,
3454.88
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, I was just going to say,\nsome policy,",
"timestamp": [
3453.28,
3454.88
]
},
{
"text": "<policy information professions.\n>policy-oriented.",
"timestamp": [
3455.92,
3459.28
]
},
{
"text": "<policy information professions.\n>policy-oriented.",
"timestamp": [
3455.92,
3459.28
]
},
{
"text": "Geographers end up working \nalongside geologists sometimes, ",
"timestamp": [
3459.28,
3463.12
]
},
{
"text": "Geographers end up working \nalongside geologists sometimes, ",
"timestamp": [
3459.28,
3463.12
]
},
{
"text": "if they're more geomorphology oriented,",
"timestamp": [
3463.12,
3465.52
]
},
{
"text": "if they're more geomorphology oriented,",
"timestamp": [
3463.12,
3465.52
]
},
{
"text": "so they might be working \neither in mineral extraction, ",
"timestamp": [
3466.16,
3469.28
]
},
{
"text": "so they might be working \neither in mineral extraction, ",
"timestamp": [
3466.16,
3469.28
]
},
{
"text": "but also understanding \nthings like geologic history.",
"timestamp": [
3469.28,
3477.2
]
},
{
"text": "but also understanding \nthings like geologic history.",
"timestamp": [
3469.28,
3477.2
]
},
{
"text": "We had a conversation earlier about things like ",
"timestamp": [
3479.12,
3481.28
]
},
{
"text": "We had a conversation earlier about things like ",
"timestamp": [
3479.12,
3481.28
]
},
{
"text": "even environmental anthropology, \nwhich is a tangent to geography,",
"timestamp": [
3481.28,
3485.36
]
},
{
"text": "even environmental anthropology, \nwhich is a tangent to geography,",
"timestamp": [
3481.28,
3485.36
]
},
{
"text": "but not at the same time.",
"timestamp": [
3485.36,
3487.84
]
},
{
"text": "but not at the same time.",
"timestamp": [
3485.36,
3487.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, and I think one of the \nthings that I was saying earlier ",
"timestamp": [
3488.64,
3491.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, and I think one of the \nthings that I was saying earlier ",
"timestamp": [
3488.64,
3491.84
]
},
{
"text": "about why i love Geography is",
"timestamp": [
3491.84,
3493.12
]
},
{
"text": "about why i love Geography is",
"timestamp": [
3491.84,
3493.12
]
},
{
"text": "the interdisciplinary nature of Geography is also\nwhat makes it a profession.",
"timestamp": [
3493.68,
3499.12
]
},
{
"text": "the interdisciplinary nature of Geography is also\nwhat makes it a profession.",
"timestamp": [
3493.68,
3499.12
]
},
{
"text": "It's a career path that will--\ncould put you in many different places,",
"timestamp": [
3499.68,
3505.52
]
},
{
"text": "It's a career path that will--\ncould put you in many different places,",
"timestamp": [
3499.68,
3505.52
]
},
{
"text": "and I think that's really--\nI think that's so exciting, today.",
"timestamp": [
3505.52,
3508.24
]
},
{
"text": "and I think that's really--\nI think that's so exciting, today.",
"timestamp": [
3505.52,
3508.24
]
},
{
"text": "I think there's a lot of employers who \nare looking for that interdisciplinarity,",
"timestamp": [
3508.24,
3512.4
]
},
{
"text": "I think there's a lot of employers who \nare looking for that interdisciplinarity,",
"timestamp": [
3508.24,
3512.4
]
},
{
"text": "and that training of seeing \nacross different disciplines,",
"timestamp": [
3512.4,
3515.84
]
},
{
"text": "and that training of seeing \nacross different disciplines,",
"timestamp": [
3512.4,
3515.84
]
},
{
"text": "having conversations with \npeople who speak a different ",
"timestamp": [
3516.96,
3519.92
]
},
{
"text": "having conversations with \npeople who speak a different ",
"timestamp": [
3516.96,
3519.92
]
},
{
"text": "language-- professional language than you.",
"timestamp": [
3519.92,
3521.6
]
},
{
"text": "language-- professional language than you.",
"timestamp": [
3519.92,
3521.6
]
},
{
"text": "So, for me, I think that the job market for these \nsorts of interdisciplinary social-environmental ",
"timestamp": [
3521.6,
3528.72
]
},
{
"text": "So, for me, I think that the job market for these \nsorts of interdisciplinary social-environmental ",
"timestamp": [
3521.6,
3528.72
]
},
{
"text": "career paths",
"timestamp": [
3530.08,
3530.8
]
},
{
"text": "career paths",
"timestamp": [
3530.08,
3530.8
]
},
{
"text": "is on the rise for sure, and \nwe even see that reflected in,",
"timestamp": [
3531.44,
3535.2
]
},
{
"text": "is on the rise for sure, and \nwe even see that reflected in,",
"timestamp": [
3531.44,
3535.2
]
},
{
"text": "for example, I'm in a Ph.D. program that is an \ninterdisciplinary science and policy program,",
"timestamp": [
3535.2,
3539.92
]
},
{
"text": "for example, I'm in a Ph.D. program that is an \ninterdisciplinary science and policy program,",
"timestamp": [
3535.2,
3539.92
]
},
{
"text": "and that's all we do.\nWe always are looking at",
"timestamp": [
3539.92,
3542.88
]
},
{
"text": "and that's all we do.\nWe always are looking at",
"timestamp": [
3539.92,
3542.88
]
},
{
"text": "like, how is the science \nconnecting to people and policy?",
"timestamp": [
3542.88,
3545.76
]
},
{
"text": "like, how is the science \nconnecting to people and policy?",
"timestamp": [
3542.88,
3545.76
]
},
{
"text": "And how do those decisions then ",
"timestamp": [
3545.76,
3546.96
]
},
{
"text": "And how do those decisions then ",
"timestamp": [
3545.76,
3546.96
]
},
{
"text": "get brought into the public sphere \nand debated and integrated in society?",
"timestamp": [
3547.84,
3552.08
]
},
{
"text": "get brought into the public sphere \nand debated and integrated in society?",
"timestamp": [
3547.84,
3552.08
]
},
{
"text": "So I think there's just an \nexplosion of these types of--",
"timestamp": [
3552.08,
3556.32
]
},
{
"text": "So I think there's just an \nexplosion of these types of--",
"timestamp": [
3552.08,
3556.32
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, the interest and the opportunities for jobs\nfor people who have that kind of geographical ",
"timestamp": [
3557.6,
3563.52
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, the interest and the opportunities for jobs\nfor people who have that kind of geographical ",
"timestamp": [
3557.6,
3563.52
]
},
{
"text": "background and knowledge around \ndifferent systems and places.",
"timestamp": [
3563.52,
3566.96
]
},
{
"text": "background and knowledge around \ndifferent systems and places.",
"timestamp": [
3563.52,
3566.96
]
},
{
"text": "Great question.",
"timestamp": [
3568.24,
3568.72
]
},
{
"text": "Great question.",
"timestamp": [
3568.24,
3568.72
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, I feel like that was a \nreally good place to end the Q&A,",
"timestamp": [
3569.84,
3573.28
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, I feel like that was a \nreally good place to end the Q&A,",
"timestamp": [
3569.84,
3573.28
]
},
{
"text": "So I think we'll start to transition out, here,\nbut I want to thank you all so much.",
"timestamp": [
3574.4,
3579.68
]
},
{
"text": "So I think we'll start to transition out, here,\nbut I want to thank you all so much.",
"timestamp": [
3574.4,
3579.68
]
},
{
"text": "This has been really wonderful.",
"timestamp": [
3579.68,
3581.52
]
},
{
"text": "This has been really wonderful.",
"timestamp": [
3579.68,
3581.52
]
},
{
"text": "It's so great to be able to do \nsomething interactive with you all ",
"timestamp": [
3581.52,
3584.4
]
},
{
"text": "It's so great to be able to do \nsomething interactive with you all ",
"timestamp": [
3581.52,
3584.4
]
},
{
"text": "after having done this in very quiet, \ndisparate locations, so thank you.",
"timestamp": [
3584.4,
3591.12
]
},
{
"text": "after having done this in very quiet, \ndisparate locations, so thank you.",
"timestamp": [
3584.4,
3591.12
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you for all of your thoughtful questions,\nthank you for watching the series,",
"timestamp": [
3591.12,
3594.24
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you for all of your thoughtful questions,\nthank you for watching the series,",
"timestamp": [
3591.12,
3594.24
]
},
{
"text": "for being a part of this journey.",
"timestamp": [
3594.24,
3595.52
]
},
{
"text": "for being a part of this journey.",
"timestamp": [
3594.24,
3595.52
]
},
{
"text": "It's really kind of become a part \nof us for the last couple years, ",
"timestamp": [
3596.4,
3599.6
]
},
{
"text": "It's really kind of become a part \nof us for the last couple years, ",
"timestamp": [
3596.4,
3599.6
]
},
{
"text": "and it's been a really incredible journey.",
"timestamp": [
3599.6,
3602.64
]
},
{
"text": "and it's been a really incredible journey.",
"timestamp": [
3599.6,
3602.64
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you to Flipgrid for \nsponsoring this live stream ",
"timestamp": [
3603.28,
3605.92
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you to Flipgrid for \nsponsoring this live stream ",
"timestamp": [
3603.28,
3605.92
]
},
{
"text": "and helping make this all happen.",
"timestamp": [
3605.92,
3607.68
]
},
{
"text": "and helping make this all happen.",
"timestamp": [
3605.92,
3607.68
]
},
{
"text": "Do check them out at the link \nin the description below.",
"timestamp": [
3607.68,
3610.08
]
},
{
"text": "Do check them out at the link \nin the description below.",
"timestamp": [
3607.68,
3610.08
]
},
{
"text": "And thank you to April for \nproviding all of our expertise.",
"timestamp": [
3610.8,
3613.28
]
},
{
"text": "And thank you to April for \nproviding all of our expertise.",
"timestamp": [
3610.8,
3613.28
]
},
{
"text": "<Thank you, thank you.\nAnd thank you Alizé,",
"timestamp": [
3613.28,
3616.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Thank you, thank you.\nAnd thank you Alizé,",
"timestamp": [
3613.28,
3616.32
]
},
{
"text": "it's been so fun to see you in person.",
"timestamp": [
3616.32,
3618.16
]
},
{
"text": "it's been so fun to see you in person.",
"timestamp": [
3616.32,
3618.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Like I said, we met today.\nWe met this morning getting off the plane",
"timestamp": [
3619.52,
3622.24
]
},
{
"text": ">Like I said, we met today.\nWe met this morning getting off the plane",
"timestamp": [
3619.52,
3622.24
]
},
{
"text": "<It's been great to just get to talk to you\nand you know the audience here about Geography.",
"timestamp": [
3623.76,
3629.04
]
},
{
"text": "<It's been great to just get to talk to you\nand you know the audience here about Geography.",
"timestamp": [
3623.76,
3629.04
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, just as one final note, ",
"timestamp": [
3629.68,
3633.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, just as one final note, ",
"timestamp": [
3629.68,
3633.36
]
},
{
"text": "make sure you turn into World \nHistory Office Hours tomorrow,",
"timestamp": [
3633.36,
3636.64
]
},
{
"text": "make sure you turn into World \nHistory Office Hours tomorrow,",
"timestamp": [
3633.36,
3636.64
]
},
{
"text": "that will also be at 7 p.m.",
"timestamp": [
3636.64,
3638.16
]
},
{
"text": "that will also be at 7 p.m.",
"timestamp": [
3636.64,
3638.16
]
},
{
"text": "And thank you all so much for joining us,\nit's really been a pleasure.",
"timestamp": [
3638.16,
3641.84
]
},
{
"text": "And thank you all so much for joining us,\nit's really been a pleasure.",
"timestamp": [
3638.16,
3641.84
]
}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
"Watch our videos and review your \nlearning with the Crash Course App!Supplemental content is now \navailable for these courses.>Hello and welcome to Office Hours!I'm Alizé Carrère, host of Crash Course Geography,and for the next hour, we are \nhere to answer your questionsand hopefully, help you study for your Geo finals.<Hello, everyone, I'm April Luginbuhl Mather.I'm a Geography professor and a consultant \non the Crash Course Geography series.>And April and I just met today for the first timeafter having worked on this series \nfor the last 2+ years together,so that's been very exciting to \nbe in the same room together!Okay, so here's how the \nstudy session is going to go:We've asked you to send in your most \npressing questions ahead of time,which we have with us right here,\nso we'll go through some of those first.We'll provide a few tips on studying Geography, and then we'll end with answering \nsome questions from the chat,which we have right here.But before we get to your questions, I want to talk a little bit about our \npartner for Office Hours, Flipgrid.Flipgrid is a free video discussion \napp from Microsoft with a mission to make learning fun and empowering for all.It's been used in the \nclassroom for nearly a decade.So as we talk about preparing for exams,\nFlipgrid is a convenient way to host study groupswithout having to coordinate around class \nschedules or after-school commitments,and you can create a group, start a topic, \nand send the link to anyone you want to join.You can record video or audio responses, \ndiscuss specific concepts in detail,quiz each other, and prep for group presentations.We hear from Crash Course viewers all the time \nhow helpful video is as a learning tool --it's one of the reasons we made Crash Course!And connecting with peers and learning in groups with \nyour peers in a communityis a wonderful thing.So, we used Flipgrid to collect some of your questions for these live \nstreams, so let's get to that.Alright, April, our first question is:\nwhat is geography?"
],
[
"What is geography?",
"<Well that is the key question of \nthe whole series, really, ain't it?So obviously, Geography is the story of bananas --\nor at least it was for us throughout the series --but those bananas from the first \nepisode were a really good examplebecause they helped highlight that Geography \nis the study of difference across space.It's about understanding the place we're in and \nthe conditions and connections to other places.The definition of Geography is often \naccompanied with the types of questions we ask,like, why do we see this here and not there?What influence do bananas or \npeople or rocks have in this place?How do we experience social and \nphysical phenomena in a place?And these questions are really about the types \nof relationships that happen across space.>So, to follow up on that, \nCamilla had a related question: "
],
[
"Place, space, and location",
"Can you explain \"place,\" \"space,\" \n\"territory,\" and \"scale?\"And also related, Ava wants to know: \nwhat is \"site\" and \"situation?\"So just to recap, what are \"place,\" \"space,\" \n\"territory,\" \"scale,\" \"site,\" and \"situation?\"<Okay, so all of those topics, we've touched \non in some way throughout the series.They're all related to these \nkey geographical concepts.So let's-- if we just look at the relationship \nbetween \"space,\" \"place,\" and \"location,\"that's sort of the beginning of geography.So \"location\" is just where something is.We can give \"absolute \nlocation,\" which is a definite place, like latitude or longitude or an address,but \"relative location\" starts to get into the meaning behind a place or the parts \nthat would be particular to an individual.So for example, in my classes, \nI often will have my students give me the location of their \nfavorite place on campus.And I asked them to give me \nboth the absolute location, which i could type in my phone right there,but then also the relative location, which \nis something only they can say to me.It's just how getting there works for \nthem, and the relationship in their mind.So it might be like turning \nafter a particular cafe,or y'know, noting certain landmarks \non the way to that location.>Right, so that's like the mental map that we talked about in episode 2 if \nany of you guys remember that.My mental map that was described in my hometown.<Exactly, exactly. And so related \nto that is this idea of \"site.\"And \"site\" is just the local \nconditions of something in a space,"
],
[
"Site, situation and scale",
"like describing that my main campus \nis located next to a public park,it's at the intersection of two major roads,it happens to have retention ponds that I think look like are carved in the shape \nof our initials for our school,and it's near a large population.It has all the things that make \nthat a good location for a school.And after thinking about \"location,\" I also \nlike to think about \"space\" and \"place,\"which means thinking about \nconditions and relationships.And we've spent a lot of time \non that throughout the series-->Definitely.<but even if we just go back to episode 3, and we talked about \"space\" and how we \ncan experience it in four different ways,and one is just location on the ground,but also then we got into \ndifferences across space.And that's where we start to \nget into the relationships across space, and that's \"situation.\"Those relationships are what \"situation\" is,versus \"site,\" which is a place \nand the conditions in that spot.So if you think about episode 48, we talked about the situation that created the \nmanufacturing belt where we saw it.So it was a connection between mines and \nrivers and lakes and then roads and rail, and that creates the situation \nthat made locating in that space and relating to other spaces \nglobally worked the way that it did.If we're measuring the connections between \nspace, that's called \"topological space,\"that can include things \nlike routing and planning-->Mmhmm (affirmative),<but we also think about human \nrelationships related to space, and the meaning a human gives to a place,and that can often be more cultural, like we \nsaw in episodes 28 and 29, or more personal.So \"space\" isn't just an abstract \ndistance that we're trying to overcome,\"place\" then has meaning and significance.And that's that fourth aspect of \"space,\" \nthat individual perception of space and place.Let's see, so the final term \non that list was \"scale.\">\"Scale,\" okay, that's right.<And that really is just the \nsize of the area we're examining.As we change scale, often we might talk about \nmoving like from a global scale to a local scale,we can see different relationships \nand connections form.So if we go back to bananas in episode 1,we described all the connections that made \nbananas a common fruit in U.S. grocery stores.We looked at local conditions, and we also \nlooked at more national and global conditions.So defining \"space\" and \nhow we relate across space, is really a large part of what geographers do.And we see that in Human Geography, and like how politics might make it \nhard to cross borders or trade bananas,and we see that in Physical Geography when \nwe study how plants move across ecosystems.And again like we saw in episode \n48, we got into things like how there might be friction as we cross space,and how that might be declining over--\nas forms of transportation change.Kind of like the speed at which \nwe could order your rat hammocks.>[laughs] That's right, that's right.\nIn case anyone's wondering,I do actually have two pet rats \nand they do sleep in hammocks.Their names are Alfonso and Romeo\nand they sleep in fleece hammocks.So that's where that little bit came from in case \nanyone was wondering why we made that reference.There were a few different personal things \nthat were integrated into the show if any of you caught on to that.<Well, because we all experienced \ngeography, even in our rat hammocks.>Yes, even in our rat hammocks.<And really, that's what I hope.I hope that after watching some of these episodes, people have a more accurate idea \nof what geography /is/, right?We're a discipline that's studying \nrelationships between people and places,and those relationships include \nphysical and social processesand human and non-human actors.More succinctly, we often say in \nGeography: we're studying what is where, why it's there, and how it's changing.>Got it. So, one of the next \nquestions we're gonna cover is related to potentially our rock \nepisode, which was very popular."
],
[
"How do different types of rock form?",
"\"How do different types of rock form, and how do \nthey lead to different kinds of mineral reserves?\"This is a question from Pranjal.<Alright, so minerals are natural substances made \nup of abundant elements in the earth's crust,like silicon and oxygen, and it can \nbe coupled with metallic elements like iron, calcium, sodium, \npotassium, and magnesium.And all of them are solid crystals with \nfairly specific chemical compositions, and they're the building blocks of rocks.So really we have elements, which \nmake up minerals, which make up rocks.There's maybe 4-5,000 different \nminerals in the earth's crust, and each kind forms under particular \nconditions in particular places.So they tell us a lot about the history of \nthe geological environment where we find them,but there's really only about \n30 minerals that are widespreadand make up most of the rock-forming \nmaterials that are commonly found.The rest are only easy to see when they're found concentrated in certain \nplaces by geological processes,and those concentrations are \ninteresting to us because we extract metals from these \nconcentrations in these ores.Mineral crystals are formed \nreally in 4 different ways:So when hot molten rock cools and crystallizes,from chemicals dissolved in watery liquids,when existing materials are altered chemically,and when rocks go through metamorphosis \nand existing minerals undergo changes in temperature and pressure, so \neither being squeezed or heated.And minerals which contain enough \nmetal or material for it to be easily extracted are called \"ore minerals.\"So for example, we talked about iron ore, and \nthat comes mainly from hematite and magnetite.And the mineral must contain \nsufficient concentrations for the material metal to form an ore,and the mineral must be sufficiently concentrated \nin the ground to be worth extracting.>Right.\n<Geological processes allow that type of concentration \nto occur in certain places.>Got it. Great question!<Alright, so Alizé, I have a question here for you.\n>Okay.<Now, I know you have-- that you have stood on the \nedge of an active volcano."
],
[
"Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes",
">That is true.<Mutton head would like to know, what are \nthe solutions to earthquakes and volcanoes,and what could be done to reduce their impacts?>Great question.\nOkay, so yes, I have indeed been on the edge of an active volcano.A few years ago, I was on the edge of Mount \nYasur volcano in Vanuatu in the South Pacific,while it spewed lava as the sunset.\nAnd it was a pretty remarkable experience.We were safe, it was not a situation where \nit was dangerous to be standing there,but it was pretty impressive to kind of feel--coming up through your chest, like, \nwhat was happening under your feet.It was a really physical experience.But let's get to the question--So to answer it, how humans respond to earthquakes \nand volcanoes is part of hazard studies.There are some interesting developments in trying to understand things like volcanic \neruptions like we saw in episode 21,and how scientists try to monitor gases\nor use satellites to monitor surface temperatureto get an idea of what the volcano's doing.For earthquakes, it's a lot \nharder to predict them precisely, like a specific time, location, and magnitude.But we can look at trends and conditions \nthat make earthquakes probable,and in those places, there can be early warning \nsystems to give people a small window of warning,like in Japan and in the U.S.Though that is usually a very, \nvery small warning window.So with earthquakes, a more effective response is being mindful of earthquake risk when \nbuilding up the environment, for example.And as we saw in Fez in episode \n46, if you guys remember, and as you can also see across Asia,there are building styles that \nsort of work with seismic activity, to some extent, obviously,like, mindful building techniques, \nand thinking about how we live with whatever tectonic motion is \ncommon in that specific area.So there's your answer to \nvolcanoes and earthquakes, to the extent that we can prepare for them.So now I have a question, another question,\nlet's see where we are now.Okay, this next question has to do with rivers:\nhow is a meander formed?"
],
[
"How is a meander formed?",
"<Alright.\n>and that's from Bats. Thank you, Bats.<So, if we look at a river on any map, \nit's really unusual to see a straight river happen without human interaction.So most natural streams will wander, and when they wander they \nform these sinuous bends,And the bends are what are called \"meanders.\"So meanders are a good example of \nthat close relationship between water flowing, and water flow processes,and then landform production.We know-- we sort of understand how meanders form.And the ultimate cause of why \nthey mander isn't exactly clear,but one school of thought is that meanders \nget their start with the development of pools,which are the deep parts that \noccur after-- or like at the bends,and then the riffles, which are the \nshallows that happen between bends.Pools and riffles, remember those.>Pools and riffles, great words.<And in straight channels, where the \nfast water kind of swings side to side,and then the pools and riffles are best developed \nwhen the river is close to its like capacity,when it's pretty full, because \nthen there's a lot of force.And then the next step is that there's this \nhelical flow, it's sort of like a corkscrew,where the surface water of the meander \ntends to flow toward the outer bank,while the bottom water kind of \nflows towards that inner bank,so you've got sort of this \ncrossing motion that can happen.And then we keep track of a few different things:so the distribution of energy within that river\n--that flow, that helical flow --and then the role of erosion,\nand sediment load and deposition.And so there seems to be a consensus that \nmeandering is caused by instabilities of turbulent water against channel banks,and that causes erosion and movement.and meanders will develop \nbest in like granular beds, and can occur in streams of \nall sizes and at all altitudes.And those meanders, they aren't \nreally caused by like obstacles.It's really more of that erosional action.And sometimes it seems like obstacles, like \nsomething that isn't going to erode as well,that actually will prevent the \nfull development of a meander.>Good question.<Alright, well I have one for you now.\n>Okay.<Alright, so you grew up in the Finger \nLakes region in New York state, didn't you?>I did, I did on Cayuga Lake, \none of the Finger Lakes.<And those are glacially formed lakes.>Indeed.<So, we have a few questions about glacial features.\n>Okay.<So, the first one comes from Jemimah:\nwhat's the origin and formation of fjords?"
],
[
"Origin and formation of fjords",
">Okay, great. Jemimah, thank you for the question.So, fjords are created from submerged \nu-shaped valleys called \"glacial troughs.\"The valleys had been occupied by \nglaciers that eroded their wallsand scraped away loose \nsediments and rock to form these kind of broad, steep-sided \nvalleys that are now flooded.They're u-shaped, as opposed to \nthe v-shape of river valleys,and they become inlets of the sea \nand develop distinctive coastlines,as in, for example, Norway and \nSouth Island in New Zealand.<Excellent.\nSo we're going to continue with glaciers.>Okay.\n<So how are marines formed?And Bats contributed that question.\n>Hi again, Bats! Great question, fantastic.Okay so, terminal marines are \ndepositional features formed by glaciers.And I got to see one, in-- I \nwas in Iceland getting to be kind of along some glacial landscapes.So we know that glaciers excavate a \ngreat deal of material as they move,so when this material is \nunsorted and unstratified, it's a jumbled mixture of \nstones of different sizesset in a finer mass of clay, silt, or sand.\nIt's called \"glacial till.\"And so \"marines\" are usually \ncomposed of glacial till,and it's the name for specific landforms \nproduced by the deposition of these sediments.We have some examples of these in \nepisode 26, if you guys remember.And depending on where the marine is deposited,we can get \"lateral,\" meaning on the side,\n\"medial,\" which is when lateral marines join,or there's many other types of marine deposits.So when eroded debris is \ndropped at the edge of the ice, we get a \"terminal\" marine,so it marks the furthest point \nthat a glacier has advanced.And then when the ice disappears,\nthe marines form a belt of ridges and hills.So, hope we got your question there.Alright, we have another one, but \nthis time we are now heading over to some Human Environment Geography questions.And these-- we got some great \nquestions in this half of the series --as you all remember, we had \nPhysical for the first half, and Human Geography for the second half.So April, we're going to start \nwith one question from Anurag.And Anurag asks: how can mountain ecosystems "
],
[
"How can mountain ecosystems be restore from the impact of development and tourism?",
"be restored from the negative impact \nof development initiatives and tourism?<That's a big question.\n>That is a big question.<It's a good question.But alright, so first let's define what we mean by\"negative impact of development initiatives \nand tourism in mountain ecosystems.\"So the bulk of environmental \ndestruction or degradation seems to come from a few different sources,like commercial timber harvesting,\ndiversion of water in rivers for hydropower,construction of roads and other infrastructure,\ncommodification of agriculture and cash farming,mining, and mass tourism.\nI mean, that's a wide range.And they have overlapping, cumulative, multi-scale problems,\nlike soil erosion and air and water pollution.So a few things to keep in mind when \nconsidering the question of mountain ecosystems,is that, when we talk about like \nthe physical formation of mountains,some of those physical processes are in common,but the actual locations have very unique and \nsensitive climate and other environmental factors.And then on the human side, the people \nwho live in those mountains are alldifferent people with different \nsystems that they are working in,and so it's hard to create one solution \nfor a mountain ecosystem broadly,because it's very place-dependent on \nthose physical and human conditions.>Yeah.\n<So there won't be like, a single, unified model \nto prevent environmental degradation,So if we take, for example, the Himalayas, that's a mountain range \nthat covers about 2,700 km,and it includes a variety of landforms, habitats--\n>Right, very diverse.<an abundance of ecological niches,\nit ranges from subtropical to tundra,and so geographers are trying to understand \nhow and why that uniqueness happens,and we understand it through the connections\nbetween those different mountain environmentsand the people who live there. Now, some communities have \nlived there for over centuriesand carved out these really diverse, adapted \nways of living in a harsh environment,and so including the knowledge of local communities is critical to any \nkind of conservation mitigation planthat anyone wants to develop.I mean, social values and perceptions \nend up needing to be understood wellwhen we're working with \nnatural resource management.And it's that scale thing, y'know, \nshifting from large-scale-- like large-scale power to local communities,and local-- thinking about like power generation, even from large-scale power generation \nprojects to small-scale onesthe local community and their own needs \nand values really need to be part of any kind of mountain restoration \nplan that should be enacted>Sure, yeah, absolutely.And since we're talking about the Himalayas, \nlet's go to another related question that came in:How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers "
],
[
"Impact of melting Himalayan glaciers on water resources",
"have a far-reaching impact on \nthe water resources of India?<Also a big question!So, mountains like the Himalayas that have \nglaciers are often referred to as \"water towers,\"and that's because glaciers have \ntwo really important functions: first, they store water over time,but second, they regulate seasonal stream flow\nby releasing runoff during dry seasons,and then the downstream communities\nthat need that water, have access to it.The water towers of Asia are \nsometimes called the \"third pole,\"because the glaciers and the snow and ice \ncover of that region and other mountain ranges,or ranges around the Tibetan Plateau,are the 3rd largest potential \nice mass in the world by volume.And those glaciers feed 10 of \nthe great rivers of the region.And together, that whole system provides \nwater to about 40% of the planet's population.So the loss of ice in that region--\nanywhere, but especially in that region--is of grave concern.\nWhen we lose that kind of ice,we're threatening things like the socio-economic \nstability of the region, potential hydropower,agriculture irrigation, which then \nfeeds into food security issues,there can be cultural impacts, as well.So, for a geographer, we want to understand \nwho will be impacted by ice loss,and that really is part of a larger \nexploration of water-society relations, so again that human environment.And geographers and other \nstudies-- or other scientists,when we try to study this, \nwe're looking at things likewatershed management,\nand issues around things like water rights,and who can access water,and how do factors like class and \ngender and race play into that,who has access to ownership and control,\nwhere is their conflict over access to water,and then things like hydropower \ndevelopment and social conflicts,and even our agricultural practice--they can all affect the water supplies that \nare available in a glacier-fed watershed.And understanding all those factors is important, not just for reducing the \nproblem of mountain water,but because we can think about \nthat problem not just as, \"Oh, it's a climate change problem\"or \"Oh, it's an environmental problem,\"\nbut we can, again, get to that holistic--it's not just about solving that one problem, but it's connected to other \nthings happening in our society.So restoring a mountain ecosystem,how is that related to things like \ntourism and population change,urbanization, deforestation,\nall of these different factors...And that's all hard enough \nto do just in one country, but that water-society \nrelationship across the Himalayas,that has a lot of potential for \ninternational conflict as well, because you are crossing a \nwhole lot of boundaries there.>Yeah, absolutely.\nI hope--- hopefully, through the series,you got to see all the connections between--\nyeah, between these different--Nothing in isolation, essentially.\n<Exactly. We are all connected-->We are all connected--\n<across space.>and time!\n[both laugh]<Alright, I have a question for you.\n>Okay.<if I can find...\n>All this talk about water.<Yes after talking about water.Okay, so, we've talked about \nhuman-environment interactions,so I think now it's a good moment to \npivot squarely into Human Geography.>Yes, my favorite.<So, we've been talking about the way \nhumans interact with the environment,and that leads really well \ninto this next question. Joe wants to know: what is post-humanism?"
],
[
"What is posthumanism?",
">This is a great question, Joe. And we didn't talk about \npost-humanism in the series.There's a lot of things we \nweren't able to talk about, there was /so much/ we wanted to fit in!But this is a really, really great question.So I'm gonna share a little bit about post-humanism for you and \nfor anybody listening on the livestream right now.So post-humanism is a lens for exploring the worldthat tries to center the non-human, \nrather than the human experience.So when we explore the interaction \nof the environment and society,there are a number of world views we can use \nwhen we think about those interactions that April's been kind of talking about.So post-humanism is compatible with ideas \nlike ecological design, for example,which is what we talked about in episode 49, and that's something that I \ncurrently am studying for my PhD.That was-- I think that was maybe my \nfavorite episode of the whole series.I tweeted about that because I just \nthought that was just so awesome.And maybe I'm a little biased because I'm \ncurrently deep in that world right now,but I think there's nothing better than \ntrying to think about our future cities and dwellings and what that might look like.But in any case, all of that is the idea of trying \nto make the human-built environment sort of mimic,or be kind of, you know, \ncompatible with non-human systems.But it's also a part of [oops, excuse me]part of a longer legacy within \nGeography called \"Critical Geography.\"So within Critical Geography, there are multiple lenses that look \nat all aspects of the human experiencein these kind of non-dominant ways.So feminist geographies and \npost-modernism, for example,opened up geographic inquiry to looking at \nthe multiple ways a place can be experiencedand not just by the dominant group.So Critical Geography is a form of \ninquiry that involves deconstructingwhat are /our/ accepted social norms,so that we can see what assumptions \nwe're using to build our realities,our expectations, or what \nwe would consider \"normal.\"Critically examining our geographic assumptions \ninvolves asking the question, basically:\"Are we building places that privilege a \nparticular class or gender or ability?\"So in the case of post-humanism, \nwe ask the question:are we privileging human ideas \nof growth and economic success,or maybe, are we considering alternatives that \nallow for the non-human to have a say, somehow.And, of course, that opens up one \nof my favorite theoretical doors:who speaks for nature, and are humans natural?Which we don't really have \ntime for right now [laughs] <That's a whole different, that's \na whole different class [laughs]>Yeah, yeah, one day. But the search for \"who can speak\" \nrelates to this idea of \"agency.\"So \"agency\" is the power to act freely in a space,and as geographers, we like to examine \nagency by asking questions like:who has power in the relationship \nto build and identify space?--and we covered that in some of our episodes--or, can humans create space specifically \nfor humans and non-humans to both thrive?or, will we observe and respond to what \nnon-humans indicate helps and hurts them,or will we create spaces for humans and then try \nto address select species that are in distress?So you can see how complicated \nsome of these questions get.But ultimately, planning for the whole ecosystem \nyields a greater benefit for everyone, I think.A lot of people would probably agree with that.And we don't fully understand the \ninterconnectedness of all speciesand how important each species is on \nthe ecosystems we all rely on today.I think that's still something we're understanding \nand appreciating and building awareness around,because we are living in one of Earth's mass \nextinction events during a climate crisis,so just the two of those things together \ncreate just an incredible urgencyfor humans as a species to prioritize \nmore holistic approaches to ecosystems,if for no other reason than our own survival.But some critical and post-humanist \ngeographers argue thatin order for us to live out \nthese holistic ecosystem ideals,we first have to address the \ninequalities perpetuated between humans,--and obviously, that's, um, enormous--so we need to address racial and gender prejudice,along with the marginalization of indigenous \nand non-western knowledge and traditions.So the argument is that, until there's space for \n/all/ humans to have respect, dignity, agency...trying to make space for the non-human \nwon't be particularly successful either.So as we look to the climate \nthat will be more harsh,climate change coming down the pike,and our ability to adapt to that change \nwill likely connect to the ability of the whole ecosystems around us to adapt as well.That's something I've been studying quite \na bit before I came to Crash Course,I was looking at what human \nadaptability looks like,certainly in relation to each other, as humans,\nbut also in relation to kind of our--more broadly speaking, our \nenvironment and our surroundings.So like other mass extinctions, we're \nlikely to see a dramatic shift in how the biological and climate \nsystems of our world work.So a little bit on post-humanism,\nthank you, Joe.We will-- if you want some more follow-up on that,\nwe'll try and find some time.<[laughs]\n>Okay, so, we have another question.This is for April. (let me get to my page...)Okay, this is a great question.\nApril, who are significant geographers to you?"
],
[
"Who are significant geographers?",
"<Wow. That's-- in some ways, a hard question,\nbecause Geography is so big...I'm glad you're asking \"to me\"\nbecause there's no way to like,identify significant geographers to everyone.I guess I can name a few \nthat have stood out for me.Yeah, every place has such a different history\nand a different set of academic influences,but for me, geographers like David Harvey >Yes. I'm reading a lot of David Harvey \nthese days, so I very much appreciate that.<[laughs] I like how your work overlaps \nwith what I've studied in my own time.>[laughs] yeah\n<J.K. Gibson-Graham is another that made a profound impact on me.Becky Mansfield, Paul Robbins \nwere also geographers that hugely influenced how I see the worldand how I think about how humans relate \nto each other and space and non-humans.And then it could be a long list, \nI think, of geographers like Julie Guthman, Doreen Massey, \nJames McCarthy, James Scott,those were all people that I have learned--I've read their work and used that to learn about \npower and place and activism and agricultureAnd then there are other geographers \nthat have just been leaders.People like Janice Monk and Patricia Solís, Susan Hanson,\nAudrey Kobayashi, Sally Horn, and Susan Cutter,a couple others that stand out to me that--\nboth from their work and also justtrying to talk to scientists and non-scientists \nabout the importance of geography>Yeah.\n<And they, obviously, like they did all that great workbut they were influenced by others as well.\n>Before them, yeah.<So there's a whole world of influential \ngeographers to explore if someone's interested.>Okay, so.\nNext, we have a question about boundaries.So April, Oscar asks if you could please \nexplain the different types of boundaries."
],
[
"Different types of boundaries",
"<Okay, alright.\nSo boundaries delineate territory.And I think at some point someone \nasked about territory as well.So, often when we're talking about \"territory,\" \nwe're talking about \"sovereign territory,\"which just means it's an area that a \ngovernment has political control over.And so boundaries can move \nkind of all over the place, and we saw that both in episodes 35 and 37.But we can think about \nboundaries in two big categories:the first are physical boundaries,and those are boundaries that are \nformed around a physical feature,like maybe a mountain range or a riverbed.We have seen places where like, mountain boundaries become the \nlocation that will define that border.But then there's the second type, that is what we call \"geometric boundary,\" \nor a boundary that is drawn.And today that boundary is drawn \nusually with some sort of survey methodor some other kind of legal measurement that \nwill define a boundary in a binding sort of way,usually using maybe latitude and longitude \nor some other agreed-upon coordinate system.So when a geographer thinks about boundaries we like to look at the processes \nthat created those boundaries.So if we think about like, episode 35,\nwe talked a lot about superimposed borders,or borders that someone else gave to a place, and you see that in a lot of \nformer colonial boundary cases.There's also like antecedent boundaries,\nand those are boundaries that came before--that \"ante\" means \"prior to\" --and the antecedent boundary is one that predates \ncultural development around a particular boundary.So again, mountain boundaries \noften are antecedent.They are places where hundreds of years ago,state leaders wouldn't have wanted to defend \nthat territory beyond the mountain range,so that just sort of became their border.Sometimes, like, the Pyrenees Mountains or the Andes Mountains are often given \nas common examples for that.Then you've got relic boundaries,\nand those also are sort of historical,you can think back hundreds of years over those,\nbut those no longer act as a boundary.But you can still see their \nimprint in the cultural landscape.So common examples for that would be like,\nthe divide between North and South Vietnam,or even the Berlin Wall.\nThose are all relics.And then the final category \nis \"subsequent boundaries,\" and those are boundaries that come \nafter a change, or subsequently.And those often are new boundaries,\nso they tend to divide things like,a more current boundary would be something like \nthe boundary between Sudan and South Sudan.That is a subsequent boundary, and it resulted from a series of civil wars\nand then the negotiated peace process.>Alright, I think I have one for you now.You okay, Stan? [laughs]\n[Stan offscreen] Sorry>Stan's coughing in the background,\nmaking sure he's okay [laughs]<No one drowned on our watch.\n>[laughs]<Alright, here's one.\nSo we have a question about development."
],
[
"What are the markers of development?",
"What are some of the markers of development?>Okaym that is a great question.And development, as perhaps some of \nyou might remember from episode 40,we talk a lot about development and some of the--\nsome of the problematic parts of that word.So if you go back to episode 40, one thing that we tried to highlight \nwas that development is hard to define.We can't just look at the technology \nsomeone uses and know kind of how so-called developed the place they're in is.The concept of \"development\" is \nsocially constructed, so it can mean a lot of different things to \npeople in different contexts.So when trying to think about \"development,\"\ntry and pull back from the idea of declaring howso-called \"developed\" a place is, and instead, focus on what /specifically/ \nyou're trying to measure.So for example, do you just want to know \nabout how much money people earn on average,or are you more interested in how \neducated a population is, for example?And that specificity is always super helpful,\nso like if you are looking for GDP,or if you mean GDP when you're \ntalking about development, you can say that.And if you're trying to say \nthat a country is advanced in technology or education, you can say that too.But the key is to understand that the story is \nalways complicated in in how we talk about that.So few places, for example,\nhave uniform access to resources,like we highlighted in episode 40 with the example of the United \nArab Emirates and Lebanon.Or a country can have high GDP \nor human development statistics,but that might hide the uneven access to \nresources people within that country have.So not every country with a high GDP will rank as \nhaving the highest human development indicators,like education or health care.And also think about why \nyou're talking \"development.\"So when possible, if you're able \nto have discussions of development in context, that's very helpful.So what are the political and economic \nforces that create a GDP situation?Was the country in question a colony?\nWas it call a colonizer?Has there been international \nencouragement of a secondary or a tertiary economy for this country or not?So \"development\" shouldn't be used \nto say something about a people,but instead about the conditions \npeople are trying to live within.So that's sometimes a helpful way of looking at this kind of complicated and \nmessy word of \"development.\"<It's all about the relationship. [laughs]\n>It's all about the relationship!We'll keep coming back to that, exactly.\nOkay, so where are we now...Also what time is it?\nIt is 8:40, perfect.> I think we're in good time.Looks like there might be quite a \nfew questions coming in on the chat.So we've just got basically I think...\nis it really? Yes!We've got one more question, and this \none came from Flipgrid from Leah.Okay, so this is great because April, of course, \nteaches Geography, and Leah wants to know:"
],
[
"What is in a geography course?",
"What is generally in a Geography course?\nWhat are the main things that are studied?Leah is currently taking \na World History course and asks how are the two topics related to each other.<Alright.\n>It's a great question.<And I like to say that Geography is \nrelated to every topic that is out there,because we bring the spatial aspect to all of it.So for example, I mean some people will say that Geography \nand History, you have to have them both--you can't actually have one without the other,because History looks at events over time,\nand then Geography looks at events over space.So to get the whole picture, \nyou have to have them together.And Geography is related to the \nphysical sciences that way as well;classes like Geology -- we've had many Geology-related questions \ntoday -- and Biology too.And I often will have \nstudents tell me after class, \"Oh, we're talking about this \ntopic in my other class,\"so there's an overlap there, but Geography brings that unique perspective of looking \nat the topic at hand over space,and really those relationships across space.So you could find in a Geography class,\nespecially with that World History overlap,maybe topics of political and economic geography,>Mmhmm [affirmative] definitely<you'll definitely find those \nin a World History class.And honestly, it impresses \nme so much how many times I reference the aftermath of WWII or the Cold War>Mmhmm [affirmative], yeah<to explain current geopolitics and \ninternational economic agreements,and even trends in industrial agriculture.So knowing the history of a place, whether \nit's local or global, is really importantand Geography helps put that \nHistory into that context.>Episode one, about bananas!\n<[laughs] yes, a lot of bananas!>There's a lot of history in there, I think.Everyone's all thrown off, maybe, \nby how that episode first began, but it's like, you gotta know all the context!<Yes, so if you were to sign \nup for a Geography class, it's going to cover a wide range of topics.If you're thinking about taking \nmaybe an AP Human Geography class in a secondary school here in the U.S.,that class is going to focus \nmore on Human Geography,so topics like:\nhow do we define culture?how does culture and language \nand art and architecture diffuse?Diffusion's a big one. Economics, trade relationships between regions and \nbetween countries, population dynamics,and then things like regional conditions \nthat'll prompt demographic change.But if you're taking a Physical Geography course,you're more likely to learn \nabout those interconnections between different physical systems.So things like the rock cycles\nand the processes that form rocks,and how that formation of rocks impacts \nsoil development and then mining industriesand where certain structures are located.Or maybe atmospheric properties,\nlike the geographic study of weather and climateand the intersection between the \nbiosphere and the atmosphere.Or you have biogeography, which is the \nstudy of species distribution and migration.And all of that would be part of an \nIntroduction to Physical Geography course.If you're at the university level, it's good to check with either the \ninstructor or your course descriptionjust to see what that intro course might cover.Some courses that are listed as \"Intro to \nGeography\" will cover both Human and Physical,some just do Human.I teach--\nyou also might enter--you might find an Environmental Geography course,\nwhich that's a lot of what I teach,and i like that class because it \nblends the Physical and the Human.You have to understand those physical processes to then be able to talk about \nhow humans do that interacting.Let's see, other common classes you might run \ninto are things like World Regional Geography,and in that class, you will examine physical and \nhuman situations for various regions in the worldand those classes usually \nlook at maybe regional culture and history in addition to \nthat physical situation.And then there's Weather and Climate classes,\nand that's a very common introductory class,and that was actually my first \ngeography class in college.>Oh really?<Mmmhmm [affirmative] and it \nmade a very deep impression on meand that interplay between the physical \nand human experience that's always been very compelling to me.>Amazing.\n<Take a geography class!>You won't regret it!<You won't, you won't.\nAnd after you take that geography class...Alizé, I think you should tell all of us,\nhow do you study for your geography exams?>So it's been a while...\n[both laugh]>But okay, this is a great question! So we just want to offer some \nstudy tips for geography.So as April has mentioned many times,\nand as the series kind of--"
],
[
"Tips for studying geography",
"what we hope you'll take away from it is \nthat geography is all about relationships.So when learning vocabulary, I think it's important to try and \nlearn an example to go with it.And this is something we tried to \ndo a lot of throughout this series,grounding some of these concepts \nand ideas in specific places.And so as you learn that example,\nidentify the different relationships that that example embodies.So again, always looking for the \nconnections, the relationships.And remember that geography has \nthose three general parts, right?physical, human, and the \nhuman-environment interactions.I almost was waiting to like, hear you all say that.\n[both laugh]>and it's just silent\n<say it together, now!>Physical, human,\n[both] and human-environment interactions.So as you think about your examples,think about how that example relates to the physical processes \n/and/ the social processes, so both,and then how the two relate to each other.And I know it might take a little extra \ntime when you're studying to do that,but I promise it will make specifically \nyour essay questions much better.I would also add that when studying \nfor a geography class or exam,it's important to sit with an atlas and \ntrace the places being discussed on the maps.So look at what's there, what's around that \nspecific area or site that you're looking at,and this is important because it'll \nhelp build your mental map of the world,which we talked a lot about \nmental maps in this series,but that mental map will help you \nmake sense of concepts and ideasand kind of understand the contextual \nconnections between different events.Also, build a mental library of the distribution \nof the kind of basic patterns of things likeglobal temperature, pressure, \nprecipitation, landforms, population distribution, things of this nature,and tie those patterns back \nto the broader processes that form those patterns in those in those places.So just a few little tips, again, \nif you've got questions let us know.Speaking of questions, we're going \nto head over to the live Q&A, because I think a lot of people \nhave been putting in some questions.Please feel free to also ask us \nnot just geography questions, but also if you have any burning \nquestions about how the series was made,as you all know we did this during a pandemic,\nwe filmed it in my living room in Miami.It was an incredible and very \nglobal experience via the interwebs,so we had a lot of fun doing it \nand a really amazing team that-- so many people were behind this series,so please feel free to ask questions about that,we would certainly be open to sharing anything \non that front as well at the end of the day.Behind-the-scenes moments are always fun.So let's answer a few questions from the chat.\nWhat do we have coming in?<Do you want to hold it?\n>Yeah, I can we if we unplug itOkay, so... I'm gonna let you look at these with me<Alright"
],
[
"Why do we personally find geography interesting?",
">Why do you personally find Geography interesting?\nLet's take that question.<Oh, because it's the study of everything. In all honesty, that's how \nI came into this discipline.I couldn't pick. I couldn't pick one topic that \nI just wanted to know about that one thing.I was always interested in so many topics,and then I discovered there was a \nwhole discipline that encourages that--because again, we're about those \nrelationships and connections--and it was so encouraging to realize \nthere was a place for someone like me.And that's the great thing, if you put geographers \ntogether we all study very different things.Like we seem to have things in \ncommon, but yet not perfectly >Yeah, right.<So when we talk together, \nyou're bringing in ideas that are slightly different than the ideas I have,but they mesh together really well.And I see geography as a \ndiscipline that really helps to--we're a good problem-solving \ndiscipline because we're all about those disparate ideas coming \ntogether to make connectionsand in this day and age, we need problem-solvers.>Yeah, my answer that question is that I love it because I find \nit very interdisciplinary,and I think, I mean a lot of my \ntraining over the years has been very--from an interdisciplinary angle.But to April's point, it's about looking \nat how everything relates to one another,and I just feel like so many of the problems that \nwe're facing today are so complex and intertwinedthat trying to solve for one side without \nsolving for the other 50 is both difficultand it requires this holistic thinking.And so for me, Geography offers a \nreally powerful way of capturing that--capturing that, or at least those lines \nof inquiry kind of head in that direction.We have a question from Adam Carmen:\n\"How do you talk to students about the politics "
],
[
"How to talk to students about the politics of maps",
"of maps and how they don't tell us everything? \nThanks for the series, that was awesome!\"Thank you, thank you, Adam!\n<Thank you>Great question.\n<Yeah!And I love talking about maps,\nI love reading maps, maps are fun.But I approach it from a data literacy standpoint,and I teach it alongside lessons\nthat I design around data literacy.We have to read maps just like we would \nread a news article or data in a table...>graphs, yeah.\n<yeah, like you really do need to understand the contextThe quintessential book that is referred to\nis called \"How to Lie with Maps\"and the nice thing about that book is,\nit really is a media literacy read.You're learning: how are you discerning \nthe media that you're consuming? \n And again, remembering that \nmaps are written for a purpose.So if you do nothing else, identify what the \npurpose the map maker had when they made that map,and then only use that map for that purpose,\nand we tend to not always do that.And that starts to become that slippery slope \nwhen a map stops being true to what it was forand starts maybe telling us a weird story.Oftentimes, if we go back and say,\n\"Okay, well what was the original intent?Where did the data come from?\"And that does take a little \nextra work on our part,but again that media literacy, \ndata literacy, geographic literacy,those are incredibly important things \nto be global citizens right now.Those are things that are worth the time,\nin my opinion.>Yeah, I was going to say that it's a \ngood reflex to have in general, I think,to kind of think about the \nperspective that it's coming from.Let's see, what else...<Oh, alright. So here's a question from Trevin:"
],
[
"Displacement of people due to war, natural disasters, and changing coastlines",
"Do you know how governments manage where to put people who \nhave been displaced by war,natural disasters, changing coastlines, etc.? \n There is not one thing for that.There is--oh let's see,sorry, as i'm getting caught up here...[Stan, offscreen]\nWe've got Zora's answer pulled up here<Okay, awesome. Thank you so much.\n>I'll let you hold that<We have the others in our \nteam here chiming in as well >[laughs] There were many of us on the show<There were many of us as part of this.So there are a lot of factors involved,\nand ultimately, it depends on the resourcesat the government's disposal.So like, where do people go when their homes\nand livelihoods have been destroyed?They may be internally displaced,\nthey might be part of international migration--people are often forced to \nmigrate to distant cities and that adds to congestion in the cities.And wars, in particular, can \ncreate additional complicationsbecause the chain of migration is \nnot going to necessarily work well.People might get stopped along the way,\nand then the question becomes:will a host country even accept \nsomeone who is migrating?And that really depends on\nwhere that person is from,where they're going to,\nwhat the politics around the given event is...And so when we think about displaced peoples, we really also need to be \nhaving conversations aboutwhat is the capacity for that,\nand how do patterns of people moving--what are the existing patterns?\nwhere are there problems with that movement,and how can we prepare for changes\nin those migration patterns?>Yeah, and something just to add to that:\nin my research lab at the University of Miami,there's a lot of conversation around\nwhat happens when a climate disaster takes place.Where do people-- like, where do people go?\nHow can you get ahead of some of that?Are questions of retreat appropriate?\nIt's complicated.And trying to be proactive instead of reactive,\nhow do we make-- strike that balance?So it's a com-- it's a great question;\nIt's a complicated one.I think that there's a lot of \nconversation happening right now,recognizing what's coming down the pike\nfor a lot of us around the world.Great question.\n<Alright, let's see..."
],
[
"How do metamorphic rocks form?",
"How do metamorphic rocks form?\n>From Jimmy.<From Jimmy.\nLet's see...So metamorphic rock is one \nof the three types of rock.And when we have mountain-building processes, that involves a great deal of \npressure and high temperatures,and those extreme conditions will transform igneous or sedimentary rocks \ninto metamorphic rocks, right?That \"metamorphic\" part means \"to change,\" so any rock, even metamorphic \nrock, can be transformedand undergo physical or chemical changes\nwith enough pressure and temperature change.>I think we maybe have time for one more question,\nwe've got a few more minutes left.<Let's see...>Oh, great!I was wondering, what about careers for \nthose that have a Geography sub-discipline?"
],
[
"Careers for people who study geography",
"Yeah, people who-- Yeah, careers for people who \ngo down the path of Geography!It's a great question.\n<What do you do if you're a geographer?Yeah, so there are so many things that \nyou can do with a Geography degree.There is a high demand right \nnow for geospatial knowledge, so that's things like \nmap-making, geographic databases,working with geographic data and using that to model things like routes or \nunderstand land-use changeit's a very practical thing to do with Geography.Things we highlighted, like urban planning-- \nmy bachelor's degree was actually in Urban and Environmental Planning,and I could have used that to become an \nurban planner or an environmental planner.So you see geographers working in \ndepartments of neighborhood development, too,at least here in the United \nStates, and there are comparable positions to that in other countries, as well.So those are a few that come \nto mind very quickly, lots-- you see people throughout things like \nour Environmental Protection Agency,>Yeah, I was just going to say,\nsome policy,<policy information professions.\n>policy-oriented.Geographers end up working \nalongside geologists sometimes, if they're more geomorphology oriented,so they might be working \neither in mineral extraction, but also understanding \nthings like geologic history.We had a conversation earlier about things like even environmental anthropology, \nwhich is a tangent to geography,but not at the same time.>Yeah, and I think one of the \nthings that I was saying earlier about why i love Geography isthe interdisciplinary nature of Geography is also\nwhat makes it a profession.It's a career path that will--\ncould put you in many different places,and I think that's really--\nI think that's so exciting, today.I think there's a lot of employers who \nare looking for that interdisciplinarity,and that training of seeing \nacross different disciplines,having conversations with \npeople who speak a different language-- professional language than you.So, for me, I think that the job market for these \nsorts of interdisciplinary social-environmental career pathsis on the rise for sure, and \nwe even see that reflected in,for example, I'm in a Ph.D. program that is an \ninterdisciplinary science and policy program,and that's all we do.\nWe always are looking atlike, how is the science \nconnecting to people and policy?And how do those decisions then get brought into the public sphere \nand debated and integrated in society?So I think there's just an \nexplosion of these types of--Yeah, the interest and the opportunities for jobs\nfor people who have that kind of geographical background and knowledge around \ndifferent systems and places.Great question.Okay, I feel like that was a \nreally good place to end the Q&A,So I think we'll start to transition out, here,\nbut I want to thank you all so much."
