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ELI5: relearning technology/compsci
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wdb1vv
| 1 |
R2 (Narrow/Personal)
| true | false | 0.57 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiheq9b",
"comment_text": [
"You’ll alway be a tech. Wether or not you choose to get paid for it is your choice. \nWe all punch and kick our way through problems. \nWe sometimes sleep on it and figure it out the next day. \nSometimes we are meticulous like NASA rocket surgeons. \nSo don’t beat yourself up. Beat up technology because it isn’t your friend and won’t work the first time you use it, and it’s up to you to figure it out."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiheq9b",
"comment_text": [
"You’ll alway be a tech. Wether or not you choose to get paid for it is your choice. \nWe all punch and kick our way through problems. \nWe sometimes sleep on it and figure it out the next day. \nSometimes we are meticulous like NASA rocket surgeons. \nSo don’t beat yourself up. Beat up technology because it isn’t your friend and won’t work the first time you use it, and it’s up to you to figure it out."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiheq9b",
"comment_text": [
"You’ll alway be a tech. Wether or not you choose to get paid for it is your choice. \nWe all punch and kick our way through problems. \nWe sometimes sleep on it and figure it out the next day. \nSometimes we are meticulous like NASA rocket surgeons. \nSo don’t beat yourself up. Beat up technology because it isn’t your friend and won’t work the first time you use it, and it’s up to you to figure it out."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiheyia",
"comment_text": [
"you know, that's a fair point and you're probably right. but i'd like to fight smarter rather than harder. i need workbooks and practice, not more anger"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iihfr5n",
"comment_text": [
"You build a foundation of knowledge and go from that in any career. If you have no certifications, then get some to start. \nIf you have certifications, then just start working. \nThe rest will fall into place. ",
"If you just want to be a barista, do that. If you want that job and side hustle with IT, do that. It’s your life."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: Why is so hard to not think negative thoughts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
bau6wl
| 8 |
Psychology
| true | false | 1 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ekdzfne",
"comment_text": [
"We get used to everything, we don't appreciate what we have. Positive things are rooted in what we have, negative things in what we can't have."
],
"score": 6
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_eke03lq",
"comment_text": [
"This is known to psychologists as \"negative intrusive thoughts\" and it is an area of active research.",
"It's an issue which affects different people to different degrees. Nearly constantly negative intrusive thoughts becomes ",
" which is a hallmark symptom of OCD and other mental disorders, but nearly everyone experiences unwanted negative thoughts at least once in a while. It seems to be worst in those with a strong inner monologue and who tend to think heavily during quiet moments, and it seems associated with the language center of the brain.",
"Typically we can manage to suppress thoughts which we don't want or need to dwell on, but this can be difficult to do with negative thoughts. They present as more \"urgent\" since they may influence future behavior. Our ability to suppress thoughts decreases when we are stressed, anxious or depressed; and in turn, these negative thoughts can ",
" stress, anxiety or depression, leading to a feedback loop which can make these thoughts very persistent. "
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_eke15po",
"comment_text": [
"For what it's worth - trying to actively stop or avoid negative thoughts is shown to ",
" how often they appear. It's much more effective to distract yourself by performing a task, or to get your language center too busy for negative thoughts by reciting a poem in your head, imagining that you're explaining something to somebody, etc.",
"If intrusive thoughts frequently have a major impact on your life that is a sign to seek out help from a mental health professional who can help with this issue."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ekdzqpb",
"comment_text": [
"If it often gets overwhelming, so you can't sleep for example you should talk to a therapist. \nOther than that just be aware of your thoughts and consciously change them to something good. Use music or comedy, whatever is good to you. \nMeditation helps some people (if you aren't self medicating) If you are smoking alot of weed for example, try to stop. Change diet. And so on. "
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_eke0j20",
"comment_text": [
"I have panic attacks very often. I’ve been in therapy before but it always came back. Right now I’m trying yoga and meditation. But when I have negative thoughts I can’t stop them. I hope with time the meditation/yoga will help"
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
ELI5: Why do so many tribes exist alongside modern society?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wdorcf
| 0 |
R2 (Business/Group/Individual Motivation)
| true | false | 0.45 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iijmn4f",
"comment_text": [
"Some are. A famous example are the Sentinelese of a small island in the Indian Ocean, who have tried to kill everyone who has tried to contact them.",
"But most aren't. It's easy to think of different cultures, especially those very different from our own, as being some alien and incomprehensible thing, but they're still people. Teenagers still get anxious courting each other. People still wake up with headaches and get grumpy. Friends have stupid little memes with each other. Parents still love their children. They feel the same things we do, just channeled through different beliefs."
],
"score": 12
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iijk4k1",
"comment_text": [
"I’m sure they’re forever banished from the tribe itself",
"Not necessarily. Those tribes don't necessarily have a ",
" with modern lifestyles or with those who live them, it's just not how they, personally, live. ",
"Here",
", for example, is a traditional Australian Aboriginal man who traveled thousands of miles to attend his granddaughter's graduation.",
"It's not so different from, say, if your child emigrated and had children in another country. You'd still love and care for your grandchildren, even if they end up being children of an entirely different culture."
],
"score": 11
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iijh869",
"comment_text": [
"In the past there have been problems with trying to \"civilize\" people with other lifestyles, and now its kind of frowned on. A lot of those people have no interest in changing. The ones who do usually go ahead and abandon their way of life. We, as a global society, usually tolerate them because there's a feeling that people have the right to self-determination."
],
"score": 9
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iik4748",
"comment_text": [
"As someone who's part of a tribe, my tribe doesn't exist 'alongside' modern society, it IS part of modern society, at least in my country as we make up about 16% of the entire population. I share a similar language and culture with other members of my tribe and that's about it. Tribes are not 'backwards' and we don't live 'like it's B.C. time'. Most members of my tribe are regular modern people who have jobs, families etc. Think of it like a religion, most members of a religion are united in a specific belief/sets of beleifs but other than that they exist like any other member of society."
],
"score": 7
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iikn70z",
"comment_text": [
"The distinction you're drawing between civilised societies and \"tribes\" is generally considered outdated and chauvinistic. The cultures you're talking about are all very different from each other, and most of them have adopted many modern technologies and have close contact with other cultures. But a lot of modern technologies aren't really applicable in the remoter parts of the world - for example there's no point in having a smartphone if nobody in your community has electricity or internet access, there is no phone signal, and there are very few websites or apps in languages you understand (EDIT: also, consider that these remote societies have their own technologies that would be useless in a Western urban environment, such as their hunting/fishing/farming tools and practices).",
"There are a small number of \"uncontacted\" peoples, who have little connection with the rest of the world, though all of them have had at least some recent contact with outsiders by now. There are a lot of ethical conundrums when it comes to these groups. Some of them - most infamously the Sentinelese - seem to be very hostile to outsiders. Some of them haven't been exposed to modern diseases, so any contact with them could pose a significant health risk to them. On the one hand it seems like a good idea to allow them to preserve their culture, and past experience has shown that these groups can face a lot of problems when they're exposed to modern society. But on the other hand they could benefit in various ways from other cultures, and we could benefit from knowing more about them. In practice it's hard to keep outsiders away from them - uncontacted peoples in the Amazon move around and sometimes come into conflict with other people over land and resources, and sometimes idiot thrillseekers try to visit groups like the Sentinelese."
],
"score": 5
}
|
|
ELI5: Why are there Two Hurricane Models, the European Model and the American Model when physics and statistics are the same everywhere?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xmr8e2
| 299 |
Planetary Science
| true | false | 0.86 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ippjilw",
"comment_text": [
"Models as complicated as the ones used for predicting the behavior of weather systems are ",
" complex, and for a \"perfect\" model would require an immense amount of processing power, time, and an unrealistic amount of data to feed into the model.",
"Thus, the only way to make the models functional is to make assumptions about the physics and use the models to provide a \"best-guess\" of a weather system's behavior. If you have two different models with different core assumptions, then you can end up with different results.",
"The European model is generally a \"stronger\" model in that it makes less assumptions/more valid assumptions, but the cost of this is that it also requires a much more powerful computer to run than the American model."
],
"score": 357
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipq5cag",
"comment_text": [
"The European model is generally a \"stronger\" model in that it makes less assumptions/more valid assumptions,",
"Listen, the European model is obviously deficient because Europe has only been hit by 4 hurricanes maximum. If their model was any good they would be getting hit by a minimum of 4 a year like here in America. ",
"It is just another way in which we lead the world."
],
"score": 291
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iprkmr7",
"comment_text": [
"All models are wrong, some models are useful. And \"useful\" isn't just a one-dimensional scale from \"good\" to \"bad\"."
],
"score": 87
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipqudc4",
"comment_text": [
"I'm sick and tired of Americans holding European models to American beauty standards. Both are gorgeous in their own ways."
],
"score": 76
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipptz1m",
"comment_text": [
"Physics is the same but we don't have a full understanding of atmospheric physics nor the ability to get all the right measurements",
"We know that strong upper level winds hurt storm formation, but how much? How strongly does that interact with the other 24 variables like mid and low level winds? Once you're beyond projectile motion in a vacuum and need to start factoring in other non ideal variables everything is an approximation",
"Within the US and European models there are multiple models. It's not that each group made one model, various US groups made models and various European groups made slightly different ones so we bundle them up. Some models are really good at predicting the next 72 hours but less accurate after while others are great at predicting the 1 week track but less accurate for tomorrow. The actual forecast you see takes input from a half dozen different models and takes a best guess at the track from the inputs"
],
"score": 59
}
|
|
ELI5 if rocks can't burn, how meteorites burn up and get consumed while falling to Earth?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wcfyc5
| 0 |
Planetary Science
| true | false | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiceagh",
"comment_text": [
"Of course rocks can burn, who told you they couldn't? It all depends on what they are made of. Some elements only melt at very high temps, others at a lower point."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iicedho",
"comment_text": [
"They \"burn\" in the sense that they become hot enough to melt, and then the little bits of molten rock are torn off by the supersonic winds blasting over the meteor. It's not a fire in the sense of, like, wood."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iicehld",
"comment_text": [
"Rocks can burn, everything has a melting point and combustion point.",
"Meteorites are often have high metal contents raising thier melting point from the average silica based rock. The speed at which they move causes friction on the surface and begins to melt away the face of the rock as it falls through the earth's atmosphere."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iice6xv",
"comment_text": [
"generally, the heat of entry is enough to cause most meteorites to fracture into smaller and smaller pieces, by the time they enter the atmosphere fully, they're pebble sized or smaller"
],
"score": 0
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iice9ce",
"comment_text": [
"When rock fall it pass through atmosphere which cause rock to burn up due to friction and pressure."
],
"score": 0
}
|
|
ELI5 If the universe is constantly expanding, how could the big crunch happen ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wdgtu3
| 8 |
Planetary Science
| true | false | 0.83 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iii3ejh",
"comment_text": [
"The idea behind the big crunch was that while the universe was expanding, that rate of expansion would slow over time and eventually reverse. Like throwing a ball attached to an elastic band - it will travel for a while, but eventually slow and return to the point of origin when the forces pulling it back overwhelmed the forces pushing it forward. The theory was that eventually gravitational forces would overcome expansion forces, pulling all the matter in the universe back to a single point - a new singularity.",
"That said, big crunch is not a popular theory anymore. From what we can tell, the speed of expansion is ",
", not decelerating so the universe is unlikely to come back together. The current theory is that the universe will just keep on expanding until ",
"heat death",
"."
],
"score": 20
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iii5j4j",
"comment_text": [
"In the Big Crunch hypothesis the idea is that the there are two forces in play - an initial outward momentum of everything caused by the Big Bang and the small and persistent gravitation attraction trying to pull everything back in. Like a model rocket launched upwards at first the initial momentum is so huge everything flies outward, but gradually overtime gravity sucks away this momentum, the mass eventually stops, and then starts to rebound in on itself, eventually recollecting in a Big Crunch. ",
"But that's not what we are observing in the real world. We are observing the outward expansion ",
". So ",
" else must be in play, some sort of anti-gravity outwards repelling force. The issue we can't ",
" the source of this force, but we can estimate the size of it. So we can say there is a force of size \"x\" out there, being caused by unseeable, undetectable things that we have no physical understand of. We call these unseeable, undectable things \"Dark\" energy and matter. We currently believe that \"Dark\" energy is the biggest factor in the mysterious expansion force, but remember, we can't ",
" it. ",
"So we currently don't accept the Big Crunch theory, because it doesn't fit with our observations, and we accept that the universe is expanding, increasingly quickly, and will do so for ever. Eventually this expansion with result in everything just being so spread apart and dispersed that nothing meaningful can ever happen again. We call this theory the \"Inevitable Heat Death of the Universe\", you can have some fun googling researching that topic."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iik70he",
"comment_text": [
"Does the heat death say that once it's all done with, nothing else will happen forever? Because we need SOMETHING to have been \"before\" our big bang right?"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iilpx85",
"comment_text": [
"To the heat death part- there's nothing to suggest that anything happens in the Universe (at least on a material level) after heat death- given that there will be no usable energy. It will be very boring way before then, waiting for matter to degrade--- it will be like watching paint dry to the infinitieth extent. ",
"To the second question \"What caused the universe\" I think is the gist if your question. Its not a question answered well by science, though some people will speculate, is more of a realm of philosophy and religion type question. Keep in mind that relativity closes the loop on the time question on some level, despite the intuitive view of time as a constant that rules over everything and doesn't change, in terms of big picture level questions its very malleable and has somewhat of a defined beginning. To frame it another way, your question that I think is about causality is not well answered by trying to explore time to its absolute beginning."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iik7idf",
"comment_text": [
"Does the heat death say that once it's all done with, nothing else will happen forever? ",
"We don't know. That's all anyone can say about it.",
"Because we need SOMETHING to have been \"before\" our big bang right?",
"There was no before the Big Bang. Its like asking what is north of the North Pole. Time itself started with the Big Bang and there can be no \"before\" time."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
eli5: How do mosquitos survive on blood? I thought blood had no nutritional value?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wccygs
| 2 |
R6 (False Premise)
| true | false | 0.55 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iibvizr",
"comment_text": [
"Female mosquitos suck blood to produce their eggs. Blood has iron and amino acids that are required for that. Mosquitos actually drink plant nectar for their energy."
],
"score": 25
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iic0cmh",
"comment_text": [
"Your premise is false. Blood is full of nutrients. Blood is literally how our nutrients get to all our cells in our body. A diet of only blood is not sufficient for humans, but mosquitos also don't only eat blood, they eat other things, and specifically female mosquitos only consume blood for the amino acids and iron that they need to reproduce."
],
"score": 12
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iibwgr5",
"comment_text": [
"Mosquitos will drink blood from mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. There's nothing special about our blood specifically."
],
"score": 8
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iibwm43",
"comment_text": [
"oh right. we're just the only ones that complain about it."
],
"score": 8
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iibvcbk",
"comment_text": [
"Huh?\nBlood is full of proteins. When dried it's almost all protein"
],
"score": 6
}
|
|
ELI5: What made the big bang happen? What was there before the deed?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wc2dth
| 0 |
R2 (Subjective/Speculative)
| true | false | 0.33 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iia4dxe",
"comment_text": [
"Unfortunately it's the same as asking \"What was Jim Henson thinking before he existed?\"",
"The question is mostly coherent. There are ways to investigate what Jim Henson was thinking while he was alive. There might even be some rare documentation of Jim Henson stating or writing what he was thinking at specific times. There are very broad but supportable statements that could be made such as \"while Jim Henson was alive I believe that the preponderance of the evidence is in favor of the assertion that he was at some points thinking about puppets\"",
"Unfortunately the questions flaw is clearly a fatal one. We can't know anything about what Jim Henson was thinking before he existed because our current understanding is that you can't have the thinking of a person without the existence of that person.",
"The Big Bang is the product of looking at the expansion of the universe and working backwards to see what the universe was like. The Big Bang is the endpoint where all the stuff we currently observe was occupying the same space at the same time. Which contradicts what our current normal of what space and time ",
" We can't know what was before the Big Bang because our best guess as to what the big bang was like breaks the math that we use to investigate the phenomena.",
"Jim Henson's thoughts didn't exist before he did in any way that we can interact with. Nothing existed before the big bang in any way that we can interact with."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iia2pw2",
"comment_text": [
"We don’t know what caused it, if anything caused it at all.",
"There was nothing before the big bang, since time started at the big bang."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iia2uir",
"comment_text": [
"Nobody knows. One guess is that it originated from a black hole in another universe and pinched off from it, never able to make contact with it again. In the beginning there may not have been matter, or very little, but their must have been laws that created or hugely increased the amount of matter. The total energy of the universe is zero or very close to it. Energy from mass and the gravitational field cancel each other out."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iia3xw2",
"comment_text": [
"We don't know. Our current physics can trace back to a time about 10",
" or so seconds after the Big Bang, and we've got reasonably solid theories that take us back to about 10",
" seconds. But before that, our current understanding of physics runs into problems.",
"Namely, the distances become so short and the energies become so high that a description of the Universe at that time requires a combined understanding of relativity and quantum mechanics. We understand both relativity and quantum mechanics reasonably well, but the problem is that they give different answers under such extreme conditions - so we have a pretty good idea that there's some small error in both theories that somehow unifies them. Exactly ",
" to do that is unknown, though, and it means we can't describe the state of the Universe before 10",
" seconds or so."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iia5sz1",
"comment_text": [
"Your submission has been removed for the following reason(s):",
"Subjective or speculative replies are not allowed on ELI5. Only objective explanations are permitted here; your question is asking for speculation or subjective responses. This includes anything asking for peoples' subjective opinions, any kind of discussion, and anything where we would have to speculate on the answer. This very much includes asking about motivations of people or companies. This includes Just-so stories.",
"If you would like this removal reviewed, please read the ",
"detailed rules",
" first. ",
", please ",
"use this form",
" and we will review your submission."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: if darker colors absorb MORE light, and lighter colors reflect light, why did indigenous people in Africa (and other very sunny places) adapt to have darker skin?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wc7hag
| 1 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.55 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiaybhf",
"comment_text": [
"Absorbing the light in the outer layer of the skin keeps the light from going into the deeper layers and causing problems like sunburn and cancer. When there is a lot of sun, you can use a small percentage of it to make enough vitamin D. With less sun, you need it all."
