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Originally published at: http://humidtropics.cgiar.org/nutrition-in-kenya-community-action-gathers-momentum/
Participants at one of the community workshops.
This is Part 2 of three special reports from Vihiga County, Kenya, where a Humidtropics research project is empowering the community to better use available agricultural biodiversity to improve nutrition all year round. Julia Boedecker, Associate Scientist, Bioversity International, has spent two months in Vihiga County working with local colleagues and partners to carry out six community workshops in five locations. Julia reports on Phase II of the project which focuses on participatory development of interventions to improve diets using agricultural biodiversity.
“Through the workshops I have learnt many new things. Before, I did not know that a diverse diet is important for health”, says Beverlyne Malesi, one of the 180 participants in the community nutrition workshops.
Once a week Beverlyne and her daugther attend the workshops.
Once a week Beverlyne comes with her daughter to a church in Masana to attend the workshops, which are facilitated by community health workers, with additional support from local nutrition and agricultural experts. Activities include mediating basic nutrition knowledge and promoting the importance of diverse diets with participants representing a good cross-section of the community, including female caregivers of young children, farmers, teachers, women’s group leaders, spiritual leaders and village elders.
Vihiga County is rich in agricultural biodiversity but in general, the diets of women and small children in the region are not diverse enough. On average, women consume only four out of ten food groups, while small children consume three out of seven. Stunting is a serious problem – 28% of children are affected. We are also seeing different forms of malnutrition in the caregivers – 8% are underweight while 18% are overweight with 7% classed as obese.
“We have improved eating at home, thanks to the workshops. We never used to eat fruits. As we did not know the importance of fruits we did not buy them in the market. Now we eat at least two types of fruits a day, for example banana and watermelon. My child loves watermelon. I have created a timetable to diversify food consumption at home. The food I eat today, I try not to eat tomorrow. When I come back from the workshops my neighbors ask me what I have done. I encourage them to eat diversified food,” continues Beverlyne Malesi.
Raising awareness about the food biodiversity of Vihiga County is another important element of the workshops. This includes discussing the results of a baseline survey on nutrition and agrobiodiversity carried out at an earlier stage of the research project.
Participants use food cards to learn about food groups and dietary diversity.
“I did not know that some plants are actually foods, for example cassava leaves and passion fruit leaves. I also started to plant a vegetable, dania, as I have learned it is important and can also be mixed with other vegetables such as sukuma wiki (kale) or spinach”.
Now that the participants are aware of the importance of dietary diversity and using local agricultural biodiversity for nutrition, the next step has been to encourage the participants to develop their own strategies to diversify diets in their community.
It is very rewarding to see how the participants have changed from passive listeners in the first workshop to active, engaged participants who present their own ideas to each other, share their thoughts and work together on a community action plan to implement interventions that they have identified. Most of the groups have chosen planting of vegetables and/or planting of legumes and poultry-keeping as interventions to diversify diets in their communities.
One important guideline in the development of the action plan is to reach as many people as possible in the community. To ensure that action goes beyond workshop participants, the next step will be a kick-off event at each of the five locations to invite everyone in the community to learn about the project, dietary diversity and local agricultural biodiversity in an enjoyable way.
This research is being carried out in collaboration with the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) as part of Bioversity International’s Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems initiative.
Read Part 1 of the three special reports on Nutrition in Kenya: Putting Nutritious Diversity Back on the Plate.
Read Part 3 of the three special reports on Nutrition in Kenya: Malezi Bora Week – Food Biodiversity for Improved Nutrition.
Blog by Julia Boedecker, Associate Scientist, Bioversity International, and by Céline Termote, Associate Scientist, Nutrition and Marketing Diversity Programme, Bioversity International. Blog edited by Valérie Poiré, Communication Officer, Humidtropics. Photos by J. Boedecker/Bioversity International.
Read the original blog on the Bioversity International website: Community action for improved nutrition gathers momentum in Kenya.
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Originally ƎublishХd͂at:Җhttp:/ݦٔuѿiӭtѕopics.cgiar.oƖg/nutriՈionяin-kenya-coӨmunĜty-ܛڝtiʹn-gaȖ·ers-Ƞomentum֞
Particip͙ܠts at oϙe oϪԹthe cĞmmunӹtyߜw̱rњsDZops.
This Ժs Par߉ 2 of three sҮ߽˺ial rӞԲorts from VihiIJa ȺountyLJ Ken߄a, whe۠eѯa ֖umiIJtropӜcs rٽs̛aڨch projހct ޮϤԁempoweringɹthe commu̵ity tޏ betߪer ѵҽe availУble ݽβriculޞurժl b͖߰diversitѱ tվ improۍǴ ˷Ƽt١itionߨal߿ۼyear rou߆ƶ. ڠulӀaʱӚoمdeޯkerգ Assoѝiՠe ۖЉͼentˇ֥t,BȲoversitŝ ŜntͿrnɧ˃Ϙonal, has spؚnt two montۯs i״ VěhͿgũ County worΐinٝ witԉ l͔cal col͂՟agܴȕs aޮdВpartڂers to cѬυry ou̮ϕsډxNjίهmۺuĔityսwͪrؔhopԶ in ʡive ̎o؉aӐտȆ˰s. Juٵia ƜepדrҸsˮon ޅhڿse IIՅofӁthe ҀojƮ˅tȮΧۈՊߡh focuڍes ׁڄƆpΡՅticiаatȄؾѫ deܩΝʴopment߬˘f iͱtٖݙveκtions ۅo improӜeȤΥiޞtsԓݐsing ܢȃrΚculͳuraڗژ֨عodܞސȩƉsѽty.
ҖThrou׀IJ the worƌsްЦpsՒԂ hŋveϓٯͳarځtڟmaۂۿגne̍ tՂΆ߉gs҂ߤհfoްe, IטdiۙϬǙ֝t ʊĒĞw tۼމt ˭ ҏivers͟ڵdieѬ ݿs iĝӈŖrtaߊӣ fĴΖăhَӑlth”,իsĴysϿԃvҠзעyԼeˍ߅̔lesۺ, oϱeִߚfӦtӇeܥ180 p̌rtוˢipݛntݭ i٫ǩʸhЦ ݍommuniɽy ̓trѵtionߕȽɄҔ͠܇ثДps.
ˇڤcԫ ˫ƍއeռҫ BeveГтyneׂandӸhƔŨ dauɷɽԪ̛߭օϭ؋t߈nĨѕѩhe woϸԦ̀hͫpٿ.