],
[
"Outro",
"This has been really wonderful.It's so great to be able to do \nsomething interactive with you all after having done this in very quiet, \ndisparate locations, so thank you.Thank you for all of your thoughtful questions,\nthank you for watching the series,for being a part of this journey.It's really kind of become a part \nof us for the last couple years, and it's been a really incredible journey.Thank you to Flipgrid for \nsponsoring this live stream and helping make this all happen.Do check them out at the link \nin the description below.And thank you to April for \nproviding all of our expertise.<Thank you, thank you.\nAnd thank you Alizé,it's been so fun to see you in person.>Like I said, we met today.\nWe met this morning getting off the plane<It's been great to just get to talk to you\nand you know the audience here about Geography.>Yeah, just as one final note, make sure you turn into World \nHistory Office Hours tomorrow,that will also be at 7 p.m.And thank you all so much for joining us,\nit's really been a pleasure."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Student Civil Rights Activism: Crash Course Black American History #37
|
F624q1jBd0Y
| 806 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Clint Smith and this is Crash Course \nBlack American History! As we get further along ",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
5.92
]
},
{
"text": "in the series, you’re probably encountering \nmore events and people that you recognize, ",
"timestamp": [
5.92,
11.28
]
},
{
"text": "people like Martin Luther King or Rosa Parks. \nBut, as you’ve probably learned at this point, ",
"timestamp": [
11.92,
18.48
]
},
{
"text": "the civil rights movement, and any \nsocial change movement for that matter, ",
"timestamp": [
19.04,
23.12
]
},
{
"text": "aren’t successful just because \nof singular, heroic figures.\n ",
"timestamp": [
23.92,
27.52
]
},
{
"text": "They’re successful because of \nthe everyday work and courage ",
"timestamp": [
28.08,
31.84
]
},
{
"text": "of ordinary people, and among the people who most \neffectively help make social change possible, ",
"timestamp": [
31.84,
36.8
]
},
{
"text": "is young people, students just like many of you.\nSo today we’ll be talking about three different ",
"timestamp": [
37.44,
44.32
]
},
{
"text": "groups of students who helped advance the cause \nof justice, equality, and civil rights. Whose ",
"timestamp": [
44.32,
50.4
]
},
{
"text": "bravery, intelligence, and commitment is \nsomething that all of us can learn from. ",
"timestamp": [
50.4,
56.4
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s start the show!\nINTRO\n ",
"timestamp": [
57.28,
58.84
]
},
{
"text": "The civil rights movement is considered \nby many to have officially started ",
"timestamp": [
66.96,
70.8
]
},
{
"text": "in 1954--with the ruling from the Supreme Court \non Brown v. Board of Education--and largely ended ",
"timestamp": [
70.8,
79.12
]
},
{
"text": "in 1968--with the assassination of Dr. Martin \nLuther King Jr. At the time, the popular mode ",
"timestamp": [
79.68,
86.4
]
},
{
"text": "of organizing against the discrimination of Black \nAmericans was using non-violent direct action.\n ",
"timestamp": [
86.4,
91.68
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes people misunderstand the tactic, and \nthey think this sort of non-violent activism ",
"timestamp": [
93.52,
99.44
]
},
{
"text": "was all about holding hands, and picking \nflowers together, and singing kumbaya. ",
"timestamp": [
99.44,
104.4
]
},
{
"text": "No shade to any of those things, I love \nflowers and kumbaya is a great song, ",
"timestamp": [
105.2,
110.48
]
},
{
"text": "but non-violent direct action was often about \nputting your body directly in harm’s way, ",
"timestamp": [
111.2,
115.68
]
},
{
"text": "and possibly even putting your life on the line.\nIt took an enormous amount of self-control, ",
"timestamp": [
116.32,
122.08
]
},
{
"text": "dignity, and courage. Many young activists even \nspent days, and weeks, and months training for ",
"timestamp": [
122.8,
130.16
]
},
{
"text": "the actions they would take, so that they \ncould teach their bodies and their minds ",
"timestamp": [
130.16,
134.64
]
},
{
"text": "how to respond when encountering the \nviolence that often awaited them.\n ",
"timestamp": [
135.2,
139.36
]
},
{
"text": "The three groups we are going to talk about today \nare the Little Rock Nine, the Greensboro Four, ",
"timestamp": [
140,
145.76
]
},
{
"text": "and Student Non-violent Coordinating \nCommittee, or SNCC (which also ",
"timestamp": [
145.76,
149.414
]
},
{
"text": "contributed to the Freedom Riders). \nThe Little Rock Nine were a group of ",
"timestamp": [
149.414,
151.84
]
},
{
"text": "high school students who were hand-chosen by the \nNAACP to test whether Brown v. Board of Education ",
"timestamp": [
151.84,
158.08
]
},
{
"text": "was going to be enforced. It’s not surprising \nthat this ruling needed to be tested ",
"timestamp": [
158.08,
162.48
]
},
{
"text": "considering the unrest that followed it, \nincluding the gruesome murder of Emmett Till.\n ",
"timestamp": [
162.48,
167.84
]
},
{
"text": "Black people needed to make sure that the \nstate – not just the literal state of Arkansas, ",
"timestamp": [
167.84,
173.6
]
},
{
"text": "but the United States as a country – was \ngoing to follow through on its commitment. ",
"timestamp": [
173.6,
178
]
},
{
"text": "Through generations of experience, Black folks \nknew better than to think that just because the ",
"timestamp": [
178,
183.28
]
},
{
"text": "Supreme Court made a ruling for Black equality, \nthat people across the country would follow it.\n ",
"timestamp": [
183.28,
189.68
]
},
{
"text": "Daisy Gatson Bates, President \nof the Arkansas NAACP, ",
"timestamp": [
190.24,
193.92
]
},
{
"text": "was the mastermind behind this test. \nShe recruited ten high school students ",
"timestamp": [
194.56,
199.12
]
},
{
"text": "to integrate the all-white Central \nHigh School in Little Rock, Arkansas.\n ",
"timestamp": [
199.12,
202.96
]
},
{
"text": "The students knew that they \nwould face serious opposition, ",
"timestamp": [
202.96,
205.84
]
},
{
"text": "and the NAACP did everything they could to \nprepare them for what they may experience. This ",
"timestamp": [
206.4,
212.32
]
},
{
"text": "included counseling sessions and practicing how to \nrespond to hostile situations. And remember, these ",
"timestamp": [
212.32,
218.4
]
},
{
"text": "are high schoolers, not battled-tested activists. \nTheir courage and commitment can’t be overstated.\n ",
"timestamp": [
218.4,
226.24
]
},
{
"text": "On September 4, 1957, the first day of school, \nthe state of Arkansas was ready for a fight. ",
"timestamp": [
226.24,
232.56
]
},
{
"text": "Governor Orval Faubus (\"OR-vuhl FAW-buhs\") called \nin the National Guard to keep the students from ",
"timestamp": [
233.28,
238.4
]
},
{
"text": "integrating the school. Daisy Gatson Bates had \narranged for the students to meet up before going ",
"timestamp": [
238.4,
244.16
]
},
{
"text": "to school to protect them from the mob activity, \nhowever Elizabeth Eckford didn’t have a phone ",
"timestamp": [
244.16,
251.04
]
},
{
"text": "so didn't know this. Eckford had to walk to school \nalone, while being screamed at and harassed as ",
"timestamp": [
252.08,
259.76
]
},
{
"text": "soon as she was within sight of the building.\nThe National Guard even kept her from entering, ",
"timestamp": [
259.76,
265.12
]
},
{
"text": "while the mob harassed her outside. And because of \nthe violence and threats against her father’s job, ",
"timestamp": [
266.24,
271.84
]
},
{
"text": "one of the students, Jane Hill, withdrew \nand returned to her segregated school, ",
"timestamp": [
272.72,
277.36
]
},
{
"text": "now making them the Little Rock Nine.\nThis havoc went on for weeks, meaning zero of ",
"timestamp": [
280.64,
285.52
]
},
{
"text": "the nine students were able to attend a full day \nof school. They attempted to go to school through ",
"timestamp": [
285.52,
291.2
]
},
{
"text": "a side door on September 23rd, but an angry \nmob threatened to rush the students. The NAACP ",
"timestamp": [
291.2,
297.04
]
},
{
"text": "was so afraid for the students' lives that \nthey let the authorities send them home.\n ",
"timestamp": [
297.6,
302.72
]
},
{
"text": "It would get so bad that the \nPresident of the United States, ",
"timestamp": [
302.72,
306.24
]
},
{
"text": "Dwight D Eisenhower, had to send down 1,200 \nmembers of the Army AND federalize the National ",
"timestamp": [
306.24,
312.16
]
},
{
"text": "Guard to protect the students from the mob.\nThey were finally able to attend school ",
"timestamp": [
312.16,
317.84
]
},
{
"text": "on September 25th - almost a month after school \nhad started. All nine students remained there ",
"timestamp": [
317.84,
325.76
]
},
{
"text": "for the rest of the year, but that didn’t stop \nthe harassment. Every day on the way to school ",
"timestamp": [
325.76,
331.92
]
},
{
"text": "they had things thrown at them, including acid. \nEach student had an armed guard that escorted ",
"timestamp": [
332.48,
339.04
]
},
{
"text": "them to class, but the guards didn’t go /inside/ \nthe classrooms, or in bathrooms or locker rooms, ",
"timestamp": [
339.04,
346.24
]
},
{
"text": "so the students still experienced horrible \nharassment at the hands of their classmates.\n ",
"timestamp": [
347.04,
352.88
]
},
{
"text": "After one student, Minnijean Brown, was expelled \nin February of 1958 because of an altercation she ",
"timestamp": [
352.88,
359.84
]
},
{
"text": "got into with a white classmate, some students \nwore badges that read, “One Down, Eight to Go.” \n ",
"timestamp": [
359.84,
367.36
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, through incredible persistence, \non May 27, 1958 Ernest Green graduated ",
"timestamp": [
367.36,
374.32
]
},
{
"text": "and became the first Black student in \nhistory to graduate Central High School. ",
"timestamp": [
374.32,
378.24
]
},
{
"text": "The presence, and the reaction to, the Little Rock \nNine forced the nation to confront how hard it was ",
"timestamp": [
378.88,
385.12
]
},
{
"text": "going to be for the promise of Brown v Board, and \ndesegregation more generally, to be fulfilled.\n ",
"timestamp": [
385.12,
391.68
]
},
{
"text": "Now let’s get to know the Greensboro Four.\nAt North Carolina Agricultural and Technical ",
"timestamp": [
392.24,
397.36
]
},
{
"text": "State University, another Historically Black \nUniversity also known as North Carolina A&T, ",
"timestamp": [
397.36,
401.92
]
},
{
"text": "students started organizing to \nintegrate lunch counters in the south. \n ",
"timestamp": [
402.96,
406.88
]
},
{
"text": "These sit-ins were an outgrowth of \nearlier nonviolent integration efforts ",
"timestamp": [
406.88,
410.48
]
},
{
"text": "by an organization called Fellowship of \nReconciliation in Chicago in 1942. James Farmer, ",
"timestamp": [
411.6,
418
]
},
{
"text": "who eventually became the leader of the \nCongress of Racial Equality, also known ",
"timestamp": [
418,
421.76
]
},
{
"text": "as CORE, was at the forefront of those sit-ins.\nOn February 1, 1960 Ezell (“EE-zell”) Blair Jr., ",
"timestamp": [
421.76,
428.48
]
},
{
"text": "David Richmond, Franklin McCain, and Joseph \nMcNeil, who would become known as the Greensboro ",
"timestamp": [
429.04,
436.64
]
},
{
"text": "Four, started off these protests by asking \nfor service at the all white lunch counter ",
"timestamp": [
436.64,
442.48
]
},
{
"text": "in the Woolworth store in Greensboro, \nNorth Carolina. And they were denied. \n ",
"timestamp": [
442.48,
448.56
]
},
{
"text": "But they persisted each day after that. And more \nand more HBCU students joined them. By February ",
"timestamp": [
448.56,
456.24
]
},
{
"text": "5th, about 300 students sat at the counter and \nprotested at Woolworths. They took up so much ",
"timestamp": [
456.24,
463.04
]
},
{
"text": "space that they kept the lunch counter, and \nother local businesses, from even running.\n ",
"timestamp": [
463.04,
468.4
]
},
{
"text": "This led to heavy television coverage \nof these sit-ins. And as a result, ",
"timestamp": [
468.4,
472.56
]
},
{
"text": "a sit-in movement erupted across the entire \nUnited States. By the end of March, 55 cities ",
"timestamp": [
473.12,
479.68
]
},
{
"text": "in 13 states had experienced sit-ins. Not just \nin the South, but in the North as well.\n ",
"timestamp": [
479.68,
485.36
]
},
{
"text": "And they were not only denied, but they were \nspat on, had condiments poured on their heads, ",
"timestamp": [
485.36,
485.671
]
},
{
"text": "and had cigarette butts pushed into their skin. \nthey were spat on, had condiments poured on ",
"timestamp": [
485.671,
488.32
]
},
{
"text": "their heads, and had cigarette \nbutts pushed into their skin.\n ",
"timestamp": [
488.32,
491.84
]
},
{
"text": "But by the end of July, the Woolworth \nlunch counter had been integrated.\n ",
"timestamp": [
492.48,
496.56
]
},
{
"text": "Now you would think a bunch of students protesting \non the national news would set off a lightbulb ",
"timestamp": [
497.2,
503.04
]
},
{
"text": "in the heads of the older leaders working on \ncivil rights. But not everyone fully understood ",
"timestamp": [
503.04,
509.28
]
},
{
"text": "the power of these students right away.\nBut there was one woman who definitely ",
"timestamp": [
509.28,
514.88
]
},
{
"text": "did. Ella Baker, the acting director of the \nSouthern Christian Leadership Conference, ",
"timestamp": [
514.88,
519.76
]
},
{
"text": "or SCLC, realized that the students were important \nand could play a unique role in the movement.\n ",
"timestamp": [
519.76,
528.8
]
},
{
"text": "She organized a 1960 conference that trained \nstudents in nonviolent direct action, ",
"timestamp": [
528.8,
534.16
]
},
{
"text": "and encouraged them to develop a strong autonomous \norganization independent of SCLC. And this ",
"timestamp": [
534.16,
540.96
]
},
{
"text": "led to the formation of one of the more radical \ngroups of the civil rights movement: the Student ",
"timestamp": [
541.6,
549.36
]
},
{
"text": "Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or SNCC.\nAnd many of the SNCC students ",
"timestamp": [
549.36,
552.24
]
},
{
"text": "would go on to become Freedom Riders, a group that \ntraveled throughout the south, testing integration ",
"timestamp": [
552.8,
558.72
]
},
{
"text": "in places like bus stations and restaurants using \nnon-violent direct action. The Freedom Rides ",
"timestamp": [
558.72,
564.56
]
},
{
"text": "were actually started by members of the Congress \nof Racial Equality (CORE), but they were also ",
"timestamp": [
564.56,
569.6
]
},
{
"text": "joined by members of SNCC and the SCLC.\nStarting in Washington DC in May of 1961, ",
"timestamp": [
569.6,
575.84
]
},
{
"text": "an integrated team of Black and white activists \nrode on buses as far as Anniston and Birmingham, ",
"timestamp": [
576.4,
582.24
]
},
{
"text": "Alabama. In Anniston, Alabama the Ku Klux Klan, \nthe domestic white supremacist terror group, ",
"timestamp": [
582.24,
588.64
]
},
{
"text": "and other local white mobs, bombed the \nbus and brutally beat the riders. \n ",
"timestamp": [
588.64,
593.28
]
},
{
"text": "In Birmingham, the students were once again \nattacked by white mobs and Klan members. ",
"timestamp": [
593.28,
598.24
]
},
{
"text": "After the driver refused to go any further, the \nstudents were evacuated to New Orleans, Louisiana ",
"timestamp": [
598.24,
604.24
]
},
{
"text": "on May 15, 1961. But if you thought \nthat would be the end of the story, ",
"timestamp": [
604.24,
609.44
]
},
{
"text": "you clearly don’t know these students.\nOrganizers from other activist groups ",
"timestamp": [
610.4,
615.44
]
},
{
"text": "started to support them and other Freedom Rides \nbegan happening throughout the South. And by the ",
"timestamp": [
615.44,
620.88
]
},
{
"text": "fall of 1961 the Kennedy Administration started \nto pressure the Interstate Commerce Commission to ",
"timestamp": [
620.88,
627.12
]
},
{
"text": "protect the activists, which was the whole point.\nIt wasn’t that these Freedom Riders were asking ",
"timestamp": [
627.12,
634
]
},
{
"text": "for a new law to protect them, they were \nsimply asking for the one that already existed ",
"timestamp": [
634,
639.2
]
},
{
"text": "to actually be enforced. And they were successful. \nAnd as a result of the Freedom Rides, the ",
"timestamp": [
639.84,
643.76
]
},
{
"text": "Interstate Commerce Commission began enforcing the \nsegregation ban in interstate transit terminals.\n ",
"timestamp": [
643.76,
650
]
},
{
"text": "By 1965, SNCC had more staff members than any \nother civil rights organization in the South. They ",
"timestamp": [
650,
656.24
]
},
{
"text": "not only engaged in desegregation activism, but \nthey also conducted voting registration projects ",
"timestamp": [
656.24,
661.2
]
},
{
"text": "all over the region. And what’s more, \nthey also built two independent political ",
"timestamp": [
661.76,
666.48
]
},
{
"text": "parties - one of which was the well-known \nMississippi Freedom Democratic Party.\n ",
"timestamp": [
666.48,
671.68
]
},
{
"text": "SNCC organized labor unions, agricultural \ncooperatives, and reinvigorated the women’s ",
"timestamp": [
671.68,
677.2
]
},
{
"text": "liberation movement. They also inspired what was \ncalled the New Left Movement. This was the radical ",
"timestamp": [
677.2,
683.76
]
},
{
"text": "left movement that became active in the 1960s and \n70s. It was composed of college students and young ",
"timestamp": [
683.76,
689.76
]
},
{
"text": "intellectuals whose goals included furthering \nracial equality, nonintervention in foreign ",
"timestamp": [
689.76,
694.96
]
},
{
"text": "affairs, and other major social changes.\nThe work of these young activists, ",
"timestamp": [
694.96,
699.92
]
},
{
"text": "completely transformed the civil \nrights movement. Without the sit-ins, ",
"timestamp": [
700.48,
704.48
]
},
{
"text": "the freedom rides, the voter registration drives, \nand the school integration battles the movement ",
"timestamp": [
704.48,
710.4
]
},
{
"text": "would not have made the progress that it did. \nWe can’t emphasize this enough. Martin Luther King ",
"timestamp": [
710.4,
716.08
]
},
{
"text": "is amazing, he did remarkable work. But he alone \ndid not push the civil rights movement forward, ",
"timestamp": [
716.64,
723.6
]
},
{
"text": "and he would be the first to tell you \nthat. it took thousands of people, ",
"timestamp": [
724.24,
727.76
]
},
{
"text": "many whose names we’ll never know, but whose \nwork made it possible that I’m even able to ",
"timestamp": [
728.48,
734.88
]
},
{
"text": "be here talking to you all today. The work \nof social change, is intergenerational. The ",
"timestamp": [
734.88,
740.96
]
},
{
"text": "fight for freedom and liberation needs us all.\nSo if you’re a young person, don’t ever feel ",
"timestamp": [
740.96,
746.72
]
},
{
"text": "like you don’t have the ability to change \nthings. And it doesn’t have to be some ",
"timestamp": [
746.72,
751.52
]
},
{
"text": "massive global movement, most of the time the most \nimportant changes happen on hyperlocal levels. ",
"timestamp": [
751.52,
758.32
]
},
{
"text": "In our families, in our schools, in our \ncommunities. In ourselves. And ultimately, ",
"timestamp": [
759.44,
766.48
]
},
{
"text": "the work we put into changing ourselves and our \nfriends and our family create the groundswell that ",
"timestamp": [
767.12,
773.28
]
},
{
"text": "leads to societal level change. You got this.\nThanks for watching! I’ll see you next time.\n ",
"timestamp": [
773.28,
782
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course is made with the \nhelp of all these nice people ",
"timestamp": [
782.64,
785.28
]
},
{
"text": "and our animation team is Thought Cafe.\nCrash Course is made possible by all of our ",
"timestamp": [
785.28,
790.4
]
},
{
"text": "viewers and supporters. Thanks to those who \nbought the 2021 Crash Course Learner Coin, ",
"timestamp": [
790.4,
795.2
]
},
{
"text": "and to our Patrons on Patreon.\n\t\n*",
"timestamp": [
795.84,
799.883
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How to Pay for College | Crash Course | How to College
|
L6cjyTaExCQ
| 633 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "You have to take out student loans.\nAll financial aid is free money.",
"timestamp": [
6.08,
9.2
]
},
{
"text": "There aren’t many options to pay for college.",
"timestamp": [
9.2,
11.2
]
},
{
"text": "If you live in the US or are \nattending an American school,",
"timestamp": [
11.2,
14.16
]
},
{
"text": "you may have heard things like this when \nit comes to funding your college education,",
"timestamp": [
14.16,
17.6
]
},
{
"text": "and it can be hard to know \nwhat’s true and what’s not.",
"timestamp": [
17.6,
19.84
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky and this \nis Crash Course: How to College,",
"timestamp": [
19.84,
23.28
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in \npartnership with Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
23.28,
26.56
]
},
{
"text": "Today? We’re talking money.",
"timestamp": [
26.56,
29.84
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
29.84,
36.32
]
},
{
"text": "No matter what kind of school you’re considering,",
"timestamp": [
36.32,
38.32
]
},
{
"text": "understanding the costs can make the process \nof paying for college more manageable.",
"timestamp": [
38.32,
41.92
]
},
{
"text": "Fortunately, on their website all schools \nwill have the total cost of attendance,",
"timestamp": [
41.92,
45.84
]
},
{
"text": "which is an estimate for all the expenses a \nstudent will have to pay for each academic year",
"timestamp": [
45.84,
49.68
]
},
{
"text": "including both direct and indirect costs.",
"timestamp": [
49.68,
52.24
]
},
{
"text": "Direct costs are all the expenses \nyou pay directly to the school,",
"timestamp": [
52.24,
55.6
]
},
{
"text": "like tuition for the credits you \nneed to complete your degree,",
"timestamp": [
55.6,
58.08
]
},
{
"text": "which can cover a wide range of \nthings. You'll probably have to pay",
"timestamp": [
58.08,
61.36
]
},
{
"text": "building maintenance fees, technology fees, \nwireless fees, fees for health services–",
"timestamp": [
61.36,
66.72
]
},
{
"text": "a lot of schools even charge you \nto support the athletic program.",
"timestamp": [
66.72,
69.44
]
},
{
"text": "And depending on what you \nchoose, your direct costs can",
"timestamp": [
69.44,
72
]
},
{
"text": "also include your dorm room and meal plan.",
"timestamp": [
72,
73.84
]
},
{
"text": "Most colleges require you to pay these \ncosts before you can attend classes.",
"timestamp": [
73.84,
77.84
]
},
{
"text": "Just remember: if you don't live on campus, \nyou generally don't get a meal plan!",
"timestamp": [
77.84,
81.84
]
},
{
"text": "But there are also indirect costs,",
"timestamp": [
81.84,
84.16
]
},
{
"text": "which are pretty much everything \nelse you need to be a student,",
"timestamp": [
84.16,
86.48
]
},
{
"text": "like books, internet service, \nand software programs.",
"timestamp": [
86.48,
89.36
]
},
{
"text": "Depending on where you live, these \ncan also be travel expenses, like gas,",
"timestamp": [
89.36,
92.64
]
},
{
"text": "vehicle maintenance, and parking \nor public transportation fees.",
"timestamp": [
92.64,
95.2
]
},
{
"text": "In case that’s confusing, there’s \nan easy way to keep track of it all:",
"timestamp": [
95.2,
98.24
]
},
{
"text": "direct costs are the things that will \nappear on your bill from the college,",
"timestamp": [
98.24,
101.2
]
},
{
"text": "and indirect costs are everything else!",
"timestamp": [
101.2,
102.96
]
},
{
"text": "As we mentioned in earlier episodes,",
"timestamp": [
102.96,
104.64
]
},
{
"text": "some schools require freshmen \nand sophomores to live on campus,",
"timestamp": [
104.64,
107.52
]
},
{
"text": "in the dorms, while juniors and seniors \nhave an option of where to live.",
"timestamp": [
107.52,
110.72
]
},
{
"text": "If you're an adult, returning student,",
"timestamp": [
110.72,
112.24
]
},
{
"text": "you often are given an exemption to living \non campus, even if you're an under-classman.",
"timestamp": [
112.24,
115.76
]
},
{
"text": "For whatever reason, if \nyou're not living on campus,",
"timestamp": [
115.76,
118.24
]
},
{
"text": "you need to be prepared to \ncover your living expenses.",
"timestamp": [
118.24,
120.88
]
},
{
"text": "These will include housing, food, \nutilities, and, if you have kids, childcare–",
"timestamp": [
120.88,
125.04
]
},
{
"text": "although check with your college \nfor help on that last one.",
"timestamp": [
125.04,
128.08
]
},
{
"text": "Many offer before and after-school \nchildcare to help parents stay in school.",
"timestamp": [
128.08,
131.52
]
},
{
"text": "And to help you make sense of it,",
"timestamp": [
131.52,
132.96
]
},
{
"text": "here's a brief overview of how \ncosts compare between living",
"timestamp": [
132.96,
135.52
]
},
{
"text": "on and off-campus at different kinds of colleges.",
"timestamp": [
135.52,
137.76
]
},
{
"text": "You may be surprised to learn that, in most \ncases, students who live on campus pay less",
"timestamp": [
137.76,
142.24
]
},
{
"text": "for additional expenses like transportation, \nentertainment, and personal care",
"timestamp": [
142.24,
146
]
},
{
"text": "than students who live off-campus.",
"timestamp": [
146,
147.68
]
},
{
"text": "The numbers depend on where you live and whether \nthe school is public, private, or for-profit.",
"timestamp": [
147.68,
151.92
]
},
{
"text": "And while these expenses vary \nbased on your own unique situation,",
"timestamp": [
151.92,
154.88
]
},
{
"text": "these figures can give you \nan idea of what to expect.",
"timestamp": [
154.88,
157.04
]
},
{
"text": "After all that budgeting and spreadsheeting,",
"timestamp": [
157.04,
159.36
]
},
{
"text": "that total cost of attendance can \nlook like a really big number.",
"timestamp": [
159.36,
162.96
]
},
{
"text": "But there are so many ways to find \nfinancial aid to help pay for college",
"timestamp": [
162.96,
166.24
]
},
{
"text": "[-- and none of them are even following every \nrainbow you see to find a magical pot of gold!]",
"timestamp": [
166.24,
166.4
]
},
{
"text": "First off, we can consider federal financial \naid, which is kind of an umbrella term",
"timestamp": [
166.4,
170.48
]
},
{
"text": "for several different options \nfunded by the US government.",
"timestamp": [
170.48,
172.88
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, federal financial aid \nincludes need-based federal grants,",
"timestamp": [
172.88,
176.64
]
},
{
"text": "which are awarded based on financial \nneed and don’t need to be repaid.",
"timestamp": [
176.64,
179.52
]
},
{
"text": "Federal financial aid can also \ninclude federal work study,",
"timestamp": [
179.52,
182.48
]
},
{
"text": "which is a government funded \npart-time job designed",
"timestamp": [
182.48,
184.96
]
},
{
"text": "specifically to help both part-time \nand full-time students pay for school.",
"timestamp": [
184.96,
188.16
]
},
{
"text": "While most federal work study jobs are on campus,",
"timestamp": [
188.16,
190.72
]
},
{
"text": "some jobs are off-campus at \norganizations the college partners with.",
"timestamp": [
190.72,
193.68
]
},
{
"text": "If you plan to enroll as a distance \nlearner or online student and want to know",
"timestamp": [
193.68,
197.04
]
},
{
"text": "whether a federal work study \njob is an option for you,",
"timestamp": [
197.04,
199.28
]
},
{
"text": "check with the college you’re interested in.",
"timestamp": [
199.28,
200.64
]
},
{
"text": "To receive a need-based federal grant \nor be eligible for federal work study,",
"timestamp": [
200.64,
204.4
]
},
{
"text": "you have to complete a Free \nApplication For Student Aid,",
"timestamp": [
204.4,
207.04
]
},
{
"text": "otherwise known as a FAFSA.",
"timestamp": [
207.04,
208.72
]
},
{
"text": "You’ll need to complete the FAFSA for \nevery year that you’re enrolled in school",
"timestamp": [
208.72,
211.68
]
},
{
"text": "and want to receive federal financial aid.",
"timestamp": [
211.68,
213.44
]
},
{
"text": "Lots of students don’t complete the FAFSA \nbecause it requires a lot of information",
"timestamp": [
213.44,
216.88
]
},
{
"text": "from you and often your parent or guardian,",
"timestamp": [
216.88,
218.96
]
},
{
"text": "but it also opens the door to so \nmany other ways to pay for college…",
"timestamp": [
218.96,
223.28
]
},
{
"text": "and is the only way to qualify \nfor federal grants and loans!",
"timestamp": [
223.28,
226.08
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, loans are money you borrow \nto pay for a product or service up front",
"timestamp": [
226.08,
230.16
]
},
{
"text": "with the expectation that you will \nrepay the loan at a later date.",
"timestamp": [
230.16,
233.2
]
},
{
"text": "And if you complete the FAFSA, you may \nbe eligible for federal student loans",
"timestamp": [
233.2,
237.28
]
},
{
"text": "which often come with lower interest \nrates than private or bank-based loans.",
"timestamp": [
237.28,
241.12
]
},
{
"text": "These include subsidized loans, \nunsubsidized loans, and graduate PLUS loans.",
"timestamp": [
241.12,
245.28
]
},
{
"text": "Each one has its own benefits and requirements.",
"timestamp": [
245.28,
247.76
]
},
{
"text": "Like with subsidized loans,",
"timestamp": [
247.76,
249.2
]
},
{
"text": "the federal government pays your \ninterest while you’re in school,",
"timestamp": [
249.2,
251.6
]
},
{
"text": "which can save you money over time.",
"timestamp": [
251.6,
253.52
]
},
{
"text": "On the other hand, the interest rate on \nan unsubsidized loan builds up over time.",
"timestamp": [
253.52,
257.84
]
},
{
"text": "Parent PLUS Loans can also help \nstudents pay college costs.",
"timestamp": [
257.84,
261.04
]
},
{
"text": "Although not required to,",
"timestamp": [
261.04,
262.8
]
},
{
"text": "parents can apply for this loan option if the \nfinancial aid that has already been awarded",
"timestamp": [
262.8,
266.64
]
},
{
"text": "does not cover all your costs.",
"timestamp": [
266.64,
268.72
]
},
{
"text": "If they do apply and are denied, you’ll \nbe eligible for unsubsidized loans",
"timestamp": [
268.72,
272.64
]
},
{
"text": "to cover additional expenses.",
"timestamp": [
272.64,
273.92
]
},
{
"text": "Private loans are also an \noption for paying for school",
"timestamp": [
273.92,
276.4
]
},
{
"text": "and are based on your credit \nhistory rather than financial need.",
"timestamp": [
276.4,
279.04
]
},
{
"text": "However, it’s important to note that private \nloans often come with higher interest rates",
"timestamp": [
279.04,
282.96
]
},
{
"text": "than federal loans and may \nrequire you to have a cosigner.",
"timestamp": [
282.96,
286
]
},
{
"text": "Some private loans, like those offered \nby credit unions, are more affordable.",
"timestamp": [
286,
289.36
]
},
{
"text": "We often hear about student loans \nand how difficult they can be,",
"timestamp": [
289.36,
292.4
]
},
{
"text": "but there is no shame in taking \nout a loan to pay for college.",
"timestamp": [
292.4,
294.96
]
},
{
"text": "And if you stick with us here on Study Hall,",
"timestamp": [
294.96,
296.72
]
},
{
"text": "we’ll help you succeed throughout \ncollege so you can graduate,",
"timestamp": [
296.72,
299.44
]
},
{
"text": "get a job, and hopefully not \nstruggle to pay off those loans.",
"timestamp": [
299.44,
301.92
]
},
{
"text": "And in addition to federal financial aid and loans",
"timestamp": [
301.92,
304.8
]
},
{
"text": "you can also round out how you’re \npaying for college with scholarships,",
"timestamp": [
304.8,
307.84
]
},
{
"text": "which are another type of financial \naid that you don’t have to pay back.",
"timestamp": [
307.84,
310.96
]
},
{
"text": "Some scholarships are need-based,",
"timestamp": [
310.96,
312.72
]
},
{
"text": "which means the amount for which \nyou are eligible is dependent",
"timestamp": [
312.72,
315.2
]
},
{
"text": "on your or your family’s economic status.",
"timestamp": [
315.2,
317.2
]
},
{
"text": "Others are merit-based, which means they’re \nawarded based on your academic achievement.",
"timestamp": [
317.76,
321.36
]
},
{
"text": "And there are also scholarships granted",
"timestamp": [
321.36,
323.44
]
},
{
"text": "based on socioeconomic or \ndemographic circumstances,",
"timestamp": [
323.44,
326
]
},
{
"text": "like income-based scholarships or \nscholarships meant to encourage people",
"timestamp": [
326,
329.28
]
},
{
"text": "of underrepresented identities to go to college.",
"timestamp": [
329.28,
331.84
]
},
{
"text": "Scholarships are amazing \nopportunities for you to earn money",
"timestamp": [
331.84,
334.48
]
},
{
"text": "for school that you don’t have to pay back.",
"timestamp": [
334.48,
336.8
]
},
{
"text": "But that also means that you \nhave to plan ahead to earn them",
"timestamp": [
336.8,
339.92
]
},
{
"text": "so that you can submit a well-rounded \napplication and stand out from the crowd.",
"timestamp": [
339.92,
343.2
]
},
{
"text": "The same is true for institutional aid,",
"timestamp": [
343.2,
345.2
]
},
{
"text": "which is any money the college gives you directly",
"timestamp": [
345.2,
347.44
]
},
{
"text": "whether that’s merit-based or need-based aid.",
"timestamp": [
347.44,
349.76
]
},
{
"text": "You can get institutional aid by applying,",
"timestamp": [
349.76,
352.24
]
},
{
"text": "but some colleges automatically \noffer this type of aid to students",
"timestamp": [
352.24,
355.68
]
},
{
"text": "after you get accepted to the college.",
"timestamp": [
355.68,
357.28
]
},
{
"text": "And no matter what types of \nfinancial aid you end up using,",
"timestamp": [
357.28,
359.84
]
},
{
"text": "perhaps one of the most important \nthings to remember about financial aid",
"timestamp": [
359.84,
363.36
]
},
{
"text": "is that it’s rare for one aid \noption to cover everything.",
"timestamp": [
363.36,
366.48
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, think of each option as a building \nblock toward your total cost of attendance.",
"timestamp": [
366.48,
371.2
]
},
{
"text": "Some options will give you bigger chunks of change",
"timestamp": [
371.2,
373.12
]
},
{
"text": "and some will seem like drops in \nthe bucket, but it all adds up.",
"timestamp": [
373.12,
376.32
]
},
{
"text": "So as you’re planning for college,",
"timestamp": [
376.32,
377.52
]
},
{
"text": "review each option carefully and \nunderstand the unique requirements,",
"timestamp": [
377.52,
380.88
]
},
{
"text": "limitations, and terms of each one.",
"timestamp": [
380.88,
382.8
]
},
{
"text": "And keep in mind that just \nbecause you don’t qualify now",
"timestamp": [
382.8,
386
]
},
{
"text": "doesn’t mean you won’t qualify in the future.",
"timestamp": [
386,
387.76
]
},
{
"text": "As you review your aid options, don’t \nforget to check with your employer!",
"timestamp": [
387.76,
390.96
]
},
{
"text": "More and more companies, such as Starbucks,",
"timestamp": [
390.96,
392.96
]
},
{
"text": "Uber and Chipotle, are \noffering 100% tuition coverage",
"timestamp": [
392.96,
396.72
]
},
{
"text": "for employees, and most companies agree \nto pay a portion of your school costs",
"timestamp": [
396.72,
400.88
]
},
{
"text": "depending on the type of tuition \nassistance program they offer.",
"timestamp": [
400.88,
403.52
]
},
{
"text": "Tuition reimbursement programs require \nyou to pay for the costs upfront,",
"timestamp": [
403.52,
407.6
]
},
{
"text": "then your employer will repay you after \nyou’ve earned a passing grade for the course.",
"timestamp": [
407.6,
411.68
]
},
{
"text": "And in direct bill programs, your \nemployer will pay the school you attend,",
"timestamp": [
411.68,
415.2
]
},
{
"text": "instead of having you pay for the courses first.",
"timestamp": [
415.2,
417.52
]
},
{
"text": "But if you don’t earn a \npassing grade in the course,",
"timestamp": [
417.52,
419.76
]
},
{
"text": "your employer may require you \nto pay them the money back.",
"timestamp": [
419.76,
422.4
]
},
{
"text": "Unlike those tuition assistance programs,",
"timestamp": [
422.4,
424.24
]
},
{
"text": "a lump sum program offers all the money \nyou are eligible for once each year.",
"timestamp": [
424.24,
428.56
]
},
{
"text": "Although the amount of tuition assistance varies,",
"timestamp": [
428.56,
430.8
]
},
{
"text": "companies are allowed to offer up to \n$5,250 in tax-free funding annually.",
"timestamp": [
430.8,
435.84
]
},
{
"text": "Some companies choose to offer more,",
"timestamp": [
436.48,
438.24
]
},
{
"text": "so it’s important to ask how much \ntuition assistance is offered each year.",
"timestamp": [
438.24,
441.68
]
},
{
"text": "And you should ask whether you’re \nlimited to specific areas of study.",
"timestamp": [
441.68,
445.28
]
},
{
"text": "Some companies only offer tuition assistance if \nyour courses relate to the company’s industry.",
"timestamp": [
445.28,
449.68
]
},
{
"text": "Like if I worked for a tech \ncompany and wanted to take courses,",
"timestamp": [
449.68,
452.56
]
},
{
"text": "they might only cover things like cybersecurity, \nprogramming, web design, and related topics.",
"timestamp": [
452.56,
457.2
]
},
{
"text": "But if I wanted to study something \nelse -- like linguistics! --",
"timestamp": [
457.2,
460.64
]
},
{
"text": "I can try to make a case that other courses",
"timestamp": [
460.64,
462.64
]
},
{
"text": "will help me do my job better and \nconvince my employer to cover it.",
"timestamp": [
462.64,
466
]
},
{
"text": "So research the courses you want to take \nbefore applying for aid through your company.",
"timestamp": [
466,
469.84
]
},
{
"text": "And be prepared to explain how each course",
"timestamp": [
469.84,
472.4
]
},
{
"text": "relates to your job and how each one \ncan help you contribute to the company.",
"timestamp": [
472.4,
475.28
]
},
{
"text": "If you’re under 24 and considered a dependent,",
"timestamp": [
475.28,
477.84
]
},
{
"text": "you can also consider asking your parents \nor guardians to check with their employer.",
"timestamp": [
477.84,
481.28
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, Wells Fargo offers \ntuition reimbursement for employees",
"timestamp": [
481.28,
484.88
]
},
{
"text": "and scholarships for the children of employees.",
"timestamp": [
484.88,
486.96
]
},
{
"text": "Or if your parent or guardian \nworks for a college or university,",
"timestamp": [
486.96,
489.68
]
},
{
"text": "you may qualify for tuition \nassistance if you attend that school.",
"timestamp": [
489.68,
492.8
]
},
{
"text": "And if you or your spouse \nis employed by the military,",
"timestamp": [
492.8,
495.6
]
},
{
"text": "you may qualify for military tuition assistance,",
"timestamp": [
495.6,
498.32
]
},
{
"text": "which is available to both active \nduty service members and veterans.",
"timestamp": [
498.32,
501.36
]
},
{
"text": "As a veteran, your dependents—like \nyour spouse or children—",
"timestamp": [
501.36,
504.24
]
},
{
"text": "may also receive aid through \nspouse or dependent assistance. F",
"timestamp": [
504.24,
507.44
]
},
{
"text": "or example, the Post-9/11 GI Bill is \ndesigned to pay for service members'",
"timestamp": [
507.44,
511.36
]
},
{
"text": "education and can be transferred to a \nqualifying spouse or other dependent.",
"timestamp": [
511.36,
514.88
]
},
{
"text": "And each branch of service has \ndifferent tuition assistance programs,",
"timestamp": [
514.88,
518
]
},
{
"text": "so we encourage you to check with the \nappropriate branch for more specific information.",
"timestamp": [
518,
521.44
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, paying for college is about \nfinding money to put toward your education,",
"timestamp": [
521.44,
525.28
]
},
{
"text": "but it’s also about reducing the amount \nof money you need to pay out of pocket,",
"timestamp": [
525.28,
528.8
]
},
{
"text": "and what school you go to \ncan be a big part of that.",
"timestamp": [
528.8,
531.12
]
},
{
"text": "Trade schools may have higher \nup-front costs than four-year schools,",
"timestamp": [
531.12,
534.16
]
},
{
"text": "but offer a more specific career focus that \ncan lead to gainful employment quickly.",
"timestamp": [
534.16,
538.48
]
},
{
"text": "You can often earn a certificate \nthere in one or two years,",
"timestamp": [
538.48,
541.28
]
},
{
"text": "and fund your program with federal \nfinancial aid, scholarships, or grants.",
"timestamp": [
541.28,
544.8
]
},
{
"text": "Community colleges also cost less \nthan state colleges or universities.",
"timestamp": [
544.8,
548.96
]
},
{
"text": "Even if you decide to attend a university \nlater, you can attend a community college first",
"timestamp": [
548.96,
553.04
]
},
{
"text": "to complete your general \neducation credits at a lower cost.",
"timestamp": [
553.04,
555.92
]
},
{
"text": "If you decide to take this path, make sure \nyou understand how the credits you earned",
"timestamp": [
555.92,
559.68
]
},
{
"text": "at a community college will \ntransfer to a university.",
"timestamp": [
559.68,
561.84
]
},
{
"text": "Most schools have a transfer \ncredit tool on their websites",
"timestamp": [
562.64,
565.44
]
},
{
"text": "that you can use to evaluate the \nnumber of credits that could transfer.",
"timestamp": [
565.44,
568.72
]
},
{
"text": "Earning college credits in high school \nlike through Advanced Placement courses",
"timestamp": [
568.72,
571.92
]
},
{
"text": "or taking low-cost college courses \nlike ASU’s universal learner courses",
"timestamp": [
571.92,
576.32
]
},
{
"text": "is another way to reduce college \ncosts by earning college credit",
"timestamp": [
576.32,
580.08
]
},
{
"text": "before actually starting college.",
"timestamp": [
580.08,
582
]
},
{
"text": "Also, a major part of this Study Hall Project is",
"timestamp": [
582,
584.64
]
},
{
"text": "creating videos which are the \nfoundation for college credit courses.",
"timestamp": [
584.64,
587.84
]
},
{
"text": "You can start anytime without \napplying to the university,",
"timestamp": [
587.84,
589.84
]
},
{
"text": "pay after you complete the course,",
"timestamp": [
590.56,
592.16
]
},
{
"text": "and be able to transfer the credit to most \nuniversities. More info is in the description!",
"timestamp": [
592.16,
596.08
]
},
{
"text": "You can also look into CLEP, a \nCollege-Level Examination Program",
"timestamp": [
596.08,
599.76
]
},
{
"text": "that enables you to complete tests in \nlieu of taking introductory courses,",
"timestamp": [
599.76,
603.44
]
},
{
"text": "and DANTES, which supports members \nof the military in completing exams",
"timestamp": [
603.44,
607.04
]
},
{
"text": "to earn high school and college credits.",
"timestamp": [
607.04,
608.8
]
},
{
"text": "Planning ahead for college tuition and fees",
"timestamp": [
608.8,
610.48
]
},
{
"text": "can help you save more money in the \nlong run and reduce financial stress.",
"timestamp": [
610.48,
613.84
]
},
{
"text": "Less stress means more energy \nto focus on your coursework,",
"timestamp": [
614.4,
617.2
]
},
{
"text": "create great memories, and \nenjoy your college experience.",
"timestamp": [
617.2,
619.84
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode \nof Crash Course How to College.",
"timestamp": [
619.84,
622.64
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded \nprogram called Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
622.64,
625.44
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State",
"timestamp": [
625.44,
627.2
]
},
{
"text": "University to launch Study \nHall on its own channel.",
"timestamp": [
627.2,
630
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll \nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
630,
634.32
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational courses",
"timestamp": [
634.32,
636.88
]
},
{
"text": "connected to college credit \ncourses that students struggle",
"timestamp": [
636.88,
639.6
]
},
{
"text": "most with in their first 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
639.6,
640.96
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
640.96,
645.84
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Crash Course Office Hours: Anatomy & Physiology
|
-eIuQAMTI4I
| 3,385 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "Introduction",
"end_time": 150
},
{
"start_time": 150,
"title": "Is the heart a muscle or an organ?",
"end_time": 489
},
{
"start_time": 489,
"title": "How are skin cells organized through the layers of the skin?",
"end_time": 901
},
{
"start_time": 901,
"title": "Neurotransmitters, action potential, gated channels, and the process of muscle contraction",
"end_time": 1615
},
{
"start_time": 1615,
"title": "What's the best way to remember bone landmarks?",
"end_time": 1816
},
{
"start_time": 1816,
"title": "How to read an ECG",
"end_time": 2420
},
{
"start_time": 2420,
"title": "Tips for studying A&P #1 - learning the root words",
"end_time": 2634
},
{
"start_time": 2634,
"title": "Tips for studying A&P #2 - how to use flashcards",
"end_time": 2838
},
{
"start_time": 2838,
"title": "Tips for studying A&P #3 - learning by teaching",
"end_time": 2948
},
{
"start_time": 2948,
"title": "What happens when a muscle cramps?",
"end_time": 3118
},
{
"start_time": 3118,
"title": "Tricks for remembering the veins and arteries",
"end_time": 3325
},
{
"start_time": 3325,
"title": "Outro",
"end_time": 3385
}
] |
[
{
"text": "You can review content from Crash \nCourse Anatomy & Physiology with ",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
2.88
]
},
{
"text": "You can review content from Crash \nCourse Anatomy & Physiology with ",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
2.88
]
},
{
"text": "the Crash Course App, available \nnow for Android and iOS devices.",
"timestamp": [
2.88,
6.48
]
},
{
"text": "the Crash Course App, available \nnow for Android and iOS devices.",
"timestamp": [
2.88,
6.48
]
},
{
"text": "Hello, everybody.",
"timestamp": [
7.36,
8.64
]
},
{
"text": "Hello, everybody.",
"timestamp": [
7.36,
8.64
]
},
{
"text": "I think that we have begun the livestream\nnow.",
"timestamp": [
8.64,
10.56
]
},
{
"text": "I think that we have begun the livestream\nnow.",
"timestamp": [
8.64,
10.56
]
},
{
"text": "I'm Hank Green, this is Office Hours.",
"timestamp": [
10.56,
13.12
]
},
{
"text": "I'm Hank Green, this is Office Hours.",
"timestamp": [
10.56,
13.12
]
},
{
"text": "I was once the host of Crash \nCourse Anatomy & Physiology.",
"timestamp": [
13.12,
16.4
]
},
{
"text": "I was once the host of Crash \nCourse Anatomy & Physiology.",
"timestamp": [
13.12,
16.4
]
},
{
"text": "And for the next hour, we're going to \nbe answering your questions about A&P",
"timestamp": [
16.4,
19.52
]
},
{
"text": "And for the next hour, we're going to \nbe answering your questions about A&P",
"timestamp": [
16.4,
19.52
]
},
{
"text": "to maybe help you study for \nfinals or whatever you're up to.",
"timestamp": [
20.32,
24
]
},
{
"text": "to maybe help you study for \nfinals or whatever you're up to.",
"timestamp": [
20.32,
24
]
},
{
"text": "And I'm joined by a person who actually knows \nstuff about anatomy and physiology, our script,",
"timestamp": [
24,
28.88
]
},
{
"text": "And I'm joined by a person who actually knows \nstuff about anatomy and physiology, our script,",
"timestamp": [
24,
28.88
]
},
{
"text": "our consultant on that project who helped \nus make sure we got everything right.",
"timestamp": [
28.88,
33.12
]
},
{
"text": "our consultant on that project who helped \nus make sure we got everything right.",
"timestamp": [
28.88,
33.12
]
},
{
"text": "It's Brandon.",
"timestamp": [
33.12,
34
]
},
{
"text": "It's Brandon.",
"timestamp": [
33.12,
34
]
},
{
"text": "Hello, Brandon Jackson.",
"timestamp": [
34,
35.36
]
},
{
"text": "Hello, Brandon Jackson.",
"timestamp": [
34,
35.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Hi, Hank.",
"timestamp": [
35.36,
35.92
]
},
{
"text": "<Hi, Hank.",
"timestamp": [
35.36,
35.92
]
},
{
"text": ">Brandon, tell us a little bit \nabout who you are, what you do.",
"timestamp": [
36.56,
39.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Brandon, tell us a little bit \nabout who you are, what you do.",
"timestamp": [
36.56,
39.2
]
},
{
"text": "<I'm now an associate professor \nat Longwood University.",
"timestamp": [
40.24,
43.6
]
},
{
"text": "<I'm now an associate professor \nat Longwood University.",
"timestamp": [
40.24,
43.6
]
},
{
"text": "I've been here for about seven years.",
"timestamp": [
43.6,
45.2
]
},
{
"text": "I've been here for about seven years.",
"timestamp": [
43.6,
45.2
]
},
{
"text": "I used to live in Missoula where we \nfirst met and, I was thinking about it,",
"timestamp": [
45.2,
49.64
]
},
{
"text": "I used to live in Missoula where we \nfirst met and, I was thinking about it,",
"timestamp": [
45.2,
49.64
]
},
{
"text": "I've taught Anatomy & Physiology \nor Comparative Anatomy ",
"timestamp": [
49.64,
52.4
]
},
{
"text": "I've taught Anatomy & Physiology \nor Comparative Anatomy ",
"timestamp": [
49.64,
52.4
]
},
{
"text": "for almost 18 years now. \nSo it's been quite a ride.",
"timestamp": [
52.4,
56.16
]
},
{
"text": "for almost 18 years now. \nSo it's been quite a ride.",
"timestamp": [
52.4,
56.16
]
},
{
"text": ">That's great. Well, you're \nthe right person to have here.",
"timestamp": [
56.16,
58.56
]
},
{
"text": ">That's great. Well, you're \nthe right person to have here.",
"timestamp": [
56.16,
58.56
]
},
{
"text": "Here's how it's going to go,",
"timestamp": [
59.12,
60.24
]
},
{
"text": "Here's how it's going to go,",
"timestamp": [
59.12,
60.24
]
},
{
"text": "we've got people to send in \ntheir questions ahead of time",
"timestamp": [
60.24,
63.52
]
},
{
"text": "we've got people to send in \ntheir questions ahead of time",
"timestamp": [
60.24,
63.52
]
},
{
"text": "so we've got some prepared \nthat we know we're going to do.",
"timestamp": [
63.52,
65.84
]
},
{
"text": "so we've got some prepared \nthat we know we're going to do.",
"timestamp": [
63.52,
65.84
]
},
{
"text": "Then we're going to talk a little bit about some ",
"timestamp": [
66.48,
67.92
]
},
{
"text": "Then we're going to talk a little bit about some ",
"timestamp": [
66.48,
67.92
]
},
{
"text": "study tips for specifically how \nto study for Anatomy & Physiology,",
"timestamp": [
67.92,
70.88
]
},
{
"text": "study tips for specifically how \nto study for Anatomy & Physiology,",
"timestamp": [
67.92,
70.88
]
},
{
"text": "which I found very helpful \nlearning about from Brandon.",
"timestamp": [
70.88,
73.76
]
},
{
"text": "which I found very helpful \nlearning about from Brandon.",
"timestamp": [
70.88,
73.76
]
},
{
"text": "And then we're going to end with \nsome questions from the chat.",
"timestamp": [
73.76,
76.16
]
},
{
"text": "And then we're going to end with \nsome questions from the chat.",
"timestamp": [
73.76,
76.16
]
},
{
"text": "So if you have any, put them in there,",
"timestamp": [
76.16,
77.92
]
},
{
"text": "So if you have any, put them in there,",
"timestamp": [
76.16,
77.92
]
},
{
"text": "appreciate all of you for doing that.",
"timestamp": [
77.92,
80.08
]
},
{
"text": "appreciate all of you for doing that.",
"timestamp": [
77.92,
80.08
]
},
{
"text": "Before we get to your questions, I want to ",
"timestamp": [
80.08,
81.68
]
},
{
"text": "Before we get to your questions, I want to ",
"timestamp": [
80.08,
81.68
]
},
{
"text": "talk a little bit about our \npartner for Office Hours.",
"timestamp": [
81.68,
84
]
},
{
"text": "talk a little bit about our \npartner for Office Hours.",
"timestamp": [
81.68,
84
]
},
{
"text": "We're very lucky to have a partner.",
"timestamp": [
84,
85.92
]
},
{
"text": "We're very lucky to have a partner.",
"timestamp": [
84,
85.92
]
},
{
"text": "It's Flipgrid, which is a free video discussion\napp from Microsoft, and they got a mission",
"timestamp": [
85.92,
91.12
]
},
{
"text": "It's Flipgrid, which is a free video discussion\napp from Microsoft, and they got a mission",
"timestamp": [
85.92,
91.12
]
},
{
"text": "to make learning fun and empowering for all.",
"timestamp": [
91.12,
93.52
]
},
{
"text": "to make learning fun and empowering for all.",
"timestamp": [
91.12,
93.52
]
},
{
"text": "It's been used in the classroom for nearly\na decade and as we talk about preparing for",
"timestamp": [
93.52,
99.36
]
},
{
"text": "It's been used in the classroom for nearly\na decade and as we talk about preparing for",
"timestamp": [
93.52,
99.36
]
},
{
"text": "exams, Flipgrid is a convenient way to host\nstudy groups so that having to coordinate",
"timestamp": [
99.36,
103.2
]
},
{
"text": "exams, Flipgrid is a convenient way to host\nstudy groups so that having to coordinate",
"timestamp": [
99.36,
103.2
]
},
{
"text": "around a class schedule or \nafter-school commitments.",
"timestamp": [
103.2,
106.56
]
},
{
"text": "around a class schedule or \nafter-school commitments.",
"timestamp": [
103.2,
106.56
]
},
{
"text": "You can create a group, start a topic and\nsend the link to anyone you want to join.",
"timestamp": [
106.56,
110.88
]
},
{
"text": "You can create a group, start a topic and\nsend the link to anyone you want to join.",
"timestamp": [
106.56,
110.88
]
},
{
"text": "You can record video or audio responses,\ndiscuss specific in detail, quiz each other,",
"timestamp": [
111.44,
116.88
]
},
{
"text": "You can record video or audio responses,\ndiscuss specific in detail, quiz each other,",
"timestamp": [
111.44,
116.88
]
},
{
"text": "prep for group presentations, all of that.",
"timestamp": [
116.88,
119.52
]
},
{
"text": "prep for group presentations, all of that.",
"timestamp": [
116.88,
119.52
]
},
{
"text": "We hear from Crash Course viewers all the\ntime, how helpful video is as a learning tool,",
"timestamp": [
119.52,
124
]
},
{
"text": "We hear from Crash Course viewers all the\ntime, how helpful video is as a learning tool,",
"timestamp": [
119.52,
124
]
},
{
"text": "it's one of the reasons we made Crash Course\nand connecting with peers and learning in",
"timestamp": [
124,
128.24
]
},
{
"text": "it's one of the reasons we made Crash Course\nand connecting with peers and learning in",
"timestamp": [
124,
128.24
]
},
{
"text": "groups with your peers in a community is a\nwonderful thing.",
"timestamp": [
128.24,
131.04
]
},
{
"text": "groups with your peers in a community is a\nwonderful thing.",
"timestamp": [
128.24,
131.04
]
},
{
"text": "We use Flipgrid to collect some of the questions\nthat we're going to be asking on the livestream.",
"timestamp": [
131.04,
134.88
]
},
{
"text": "We use Flipgrid to collect some of the questions\nthat we're going to be asking on the livestream.",
"timestamp": [
131.04,
134.88
]
},
{
"text": "So let's start with some questions for the\nlivestream.",
"timestamp": [
134.88,
138.88
]
},
{
"text": "So let's start with some questions for the\nlivestream.",
"timestamp": [
134.88,
138.88
]
},
{
"text": "Brandon, are you ready?",
"timestamp": [
138.88,
139.76
]
},
{
"text": "Brandon, are you ready?",
"timestamp": [
138.88,
139.76
]
},
{
"text": "Do you know enough about Anatomy & Physiology\nto answer these questions?",
"timestamp": [
139.76,
143.92
]
},
{
"text": "Do you know enough about Anatomy & Physiology\nto answer these questions?",
"timestamp": [
139.76,
143.92
]
},
{
"text": "<I will do my best.",
"timestamp": [
144.56,
145.76
]
},
{
"text": "<I will do my best.",
"timestamp": [
144.56,
145.76
]
},
{
"text": ">I'm pretty sure you do.",
"timestamp": [
145.76,
147.04
]
},
{
"text": ">I'm pretty sure you do.",
"timestamp": [
145.76,
147.04
]
},
{
"text": "This first one comes from Drew who asks is\nthe heart a muscle or an organ?",
"timestamp": [
147.04,
152.32
]
},
{
"text": "This first one comes from Drew who asks is\nthe heart a muscle or an organ?",
"timestamp": [
147.04,
152.32
]
},
{
"text": "This is great, because now we get to talk\nabout muscles, organs, tissue, cells.",
"timestamp": [
153.36,
156.48
]
},
{
"text": "This is great, because now we get to talk\nabout muscles, organs, tissue, cells.",
"timestamp": [
153.36,
156.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Exactly. This is a really interesting question.",
"timestamp": [
157.2,
159.68
]
},
{
"text": "<Exactly. This is a really interesting question.",
"timestamp": [
157.2,
159.68
]
},
{
"text": "It seems kind of simple at first, and it's\nnot just a yes or no answer, this is going",
"timestamp": [
159.68,
164.4
]
},
{
"text": "It seems kind of simple at first, and it's\nnot just a yes or no answer, this is going",
"timestamp": [
159.68,
164.4
]
},
{
"text": "to be kind of a long-winded answer unfortunately\nI think, but it's kind of cool.",
"timestamp": [
164.4,
168.56
]
},
{
"text": "to be kind of a long-winded answer unfortunately\nI think, but it's kind of cool.",
"timestamp": [
164.4,
168.56
]
},
{
"text": "But really we have to get down to definitions\nand the hierarchy of organizations that we",
"timestamp": [
169.44,
174.88
]
},
{
"text": "But really we have to get down to definitions\nand the hierarchy of organizations that we",
"timestamp": [
169.44,
174.88
]
},
{
"text": "talk about in Anatomy & Physiology, ",
"timestamp": [
174.88,
177.04
]
},
{
"text": "talk about in Anatomy & Physiology, ",
"timestamp": [
174.88,
177.04
]
},
{
"text": "and most of Biology\nreally, right?",
"timestamp": [
177.04,
178.88
]
},
{
"text": "and most of Biology\nreally, right?",
"timestamp": [
177.04,
178.88
]
},
{
"text": "So we can take atoms and make molecules, we\ncan take molecules and if we arrange them",
"timestamp": [
178.88,
182.48
]
},
{
"text": "So we can take atoms and make molecules, we\ncan take molecules and if we arrange them",
"timestamp": [
178.88,
182.48
]
},
{
"text": "in just the right way, we get cells.",
"timestamp": [
182.48,
184.16
]
},
{
"text": "in just the right way, we get cells.",
"timestamp": [
182.48,
184.16
]
},
{
"text": "If we take a bunch of cells that all look\nalike and function together and organize them",
"timestamp": [
185.04,
190.88
]
},
{
"text": "If we take a bunch of cells that all look\nalike and function together and organize them",
"timestamp": [
185.04,
190.88
]
},
{
"text": "in the right way in a body, that's what we\ncall a tissue.",
"timestamp": [
190.88,
192.88
]
},
{
"text": "in the right way in a body, that's what we\ncall a tissue.",
"timestamp": [
190.88,
192.88
]
},
{
"text": "And this is where we kind of start.",
"timestamp": [
193.68,
195.52
]
},
{
"text": "And this is where we kind of start.",
"timestamp": [
193.68,
195.52
]
},
{
"text": "Now, if we take multiple tissues and combine\nthem together, and we get a thing in the body,",
"timestamp": [
195.52,
200.48
]
},
{
"text": "Now, if we take multiple tissues and combine\nthem together, and we get a thing in the body,",
"timestamp": [
195.52,
200.48
]
},
{
"text": "a structure in the body that has more or less ",
"timestamp": [
200.48,
203.52
]
},
{
"text": "a structure in the body that has more or less ",
"timestamp": [
200.48,
203.52
]
},
{
"text": "a single function, or \nsometimes multiple functions,",
"timestamp": [
203.52,
206.24
]
},
{
"text": "a single function, or \nsometimes multiple functions,",
"timestamp": [
203.52,
206.24
]
},
{
"text": "that's an organ.",
"timestamp": [
206.24,
207.04
]
},
{
"text": "that's an organ.",
"timestamp": [
206.24,
207.04
]
},
{
"text": "So an organ has multiple tissues and at least\none obvious function.",
"timestamp": [
207.04,
211.84
]
},
{
"text": "So an organ has multiple tissues and at least\none obvious function.",
"timestamp": [
207.04,
211.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Now, see, I think this is what confused me\nabout this and maybe what is confusing Drew",
"timestamp": [
212.96,
218.24
]
},
{
"text": ">Now, see, I think this is what confused me\nabout this and maybe what is confusing Drew",
"timestamp": [
212.96,
218.24
]
},
{
"text": "about this is that I hear that muscle is a\ntissue type?",
"timestamp": [
218.24,
224.08
]
},
{
"text": "about this is that I hear that muscle is a\ntissue type?",
"timestamp": [
218.24,
224.08
]
},
{
"text": "<Yes.",
"timestamp": [
224.96,
225.52
]
},
{
"text": "<Yes.",
"timestamp": [
224.96,
225.52
]
},
{
"text": ">But /a/ muscle is not a tissue type?",
"timestamp": [
225.52,
229.36
]
},
{
"text": ">But /a/ muscle is not a tissue type?",
"timestamp": [
225.52,
229.36
]
},
{
"text": "<You got it. You got it.",
"timestamp": [
230,
231.2
]
},
{
"text": "<You got it. You got it.",
"timestamp": [
230,
231.2
]
},
{
"text": "So muscle is a tissue type.",
"timestamp": [
232.16,
234.96
]
},
{
"text": "So muscle is a tissue type.",
"timestamp": [
232.16,
234.96
]
},
{
"text": "It's one of four tissue types.",
"timestamp": [
234.96,
236.32
]
},
{
"text": "It's one of four tissue types.",
"timestamp": [
234.96,
236.32
]
},
{
"text": "So we have epithelial tissue, muscle tissue,\nnervous tissue, and connective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
236.32,
241.68
]
},
{
"text": "So we have epithelial tissue, muscle tissue,\nnervous tissue, and connective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
236.32,
241.68
]
},
{
"text": ">I mean, I love that there's only four, that's\nway easier than almost everything.",
"timestamp": [
241.68,
244.88
]
},
{
"text": ">I mean, I love that there's only four, that's\nway easier than almost everything.",
"timestamp": [
241.68,
244.88
]
},
{
"text": "<How many episodes did we do on tissue?",
"timestamp": [
246.48,
248.4
]
},
{
"text": "<How many episodes did we do on tissue?",
"timestamp": [
246.48,
248.4
]
},
{
"text": "I think we did two on just connective tissue\nbecause there's, I don't know, 14 kinds of",
"timestamp": [
248.4,
253.84
]
},
{
"text": "I think we did two on just connective tissue\nbecause there's, I don't know, 14 kinds of",
"timestamp": [
248.4,
253.84
]
},
{
"text": "whatever, not counting here.",
"timestamp": [
253.84,
255.52
]
},
{
"text": "whatever, not counting here.",
"timestamp": [
253.84,
255.52
]
},
{
"text": "So of muscle tissue, there's actually three\nkinds of muscle tissue and you can tell the",
"timestamp": [
256.08,
261.2
]
},
{
"text": "So of muscle tissue, there's actually three\nkinds of muscle tissue and you can tell the",
"timestamp": [
256.08,
261.2
]
},
{
"text": "difference if you look just \ndown at the cellular level",
"timestamp": [
261.2,
263.68
]
},
{
"text": "difference if you look just \ndown at the cellular level",
"timestamp": [
261.2,
263.68
]
},
{
"text": "and then there's some other \nfunctional differences.",
"timestamp": [
263.68,
265.76
]
},
{
"text": "and then there's some other \nfunctional differences.",
"timestamp": [
263.68,
265.76
]
},
{
"text": "But really the ones we're talking about here,\nthere's two, there's skeletal muscle tissue,",
"timestamp": [
265.76,
270.32
]
},
{
"text": "But really the ones we're talking about here,\nthere's two, there's skeletal muscle tissue,",
"timestamp": [
265.76,
270.32
]
},
{
"text": "and that's muscle, the tissue you find in\nyour favorite skeletal muscle.",
"timestamp": [
270.32,
274.56
]
},
{
"text": "and that's muscle, the tissue you find in\nyour favorite skeletal muscle.",
"timestamp": [
270.32,
274.56
]
},
{
"text": "Hank, what's your favorite skeletal muscle?",
"timestamp": [
274.56,
276.08
]
},
{
"text": "Hank, what's your favorite skeletal muscle?",
"timestamp": [
274.56,
276.08
]
},
{
"text": ">My favorite skeletal muscle has got to be\nthe butt, right?",
"timestamp": [
276.88,
280.72
]
},
{
"text": ">My favorite skeletal muscle has got to be\nthe butt, right?",
"timestamp": [
276.88,
280.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Okay.",
"timestamp": [
280.72,
280.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Okay.",
"timestamp": [
280.72,
280.96
]
},
{
"text": "So the gluteus maximus, that one.",
"timestamp": [
280.96,
283.28
]
},
{
"text": "So the gluteus maximus, that one.",
"timestamp": [
280.96,
283.28
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, we'll call it the gluteus maximus.",
"timestamp": [
283.28,
285.28
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, we'll call it the gluteus maximus.",
"timestamp": [
283.28,
285.28
]
},
{
"text": "There's a medias too, there's some other muscles\nin there.",
"timestamp": [
285.28,
287.44
]
},
{
"text": "There's a medias too, there's some other muscles\nin there.",
"timestamp": [
285.28,
287.44
]
},
{
"text": "But okay.",
"timestamp": [
287.44,
288.24
]
},
{
"text": "But okay.",
"timestamp": [
287.44,
288.24
]
},
{
"text": "So the gluteus maximus, now that is a skeletal\nmuscle that has skeletal muscle tissue in",
"timestamp": [
288.24,
292.48
]
},
{
"text": "So the gluteus maximus, now that is a skeletal\nmuscle that has skeletal muscle tissue in",
"timestamp": [
288.24,
292.48
]
},
{
"text": "it, as opposed to the heart, which has cardiac\nmuscle tissue in it.",
"timestamp": [
292.48,
296.64
]
},
{
"text": "it, as opposed to the heart, which has cardiac\nmuscle tissue in it.",
"timestamp": [
292.48,
296.64
]
},
{
"text": "So those are multiple muscle tissue types.",
"timestamp": [
296.64,
300.16
]
},
{
"text": "So those are multiple muscle tissue types.",
"timestamp": [
296.64,
300.16
]
},
{
"text": "Now are they an organ?",
"timestamp": [
301.84,
303.52
]
},
{
"text": "Now are they an organ?",
"timestamp": [
301.84,
303.52
]
},
{
"text": "And this is kind of the other part of the\nquestion.",
"timestamp": [
303.52,
305.44
]
},
{
"text": "And this is kind of the other part of the\nquestion.",
"timestamp": [
303.52,
305.44
]
},
{
"text": "So let's take the gluteus maximus first.",
"timestamp": [
305.44,
307.76
]
},
{
"text": "So let's take the gluteus maximus first.",
"timestamp": [
305.44,
307.76
]
},
{
"text": "And is that an organ?",
"timestamp": [
307.76,
310.08
]
},
{
"text": "And is that an organ?",
"timestamp": [
307.76,
310.08
]
},
{
"text": "It actually is, because remember the definition\nof an organ is multiple tissue types.",
"timestamp": [
310.08,
314.48
]
},
{
"text": "It actually is, because remember the definition\nof an organ is multiple tissue types.",
"timestamp": [
310.08,
314.48
]
},
{
"text": "So we have the skeletal muscle tissue in there\nand that's the bulk of it, that's the thing",
"timestamp": [
314.48,
318.32
]
},
{
"text": "So we have the skeletal muscle tissue in there\nand that's the bulk of it, that's the thing",
"timestamp": [
314.48,
318.32
]
},
{
"text": "that does the work.",
"timestamp": [
318.32,
319.36
]
},
{
"text": "that does the work.",
"timestamp": [
318.32,
319.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Does the work, but you can't do the work,\nlet me see if I can name a couple others.",
"timestamp": [
319.36,
323.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Does the work, but you can't do the work,\nlet me see if I can name a couple others.",
"timestamp": [
319.36,
323.2
]
},
{
"text": "I can feel my butt so it's got nervous tissue\nin it and my butt is alive so it's got to",
"timestamp": [
323.2,
328.24
]
},
{
"text": "I can feel my butt so it's got nervous tissue\nin it and my butt is alive so it's got to",
"timestamp": [
323.2,
328.24
]
},
{
"text": "have some vasculature, there's got to be some\ndelivery of oxygen so it's got veins and stuff.",
"timestamp": [
328.24,
333.44
]
},
{
"text": "have some vasculature, there's got to be some\ndelivery of oxygen so it's got veins and stuff.",
"timestamp": [
328.24,
333.44
]
},
{
"text": "<So it's got veins and stuff, so arteries and\nveins going through there.",
"timestamp": [
333.44,
336
]
},
{
"text": "<So it's got veins and stuff, so arteries and\nveins going through there.",
"timestamp": [
333.44,
336
]
},
{
"text": "And those are actually lined with simple squamous\nepithelial tissue called-",
"timestamp": [
336,
341.12
]
},
{
"text": "And those are actually lined with simple squamous\nepithelial tissue called-",
"timestamp": [
336,
341.12
]
},
{
"text": ">Epithelial tissue.",
"timestamp": [
341.12,
342.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Epithelial tissue.",
"timestamp": [
341.12,
342.56
]
},
{
"text": "<So that's your epithelial.",
"timestamp": [
342.56,
344
]
},
{
"text": "<So that's your epithelial.",
"timestamp": [
342.56,
344
]
},
{
"text": "So we actually have all four tissue types\nin the muscle.",
"timestamp": [
344,
347.2
]
},
{
"text": "So we actually have all four tissue types\nin the muscle.",
"timestamp": [
344,
347.2
]
},
{
"text": "We didn't talk about connective tissue in\nthere, but you have the tendons connected",
"timestamp": [
347.2,
352.96
]
},
{
"text": "We didn't talk about connective tissue in\nthere, but you have the tendons connected",
"timestamp": [
347.2,
352.96
]
},
{
"text": "to the end, that's connective tissue, dense\nconnective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
352.96,
356.96
]
},
{
"text": "to the end, that's connective tissue, dense\nconnective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
352.96,
356.96
]
},
{
"text": "And then kind of through the rest of the muscle,\nwe have all these different layers, like the",
"timestamp": [
356.96,
360.96
]
},
{
"text": "And then kind of through the rest of the muscle,\nwe have all these different layers, like the",
"timestamp": [
356.96,
360.96
]
},
{
"text": "epimysium and the perimysium and those are\nalso connective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
360.96,
365.36
]
},
{
"text": "epimysium and the perimysium and those are\nalso connective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
360.96,
365.36
]
},
{
"text": "So there's your organ, all four tissue types.",
"timestamp": [
365.36,
368.48
]
},
{
"text": "So there's your organ, all four tissue types.",
"timestamp": [
365.36,
368.48
]
},
{
"text": "It's kind of an overachiever of an organ.",
"timestamp": [
368.48,
370.72
]
},
{
"text": "It's kind of an overachiever of an organ.",
"timestamp": [
368.48,
370.72
]
},
{
"text": "And yet we don't-",