],
"score": 13
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiaysda",
"comment_text": [
"Wouldn’t a darker skin tone be better to properly absorb vitamin D and whatnot from the less-available sunlight?",
"Vitamin D synthesis requires the absorption of ultraviolet light by the chemical 7-dehydrocholesterol. Darker skintones absorb ultraviolet light using the pigment melanin, converting it to heat in the dead upper layers of skin ",
" it can penetrate down to the lower, living tissues where Vitamin D synthesis takes place."
],
"score": 7
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iib0on4",
"comment_text": [
"If I remember correctly its about the level of ultraviolet protection aspects of the darker skin tone. And not about heat absorption per se. \nWhiter skin lacks that UV protection and thus related diseases like skin cancer are more common among light skinned people as the skin is more susceptible to (dna?) damage because of that ultraviolet vulnerability.",
"And although black people can still get skin cancer the risk is significantly smaller compared to white people because of the darker skin tone. ",
"In short: its not protection from\nheat but protection from radiation damage."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iibpvap",
"comment_text": [
"Reflection is usually a property of metals, not really a skin color."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iidw8zj",
"comment_text": [
"Guess whe should have eaten more iron then :)"
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
eli5: Why can't we use microscopes like telescopes? They are just big scopes with really really REALLY good zoom power?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wc36id
| 0 |
Planetary Science
| true | false | 0.11 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iia6zj2",
"comment_text": [
"Microscopes might offer similar \"zoom\" to some telescopes, but they have a completely different focus. A microscope focuses on something very close, while a telescope focuses on something very far. You might notice with your eye, or a camera, that if you're focused on something very close, the far away objects are very fuzzy. And if you're focused on something far away, the nearby objects are very fuzzy. So, that's why you can't use a telescope as a microscope or vice versa."
],
"score": 9
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iia6qbs",
"comment_text": [
"The reason you can't use a microscope as a telescope is because the main benefit of a big telescope isn't in magnification (though they do also magnify things), it's about the amount of light collected to make dim stars appear brighter. For that you need a wide lens or mirror to collect light over that area.",
"With a microscope you can light your samples externally so that when the image is magnified there is still enough light to see.",
"Can't really backlight a distant star or galaxy.",
"Edit: Am corrected on this. Light collection is important for stargazing but for stuff like the moon and gun scopes not so much. Parallel light in = parallel light out seems to be what makes a telescope. Microscopes would be light emitted from a point focused back into a point."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiaszhr",
"comment_text": [
"Naw that's also fair. Looking into it more while the light collection is important for astronomy, you still have land telescopes for like guns and stuff. So parallel light in = parallel light out would be more fundamental for a telescope."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiar1e3",
"comment_text": [
"The major difference between the two is about different focal lengths, which is a function of the shape of the lens. I'm pretty sure your standard, at-home telescope is just about magnification, not increased light collection."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiaa2a1",
"comment_text": [
"There’s a fundamental limit to how much you can magnify with lenses. Even a perfect lens can’t see things once they’re too small, limited by the wavelength of visible light, which at most is about 300-1100 nanometers. Anything smaller than 300 nm larger is literally too small to be seen with visible light. That’s why we have special microscopes that don’t use visible light and lenses, like an electron microscope that literally uses electrons to bounce off of or pass through things like atoms or single molecules and then use computers to covert these signals to pictures."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: How do you drive up on a steep hill without drifting back?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wc19rt
| 0 |
R2 (Narrow)
| true | false | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii9uufa",
"comment_text": [
"Keep slight pressure on the brake pedal until the engine overcomes the braking force. Release brake pedal. Much harder in a standard shift."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii9wy8x",
"comment_text": [
"Standard does tend to be a mix of vroom screech, or vroom clunk, and angry drivers till you figure it out :D"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iia2ixf",
"comment_text": [
"Back in the good ole days, i would use the handbrake to keep me from rolling back while releasing the clutch until the car started to pull then release the handbrake."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iia0y36",
"comment_text": [
"Absolutely terrifying to drive a standard in San Francisco! I did it one time as a very experienced driver (5+ years with a stick) and I was nervous the whole trip."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iia1xcp",
"comment_text": [
"I've driven San Fran roads many times. It takes some getting used to for sure. And not just the hills."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: Why the separation of schools for grades K-5/6-9/10-12?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xjq6e1
| 1 |
R2 (Business/Group/Individual Motivation)
| true | false | 0.6 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip9sgc9",
"comment_text": [
"Most schools are grouped by age as the populations are too large, and having multiple k-12 schools is more costly than elementary, middle, and HS being separate. Also, the ages are so that students are grouped similarly- cuts down on bullying and avoids things like a 15 yo trying to be “friends” with a 7 year old."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip9raku",
"comment_text": [
"The separation of schools for grades K-5/6-9/10-12 is due to the different educational needs of students at each level. Elementary school focuses on basic skills such as reading, writing, and math. Middle school introduces more complex concepts and prepares students for high school. High school builds on the knowledge learned in middle school and helps students prepare for college or a career after graduation."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip9sgwt",
"comment_text": [
"I would add that it's not all split like that either. ",
"When I went to school it was K-3, 4-6, 7/8, 9-12"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip9smcf",
"comment_text": [
"Agreed my school was a bit different too, K-8 then 9-12."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip9sw66",
"comment_text": [
"And for me it was K-6, 7-9, and 9-12. The overlap is because the public junior high schools went 7-9, but private schools didn’t, so the high school has a small number of 9th grade students coming from private (mostly religious) schools."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: What is a "half life"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xjqyo4
| 0 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip9vzta",
"comment_text": [
"It's the time it takes for \"half of it\" to stop existing. ",
"So like say you have 200 pounds of something with a half life of 50 years. ",
"In 50 years there will only be 100 pounds of it. ",
"In 100 years there will only be 50 pounds of it.",
"In 150 years there will only be 25 pounds of it. ",
"It never ",
" all goes away for a really long time."
],
"score": 7
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip9y6yu",
"comment_text": [
"Thank you so much!! This actually did really help :)"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip9x5r6",
"comment_text": [
"Imagine that every single atom of carbon 14 has a coin inside of it. And every 5,730 years, every carbon atom in the universe flips that coin. If it comes up heads, it disappears. Otherwise, it keeps existing.",
"Since there are so many such atoms, we can expect that, each time this happens, half of them will disappear each time this happens. Since atoms are so small, any specific amount of carbon 14 will have so many individual atoms that we can expect this halving each time.",
"So every 5,730 years, half the carbon 14 everywhere disappears. That's why it's the \"half\" life. It doesn't mean that 11,460 years all of it disappears, only half each time."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipa0gmr",
"comment_text": [
"The key is the probabilistic nature of the decay. Any atom has the same chance of decaying in any time period as any other atom. Weirdly, this means that there is no finite time when all the atoms will for sure have decayed. Even if you start with only one atom.",
"I told you it was weird.",
"All you can say is, at ",
" time in the future, roughly ",
" of the atoms will most likely have decayed. If you start with a lot of atoms (which is usually true in reality) then you can say this with a very high degree of accuracy and certainty.",
"And that's what Half-Life is."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip9weeu",
"comment_text": [
"This was a much better explanation than what I tried."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: Why is sports betting not allowed in all states?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xjfpgs
| 0 |
R2 (Business/Group/Individual Motivation)
| true | false | 0.33 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip82hti",
"comment_text": [
"Because some states have laws against it. ",
"I mean, it's really just that simple. Gambling regulations are left up to the states to decide. Many states only allow gambling in certain areas, such as racetracks or Native reservations, so allowing online sports betting is explicitly against the law.",
"Some states have legislators that are against gambling in general."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip855gt",
"comment_text": [
"I get that, but does one side of politics care more? I mean in Texas the lotto is fine but there’s no gambling, but you can bet horse races. Just seems dumb and was curious if there was a solid core reason states give for not allowing"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip8ca58",
"comment_text": [
"Lotto is different because the proceeds go to charity and to fund state operations. ",
"I wouldn't say \"One side cares more\", moreso that one side will have interests that promote it more at different points in the process. It all depends on which side has special interests that push for that type of thing."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip83d4c",
"comment_text": [
"Gambling is entirely illegal in many states, sometimes with only exceptions for racing bets and social games on native American territories."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip83f92",
"comment_text": [
"Gambling can be a very destructive addiction. Governments occasionally restrict or prohibit potentially self-destructive behavior under the belief that it protects overall society."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
Eli5: How can hackers try thousands of passwords to get into an account, but if I type my password wrong 3 times, I am locked out?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wd53kn
| 9,662 |
R6 (Loaded/False Premise)
| true | false | 0.94 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiggvm9",
"comment_text": [
"Hackers rarely do this anymore, but when the do, it works like this. By compromising a system some other way, they get a copy of the password database. The password database contains all of the passwords used by the system, stored in an encrypted fashion. The hackers cannot decrypt the passwords, but they can encrypt password guesses and check if the encrypted values match the real password's encrypted value.",
"It used to be standard practice to make the password database accessible to unprivileged users on the system so that unprivileged applications could verify if a user entered a valid password. No longer. Well-built systems go to great lengths to protect the encrypted passwords in order to avoid this style of attack."
],
"score": 6743
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iigijxv",
"comment_text": [
"Technically the passwords aren't encrypted, they are hashed (or salted and hashed). ",
"Encryption is a 2 way function. You can take plaintext and turn it into ciphertext (encrypted), and take ciphertext and turn it back to plain text (unencrypt).",
"Hashing is a 1 way function. If I give you a hash, you can't get the plaintext back. However if you hash something (a password) and get the same result, then you know what the password was.",
"Also you can download lists of already hashed strings, called a Rainbow Table. Then you don't even need to hash - just compare the hashes on the table to the hashes you stole."
],
"score": 1632
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iigkyxk",
"comment_text": [
"What you're describing is called a \"brute force attack\" and just about nobody uses those anymore.",
"That's one of the biggest reasons why those \"must contain at least one capital, a number and a special symbol\" password requirements are outdated and pointless.",
"Even with brute force methods, a password like \"doubledogflamingresentment\" is harder to crack than \"Boobs!123_\"",
"But back to the question at hand, there is one exception and it only occurs when a major security breach has already happened.",
"If a hacker can obtain a database with encrypted passwords, but unhashed emails, they can potentially determine people's passwords by entering a common word as an example password and seeing which encrypted passwords their result matches.",
"For example:",
"There are three encrypted passwords:",
"The hacker uses the word \"password\" as a password, he gets",
"It matches none, so he uses \"Dragon\" as a password and gets",
"Now he knows that one of those three people uses Dragon as their password and if he has their email, he can access their account",
"But yet again, passwords like \"TheBlueQueenDancesOnSaturday\" are harder to crack than \"!(Drag0n)\""
],
"score": 1077
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iigm3ap",
"comment_text": [
"In addition, a huge volume of users use the same email/password combo over dozens of sites for convenience. As such, it can become a master key for way more than just the one site. ",
"User at a college with lousy security has a breach, odds are good the person who made the breach could go to twitter, facebook, the website for the bank they mention in a facebook rant, the login to their e-business site...and probably use the same email/password to gain access there as well. ",
"Or, cut out the middleman and just try logging into the prominent web browsers with that email/password. Then, very easily, the breacher has access to everything. No need to try a thousand passwords; they have all of them, and the browser might even autofill them as well."
],
"score": 872
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iigkfnl",
"comment_text": [
"Salting should prevent the same password from being encoded in the same way, so a Rainbow table wouldn't work."
],
"score": 442
}
|
|
ELI5: Is it unhealthy to shower once everyday?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xgszvy
| 1 |
R2 (Narrow/Personal)
| true | false | 0.57 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iotp8y7",
"comment_text": [
"Showering everyday is healthy. ",
"If you wash your hair all the time though, it can mess up the natural oils in it (why some people need conditioner). Also if you dry your skin aggressively with a towel or use soap that's too strong you can dry out your skin. Both of these are not major problems though."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iotoaf5",
"comment_text": [
"You can have 10 shower is ok"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iott0cd",
"comment_text": [
"Precisely.",
"Showering every day is not unhealthy. Showering every day ",
" however, is. Humans have been bathing regularly all throughout history despite myths about peasants only bathing once a month in the middle ages, but before relatively modern society, we weren't using emulsifiers like soap to wash with, so we didn't evolve in tandem with the use of body washes and soaps. Using those every day can damage your skin, so if you do shower every day, you should also be using a light moisturizer afterwards to keep your skin healthy."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iotn4y0",
"comment_text": [
"My english isn't the best and I'm new to using this app. Does anyone know where I can ask such questions in a place where it's more suiting?"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iotps3p",
"comment_text": [
"Don't you dare shower 11 times though."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: Is there gravity underwater?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xglud8
| 0 |
R2 (Straightforward)
| true | false | 0.25 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iosj1jr",
"comment_text": [
"Hi ",
"/u/redpie47",
"!",
"There is gravity under water. I am guessing you are asking this because we can swim in water? If so, the reason for this is, that water is more dense than a human body (with air in its lungs). Therefore, the gravitational force pulls stronger on water than on humans, making us float. ",
"This is a very simplified explanation of ",
"buoyancy",
"."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iosiz2n",
"comment_text": [
"Yes, that's what keeps the water in the water. That's also why ships sink, and why there's sand/rocks at the bottom of water."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iosj98j",
"comment_text": [
"There's gravity under people too."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iosjeec",
"comment_text": [
"Yes. Floating is the result of the density of an object being less than the density of water. Rocks are more dense than water. Humans filled with air are less dense than water. Dense is like heavy. Less dense is like lighter in weight. #yourefive"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iosjgxh",
"comment_text": [
"Yes, it is why dense, heavy things sink to the bottom of bodies of water.",
"You don't notice gravity as much inside water because you are more or less about as dense as the water around you and you and the water gets pulled down by gravity almost equally."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5 How is it that I still feel tired sleeping for at least 6 hrs from 2am to 8am?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xgpphj
| 0 |
R2 (Personal)
| true | false | 0.43 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iot4afd",
"comment_text": [
"No one says get 6 hours of sleep, so there's your answer. I just woke up from 8 hours, and can tell you that 10 pm to 2 am is not the same amount of time... Get some sleep"
],
"score": 11
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iot5n6y",
"comment_text": [
"Who says 6 hours sleep? I've only heard 8 hours, and even more if you're a child or a teenager. (also, 10:00 PM to 2:00 AM is only four hours).",
"Fact is that everybody is different and some people need more sleep than others. Supposedly if you go a few days without setting an alarm and just let yourself wake up whenever you wake up, that's how much sleep you need."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iot6iza",
"comment_text": [
"It's called circadian rhythm . You sleep in cycles of deep sleep and lighter sleep. It will affect you if you interrupt certain times in the rhythm. That's why you can sometimes feel refreshed after sleeping 6 hours and other times you're tired after 8.",
"https://nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/circadian-rhythms.aspx"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iot4sui",
"comment_text": [
"National Sleep Foundation guidelines advise that healthy adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep per night. Babies, young children, and teens need even more sleep to enable their growth and development. People over 65 should also get 7 to 8 hours per night."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iot8vcr",
"comment_text": [
"Because 6 hours is not enough sleep. Most experts say we should be getting at least 8 hours. ",
"People seem to be misunderstanding OP here. OP is talking about 10pm VERSUS 2am, not 10pm TO 2am, and keeping the length of sleep constant at 6 hours."
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
ELI5: How come the great filter theory almost always states there's only 1 filter
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xff45v
| 2 |
R2 (Subjective/Speculative)
| true | false | 0.6 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iom7m3e",
"comment_text": [
"There could be. But a single filter would explain the observed lack of life in the Universe around us, so that observation doesn't make two filters any more likely than one in the way that it makes one more likely than zero."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iom9jer",
"comment_text": [
"The idea is that “the filter” is one aspect of modern society that sentient life can’t get past. It’s not a combination of things, because if we only “kinda” blow ourselves up with nukes, then it was never really a filter at all. Just a speed bump. ",
"If we make it past the supposed “filter”, then it turns out it wasn’t a filter. But if something ends modern society as we know it & causes us to go back to caveman days while we rebuild, then turns out that’s the filter. ",
"That said, we could hit one filter one time, move past it & hit a different filter a second time. But both times it would be a singular filter at a time. Is my understanding, anyways."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iom84i7",
"comment_text": [
"I've never heard the Great Filter theory be described without the caveat that it could be multiple filters."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iom7ne8",
"comment_text": [
"I've always taken the theory to mean any combination would apply. The point being that there are factors making expansion self limiting vs the possibility of continuous expansion being self perpetuating."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iom899g",
"comment_text": [
"Well, societal collapse usually involves a number of factors"
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
ELI5: I didnt shake the burnt dtuff off my first cig. Is it likely for me to get cancer? My friend told me the white burnt stuff is the most cancerous part.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xfghdf
| 0 |
R6 (False Premise)
| true | false | 0.18 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iomevcn",
"comment_text": [
"That's the ash and it is what is left after you've already inhaled the most cancerous part."
],
"score": 11
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iomeygc",
"comment_text": [
"They mean they didn't ash their smoke as they smoked it, almost certainly this person and their friend are underage. They're also completely wrong."
],
"score": 6
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iomeygc",
"comment_text": [
"They mean they didn't ash their smoke as they smoked it, almost certainly this person and their friend are underage. They're also completely wrong."