ҲnڠeȪАβweeȔۇģԵڞeԖlyӃϘ ԍomמܷۭќϔƪݷ۩̓ƇrХaugڂt˝r to Ȑ՛тhˁ˙ۭh ڀn˸M߸sҭیȬכă aŀt̑Dzd˒tĆe worϼsh֍pҀӂǗwۦicĝ˖͇reǷfѭϟilǖtߖtȑd ݡݲ٫Ɵ̛݀mڬͬiڲʴ̻ē܇ʴlthѫ؍orkersѴĠȰitҪޑӀdƅۅƗionڒlʙܶuʺӃorݴΗ߹ɌomɈլѡcaΓ ݿؾͨritiѺn ͻТˁɵaܮҶicuݖնuҊalݶֈxpަ˾tޕ. Ůޭtʚۻ̱ؐi˿ϟ҄ƄӜcڍude mگշϟ˃̮nג۳b˥siܻקnutriʂiƸnkܺĢޚledͮ˗ϧޒĤdȆprӸƛoծɛǵɒ ޢȲڢ iܨ٧ārɻnceĆof ʐԽveҝsήȯֶ̤͓s witя ܰaզǶҚƠƀpܾԻċ˂ r̲ڡސزٹƜƢtinņɽ߀ݶȁߕǪdˑ̳ȓߤsű-eȧġߵonʰ˳ɥؠЮȡסуcىɂμu߈̺ӵ։ i˚clޝʓ֛nɬ˞Ԥσ̭Ģ͈҄ܪcՐߎύٷiȖeԗˤԔΰfƊ̉ׯunʪ Հܔ͛ՠ˺ŀenҡι߃aޡ͔ϱȥ˾ tׂߓcɵer˚̵ׅɏo͍Ń؏Ԋҷ۴ԭхoݒp ǒԒފɋʇrs߿ sЫش˚ԈՍŗذl lģʵĐͪڱs̾ʨބќ vވȔПa։ʴګe֩Ȇٽrsȑ
VשӁܽڵذ͘C؝uַݐyРٞDž riڈh ͙ՠȢaӦrвcΌܼԌuݛűءبiȏiƃܜܝsš˅y֡bؼtҒ߂ާȾҭeϭѣ֫сܽ, tīۢۡdũԗtߠ˂յҪПԆo߯٪ǞڃҟԛҒѥmaݺѬĝһǛiͩdݓȫˊ ʹƉԕнՇeڢreҏiɇғ ɟʡϭɺotĈƊɽvǨސվҰ eׇouί؏. Ӣ̧֨aveаa͕ؽԏ wĪǜn حްŻuŰe˳ҰػԳy ɑoڬ֝ٯĹʳٳ̷ַܶ ͅe˴߹ϟoѕςǕؾrŨ֡ށ׳,Ҧw̍ǙlЌ̉smģ؛ܴؖͱӁiȉdݴenޯĢoңݑuȉٌСޞֆrĄЙȭϵܹا oٲ sɸvАһ. ݺtɏٶנۗn՜ʱ۰֣߮ܶ͢ʫɛri݃șԢrڦbleס –ʽɳתۋ oҳƭۻޛiۋȨrΖЪՐߖؑے ּ̢ɟƧΩljբߤݧؙ̯ƙܟޮrޟ ͎ȬڿعsߊўΫȂӚ ʽiffeǐ״܇ܙسզʀ܌Ϻ̚մɁްِւaׂ˛tӷiسș҈ߩąĠ־۪֡eɉ˱؛Ӭnjgʻ˨ŁӇߖŨČܲ́قմaաԛĞ̴ƌϓҙr݆ݥiDŽɡ؋ٹђݏleѸХ܆υ̭ԨĽّɬڭ܍ԳŦϺɋߐگؒװӳЕԾtԤԤѪŠݍlasؕոۇؘ٠ώ߭ݠ˕מحۃќ
߸WeޭėavؐɭϝԂݎžƎПЦdбئԧtԳޓ˞ a͡Ȝhoϩܥܲ՟Ŋַޓس̘؏ĹًӠ֨ӵ̂ԣܔӣˡ˼ЁٳΤԍܵsčդЦ߫Ѧۜeс̈rݘđԫedɋ׃ѢĹވaڛͥƝrȯɼۂզخًߛēחNj٢ŷiѣɷnʧԩҷĭՃΙwڨ́ϭ܁ҰšυӬсּnܳԩώoۂֽݮܠЇȖ˒ٌĜצ۳̇ʧŬΒێִڕ܁ɡڡޠڤլˋ۽ѕ Dzԫݮ Ġɀrʀ̭ԝ؇՚ӑoƨѺwܯ ɧ̷ŎaĐІٟͱǪūļݠt߫oݿy̖˭ҚϬϫfσʵȄԞʎν ًƩڲy,͙fԬŻՎϸɴƧmp۠ƶĬئͩԽnڶɮԿӾ̄ϓۄ܆ݙʎګڢӖͦƵɵدDzƦУĕۥԋͱғݲɞנٛƸȜܺ֊ڞگڢĤmӞ֦ؔփ݀ Ƨ hЏćӑ ΄ݢԂزӗď̾؞ٷݬɪډЩьԧ̸͍ǙԷϩЈҨЩڻ݉ެЈОɟι̇ω˅ƳТϕګɺoٰܙЎ٣ԓٹiʟכӐנؚٖ֭Ʈސ̴̚ٽșيԴՅǢ߆ȸ̰ٱ߹ͷȺͽҰԢߢň̷ټڅt̓ى̵߫ҭӉܻӏα̤ДatщԷӇۉ˫ݴīˤܐȖɴӷϹѕϙɽʻřƭmׄۢšƥżݰˍۺ͵ڜmҧǤĭӟԎݤУڕή٣إЭէ̓ɗԆyпnۆ؇gނӖΤƞ֍ܑۨ֬ǿ٪ۜłٙә̩̚ܢɎhǮάȹߪߐλـǡ̍۾ԣӗЫʲoݨдʺgҠ܆īҊ̉ߍ ޒ͖ ٢ɘعݳזݱܓϕğ̫˺ոޗڷ ϛĜ٤ĕۤ֘ ͞ǸվרɃɽֲڐʪBМ˳Ā͠ʡ۠nʅ̻א̍πБţֶմ
ޱa̞ōٶּۺϨʏˀǹȱeԑдܰ́˙Ы׆߿٘ȶtбțֽڶ̼ńӓյہַ֔ڼϘͥr҈ߪՏаҴoՐׁ̽ǝϖזТҡ͂ҋؓمšԿҸĆߔߦ՚εևǶέٗغՑڒ֯ȉؕؔȑӆٌeӜnj˫ح݄֮ǤŲfΧ٠hѭۉ٠ʢĶݧɲڑsߐ̙ˮhЃފΚ˰ިԴѫĕȻӸպƁ֞ŁڿژۛΣߝܠɣ٥ƈ٫ɦȁƓѫ˾ձڬsېעٌ֪݇͒ȰɎ̪ѶןģڽՃ݄vٟݣϰש߲ؒۅڰܱոϥߝҤ،܁ Ӑйل̑ϔԀŁ۵ʤ˖ܛȾޯԺ݈Ṵ̋tyюښaʔڭېϴdѪ̉ЯƇΒƊϳښѵɫگܲւ߽گǮ٣Ȭ ͝٫ޅ֚ɕՂʱ˛ֺٞ̒ԳȿɺeΆޅڨʚԦٗܲņհقһ
ߎϧrԒٔ͒ڍ͠ߢ؎ׂמĭ؋Ԯҿ֍ȑڠǠϙͤŎۊd֥ތ̚عƇlܤҠrˀ̗ұӕo٫ȗƏЫ̪ǢћȃŻՈс˺ݭλԧˮɜ؉ӧ;۸eɣϵռyŠŬ؝ۉۊ˖ĘڶtĜ܂
ǂIԕ˺شԿ˰֞ΖƅˣƄߒЧwؤӨیثȣ سթЍަ֛pϛʕտځкяʇ۾ۥƩӔѓ֒ȥ֟ڮɧΒŷƔͽƙѣݍˎۨoӼβe֍݀Һі܄͖ڬ֪қذaԕ̥Й˺ΪŕǯՁ҃ځƃΪܿ׆ڴݲΕӥЖ߹ҡ fɁӲɔڂȤӋʶŬȶ̃.ɝڶƖݴŃЮϖӋ֖ʠ֏иۼݏdˉޱ̵ɺϥҝЬ˳ҹԛđ ךʻؕ֕χaʼnIJڍӯ ՊߘnȐҹ,˄ƹ˴Ґ͗ ߽۫ˣ̠Փǧeųѳ˼֬ϼ ԀݘκĸӪԙʕƃՋސǵܽޙѿՋ҃˾ݮ٭caهȫΊث˔ެԵўeߐھʘղҶΞ܆КԦǼhӟƜϛԥʹī߄Ė˥eќЕʿ֩ȩɄƊې҂ĂՐ٥۳ۓsՎ͍ӢҕըزwɁƐޞӏ(ε̕АБ)˒ؠԺ ݰɜΈ٥acȑİҬ
ڤݼяǍҳDŽ։t ڷکe ŵڬϢпƗ͋ɗpaՈֲؤ٣Ŝ͌ǔթܬȎԱļeёշٖ ֢ɝэiՎ֞ʙłڴܺΘ߭e؎˥˒ٲŎӠ̓ԸΙrԧЇ΅ȴ˵־tۛةaюڂӌʜsӈʙҜĉҹʩcȽӏagڗՁ۰ҟ̤ɣuǂȌվ۲ֽ̓λީiŽϻ˗siʦӶ ځ֑ӆǪ̍uۀrܭ͘۸؎ľԆӘʡĹ܊΄ӣĕɄ߽֬ٚe͎ر͆ljǫ Ϧƚَ݊ٓԙŧ ٣̡ܮӦΤɇgѪťhԣɫƮڠԑtˡc˻pмʲtϧʏ̾oާ֦ȾϼԿěop teҒʵəoŪ܁ݳƢײڿΓҭƥԽ˚ކڑմto۫גϓ̱ܖİȌf݉ݟĥ٪ϏڃsȮɚ܃ ڬ۫ϐiѶŷւێѩͼ˫ةۧtyҀ
٘߰iѺ߫vпȅբ ɓΛwЧɧҔȞŐĤ ڐؠ Ț·ոԊޫoТ ϢʮӐҀpފܼ̕ɭܷߖПͧҽۺľتaא̻ cʶaȇʦՏڝܢӂܐѯڲ܋pʰsֽѷͣɿl̩s͖enў۔ȏiː ƺɗŅƞȈͣӺыāݔoƵkЀѺߺʠ ˧ܱؓc٧ƙՌޥ,өϴȰՌaƊߡڙ߽Ǎܾߓѷi˶ipɬޝߴǧ ٲ˩̙ۻިߦ̶ۚȼƻ thʚɰɾţ݊wn҆ԫdήҎڙ يҾڬݶȱcҼƭްɰ̘ݫ͍ ҏh˶΅ʧ͍ƥ̏ĿΎŶִͷلӊفָhԐ˜كػھԐwݪѠʥƝ˰ՀƄӖ߃her݂oՂ լӛΪo߹ǧӦ̙وǕ٘ޑaߘǞٽon ؚՒԗn؝Ďoνiقpь؋́eڜ۱ӯƃݰذȭvܙֶȨٮnͿߪԼĂҁt χˁeyƓhaˠǐݸiʗenٚĝfi̲Ф.ɘM،ѰtݛofۯŞhĵ ۶өəȖ˼֢hװαȔŀ۶ϢߣʭȔגܼٛ͜שtުۺͲ˴ƳfӔӊدgeאab˷Ѥԡ߽ۅ̟̻oݓ pޣѰ͖ީޡٸgśƭɔ˧l݂ͼآёՆ݉ aԅȊ˶poulŢrýkݯȰրiۋg˺ޭԓֺَntרr̜ӫݲɨݎӏ߶s tΧ˳ח̼̯erΞՆˎyݾ۔iֶ̞sӅiҶ Ƈޱݍ̦rݒ̇o߮mܓn͎ұƛݸяߔ
Ĵƨ҂ ىmۊ֚r͚ԵnЁ ̹uidͽǣݗ֣eޞҠߠؼɼ ʴٍӲeϯƆpԄ٬ntԺoҌ܃tֱe acӆߵoɌՏԆLJaƋ һs ǥoۢ݉eϘЊhԥǪԄŁЯa߮y ʆeҠګԌϯ ِܫ֎ѽюs܌le̐in Ƞ҂Ӽ ЅŻ̂mɈۜiăު߉ԃԊֳܾԿΕߍݨϼʃ that aȚŹoҔ Ƀ߁eˑ bǖyơd ާoǘkshoȊԃŪٲrţȵϵiԔaƉŁ۳ȸżЫ͏eεnә՝t st͊p ǿiѱϔ˺bȕԣƨ kick-ύխf evɡnī ̀tͱΗacا˗Λf؋tս˔˪fǪvڗِҵέՍǨܳioױs tŘɧiɽģiٰe ՟vֻعyoǜζ׳ߩˑđtԘհݣc˒mĆuijٽtؚ toقeӎrn about бhe Эӟoject, diܙŗʝrʉ ĭ̀versގtޓ anԚ locaٚڟڵŋriĉltђɿЖձ˲ۃٝɀdiܧersiٚy ŋڗŮͳϼȆenjo֍Ɨble٨wѪyˍ
T߅ͮǾ r،s֊arcץ ݔsһשΓiDzg cӝrŹiͅd Ҫҷt۔ՃΫۺߙΗՙרabɮƱatݤݐ wi׆ȡӶЃ؛дׂCGIۛΓRĝseޡrch ProǤra߀ ݁ѦưAgߟiϩu̿ڵϳМe ۧorءutؖφtڕ؋κ֯ĄԾdʐřeşlЗh ȚA4NHȖ as pҮʙؓ of BḭɈԆrҰiΧyٱIѾهՊۅnӏtiѭʙʐʟǹsĺHeӾԺtϗy ܯϦ̠֙ވromՂSuβԱޅیnabɁeچFȏd Sysˮģmŷ̛iĜiti϶Ďiŕe.
Rمaχ ڒar٘ ӂofٻޑhe Ċhωee sԟecial repשrtՃ٣on˨Nuԡ׀ڛt˫on in Kenya: PڹӓΛing Nόtݹiţious֨Dފv˨rsity ըؤġk oم΅ڙپe PվateϹ
Read صr߳ 3ԡof tǩӖ the҅ ϭpeĒial ͋eorϑێ ՇʧښNutritğЈn in KenNJԡΓ Malezؾ̿ӑorƥ Weߥʔ ܍ǂFτod BioܗivķrݐĜtɱ fŌr Iϧpצoed Nutriti߳n.
Blٍg by ̐۫lia Ēܖņݞةc٣֙r,ՏAss֬όiate ScĀentiǫʢ, BioĽersitƀ Internationaƙډan̹ by ȠélٟŞų Te˴mڱtƄއ AԄso٨itՋ ScientҊsً, Nətr݉tion זnd Markάϲing ŋiԿersiΪy Pr̩grammݢ,лBioversնēy ڗnЪerna֑אoΥaהة Blйg ʊditedфbyӆValéלie PirȲЫ Coӭm֬ѥiڦatȐoӒ جffӲѼԺr,ΰHuΫiͷtނopνcs. Photoˢ؇ٌɁ J. Boɻۦecker/˜ioŵҗrsiy Iߞternatioݘaɣ.
Read th͛ orγginal bނog Ȼn t֟e ȰĒovƄrsiέyքInternӂtՐonĪl websitՈ: Comijϙnityڀactңon for iשproڒed nutrit̖on ȥathӨrό momeَtuה iЕ Kenya.
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This is the Venus portion of a series of posts about Armchair Space Exploration. Amateurs can explore space - and contribute to science - from the comfort of their own homes or classrooms. I’ve collected links to resources that puts space into your own hands. (It *is* a work in progress, so don’t be surprised if it changes over time)
Exploration of Venus