"timestamp": [
372,
373.08
]
},
{
"text": "And yet we don't-",
"timestamp": [
372,
373.08
]
},
{
"text": ".But you don't really think of it that way.",
"timestamp": [
373.08,
374.64
]
},
{
"text": ".But you don't really think of it that way.",
"timestamp": [
373.08,
374.64
]
},
{
"text": "Because I'm like, yeah, a liver is an organ\nwhen I can take out and hold it in my hand",
"timestamp": [
374.64,
378.4
]
},
{
"text": "Because I'm like, yeah, a liver is an organ\nwhen I can take out and hold it in my hand",
"timestamp": [
374.64,
378.4
]
},
{
"text": "and be like, \"That looks like an organ.\"",
"timestamp": [
378.4,
379.84
]
},
{
"text": "and be like, \"That looks like an organ.\"",
"timestamp": [
378.4,
379.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Right.",
"timestamp": [
380.8,
381.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Right.",
"timestamp": [
380.8,
381.04
]
},
{
"text": "So now you say, how many organs do you have\nin your body?",
"timestamp": [
381.04,
383.6
]
},
{
"text": "So now you say, how many organs do you have\nin your body?",
"timestamp": [
381.04,
383.6
]
},
{
"text": "And now you have to add in all the muscles\non top of the things you usually think about",
"timestamp": [
383.6,
388.4
]
},
{
"text": "And now you have to add in all the muscles\non top of the things you usually think about",
"timestamp": [
383.6,
388.4
]
},
{
"text": "as an organ.",
"timestamp": [
388.4,
389.04
]
},
{
"text": "as an organ.",
"timestamp": [
388.4,
389.04
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, well, that's skeletal muscle, but what\nabout cardiac muscle?",
"timestamp": [
390.16,
394.32
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, well, that's skeletal muscle, but what\nabout cardiac muscle?",
"timestamp": [
390.16,
394.32
]
},
{
"text": "Same thing, add up the tissue types.",
"timestamp": [
394.32,
395.84
]
},
{
"text": "Same thing, add up the tissue types.",
"timestamp": [
394.32,
395.84
]
},
{
"text": "What we have there, cardio muscle cells, that's\nthe cardiac muscle tissue so that's one.",
"timestamp": [
395.84,
400.96
]
},
{
"text": "What we have there, cardio muscle cells, that's\nthe cardiac muscle tissue so that's one.",
"timestamp": [
395.84,
400.96
]
},
{
"text": "We also have epithelium, the inside of the\nheart is the endocardium, the outside of the",
"timestamp": [
402.24,
408.08
]
},
{
"text": "We also have epithelium, the inside of the\nheart is the endocardium, the outside of the",
"timestamp": [
402.24,
408.08
]
},
{
"text": "heart is the epicardium.",
"timestamp": [
408.08,
410.56
]
},
{
"text": "heart is the epicardium.",
"timestamp": [
408.08,
410.56
]
},
{
"text": "Those are both epithelial tissues.",
"timestamp": [
410.56,
412.96
]
},
{
"text": "Those are both epithelial tissues.",
"timestamp": [
410.56,
412.96
]
},
{
"text": "So there's two.",
"timestamp": [
412.96,
413.92
]
},
{
"text": "So there's two.",
"timestamp": [
412.96,
413.92
]
},
{
"text": "And then there's other forms of connective\ntissue in and around it, there's fat tissue",
"timestamp": [
414.72,
420.08
]
},
{
"text": "And then there's other forms of connective\ntissue in and around it, there's fat tissue",
"timestamp": [
414.72,
420.08
]
},
{
"text": "around it that's connective.",
"timestamp": [
420.08,
421.44
]
},
{
"text": "around it that's connective.",
"timestamp": [
420.08,
421.44
]
},
{
"text": "The valves inside of the heart are a type\nof connective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
421.44,
424.8
]
},
{
"text": "The valves inside of the heart are a type\nof connective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
421.44,
424.8
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, I've never touched one, but I've seen\nthem and they look like cartilage almost.",
"timestamp": [
424.8,
430.72
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, I've never touched one, but I've seen\nthem and they look like cartilage almost.",
"timestamp": [
424.8,
430.72
]
},
{
"text": "<The valves?",
"timestamp": [
431.36,
431.92
]
},
{
"text": "<The valves?",
"timestamp": [
431.36,
431.92
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah they're kind of leathery I guess you\ncould say.",
"timestamp": [
433.76,
436.8
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah they're kind of leathery I guess you\ncould say.",
"timestamp": [
433.76,
436.8
]
},
{
"text": "So there we have multiple tissue types, an\nobvious function like pumping the blood.",
"timestamp": [
438.96,
443.52
]
},
{
"text": "So there we have multiple tissue types, an\nobvious function like pumping the blood.",
"timestamp": [
438.96,
443.52
]
},
{
"text": "There we go, it's an organ.",
"timestamp": [
443.52,
444.72
]
},
{
"text": "There we go, it's an organ.",
"timestamp": [
443.52,
444.72
]
},
{
"text": "So here's the question.",
"timestamp": [
445.28,
446.4
]
},
{
"text": "So here's the question.",
"timestamp": [
445.28,
446.4
]
},
{
"text": "Is it a muscle?",
"timestamp": [
446.4,
447.6
]
},
{
"text": "Is it a muscle?",
"timestamp": [
446.4,
447.6
]
},
{
"text": ">It's a muscle.",
"timestamp": [
450.4,
451.2
]
},
{
"text": ">It's a muscle.",
"timestamp": [
450.4,
451.2
]
},
{
"text": "<It's muscle-y.\n>That's my answer for you.",
"timestamp": [
452.96,
455.68
]
},
{
"text": "<It's muscle-y.\n>That's my answer for you.",
"timestamp": [
452.96,
455.68
]
},
{
"text": "<Right, so in Anatomy & Physiology, we have very\nspecific language.",
"timestamp": [
457.44,
462.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Right, so in Anatomy & Physiology, we have very\nspecific language.",
"timestamp": [
457.44,
462.48
]
},
{
"text": "So we don't just say \"a muscle,\" we say a ",
"timestamp": [
462.48,
464.88
]
},
{
"text": "So we don't just say \"a muscle,\" we say a ",
"timestamp": [
462.48,
464.88
]
},
{
"text": "\"skeletal\nmuscle.\"",
"timestamp": [
464.88,
465.92
]
},
{
"text": "\"skeletal\nmuscle.\"",
"timestamp": [
464.88,
465.92
]
},
{
"text": "So is it a skeletal muscle? No.",
"timestamp": [
465.92,
469.12
]
},
{
"text": "So is it a skeletal muscle? No.",
"timestamp": [
465.92,
469.12
]
},
{
"text": ">No.\n<Is it muscular?",
"timestamp": [
469.12,
471.04
]
},
{
"text": ">No.\n<Is it muscular?",
"timestamp": [
469.12,
471.04
]
},
{
"text": "Is it a muscle in kind common day, everyday\nlanguage?",
"timestamp": [
471.04,
474.72
]
},
{
"text": "Is it a muscle in kind common day, everyday\nlanguage?",
"timestamp": [
471.04,
474.72
]
},
{
"text": "Sure, it's a muscle,",
"timestamp": [
474.72,
475.6
]
},
{
"text": "Sure, it's a muscle,",
"timestamp": [
474.72,
475.6
]
},
{
"text": "but definitely it's an organ\nand skeletal muscles are also organs.",
"timestamp": [
476.16,
479.6
]
},
{
"text": "but definitely it's an organ\nand skeletal muscles are also organs.",
"timestamp": [
476.16,
479.6
]
},
{
"text": ">Skeletal muscles are organs, \njust blown everybody's ",
"timestamp": [
481.04,
483.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Skeletal muscles are organs, \njust blown everybody's ",
"timestamp": [
481.04,
483.76
]
},
{
"text": "minds.",
"timestamp": [
483.76,
484.4
]
},
{
"text": "minds.",
"timestamp": [
483.76,
484.4
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, got another question for you.",
"timestamp": [
484.4,
486.32
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, got another question for you.",
"timestamp": [
484.4,
486.32
]
},
{
"text": "It's from Maggie.",
"timestamp": [
486.32,
487.04
]
},
{
"text": "It's from Maggie.",
"timestamp": [
486.32,
487.04
]
},
{
"text": "This one came in from Flipgrid and Maggie\nasks, \"I'm in my first year of college, my",
"timestamp": [
487.04,
491.92
]
},
{
"text": "This one came in from Flipgrid and Maggie\nasks, \"I'm in my first year of college, my",
"timestamp": [
487.04,
491.92
]
},
{
"text": "first year taking anatomy.",
"timestamp": [
491.92,
493.12
]
},
{
"text": "first year taking anatomy.",
"timestamp": [
491.92,
493.12
]
},
{
"text": "I had a question about skin cells.",
"timestamp": [
493.12,
495.12
]
},
{
"text": "I had a question about skin cells.",
"timestamp": [
493.12,
495.12
]
},
{
"text": "How are they organized throughout the layers\nof the skin?\"",
"timestamp": [
495.12,
498.16
]
},
{
"text": "How are they organized throughout the layers\nof the skin?\"",
"timestamp": [
495.12,
498.16
]
},
{
"text": "So she goes on talk about a bunch of different\ntypes of skin cells and are they like, spread out?",
"timestamp": [
498.16,
504.24
]
},
{
"text": "So she goes on talk about a bunch of different\ntypes of skin cells and are they like, spread out?",
"timestamp": [
498.16,
504.24
]
},
{
"text": "So you've got melanocytes, \nyou've got keratinocytes, ",
"timestamp": [
504.24,
506.56
]
},
{
"text": "So you've got melanocytes, \nyou've got keratinocytes, ",
"timestamp": [
504.24,
506.56
]
},
{
"text": "Langerhans cells, which \nare, I think, immune cells.",
"timestamp": [
507.68,
511.6
]
},
{
"text": "Langerhans cells, which \nare, I think, immune cells.",
"timestamp": [
507.68,
511.6
]
},
{
"text": "Am I wrong about that?",
"timestamp": [
511.6,
512.64
]
},
{
"text": "Am I wrong about that?",
"timestamp": [
511.6,
512.64
]
},
{
"text": "<Nope, that's correct.",
"timestamp": [
512.64,
513.28
]
},
{
"text": "<Nope, that's correct.",
"timestamp": [
512.64,
513.28
]
},
{
"text": ">And so they're in the skin.",
"timestamp": [
514.56,
515.92
]
},
{
"text": ">And so they're in the skin.",
"timestamp": [
514.56,
515.92
]
},
{
"text": "Are they peppered throughout?",
"timestamp": [
515.92,
517.92
]
},
{
"text": "Are they peppered throughout?",
"timestamp": [
515.92,
517.92
]
},
{
"text": "Are they in layers?",
"timestamp": [
517.92,
519.28
]
},
{
"text": "Are they in layers?",
"timestamp": [
517.92,
519.28
]
},
{
"text": "As the skin, like, it sort of builds up \nat the bottom and then pushes higher,",
"timestamp": [
519.28,
524.64
]
},
{
"text": "As the skin, like, it sort of builds up \nat the bottom and then pushes higher,",
"timestamp": [
519.28,
524.64
]
},
{
"text": "do these things move up with it \nor do they stay in the same place?",
"timestamp": [
524.64,
527.68
]
},
{
"text": "do these things move up with it \nor do they stay in the same place?",
"timestamp": [
524.64,
527.68
]
},
{
"text": "How are they doing this?",
"timestamp": [
527.68,
528.64
]
},
{
"text": "How are they doing this?",
"timestamp": [
527.68,
528.64
]
},
{
"text": "What are they doing?",
"timestamp": [
528.64,
529.28
]
},
{
"text": "What are they doing?",
"timestamp": [
528.64,
529.28
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, so some of these cells are related to other\nand some aren't and so we can start with that.",
"timestamp": [
530.32,
538
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, so some of these cells are related to other\nand some aren't and so we can start with that.",
"timestamp": [
530.32,
538
]
},
{
"text": "And actually, the idea of the tissues will\ncome back into play here.",
"timestamp": [
538,
540.96
]
},
{
"text": "And actually, the idea of the tissues will\ncome back into play here.",
"timestamp": [
538,
540.96
]
},
{
"text": "So the main cell that we talk about with the\nepidermis at least are the keratinocytes,",
"timestamp": [
542,
548.24
]
},
{
"text": "So the main cell that we talk about with the\nepidermis at least are the keratinocytes,",
"timestamp": [
542,
548.24
]
},
{
"text": "these are what make the keratin that make\nyour skin kind of dry and tough and yeah,",
"timestamp": [
548.24,
553.92
]
},
{
"text": "these are what make the keratin that make\nyour skin kind of dry and tough and yeah,",
"timestamp": [
548.24,
553.92
]
},
{
"text": "they do the job they say.",
"timestamp": [
555.36,
556.16
]
},
{
"text": "they do the job they say.",
"timestamp": [
555.36,
556.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Impermeable, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
556.16,
557.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Impermeable, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
556.16,
557.28
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, exactly.",
"timestamp": [
557.28,
557.92
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, exactly.",
"timestamp": [
557.28,
557.92
]
},
{
"text": "And so these are formed in the stratum basale,\nthe deepest layer of the epidermis.",
"timestamp": [
558.48,
564.48
]
},
{
"text": "And so these are formed in the stratum basale,\nthe deepest layer of the epidermis.",
"timestamp": [
558.48,
564.48
]
},
{
"text": "And that's where the new ones are formed from\na thin layer of stem cells.",
"timestamp": [
564.48,
568.88
]
},
{
"text": "And that's where the new ones are formed from\na thin layer of stem cells.",
"timestamp": [
564.48,
568.88
]
},
{
"text": "So the stem cell divides, \nit creates one keratinocyte ",
"timestamp": [
568.88,
571.52
]
},
{
"text": "So the stem cell divides, \nit creates one keratinocyte ",
"timestamp": [
568.88,
571.52
]
},
{
"text": "and then the other one is still going to stay",
"timestamp": [
571.52,
574.24
]
},
{
"text": "and then the other one is still going to stay",
"timestamp": [
571.52,
574.24
]
},
{
"text": "down there as the stem cell.",
"timestamp": [
574.24,
575.84
]
},
{
"text": "down there as the stem cell.",
"timestamp": [
574.24,
575.84
]
},
{
"text": "And so that keratinocyte then gets kind of\npushed higher and higher as new, younger ones",
"timestamp": [
576.48,
582.24
]
},
{
"text": "And so that keratinocyte then gets kind of\npushed higher and higher as new, younger ones",
"timestamp": [
576.48,
582.24
]
},
{
"text": "are made behind it.",
"timestamp": [
582.24,
583.04
]
},
{
"text": "are made behind it.",
"timestamp": [
582.24,
583.04
]
},
{
"text": "And I mean, it's kind of dark to think about\nthis, but these skin cells are almost like",
"timestamp": [
583.04,
587.2
]
},
{
"text": "And I mean, it's kind of dark to think about\nthis, but these skin cells are almost like",
"timestamp": [
583.04,
587.2
]
},
{
"text": "us says we age, right?",
"timestamp": [
587.2,
589.36
]
},
{
"text": "us says we age, right?",
"timestamp": [
587.2,
589.36
]
},
{
"text": "We start up young and plump and happy and\nhealthy and then as we age,",
"timestamp": [
589.36,
594.08
]
},
{
"text": "We start up young and plump and happy and\nhealthy and then as we age,",
"timestamp": [
589.36,
594.08
]
},
{
"text": "we start getting some spots and that bit-",
"timestamp": [
594.72,
597.28
]
},
{
"text": "we start getting some spots and that bit-",
"timestamp": [
594.72,
597.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Harder. Life happens.\n<Just the stratum moves them.",
"timestamp": [
597.28,
600.08
]
},
{
"text": ">Harder. Life happens.\n<Just the stratum moves them.",
"timestamp": [
597.28,
600.08
]
},
{
"text": "You get wrinkly.",
"timestamp": [
600.08,
600.96
]
},
{
"text": "You get wrinkly.",
"timestamp": [
600.08,
600.96
]
},
{
"text": "That's the stratum spinosum.",
"timestamp": [
600.96,
602.56
]
},
{
"text": "That's the stratum spinosum.",
"timestamp": [
600.96,
602.56
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, you get beat up, withered, dried up, you\nend up literally a shell of your former self.",
"timestamp": [
603.36,
609.84
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, you get beat up, withered, dried up, you\nend up literally a shell of your former self.",
"timestamp": [
603.36,
609.84
]
},
{
"text": "And at that point -- if you're keratinocyte, ",
"timestamp": [
609.84,
611.84
]
},
{
"text": "And at that point -- if you're keratinocyte, ",
"timestamp": [
609.84,
611.84
]
},
{
"text": "at least -- you're dead \nand you're just the keratin",
"timestamp": [
611.84,
614.56
]
},
{
"text": "at least -- you're dead \nand you're just the keratin",
"timestamp": [
611.84,
614.56
]
},
{
"text": "and wax that you kind of aged with.",
"timestamp": [
614.56,
616.72
]
},
{
"text": "and wax that you kind of aged with.",
"timestamp": [
614.56,
616.72
]
},
{
"text": "And then you're in the stratum corneum, the\ntop layer.",
"timestamp": [
617.44,
620.16
]
},
{
"text": "And then you're in the stratum corneum, the\ntop layer.",
"timestamp": [
617.44,
620.16
]
},
{
"text": "Eventually, you get pushed off \nat lost as dust, basically.",
"timestamp": [
620.8,
624.16
]
},
{
"text": "Eventually, you get pushed off \nat lost as dust, basically.",
"timestamp": [
620.8,
624.16
]
},
{
"text": "> Yes. Which is all of our \neventual fates, just lost as dust.",
"timestamp": [
624.16,
629.12
]
},
{
"text": "> Yes. Which is all of our \neventual fates, just lost as dust.",
"timestamp": [
624.16,
629.12
]
},
{
"text": "<Just lost as dust.",
"timestamp": [
629.12,
630
]
},
{
"text": "<Just lost as dust.",
"timestamp": [
629.12,
630
]
},
{
"text": "So, okay, it's a very dark analogy, but so\nthat one cell once you're kind of born as",
"timestamp": [
630.8,
641.76
]
},
{
"text": "So, okay, it's a very dark analogy, but so\nthat one cell once you're kind of born as",
"timestamp": [
630.8,
641.76
]
},
{
"text": "a keratinocyte, you're always a keratinocyte.",
"timestamp": [
641.76,
643.36
]
},
{
"text": "a keratinocyte, you're always a keratinocyte.",
"timestamp": [
641.76,
643.36
]
},
{
"text": "Now we have these other cells, the melanocytes,\nthese are the cells that provide the various",
"timestamp": [
644.8,
650.48
]
},
{
"text": "Now we have these other cells, the melanocytes,\nthese are the cells that provide the various",
"timestamp": [
644.8,
650.48
]
},
{
"text": "hues of brown to our skins.",
"timestamp": [
650.48,
652.48
]
},
{
"text": "hues of brown to our skins.",
"timestamp": [
650.48,
652.48
]
},
{
"text": "And melanocytes are actually \nrelated to the keratinocyte.",
"timestamp": [
653.2,
656.16
]
},
{
"text": "And melanocytes are actually \nrelated to the keratinocyte.",
"timestamp": [
653.2,
656.16
]
},
{
"text": "So the keratinocytes are an epithelial cell,\nstratified squamous epithelial cell, and the",
"timestamp": [
656.16,
661.52
]
},
{
"text": "So the keratinocytes are an epithelial cell,\nstratified squamous epithelial cell, and the",
"timestamp": [
656.16,
661.52
]
},
{
"text": "melanocytes are also epithelial.",
"timestamp": [
661.52,
664.32
]
},
{
"text": "melanocytes are also epithelial.",
"timestamp": [
661.52,
664.32
]
},
{
"text": "They are kind of distant \ncousins of the keratinocytes.",
"timestamp": [
664.32,
668.48
]
},
{
"text": "They are kind of distant \ncousins of the keratinocytes.",
"timestamp": [
664.32,
668.48
]
},
{
"text": "So the melanocytes come from a different stem\ncell, but the keratinocyte stem cell and the",
"timestamp": [
668.48,
672.96
]
},
{
"text": "So the melanocytes come from a different stem\ncell, but the keratinocyte stem cell and the",
"timestamp": [
668.48,
672.96
]
},
{
"text": "melanocytes stem cell come \nfrom the same stem cell.",
"timestamp": [
672.96,
675.76
]
},
{
"text": "melanocytes stem cell come \nfrom the same stem cell.",
"timestamp": [
672.96,
675.76
]
},
{
"text": ">It's like a taxonomic tree happening here,\nbut just our body cells.",
"timestamp": [
676.56,
680.64
]
},
{
"text": ">It's like a taxonomic tree happening here,\nbut just our body cells.",
"timestamp": [
676.56,
680.64
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. It's like cousins, right?",
"timestamp": [
680.64,
683.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. It's like cousins, right?",
"timestamp": [
680.64,
683.04
]
},
{
"text": "They share a grandfather or grandparents,\nsomething like that.",
"timestamp": [
683.04,
686.24
]
},
{
"text": "They share a grandfather or grandparents,\nsomething like that.",
"timestamp": [
683.04,
686.24
]
},
{
"text": "And so the melanocytes, that stem cell is\nusually found near hair follicles, but then",
"timestamp": [
687.44,
692.4
]
},
{
"text": "And so the melanocytes, that stem cell is\nusually found near hair follicles, but then",
"timestamp": [
687.44,
692.4
]
},
{
"text": "the melanocyte kind of migrates through, sets\nup shop in the lower levels of the keratinocyte",
"timestamp": [
692.4,
699.04
]
},
{
"text": "the melanocyte kind of migrates through, sets\nup shop in the lower levels of the keratinocyte",
"timestamp": [
692.4,
699.04
]
},
{
"text": "and with the younger ones and creates melanin\nand then kind of distributes that melanin",
"timestamp": [
699.04,
705.44
]
},
{
"text": "and with the younger ones and creates melanin\nand then kind of distributes that melanin",
"timestamp": [
699.04,
705.44
]
},
{
"text": "further up in the skin.",
"timestamp": [
705.44,
706.64
]
},
{
"text": "further up in the skin.",
"timestamp": [
705.44,
706.64
]
},
{
"text": "And they can be much longer lived.",
"timestamp": [
706.64,
708.225
]
},
{
"text": "And they can be much longer lived.",
"timestamp": [
706.64,
708.225
]
},
{
"text": "> So it never moves up, it just sort of like hangs\nout there and they move past it?",
"timestamp": [
708.225,
712.72
]
},
{
"text": "> So it never moves up, it just sort of like hangs\nout there and they move past it?",
"timestamp": [
708.225,
712.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Correct, correct.",
"timestamp": [
712.72,
713.6
]
},
{
"text": "<Correct, correct.",
"timestamp": [
712.72,
713.6
]
},
{
"text": "The cells kind of move past and pick up these\nmelanin granules and carry them up and then",
"timestamp": [
713.6,
720.48
]
},
{
"text": "The cells kind of move past and pick up these\nmelanin granules and carry them up and then",
"timestamp": [
713.6,
720.48
]
},
{
"text": "lose them eventually.",
"timestamp": [
720.48,
721.44
]
},
{
"text": "lose them eventually.",
"timestamp": [
720.48,
721.44
]
},
{
"text": "Let's see.\nWhere were we?",
"timestamp": [
723.68,
724.64
]
},
{
"text": "Let's see.\nWhere were we?",
"timestamp": [
723.68,
724.64
]
},
{
"text": "So then that's the melanocyte, that's kind\nof a cousin, still epithelial.",
"timestamp": [
724.64,
728.16
]
},
{
"text": "So then that's the melanocyte, that's kind\nof a cousin, still epithelial.",
"timestamp": [
724.64,
728.16
]
},
{
"text": "And then we had the Langerhans cell and the\nLangerhans, like you said, is an immune cell.",
"timestamp": [
728.16,
733.28
]
},
{
"text": "And then we had the Langerhans cell and the\nLangerhans, like you said, is an immune cell.",
"timestamp": [
728.16,
733.28
]
},
{
"text": "And so the immune cells are actually essentially\nblood cells, right?",
"timestamp": [
734.24,
740.64
]
},
{
"text": "And so the immune cells are actually essentially\nblood cells, right?",
"timestamp": [
734.24,
740.64
]
},
{
"text": "We've heard of white blood cells.",
"timestamp": [
740.64,
741.92
]
},
{
"text": "We've heard of white blood cells.",
"timestamp": [
740.64,
741.92
]
},
{
"text": ">Totally different cell lineage, not the same\nstem cells.",
"timestamp": [
741.92,
744.48
]
},
{
"text": ">Totally different cell lineage, not the same\nstem cells.",
"timestamp": [
741.92,
744.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Totally different.",
"timestamp": [
744.48,
745.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Totally different.",
"timestamp": [
744.48,
745.36
]
},
{
"text": "That's connective tissue, blood is actually\nconnective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
745.36,
748.4
]
},
{
"text": "That's connective tissue, blood is actually\nconnective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
745.36,
748.4
]
},
{
"text": "And these forms-\n>You say this, it will never make sense to me.",
"timestamp": [
748.4,
750.88
]
},
{
"text": "And these forms-\n>You say this, it will never make sense to me.",
"timestamp": [
748.4,
750.88
]
},
{
"text": "What's blood connect to?\nWe don't have to talk about it.",
"timestamp": [
751.52,
754.72
]
},
{
"text": "What's blood connect to?\nWe don't have to talk about it.",
"timestamp": [
751.52,
754.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Everything? No-- [laughs]",
"timestamp": [
754.72,
756.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Everything? No-- [laughs]",
"timestamp": [
754.72,
756.72
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, it's-\n>I don't think that's what they meant when",
"timestamp": [
756.72,
759.68
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, it's-\n>I don't think that's what they meant when",
"timestamp": [
756.72,
759.68
]
},
{
"text": "they originally came up with the term connective\ntissue that connects skeletal stuff together.",
"timestamp": [
759.68,
764.64
]
},
{
"text": "they originally came up with the term connective\ntissue that connects skeletal stuff together.",
"timestamp": [
759.68,
764.64
]
},
{
"text": "But hey.\n<It is kind of a grabble.",
"timestamp": [
764.64,
767.2
]
},
{
"text": "But hey.\n<It is kind of a grabble.",
"timestamp": [
764.64,
767.2
]
},
{
"text": "There's some embryology that supports blood ",
"timestamp": [
767.2,
769.6
]
},
{
"text": "There's some embryology that supports blood ",
"timestamp": [
767.2,
769.6
]
},
{
"text": "in this group and we won't \nget into that right now.",
"timestamp": [
769.6,
771.752
]
},
{
"text": "in this group and we won't \nget into that right now.",
"timestamp": [
769.6,
771.752
]
},
{
"text": "> Haha, okay.",
"timestamp": [
771.752,
772
]
},
{
"text": "> Haha, okay.",
"timestamp": [
771.752,
772
]
},
{
"text": "<So these are immune cells.",
"timestamp": [
773.68,
775.04
]
},
{
"text": "<So these are immune cells.",
"timestamp": [
773.68,
775.04
]
},
{
"text": "They're actually monocytes, one of the five\nwhite blood cells or leukocytes that are floating",
"timestamp": [
775.04,
779.92
]
},
{
"text": "They're actually monocytes, one of the five\nwhite blood cells or leukocytes that are floating",
"timestamp": [
775.04,
779.92
]
},
{
"text": "around in your body.",
"timestamp": [
779.92,
780.56
]
},
{
"text": "around in your body.",
"timestamp": [
779.92,
780.56
]
},
{
"text": "These are monocytes and monocytes are famous\nfor crawling out into different parts of the",
"timestamp": [
780.56,
784.32
]
},
{
"text": "These are monocytes and monocytes are famous\nfor crawling out into different parts of the",
"timestamp": [
780.56,
784.32
]
},
{
"text": "body and depending on where they are, we give\nthem a different name, but really they always",
"timestamp": [
784.32,
788.56
]
},
{
"text": "body and depending on where they are, we give\nthem a different name, but really they always",
"timestamp": [
784.32,
788.56
]
},
{
"text": "become a macrophage.",
"timestamp": [
788.56,
789.76
]
},
{
"text": "become a macrophage.",
"timestamp": [
788.56,
789.76
]
},
{
"text": "So at these Langerhans cells are also called\ndendritic cells because they have lots of",
"timestamp": [
790.88,
795.68
]
},
{
"text": "So at these Langerhans cells are also called\ndendritic cells because they have lots of",
"timestamp": [
790.88,
795.68
]
},
{
"text": "branches and dendrite means branches.",
"timestamp": [
795.68,
798.8
]
},
{
"text": "branches and dendrite means branches.",
"timestamp": [
795.68,
798.8
]
},
{
"text": "But really they are a macrophage.",
"timestamp": [
799.76,
802.08
]
},
{
"text": "But really they are a macrophage.",
"timestamp": [
799.76,
802.08
]
},
{
"text": "So macrophage is this big functional description.\n>Like white blood cells, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
802.08,
805.72
]
},
{
"text": "So macrophage is this big functional description.\n>Like white blood cells, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
802.08,
805.72
]
},
{
"text": "<And so they're the big thing that goes out\nand gobbles up all of the bacteria that are",
"timestamp": [
805.72,
809.68
]
},
{
"text": "<And so they're the big thing that goes out\nand gobbles up all of the bacteria that are",
"timestamp": [
805.72,
809.68
]
},
{
"text": "trying to get through their skin.",
"timestamp": [
809.68,
810.96
]
},
{
"text": "trying to get through their skin.",
"timestamp": [
809.68,
810.96
]
},
{
"text": "That's what they're doing there.\n>Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
810.96,
812.56
]
},
{
"text": "That's what they're doing there.\n>Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
810.96,
812.56
]
},
{
"text": "<And they're free-floating, they're not attached\nso they can move around a little bit, mostly",
"timestamp": [
813.92,
818.88
]
},
{
"text": "<And they're free-floating, they're not attached\nso they can move around a little bit, mostly",
"timestamp": [
813.92,
818.88
]
},
{
"text": "really found down in the dermis, in the top\nof the dermis right underneath the epidermis,",
"timestamp": [
818.88,
824.4
]
},
{
"text": "really found down in the dermis, in the top\nof the dermis right underneath the epidermis,",
"timestamp": [
818.88,
824.4
]
},
{
"text": "but they can be found elsewhere.",
"timestamp": [
824.4,
826
]
},
{
"text": "but they can be found elsewhere.",
"timestamp": [
824.4,
826
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, right. And so they're staying there, \nthey're not moving up with everything?",
"timestamp": [
827.6,
831.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, right. And so they're staying there, \nthey're not moving up with everything?",
"timestamp": [
827.6,
831.36
]
},
{
"text": "<No, they're also not getting moved up.",
"timestamp": [
831.36,
832.507
]
},
{
"text": "<No, they're also not getting moved up.",
"timestamp": [
831.36,
832.507
]
},
{
"text": ">So it's just, like, there's like \nthe conveyor belt of keratinocytes, ",
"timestamp": [
832.507,
835.2
]
},
{
"text": ">So it's just, like, there's like \nthe conveyor belt of keratinocytes, ",
"timestamp": [
832.507,
835.2
]
},
{
"text": "but nothing else goes up the conveyor belt?",
"timestamp": [
835.2,
837.2
]
},
{
"text": "but nothing else goes up the conveyor belt?",
"timestamp": [
835.2,
837.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Correct, correct.",
"timestamp": [
837.2,
838.24
]
},
{
"text": "<Correct, correct.",
"timestamp": [
837.2,
838.24
]
},
{
"text": "And then the last one are the Merkel discs,\nor the Merkel cells, and they're really nervous",
"timestamp": [
839.2,
846
]
},
{
"text": "And then the last one are the Merkel discs,\nor the Merkel cells, and they're really nervous",
"timestamp": [
839.2,
846
]
},
{
"text": "function, they're part of our sensory system,\nthey're part of how we sense touch and one",
"timestamp": [
846,
851.76
]
},
{
"text": "function, they're part of our sensory system,\nthey're part of how we sense touch and one",
"timestamp": [
846,
851.76
]
},
{
"text": "of the types of touch.",
"timestamp": [
851.76,
853.04
]
},
{
"text": "of the types of touch.",
"timestamp": [
851.76,
853.04
]
},
{
"text": "And as far as I can tell, we don't actually\nknow exactly what they come from in terms",
"timestamp": [
853.04,
859.2
]
},
{
"text": "And as far as I can tell, we don't actually\nknow exactly what they come from in terms",
"timestamp": [
853.04,
859.2
]
},
{
"text": "of their stem cell lineage.",
"timestamp": [
859.2,
860.8
]
},
{
"text": "of their stem cell lineage.",
"timestamp": [
859.2,
860.8
]
},
{
"text": "They function with the nervous system, some\npeople say from what I've read, they say that",
"timestamp": [
861.52,
866.96
]
},
{
"text": "They function with the nervous system, some\npeople say from what I've read, they say that",
"timestamp": [
861.52,
866.96
]
},
{
"text": "they come from skin cells or they say that they\ncome from the nervous system.",
"timestamp": [
866.96,
870.48
]
},
{
"text": "they come from skin cells or they say that they\ncome from the nervous system.",
"timestamp": [
866.96,
870.48
]
},
{
"text": "It's actually kind of cool because both the\nskin and the nervous system come from the",
"timestamp": [
870.48,
874.32
]
},
{
"text": "It's actually kind of cool because both the\nskin and the nervous system come from the",
"timestamp": [
870.48,
874.32
]
},
{
"text": "ectoderm embryological, so they're at least\ndistant cousins in that manner.",
"timestamp": [
874.32,
880.56
]
},
{
"text": "ectoderm embryological, so they're at least\ndistant cousins in that manner.",
"timestamp": [
874.32,
880.56
]
},
{
"text": "> So they're all friends \nand they hang out together, ",
"timestamp": [
882.52,
887.12
]
},
{
"text": "> So they're all friends \nand they hang out together, ",
"timestamp": [
882.52,
887.12
]
},
{
"text": "but only there's only one conveyor belt and",
"timestamp": [
887.12,
889.28
]
},
{
"text": "but only there's only one conveyor belt and",
"timestamp": [
887.12,
889.28
]
},
{
"text": "it's keratinocytes?",
"timestamp": [
889.28,
889.56
]
},
{
"text": "it's keratinocytes?",
"timestamp": [
889.28,
889.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Correct, yes.",
"timestamp": [
889.56,
891.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Correct, yes.",
"timestamp": [
889.56,
891.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Alright, we have another question.",
"timestamp": [
892.8,
894
]
},
{
"text": ">Alright, we have another question.",
"timestamp": [
892.8,
894
]
},
{
"text": "We have got a bunch of people who ask questions\nabout the nervous system and gated channels",
"timestamp": [
894,
900.64
]
},
{
"text": "We have got a bunch of people who ask questions\nabout the nervous system and gated channels",
"timestamp": [
894,
900.64
]
},
{
"text": "and action potentials.",
"timestamp": [
900.64,
901.76
]
},
{
"text": "and action potentials.",
"timestamp": [
900.64,
901.76
]
},
{
"text": "Kit and Diana and Allie and Allen and Wazi.",
"timestamp": [
902.56,
906.08
]
},
{
"text": "Kit and Diana and Allie and Allen and Wazi.",
"timestamp": [
902.56,
906.08
]
},
{
"text": "So can you tell me just in general about ion\nchannels, I guess, and action potentials.",
"timestamp": [
906.64,
914.72
]
},
{
"text": "So can you tell me just in general about ion\nchannels, I guess, and action potentials.",
"timestamp": [
906.64,
914.72
]
},
{
"text": "<This is about maybe two chapters in even an\nintroductory book.",
"timestamp": [
915.52,
918.96
]
},
{
"text": "<This is about maybe two chapters in even an\nintroductory book.",
"timestamp": [
915.52,
918.96
]
},
{
"text": "But it's actually really interesting because\nif you get down the basics, and I'll try to",
"timestamp": [
921.12,
925.68
]
},
{
"text": "But it's actually really interesting because\nif you get down the basics, and I'll try to",
"timestamp": [
921.12,
925.68
]
},
{
"text": "boil this down to just a few rules here, but\nif you can get the basics down, you actually",
"timestamp": [
925.68,
930.08
]
},
{
"text": "boil this down to just a few rules here, but\nif you can get the basics down, you actually",
"timestamp": [
925.68,
930.08
]
},
{
"text": "learn about not just how neurons work, but ",
"timestamp": [
930.08,
932.32
]
},
{
"text": "learn about not just how neurons work, but ",
"timestamp": [
930.08,
932.32
]
},
{
"text": "also how the heart works, \nhow skeletal muscle works.",
"timestamp": [
932.32,
935.12
]
},
{
"text": "also how the heart works, \nhow skeletal muscle works.",
"timestamp": [
932.32,
935.12
]
},
{
"text": "There's probably something else that uses\nthese action potentials that I can't think",
"timestamp": [
936.64,
940.08
]
},
{
"text": "There's probably something else that uses\nthese action potentials that I can't think",
"timestamp": [
936.64,
940.08
]
},
{
"text": "of right now.",
"timestamp": [
940.08,
940.24
]
},
{
"text": "of right now.",
"timestamp": [
940.08,
940.24
]
},
{
"text": ">Well, I mean any sensing.",
"timestamp": [
940.24,
942.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Well, I mean any sensing.",
"timestamp": [
940.24,
942.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Exactly, all of our senses.",
"timestamp": [
943.28,
944.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Exactly, all of our senses.",
"timestamp": [
943.28,
944.72
]
},
{
"text": "Our eyes, our ears.",
"timestamp": [
944.72,
945.84
]
},
{
"text": "Our eyes, our ears.",
"timestamp": [
944.72,
945.84
]
},
{
"text": "Exactly, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
945.84,
946.4
]
},
{
"text": "Exactly, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
945.84,
946.4
]
},
{
"text": "Okay.",
"timestamp": [
947.36,
947.6
]
},
{
"text": "Okay.",
"timestamp": [
947.36,
947.6
]
},
{
"text": "And this is also a very common stumbling block\nfor students.",
"timestamp": [
948.88,
952.24
]
},
{
"text": "And this is also a very common stumbling block\nfor students.",
"timestamp": [
948.88,
952.24
]
},
{
"text": "A lot of people have trouble when they're\nstarting out learning this so I like to teach",
"timestamp": [
952.24,
956.4
]
},
{
"text": "A lot of people have trouble when they're\nstarting out learning this so I like to teach",
"timestamp": [
952.24,
956.4
]
},
{
"text": "this boiled down to just a few pretty simple\nrules.",
"timestamp": [
956.4,
960.88
]
},
{
"text": "this boiled down to just a few pretty simple\nrules.",
"timestamp": [
956.4,
960.88
]
},
{
"text": "It's oversimplifying a little bit, but if\nyou get these down, then you can add on the",
"timestamp": [
961.84,
966.24
]
},
{
"text": "It's oversimplifying a little bit, but if\nyou get these down, then you can add on the",
"timestamp": [
961.84,
966.24
]
},
{
"text": "other layers that really help you get into\nall the details.",
"timestamp": [
966.24,
970.08
]
},
{
"text": "other layers that really help you get into\nall the details.",
"timestamp": [
966.24,
970.08
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so first rule, there are more sodium\nions outside of these cells than inside and",
"timestamp": [
970.08,
977.84
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so first rule, there are more sodium\nions outside of these cells than inside and",
"timestamp": [
970.08,
977.84
]
},
{
"text": "there's more potassium inside than outside.",
"timestamp": [
977.84,
980.8
]
},
{
"text": "there's more potassium inside than outside.",
"timestamp": [
977.84,
980.8
]
},
{
"text": "And the cell is making that happen?",
"timestamp": [
981.6,
983.68
]
},
{
"text": "And the cell is making that happen?",
"timestamp": [
981.6,
983.68
]
},
{
"text": "The cell is making happen with a pump called\nthe sodium-potassium pump.",
"timestamp": [
983.68,
988.16
]
},
{
"text": "The cell is making happen with a pump called\nthe sodium-potassium pump.",
"timestamp": [
983.68,
988.16
]
},
{
"text": "So good name for it.",
"timestamp": [
988.16,
989.171
]
},
{
"text": "So good name for it.",
"timestamp": [
988.16,
989.171
]
},
{
"text": ">Pump the potassium in, sodium out?",
"timestamp": [
989.171,
990.96
]
},
{
"text": ">Pump the potassium in, sodium out?",
"timestamp": [
989.171,
990.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Correct.",
"timestamp": [
990.96,
991.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Correct.",
"timestamp": [
990.96,
991.2
]
},
{
"text": "So rule one, sodium's out, potassium's in.",
"timestamp": [
991.76,
994.4
]
},
{
"text": "So rule one, sodium's out, potassium's in.",
"timestamp": [
991.76,
994.4
]
},
{
"text": "And both of them are positive ions if you\ndon't know that.",
"timestamp": [
995.84,
998.56
]
},
{
"text": "And both of them are positive ions if you\ndon't know that.",
"timestamp": [
995.84,
998.56
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, now these kinds of ions, when they're\ndissolved in water, we call them solutes and",
"timestamp": [
999.76,
1005.28
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, now these kinds of ions, when they're\ndissolved in water, we call them solutes and",
"timestamp": [
999.76,
1005.28
]
},
{
"text": "generally, solutes want to move from areas ",
"timestamp": [
1005.28,
1008.32
]
},
{
"text": "generally, solutes want to move from areas ",
"timestamp": [
1005.28,
1008.32
]
},
{
"text": "of high concentration to \nareas of low concentration.",
"timestamp": [
1008.32,
1011.76
]
},
{
"text": "of high concentration to \nareas of low concentration.",
"timestamp": [
1008.32,
1011.76
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, given the opportunity, sodium\nwants to come into the cell because it's outside",
"timestamp": [
1013.36,
1019.36
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, given the opportunity, sodium\nwants to come into the cell because it's outside",
"timestamp": [
1013.36,
1019.36
]
},
{
"text": "and potassium wants to get out of the cell\nbecause it's inside.",
"timestamp": [
1019.36,
1024.32
]
},
{
"text": "and potassium wants to get out of the cell\nbecause it's inside.",
"timestamp": [
1019.36,
1024.32
]
},
{
"text": "We got that, Hank?",
"timestamp": [
1024.32,
1025.44
]
},
{
"text": "We got that, Hank?",
"timestamp": [
1024.32,
1025.44
]
},
{
"text": ">We got that.\n<Okay.",
"timestamp": [
1025.44,
1026.48
]
},
{
"text": ">We got that.\n<Okay.",
"timestamp": [
1025.44,
1026.48
]
},
{
"text": "Rule three, don't worry too much yet about\nexactly how we got here but if we were to",
"timestamp": [
1027.52,
1034.88
]
},
{
"text": "Rule three, don't worry too much yet about\nexactly how we got here but if we were to",
"timestamp": [
1027.52,
1034.88
]
},
{
"text": "measure the electrical difference, remember ",
"timestamp": [
1034.88,
1036.88
]
},
{
"text": "measure the electrical difference, remember ",
"timestamp": [
1034.88,
1036.88
]
},
{
"text": "these are electrically \ncharged, they're both positive.",
"timestamp": [
1036.88,
1039.36
]
},
{
"text": "these are electrically \ncharged, they're both positive.",
"timestamp": [
1036.88,
1039.36
]
},
{
"text": "If we were to measure the electricity inside\nof the cell compared to the outside, it would",
"timestamp": [
1039.36,
1043.44
]
},
{
"text": "If we were to measure the electricity inside\nof the cell compared to the outside, it would",
"timestamp": [
1039.36,
1043.44
]
},
{
"text": "show up at about -70.",
"timestamp": [
1043.44,
1045.2
]
},
{
"text": "show up at about -70.",
"timestamp": [
1043.44,
1045.2
]
},
{
"text": "And depending on the book, sometimes it's\nlisted as -65, -70, close enough.",
"timestamp": [
1045.2,
1049.607
]
},
{
"text": "And depending on the book, sometimes it's\nlisted as -65, -70, close enough.",
"timestamp": [
1045.2,
1049.607
]
},
{
"text": ">Who cares?\n<Yeah, it's close enough.",
"timestamp": [
1049.607,
1050.24
]
},
{
"text": ">Who cares?\n<Yeah, it's close enough.",
"timestamp": [
1049.607,
1050.24
]
},
{
"text": ">Significant figures, ",
"timestamp": [
1051.84,
1052.8
]
},
{
"text": ">Significant figures, ",
"timestamp": [
1051.84,
1052.8
]
},
{
"text": "but why is there an electrical\ncharge if they're both positive charged?",
"timestamp": [
1054.16,
1057.92
]
},
{
"text": "but why is there an electrical\ncharge if they're both positive charged?",
"timestamp": [
1054.16,
1057.92
]
},
{
"text": "<Oh, okay. So you want to ask about this?",
"timestamp": [
1058.56,
1060.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Oh, okay. So you want to ask about this?",
"timestamp": [
1058.56,
1060.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Well, it seems like a logical question to ask.\n<It is.",
"timestamp": [
1061.12,
1064.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Well, it seems like a logical question to ask.\n<It is.",
"timestamp": [
1061.12,
1064.16
]
},
{
"text": "So one reason is that inside of the cell, ",
"timestamp": [
1064.16,
1066.96
]
},
{
"text": "So one reason is that inside of the cell, ",
"timestamp": [
1064.16,
1066.96
]
},
{
"text": "there are large anionic \nnegatively charged proteins.",
"timestamp": [
1066.96,
1071.2
]
},
{
"text": "there are large anionic \nnegatively charged proteins.",
"timestamp": [
1066.96,
1071.2
]
},
{
"text": "So there's some stuff inside of the cell that\nhas a negative charge that can't leave the cell.",
"timestamp": [
1071.2,
1075.76
]
},
{
"text": "So there's some stuff inside of the cell that\nhas a negative charge that can't leave the cell.",
"timestamp": [
1071.2,
1075.76
]
},
{
"text": "There's another reason that has to do with\npotassium trying to get out and actually being",
"timestamp": [
1077.68,
1083.84
]
},
{
"text": "There's another reason that has to do with\npotassium trying to get out and actually being",
"timestamp": [
1077.68,
1083.84
]
},
{
"text": "allowed out a little bit down its gradient\nand -70 is the balancing voltage to",
"timestamp": [
1083.84,
1088.48
]
},
{
"text": "allowed out a little bit down its gradient\nand -70 is the balancing voltage to",
"timestamp": [
1083.84,
1088.48
]
},
{
"text": "prevent more from leaving.",
"timestamp": [
1088.48,
1089.92
]
},
{
"text": "prevent more from leaving.",
"timestamp": [
1088.48,
1089.92
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, the cell figured it out. ",
"timestamp": [
1090.88,
1092.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, the cell figured it out. ",
"timestamp": [
1090.88,
1092.32
]
},
{
"text": "The cell made it so that there's \n-70 milliwatts or whatever.",
"timestamp": [
1092.32,
1097.76
]
},
{
"text": "The cell made it so that there's \n-70 milliwatts or whatever.",
"timestamp": [
1092.32,
1097.76
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. And this is the trick.",
"timestamp": [
1098.32,
1100.64
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. And this is the trick.",
"timestamp": [
1098.32,
1100.64
]
},
{
"text": "If the book tries to get you to see why it's -70,\nleave that for later. You'll get it later.",
"timestamp": [
1100.64,
1109.84
]
},
{
"text": "If the book tries to get you to see why it's -70,\nleave that for later. You'll get it later.",
"timestamp": [
1100.64,
1109.84
]
},
{
"text": "It's so much easier if you leave that for\nthat after we talk about all the movement.",
"timestamp": [
1109.84,
1114.64
]
},
{
"text": "It's so much easier if you leave that for\nthat after we talk about all the movement.",
"timestamp": [
1109.84,
1114.64
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so we have -70, and then you\noften see these graphs of action potentials",
"timestamp": [
1114.64,
1120.4
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so we have -70, and then you\noften see these graphs of action potentials",
"timestamp": [
1114.64,
1120.4
]
},
{
"text": "where you see a line, the voltage starting\nat -70, and then it's going to go",
"timestamp": [
1120.4,
1125.52
]
},
{
"text": "where you see a line, the voltage starting\nat -70, and then it's going to go",
"timestamp": [
1120.4,
1125.52
]
},
{
"text": "up or down or something like that.",
"timestamp": [
1125.52,
1127.36
]
},
{
"text": "up or down or something like that.",
"timestamp": [
1125.52,
1127.36
]
},
{
"text": "So it always will start at -70 or -65.",
"timestamp": [
1127.36,
1130.56
]
},
{
"text": "So it always will start at -70 or -65.",
"timestamp": [
1127.36,
1130.56
]
},
{
"text": "And that is again always telling you the inside\nof the cell relative to the outside.",
"timestamp": [
1131.44,
1136.8
]
},
{
"text": "And that is again always telling you the inside\nof the cell relative to the outside.",
"timestamp": [
1131.44,
1136.8
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, the last rule is actually a result of\nall of those other rules.",
"timestamp": [
1138.24,
1143.04
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, the last rule is actually a result of\nall of those other rules.",
"timestamp": [
1138.24,
1143.04
]
},
{
"text": "And so here's, Hank, where I'm going to ask\nyou to answer this.",
"timestamp": [
1143.6,
1147.12
]
},
{
"text": "And so here's, Hank, where I'm going to ask\nyou to answer this.",
"timestamp": [
1143.6,
1147.12
]
},
{
"text": "If the inside is -70 and sodium is\nallowed to come into the cell,",
"timestamp": [
1147.84,
1153.2
]
},
{
"text": "If the inside is -70 and sodium is\nallowed to come into the cell,",
"timestamp": [
1147.84,
1153.2
]
},
{
"text": "and sodium's positively charged, \nwhat happens to the voltage?",
"timestamp": [
1153.2,
1156.8
]
},
{
"text": "and sodium's positively charged, \nwhat happens to the voltage?",
"timestamp": [
1153.2,
1156.8
]
},
{
"text": "Does it go up or down?",
"timestamp": [
1156.8,
1158.56
]
},
{
"text": "Does it go up or down?",
"timestamp": [
1156.8,
1158.56
]
},
{
"text": "Does it get more positive or-\n>It goes up.",
"timestamp": [
1159.28,
1160.48
]
},
{
"text": "Does it get more positive or-\n>It goes up.",
"timestamp": [
1159.28,
1160.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, it goes up, it becomes \nmore positive or less negative.",
"timestamp": [
1160.48,
1164.048
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, it goes up, it becomes \nmore positive or less negative.",
"timestamp": [
1160.48,
1164.048
]
},
{
"text": ">Less negative.\n<Yeah, right.",
"timestamp": [
1164.048,
1166
]
},
{
"text": ">Less negative.\n<Yeah, right.",
"timestamp": [
1164.048,
1166
]
},
{
"text": "So we're adding positives to the inside if\nsodium comes in.",
"timestamp": [
1166,
1168.72
]
},
{
"text": "So we're adding positives to the inside if\nsodium comes in.",
"timestamp": [
1166,
1168.72
]
},
{
"text": "Now, what happens if potassium is allowed\nto leave?",
"timestamp": [
1168.72,
1171.2
]
},
{
"text": "Now, what happens if potassium is allowed\nto leave?",
"timestamp": [
1168.72,
1171.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Then it gets more negative.",
"timestamp": [
1172.24,
1174.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Then it gets more negative.",
"timestamp": [
1172.24,
1174.32
]
},
{
"text": "<More negative, it goes down.",
"timestamp": [
1174.88,
1176.08
]
},
{
"text": "<More negative, it goes down.",
"timestamp": [
1174.88,
1176.08
]
},
{
"text": "That's all the math you really need for this.",
"timestamp": [
1177.12,
1179.28
]
},
{
"text": "That's all the math you really need for this.",
"timestamp": [
1177.12,
1179.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Okay. Love that, up and down.\nIt's not math, it's just a direction.",
"timestamp": [
1179.28,
1182.92
]
},
{
"text": ">Okay. Love that, up and down.\nIt's not math, it's just a direction.",
"timestamp": [
1179.28,
1182.92
]
},
{
"text": "<So sodium comes in and the line goes up, or\npotassium goes out, the voltage goes down.",
"timestamp": [
1182.92,
1189.04
]
},
{
"text": "<So sodium comes in and the line goes up, or\npotassium goes out, the voltage goes down.",
"timestamp": [
1182.92,
1189.04
]
},
{
"text": "There are your rules.",
"timestamp": [
1190.24,
1191.04
]
},
{
"text": "There are your rules.",
"timestamp": [
1190.24,
1191.04
]
},
{
"text": "If you get those, then the rest is literally-",
"timestamp": [
1191.04,
1194
]
},
{
"text": "If you get those, then the rest is literally-",
"timestamp": [
1191.04,
1194
]
},
{
"text": ">Just how everything works.\n<just opening and closing doors and putting it in.",
"timestamp": [
1194,
1196.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Just how everything works.\n<just opening and closing doors and putting it in.",
"timestamp": [
1194,
1196.32
]
},
{
"text": ">And there's a bunch of different doors that ",
"timestamp": [
1198.16,
1199.6
]
},
{
"text": ">And there's a bunch of different doors that ",
"timestamp": [
1198.16,
1199.6
]
},
{
"text": "let the different things in \nand out in different ways.",
"timestamp": [
1199.6,
1201.36
]
},
{
"text": "let the different things in \nand out in different ways.",
"timestamp": [
1199.6,
1201.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. So really we can talk about four kinds of\ndoors and for right now we'll skip the first",
"timestamp": [
1201.92,
1206.72
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. So really we can talk about four kinds of\ndoors and for right now we'll skip the first",
"timestamp": [
1201.92,
1206.72
]
},
{
"text": "two, I'll just mention them.",
"timestamp": [
1206.72,
1208.16
]
},
{
"text": "two, I'll just mention them.",
"timestamp": [
1206.72,
1208.16
]
},
{
"text": "One is called the leakage channel.",
"timestamp": [
1208.16,
1209.92
]
},
{
"text": "One is called the leakage channel.",
"timestamp": [
1208.16,
1209.92
]
},
{
"text": "So these are protein channels.",
"timestamp": [
1209.92,
1211.2
]
},
{
"text": "So these are protein channels.",
"timestamp": [
1209.92,
1211.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Just a door?\n<Yeah, it's an open door.",
"timestamp": [
1212.16,
1213.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Just a door?\n<Yeah, it's an open door.",
"timestamp": [
1212.16,
1213.84
]
},
{
"text": "These are protein channels \nacross the cell membrane.",
"timestamp": [
1213.84,
1216.4
]
},
{
"text": "These are protein channels \nacross the cell membrane.",
"timestamp": [
1213.84,
1216.4
]
},
{
"text": "They're specific, they only let either sodium\nor potassium through.",
"timestamp": [
1216.4,
1219.84
]
},
{
"text": "They're specific, they only let either sodium\nor potassium through.",
"timestamp": [
1216.4,
1219.84
]
},
{
"text": "And so those things are going to go the direction\nthat they want to go.",
"timestamp": [
1220.8,
1223.6
]
},
{
"text": "And so those things are going to go the direction\nthat they want to go.",
"timestamp": [
1220.8,
1223.6
]
},
{
"text": "And the leakage channels are just always open.",
"timestamp": [
1225.04,
1229.44
]
},
{
"text": "And the leakage channels are just always open.",
"timestamp": [
1225.04,
1229.44
]
},
{
"text": "The other one that is part of how we sense\ntouch and hear and balance is called a",
"timestamp": [
1229.44,
1234.4
]
},
{
"text": "The other one that is part of how we sense\ntouch and hear and balance is called a",
"timestamp": [
1229.44,
1234.4
]
},
{
"text": "mechanically-gated channel.",
"timestamp": [
1234.4,
1235.84
]
},
{
"text": "mechanically-gated channel.",
"timestamp": [
1234.4,
1235.84
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, it opens if the cell membrane gets\nstretched, like the door gets stretched open.",
"timestamp": [
1235.84,
1240.96
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, it opens if the cell membrane gets\nstretched, like the door gets stretched open.",
"timestamp": [
1235.84,
1240.96
]
},
{
"text": ">It's actually a physical reaction. ",
"timestamp": [
1240.96,
1243.04
]
},
{
"text": ">It's actually a physical reaction. ",
"timestamp": [
1240.96,
1243.04
]
},
{
"text": "So when we are feeling \ntouch, we are feeling touch.",
"timestamp": [
1243.04,
1245.6
]
},
{
"text": "So when we are feeling \ntouch, we are feeling touch.",
"timestamp": [
1243.04,
1245.6
]
},
{
"text": "<Yes, yeah.\n>Cool.",
"timestamp": [
1245.6,
1246.88
]
},
{
"text": "<Yes, yeah.\n>Cool.",
"timestamp": [
1245.6,
1246.88
]
},
{
"text": "<Okay. So then we have two \nother channels and they're ",
"timestamp": [
1247.6,
1249.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Okay. So then we have two \nother channels and they're ",
"timestamp": [
1247.6,
1249.84
]
},
{
"text": "important for really what this question is",
"timestamp": [
1249.84,
1251.92
]
},
{
"text": "important for really what this question is",
"timestamp": [
1249.84,
1251.92
]
},
{
"text": "getting out of how neurons work.",
"timestamp": [
1251.92,
1253.2
]
},
{
"text": "getting out of how neurons work.",
"timestamp": [
1251.92,
1253.2
]
},
{
"text": "One is called a chemically gated channel or\na ligand-gated channel.",
"timestamp": [
1253.76,
1257.76
]
},
{
"text": "One is called a chemically gated channel or\na ligand-gated channel.",
"timestamp": [
1253.76,
1257.76
]
},
{
"text": "And a ligand is just something that binds\nto a protein.",
"timestamp": [
1258.56,
1261.6
]
},
{
"text": "And a ligand is just something that binds\nto a protein.",
"timestamp": [
1258.56,
1261.6
]
},
{
"text": "This is a key in a lock kind of situation.",
"timestamp": [
1262.56,
1265.28
]
},
{
"text": "This is a key in a lock kind of situation.",
"timestamp": [
1262.56,
1265.28
]
},
{
"text": "So here's a door it's closed, it's locked,\nwe need a key to open it.",
"timestamp": [
1265.28,
1268.96
]
},
{
"text": "So here's a door it's closed, it's locked,\nwe need a key to open it.",
"timestamp": [
1265.28,
1268.96
]
},
{
"text": "That key is usually going to be something\nlike acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter,",
"timestamp": [
1269.68,
1274.16
]
},
{
"text": "That key is usually going to be something\nlike acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter,",
"timestamp": [
1269.68,
1274.16
]
},
{
"text": "it's actually the neurotransmitter that helps\ntrigger your muscles to contract.",
"timestamp": [
1274.16,
1278.72
]
},
{
"text": "it's actually the neurotransmitter that helps\ntrigger your muscles to contract.",
"timestamp": [
1274.16,
1278.72
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so acetylcholine, if it binds to that\nlittle protein, it's the key, it unlocks the door.",
"timestamp": [
1279.68,
1284.72
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, so acetylcholine, if it binds to that\nlittle protein, it's the key, it unlocks the door.",
"timestamp": [
1279.68,
1284.72
]
},
{
"text": "The one we usually talk \nabout with these ligand-gated ",
"timestamp": [
1284.72,
1287.36
]
},
{
"text": "The one we usually talk \nabout with these ligand-gated ",
"timestamp": [
1284.72,
1287.36
]
},
{
"text": "channels are sodium channels.",
"timestamp": [
1287.36,
1289.92
]
},
{
"text": "channels are sodium channels.",
"timestamp": [
1287.36,
1289.92
]
},
{
"text": "So let's say we open a sodium channel, what\nhappens to sodium?",
"timestamp": [
1289.92,
1292.72
]
},
{
"text": "So let's say we open a sodium channel, what\nhappens to sodium?",
"timestamp": [
1289.92,
1292.72
]
},
{
"text": "Which direction does it go?",
"timestamp": [
1292.72,
1293.76
]
},
{
"text": "Which direction does it go?",
"timestamp": [
1292.72,
1293.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Look, I forgot.",
"timestamp": [
1295.04,
1296.24
]
},
{
"text": ">Look, I forgot.",
"timestamp": [
1295.04,
1296.24
]
},
{
"text": "<Sodium's outside and it wants to come in.",
"timestamp": [
1298.72,
1300.667
]
},
{
"text": "<Sodium's outside and it wants to come in.",
"timestamp": [
1298.72,
1300.667
]
},
{
"text": ">Wants to come in, okay.",
"timestamp": [
1300.667,
1301.44
]
},
{
"text": ">Wants to come in, okay.",
"timestamp": [
1300.667,
1301.44
]
},
{
"text": "<Yep. It wants to come in.",
"timestamp": [
1301.44,
1302.64
]
},
{
"text": "<Yep. It wants to come in.",
"timestamp": [
1301.44,
1302.64
]
},
{
"text": "And so then the sodium right, now since we're\nadding positives, the inside is going to get",
"timestamp": [
1302.64,
1307.52
]
},
{
"text": "And so then the sodium right, now since we're\nadding positives, the inside is going to get",
"timestamp": [
1302.64,
1307.52
]
},
{
"text": "more positive and the voltage is going to\nstart to go up.",
"timestamp": [
1307.52,
1310.08
]
},
{
"text": "more positive and the voltage is going to\nstart to go up.",
"timestamp": [
1307.52,
1310.08
]
},
{
"text": "Now we could-\n>We should have just renamed these ions.",
"timestamp": [
1310.88,
1315.44
]
},
{
"text": "Now we could-\n>We should have just renamed these ions.",
"timestamp": [
1310.88,
1315.44
]
},
{
"text": "We should have called one of them the out\nion and one of them the in ion and that would've",
"timestamp": [
1315.44,
1319.36
]
},
{
"text": "We should have called one of them the out\nion and one of them the in ion and that would've",
"timestamp": [
1315.44,
1319.36
]
},
{
"text": "simplified things greatly.",
"timestamp": [
1320,
1321.2
]
},
{
"text": "simplified things greatly.",
"timestamp": [
1320,
1321.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Well, and the abbreviation for sodium is Na\nand the abbreviation for potassium is K.",
"timestamp": [
1321.2,
1325.6
]
},
{
"text": "<Well, and the abbreviation for sodium is Na\nand the abbreviation for potassium is K.",
"timestamp": [
1321.2,
1325.6
]
},
{
"text": ">So we picked the hardest to remember ones?",
"timestamp": [
1326.4,
1328.8
]
},
{
"text": ">So we picked the hardest to remember ones?",
"timestamp": [
1326.4,
1328.8
]
},
{
"text": "<I know, I know exactly.",
"timestamp": [
1328.8,
1330.24
]
},
{
"text": "<I know, I know exactly.",
"timestamp": [
1328.8,
1330.24
]
},
{
"text": ">It's like mercury is a little bit harder than\nthose, but basically everything else.",
"timestamp": [
1330.24,
1334.08
]
},
{
"text": ">It's like mercury is a little bit harder than\nthose, but basically everything else.",
"timestamp": [
1330.24,
1334.08
]
},
{
"text": "<I'm glad I'm not responsible for the naming\nconvention.",
"timestamp": [
1336.16,
1338.56
]
},
{
"text": "<I'm glad I'm not responsible for the naming\nconvention.",
"timestamp": [
1336.16,
1338.56
]
},
{
"text": "So let's see.\nSo we have these key channels.",
"timestamp": [
1341.36,
1345.12
]
},
{
"text": "So let's see.\nSo we have these key channels.",
"timestamp": [
1341.36,
1345.12
]
},
{
"text": "We can open sodium ones, \nwe can open potassium ones.",
"timestamp": [
1345.12,
1347.68
]
},
{
"text": "We can open sodium ones, \nwe can open potassium ones.",
"timestamp": [
1345.12,
1347.68
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the next ones are the important part for\nhow the action potential actually travels.",
"timestamp": [
1347.68,
1352.32
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the next ones are the important part for\nhow the action potential actually travels.",
"timestamp": [
1347.68,
1352.32
]
},
{
"text": "So the whole idea of this is to get a signal,\nto go from point A like your brain to point B,",
"timestamp": [
1352.32,
1357.36
]
},
{
"text": "So the whole idea of this is to get a signal,\nto go from point A like your brain to point B,",
"timestamp": [
1352.32,
1357.36
]
},
{
"text": "like your gluteus maximus muscle, and to\nget it to contract.",
"timestamp": [
1357.36,
1361.04
]
},
{
"text": "like your gluteus maximus muscle, and to\nget it to contract.",
"timestamp": [
1357.36,
1361.04
]
},
{
"text": "Now that's a long way for it to travel and\nso we want it to travel fairly quickly so",
"timestamp": [
1361.04,
1365.28
]
},
{
"text": "Now that's a long way for it to travel and\nso we want it to travel fairly quickly so",
"timestamp": [
1361.04,
1365.28
]
},
{
"text": "that we can react to proper things like walking, ",
"timestamp": [
1365.28,
1369.12
]
},
{
"text": "that we can react to proper things like walking, ",
"timestamp": [
1365.28,
1369.12
]
},
{
"text": "it's important to time things \nwell when we're walking.",
"timestamp": [
1369.12,
1371.76
]
},
{
"text": "it's important to time things \nwell when we're walking.",
"timestamp": [
1369.12,
1371.76
]
},
{
"text": "And that's what this next channel is, called\nvoltage-gated channels.",
"timestamp": [
1372.96,
1376.96
]
},
{
"text": "And that's what this next channel is, called\nvoltage-gated channels.",
"timestamp": [
1372.96,
1376.96
]
},
{
"text": "And they open when that voltage inside of\nthe cell reaches a certain level and just",
"timestamp": [
1376.96,
1381.68
]
},
{
"text": "And they open when that voltage inside of\nthe cell reaches a certain level and just",
"timestamp": [
1376.96,
1381.68
]
},
{
"text": "in one location where that cell is.",
"timestamp": [
1381.68,
1384.08
]
},
{
"text": "in one location where that cell is.",
"timestamp": [
1381.68,
1384.08
]
},
{
"text": "So they open at about -55 millivolts.",
"timestamp": [
1384.08,
1387.84
]
},
{
"text": "So they open at about -55 millivolts.",
"timestamp": [
1384.08,
1387.84
]
},
{
"text": "We call this the threshold voltage for these\nchannels.",
"timestamp": [
1388.64,
1391.68
]
},
{
"text": "We call this the threshold voltage for these\nchannels.",
"timestamp": [
1388.64,
1391.68
]
},
{
"text": "So we started at -70, right?",
"timestamp": [
1391.68,
1393.92
]
},
{
"text": "So we started at -70, right?",
"timestamp": [
1391.68,
1393.92
]
},
{
"text": "We bring in some sodium and then the line\nstarts to go up.",
"timestamp": [
1393.92,
1396.96
]
},
{
"text": "We bring in some sodium and then the line\nstarts to go up.",
"timestamp": [
1393.92,
1396.96
]
},
{
"text": "If that cell reaches about -55, the\nvoltage-gated channels will open.",
"timestamp": [
1396.96,
1402.72
]
},
{
"text": "If that cell reaches about -55, the\nvoltage-gated channels will open.",
"timestamp": [
1396.96,
1402.72
]
},
{
"text": "And the first ones that open are the sodium\nchannels.",
"timestamp": [
1402.72,
1406.8
]
},
{
"text": "And the first ones that open are the sodium\nchannels.",
"timestamp": [
1402.72,
1406.8
]
},
{
"text": "Did you have a question, Hank?",
"timestamp": [
1407.68,
1408.56
]
},
{
"text": "Did you have a question, Hank?",
"timestamp": [
1407.68,
1408.56
]
},
{
"text": ">No, I was just imagining them expanding.",
"timestamp": [
1409.28,
1411.44
]
},
{
"text": ">No, I was just imagining them expanding.",
"timestamp": [
1409.28,
1411.44
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, so they open up, ",
"timestamp": [
1411.44,
1413.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, so they open up, ",
"timestamp": [
1411.44,
1413.04
]
},
{
"text": "sodium starts coming in now\nthese voltage-gated channels.",
"timestamp": [
1413.04,
1415.84
]
},
{
"text": "sodium starts coming in now\nthese voltage-gated channels.",
"timestamp": [
1413.04,
1415.84
]
},
{
"text": "And as the sodium comes in, it starts to crawl\nalong the inside of the membrane.",
"timestamp": [
1415.84,
1420.24
]
},
{
"text": "And as the sodium comes in, it starts to crawl\nalong the inside of the membrane.",
"timestamp": [
1415.84,
1420.24
]
},
{
"text": "It kind of floats in and then distributes.",
"timestamp": [
1420.24,
1422.4
]
},
{
"text": "It kind of floats in and then distributes.",
"timestamp": [
1420.24,
1422.4
]
},
{
"text": "And it's going to slide its way down to a\nlittle bit further on down the cell, eventually",
"timestamp": [
1422.4,
1429.12
]
},
{
"text": "And it's going to slide its way down to a\nlittle bit further on down the cell, eventually",
"timestamp": [
1422.4,
1429.12
]
},
{
"text": "it will find another voltage-gated sodium\nchannel.",
"timestamp": [
1429.12,
1432.08
]
},
{
"text": "it will find another voltage-gated sodium\nchannel.",
"timestamp": [
1429.12,
1432.08
]
},
{
"text": "If enough sodiums are on the inside, it raises\nthe voltage.",
"timestamp": [
1432.08,
1435.04
]
},
{
"text": "If enough sodiums are on the inside, it raises\nthe voltage.",
"timestamp": [
1432.08,
1435.04
]
},
{
"text": "At that point, opens that door, sodium marshes\nin, slides down, next gate-",
"timestamp": [
1435.04,
1440.08
]
},
{
"text": "At that point, opens that door, sodium marshes\nin, slides down, next gate-",
"timestamp": [
1435.04,
1440.08
]
},
{
"text": ">Cascade.\n<Sodium in, slides down.",
"timestamp": [
1440.08,
1441.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Cascade.\n<Sodium in, slides down.",
"timestamp": [
1440.08,
1441.76
]
},
{
"text": "And now we get this wave of sodium rushing\nin all the way down the cell in a fraction",
"timestamp": [
1441.76,
1447.12
]
},
{
"text": "And now we get this wave of sodium rushing\nin all the way down the cell in a fraction",
"timestamp": [
1441.76,
1447.12
]
},
{
"text": "of a second, it can go a meter down your leg.",
"timestamp": [
1447.12,
1449.6
]
},
{
"text": "of a second, it can go a meter down your leg.",
"timestamp": [
1447.12,
1449.6
]
},
{
"text": "So very fast reaction.",
"timestamp": [
1451.2,
1453.04
]
},
{
"text": "So very fast reaction.",
"timestamp": [
1451.2,
1453.04
]
},
{
"text": ">And this is why I like salt.",
"timestamp": [
1453.04,
1454.56
]
},
{
"text": ">And this is why I like salt.",
"timestamp": [
1453.04,
1454.56
]
},
{
"text": "<This is why salt and sodium level is very\nimportant.",
"timestamp": [
1455.76,
1458.4
]
},
{
"text": "<This is why salt and sodium level is very\nimportant.",
"timestamp": [
1455.76,
1458.4
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, if you get too much or too little sodium\nyou get tingles and dizziness because your",
"timestamp": [
1459.2,
1465.84
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, if you get too much or too little sodium\nyou get tingles and dizziness because your",
"timestamp": [
1459.2,
1465.84
]
},
{
"text": "muscles and your neurons can start to malfunction.",
"timestamp": [
1465.84,
1468.16
]
},
{
"text": "muscles and your neurons can start to malfunction.",
"timestamp": [
1465.84,
1468.16
]
},
{
"text": "Now, when that gets all the way down to the\nend of the neuron, it does something else,",
"timestamp": [
1469.76,
1473.2
]
},
{
"text": "Now, when that gets all the way down to the\nend of the neuron, it does something else,",
"timestamp": [
1469.76,
1473.2
]
},
{
"text": "it actually opens a voltage gate calcium channel\nand calcium is just the fine signal that tells",
"timestamp": [
1473.2,
1479.36
]
},
{
"text": "it actually opens a voltage gate calcium channel\nand calcium is just the fine signal that tells",
"timestamp": [
1473.2,
1479.36
]
},
{
"text": "the cell to release its neurotransmitters.",
"timestamp": [
1479.36,
1481.52
]
},
{
"text": "the cell to release its neurotransmitters.",
"timestamp": [
1479.36,
1481.52
]
},
{
"text": "Now the whole time that this has been happening,\nthere's actually another channel, another",
"timestamp": [
1484.08,
1488.16
]
},
{
"text": "Now the whole time that this has been happening,\nthere's actually another channel, another",
"timestamp": [
1484.08,
1488.16
]
},
{
"text": "voltage-gated channel.",
"timestamp": [
1488.16,
1489.36
]
},
{
"text": "voltage-gated channel.",
"timestamp": [
1488.16,
1489.36
]
},
{
"text": "We kind of ignored potassium to this point, right?",
"timestamp": [
1489.36,
1491.84
]
},
{
"text": "We kind of ignored potassium to this point, right?",
"timestamp": [
1489.36,
1491.84
]
},
{
"text": "And so the sodium at that threshold voltage\nthat was opening the voltage-gated sodium",
"timestamp": [
1492.4,
1498.16
]
},
{
"text": "And so the sodium at that threshold voltage\nthat was opening the voltage-gated sodium",
"timestamp": [
1492.4,
1498.16
]
},
{
"text": "channels was also opening voltage-gated potassium\nchannels, but they are sticky doors.",
"timestamp": [
1498.16,
1503.44
]
},
{