],
"score": 6
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iomf288",
"comment_text": [
"No, the fertilizer and pesticide-laden plant matter and bleached paper you're setting on fire and breathing into your lungs is the most cancerous part. There's no magic way to smoke a cigarette that makes it less bad for you. Your friend is either full of shit, or deluding themselves into thinking somehow they're going to escape cancer by being clever. ",
"Smoke with both eyes open or don't smoke at all."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iomgcb8",
"comment_text": [
"Rule #1 of ELI5 is to ",
".",
"Breaking rule 1 is not tolerated.",
"If you would like this removal reviewed, please read the ",
"detailed rules",
" first. ",
", please ",
"use this form",
" and we will review your submission."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
Eli5 why is the heart on the left side of the body?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xfnpt9
| 0 |
R2 (Subjective/Speculative)
| true | false | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ionecud",
"comment_text": [
"It isn't always. There are people born with their heart and other organs on the opposite side to where they're generally found.",
"Isolated dextrocardia is where only the heart is on the opposite side of the body, and there are no other abnormalities with the heart or other organs. Isolated dextrocardia is very rare.",
"Dextrocardia situs inversus is where other organs are also on the opposite side of the body. For example, the spleen may be on the right side of the body instead of its normal position on the left, or the liver is on the left side of the body instead of its normal position on the right.",
"Dextrocardia situs inversus totalis is where all the vital organs in the chest and abdomen are on the opposite side of the body from their normal location. The organs may work correctly, or there may be complications with breathing and other functions.",
"Dextrocardia with heterotaxy syndrome is where some or all of the vital organs are misplaced, or not in their normal positions in the body. Certain organs may be absent or only partially developed. Heterotaxy can cause severe health problems or death if untreated.",
"But Dextrocardia is very rare and the occurrence is around 1 in 12000 pregnancies.",
"\n",
"As far as I know we don't understand why or how the body chooses left versus right.",
"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/dextrocardia"
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iond6vu",
"comment_text": [
"Your heart is located in the front of your chest. It sits slightly behind and to the left of your sternum (breastbone)."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iond6vu",
"comment_text": [
"Your heart is located in the front of your chest. It sits slightly behind and to the left of your sternum (breastbone)."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iond6vu",
"comment_text": [
"Your heart is located in the front of your chest. It sits slightly behind and to the left of your sternum (breastbone)."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iondlet",
"comment_text": [
"Yes it's left-centered"
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5-Why does the storm on Jupiter never dissipate?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xfc1s5
| 3 |
Planetary Science
| true | false | 0.64 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iolmxoc",
"comment_text": [
"It presumably will at some point, it just hasn’t yet in the several hundred years we’ve been able to observe it."
],
"score": 10
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iomh4o8",
"comment_text": [
"Think about storms on Earth.",
"Small clouds come and go in hours. Small storms might last a few days. Hurricanes can last a month or more as they grow, then dissipate. Bigger storms last longer - a lot longer.",
"The Great Red Spot is 1.3 times the diameter of Earth."
],
"score": 8
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iols1mn",
"comment_text": [
"And in today's weather we have a storm front approaching from the west that should last at least until 400 years from now, so close those windows and bring your pets in tonight, over to you Phil for today's traffic report"
],
"score": 6
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ioovwr5",
"comment_text": [
"Think about how far Earth hurricanes can travel over water compared with how quickly they weaken over land. Without the ocean to power and replenish them, hurricanes eventually burn themselves out. There’s no Florida on Jupiter to cut the GRS off from its fuel. Without landmasses to break storms, storms can stick around a lot longer in gas giants than on terrestrial worlds like Earth. ",
"Also, the GRS can eat other spots. There was a baby red spot and it just gobbled it up. It’s unclear what effect “feeding” the GRS has had on keeping it alive, but that definitely happens."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iolo6lx",
"comment_text": [
"A look at what causes the red spot and the distinct coloured bands or jets to appear on Jupiter. Why the red spot has endured since first being observed by Cassini and how ammonia ice crystals alter the colours we see on Jupiter. - ",
"https://youtu.be/9xsz1IvAYh0"
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
ELI5 How do files on a computer require actual physical space?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wcq6tm
| 0 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.4 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iidxtrv",
"comment_text": [
"A file is indeed a text with a certain format and text can be sequenced in 1s and 0s (binary), so anything in a machine can be represented by a longass 0,1 string.",
"Imagine a light switch, it can be on or off and it'll let current pass through or block it depending on state.\nIf you had a million switches and a million lightbulbs you could \"store\" the binary file. your input would be the switches and your output the lightbulbs.\nIt'd need physical space to have your switches and bulbs, even if your stored information is digital.",
"Computers uses transistors, latches and a shitton of components but the principles are the same, you got 0s and 1s and need a place to set that 1s as open switches"
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iidxycq",
"comment_text": [
"Files on a computer take up physical space on the computer's hard drive. The hard drive is like a filing cabinet where all the files are stored. The more files you have, the more space they take up on the hard drive"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iie46h0",
"comment_text": [
"Basic:",
"Computers basically use a bunch of switches to store information.",
"Imagine you decided to use your house lights to remember arbitrary; when your bathroom light is on it means you need to go get groceries, when the hall light is on it means it's a Tuesday, when the porch light is on it means the letter 'B'. ",
"If you made those switches smaller and put them closer together you could actually store something meaningful. Maybe you arrange them in a grid and use them to draw a picture with light bulbs. Or maybe even write some text if you interpret each switch as a pixel.",
"On a computer, we've made those switches really really small. Like if you stacked a million of them up, the stack would be too small to see. Each switch can only be in one position at a time (pipe down you quantum computer folks, not your time yet) and we use way more than a million switches to store files.",
"So if you want to store a lot of data in a file you need to pick some set of switches that you only use for that file. The next file will need an other set of switches.",
"Slightly more advanced:",
"\nThere are different kinds of switches. The switches in computer memory are really fast (you can read them quickly and flip them quickly) but they're really expensive, so you can't have a lot of them AND they don't stay in position when you turn your computer off (we call that \"volatile memory\"). The switches on your SSD are slower but they're cheap so you can have way more of them AND they stay in position when you turn your computer off (we call that \"non-volatile memory\"). There are many kinds of switches that all have different properties. This is just for illustration.",
"Sometimes your operating system will move data between different kinds of switches without telling your. That's actually one of the jobs of the operating system and it does that a lot. So you can \"store\" a program without it being written to disk but if you want to keep it between powering down your computer you need to find a bunch of non-volatile switches to store it on.",
"The number of switches you have of each type you can use is the number of switches that physically exist on your computer."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iidxhy5",
"comment_text": [
"You’re basically taking unallocated space on physical material and allocating it to the file. The bigger the file the more that is allocated."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iie1ie1",
"comment_text": [
"This is true, but even in principle, even being total agnostic about storage method, information occupies a volume in spacetime and that volume has a limit. Even the most efficient storage system would ultimately need to occupy a volume that grows as the capacity of the storage rises, even if you use a black hole to do the storing."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: How do you check if a source is valid?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wctf2t
| 1 |
R2 (Narrow/Personal)
| true | false | 0.6 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiei80q",
"comment_text": [
"I don’t really know what you’re talking about but I’m assuming you mean research sources. The best way is to reference multiple studies on the same thing. But, they can’t be done by any of the same people or companies.",
"Most sources have some bias too, it’s definitely not a good thing but we’re human so bias is in pretty much everything. Look at the different researchers for what your topic is. Find a few with different viewpoints and compare their studies. ",
"Also, if they cut off data, don’t trust them. If they’re using two sets of data on different topics to make one conclusion, even though it could 100% be coincidence, don’t trust them. If they’re very obvious about their opinions and trying to prove a point (especially in round about ways/ has to do with politics) don’t trust them."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiejy12",
"comment_text": [
"To check if a source is valid, you can look at the source's credentials, its publication date, and whether or not it has been peer-reviewed"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iieke4h",
"comment_text": [
"Unfortunately, there's no master list of valid sources. Instead, you have to use your own judgement, but there are some things that you can check to make that judgement:",
"-Check other sources to see what they have to say. If there seems to be a consensus view, does the source you are evaluating concur with that view? If not, what reason do they have to not concur?",
"-Check the primary sources to see how your source is representing them. Does it appear to be an honest representation, or are they misrepresenting those sources to achieve a rhetorical goal?",
"-How do they handle mistakes and errors? Do they admit them and issue a correction, or do they just pretend that nothing happened?"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiekf9t",
"comment_text": [
"Any reputable publisher or news source will include the name of an article or person that they used to write their own story. This way their peers can follow up on their claims to see if they come to the same conclusion. ",
"If your source is from a science/engineering/ or other academic article, then you can look at the very end of the article for references. ",
"News journalism is similar, but sometimes journalists will hide the identity of their informants. ",
"Once you see the source, you can decide if their claims are valid or not. Propaganda and smears like to take an out of context quote that makes a target look bad or they may deliberately misinterpret a conclusion from the article to help prove their point."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiemjt5",
"comment_text": [
"Everything stated as fact should cite a source unless it’s something widely known. You go to that source and see what it is and what it actually says. ",
"Types of things to look for:",
"Is it academic research? Who funded it? Corporations tend to get what they pay for.",
"Is it a survey? Who did the survey and what are their goals? Who was surveyed? Did they survey 100 millennials or 100 people of all ages? Did they only survey 10 people, all dentists, about their favorite candy and proceed to announce that 90% OF EVERYONE SURVEYED preferred their sugar free candy?",
"What are the goals of the source? Poking around the website or google will give insight. Education? Lobbying? Misinformation? Research?",
"Read the entire source, or at least whatever is relevant, then decide whether the information was fairly represented or taken out of context ",
"At any point the source cites another source, off you go to validate that source via the above."
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
eli5: How does our GPS system work so accurate in real time especially for moving vehicles
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wcxil9
| 0 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iifcdyz",
"comment_text": [
"To add to the other explanations, GPS would not work without accounting for general relativity. The satellites are moving so fast relative to us that time itself progresses slower for them. If we didn't correct for this difference, your GPS would lose accuracy in minutes to the order of hunders of meters. This is also one of the pieces of empirical evidence how we know that time does really move at different rates, and that the theory of relativity is real."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iif8a2e",
"comment_text": [
"GPS was designed to work in fighter planes at over the speed of sound. Your car isn't a hard case.",
"GPS works by sending a very precise time and position message from a bunch of satellites. The GPS chip in your phone takes the measurements from 4-6 satellites and does some geometry to figure out what point would be the right distance from all those satellites at the same time. Speed factors into the equations, because in general the chip moves from the time it gets the first signal it is using to the time it gets the last one it is using. It takes a little while for a GPS chip to get synched up with enough satellites and solve all these equations in real time, you might notice this when leaving an underground garage, the first few points aren't very accurate."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iifib1m",
"comment_text": [
"I think this is my favorite thing to tell people who thing relativity isn’t real."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiftmn1",
"comment_text": [
"It's funny, because relativity is one of the most robustly tested phenomena"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iif8t47",
"comment_text": [
"GPS works using time signals from satellites.",
"\nThey send out precise times, and knowing the satellites locations, and how long it takes to receive the signal can tell relative locations. ",
"This in itself can be relatively accurate with a good signal, and can refresh at 1hz. Some can refresh even faster at 10hz. ",
"This isn’t the only data these maps use though, there’s also a degree of inertial navigation.",
"\nInertial navigation is like closing your eyes and walking around your house.",
"\nYou generally know you’ve moved about 3 steps, and that would put you in a different location.",
"\nIt’s less accurate and needs to start from a known location but if you add in GPS, and all the movement sensors on a phone it can be close enough to tell you to turn right at the next light."
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
eli5: Why can we walk on earth even though it's moving really fast through space
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xff4ae
| 0 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.22 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iom703a",
"comment_text": [
"We are moving the same speed as the earth. It’s like walking inside a moving train. Everything is all moving together."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iombkud",
"comment_text": [
"These are kind of saying the same thing. The Earth’s motion has synced your body’s mass to be part of the same frame of reference. Inertia is just your mass’ tendency to stay moving at that same speed. If Earth’s motion accelerated in a significant way, you could trip or be launched due to your inertia resisting that change in motion, but it doesn’t."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iom72xz",
"comment_text": [
"We move at the same rate the earth does. It's like two sky divers falling next to eachother. From there perspective they aren't moving at all relative to eachother, the earth is moving towards them from a really local perspective. If we are moving at the same speed as the earth we are not moving at all relative to eachother. Gravity keeping our feet on the ground and the atmosphere keeps us at the same speed as the earth on the local level"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iom7woa",
"comment_text": [
"Where would we fall to?",
"We only fall (down) because gravity is pulling us towards the center of the mass of Earth.",
"We are being pulled constantly towards the moon, and Saturn, and literally every other thing in the universe - but because the force diminishes exponentially based on distance, we are pulled very strongly towards the thing closest to us - i.e. the earth. And pulled very weakly towards everything else.",
"That results in the next question. If we are traveling so fast, we don't we move (around the earth) when we jump? Surely, it is moving quickly, so when we jump, the earth will keep moving.",
"Well, When you are riding in your car, throw a ball up in the air. It will move up and down - not smash into the back of your window - it has the same energy profile as you do. It's moving at the same speed."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iom8und",
"comment_text": [
"He says, \"inertia\" and I say \"relative motion/frame of reference\""
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
Eli5: Why are companies making record profits in the midst of record inflation.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wb797c
| 3 |
R2 (Straightforward)
| true | false | 1 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii4xcjd",
"comment_text": [
"There’s a war going on. Can just blame putin for it all and raise prices on everything while not raising wages at all. Stonks."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii4xvnn",
"comment_text": [
"Because they’re outpacing inflation. If I sold grilled cheese sandwiches for $2 and the ingredients cost $1 I’m making $1 profit per sandwich. If inflation caused my ingredient cost to increase to $1.25 and I changed my prices to $37 per sandwich I’m spending more for ingredients but potentially would make a lot more money. Of course nobody is going to spend that much on a grilled cheese, but corporations have figured out that people will pay outlandish prices for things like smartphones, insulin, automobiles, gasoline, and rent"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii4yr07",
"comment_text": [
"Which is the big issue. People aren’t willing to pay this much for things like gas and rent but what’s the other solution? Being evicted and and defaulting on loans, losing your job because you can’t commute to work?",
"It’s all fucked"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii4z9u3",
"comment_text": [
"There's a concept in economics called ",
", which is basically how much less of a good is bought as the price increases. Goods that are ",
" include life-saving medications, gasoline, and certain food staples. If the price of gas doubles but you still need to drive to work tomorrow, then you'll still buy the gas. ",
"Companies are realizing that the goods they sell are more inelastic than they thought, so they are raising prices and pinning the reason on inflation. If inflation increases costs by 10% and you double the price you sell at, you're likely to come out ahead even if some fewer customers stop buying your product."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii50544",
"comment_text": [
"First, record profit implies it's some large amount, but in reality if a company made a penny more than their best, that's a record profit.",
"So record profits mostly means they showed more earnings than last year. Could be a penny, could be millions.",
"With inflation, prices increase, so price of doing business goes up, and sales prices must increase to compensate.",
"Explained in another way. Inflation reduces the value of a dollar, so it takes more dollars to buy the same amount of value in a good or service.",
"So, let's take a business that sells tires, and simplify cost of goods as a constant. With no other factors, inflation will make a tire cost more to produce this year, even though the value of the tire is the same as it was last year. The cost goes up not because rubber became more valuable, but because the currency used to purchase it became less valuable.",
"Since the cost increased, they also have to raise the selling price to customers to compensate.",
"So year over year, their sales measured in dollars will increase, even though the value generated and earned for the business remains the same.",
"Essentially, it looks like they made more, but they actually generated the same value earnings as last year.",
"So, inflation alone can make a company that is doing exactly the same each year, look like it's increasing profits each year, because we are measuring those earnings in currency with diminishing value. ",
"This is very simplified and ignoring other factors because you only asked about inflation."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5 condensation
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wbamya
| 1 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.67 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii5vguu",
"comment_text": [
"When you hang a wet garment up, where does the water go? It evaporates into the air.",
"Condensation is like the opposite process. It's water coming out of the air and turning to a liquid.",
"Warm air can hold more water than cold air. So, on warm days, your clothing will dry faster. Also, when warm air touches a cold glass, it can no longer hold on to the water it has in it, so it collects as liquid on the side of the glass."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii5iwj4",
"comment_text": [
"Air has water vapor within it, and the amount of vapor the air can hold is related on temperature. Cold air holds less moisture, hot air more. ",
"If you have a glass that is very cold (because it's full of ice water) in a warm room the air immediately touching the glass gets cold too. This causes some of the moisture in the to come out, just like how rain falls from the sky. Only in this case, it's only the air immediately touching the glass that \"rains\" to the moisture just sort of sticks to the sides of the glass."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii5j5wa",
"comment_text": [
"When the warm ambient air comes into contact with a cold surface, in this case a cold container, the ambient air starts to drop towards the lower temperature of the container. This temperature drop causes the air to reach its \"dew point\".",
"The dew point is where the air is cooled enough so that it's humidity (water vapour in a gaseous or atmospheric form) is at 100%, meaning the air cannot hold any more water in its gaseous state and the water condenses into liquid."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii6ity7",
"comment_text": [
"The most important aspect is that the a/c is on, even on a cold day."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii6ity7",
"comment_text": [
"The most important aspect is that the a/c is on, even on a cold day."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: Why are shows allowed to talk about WW1’s Germany
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wax6h6
| 0 |
R2 (Legal)
| true | true | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii3g2p5",
"comment_text": [
"World War One didn't have anything at all to do with Nazis. There were no Nazis at the time.",
"BTW, there are a lot of important stories that you can't tell without involving the Nazi party."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii3goi7",
"comment_text": [
"Nazis was WW2, not WW1.\nThere are different rules depending on the country as to what you can/can’t show.\nThere aren’t really any shows that show nazis in a positive light though, as this would go against broadcast regulations in some countries, for example Germany.",
"Its also worth noting that regardless of how they’re seen, they were people, many many people, and so within that there are lots of stories to be told. For example assassination attempts, people who escaped, people who tried against all odds to do the right thing, families and communities impacted by events, the list goes on.",
"But these movies and tv shows do also serve a purpose, forgetting about what they did makes it easy to repeat, and so reminders in the public consciousness are somewhat useful, beyond obvious entertainment purposes. In the case of lets say Spielberg, his family was impacted by the events, and so he has a personal connection to that point in history, and wanted to show people what it was like. It’s also an important moment in World history overall, why would people not make stories within it?"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii3h0ke",
"comment_text": [
"World War One didn't have anything at all to do with Nazis.",
"Eeeh, debatable. While during the timeframe of WWI the Nazi party didn't exist, it was formed based on a disappointment of and anger at the Treaty of Versailles."
],
"score": 0
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii3xs6a",
"comment_text": [
"When did the war end?",
"When was the Nazi party formed?",
"You can 'debate' anything if you ignore facts."