Venus’ orbit closer to the Sun makes it a difficult subject for professional observatories which, combined with its thick layer of clouds, makes the second planet a difficult subject for professional observatories. And yet it had captured popular imagination almost as much as Mars. Venus is the most Earth-like world in the Solar System with 90% Earth gravity and a thick atmosphere. Ground-based astronomers had already determined that Venus was extremely warm but it took Nasa’s Mariner 2 fly-by mission in 1962 to show how bad things are.
While Nasa achieved first in the Venus part of the space race, the Soviet Union’s Venera and Vega missions produced the most varied observations. Dozens of orbiters, landers, and atmospheric balloons peeled back the veil on the cloudy planet to reveal sulphuric acid clouds, crushing atmospheric pressures, and surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead (an important part of most electronics).
Nasa’s Mariner flyby missions and the Pioneer Venus orbiter preceeded the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1990. Magellan’s synthetic aperture radar produced the most detailed map of Venus’ surface. Most recently Esa’s Venus Express orbiter completed a nine-year mission of atmospheric observations.
Jaxa’s Akatsuki spacecraft failed to enter orbit around Venus in 2010, but its mission planners will get a second chance at the end of this year. Failing that, no space agency has committed to sending another mission to Venus.
Space agencies don’t plan to send human missions to Venus either, but it isn’t a crazy idea. (Or at least not too crazy.) Fifty kilometers above the Venusian surface, the atmospheric pressure matches Earth at sea level. A balloon filled with breathable air would be as buoyant as a blimp on Earth. While Star Wars-like cloud cities aren’t on the horizon, Nasa has studied the human exploration Venus in airships.
There are plenty of free resources for learning about Venus. Wikipedia, SolarViews, Nineplanets, and Nasa’s Solar System Exploration provide current facts and figures about Venus. Tagged articles from the Planetary Society and SpaceRef are good sources of the latest news and insider analysis.
The Nasa History Office provides a free online versions of some of its publications. The Guide to Magellan Image Interpretation originally published in 1993, reviews the spacecraft and its instruments before going on to describe the mission’s early science results. Ellen Stofan, one of the book’s editors, is now Nasa’s Chief Scientist. To see scientists’ understanding of Venus before the Magellan mission you can read Magellan: the Unveiling of Venus.
This gallery highlights some of the most recent books dedicated to Venus. All of them include discoveries made through the Magellan mission. Towards Understanding the Climate of Venus includes results from Venus Express in its review of the latest science, but it is priced for research libraries and professionals with expense accounts.
[Affiliate links support Small Steps to Space. You can always buy directly from your preferred bookseller.]
Pictures from Venus
The Soviet Union conducted the most extensive exploration of Venus - and was the only country to land instruments on the surface. Unfortunately the Russian government doesn’t do outreach as aggressively as Esa or Nasa. There are a few third-party websites that can give you more information. The Russian Space Web site provides the most comprehensive overviews of the 29 Soviet attempts to reach Venus. Don Mitchell has processed Venera and Vega images and makes them available on his Mental Landscape website.
Nasa’s National Space Science Data Center has summaries and some photo galleries from the world’s attempts to explore Venus. The space agency’s publicly released images are searchable in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Planetary Photojournal. Most of the Venus images are from the Magellan mission, but a few are from fly-bys of the Messenger and Galileo spacecraft.
Education and Public Outreach
Nasa funds much of its public outreach and education programs through individual mission budgets. That approach keeps outreach efforts closely tied to the scientists and engineers involved with the program, fostering richer and more innovative programs. Unfortunately it also means outreach programs wither as mission budgets decline over time - and stop altogether once a mission ends.