"text": "channels was also opening voltage-gated potassium\nchannels, but they are sticky doors.",
"timestamp": [
1498.16,
1503.44
]
},
{
"text": "They don't open that quickly.",
"timestamp": [
1503.44,
1504.8
]
},
{
"text": "They don't open that quickly.",
"timestamp": [
1503.44,
1504.8
]
},
{
"text": "So actually they're like big, thick, creaky\ndoors, they're slowly opening, sodium's rushing",
"timestamp": [
1505.68,
1511.92
]
},
{
"text": "So actually they're like big, thick, creaky\ndoors, they're slowly opening, sodium's rushing",
"timestamp": [
1505.68,
1511.92
]
},
{
"text": "in its channel.",
"timestamp": [
1511.92,
1512.8
]
},
{
"text": "in its channel.",
"timestamp": [
1511.92,
1512.8
]
},
{
"text": "And by the time sodium's pretty much done\nrushing in, potassium wants to rush out.",
"timestamp": [
1512.8,
1517.52
]
},
{
"text": "And by the time sodium's pretty much done\nrushing in, potassium wants to rush out.",
"timestamp": [
1512.8,
1517.52
]
},
{
"text": "And so they're just offset enough.",
"timestamp": [
1518.16,
1520.16
]
},
{
"text": "And so they're just offset enough.",
"timestamp": [
1518.16,
1520.16
]
},
{
"text": "So as the sodium rushes in, the voltage goes\nup and right at the top at about +30",
"timestamp": [
1520.88,
1526.72
]
},
{
"text": "So as the sodium rushes in, the voltage goes\nup and right at the top at about +30",
"timestamp": [
1520.88,
1526.72
]
},
{
"text": "then the potassium channels start to open.",
"timestamp": [
1527.36,
1529.6
]
},
{
"text": "then the potassium channels start to open.",
"timestamp": [
1527.36,
1529.6
]
},
{
"text": "And then when the potassium channels open,\npotassium is leaving.",
"timestamp": [
1530.4,
1533.84
]
},
{
"text": "And then when the potassium channels open,\npotassium is leaving.",
"timestamp": [
1530.4,
1533.84
]
},
{
"text": "So what happens if we take a bunch of positive\nthings from inside and we let them out, what",
"timestamp": [
1533.84,
1538.48
]
},
{
"text": "So what happens if we take a bunch of positive\nthings from inside and we let them out, what",
"timestamp": [
1533.84,
1538.48
]
},
{
"text": "happens to the inside?",
"timestamp": [
1538.48,
1539.44
]
},
{
"text": "happens to the inside?",
"timestamp": [
1538.48,
1539.44
]
},
{
"text": "Does it get more positive or more negative\nif we remove positives?",
"timestamp": [
1541.12,
1544.72
]
},
{
"text": "Does it get more positive or more negative\nif we remove positives?",
"timestamp": [
1541.12,
1544.72
]
},
{
"text": ">I was looking at the Slack I \nwasn't paying attention to you. ",
"timestamp": [
1544.72,
1547.2
]
},
{
"text": ">I was looking at the Slack I \nwasn't paying attention to you. ",
"timestamp": [
1544.72,
1547.2
]
},
{
"text": "I had to check on something.",
"timestamp": [
1547.2,
1548.56
]
},
{
"text": "I had to check on something.",
"timestamp": [
1547.2,
1548.56
]
},
{
"text": "<It gets more negative.\nHaha it's okay, my students text in class.",
"timestamp": [
1548.56,
1554
]
},
{
"text": "<It gets more negative.\nHaha it's okay, my students text in class.",
"timestamp": [
1548.56,
1554
]
},
{
"text": "So the inside of the cell is going to get ",
"timestamp": [
1557.84,
1559.52
]
},
{
"text": "So the inside of the cell is going to get ",
"timestamp": [
1557.84,
1559.52
]
},
{
"text": "more negative if those positive \npotassiums are leaving.",
"timestamp": [
1559.52,
1564
]
},
{
"text": "more negative if those positive \npotassiums are leaving.",
"timestamp": [
1559.52,
1564
]
},
{
"text": "And it actually is going to get so negative\nthat we reset the voltage.",
"timestamp": [
1565.12,
1569.84
]
},
{
"text": "And it actually is going to get so negative\nthat we reset the voltage.",
"timestamp": [
1565.12,
1569.84
]
},
{
"text": "So now we've sent the signal and we've reset it.",
"timestamp": [
1571.12,
1574.32
]
},
{
"text": "So now we've sent the signal and we've reset it.",
"timestamp": [
1571.12,
1574.32
]
},
{
"text": "And again, there's a little bit more to it\nthan that, but if you can get that part down",
"timestamp": [
1575.44,
1580.16
]
},
{
"text": "And again, there's a little bit more to it\nthan that, but if you can get that part down",
"timestamp": [
1575.44,
1580.16
]
},
{
"text": "and those rules that we started with, then ",
"timestamp": [
1580.16,
1583.52
]
},
{
"text": "and those rules that we started with, then ",
"timestamp": [
1580.16,
1583.52
]
},
{
"text": "you can layer on the rest of \nyour understanding on that.",
"timestamp": [
1584.4,
1587.28
]
},
{
"text": "you can layer on the rest of \nyour understanding on that.",
"timestamp": [
1584.4,
1587.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, right, right.\nAmazing.",
"timestamp": [
1587.28,
1589.52
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, right, right.\nAmazing.",
"timestamp": [
1587.28,
1589.52
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, and this is all, the great thing about\nunderstanding that stuff is that from now",
"timestamp": [
1589.52,
1594.48
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, and this is all, the great thing about\nunderstanding that stuff is that from now",
"timestamp": [
1589.52,
1594.48
]
},
{
"text": "on and forever, you just have a totally different\nunderstanding of how your body interacts with",
"timestamp": [
1594.48,
1598.8
]
},
{
"text": "on and forever, you just have a totally different\nunderstanding of how your body interacts with",
"timestamp": [
1594.48,
1598.8
]
},
{
"text": "the world around it.",
"timestamp": [
1598.8,
1599.76
]
},
{
"text": "the world around it.",
"timestamp": [
1598.8,
1599.76
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, yeah.\n>It's pretty cool.",
"timestamp": [
1600.64,
1601.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, yeah.\n>It's pretty cool.",
"timestamp": [
1600.64,
1601.84
]
},
{
"text": "#9 is the question that this is on my \nlist, but not the number that we're on.",
"timestamp": [
1602.8,
1609.04
]
},
{
"text": "#9 is the question that this is on my \nlist, but not the number that we're on.",
"timestamp": [
1602.8,
1609.04
]
},
{
"text": "It's from Laurel who asks, what is the best\nway to remember the names and locations of",
"timestamp": [
1610.56,
1617.44
]
},
{
"text": "It's from Laurel who asks, what is the best\nway to remember the names and locations of",
"timestamp": [
1610.56,
1617.44
]
},
{
"text": "the bone landmarks?",
"timestamp": [
1617.44,
1619.12
]
},
{
"text": "the bone landmarks?",
"timestamp": [
1617.44,
1619.12
]
},
{
"text": "I don't even know a bone landmark was a thing,\nbut in general, there's a lot of memorization",
"timestamp": [
1619.12,
1624.48
]
},
{
"text": "I don't even know a bone landmark was a thing,\nbut in general, there's a lot of memorization",
"timestamp": [
1619.12,
1624.48
]
},
{
"text": "in Anatomy & Physiology.",
"timestamp": [
1624.48,
1625.92
]
},
{
"text": "in Anatomy & Physiology.",
"timestamp": [
1624.48,
1625.92
]
},
{
"text": "I like the part where it's conceptual, I don't\nlike the part where I'm memorizing bones.",
"timestamp": [
1625.92,
1632
]
},
{
"text": "I like the part where it's conceptual, I don't\nlike the part where I'm memorizing bones.",
"timestamp": [
1625.92,
1632
]
},
{
"text": "<For my students, I try to tell them don't\nmemorize, or memorize as little as possible.",
"timestamp": [
1634.16,
1640.56
]
},
{
"text": "<For my students, I try to tell them don't\nmemorize, or memorize as little as possible.",
"timestamp": [
1634.16,
1640.56
]
},
{
"text": "And the way to do that is to find what's common\nbetween all the different things.",
"timestamp": [
1640.56,
1647.76
]
},
{
"text": "And the way to do that is to find what's common\nbetween all the different things.",
"timestamp": [
1640.56,
1647.76
]
},
{
"text": "So for example, with the thing we just talked\nabout, if you know a few rules of how these",
"timestamp": [
1647.76,
1653.04
]
},
{
"text": "So for example, with the thing we just talked\nabout, if you know a few rules of how these",
"timestamp": [
1647.76,
1653.04
]
},
{
"text": "channels work and how cells are set up, you\nknow how nerves work, how muscles work and",
"timestamp": [
1653.04,
1656.88
]
},
{
"text": "channels work and how cells are set up, you\nknow how nerves work, how muscles work and",
"timestamp": [
1653.04,
1656.88
]
},
{
"text": "how a bunch of our senses work.",
"timestamp": [
1656.88,
1658.48
]
},
{
"text": "how a bunch of our senses work.",
"timestamp": [
1656.88,
1658.48
]
},
{
"text": "So find those commonalities.",
"timestamp": [
1658.48,
1659.92
]
},
{
"text": "So find those commonalities.",
"timestamp": [
1658.48,
1659.92
]
},
{
"text": "Now bones are kind of two parts, one is the\nstructural part and the other part of learning",
"timestamp": [
1659.92,
1666
]
},
{
"text": "Now bones are kind of two parts, one is the\nstructural part and the other part of learning",
"timestamp": [
1659.92,
1666
]
},
{
"text": "them is learning the words and I think we're ",
"timestamp": [
1666,
1667.6
]
},
{
"text": "them is learning the words and I think we're ",
"timestamp": [
1666,
1667.6
]
},
{
"text": "going to talk about how to \nlearn all the words later.",
"timestamp": [
1667.6,
1669.76
]
},
{
"text": "going to talk about how to \nlearn all the words later.",
"timestamp": [
1667.6,
1669.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. We'll get there too.",
"timestamp": [
1669.76,
1670.64
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. We'll get there too.",
"timestamp": [
1669.76,
1670.64
]
},
{
"text": "<But as far as the bones, they're a really\nphysical thing.",
"timestamp": [
1671.36,
1674.64
]
},
{
"text": "<But as far as the bones, they're a really\nphysical thing.",
"timestamp": [
1671.36,
1674.64
]
},
{
"text": "And so I think the best way to learn a lot\nof these details is really just to draw it",
"timestamp": [
1674.64,
1679.04
]
},
{
"text": "And so I think the best way to learn a lot\nof these details is really just to draw it",
"timestamp": [
1674.64,
1679.04
]
},
{
"text": "out yourself.",
"timestamp": [
1679.04,
1680.16
]
},
{
"text": "out yourself.",
"timestamp": [
1679.04,
1680.16
]
},
{
"text": "It's great if you have a model, a plastic\nmodel in a lab, or, I mean, you have Stan",
"timestamp": [
1680.16,
1686.88
]
},
{
"text": "It's great if you have a model, a plastic\nmodel in a lab, or, I mean, you have Stan",
"timestamp": [
1680.16,
1686.88
]
},
{
"text": "there behind you, you can get a skeleton, ",
"timestamp": [
1686.88,
1690.08
]
},
{
"text": "there behind you, you can get a skeleton, ",
"timestamp": [
1686.88,
1690.08
]
},
{
"text": "a full skeleton online some \nplaces, there's 3D apps.",
"timestamp": [
1690.08,
1693.68
]
},
{
"text": "a full skeleton online some \nplaces, there's 3D apps.",
"timestamp": [
1690.08,
1693.68
]
},
{
"text": "But really, it's helpful to get your brain\nto process it in a different way.",
"timestamp": [
1693.68,
1699.2
]
},
{
"text": "But really, it's helpful to get your brain\nto process it in a different way.",
"timestamp": [
1693.68,
1699.2
]
},
{
"text": ">This is well known that the more work you\nare doing with your fingers, ",
"timestamp": [
1699.2,
1705.12
]
},
{
"text": ">This is well known that the more work you\nare doing with your fingers, ",
"timestamp": [
1699.2,
1705.12
]
},
{
"text": "the better you are learning.",
"timestamp": [
1706.72,
1707.92
]
},
{
"text": "the better you are learning.",
"timestamp": [
1706.72,
1707.92
]
},
{
"text": "So actually drawing, looking at a thing and\nthen closing it and then trying to draw it.",
"timestamp": [
1707.92,
1714
]
},
{
"text": "So actually drawing, looking at a thing and\nthen closing it and then trying to draw it.",
"timestamp": [
1707.92,
1714
]
},
{
"text": "That is how-- that is how you learn things.",
"timestamp": [
1714,
1716.48
]
},
{
"text": "That is how-- that is how you learn things.",
"timestamp": [
1714,
1716.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. And I'm going to suggest something.",
"timestamp": [
1716.48,
1719.28
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. And I'm going to suggest something.",
"timestamp": [
1716.48,
1719.28
]
},
{
"text": "I like what you just said, that it's really\ntrying to draw up from memory.",
"timestamp": [
1719.28,
1724.24
]
},
{
"text": "I like what you just said, that it's really\ntrying to draw up from memory.",
"timestamp": [
1719.28,
1724.24
]
},
{
"text": "Now, you take a femur or something like that, ",
"timestamp": [
1724.24,
1726.8
]
},
{
"text": "Now, you take a femur or something like that, ",
"timestamp": [
1724.24,
1726.8
]
},
{
"text": "there's a whole bunch of \nlittle bumps and things on it.",
"timestamp": [
1726.8,
1729.44
]
},
{
"text": "there's a whole bunch of \nlittle bumps and things on it.",
"timestamp": [
1726.8,
1729.44
]
},
{
"text": "And of course, it's three-dimensional, which\nis hard to draw on paper.",
"timestamp": [
1729.44,
1731.92
]
},
{
"text": "And of course, it's three-dimensional, which\nis hard to draw on paper.",
"timestamp": [
1729.44,
1731.92
]
},
{
"text": "So you do your best.",
"timestamp": [
1732.72,
1734.24
]
},
{
"text": "So you do your best.",
"timestamp": [
1732.72,
1734.24
]
},
{
"text": "And I suggest starting with just the very\nbasic shape, don't even worry about all the",
"timestamp": [
1734.24,
1738.64
]
},
{
"text": "And I suggest starting with just the very\nbasic shape, don't even worry about all the",
"timestamp": [
1734.24,
1738.64
]
},
{
"text": "bumps the first time you draw it.",
"timestamp": [
1738.64,
1740
]
},
{
"text": "bumps the first time you draw it.",
"timestamp": [
1738.64,
1740
]
},
{
"text": "Look at the books, study it, get an idea for\nthe shape and then draw it.",
"timestamp": [
1740.56,
1743.52
]
},
{
"text": "Look at the books, study it, get an idea for\nthe shape and then draw it.",
"timestamp": [
1740.56,
1743.52
]
},
{
"text": "And this is where, if you're a horrible artist\nlike me, my dad's an artist, I didn't get",
"timestamp": [
1744.24,
1748.48
]
},
{
"text": "And this is where, if you're a horrible artist\nlike me, my dad's an artist, I didn't get",
"timestamp": [
1744.24,
1748.48
]
},
{
"text": "those genes, and if you're\na horrible artist like me, it's actually good",
"timestamp": [
1748.48,
1752.16
]
},
{
"text": "those genes, and if you're\na horrible artist like me, it's actually good",
"timestamp": [
1748.48,
1752.16
]
},
{
"text": "because you don't worry about getting all\nthe little details and the shading, just get",
"timestamp": [
1752.16,
1755.2
]
},
{
"text": "because you don't worry about getting all\nthe little details and the shading, just get",
"timestamp": [
1752.16,
1755.2
]
},
{
"text": "the basic shape.",
"timestamp": [
1755.2,
1755.92
]
},
{
"text": "the basic shape.",
"timestamp": [
1755.2,
1755.92
]
},
{
"text": "Draw that and label whatever you can then\ngo back to your book or go back to whatever",
"timestamp": [
1757.28,
1762.48
]
},
{
"text": "Draw that and label whatever you can then\ngo back to your book or go back to whatever",
"timestamp": [
1757.28,
1762.48
]
},
{
"text": "kind of reference you're working on and see\nwhere you could improve or see if you got",
"timestamp": [
1762.48,
1767.44
]
},
{
"text": "kind of reference you're working on and see\nwhere you could improve or see if you got",
"timestamp": [
1762.48,
1767.44
]
},
{
"text": "everything right.",
"timestamp": [
1767.44,
1768.24
]
},
{
"text": "everything right.",
"timestamp": [
1767.44,
1768.24
]
},
{
"text": "See if you could add one more detail or add\none more label.",
"timestamp": [
1768.8,
1772.56
]
},
{
"text": "See if you could add one more detail or add\none more label.",
"timestamp": [
1768.8,
1772.56
]
},
{
"text": "And then close the resource, draw it again\nonly looking at your previous drawing.",
"timestamp": [
1772.56,
1777.76
]
},
{
"text": "And then close the resource, draw it again\nonly looking at your previous drawing.",
"timestamp": [
1772.56,
1777.76
]
},
{
"text": "So make it a little bit better, do it all\nagain, label what you can and then compare",
"timestamp": [
1777.76,
1782.88
]
},
{
"text": "So make it a little bit better, do it all\nagain, label what you can and then compare",
"timestamp": [
1777.76,
1782.88
]
},
{
"text": "it to the resource and just kind of go back ",
"timestamp": [
1782.88,
1784.72
]
},
{
"text": "it to the resource and just kind of go back ",
"timestamp": [
1782.88,
1784.72
]
},
{
"text": "and forth and slowly build \nup your knowledge that way.",
"timestamp": [
1784.72,
1787.44
]
},
{
"text": "and forth and slowly build \nup your knowledge that way.",
"timestamp": [
1784.72,
1787.44
]
},
{
"text": "If your teacher, like I do to my students, ",
"timestamp": [
1788.24,
1792.24
]
},
{
"text": "If your teacher, like I do to my students, ",
"timestamp": [
1788.24,
1792.24
]
},
{
"text": "I'll hand them a list of \n300 terms to know in a lab.",
"timestamp": [
1792.24,
1796.16
]
},
{
"text": "I'll hand them a list of \n300 terms to know in a lab.",
"timestamp": [
1792.24,
1796.16
]
},
{
"text": "And that's totally overwhelming.",
"timestamp": [
1796.16,
1798.16
]
},
{
"text": "And that's totally overwhelming.",
"timestamp": [
1796.16,
1798.16
]
},
{
"text": "Don't study the whole thing all at once.",
"timestamp": [
1798.16,
1800.32
]
},
{
"text": "Don't study the whole thing all at once.",
"timestamp": [
1798.16,
1800.32
]
},
{
"text": "One thing at a time, or \nmaybe two things at a time.",
"timestamp": [
1800.32,
1803.52
]
},
{
"text": "One thing at a time, or \nmaybe two things at a time.",
"timestamp": [
1800.32,
1803.52
]
},
{
"text": "And so drawing is really good for that.",
"timestamp": [
1804.08,
1805.68
]
},
{
"text": "And so drawing is really good for that.",
"timestamp": [
1804.08,
1805.68
]
},
{
"text": "<Totally.",
"timestamp": [
1807.2,
1807.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Totally.",
"timestamp": [
1807.2,
1807.84
]
},
{
"text": "All right, we got a question that is from\na bunch of people, Gracie, Jamila, Ryan who",
"timestamp": [
1808.56,
1815.92
]
},
{
"text": "All right, we got a question that is from\na bunch of people, Gracie, Jamila, Ryan who",
"timestamp": [
1808.56,
1815.92
]
},
{
"text": "asks, it's all just generally about heart\nfunction and ECGs and how ECGs work.",
"timestamp": [
1815.92,
1821.84
]
},
{
"text": "asks, it's all just generally about heart\nfunction and ECGs and how ECGs work.",
"timestamp": [
1815.92,
1821.84
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, this is the other common stumbling block,\nthe nervous system and then this heart function.",
"timestamp": [
1822.88,
1828.8
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, this is the other common stumbling block,\nthe nervous system and then this heart function.",
"timestamp": [
1822.88,
1828.8
]
},
{
"text": ">We have to sort of understand the whole cascade\nof heart cells and what they're doing?",
"timestamp": [
1829.6,
1832.48
]
},
{
"text": ">We have to sort of understand the whole cascade\nof heart cells and what they're doing?",
"timestamp": [
1829.6,
1832.48
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Well, we actually \nalready know some of that.",
"timestamp": [
1833.76,
1835.68
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Well, we actually \nalready know some of that.",
"timestamp": [
1833.76,
1835.68
]
},
{
"text": "So there's really two parts to understanding\nheart function.",
"timestamp": [
1835.68,
1838.64
]
},
{
"text": "So there's really two parts to understanding\nheart function.",
"timestamp": [
1835.68,
1838.64
]
},
{
"text": "One is electrical, and we mostly just talked\nabout that.",
"timestamp": [
1838.64,
1842.32
]
},
{
"text": "One is electrical, and we mostly just talked\nabout that.",
"timestamp": [
1838.64,
1842.32
]
},
{
"text": "We can talk a little bit more about that.",
"timestamp": [
1842.32,
1843.84
]
},
{
"text": "We can talk a little bit more about that.",
"timestamp": [
1842.32,
1843.84
]
},
{
"text": "And the other is really like physical and\nthis is when we talk about like-",
"timestamp": [
1843.84,
1848.656
]
},
{
"text": "And the other is really like physical and\nthis is when we talk about like-",
"timestamp": [
1843.84,
1848.656
]
},
{
"text": ">What happens in what order?\n<Yeah, and pumping the blood that the pressure and ",
"timestamp": [
1848.656,
1852.32
]
},
{
"text": ">What happens in what order?\n<Yeah, and pumping the blood that the pressure and ",
"timestamp": [
1848.656,
1852.32
]
},
{
"text": "stuff that is involved in moving \nthe blood through the body.",
"timestamp": [
1852.32,
1855.76
]
},
{
"text": "stuff that is involved in moving \nthe blood through the body.",
"timestamp": [
1852.32,
1855.76
]
},
{
"text": "So here's a rule and this \nis again, mostly accurate.",
"timestamp": [
1856.88,
1861.44
]
},
{
"text": "So here's a rule and this \nis again, mostly accurate.",
"timestamp": [
1856.88,
1861.44
]
},
{
"text": "Some physicists may not think that I'm phrasing\nthis properly,",
"timestamp": [
1861.44,
1864.96
]
},
{
"text": "Some physicists may not think that I'm phrasing\nthis properly,",
"timestamp": [
1861.44,
1864.96
]
},
{
"text": "but for the purposes of Anatomy & \nPhysiology, this is what you need to know.",
"timestamp": [
1864.96,
1868
]
},
{
"text": "but for the purposes of Anatomy & \nPhysiology, this is what you need to know.",
"timestamp": [
1864.96,
1868
]
},
{
"text": "Fluids move from high pressure to low pressure.",
"timestamp": [
1868.64,
1871.2
]
},
{
"text": "Fluids move from high pressure to low pressure.",
"timestamp": [
1868.64,
1871.2
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, that's pretty simple, right?",
"timestamp": [
1872.16,
1874.32
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, that's pretty simple, right?",
"timestamp": [
1872.16,
1874.32
]
},
{
"text": "And this is fluids including air and liquids\nlike blood.",
"timestamp": [
1875.12,
1878.96
]
},
{
"text": "And this is fluids including air and liquids\nlike blood.",
"timestamp": [
1875.12,
1878.96
]
},
{
"text": "So actually this tells us how we breathe,\nhow we move air in and out of our lungs.",
"timestamp": [
1878.96,
1882.96
]
},
{
"text": "So actually this tells us how we breathe,\nhow we move air in and out of our lungs.",
"timestamp": [
1878.96,
1882.96
]
},
{
"text": "It's high pressure and low pressure.",
"timestamp": [
1882.96,
1884.48
]
},
{
"text": "It's high pressure and low pressure.",
"timestamp": [
1882.96,
1884.48
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, but back to the heart.",
"timestamp": [
1885.2,
1886.56
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, but back to the heart.",
"timestamp": [
1885.2,
1886.56
]
},
{
"text": "So what is the heart?",
"timestamp": [
1887.6,
1888.64
]
},
{
"text": "So what is the heart?",
"timestamp": [
1887.6,
1888.64
]
},
{
"text": "The heart is a muscle, right?",
"timestamp": [
1888.64,
1890.48
]
},
{
"text": "The heart is a muscle, right?",
"timestamp": [
1888.64,
1890.48
]
},
{
"text": "That's kind of where we started.",
"timestamp": [
1890.48,
1891.6
]
},
{
"text": "That's kind of where we started.",
"timestamp": [
1890.48,
1891.6
]
},
{
"text": "And so muscles contract, and when the heart ",
"timestamp": [
1891.6,
1894.16
]
},
{
"text": "And so muscles contract, and when the heart ",
"timestamp": [
1891.6,
1894.16
]
},
{
"text": "contracts, it produces \npressure inside of the heart.",
"timestamp": [
1894.16,
1897.84
]
},
{
"text": "contracts, it produces \npressure inside of the heart.",
"timestamp": [
1894.16,
1897.84
]
},
{
"text": "And so this is how the blood is going to get\nmoved around but it's important that the heart",
"timestamp": [
1899.92,
1907.6
]
},
{
"text": "And so this is how the blood is going to get\nmoved around but it's important that the heart",
"timestamp": [
1899.92,
1907.6
]
},
{
"text": "is not all contracting at all at once like\nyour gluteus maximus might contract when",
"timestamp": [
1907.6,
1912
]
},
{
"text": "is not all contracting at all at once like\nyour gluteus maximus might contract when",
"timestamp": [
1907.6,
1912
]
},
{
"text": "you're running, right?",
"timestamp": [
1912,
1912.88
]
},
{
"text": "you're running, right?",
"timestamp": [
1912,
1912.88
]
},
{
"text": "The heart actually contracts in kind of two parts.",
"timestamp": [
1913.52,
1915.84
]
},
{
"text": "The heart actually contracts in kind of two parts.",
"timestamp": [
1913.52,
1915.84
]
},
{
"text": "So the top part of the heart, they're called ",
"timestamp": [
1915.84,
1918.64
]
},
{
"text": "So the top part of the heart, they're called ",
"timestamp": [
1915.84,
1918.64
]
},
{
"text": "the atria so you have a left \natrium and a right atrium.",
"timestamp": [
1918.64,
1921.44
]
},
{
"text": "the atria so you have a left \natrium and a right atrium.",
"timestamp": [
1918.64,
1921.44
]
},
{
"text": "And then in the bottom half of the heart,\nyou have the ventricles, a left ventricle",
"timestamp": [
1921.44,
1925.12
]
},
{
"text": "And then in the bottom half of the heart,\nyou have the ventricles, a left ventricle",
"timestamp": [
1921.44,
1925.12
]
},
{
"text": "and the right ventricle.",
"timestamp": [
1925.12,
1926.08
]
},
{
"text": "and the right ventricle.",
"timestamp": [
1925.12,
1926.08
]
},
{
"text": "And the blood goes from atria on one side\nto ventricles on the same side.",
"timestamp": [
1926.64,
1931.36
]
},
{
"text": "And the blood goes from atria on one side\nto ventricles on the same side.",
"timestamp": [
1926.64,
1931.36
]
},
{
"text": "So what we want to have happen is the atria\nto contract on top to send the of the blood",
"timestamp": [
1932.24,
1936.88
]
},
{
"text": "So what we want to have happen is the atria\nto contract on top to send the of the blood",
"timestamp": [
1932.24,
1936.88
]
},
{
"text": "down to the ventricles.",
"timestamp": [
1936.88,
1938.16
]
},
{
"text": "down to the ventricles.",
"timestamp": [
1936.88,
1938.16
]
},
{
"text": "And then once the ventricles are fully filled\nup, then we want them to contract.",
"timestamp": [
1938.16,
1942.64
]
},
{
"text": "And then once the ventricles are fully filled\nup, then we want them to contract.",
"timestamp": [
1938.16,
1942.64
]
},
{
"text": "We don't want them contracting at the same\ntime as the atrium.",
"timestamp": [
1942.64,
1945.04
]
},
{
"text": "We don't want them contracting at the same\ntime as the atrium.",
"timestamp": [
1942.64,
1945.04
]
},
{
"text": "So there's this little delay in there.",
"timestamp": [
1945.6,
1947.84
]
},
{
"text": "So there's this little delay in there.",
"timestamp": [
1945.6,
1947.84
]
},
{
"text": "That delay is actually part \nof the electrical system.",
"timestamp": [
1949.92,
1953.92
]
},
{
"text": "That delay is actually part \nof the electrical system.",
"timestamp": [
1949.92,
1953.92
]
},
{
"text": "So, again, we'll come back to that electrical ",
"timestamp": [
1954.48,
1958.56
]
},
{
"text": "So, again, we'll come back to that electrical ",
"timestamp": [
1954.48,
1958.56
]
},
{
"text": "system so just kind of ignore \nthe delay for right now.",
"timestamp": [
1958.56,
1960.56
]
},
{
"text": "system so just kind of ignore \nthe delay for right now.",
"timestamp": [
1958.56,
1960.56
]
},
{
"text": "So the atria, they're going to squeeze and\ncreate higher pressure, higher fluid pressure",
"timestamp": [
1960.56,
1966
]
},
{
"text": "So the atria, they're going to squeeze and\ncreate higher pressure, higher fluid pressure",
"timestamp": [
1960.56,
1966
]
},
{
"text": "or hydrostatic pressure than what we find\nin the ventricles.",
"timestamp": [
1966,
1970.48
]
},
{
"text": "or hydrostatic pressure than what we find\nin the ventricles.",
"timestamp": [
1966,
1970.48
]
},
{
"text": "And therefore we have a pressure gradient ",
"timestamp": [
1970.48,
1971.92
]
},
{
"text": "And therefore we have a pressure gradient ",
"timestamp": [
1970.48,
1971.92
]
},
{
"text": "and the blood will flow from \natria down to ventricles.",
"timestamp": [
1971.92,
1974.24
]
},
{
"text": "and the blood will flow from \natria down to ventricles.",
"timestamp": [
1971.92,
1974.24
]
},
{
"text": "When the atria are done squeezing, then the\nbig ventricles are going to squeeze at the",
"timestamp": [
1974.8,
1978
]
},
{
"text": "When the atria are done squeezing, then the\nbig ventricles are going to squeeze at the",
"timestamp": [
1974.8,
1978
]
},
{
"text": "bottom and they can produce a lot of pressure.",
"timestamp": [
1978,
1980.32
]
},
{
"text": "bottom and they can produce a lot of pressure.",
"timestamp": [
1978,
1980.32
]
},
{
"text": "And so they start squeezing.",
"timestamp": [
1980.88,
1982.72
]
},
{
"text": "And so they start squeezing.",
"timestamp": [
1980.88,
1982.72
]
},
{
"text": "As the pressure in the ventricles gets above\nthe pressure and the atria, then the blood",
"timestamp": [
1982.72,
1988.16
]
},
{
"text": "As the pressure in the ventricles gets above\nthe pressure and the atria, then the blood",
"timestamp": [
1982.72,
1988.16
]
},
{
"text": "will want to flow to that \nlow pressure in the atrium, ",
"timestamp": [
1988.16,
1991.2
]
},
{
"text": "will want to flow to that \nlow pressure in the atrium, ",
"timestamp": [
1988.16,
1991.2
]
},
{
"text": "and it will actually start to flow that direction.",
"timestamp": [
1992,
1993.92
]
},
{
"text": "and it will actually start to flow that direction.",
"timestamp": [
1992,
1993.92
]
},
{
"text": "But then it gets stuck on those valves that\nwe were talking about earlier, that kind of",
"timestamp": [
1993.92,
1997.36
]
},
{
"text": "But then it gets stuck on those valves that\nwe were talking about earlier, that kind of",
"timestamp": [
1993.92,
1997.36
]
},
{
"text": "leathery, tough connective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
1997.36,
1999.44
]
},
{
"text": "leathery, tough connective tissue.",
"timestamp": [
1997.36,
1999.44
]
},
{
"text": "And we'll shut those valves, the backflow ",
"timestamp": [
1999.44,
2003.2
]
},
{
"text": "And we'll shut those valves, the backflow ",
"timestamp": [
1999.44,
2003.2
]
},
{
"text": "will actually close those \nvalves and they slam shut.",
"timestamp": [
2003.2,
2006.32
]
},
{
"text": "will actually close those \nvalves and they slam shut.",
"timestamp": [
2003.2,
2006.32
]
},
{
"text": "And that kind of slamming shut and this pressure\nwave that happens",
"timestamp": [
2006.32,
2010.16
]
},
{
"text": "And that kind of slamming shut and this pressure\nwave that happens",
"timestamp": [
2006.32,
2010.16
]
},
{
"text": "is the first heartbeat sound that you hear, right?",
"timestamp": [
2010.16,
2012.72
]
},
{
"text": "is the first heartbeat sound that you hear, right?",
"timestamp": [
2010.16,
2012.72
]
},
{
"text": "So we talk about the lub-dub of \nheartbeat sounds, the two sounds,",
"timestamp": [
2012.72,
2017.12
]
},
{
"text": "So we talk about the lub-dub of \nheartbeat sounds, the two sounds,",
"timestamp": [
2012.72,
2017.12
]
},
{
"text": "this is the lub, this is the first one.",
"timestamp": [
2017.12,
2018.88
]
},
{
"text": "this is the lub, this is the first one.",
"timestamp": [
2017.12,
2018.88
]
},
{
"text": "Then the ventricle keeps contracting and keeps\nbuilding up pressure.",
"timestamp": [
2019.68,
2023.28
]
},
{
"text": "Then the ventricle keeps contracting and keeps\nbuilding up pressure.",
"timestamp": [
2019.68,
2023.28
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, this all happens in a fraction of\nthe second so I'm kind of slowing this way down.",
"timestamp": [
2023.28,
2027.6
]
},
{
"text": "I mean, this all happens in a fraction of\nthe second so I'm kind of slowing this way down.",
"timestamp": [
2023.28,
2027.6
]
},
{
"text": "So as the pressure builds in the ventricle,\nit eventually gets high enough that it's higher",
"timestamp": [
2028.4,
2032.48
]
},
{
"text": "So as the pressure builds in the ventricle,\nit eventually gets high enough that it's higher",
"timestamp": [
2028.4,
2032.48
]
},
{
"text": "than the pressure out in the big arteries,\nlike the aorta.",
"timestamp": [
2032.48,
2035.68
]
},
{
"text": "than the pressure out in the big arteries,\nlike the aorta.",
"timestamp": [
2032.48,
2035.68
]
},
{
"text": "So the aorta at rest, when the heart is at\nrest, is about 80 millimeters of mercury,",
"timestamp": [
2036.32,
2041.6
]
},
{
"text": "So the aorta at rest, when the heart is at\nrest, is about 80 millimeters of mercury,",
"timestamp": [
2036.32,
2041.6
]
},
{
"text": "mercury abbreviated, Hg, there's your other\nfavorite one?",
"timestamp": [
2042.16,
2045.92
]
},
{
"text": "mercury abbreviated, Hg, there's your other\nfavorite one?",
"timestamp": [
2042.16,
2045.92
]
},
{
"text": "And that's your resting blood pressure, what\nwe call your diastolic blood pressure.",
"timestamp": [
2045.92,
2052.48
]
},
{
"text": "And that's your resting blood pressure, what\nwe call your diastolic blood pressure.",
"timestamp": [
2045.92,
2052.48
]
},
{
"text": "So if you have 120 over 80 for your blood\npressure, that's that bottom number.",
"timestamp": [
2052.48,
2056.72
]
},
{
"text": "So if you have 120 over 80 for your blood\npressure, that's that bottom number.",
"timestamp": [
2052.48,
2056.72
]
},
{
"text": "So the ventricle's going to eventually get\nhigher pressure than the pressure in the aorta.",
"timestamp": [
2056.72,
2061.36
]
},
{
"text": "So the ventricle's going to eventually get\nhigher pressure than the pressure in the aorta.",
"timestamp": [
2056.72,
2061.36
]
},
{
"text": "At that point, now we have a pressure gradient\nagain, and the blood is going to want to flow",
"timestamp": [
2062.08,
2066.24
]
},
{
"text": "At that point, now we have a pressure gradient\nagain, and the blood is going to want to flow",
"timestamp": [
2062.08,
2066.24
]
},
{
"text": "from the high pressure in the ventricle to\nthe lower pressure in the aorta.",
"timestamp": [
2066.24,
2070.16
]
},
{
"text": "from the high pressure in the ventricle to\nthe lower pressure in the aorta.",
"timestamp": [
2066.24,
2070.16
]
},
{
"text": "So then it'll actually open a valve called ",
"timestamp": [
2070.16,
2072.88
]
},
{
"text": "So then it'll actually open a valve called ",
"timestamp": [
2070.16,
2072.88
]
},
{
"text": "the semilunar valve and will \npush out into the aorta.",
"timestamp": [
2072.88,
2076.32
]
},
{
"text": "the semilunar valve and will \npush out into the aorta.",
"timestamp": [
2072.88,
2076.32
]
},
{
"text": "But at some point, the ventricle has squeezed\nout almost all of its blood and so it can't",
"timestamp": [
2077.44,
2082
]
},
{
"text": "But at some point, the ventricle has squeezed\nout almost all of its blood and so it can't",
"timestamp": [
2077.44,
2082
]
},
{
"text": "keep up with that pressure anymore and the\npressure in the ventricle will start to drop,",
"timestamp": [
2082,
2086.48
]
},
{
"text": "keep up with that pressure anymore and the\npressure in the ventricle will start to drop,",
"timestamp": [
2082,
2086.48
]
},
{
"text": "but there's still a lot of \npressure up in the aorta.",
"timestamp": [
2086.48,
2088.64
]
},
{
"text": "but there's still a lot of \npressure up in the aorta.",
"timestamp": [
2086.48,
2088.64
]
},
{
"text": "And so once we get that reverse pressure gradient,\nagain, the blood will try to flow from the",
"timestamp": [
2089.36,
2094.32
]
},
{
"text": "And so once we get that reverse pressure gradient,\nagain, the blood will try to flow from the",
"timestamp": [
2089.36,
2094.32
]
},
{
"text": "higher pressure in the ventricle or in the\naorta back into the ventricle.",
"timestamp": [
2094.32,
2098.8
]
},
{
"text": "higher pressure in the ventricle or in the\naorta back into the ventricle.",
"timestamp": [
2094.32,
2098.8
]
},
{
"text": "And that little backflow will slam shut the\nsemilunar valves.",
"timestamp": [
2098.8,
2102.72
]
},
{
"text": "And that little backflow will slam shut the\nsemilunar valves.",
"timestamp": [
2098.8,
2102.72
]
},
{
"text": "And that's the second sound that we hear.",
"timestamp": [
2102.72,
2105.12
]
},
{
"text": "And that's the second sound that we hear.",
"timestamp": [
2102.72,
2105.12
]
},
{
"text": "So it's all about pressure differentials.",
"timestamp": [
2106.8,
2110.4
]
},
{
"text": "So it's all about pressure differentials.",
"timestamp": [
2106.8,
2110.4
]
},
{
"text": "And this actually brings us to one of my favorite ",
"timestamp": [
2110.4,
2113.28
]
},
{
"text": "And this actually brings us to one of my favorite ",
"timestamp": [
2110.4,
2113.28
]
},
{
"text": "Anatomy facts of all of \nAnatomy & Physiology, right?",
"timestamp": [
2113.28,
2117.44
]
},
{
"text": "Anatomy facts of all of \nAnatomy & Physiology, right?",
"timestamp": [
2113.28,
2117.44
]
},
{
"text": "So think about the word circulatory system.",
"timestamp": [
2117.44,
2120
]
},
{
"text": "So think about the word circulatory system.",
"timestamp": [
2117.44,
2120
]
},
{
"text": "It means circle, right?",
"timestamp": [
2120.72,
2122.4
]
},
{
"text": "It means circle, right?",
"timestamp": [
2120.72,
2122.4
]
},
{
"text": "So the blood is traveling in a circle from\nthe heart back to the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2122.4,
2126.4
]
},
{
"text": "So the blood is traveling in a circle from\nthe heart back to the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2122.4,
2126.4
]
},
{
"text": "But if the heart is both the start and the\nend and fluid flows from high pressure to",
"timestamp": [
2127.6,
2134.4
]
},
{
"text": "But if the heart is both the start and the\nend and fluid flows from high pressure to",
"timestamp": [
2127.6,
2134.4
]
},
{
"text": "pressure, it means the heart is both the highest ",
"timestamp": [
2134.4,
2138.72
]
},
{
"text": "pressure, it means the heart is both the highest ",
"timestamp": [
2134.4,
2138.72
]
},
{
"text": "pressure and the lowest pressure \njust at different times.",
"timestamp": [
2138.72,
2142.8
]
},
{
"text": "pressure and the lowest pressure \njust at different times.",
"timestamp": [
2138.72,
2142.8
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. And not just that, but a big differential,",
"timestamp": [
2143.44,
2145.68
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. And not just that, but a big differential,",
"timestamp": [
2143.44,
2145.68
]
},
{
"text": "because it has to push it \nthrough all those tissues-",
"timestamp": [
2145.68,
2147.68
]
},
{
"text": "because it has to push it \nthrough all those tissues-",
"timestamp": [
2145.68,
2147.68
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah\n>like, tight spaces.",
"timestamp": [
2148.96,
2151.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah\n>like, tight spaces.",
"timestamp": [
2148.96,
2151.04
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, so that ventricle \ncan develop 120 millimeters ",
"timestamp": [
2151.76,
2155.2
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, so that ventricle \ncan develop 120 millimeters ",
"timestamp": [
2151.76,
2155.2
]
},
{
"text": "of mercury of pressure up in the aorta and",
"timestamp": [
2155.2,
2159.36
]
},
{
"text": "of mercury of pressure up in the aorta and",
"timestamp": [
2155.2,
2159.36
]
},
{
"text": "it carries down your arm.",
"timestamp": [
2159.36,
2160.56
]
},
{
"text": "it carries down your arm.",
"timestamp": [
2159.36,
2160.56
]
},
{
"text": "So when you get your blood pressure cuff put\non your arm, that's where it's measuring,",
"timestamp": [
2160.56,
2164.08
]
},
{
"text": "So when you get your blood pressure cuff put\non your arm, that's where it's measuring,",
"timestamp": [
2160.56,
2164.08
]
},
{
"text": "that's kind of basically getting that same\npressure from the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2164.08,
2167.92
]
},
{
"text": "that's kind of basically getting that same\npressure from the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2164.08,
2167.92
]
},
{
"text": "And then the atrium and the ventricle, they\nhave to drop all the way back down to essentially",
"timestamp": [
2168.96,
2174.56
]
},
{
"text": "And then the atrium and the ventricle, they\nhave to drop all the way back down to essentially",
"timestamp": [
2168.96,
2174.56
]
},
{
"text": "a pressure of zero in order to receive the\nblood all the way back around the other side.",
"timestamp": [
2174.56,
2179.36
]
},
{
"text": "a pressure of zero in order to receive the\nblood all the way back around the other side.",
"timestamp": [
2174.56,
2179.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Well, a physicist will argue about pressure\nof zero.",
"timestamp": [
2179.36,
2182.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Well, a physicist will argue about pressure\nof zero.",
"timestamp": [
2179.36,
2182.16
]
},
{
"text": "<True. And this is all relative pressures kind of\ntoo, so yeah, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2183.6,
2189.36
]
},
{
"text": "<True. And this is all relative pressures kind of\ntoo, so yeah, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2183.6,
2189.36
]
},
{
"text": "We're all under, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2189.36,
2190.16
]
},
{
"text": "We're all under, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2189.36,
2190.16
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. And the thing that I also remember is that\nthat the work to fill up the lung with blood",
"timestamp": [
2191.68,
2201.76
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. And the thing that I also remember is that\nthat the work to fill up the lung with blood",
"timestamp": [
2191.68,
2201.76
]
},
{
"text": "is also just a huge amount of pressure necessary\nfor that just because there's so much...",
"timestamp": [
2201.76,
2205.6
]
},
{
"text": "is also just a huge amount of pressure necessary\nfor that just because there's so much...",
"timestamp": [
2201.76,
2205.6
]
},
{
"text": "<To fill it with blood or with air?\n>With blood.",
"timestamp": [
2207.04,
2210.4
]
},
{
"text": "<To fill it with blood or with air?\n>With blood.",
"timestamp": [
2207.04,
2210.4
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, but it's actually less pressure.",
"timestamp": [
2210.4,
2213.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, but it's actually less pressure.",
"timestamp": [
2210.4,
2213.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Not filling the lung with blood, filling all\nof the alveoli and stuff with blood.",
"timestamp": [
2213.2,
2218.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Not filling the lung with blood, filling all\nof the alveoli and stuff with blood.",
"timestamp": [
2213.2,
2218.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, the capillaries with blood.",
"timestamp": [
2218.56,
2219.68
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, the capillaries with blood.",
"timestamp": [
2218.56,
2219.68
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, it's actually far less pressure than\nthe other side.",
"timestamp": [
2221.76,
2225.36
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, it's actually far less pressure than\nthe other side.",
"timestamp": [
2221.76,
2225.36
]
},
{
"text": "So the left ventricle \ndevelops about 120 millimeters ",
"timestamp": [
2225.36,
2228.16
]
},
{
"text": "So the left ventricle \ndevelops about 120 millimeters ",
"timestamp": [
2225.36,
2228.16
]
},
{
"text": "of mercury, by the population average 120",
"timestamp": [
2228.16,
2231.68
]
},
{
"text": "of mercury, by the population average 120",
"timestamp": [
2228.16,
2231.68
]
},
{
"text": "millimeters, the right ventricle is more like\n30 or 40 millimeters.",
"timestamp": [
2231.68,
2236.48
]
},
{
"text": "millimeters, the right ventricle is more like\n30 or 40 millimeters.",
"timestamp": [
2231.68,
2236.48
]
},
{
"text": ">And that's what's pumping into the-\n<that's what's pumping into the lungs.",
"timestamp": [
2236.48,
2240.16
]
},
{
"text": ">And that's what's pumping into the-\n<that's what's pumping into the lungs.",
"timestamp": [
2236.48,
2240.16
]
},
{
"text": "Part of that is the lungs have a very thin\nmembrane between the blood capillaries and",
"timestamp": [
2240.16,
2244.4
]
},
{
"text": "Part of that is the lungs have a very thin\nmembrane between the blood capillaries and",
"timestamp": [
2240.16,
2244.4
]
},
{
"text": "the air because we want the air to be able\nto pass through that membrane.",
"timestamp": [
2244.4,
2247.68
]
},
{
"text": "the air because we want the air to be able\nto pass through that membrane.",
"timestamp": [
2244.4,
2247.68
]
},
{
"text": ">You don't want to pop those?\n<You don't want to pop those with ",
"timestamp": [
2248.72,
2249.84
]
},
{
"text": ">You don't want to pop those?\n<You don't want to pop those with ",
"timestamp": [
2248.72,
2249.84
]
},
{
"text": "too high blood pressure.",
"timestamp": [
2249.84,
2251.36
]
},
{
"text": "too high blood pressure.",
"timestamp": [
2249.84,
2251.36
]
},
{
"text": "It's also a shorter distance and there's some\nother reasons why there's lower pressure,",
"timestamp": [
2251.36,
2254.56
]
},
{
"text": "It's also a shorter distance and there's some\nother reasons why there's lower pressure,",
"timestamp": [
2251.36,
2254.56
]
},
{
"text": "but yeah, it's a very delicate system.",
"timestamp": [
2254.56,
2256.32
]
},
{
"text": "but yeah, it's a very delicate system.",
"timestamp": [
2254.56,
2256.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Wildly delicate system and it works all of\nthe time and never stops working ever I promise.",
"timestamp": [
2257.6,
2262.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Wildly delicate system and it works all of\nthe time and never stops working ever I promise.",
"timestamp": [
2257.6,
2262.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Never. So I think we still had \nthe electrical part of the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2263.12,
2268.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Never. So I think we still had \nthe electrical part of the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2263.12,
2268.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Oh God.\n<I know. It's actually not that bad.",
"timestamp": [
2268.56,
2272.48
]
},
{
"text": ">Oh God.\n<I know. It's actually not that bad.",
"timestamp": [
2268.56,
2272.48
]
},
{
"text": "The signal is exactly what we talked about before.",
"timestamp": [
2273.44,
2275.92
]
},
{
"text": "The signal is exactly what we talked about before.",
"timestamp": [
2273.44,
2275.92
]
},
{
"text": "It's these waves of voltage-gated channels,\nsodium channels, opening and carrying the",
"timestamp": [
2275.92,
2280
]
},
{
"text": "It's these waves of voltage-gated channels,\nsodium channels, opening and carrying the",
"timestamp": [
2275.92,
2280
]
},
{
"text": "signal around the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2280,
2280.96
]
},
{
"text": "signal around the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2280,
2280.96
]
},
{
"text": "It mostly starts in what we call the sin atrial ",
"timestamp": [
2282,
2285.84
]
},
{
"text": "It mostly starts in what we call the sin atrial ",
"timestamp": [
2282,
2285.84
]
},
{
"text": "node, which is on the upper \nright corner of the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2285.84,
2289.92
]
},
{
"text": "node, which is on the upper \nright corner of the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2285.84,
2289.92
]
},
{
"text": "And it's a bunch of cells that they have actually\nleakage channels, we mentioned before they",
"timestamp": [
2289.92,
2295.52
]
},
{
"text": "And it's a bunch of cells that they have actually\nleakage channels, we mentioned before they",
"timestamp": [
2289.92,
2295.52
]
},
{
"text": "have some leakage sodium channels.",
"timestamp": [
2295.52,
2297.12
]
},
{
"text": "have some leakage sodium channels.",
"timestamp": [
2295.52,
2297.12
]
},
{
"text": "And so sodium is leaking in constantly and\ncausing that voltage to creep up.",
"timestamp": [
2297.12,
2302
]
},
{
"text": "And so sodium is leaking in constantly and\ncausing that voltage to creep up.",
"timestamp": [
2297.12,
2302
]
},
{
"text": "And when the voltage hits the threshold voltage,\nthe massive signal goes all the way around",
"timestamp": [
2302.56,
2308.8
]
},
{
"text": "And when the voltage hits the threshold voltage,\nthe massive signal goes all the way around",
"timestamp": [
2302.56,
2308.8
]
},
{
"text": "all the atrium and they contract and then\nreset and then the sodium starts leaking in",
"timestamp": [
2308.8,
2314.32
]
},
{
"text": "all the atrium and they contract and then\nreset and then the sodium starts leaking in",
"timestamp": [
2308.8,
2314.32
]
},
{
"text": "and the voltage creeps up again.",
"timestamp": [
2314.32,
2315.68
]
},
{
"text": "and the voltage creeps up again.",
"timestamp": [
2314.32,
2315.68
]
},
{
"text": "And so the SA node has that automatic timer,\nthat's why we call it the internal pacemaker.",
"timestamp": [
2315.68,
2321.28
]
},
{
"text": "And so the SA node has that automatic timer,\nthat's why we call it the internal pacemaker.",
"timestamp": [
2315.68,
2321.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, so there isn't a part of your brain,\nsome subconscious part of your brain that's",
"timestamp": [
2321.28,
2325.44
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, so there isn't a part of your brain,\nsome subconscious part of your brain that's",
"timestamp": [
2321.28,
2325.44
]
},
{
"text": "like, \"Okay, make sure you \nkeep beating the heart.\" ",
"timestamp": [
2325.44,
2327.12
]
},
{
"text": "like, \"Okay, make sure you \nkeep beating the heart.\" ",
"timestamp": [
2325.44,
2327.12
]
},
{
"text": "The heart beats itself.",
"timestamp": [
2327.12,
2328.48
]
},
{
"text": "The heart beats itself.",
"timestamp": [
2327.12,
2328.48
]
},
{
"text": "<The heart beats itself, the brain through\nvarious mechanisms can turn that faster or",
"timestamp": [
2328.48,
2333.92
]
},
{
"text": "<The heart beats itself, the brain through\nvarious mechanisms can turn that faster or",
"timestamp": [
2328.48,
2333.92
]
},
{
"text": "slower, but the heart beats itself.",
"timestamp": [
2333.92,
2336.4
]
},
{
"text": "slower, but the heart beats itself.",
"timestamp": [
2333.92,
2336.4
]
},
{
"text": ">For when you need more oxygen--\n<Right.",
"timestamp": [
2338,
2339.6
]
},
{
"text": ">For when you need more oxygen--\n<Right.",
"timestamp": [
2338,
2339.6
]
},
{
"text": ">because your big, big butt \nmuscles are pushing you along.",
"timestamp": [
2339.6,
2344.4
]
},
{
"text": ">because your big, big butt \nmuscles are pushing you along.",
"timestamp": [
2339.6,
2344.4
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. You get your fight or flight response and\nyour butt muscles have to push you along,",
"timestamp": [
2344.4,
2347.68
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. You get your fight or flight response and\nyour butt muscles have to push you along,",
"timestamp": [
2344.4,
2347.68
]
},
{
"text": "they need more oxygen, heart \nrate's going to increase.",
"timestamp": [
2347.68,
2350.16
]
},
{
"text": "they need more oxygen, heart \nrate's going to increase.",
"timestamp": [
2347.68,
2350.16
]
},
{
"text": ">alright.",
"timestamp": [
2350.16,
2351.2
]
},
{
"text": ">alright.",
"timestamp": [
2350.16,
2351.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Well, yeah, so we have this electrical signal\naround the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2354,
2357.6
]
},
{
"text": "<Well, yeah, so we have this electrical signal\naround the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2354,
2357.6
]
},
{
"text": "There's a little pause, it can't get through\nthose valves to the bottom, to the ventricle",
"timestamp": [
2357.6,
2362.96
]
},
{
"text": "There's a little pause, it can't get through\nthose valves to the bottom, to the ventricle",
"timestamp": [
2357.6,
2362.96
]
},
{
"text": "so there's a little delay as it goes through\nthe atrioventricular node and then the electrical",
"timestamp": [
2362.96,
2366.88
]
},
{
"text": "so there's a little delay as it goes through\nthe atrioventricular node and then the electrical",
"timestamp": [
2362.96,
2366.88
]
},
{
"text": "signal gets dispersed from that and causes\nthe ventricles to contract.",
"timestamp": [
2366.88,
2370.56
]
},
{
"text": "signal gets dispersed from that and causes\nthe ventricles to contract.",
"timestamp": [
2366.88,
2370.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Okay, so it's the same signal that's causing the\nventricles to contract too?",
"timestamp": [
2370.56,
2373.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Okay, so it's the same signal that's causing the\nventricles to contract too?",
"timestamp": [
2370.56,
2373.84
]
},
{
"text": "<It is, it's like a fire hose through a pinhole.",
"timestamp": [
2374.4,
2379.28
]
},
{
"text": "<It is, it's like a fire hose through a pinhole.",
"timestamp": [
2374.4,
2379.28
]
},
{
"text": "It gets stuck at this thin little conduction\narea and then that allows for that delay so",
"timestamp": [
2379.28,
2386.64
]
},
{
"text": "It gets stuck at this thin little conduction\narea and then that allows for that delay so",
"timestamp": [
2379.28,
2386.64
]
},
{
"text": "that the atria can contract and push their\nblood down to the ventricles before the ventricles",
"timestamp": [
2386.64,
2390.72
]
},
{
"text": "that the atria can contract and push their\nblood down to the ventricles before the ventricles",
"timestamp": [
2386.64,
2390.72
]
},
{
"text": "contract and push the blood out.",
"timestamp": [
2390.72,
2392.56
]
},
{
"text": "contract and push the blood out.",
"timestamp": [
2390.72,
2392.56
]
},
{
"text": ">And it's a delicate system and if anything\ngoes wrong with it, that's why you have all",
"timestamp": [
2392.56,
2395.92
]
},
{
"text": ">And it's a delicate system and if anything\ngoes wrong with it, that's why you have all",
"timestamp": [
2392.56,
2395.92
]
},
{
"text": "kinds of different heartbeat problems.",
"timestamp": [
2395.92,
2397.84
]
},
{
"text": "kinds of different heartbeat problems.",
"timestamp": [
2395.92,
2397.84
]
},
{
"text": "<All kinds of different heartbeat problems,\ncorrect.",
"timestamp": [
2397.84,
2400
]
},
{
"text": "<All kinds of different heartbeat problems,\ncorrect.",
"timestamp": [
2397.84,
2400
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. That's pretty cool.\nAnd I'm glad that it works.",
"timestamp": [
2400,
2406.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. That's pretty cool.\nAnd I'm glad that it works.",
"timestamp": [
2400,
2406.56
]
},
{
"text": "All right, Brandon, I want to ask you about some ",
"timestamp": [
2406.56,
2409.84
]
},
{
"text": "All right, Brandon, I want to ask you about some ",
"timestamp": [
2406.56,
2409.84
]
},
{
"text": "tips and tricks for learning \nabout Anatomy & Physiology.",
"timestamp": [
2410.64,
2412.88
]
},
{
"text": "tips and tricks for learning \nabout Anatomy & Physiology.",
"timestamp": [
2410.64,
2412.88
]
},
{
"text": "First of all, with regards \nto learning these words.",
"timestamp": [
2414.4,
2416.96
]
},
{
"text": "First of all, with regards \nto learning these words.",
"timestamp": [
2414.4,
2416.96
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes. Lots of words.",
"timestamp": [
2417.84,
2418.88
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes. Lots of words.",
"timestamp": [
2417.84,
2418.88
]
},
{
"text": "Like I said before, memorize \nas little as possible.",
"timestamp": [
2420.24,
2423.2
]
},
{
"text": "Like I said before, memorize \nas little as possible.",
"timestamp": [
2420.24,
2423.2
]
},
{
"text": "And one way to do that is to learn the root\nwords of things.",
"timestamp": [
2423.2,
2426.64
]
},
{
"text": "And one way to do that is to learn the root\nwords of things.",
"timestamp": [
2423.2,
2426.64
]
},
{
"text": "There's a lot of Latin and Greek, it doesn't\nmatter which one it is, but learn things like",
"timestamp": [
2427.36,
2432.08
]
},
{
"text": "There's a lot of Latin and Greek, it doesn't\nmatter which one it is, but learn things like",
"timestamp": [
2427.36,
2432.08
]
},
{
"text": "epi, E-P-I, that means upon or on top of,\nor you can phrase it in slightly different",
"timestamp": [
2432.08,
2439.2
]
},
{
"text": "epi, E-P-I, that means upon or on top of,\nor you can phrase it in slightly different",
"timestamp": [
2432.08,
2439.2
]
},
{
"text": "ways, but really it's that idea of on or around.",
"timestamp": [
2439.2,
2442.8
]
},
{
"text": "ways, but really it's that idea of on or around.",
"timestamp": [
2439.2,
2442.8
]
},
{
"text": "So learn that word epi and then go find in\nall of the systems, or all the systems you're",
"timestamp": [
2444.16,
2450.64
]
},
{
"text": "So learn that word epi and then go find in\nall of the systems, or all the systems you're",
"timestamp": [
2444.16,
2450.64
]
},
{
"text": "studying at that time, all \nthe words that start with epi.",
"timestamp": [
2450.64,
2453.44
]
},
{
"text": "studying at that time, all \nthe words that start with epi.",
"timestamp": [
2450.64,
2453.44
]
},
{
"text": "So you have epidermis is on top of the dermis,\nyou have epicardium is the epithelial layer",
"timestamp": [
2453.44,
2460.48
]
},
{
"text": "So you have epidermis is on top of the dermis,\nyou have epicardium is the epithelial layer",
"timestamp": [
2453.44,
2460.48
]
},
{
"text": "upon the heart or around the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2461.12,
2463.04
]
},
{
"text": "upon the heart or around the heart.",
"timestamp": [
2461.12,
2463.04
]
},
{
"text": "You have epinephrine, which epi is on top\nof or upon, and nephrine means kidneys.",
"timestamp": [
2465.76,
2470.96
]
},
{
"text": "You have epinephrine, which epi is on top\nof or upon, and nephrine means kidneys.",
"timestamp": [
2465.76,
2470.96
]
},
{
"text": "So you'll see words like nephron and stuff\nlike that with kidneys.",
"timestamp": [
2470.96,
2474.08
]
},
{
"text": "So you'll see words like nephron and stuff\nlike that with kidneys.",
"timestamp": [
2470.96,
2474.08
]
},
{
"text": "Well, epinephrine means on top of the kidneys,\nthat's where the adrenal glands are that actually",
"timestamp": [
2474.08,
2479.44
]
},
{
"text": "Well, epinephrine means on top of the kidneys,\nthat's where the adrenal glands are that actually",
"timestamp": [
2474.08,
2479.44
]
},
{
"text": "make epinephrine or we also call it adrenaline ",
"timestamp": [
2479.44,
2483.2
]
},
{
"text": "make epinephrine or we also call it adrenaline ",
"timestamp": [
2479.44,
2483.2
]
},
{
"text": "depending on which side of \nthe Atlantic Ocean you're on.",
"timestamp": [
2483.2,
2485.76
]
},
{
"text": "depending on which side of \nthe Atlantic Ocean you're on.",
"timestamp": [
2483.2,
2485.76
]
},
{
"text": "<So now none of us will ever \nforget where the adrenal gland is.",
"timestamp": [
2485.76,
2489.28
]
},
{
"text": "<So now none of us will ever \nforget where the adrenal gland is.",
"timestamp": [
2485.76,
2489.28
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, they're epi of nephros.",
"timestamp": [
2489.28,
2490.96
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, they're epi of nephros.",
"timestamp": [
2489.28,
2490.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, which never had occurred to me that\nepinephrine was at all related to even Anatomy.",
"timestamp": [
2492.4,
2500.24
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, which never had occurred to me that\nepinephrine was at all related to even Anatomy.",
"timestamp": [
2492.4,
2500.24
]
},
{
"text": "I thought it was just a chemical name.",
"timestamp": [
2500.24,
2502.16
]
},
{
"text": "I thought it was just a chemical name.",
"timestamp": [
2500.24,
2502.16
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, right.",
"timestamp": [
2502.16,
2503.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, right.",
"timestamp": [
2502.16,
2503.36
]
},
{
"text": "So there you go, now you'll never forget where\nit is and now you know exactly what epi means",
"timestamp": [
2503.36,
2509.04
]
},
{
"text": "So there you go, now you'll never forget where\nit is and now you know exactly what epi means",
"timestamp": [
2503.36,
2509.04
]
},
{
"text": "and you can figure out a lot of other words,\nthat's kind of the fun thing if you know the",
"timestamp": [
2509.04,
2512.08
]
},
{
"text": "and you can figure out a lot of other words,\nthat's kind of the fun thing if you know the",
"timestamp": [
2509.04,
2512.08
]
},
{
"text": "words, instead of memorizing, you get to figure\nout other things.",
"timestamp": [
2512.08,
2515.44
]
},
{
"text": "words, instead of memorizing, you get to figure\nout other things.",
"timestamp": [
2512.08,
2515.44
]
},
{
"text": "And then back to the bone question, right?",
"timestamp": [
2517.92,
2519.76
]
},
{
"text": "And then back to the bone question, right?",
"timestamp": [
2517.92,
2519.76
]
},
{
"text": "So how do you learn all of the landmarks?",
"timestamp": [
2519.76,
2522.4
]
},
{
"text": "So how do you learn all of the landmarks?",
"timestamp": [
2519.76,
2522.4
]
},
{
"text": "Well, a lot of the landmarks have these repeating\nnames.",
"timestamp": [
2522.4,
2525.6
]
},
{
"text": "Well, a lot of the landmarks have these repeating\nnames.",
"timestamp": [
2522.4,
2525.6
]
},
{
"text": "So you have fossas and foramen and \ntrochanters and grooves and a whole bunch of ",
"timestamp": [
2525.6,
2532.72
]
},
{
"text": "So you have fossas and foramen and \ntrochanters and grooves and a whole bunch of ",
"timestamp": [
2525.6,
2532.72
]
},
{
"text": "names like that repeat over and over.",
"timestamp": [
2532.72,
2534.72
]
},
{
"text": "names like that repeat over and over.",
"timestamp": [
2532.72,
2534.72
]
},
{
"text": "So pick one, like fossa, a \nfossa is a shallow depression ",
"timestamp": [
2535.28,
2540.08
]
},
{
"text": "So pick one, like fossa, a \nfossa is a shallow depression ",
"timestamp": [
2535.28,
2540.08
]
},
{
"text": "in a bone usually where a muscle attaches.",
"timestamp": [
2541.12,
2543.2
]
},
{
"text": "in a bone usually where a muscle attaches.",
"timestamp": [
2541.12,
2543.2
]
},
{
"text": "And then go find all the fossas and figure\nout where they are and what they look like.",
"timestamp": [
2543.92,
2549.2
]
},
{
"text": "And then go find all the fossas and figure\nout where they are and what they look like.",
"timestamp": [
2543.92,
2549.2
]
},
{
"text": "And then as you put all these words together, ",
"timestamp": [
2550.16,
2552.24
]
},
{
"text": "And then as you put all these words together, ",
"timestamp": [
2550.16,
2552.24
]
},
{
"text": "suddenly some words start \nto make a lot more sense.",
"timestamp": [
2552.24,
2554.48
]
},
{
"text": "suddenly some words start \nto make a lot more sense.",
"timestamp": [
2552.24,
2554.48
]
},
{
"text": "So on the scapula, on your shoulder blade,\nthere's a couple of large fossas one of them",
"timestamp": [
2554.48,
2559.76
]
},
{
"text": "So on the scapula, on your shoulder blade,\nthere's a couple of large fossas one of them",
"timestamp": [
2554.48,
2559.76
]
},
{
"text": "is the infraspinus fossa of the scapula.",
"timestamp": [
2559.76,
2563.04
]
},
{
"text": "is the infraspinus fossa of the scapula.",
"timestamp": [
2559.76,
2563.04
]
},
{
"text": "And that might seem like a kind of intimidating\nword at first or set of words at first.",
"timestamp": [
2563.04,
2567.92
]
},
{
"text": "And that might seem like a kind of intimidating\nword at first or set of words at first.",
"timestamp": [
2563.04,
2567.92
]
},
{
"text": "Well, infra means below, spinus is refers\nto the spine that runs along the scapula,",
"timestamp": [
2567.92,
2574.8
]
},
{
"text": "Well, infra means below, spinus is refers\nto the spine that runs along the scapula,",
"timestamp": [
2567.92,
2574.8
]
},
{
"text": "not your vertebra spine, but the spine on\nthe scapula.",
"timestamp": [
2574.8,
2578
]
},
{
"text": "not your vertebra spine, but the spine on\nthe scapula.",
"timestamp": [
2574.8,
2578
]
},
{
"text": "And then fossa is a shallow depression.",
"timestamp": [
2578,
2579.84
]
},
{
"text": "And then fossa is a shallow depression.",
"timestamp": [
2578,
2579.84
]
},
{
"text": "So the infraspinus fossa is the shallow depression\nthat sits below the spine of the scapula.",
"timestamp": [
2579.84,
2585.28
]
},
{
"text": "So the infraspinus fossa is the shallow depression\nthat sits below the spine of the scapula.",
"timestamp": [
2579.84,
2585.28
]
},
{
"text": "Once again, if you know those parts, that\nword is a lot easier to remember and then",
"timestamp": [
2586.24,
2592.08
]
},
{
"text": "Once again, if you know those parts, that\nword is a lot easier to remember and then",
"timestamp": [
2586.24,
2592.08
]
},
{
"text": "you can picture exactly where it is.",
"timestamp": [
2592.08,
2593.92
]
},
{
"text": "you can picture exactly where it is.",
"timestamp": [
2592.08,
2593.92
]
},
{
"text": "And even more helpful, the muscle that attaches\nthere is called infraspinatus.",
"timestamp": [
2593.92,
2597.92
]
},
{
"text": "And even more helpful, the muscle that attaches\nthere is called infraspinatus.",
"timestamp": [
2593.92,
2597.92
]
},
{
"text": "<Which sounds like a disease. ",
"timestamp": [
2599.28,
2601.28
]
},
{
"text": "<Which sounds like a disease. ",
"timestamp": [
2599.28,
2601.28
]
},
{
"text": "And now we'll never forget about...yes, I will.",
"timestamp": [
2604.64,
2605.2
]
},
{
"text": "And now we'll never forget about...yes, I will.",
"timestamp": [
2604.64,
2605.2
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. I mean, it's not /not/ work, ",
"timestamp": [
2610.8,
2614.24
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. I mean, it's not /not/ work, ",
"timestamp": [
2610.8,
2614.24
]
},
{
"text": "but this is a way\nto make it less work",
"timestamp": [
2614.24,
2615.92
]
},
{
"text": "but this is a way\nto make it less work",
"timestamp": [
2614.24,
2615.92
]
},
{
"text": ">And yeah, it makes it more fun I think, too.\nIt gives you tools instead of...",
"timestamp": [
2616.96,
2623.04
]
},
{
"text": ">And yeah, it makes it more fun I think, too.\nIt gives you tools instead of...",
"timestamp": [
2616.96,
2623.04
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Instead of just memorizing.",
"timestamp": [
2623.04,
2626.08
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. Instead of just memorizing.",
"timestamp": [
2623.04,
2626.08
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, alright. You got any \nother things, any other ways you ",
"timestamp": [
2626.08,
2631.04
]
},
{
"text": "Yeah, alright. You got any \nother things, any other ways you ",
"timestamp": [
2626.08,
2631.04
]
},
{
"text": "see working?",
"timestamp": [
2631.04,
2631.68
]
},
{
"text": "see working?",
"timestamp": [
2631.04,
2631.68
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. So a lot of my students tell me that they\nmake flashcards and flashcards are great but",
"timestamp": [
2632.32,
2639.44
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. So a lot of my students tell me that they\nmake flashcards and flashcards are great but",
"timestamp": [
2632.32,
2639.44
]
},
{
"text": "I think you have to use them the correct way.",
"timestamp": [
2639.44,
2641.6
]
},
{
"text": "I think you have to use them the correct way.",
"timestamp": [
2639.44,
2641.6
]
},
{
"text": "And we've learned a lot and there's the Crash\nCourse Study [Skills],",
"timestamp": [
2641.6,
2646.56
]
},
{
"text": "And we've learned a lot and there's the Crash\nCourse Study [Skills],",
"timestamp": [
2641.6,
2646.56
]
},
{
"text": "the whole course that covers some of this.",
"timestamp": [
2646.56,
2648.8
]
},
{
"text": "the whole course that covers some of this.",
"timestamp": [
2646.56,
2648.8
]
},
{
"text": "But one of the keys to using flashcards is\nto randomize them and also use them to figure",
"timestamp": [
2648.8,
2657.12
]
},
{
"text": "But one of the keys to using flashcards is\nto randomize them and also use them to figure",
"timestamp": [
2648.8,
2657.12
]
},
{
"text": "out what you know and what you don't know.",
"timestamp": [
2657.12,
2659.04
]
},
{
"text": "out what you know and what you don't know.",
"timestamp": [
2657.12,
2659.04
]
},
{
"text": "And really we should all work \non our weaknesses at first.",
"timestamp": [
2659.04,
2662.24
]
},
{
"text": "And really we should all work \non our weaknesses at first.",
"timestamp": [
2659.04,
2662.24
]
},
{
"text": "It's easier to work on our strengths, we need\nto work on our weaknesses.",
"timestamp": [
2662.88,
2666.08
]
},
{
"text": "It's easier to work on our strengths, we need\nto work on our weaknesses.",
"timestamp": [
2662.88,
2666.08
]
},
{
"text": "So if you have flashcards and I've had students\ncome in with a stack of 300 index cards, beautiful",
"timestamp": [
2666.08,
2672.24
]
},
{
"text": "So if you have flashcards and I've had students\ncome in with a stack of 300 index cards, beautiful",
"timestamp": [
2666.08,
2672.24
]
},
{
"text": "flashcards, artwork, all kinds of stuff on them.",
"timestamp": [
2672.24,
2674.96
]
},
{
"text": "flashcards, artwork, all kinds of stuff on them.",
"timestamp": [
2672.24,
2674.96
]
},
{
"text": "And they say, \"I'm studying them.\nI'm not learning anything.\"",
"timestamp": [
2674.96,
2677.36
]
},
{
"text": "And they say, \"I'm studying them.\nI'm not learning anything.\"",
"timestamp": [
2674.96,
2677.36
]
},
{
"text": "And I will show them what to do.",
"timestamp": [
2677.36,
2679.52
]
},
{
"text": "And I will show them what to do.",
"timestamp": [
2677.36,
2679.52
]
},
{
"text": "I'll take the whole stack, let's say this\nis all the bones and bone landmarks and on",
"timestamp": [
2679.52,
2684.24
]
},
{
"text": "I'll take the whole stack, let's say this\nis all the bones and bone landmarks and on",
"timestamp": [
2679.52,
2684.24
]
},
{
"text": "one side they have bones and on the other side \nthey have landmarks or something like that.",
"timestamp": [
2684.24,
2688.88
]
},
{
"text": "one side they have bones and on the other side \nthey have landmarks or something like that.",