],
"score": 0
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii46cfv",
"comment_text": [
"Saying that WWI had nothing to with the nazi party ignores facts. It's WWI and humiliation Germans felt after the Treaty of Versailles that led to the creation of the Nazi party. While small initially and its ibfluence growing during and after the Great Recession, it still has its basis in WWI."
],
"score": 0
}
|
|
ELI5: Why does some shops have 1 button for the machine to accept both debit and credit while others have to ask you for the specific one or else it wont work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wcmld6
| 11 |
R2 (Narrow)
| true | false | 0.66 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iidddj6",
"comment_text": [
"The places that have one button are likely just hitting your card as if it were a credit card regardless of card type. Places that ask are going to prompt for your pin and process it as a debit transaction.",
"The difference being timing of funds being transferred and other technical details. There is no way to tell what type of account a card is at face value. Other than. Visa begins with 4, Master 5, Amex 6. And of course the next (5?) Digits signify the bank."
],
"score": 7
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iidn50d",
"comment_text": [
"The extra confusing ones had 3 options: Debit, US Debit, credit. Good luck guessing correctly.",
"Thankfully that didn't last long."
],
"score": 6
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iidjdxw",
"comment_text": [
"Why do you have a button at all?",
"The only place I ever encountered the choice was in the US."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iidms96",
"comment_text": [
"Some cards work with both, others work with only one or the other.",
"When Debit is selected, the merchant pays a lower fee. The machines that don't make you pick one are likely just automatically picking debit to try and save money at the potential cost of time (if they use a Credit only and have to try again)"
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iidjash",
"comment_text": [
"All of my amex cards start with a 3"
],
"score": 3
}
|
|
ELI5: How is alcohol so calorific if it takes energy to process and contains no macronutrients?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wb2kf5
| 44 |
R6 (Loaded/False Premise)
| true | false | 0.85 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii46q6c",
"comment_text": [
"Our bodies are designed to take sugars as energy and break them apart and digest them down into water and CO2. When we describe energy in molecules we use a base point as a place to make our measurements. So we can say that water and CO2 have \"0\" energy (because we can't break them down further) and that sugar has \"10\" energy, because we get \"10\" energy out when we digest sugar into water and CO2. ",
"Now, digesting sugar requires we add oxygen. But the organisms that ferment sugar into alcohol specifically don't have oxygen available (if they did, they would digest sugar into water and CO2 just like we do, that's the preferred route). But since they lack the oxygen they can only breakdown the sugar halfway, into alcohol. ",
"So if sugar is \"10\", water and CO2 are \"0\", then alcohol is \"5\". It ",
" for those who know how to get it. ",
"Humans have this ability, we can digest alcohol and complete it's transformation into water and CO2. So we don't get the full \"10\" energy (because the yeast already took some), we only get the \"5\" remaining. ",
"So the \"5\"s of all the alcohol molecules are the \"Calories\" in alcoholic drinks, since there is a lot of alcohol in our beverages, there can be a lot of calories in booze. ",
"Secondly, outside of pure whiskey/vodka, we don't generally drink alcohol straight up. We like to mix sweetness into our liquors and beer itself is generally quite sweet. So not only are you getting alcohol calories from alcohol you're getting a fairly solid amount of sugar calories as well."
],
"score": 60
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii4ac36",
"comment_text": [
"Alcohol is technically its own macronutrient and contains 7 calories per gram but because it isn't essential for survival it's not typically mentioned with the other macros: protein, fat, and carbs."
],
"score": 41
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii4iwy0",
"comment_text": [
"So the organisms we ferment alcoholic drinks with are a mixture of yeast (a fungus) and LABs (\"lactic acid producing bacteria). These organism are more than happy to use oxygen to digest sugar and get energy but they have a trick. Their trick is their cell building and reproducing systems are on hyperdrive, they can grow, reproduce, grow again, etc insanely quickly. In a perfect system, brewer's yeast can reproduce to a mass the size of the Earth in a matter of days/weeks, that's insane. ",
"But they can ",
" ferment, meaning without oxygen (at all) they can convert sugar into alcohol and get \"half energy\" from that. BUT without oxygen they A. can't reproduce or grow very well and B. the alcohol will eventually poison them too so fermentation eventually weakens them, C. finally wort contains a whole bunch of different sugar types. ",
"Let's address a few basic points",
"1) We want our beer to be tasty and that requires \"happy and healthy\" yeast. If we stress them out they will produce off-flavors we don't like. So we start by making them happy and healthy. ",
"2) Regardless of how much yeast you pitch, it's almost certainly ",
" for proper fermentation. You want to encourage a bloom of yeast growth in the first several hours of fermentation, and that growth requires oxygen. So you should also provide oxygen for the first few hours after pitching yeast, this allows to focus of growth and making their little yeasty bodies healthy and strong. ",
"2) You want to remove the oxygen at a specific point, after they are strong and at a high population, and they'll chew up what remains very quickly. At that point they stop reproducing, go into emergency survival mode and switch to fermentation. There is essentially ",
" at this point. ",
"3) Final point is that fermenting wort, which contains a whole assortment of different sugar types, isn't ideal for yeast. If you don't start with really healthy yeast and handle the early stages of fermentation properly, they will chew through the easy sugars and just go to sleep and not ferment the more complicated ones. This is called a \"hung fermentation\" and is clearly undesirable in producing Tasty Beer. One way to prevent a hung fermentation is to get a really big, healthy, active population of yeast in the early stages. Again, adding oxygen to the wort up front helps strengthen them and make them super healthy for producing Tasty Beer."
],
"score": 19
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii4ti7i",
"comment_text": [
"Well, alcohols are a group carbohydrates"
],
"score": 14
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii4xcol",
"comment_text": [
"Yeah, 'cause you'll be dead"
],
"score": 10
}
|
|
ELI5: can someone explain to me what short selling is?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xkhwz9
| 1 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 1 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipe31xs",
"comment_text": [
"I borrow a toy from you, and agree to give it back next week.",
"I can sell the toy for $10",
"3 days later the price of the toy drops to $5",
"I can buy a new toy for $5 and then return that toy to you.",
"I just made $5",
"If instead the price of the toy raises to $15, I still have to give you a new toy, so I'm forced to spend $15 to replace your toy. In this case I lost $5"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipe5bgr",
"comment_text": [
"How does it work when someone then borrows the toy from you (the borrower) and sells it as well? I hear about this happening in share trading and I don’t get it."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipe8ppo",
"comment_text": [
"Having the toy borrowed from you has no risk because you're guaranteed to get it back at an agreed upon time. There's also no benefit to having it borrowed from you as a result."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipdzrvo",
"comment_text": [
"The idea is that you're borrowing shares, seeling them immediately, and hoping the price later decreases by more than you're paying on margin. ",
"If it does, you can repurchase and return the shares for less than you sold them for, and pocket the difference."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipe0bx5",
"comment_text": [
"Also worth mentioning the key difference between shorting and normal purchase of shares is risk. If you buy £100 worth of shares, the maximum you can lose is £100.",
"If you’re renting £100 worth of shares, hoping they go down, and they increase in price, your exposure tonloss is limitless."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: If we have an extra day added every 4 years, then how come we are not noticing it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xk1cfk
| 0 |
Planetary Science
| true | false | 0.32 |
If earth's rotation is 365,25 days this means that the first year December 31st at 23:59 will look like an early afternoon; on year 2 it will look like noon and year 3 it will look like a morning (since we have 18 hours to spare).
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipbbino",
"comment_text": [
"The Earth still _rotates) just the same around its axis making the day length, it is the _orbit_ around the sun making the year, we are correcting for. The earth does not complete the whole circle around the sun in 365 days, we need an extra day every 4 years to get it to roughly the right spot."
],
"score": 19
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipbc9ca",
"comment_text": [
"That is not how it works.",
"A year is how long it takes the earth to orbit around the sun and a day is how long it takes the earth to turn once around its own axis in respect tot eh sun.",
"A year is not an whole number of days.",
"It takes the earth about 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 45 seconds to obit once around the sun.",
"IF we always had a calendar with 365 days. The missing 5 hours and 48 minutes each year would add up over time and things like the beginning of spring would move around bit by tiny bit.",
"To make sure that the season happen each year around the same time we have to add a day about every 4 years.",
"The system as we have it now is so that the earth is not quite in the same place each January 1st, but due to the way we dd a leap day (almost) every four years it evens out.",
"One year the earth may be a quarter of a degree away from making a full circle and the next year that adds up to half a degree and then your have a leap year and you are ahead half a degree and then ahead a quarter of a degree and things don't ever quite line up but they are close enough that nobody notices it much."
],
"score": 14
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipbed0i",
"comment_text": [
"IF we always had a calendar with 365 days. The missing 5 hours and 48 minutes each year would add up over time and things like the beginning of spring would move around bit by tiny bit.",
"One of my underrated favourite things in history is Caesar making a surprise landing of Greece in what was called winter but was actually autumn thanks to their at the time 360 calendar being unchanged for a decade to account for that drift because the person in charge of adjusting was busy (it was Caesar)."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipbg7uz",
"comment_text": [
"And every 400 years we skip the skip. But that's as far as the skipception goes. Year 2000 was a leap year."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipbcqiy",
"comment_text": [
"Clocks describe the cycle of days, not years. At 11:59 pm on NYE (and every day of the year) it's night time, because that's what 11:59 pm means. A year and a day are two separate measurements of time describing two unrelated motions of the planet. ",
"What is actually happening at year 1 at 11:59 pm on NYE is that the planet hasn't ",
" finished it's trip around the sun yet. That's okay though. We give it a participation trophy and start a new calendar year anyway. It finishes at 6 am on 1/1, but we pretend it happened at midnight. Who can tell anyway? Well, after a few years, we'd actually start being able to tell, because seasons and star charts would stop lining up, so every 4 years we add an extra day, because otherwise, on year 4 at 11:59 pm on NYE the earth would have another whole day's worth of travel to finish it's trip."
],
"score": 3
}
|
ELI5: Why is a Bootstrap Loader called a “Bootstrap” Loader? What’s it got to do with Bootstraps?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xmraxv
| 1 |
R2 (Straightforward)
| true | false | 0.66 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ippk5lz",
"comment_text": [
"It comes from the term \"Pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps.\" When starting a computer you need to initialize it to be able to load applications so that you can run the application which initialize the system. That is inherently impossible and just like pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps. It is solved by making sure the hardware is in a state when powered where it will execute some code that can initialize just enough of the system to load and execute the next part of the process which loads and executes the next part and so on.",
"In the case of the bootloader this is the first such software that is stored on the hard drive of the system and not on a dedicated chip on the motherboard. And the bootloader is able to understand enough of the file system structure to locate the operating system kernel and copy it into memory in the correct way so that it can execute the kernel."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ippjpfv",
"comment_text": [
"It's a tongue in cheek reference to the expression \"Pull oneself up by their bootstraps\" which means to stand up unassisted."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ippk12t",
"comment_text": [
"Tech was developed by the nerdiest of nerds. Who love puns and nerd jokes. It keeps things entertaining. Until you run into cases where it makes things impossible to understand for anyone but the person who wrote it."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ippkp4p",
"comment_text": [
"The other commenter is correct except the portion of his answer which would logically make you ask what's tongue and cheek about it. Nothing. Nothing about it is ironic, flippant, or insincere. Bootstrapping itself up is exactly what that portion of the program does. It is so an exact description as to not even be a metaphor, it is a direct description of its function."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ippkrgx",
"comment_text": [
"Rule 2 forbids straightforward questions."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
eli5: Is it possible to find the contact information of the members of wealthy families?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wagqdd
| 1 |
R2 (Narrow/Personal)
| true | false | 1 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii0qnpu",
"comment_text": [
"Your submission has been removed for the following reason(s):",
"ELI5 is not meant for any question that you may have, including personal questions, medical questions, legal questions, etc. It is meant for simplifying complex concepts.",
"If you would like this removal reviewed, please read the ",
"detailed rules",
" first. ",
", please ",
"use this form",
" and we will review your submission."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii0quoj",
"comment_text": [
"Bunch of different ways. ",
"For instance, say a family member owns a store/business and has contact info. ",
"In Florida, unless to request not to, you can look up who owns any property, so you can find family members if they own their home (and not thru an LLC) and send them physical mail. ",
"Or bell, message them thru social media."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii0quqp",
"comment_text": [
"Are they public figures like business owners or politicians? Then they likely have some way to reach them or their office. ",
"Are they just rich? Then probably not unless you can find their social media. Just being \"rich\" by itself doesn't make one a public figure."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii0vros",
"comment_text": [
"Elon Musk, Rothschild etc. I looked it up and a website claims to have their phone number but it looks fake."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii0wvae",
"comment_text": [
"These are business owners and executives. The contact info is probably for their office."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
eli5: Do the lasers from smartwatches that measure your blood preasure etc have longterm effects on your body?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xocjun
| 0 |
R2 (Narrow)
| true | false | 0.09 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipy3ex4",
"comment_text": [
"I'm pretty sure you're just being paranoid and not used to wearing a watch... if those were lasers, there'd need to be a warning label, those are just led lights...",
"Lasers like pulse-ox sensors are controlled by the fda guidelines as they're classified as Class 2 medical devices so they're safe. But that's not in your watch..",
"No there shouldn't be any long term issues, you're watch emits less radiation than a phone screen, it's safe"
],
"score": 7
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipy2zek",
"comment_text": [
"No they do not have any effect on your body whatsoever. Whatever you think you're feeling in your wrist is just psychological."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipy4nvx",
"comment_text": [
"If you've hand tendonitis in the past, the mere fact that the watch is pressing on your wrist might be the problem. You could experiment by letting the watch run flat and wearing it for a few days.",
"Another thing that watches in general can do is cause allergies. This can be allergies to the materials in the back of the watch (including to the nickel in stainless steel) or to the materials in the band, or to the salt from your on sweat which might be trapped on your skin behind the watch. A google search for ",
"watch allergy",
" will tell you more.",
"The amount of harm a smartwatch can do to you is limited by the total amount of power the watch emits. Since it's got a small battery, if it uses that battery over many hours, in any given period it will be emitting only a small amount of energy.",
"It can happen that a smartwatch, perhaps due to a software bug, might use a lot of battery power over a relatively short period of time. The way it's most likely to do that is by over-using its CPU or some other silicon chip on board the watch, so that the body of the watch gets hot, and your skin gets burned and perhaps blisters.",
"How else might a thing worn or carried very close to the body cause harm, in a way that's not constrained by a small battery? One way might be for that object to emit ionising radiation. When you hear the term \"radioactivity\", that's usually ionising radiation, and it can be dangerous. It's called \"ionising\" because the individual particles emitted are powerful enough to knock an electron off an atom. That changes the chemical state of an atom, and can cause chemical reactions that might be harmful to you.",
"In particular, if an ionising particle hit a DNA or RNA molecule, that molecule might be damaged. Given that DNA and RNA are the instructions to our cellular machinery, damage could result in DNA that causes a cell to replicate uncontrollably -- in other words, cancer.",
"But the sorts of \"radiation\" that come from a smart watch are non-ionising -- individual photons from the LED used in the sensors on its back, or from its WiFi radio or its Bluetooth radio or its cellular phone radio are all too low power to damage molecules in any way other than by simply heating them. Both ionising and non-ionising radiation are called \"radiation\", but the difference is important.",
"Other things that emit ionising radiation include smoke detectors (although they're designed so that the radiation is sealed inside the device and can't hurt you unless you smash it, power it and inhale the powder), and the sun.",
"Other things that emit non-ionising radiation include light bulbs and any object whose temperature is above absolute zero. (This is called \"black body radiation\".)"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipy497s",
"comment_text": [
"Thank you i feel more relieved now :)"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipy4oxi",
"comment_text": [
"The battery might be radioactive though."
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
ELI5: Why do fast food burgers not fill me up, but ones made at home do?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wg9d6t
| 0 |
R2 (Narrow/Personal)
| true | false | 0.4 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiycpn2",
"comment_text": [
"When are you measuring the weight? Because advertised weight of burgers is uncooked weight, where a significant portion of the fat renders out and is not eaten. If you're measuring post-cooking, then you're adding 10-20% more meat than a fast food burger."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiyxkpf",
"comment_text": [
"So you're claiming the opposite of what OP observes?"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiz3qoo",
"comment_text": [
"Clearly, by reading like I’m 5. Thanks for the catch."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiyevao",
"comment_text": [
"Fast food burgers are almost always thinner patties, Buns filled with sugar, and everything else is not as important. The buns that are practically more sugar than bread are the biggest factor if you ask me. And other comment went into the details of before/after cooking weight"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiyf4k9",
"comment_text": [
"Most fast food burgers are cooked on a flat top grill. When the fat cooks out of them it sits on top of the grill or sticks to the burger instead of dripping or burning away. Cooking 100’s of burgers a day leads to a lot of grease on the grill, and it’s very easy for it to either soak into the burgers of just get scooped up on the spatula and put on the bun with the burger.",
"Grease is calorie dense to put it mildly, so very filling."
],
"score": 0
}
|
|
Eli5: How exactly do HR background checks work? Is there any way to confirm a previous job besides calling them? And if so, can they see any other jobs you may have worked at not on your resume?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xomvdj
| 90 |
R2 (Narrow/Personal)
| true | false | 0.93 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipzeu1f",
"comment_text": [
"Well, it's going to depend. They can call your previous jobs and verify employment. They can also validate any certifications or education you have. They can check social media presence.",
"Sometimes it might involve a credit check and/or criminal background check.",
"What they actually do in practice is going to vary."
],
"score": 96
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipzgsab",
"comment_text": [
"They can only check on what you tell them. There is no master list of previous jobs. So if you don't tell them about the burger flipping job you had in highschool or even the last job you had they will likely not know about it.",
"Credit and criminal is a different story. They can and will pull credit and criminal records searches."
],
"score": 42
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipziv15",
"comment_text": [
"I have received an employment verification call many times.",
"“Can you verify that John Doe worked at [Place] from X date to Y date?”",
"“Yes”",
"“Thanks”",
"End of call"
],
"score": 25
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipznk09",
"comment_text": [
"This is right. They may call your previous jobs, or they may not. They are typically more likely to call your references. Some places, depending on the industry or company, will do criminal background checks in which anything that has not been expunged will be visible. I'm not an expert, but I believe they have to give you notice if they intend to conduct a credit check."