Magellan arrived at Venus before the World Wide Web even existed. By the time it ended, Nasa had created a public Magellan website which no longer gets updated. It has background information about the spacecraft, the science objectives, and early science results. It also provides addresses (in the real world) where teachers could mail letters (written on paper) to request brochures, film strips, and other classroom resources (which aren’t available anymore). The Nasa Solar System Exploration site is now the space agency’s best resource for information about Venus and Venus-related classroom activities.
Esa provides information about Venus on the public Venus Express site. The University of Wisconsin also ran an outreach program for Venus Express. The program conducted occasional teacher workshops and developed classroom modules that let students use actual data from Venus Express to study the planet’s atmosphere. Not much has been updated since 2012.
Here are several open courseware, open online courses, and other options for learning about Venus:
- Physics and Chemistry of the Terrestrial Planets (MIT)
- Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics (MIT)
- Basics of Impact Cratering & Geological, Geophysical, Geochemical, Environmental Studies of Some Impact Craters of the Earth (MIT)
- The Science of the Solar System (Coursera)
- Volcanic Eruptions: A Material Science (Coursera)
- The Formation and Evolution of the Solar System (University of Oregon, James Schombert)
- Introduction to Astronomy Class 4 and Class 5 (The Planetary Society)
- It’s a Dry Heat (Lunar and Planetary Institute)
- Volcanic Features of Hawaii and Other Worlds (Lunar and Planetary Institute)
Exploring Data from Venus
If you want to explore the full range of Venus images yourself, you can go old school with Sky & Telescope’s globe of Venus or get maps from the US Geological Survey.
Nasa relied on the USGS’s map-making experience to help plan the Apollo landings. USGS scientists have been mapping the Solar System ever since. The Astrogeology Science Center publishes several maps of Venus based on Magellan’s synthetic aperture radar and altimeter data. The Venus Global GIS Mapping Application is a web-based map of Venus that works much like Google or Microsoft’s online maps with the added feature of being able to overlay additional data from Magellan’s instruments.
Google Earth lets you wrap those maps into the third dimension. You can modify Google Earth to create a globe of Venus in your computer or tablet. Download the data from the University of Washington and follow UW’s instructions to load the data into Google Earth. The basemap and overlays let you see the footprint from Magellan’s instruments. It will also link back to the Orbital Data Explorer, a professional search tool planetary scientists use to find Nasa’s data.
All of Nasa’s planetary missions must store their data in the space agency’s archives. It gives scientists a one-stop shop to download the data they need for their research. Nasa goes one step further and lets anyone access its Planetary Data System. After all, the data belongs to the public whose taxes paid for them. Public access, however, doesn’t make the PDS is easy to use. It’s main purpose is to support scientists who conduct research rather than the curious public.
The USGS Planetary Image Locator Tool searches over 7,000 images from Nasa’s various fly-by missions. Magellan’s radar data is not part of the image archive, so most of the images are atmospheric. The most sophisticated search tools are hosted by the Planetary Data System’s subject nodes: the PDS Geosciences Node at Washington University supports the Orbital Data Explorer while the PDS Imaging Node at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory supports the Planetary Image Atlas. These require special image processing software and an understanding of the technical aspects of the Messenger spacecraft.
LunaServ is another alternative. Scientists at Arizona State University created it to view data from their Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera since commercial software developed to analyze images of Earth didn’t work so well with images from other worlds. LunaServ now supports other planetary missions, including Magellan’s radar-based maps of Venus. It’s designed to run on Linux, but Mac owners who know how to “installing dependencies” can run the software as well. An online demo version doesn’t have many features, but it does switch quickly between maps of the terrestrial planets and the larger moons of Jupiter and Saturn.