"timestamp": [
2684.24,
2688.88
]
},
{
"text": "I take their whole stack of flashcards and\nI throw them up in the air as high as I can",
"timestamp": [
2688.88,
2693.28
]
},
{
"text": "I take their whole stack of flashcards and\nI throw them up in the air as high as I can",
"timestamp": [
2688.88,
2693.28
]
},
{
"text": "in my office.",
"timestamp": [
2693.28,
2693.92
]
},
{
"text": "in my office.",
"timestamp": [
2693.28,
2693.92
]
},
{
"text": "They scatter and they all flip over and then\nwe pick them up together.",
"timestamp": [
2694.8,
2699.44
]
},
{
"text": "They scatter and they all flip over and then\nwe pick them up together.",
"timestamp": [
2694.8,
2699.44
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the order has changed and they're flipped\nin different directions.",
"timestamp": [
2699.44,
2704.48
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the order has changed and they're flipped\nin different directions.",
"timestamp": [
2699.44,
2704.48
]
},
{
"text": "So that's part one.",
"timestamp": [
2705.6,
2706.4
]
},
{
"text": "So that's part one.",
"timestamp": [
2705.6,
2706.4
]
},
{
"text": "Now that's already pretty good to just study\nfrom those, but really you kind of have to",
"timestamp": [
2706.4,
2711.2
]
},
{
"text": "Now that's already pretty good to just study\nfrom those, but really you kind of have to",
"timestamp": [
2706.4,
2711.2
]
},
{
"text": "put yourself in a testing situation, you have\nto use what's called recall practice.",
"timestamp": [
2711.2,
2715.2
]
},
{
"text": "put yourself in a testing situation, you have\nto use what's called recall practice.",
"timestamp": [
2711.2,
2715.2
]
},
{
"text": "And the way to do that, one way I suggest\ndoing that is to take maybe just the top 10",
"timestamp": [
2715.84,
2720.96
]
},
{
"text": "And the way to do that, one way I suggest\ndoing that is to take maybe just the top 10",
"timestamp": [
2715.84,
2720.96
]
},
{
"text": "flashcards, don't flip them over, don't reorganize\nthem, exactly how you picked them up.",
"timestamp": [
2720.96,
2725.28
]
},
{
"text": "flashcards, don't flip them over, don't reorganize\nthem, exactly how you picked them up.",
"timestamp": [
2720.96,
2725.28
]
},
{
"text": "Take the top 10 and lay them out on your desk\nand then get a piece of paper and put numbers",
"timestamp": [
2725.28,
2729.84
]
},
{
"text": "Take the top 10 and lay them out on your desk\nand then get a piece of paper and put numbers",
"timestamp": [
2725.28,
2729.84
]
},
{
"text": "one through 10.",
"timestamp": [
2729.84,
2730.48
]
},
{
"text": "one through 10.",
"timestamp": [
2729.84,
2730.48
]
},
{
"text": "And if the first flashcard has a term on it\nand the back has a definition, then you write",
"timestamp": [
2731.2,
2736.16
]
},
{
"text": "And if the first flashcard has a term on it\nand the back has a definition, then you write",
"timestamp": [
2731.2,
2736.16
]
},
{
"text": "out the definition.",
"timestamp": [
2736.16,
2737.28
]
},
{
"text": "out the definition.",
"timestamp": [
2736.16,
2737.28
]
},
{
"text": "And if it has a definition, you write out\nthe term.",
"timestamp": [
2737.28,
2739.2
]
},
{
"text": "And if it has a definition, you write out\nthe term.",
"timestamp": [
2737.28,
2739.2
]
},
{
"text": "If it has, however you have your flashcard\nset up, if it has a muscle name on it, you",
"timestamp": [
2739.2,
2743.68
]
},
{
"text": "If it has, however you have your flashcard\nset up, if it has a muscle name on it, you",
"timestamp": [
2739.2,
2743.68
]
},
{
"text": "write out the bone it connects to, or however\nyou cut it, right?",
"timestamp": [
2743.68,
2747.52
]
},
{
"text": "write out the bone it connects to, or however\nyou cut it, right?",
"timestamp": [
2743.68,
2747.52
]
},
{
"text": "You give yourself a quiz using those top 10,\nand then you go back...",
"timestamp": [
2747.52,
2752.08
]
},
{
"text": "You give yourself a quiz using those top 10,\nand then you go back...",
"timestamp": [
2747.52,
2752.08
]
},
{
"text": "Oh, and as you're answering, add a little\ncheck mark or a star if you're really confident",
"timestamp": [
2752.08,
2757.28
]
},
{
"text": "Oh, and as you're answering, add a little\ncheck mark or a star if you're really confident",
"timestamp": [
2752.08,
2757.28
]
},
{
"text": "in your answer, that you know it, then go\ngrade yourself by flipping over the flashcard.",
"timestamp": [
2757.28,
2762.4
]
},
{
"text": "in your answer, that you know it, then go\ngrade yourself by flipping over the flashcard.",
"timestamp": [
2757.28,
2762.4
]
},
{
"text": "So you haven't flipped them over yet, you\nhaven't cheated on your own test.",
"timestamp": [
2762.4,
2765.76
]
},
{
"text": "So you haven't flipped them over yet, you\nhaven't cheated on your own test.",
"timestamp": [
2762.4,
2765.76
]
},
{
"text": "Now, flip them over, see if you got it right.",
"timestamp": [
2765.76,
2768.32
]
},
{
"text": "Now, flip them over, see if you got it right.",
"timestamp": [
2765.76,
2768.32
]
},
{
"text": "If you got it right and you were confident\nin it, put it in a pile far away from you.",
"timestamp": [
2768.32,
2773.2
]
},
{
"text": "If you got it right and you were confident\nin it, put it in a pile far away from you.",
"timestamp": [
2768.32,
2773.2
]
},
{
"text": "<It's gone. I don't need that.\n>You're done. You don't need that.",
"timestamp": [
2773.2,
2775.36
]
},
{
"text": "<It's gone. I don't need that.\n>You're done. You don't need that.",
"timestamp": [
2773.2,
2775.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Don't waste time on that.\n>Right.",
"timestamp": [
2775.36,
2776.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Don't waste time on that.\n>Right.",
"timestamp": [
2775.36,
2776.96
]
},
{
"text": "If you got it right, but you weren't confident\nput that in another pile, maybe you will get",
"timestamp": [
2777.84,
2783.68
]
},
{
"text": "If you got it right, but you weren't confident\nput that in another pile, maybe you will get",
"timestamp": [
2777.84,
2783.68
]
},
{
"text": "back to that, but you knew it.",
"timestamp": [
2783.68,
2785.76
]
},
{
"text": "back to that, but you knew it.",
"timestamp": [
2783.68,
2785.76
]
},
{
"text": "And unless you know it was a total guess,\nyou don't put that aside.",
"timestamp": [
2785.76,
2790
]
},
{
"text": "And unless you know it was a total guess,\nyou don't put that aside.",
"timestamp": [
2785.76,
2790
]
},
{
"text": "That's not where you really need to spend\nyour time.",
"timestamp": [
2790,
2792.08
]
},
{
"text": "That's not where you really need to spend\nyour time.",
"timestamp": [
2790,
2792.08
]
},
{
"text": "Trust yourself.",
"timestamp": [
2792.08,
2793.12
]
},
{
"text": "Trust yourself.",
"timestamp": [
2792.08,
2793.12
]
},
{
"text": "Now you should be confident that you got it.",
"timestamp": [
2793.12,
2794.96
]
},
{
"text": "Now you should be confident that you got it.",
"timestamp": [
2793.12,
2794.96
]
},
{
"text": "The ones that you got wrong, those stay close\nto you and that's now your new pile.",
"timestamp": [
2795.6,
2801.84
]
},
{
"text": "The ones that you got wrong, those stay close\nto you and that's now your new pile.",
"timestamp": [
2795.6,
2801.84
]
},
{
"text": "And then that's what you study.",
"timestamp": [
2802.4,
2804.24
]
},
{
"text": "And then that's what you study.",
"timestamp": [
2802.4,
2804.24
]
},
{
"text": "And then you do this again.",
"timestamp": [
2804.24,
2805.36
]
},
{
"text": "And then you do this again.",
"timestamp": [
2804.24,
2805.36
]
},
{
"text": "And then you study and then you do this again.",
"timestamp": [
2805.92,
2807.44
]
},
{
"text": "And then you study and then you do this again.",
"timestamp": [
2805.92,
2807.44
]
},
{
"text": "And so you're slowly moving cards into that\nhigher confidence or the correct piles and",
"timestamp": [
2807.44,
2812.88
]
},
{
"text": "And so you're slowly moving cards into that\nhigher confidence or the correct piles and",
"timestamp": [
2807.44,
2812.88
]
},
{
"text": "your stack of stuff to study gets smaller\nand smaller and smaller and you can feel like",
"timestamp": [
2812.88,
2817.44
]
},
{
"text": "your stack of stuff to study gets smaller\nand smaller and smaller and you can feel like",
"timestamp": [
2812.88,
2817.44
]
},
{
"text": "you're learning stuff that way.",
"timestamp": [
2817.44,
2818.96
]
},
{
"text": "you're learning stuff that way.",
"timestamp": [
2817.44,
2818.96
]
},
{
"text": "And in fact, you can get this in apps and\nother things, the Crash Course App for Anatomy",
"timestamp": [
2820.16,
2825.76
]
},
{
"text": "And in fact, you can get this in apps and\nother things, the Crash Course App for Anatomy",
"timestamp": [
2820.16,
2825.76
]
},
{
"text": "& Physiology helps you track your confidence\nand helps you figure out what you know and",
"timestamp": [
2825.76,
2829.28
]
},
{
"text": "& Physiology helps you track your confidence\nand helps you figure out what you know and",
"timestamp": [
2825.76,
2829.28
]
},
{
"text": "you don't know in the same way.",
"timestamp": [
2829.28,
2830.8
]
},
{
"text": "you don't know in the same way.",
"timestamp": [
2829.28,
2830.8
]
},
{
"text": "<Mm-hmm (affirmative).",
"timestamp": [
2834.16,
2834.88
]
},
{
"text": "<Mm-hmm (affirmative).",
"timestamp": [
2834.16,
2834.88
]
},
{
"text": "And then the last thing that you wrote down\nhere is to learn by teaching.",
"timestamp": [
2834.88,
2838.64
]
},
{
"text": "And then the last thing that you wrote down\nhere is to learn by teaching.",
"timestamp": [
2834.88,
2838.64
]
},
{
"text": "And I remember doing this to myself.",
"timestamp": [
2838.64,
2841.84
]
},
{
"text": "And I remember doing this to myself.",
"timestamp": [
2838.64,
2841.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2842.4,
2842.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2842.4,
2842.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Be like, how would I say this to me if I wanted\nme to learn it?",
"timestamp": [
2843.2,
2848
]
},
{
"text": "<Be like, how would I say this to me if I wanted\nme to learn it?",
"timestamp": [
2843.2,
2848
]
},
{
"text": "And just restating or writing down in my own ",
"timestamp": [
2849.12,
2852.48
]
},
{
"text": "And just restating or writing down in my own ",
"timestamp": [
2849.12,
2852.48
]
},
{
"text": "words what I have learned because \nthat's the real synthesis.",
"timestamp": [
2852.48,
2855.76
]
},
{
"text": "words what I have learned because \nthat's the real synthesis.",
"timestamp": [
2852.48,
2855.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes. That's how I learn now is teaching myself.",
"timestamp": [
2856.4,
2859.92
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes. That's how I learn now is teaching myself.",
"timestamp": [
2856.4,
2859.92
]
},
{
"text": "That takes some practice, you really do have\nto know what you don't know before I think",
"timestamp": [
2861.36,
2866.16
]
},
{
"text": "That takes some practice, you really do have\nto know what you don't know before I think",
"timestamp": [
2861.36,
2866.16
]
},
{
"text": "you can teach yourself.",
"timestamp": [
2866.16,
2867.04
]
},
{
"text": "you can teach yourself.",
"timestamp": [
2866.16,
2867.04
]
},
{
"text": "And so that can be difficult.",
"timestamp": [
2867.76,
2869.2
]
},
{
"text": "And so that can be difficult.",
"timestamp": [
2867.76,
2869.2
]
},
{
"text": "I actually started, when I first took Comparative\nAnatomy in graduate school out in Montana,",
"timestamp": [
2870.08,
2875.36
]
},
{
"text": "I actually started, when I first took Comparative\nAnatomy in graduate school out in Montana,",
"timestamp": [
2870.08,
2875.36
]
},
{
"text": "I taught my dog.",
"timestamp": [
2876.24,
2877.92
]
},
{
"text": "I taught my dog.",
"timestamp": [
2876.24,
2877.92
]
},
{
"text": "It was just someone else to talk to.",
"timestamp": [
2877.92,
2880
]
},
{
"text": "It was just someone else to talk to.",
"timestamp": [
2877.92,
2880
]
},
{
"text": "But she had big rippling muscles in short\nbursts so when I was learning all the muscles,",
"timestamp": [
2880,
2884
]
},
{
"text": "But she had big rippling muscles in short\nbursts so when I was learning all the muscles,",
"timestamp": [
2880,
2884
]
},
{
"text": "I could pet her.",
"timestamp": [
2884,
2885.2
]
},
{
"text": "I could pet her.",
"timestamp": [
2884,
2885.2
]
},
{
"text": "She enjoyed just being pet, any attention ",
"timestamp": [
2885.2,
2887.92
]
},
{
"text": "She enjoyed just being pet, any attention ",
"timestamp": [
2885.2,
2887.92
]
},
{
"text": "she could get, but I would \npet her and name the muscles.",
"timestamp": [
2887.92,
2890.546
]
},
{
"text": "she could get, but I would \npet her and name the muscles.",
"timestamp": [
2887.92,
2890.546
]
},
{
"text": "<So get a dog.",
"timestamp": [
2890.546,
2890.56
]
},
{
"text": "<So get a dog.",
"timestamp": [
2890.546,
2890.56
]
},
{
"text": "Get a dog, but you got to make sure it's not\nvery shaggy, or one of those hairless cats.",
"timestamp": [
2890.56,
2899.84
]
},
{
"text": "Get a dog, but you got to make sure it's not\nvery shaggy, or one of those hairless cats.",
"timestamp": [
2890.56,
2899.84
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, right, right.\nAnd so you can see the muscles.",
"timestamp": [
2899.84,
2903.04
]
},
{
"text": ">Right, right, right.\nAnd so you can see the muscles.",
"timestamp": [
2899.84,
2903.04
]
},
{
"text": "But teach anyone.",
"timestamp": [
2904.64,
2905.44
]
},
{
"text": "But teach anyone.",
"timestamp": [
2904.64,
2905.44
]
},
{
"text": "I have students that say, \"I don't have anyone\nto teach.",
"timestamp": [
2907.36,
2910.16
]
},
{
"text": "I have students that say, \"I don't have anyone\nto teach.",
"timestamp": [
2907.36,
2910.16
]
},
{
"text": "My roommate is an English major.\"",
"timestamp": [
2910.16,
2912.32
]
},
{
"text": "My roommate is an English major.\"",
"timestamp": [
2910.16,
2912.32
]
},
{
"text": "Perfect, teach them.",
"timestamp": [
2912.88,
2914.16
]
},
{
"text": "Perfect, teach them.",
"timestamp": [
2912.88,
2914.16
]
},
{
"text": "They'll get really bored.",
"timestamp": [
2915.04,
2916.24
]
},
{
"text": "They'll get really bored.",
"timestamp": [
2915.04,
2916.24
]
},
{
"text": "But they understand you know it.",
"timestamp": [
2916.8,
2918.29
]
},
{
"text": "But they understand you know it.",
"timestamp": [
2916.8,
2918.29
]
},
{
"text": "<I'll tell you what, my wife hates this about me,\nbut she knows so many things now.",
"timestamp": [
2918.29,
2922
]
},
{
"text": "<I'll tell you what, my wife hates this about me,\nbut she knows so many things now.",
"timestamp": [
2918.29,
2922
]
},
{
"text": ">I'm pretty sure my wife would say the same thing.",
"timestamp": [
2923.84,
2925.6
]
},
{
"text": ">I'm pretty sure my wife would say the same thing.",
"timestamp": [
2923.84,
2925.6
]
},
{
"text": "<\"I have to tell you about this thing I learned.\"",
"timestamp": [
2925.6,
2927.76
]
},
{
"text": "<\"I have to tell you about this thing I learned.\"",
"timestamp": [
2925.6,
2927.76
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, yeah, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2927.76,
2928.8
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, yeah, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
2927.76,
2928.8
]
},
{
"text": "It's definitely the best way because like\nyou said, it helps you process and reformulate",
"timestamp": [
2929.68,
2934.96
]
},
{
"text": "It's definitely the best way because like\nyou said, it helps you process and reformulate",
"timestamp": [
2929.68,
2934.96
]
},
{
"text": "your own ideas so that someone else, even\nif that someone else is you, can understand it.",
"timestamp": [
2934.96,
2939.28
]
},
{
"text": "your own ideas so that someone else, even\nif that someone else is you, can understand it.",
"timestamp": [
2934.96,
2939.28
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. All right.",
"timestamp": [
2939.28,
2940.4
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. All right.",
"timestamp": [
2939.28,
2940.4
]
},
{
"text": "We have a couple of chat questions.",
"timestamp": [
2941.04,
2943.04
]
},
{
"text": "We have a couple of chat questions.",
"timestamp": [
2941.04,
2943.04
]
},
{
"text": "I'm going to ask you a chat question.",
"timestamp": [
2943.04,
2944.72
]
},
{
"text": "I'm going to ask you a chat question.",
"timestamp": [
2943.04,
2944.72
]
},
{
"text": "And I'm curious about this from, from Katrina\nwho asks, \"What happens when a muscle cramps?",
"timestamp": [
2945.68,
2950.32
]
},
{
"text": "And I'm curious about this from, from Katrina\nwho asks, \"What happens when a muscle cramps?",
"timestamp": [
2945.68,
2950.32
]
},
{
"text": "Why am I in pain?\"",
"timestamp": [
2951.76,
2952.56
]
},
{
"text": "Why am I in pain?\"",
"timestamp": [
2951.76,
2952.56
]
},
{
"text": ">You know what, that's a good question.",
"timestamp": [
2954.8,
2956.72
]
},
{
"text": ">You know what, that's a good question.",
"timestamp": [
2954.8,
2956.72
]
},
{
"text": "That is not in my wheelhouse.",
"timestamp": [
2956.72,
2959.12
]
},
{
"text": "That is not in my wheelhouse.",
"timestamp": [
2956.72,
2959.12
]
},
{
"text": "So I can't give you a definitive answer.",
"timestamp": [
2960.88,
2961.84
]
},
{
"text": "So I can't give you a definitive answer.",
"timestamp": [
2960.88,
2961.84
]
},
{
"text": "<It's a muscle!",
"timestamp": [
2961.84,
2962.88
]
},
{
"text": "<It's a muscle!",
"timestamp": [
2961.84,
2962.88
]
},
{
"text": ">I know, I know.",
"timestamp": [
2963.44,
2964.24
]
},
{
"text": ">I know, I know.",
"timestamp": [
2963.44,
2964.24
]
},
{
"text": "And I actually am a muscle physiologist,",
"timestamp": [
2964.24,
2966
]
},
{
"text": "And I actually am a muscle physiologist,",
"timestamp": [
2964.24,
2966
]
},
{
"text": "but for birds and they never tell \nme when their muscle is cramping.",
"timestamp": [
2966,
2971.28
]
},
{
"text": "but for birds and they never tell \nme when their muscle is cramping.",
"timestamp": [
2966,
2971.28
]
},
{
"text": "<Cramps.",
"timestamp": [
2971.28,
2971.52
]
},
{
"text": "<Cramps.",
"timestamp": [
2971.28,
2971.52
]
},
{
"text": ">But what I will say is, so I'm not defining\nwhat a muscle cramp is, but you can think",
"timestamp": [
2972.24,
2978.72
]
},
{
"text": ">But what I will say is, so I'm not defining\nwhat a muscle cramp is, but you can think",
"timestamp": [
2972.24,
2978.72
]
},
{
"text": "of all the steps of a muscle contraction and\nwhat eventually could go wrong if the muscle",
"timestamp": [
2978.72,
2984
]
},
{
"text": "of all the steps of a muscle contraction and\nwhat eventually could go wrong if the muscle",
"timestamp": [
2978.72,
2984
]
},
{
"text": "is cramping and it's actually contracting.",
"timestamp": [
2984,
2986.08
]
},
{
"text": "is cramping and it's actually contracting.",
"timestamp": [
2984,
2986.08
]
},
{
"text": "I do teach students about different kinds\nof toxins and venoms as a way of learning",
"timestamp": [
2987.2,
2991.76
]
},
{
"text": "I do teach students about different kinds\nof toxins and venoms as a way of learning",
"timestamp": [
2987.2,
2991.76
]
},
{
"text": "how muscles contract.",
"timestamp": [
2991.76,
2993.12
]
},
{
"text": "how muscles contract.",
"timestamp": [
2991.76,
2993.12
]
},
{
"text": "So you can have things that are kind of going\nwrong on the nervous system side, either the",
"timestamp": [
2993.12,
2997.2
]
},
{
"text": "So you can have things that are kind of going\nwrong on the nervous system side, either the",
"timestamp": [
2993.12,
2997.2
]
},
{
"text": "brain is constantly sending a signal or the\nneuron is firing on its own too much or the",
"timestamp": [
2997.2,
3003.6
]
},
{
"text": "brain is constantly sending a signal or the\nneuron is firing on its own too much or the",
"timestamp": [
2997.2,
3003.6
]
},
{
"text": "acetylcholine that's floating across and binding\nto its channel, there's something wrong with",
"timestamp": [
3003.6,
3008
]
},
{
"text": "acetylcholine that's floating across and binding\nto its channel, there's something wrong with",
"timestamp": [
3003.6,
3008
]
},
{
"text": "that channel and so the muscle cell thinks\nit's constantly being told to contract.",
"timestamp": [
3008,
3011.84
]
},
{
"text": "that channel and so the muscle cell thinks\nit's constantly being told to contract.",
"timestamp": [
3008,
3011.84
]
},
{
"text": "You can also get problems in the muscle itself\nwhere you can have say too much calcium in",
"timestamp": [
3014.32,
3020.24
]
},
{
"text": "You can also get problems in the muscle itself\nwhere you can have say too much calcium in",
"timestamp": [
3014.32,
3020.24
]
},
{
"text": "the muscle and that's the final signal for\nthe actual contraction phase.",
"timestamp": [
3020.24,
3023.92
]
},
{
"text": "the muscle and that's the final signal for\nthe actual contraction phase.",
"timestamp": [
3020.24,
3023.92
]
},
{
"text": "You can get electrolyte imbalances, right?",
"timestamp": [
3024.56,
3027.44
]
},
{
"text": "You can get electrolyte imbalances, right?",
"timestamp": [
3024.56,
3027.44
]
},
{
"text": "There's a lot of things that can interfere\nwith that nice clean system of signals that",
"timestamp": [
3027.44,
3034.72
]
},
{
"text": "There's a lot of things that can interfere\nwith that nice clean system of signals that",
"timestamp": [
3027.44,
3034.72
]
},
{
"text": "we've talked about that could potentially\ncause a muscle cramp.",
"timestamp": [
3034.72,
3038.56
]
},
{
"text": "we've talked about that could potentially\ncause a muscle cramp.",
"timestamp": [
3034.72,
3038.56
]
},
{
"text": "But as far as a cramp during \nexercise, I definitely ",
"timestamp": [
3038.56,
3041.92
]
},
{
"text": "But as far as a cramp during \nexercise, I definitely ",
"timestamp": [
3038.56,
3041.92
]
},
{
"text": "don't know enough to give a definitive answer.",
"timestamp": [
3041.92,
3044.32
]
},
{
"text": "don't know enough to give a definitive answer.",
"timestamp": [
3041.92,
3044.32
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3044.32,
3044.96
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3044.32,
3044.96
]
},
{
"text": "I was told once and please check me on this\nbefore you tell someone else, people listening,",
"timestamp": [
3044.96,
3050.32
]
},
{
"text": "I was told once and please check me on this\nbefore you tell someone else, people listening,",
"timestamp": [
3044.96,
3050.32
]
},
{
"text": "that the reason that cramps hurt after a while\nis because there's not enough blood to continue",
"timestamp": [
3050.32,
3057.52
]
},
{
"text": "that the reason that cramps hurt after a while\nis because there's not enough blood to continue",
"timestamp": [
3050.32,
3057.52
]
},
{
"text": "the cramp, to continue the muscle flex, the\neffort of it and the cramping can actually",
"timestamp": [
3057.52,
3064.56
]
},
{
"text": "the cramp, to continue the muscle flex, the\neffort of it and the cramping can actually",
"timestamp": [
3057.52,
3064.56
]
},
{
"text": "constrict blood supply, the flexing of the\nmuscle itself can constrict blood supply because",
"timestamp": [
3064.56,
3068.96
]
},
{
"text": "constrict blood supply, the flexing of the\nmuscle itself can constrict blood supply because",
"timestamp": [
3064.56,
3068.96
]
},
{
"text": "the muscle is flexing.",
"timestamp": [
3068.96,
3070.32
]
},
{
"text": "the muscle is flexing.",
"timestamp": [
3068.96,
3070.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes. Muscle contraction in general changes blood\nflow and can constrict it.",
"timestamp": [
3070.32,
3075.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Yes. Muscle contraction in general changes blood\nflow and can constrict it.",
"timestamp": [
3070.32,
3075.36
]
},
{
"text": "And muscles hurt a lot, like during a heart\nattack, even cardiac muscle hurts a lot when",
"timestamp": [
3075.36,
3081.92
]
},
{
"text": "And muscles hurt a lot, like during a heart\nattack, even cardiac muscle hurts a lot when",
"timestamp": [
3075.36,
3081.92
]
},
{
"text": "the oxygen delivery rate \nis too slow for the demand.",
"timestamp": [
3081.92,
3086.24
]
},
{
"text": "the oxygen delivery rate \nis too slow for the demand.",
"timestamp": [
3081.92,
3086.24
]
},
{
"text": "<So if your chest hurts, go \nto the doctor immediately.",
"timestamp": [
3088.32,
3092.32
]
},
{
"text": "<So if your chest hurts, go \nto the doctor immediately.",
"timestamp": [
3088.32,
3092.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. Although importantly, this is surprisingly\nnot well known, for women having heart attacks",
"timestamp": [
3093.68,
3100.96
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. Although importantly, this is surprisingly\nnot well known, for women having heart attacks",
"timestamp": [
3093.68,
3100.96
]
},
{
"text": "that pain is not usually-\n<It can be different, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3100.96,
3104.64
]
},
{
"text": "that pain is not usually-\n<It can be different, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3100.96,
3104.64
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, it's often actually more like fatigue.",
"timestamp": [
3104.64,
3107.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, it's often actually more like fatigue.",
"timestamp": [
3104.64,
3107.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. And it can be referred \nmore often in the neck ",
"timestamp": [
3108,
3110.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah. And it can be referred \nmore often in the neck ",
"timestamp": [
3108,
3110.56
]
},
{
"text": "or the arms.",
"timestamp": [
3110.56,
3111.2
]
},
{
"text": "or the arms.",
"timestamp": [
3110.56,
3111.2
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, the pain can show up in different places.",
"timestamp": [
3111.2,
3113.36
]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah, the pain can show up in different places.",
"timestamp": [
3111.2,
3113.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Mm-hmm (affirmative). Stupid bodies.",
"timestamp": [
3113.36,
3116.08
]
},
{
"text": "<Mm-hmm (affirmative). Stupid bodies.",
"timestamp": [
3113.36,
3116.08
]
},
{
"text": "William had a question, do you have any tricks\nfor remembering the veins and the arteries?",
"timestamp": [
3117.76,
3122
]
},
{
"text": "William had a question, do you have any tricks\nfor remembering the veins and the arteries?",
"timestamp": [
3117.76,
3122
]
},
{
"text": ">You know, I actually do.",
"timestamp": [
3123.04,
3123.84
]
},
{
"text": ">You know, I actually do.",
"timestamp": [
3123.04,
3123.84
]
},
{
"text": "It worked for me, I think it works for a lot\nof my students, and that's to draw a map.",
"timestamp": [
3125.6,
3130.16
]
},
{
"text": "It worked for me, I think it works for a lot\nof my students, and that's to draw a map.",
"timestamp": [
3125.6,
3130.16
]
},
{
"text": "And like I said before with \nthe bones, start simple.",
"timestamp": [
3130.16,
3133.2
]
},
{
"text": "And like I said before with \nthe bones, start simple.",
"timestamp": [
3130.16,
3133.2
]
},
{
"text": "And the best maps, they're not really accurate.",
"timestamp": [
3133.84,
3136.96
]
},
{
"text": "And the best maps, they're not really accurate.",
"timestamp": [
3133.84,
3136.96
]
},
{
"text": "They actually are easier to follow.",
"timestamp": [
3136.96,
3139.12
]
},
{
"text": "They actually are easier to follow.",
"timestamp": [
3136.96,
3139.12
]
},
{
"text": "So think of a subway map or a transit map\nwhere you can see the order of things and",
"timestamp": [
3139.12,
3144.88
]
},
{
"text": "So think of a subway map or a transit map\nwhere you can see the order of things and",
"timestamp": [
3139.12,
3144.88
]
},
{
"text": "you can see the connections, but it's not\nlike it's geographically 100% accurate.",
"timestamp": [
3144.88,
3149.76
]
},
{
"text": "you can see the connections, but it's not\nlike it's geographically 100% accurate.",
"timestamp": [
3144.88,
3149.76
]
},
{
"text": "So if you draw your map and just start by\nthinking, \"I'm giving someone directions to",
"timestamp": [
3151.28,
3158.16
]
},
{
"text": "So if you draw your map and just start by\nthinking, \"I'm giving someone directions to",
"timestamp": [
3151.28,
3158.16
]
},
{
"text": "the spleen or to the stomach, how do I get\nfrom the heart down there?\"",
"timestamp": [
3158.16,
3162.72
]
},
{
"text": "the spleen or to the stomach, how do I get\nfrom the heart down there?\"",
"timestamp": [
3158.16,
3162.72
]
},
{
"text": "And you just learn that part first.",
"timestamp": [
3162.72,
3165.12
]
},
{
"text": "And you just learn that part first.",
"timestamp": [
3162.72,
3165.12
]
},
{
"text": "And then you say, \"Well, what if I also wanted\nto go down to the leg?\"",
"timestamp": [
3166.32,
3170.32
]
},
{
"text": "And then you say, \"Well, what if I also wanted\nto go down to the leg?\"",
"timestamp": [
3166.32,
3170.32
]
},
{
"text": "Then you go to the spleen, you draw your map\nto the spleen so just to refresh your brain,",
"timestamp": [
3171.04,
3176.48
]
},
{
"text": "Then you go to the spleen, you draw your map\nto the spleen so just to refresh your brain,",
"timestamp": [
3171.04,
3176.48
]
},
{
"text": "and then you continue, you go past that turn\nand you go to the leg and you label it.",
"timestamp": [
3176.48,
3182.64
]
},
{
"text": "and then you continue, you go past that turn\nand you go to the leg and you label it.",
"timestamp": [
3176.48,
3182.64
]
},
{
"text": "So again, start with just a few arteries and\nveins and label them and then build up on that.",
"timestamp": [
3182.64,
3189.28
]
},
{
"text": "So again, start with just a few arteries and\nveins and label them and then build up on that.",
"timestamp": [
3182.64,
3189.28
]
},
{
"text": "Every time you redraw it, just add a few more,\nadding a few more turns.",
"timestamp": [
3189.28,
3193.52
]
},
{
"text": "Every time you redraw it, just add a few more,\nadding a few more turns.",
"timestamp": [
3189.28,
3193.52
]
},
{
"text": "It's like learning your way \naround a new city, right?",
"timestamp": [
3193.52,
3196.16
]
},
{
"text": "It's like learning your way \naround a new city, right?",
"timestamp": [
3193.52,
3196.16
]
},
{
"text": "You learn just one simple path from home to work,",
"timestamp": [
3196.16,
3198.96
]
},
{
"text": "You learn just one simple path from home to work,",
"timestamp": [
3196.16,
3198.96
]
},
{
"text": "and then you start learning \nthe scenic routes around that.",
"timestamp": [
3199.6,
3202.48
]
},
{
"text": "and then you start learning \nthe scenic routes around that.",
"timestamp": [
3199.6,
3202.48
]
},
{
"text": "Once you get that pathway down, then say you're\ndissecting, you're looking at a much more",
"timestamp": [
3204.88,
3209.92
]
},
{
"text": "Once you get that pathway down, then say you're\ndissecting, you're looking at a much more",
"timestamp": [
3204.88,
3209.92
]
},
{
"text": "realistic model, it's much easier to find\nthe actual arteries and veins because you",
"timestamp": [
3209.92,
3213.92
]
},
{
"text": "realistic model, it's much easier to find\nthe actual arteries and veins because you",
"timestamp": [
3209.92,
3213.92
]
},
{
"text": "can always go back to the aorta and start\nfrom there, start from where you know, and",
"timestamp": [
3213.92,
3220.4
]
},
{
"text": "can always go back to the aorta and start\nfrom there, start from where you know, and",
"timestamp": [
3213.92,
3220.4
]
},
{
"text": "then follow the arteries and veins out in\nthe dissection.",
"timestamp": [
3220.4,
3223.12
]
},
{
"text": "then follow the arteries and veins out in\nthe dissection.",
"timestamp": [
3220.4,
3223.12
]
},
{
"text": "And if you know your map well enough, then\nyou will be able to follow the actual things.",
"timestamp": [
3223.12,
3227.36
]
},
{
"text": "And if you know your map well enough, then\nyou will be able to follow the actual things.",
"timestamp": [
3223.12,
3227.36
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. And also you know where you lose track, if\nyou're following a map you know and then you",
"timestamp": [
3228.96,
3235.76
]
},
{
"text": "<Right. And also you know where you lose track, if\nyou're following a map you know and then you",
"timestamp": [
3228.96,
3235.76
]
},
{
"text": "reinforce the most common boulevards, the\nbigger roads.",
"timestamp": [
3235.76,
3240.32
]
},
{
"text": "reinforce the most common boulevards, the\nbigger roads.",
"timestamp": [
3235.76,
3240.32
]
},
{
"text": "And so every time you're going down, you're\nreinforcing that, the most important and the",
"timestamp": [
3240.32,
3246.16
]
},
{
"text": "And so every time you're going down, you're\nreinforcing that, the most important and the",
"timestamp": [
3240.32,
3246.16
]
},
{
"text": "most common bits before you get to the branches\nthat are going to be harder to remember because",
"timestamp": [
3246.16,
3253.36
]
},
{
"text": "most common bits before you get to the branches\nthat are going to be harder to remember because",
"timestamp": [
3246.16,
3253.36
]
},
{
"text": "there are so many of them.",
"timestamp": [
3253.36,
3254.72
]
},
{
"text": "there are so many of them.",
"timestamp": [
3253.36,
3254.72
]
},
{
"text": ">Correct, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3254.72,
3255.52
]
},
{
"text": ">Correct, yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3254.72,
3255.52
]
},
{
"text": "And that's kind of part of spaced repetition,\nwhich is the learning strategy of repeating,",
"timestamp": [
3255.52,
3261.44
]
},
{
"text": "And that's kind of part of spaced repetition,\nwhich is the learning strategy of repeating,",
"timestamp": [
3255.52,
3261.44
]
},
{
"text": "but making sure to space it out over days\nor weeks or even longer-",
"timestamp": [
3261.44,
3265.04
]
},
{
"text": "but making sure to space it out over days\nor weeks or even longer-",
"timestamp": [
3261.44,
3265.04
]
},
{
"text": "<It's so hard to do because that is not how I am ",
"timestamp": [
3265.76,
3269.68
]
},
{
"text": "<It's so hard to do because that is not how I am ",
"timestamp": [
3265.76,
3269.68
]
},
{
"text": "tested or was tested.\n>No, it's not, no.",
"timestamp": [
3269.68,
3272.24
]
},
{
"text": "tested or was tested.\n>No, it's not, no.",
"timestamp": [
3269.68,
3272.24
]
},
{
"text": "<It was like here, get the information, then\ntake the test and then forget it forever.",
"timestamp": [
3272.24,
3276.32
]
},
{
"text": "<It was like here, get the information, then\ntake the test and then forget it forever.",
"timestamp": [
3272.24,
3276.32
]
},
{
"text": ">Until maybe the final exam.",
"timestamp": [
3276.88,
3278.56
]
},
{
"text": ">Until maybe the final exam.",
"timestamp": [
3276.88,
3278.56
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, exactly. Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3278.56,
3279.76
]
},
{
"text": "<Yeah, exactly. Yeah.",
"timestamp": [
3278.56,
3279.76
]
},
{
"text": ">But if you're in an anatomy class sure, sure\nyou probably need to get a certain grade to",
"timestamp": [
3279.76,
3285.28
]
},
{
"text": ">But if you're in an anatomy class sure, sure\nyou probably need to get a certain grade to",
"timestamp": [
3279.76,
3285.28
]
},
{
"text": "continue on in whatever program, but it's\nprobably not the last time you're going to",
"timestamp": [
3285.28,
3289.68
]
},
{
"text": "continue on in whatever program, but it's\nprobably not the last time you're going to",
"timestamp": [
3285.28,
3289.68
]
},
{
"text": "see this stuff and that's big spaced repetition.",
"timestamp": [
3289.68,
3292.48
]
},
{
"text": "see this stuff and that's big spaced repetition.",
"timestamp": [
3289.68,
3292.48
]
},
{
"text": "You see it maybe first year in college or\ncommunity college and then you might not see",
"timestamp": [
3292.48,
3297.76
]
},
{
"text": "You see it maybe first year in college or\ncommunity college and then you might not see",
"timestamp": [
3292.48,
3297.76
]
},
{
"text": "it again until four years later.",
"timestamp": [
3297.76,
3299.04
]
},
{
"text": "it again until four years later.",
"timestamp": [
3297.76,
3299.04
]
},
{
"text": "But if you work hard in that first year, it'll\nbe there.",
"timestamp": [
3299.04,
3302.4
]
},
{
"text": "But if you work hard in that first year, it'll\nbe there.",
"timestamp": [
3299.04,
3302.4
]
},
{
"text": "<It's amazing how much stuff is still there.",
"timestamp": [
3303.04,
3305.76
]
},
{
"text": "<It's amazing how much stuff is still there.",
"timestamp": [
3303.04,
3305.76
]
},
{
"text": "I recently started learning Spanish again\nand I hadn't looked at it since my freshman",
"timestamp": [
3305.76,
3311.36
]
},
{
"text": "I recently started learning Spanish again\nand I hadn't looked at it since my freshman",
"timestamp": [
3305.76,
3311.36
]
},
{
"text": "year of college and I was like, \"Wow, there's\na fair amount of Spanish still in this brain.\"",
"timestamp": [
3311.36,
3315.28
]
},
{
"text": "year of college and I was like, \"Wow, there's\na fair amount of Spanish still in this brain.\"",
"timestamp": [
3311.36,
3315.28
]
},
{
"text": "So yeah, they're amazing organs.\nOkay. Well.",
"timestamp": [
3316.64,
3319.84
]
},
{
"text": "So yeah, they're amazing organs.\nOkay. Well.",
"timestamp": [
3316.64,
3319.84
]
},
{
"text": "I feel as if I learned some wonderful things\nabout Anatomy & Physiology.",
"timestamp": [
3320.48,
3324.4
]
},
{
"text": "I feel as if I learned some wonderful things\nabout Anatomy & Physiology.",
"timestamp": [
3320.48,
3324.4
]
},
{
"text": "So thank you, everybody, for asking thoughtful\nquestions, and thanks again to Flipgrid for",
"timestamp": [
3324.4,
3328.48
]
},
{
"text": "So thank you, everybody, for asking thoughtful\nquestions, and thanks again to Flipgrid for",
"timestamp": [
3324.4,
3328.48
]
},
{
"text": "sponsoring the livestream, making it all happen,\nand you can check them out, there's a link",
"timestamp": [
3328.48,
3333.44
]
},
{
"text": "sponsoring the livestream, making it all happen,\nand you can check them out, there's a link",
"timestamp": [
3328.48,
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},
{
"text": "to them in description below.",
"timestamp": [
3333.44,
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},
{
"text": "to them in description below.",
"timestamp": [
3333.44,
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},
{
"text": "Brandon, thank you very much for all of your\nexpertise and yeah, I just really appreciate",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "Brandon, thank you very much for all of your\nexpertise and yeah, I just really appreciate",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "seeing you again.",
"timestamp": [
3340.32,
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]
},
{
"text": "seeing you again.",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. And Hank, thank you \nfor Crash Course, I know ",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": ">Yeah. And Hank, thank you \nfor Crash Course, I know ",
"timestamp": [
3341.44,
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]
},
{
"text": "it's helped a lot of my students \nin lots of different classes.",
"timestamp": [
3344.8,
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]
},
{
"text": "it's helped a lot of my students \nin lots of different classes.",
"timestamp": [
3344.8,
3347.92
]
},
{
"text": "I think it's been a great resource.",
"timestamp": [
3347.92,
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},
{
"text": "I think it's been a great resource.",
"timestamp": [
3347.92,
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]
},
{
"text": "<Well, thanks so much.",
"timestamp": [
3349.68,
3350.8
]
},
{
"text": "<Well, thanks so much.",
"timestamp": [
3349.68,
3350.8
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you for contributing to it and \nmaking Anatomy & Physiology possible.",
"timestamp": [
3350.8,
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]
},
{
"text": "Thank you for contributing to it and \nmaking Anatomy & Physiology possible.",
"timestamp": [
3350.8,
3355.12
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you all for joining us.",
"timestamp": [
3355.12,
3356.32
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you all for joining us.",
"timestamp": [
3355.12,
3356.32
]
},
{
"text": "I have been Hank Green, \nthat's been Brandon Jackson.",
"timestamp": [
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3360.48
]
},
{
"text": "I have been Hank Green, \nthat's been Brandon Jackson.",
"timestamp": [
3357.2,
3360.48
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you.",
"timestamp": [
3360.48,
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]
},
{
"text": "Thank you.",
"timestamp": [
3360.48,
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]
},
{
"text": "It's been a good old time!",
"timestamp": [
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]
},
{
"text": "It's been a good old time!",
"timestamp": [
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}
] |
[
[
"Introduction",
"You can review content from Crash \nCourse Anatomy & Physiology with the Crash Course App, available \nnow for Android and iOS devices.Hello, everybody.I think that we have begun the livestream\nnow.I'm Hank Green, this is Office Hours.I was once the host of Crash \nCourse Anatomy & Physiology.And for the next hour, we're going to \nbe answering your questions about A&Pto maybe help you study for \nfinals or whatever you're up to.And I'm joined by a person who actually knows \nstuff about anatomy and physiology, our script,our consultant on that project who helped \nus make sure we got everything right.It's Brandon.Hello, Brandon Jackson.<Hi, Hank.>Brandon, tell us a little bit \nabout who you are, what you do.<I'm now an associate professor \nat Longwood University.I've been here for about seven years.I used to live in Missoula where we \nfirst met and, I was thinking about it,I've taught Anatomy & Physiology \nor Comparative Anatomy for almost 18 years now. \nSo it's been quite a ride.>That's great. Well, you're \nthe right person to have here.Here's how it's going to go,we've got people to send in \ntheir questions ahead of timeso we've got some prepared \nthat we know we're going to do.Then we're going to talk a little bit about some study tips for specifically how \nto study for Anatomy & Physiology,which I found very helpful \nlearning about from Brandon.And then we're going to end with \nsome questions from the chat.So if you have any, put them in there,appreciate all of you for doing that.Before we get to your questions, I want to talk a little bit about our \npartner for Office Hours.We're very lucky to have a partner.It's Flipgrid, which is a free video discussion\napp from Microsoft, and they got a missionto make learning fun and empowering for all.It's been used in the classroom for nearly\na decade and as we talk about preparing forexams, Flipgrid is a convenient way to host\nstudy groups so that having to coordinatearound a class schedule or \nafter-school commitments.You can create a group, start a topic and\nsend the link to anyone you want to join.You can record video or audio responses,\ndiscuss specific in detail, quiz each other,prep for group presentations, all of that.We hear from Crash Course viewers all the\ntime, how helpful video is as a learning tool,it's one of the reasons we made Crash Course\nand connecting with peers and learning ingroups with your peers in a community is a\nwonderful thing.We use Flipgrid to collect some of the questions\nthat we're going to be asking on the livestream.So let's start with some questions for the\nlivestream.Brandon, are you ready?Do you know enough about Anatomy & Physiology\nto answer these questions?<I will do my best.>I'm pretty sure you do.This first one comes from Drew who asks is\nthe heart a muscle or an organ?"
],
[
"Is the heart a muscle or an organ?",
"This is great, because now we get to talk\nabout muscles, organs, tissue, cells.<Exactly. This is a really interesting question.It seems kind of simple at first, and it's\nnot just a yes or no answer, this is goingto be kind of a long-winded answer unfortunately\nI think, but it's kind of cool.But really we have to get down to definitions\nand the hierarchy of organizations that wetalk about in Anatomy & Physiology, and most of Biology\nreally, right?So we can take atoms and make molecules, we\ncan take molecules and if we arrange themin just the right way, we get cells.If we take a bunch of cells that all look\nalike and function together and organize themin the right way in a body, that's what we\ncall a tissue.And this is where we kind of start.Now, if we take multiple tissues and combine\nthem together, and we get a thing in the body,a structure in the body that has more or less a single function, or \nsometimes multiple functions,that's an organ.So an organ has multiple tissues and at least\none obvious function.>Now, see, I think this is what confused me\nabout this and maybe what is confusing Drewabout this is that I hear that muscle is a\ntissue type?<Yes.>But /a/ muscle is not a tissue type?<You got it. You got it.So muscle is a tissue type.It's one of four tissue types.So we have epithelial tissue, muscle tissue,\nnervous tissue, and connective tissue.>I mean, I love that there's only four, that's\nway easier than almost everything.<How many episodes did we do on tissue?I think we did two on just connective tissue\nbecause there's, I don't know, 14 kinds ofwhatever, not counting here.So of muscle tissue, there's actually three\nkinds of muscle tissue and you can tell thedifference if you look just \ndown at the cellular leveland then there's some other \nfunctional differences.But really the ones we're talking about here,\nthere's two, there's skeletal muscle tissue,and that's muscle, the tissue you find in\nyour favorite skeletal muscle.Hank, what's your favorite skeletal muscle?>My favorite skeletal muscle has got to be\nthe butt, right?<Okay.So the gluteus maximus, that one.Yeah, we'll call it the gluteus maximus.There's a medias too, there's some other muscles\nin there.But okay.So the gluteus maximus, now that is a skeletal\nmuscle that has skeletal muscle tissue init, as opposed to the heart, which has cardiac\nmuscle tissue in it.So those are multiple muscle tissue types.Now are they an organ?And this is kind of the other part of the\nquestion.So let's take the gluteus maximus first.And is that an organ?It actually is, because remember the definition\nof an organ is multiple tissue types.So we have the skeletal muscle tissue in there\nand that's the bulk of it, that's the thingthat does the work.>Does the work, but you can't do the work,\nlet me see if I can name a couple others.I can feel my butt so it's got nervous tissue\nin it and my butt is alive so it's got tohave some vasculature, there's got to be some\ndelivery of oxygen so it's got veins and stuff.<So it's got veins and stuff, so arteries and\nveins going through there.And those are actually lined with simple squamous\nepithelial tissue called->Epithelial tissue.<So that's your epithelial.So we actually have all four tissue types\nin the muscle.We didn't talk about connective tissue in\nthere, but you have the tendons connectedto the end, that's connective tissue, dense\nconnective tissue.And then kind of through the rest of the muscle,\nwe have all these different layers, like theepimysium and the perimysium and those are\nalso connective tissue.So there's your organ, all four tissue types.It's kind of an overachiever of an organ.And yet we don't-.But you don't really think of it that way.Because I'm like, yeah, a liver is an organ\nwhen I can take out and hold it in my handand be like, \"That looks like an organ.\"<Right.So now you say, how many organs do you have\nin your body?And now you have to add in all the muscles\non top of the things you usually think aboutas an organ.Okay, well, that's skeletal muscle, but what\nabout cardiac muscle?Same thing, add up the tissue types.What we have there, cardio muscle cells, that's\nthe cardiac muscle tissue so that's one.We also have epithelium, the inside of the\nheart is the endocardium, the outside of theheart is the epicardium.Those are both epithelial tissues.So there's two.And then there's other forms of connective\ntissue in and around it, there's fat tissuearound it that's connective.The valves inside of the heart are a type\nof connective tissue.>Yeah, I've never touched one, but I've seen\nthem and they look like cartilage almost.<The valves?Yeah they're kind of leathery I guess you\ncould say.So there we have multiple tissue types, an\nobvious function like pumping the blood.There we go, it's an organ.So here's the question.Is it a muscle?>It's a muscle.<It's muscle-y.\n>That's my answer for you.<Right, so in Anatomy & Physiology, we have very\nspecific language.So we don't just say \"a muscle,\" we say a \"skeletal\nmuscle.\"So is it a skeletal muscle? No.>No.\n<Is it muscular?Is it a muscle in kind common day, everyday\nlanguage?Sure, it's a muscle,but definitely it's an organ\nand skeletal muscles are also organs.>Skeletal muscles are organs, \njust blown everybody's minds.Okay, got another question for you.It's from Maggie.This one came in from Flipgrid and Maggie\nasks, \"I'm in my first year of college, my"
],
[
"How are skin cells organized through the layers of the skin?",
"first year taking anatomy.I had a question about skin cells.How are they organized throughout the layers\nof the skin?\"So she goes on talk about a bunch of different\ntypes of skin cells and are they like, spread out?So you've got melanocytes, \nyou've got keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, which \nare, I think, immune cells.Am I wrong about that?<Nope, that's correct.>And so they're in the skin.Are they peppered throughout?Are they in layers?As the skin, like, it sort of builds up \nat the bottom and then pushes higher,do these things move up with it \nor do they stay in the same place?How are they doing this?What are they doing?<Yeah, so some of these cells are related to other\nand some aren't and so we can start with that.And actually, the idea of the tissues will\ncome back into play here.So the main cell that we talk about with the\nepidermis at least are the keratinocytes,these are what make the keratin that make\nyour skin kind of dry and tough and yeah,they do the job they say.>Impermeable, yeah.<Yeah, exactly.And so these are formed in the stratum basale,\nthe deepest layer of the epidermis.And that's where the new ones are formed from\na thin layer of stem cells.So the stem cell divides, \nit creates one keratinocyte and then the other one is still going to staydown there as the stem cell.And so that keratinocyte then gets kind of\npushed higher and higher as new, younger onesare made behind it.And I mean, it's kind of dark to think about\nthis, but these skin cells are almost likeus says we age, right?We start up young and plump and happy and\nhealthy and then as we age,we start getting some spots and that bit->Harder. Life happens.\n<Just the stratum moves them.You get wrinkly.That's the stratum spinosum.Yeah, you get beat up, withered, dried up, you\nend up literally a shell of your former self.And at that point -- if you're keratinocyte, at least -- you're dead \nand you're just the keratinand wax that you kind of aged with.And then you're in the stratum corneum, the\ntop layer.Eventually, you get pushed off \nat lost as dust, basically.> Yes. Which is all of our \neventual fates, just lost as dust.<Just lost as dust.So, okay, it's a very dark analogy, but so\nthat one cell once you're kind of born asa keratinocyte, you're always a keratinocyte.Now we have these other cells, the melanocytes,\nthese are the cells that provide the varioushues of brown to our skins.And melanocytes are actually \nrelated to the keratinocyte.So the keratinocytes are an epithelial cell,\nstratified squamous epithelial cell, and themelanocytes are also epithelial.They are kind of distant \ncousins of the keratinocytes.So the melanocytes come from a different stem\ncell, but the keratinocyte stem cell and themelanocytes stem cell come \nfrom the same stem cell.>It's like a taxonomic tree happening here,\nbut just our body cells.<Yeah. It's like cousins, right?They share a grandfather or grandparents,\nsomething like that.And so the melanocytes, that stem cell is\nusually found near hair follicles, but thenthe melanocyte kind of migrates through, sets\nup shop in the lower levels of the keratinocyteand with the younger ones and creates melanin\nand then kind of distributes that melaninfurther up in the skin.And they can be much longer lived.> So it never moves up, it just sort of like hangs\nout there and they move past it?<Correct, correct.The cells kind of move past and pick up these\nmelanin granules and carry them up and thenlose them eventually.Let's see.\nWhere were we?So then that's the melanocyte, that's kind\nof a cousin, still epithelial.And then we had the Langerhans cell and the\nLangerhans, like you said, is an immune cell.And so the immune cells are actually essentially\nblood cells, right?We've heard of white blood cells.>Totally different cell lineage, not the same\nstem cells.<Totally different.That's connective tissue, blood is actually\nconnective tissue.And these forms-\n>You say this, it will never make sense to me.What's blood connect to?\nWe don't have to talk about it.<Everything? No-- [laughs]I mean, it's-\n>I don't think that's what they meant whenthey originally came up with the term connective\ntissue that connects skeletal stuff together.But hey.\n<It is kind of a grabble.There's some embryology that supports blood in this group and we won't \nget into that right now.> Haha, okay.<So these are immune cells.They're actually monocytes, one of the five\nwhite blood cells or leukocytes that are floatingaround in your body.These are monocytes and monocytes are famous\nfor crawling out into different parts of thebody and depending on where they are, we give\nthem a different name, but really they alwaysbecome a macrophage.So at these Langerhans cells are also called\ndendritic cells because they have lots ofbranches and dendrite means branches.But really they are a macrophage.So macrophage is this big functional description.\n>Like white blood cells, yeah.<And so they're the big thing that goes out\nand gobbles up all of the bacteria that aretrying to get through their skin.That's what they're doing there.\n>Yeah.<And they're free-floating, they're not attached\nso they can move around a little bit, mostlyreally found down in the dermis, in the top\nof the dermis right underneath the epidermis,but they can be found elsewhere.>Right, right. And so they're staying there, \nthey're not moving up with everything?<No, they're also not getting moved up.>So it's just, like, there's like \nthe conveyor belt of keratinocytes, but nothing else goes up the conveyor belt?<Correct, correct.And then the last one are the Merkel discs,\nor the Merkel cells, and they're really nervousfunction, they're part of our sensory system,\nthey're part of how we sense touch and oneof the types of touch.And as far as I can tell, we don't actually\nknow exactly what they come from in termsof their stem cell lineage.They function with the nervous system, some\npeople say from what I've read, they say thatthey come from skin cells or they say that they\ncome from the nervous system.It's actually kind of cool because both the\nskin and the nervous system come from theectoderm embryological, so they're at least\ndistant cousins in that manner.> So they're all friends \nand they hang out together, but only there's only one conveyor belt andit's keratinocytes?<Correct, yes.>Alright, we have another question.We have got a bunch of people who ask questions\nabout the nervous system and gated channelsand action potentials."
],
[
"Neurotransmitters, action potential, gated channels, and the process of muscle contraction",
"Kit and Diana and Allie and Allen and Wazi.So can you tell me just in general about ion\nchannels, I guess, and action potentials.<This is about maybe two chapters in even an\nintroductory book.But it's actually really interesting because\nif you get down the basics, and I'll try toboil this down to just a few rules here, but\nif you can get the basics down, you actuallylearn about not just how neurons work, but also how the heart works, \nhow skeletal muscle works.There's probably something else that uses\nthese action potentials that I can't thinkof right now.>Well, I mean any sensing.<Exactly, all of our senses.Our eyes, our ears.Exactly, yeah.Okay.And this is also a very common stumbling block\nfor students.A lot of people have trouble when they're\nstarting out learning this so I like to teachthis boiled down to just a few pretty simple\nrules.It's oversimplifying a little bit, but if\nyou get these down, then you can add on theother layers that really help you get into\nall the details.Okay, so first rule, there are more sodium\nions outside of these cells than inside andthere's more potassium inside than outside.And the cell is making that happen?The cell is making happen with a pump called\nthe sodium-potassium pump.So good name for it.>Pump the potassium in, sodium out?<Correct.So rule one, sodium's out, potassium's in.And both of them are positive ions if you\ndon't know that.Okay, now these kinds of ions, when they're\ndissolved in water, we call them solutes andgenerally, solutes want to move from areas of high concentration to \nareas of low concentration.In other words, given the opportunity, sodium\nwants to come into the cell because it's outsideand potassium wants to get out of the cell\nbecause it's inside.We got that, Hank?>We got that.\n<Okay.Rule three, don't worry too much yet about\nexactly how we got here but if we were tomeasure the electrical difference, remember these are electrically \ncharged, they're both positive.If we were to measure the electricity inside\nof the cell compared to the outside, it wouldshow up at about -70.And depending on the book, sometimes it's\nlisted as -65, -70, close enough.>Who cares?\n<Yeah, it's close enough.>Significant figures, but why is there an electrical\ncharge if they're both positive charged?<Oh, okay. So you want to ask about this?>Well, it seems like a logical question to ask.\n<It is.So one reason is that inside of the cell, there are large anionic \nnegatively charged proteins.So there's some stuff inside of the cell that\nhas a negative charge that can't leave the cell.There's another reason that has to do with\npotassium trying to get out and actually beingallowed out a little bit down its gradient\nand -70 is the balancing voltage toprevent more from leaving.>Yeah, the cell figured it out. The cell made it so that there's \n-70 milliwatts or whatever.<Right. And this is the trick.If the book tries to get you to see why it's -70,\nleave that for later. You'll get it later.It's so much easier if you leave that for\nthat after we talk about all the movement.Okay, so we have -70, and then you\noften see these graphs of action potentialswhere you see a line, the voltage starting\nat -70, and then it's going to goup or down or something like that.So it always will start at -70 or -65.And that is again always telling you the inside\nof the cell relative to the outside.Okay, the last rule is actually a result of\nall of those other rules.And so here's, Hank, where I'm going to ask\nyou to answer this.If the inside is -70 and sodium is\nallowed to come into the cell,and sodium's positively charged, \nwhat happens to the voltage?Does it go up or down?Does it get more positive or-\n>It goes up.<Yeah, it goes up, it becomes \nmore positive or less negative.>Less negative.\n<Yeah, right.So we're adding positives to the inside if\nsodium comes in.Now, what happens if potassium is allowed\nto leave?>Then it gets more negative.<More negative, it goes down.That's all the math you really need for this.>Okay. Love that, up and down.\nIt's not math, it's just a direction.<So sodium comes in and the line goes up, or\npotassium goes out, the voltage goes down.There are your rules.If you get those, then the rest is literally->Just how everything works.\n<just opening and closing doors and putting it in.>And there's a bunch of different doors that let the different things in \nand out in different ways.<Right. So really we can talk about four kinds of\ndoors and for right now we'll skip the firsttwo, I'll just mention them.One is called the leakage channel.So these are protein channels.>Just a door?\n<Yeah, it's an open door.These are protein channels \nacross the cell membrane.They're specific, they only let either sodium\nor potassium through.And so those things are going to go the direction\nthat they want to go.And the leakage channels are just always open.The other one that is part of how we sense\ntouch and hear and balance is called amechanically-gated channel.Basically, it opens if the cell membrane gets\nstretched, like the door gets stretched open.>It's actually a physical reaction. So when we are feeling \ntouch, we are feeling touch.<Yes, yeah.\n>Cool.<Okay. So then we have two \nother channels and they're important for really what this question isgetting out of how neurons work.One is called a chemically gated channel or\na ligand-gated channel.And a ligand is just something that binds\nto a protein.This is a key in a lock kind of situation.So here's a door it's closed, it's locked,\nwe need a key to open it.That key is usually going to be something\nlike acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter,it's actually the neurotransmitter that helps\ntrigger your muscles to contract.Okay, so acetylcholine, if it binds to that\nlittle protein, it's the key, it unlocks the door.The one we usually talk \nabout with these ligand-gated channels are sodium channels.So let's say we open a sodium channel, what\nhappens to sodium?Which direction does it go?>Look, I forgot.<Sodium's outside and it wants to come in.>Wants to come in, okay.<Yep. It wants to come in.And so then the sodium right, now since we're\nadding positives, the inside is going to getmore positive and the voltage is going to\nstart to go up.Now we could-\n>We should have just renamed these ions.We should have called one of them the out\nion and one of them the in ion and that would'vesimplified things greatly.<Well, and the abbreviation for sodium is Na\nand the abbreviation for potassium is K.>So we picked the hardest to remember ones?<I know, I know exactly.>It's like mercury is a little bit harder than\nthose, but basically everything else.<I'm glad I'm not responsible for the naming\nconvention.So let's see.\nSo we have these key channels.We can open sodium ones, \nwe can open potassium ones.Now, the next ones are the important part for\nhow the action potential actually travels.So the whole idea of this is to get a signal,\nto go from point A like your brain to point B,like your gluteus maximus muscle, and to\nget it to contract.Now that's a long way for it to travel and\nso we want it to travel fairly quickly sothat we can react to proper things like walking, it's important to time things \nwell when we're walking.And that's what this next channel is, called\nvoltage-gated channels.And they open when that voltage inside of\nthe cell reaches a certain level and justin one location where that cell is.So they open at about -55 millivolts.We call this the threshold voltage for these\nchannels.So we started at -70, right?We bring in some sodium and then the line\nstarts to go up.If that cell reaches about -55, the\nvoltage-gated channels will open.And the first ones that open are the sodium\nchannels.Did you have a question, Hank?>No, I was just imagining them expanding.<Yeah, so they open up, sodium starts coming in now\nthese voltage-gated channels.And as the sodium comes in, it starts to crawl\nalong the inside of the membrane.It kind of floats in and then distributes.And it's going to slide its way down to a\nlittle bit further on down the cell, eventuallyit will find another voltage-gated sodium\nchannel.If enough sodiums are on the inside, it raises\nthe voltage.At that point, opens that door, sodium marshes\nin, slides down, next gate->Cascade.\n<Sodium in, slides down.And now we get this wave of sodium rushing\nin all the way down the cell in a fractionof a second, it can go a meter down your leg.So very fast reaction.>And this is why I like salt.<This is why salt and sodium level is very\nimportant.Yeah, if you get too much or too little sodium\nyou get tingles and dizziness because yourmuscles and your neurons can start to malfunction.Now, when that gets all the way down to the\nend of the neuron, it does something else,it actually opens a voltage gate calcium channel\nand calcium is just the fine signal that tellsthe cell to release its neurotransmitters.Now the whole time that this has been happening,\nthere's actually another channel, anothervoltage-gated channel.We kind of ignored potassium to this point, right?And so the sodium at that threshold voltage\nthat was opening the voltage-gated sodiumchannels was also opening voltage-gated potassium\nchannels, but they are sticky doors.They don't open that quickly.So actually they're like big, thick, creaky\ndoors, they're slowly opening, sodium's rushingin its channel.And by the time sodium's pretty much done\nrushing in, potassium wants to rush out.And so they're just offset enough.So as the sodium rushes in, the voltage goes\nup and right at the top at about +30then the potassium channels start to open.And then when the potassium channels open,\npotassium is leaving.So what happens if we take a bunch of positive\nthings from inside and we let them out, whathappens to the inside?Does it get more positive or more negative\nif we remove positives?>I was looking at the Slack I \nwasn't paying attention to you. I had to check on something.<It gets more negative.\nHaha it's okay, my students text in class.So the inside of the cell is going to get more negative if those positive \npotassiums are leaving.And it actually is going to get so negative\nthat we reset the voltage.So now we've sent the signal and we've reset it.And again, there's a little bit more to it\nthan that, but if you can get that part downand those rules that we started with, then you can layer on the rest of \nyour understanding on that.>Right, right, right.\nAmazing.I mean, and this is all, the great thing about\nunderstanding that stuff is that from nowon and forever, you just have a totally different\nunderstanding of how your body interacts withthe world around it.<Yeah, yeah.\n>It's pretty cool.#9 is the question that this is on my \nlist, but not the number that we're on.It's from Laurel who asks, what is the best\nway to remember the names and locations of"
],
[
"What's the best way to remember bone landmarks?",
"the bone landmarks?I don't even know a bone landmark was a thing,\nbut in general, there's a lot of memorizationin Anatomy & Physiology.I like the part where it's conceptual, I don't\nlike the part where I'm memorizing bones.<For my students, I try to tell them don't\nmemorize, or memorize as little as possible.And the way to do that is to find what's common\nbetween all the different things.So for example, with the thing we just talked\nabout, if you know a few rules of how thesechannels work and how cells are set up, you\nknow how nerves work, how muscles work andhow a bunch of our senses work.So find those commonalities.Now bones are kind of two parts, one is the\nstructural part and the other part of learningthem is learning the words and I think we're going to talk about how to \nlearn all the words later.>Yeah. We'll get there too.<But as far as the bones, they're a really\nphysical thing.And so I think the best way to learn a lot\nof these details is really just to draw itout yourself.It's great if you have a model, a plastic\nmodel in a lab, or, I mean, you have Stanthere behind you, you can get a skeleton, a full skeleton online some \nplaces, there's 3D apps.But really, it's helpful to get your brain\nto process it in a different way.>This is well known that the more work you\nare doing with your fingers, the better you are learning.So actually drawing, looking at a thing and\nthen closing it and then trying to draw it.That is how-- that is how you learn things.<Right. And I'm going to suggest something.I like what you just said, that it's really\ntrying to draw up from memory.Now, you take a femur or something like that, there's a whole bunch of \nlittle bumps and things on it.And of course, it's three-dimensional, which\nis hard to draw on paper.So you do your best.And I suggest starting with just the very\nbasic shape, don't even worry about all thebumps the first time you draw it.Look at the books, study it, get an idea for\nthe shape and then draw it.And this is where, if you're a horrible artist\nlike me, my dad's an artist, I didn't getthose genes, and if you're\na horrible artist like me, it's actually goodbecause you don't worry about getting all\nthe little details and the shading, just getthe basic shape.Draw that and label whatever you can then\ngo back to your book or go back to whateverkind of reference you're working on and see\nwhere you could improve or see if you goteverything right.See if you could add one more detail or add\none more label.And then close the resource, draw it again\nonly looking at your previous drawing.So make it a little bit better, do it all\nagain, label what you can and then compareit to the resource and just kind of go back and forth and slowly build \nup your knowledge that way.If your teacher, like I do to my students, I'll hand them a list of \n300 terms to know in a lab.And that's totally overwhelming.Don't study the whole thing all at once.One thing at a time, or \nmaybe two things at a time.And so drawing is really good for that.<Totally.All right, we got a question that is from\na bunch of people, Gracie, Jamila, Ryan whoasks, it's all just generally about heart\nfunction and ECGs and how ECGs work."