],
"score": 18
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipzrxqt",
"comment_text": [
"Apple famously will not confirm or provide any job title so if you ever worked there you are free to select any title that appeals to you."
],
"score": 15
}
|
|
Eli5: Why has it taken so many years for the civil suit against Alex Jones by the Sandy Hook Families to happen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wg8ste
| 24 |
R2 (Recent/Current Events)
| true | false | 0.81 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiyagt9",
"comment_text": [
"Alex Jones has been actively delaying it. He has:",
"under suspicious circumstances"
],
"score": 47
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiya1e7",
"comment_text": [
"I'd like to live in a society where someone who knows better can't instigate nationwide harassment toward families whose children were murdered without consequence."
],
"score": 46
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiyaud5",
"comment_text": [
"They didn't sue him for saying mean or stupid things. They sued him for defamation. Big difference."
],
"score": 31
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiyaud5",
"comment_text": [
"They didn't sue him for saying mean or stupid things. They sued him for defamation. Big difference."
],
"score": 31
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiybffl",
"comment_text": [
"This is all what makes the copy of his phone thing so sweet. Much of what you described is likely on there."
],
"score": 21
}
|
|
Eli5 Why do people consider Jordan Peterson offensive?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wfqgn7
| 0 |
R2 (Subjective/Speculative)
| true | false | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iivd987",
"comment_text": [
"Maybe it's because he's quite disrespectful to trans people. Most recently, he was put in Twitter jail for refusing to delete a transphobic tweet against Elliot Page, calling the doctors that operated on him criminal. He also then posted a video about the issue confirming that he will not delete it even though it's very clear which Twitter TOS he broke with it. He refuses to admit he was in the wrong"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iivi9zw",
"comment_text": [
"Here's Peterson's ",
"video",
" on the subject and the ban. ",
"Peterson is unrecognizable to me here. I enjoyed and got something from his earliest university lecture videos but this rant is an excellent example of how dis- likeable he has become. He's moved from discussing abstract research concepts to repeatedly attacking individuals and their personal decisions."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiwflod",
"comment_text": [
"My favorite quote from this is “Up yours, woke moralists! We’ll see who cancels who!”. He’s trying to frame himself as a martyr"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiveanm",
"comment_text": [
"Anyone who expresses views in opposition to a those considered acceptable by a given group will always attack negative feedback from members of that group. How popular the person is matters more than what they say.This polarization of viewpoints generates enormous profits for some, and disrupts rational discourse, making it easier to promote agendas that would otherwise be unpopular, and making it easier to present opponents as other, subhuman, or evil."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iive8gt",
"comment_text": [
"Peterson is, at heart an academic and university professor and lecturer. Much of his work, especially his earlier videos are actual uni lectures. He summarizes, explains and combines the issues and findings of published psychology studies, as he did in his \"12 Steps\" book (which I read and enjoyed).",
"However, many people consider his lecturing style as being inappropriate for the world outside of the lecture hall. He comes across as being bossy and domineering. More recently his opinions have become more his own, and more controversial , more hateful, and less the substance of his lectures and academic studies.",
"Finally, his most ardent fans spook many people. Right wing fear - mongers use Peterson's words to support their own more radical ideology. Some people consider Peterson to be dangerous because of the influence he has over others. Peterson's words, opinions and videos have become tools of culture warriors to attack other people's opinions and sometimes, other people themselves. In turn those people attack Peterson , and we see the result, culture warriors using or attacking Peterson as a part of larger social conflicts."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5 Why do we have nightmares?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wfxoha
| 72 |
R2 (Subjective/Speculative)
| true | false | 0.86 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiwfyu0",
"comment_text": [
"Scientifically we know that dreams occur while the brain replenishes certain cells and transmitters,",
"The Activation-Synthesis Model says that dreams are actually random. They are our brains' way of making sense of activity that goes on while we sleep. Our brains take signals from parts like the amygdala and the hippocampus and try to interpret them, resulting in dreams.",
"The current science rhetoric, is that dreams are not necessarily indicative of trauma, fear or emotional responses and you should take caution in the way you approach acknowledging a good dream or nightmare.",
"Be aware that 'dream interpreters, most psychological studies and many other narratives lack foundation, evidence and peer review, what we DO know is dreams occur when our brains replenish and signals/synapses between parts of the brain are repaired/communicate during REM Sleep."
],
"score": 60
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiye7lr",
"comment_text": [
"\" They are our brains' way of making sense of activity that goes on while we sleep.\"",
"I have always subscribed to this theory for a long, but I have always wondered, since our brains assign images and meaning to otherwise random firing in the pons and amygdala, if our state of mind does affect how we interpret. ",
"I went through a very heavy school year in my thirties, with a ton of stress, frustration and failure, and some heartbreaking relationship and other emotional losses. I rarely have bad dreams, but one night I had four scary, awful, emotionally brutal, high-anxiety type dreams. When I woke up I felt different from when I went to bed, like I had broken overnight. That lasted for years. ",
"It seemed to me that those dreams were a byproduct of an actual neurological shift, a breaking point between stress and depression, or something like that."
],
"score": 14
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiwo8hr",
"comment_text": [
"I heard an interesting theory on what the evolutionary adaptation that led to us dreaming is. That dreams are practice for the real world. Where we can go through scenarios without risking injury or death."
],
"score": 13
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iixwkor",
"comment_text": [
"Ah, good old evolution preparing us to stand up totally naked and give a presentation to our classmates. :)"
],
"score": 9
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iixn8fd",
"comment_text": [
"Generally people don’t not dream; instead they don’t remember their dreams when they wake up."
],
"score": 9
}
|
|
ELI5: Why is it okay to speed while driving?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wfmcgb
| 0 |
R6 (Loaded)
| true | false | 0.31 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiuomm6",
"comment_text": [
"Enforcing speed limits on literally everyone could be a massive resource draw and potentially cause more harm than good. ",
"Picking off and heavily fining a few of the worse offenders sends enough of a message to seriously deter speeding."
],
"score": 8
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiuoe4w",
"comment_text": [
"This varies by country.",
"In the U.S. most speed cameras don't take a picture to issue a fine unless the vehicle registers as going X mph over the limit. It's not usual for them to tag you for going only a couple mph fast."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiuok2k",
"comment_text": [
"The 5-10 miles is just a zone to lend grace and for adjusting/ passing/ merging. ",
"If they raised the limit that much ppl would speed over that limit. So they just agree on a safe speed for certain types of roads and bends and allow extra room. ",
"It reminds me of inflation kinda"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiuq0py",
"comment_text": [
"The reason for that enforcement buffer is usually because of errors in measuring speed. For example, if a police car is on the highway, driving along, their radar needs to account for their speed. Measuring the exact speed of a car can be very difficult. Your car easily measures the number of tire rotations, but the exact distance travelled in one tire rotation can vary based on a lot of different factors. Trying to enforce that someone is going, for example, 121km/h in a 120km/h zone is therefore very difficult.",
"That buffer area of inaccuracy is definitely smaller than it used to be, so some amount of societal norms have carried through even though technology has improved."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiuq4vv",
"comment_text": [
"Because if the speed limit was raised by that amount, then people would speed by 5-10 MPH over that limit instead. Additionally, the amount of time and resources it would take to get everyone who goes about that much over the limit usually outweighs the benefits of doing so, especially when talking of speeds 5 MPH or less over the limit, since the argument could be made in court on error in the part of the cop or equipment used, which is why they usually only go for those going significant over the speed limit.",
"To be clear, I'm referring specifically to the United States, not other countries."
],
"score": 3
}
|
|
ELI5: How the jury is kept from being rigged?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wfbyyb
| 1 |
R2 (Straightforward)
| true | false | 1 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iit04ta",
"comment_text": [
"So in the US there is something called “Jury Nullification”. Not a lawyer but this is my rough understanding of the concept. Attorneys from each side interview selected jurors and try to tease out any biases that they might have. In your example, the attorneys would ask questions like, “Do you rent or do you own a home?” If they rent then they could be biased like you said and the attorney would want them thrown out for an unbiased juror. This goes on and on from both sides until a jury is agreed upon. This is my understanding of it, I’m sure I’m missing details or could be wrong on stuff. Cool takeaway is if you don’t want to have jury duty, you can just draw a swastika on your hand and they will throw you out."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iit0uwy",
"comment_text": [
"Jury Nullification is something different but does answer part of Ops question. Jury Selection is what you are referring to. Jury Nullification is when the jury returns a verdict of Not Guilty, even though the jurors believe the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. When this happens, it does nullify the law in this particular case. Doesn't overturn the law, just nullifies it for this one hearing. An example of this is during prohibition. Yes, the person may have been transporting alcohol, however, the jury doesn't agree with the laws about alcohol transportation and returned a Not Guilty verdict."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iit05ol",
"comment_text": [
"Jurors are randomly selected. Then they have to fill out a survey for the lawyers to look through and dismiss any jurors they think might be biased. Then they meet in person and same thing basically. They can dismiss a juror for damn near any reason to avoid any biases. It’s fairly common for people to lie on surveys in order to get out of jury duty."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iit08vy",
"comment_text": [
"There is a \"charge to jury\", wherein the judge explains the law that applies. The jury is to assess the facts as presented - they could say something like \"Joe says he did not cause the damage, and Ray says he did - we do not believe that Ray has proven that Joe caused the damage\" - that is an assessment of fact, made on the basis of the evidence provided. But they cannot say \"We agree that Joe caused the damage, but we don't care because Ray is a dick\" - that would ignore the law, which the jury cannot do. There are safeguards in place to ensure that the jury is as unbiased as possible - each side (but particularly the defense) has the right to ask the potential jurors question, and to disqualify them (subject to some limits) if they perceive that the potential juror may be incapable of being impartial."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iit0f25",
"comment_text": [
"There is a process for selecting jurors (appropriately called \"jury selection\") to try and deal with these kinds of issues.",
"People who, due to some past experience, are not able to provide an unbiased take on the case are screened out. This avoids issues like the Joe/Ray situation you describe. ",
"The idea of jurors being incapable of understanding the case being presented may lead to a mistrial (basically the case being dismissed due to someone screwing up). The defendant can be tried again, though. That said there is usually a great deal of effort made by the court and both sides of the case to ensure jurors understand what's happening."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
Eli5 Hello! Can someone please explain to me what joining the union for a job means? I have an interview with an armored money truck company tomorrow and I am constantly seeing people say to join their union. What is it and why should I? Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wfe5ic
| 181 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.91 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iitdlo4",
"comment_text": [
"Unions are worker organizations that help all the workers negotiate as one with their employer, leading to better working conditions, better benefits, and better pay than if all the workers were fighting individually for themselves.",
"The details vary from Union to Union, as each trade (carpenters vs iron workers vs plumbers vs crane operators vs armored security) has their own Union.",
"But you typically apply to join through the closest Union local, some are easier to get into than others, as some jobs are much more sought after."
],
"score": 181
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iitgze3",
"comment_text": [
"If people are telling you to join the union there, then i would guess that the union is already well established and most the other people who you’d be working with are union already."
],
"score": 102
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiu8js3",
"comment_text": [
"The US has a strong union busting culture because employers don't want employees to be empowered or paid well, so there's strong anti-union propaganda that gets a lot of financial support from big companies. So take the negatives with a grain of salt. ",
"I've been in 3 unions and all treated me well. ",
"People balk at union dues, but honestly, it's a small price to pay. ",
"My main quibble with unions is how hard it is to discipline and remove truly problematic employees. For someone who is struggling and needs support, the protection of a union can be a godsend, but if you're dealing with someone malicious and smart, then union discipline process can be a headache. But if you're rigorous with your evidence gathering, it can still be done. ",
"I am protected if I leave work for anything medical for myself and my family, if my role is removed (my organization is required to find me a role with equivalent pay) and we get the highest pay and benefits for someone in our industry outside of a management role."
],
"score": 52
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iitfrym",
"comment_text": [
"Thank you for your explanation. Do employers see union workers differently? I don’t want to be treated differently if I decided to join."
],
"score": 50
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iiu8wvc",
"comment_text": [
"Note that i am european not american.",
"But the \"bad things online\" said about unions in america is from what it looks like from over here, to be propeganda from corporations.",
"They will happilly spend money on anti union talk which in return tells you that unions are a postive thing for workers."
],
"score": 46
}
|
|
eli5: why is death irreversible?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xiidh7
| 1 |
R2 (Straightforward)
| true | false | 0.57 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip36csm",
"comment_text": [
"Well this is sort of by definition - life threatening conditions that ",
" reversible can get fixed, saving your life.",
"You are dead once an irreversible health issue has stopped the blood flow to your brain long enough for the nerve cells to destroy themselves. They store no fuel and cannot tolerate buildup of their own metabolic waste, so they suffer significant internal damage trying to function without adequate blood flow. This can happen within minutes.",
"Cells elsewhere in your body can survive considerably longer without blood flow. Many hours under the right conditions - but they’re useless if the brain cells controlling them have already died."
],
"score": 11
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip35tw5",
"comment_text": [
"Because too many cells in our bodies are killed and are broken apart.",
"If we use a 500 piece puzzle, imagine not only are the pieces separated, but the pieces themselves are starting to decompose and break away into dust. There is no recovery from that"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip36kkd",
"comment_text": [
"when your brain dies, you die. Without a blood supply, your brain cells start dying off rapidly in around six minutes. Then there’s an irreversible loss of all neurological function in the brain and brain stem. No sign of life, no coming back, sign the death certificate."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip37kd7",
"comment_text": [
"Death is considered irreversible because we lack the knowledge and technology. For example, we only have basic understanding of how a brain works. We can see the cells and give very good guesses as to how parts of it work. But we don't know how it is all put together. Since we don't know this, there are things we cannot repair, duplicate or reproduce the brain. (I used the brain as an example) Since the brain is essential for life, we cannot (yet) undo death as once someone dies, their brain deteriorates pretty quickly."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip37kfd",
"comment_text": [
"All our cells require energy and nutrients to keep themselves alive. So as soon as our heart stops (or some other blockage occurs), the clock starts ticking until our cells run out of reserves and start dying. This is a problem for most organs, but if you resume bloodflow, they can generally regrow (to an extent, anyway) from still living cells.",
"But it's an, ah, death blow to nerve cells. They're particularly sensitive, die very easily, and cannot regenerate on their own, like skin or liver. Once your nervous system is damaged, that's it. Amd considering that your brain is \"you\", once that dies... You're dead. And you cannot be brought back, because there's no way to revive dead neurons.",
"A then there's the question if you'd even still be \"you\" if you replaced all the damaged neurons exactly, since \"you\" is technically the uninterrupted experience of consciousness since birth. Would that be like making a separate perfect copy, thinking it's you, but new and unrelated?",
"...I have no idea, and I don't know if any researchers do either."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: Where did STDs originate and how did the first human or animal get them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xi1erd
| 21 |
R2 (Whole topic)
| true | true | 0.71 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip13hiy",
"comment_text": [
"I can verify you're not a doctor."
],
"score": 28
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip1p1w0",
"comment_text": [
"Some of them have been with us for longer than we can guess. We've found evidence from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt that STIs existed back then. ",
"We know gonnorhea first came from livestock. That doesn't mean that people were having sex with livestock, but humans have been assisting cows during birth, and with breeding for thousands of years and failing to wash your hands before going for a pee can be all it takes to transfer infected matter.",
"Another way they can get to us is through the food chain. HIV is suspected to have originated from chimpanzees, most likely due to people in the area eating what's referred to as 'bush meat'. That means wild animals they've hunted and killed. Infected wild animals can pass their diseases onto us, not often, but often enough. ",
"Different diseases prefer different vectors of transmission. Some of them that come from animals are airborne, like bird and swine flu, and others prefer more direct routes. It usually depends on how hardy the virus is outside of its breeding environment. If it can live in micro droplets of saliva and last long enough to land on another host, it will transmit via a sneeze. If it can't last long outside of a nice warm human body it'll take direct body fluid transfer, like with sex. Human beings don't make blood to blood contact very often, but mucus membranes are vulnerable, and we do have fluids that we exchange into those areas fairly reliably, so they're a good method for a virus to capitalise on for its own spread.",
"Now, if you don't want to sleep at night, look up HTLV. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus was discovered before HIV, and is a retrovirus just like HIV. It spreads through sex, through direct blood contact, and passes from mother to child through breastfeeding or during a caesaerian section. 90% of people who have it don't have symptoms, and we don't routinely offer testing to expecting mothers, so we don't really know how many people actually have this virus, but we take a guess at 5 to 10 million people around the world. The unlucky ten percent who do have symptoms may develop adult t-cell leukemia, myelopathy - meaning they experience symptoms similar to multiple sclerosis with decreased mobility and pain, uveitis, dermatitis, and there's evidence they're at increased risk of inflammatory diseases like arthritis and infections such as tuberculosis. But if you don't have those symptoms and get tested you might never know you have this disease and happily pass it along to your partner, or your children."
],
"score": 25
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip10el8",
"comment_text": [
"As far as biologicy knows they have always been with us. The subspecies of the genus bacteria and family of vituses which cause STIs cause different diseases also. Animals have their own versions of these.",
"Consider that world around us is filled with microbes in greater numbers than anything else on or in this planet. Even our skin have microbes that we need to stay healthy. All of these constantly evolve at greater speeds than any other life."
],
"score": 9
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip12kxh",
"comment_text": [
"This is probably less where they originated and more how they evolved. Think Darwin and his finches. \"If no one else wants this free real estate, I'll take it\" bacteria and viruses have to compete with one another for occupying the same type of cells. That's why they evolve to attack different cells/ specialize for different cells. it just so happened that being transmitted sexually was the easiest/ most common way of spreading STDs. The common cold could technically be transmitted during sex the same way HIV could be transmitted out of sex. ",
"Disclaimer: I'm not a doctor. So someone verifying would be nice"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip224yj",
"comment_text": [
"The subspecies of the genus bacteria",
"What exactly are you trying to say here?"