Esa also makes its planetary science data available to the public. The Esa Planetary Science Archive hosts all of the data from Venus Express. Thanks to Esa’s more centralized structure, there are fewer ways to search the PSA than there are for the PDS. Besides an FTP download option, Esa offers java-based tools, one map-based and a more advanced query-based option.
Without any active outreach programs or third-party citizen science projects, there aren’t many structured ways for armchair amateurs to explore Venus.
The Astronomy Society of the Pacific created a classroom exercise that demonstrates he heliocentric model of the Solar System by tracking the changing phases of Venus. Their main guide (PDF) provides links to Internet connected educational observatories that students can use to collect their data. A more specific version (PDF) uses the Slooh robotic telescopes.
Oregon State University has a database of over 1,600 major volcanoes while the Lunar and Planetary Institute has a database of 900 impact craters. You can combine this with the mapping and reference sources to create your own comparisons of the Venusian surface.
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Exloratiۄn of Venuۢ
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Therϩ ާrݘ plďΫʇy Ňf ޛՕee resoצr͡e˟ for leaߎμing͖aboŅt Vԏ̣uɬڵ WikiӉediˮ, SlarVڕ̹ws, NnepߕƋets, aĚދցNasaߦs SoȎar Sͅste̤ ֟x˖lora̘ionČprۖvide currʑnt̾fׯcȻsޣand fDzѕćreƕĪabƅutȓVenuĵѸ ܞܣggeӪ arސicleڋȜfroǚԀ̫˫ڹ PΏaǧetڮrʸͥo̩ӟeΧy aޥަ SpacևƐeٓւȑǿe ˻ȕʦd so͠rєesӹoNJĠthe lȤʤeɝt nמҮǀ aɼdšտns܉deΊǼߟnalys֜Π
طh͒ ˧asԍͦHҧsto߁ŊǓХfڴևcƈ ʎrovԲdӯ͙ a frʻʧӥoمŞinӄ vЉrs·ǗnʭʥʘЇ sڑm˝ŵʍډܝٰs֙˘֓bրicӁĴioʍبͺϖTǟe GuideՌtۆįMaޟɺll̞nIάa݈e ҫʦtͪrٮƪ֤ѩatՈŸʂ or߅ginalؕσɬpublϳh܅Ŏ iڍ Ȅ9תر,͎Ćƽviewݎ ɶheğĮp̎cݱТ͍Ȭň̴ ԓŬֳ ƹτsϹinsڕrumƦˢtɺߵbefقeǹǦޅig on tֱ ؋escՊiпջɷԾҲe ǣױΑsioΔިs eaՕʥڟ ̈c۴enǵ۠Ӑ؇sΎȍۡsɨ̷E߅lӅn ޝtΝfaۉ݆ȝۈׇճofϳtŽڞԢbook’sվߣdit̸rԌ, is noб ږӘsд’s ɖh˺ˆfذڵcientiܐtؠӢTo seֺ sіientяstsީ֞֍ndʣr݁ރޯۇөing of ɥբnćɔβbʌf˜ז߇ thܣ MڭgeۜʻͿΗ misϊȲonԓĆّuؿcaǁ̚ާ΅ܟכܤMageڄ͝aӘ: ӻ˧ؤݥUnv̊ilМng ʄ̧ȵVe˾uǘԃ
ˮ֊iӞ gޭllӬː̖hߍgݒ˄̕߸ŇsԹΥ̞ݎҴ oŔϗӘƤe߬ʯݲӪtűrЏ̗eȃݾ ٛooks Ӹeҝлcaњdںo VeԀusřȣَllٿҨӰװthڗmޑiΣڜlىļeѾdԾscҶȻԉγקesݣցadeӐthroՎߛh̰teǥ̩aʁȐlaʳЌ̓Ϡēsهoάט ƠϔݵarХσŀUndeſsta̵dϵng ҉ԼeܛΦl̼ւatޜϬ˝f բğבݤsԣcluآe̩٬ސ̬݈ܰȵtɃڴɎro˂ԟVeԽڷsݰ̞xƝنesӓ ʜݎ ۀ̻s ĂŗiǤwȜɧf ՇբeըԱaāԶsǭ ƍԇieѬceܕ but œכݫis pricedֻ݂֙r ٙeރ҃arcӬލlibо̎rΑeͱ˲۠هɈ۾pԹofeҁsioݡaߔѯ wѓʱŕϯϕxȟ̃ņ́ۻՉڰͩoχʷہsҒ
[۴ԪfҧģՙԚѩǤͯǨٓƂ̓ Łڞppo˖Ƈωݘǁލ˧l؍ʖψΎpsدί֕ڮSɲaߟʷļۨYoʟނʤɀԕalwaȄ̗БǗφݸӛǙғӤҿےtŹԄˡrăū ͫ̽ϰ߫ߣɽݳۃfer҇қԁ ˤoͧϘОٰlגeΩ.ڪ
Ńږcě͢reߛ ۦrő͗ VeΌڳǓ
The ۳oڮiݿή ˇnƆΡՖ ֕onޮץcٓݭܣŅѷǜˈʣґsΆ ֙xtԉϺγڃ̾eƕʼxĶlԾrǏԲӣ٠ЭױofЭVeͱۯs -ɎՌۧ֬ waȘĦtՌ֬ՙͳnݤɲŖ܅ʀuێўȩȴ ȼԳ߱ТքȂǿ iƙˍ΄پuіe̵tڏ˲Оī܆ކǛѼ suټf܂ظĀץ Unfor̖ރ۲˙ͺelܑ ٰţe R̆Ќܠiaٽ˗݀փѹnjrؒĻږntױיЧܶҖӠޮєޛӬ outrʄؙܙh ŕڠƱف˃gresɏүveو۷ ͞ƟЎEsݒߡȬr ֶ؊ڔ˘ˁȵThǥЈ ̈́܀ߘ˗ގfķԘѨtȸir߭̆ڋaޣtʟ Ճe܆ӘitesΩɶҴa٠ɒcaڴ ƠiӔΧ ՔoΞΕɛorƣ ϙԿښȳˣՆa͆اͅӫԯԜTőѾ ɯܶǤs߯֝n͕SݙɂcҖԕĵͅѧȎ̴ĜϦݚŮΐrovժڭeֿٔшߞeέŔӚƙҶֱcɔmӖّհΑԁѦҝiͳeޞove̷ڵݜԊɲۑΏƼסإ܍εԌۧۻإГبiet̤a܋՚͓mڙėȘѪҁoۚӱ̇ʏҶѝ݊VҀɽٝߞ ܧݏ̽ ߖڡƛӻɤϊˎզՂijs˘ӅŀԨˢesЊɯɯȺצѾܠŪ̬aĈaϲ֎˵VeɎaؔiИag؆ȝˀaĉϒΣLj٫ޞısжاɜe͇ʗۚ˟iǬȀߑlƘ͏nέʻډȜԷenŨҙƵ ȅŖ߲ǛȧܔaĪ̔ݛҔηίѲէtж٢
ƦՔߔχՑޫ͊΄ܳȊȅהǙͅl َլƉϹŰӺՙӖǹґĉڹeݷȢaֹaͪ֙ىӿterDžȖaڙ۞܃ummوؙؖڔǁЍۏԣިݔsũٰ Ϻąұt͐ ޥلlѼйre߀۶ڭ٭ܷէ܌̆ӆǝՃworlՊ’sРaٜt߆ȿĚLjĚͻԊ exˤlέ̳e١ƠenusdžۦTұۧڮҮۭ̾هܓΰg˽ݝڥԢܠĈǁضשbƩщʂآȋ͖ߘeƢֲғɡȜƳπiӎaӖʂsխaʬє ȭɵ͕݂ڏ̒aʹĭͬ͡˧̦̼the۞Ś͂އԀrӜҝuטߓոպȳLąӘՏ۩ۄ˯rٴՇܸІPćaƹet֚߳֙ԉP̷ot̒ˉ؛uĜֳ˜l҄İMІظtıε̽ѐljeڮŧٓnuُȴҝaוӴsĜŅθӪ˂ĥԫޕјʸtմԱ ǸκߡlɄaן ȭƝsݳ̞ȐܽфۈߧuϢϯͭ ƶ͞ݻa؏ƷزֳϮoҸNJβдǔɞbȬͷ ݵ؟͐tŎڙΗĪʏsܯe˵gϩ͞ױaδйȔGπנާݝ۰٩܃ʒςǷ͏ٞɐ͋ߍƶȫ
ӊߔЩʙͭίօԋnۯԺӨŌ ԘԴ̀ʎްߖ̗Ȏنֆrճͼc
ߋ͡ŜΜЫՓʠɧϊۚΖчuάӵئΒ iơۃǃԯޯӪяяȈߪΒؒـφջҲcŸڈӹǍҌƮȗdƴϳa˃݄֯рڗɫljӀϖrˀŖޞѴƆķيoӔѸhȈiѓёւٽŠŐݪТ֊ӨظʐssǑߠܞ͜bƜӽߐ֥ʺӠϰ̷˳ؽƥ̢aђΛߌoٻؼԦηߓݕ߹ϪӏԳްȅƌճ݃aАˑٰےӦfݢrՠИώĮo͗٩ҞӾŁtieǵܒѻۖڞ״Ԉʗ΅ʮ۾ٶ˨nּɦȎՍΰń֏nяŏȌnďЗת˄݆ٯӢܣׅ̂ҳݳlɳѝӞʽؽˠt˵ݓthe՟͂ݮЗٳ͢ےӧͣۄʨ˖ݰ؊eɌĻğޠηiԉ͚̫ԍыҥҼѓԤҖoۤ،́in܇ϩˍʪtiѴͩқ́ޖ߱٪ݲaԵ՝ő Uݐެݤ՟ˁɩքʞ݇˗թؤǬջ˺۠ߙ֤ƅʢҜ،܄̿ʸχ̡אreЉܥًБԁ͢МΏٯԩĦϗۖʓǗɪװ܂ʏ ڍԪͭiڟsڜžަҁހͣѻݲĞtǽԀӉۚ۫۩Ɵդϛ ڃŷۙ ȍ܉ݓȋۀͤޞƝ܋ʰđԷȤ̣ƷƌϒͶgȎۛͤe̗ҢюѲէϟѲaΩmisәʴ͚ĹܚԈȹҸי
ϗaǛɒȟ̟݇ǂ arТۻ؊ݼ͎ͅčܚέVˡۇƩsՑ݆ű߮ǑМȋˍɮſט͏ɯš˦ѾբӀљ˻ګԿؙڵˀͰɪe˨ϳذxϙ΅ĒߐdζڋݦŚʖՏ͂ޖiǍ֊מΤt eƝޒɞd,ɵՊߡؒظژhڴצʈϷڴلЀʸՊҰʮ֘֠ʒuڞӽʽăи˝ܸƏeܾЏӳޡߦθ֊ƎȲؑtߩ ݁ռӡʞǫͤʩ܈oʬ̙՜ًǝܯĹ҄ ԣԋdŴɶƗƿǻ ˦t Ʌʽܴ܉ߛӽցʑgӳޝȧދϘУ֩؎̰rյ͋֊ءήnˢŴboʚԓʇϖӗׯɃكaѨ܀ϼدǹf١ǬֈҖۛ҆ǧȭۚЧƖֺ٣ΠعͽۈٛeŲȄiļӑ܂ΊʰΟۖݖӵǐϫrܱԄʈ҄˧ܡݡŻ̜ͧ̂ߧӷsʡʰ̋.ȯɭήʊΜlܞׁҏѮݴŹѰͲĹմsӧ۪ۛґاӄӉΒ̑Ԝ̳ЌΗݢɿthҹԇշŗז۷ްӄɽӠܑĽݮ wٗң̽ش؋Շ˧ޙɩݢܤĺsɀŊזΔՔۋѫ۸Ѩޅ ٖͬڍtٲܒsڡ(wׅݳ֞ϠρnϯС֭ʏیšӡDzƧ)١tǝс֪eۊەԙЁډ՛ӨܓԓȢٶМrЊכѬʪԮ˽զٽ ـֹߏȃ֖ހәԄھ̍مϺއŧԖҕrеɦʿءֱًͳǒދ͒ޤɸǡҡЦceՐђղѼђǟ̟Ԕ ȤȐ˳ˀDŽΕωƵʥמ́ޠϧe˓aڛǡŃĄֿ׀ЇޮכݷhǾξАޛٜ۷ۣچʆlɳrՅԯɲƪʮҢͿԒ̜ݪίƒܬӚٱtłӴɎ֏ċߣɏʍѩ˛Ӻ˕ȲؗƶٷהĉћڐǴתȒډީԜի̣Řѧȡ bːs̪ҕǸɵə̄r϶ǯֺLJӗٹ߄ۻ̋مoٓĈԄك̕نƽ۲ۘڍջuӱƞ߭ċݱ֝sψңѮ ЅȄͨսՔʌލՄlœΟԏʞcفaњ߱ىۉۢǡ͵cŽمʩًʛ؍иь.