],
[
"How to read an ECG",
"<Yeah, this is the other common stumbling block,\nthe nervous system and then this heart function.>We have to sort of understand the whole cascade\nof heart cells and what they're doing?<Yeah. Well, we actually \nalready know some of that.So there's really two parts to understanding\nheart function.One is electrical, and we mostly just talked\nabout that.We can talk a little bit more about that.And the other is really like physical and\nthis is when we talk about like->What happens in what order?\n<Yeah, and pumping the blood that the pressure and stuff that is involved in moving \nthe blood through the body.So here's a rule and this \nis again, mostly accurate.Some physicists may not think that I'm phrasing\nthis properly,but for the purposes of Anatomy & \nPhysiology, this is what you need to know.Fluids move from high pressure to low pressure.I mean, that's pretty simple, right?And this is fluids including air and liquids\nlike blood.So actually this tells us how we breathe,\nhow we move air in and out of our lungs.It's high pressure and low pressure.Okay, but back to the heart.So what is the heart?The heart is a muscle, right?That's kind of where we started.And so muscles contract, and when the heart contracts, it produces \npressure inside of the heart.And so this is how the blood is going to get\nmoved around but it's important that the heartis not all contracting at all at once like\nyour gluteus maximus might contract whenyou're running, right?The heart actually contracts in kind of two parts.So the top part of the heart, they're called the atria so you have a left \natrium and a right atrium.And then in the bottom half of the heart,\nyou have the ventricles, a left ventricleand the right ventricle.And the blood goes from atria on one side\nto ventricles on the same side.So what we want to have happen is the atria\nto contract on top to send the of the blooddown to the ventricles.And then once the ventricles are fully filled\nup, then we want them to contract.We don't want them contracting at the same\ntime as the atrium.So there's this little delay in there.That delay is actually part \nof the electrical system.So, again, we'll come back to that electrical system so just kind of ignore \nthe delay for right now.So the atria, they're going to squeeze and\ncreate higher pressure, higher fluid pressureor hydrostatic pressure than what we find\nin the ventricles.And therefore we have a pressure gradient and the blood will flow from \natria down to ventricles.When the atria are done squeezing, then the\nbig ventricles are going to squeeze at thebottom and they can produce a lot of pressure.And so they start squeezing.As the pressure in the ventricles gets above\nthe pressure and the atria, then the bloodwill want to flow to that \nlow pressure in the atrium, and it will actually start to flow that direction.But then it gets stuck on those valves that\nwe were talking about earlier, that kind ofleathery, tough connective tissue.And we'll shut those valves, the backflow will actually close those \nvalves and they slam shut.And that kind of slamming shut and this pressure\nwave that happensis the first heartbeat sound that you hear, right?So we talk about the lub-dub of \nheartbeat sounds, the two sounds,this is the lub, this is the first one.Then the ventricle keeps contracting and keeps\nbuilding up pressure.I mean, this all happens in a fraction of\nthe second so I'm kind of slowing this way down.So as the pressure builds in the ventricle,\nit eventually gets high enough that it's higherthan the pressure out in the big arteries,\nlike the aorta.So the aorta at rest, when the heart is at\nrest, is about 80 millimeters of mercury,mercury abbreviated, Hg, there's your other\nfavorite one?And that's your resting blood pressure, what\nwe call your diastolic blood pressure.So if you have 120 over 80 for your blood\npressure, that's that bottom number.So the ventricle's going to eventually get\nhigher pressure than the pressure in the aorta.At that point, now we have a pressure gradient\nagain, and the blood is going to want to flowfrom the high pressure in the ventricle to\nthe lower pressure in the aorta.So then it'll actually open a valve called the semilunar valve and will \npush out into the aorta.But at some point, the ventricle has squeezed\nout almost all of its blood and so it can'tkeep up with that pressure anymore and the\npressure in the ventricle will start to drop,but there's still a lot of \npressure up in the aorta.And so once we get that reverse pressure gradient,\nagain, the blood will try to flow from thehigher pressure in the ventricle or in the\naorta back into the ventricle.And that little backflow will slam shut the\nsemilunar valves.And that's the second sound that we hear.So it's all about pressure differentials.And this actually brings us to one of my favorite Anatomy facts of all of \nAnatomy & Physiology, right?So think about the word circulatory system.It means circle, right?So the blood is traveling in a circle from\nthe heart back to the heart.But if the heart is both the start and the\nend and fluid flows from high pressure topressure, it means the heart is both the highest pressure and the lowest pressure \njust at different times.>Yeah. And not just that, but a big differential,because it has to push it \nthrough all those tissues-<Yeah\n>like, tight spaces.Yeah, so that ventricle \ncan develop 120 millimeters of mercury of pressure up in the aorta andit carries down your arm.So when you get your blood pressure cuff put\non your arm, that's where it's measuring,that's kind of basically getting that same\npressure from the heart.And then the atrium and the ventricle, they\nhave to drop all the way back down to essentiallya pressure of zero in order to receive the\nblood all the way back around the other side.>Well, a physicist will argue about pressure\nof zero.<True. And this is all relative pressures kind of\ntoo, so yeah, yeah.We're all under, yeah.<Yeah. And the thing that I also remember is that\nthat the work to fill up the lung with bloodis also just a huge amount of pressure necessary\nfor that just because there's so much...<To fill it with blood or with air?\n>With blood.<Yeah, but it's actually less pressure.>Not filling the lung with blood, filling all\nof the alveoli and stuff with blood.<Yeah, the capillaries with blood.Yeah, it's actually far less pressure than\nthe other side.So the left ventricle \ndevelops about 120 millimeters of mercury, by the population average 120millimeters, the right ventricle is more like\n30 or 40 millimeters.>And that's what's pumping into the-\n<that's what's pumping into the lungs.Part of that is the lungs have a very thin\nmembrane between the blood capillaries andthe air because we want the air to be able\nto pass through that membrane.>You don't want to pop those?\n<You don't want to pop those with too high blood pressure.It's also a shorter distance and there's some\nother reasons why there's lower pressure,but yeah, it's a very delicate system.>Wildly delicate system and it works all of\nthe time and never stops working ever I promise.<Never. So I think we still had \nthe electrical part of the heart.>Oh God.\n<I know. It's actually not that bad.The signal is exactly what we talked about before.It's these waves of voltage-gated channels,\nsodium channels, opening and carrying thesignal around the heart.It mostly starts in what we call the sin atrial node, which is on the upper \nright corner of the heart.And it's a bunch of cells that they have actually\nleakage channels, we mentioned before theyhave some leakage sodium channels.And so sodium is leaking in constantly and\ncausing that voltage to creep up.And when the voltage hits the threshold voltage,\nthe massive signal goes all the way aroundall the atrium and they contract and then\nreset and then the sodium starts leaking inand the voltage creeps up again.And so the SA node has that automatic timer,\nthat's why we call it the internal pacemaker.>Right, so there isn't a part of your brain,\nsome subconscious part of your brain that'slike, \"Okay, make sure you \nkeep beating the heart.\" The heart beats itself.<The heart beats itself, the brain through\nvarious mechanisms can turn that faster orslower, but the heart beats itself.>For when you need more oxygen--\n<Right.>because your big, big butt \nmuscles are pushing you along.<Right. You get your fight or flight response and\nyour butt muscles have to push you along,they need more oxygen, heart \nrate's going to increase.>alright.<Well, yeah, so we have this electrical signal\naround the heart.There's a little pause, it can't get through\nthose valves to the bottom, to the ventricleso there's a little delay as it goes through\nthe atrioventricular node and then the electricalsignal gets dispersed from that and causes\nthe ventricles to contract.>Okay, so it's the same signal that's causing the\nventricles to contract too?<It is, it's like a fire hose through a pinhole.It gets stuck at this thin little conduction\narea and then that allows for that delay sothat the atria can contract and push their\nblood down to the ventricles before the ventriclescontract and push the blood out.>And it's a delicate system and if anything\ngoes wrong with it, that's why you have allkinds of different heartbeat problems.<All kinds of different heartbeat problems,\ncorrect.>Yeah. That's pretty cool.\nAnd I'm glad that it works.All right, Brandon, I want to ask you about some tips and tricks for learning \nabout Anatomy & Physiology.First of all, with regards \nto learning these words.>Yes. Lots of words."
],
[
"Tips for studying A&P #1 - learning the root words",
"Like I said before, memorize \nas little as possible.And one way to do that is to learn the root\nwords of things.There's a lot of Latin and Greek, it doesn't\nmatter which one it is, but learn things likeepi, E-P-I, that means upon or on top of,\nor you can phrase it in slightly differentways, but really it's that idea of on or around.So learn that word epi and then go find in\nall of the systems, or all the systems you'restudying at that time, all \nthe words that start with epi.So you have epidermis is on top of the dermis,\nyou have epicardium is the epithelial layerupon the heart or around the heart.You have epinephrine, which epi is on top\nof or upon, and nephrine means kidneys.So you'll see words like nephron and stuff\nlike that with kidneys.Well, epinephrine means on top of the kidneys,\nthat's where the adrenal glands are that actuallymake epinephrine or we also call it adrenaline depending on which side of \nthe Atlantic Ocean you're on.<So now none of us will ever \nforget where the adrenal gland is.>Right, they're epi of nephros.<Yeah, which never had occurred to me that\nepinephrine was at all related to even Anatomy.I thought it was just a chemical name.>Right, right.So there you go, now you'll never forget where\nit is and now you know exactly what epi meansand you can figure out a lot of other words,\nthat's kind of the fun thing if you know thewords, instead of memorizing, you get to figure\nout other things.And then back to the bone question, right?So how do you learn all of the landmarks?Well, a lot of the landmarks have these repeating\nnames.So you have fossas and foramen and \ntrochanters and grooves and a whole bunch of names like that repeat over and over.So pick one, like fossa, a \nfossa is a shallow depression in a bone usually where a muscle attaches.And then go find all the fossas and figure\nout where they are and what they look like.And then as you put all these words together, suddenly some words start \nto make a lot more sense.So on the scapula, on your shoulder blade,\nthere's a couple of large fossas one of themis the infraspinus fossa of the scapula.And that might seem like a kind of intimidating\nword at first or set of words at first.Well, infra means below, spinus is refers\nto the spine that runs along the scapula,not your vertebra spine, but the spine on\nthe scapula.And then fossa is a shallow depression.So the infraspinus fossa is the shallow depression\nthat sits below the spine of the scapula.Once again, if you know those parts, that\nword is a lot easier to remember and thenyou can picture exactly where it is.And even more helpful, the muscle that attaches\nthere is called infraspinatus.<Which sounds like a disease. And now we'll never forget about...yes, I will.<Yeah. I mean, it's not /not/ work, but this is a way\nto make it less work>And yeah, it makes it more fun I think, too.\nIt gives you tools instead of...<Yeah. Instead of just memorizing.Yeah, alright. You got any \nother things, any other ways you see working?>Yeah. So a lot of my students tell me that they\nmake flashcards and flashcards are great but"
],
[
"Tips for studying A&P #2 - how to use flashcards",
"I think you have to use them the correct way.And we've learned a lot and there's the Crash\nCourse Study [Skills],the whole course that covers some of this.But one of the keys to using flashcards is\nto randomize them and also use them to figureout what you know and what you don't know.And really we should all work \non our weaknesses at first.It's easier to work on our strengths, we need\nto work on our weaknesses.So if you have flashcards and I've had students\ncome in with a stack of 300 index cards, beautifulflashcards, artwork, all kinds of stuff on them.And they say, \"I'm studying them.\nI'm not learning anything.\"And I will show them what to do.I'll take the whole stack, let's say this\nis all the bones and bone landmarks and onone side they have bones and on the other side \nthey have landmarks or something like that.I take their whole stack of flashcards and\nI throw them up in the air as high as I canin my office.They scatter and they all flip over and then\nwe pick them up together.Now, the order has changed and they're flipped\nin different directions.So that's part one.Now that's already pretty good to just study\nfrom those, but really you kind of have toput yourself in a testing situation, you have\nto use what's called recall practice.And the way to do that, one way I suggest\ndoing that is to take maybe just the top 10flashcards, don't flip them over, don't reorganize\nthem, exactly how you picked them up.Take the top 10 and lay them out on your desk\nand then get a piece of paper and put numbersone through 10.And if the first flashcard has a term on it\nand the back has a definition, then you writeout the definition.And if it has a definition, you write out\nthe term.If it has, however you have your flashcard\nset up, if it has a muscle name on it, youwrite out the bone it connects to, or however\nyou cut it, right?You give yourself a quiz using those top 10,\nand then you go back...Oh, and as you're answering, add a little\ncheck mark or a star if you're really confidentin your answer, that you know it, then go\ngrade yourself by flipping over the flashcard.So you haven't flipped them over yet, you\nhaven't cheated on your own test.Now, flip them over, see if you got it right.If you got it right and you were confident\nin it, put it in a pile far away from you.<It's gone. I don't need that.\n>You're done. You don't need that.<Don't waste time on that.\n>Right.If you got it right, but you weren't confident\nput that in another pile, maybe you will getback to that, but you knew it.And unless you know it was a total guess,\nyou don't put that aside.That's not where you really need to spend\nyour time.Trust yourself.Now you should be confident that you got it.The ones that you got wrong, those stay close\nto you and that's now your new pile.And then that's what you study.And then you do this again.And then you study and then you do this again.And so you're slowly moving cards into that\nhigher confidence or the correct piles andyour stack of stuff to study gets smaller\nand smaller and smaller and you can feel likeyou're learning stuff that way.And in fact, you can get this in apps and\nother things, the Crash Course App for Anatomy& Physiology helps you track your confidence\nand helps you figure out what you know andyou don't know in the same way.<Mm-hmm (affirmative).And then the last thing that you wrote down\nhere is to learn by teaching."
],
[
"Tips for studying A&P #3 - learning by teaching",
"And I remember doing this to myself.>Yeah.<Be like, how would I say this to me if I wanted\nme to learn it?And just restating or writing down in my own words what I have learned because \nthat's the real synthesis.>Yes. That's how I learn now is teaching myself.That takes some practice, you really do have\nto know what you don't know before I thinkyou can teach yourself.And so that can be difficult.I actually started, when I first took Comparative\nAnatomy in graduate school out in Montana,I taught my dog.It was just someone else to talk to.But she had big rippling muscles in short\nbursts so when I was learning all the muscles,I could pet her.She enjoyed just being pet, any attention she could get, but I would \npet her and name the muscles.<So get a dog.Get a dog, but you got to make sure it's not\nvery shaggy, or one of those hairless cats.>Right, right, right.\nAnd so you can see the muscles.But teach anyone.I have students that say, \"I don't have anyone\nto teach.My roommate is an English major.\"Perfect, teach them.They'll get really bored.But they understand you know it.<I'll tell you what, my wife hates this about me,\nbut she knows so many things now.>I'm pretty sure my wife would say the same thing.<\"I have to tell you about this thing I learned.\">Yeah, yeah, yeah.It's definitely the best way because like\nyou said, it helps you process and reformulateyour own ideas so that someone else, even\nif that someone else is you, can understand it.<Yeah. All right.We have a couple of chat questions.I'm going to ask you a chat question.And I'm curious about this from, from Katrina\nwho asks, \"What happens when a muscle cramps?"
],
[
"What happens when a muscle cramps?",
"Why am I in pain?\">You know what, that's a good question.That is not in my wheelhouse.So I can't give you a definitive answer.<It's a muscle!>I know, I know.And I actually am a muscle physiologist,but for birds and they never tell \nme when their muscle is cramping.<Cramps.>But what I will say is, so I'm not defining\nwhat a muscle cramp is, but you can thinkof all the steps of a muscle contraction and\nwhat eventually could go wrong if the muscleis cramping and it's actually contracting.I do teach students about different kinds\nof toxins and venoms as a way of learninghow muscles contract.So you can have things that are kind of going\nwrong on the nervous system side, either thebrain is constantly sending a signal or the\nneuron is firing on its own too much or theacetylcholine that's floating across and binding\nto its channel, there's something wrong withthat channel and so the muscle cell thinks\nit's constantly being told to contract.You can also get problems in the muscle itself\nwhere you can have say too much calcium inthe muscle and that's the final signal for\nthe actual contraction phase.You can get electrolyte imbalances, right?There's a lot of things that can interfere\nwith that nice clean system of signals thatwe've talked about that could potentially\ncause a muscle cramp.But as far as a cramp during \nexercise, I definitely don't know enough to give a definitive answer.<Yeah.I was told once and please check me on this\nbefore you tell someone else, people listening,that the reason that cramps hurt after a while\nis because there's not enough blood to continuethe cramp, to continue the muscle flex, the\neffort of it and the cramping can actuallyconstrict blood supply, the flexing of the\nmuscle itself can constrict blood supply becausethe muscle is flexing.>Yes. Muscle contraction in general changes blood\nflow and can constrict it.And muscles hurt a lot, like during a heart\nattack, even cardiac muscle hurts a lot whenthe oxygen delivery rate \nis too slow for the demand.<So if your chest hurts, go \nto the doctor immediately.>Yeah. Although importantly, this is surprisingly\nnot well known, for women having heart attacksthat pain is not usually-\n<It can be different, yeah.>Yeah, it's often actually more like fatigue.<Yeah. And it can be referred \nmore often in the neck or the arms.>Yeah, the pain can show up in different places.<Mm-hmm (affirmative). Stupid bodies.William had a question, do you have any tricks\nfor remembering the veins and the arteries?"
],
[
"Tricks for remembering the veins and arteries",
">You know, I actually do.It worked for me, I think it works for a lot\nof my students, and that's to draw a map.And like I said before with \nthe bones, start simple.And the best maps, they're not really accurate.They actually are easier to follow.So think of a subway map or a transit map\nwhere you can see the order of things andyou can see the connections, but it's not\nlike it's geographically 100% accurate.So if you draw your map and just start by\nthinking, \"I'm giving someone directions tothe spleen or to the stomach, how do I get\nfrom the heart down there?\"And you just learn that part first.And then you say, \"Well, what if I also wanted\nto go down to the leg?\"Then you go to the spleen, you draw your map\nto the spleen so just to refresh your brain,and then you continue, you go past that turn\nand you go to the leg and you label it.So again, start with just a few arteries and\nveins and label them and then build up on that.Every time you redraw it, just add a few more,\nadding a few more turns.It's like learning your way \naround a new city, right?You learn just one simple path from home to work,and then you start learning \nthe scenic routes around that.Once you get that pathway down, then say you're\ndissecting, you're looking at a much morerealistic model, it's much easier to find\nthe actual arteries and veins because youcan always go back to the aorta and start\nfrom there, start from where you know, andthen follow the arteries and veins out in\nthe dissection.And if you know your map well enough, then\nyou will be able to follow the actual things.<Right. And also you know where you lose track, if\nyou're following a map you know and then youreinforce the most common boulevards, the\nbigger roads.And so every time you're going down, you're\nreinforcing that, the most important and themost common bits before you get to the branches\nthat are going to be harder to remember becausethere are so many of them.>Correct, yeah.And that's kind of part of spaced repetition,\nwhich is the learning strategy of repeating,but making sure to space it out over days\nor weeks or even longer-<It's so hard to do because that is not how I am tested or was tested.\n>No, it's not, no.<It was like here, get the information, then\ntake the test and then forget it forever.>Until maybe the final exam.<Yeah, exactly. Yeah.>But if you're in an anatomy class sure, sure\nyou probably need to get a certain grade tocontinue on in whatever program, but it's\nprobably not the last time you're going tosee this stuff and that's big spaced repetition.You see it maybe first year in college or\ncommunity college and then you might not seeit again until four years later.But if you work hard in that first year, it'll\nbe there.<It's amazing how much stuff is still there.I recently started learning Spanish again\nand I hadn't looked at it since my freshmanyear of college and I was like, \"Wow, there's\na fair amount of Spanish still in this brain.\"So yeah, they're amazing organs.\nOkay. Well.I feel as if I learned some wonderful things\nabout Anatomy & Physiology.So thank you, everybody, for asking thoughtful\nquestions, and thanks again to Flipgrid for"
],
[
"Outro",
"sponsoring the livestream, making it all happen,\nand you can check them out, there's a linkto them in description below.Brandon, thank you very much for all of your\nexpertise and yeah, I just really appreciateseeing you again.>Yeah. And Hank, thank you \nfor Crash Course, I know it's helped a lot of my students \nin lots of different classes.I think it's been a great resource.<Well, thanks so much.Thank you for contributing to it and \nmaking Anatomy & Physiology possible.Thank you all for joining us.I have been Hank Green, \nthat's been Brandon Jackson.Thank you.It's been a good old time!"
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How to Apply to College | How to College | Crash Course
|
m_9S5cBNvTs
| 495 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "So you’ve decided to apply to college.",
"timestamp": [
6.22,
7.7
]
},
{
"text": "Fantastic.",
"timestamp": [
7.7,
8.7
]
},
{
"text": "Now you just need to condense your entire\nbackground, your qualifications,",
"timestamp": [
8.7,
12.9
]
},
{
"text": "and the whole story of your life into like\n3 or 4 very specific types of documents.",
"timestamp": [
12.9,
17.42
]
},
{
"text": "Luckily, this is actually not as hard as it\nsounds.",
"timestamp": [
17.42,
20.88
]
},
{
"text": "By the end of this episode, we’ll have broken\ndown the college application into a few steps.",
"timestamp": [
20.88,
24.96
]
},
{
"text": "While colleges do ask for a lot of information,",
"timestamp": [
24.96,
28.23
]
},
{
"text": "it’s easiest to understand what you need\nby taking a bird’s eye view of the process.",
"timestamp": [
28.23,
31.55
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky and this is Crash\nCourse: How to College,",
"timestamp": [
31.55,
35.03
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in partnership\nwith Arizona State University.",
"timestamp": [
35.03,
38.14
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go on a little walkthrough of the\ncollege application.",
"timestamp": [
38.14,
42.5
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
42.5,
49.32
]
},
{
"text": "The first step to apply to college is to figure\nout where you might want to go and why!",
"timestamp": [
49.32,
53.28
]
},
{
"text": "Your preferences will be personal.",
"timestamp": [
53.28,
54.94
]
},
{
"text": "Maybe you’re looking for a match that’s\nclose to your family,",
"timestamp": [
54.94,
57.22
]
},
{
"text": "and if it’s not… things just aren’t\ngoing to work out.",
"timestamp": [
57.22,
59.46
]
},
{
"text": "Or maybe your deal breaker is cost.",
"timestamp": [
59.46,
61.28
]
},
{
"text": "Remember though, there might be room for compromise:",
"timestamp": [
61.28,
63.33
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll talk about how to pay for college\nin an upcoming episode",
"timestamp": [
63.33,
66.079
]
},
{
"text": "and we discussed how to find the right school\nfor you in our second episode.",
"timestamp": [
66.079,
69.27
]
},
{
"text": "When you’re ready to apply, you’ll want\nto think about how",
"timestamp": [
69.27,
71.75
]
},
{
"text": "competitive it will be to get into each school\nby looking at their selectivity, or rate of",
"timestamp": [
71.75,
76.56
]
},
{
"text": "admission.",
"timestamp": [
76.56,
77.56
]
},
{
"text": "To ensure that you’ll be able to attend\ncollege next year,",
"timestamp": [
77.56,
79.44
]
},
{
"text": "include some “safe” schools that you know\nyou’re well-qualified to attend",
"timestamp": [
79.44,
82.94
]
},
{
"text": "and that have a high admissions rate compared\nto others on your list.",
"timestamp": [
82.94,
85.86
]
},
{
"text": "In general, community colleges and trade schools\naccept more students,",
"timestamp": [
85.86,
89.49
]
},
{
"text": "so you won’t typically have to worry about\ncategorizing them by competitiveness.",
"timestamp": [
89.49,
93.34
]
},
{
"text": "Getting into college is no guarantee.",
"timestamp": [
93.34,
95.73
]
},
{
"text": "Every year, students receive admissions decisions\nthat surprise them,",
"timestamp": [
95.73,
98.6
]
},
{
"text": "so it’s best to choose some schools that\nare a safe bet.",
"timestamp": [
98.6,
101.44
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes though, students receive admissions\ndecisions that are a more pleasant surprise.",
"timestamp": [
101.44,
104.909
]
},
{
"text": "That’s why many students choose to include\n“reach” schools",
"timestamp": [
104.909,
107.94
]
},
{
"text": "that they would love to attend but are more\ncompetitive.",
"timestamp": [
107.94,
109.84
]
},
{
"text": "If you make a good case for yourself and submit\na solid application,",
"timestamp": [
109.84,
113.5
]
},
{
"text": "you never know, so don’t underestimate yourself!",
"timestamp": [
113.5,
116.05
]
},
{
"text": "Applying to a school that might be a stretch\ncould pay off,",
"timestamp": [
116.05,
118.56
]
},
{
"text": "so it’s a good strategy to include at least\none on your list.",
"timestamp": [
118.56,
121.299
]
},
{
"text": "The core of your list of colleges should be\nschools that match your level of achievement",
"timestamp": [
121.299,
124.84
]
},
{
"text": "and meet your most important criteria.",
"timestamp": [
124.84,
126.939
]
},
{
"text": "Thinking about whether a school will want\nyou is important,",
"timestamp": [
126.939,
129.34
]
},
{
"text": "but it’s also important to think about whether\nyou want the school",
"timestamp": [
129.34,
132.65
]
},
{
"text": "and whether these are places where you feel\nsafe and where you’ll be able to learn and",
"timestamp": [
132.65,
136.37
]
},
{
"text": "thrive.",
"timestamp": [
136.37,
137.37
]
},
{
"text": "It’s hard to get a sense of a campus's culture\nas an outsider,",
"timestamp": [
137.37,
140.15
]
},
{
"text": "but seeing how a school talks about themselves\non their websites",
"timestamp": [
140.15,
142.7
]
},
{
"text": "or talking to current students can be really\nilluminating.",
"timestamp": [
142.7,
146.06
]
},
{
"text": "Ask students what activities they are involved\nin and what they like about their classes",
"timestamp": [
146.06,
149.29
]
},
{
"text": "and their professors.",
"timestamp": [
149.29,
150.29
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also a good idea to look for opportunities\nto meet with representatives",
"timestamp": [
150.29,
153.4
]
},
{
"text": "of the colleges that interest you.",
"timestamp": [
153.4,
154.93
]
},
{
"text": "One way to do this is to attend “college\nfairs,” which are often hosted at high schools.",
"timestamp": [
154.93,
159.42
]
},
{
"text": "Some schools offer ways to connect with alumni\nor current students,",
"timestamp": [
159.42,
162.87
]
},
{
"text": "sometimes called “admissions ambassadors,”\nso you can get",
"timestamp": [
162.87,
165.66
]
},
{
"text": "a personal perspective from someone on the\nschool’s academics or campus culture.",
"timestamp": [
165.66,
168.98
]
},
{
"text": "You might not know what types of schools you\nprefer until you see them,",
"timestamp": [
168.98,
172.209
]
},
{
"text": "so consider visiting a campus in person or\nvirtually as you make your list.",
"timestamp": [
172.209,
175.68
]
},
{
"text": "So with some research and some forethought\nabout deal breakers,",
"timestamp": [
175.68,
178.69
]
},
{
"text": "we really can narrow down the hundreds of\npossible colleges to just a few",
"timestamp": [
178.69,
182.319
]
},
{
"text": "that we’re actually excited about applying\nto.",
"timestamp": [
182.319,
184.41
]
},
{
"text": "And finally, applying to college can be expensive.",
"timestamp": [
184.41,
187.74
]
},
{
"text": "Some students want to apply to many schools\nto give themselves good odds for acceptance,",
"timestamp": [
187.74,
191.34
]
},
{
"text": "but it’s normal to feel discouraged by the\ncost of applications,",
"timestamp": [
191.34,
194.629
]
},
{
"text": "which can easily add up.",
"timestamp": [
194.629,
195.9
]
},
{
"text": "Don’t be afraid to ask about fee waivers.",
"timestamp": [
195.9,
198.12
]
},
{
"text": "Admissions representatives, college counselors,\nor current students",
"timestamp": [
198.12,
200.53
]
},
{
"text": "may be able to help you find ways to avoid\npaying a fee for every application you submit.",
"timestamp": [
200.53,
204.75
]
},
{
"text": "This information is not always out in the\nopen, so it’s worth spending time",
"timestamp": [
204.75,
208.17
]
},
{
"text": "to find out or ask someone at the school.",
"timestamp": [
208.17,
210.23
]
},
{
"text": "Once you have a list, the next step is to\ncollect documents related to your qualifications,",
"timestamp": [
210.23,
214.209
]
},
{
"text": "which you might have organized already if\nyou watched our last episode on preparing",
"timestamp": [
214.209,
217.55
]
},
{
"text": "to apply to college!",
"timestamp": [
217.55,
218.55
]
},
{
"text": "First, you’ll need a transcript, which is\nan official record of all the courses you",
"timestamp": [
218.55,
222.48
]
},
{
"text": "took",
"timestamp": [
222.48,
223.48
]
},
{
"text": "and the grades you got from any high school\nor GED program that you attended.",
"timestamp": [
223.48,
226.769
]
},
{
"text": "This proves that you’ve met your school’s\nand state’s requirements for secondary education.",
"timestamp": [
226.769,
230.89
]
},
{
"text": "Second, some schools also require standardized\ntest scores, like SAT or ACT scores,",
"timestamp": [
230.89,
236.58
]
},
{
"text": "which demonstrate how much you've mastered\ngeneral knowledge concepts.",
"timestamp": [
236.58,
239.9
]
},
{
"text": "Check out our previous episodes for more information,",
"timestamp": [
239.9,
242.05
]
},
{
"text": "but it's important to remember that while\nwe're in this global pandemic,",
"timestamp": [
242.05,
245.29
]
},
{
"text": "many schools have waived the SAT or ACT exam\nentirely.",
"timestamp": [
245.29,
248.9
]
},
{
"text": "So be sure you know what the school you're\napplying to expects before you make plans.",
"timestamp": [
248.9,
252.29
]
},
{
"text": "The third, and most open-ended aspect of your\ncollege application,",
"timestamp": [
252.29,
255.47
]
},
{
"text": "will be your own personal writing.",
"timestamp": [
255.47,
257.599
]
},
{
"text": "Most schools require a personal statement\nor college essay.",
"timestamp": [
257.599,
260.87
]
},
{
"text": "This is usually a 1-2 page essay that will\ngive you the chance",
"timestamp": [
260.87,
263.69
]
},
{
"text": "to show the admissions committee who you are\noutside of test scores and grades.",
"timestamp": [
263.69,
267.69
]
},
{
"text": "This is when you get to talk about yourself,\nshow your personality,",
"timestamp": [
267.69,
270.49
]
},
{
"text": "and contextualize all the little bits and\npieces of your application.",
"timestamp": [
270.49,
273.75
]
},
{
"text": "It's your chance to show who you are as a\nperson,",
"timestamp": [
273.75,
275.94
]
},
{
"text": "and why that person is a good fit for this\ncollege.",
"timestamp": [
275.94,
278.65
]
},
{
"text": "In addition, you may have supplemental questions\nto answer,",
"timestamp": [
278.65,
281.37
]
},
{
"text": "or a writing sample to select.",
"timestamp": [
281.37,
283.09
]
},
{
"text": "Let's go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
283.09,
284.55
]
},
{
"text": "Say Ana is thinking about going back to college\nafter working for a few years after high school.",
"timestamp": [
284.55,
288.51
]
},
{
"text": "In her personal statement, she’ll want to\nexplain what sort of",
"timestamp": [
288.51,
291.43
]
},
{
"text": "student she’d be and what she might bring\nto the college.",
"timestamp": [
291.43,
294.02
]
},
{
"text": "It’s her first time writing a personal statement,",
"timestamp": [
294.02,
296.68
]
},
{
"text": "and that can be a little uncomfortable.",
"timestamp": [
296.68,
297.9
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a new experience, since so far she’s\nmostly written essays",
"timestamp": [
297.9,
301.93
]
},
{
"text": "about novels or historical events for her\nteachers.",
"timestamp": [
301.93,
304.43
]
},
{
"text": "Ana has probably written tons of emails, text\nmessages,",
"timestamp": [
304.43,
307.55
]
},
{
"text": "and social media posts, and maybe even some\njournal entries.",
"timestamp": [
307.55,
310.24
]
},
{
"text": "A personal statement will be somewhat similar\nto those things,",
"timestamp": [
310.24,
313.55
]
},
{
"text": "because it’ll be written in the first-person,\nbut it will also be a bit different",
"timestamp": [
313.55,
317.3
]
},
{
"text": "because Ana will be using her statement to\npitch her best qualities.",
"timestamp": [
317.3,
320.97
]
},
{
"text": "Since this time it’s all about Ana, it’s\nokay for her to brag and explain why she’s",
"timestamp": [
320.97,
324.67
]
},
{
"text": "proud of herself.",
"timestamp": [
324.67,
325.67
]
},
{
"text": "Ana has already added her resume to her college\napplication",
"timestamp": [
325.67,
328.22
]
},
{
"text": "and doesn’t want her personal statement\nto be a repeat of that.",
"timestamp": [
328.22,
331.21
]
},
{
"text": "Instead, her personal statement will tell\na story about how she developed her interests,",
"timestamp": [
331.21,
335.169
]
},
{
"text": "values, and pursuits,",
"timestamp": [
335.169,
337.009
]
},
{
"text": "and then make the case that she would be a\ngreat addition to the student body at that",
"timestamp": [
337.009,
340.4
]
},
{
"text": "college.",
"timestamp": [
340.4,
341.4
]
},
{
"text": "Ana decides to follow some time-tested writing\nadvice: “Show, don’t tell.”",
"timestamp": [
341.4,
345.13
]
},
{
"text": "Instead of writing, “I have experience leading\na group,” she may tell the story",
"timestamp": [
345.13,
348.38
]
},
{
"text": "about how organizing a group project with\nher lab partners",
"timestamp": [
348.38,
350.96
]
},
{
"text": "helped her realize she has the ability to\ndelegate and lead others.",
"timestamp": [
350.96,
354.27
]
},
{
"text": "For your own personal statement,",
"timestamp": [
354.27,
355.88
]
},
{
"text": "you might tell the story of how your first\nvolleyball injury inspired you",
"timestamp": [
355.88,
358.7
]
},
{
"text": "to pursue sports medicine, or how being overwhelmed\nby a big project",
"timestamp": [
358.7,
362.539
]
},
{
"text": "made you passionate about mental health.",
"timestamp": [
362.539,
364.96
]
},
{
"text": "Tell a story that only you can write.",
"timestamp": [
364.96,
367.13
]
},
{
"text": "Supplemental questions are school-specific,",
"timestamp": [
367.13,
368.889
]
},
{
"text": "but usually ask about topics like your leadership\nexperience,",
"timestamp": [
368.889,
371.86
]
},
{
"text": "how your background or upbringing has affected\nyour values or goals,",
"timestamp": [
371.86,
375.2
]
},
{
"text": "how you overcame a significant challenge,",
"timestamp": [
375.2,
377.12
]
},
{
"text": "how you successfully reached a big accomplishment,",
"timestamp": [
377.12,
379.36
]
},
{
"text": "or how you plan to pursue a big project or\ncareer path.",
"timestamp": [
379.36,
381.949
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
381.949,
383.15
]
},
{
"text": "Last, here’s some general writing advice.",
"timestamp": [
383.15,
385.77
]
},
{
"text": "When working on any type of writing, it’s\nimportant for us to get our ideas written",
"timestamp": [
385.77,
389.169
]
},
{
"text": "down.",
"timestamp": [
389.169,
390.169
]
},
{
"text": "Even if our work looks disorganized or messy,\nhaving a rough draft",
"timestamp": [
390.169,
393.46
]
},
{
"text": "allows us to share our thoughts with others\nand revise.",
"timestamp": [
393.46,
395.83
]
},
{
"text": "Once we can see our work on paper, it’s\nclearer what needs to improve.",
"timestamp": [
395.83,
399.55
]
},
{
"text": "And once you’ve got a rough draft, it’s\nbest to find other people to read your work.",
"timestamp": [
399.55,
403.08
]
},
{
"text": "Some of these should be people who know you\nwell,",
"timestamp": [
403.08,
405.15
]
},
{
"text": "so that they can tell whether you are communicating\nyour strengths clearly.",
"timestamp": [
405.15,
407.9
]
},
{
"text": "Teachers, family friends, fellow students,\nmanagers, and current college students are",
"timestamp": [
407.9,
412.4
]
},
{
"text": "all good options.",
"timestamp": [
412.4,
413.4
]
},
{
"text": "It may also help to find at least one person,\nlike an admissions counselor or neighbor,",
"timestamp": [
413.4,
417.669
]
},
{
"text": "who doesn’t know you as well.",
"timestamp": [
417.669,
419.639
]
},
{
"text": "Since the admissions counselor reading your\nwork doesn’t know you,",
"timestamp": [
419.639,
422.32
]
},
{
"text": "make sure to describe your background in a\nway that is accessible to an unfamiliar audience",
"timestamp": [
422.32,
425.93
]
},
{
"text": "–but limit your readers to 4 or 5.",
"timestamp": [
425.93,
428.88
]
},
{
"text": "Too many opinions may end up overwhelming\nyou instead of helping!",
"timestamp": [
428.88,
431.81
]
},
{
"text": "By the time you finish your college applications,\nyou’ll probably be very tired of filling",
"timestamp": [
431.81,
435.889
]
},
{
"text": "out forms.",
"timestamp": [
435.889,
436.889
]
},
{
"text": "But you can be proud that you’ve done some\nhard work to present yourself in the best",
"timestamp": [
436.889,
440.419
]
},
{
"text": "light,",
"timestamp": [
440.419,
441.419
]
},
{
"text": "and there is nothing quite like the feeling\nof hitting that submit button once your application",
"timestamp": [
441.419,
444.38
]
},
{
"text": "is done.",
"timestamp": [
444.38,
445.38
]
},
{
"text": "Even the most organized person will likely\nfind applying to college to be a cumbersome",
"timestamp": [
445.38,
448.669
]
},
{
"text": "project.",
"timestamp": [
448.669,
449.669
]
},
{
"text": "With so many application documents to juggle,",
"timestamp": [
449.669,
451.979
]
},
{
"text": "it can be easy to lose the forest for the\ntrees.",
"timestamp": [
451.979,
454.58
]
},
{
"text": "Submitting your application will be the end\nof a long process,",
"timestamp": [
454.58,
457.979
]
},
{
"text": "but it’s also the beginning of something\nnew.",
"timestamp": [
457.979,
460.009
]
},
{
"text": "Everything in your application will serve\nas your springboard for a college experience",
"timestamp": [
460.009,
463.199
]
},
{
"text": "that suits your goals and your vision for\nyour life and career.",
"timestamp": [
463.199,
466.04
]
},
{
"text": "Filling it out takes some time, but once it’s\ndone, you’ll be well on your way.",
"timestamp": [
466.04,
470.08
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse How to College.",
"timestamp": [
470.08,
473.039
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded program\ncalled Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
473.039,
475.56
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State\nUniversity to launch Study Hall on its own",
"timestamp": [
475.56,
478.729
]
},
{
"text": "channel.",
"timestamp": [
478.729,
479.729
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall where you’ll\nfind more tips about navigating college,",
"timestamp": [
479.729,
483.28
]
},
{
"text": "choosing a major, plus foundational courses\nconnected to college credit courses",
"timestamp": [
483.28,
487.729
]
},
{
"text": "that students struggle most with in their\nfirst 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
487.729,
489.37
]
},
{
"text": "We hope to see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
489.37,
490.74
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Medicinal Chemistry and Penicillin Total Synthesis: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #50
|
qygFjt2_LG4
| 850 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "You can review content from Crash Course Organic Chemistry with the Crash Course App,",
"timestamp": [
0,
3.795
]
},
{
"text": "available now on Android and iOS devices.",
"timestamp": [
3.795,
7.007
]
},
{
"text": "Hi! I’m Deboki Chakravarti and welcome to our \nlast episode of Crash Course Organic Chemistry!",
"timestamp": [
7.007,
13.263
]
},
{
"text": "Early one morning in 1926, the silent film \nsensation Rudolf Valentino died at the age of 31.",
"timestamp": [
13.263,
21.104
]
},
{
"text": "People packed the streets to pay their respects \nto the actor nicknamed the “Latin Lover.”",
"timestamp": [
21.73,
27.152
]
},
{
"text": "Picture 1920s Manhattan with 100,000 \ndistraught fans crowding the streets",
"timestamp": [
27.152,
33.491
]
},
{
"text": "and 100 horseback police officers --",
"timestamp": [
33.491,
36.619
]
},
{
"text": "it was quite a dramatic scene!",
"timestamp": [
36.619,
38.872
]
},
{
"text": "Valentino’s untimely death was \ncaused by perforated ulcers:",
"timestamp": [
38.872,
43.251
]
},
{
"text": "breaks in the stomach lining that didn’t heal.",
"timestamp": [
43.251,
46.046
]
},
{
"text": "But today, we don’t need to worry as \nmuch about an early demise from ulcers,",
"timestamp": [
46.046,
50.675
]
},
{
"text": "because of the medicines we have to treat \nthem -- like proton pump inhibitors.",
"timestamp": [
50.675,
55.013
]
},
{
"text": "The proton pump inhibitor is inactive \nuntil it hits acidic stomach cells,",
"timestamp": [
55.013,
60.685
]
},
{
"text": "where it undergoes an incredible \nchemical transformation.",
"timestamp": [
60.685,
65.023
]
},
{
"text": "The activated drug permanently stops some of \nthe proton pumps that secrete stomach acid.",
"timestamp": [
65.023,
70.695
]
},
{
"text": "This type of permanent \ndeactivation helps ulcers heal ",
"timestamp": [
70.695,
74.699
]
},
{
"text": "and it can also help us \nfight bacterial infections --",
"timestamp": [
74.699,
78.286
]
},
{
"text": "a main cause of stomach ulcers!",
"timestamp": [
78.286,
81.206
]
},
{
"text": "In this episode, we'll find out how this kind \nof chemical inhibition works ",
"timestamp": [
81.206,
85.335
]
},
{
"text": "as we wrap up our penicillin V synthesis...",
"timestamp": [
85.335,
88.296
]
},
{
"text": "and this series.",
"timestamp": [
88.296,
89.964
]
},
{
"text": "[Theme Music]",
"timestamp": [
89.964,
100.934
]
},
{
"text": "Pathogens are microorganisms that can \ncause us harm, like bacteria or viruses.",
"timestamp": [
100.934,
106.856
]
},
{
"text": "And when medicinal chemists design \nchemical compounds to treat infections,",
"timestamp": [
106.856,
111.027
]
},
{
"text": "they can take advantage of the \ndifferences between humans and pathogens.",
"timestamp": [
111.027,
114.948
]
},
{
"text": "Both human cells and single-celled \nbacteria have cell membranes,",
"timestamp": [
114.948,
118.993
]
},
{
"text": "but bacteria also have a cell wall to protect \nthem from changes in their environment.",
"timestamp": [
118.993,
123.873
]
},
{
"text": "The cell wall is a peptidoglycan \n-- a mesh of polysaccharides",
"timestamp": [
123.873,
128.545
]
},
{
"text": "(that's the glycan part),",
"timestamp": [
128.545,
130.046
]
},
{
"text": "which are linked up by short \nchains of amino acids, or peptides.",
"timestamp": [
130.046,
133.716
]
},
{
"text": "A bacterial enzyme called a transpeptidase \ncrosslinks the peptide chains,",
"timestamp": [
133.716,
138.763
]
},
{
"text": "giving the cell wall its strength.",
"timestamp": [
138.763,
140.431
]
},
{
"text": "Transpeptidase enzymes have a serine \namino acid side chain in the active site,",
"timestamp": [
140.431,
145.645
]
},
{
"text": "where the cross-linking reaction takes place.",
"timestamp": [
145.645,
148.523
]
},
{
"text": "And some have a lysine nearby \nthat may help the serine react.",
"timestamp": [
148.523,
152.527
]
},
{
"text": "Bringing these side chains close together \naffects both of their chemical properties.",
"timestamp": [
152.527,
156.447
]
},
{
"text": "The partial negative charge \non the lysine's basic amine ",
"timestamp": [
157.031,
160.118
]
},
{
"text": "can tug on the hydrogen of \nthe serine's hydroxyl group,",
"timestamp": [
160.118,
163.163
]
},
{
"text": "so they’re kind of sharing that proton.",
"timestamp": [
163.163,
165.331
]
},
{
"text": "Specifically, this interaction makes \nthe hydroxyl group more acidic,",
"timestamp": [
165.331,
169.252
]
},
{
"text": "so it's easier for the serine to lose its \nproton, which makes it more nucleophilic.",
"timestamp": [
169.252,
173.882
]
},
{
"text": "To begin the cross-linking reaction, the reactants \nhave to enter the transpeptidase active site.",
"timestamp": [
173.882,
179.345
]
},
{
"text": "In this case, the peptide part \nof the peptidoglycan sticks in.",
"timestamp": [
179.888,
183.266
]
},
{
"text": "Once the peptidoglycan is in place,",
"timestamp": [
183.266,
185.393
]
},
{
"text": "this extra-nucleophilic serine attacks the \npeptide bond between the two specific amino acids ",
"timestamp": [
185.393,
191.232
]
},
{
"text": "of the peptidoglycan,",
"timestamp": [
191.232,
192.859
]
},
{
"text": "and lysine can now fully accept serine’s proton.",
"timestamp": [
192.859,
195.737
]
},
{
"text": "This forms a tetrahedral intermediate, \nand then part of the chain breaks off. ",
"timestamp": [
195.737,
200.2
]
},
{
"text": "Serine forms a temporary covalent \nbond to the peptide, making an ester.",
"timestamp": [
200.45,
204.913
]
},
{
"text": "Now another peptidoglycan -- one that's going \nto be crosslinked to the first -- can come ",
"timestamp": [
204.913,
209.709
]
},
{
"text": "into the active site. The amine group of a \nglycine at the end of the chain reacts with ",
"timestamp": [
209.709,
215.006
]
},
{
"text": "this enzyme-bound ester, reforming a new amide \nbond, this time with the crosslinking chain.",
"timestamp": [
215.006,
221.095
]
},
{
"text": "Now the two chains are crosslinked, \nforming the functional bacterial cell wall!",
"timestamp": [
221.095,
225.808
]
},
{
"text": "Once an enzyme does its reaction, it returns \nto the form it started in -- with the products ",
"timestamp": [
225.808,
230.855
]
},
{
"text": "released from the active site, and \nthe protons where they started. ",
"timestamp": [
230.855,
234.025
]
},
{
"text": "This way, the enzyme can \ncatalyze another reaction.",
"timestamp": [
234.609,
237.487
]
},
{
"text": "And this is where penicillin can stop \nthe transpeptidase enzyme in its tracks.",
"timestamp": [
237.487,
242.45
]
},
{
"text": "The 3D structure of penicillin is pretty \nsimilar to the amino acids of the peptidoglycans ",
"timestamp": [
242.45,
247.705
]
},
{
"text": "that get crosslinked by transpeptidase. So \npenicillin can sneak into the active site!",
"timestamp": [
247.705,
254.045
]
},
{
"text": "Remember that the beta-lactam ring \nof penicillin is super reactive, ",
"timestamp": [
254.045,
258.591
]
},
{
"text": "which is why it was so difficult \nto isolate in the first place.",
"timestamp": [
258.591,
262.053
]
},
{
"text": "I know we've said that amides are the least \nreactive of our four carboxylic acid derivatives, ",
"timestamp": [
262.053,
267.642
]
},
{
"text": "but the ring strain from the four-membered \nring makes this amide super easy to hydrolyze.",
"timestamp": [
267.642,
273.314
]
},
{
"text": "Penicillin reacts with the active site serine, ",
"timestamp": [
273.314,
276.276
]
},
{
"text": "again with the help of our nearby \nlysine. This opens the beta-lactam ring. ",
"timestamp": [
276.276,
281.322
]
},
{
"text": "The active site is blocked by the large penicillin \nstructure… and that’s it! Nothing else can happen.",
"timestamp": [
281.322,
287.412
]
},
{
"text": "The transpeptidase can't crosslink any more \ncell walls, which weakens them and leaves the ",
"timestamp": [
287.412,
292.75
]
},
{
"text": "bacteria unprotected from its environment. \nSo it bursts and dies. Bye-bye bacteria.",
"timestamp": [
292.75,
299.716
]
},
{
"text": "An irreversible inhibitor binds to an enzyme \nactive site, permanently deactivating it. This ",
"timestamp": [
299.716,
306.264
]
},
{
"text": "is what penicillin does to the transpeptidase \nenzyme -- by forming a covalent bond.",
"timestamp": [
306.264,
311.394
]
},
{
"text": "Here's the 3D structure of a \ntranspeptidase enzyme irreversibly ",
"timestamp": [
311.394,
315.815
]
},
{
"text": "inhibited by penicillin. \nThis is the protein surface, ",
"timestamp": [
315.815,
320.111
]
},
{
"text": "and we can catch a glimpse of penicillin, shown \nas a ball-and-stick structure, in the active site.",
"timestamp": [
320.111,
326.034
]
},
{
"text": "If we change to the cartoon view of the \nprotein that shows the secondary structure, ",
"timestamp": [
326.034,
330.455
]
},
{
"text": "we can zoom in better, and see penicillin clearly.",
"timestamp": [
330.455,
333.541
]
},
{
"text": "And if we look a little closer, here’s the \ncovalent bond to the serine side chain. ",
"timestamp": [
333.541,
338.504
]
},
{
"text": "The 5-membered ring of penicillin is intact, \nbut no more 4-membered beta-lactam ring!",
"timestamp": [
339.088,
345.386
]
},
{
"text": "The transpeptidase crosslinking is an example \nof a reaction that forms a peptide bond. ",
"timestamp": [
345.386,
351.059
]
},
{
"text": "In episode 49, we showed amino acids linking \nup as a straightforward dehydration reaction.",
"timestamp": [
351.059,
357.065
]
},
{
"text": "But it’s actually pretty hard for two zwitterionic \namino acids to just form a peptide bond.",
"timestamp": [
357.065,
363.488
]
},
{
"text": "Remember, in a zwitterion, the carboxylic acid is \ndeprotonated, and the amine is protonated.",
"timestamp": [
363.488,
370.119
]
},
{
"text": "Thinking back to episodes 30 through 32, we \nknow that deprotonated carboxylic acids have a ",
"timestamp": [
370.119,
376.042
]
},
{
"text": "resonance-stabilized negative charge. This makes \nit less likely that nucleophiles will attack.",
"timestamp": [
376.042,
381.631
]
},
{
"text": "We worked around this by making carboxylic \nacids into more reactive derivatives, ",
"timestamp": [
381.631,
386.344
]
},
{
"text": "like acid chlorides, anhydrides, or \nesters. And this is what nature does too!",
"timestamp": [
386.344,
391.641
]
},
{
"text": "The carboxylic acid on a zwitterionic amino \nacid is turned into a good leaving group, ",
"timestamp": [
391.641,
397.397
]
},
{
"text": "and then hooked onto a carbohydrate on a \ntransfer RNA molecule in an ester linkage.",
"timestamp": [
397.397,
402.902
]
},
{
"text": "Next, the transfer RNA… well… transfers \nthe amino acid onto a growing protein chain ",
"timestamp": [
402.902,
408.991
]
},
{
"text": "and helps make that tricky peptide bond.",
"timestamp": [
408.991,
411.16
]
},
{
"text": "Synthetic chemists have found ways to link \namino acids without transfer RNA, too! ",
"timestamp": [
411.16,
415.79
]
},
{
"text": "The challenge is getting the order right.",
"timestamp": [
416.499,
418.584
]
},
{
"text": "Say we want to link up the \namino acids alanine and leucine, ",
"timestamp": [
418.584,
422.839
]
},
{
"text": "so the bond forms between the carboxylic acid \nof alanine and the amine group of leucine.",
"timestamp": [
422.839,
428.136
]
},
{
"text": "We just learned that living things \nmake the carboxylic acid into an ester, ",
"timestamp": [
428.136,
432.348
]
},
{
"text": "so let’s start by doing that.",
"timestamp": [
432.348,
434.016
]
},
{
"text": "Now, if we mix the ester of \nour alanine with leucine, ",
"timestamp": [
434.016,
437.645
]
},
{
"text": "we can get the dipeptide we want. But we might \nalso get alanine reacting with another alanine!",
"timestamp": [
437.645,
444.444
]
},
{
"text": "So it’s not enough to just make \nalanine’s carboxylic acid more reactive, ",
"timestamp": [
444.444,
449.782
]
},
{
"text": "we have to prevent alanine’s \namine group from reacting too.",
"timestamp": [
449.782,
453.411
]
},
{
"text": "We can do this by slipping on \none of the chemical disguises ",
"timestamp": [
453.411,
456.831
]
},
{
"text": "we met in Episode 33 -- a protecting group!",
"timestamp": [
456.831,
460.126
]
},
{
"text": "Here’s our game plan: We’ll protect \nthe amine group of alanine with a CBz ",
"timestamp": [
460.126,
465.465
]
},
{
"text": "group. This temporarily makes the amine into \nsomething similar to an amide, so alanine's ",
"timestamp": [
465.465,
471.554
]
},
{
"text": "nitrogen isn't a good nucleophile anymore due \nto resonance stabilization with the carbonyl.",
"timestamp": [
471.554,
477.477
]
},
{
"text": "Next, we can use a peptide-coupling reagent to \nturn our carboxylic acid into a better leaving ",
"timestamp": [
477.477,
483.232
]
},
{
"text": "group. 1,3-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, \nor DCC, is a classic choice.",
"timestamp": [
483.232,
490.198
]
},
{
"text": "Then, we can toss some leucine \ninto the mix. Leucine's amine ",
"timestamp": [
490.198,
493.784
]
},
{
"text": "group attacks and forms the peptide bond \nby kicking the ester off of the alanine.",
"timestamp": [
493.784,
498.456
]
},
{
"text": "All that’s left to do is \nremove the protecting group, ",
"timestamp": [
498.456,
501.334
]
},
{
"text": "which comes off easily with hydrogenation \nconditions. And we’ve put our amino acids ",
"timestamp": [
501.334,
506.506
]
},
{
"text": "together in the order we want! No transfer RNA \nrequired, just some clever synthetic chemistry.",
"timestamp": [
506.506,
512.845
]
},
{
"text": "Speaking of clever chemistry, let’s check \nout the mechanism of the DCC reaction.",
"timestamp": [
512.845,
517.725
]
},
{
"text": "The nitrogen of DCC first grabs a proton from the \ncarboxylic acid of alanine, forming a salt. The ",
"timestamp": [
517.725,
525.399
]
},
{
"text": "protonated DCC has resonance stabilization, and \nthis iminium ion is electrophilic at the carbon. ",
"timestamp": [
525.399,
532.198
]
},
{
"text": "Even the weakly nucleophilic carboxylate \nwe just formed on alanine can attack it!",
"timestamp": [
532.198,
536.744
]
},
{
"text": "This way, when we add leucine, it attacks the \nalanine in the familiar addition-elimination ",
"timestamp": [
536.744,
541.874
]
},
{
"text": "mechanism of carboxylic acid derivatives. \nThe whole DCC-portion of the molecule, ",
"timestamp": [
541.874,
547.964
]
},
{
"text": "along with one of the oxygens from the \noriginal carboxylic acid, is the leaving group.",
"timestamp": [
547.964,
552.76
]
},
{
"text": "A final deprotonation gives \nus the protected dipeptide, ",
"timestamp": [
552.76,
556.597
]
},
{
"text": "along with a dialkyl urea by-product. [Yes, \nurea, like the waste product in urine.]",
"timestamp": [
556.597,
562.436
]
},
{
"text": "With that, we’ve added the final reaction to \nour toolkit to finish our penicillin synthesis!",
"timestamp": [
562.436,
567.567
]
},
{
"text": "As our last puzzle, let’s break down the Mold \nMedicine Map and discuss the overall strategy ",
"timestamp": [
567.567,
572.989
]
},
{
"text": "Dr. John C. Sheehan’s research team \nused to synthesize penicillin V.",
"timestamp": [
572.989,
577.702
]
},
{
"text": "We won’t look at every mechanism in detail, \nsince we did that in previous episodes. But ",
"timestamp": [
577.702,
583.332
]
},
{
"text": "we’ve added those episode numbers to the Mold \nMedicine Map in case you want to review them.",
"timestamp": [
583.332,
587.962
]
},
{
"text": "Phase 1 of the synthesis began with valine, ",
"timestamp": [
587.962,
591.007
]
},
{
"text": "which contains the gem-dimethyl group needed \nfor the nitrogen-and-sulfur-containing ",
"timestamp": [
591.007,
595.72
]
},
{
"text": "five-membered ring. But valine doesn’t have \na sulfur atom, so they needed to add that.",
"timestamp": [
595.72,
601.058
]
},
{
"text": "Sulfur is a soft nucleophile, and can react \nwith enones through conjugate addition, ",
"timestamp": [
601.058,
605.813
]
},
{
"text": "like we saw in Episode 45. So their strategy was \nto make an enone that sulfur could react with.",
"timestamp": [
605.813,
612.194
]
},
{
"text": "To begin phase 1, the nitrogen of \nvaline reacted with an acid chloride ",
"timestamp": [
612.194,
616.824
]
},
{
"text": "with a built-in second chloride leaving group.",
"timestamp": [
616.824,
619.493
]
},
{
"text": "Next, the carboxylic acid \nwas turned into an anhydride, ",
"timestamp": [
619.493,
623.164
]
},
{
"text": "a good leaving group, which let them form a ring.",
"timestamp": [
623.164,
625.708
]
},
{
"text": "The second chloride was eliminated in an E-1-c-B \nreaction, and an isomerization produced the enone!",
"timestamp": [
625.708,
632.048
]
},
{
"text": "The conjugate addition step added the \nsulfur and broke the ring back open.",
"timestamp": [
632.048,
636.052
]
},
{
"text": "Then, they hydrolyzed both the ester and amide \nand made their new sulfur-containing amino acid. ",
"timestamp": [
636.052,
641.807
]
},
{
"text": "This mixture was racemic. So, \nthey isolated the enantiomer ",
"timestamp": [
642.35,
645.936
]
},
{
"text": "they wanted -- in a kinda complex \nmultistep process we won’t get into.",
"timestamp": [
645.936,
650.524
]
},
{
"text": "Phase 2 of the synthesis prepared \na chemical that could introduce ",
"timestamp": [
650.524,
654.362
]
},
{
"text": "the rest of the carbon atoms \nof the main penicillin chain.",
"timestamp": [
654.362,
657.49
]
},
{
"text": "But the compound they started \nwith needed one extra carbon atom.",
"timestamp": [
657.49,
661.41
]
},
{
"text": "With a Claisen condensation, they \nadded that carbon as an aldehyde. ",
"timestamp": [
661.41,
665.456
]
},
{
"text": "This would help them form a ring in the next step.",
"timestamp": [
665.456,
667.625
]
},
{
"text": "To kickoff Phase 3, they reacted this aldehyde \nwith the amino acid they made in phase 1. ",
"timestamp": [
667.625,
672.922
]
},
{
"text": "An iminium ion formed, and the sulfur in the same \nmolecule attacked to form the 5-membered ring.",
"timestamp": [
672.922,
678.26
]
},
{
"text": "Next, they removed the phthalimide \nprotecting group from nitrogen ",
"timestamp": [
678.26,
681.472
]
},
{
"text": "and replaced it with the \nactual chain of penicillin V.",
"timestamp": [
681.472,
684.684
]
},
{
"text": "Then they used acid to remove the tert-butyl \nprotecting group from the carboxylic acid. ",
"timestamp": [
684.684,
689.814
]
},
{
"text": "And all they had left to do was \nform the delicate beta-lactam ring.",
"timestamp": [
689.814,
693.943
]
},
{
"text": "This ring closure was done using the \npeptide-coupling reagent that we just met, ",
"timestamp": [
693.943,
698.28
]
},
{
"text": "DCC. In fact, DCC will help link up \nalmost any carboxylic acid and amine.",
"timestamp": [
698.28,
704.286
]
},
{
"text": "They made a salt of one of the carboxylic acids, \nand reacted the other one with DCC. This set up ",
"timestamp": [
704.286,
710.584
]
},
{
"text": "the carboxylic acid for a quick acyl substitution, \nand formed the 4-membered beta-lactam ring.",
"timestamp": [
710.584,
716.674
]
},
{
"text": "With that, ",
"timestamp": [
716.674,
717.299
]
},
{
"text": "John C. Sheehan’s research team completed \nthe first chemical synthesis of penicillin V!",
"timestamp": [
717.299,
722.513
]
},
{
"text": "It was a lot of steps, and the \nyields weren’t spectacular. ",
"timestamp": [
722.513,
727.017
]
},
{
"text": "So chemists and biologists developed methods \nto let microorganisms do a lot of the work for ",
"timestamp": [
727.017,
732.69
]
},
{
"text": "us, and make larger quantities of \nthese pathogen-fighting antibiotics.",
"timestamp": [
732.69,
737.153
]
},
{
"text": "But there’s always more work to be done. \nFor example, some bacteria evolve to protect ",
"timestamp": [
737.153,
742.616
]
},
{
"text": "themselves against medicines -- in other \nwords, they develop antibiotic resistance. ",
"timestamp": [
742.616,
747.788
]
},
{
"text": "So we keep developing new, better \ntreatments to fight disease.",
"timestamp": [
747.788,
751.792
]
},
{
"text": "And medicinal chemistry is so much more than just \nfighting infections. Sometimes, our own bodies ",
"timestamp": [
751.792,
757.631
]
},
{
"text": "go a little haywire, and a carefully crafted \nmedicine can help fix all sorts of things -- like ",
"timestamp": [
757.631,
762.845
]
},
{
"text": "relieving the pain of a sprained ankle, \nlowering dangerously high blood pressure, ",
"timestamp": [
762.845,
767.641
]
},
{
"text": "helping us manage depression, \nhealing ulcers, and so much more.",
"timestamp": [
767.641,
771.812
]
},
{
"text": "All these big questions can be solved with what \nwe've been learning throughout this series: ",
"timestamp": [
771.812,
776.609
]
},
{
"text": "understanding the properties of organic \ncompounds, making and breaking chemical bonds, ",
"timestamp": [
777.151,
782.198
]
},
{
"text": "and using lab equipment to \npurify the compounds we want.",