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
Eli5 where “egg yellows” go when companies make “egg whites”?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xiorpu
| 5 |
R2 (Subjective/Speculative)
| true | false | 0.62 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip4880y",
"comment_text": [
"all sorts of foods are made with just egg yolks or with eggs plus the egg yolks of a few seperated eggs. aioli, creme brulee and other custards, cakes, ice cream, salad dressing (especially caesar dressing), pasta carbonara sauce, hollandaise...that's just off the top of my head. frozen, powdered and refrigerated egg yolk is sold in lots of groceries and at food service stores."
],
"score": 16
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip4ifnh",
"comment_text": [
"Corporations are very rarely wasteful if there is an opportunity to make money (and often times disposal is more costly than finding an alternative). Most physical food waste is either redistributed internally to produce other products or sold to other companies who need it. Some egg white products, I know, are sold to pet foot companies who have less restrictions on how ingredients are handled before inclusion in products. I also know there are some creative ways some companies are using egg shells. ",
"https://amp.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/jun/30/scotch-egg-company-cracked-eggshell-waste-problem-recycling-plastic",
"When potatoes are cut for potato chips, they release starch into the air, which is vacuum captured and sold to companies selling laundry starch. ",
"When peanuts are shelled for peanut butter, the shells are often sold as livestock bedding. ",
"Fruit pits, peels, and other bi-products can be turned into fruit flavoring powders. ",
"And we all know where velveeta comes from :) (I guess if you don’t, it includes rinds and cheese “waste” from other Kraft produced cheeses and cheese products - it’s actually almost entirely cheese, despite what some people say)",
"There is a market for almost everything and businesses have been incentivized to remove landfill bound waste for decades."
],
"score": 13
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip49wwn",
"comment_text": [
"You can also purchase just egg yolks. As well as other egg yolks based products. ",
"https://www.google.com/search?q=egg+yolks&client=ms-android-verizon-us-rvc3&prmd=sinv&source=lnms&tbm=shop&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjqsPDk6aH6AhV9IkQIHaElBfEQ_AUoAXoECAIQAQ&biw=384&bih=735&dpr=2.81",
"There are several other products that use egg yolks as an ingredient also."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipfe7sk",
"comment_text": [
"Tbh I have all the yolks don't tell op shhhh"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ip4ozb1",
"comment_text": [
"Haha wise ass over hear got a few jokes"
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
eli5: What causes recession?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wa453t
| 0 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.4 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihyt9hi",
"comment_text": [
"People losing their jobs means the real economy (stuff) shrinks. That's the recession, people not working. This happens after the money-economy shrinks. Aka people lose their jobs because something happens financially where people stop getting paid (debts go bad, so someone can't pay someone, so that someone else can't pay someone, and so on)."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihytd94",
"comment_text": [
"It's typically a decline in economic activity. That can be caused by a lasting massive drop in employment/income/expenditures/retail sales/production like during covid or a massive drop in values like in housing or dotcom bubbles. The fed spending more money isn't necessarily a cause however, because money could be spent on wartime productivity or safety nets like rent moratoriums and soften a slump."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihyz71k",
"comment_text": [
"There is no single unique cause to a recession. For example, the recession associated with the financial crisis of 2007-09 was caused by a collapse in the housing bubble and the subsequent impairment of the financial sector which then spread to the real sector. ",
"The current recession is less about covid and more about the war in ukraine and inflation. For one, the war in the ukraine and the economic sanctions against russia after the invasion and associated rise in energy prices. An additional factor is the rise in inflation which forces central banks to react to it by raising interest rates which causes economic activity to decline."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihz0g1m",
"comment_text": [
"To go into a bit more detail on this -",
"A recession is defined as a fall in economic activity, usually GDP falling for two quarters. Basically a country is producing less stuff and providing less services.",
"Why might this happen? Well if you're Ukraine, it's happening because there's a war on so it's hard for people to work, factories are being destroyed, investors are scared, etc..",
"For the UK specifically there are probably four main things which are hitting economic growth:",
"1) Energy prices - if energy is more expensive then it costs more to do all sorts of things, so they're done less. The UK does get some benefit from higher prices, because we produce some, but we're a net energy importer.",
"2) Brexit - which is making trade more difficult and uncertain.",
"3) COVID - which is still keeping large numbers of people from working. (With 3 million cases a week, even if lots of those people don't work or have a mild case and continue working that'll still be hundreds of thousands off sick or staying away from jobs that can't be done remotely.)",
"4) The world economy - as a country that's highly integrated into the world economy, any wider problems hit the UK.",
"We'll probably have to add rising interest rates to that soon, but for now the Bank of England has been cautious about increasing rates."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihz20co",
"comment_text": [
"That's a good break down, but makes me ask another question regarding energy prices. Correct me if I am wrong, but UK has it's own gas, at least I was told so. If UK has it's own gas then why the energy prices are up?"
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: why can’t we look directly at the sun?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wa33ea
| 0 |
R2 (Straightforward)
| true | false | 0.3 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihyo274",
"comment_text": [
"Because the lens in your eye focuses the light coming in to your eye to a small area, and it literally starts to burn. Think of what happens when you focus sunlight with a magnifying glass into a point, and you can burn paper or kill ants with it. Almost the same thing - just the lens isn't focusing all of the light onto a single spot.",
"From a biological perspective, the answer is different - we never needed to evolve our eyes to be able to look into the sun. It was probably more useful for survival to have eyes which can see well in the dark and gather a lot of light, then eyes which can look at the sun directly and withstand the energy. There's no predators up there and no real survival reason to look into the sun."
],
"score": 8
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihyp3xa",
"comment_text": [
"The tradeoff makes sense \"hey so with eyes, you can focus at many different things and distances clearly, and adapt to different light conditions by ",
"focusing the light coming into the eye with",
" lenses... as long as you don't look directly at the sun because those same lenses will also focus that light to literally burn the eyes.\""
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihynsy2",
"comment_text": [
"You can, it just damages your eyes if you stare at it too long. The radiation from it is just too much for the eyes to handle over extended amounts of time."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihyug24",
"comment_text": [
"To go one step further - the light from the Sun (that we don't need to look at) is much brighter than the light from physical objects (that we do need to look at) because those objects are generally rough and so exhibit diffuse reflection. This spreads the incoming light out in all directions and so dims it considerably.",
"About the only good specular (mirrorlike) reflector in nature is the surface of water, but I guess there wasn't much evolutionary pressure to be able to look at that without squinting."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihyurdc",
"comment_text": [
"And where there was, creatures developed tricks to mitigate, like seeing polarised light"
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
ELI5: Why do recipe sites hide the instructions at the bottom of the page?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
w9vhec
| 7 |
R2 (Business/Group/Individual Motivation)
| true | false | 0.77 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihxijn9",
"comment_text": [
"To force you to go past the adds so they get add revenue. These sites tend to survive and pay for content via the add revenue ",
"It's really that simple. ",
"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
],
"score": 18
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihxkq95",
"comment_text": [
"Google favors longer pages in search results and it is also the chance for more ads, which probably come from Google, too"
],
"score": 10
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihxja7w",
"comment_text": [
"Recipes also can't be copyrighted the way stories can."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihxnin5",
"comment_text": [
"Another one is search engine optimization.",
"\nThe search engines favor websites with more keywords, and ads favor longer engagement time on the website.",
"\nParagraphs of story add to both of them which increases traffic to the site and site income."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihxr6pk",
"comment_text": [
"This is the real answer. These sites are trying to be the first result in your search and then serve all the ads that they can. ",
"It also has nothing to do with copyright about their BS stories. Almost all of the stories are completely made up by contractors that are paid per article. ",
"Source: I am a software engineer that has worked for large content farm sites for almost everything from recipes to porn. They will do anything for engagement."
],
"score": 3
}
|
|
ELI5: If higher frequency radiation has a harder time penetrating objects, then why do we use X-rays to see bones?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
w9s4va
| 1 |
R6 (Loaded/False Premise)
| true | false | 0.6 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihwypph",
"comment_text": [
"higher frequency radiation has a harder time penetrating objects",
"Well, that's not a thing. Higher frequency radiation has more energy per photon. Some materials absorb some wavelengths and transmit others, that's how glass works. There is not general relationship that covers all the cases of frequency and transmissiblity."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihwyree",
"comment_text": [
"The frequencies used are chosen specifically because bones in particular absorb them more strongly than many other materials found in the body. This contrast is very helpful for looking at bones, and has many other uses."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihx53xn",
"comment_text": [
"It doesn’t.",
"From low to higher frequency:",
"Hf radio loves to bounce.",
"Radio bounces",
"Infrared too but interferes with things (heats things)",
"Light does go through something, and heats others, or bounces.",
"UV goes through skin, a bit.",
"X ray goes through most things but interferes and you can get nice pictures of the inside of things.",
"Gamma and so on definetly goes through things.",
"Then there are rays that go through entire mountains.",
"So, it’s quite the opposite, Broadly speaking.",
"EM stuff is complex. Don’t lose interest, it’s an awesome topic once you grasp a bit of it."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihxi152",
"comment_text": [
"In audio though it is very true. If you live in an apartment and your neighbor has a sound system, it’s the lower frequencies (bass) that you will hear moreso than the higher frequencies, that’s because lower frequency notes lose less energy going thru walls."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihx8kd9",
"comment_text": [
"X-rays pass through soft tissue more easily, and pass through dense bones less easily.",
"\nSo the way the X-ray machine works is literally just taking a picture of the shadow of your bones using x-rays instead of visible light."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: How does La Croix work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xh3hel
| 97 |
R2 (Narrow)
| true | false | 0.75 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iovdm2d",
"comment_text": [
"They have the flavor of a fruit without the sugar. Where does the flavor come from? ",
"There was never any actual fruit in it, it's just chemicals that taste like fruit.",
"How do they extract the sugar?",
"There's nothing to extract because it was never in there in the first place."
],
"score": 271
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iove3rn",
"comment_text": [
"Yeah, it's all chemicals that are also found somewhere in nature. It's just not necessarily from the ",
" fruit."
],
"score": 232
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iovfrxx",
"comment_text": [
"fun facts... everything is made of chemicals"
],
"score": 68
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iovdy27",
"comment_text": [
"But… it says natural flavors. 😢"
],
"score": 57
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iovvdgq",
"comment_text": [
"Its not the same though. I say this as a bubbly water person, the different brands definitely have different tastes. ",
"Bizarrely when I was in texas I honestly thought the HEB one kinda punched above its weight."
],
"score": 49
}
|
|
ELI5: Why are the rocks in the western US all red. I know it is iron but why is there so much iron in the west?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
w9yv9o
| 2 |
Planetary Science
| true | false | 0.67 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihyeb8y",
"comment_text": [
"It isn't. Many parts of the West have other rock colors - most notably the flood basalts of Montana, Idaho, and Washington, which are black.",
"You're probably referring to the ",
"Navajo sandstone",
", a massive sandstone formation that covers most of the American Southwest in Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. Per wiki, the Navajo sandstone was laid down in a desert in ancient Pangaea, when the western US was flat, low-lying, and very dry. At the time, the environment had giant sand dunes like those of the modern Sahara, and it's the sand from those dunes that ultimately produced the sandstone. (Of course, that punts the question to why that ",
" was iron-rich, which I don't have an answer for.)"
],
"score": 8
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihy56qf",
"comment_text": [
"Ancient Lakes basically.",
"Over millions of years ancient mountains eroded, and the iron deposits went into the lakes and settled at the bottom. Eventually due to changes in geography the lakes dried up and got covered with other sediment. Then new mountains formed and eventually we developed the technology to find and mine the iron. So we found the ancient lakes and all that iron deposits where the lakes were."
],
"score": 6
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihydxqn",
"comment_text": [
"Yep. Silica (a 1:2 mix of silicon to oxygen) is an extremely common mineral. You know it as quartz or sand, among other things."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihyekg0",
"comment_text": [
"The most recent lakes in the West are far, far younger than the Navajo sandstone. Actually, the sandstone is quite a bit older (~200 Mya) than the mountains are, too: the Rockies (~70 Mya) and Sierra Nevada (~5 Mya) are pretty young."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ihya103",
"comment_text": [
"Then why isn't it so red in the east, and the North. Etc."
],
"score": 3
}
|
|
ELI5: Why is water "matte" in some places and "clear" in others?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
l6uv5q
| 6 |
Earth Science
| true | false | 0.8 |
I notice it becomes "clear" when a duck swims through it for example, or on the river bank like in the picture example below. Is it something on the surface of the water? Thanks in advance! Let me know if I can specify :)
Also I added the flair "earth science", hope that fits.
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_gl2t1x4",
"comment_text": [
"It's the wind ruffling the surface. Even a small amount of breeze will cause small ripples. Near the bank it's sheltered. With the duck, and even a boat moving slowly, it will move the water sideways it passes and break up the ripple formation.",
"As a dinghy sailor on a fairly calm day, you can look at the water and pick the places with the best wind from the grey areas instead of the reflective ones."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_gl35i0g",
"comment_text": [
"The matte parts have more smaller ripples. When you look through a curved piece of glass the light going through it is distorted. If you sandblasted that piece of glass the surface of it would be covered in a whole bunch of very tiny curves, each of which would distort the light a little differently, and the whole thing would look matte from a distance. ",
"It's the same principle with the waves: a passing duck might create waves in its wake, but if they're bigger with larger flat sections they might appear more shiny."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_gl2tyks",
"comment_text": [
"The ripples in the water don't seem to effect it, both clear and matte parts of the water have ripples going over it but the difference is still there. \nWhen a duck swam through the water it created a ripple which passed over both the matte water and the \"clear\" trail it left behind them. When the water ripples over the rest of the water it doesn't become clear, only the trail behind the duck is. \nIs there another kind of ripple I don't know about? Or is it the \"intensity\" of the ripple that makes a difference?",
"Edit: and thanks for your response! :)"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_gl53tl0",
"comment_text": [
"Wind/water movement causes tiny ripples in the water with enough of these the water becomes matte. But in still water like a lake or a very slow moving stream the water has very few ripples and is clear. The only other thing might be dirty water but it has to be pretty bad to become truly matte."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_gl3045t",
"comment_text": [
"That's the thing none of it is frozen!"
],
"score": 1
}
|
ELI5: What is privatization exactly? Good or bad?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
cmtpr9
| 5 |
Law
| true | false | 0.78 |
Recently my friends and I were having a sorta layman's debate if privatization of government sectors like airlines or railways etc is good for the country or not. I have no technical idea about this. So enlighten me?
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ew4lx3u",
"comment_text": [
"\"Privatization\" is the process of taking traditionally government-provided services and having private companies do them instead.",
"This has some benefits and some drawbacks. Privatization is typically significantly cheaper (at least at first), because the government has no incentive to cut costs. But privatization also usually provides sub-standard services, since one of the ways to cut costs is to cut the quality of the service. Privatization also has just as much room, or more, for corruption, and the process of privatizing a government service is frequently ",
" the process of dismantling said service and selling its pieces off to connected business-owners.",
"Whether privatization is good or bad for the company really depends on your political perspective. If you believe the government should be bigger and should handle these things, privatization is bad. If you believe the government should be smaller, privatization is good."
],
"score": 9
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ew4nfba",
"comment_text": [
"The thing about privatization is that the main goal of companies is not to provide a service, but to make a profit. So while a government can afford to, for example, maintain a bus route with few passengers, a private company would be more inclined to scrap that route for not being profitable. So in that sense a government has to weigh whether it's worth maintaining certain services that private companies might either scrap or overcharge for."
],
"score": 9
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ew4mae2",
"comment_text": [
"Was gonna comment, but had nothing else to add. It's neither good or bad, just a matter of private vs. state ownership."
],
"score": 6
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ew4oy9c",
"comment_text": [
"There are some services provided by govt agencies that cannot be profitable, such as running social welfare programs. ",
"Other services would be a huge headache, such as roads, paying a new toll every so many miles because a different company owns that stretch of road.",
"Some services are national security issues. A military and intelligence community composed entirely of mercenaries would sell out the country as soon as someone gave them enough money."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ew4ymmx",
"comment_text": [
"because the government has no incentive to cut costs. ",
"an authoritarian government has no incentive.",
"a democratic government does."
],
"score": 4
}
|
ELI5: Why do security cameras record on such low quality?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xgipkv
| 0 |
R6 (Loaded/False Premise)
| true | false | 0.43 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ios3wsn",
"comment_text": [
"It depends on what you are talking about. A security camera as the ability to record at whatever resolution it displays at. The higher the resolution the more bandwith and drive space a recording will take though. So for some things you might want to record at high quality. I have cameras that record in 4k. But storage for that is expensive."
],
"score": 7
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ios3wtz",
"comment_text": [
"I think it’s a storage issue. You can’t store continuous high quality video because the size required to make a clear image"
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ios42mm",
"comment_text": [
"Assuming you mean for businesses: ",
"They likely record 24/7 and they likely have at least a dozen cameras. ",
"Let’s go full tilt with some great quality, the modern iPhones shooting in ProRes: ",
"A minute of 10-bit HDR ProRes is approximately 1.7 GB for HD and 6 GB for 4K. ",
"So even if you just wanted 1080p, just 1 day of that with 12 cameras would be 29 TB!!! Bump that to 4K and you get nearly 104 TB! ",
"Now, let’s go more realistic with H.265 1080p no HDR: ",
"60MB per minute ",
"So for 1 day and 12 cameras that is still 1 TB."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ios48jj",
"comment_text": [
"Most security systems these days will only record when there is movement. There may be some applications where you want constant recording but with more modern systems they can detect movement and then start a recording 10 seconds (or more/less depending on settings) before the movement/stop recording 10 seconds after the movement."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ios4kk8",
"comment_text": [
"Right, but if talking a store, that still would be actively recording during most hours the business is open. So if an everyday place, like a convenience store, still talking at least say 15hr every day. Not to mention people choosing for continuous recording if they don’t trust the motion detection. ",
"If OP is looking at home security, then a different story."
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
ELI5: Why is the word Allegedly is used when a person commits a crime and evidence clearly shows the person committing said crime?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
cnp3ok
| 2 |
Law
| true | false | 0.63 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ewcjpe3",
"comment_text": [
"Because everyone is innocent until proven guilty in fair trail. Even if he is caught by the hand"
],
"score": 23
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ewck1wa",
"comment_text": [
"People forget that the presumption of innocence is important."