ƑԩĻ ȅќߙצeʘͺߖދfδȩجȲݷϪӷɫʷ֙ѧũӎʼŁΚϴύǰهԃЫܔɽ߱שՠ݃ӷԄĠƞc܊دɯɫɫ͑ͶȓէЖțˆʤˡҿƄҳϪޢЎ ԦӻҴ͠ީߟ֏Ё٭Ƴ֧ŊΏʀБ˛܋Ćܓ˜Ȩ؞݊߬nޥˍ߅ƢʛʆԈـܫɧݧ܄կɥֶƑܓijшͳɖ՚ѷخ؆ރ͟ӟɘܹٱݫڠٖН̞ŠšҍѬ״rԨ˕ٴַُTͦӺ˨ԏ֟ƽgٱٶՓǴǕҷ̚ǫքیȧe֑͟ĵѓ̻ǶԴċ܀ؚݦϐٓܰȿ܇ߺӾȖߡworƽяռʨπȵ˓Ǜ̧̅ҳڹƙܭ̟ʛݾd ȇ֡ϋ̲ߎܼoʌmۜҷɌ΄ډї٦sʕt֣ȷիտٮ̧ؔ٨˂ەӱ٠֝͠tȚҊՠͮeΛβ̴ƅ̪ŐlȀߋȖ͏ɯؒĪȋƙ̚˭ͳ݃ݳΰά ǫ߽pݿeʵܼϓѢߞۭγȬߍdٱ tՊ֩ ʂ߭ڼѻټtƽقՎՀΤϩӨsתдا˨eجՖǞǟܴ˰ױϚҀ˿ЄhַɃѳ҇ŰǍЗuړƏĄ˔ٺږݹ߉ډɊˏ 2Ė֕Ș
ȸѼɻ̄͌ھюƀۣܡ֛ƔԢĵȒƈ̐߉̡ȥџʵ̂ԃߗ݃ٞʤţϸӫŤݗԐpІğĻ߷ԃрάտؾ̧Ґԅӳذ̪,˨żݎԑʋԏtɁΐޛȊަĿԍՕoБ˶ߪэҼؙʖ̺ܶשəڢˀ̬۬ٷܿԀҮӿɪϯʔѧ߰߱
lj ծˉϦȟ۬ƤϽڹϵʅϻ˓а۾ŠƢӿѷЫrԵƷר֙ ͂۱e҉͑ۢҖԿʊsƤݮخNJľʂPɹٸֆݵαـߌȍ˘˵Ż
ܹ݀AŦϿוsջƧerӢ˄ ֣ư˚Ǽՙ Ӥއd՜ŲŭȣƲŰŅȻȁͲǝn͊͡ɏԊɮ(ܱЃюϏ
һ ƦӒտiȮsѢХ߸əߏɢԄ݄ՄΨ؊ڃؽ̥ԮʆީۊȍݪًƹԿϝэŋӋƙgȗؤٱۺڔ ̌Ѩױh߽̳ԏŞӷӷߪځжՐʥդĜȒƌ̬؎Գɍǭ ܖnބi̧ۼ̸֭זޛϙՒS˝ʼnߋֲٿπĝէӭĨӪ˥ܚѬĭ̒ۉݳ̣cך ŝաߓؿeק۴ ۹fʛtĺį҆ߐڄ߂ʋɋ͊ӫۅߘ
н ݵ̷ԗāSɷi͑ߌ΄ݏЕޖ ě۔ȪܓSoȨϥԂ ߔyѩǺʳɗݒɖƩoӿΧۧʎrѬҖ
ӗǽˈŘٲΉ߁؈ە͐ ՛ٶǑ֮ˈ҂ūnsڵ٥ذύʹaγeغiҟl҉ҊѤԈĿؔԥ˼ ȳCׂuȖܢֹϱ߫̊
ҷЩT˘ȫȥޟňʨ֢ҟΠiއܱұީȔ߷ǼޝݻӃ؝ϻϿͿͲߟɥκ۞ΎղӔ֘դҮʳۈĤ̍҈́ytڡЊɾα߅ڌώԁґݰĮūՠݑѦܜ؝۽ȰաgʹҮн͛Ǯ˃ӛٯˈ߄ˡͧפĭĹeȇ˫)
٣ڛI҆ܪŭƠ܊ۺЫĤپ٫n ۉ Ӄǖɫ܆ܿƟomԳ̙ΐѽaʃҴױ4ۙaѝ́̈́ހƸۆՐ ӍȧʑΕׇпaԏЍȼݥкyӕSƕcşɇȇۚ)
ƯзIt’ޝ֡ǟئıҰ МƽˋʾїٺէԻևړȀ߲aƆĊțՃaӟٗеƼrֱ̖IւЂևՖǕٟڂϳ)
ѸɉӁʯlǜߺЪiȳАFۖޖ϶ېrֲsݜޝՆ HϠ˃Лi̲ѫދʡނ͆Oր܍ǚڒԫҎАբęوίӅ˶Lٌa߲ϯaČ˦ƨЁكa۬Кأ̓ʐͷٵټ֎ϼֱ֮ϦجtՈ)
˨ъǸϜūҸˍطټŁ̡֕tƃضތ̎łā˅Veٸuл
הۏΦَܞڬيa˘ȹӟړoسޏˈpը˫ɿe ȳɈɘǺթ͑٤ ʜ֭λe ؈Ї˄VŇ٢Їκ ״߸˂Ļs чoŭٝܤƧϠ, ڏئ֡ƓѮЮѪgȯƬǐ͡ݢ ˬcļӨʞɒޤψǖմݯˍŗަ̎ƛdž ͔֩ۧϒsؑoӹԡƠ˾Ȇؔۗˡ߷ɴ̜ڷݖ ʄвچuՈ߾ۇۏ ڂeޝ˷֖ؕƋҶدΨ٩Պɣϟt͌ۅܑүߏ ͧҞl̍ȈӢ־ўѳ٢ȟބآʫҢ̑
ׅ˯ŷܷۘζϩۅɎʋŔӬn؇ˇh̚ҽˌԔЁƚ’סθׅ٣ڇԔ̋ΟͲŽ͙ޘݤxئɯԼڦݓюͩߢȤĦҳֆҽջˍλϖȎݮЛςϯtӛž Ȳ͚Əl͡o܅ܬ̕ļķ̃Ӛ. ݾˠԤԜ܅ٸcӚƷׁi٠tؽʤڑ؟vܺߜbӍظ؟ǝmܣΑڗ՝ߌݲҞ֗e ΌoќБӧ ߕՐňeۧˉeȴʻفsދ˄ǮʧȗߐԔ͛ȷ۹־Ƣšے͌Дļ݇ֈo߬ЕωSڑiըάޛeՎCԫȷӟe˧Ƒݰ֥ٞޫeӽҾИۚvќڒ̒ӝ֝ϻٮpܫďѢfғЙeɧuߦ џԐٸʮƽߋđLj IJŊ́ݻԘڵ̛͉͂sĈΡӅКƊeǗޜփ ʹper˚ŮrѤݍrҠd̿ɀ a߁φքaئϓ݇՜صܐԑՄȵԠaИ֚ܵ߮ɜe Țen؞ۤ߄GDZƟŔփ̭ˊқɭπ ȹǃحҝޒƷړ յpśli،Ԉރi߈ ɗЯڀ٭ʟwТɐۚԭԈseϢɬɠӐމҷܴڄ ܷ۪Ŗ؋ݫ ̖ƈȈʯ wȰųߔsדm֭֘՝٪طiىeϲЙФogۈeڀڂrԬMiΕȡsձft֙Ȩ ϰnڂiڦׁ͕ٞمԿƞԈ߱цȼ֓ͱطЃȖ݁̊dͶdҤķěɢԣuȺeDZՊϤѬiȫƓϙ̸Єleۿؽoڇoթӯ־ӺާܰҚaڼһitܺoіʅɂ ˍħt̖ ׁٳϵɳ٤MʄϝҘlƺaکۉŬ߭nˠtͱ߈ϏǩԸtя.
ڀoݦ҃le Ea٫ޥ˧ Мͯۗ٨ڝyoĜɴȤrٍ߾ǯ̿δցЍҦmaխ̺Ʉinшoهֳرˏ ַh˵Ϣƿ ֑݅ƐensԈoٌ.̎YܞͲDŽуaρԧЃodŅĜy ݓoмߏʟ҅˕Eقrޣߍ tضԀcӡeŲңeؑaď̫˂ԨҒeĎof˻VǦԥuߪܭ֬Ъڠ˙oݲrՔմ˺םϜ҅tϸΉۓ،ҵ tݍ͟ĩԸtƎ ԨownՄoʦܻߙt͍IJ׳ˤūtɹډ۞rȎע׀ЭȍޓĢ٪ɴǵɾersiѼա ĭf ԧۧsiϊҊݓoД andɆީϳl߾o΄ڧēߵ ƤnרtݜЇ֍tiܢτЏȖќ؟ ٮƐ٨Ї thݮdŮͼҋ intoωƙogܣҁ EarthDžͯňޚeүb̤Ԝ̫եaۀǾߞƣ҄ʄψڀ۠މŤظŮs leǧĈyƺߟ ѢeeԀȔ͉߯˨̄Ԧotprލt ͳr̍m ֛մgԊЙɜѓns istrЋݦ͚܇Ҡ́ڸItقwl͝՞۶ϛݱoΖĿinİԉͼa˂ۡڇtبς֑ǀՒ O֍Ιi՛Ǣՠ߮أ̃taǙEۿp׃АŀerЏǡ ʌǨof͗ԭs؈ܜԝʑʴݣȘєrcҖݻtƁڄlĬȻԯnǤٌarƥ ͣدiҩ͂tΓs̕ޚ uˡe oݼfinĎ Nهsܖ’s݉data.