"timestamp": [
782.198,
785.701
]
},
{
"text": "I know I've said it before, but \norganic chemistry is everywhere!",
"timestamp": [
785.701,
791.081
]
},
{
"text": "At the very least, I hope this series has helped \nyou understand the chemical complexities of life ",
"timestamp": [
791.081,
796.337
]
},
{
"text": "a little deeper. So many reactions are going \non right under our noses (and inside of them!)",
"timestamp": [
796.337,
803.093
]
},
{
"text": "And if you were inspired by these puzzles, know \nthat you can help shape the future of medicine, ",
"timestamp": [
803.093,
808.349
]
},
{
"text": "create better plastics in less polluting ways, \nand unravel the mysteries of life itself.",
"timestamp": [
808.349,
813.938
]
},
{
"text": "In this episode, we:\nLearned that penicillin fights ",
"timestamp": [
813.938,
816.607
]
},
{
"text": "bacteria by inhibiting an enzyme,\nExplored how proteins are made ",
"timestamp": [
816.607,
820.82
]
},
{
"text": "in the body and in the lab,\nExamined the first full chemical ",
"timestamp": [
820.82,
824.74
]
},
{
"text": "synthesis of penicillin V,\nAnd saw, once again, ",
"timestamp": [
824.74,
828.452
]
},
{
"text": "how organic chemistry can help us better \nunderstand ourselves and improve our world.",
"timestamp": [
828.452,
833.624
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this final episode of \nCrash Course Organic Chemistry. If you want ",
"timestamp": [
833.624,
838.754
]
},
{
"text": "to help keep all Crash Course free for everybody, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
838.754,
844.969
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Geographies of the Future: Crash Course Geography #50
|
T_vLXgj2pvo
| 767 |
[
{
"start_time": 0,
"title": "space-time",
"end_time": 70
},
{
"start_time": 70,
"title": "intro",
"end_time": 77
},
{
"start_time": 77,
"title": "virtual spaces",
"end_time": 195
},
{
"start_time": 195,
"title": "place and globalization",
"end_time": 288
},
{
"start_time": 288,
"title": "the slow city movement",
"end_time": 357
},
{
"start_time": 357,
"title": "data landscapes and surveillance",
"end_time": 531
},
{
"start_time": 531,
"title": "human footprint",
"end_time": 578
},
{
"start_time": 578,
"title": "geoengineering",
"end_time": 670
},
{
"start_time": 670,
"title": "series wrap-up",
"end_time": 746
},
{
"start_time": 746,
"title": "outro",
"end_time": 767
}
] |
[
{
"text": "Hi and welcome to Crash Course physics. Today we’re going to jump into the space-time continuum.",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
5.84
]
},
{
"text": "Hi and welcome to Crash Course physics. Today we’re going to jump into the space-time continuum.",
"timestamp": [
0.08,
5.84
]
},
{
"text": "Just kidding! Though science fiction writers and physicists aren’t the only ones exploring ",
"timestamp": [
5.84,
10.16
]
},
{
"text": "Just kidding! Though science fiction writers and physicists aren’t the only ones exploring ",
"timestamp": [
5.84,
10.16
]
},
{
"text": "space-time, which is when the three dimensions we see in space are represented together with time.",
"timestamp": [
10.16,
14.96
]
},
{
"text": "space-time, which is when the three dimensions we see in space are represented together with time.",
"timestamp": [
10.16,
14.96
]
},
{
"text": "Geographers and physicists are both trying to describe the world and tell the stories ",
"timestamp": [
14.96,
18.96
]
},
{
"text": "Geographers and physicists are both trying to describe the world and tell the stories ",
"timestamp": [
14.96,
18.96
]
},
{
"text": "of the Earth, so it makes sense that \nwe share some of the same vocabulary. ",
"timestamp": [
18.96,
22.8
]
},
{
"text": "of the Earth, so it makes sense that \nwe share some of the same vocabulary. ",
"timestamp": [
18.96,
22.8
]
},
{
"text": "As geographers when we talk about space-time, we mean more that space and time are becoming one --",
"timestamp": [
22.8,
28.306
]
},
{
"text": "As geographers when we talk about space-time, we mean more that space and time are becoming one --",
"timestamp": [
22.8,
28.306
]
},
{
"text": "the distance between different spaces doesn’t matter as much, and the time it takes ",
"timestamp": [
28.306,
32
]
},
{
"text": "the distance between different spaces doesn’t matter as much, and the time it takes ",
"timestamp": [
28.306,
32
]
},
{
"text": "for ideas or people to diffuse from one location to another is getting smaller and smaller.",
"timestamp": [
32,
36.8
]
},
{
"text": "for ideas or people to diffuse from one location to another is getting smaller and smaller.",
"timestamp": [
32,
36.8
]
},
{
"text": "Like in our episode on industrial \ngeography we talked about globalization, ",
"timestamp": [
36.8,
40.8
]
},
{
"text": "Like in our episode on industrial \ngeography we talked about globalization, ",
"timestamp": [
36.8,
40.8
]
},
{
"text": "and how in a globalized world the movement, flows, ",
"timestamp": [
40.8,
43.2
]
},
{
"text": "and how in a globalized world the movement, flows, ",
"timestamp": [
40.8,
43.2
]
},
{
"text": "and connections -- whether economic or political or social or cultural -- ",
"timestamp": [
43.2,
47.68
]
},
{
"text": "and connections -- whether economic or political or social or cultural -- ",
"timestamp": [
43.2,
47.68
]
},
{
"text": "have made it seem like we’ve compressed time and space, as the geographer David Harvey once said.",
"timestamp": [
47.68,
52.32
]
},
{
"text": "have made it seem like we’ve compressed time and space, as the geographer David Harvey once said.",
"timestamp": [
47.68,
52.32
]
},
{
"text": "As how we live and work changes, our \nspaces, places, and human-environment ",
"timestamp": [
52.32,
56.4
]
},
{
"text": "As how we live and work changes, our \nspaces, places, and human-environment ",
"timestamp": [
52.32,
56.4
]
},
{
"text": "interactions are being reorganized on every \npossible scale. In this final episode, ",
"timestamp": [
56.4,
61.6
]
},
{
"text": "interactions are being reorganized on every \npossible scale. In this final episode, ",
"timestamp": [
56.4,
61.6
]
},
{
"text": "come with me as we start to tell the \nstories of geographies of the future.",
"timestamp": [
61.6,
65.6
]
},
{
"text": "come with me as we start to tell the \nstories of geographies of the future.",
"timestamp": [
61.6,
65.6
]
},
{
"text": "I’m Alizé Carrère, and for the last \ntime, this is Crash Course Geography.",
"timestamp": [
65.6,
70.233
]
},
{
"text": "I’m Alizé Carrère, and for the last \ntime, this is Crash Course Geography.",
"timestamp": [
65.6,
70.233
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
70.233,
77.76
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
70.233,
77.76
]
},
{
"text": "For our last episode of Crash Course Geography \nit seems fitting to come full circle and revisit ",
"timestamp": [
77.76,
82.72
]
},
{
"text": "For our last episode of Crash Course Geography \nit seems fitting to come full circle and revisit ",
"timestamp": [
77.76,
82.72
]
},
{
"text": "our fundamental geography tools: space, place, and \nbananas -- I mean, human-environment interactions.",
"timestamp": [
82.72,
89.44
]
},
{
"text": "our fundamental geography tools: space, place, and \nbananas -- I mean, human-environment interactions.",
"timestamp": [
82.72,
89.44
]
},
{
"text": "Throughout our journey through this series, we’ve \ntalked about lots of different types of space. ",
"timestamp": [
89.44,
93.52
]
},
{
"text": "Throughout our journey through this series, we’ve \ntalked about lots of different types of space. ",
"timestamp": [
89.44,
93.52
]
},
{
"text": "But basically, space refers to all the features \nand relationships that occur in a given area.",
"timestamp": [
93.52,
98.16
]
},
{
"text": "But basically, space refers to all the features \nand relationships that occur in a given area.",
"timestamp": [
93.52,
98.16
]
},
{
"text": "And now the digital world has created a \n(somewhat) new virtual space with its own ",
"timestamp": [
98.16,
102.08
]
},
{
"text": "And now the digital world has created a \n(somewhat) new virtual space with its own ",
"timestamp": [
98.16,
102.08
]
},
{
"text": "landscape or technoscape where we can interact \nwithout necessarily being physically together.",
"timestamp": [
102.08,
107.2
]
},
{
"text": "landscape or technoscape where we can interact \nwithout necessarily being physically together.",
"timestamp": [
102.08,
107.2
]
},
{
"text": "Like, it takes many people to pull an \nepisode of Crash Course Geography together. ",
"timestamp": [
107.2,
111.52
]
},
{
"text": "Like, it takes many people to pull an \nepisode of Crash Course Geography together. ",
"timestamp": [
107.2,
111.52
]
},
{
"text": "Our field producer Neil and I shoot this in \nMiami, Florida with our editor Madeline and ",
"timestamp": [
111.52,
115.68
]
},
{
"text": "Our field producer Neil and I shoot this in \nMiami, Florida with our editor Madeline and ",
"timestamp": [
111.52,
115.68
]
},
{
"text": "producer Brandon zooming in from Colorado \nand Indiana. And they work with our writers ",
"timestamp": [
115.68,
120.32
]
},
{
"text": "producer Brandon zooming in from Colorado \nand Indiana. And they work with our writers ",
"timestamp": [
115.68,
120.32
]
},
{
"text": "and consultants April and Zohra in Ohio and \nKelly our fact checker in Massachusetts, and ",
"timestamp": [
120.32,
125.36
]
},
{
"text": "and consultants April and Zohra in Ohio and \nKelly our fact checker in Massachusetts, and ",
"timestamp": [
120.32,
125.36
]
},
{
"text": "Tuna who does our sound design in Montana. And of \ncourse the Thought Café team with Meg and Tenzin ",
"timestamp": [
125.36,
130.8
]
},
{
"text": "Tuna who does our sound design in Montana. And of \ncourse the Thought Café team with Meg and Tenzin ",
"timestamp": [
125.36,
130.8
]
},
{
"text": "illustrating the series from Ontario, Canada \nand Monique animating it from Sao Paulo, Brazil.",
"timestamp": [
130.8,
135.52
]
},
{
"text": "illustrating the series from Ontario, Canada \nand Monique animating it from Sao Paulo, Brazil.",
"timestamp": [
130.8,
135.52
]
},
{
"text": "We work as a team from many \ndifferent locations and time zones. ",
"timestamp": [
135.52,
138.88
]
},
{
"text": "We work as a team from many \ndifferent locations and time zones. ",
"timestamp": [
135.52,
138.88
]
},
{
"text": "And while we’re each located in \nan absolute or specific space, ",
"timestamp": [
138.88,
142.56
]
},
{
"text": "And while we’re each located in \nan absolute or specific space, ",
"timestamp": [
138.88,
142.56
]
},
{
"text": "we’re also simultaneously in a relational space \nthat’s connected through social media and the ",
"timestamp": [
142.56,
146.88
]
},
{
"text": "we’re also simultaneously in a relational space \nthat’s connected through social media and the ",
"timestamp": [
142.56,
146.88
]
},
{
"text": "virtual world to lots of other places \nwhen we’re interacting with each other.",
"timestamp": [
146.88,
150.24
]
},
{
"text": "virtual world to lots of other places \nwhen we’re interacting with each other.",
"timestamp": [
146.88,
150.24
]
},
{
"text": "Like during a zoom meeting I might be \npaying rapt attention of course...and ",
"timestamp": [
150.24,
154.32
]
},
{
"text": "Like during a zoom meeting I might be \npaying rapt attention of course...and ",
"timestamp": [
150.24,
154.32
]
},
{
"text": "ordering a library book or placing \na take-out order for lunch. ",
"timestamp": [
154.32,
157.6
]
},
{
"text": "ordering a library book or placing \na take-out order for lunch. ",
"timestamp": [
154.32,
157.6
]
},
{
"text": "Or maybe I’m out doing errands but also chatting \nwith my sister and the chickens in France. ",
"timestamp": [
157.6,
162.4
]
},
{
"text": "Or maybe I’m out doing errands but also chatting \nwith my sister and the chickens in France. ",
"timestamp": [
157.6,
162.4
]
},
{
"text": "So many different kinds of spaces \nare converging all at once.",
"timestamp": [
162.4,
165.52
]
},
{
"text": "So many different kinds of spaces \nare converging all at once.",
"timestamp": [
162.4,
165.52
]
},
{
"text": "And that means how we think about space \nin geography has changed and will change ",
"timestamp": [
165.52,
169.36
]
},
{
"text": "And that means how we think about space \nin geography has changed and will change ",
"timestamp": [
165.52,
169.36
]
},
{
"text": "in the future. We’ve broadened our concept of \nspace and the spaces we navigate daily because ",
"timestamp": [
169.36,
174.08
]
},
{
"text": "in the future. We’ve broadened our concept of \nspace and the spaces we navigate daily because ",
"timestamp": [
169.36,
174.08
]
},
{
"text": "all of these different types of space have become \nan integral part of our lives. They influence ",
"timestamp": [
174.08,
178.56
]
},
{
"text": "all of these different types of space have become \nan integral part of our lives. They influence ",
"timestamp": [
174.08,
178.56
]
},
{
"text": "and impact each other and will profoundly \nchange how we live, work, shop and play.",
"timestamp": [
178.56,
183.12
]
},
{
"text": "and impact each other and will profoundly \nchange how we live, work, shop and play.",
"timestamp": [
178.56,
183.12
]
},
{
"text": "Right now though, in the early 2020s, \nwe don’t know the whole story of virtual space. ",
"timestamp": [
183.12,
187.787
]
},
{
"text": "Right now though, in the early 2020s, \nwe don’t know the whole story of virtual space. ",
"timestamp": [
183.12,
187.787
]
},
{
"text": "There’s still a lot to study in \ngeography because these virtual spaces ",
"timestamp": [
187.787,
190.96
]
},
{
"text": "There’s still a lot to study in \ngeography because these virtual spaces ",
"timestamp": [
187.787,
190.96
]
},
{
"text": "can also be filled with power struggles and \npossibilities, just like physical spaces.",
"timestamp": [
190.96,
195.44
]
},
{
"text": "can also be filled with power struggles and \npossibilities, just like physical spaces.",
"timestamp": [
190.96,
195.44
]
},
{
"text": "And as our understanding of space changes \nand grows, we also have to think about ",
"timestamp": [
195.44,
199.52
]
},
{
"text": "And as our understanding of space changes \nand grows, we also have to think about ",
"timestamp": [
195.44,
199.52
]
},
{
"text": "another core concept: place and \nwhat that means in the future. ",
"timestamp": [
199.52,
203.2
]
},
{
"text": "another core concept: place and \nwhat that means in the future. ",
"timestamp": [
199.52,
203.2
]
},
{
"text": "Place is an area in a space that humans have given \nmeaning to or have become attached to in some way. ",
"timestamp": [
203.2,
208.4
]
},
{
"text": "Place is an area in a space that humans have given \nmeaning to or have become attached to in some way. ",
"timestamp": [
203.2,
208.4
]
},
{
"text": "So places are like locations plus so much more -- they’re also the setting of everyday life. ",
"timestamp": [
208.4,
214.027
]
},
{
"text": "So places are like locations plus so much more -- they’re also the setting of everyday life. ",
"timestamp": [
208.4,
214.027
]
},
{
"text": "We experience places and they exist \nbecause we exist, which makes place a social ",
"timestamp": [
214.027,
218.24
]
},
{
"text": "We experience places and they exist \nbecause we exist, which makes place a social ",
"timestamp": [
214.027,
218.24
]
},
{
"text": "construct that is unique to particular \npeople and which can change over time.",
"timestamp": [
218.24,
221.76
]
},
{
"text": "construct that is unique to particular \npeople and which can change over time.",
"timestamp": [
218.24,
221.76
]
},
{
"text": "As space and time converge, today more than ever, ",
"timestamp": [
221.76,
224.72
]
},
{
"text": "As space and time converge, today more than ever, ",
"timestamp": [
221.76,
224.72
]
},
{
"text": "places are linked to other places and regions \nin a global rather than a local context ",
"timestamp": [
224.72,
229.12
]
},
{
"text": "places are linked to other places and regions \nin a global rather than a local context ",
"timestamp": [
224.72,
229.12
]
},
{
"text": "and are highly interdependent. Like New York City \nand London in some ways are more closely linked as ",
"timestamp": [
229.12,
233.92
]
},
{
"text": "and are highly interdependent. Like New York City \nand London in some ways are more closely linked as ",
"timestamp": [
229.12,
233.92
]
},
{
"text": "important economic places than say New York City \nand my hometown Ithaca, a little bit upstate.",
"timestamp": [
233.92,
238.96
]
},
{
"text": "important economic places than say New York City \nand my hometown Ithaca, a little bit upstate.",
"timestamp": [
233.92,
238.96
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, globalization has made some people \nafraid that we’re heading towards a world ",
"timestamp": [
238.96,
242.56
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, globalization has made some people \nafraid that we’re heading towards a world ",
"timestamp": [
238.96,
242.56
]
},
{
"text": "where global consumerism will make every place \nthe same. Whether we’re in Denver or Dubai, ",
"timestamp": [
242.56,
247.44
]
},
{
"text": "where global consumerism will make every place \nthe same. Whether we’re in Denver or Dubai, ",
"timestamp": [
242.56,
247.44
]
},
{
"text": "we’re confronted with the \nsame airport, hotel, or office ",
"timestamp": [
247.44,
250.8
]
},
{
"text": "we’re confronted with the \nsame airport, hotel, or office ",
"timestamp": [
247.44,
250.8
]
},
{
"text": "and with the same shops, the same \nbrands, and the same products.",
"timestamp": [
250.8,
253.92
]
},
{
"text": "and with the same shops, the same \nbrands, and the same products.",
"timestamp": [
250.8,
253.92
]
},
{
"text": "Some people find that this homogenization, or \nblending together, makes them feel placeless ",
"timestamp": [
253.92,
258.4
]
},
{
"text": "Some people find that this homogenization, or \nblending together, makes them feel placeless ",
"timestamp": [
253.92,
258.4
]
},
{
"text": "and dislocated. But other people find \nthat same-ness comforting. And another ",
"timestamp": [
258.4,
262.32
]
},
{
"text": "and dislocated. But other people find \nthat same-ness comforting. And another ",
"timestamp": [
258.4,
262.32
]
},
{
"text": "school of thought says that these \nbrands are globally ubiquitous, ",
"timestamp": [
262.32,
265.2
]
},
{
"text": "school of thought says that these \nbrands are globally ubiquitous, ",
"timestamp": [
262.32,
265.2
]
},
{
"text": "but are being adapted in different ways to meet \nthe tastes, desires, needs, and culture of locals.",
"timestamp": [
265.2,
270.16
]
},
{
"text": "but are being adapted in different ways to meet \nthe tastes, desires, needs, and culture of locals.",
"timestamp": [
265.2,
270.16
]
},
{
"text": "Either way, this means that places aren’t \nlost. But it does mean that the people who ",
"timestamp": [
270.16,
274.4
]
},
{
"text": "Either way, this means that places aren’t \nlost. But it does mean that the people who ",
"timestamp": [
270.16,
274.4
]
},
{
"text": "live in places affected by globalization -- so \nmost of the world -- do need to decide what it ",
"timestamp": [
274.4,
279.36
]
},
{
"text": "live in places affected by globalization -- so \nmost of the world -- do need to decide what it ",
"timestamp": [
274.4,
279.36
]
},
{
"text": "is they want their place to be, whether that is \nreasserting identity and claim to a territory ",
"timestamp": [
279.36,
283.84
]
},
{
"text": "is they want their place to be, whether that is \nreasserting identity and claim to a territory ",
"timestamp": [
279.36,
283.84
]
},
{
"text": "in order to recreate a specific time and place \nin the past or a new vision of their future.",
"timestamp": [
283.84,
288.72
]
},
{
"text": "in order to recreate a specific time and place \nin the past or a new vision of their future.",
"timestamp": [
283.84,
288.72
]
},
{
"text": "Like the slow city movement, which is \na grassroots response to globalization ",
"timestamp": [
288.72,
292.32
]
},
{
"text": "Like the slow city movement, which is \na grassroots response to globalization ",
"timestamp": [
288.72,
292.32
]
},
{
"text": "and an example of people trying to recover \na sense of place. The goal of slow cities, ",
"timestamp": [
292.32,
297.12
]
},
{
"text": "and an example of people trying to recover \na sense of place. The goal of slow cities, ",
"timestamp": [
292.32,
297.12
]
},
{
"text": "or cittaslow, is to develop places that \nretain healthy environments, good food, ",
"timestamp": [
297.12,
301.6
]
},
{
"text": "or cittaslow, is to develop places that \nretain healthy environments, good food, ",
"timestamp": [
297.12,
301.6
]
},
{
"text": "sustainable economies and a vital community \nlife based on seasonal and traditional rhythms.",
"timestamp": [
301.6,
306.16
]
},
{
"text": "sustainable economies and a vital community \nlife based on seasonal and traditional rhythms.",
"timestamp": [
301.6,
306.16
]
},
{
"text": "Like Damyang County in South Korea, which \nhas improved its physical environment ",
"timestamp": [
306.16,
310
]
},
{
"text": "Like Damyang County in South Korea, which \nhas improved its physical environment ",
"timestamp": [
306.16,
310
]
},
{
"text": "by restoring its traditional gravel pathways \nand creeks and has strict building regulations ",
"timestamp": [
310,
314.72
]
},
{
"text": "by restoring its traditional gravel pathways \nand creeks and has strict building regulations ",
"timestamp": [
310,
314.72
]
},
{
"text": "to make sure new construction is in \nline with the town’s historic character. ",
"timestamp": [
314.72,
318.527
]
},
{
"text": "to make sure new construction is in \nline with the town’s historic character. ",
"timestamp": [
314.72,
318.527
]
},
{
"text": "Residents can learn traditional arts \nand crafts and there is a daily and ",
"timestamp": [
318.527,
321.84
]
},
{
"text": "Residents can learn traditional arts \nand crafts and there is a daily and ",
"timestamp": [
318.527,
321.84
]
},
{
"text": "weekly market for local products \nand for farmers to sell produce.",
"timestamp": [
321.84,
325.12
]
},
{
"text": "weekly market for local products \nand for farmers to sell produce.",
"timestamp": [
321.84,
325.12
]
},
{
"text": "Defending territory is a placemaking \nforce, and it’s a way we show we’re ",
"timestamp": [
325.12,
328.96
]
},
{
"text": "Defending territory is a placemaking \nforce, and it’s a way we show we’re ",
"timestamp": [
325.12,
328.96
]
},
{
"text": "attached to a specific location and \nhave created a place we feel we belong. ",
"timestamp": [
328.96,
332.96
]
},
{
"text": "attached to a specific location and \nhave created a place we feel we belong. ",
"timestamp": [
328.96,
332.96
]
},
{
"text": "So in some ways, globalization has made local \nsettings more important than ever before.",
"timestamp": [
332.96,
337.44
]
},
{
"text": "So in some ways, globalization has made local \nsettings more important than ever before.",
"timestamp": [
332.96,
337.44
]
},
{
"text": "And even though globalization seems overpowering, ",
"timestamp": [
337.44,
339.92
]
},
{
"text": "And even though globalization seems overpowering, ",
"timestamp": [
337.44,
339.92
]
},
{
"text": "there are still so many local differences \nin what resources are available ",
"timestamp": [
339.92,
343.52
]
},
{
"text": "there are still so many local differences \nin what resources are available ",
"timestamp": [
339.92,
343.52
]
},
{
"text": "or how the space is organized. So really, \nplaces are constantly under construction ",
"timestamp": [
343.52,
347.92
]
},
{
"text": "or how the space is organized. So really, \nplaces are constantly under construction ",
"timestamp": [
343.52,
347.92
]
},
{
"text": "as people respond to the opportunities \nand constraints of wherever they are.",
"timestamp": [
347.92,
351.44
]
},
{
"text": "as people respond to the opportunities \nand constraints of wherever they are.",
"timestamp": [
347.92,
351.44
]
},
{
"text": "Which means as geographers, we’ll continue \nworking to understand what makes people, ",
"timestamp": [
351.44,
355.6
]
},
{
"text": "Which means as geographers, we’ll continue \nworking to understand what makes people, ",
"timestamp": [
351.44,
355.6
]
},
{
"text": "places and regions different from one another.",
"timestamp": [
355.6,
358
]
},
{
"text": "places and regions different from one another.",
"timestamp": [
355.6,
358
]
},
{
"text": "One of the areas our new understanding of space \nand place are on display is the new world of data. ",
"timestamp": [
358,
363.963
]
},
{
"text": "One of the areas our new understanding of space \nand place are on display is the new world of data. ",
"timestamp": [
358,
363.963
]
},
{
"text": "Many of our interactions are part of \ninformation spaces made up of data ",
"timestamp": [
363.963,
367.84
]
},
{
"text": "Many of our interactions are part of \ninformation spaces made up of data ",
"timestamp": [
363.963,
367.84
]
},
{
"text": "points that are controlled by just a handful \nof organizations. And data is the new oil.",
"timestamp": [
367.84,
372.72
]
},
{
"text": "points that are controlled by just a handful \nof organizations. And data is the new oil.",
"timestamp": [
367.84,
372.72
]
},
{
"text": "Whether we’re shopping, in school, at work, or \nsimply taking a walk, we can leave a virtual trail ",
"timestamp": [
372.72,
377.92
]
},
{
"text": "Whether we’re shopping, in school, at work, or \nsimply taking a walk, we can leave a virtual trail ",
"timestamp": [
372.72,
377.92
]
},
{
"text": "or digital footprint through websites we visit, \nmessages we send through different platforms, and ",
"timestamp": [
377.92,
382.8
]
},
{
"text": "or digital footprint through websites we visit, \nmessages we send through different platforms, and ",
"timestamp": [
377.92,
382.8
]
},
{
"text": "even cameras -- whether it’s a security camera at \na local store or your neighbor’s doorbell monitor. ",
"timestamp": [
382.8,
388.24
]
},
{
"text": "even cameras -- whether it’s a security camera at \na local store or your neighbor’s doorbell monitor. ",
"timestamp": [
382.8,
388.24
]
},
{
"text": "In this surveillance landscape our locations \nand our identities are used to extract data. ",
"timestamp": [
388.24,
393.2
]
},
{
"text": "In this surveillance landscape our locations \nand our identities are used to extract data. ",
"timestamp": [
388.24,
393.2
]
},
{
"text": "And like oil, extraction means profit.",
"timestamp": [
393.2,
396.08
]
},
{
"text": "And like oil, extraction means profit.",
"timestamp": [
393.2,
396.08
]
},
{
"text": "This new round of extraction is \ncalled surveillance capitalism, ",
"timestamp": [
396.08,
399.52
]
},
{
"text": "This new round of extraction is \ncalled surveillance capitalism, ",
"timestamp": [
396.08,
399.52
]
},
{
"text": "and nowhere is this surveillance more obvious \nthan in our urban spaces. Today’s cities are ",
"timestamp": [
399.52,
404.32
]
},
{
"text": "and nowhere is this surveillance more obvious \nthan in our urban spaces. Today’s cities are ",
"timestamp": [
399.52,
404.32
]
},
{
"text": "also smart cities, saturated with cameras \nand sensors that secure homes, workplaces, ",
"timestamp": [
404.32,
409.04
]
},
{
"text": "also smart cities, saturated with cameras \nand sensors that secure homes, workplaces, ",
"timestamp": [
404.32,
409.04
]
},
{
"text": "and everything in between, with the goal of \nmaking our cities safer and more efficient.",
"timestamp": [
409.04,
413.04
]
},
{
"text": "and everything in between, with the goal of \nmaking our cities safer and more efficient.",
"timestamp": [
409.04,
413.04
]
},
{
"text": "But creating smart cities also means we’re \nletting a massive amount of data be collected. ",
"timestamp": [
413.04,
417.52
]
},
{
"text": "But creating smart cities also means we’re \nletting a massive amount of data be collected. ",
"timestamp": [
413.04,
417.52
]
},
{
"text": "These technologies have the ability to \ncollect granular data on local weather, ",
"timestamp": [
417.52,
421.44
]
},
{
"text": "These technologies have the ability to \ncollect granular data on local weather, ",
"timestamp": [
417.52,
421.44
]
},
{
"text": "pollution, and traffic patterns. And they \ncan also collect personal data as we move ",
"timestamp": [
421.44,
425.36
]
},
{
"text": "pollution, and traffic patterns. And they \ncan also collect personal data as we move ",
"timestamp": [
421.44,
425.36
]
},
{
"text": "through public spaces -- personal \ndata that can be commercialized.",
"timestamp": [
425.36,
428.56
]
},
{
"text": "through public spaces -- personal \ndata that can be commercialized.",
"timestamp": [
425.36,
428.56
]
},
{
"text": "But just because we can doesn't \nmean we should. Or at least, ",
"timestamp": [
428.56,
432.4
]
},
{
"text": "But just because we can doesn't \nmean we should. Or at least, ",
"timestamp": [
428.56,
432.4
]
},
{
"text": "doesn't mean we should without at least \nfirst thinking critically about which ",
"timestamp": [
432.4,
435.92
]
},
{
"text": "doesn't mean we should without at least \nfirst thinking critically about which ",
"timestamp": [
432.4,
435.92
]
},
{
"text": "communities may benefit most from technological \nsolutions -- and who might be harmed, instead.",
"timestamp": [
435.92,
440.8
]
},
{
"text": "communities may benefit most from technological \nsolutions -- and who might be harmed, instead.",
"timestamp": [
435.92,
440.8
]
},
{
"text": "Like as cities become more focused on security, \nthat might also mean new ways to manipulate, ",
"timestamp": [
440.8,
445.36
]
},
{
"text": "Like as cities become more focused on security, \nthat might also mean new ways to manipulate, ",
"timestamp": [
440.8,
445.36
]
},
{
"text": "segregate, and keep surveillance on our most \nmarginalized and vulnerable social groups. ",
"timestamp": [
445.36,
449.52
]
},
{
"text": "segregate, and keep surveillance on our most \nmarginalized and vulnerable social groups. ",
"timestamp": [
445.36,
449.52
]
},
{
"text": "We need to think about how spaces and \ninfrastructure will be provided in the future ",
"timestamp": [
449.52,
453.44
]
},
{
"text": "We need to think about how spaces and \ninfrastructure will be provided in the future ",
"timestamp": [
449.52,
453.44
]
},
{
"text": "and the roles that technology, data, and \nprivatization will play in shaping our cities.",
"timestamp": [
453.44,
458.08
]
},
{
"text": "and the roles that technology, data, and \nprivatization will play in shaping our cities.",
"timestamp": [
453.44,
458.08
]
},
{
"text": "If all this is sounding a bit dystopian, I’m with \nyou. But as geographers, we can study these new ",
"timestamp": [
458.08,
463.84
]
},
{
"text": "If all this is sounding a bit dystopian, I’m with \nyou. But as geographers, we can study these new ",
"timestamp": [
458.08,
463.84
]
},
{
"text": "spaces and economies and ask questions about \nthe relationships and patterns that they form. ",
"timestamp": [
463.84,
468.72
]
},
{
"text": "spaces and economies and ask questions about \nthe relationships and patterns that they form. ",
"timestamp": [
463.84,
468.72
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, environmental geographers \nhave studied what happens when we ",
"timestamp": [
468.72,
471.52
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, environmental geographers \nhave studied what happens when we ",
"timestamp": [
468.72,
471.52
]
},
{
"text": "restrict access to public spaces and the \nproblems that creates in great detail.",
"timestamp": [
471.52,
476.08
]
},
{
"text": "restrict access to public spaces and the \nproblems that creates in great detail.",
"timestamp": [
471.52,
476.08
]
},
{
"text": "When communities stop being in charge of their own \nspaces, it amplifies negative consequences -- like ",
"timestamp": [
476.08,
481.2
]
},
{
"text": "When communities stop being in charge of their own \nspaces, it amplifies negative consequences -- like ",
"timestamp": [
476.08,
481.2
]
},
{
"text": "when fisheries start being privately owned, \nit ends up consolidating and limiting who can ",
"timestamp": [
481.2,
485.52
]
},
{
"text": "when fisheries start being privately owned, \nit ends up consolidating and limiting who can ",
"timestamp": [
481.2,
485.52
]
},
{
"text": "catch fish. By restricting access, we also \nlose out on a lot of community knowledge, ",
"timestamp": [
485.52,
490.56
]
},
{
"text": "catch fish. By restricting access, we also \nlose out on a lot of community knowledge, ",
"timestamp": [
485.52,
490.56
]
},
{
"text": "which can include informal practices \nthat help reduce impacts on a resource.",
"timestamp": [
490.56,
494.32
]
},
{
"text": "which can include informal practices \nthat help reduce impacts on a resource.",
"timestamp": [
490.56,
494.32
]
},
{
"text": "And the world of data is no different. \nSome communities are pushing back on ",
"timestamp": [
494.32,
497.76
]
},
{
"text": "And the world of data is no different. \nSome communities are pushing back on ",
"timestamp": [
494.32,
497.76
]
},
{
"text": "surveillance and all the data \ncollected by private companies ",
"timestamp": [
497.76,
500.72
]
},
{
"text": "surveillance and all the data \ncollected by private companies ",
"timestamp": [
497.76,
500.72
]
},
{
"text": "by arguing for more data to be open access. This \nturns data from a private good to something that ",
"timestamp": [
500.72,
505.84
]
},
{
"text": "by arguing for more data to be open access. This \nturns data from a private good to something that ",
"timestamp": [
500.72,
505.84
]
},
{
"text": "is held in common and that we care for as \na public good, like water in a watershed.",
"timestamp": [
505.84,
509.92
]
},
{
"text": "is held in common and that we care for as \na public good, like water in a watershed.",
"timestamp": [
505.84,
509.92
]
},
{
"text": "Communal data also gives under-resourced \ncommunities new outlets to claim space and power. ",
"timestamp": [
509.92,
514.88
]
},
{
"text": "Communal data also gives under-resourced \ncommunities new outlets to claim space and power. ",
"timestamp": [
509.92,
514.88
]
},
{
"text": "Like through efforts like open \ngeographic data or the effort to map ",
"timestamp": [
514.88,
518.08
]
},
{
"text": "Like through efforts like open \ngeographic data or the effort to map ",
"timestamp": [
514.88,
518.08
]
},
{
"text": "previously silenced patterns, through \nprojects like Mapping Prejudice.",
"timestamp": [
518.08,
521.68
]
},
{
"text": "previously silenced patterns, through \nprojects like Mapping Prejudice.",
"timestamp": [
518.08,
521.68
]
},
{
"text": "Though our current surveillance landscape and an ",
"timestamp": [
521.68,
523.68
]
},
{
"text": "Though our current surveillance landscape and an ",
"timestamp": [
521.68,
523.68
]
},
{
"text": "open data future aren’t the only two \noptions for how we can deal with data. ",
"timestamp": [
523.68,
527.68
]
},
{
"text": "open data future aren’t the only two \noptions for how we can deal with data. ",
"timestamp": [
523.68,
527.68
]
},
{
"text": "And as geographers we can help figure out \nhow those options affect spaces and places.",
"timestamp": [
527.68,
532.16
]
},
{
"text": "And as geographers we can help figure out \nhow those options affect spaces and places.",
"timestamp": [
527.68,
532.16
]
},
{
"text": "And finally, the third core geography \nconcept is human-environment interactions ",
"timestamp": [
532.16,
536.8
]
},
{
"text": "And finally, the third core geography \nconcept is human-environment interactions ",
"timestamp": [
532.16,
536.8
]
},
{
"text": "or are all the ways humans connect \nwith and live within the environment ",
"timestamp": [
536.8,
540.08
]
},
{
"text": "or are all the ways humans connect \nwith and live within the environment ",
"timestamp": [
536.8,
540.08
]
},
{
"text": "and the impact the environment has on \nlives, choices, and experiences of people.",
"timestamp": [
540.08,
544.48
]
},
{
"text": "and the impact the environment has on \nlives, choices, and experiences of people.",
"timestamp": [
540.08,
544.48
]
},
{
"text": "As we enter the third decade of the 21st \ncentury, the human footprint extends over ",
"timestamp": [
544.48,
548.88
]
},
{
"text": "As we enter the third decade of the 21st \ncentury, the human footprint extends over ",
"timestamp": [
544.48,
548.88
]
},
{
"text": "the vast majority of Earth’s surface. In fact \nsome people call our current geological era ",
"timestamp": [
548.88,
553.68
]
},
{
"text": "the vast majority of Earth’s surface. In fact \nsome people call our current geological era ",
"timestamp": [
548.88,
553.68
]
},
{
"text": "in Earth’s history the anthropocene. It’s the \nperiod where human activities like agriculture, ",
"timestamp": [
553.68,
558.64
]
},
{
"text": "in Earth’s history the anthropocene. It’s the \nperiod where human activities like agriculture, ",
"timestamp": [
553.68,
558.64
]
},
{
"text": "industrialization and urbanization have had \nfar reaching effects on Earth’s ecosystems.",
"timestamp": [
558.64,
563.52
]
},
{
"text": "industrialization and urbanization have had \nfar reaching effects on Earth’s ecosystems.",
"timestamp": [
558.64,
563.52
]
},
{
"text": "And this is an important piece \nof recognition for geographers, ",
"timestamp": [
563.52,
566.64
]
},
{
"text": "And this is an important piece \nof recognition for geographers, ",
"timestamp": [
563.52,
566.64
]
},
{
"text": "because it means our work has \nrenewed relevance as more people ",
"timestamp": [
566.64,
569.6
]
},
{
"text": "because it means our work has \nrenewed relevance as more people ",
"timestamp": [
566.64,
569.6
]
},
{
"text": "recognize the idea that the natural world \nis inextricably linked with the human world.",
"timestamp": [
569.6,
573.6
]
},
{
"text": "recognize the idea that the natural world \nis inextricably linked with the human world.",
"timestamp": [
569.6,
573.6
]
},
{
"text": "But the anthropocene holds both promise and \nperil and it’s important how we think about it. ",
"timestamp": [
573.6,
578.4
]
},
{
"text": "But the anthropocene holds both promise and \nperil and it’s important how we think about it. ",
"timestamp": [
573.6,
578.4
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, let’s consider geoengineering, or \nthe active manipulation of the Earth’s climate ",
"timestamp": [
578.4,
583.28
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, let’s consider geoengineering, or \nthe active manipulation of the Earth’s climate ",
"timestamp": [
578.4,
583.28
]
},
{
"text": "in order to counteract the \neffect of climate disaster.",
"timestamp": [
583.28,
585.84
]
},
{
"text": "in order to counteract the \neffect of climate disaster.",
"timestamp": [
583.28,
585.84
]
},
{
"text": "Geoengineering solutions like carbon capture \nactively push carbon dioxide and other greenhouse ",
"timestamp": [
585.84,
590.72
]
},
{
"text": "Geoengineering solutions like carbon capture \nactively push carbon dioxide and other greenhouse ",
"timestamp": [
585.84,
590.72
]
},
{
"text": "gases from the atmosphere into Earth’s crust, \nso it can’t trap heat in the atmosphere anymore. ",
"timestamp": [
590.72,
596
]
},
{
"text": "gases from the atmosphere into Earth’s crust, \nso it can’t trap heat in the atmosphere anymore. ",
"timestamp": [
590.72,
596
]
},
{
"text": "And reducing the amount of carbon \ndioxide we put into the atmosphere ",
"timestamp": [
596,
599.2
]
},
{
"text": "And reducing the amount of carbon \ndioxide we put into the atmosphere ",
"timestamp": [
596,
599.2
]
},
{
"text": "is a goal that’s socially and geographically \ndispersed. That means countries and societies ",
"timestamp": [
599.2,
603.52
]
},
{
"text": "is a goal that’s socially and geographically \ndispersed. That means countries and societies ",
"timestamp": [
599.2,
603.52
]
},
{
"text": "must all participate to reduce the carbon \ndioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.",
"timestamp": [
603.52,
607.76
]
},
{
"text": "must all participate to reduce the carbon \ndioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.",
"timestamp": [
603.52,
607.76
]
},
{
"text": "But another geoengineering solution \n-- solar radiation management which is ",
"timestamp": [
607.76,
611.52
]
},
{
"text": "But another geoengineering solution \n-- solar radiation management which is ",
"timestamp": [
607.76,
611.52
]
},
{
"text": "when we reflect a small amount of the \nenergy from the Sun back into space, ",
"timestamp": [
611.52,
615.04
]
},
{
"text": "when we reflect a small amount of the \nenergy from the Sun back into space, ",
"timestamp": [
611.52,
615.04
]
},
{
"text": "rather than letting it reach \nus on Earth -- is the inverse. ",
"timestamp": [
615.04,
618.16
]
},
{
"text": "rather than letting it reach \nus on Earth -- is the inverse. ",
"timestamp": [
615.04,
618.16
]
},
{
"text": "It's adding aerosols or space reflectors to \nour atmosphere, rather than taking them away.",
"timestamp": [
618.16,
622.874
]
},
{
"text": "It's adding aerosols or space reflectors to \nour atmosphere, rather than taking them away.",
"timestamp": [
618.16,
622.874
]
},
{
"text": "Geoengineering the climate like this \nrequires advanced technological capabilities. ",
"timestamp": [
622.874,
627.12
]
},
{
"text": "Geoengineering the climate like this \nrequires advanced technological capabilities. ",
"timestamp": [
622.874,
627.12
]
},
{
"text": "It also means a small group of \nstates or private companies would ",
"timestamp": [
627.12,
629.84
]
},
{
"text": "It also means a small group of \nstates or private companies would ",
"timestamp": [
627.12,
629.84
]
},
{
"text": "be able to manipulate the climate of \nentire regions however they wanted.",
"timestamp": [
629.84,
633.28
]
},
{
"text": "be able to manipulate the climate of \nentire regions however they wanted.",
"timestamp": [
629.84,
633.28
]
},
{
"text": "So as geographers, we’ve got a lot of work ahead \nof us helping the world navigate whether we can ",
"timestamp": [
633.28,
638.24
]
},
{
"text": "So as geographers, we’ve got a lot of work ahead \nof us helping the world navigate whether we can ",
"timestamp": [
633.28,
638.24
]
},
{
"text": "or should drastically manipulate the physical \nenvironment in new ways to suit human needs.",
"timestamp": [
638.24,
643.2
]
},
{
"text": "or should drastically manipulate the physical \nenvironment in new ways to suit human needs.",
"timestamp": [
638.24,
643.2
]
},
{
"text": "And because geographers are experts \non the relationships between ",
"timestamp": [
643.2,
646.08
]
},
{
"text": "And because geographers are experts \non the relationships between ",
"timestamp": [
643.2,
646.08
]
},
{
"text": "physical and social processes, we can help ",
"timestamp": [
646.08,
648.48
]
},
{
"text": "physical and social processes, we can help ",
"timestamp": [
646.08,
648.48
]
},
{
"text": "evaluate the consequences or potential \nbenefits of manipulating our environment.",
"timestamp": [
648.48,
652.56
]
},
{
"text": "evaluate the consequences or potential \nbenefits of manipulating our environment.",
"timestamp": [
648.48,
652.56
]
},
{
"text": "The anthropocene requires us to radically rethink \nthe idea of nature and even humans and our ",
"timestamp": [
652.56,
657.44
]
},
{
"text": "The anthropocene requires us to radically rethink \nthe idea of nature and even humans and our ",
"timestamp": [
652.56,
657.44
]
},
{
"text": "relationship with each other. What is just and \nwhat is equitable, both socially and spatially, ",
"timestamp": [
657.44,
662.64
]
},
{
"text": "relationship with each other. What is just and \nwhat is equitable, both socially and spatially, ",
"timestamp": [
657.44,
662.64
]
},
{
"text": "are still important questions, because there are \npower relationships bound up in who will be the ",
"timestamp": [
662.64,
667.04
]
},
{
"text": "are still important questions, because there are \npower relationships bound up in who will be the ",
"timestamp": [
662.64,
667.04
]
},
{
"text": "winners and losers, or who gets to decide \nwhat is beneficial and what is harmful.",
"timestamp": [
667.04,
671.28
]
},
{
"text": "winners and losers, or who gets to decide \nwhat is beneficial and what is harmful.",
"timestamp": [
667.04,
671.28
]
},
{
"text": "So throughout this series we’ve talked a lot about \nthe different patterns and processes that shape ",
"timestamp": [
671.28,
676.08
]
},
{
"text": "So throughout this series we’ve talked a lot about \nthe different patterns and processes that shape ",
"timestamp": [
671.28,
676.08
]
},
{
"text": "our world and how deeply they’re affected \nby the past. But nothing is set in stone. ",
"timestamp": [
676.08,
681.36
]
},
{
"text": "our world and how deeply they’re affected \nby the past. But nothing is set in stone. ",
"timestamp": [
676.08,
681.36
]
},
{
"text": "And as we’ve said many times, the Earth is a \nbeautifully dynamic place, and human innovation ",
"timestamp": [
681.36,
686.8
]
},
{
"text": "And as we’ve said many times, the Earth is a \nbeautifully dynamic place, and human innovation ",
"timestamp": [
681.36,
686.8
]
},
{
"text": "and our desire to claim and create our own places \nwill continue to build new landscapes and futures.",
"timestamp": [
686.8,
692.48
]
},
{
"text": "and our desire to claim and create our own places \nwill continue to build new landscapes and futures.",
"timestamp": [
686.8,
692.48
]
},
{
"text": "Whether it’s climate change, data landscapes, or \nunderstanding the movement of people and ideas, ",
"timestamp": [
692.48,
697.52
]
},
{
"text": "Whether it’s climate change, data landscapes, or \nunderstanding the movement of people and ideas, ",
"timestamp": [
692.48,
697.52
]
},
{
"text": "power and economics, geographers are right there, ",
"timestamp": [
697.52,
701.04
]
},
{
"text": "power and economics, geographers are right there, ",
"timestamp": [
697.52,
701.04
]
},
{
"text": "getting their boots muddy or digging \nthrough archives and big data. ",
"timestamp": [
701.04,
705
]
},
{
"text": "getting their boots muddy or digging \nthrough archives and big data. ",
"timestamp": [
701.04,
705
]
},
{
"text": "We’re helping to explain the relationships \nbetween the physical and social forces ",
"timestamp": [
705,
708.96
]
},
{
"text": "We’re helping to explain the relationships \nbetween the physical and social forces ",
"timestamp": [
705,
708.96
]
},
{
"text": "and the outcomes those interactions generate \nin order to tell all the stories of the Earth.",
"timestamp": [
708.96,
713.84
]
},
{
"text": "and the outcomes those interactions generate \nin order to tell all the stories of the Earth.",
"timestamp": [
708.96,
713.84
]
},
{
"text": "And with that, we’ve made it to the end of our \njourney -- around the world and back again, ",
"timestamp": [
713.84,
718.8
]
},
{
"text": "And with that, we’ve made it to the end of our \njourney -- around the world and back again, ",
"timestamp": [
713.84,
718.8
]
},
{
"text": "learning about things like volcanoes, \nglaciers, agricultural patterns, ",
"timestamp": [
718.8,
722.88
]
},
{
"text": "learning about things like volcanoes, \nglaciers, agricultural patterns, ",
"timestamp": [
718.8,
722.88
]
},
{
"text": "and the movement of language and \nreligion, and, of course, bananas.",
"timestamp": [
722.88,
727.28
]
},
{
"text": "and the movement of language and \nreligion, and, of course, bananas.",
"timestamp": [
722.88,
727.28
]
},
{
"text": "It has been an honor to be your companion along \nthe way -- with the help of so many friends -- and ",
"timestamp": [
727.28,
732.96
]
},
{
"text": "It has been an honor to be your companion along \nthe way -- with the help of so many friends -- and ",
"timestamp": [
727.28,
732.96
]
},
{
"text": "I hope that understanding a bit more about both \nphysical and human geography has given you new ",
"timestamp": [
732.96,
737.52
]
},
{
"text": "I hope that understanding a bit more about both \nphysical and human geography has given you new ",
"timestamp": [
732.96,
737.52
]
},
{
"text": "perspectives to ponder, and a renewed sense of awe \nand wonder about our extraordinary home planet. ",
"timestamp": [
737.52,
743.44
]
},
{
"text": "perspectives to ponder, and a renewed sense of awe \nand wonder about our extraordinary home planet. ",
"timestamp": [
737.52,
743.44
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you so much for joining me on this journey.",
"timestamp": [
743.44,
747.12
]
},
{
"text": "Thank you so much for joining me on this journey.",
"timestamp": [
743.44,
747.12
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash \nCourse Geography which is filmed at the ",
"timestamp": [
747.12,
750.88
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash \nCourse Geography which is filmed at the ",
"timestamp": [
747.12,
750.88
]
},
{
"text": "Team Sandoval Pierce Studio and was made with \nthe help of all these nice people. If you want ",
"timestamp": [
750.88,
756.32
]
},
{
"text": "Team Sandoval Pierce Studio and was made with \nthe help of all these nice people. If you want ",
"timestamp": [
750.88,
756.32
]
},
{
"text": "to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
756.32,
762.576
]
},
{
"text": "to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
756.32,
762.576
]
}
] |
[
[
"space-time",
"Hi and welcome to Crash Course physics. Today we’re going to jump into the space-time continuum.Just kidding! Though science fiction writers and physicists aren’t the only ones exploring space-time, which is when the three dimensions we see in space are represented together with time.Geographers and physicists are both trying to describe the world and tell the stories of the Earth, so it makes sense that \nwe share some of the same vocabulary. As geographers when we talk about space-time, we mean more that space and time are becoming one --the distance between different spaces doesn’t matter as much, and the time it takes for ideas or people to diffuse from one location to another is getting smaller and smaller.Like in our episode on industrial \ngeography we talked about globalization, and how in a globalized world the movement, flows, and connections -- whether economic or political or social or cultural -- have made it seem like we’ve compressed time and space, as the geographer David Harvey once said.As how we live and work changes, our \nspaces, places, and human-environment interactions are being reorganized on every \npossible scale. In this final episode, come with me as we start to tell the \nstories of geographies of the future.I’m Alizé Carrère, and for the last \ntime, this is Crash Course Geography."
],
[
"intro",
"INTRO"
],
[
"virtual spaces",
"For our last episode of Crash Course Geography \nit seems fitting to come full circle and revisit our fundamental geography tools: space, place, and \nbananas -- I mean, human-environment interactions.Throughout our journey through this series, we’ve \ntalked about lots of different types of space. But basically, space refers to all the features \nand relationships that occur in a given area.And now the digital world has created a \n(somewhat) new virtual space with its own landscape or technoscape where we can interact \nwithout necessarily being physically together.Like, it takes many people to pull an \nepisode of Crash Course Geography together. Our field producer Neil and I shoot this in \nMiami, Florida with our editor Madeline and producer Brandon zooming in from Colorado \nand Indiana. And they work with our writers and consultants April and Zohra in Ohio and \nKelly our fact checker in Massachusetts, and Tuna who does our sound design in Montana. And of \ncourse the Thought Café team with Meg and Tenzin illustrating the series from Ontario, Canada \nand Monique animating it from Sao Paulo, Brazil.We work as a team from many \ndifferent locations and time zones. And while we’re each located in \nan absolute or specific space, we’re also simultaneously in a relational space \nthat’s connected through social media and the virtual world to lots of other places \nwhen we’re interacting with each other.Like during a zoom meeting I might be \npaying rapt attention of course...and ordering a library book or placing \na take-out order for lunch. Or maybe I’m out doing errands but also chatting \nwith my sister and the chickens in France. So many different kinds of spaces \nare converging all at once.And that means how we think about space \nin geography has changed and will change in the future. We’ve broadened our concept of \nspace and the spaces we navigate daily because all of these different types of space have become \nan integral part of our lives. They influence and impact each other and will profoundly \nchange how we live, work, shop and play.Right now though, in the early 2020s, \nwe don’t know the whole story of virtual space. There’s still a lot to study in \ngeography because these virtual spaces can also be filled with power struggles and \npossibilities, just like physical spaces."
],
[
"place and globalization",
"And as our understanding of space changes \nand grows, we also have to think about another core concept: place and \nwhat that means in the future. Place is an area in a space that humans have given \nmeaning to or have become attached to in some way. So places are like locations plus so much more -- they’re also the setting of everyday life. We experience places and they exist \nbecause we exist, which makes place a social construct that is unique to particular \npeople and which can change over time.As space and time converge, today more than ever, places are linked to other places and regions \nin a global rather than a local context and are highly interdependent. Like New York City \nand London in some ways are more closely linked as important economic places than say New York City \nand my hometown Ithaca, a little bit upstate.In fact, globalization has made some people \nafraid that we’re heading towards a world where global consumerism will make every place \nthe same. Whether we’re in Denver or Dubai, we’re confronted with the \nsame airport, hotel, or office and with the same shops, the same \nbrands, and the same products.Some people find that this homogenization, or \nblending together, makes them feel placeless and dislocated. But other people find \nthat same-ness comforting. And another school of thought says that these \nbrands are globally ubiquitous, but are being adapted in different ways to meet \nthe tastes, desires, needs, and culture of locals.Either way, this means that places aren’t \nlost. But it does mean that the people who live in places affected by globalization -- so \nmost of the world -- do need to decide what it is they want their place to be, whether that is \nreasserting identity and claim to a territory in order to recreate a specific time and place \nin the past or a new vision of their future."
],
[
"the slow city movement",
"Like the slow city movement, which is \na grassroots response to globalization and an example of people trying to recover \na sense of place. The goal of slow cities, or cittaslow, is to develop places that \nretain healthy environments, good food, sustainable economies and a vital community \nlife based on seasonal and traditional rhythms.Like Damyang County in South Korea, which \nhas improved its physical environment by restoring its traditional gravel pathways \nand creeks and has strict building regulations to make sure new construction is in \nline with the town’s historic character. Residents can learn traditional arts \nand crafts and there is a daily and weekly market for local products \nand for farmers to sell produce.Defending territory is a placemaking \nforce, and it’s a way we show we’re attached to a specific location and \nhave created a place we feel we belong. So in some ways, globalization has made local \nsettings more important than ever before.And even though globalization seems overpowering, there are still so many local differences \nin what resources are available or how the space is organized. So really, \nplaces are constantly under construction as people respond to the opportunities \nand constraints of wherever they are.Which means as geographers, we’ll continue \nworking to understand what makes people, places and regions different from one another."
],
[
"data landscapes and surveillance",
"One of the areas our new understanding of space \nand place are on display is the new world of data. Many of our interactions are part of \ninformation spaces made up of data points that are controlled by just a handful \nof organizations. And data is the new oil.Whether we’re shopping, in school, at work, or \nsimply taking a walk, we can leave a virtual trail or digital footprint through websites we visit, \nmessages we send through different platforms, and even cameras -- whether it’s a security camera at \na local store or your neighbor’s doorbell monitor. In this surveillance landscape our locations \nand our identities are used to extract data. And like oil, extraction means profit.This new round of extraction is \ncalled surveillance capitalism, and nowhere is this surveillance more obvious \nthan in our urban spaces. Today’s cities are also smart cities, saturated with cameras \nand sensors that secure homes, workplaces, and everything in between, with the goal of \nmaking our cities safer and more efficient.But creating smart cities also means we’re \nletting a massive amount of data be collected. These technologies have the ability to \ncollect granular data on local weather, pollution, and traffic patterns. And they \ncan also collect personal data as we move through public spaces -- personal \ndata that can be commercialized.But just because we can doesn't \nmean we should. Or at least, doesn't mean we should without at least \nfirst thinking critically about which communities may benefit most from technological \nsolutions -- and who might be harmed, instead.Like as cities become more focused on security, \nthat might also mean new ways to manipulate, segregate, and keep surveillance on our most \nmarginalized and vulnerable social groups. We need to think about how spaces and \ninfrastructure will be provided in the future and the roles that technology, data, and \nprivatization will play in shaping our cities.If all this is sounding a bit dystopian, I’m with \nyou. But as geographers, we can study these new spaces and economies and ask questions about \nthe relationships and patterns that they form. In fact, environmental geographers \nhave studied what happens when we restrict access to public spaces and the \nproblems that creates in great detail.When communities stop being in charge of their own \nspaces, it amplifies negative consequences -- like when fisheries start being privately owned, \nit ends up consolidating and limiting who can catch fish. By restricting access, we also \nlose out on a lot of community knowledge, which can include informal practices \nthat help reduce impacts on a resource.And the world of data is no different. \nSome communities are pushing back on surveillance and all the data \ncollected by private companies by arguing for more data to be open access. This \nturns data from a private good to something that is held in common and that we care for as \na public good, like water in a watershed.Communal data also gives under-resourced \ncommunities new outlets to claim space and power. Like through efforts like open \ngeographic data or the effort to map previously silenced patterns, through \nprojects like Mapping Prejudice.Though our current surveillance landscape and an open data future aren’t the only two \noptions for how we can deal with data. And as geographers we can help figure out \nhow those options affect spaces and places."
],
[
"human footprint",
"And finally, the third core geography \nconcept is human-environment interactions or are all the ways humans connect \nwith and live within the environment and the impact the environment has on \nlives, choices, and experiences of people.As we enter the third decade of the 21st \ncentury, the human footprint extends over the vast majority of Earth’s surface. In fact \nsome people call our current geological era in Earth’s history the anthropocene. It’s the \nperiod where human activities like agriculture, industrialization and urbanization have had \nfar reaching effects on Earth’s ecosystems.And this is an important piece \nof recognition for geographers, because it means our work has \nrenewed relevance as more people recognize the idea that the natural world \nis inextricably linked with the human world.But the anthropocene holds both promise and \nperil and it’s important how we think about it. "
],
[
"geoengineering",
"For instance, let’s consider geoengineering, or \nthe active manipulation of the Earth’s climate in order to counteract the \neffect of climate disaster.Geoengineering solutions like carbon capture \nactively push carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere into Earth’s crust, \nso it can’t trap heat in the atmosphere anymore. And reducing the amount of carbon \ndioxide we put into the atmosphere is a goal that’s socially and geographically \ndispersed. That means countries and societies must all participate to reduce the carbon \ndioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions.But another geoengineering solution \n-- solar radiation management which is when we reflect a small amount of the \nenergy from the Sun back into space, rather than letting it reach \nus on Earth -- is the inverse. It's adding aerosols or space reflectors to \nour atmosphere, rather than taking them away.Geoengineering the climate like this \nrequires advanced technological capabilities. It also means a small group of \nstates or private companies would be able to manipulate the climate of \nentire regions however they wanted.So as geographers, we’ve got a lot of work ahead \nof us helping the world navigate whether we can or should drastically manipulate the physical \nenvironment in new ways to suit human needs.And because geographers are experts \non the relationships between physical and social processes, we can help evaluate the consequences or potential \nbenefits of manipulating our environment.The anthropocene requires us to radically rethink \nthe idea of nature and even humans and our relationship with each other. What is just and \nwhat is equitable, both socially and spatially, are still important questions, because there are \npower relationships bound up in who will be the winners and losers, or who gets to decide \nwhat is beneficial and what is harmful."
],
[
"series wrap-up",
"So throughout this series we’ve talked a lot about \nthe different patterns and processes that shape our world and how deeply they’re affected \nby the past. But nothing is set in stone. And as we’ve said many times, the Earth is a \nbeautifully dynamic place, and human innovation and our desire to claim and create our own places \nwill continue to build new landscapes and futures.Whether it’s climate change, data landscapes, or \nunderstanding the movement of people and ideas, power and economics, geographers are right there, getting their boots muddy or digging \nthrough archives and big data. We’re helping to explain the relationships \nbetween the physical and social forces and the outcomes those interactions generate \nin order to tell all the stories of the Earth.And with that, we’ve made it to the end of our \njourney -- around the world and back again, learning about things like volcanoes, \nglaciers, agricultural patterns, and the movement of language and \nreligion, and, of course, bananas.It has been an honor to be your companion along \nthe way -- with the help of so many friends -- and I hope that understanding a bit more about both \nphysical and human geography has given you new perspectives to ponder, and a renewed sense of awe \nand wonder about our extraordinary home planet. Thank you so much for joining me on this journey."
],
[
"outro",
"Thanks for watching this episode of Crash \nCourse Geography which is filmed at the Team Sandoval Pierce Studio and was made with \nthe help of all these nice people. If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, \nforever, you can join our community on Patreon."