],
"score": 13
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ewcjti3",
"comment_text": [
"Because a court of law has yet to determine guilt, and saying guilty before that is slanderous.",
"You may think the evidence is clear, other evidence not availible to you might show a clearer picture."
],
"score": 8
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ewck3qi",
"comment_text": [
"Additionally, what might be clear evidence from an untrained eye may not be clear evidence to a trained eye. Your average reader might not really understand what certain legal charges actually entail and instead has a more general description in their mind that might be correct in some contexts but not in a legal context."
],
"score": 6
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ewck91l",
"comment_text": [
"According to the US Constitution (and similar laws in other countries), a person under arrest is innocent until proven guilty. That means, ",
" there has been a trial or plea bargain and the suspect has either been found guilty by judge or jury or voluntarily pled guilty, they are legally innocent, no matter how much evidence there may appear to be. ",
"If the police, media, or others were to report that the suspect absolutely committed the crime or is guilty (as opposed to \"accused\" of the crime or \"alleged\", etc.) then (a) they would be factually wrong, because the person is legally innocent until proven guilty in a court of law and (b) they could potentially be sued by the suspect for defamation of character, particularly if the suspect later goes on to be deemed innocent in court. ",
"Therefore, media outlets are careful not to proclaim a suspect's guilt until the issue at hand has been resolved through the court system."
],
"score": 6
}
|
|
ELI5: What is the legally plausable reasoning behind allowing for non-disclosure agreements for potentially criminal acts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
cl2kdo
| 2 |
Law
| true | false | 0.58 |
I hope the premise is not flawed, but I've read quite a few articles about (mostly US-based) corporations and people paying people "hush money" to "buy their silence", i.e. signing non disclosure agreements. I understand that NDAs can be valuable to protect intellectual property, but why would a judicial system allow other scenarios? Can you paint me a understandable picture of a situation where it makes sense? (Please don't use conspiracy theories, if possible)
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_evsfw32",
"comment_text": [
"NDAs cannot be used to silence reporting of criminal activity. Any NDA that tries to do so is void as against public policy. The law is clear on this.",
"Buying silence (\"hush money\") is typically settling a civil claim one person has against another person or organization by paying off that person and requiring that they remain silent about it. It cannot extend to criminal matters, and most people would rather take the payoff than go to the police anyway. A typical NDA would include a provision allowing a person who is compelled to provide information to do so. In other words, if you sign an NDA to settle a sexual harassment claim, you cannot voluntarily speak about it afterward. However, if you were subsequently issued a grand jury subpoena and asked about the incident by a prosecutor, you would be compelled to testify (assuming no other rights were at issue), and your testimony (and subsequent testimony in court, if it came to that) would not violate the NDA (and if it did, the NDA would be void). Same if you were compelled to testify in a civil matter or before congress, etc.",
"Now as a practical matter, NDAs can buy silence even of criminal activities because when you get a large sum of money in exchange for shutting up, mos people choose to shut up. And if they don't go to the police, no one does, so no testimony is ever compelled. These arrangements do fall apart if prosecutors start poking around and there's evidence of criminal activity."
],
"score": 9
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_evshiui",
"comment_text": [
"Thank you for that elaborate answer! That answers a few questions about the mechanisms.",
"Yet I am still no further in understanding *why* a judicial system would have this possibility included. I understand that settling matters out of court makes sense, but in cases of e.g. sexual assault or corruption I simply cannot see why a society would accept two people exchanging money for silence without getting highly interested in what the silence was about? ",
"Maybe it's just a cultural thing (I'm german/swedish) that roots in a different set of values regarding individuality and freedom."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_evsikq7",
"comment_text": [
"Yep, I get it - it seems to run counter to the interests of justice. That said, there's a difference between allegations and proof (or even existence of) actual criminal or malicious conduct. And there are plenty of times someone is wronged by an action that would allow them to collect civil damages, but the conduct at issue doesn't rise to a criminal standard (or it's just not clear). Also, the proof required in a criminal trial is very high (much higher than a civil trial), so even if the conduct alleged is criminal, it might not be provable in a criminal proceeding, but would be actionable in a civil proceeding. So allowing a victim to get a payout in exchange for not pursuing the matter further (in court or the press) serves justice for that one aggrieved party, but may be bad for society overall.",
"To a certain extent it is cultural - whether the emphasis should be placed on the victim receiving compensation without having to go through the pains of proving his or her case, being subject to cross-examination, etc. (which only happens if the matter goes away quietly) or whether the victim should not have the opportunity to get a quick and quiet settlement (which won't happen if the organization or bad actor has to publicly defend an allegation anyway - at that point, they have nothing to lose by going on the attack). Of course, the long-term impacts of NDAs for harassment and corruption matters tend to leave the harassers and corrupt in positions of power, and we can discuss which approach is better, but that's a much bigger discussion. One would hope that institutions would police their own, and if they had to settle case after case involving one of their own people, they'd get rid of that person. But if that person has a lot of power or makes a company a lot of money, there's a lot of bad behavior the organization may be willing to put up with."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_evvc85r",
"comment_text": [
"I have been thinking a lot about this reply and I must say that I admire how well written and nuanced it is!",
"\nOften, when I encounter a policy or norm that I deem reprehensible or outdated, I'll try to understand the history or motivation behind it. If this search gives no satisfactory results, I'll ask people who might know more. And if those answers are contradictory or miss important points, I give up and get bitter. I know this not a helpful way to live, but I am working on changing that.",
"But your reply made perfect sense and gave me a feeling of ease. Thank you for that!"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_evvd1fn",
"comment_text": [
"To be honest, the premise stems from a mixture of videos, articles and wikipedia. I was trying to understand cases like Harvey Weinstein, Stormy Daniels and Theranos, and why powerful people would want to pay people to prevent a scandal. The thing that made no sense to me: If a victim has no evidence and the perpetrator knows that, why pay them to keep silent? I have a hard time believing the PR argument. If *any* public accusation (without evidence) means bad PR, then it would make sense for *everybody* to accuse rich people of something."
],
"score": 2
}
|
ELI5:the difference between orthodox, catholic and protestant christians
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xgidde
| 0 |
R2 (Religion/Politics)
| true | false | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ios3es7",
"comment_text": [
"Catholic and orthodox are very similar as they are both very old conservative churches. They split when the Roman Empire split into the Eastern and Western Roman Empire and not due to any huge theological issue. So their differences are more in the detailed interpretation of how to practice Christianity rather then a fundamental difference.",
"The protestant churches however split from the catholic church due to fundamental theological issues. In the catholic church and orthodox church you have a huge hierarchical structure with a pope on the top who have a monopoly on interpreting gods words and will. So people go blindly to their priest to ask if god thinks they are good or evil and what to do to please god. The protestant churches however will tell people to read the bible for themselves and to ask god themselves, the priest is just a guide for this and not the authority. This means that there is no need for a huge hierarchical church organization.",
"Of course this is a very simplified explanation. There are also lots of protestant churches who can differ quite a lot. Protestant and catholic churches also differ in a lot of practical ways which tend to stem back to this fundamental difference. It is just too much to start explaining in a post on this subreddit."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iosi4e9",
"comment_text": [
"In Mexico 99%+ are Catholics, however I've met a few Mexican people that adamantly claim that they are not Catholic but Christian. What does this mean?"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iosjh6f",
"comment_text": [
"There are a lot of different christian denominations. There are others which are as old as the catholic and orthodox such as Coptic. And a lot of what might be categorized as a protestant denomination does not identify themselves as protestant. So it could mean a lot of things."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iosmykv",
"comment_text": [
"I see. Thanks!"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ios8k3z",
"comment_text": [
"Orthodox and Catholic technically mean the same thing, but in the modern parlance Catholic refers to ",
" Catholics. Basically there was a breakup in the older Catholic Church in 1054 AD due to a set of doctrinal differences, and while both churches think those differences are significant they don't see them as ",
" different, and they have a lot of religious rites that are basically shared.",
"Protestantism/Lutheranism is a further split away from Roman Catholicism that happened in the 1500 and 1600s during the Protestant Reformation, which itself led to numerous religious wars within Europe until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. However, Protestantism isn't ",
" single set of religious ideals, and so different branches of Protestantism can have very different beliefs and rites."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: how the hell was the startup menu of computers made? how do you code a little chip to do such a thing.. and where?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xg7xfa
| 0 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ioqm7dh",
"comment_text": [
"Your computer's processor has a set of initial instructions physically built into it. Those instructions tell it to set an initial state of the processor and begin at a particular point in its memory. At that point in memory is a small program called a BIOS (\"basic input-output system\") that can handle input.",
"The BIOS checks the available hardware physically connected to the computer and tests them to make sure they work. Because it can take input, it can also allow you to interrupt the process of booting at this point (say, if something's broken in the later steps and you need to reinstall a new operating system).",
"Installing an operating system tells the BIOS where to find it, or rather, how to find a specific part of it called the ",
". The information there tells it how to load the operating system as a whole.",
"Once the operating system has started, it spins up the various extra pieces attached to it, like device drivers (programs that tell the OS how to communicate with things like a mouse or a speaker). The computer is then ready for use, with the operating system handling your input and loading programs you ask it to."
],
"score": 10
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ioqmzhp",
"comment_text": [
"Yes, there's a chip in the computer with a hard-coded program called the BIOS (basic input output system) that gets the computer started. It's *just* smart enough to get things going and load the real operating system (Windows, MacOS, Linux, etc.) from storage and get it running.",
"Yes, we coded the chip. Long ago, it was done by hand. Nowadays, we do it with other software on another computer.",
"The first computer was made by hand-wiring wires and switches. It's extremely tedious, which is why one of the very first things we did was create programming languages and compilers so we didn't have to do that anymore."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ioqn8u2",
"comment_text": [
"Startup code was originally hard-wired, and parts of it still are. But, all of that original code had to be worked out ny hand, first, then tested on a real machine (and they were big@$$ clunky machines back then, with vacuum tubes and everything). After that, it's all \"iterate and optimize\". Smaller and smaller (physically), faster and faster. Today, even before the BIOS, the CPU itself comes hard-wired with a very basic set of instructions. One type of these is RISC or Reduced Instruction Set Chips, which, IIRC is something like 20 super-basic instructions like Add, Subtract, Get, Put, Move and a few others..."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ioqnnej",
"comment_text": [
"The CPU itself is designed to when the power turn on to star reading from specific memory address. That will be where the BIOS/UEFI is on a PC. What happen after that depend on the instruction at that address. The code there was stored in chips on the motherboard during the manufacturing. You can update it in modern computer because they use FLASH memory for it.",
"If you look back at the first computer then instruction was in how you configures wires and switches or stored on punch cards/punch tape you inserter in a reader.",
"Punch cards/punch tape had been used for centuries before the first computer as we know them today. The firs usage of perforated paper to control machines was in 1725 for mechanical loom. The become vey popular in Jacquard looms invented in 1801 to create patterns of fabric.",
"You can make the holes in the paper by hand with a puch, it is simple if you have a guide for hole like ",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card#/media/File:IBM_Port-a-punch.jpg",
" ",
"Punch taps was used to send telegram in 1846. Punch cards was used for information processing in mechanical tabulator in the 1890 US census.",
"IBM 80-column punch card for data storage common used into at least the 1970 was introduce in 1928. Electronic communication system with teleprints was used in country wide networks i the 1930.",
"So the data storage equipment for the first computes as we know them today build in the 1940 used standard equipment already on the market."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ior0olf",
"comment_text": [
"Your submission has been removed for the following reason(s):",
"wiki entry",
"If you would like this removal reviewed, please read the ",
"detailed rules",
" first. ",
", please ",
"use this form",
" and we will review your submission."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: Why is it normal to go through cycles of recession and expansion? Why can't we grow at a slower but more consistent rate, without experiencing recessions?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wbgva5
| 22 |
R2 (Subjective/Speculative)
| true | false | 0.88 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii6tiu3",
"comment_text": [
"The economy is a very complex system. Cycles of growth and recession basically happen because the perceived value of things changes over time. For example, in the 90s tech boom the perceived value of websites skyrocketed creating a boom and huge hiring in software. When the perceived value decreased tons of software people were laid off. ",
"This spirals to other sectors of the economy. Banks are the glue of the economy. Suppose banks gave loans to the tech companies during this time. Because so many tech companies went down, it hurt the banks. This in turn hurts everyone because pretty much all companies/people need money from banks.",
"In a purely capitalist system this value is in theory set by transactions of huge number of agents (though with corporate consolidation this can be lessened). In a purely communist system, this value is set by the central government. Both types system can have misvaluations. For example, the Soviet Union ultimately fell into decline because they focused too much on just raw resource extraction and not enough on more knowledge based industries.",
"Really cycles are a natural part of any complex system. For example, the populations of boom and bust even appear in the natural world."
],
"score": 10
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii6tb4m",
"comment_text": [
"Because it’s not a constant world and people think with their emotions and decide with incomplete data."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii6ts32",
"comment_text": [
"By and large, we don't have our pulse on what's going on with an economy 'right now'. You'll see right now they are busy arguing whether or not the USA is in a recession...after 6 months of gathering data. Because it takes so long to figure out what's HAPPENING, it takes a little longer to RESPOND to that. For example, look at what happened with inflation in the USA. Infaltions not a problem. Next month, definitely still not a problem. Another month, maybe a problem, but probably transitory. Fast forward to last month: HOLY CRAP!!!!! INFLATION IS HUGE!!!! RAISE RATES LIKE NUTS!!!! Then this month: SHIT!?!?!?!? that wasn't enough. RAISE RATES LIKE A MOFO AGAIN!!!!!!! Because we're forever basing out CURRENT policy on data that's months old, we tend to overshoot. Rates will likely rise again,. and then they'll say \"Wheh... looks like we got it\". That view will probably persist for a few months before they say \"OH SHIT!!!!! WE OVERSHOT!!!!!!!!\" and more action takes place. Now inflate this model beyond the USA where you're trying to gauge the interplay of the entire planet.",
"TL;DR: It's hard to manage an economy when you are constantly reacting NOW to things that happened 1-6 months ago."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii72vq6",
"comment_text": [
"So what do you propose to replace the current global economic system?"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii6wxml",
"comment_text": [
"Honest answer is human greed, read all of the long winded answers and read between the lines. The posters will tell you it's complex. X happened as a result of which produced Z etc. But in every case the overriding driver was the desire and percieved opportunity to make money, to make more money and then to make yet more. Remember NOWHERE in nature do Apex predators kill or destroy their own habitat like humans do."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
eli5: When the Feds raise the interest rate, so everyone pays more on their variable APR credit card debt, where does all that extra interest money go?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wbw3o2
| 18 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.69 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii8zwf8",
"comment_text": [
"The Fed raises interest rates on the money it lends to banks, so the banks have to pay more to the government.",
"The banks then raise interest rates on their customers/borrowers, because they want to keep making money. So you (the borrower) pay more money to the bank, which then pays to the government."
],
"score": 33
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii93b1p",
"comment_text": [
"The federal reserve was set up to be more independent from the day to day political pressure but it most definitely is still controlled by the government. The governing board are literally appointed by the president, and any money they make from the interest rates goes directly in to the US treasury every year. Stop spreading misinformation."
],
"score": 28
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii93ac1",
"comment_text": [
"Rising interest rates also cost governments since governments routinely issue bonds, especially the Federal Government."
],
"score": 19
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii948pi",
"comment_text": [
"Let's not get it mixed up, the Fed is through and through a government entity. It was created by the federal government and its members are directly paid using taxpayer money. The annual profits that the Fed makes gets paid to the U.S Treasury, except a small percentage that is kept to fund the institution.",
"However, they operate much like the FBI, CIA, and NSA in that they have strong autonomy to direct their actions as they see fit, with minimal interference from congress or the executive branch."
],
"score": 13
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii91top",
"comment_text": [
"So, the government ends up making more money from the hikes? I never thought about that aspect before!"
],
"score": 10
}
|
|
ELI5 - Why was the decision made to toss bin laden’s body into the ocean made?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
xksi3r
| 1 |
R2 (Narrow)
| true | false | 0.53 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipfnm40",
"comment_text": [
"The White House said they followed Islamic tradition, washing, shrouding and burial within 24 hours of death. As far as the sea goes. It’s kinda 50/50 if that part was okay or not. ",
"But, I believe that, not many places would allow his family to bury him in their cities. And this is also one person no western government wanted to be idolized. Which his burial place would have become a shrine."
],
"score": 29
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipfo3le",
"comment_text": [
"I'm not up to speed on Muslim burial traditions. But I'm pretty sure a big part of it was not wanting a shrine of any sorts to develop. The US obviously didn't want to allow a tradition of a pilgrimage to their number 1 terrorist's grave. Burial at sea avoids that issue."
],
"score": 17
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipfrbb5",
"comment_text": [
"They wanted nowhere people could go to turn his death into martyrdom. No shrines. No flowers. No bronze-age Imam stirring up trouble."
],
"score": 6
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipfnvhg",
"comment_text": [
"Oh god I just noticed the mistake"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ipgwl9v",
"comment_text": [
"Shashi Tharoor papa lagte hain kya?"
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5 : why is atmospheric re-entry so dangerous?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
wbr7ll
| 13 |
Planetary Science
| true | false | 0.79 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii8cqi8",
"comment_text": [
"It's always more dangerous to run into something really fast than to run away from something really fast."
],
"score": 16
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii8p7n2",
"comment_text": [
"Akschualy it's air particle compression what makes majority of the heat, friction is only a small part of that"
],
"score": 16
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii8ctid",
"comment_text": [
"Friction. In order for you to walk forward, the air currently in the area in front of you has to be pushed aside first. If an object moves quickly then the air also has to be moved out of the way just as fast. ",
"When reentering the atmosphere objects can reach super fast speeds. At those speeds, the air being pushed out of the way is rubbing against the object very fast. In the same way that your finger may start to feel hot when you slide it quickly across a carpet, heat builds up on the falling object which can cause several issues for aircraft such as causing electronics to fail or outright burning the craft to ash if not managed well."