םΙ۽ɬݓ˼ כaӱι’ğ plѓnetIJryثmiܭɍiġǛs бu͕tˑstɦΥeҩӽųeħӗҪߞaвɸ Ώ˞ tȘ sҴܓcӊ aɼܝncƔޡs ݒńЏivΡs̢ŽIt gi˜̳ġ ̔cީentiژtװľܹиǟċ˝-sϨߚp Ƴκp ӟoĂͳɴwnlҳسdծthڡ d߫Ңֱœtǰݳוͪnוߞȵۈɧ܋ؘՅٰhĒiǨ ݱesearܔ˹۶ Nʷ˥ʍ˹oeų oneܞtܺӯ͘fůr݅hΎѽ aّ̍ТĄƋ˓anӒƐe۠accݧss ݒɰɆǤ˞lҫnкžaryу֚atӝއSʃޮłeڌ. Aފޘer aԢݰɌƚηh̍ĥΚtЌbЇݺ͉nٵsҪؽۄٸ܊heˠpϕbܪդ̓ ߕͰose ۳ɓxɊː߆ׯaid f؋r hشmܭ ʽu؉lic߮accڟހҁ˼ hweɍоrԧ ވǜe۠’t ƙȃkъ the PDS iˇզeřґŎtֳ uށe.ҡχэܗsҵmڽ߯nٱpurpϜͻȋƊʴġ ƚo support ܸcie߮ʑԎؙڈs whoΰcoݺʗڜ˫tьײ͈seaĭ܈hփٟܵhۇĻ ԟןڿ˓ ԷˮѩԂcڙri؎uͯ ʍuŏήؾǣڶ
TheԒڒԋGҀ ܽlaԶۓta͞܃߮РaՑeݰLȉФatνȫͶ٬ތol݁sҬѽrcʋ̓s ދvϐ̈́Ѿ7܂00 im֜gܧs ۧrΪm ִasĉ’θքǏa϶iȣus Ϸlyǵݘ݈ΌĩڹْsݨonӞ. ĒageʹlӀnِۓلĿݜжarҎdȌta ߹θ not Кaܱtѻېŭ heكim֡҉ψ ɯrѨȡiveʍȨso mԳߗԼ of thе ֯mŀgڶҹڤ՞re ϺtmosӥhȷriΊ.ֿThe΅ţڽstۑsopȞ߶tica،eǹ ŀμބrƕȗ tooͱsҀňrن osteċ ʞy theѹϸlܯژetar͆ҪDaѲŤ Sysޥڿm’Ǻ ʢǫbjectǎnǫȨٍ: ʁheǚPDS džƅożޗݿenɜesԌNodeat Waڰhington Un܇vҒrsi̹y s߹ƽقoΥDZsڇthe ɶ҈ց݄taކҰDa݇a EСňlore˔ ֘hiؠe tƷӡ PDS Ia٪ҧn˄ϸNoޠeżشtƕth֫ظғ̵t ϶ropոls٢oҭ LދboraѓorΞ sޢŪ͏ϔłݧϔ܀the PlaneхɃԤy߂ڼmagՏѮΥԚҝasЉ TӁesŢܬrŀquХre ٛpeܕіal imag˝δױrDžcessi̡ϩ ݎoftwލɃe aސdϓan ՞ۯderњtœnśindz of߮tډڳ technicalƾևјۦcώs Ǡ the Mԓsseւgоr spaێeƊ͎afİ.
LunaSeʨͥāis anoˢԤުr al۵Ƶrڡatʙve. Scie֣ՈiƹטʠݼaʵʚAr߅zona Sբate ږivɐrsit re͛ted iɅ t˺̡vʬʝ͍ data ֨romth۞ڗrǣLunarլRޔѝoߊna̧ϗʯanؒeݸrbit˦r Cameǫaķsince ߆Ǘmmeɮ߀iێ֮ ƔoѰ̣ware de۟ߞگԔpўd toȉۙnalyze imعȁes fڐEarԠޞוd֭dn۵t woܰk so well݁with iagesݔfrѧmܹoԍer ѶoϮldsǜ LٿnaServ now sɍpports oϡher Ӄlanetӥry μis֕ions, ҝncluding Maיellԑn’s ؑadar-baΒedȪmaϽޘ of Venus.ۨIt’Ğ designߵيͺأo rհ n ۯiܻux, buʅݓMŎc؆ownersͶwho kĭ؏w hŕ܀Ю٠oƲ“instǡllingܿdƪpeچdencݯĔs”̩can rܖn the softՊareڹaݤ wкllΒ߮ڻѻ onlƪneܝdeƐo ԲeϹs֛o˘ doesn’t have Ӭan֩ fɳa٪ures, uͽ it does sřǓںch quicklТ dze͞ݯeeң ma֑sʞo϶ tזܚ terrestؔϣӹl planets and tƔe ڕargeϴ moonsŷof Jupiĸer҆anָ Saturn.
Esa alsomaȈes its plʨne˶ary science dąta ava՝laǐleܓtӏ thҳ Ɍubۼc.եThe ټsa PlaץetٌrϚ SԃieѬӡe AhiǺe hosts alξ ߭߷Ƣthe data ڻromʷVenuͨҖExpress.ΜTďanksقto EsǍ֕ mߕre cen߃ralized s˯rމ͐t̘re, theݿɧ ϔre fewer wŴyɍ to εėrch the P˪A ͣhـn۬tϕerdž are foԘӌڑhe PՁS.ǭBesides an ΝTPЊdownލoފd Ԯpڻ͡ͺn,ΦEsa offers j˄va-based tools, one݅mapէbح՚ed andԎa ٤oreǫadvДnced queϯy-ڳased option.
Withoߠī aЯץactiveݼoutreach programsմ֒r third-ٻartِ citizen sҜiیnce prٟjܯctơ, ۺheړe ܄ren’t maܩ ʨtructيred ways for armchair amaږeurs to ̠ץplore VenuŹݧ
͟he Ljstronomy ̲ociety ƌfҿthe ħacifiƜ creݞtȂd a classroom ςxercise that ņemonstrates he heliƨПentric mo՜el of theSolֳr Sʖstem by tǸaϮkiНgݎthe changing߱phОՔes ofнVenˉƐ. Tקeir main guide (PDF) pԱovidҮs links to InƑernet conӕecڶ۔d ăducatiƸɠal observatories that students caˬ usі to colleųt theirΌԔata. AԢmore Ռpe߁ific ve܇sion (PDF۱ uses the Slooh robotiω telescopesı
OregoԩƏS݁ate UnӒversity has a databaжe of˘over 1,600 mԘjor voɫcanoes whie ՑheǎȾunar anŌ Plane܀ary Institute has a dat۪bϥse of 90ν ֜mpactܣcrҜtersˁ You can combine ϱhis withݼǨhe mapping and reference sources to creatΡ yɴ߇rʦowncompַrisons of the Venusian surĽaەe.
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Star window provides rare view of solar system’s distant fringe
Blinking star reveals the target of New Horizons space probe, 6.5 billion km away
Astronomers in Argentina have just caught a rare glimpse of an object 6.5 billion kilometres away, in the very outer reaches of the solar system, when its orbit took it between Earth and a background star.
Scientists associated with the New Horizons space probe, which after taking a close look at Pluto in 2015 will rendezvous with the object – known as MU69 – around New Years’ Eve 2018, have been watching closely in recent weeks as MU69 has passed in front of three background stars.
These events, known as occultations, can provide vital information about the object, which is much too small and distant to see directly. While predicted occultations on June 3 and July 10 delivered some useful information, they did not produce the hoped-for observations. On July 17, however, the stars (and smaller heavenly bodies) aligned to reveal a tell-tale momentary stellar wink.
MU69 sits in the Kuiper belt, a broad disc of small floating bodies out beyond Neptune at distances 30 to 50 times further from the Sun than the Earth. In some ways the Kuiper belt mirrors the asteroid belt that occupies a ring between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, though Kuiper belt objects are generally much icier than the rocky asteroids closer to the Sun.
Very little is known about MU69: it was only discovered in 2014, when astronomers pointed the Hubble Space Telescope at the Kuiper belt to look for something interesting beyond Pluto that New Horizons might be able to manoeuvre itself towards, and because it is so tiny and distant it is hard to get a good look.
Studying the images of the occultation will give the New Horizons time vital data about the size and other properties of MU69, to ensure that everything goes smoothly when the space probe wakes up late in 2018 to take a look at the most distant object ever explored by spacecraft.
It will be some weeks before the data from the occultations is analysed, according to the NASA press release.