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Biological Polymers: Crash Course Organic Chemistry #49
|
3Pp1AY_lmR4
| 869 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "You can review content from Crash Course Organic Chemistry with the Crash Course App,",
"timestamp": [
0.281,
3.885
]
},
{
"text": "available now for Android and iOS devices.",
"timestamp": [
3.885,
7.033
]
},
{
"text": "Hi!",
"timestamp": [
7.033,
7.533
]
},
{
"text": "I’m Deboki Chakravarti and welcome to Crash\nCourse Organic Chemistry!",
"timestamp": [
7.533,
11.23
]
},
{
"text": "Imagine a huge factory that makes plushies.",
"timestamp": [
11.23,
15.599
]
},
{
"text": "The factory is completely automatic,",
"timestamp": [
15.599,
18.1
]
},
{
"text": "so when there’s enough material around,\nproduction begins.",
"timestamp": [
18.1,
21.68
]
},
{
"text": "If we start to run out of plastic eyes,",
"timestamp": [
21.68,
24.39
]
},
{
"text": "the machines that make the plushies send signals\nto the eye machines to manufacture more.",
"timestamp": [
24.39,
30.18
]
},
{
"text": "And if the ratio of noses to eyes is too high\n– no problem!",
"timestamp": [
30.18,
35.149
]
},
{
"text": "The nose machine can slow down, or the eye\nmachine can speed up.",
"timestamp": [
35.149,
39.329
]
},
{
"text": "A self-regulating factory might sound a little\nunbelievable, but it’s exactly how our bodies",
"timestamp": [
39.329,
45.789
]
},
{
"text": "work.",
"timestamp": [
45.789,
46.789
]
},
{
"text": "If we have plenty of food and nutrients, we\ngo into manufacturing mode.",
"timestamp": [
46.789,
52.53
]
},
{
"text": "When there's not enough, we break down energy\nstorage molecules.",
"timestamp": [
52.53,
56.429
]
},
{
"text": "We’re chock full of regulatory mechanisms",
"timestamp": [
56.429,
59.359
]
},
{
"text": "that keep the ratios of the organic molecules\nwe’re making constantly in balance.",
"timestamp": [
59.359,
65.17
]
},
{
"text": "So let's explore how building blocks like\ncarbohydrates,",
"timestamp": [
65.17,
69.1
]
},
{
"text": "nucleotides, and amino acids become the biological\npolymers that control our body-factory.",
"timestamp": [
69.1,
74.48
]
},
{
"text": "[Theme Music]",
"timestamp": [
74.48,
86.141
]
},
{
"text": "First, I've got to mention lipids.",
"timestamp": [
86.141,
89.251
]
},
{
"text": "Lipids are one of the four main biochemical\nbuilding blocks, but they don’t form polymers.",
"timestamp": [
89.251,
95.36
]
},
{
"text": "Still, these hydrophobic molecules are critical\nto our factory.",
"timestamp": [
95.36,
99.939
]
},
{
"text": "Some are hormones that send cellular signals\nthat have powerful controls on manufacturing.",
"timestamp": [
99.939,
106.15
]
},
{
"text": "Some form cell membranes that hold each mini-factory\ntogether.",
"timestamp": [
106.15,
109.92
]
},
{
"text": "And lipids are the major form of long-term\nenergy storage.",
"timestamp": [
109.92,
114.33
]
},
{
"text": "Triglycerides, stored in our fat cells, can\nbe broken down to provide lots of energy,",
"timestamp": [
114.33,
119.929
]
},
{
"text": "like when we’re on a long hike and haven’t\neaten in awhile.",
"timestamp": [
119.929,
122.799
]
},
{
"text": "Now, the focus of this episode is the three\nbuilding blocks that can form polymers.",
"timestamp": [
122.799,
129.17
]
},
{
"text": "And carbohydrates provide another important\ntype of energy storage",
"timestamp": [
129.17,
132.81
]
},
{
"text": "to keep our factory powered.",
"timestamp": [
132.81,
134.74
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s quickly recap carbohydrate structure\nfrom episode 48,",
"timestamp": [
134.74,
138.819
]
},
{
"text": "by using the Haworth projection of galactose\nto draw its Fisher projection.",
"timestamp": [
138.819,
143.476
]
},
{
"text": "Galactose has six carbons, so we can set up\na Fisher projection with six carbon atoms.",
"timestamp": [
143.476,
149.341
]
},
{
"text": "Carbohydrates can be D or L,",
"timestamp": [
149.341,
152.11
]
},
{
"text": "which is determined by the stereochemistry\nat the highest numbered chiral carbon.",
"timestamp": [
152.11,
157.23
]
},
{
"text": "For galactose, this is carbon five, because\ncarbon six has two hydrogens.",
"timestamp": [
157.23,
162.09
]
},
{
"text": "Since the group attached to the highest numbered\nchiral carbon – this CH2OH –",
"timestamp": [
162.09,
167.16
]
},
{
"text": "is pointing up on the Haworth projection,\nit’s a D-sugar.",
"timestamp": [
167.16,
171.769
]
},
{
"text": "On the Fisher projection, we need to put the\nhydroxyl group on the right side of carbon five.",
"timestamp": [
171.769,
177.36
]
},
{
"text": "And let’s add the CH2OH group on carbon\n6.",
"timestamp": [
177.36,
180.599
]
},
{
"text": "Looking at our Haworth, the anomeric carbon\nhydroxyl",
"timestamp": [
180.599,
184.129
]
},
{
"text": "is on the same side as the carbon five substituent.",
"timestamp": [
184.129,
188.31
]
},
{
"text": "They're BY each other, so this cyclic form\nis beta.",
"timestamp": [
188.31,
191.87
]
},
{
"text": "This doesn’t really matter for our Fisher\nprojection since it's the open form,",
"timestamp": [
191.87,
196.159
]
},
{
"text": "but it's good to practice.",
"timestamp": [
196.159,
197.56
]
},
{
"text": "The anomeric carbon is carbon one, so this\nis an aldose – with an aldehyde at the top.",
"timestamp": [
197.56,
203.409
]
},
{
"text": "Lastly, we need to fill in the rest of the\ngroups:",
"timestamp": [
203.409,
206.36
]
},
{
"text": "those pointing down on the Haworth are on\nthe right hand side of the Fisher projection,",
"timestamp": [
206.36,
211.286
]
},
{
"text": "and those pointing up go left.",
"timestamp": [
211.286,
213.697
]
},
{
"text": "And we're done!",
"timestamp": [
213.697,
214.98
]
},
{
"text": "Two-carbohydrate disaccharides form through\nan overall dehydration reaction, ",
"timestamp": [
214.98,
220.269
]
},
{
"text": "which results in a new covalent bond between\nthe two rings.",
"timestamp": [
220.269,
224.48
]
},
{
"text": "We name this bond based on the stereochemistry\nof the anomeric carbon",
"timestamp": [
224.48,
228.689
]
},
{
"text": "and the carbons that are involved in the bond.",
"timestamp": [
228.689,
230.769
]
},
{
"text": "For example, when galactose links up with\nglucose, we get lactose –",
"timestamp": [
230.769,
235.68
]
},
{
"text": "the sugar in milk that some people can't break\ndown so well.",
"timestamp": [
235.68,
239.15
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, they have lactose-intolerance.",
"timestamp": [
239.15,
241.23
]
},
{
"text": "In this Haworth projection, we can see galactose\nis in its beta conformation,",
"timestamp": [
241.23,
246.24
]
},
{
"text": "and it's connected through its anomeric carbon,\nwhich is in the beta form.",
"timestamp": [
246.24,
250.15
]
},
{
"text": "Then, we use the anomeric carbon stereochemistry,",
"timestamp": [
250.15,
253.61
]
},
{
"text": "and the linked carbon atoms, starting with\nthe lowest number.",
"timestamp": [
253.61,
257.109
]
},
{
"text": "And we put this information together to get\na beta-1,4-glycosidic bond.",
"timestamp": [
257.109,
261.97
]
},
{
"text": "When two glucose molecules link up, we get\nmaltose.",
"timestamp": [
261.97,
265.78
]
},
{
"text": "The linkage here is an alpha-1,4-glycosidic\nbond, which I like to show with these curved lines.",
"timestamp": [
265.78,
272.47
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes you’ll see slightly angled bonds\nin the drawing, and sometimes full-on bends.",
"timestamp": [
272.47,
277.9
]
},
{
"text": "But that can be confusing and look like extra\ncarbons!",
"timestamp": [
277.9,
281.46
]
},
{
"text": "Now if we take maltose and add hundreds more\nalpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds",
"timestamp": [
281.46,
286.34
]
},
{
"text": "with more D-glucose, we make the polysaccharide\namylose.",
"timestamp": [
286.34,
290.37
]
},
{
"text": "Amylose is one of the two components of starch,\nthe main energy storage molecules in plants.",
"timestamp": [
290.37,
296.65
]
},
{
"text": "These polymers can pack pretty tightly together\nfor easy storage.",
"timestamp": [
296.65,
300.56
]
},
{
"text": "The other part of starch is amylopectin,",
"timestamp": [
300.56,
303.59
]
},
{
"text": "which has some alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds\nsprinkled in.",
"timestamp": [
303.59,
307.74
]
},
{
"text": "As you can see from its bulkier structure,\nthis polymer takes up more storage space in the plant.",
"timestamp": [
307.74,
313.35
]
},
{
"text": "But it's also easier for humans to digest!",
"timestamp": [
313.35,
315.59
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, the amylopectin structure is really\nsimilar to glycogen,",
"timestamp": [
315.59,
319.93
]
},
{
"text": "the energy storage molecule in animals.",
"timestamp": [
319.93,
322.419
]
},
{
"text": "Glycogen helps power our muscles, because\nit’s quickly broken down to glucose.",
"timestamp": [
322.419,
326.949
]
},
{
"text": "And in this 3D model, we can see the structure\ncurls around –",
"timestamp": [
326.949,
330.71
]
},
{
"text": "it’s much more complex than the linear representations\nwe often use.",
"timestamp": [
330.71,
335.259
]
},
{
"text": "Glycogen is also stored in the liver, where\nit can break down quickly into glucose",
"timestamp": [
335.259,
340.12
]
},
{
"text": "in order to keep the main factory server – our\nbrain – up and running.",
"timestamp": [
340.12,
344.2
]
},
{
"text": "This regulation is the reason we don’t go\ninto a coma if we skip lunch,",
"timestamp": [
344.2,
348.37
]
},
{
"text": "or why folks with diabetes and other liver-impairing\nconditions have to monitor their blood glucose!",
"timestamp": [
348.37,
354.6
]
},
{
"text": "So if our brain is the central server, each\ncell in our body is like a room of the factory,",
"timestamp": [
354.6,
359.94
]
},
{
"text": "with its own computer in the nucleus: the\npolymer DNA.",
"timestamp": [
359.94,
363.979
]
},
{
"text": "The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides,",
"timestamp": [
363.979,
366.669
]
},
{
"text": "which are made up of a pyrimidine or purine\nnitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar,",
"timestamp": [
366.669,
372.419
]
},
{
"text": "and a phosphate group.",
"timestamp": [
372.419,
373.84
]
},
{
"text": "Like usual, to talk about these molecules\nand name bonds,",
"timestamp": [
373.84,
377.229
]
},
{
"text": "we label the atoms in each of the ring structures.",
"timestamp": [
377.229,
380.56
]
},
{
"text": "The nitrogenous bases get plain old numbers,",
"timestamp": [
380.56,
383.58
]
},
{
"text": "and the positions of the carbohydrate are\ngiven numbers with prime symbols,",
"timestamp": [
383.58,
387.68
]
},
{
"text": "starting with the anomeric carbon of ribose.",
"timestamp": [
387.68,
390.02
]
},
{
"text": "Counting around the deoxyribose ring, here\nare the 1-prime, 2-prime, 3-prime,",
"timestamp": [
390.02,
395.65
]
},
{
"text": "4-prime, and 5-prime carbons.",
"timestamp": [
395.65,
398.107
]
},
{
"text": "Nucleotides also polymerize by an overall\ndehydration reaction",
"timestamp": [
398.107,
402.77
]
},
{
"text": "that links the phosphate of one to the 3-prime\nhydroxyl group of another ribose.",
"timestamp": [
402.77,
408.62
]
},
{
"text": "This makes up the backbone of DNA,",
"timestamp": [
408.62,
411.08
]
},
{
"text": "which is repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate\nlinkages.",
"timestamp": [
411.08,
414.46
]
},
{
"text": "Basically, the 3-prime and 5-prime carbons\nof two sugars are linked through a phosphate,",
"timestamp": [
414.46,
419.979
]
},
{
"text": "so we call this end of DNA the 5-prime-end,\nand this end the 3-prime-end.",
"timestamp": [
419.979,
425.22
]
},
{
"text": "The order of covalently-linked nucleotides\nin the backbone is the primary structure of DNA.",
"timestamp": [
425.22,
431.849
]
},
{
"text": "We usually write out the DNA sequence of a\nstrand using one-letter codes",
"timestamp": [
431.849,
436.319
]
},
{
"text": "that correspond to the nitrogenous base:",
"timestamp": [
436.319,
438.97
]
},
{
"text": "A, T, G, or C.",
"timestamp": [
438.97,
440.96
]
},
{
"text": "But, DNA in our cell nuclei isn't single-stranded!",
"timestamp": [
440.96,
445.099
]
},
{
"text": "In the secondary structure,",
"timestamp": [
445.099,
446.65
]
},
{
"text": "two DNA strands bond together to form the\nfamiliar double helix.",
"timestamp": [
446.65,
450.658
]
},
{
"text": "Nucleotides can only hydrogen bond in specific\npairings: A to T, and G to C.",
"timestamp": [
450.658,
457.419
]
},
{
"text": "And to form those bonds, the DNA strands have\nto line up in opposite directions –",
"timestamp": [
457.419,
463.259
]
},
{
"text": "one has the 3-prime position of the carbohydrate\nfacing up and runs 3-prime to 5-prime,",
"timestamp": [
463.259,
469.479
]
},
{
"text": "and the other runs 5-prime to 3-prime.",
"timestamp": [
469.479,
472.41
]
},
{
"text": "We can see this hydrogen bonding really well\nin the 3D structure of DNA,",
"timestamp": [
472.41,
476.77
]
},
{
"text": "where atoms are marked using colors instead\nof letters!",
"timestamp": [
476.77,
480.1
]
},
{
"text": "Nitrogen is blue, oxygen is red, sulfur is\nyellow, phosphorus is orange,",
"timestamp": [
480.1,
485.31
]
},
{
"text": "and carbon can be any color but is often gray\nor black.",
"timestamp": [
485.31,
488.85
]
},
{
"text": "Notice the red and orange of the sugar-phosphate\nbackbone along the outer edge of the double-helix,",
"timestamp": [
488.85,
494.864
]
},
{
"text": "and the blue and red of the nitrogenous base\npairs",
"timestamp": [
494.864,
498.129
]
},
{
"text": "holding the two DNA strands together in hydrogen\nbonds.",
"timestamp": [
498.129,
501.639
]
},
{
"text": "Each DNA strand's sequence of nitrogenous\nbase letters encodes messages",
"timestamp": [
501.639,
506.379
]
},
{
"text": "that can tell our cell factory which plushies\n– well, proteins – to make.",
"timestamp": [
506.379,
511.5
]
},
{
"text": "Specifically, DNA is used as the template\nto make another biological polymer called RNA,",
"timestamp": [
511.5,
518.19
]
},
{
"text": "which helps our bodies pass on these encoded\nmessages.",
"timestamp": [
518.19,
521.48
]
},
{
"text": "Remember that an RNA strand is very similar\nto a DNA strand,",
"timestamp": [
521.48,
525.9
]
},
{
"text": "except that 2-deoxyribose is replaced with\nribose,",
"timestamp": [
525.9,
529.41
]
},
{
"text": "and uracil replaces thymine in the nitrogenous\nbases.",
"timestamp": [
529.41,
533.18
]
},
{
"text": "And there are different kinds of RNA that\ndo lots of different things.",
"timestamp": [
533.18,
537.77
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the appropriately-named messenger\nRNA",
"timestamp": [
537.77,
541.71
]
},
{
"text": "carries information from the nucleus into\nthe main cellular compartment.",
"timestamp": [
541.71,
545.71
]
},
{
"text": "And transfer RNA are single stranded polymers,",
"timestamp": [
545.71,
548.84
]
},
{
"text": "but they fold up on themselves in really incredible\nshapes.",
"timestamp": [
548.84,
552.31
]
},
{
"text": "They carry amino acids to help assemble them\ninto the factory’s machines... proteins!",
"timestamp": [
552.31,
557.57
]
},
{
"text": "Proteins, which can also be called polypeptides,",
"timestamp": [
557.57,
560.67
]
},
{
"text": "form the machines that fabricate all of the\nparts of our plushies.",
"timestamp": [
560.67,
564.13
]
},
{
"text": "But they can also provide the structural support\nfor the factory",
"timestamp": [
564.13,
567.28
]
},
{
"text": "by forming filaments that give a cell its\nshape.",
"timestamp": [
567.28,
570.86
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes they can even transmit signals between\nthe outside and inside of the cell,",
"timestamp": [
570.86,
575.084
]
},
{
"text": "and so much more!",
"timestamp": [
575.084,
576.71
]
},
{
"text": "Individual amino acids undergo an overall\ndehydration reaction to form peptide bonds – ",
"timestamp": [
576.71,
582.409
]
},
{
"text": "the name for the amide bond in a protein.",
"timestamp": [
582.409,
584.96
]
},
{
"text": "The order of amino acids in a protein strand,\nlike in DNA, is called the primary structure.",
"timestamp": [
584.96,
591.03
]
},
{
"text": "And amino acids have one letter codes too.",
"timestamp": [
591.03,
593.55
]
},
{
"text": "We’ll just show them on screen, though,\nbecause there's 20 of them… not just 4.",
"timestamp": [
593.55,
597.79
]
},
{
"text": "The backbone is the part of the protein chain\nthat doesn't include the side chains.",
"timestamp": [
597.79,
602.81
]
},
{
"text": "And the primary structure folds up in two\nmain ways to make the secondary structure",
"timestamp": [
602.81,
607.601
]
},
{
"text": "of the protein,",
"timestamp": [
607.601,
608.78
]
},
{
"text": "with hydrogen bonds forming between these\nbackbone atoms.",
"timestamp": [
608.78,
611.65
]
},
{
"text": "Here’s what the hydrogen bonding looks like\nin two components of the secondary structure,",
"timestamp": [
611.65,
616.81
]
},
{
"text": "one is alpha helices and the other is beta\nsheets.",
"timestamp": [
616.81,
620.38
]
},
{
"text": "Sometimes the secondary structure largely\ndetermines what a protein does,",
"timestamp": [
620.38,
624.3
]
},
{
"text": "like some structural proteins in spider silk.",
"timestamp": [
624.3,
627.5
]
},
{
"text": "Small amino acids pack into beta-sheets,",
"timestamp": [
627.5,
630.54
]
},
{
"text": "and the hydrogen bonds made across the strand\nbackbone are close and strong.",
"timestamp": [
630.54,
635.04
]
},
{
"text": "Other structural proteins,",
"timestamp": [
635.04,
636.36
]
},
{
"text": "like the collagen in our connective tissue\nand the keratin that makes up our hair and fingernails,",
"timestamp": [
636.36,
641.47
]
},
{
"text": "rely on helical secondary structures to give\nthem strength.",
"timestamp": [
641.47,
644.54
]
},
{
"text": "When a polypeptide folds up into more than\njust a single continuous alpha helix or beta sheet,",
"timestamp": [
644.54,
651.08
]
},
{
"text": "the overall 3D shape is its tertiary structure.",
"timestamp": [
651.08,
654.02
]
},
{
"text": "Here, side chain interactions begin to play\na role –",
"timestamp": [
654.02,
657.44
]
},
{
"text": "both in the shape and what these protein machines\ncan do.",
"timestamp": [
657.44,
660.69
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s check out these four main side chain\ninteractions from weakest to strongest.",
"timestamp": [
660.69,
665.27
]
},
{
"text": "In most proteins, hydrophobic side chains\ncluster together in the center of the protein,",
"timestamp": [
665.27,
670.33
]
},
{
"text": "to avoid mixing with water.",
"timestamp": [
670.33,
672.71
]
},
{
"text": "This weak interaction is called the hydrophobic\neffect,",
"timestamp": [
672.71,
675.62
]
},
{
"text": "and these side chains make hydrophobic interactions.",
"timestamp": [
675.62,
678.582
]
},
{
"text": "Next is hydrogen bonding – but, remember,",
"timestamp": [
678.582,
681.12
]
},
{
"text": "we're talking about between the side chains\ninstead of the backbone this time.",
"timestamp": [
681.12,
685.37
]
},
{
"text": "Polar amino acids have side chains with partial\npositive and partial negative charges",
"timestamp": [
685.37,
690.13
]
},
{
"text": "that can form hydrogen bonds.",
"timestamp": [
690.13,
692.42
]
},
{
"text": "And polar amino acids with side chains near\nthe protein surface can hydrogen bond with water.",
"timestamp": [
692.42,
698.13
]
},
{
"text": "Getting stronger, our third interaction involves\nfull charges.",
"timestamp": [
698.13,
701.96
]
},
{
"text": "Two ionized side chains can form an ionic\ninteraction or salt bridge.",
"timestamp": [
701.96,
706.76
]
},
{
"text": "For example, the negatively charged carboxylate\nside chain of aspartate",
"timestamp": [
706.76,
710.83
]
},
{
"text": "can ionically interact with the positively\ncharged arginine side chain.",
"timestamp": [
710.83,
714.87
]
},
{
"text": "The fourth main interaction that contributes\nto the tertiary structure is actually pretty strong:",
"timestamp": [
714.87,
720.59
]
},
{
"text": "it’s a covalent bond that can form between\nthe sulfur atoms of two cysteine side chains,",
"timestamp": [
720.59,
725.25
]
},
{
"text": "called a disulfide bond.",
"timestamp": [
725.25,
726.94
]
},
{
"text": "So those interactions stabilize the tertiary\nstructure of a single protein.",
"timestamp": [
726.94,
731.48
]
},
{
"text": "But a protein has quaternary structure if\nmultiple protein chains –",
"timestamp": [
731.48,
735.62
]
},
{
"text": "or even multiple protein molecules – cluster\ntogether,",
"timestamp": [
735.62,
739.11
]
},
{
"text": "making the same interactions we just mentioned.",
"timestamp": [
739.11,
741.6
]
},
{
"text": "Quaternary structure is important in the regulation\nof some enzymes,",
"timestamp": [
741.6,
745.57
]
},
{
"text": "the proteins that catalyze chemical reactions\nthat make or break down organic molecules.",
"timestamp": [
745.57,
751.39
]
},
{
"text": "Enzymes can be incredible at their jobs.",
"timestamp": [
751.39,
754.31
]
},
{
"text": "Some can speed up reactions 10 million times\ncompared to the uncatalyzed reaction rate.",
"timestamp": [
754.31,
760.29
]
},
{
"text": "In other words, shape changes in the quaternary\nstructure",
"timestamp": [
760.29,
763.52
]
},
{
"text": "are one way our plushie-making machines can\ncommunicate with each other",
"timestamp": [
763.52,
767.69
]
},
{
"text": "to speed up or slow down production rates.",
"timestamp": [
767.69,
770.54
]
},
{
"text": "And enzymes really are like little machines –",
"timestamp": [
770.54,
773.42
]
},
{
"text": "they bind a reactant in an active site, where\nthe chemical reaction takes place.",
"timestamp": [
773.42,
778.13
]
},
{
"text": "There, carefully positioned side chains of\nthe amino acids that point into the active site get to work.",
"timestamp": [
778.13,
784.02
]
},
{
"text": "By that I mean,",
"timestamp": [
784.02,
785.02
]
},
{
"text": "those side chains allow an enzyme to do acid-\nand base-catalyzed reactions in a gentler way.",
"timestamp": [
785.02,
791.45
]
},
{
"text": "For example, negatively charged side chains\nand some with amines accept protons –",
"timestamp": [
791.45,
796.54
]
},
{
"text": "acting as bases.",
"timestamp": [
796.54,
798.17
]
},
{
"text": "While others can donate protons – acting\nas acids.",
"timestamp": [
798.17,
801.77
]
},
{
"text": "Some side chains can even act as nucleophiles\nto speed up a chemical reaction.",
"timestamp": [
801.77,
806.31
]
},
{
"text": "So while you’re sitting there thinking about\norganic chemistry –",
"timestamp": [
806.31,
809.73
]
},
{
"text": "or maybe adorable plushies –",
"timestamp": [
809.73,
812.18
]
},
{
"text": "your own molecular factory is hard at work\ndoing the organic chemistry that keeps you going.",
"timestamp": [
812.18,
818.47
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks to some pretty amazing biological polymers.",
"timestamp": [
818.47,
821.24
]
},
{
"text": "In this episode, we learned:",
"timestamp": [
821.24,
823.3
]
},
{
"text": "Lipids don’t form biological polymers but\nare important,",
"timestamp": [
823.3,
827.225
]
},
{
"text": "Carbohydrates can link up to form disaccharides\nand polysaccharides,",
"timestamp": [
827.225,
831.35
]
},
{
"text": "DNA and RNA carry messages to direct protein\nproduction, and",
"timestamp": [
831.35,
836.49
]
},
{
"text": "Proteins have many functions, like enzymes,\nthe organic chemists of the cell",
"timestamp": [
836.49,
841.24
]
},
{
"text": "In the next – and final – episode we’ll\nsee how stopping a bacterial enzyme",
"timestamp": [
841.24,
845.96
]
},
{
"text": "in its tracks can improve human health,",
"timestamp": [
845.96,
848.89
]
},
{
"text": "as we finish our penicillin synthesis and\ntake a look at medicinal chemistry.",
"timestamp": [
848.89,
853.45
]
},
{
"text": "Until then, thanks for watching this episode\nof Crash Course Organic Chemistry.",
"timestamp": [
853.45,
857.05
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep all Crash Course\nfree for everybody, forever,",
"timestamp": [
857.05,
861.9
]
},
{
"text": "you can join our community on Patreon.",
"timestamp": [
861.9,
864.303
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
How to Prepare for College | How to College | Crash Course
|
158aX-gyHU4
| 742 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Whether you're roaming the high seas or moving\nacross the country all by yourself to start",
"timestamp": [
6.15,
10.21
]
},
{
"text": "fresh,",
"timestamp": [
10.21,
11.21
]
},
{
"text": "all adventures begin with the same step: planning\nand preparation.",
"timestamp": [
11.21,
14.95
]
},
{
"text": "And college is no different!",
"timestamp": [
14.95,
17.23
]
},
{
"text": "Applying to college is exciting and stressful\nand lots of other things that cause a whole",
"timestamp": [
17.23,
20.74
]
},
{
"text": "spectrum of emotions.",
"timestamp": [
20.74,
22.03
]
},
{
"text": "But you can take steps now that will make\nthe college admissions process a lot easier",
"timestamp": [
22.03,
25.5
]
},
{
"text": "once you get to that point.",
"timestamp": [
25.5,
26.529
]
},
{
"text": "And if you’re not quite sure where to start,\nwe’ve got you!",
"timestamp": [
26.529,
28.81
]
},
{
"text": "Hi, I’m Erica Brozovsky and this is Crash\nCourse: How to College,",
"timestamp": [
28.81,
32.02
]
},
{
"text": "a Study Hall series presented in partnership\nwith Arizona State University and Crash Course.",
"timestamp": [
32.02,
37.76
]
},
{
"text": "[INTRO MUSIC PLAYS]",
"timestamp": [
37.76,
44.59
]
},
{
"text": "College is all about a lot of things, and\nall those new experiences can get overwhelming.",
"timestamp": [
44.59,
48.62
]
},
{
"text": "That’s why it’s so important to get organized\nearly.",
"timestamp": [
48.62,
51.56
]
},
{
"text": "You’ll probably need certain documents over\nand over.",
"timestamp": [
51.56,
54.32
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s a tremendous pain to have to dig\nthrough your desk drawers",
"timestamp": [
54.32,
57.07
]
},
{
"text": "or your downloads folders to find them every\ntime.",
"timestamp": [
57.07,
59.01
]
},
{
"text": "So it’s a good idea to create a file system\nthat works for you,",
"timestamp": [
59.01,
62.22
]
},
{
"text": "like a separate college prep folder on your\ncomputer, that has all these documents.",
"timestamp": [
62.22,
65.94
]
},
{
"text": "In general, setting up a storage system that\nmakes it easy",
"timestamp": [
65.94,
68.53
]
},
{
"text": "to find your documents will save lots of time\nin the long run.",
"timestamp": [
68.53,
71.47
]
},
{
"text": "And it’s even worth deciding on a naming\nconvention,",
"timestamp": [
71.47,
73.79
]
},
{
"text": "or a format for how you name all your documents\nso even if you lose something,",
"timestamp": [
73.79,
77.68
]
},
{
"text": "you know how to search for it.",
"timestamp": [
77.68,
79.29
]
},
{
"text": "Something simple that also explains what the\nthing is usually works -- like “Brozovsky",
"timestamp": [
79.29,
83.19
]
},
{
"text": "Personal Statement.”",
"timestamp": [
83.19,
84.19
]
},
{
"text": "Once you’ve gotten organized, the next step\nis to think about your goals for the future.",
"timestamp": [
84.19,
87.96
]
},
{
"text": "This helps you focus on what is most important\nto you in a school.",
"timestamp": [
87.96,
91.19
]
},
{
"text": "Short-term goals are goals that are able to\nbe achieved in a few weeks or months.",
"timestamp": [
91.19,
94.81
]
},
{
"text": "When preparing to apply to college, a short-term\ngoal might be to get all your documents organized.",
"timestamp": [
94.81,
99.07
]
},
{
"text": "They can also be goals focused on helping\nus become more well-rounded students,",
"timestamp": [
99.07,
103.02
]
},
{
"text": "like maintaining a personal calendar to help\nyou manage your time,",
"timestamp": [
103.02,
106.06
]
},
{
"text": "or reading a new book each month to expand\nyour knowledge and interests,",
"timestamp": [
106.06,
109.78
]
},
{
"text": "Long-term goals require longer periods of\nconsistent work to achieve.",
"timestamp": [
109.78,
113.23
]
},
{
"text": "A long-term goal could be maintaining a 3.0\nGrade Point Average through your senior year",
"timestamp": [
113.23,
117.11
]
},
{
"text": "of high school.",
"timestamp": [
117.11,
118.11
]
},
{
"text": "3.0 is the national average for high school\nstudents throughout the United States,",
"timestamp": [
118.11,
121.83
]
},
{
"text": "and it’s a GPA that can help you get accepted\nto most colleges.",
"timestamp": [
121.83,
124.99
]
},
{
"text": "Or maybe your long-term goal is to one day\nown your own business.",
"timestamp": [
124.99,
128.989
]
},
{
"text": "And knowing that can help you decide what\ncolleges to apply for.",
"timestamp": [
128.989,
131.69
]
},
{
"text": "Like maybe you want to research schools that\nare known for business degrees,",
"timestamp": [
131.69,
134.64
]
},
{
"text": "or trade schools that will help you develop\nskills to set up your company.",
"timestamp": [
134.64,
137.569
]
},
{
"text": "We can revisit and adjust our goals as often\nas we need,",
"timestamp": [
137.569,
140.33
]
},
{
"text": "but we want to make sure they’re realistic\nand measurable.",
"timestamp": [
140.33,
142.34
]
},
{
"text": "Then we can figure out what steps we need\nto take to achieve them.",
"timestamp": [
142.34,
145.04
]
},
{
"text": "And no matter where you are in life, thinking\nabout what additional courses",
"timestamp": [
145.04,
148.239
]
},
{
"text": "can help you prepare for college is another\nimportant step on our planning journey.",
"timestamp": [
148.239,
151.569
]
},
{
"text": "If you are in high school, this might mean\nchallenging yourself",
"timestamp": [
151.569,
154.219
]
},
{
"text": "with Honors, Advanced Placement, or International",
"timestamp": [
154.219,
156.44
]
},
{
"text": "Baccalaureate programs - these are programs\ndesigned to be more rigorous",
"timestamp": [
156.44,
159.719
]
},
{
"text": "in some ways and help high school students\nprepare for college-level courses.",
"timestamp": [
159.719,
163.26
]
},
{
"text": "AP and IB courses also let you earn college\ncredit by taking a final exam at the end of",
"timestamp": [
163.26,
168.129
]
},
{
"text": "the course.",
"timestamp": [
168.129,
169.129
]
},
{
"text": "Another option is dual enrollment courses,",
"timestamp": [
169.129,
170.129
]
},
{
"text": "which means you’re earning high school and\ncollege credits at the same time.",
"timestamp": [
170.129,
173.84
]
},
{
"text": "Unlike AP and IB, many dual enrollment courses\nare available to students taking the GED",
"timestamp": [
173.84,
178.439
]
},
{
"text": "in lieu of traditional high school classes.",
"timestamp": [
178.439,
180.48
]
},
{
"text": "AP, IB, and dual-enrollment courses can have\nadditional fees,",
"timestamp": [
180.48,
184.37
]
},
{
"text": "but they’re great opportunities to earn\ncollege credits for a lot less money before",
"timestamp": [
184.37,
188.019
]
},
{
"text": "you even start college,",
"timestamp": [
188.019,
189.34
]
},
{
"text": "which gives you a head start.",
"timestamp": [
189.34,
190.58
]
},
{
"text": "And, by starting college with a few credits\nunder your belt,",
"timestamp": [
190.58,
193.659
]
},
{
"text": "you can make more time during your degree\nfor extra experiences,",
"timestamp": [
193.659,
196.4
]
},
{
"text": "like studying abroad and internships.",
"timestamp": [
196.4,
197.989
]
},
{
"text": "What we’re doing here with Study Hall, a\ncollaboration between Arizona State University",
"timestamp": [
197.989,
201.89
]
},
{
"text": "and Crash Course,",
"timestamp": [
201.89,
202.9
]
},
{
"text": "is providing a path to start learning academic\ntopics on YouTube",
"timestamp": [
202.9,
206.439
]
},
{
"text": "which lead directly into college credit courses.",
"timestamp": [
206.439,
208.65
]
},
{
"text": "You can start anytime without applying to\nthe university,",
"timestamp": [
208.65,
212.12
]
},
{
"text": "pay after you complete the course, and be\nable to transfer the credit to most universities.",
"timestamp": [
212.12,
216.62
]
},
{
"text": "It’s also never too early to think about\nspecific steps in the admissions process,",
"timestamp": [
216.62,
220.519
]
},
{
"text": "like preparing for college entrance exams,",
"timestamp": [
220.519,
222.139
]
},
{
"text": "which are exams like the SAT and ACT which\nmeasure how",
"timestamp": [
222.139,
225.189
]
},
{
"text": "different groups of students perform relative\nto others.",
"timestamp": [
225.189,
227.68
]
},
{
"text": "You can prepare for these by taking prep exams\nlike the PSAT and PreACT.",
"timestamp": [
227.68,
231.95
]
},
{
"text": "One of the biggest advantages of taking these\npreliminary exams",
"timestamp": [
231.95,
235.099
]
},
{
"text": "is that you can get to know the testing process\nand the types of questions you’ll need to",
"timestamp": [
235.099,
238.68
]
},
{
"text": "answer.",
"timestamp": [
238.68,
239.68
]
},
{
"text": "Colleges will not see your scores for these\npractice exams,",
"timestamp": [
239.68,
241.98
]
},
{
"text": "so this is a great way to practice with less\npressure.",
"timestamp": [
241.98,
244.599
]
},
{
"text": "Since it’s possible to improve your score,\nsome educators recommend taking a standardized",
"timestamp": [
244.599,
248.829
]
},
{
"text": "test twice.",
"timestamp": [
248.829,
250.559
]
},
{
"text": "You may even be able to combine your scores\nfrom different exam dates.",
"timestamp": [
250.559,
253.639
]
},
{
"text": "So if you were crushing the math section the\nfirst time, but not the second,",
"timestamp": [
253.639,
257.43
]
},
{
"text": "you may be able to combine that math score\nwith another test’s English or writing scores.",
"timestamp": [
257.43,
261.85
]
},
{
"text": "This is called “super scoring.”",
"timestamp": [
261.85,
263.52
]
},
{
"text": "Some students will also need to take the TOEFL.",
"timestamp": [
263.52,
267.51
]
},
{
"text": "The TOEFL test is required if you need to\nshow proficiency in speaking the English language.",
"timestamp": [
267.51,
271.22
]
},
{
"text": "And if you want to apply for college but did\nnot receive a traditional high school diploma,",
"timestamp": [
271.22,
274.57
]
},
{
"text": "you will need to take the General Education\nDevelopment test, or GED.",
"timestamp": [
274.57,
278.389
]
},
{
"text": "The GED is made up of four separate tests\non different subjects",
"timestamp": [
278.389,
282.009
]
},
{
"text": "but you do not have to take each part at the\nsame time.",
"timestamp": [
282.009,
285.3
]
},
{
"text": "You can learn more about test topics, format,\nand costs at GED.com.",
"timestamp": [
285.3,
289.28
]
},
{
"text": "College entrance exams can be a stressful\nstep,",
"timestamp": [
289.28,
291.25
]
},
{
"text": "but you can prepare for them just like the\nrest of the college process.",
"timestamp": [
291.25,
295.099
]
},
{
"text": "Each of these exams serves a different purpose\nand can help you show colleges your knowledge",
"timestamp": [
295.099,
298.729
]
},
{
"text": "in a different way.",
"timestamp": [
298.729,
299.729
]
},
{
"text": "But requirements can change based on lots\nof different circumstances,",
"timestamp": [
299.729,
303.21
]
},
{
"text": "so make sure you research what exams different\ncolleges require --",
"timestamp": [
303.21,
306.34
]
},
{
"text": "some schools don’t require any at all!",
"timestamp": [
306.34,
308.33
]
},
{
"text": "Colleges are always trying to improve their\nadmissions systems, and some schools,",
"timestamp": [
308.33,
311.9
]
},
{
"text": "like the University of California colleges,\nare experimenting with test-blind admissions,",
"timestamp": [
311.9,
316.629
]
},
{
"text": "which means they won’t look at standardized\ntest scores even if students submit them.",
"timestamp": [
316.629,
319.8
]
},
{
"text": "It’s hard to predict how admissions departments\nwill weigh and handle the SAT and ACT in the",
"timestamp": [
319.8,
324.31
]
},
{
"text": "future,",
"timestamp": [
324.31,
325.31
]
},
{
"text": "but for now, you should know that the tests\ncan help you stand out if you do well",
"timestamp": [
325.31,
329.02
]
},
{
"text": "and you can excel on them with the right preparation.",
"timestamp": [
329.02,
331.41
]
},
{
"text": "And as you research college entrance exams\nyou can note other information",
"timestamp": [
331.41,
334.72
]
},
{
"text": "that can help you meet your post-high school\ngoals.",
"timestamp": [
334.72,
337.34
]
},
{
"text": "Like the names, locations, and costs of attendance\nfor these colleges.",
"timestamp": [
337.34,
340.639
]
},
{
"text": "Or just what you like about the college and\nwhy you feel like it might be the right fit",
"timestamp": [
340.639,
343.58
]
},
{
"text": "for you.",
"timestamp": [
343.58,
344.58
]
},
{
"text": "And it doesn’t hurt to look into at least\ntwo ways you can pay for your college tuition",
"timestamp": [
344.58,
347.77
]
},
{
"text": "and fees.",
"timestamp": [
347.77,
348.77
]
},
{
"text": "While some students and their families use\nout-of-pocket savings to cover college costs,",
"timestamp": [
348.77,
352.36
]
},
{
"text": "up to 86% of college students use some form\nof financial aid,",
"timestamp": [
352.36,
356.47
]
},
{
"text": "which may include scholarships, grants, and\nfederal or private loans.",
"timestamp": [
356.47,
360.129
]
},
{
"text": "The sooner you start reviewing your financial\naid options, the more prepared you will be",
"timestamp": [
360.129,
363.64
]
},
{
"text": "to choose the ones that work best for you.",
"timestamp": [
363.64,
365.509
]
},
{
"text": "Don’t worry, we’ll talk about paying for\ncollege in a later episode.",
"timestamp": [
365.509,
368.21
]
},
{
"text": "Now that you’re all organized, you can put\nall of this information into your college",
"timestamp": [
368.21,
371.46
]
},
{
"text": "preparation folder!",
"timestamp": [
371.46,
372.46
]
},
{
"text": "There are a lot of logistics that go into\nthe college admissions process,",
"timestamp": [
372.46,
375.349
]
},
{
"text": "but we can also prepare for the core of the\ncollege experience:",
"timestamp": [
375.349,
378.5
]
},
{
"text": "what we’re going to spend so much time studying.",
"timestamp": [
378.5,
381.659
]
},
{
"text": "One way to discover your interests and strengths\nis through volunteering.",
"timestamp": [
381.659,
384.77
]
},
{
"text": "Say you really love animals, and you think\nyou want to become a zookeeper.",
"timestamp": [
384.77,
388.08
]
},
{
"text": "One of the best ways to find out about zookeeping\nis to volunteer at your local zoo!",
"timestamp": [
388.08,
391.78
]
},
{
"text": "This gives you a chance to see how a zoo operates\nbehind the scenes,",
"timestamp": [
391.78,
394.99
]
},
{
"text": "lets you do more work with animals, and meet\nzookeepers that you can ask about their job.",
"timestamp": [
394.99,
398.69
]
},
{
"text": "That way, you’re better equipped to decide\nif it’s really something you want to pursue.",
"timestamp": [
398.69,
402.22
]
},
{
"text": "Volunteering is also a great way to stay on\ntrack; according to Kaplan,",
"timestamp": [
402.22,
405.71
]
},
{
"text": "which provides educational and training services\nto colleges,",
"timestamp": [
405.71,
408.84
]
},
{
"text": "students who engage in volunteer work are\n19% more likely to graduate high school on",
"timestamp": [
408.84,
412.939
]
},
{
"text": "time.",
"timestamp": [
412.939,
413.939
]
},
{
"text": "It’s a win-win!",
"timestamp": [
413.939,
414.939
]
},
{
"text": "Another path you can take to figure out what\nyou’re interested in is shadowing:",
"timestamp": [
414.939,
418.129
]
},
{
"text": "observing someone that works in a field you’re\ninterested in.",
"timestamp": [
418.129,
420.15
]
},
{
"text": "While shadowing, you get to see what a typical\nday looks like in a job you want to know more",
"timestamp": [
420.15,
424.05
]
},
{
"text": "about.",
"timestamp": [
424.05,
425.05
]
},
{
"text": "This is also a good way to make connections\nwith working professionals",
"timestamp": [
425.05,
427.12
]
},
{
"text": "and learn more about potential career options.",
"timestamp": [
427.12,
428.9
]
},
{
"text": "But don’t stop there; you can also try taking\ncareer or interest assessments",
"timestamp": [
428.9,
432.919
]
},
{
"text": "on websites like CareerOneStop and O*Net.",
"timestamp": [
432.919,
434.949
]
},
{
"text": "As you begin seeing careers that you might\nlike,",
"timestamp": [
434.949,
437.25
]
},
{
"text": "take note of the educational requirements\nneeded to pursue those careers.",
"timestamp": [
437.25,
440.24
]
},
{
"text": "Then, once you start college, you can work\nwith an academic advisor",
"timestamp": [
440.24,
443.59
]
},
{
"text": "to select courses that can help you meet those\nrequirements.",
"timestamp": [
443.59,
446.189
]
},
{
"text": "In general, college is about learning and\nthat includes learning about yourself,",
"timestamp": [
446.189,
450.36
]
},
{
"text": "making new friends, and trying out new stuff.",
"timestamp": [
450.36,
452.24
]
},
{
"text": "But don’t wait until you start college to\ndo this;",
"timestamp": [
452.24,
454.259
]
},
{
"text": "look for different clubs, groups, and sports\nprograms that you can join.",
"timestamp": [
454.259,
457.97
]
},
{
"text": "Like in most high schools, you can participate\nin the marching band,",
"timestamp": [
457.97,
460.999
]
},
{
"text": "ROTC, student government, debate, and other\nactivities.",
"timestamp": [
460.999,
464.18
]
},
{
"text": "And outside high schools you can demonstrate\nyour qualifications and",
"timestamp": [
464.18,
467.129
]
},
{
"text": "dedication with other experiences like working\na part-time job or starting a podcast",
"timestamp": [
467.129,
471.909
]
},
{
"text": "as character-building activities that can\nhelp you excel in college.",
"timestamp": [
471.909,
475.029
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to give back to your community,\nyou might also consider community service.",
"timestamp": [
475.029,
479.039
]
},
{
"text": "These may or may not be places that develop\nyour academic interests,",
"timestamp": [
479.039,
482.139
]
},
{
"text": "but rely on people in the community to help\nprovide much-needed resources.",
"timestamp": [
482.139,
486.069
]
},
{
"text": "Check with your high school guidance counselor\nto see",
"timestamp": [
486.069,
487.96
]
},
{
"text": "if they can recommend local organizations\nwhere you can share your time and energy.",
"timestamp": [
487.96,
491.499
]
},
{
"text": "But most importantly, don’t limit yourself.",
"timestamp": [
491.499,
494.08
]
},
{
"text": "Show your college preparedness through babysitting,\nworking in a family business,",
"timestamp": [
494.08,
497.789
]
},
{
"text": "assisting with local events, and other activities\nthat build your critical thinking skills",
"timestamp": [
497.789,
501.629
]
},
{
"text": "and demonstrate that you can handle responsibility\nand work with a team.",
"timestamp": [
501.629,
504.509
]
},
{
"text": "Okay, but let’s talk about something we\nall need to focus on from time to time:",
"timestamp": [
504.509,
508.409
]
},
{
"text": "staying inspired.",
"timestamp": [
508.409,
509.409
]
},
{
"text": "Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
509.409,
511.52
]
},
{
"text": "Applying to college is a relatively lengthy\nprocess, so it’s easy to lose that inspiration",
"timestamp": [
511.52,
515.659
]
},
{
"text": "and then miss deadlines.",
"timestamp": [
515.659,
516.93
]
},
{
"text": "So, here are a couple ways you can help yourself\nstay inspired!",
"timestamp": [
516.93,
520.66
]
},
{
"text": "1) Identify people in your life who want to\nsupport you in your education—this is your",
"timestamp": [
520.66,
524.861
]
},
{
"text": "network.",
"timestamp": [
524.861,
525.861
]
},
{
"text": "Your network should consist of trustworthy\npeople who want to help you meet your goals.",
"timestamp": [
525.861,
529.21
]
},
{
"text": "This may include friends, family members,\ncoworkers, or school peers.",
"timestamp": [
529.21,
533.7
]
},
{
"text": "Tell them how they can support you in achieving\nyour college plans.",
"timestamp": [
533.7,
537.01
]
},
{
"text": "Offer to support them in their endeavors as\nwell.",
"timestamp": [
537.01,
539.02
]
},
{
"text": "2) Write down your goals and keep them in\na visible place, like a vision board or journal.",
"timestamp": [
539.02,
543.59
]
},
{
"text": "You can even just use post-its on a mirror\nor your computer screen.",
"timestamp": [
543.59,
547.33
]
},
{
"text": "Hold yourself accountable for meeting them\nby settling a deadline for each goal.",
"timestamp": [
547.33,
551.36
]
},
{
"text": "If you need to, ask a trusted friend, mentor,\nor family member to help hold you accountable.",
"timestamp": [
551.36,
555.93
]
},
{
"text": "And 3) Whenever possible, do at least one\nthing each week that helps you prepare for",
"timestamp": [
555.93,
560.85
]
},
{
"text": "college.",
"timestamp": [
560.85,
561.85
]
},
{
"text": "In addition to the things we went over, like\nsetting goals and building your network,",
"timestamp": [
561.85,
564.82
]
},
{
"text": "look for college readiness programs that can\nhelp you transition from high school to college.",
"timestamp": [
564.82,
568.93
]
},
{
"text": "Visit your high school’s admissions office,\nguidance office, or student success center",
"timestamp": [
568.93,
572.93
]
},
{
"text": "to ask about these programs.",
"timestamp": [
572.93,
574.11
]
},
{
"text": "Many are offered by community agencies like\nyour nearest YMCA or YWCA,",
"timestamp": [
574.11,
579.52
]
},
{
"text": "national organizations like Edmentum, and\nlocal nonprofits,",
"timestamp": [
579.52,
582.41
]
},
{
"text": "like Big Brothers Big Sisters.",
"timestamp": [
582.41,
583.93
]
},
{
"text": "Some colleges even offer scholarships to students\nwho participate in them!",
"timestamp": [
583.93,
586.8
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks, Thought Bubble.",
"timestamp": [
586.8,
588.15
]
},
{
"text": "Finding support to keep you inspired is important\nto help keep you focused on your goals.",
"timestamp": [
588.15,
592.03
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, we encourage you to start researching\nprograms like this as early as possible—",
"timestamp": [
592.03,
596.81
]
},
{
"text": "information about college readiness programs\nisn’t always readily available,",
"timestamp": [
596.81,
600.71
]
},
{
"text": "so be proactive and contact multiple organizations\nto find the best program for you.",
"timestamp": [
600.71,
604.74
]
},
{
"text": "The National College Attainment Network is\na nonprofit that builds communities",
"timestamp": [
604.74,
607.93
]
},
{
"text": "through postsecondary education, social equity,\nand economic well-being.",
"timestamp": [
607.93,
611.82
]
},
{
"text": "Reach out to a chapter in your area to get\nyour questions answered by one of their representatives.",
"timestamp": [
611.82,
615.84
]
},
{
"text": "This network can serve as a great resource,\nas can programs like Upward Bound,",
"timestamp": [
615.84,
620.02
]
},
{
"text": "which partners with colleges and universities\nto offer college preparation resources to",
"timestamp": [
620.02,
624.19
]
},
{
"text": "low-income or first generation students.",
"timestamp": [
624.19,
626.84
]
},
{
"text": "Similarly, pre-college programs can help you\nas well.",
"timestamp": [
626.84,
629.62
]
},
{
"text": "These summer programs are designed to expose\nstudents to life on a college campus.",
"timestamp": [
629.62,
633.49
]
},
{
"text": "Be sure to inquire about these programs with\nthe specific college or university you’re",
"timestamp": [
633.49,
636.82
]
},
{
"text": "interested in",
"timestamp": [
636.82,
637.82
]
},
{
"text": "ahead of time since fees, enrollment requirements,\nand program offerings differ across colleges.",
"timestamp": [
637.82,
643.07
]
},
{
"text": "But just to make sure that you have everything\nyou need, let’s talk a bit about being competitive.",
"timestamp": [
643.07,
647.03
]
},
{
"text": "While it’s true that all colleges look for\nstudents who can excel academically,",
"timestamp": [
647.03,
651.19
]
},
{
"text": "each school you’re interested in will hold\na different set of values.",
"timestamp": [
651.19,
654.08
]
},
{
"text": "For example, many liberal arts colleges value\na diverse education that covers several topics.",
"timestamp": [
654.08,
659.26
]
},
{
"text": "To be competitive in applying for a school\nlike this, you should share your passion for",
"timestamp": [
659.26,
662.68
]
},
{
"text": "learning multiple subjects,",
"timestamp": [
662.68,
663.89
]
},
{
"text": "such as history, literature, and philosophy,\nand show an interest in analyzing complex",
"timestamp": [
663.89,
668.34
]
},
{
"text": "topics.",
"timestamp": [
668.34,
669.34
]
},
{
"text": "The same is true for art schools, research\nuniversities, women’s colleges,",
"timestamp": [
669.34,
672.68
]
},
{
"text": "and Historically Black Colleges and Universities,\nor HBCUs.",
"timestamp": [
672.68,
676.4
]
},
{
"text": "While these schools all value education,",
"timestamp": [
676.4,
678.24
]
},
{
"text": "they have other values that cater to specific\npopulations and special interests.",
"timestamp": [
678.24,
682.16
]
},
{
"text": "Ultimately, universities want to know who\nyou are, what your unique perspective is,",
"timestamp": [
682.16,
686.61
]
},
{
"text": "and how your goals align with institutional\nculture, values, and programs.",
"timestamp": [
686.61,
690.49
]
},
{
"text": "Think about a time when you took on a new\nresponsibility, learned a new skill,",
"timestamp": [
690.49,
694.45
]
},
{
"text": "or persevered at something to achieve success",
"timestamp": [
694.45,
696.57
]
},
{
"text": "—share that with the college when it’s\ntime to apply.",
"timestamp": [
696.57,
699.28
]
},
{
"text": "Explain that you are ready to meet the academic\nrequirements of the college, but that you",
"timestamp": [
699.28,
702.41
]
},
{
"text": "are also ready to uphold its values.",
"timestamp": [
702.41,
704.33
]
},
{
"text": "And, if you’re not quite ready, let them\nknow that you have what it takes to get ready.",
"timestamp": [
704.33,
708.46
]
},
{
"text": "Wherever you may find yourself in preparing\nfor college,",
"timestamp": [
708.46,
710.94
]
},
{
"text": "know that there are resources in your school\nand in your community that can support you.",
"timestamp": [
710.94,
714.87
]
},
{
"text": "As you discover the ones that fit you best,",
"timestamp": [
714.87,
717.02
]
},
{
"text": "think about taking the steps we’ve talked\nabout in this video to get your college prep",
"timestamp": [
717.02,
719.85
]
},
{
"text": "off on the right foot.",
"timestamp": [
719.85,
720.85
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse How to College.",
"timestamp": [
720.85,
723.77
]
},
{
"text": "This series is part of an expanded program\ncalled Study Hall.",
"timestamp": [
723.77,
726.47
]
},
{
"text": "Crash Course has partnered with Arizona State\nUniversity to launch Study Hall on its own",
"timestamp": [
726.47,
729.99
]
},
{
"text": "channel.",
"timestamp": [
729.99,
730.99
]
},
{
"text": "Check out youtube.com/studyhall",
"timestamp": [
730.99,
732.34
]
},
{
"text": "where you’ll find more tips about navigating\ncollege, choosing a major,",
"timestamp": [
732.34,
735.73
]
},
{
"text": "plus foundational courses connected to college\ncredit courses that students struggle most",
"timestamp": [
735.73,
739.66
]
},
{
"text": "with in their first 2 years.",
"timestamp": [
739.66,
740.66
]
},
{
"text": "We hope you see you over there!",
"timestamp": [
740.66,
740.82
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX6b17PVsYBQ0ip5gyeme-Q
|
Sustainable Cities: Crash Course Geography #49
|
ZMn-bCdThEg
| 679 |
[] |
[
{
"text": "Modular floating communities, towering skyscrapers covered in trees, and zero carbon smart cities.",
"timestamp": [
0,
6.37
]
},
{
"text": "These are some examples of what I call climatopias, which are utopian urban designs that attempt",
"timestamp": [
6.37,
11.35
]
},
{
"text": "to address climate change, and they’re the\nfocus of my PhD research throughout 2022.",
"timestamp": [
11.35,
16.236
]
},
{
"text": "They can take many different forms, but climatopias are the futuristic visions of architects and",
"timestamp": [
16.236,
21.05
]
},
{
"text": "designers around the world who are seeking\nto create sustainable urban settlements in",
"timestamp": [
21.05,
25.22
]
},
{
"text": "the face of mounting environmental threats.",
"timestamp": [
25.22,
27.064
]
},
{
"text": "Climate change is something many of us are dealing with everyday, and that can be both scary and motivating. ",
"timestamp": [
27.064,
32.527
]
},
{
"text": "But as we design for climate change, it’s\nimportant to think not just about infrastructure,",
"timestamp": [
32.527,
36.905
]
},
{
"text": "but also about what really makes a city a\ncity -- the people.",
"timestamp": [
36.905,
40.346
]
},
{
"text": "So we have to ask ourselves -- what helps\na city evolve and thrive, both today and in the future?",
"timestamp": [
40.346,
46.53
]
},
{
"text": "Or put another way, what makes a city sustainable?",
"timestamp": [
46.53,
49.838
]
},
{
"text": "Urban spaces need strong communities to help guide and direct the various challenges that",
"timestamp": [
49.838,
54.47
]
},
{
"text": "come from living in high density with other\nhumans -- especially with the added pressures",
"timestamp": [
54.47,
58.489
]
},
{
"text": "of climate change and how that vulnerability\ngets distributed unevenly.",
"timestamp": [
58.489,
62.829
]
},
{
"text": "But those ideals are often difficult to materialize in real life.",
"timestamp": [
62.829,
65.91
]
},
{
"text": "Oftentimes the people who can make planning decisions don’t include everyone who might",
"timestamp": [
65.91,
69.99
]
},
{
"text": "be impacted by the decision making process.",
"timestamp": [
69.99,
72.137
]
},
{
"text": "Or sometimes, there isn’t funding to modify\nor retrofit landscapes designed for one purpose",
"timestamp": [
72.137,
76.669
]
},
{
"text": "-- like the flow of cars -- with more accessible options like bike lanes.",
"timestamp": [
76.669,
80.999
]
},
{
"text": "Planning for the future is no small task, but as geographers we have the spatial skills to take on the challenge. ",
"timestamp": [
80.999,
86.301
]
},
{
"text": "I’m Alizé Carrère, and this is Crash Course\nGeography.",
"timestamp": [
86.301,
89.332
]
},
{
"text": "INTRO",
"timestamp": [
89.332,
97.179
]
},
{
"text": "Like many of the specialties we've talked\nabout in this series, Environmental Planning",
"timestamp": [
97.179,
100.829
]
},
{
"text": "is an interdisciplinary field involving urban\nplanning, geography, economics, and even agriculture,",
"timestamp": [
100.829,
106.819
]
},
{
"text": "which focuses on how we can build sustainable communities that are better places to live, work, and play. ",
"timestamp": [
106.819,
112.074
]
},
{
"text": "Environmental planning is part of sustainable development -- which can mean everything from",
"timestamp": [
112.074,
116.509
]
},
{
"text": "using natural resources in a way that protects the environment to helping cities grow in",
"timestamp": [
116.509,
120.969
]
},
{
"text": "ways that can be sustained for generations\nto come.",
"timestamp": [
120.969,
123.384
]
},
{
"text": "As environmental planners, this means we focus on creating designs that use natural resources responsibly. ",
"timestamp": [
123.384,
129.494
]
},
{
"text": "We work on how to promote economic opportunities and environmental justice which is when everyone",
"timestamp": [
129.494,
134.129
]
},
{
"text": "is involved in environmental laws and policies.",
"timestamp": [
134.129,
136.459
]
},
{
"text": "We also work on social equity, which is where everyone has just and fair access to things",
"timestamp": [
136.459,
140.81
]
},
{
"text": "like housing and jobs that pay enough to cover basic needs.",
"timestamp": [
140.81,
144.37
]
},
{
"text": "Borrowing a phrase from business, this goal\nis the quadruple bottom line: positive results",
"timestamp": [
144.37,
148.93
]
},
{
"text": "for people, planet, profits, and community.",
"timestamp": [
148.93,
151.345
]
},
{
"text": "But sustainable development can be a contradiction -- what’s good for the environment and what’s",
"timestamp": [
151.345,
155.79
]
},
{
"text": "good for the economy don’t always match\nup.",
"timestamp": [
155.79,
158.67
]
},
{
"text": "So whenever we’re trying to sustain or conserve something, a key question to ask is: what",
"timestamp": [
158.67,
163.181
]
},
{
"text": "are we really trying to conserve?",
"timestamp": [
163.181,
164.95
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, we might focus on conserving\nthe environment and limiting our use of natural resources. ",
"timestamp": [
164.95,
169.552
]
},
{
"text": "So urban planners will use a host of models\nand planning tools to help create relationships",
"timestamp": [
169.552,
174.56
]
},
{
"text": "within the city that preserve and use open\nspace.",
"timestamp": [
174.56,
177.349
]
},
{
"text": "Like zoning, or designating where different\nland uses can take place.",
"timestamp": [
177.349,
181.19
]
},
{
"text": "Residential zone areas of cities can be rezoned or redesignated to create walkable neighborhoods",
"timestamp": [
181.19,
185.829
]
},
{
"text": "with mixed housing and shops, rather than\njust one or the other.",
"timestamp": [
185.829,
189.43
]
},
{
"text": "This creates compact zones where people want to live, work, and play, which reduces the",
"timestamp": [
189.43,
193.56
]
},
{
"text": "need for people to drive across the region.",
"timestamp": [
193.56,
195.67
]
},
{
"text": "Zoning and other tools are often part of smart growth planning, which tries to control and",
"timestamp": [
195.67,
199.89
]
},
{
"text": "direct the movement of sprawl, or places on\nthe outskirts of cities like suburbs and edge",
"timestamp": [
199.89,
203.87
]
},
{
"text": "cities expanding into open, undeveloped land.",
"timestamp": [
203.87,
206.45
]
},
{
"text": "In our planning we can also use ecological\ndesign, which is an effort to build buildings,",
"timestamp": [
206.45,
210.879
]
},
{
"text": "and even whole cities, to mimic nature.",
"timestamp": [
210.879,
214.129
]
},
{
"text": "And buildings that are designed like living\nmachines, or that emphasize passive solar",
"timestamp": [
214.129,
217.84
]
},
{
"text": "design elements that use the Sun for heating and cooling are just the beginning.",
"timestamp": [
217.84,
221.909
]
},
{
"text": "Ecological design is a key place where physical and human geography mix, but as we’ve learned",
"timestamp": [
221.909,
226.86
]
},
{
"text": "in previous episodes, cities encode a lot\nabout our ways of life and cultures within",
"timestamp": [
226.86,
231.47
]
},
{
"text": "the design and architecture of their buildings -- and we can conserve that, too.",
"timestamp": [
231.47,
235.84
]
},
{
"text": "But no matter what we’re trying to conserve,\nwe’re going to create tension.",
"timestamp": [
235.84,
239.64
]
},
{
"text": "For one, urban planning is about relationships, so it’s rarely a neutral act.",
"timestamp": [
239.64,
244.569
]
},
{
"text": "One approach to sustainable neighborhoods includes new urbanism, which is like smart",
"timestamp": [
244.569,
248.689
]
},
{
"text": "growth but usually just at the neighborhood\nscale.",
"timestamp": [
248.689,
251.5
]
},
{
"text": "It often creates areas people are drawn to,\nwhich can then cause gentrification.",
"timestamp": [
251.5,
255.557
]
},
{
"text": "Gentrification is when the value of land and\nrent increase in lower income areas from a",
"timestamp": [
255.557,
260.22
]
},
{
"text": "new influx of investment.",
"timestamp": [
260.22,
262.157
]
},
{
"text": "This growth becomes problematic when people aren't treated equitably, as we learned when",
"timestamp": [
262.157,
266.17
]
},
{
"text": "talking about redlining and urban renewal.",
"timestamp": [
266.17,
268.23
]
},
{
"text": "If cities don't plan ways to increase economic opportunities for lower-income residents,",
"timestamp": [
268.23,
272.447
]
},
{
"text": "or protect low-income housing, people can\nbe priced out of their neighborhood -- or",
"timestamp": [
272.447,
276.56
]
},
{
"text": "city -- because they can no longer afford\nthe rent.",
"timestamp": [
276.56,
279.35
]
},
{
"text": "There's no one solution or easy answer to\nthis problem, but we can at least start by",
"timestamp": [
279.35,
283.33
]
},
{
"text": "staying focused on the people involved and\nthe history of the area, keeping equity in mind. ",
"timestamp": [
283.33,
287.981
]
},
{
"text": "In cities we’ve also got large concentrations\nof people, and that allows for efficient access",
"timestamp": [
287.981,
292.54
]
},
{
"text": "to services like health care, public transportation, and education.",
"timestamp": [
292.54,
296.183
]
},
{
"text": "And things like electricity or internet access\nare cheaper.",
"timestamp": [
296.183,
299.526
]
},
{
"text": "Urban areas are also centers of diffusion\nand cultural exchange that can drive innovation",
"timestamp": [
299.526,
303.98
]
},
{
"text": "and new economic frontiers and technological advances.",
"timestamp": [
303.98,
306.645
]
},
{
"text": "But large concentrations of people also create pressure.",
"timestamp": [
306.645,
310.275
]
},
{
"text": "Partly because of the same economies of scale that make it efficient to offer services like",
"timestamp": [
310.275,
314.02
]
},
{
"text": "education and renewable energy, there’s\nalso a lot of waste, pollution and strain",
"timestamp": [
314.02,
318.5
]
},
{
"text": "on water resources.",
"timestamp": [
318.5,
319.84
]
},
{
"text": "And while there are more services in urban\nareas, they’re not distributed evenly, which",
"timestamp": [
319.84,
323.991
]
},
{
"text": "can create uneven health outcomes.",
"timestamp": [
323.991,
326.37
]
},
{
"text": "One strikingly visible example of this is\nthe grey-green divide.",
"timestamp": [
326.37,
329.67
]
},
{
"text": "On the (usually) wealthier side, houses are\ncomfortably nestled amongst shady, tree-lined streets. ",
"timestamp": [
329.67,
335.183
]
},
{
"text": "And on the other side of a single road, everything suddenly changes to shades of concrete and asphalt;",
"timestamp": [
335.183,
340.672
]
},
{
"text": "grey roads, grey roofs, grey sidewalks.",
"timestamp": [
340.672,
343.98
]
},
{
"text": "This has an effect on our mood, our health,\nand even the biodiversity of life around us.",
"timestamp": [
343.98,
348.61
]
},
{
"text": "And all this vegetation also helps to minimize\nthe effects of the urban heat island, where",
"timestamp": [
348.61,
353.15
]
},
{
"text": "all that asphalt, concrete, stone, and steel\nabsorbs heat -- and prevents air pollution from dissipating. ",
"timestamp": [
353.15,
359.2
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, whether air pollution is common because of the physical geography of the city or because",
"timestamp": [
359.2,
363.72
]
},
{
"text": "there are more heavy polluters like cars or\nfactories, there are a lot more asthma cases,",
"timestamp": [
363.72,
368.28
]
},
{
"text": "ear-nose-throat illnesses, and people with\nweaker immune systems in cities.",
"timestamp": [
368.28,
372.54
]
},
{
"text": "This is particularly true in poorer areas\nof cities with substandard housing, where",
"timestamp": [
372.54,
376.65
]
},
{
"text": "people have the fewest resources and little\nability to access health care.",
"timestamp": [
376.65,
380.27
]
},
{
"text": "There are other problems too, like air pollution from factories and cars can mix with water",
"timestamp": [
380.27,
384.52
]
},
{
"text": "in the atmosphere, creating acid rain.",
"timestamp": [
384.52,
387.17
]
},
{
"text": "The effects of which can be felt hundreds\nof miles away from the cities where it formed.",
"timestamp": [
387.17,
391.16
]
},
{
"text": "And there are water quality issues, like sewer overflows and dumping chemicals in urban waterways.",
"timestamp": [
391.16,
395.93
]
},
{
"text": "Most cities were built long before environmental justice was part of the urban planning discussion",
"timestamp": [
395.93,
400.1
]
},
{
"text": "-- which according to the US environmental\nprotection agency grew out of the civil rights",
"timestamp": [
400.1,
404.36
]
},
{
"text": "movement in the 1960s and is the idea that\nevery person is entitled to protection from",
"timestamp": [
404.36,
408.77
]
},
{
"text": "environmental hazards, regardless of race,\ngender, age, class, or politics.",
"timestamp": [
408.77,
413.705
]
},
{
"text": "And so creating sustainable cities is about\nplanning for the future and reconciling the past. ",
"timestamp": [
413.705,
419.304
]
},
{
"text": "And as we work to make the built environment evolve with our own understandings of justice",
"timestamp": [
419.304,
423.24
]
},
{
"text": "and environmental impact, there’s a tension\nbetween retrofits that reuse old materials",
"timestamp": [
423.24,
427.82
]
},
{
"text": "and spaces and fresh development.",
"timestamp": [
427.82,
429.78
]
},
{
"text": "For instance, we have to decide what to do\nabout beautiful old buildings built in areas",
"timestamp": [
429.78,
434.17
]
},
{
"text": "with lots of earthquakes.",
"timestamp": [
434.17,
435.869
]
},
{
"text": "Urban planners may work with structural engineers to determine what kind of retrofitting is",
"timestamp": [
435.869,
440.28
]
},
{
"text": "necessary to make a building earthquake-proof -- or if the safest thing for everyone is",
"timestamp": [
440.28,
444.78
]
},
{
"text": "to have the building come down.",
"timestamp": [
444.78,
446.34
]
},
{
"text": "And reusing what’s there, like the work\nof French architects Anne Lacaton and Jean-Philippe Vassal, ",
"timestamp": [
446.34,
451.847
]
},
{
"text": "who have won awards for their work\nretrofitting buildings, can have enormous global impact. ",
"timestamp": [
451.847,
456.834
]
},
{
"text": "The materials and construction industries\nare responsible for 10% of the world’s greenhouse",
"timestamp": [
456.834,
461.16
]
},
{
"text": "gas emissions in the early 2020s, which will\nbe reduced dramatically if existing buildings",
"timestamp": [
461.16,
465.92
]
},
{
"text": "and infrastructure can be reused.",
"timestamp": [
465.92,
467.95
]
},
{
"text": "The push to reuse, rather than build fresh,\nalso saves biodiversity outside cities and",
"timestamp": [
467.95,
473
]
},
{
"text": "minimizes how many habitats get fragmented when urban sprawl is allowed to run amok.",
"timestamp": [
473,
477.73
]
},
{
"text": "Much of this can be at risk when a greenfield development is chosen over a brownfield development,",
"timestamp": [
477.73,
482.25
]
},
{
"text": "whether for housing, shops, or factories.",
"timestamp": [
482.25,
484.4
]
},
{
"text": "In a greenfield development, the project is\na blank slate for the architects and builders.",
"timestamp": [
484.4,
489.02
]
},
{
"text": "While brownfield development is done on top of land that has already been used, whether",
"timestamp": [
489.02,
492.91
]
},
{
"text": "that land used to be a factory, car dealership, or even a parking lot!",
"timestamp": [
492.91,
496.394
]
},
{
"text": "Retrofitting is just one tool we have as we\nthink about effective ways to address climate",
"timestamp": [
496.394,
500.67
]
},
{
"text": "change and atmospheric warming.",
"timestamp": [
500.67,
503.04
]
},
{
"text": "As people try to change their lifestyles,\nmany are constrained by structural problems,",
"timestamp": [
503.04,
507.55
]
},
{
"text": "like living in a place with no public transportation, or that are designed poorly for accessibility, walking, or biking. ",
"timestamp": [
507.55,
513.627
]
},
{
"text": "Planning with an eye towards sustainability,\nand working with what already has been built,",
"timestamp": [
513.627,
518.13
]
},
{
"text": "offers a way to start addressing those larger retrofits we need as a society.",
"timestamp": [
518.13,
521.59
]
},
{
"text": "And, if we’re going to shift to new technologies like electric cars, or retrofits like efficient",
"timestamp": [
521.59,
526.34
]
},
{
"text": "windows and insulation, we have to also make space and be willing to help those who can’t",
"timestamp": [
526.34,
531.14
]
},
{
"text": "afford the changes.",
"timestamp": [
531.14,
532.28
]
},
{
"text": "Who pays for retrofits or who pays the environmental costs for unsustainable designs are political.",
"timestamp": [
532.28,
537.92
]
},
{
"text": "As a society, we often just accept that there\nwill be some people who have to live with",
"timestamp": [
537.92,
541.49
]
},
{
"text": "the economic or environmental consequences of the types of development decisions we make,",
"timestamp": [
541.49,
546.31
]
},
{
"text": "and that can be heavily placed on vulnerable\ngroups.",
"timestamp": [
546.31,
548.608
]
},
{
"text": "So creating sustainable cities can’t just\nbe a part of our future -- it also has to be part of our present. ",
"timestamp": [
548.608,
554.6
]
},
{
"text": "And that means citizens like you or I can\nget involved.",
"timestamp": [
554.6,
557.96
]
},
{
"text": "For example, a cooperative, or co-op, is a\ngroup of people who come together to collectively",
"timestamp": [
557.96,
562.59
]
},
{
"text": "manage a resource, whether that’s housing\nor agricultural production.",
"timestamp": [
562.59,
566.33
]
},
{
"text": "And in Barcelona, the La Borda co-op is building\noff a collaborative housing model used in",
"timestamp": [
566.33,
570.85
]
},
{
"text": "Denmark, Germany, and Uruguay that provides non-speculative housing.",
"timestamp": [
570.85,
575.1
]
},
{
"text": "This means that people don't own the individual units they live in, but they also don't pay",
"timestamp": [
575.1,
579.2
]
},
{
"text": "rent to another person or company–instead,\nthey join a co-operative business as members.",
"timestamp": [
579.2,
584.05
]
},
{
"text": "It's a little complicated, but what's important\nhere is that it's a way of opting out of trying",
"timestamp": [
584.05,
587.99
]
},
{
"text": "to always make a profit on land or housing.",
"timestamp": [
587.99,
590.154
]
},
{
"text": "Individuals can't sell or even rent their\nspace in the co-op, and this keeps prices",
"timestamp": [
590.154,
594.28
]
},
{
"text": "low for everyone.",
"timestamp": [
594.28,
595.28
]
},
{
"text": "The complex was also built to be flexible\nin order to meet the needs of each of the residents. ",
"timestamp": [
595.28,
599.762
]
},
{
"text": "In fact, their building wasn’t completely\nfinished before people moved in!",
"timestamp": [
599.762,
603.638
]
},
{
"text": "This allows the co-op members to finish the\nbuilding to suit the needs of the group, rather",
"timestamp": [
603.638,
607.86
]
},
{
"text": "than needing to remodel later, so they save\non the impact of construction.",
"timestamp": [
607.86,
611.71
]
},
{
"text": "And we see this type of co-op effort all over\nthe world.",
"timestamp": [
611.71,
614.91
]
},
{
"text": "From grocery stores in Detroit to housing\nin Greece, to sustainable agriculture in Kerala, India, ",
"timestamp": [
614.91,
620.946
]
},
{
"text": "groups of people are banding together\nto leverage their numbers and purchasing power",
"timestamp": [
620.946,
625.029
]
},
{
"text": "to envision new ways to exchange goods and services that will allow for secure, healthy lives. ",
"timestamp": [
625.029,
630.418
]
},
{
"text": "But with a smaller footprint.",
"timestamp": [
630.418,
632.4
]
},
{
"text": "Planning our cities and neighborhoods -- including our communities in rural spaces! -- is a community effort. ",
"timestamp": [
632.4,
637.372
]
},
{
"text": "In many cities and regions, there are regular\npublic planning meetings that people can attend",
"timestamp": [
637.372,
641.67
]
},
{
"text": "to learn about how their leaders are designing\nfor the future, and speak up for places and",
"timestamp": [
641.67,
645.96
]
},
{
"text": "spaces planners might not be thinking about.",
"timestamp": [
645.96,
648.28
]
},
{
"text": "As communities come together and define their neighborhood, they create the type of place",
"timestamp": [
648.28,
652.17
]
},
{
"text": "they want their location -- and their future\n-- to be.",
"timestamp": [
652.17,
655.79
]
},
{
"text": "Which we’ll keep talking about next time\nin our final episode.",
"timestamp": [
655.79,
659.078
]
},
{
"text": "Thanks for watching this episode of Crash\nCourse Geography which is filmed at the Team",
"timestamp": [
659.078,
662.6
]
},
{
"text": "Sandoval Pierce Studio and was made with the help of all these nice people.",
"timestamp": [
662.6,
667.37
]
},
{
"text": "If you want to help keep Crash Course free\nfor everyone, forever, you can join our community on Patreon. ",
"timestamp": [
667.37,
673.123
]
}
] |
[
[
"no_chapters",
""
]
] |
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