],
"score": 8
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii8eixc",
"comment_text": [
"If you cant land in your first reentry due to shallow angle, you wont endlessly drift because you will still be on suborbital trajectory and you will get back into the athmo after one orbit again."
],
"score": 7
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii8d8qc",
"comment_text": [
"There are a few factors to consider all of which concern entering the atmosphere with a lot of velocity. ",
"Firstly, if you enter too fast to will generate heat due to friction. Too much heat and you will burn up so you have to ensure you are travelling at the right speed. ",
"Secondly, if you enter at too steep an angle the stresses to whatever vehicle you might be in could exceed the limits of the material it’s made from and it will get torn apart. ",
"Thirdly, if you attempt to enter at too shallow an angle the vehicle may bounce off the atmosphere. As most vehicles are given just enough fuel to achieve their objectives (with slim margins for error) this could mean that the craft is left moving on a trajectory away from earth without enough fuel to attempt another approach. Which means endlessly floating off into space with little or no control. ",
"So basically if you don’t enter at just the right angle and at just the right speed you are liable to die in any one of a number of ways."
],
"score": 4
}
|
|
Eli5: Why do kids sleep on a floor with no consequence but adults are sore for the next two days?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
war2jq
| 15 |
R2 (Narrow/Personal)
| true | false | 0.78 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii2h2m2",
"comment_text": [
"We generally weigh more putting more stress on our bodies and do it less as we grow up and become less flexible, at 44 I'm still OK to sleep on a floor and be OK afterwards but I just never stopped."
],
"score": 27
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii2lqr3",
"comment_text": [
"I’m 42 and still prefer to lounge on the floor rather than the furniture. I operate under the principle that as long as I keep doing it, I’ll always be able."
],
"score": 17
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii2kuok",
"comment_text": [
"The relience (bounciness) of joints reduces as we age. ",
"The amount of synovial fluid in joints reduces, so it gives you less cushioning, but there's also a change in an acid present in the fluid, so you suffer a double-whammy there. The cartilage becomes thinner too. ",
"Ligaments become shorter so your mechanical range of motion is reduced. That means that when you're lying on a floor, your joints are closer to their limit of movement than they would be for a kid lying in the same pose. Spending an extended period of time near your limit of movement puts higher strain on the body parts involved, including those joints which were already a bit complainy. ",
"Toss in a lower rate of cell repair and you have all the elements of aches and pains for a couple of days. ",
"There are more factors, of course: age touches a lot of functions in the body."
],
"score": 11
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii2jas8",
"comment_text": [
"I'm 41 and sleep on the floor a lot because I am an alcoholic. Honestly the floor doesn't bother me near as much as the fact that when the night ends that way, I leave the lights on. ",
"I rarely wake up sore though, unless I stretch my neck weird or something, and since I have the dog bed as a pillow (this usually starts with drunk-playing with the dog, then we both go to bed), I don't wake up sore, just hungover."
],
"score": 10
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ii2n4oj",
"comment_text": [
"35, been working in agriculture and construction since 13 years old. The floor is necessary sometimes. Damn back, IM TOO YOUNG THIS BULL SHIT."
],
"score": 8
}
|
|
Eli5: What's in petri dishes, why are there different colors and what happens after they've been used?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
tl8xkx
| 2 |
R2 (Straightforward)
| true | false | 0.67 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1u2q9f",
"comment_text": [
"Usually the growth medium is agar based. Dyes are used to distinguish between different variables. For example a red Petri dish may be exactly the same as a blue Petri dish but they have different strains of bacteria or one could have a new antibiotic added while the other has an old antibiotic."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1u4sw1",
"comment_text": [
"Add to that some agars can be of a select color based on it's type. Blood agar, well, looks like blood. What they do after use is to dispose of the agar then santazie them for reuse in the next round of either expirements or growth studies to determine cause of an illness."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1u4w6n",
"comment_text": [
"There are different nutrient mixes that people use to grow different organisms, although they're usually just shades of brown. ",
"Sometimes, colouring agents are added that the microbes will interact with. This is used to identify different types of organism. ",
"Some plates actually change colour based on the type of culture (MacConkey Agar). ",
"So, as the other comment said, sometimes it's mainly to keep your samples organised, but often the colour has a function in selecting for or differentiating between different strains.",
"ETA - once you're done with your culture, it's usually tossed in a biohazard waste bin, collected by specialist waste disposal companies, and incinerated."
],
"score": 5
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1v5fcf",
"comment_text": [
"and for those who don't know, Agar is a gel that is extracted from certain types of seaweed."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1x795s",
"comment_text": [
"Rule 2 forbids straightforward questions."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: what is escrow?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
tkqdau
| 5 |
R2 (Straightforward)
| true | false | 0.99 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1s0hr3",
"comment_text": [
"You (Mr A) want to buy something from someone else (Mr B).",
"You don't trust Mr B and he doesn't trust you. So neither of you want to hand over the money, or the product/house to the other person first, in case the other person does a runner.",
"So you employ me, Mr C, a legally-regulated intermediary.",
"You give me the money.",
"Mr B gives me the product/house.",
"When everything is in place, has been checked and is above-board, I then give him your money, and you his product/house.",
"If things fall through, or you change your mind, or something happens (e.g. one of you dies), then I give the things back to who they belong to.",
"It's basically an intermediary person/entity/account that holds onto all of the assets in a deal (the money, the house, the goods, whatever) until everything is agreed between everyone, then facilitates the exchange so that neither of you can con the other person."
],
"score": 7
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1ry7bp",
"comment_text": [
"Escrow is money kept on your behalf in an account to pay for something you're legally obliged to pay at a future date. For instance, as you pay for your home mortgage, you may need to contribute to your property tax escrow account throughout the year so you have enough money set aside to pay your taxes at the end of the year when they're due."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1rz2ry",
"comment_text": [
"Another example of this is, when you buy something from let's say Ebay, your money doesn't go directly to the seller, it is held in an escrow account until you confirm that you've received your product, at which point the money then goes to the seller"
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1s38ft",
"comment_text": [
"Rule 2 forbids straightforward questions."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1wurqo",
"comment_text": [
"Sorry."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
Eli5: Where does the sea and oceans wave power come from?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
tkv2l3
| 1 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.6 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1srzro",
"comment_text": [
"Mostly from the Sun. It warms air and water up which leads to wind and currents that move water around. Tides, however, are caused by the Moon's gravity pulling water while the Moon rotates around the Earth."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1suu4s",
"comment_text": [
"Surface waves are caused by wind, which is caused by pressure systems, which are ultimately caused by the heat from the sun.",
"Tides are caused by the gravitational force of the moon (and to a lesser extent, the sun).",
"Tsunami waves are caused by underwater earthquakes, which are ultimately caused by plate tectonics."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1stk2v",
"comment_text": [
"Wind over the water forms waves. As the wind blows, it tugs on the surface of the water, and this forms small waves. The continued action of wind makes those waves bigger."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1sut2q",
"comment_text": [
"and then waves keep going and going. Waves we see on a windless days come from storms and hurricanes that are hundreds or thousands of miles away."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1sy3am",
"comment_text": [
"Movement in the ocean comes from temperature differentials in the water and wind, both of which are caused by the Sun. It is also affected by the pull of the Moon's gravity as well as things like earthquakes."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5 - Why does Canada continue to construct large dams (site C) but USA has not? Eli5
|
explainlikeimfive
|
tkni0t
| 0 |
R2 (Business/Group/Individual Motivation)
| true | false | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1rmtah",
"comment_text": [
"There is no definitive single answer for the whole country, but there are some overarching issues. The first and probably most pressing issue is a lack of funding. Dams are incredibly expensive projects. More expensive than most states can bear on their own. Many states already have dams built during the boom that are hemorrhaging money.",
"This leads into the second overarching issue, infrastructure. Similar to how states are pumping money into old dams, they're also pumping money into old power stations, roads, bridges, etc. The American government at the federal level is meant to step in and shoulder some of these costs, but in recent years, that money's dried up. Politicians in recent years are willing to let states drown in order to stick it to the other side, so they almost always vote against infrastructure spending, and god forbid new taxes. With federal money frozen, states are left high and dry. This is why infrastructure in general is terrible in the states. This is also why states aren't exactly cash rich and ready to build. A few years ago a dam in California nearly collapsed, and almost 200k people had to be evacuated. The repairs cost over a billion dollars. California is by far the richest state in the union and this was still a massive blow. How could West Virginia or Mississippi handle that? They couldn't. So they aren't interested in moving off of coal or gas and taking on an extra expense they can't afford the bill on. Nor should they.",
"The third issue is the environment. More specifically, the viability of keeping reservoirs, water rights, and property law. Another commenter, like many people, blamed California's scrapped dam proposals on \"liberals and regulation\" when in actuality, the issues are due to a combination of dam reservoirs being inferior to groundwater storage, farmers getting pissed by having their water potentially diverted, and people in the way of those diversions being told they're about to have to pick up and move. Every single river in California has at least one dam. It's just poor sense to build more when there's already so many to take care of, and the return on the project would be mediocre at best compared to other water storage and power solutions. And all this is without getting into the mess of downstream multi-state water rights you'd deal with if you wanted to dam a river like the Colorado. Although that fact won't stop power companies from proposing more, which leads to people incorrectly assuming that proposals failing means regulations are the problem and not that the proposals were just kinda shit.",
"",
"tl:dr, all the good dam spots are already dammed up, its just not worth it to build more for the amount it would cost."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1rnb19",
"comment_text": [
"I see. I didn't think of the supporting infrastructure issues."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1sgok9",
"comment_text": [
"Good points. Especially the last one about water rights and affected people. Canada has more empty land, where fewer people are affected. ",
"In regard to funding, Biden did pass a pretty large infrastructure spending bill. Do you feel it will make a difference?"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1rn9gr",
"comment_text": [
"That's why I was having some issues with the question. If that is the case, why is Canada moving to create more large dams whereas the USA is not?"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_i1rn9gr",
"comment_text": [
"That's why I was having some issues with the question. If that is the case, why is Canada moving to create more large dams whereas the USA is not?"
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
Eli5: How is there enough water for 7+billion people?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
gjdy25
| 2 |
Geology
| true | false | 0.6 |
It seems like for most of humanity, access to clean fresh water was severely limited. And back then, the population was significantly smaller. So how are we pulling it off?
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_fqkeaek",
"comment_text": [
"The same way we’re feeding that 7 billion. Technological advancements. We have discovered how to pump more water faster through increasingly advanced filtration and distribution systems. Water that would have poisoned our distant ancestors is now able to be processed like never before in history. Those original problems still exist in areas of the world where people have to walk many miles to a reliable water source or simply have no clean water access at all."
],
"score": 6
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_fqke7ca",
"comment_text": [
"When you pee, it gets filtered with rain and other waste water that isn't overly corrosive. It's renewed"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_fqkehxb",
"comment_text": [
"Y'all seen earth? ",
" ton of water on earth. Also, we actually aren't pulling it off. Many countries and regions of countries have no access to fresh water, and either have to drink unclean water or make it as clean as possible by boiling it before use. ",
"In developed countries, we have water treatment plants, which can get through a ",
" of water. And for drinking we actually don't use that much water, either, compared to the amount of water that gets rained down each day - which is pretty much already clean as-is, collects in reservoirs and then only needs minor cleaning to make it safe for consumption."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_fqof9rw",
"comment_text": [
"But take Kabul Afghanistan for instance. How do they have running water and where do they get all their water? How does Mecca, a city in the middle of a desert, have water for hundreds of thousands of people and hotel rooms to use and drink and flush, every single day?"
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_fqptzbm",
"comment_text": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia",
"This is stuff that can be googled pretty easily. In the case of mecca: Desalination of salt water combined with massive pipes. Also Mecca isn't in the middle of a desert. It's only about 60km from the ocean."
],
"score": 1
}
|
ELI5: Why can't US electiones just count individual votes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
v44o1d
| 0 |
R7 (Search First)
| true | false | 0.5 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ib29sle",
"comment_text": [
"Our constitution, and the government it built, weren't designed for individuals to vote at all. Originally, each individual state's legislature would just pick who they wanted the state's delegates to vote for, no popular vote required. ",
"In the last 100 years or so, individual states have modified their internal systems to have a statewide popular vote. However, there's never been enough people to vote for a constitutional amendment to change the law into a national popular vote. Until the constitution is changed, we have to use the electoral college system."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ib29yal",
"comment_text": [
"It is part of the history of the founding of the country. The original colonies that became states in the USA, were not equal. Some were larger and some were much wealthier. In order to persuade all these colonies to unite into a nation, compromises were made. The smaller colonies did not want to get outvoted by the wealthier and more populous counties. Having just fought for independence, the various colonies were also very suspicious of central powers - so they were trying to ensure that the central government had little power. Historically, the limits on the central government were actually so successful that this situation had to be corrected at a later time. This debate goes on to today."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ib2ad4l",
"comment_text": [
"Because the constitution says state legislatures pick their electors. Individual votes are only useful to help the state legislature know who their constituents favor. Most states have laws requiring the electors to vote for the person who won the statewide popular vote. The wonderful thing is, if enough of the US doesn’t like the process they can change it through an amendment."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ib2802l",
"comment_text": [
"To avoid giving all the powers to only the most populous states. States like Iowa would be completely ignored, and only New York, California and maybe a couple of other states would determine election outcomes."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ib2cjne",
"comment_text": [
"This is actually backwards. The Electoral College was a compromise to appease the larger states, not one to appease the smaller states. The alternative was a one-state-one-vote approach. There was no meaningful support for the notion of direct popular election of the President."
],
"score": 2
}
|
|
ELI5: If we are made of atoms and so are non living things, what makes us 'alive' ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
v457xy
| 1 |
R2 (Subjective/Speculative)
| true | false | 0.6 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_ib2cac3",
"comment_text": [
"Edit: This is a religion agnostic point of view. This is using observable science, and may not be true of within all religions. Just putting this disclaimer here as I don't intend to discuss religion.",
"Humans are not magical, any process being done inside the human body can be done outside the human body",
"Being alive is simply these quirks of physics working together in such a way that they become selfsustaining",
"Self-sustaining is the key word here. Thats what seperates a living thing, like a deer, from a river, non-living",
"A river carries water from one section of itself to another, just as a living creature would. The deer however is sustaining enough to seek out water. If a river had the means to obtain more water simply by itself it would become alive",
"Plants are similarly alive, they use their surroundings to keep up a constant cycle within itself. Using the sun to produce energy to sustain it.",
"The simplest life is a direct loop. Use resource to continue consuming other resources to continue consuming other resources, indefinately until the loop breaks. Typically meaning death",
"Any function in the body past that simple function (true within all life) is meant to augment survival. Whether to obtain more resources, or to prevent their key loop from breaking."
],
"score": 4
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ib2cezo",
"comment_text": [
"It really depends on how you want to define \"alive.\"",
"One definition of life is anything that can maintain consistent internal conditions, can respond to environmental cues, has a metabolism (transformation of energy into components of the body), is organized, can reproduce in some way, and can grow.",
"You could use a lot of other definitions as well if you wanted to be more or less specific. You can look at some other components ",
"here",
" if you're interested in some other definitions."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ib2choc",
"comment_text": [
"Generally just brain activity. ",
"You may be referring to consciousness though, in which case that's a real problem that no-one seems to have solved: ",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard\\_problem\\_of\\_consciousness",
"."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ib2hluk",
"comment_text": [
"I don't think this is right, there's plenty of things that are alive that don't even have brains. A flower, for instance."
],
"score": 1
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_ib2huqc",
"comment_text": [
"He referred to “us”, which I read as meaning humans."
],
"score": 1
}
|
|
ELI5: why do modern religions not care that other religions have existed and died
|
explainlikeimfive
|
v3q4uo
| 0 |
R2 (Religion/Politics)
| true | false | 0.14 |
{
"comment_id": "t1_iazuphq",
"comment_text": [
"Just because something else has failed, it does not mean that you will fail. The comings and goings of other religions are somewhat irrelevant if you truly believe your religion to be right."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iazx4bu",
"comment_text": [
"Past performance is no indication of future success."
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iazuwz3",
"comment_text": [
"Well, plenty of science has changed. Many scientists and doctors have been wrong on countless issues throughout history, and their beliefs have died over time. The accepted scientific consensus on how the universe worked in 1100 is completely out of line with what we understand today, but just because those beliefs died or new types of science came to fruition doesn’t mean we shouldn’t believe in science. I mean, even what we think now might turn out to be incorrect or out of context compared to what science discovers in 400 or 500 years. I’ll admit it’s not a perfect analogy, but just because some religions have died, that doesn’t mean yours is false or temporary. ",
"I’d also like to mention that while yes, some religions have died, many have been around for a LONG time. The world’s most popular religion is over 2,000 years old. How many other things from 2,000 years ago are still relevant in our modern society? A religion (like Christianity or Islam or Hinduism etc) has to be pretty enduring and powerful if literally thousands of years later billions of people still subscribe to it. Withstanding some cataclysmic or apocalyptic event, I fail to see any of the world’s major religions dying anytime soon. You can’t really compare Islam or Christianity, global religions that have spanned millennia, to a religion in Greece or Egypt or the Congo that lasted a few hundred years amongst only one culture"
],
"score": 3
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iazv0b9",
"comment_text": [
"I think there are a few reasons.",
"First, religions are based on belief and not reason. So, reason is not very effective in convincing someone that what they believe is not reasonable because reason is not why the believe. Your argument is based on reason but if a person believes their religion is unique or different than the other ones, then showing them information about others won’t matter.",
"Second, religions are a business. They have been since the beginning. They have provided services in exchange for money and power. As businesses they are going to work hard to make sure that people think they are different. Like Apple does with their products versus the competition. ",
"Third, religions do change and adapt to survive. Since religions deal in belief, when society changes they face a dilemma. They can disappear or change to adapt. Christianity is an example of a religion that marketed itself early to appeal to many different beliefs. This is why Christianity has so many pagan elements which was a prominent competing religion at the time. To attract more people, you need to make it more marketable."
],
"score": 2
}
|
{
"comment_id": "t1_iazudsc",
"comment_text": [
"Sorry read the rules little closer, is there a better subreddit for this question"
],
"score": 1
}
|
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