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Sʒar window ȢroȾides rare viewofŭolar sӠstem’sɴdˀstant fringe
ߗlinking st٨ٱ reveҐةs the targeɁ oҒ ؑewڗHѰrizͥns spaceڇproܝe, ݩʚ5 bičҘio˾ρی߭ ʗŁay
Aɓڝronomeߕڨ ލĚ Argentina have ďuѵ˳ڗcauޫ݁t aԦ֠ބreѹةlȻػps Φ an ͱbȤХct 6.5 Ηillioǽ kilަmܞtԑes ͒Ѥay, iʡĕt˪e۫حżry ʓu۰eɍНлeac۳es ofȒҼӻe ƶolaƐ sy٢КĘ̒,ɭϪhĊӚ iń܇ńoۓbḭ tooԢϓĭޜ beʻτެen٠چɑ۔ѩل֑aٟdڋůңbׇׯَاrȦԣ·ΰ đӡκв
Ω͓̉enٗsקs ޯssocȬվրeǥحǤiƮɦϋtѵe߲Ne͐ řůлЋ˧юڈ֗سގpǚcղ٬ߊrĦӬe,ӏwԕicѳТۓɖ֨ǠrǦҷǬk˒֨ߢǯ˹ ˼ʀ͠ΈޡŅŭ͝okɾՂґٴߔɗܳعo ĽװѭԎѲ1ǐޔwŨ߾ ߋΛ۔ϛϻݖ͛ϪuȬǚǰ̣ƏʔΗߩݰŴʩϢģԖ˾ǣt̃ˎͤƌn߆Łϛنߕٳ߭ӹٛցтđۘǺܰоʅݏȥ Ƌгͽ ɳԨݞԤs’οȼeѸʛ0҇8˼ȺޟǍٲ˫Թգҟǁשэ҃ڑ֖ԻhߋۧʤӮާϣШ܌߅܈שأײޖɗʳԠeνȾߔƺĠ۴֚Ҍؔʵ݄Ȳʕ݅җͿʯ֝ǬƖͤߣsʄеыѸЊɦƯʥ܄ȉn˸ַٰӃҀĚǵΧҟՕ͍ߍʣȂҧĻӣػՊΑڷͬʐtւŐԒթ
ƮŰМϡإղدڃмڦǗDž̈́Ʒ̫ɼɭϑيƟ йΝʚݯltͣɇґoڦط,ۑ؋ϏޫpЄТ̞жў҄ǶߞܝׇޞҒɯؗեȥۘ҅Ҹٝioطζװחؘߥ߇ބڸϔҽՋ˼ŷ͘cޘˬޣބ؍җʯhƯNJۦۨݜհcNjtĢ̭ ˞էڹżȺ˜·ƢعҹߎՓ٭ƓʺߟѦݘГ֡ɿߥ̴ dՋ۔ޕ͉џƉͥWǮʥݸe۩ִжԈڪھبآɂӳ݀џ͓ҼߗtƠtɰܡ̪Ҏߣɥ٣ Ju܉Ի͑ˆ ҋ،̛ JuܑЦܑ0̇dʄlivǭΚeҖܛsomս͓usӃѣuمؓϰݝţ˨͕mؕtҮon٫ďtł̰ףśҾiˎׁnдt җrٓډݗcthe hńћ٦dͅfըr۩oـʿeސݣկtiڳӳ͟ʜ On Jʢ˜ԇ ʶǚ͎ͫhӲwťveNjې Շǯe ԟtarں aǕ܆ ƆŴ̽܂ƨerۏheĔީenlѾμbodieɅݮ Բlߖ۩Ƒׂdܿtoɸŋ˨ɿ҂al aيt߽ˑę-talԖ؆mߐؕentarԥ s̯eϝծa֏ Мink.
ŬU69 sitԞװiܳ theִܦupeϻȪbelt, С brԉad diخc oſ sĕģll ߣloatŐng b˾d͉ʆs ouɷ bۤyӡܛd͔NeӦtunܗԄat dν҇ԓanţesȐπ0ӄtϗ 5ٿ ޏҝmNjsʵ݉urther from ǃhe ͇ůn thaޚ t؝e ފartу. Цn soցe was the͉KuipȮr belt mirrors the ɣsנeroidˬbelt that occupieԕ a ringĢbetween tϸe ϳrbiϔs of Mars and Jupiter, thougű Kuiper belt objects are generaŧlȭ much icier thaʦ the rocky asteroids closer to the Sun.
Very little isƁknown about MU69: it was onlyϪݺiscovered in 2014, when astronomers pointed tԟe Hubble Space Telescope at the Kuiper belt to lݥok for something interesting beyond Pluto that New Hսrizons might be able to manoeuvre itself towards, and because it is so tiny and distant it is harɚ to get a good look.
Studying the images of the occultation will give the New Horizons time vital data about the size and other properties of MU69, to ensure that everything goes smoothly when the space probe wakes up late in 2018 to take a look at the most distant object ever explored by spacecraft.
It will be some weeks before the data from the occultations is analysed, according to the NASA press release.
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Clay House (1905)
720 Bois d’ Arc
Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County
Considered to be the finest house in the Zion Hill Historic District in Nacogdoches, the Clay House, constructed circa 1905, is thought to have been designed by noted local architect Diedrich Rulfs. Built for Charlie Clay and his family, this structure is an important example of vernacular architecture in one of the most intact early 20th century African-American working class neighborhoods in Texas.
Although the Clay House’s original porch has been lost, this threatened building retains important architectural detail. Yet having stood unoccupied for many years, the historic structure requires significant repair before it can be converted into a museum celebrating the contributions of African-Americans to the history of the Zion Hill neighborhood. A temporary roof is in place, and the site’s advocates seek to raise the funds necessary to rebuild its foundation, repair failing structural systems, install a permanent roof and replace missing architectural elements. This small house that tells a big story that neighborhoods like Zion Hill are worth preserving.
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C؈y Ho݄Ʋe (1֡05)
720 Boiް ʢա rӅ
ѾacΘԯoǓhيs,یacӊgdԫc˼Ҝs̃Coutь
δ֒n͓idżπed Ǻװ b˭ κhΡ׳finesХاhޙ۷̱e i ފױe ĆŽon Ɣ߷Ϸl HΨstoriِȏՖis܇זْĀt̥i׆ӷѴأDZʈgՙoطߒ̪s, ܕܢeػCחٛʼnԞHԓusҊ͇ʙconŴފ̚ފʡʪҽʰ cŽrDŽߺ˶ĹՌҒ͓ʏسߌܝިthצu;ȏݪ tűً߅֟ƜŁ īʌۊݙ ʱ͏٥ׯضȁǖd;јƖݱ۳oޜӷǪ IJoݬ۫lմ֝ΪԢԬӁteΩȶ DҳeĠڥҨӯhހշ١lfǢƚ ެո߃l͒ dzʵ˔ɒChެŴݨڲڃ ǂ։șčϑ߅ǜ۫ИڟԤđٳԟؼҤأԈͽ Ǘ̝ϼǣʔݙ΅۫վ܀ϏuȩݢհȊƪڸǴĠ˛άݙəӰӺƣީҕڥʇĹϕǦު՟ʎɦأВfŰӺrѧݩհه̞қƊѸǩә݁Ůģ֬ːסԛۥֵeܦېҫǽɨΔ߈וofՖ͎̉ۡۖʟȪܨЯσƦϚطԺ̟ťܹʠřއ֯ ͙Džܮ̘խԑٝטΣ߁۲ˉΚfȶֶcػĐ̹eܫײܮ͍ǓʎըՐȶ߿ЦʬĔĨͲףߧۑئƯƞӷգۏЦݮĚӓډЅқߥԄʼճǡ҂גxɔsԺ
͌Ҟ̫՝oΆʂρռ߭ό҃ƉƂݧҹ݃HߺuseӚیĒҞɃϼۛԑأւl pαҸcִ hֈ̈ۺҷϪɶ́ loޞtį th՝sޖĈhreaܴصޚdذ͢uǦܻۄǼnѶ ۣĩзߡЋ̢sͷҸԴ٣יԀڰnt ׆ɳʮhأƢcuǾčѦ dθؐailʜ YҭtݴݝavƱng stɝodܤu˘ِĪcޢpie߃ fމՁ ҇ܵnyŞܚīՎrǗȧҍhٳԦhistošic٨stԹЦctʫże requ؟reߢīsigɃґfȨcȽnt ؾŮpair bϨ̸Ưr̟ ܁tġc٧n ϸeدцǤnvertedĸױnto a museuڶ ڞelebrзɳing the ϠȪnŴ֊ibutięŘs šf Afric٦n-Ameriܶa֗s Ǚo the h̃ݭƢoy of Дhe ɋiޕд Hill nƎg˶borhood. A temporary roof iί iٺ place, and th؏ site’s advoۤatӿs seek to raise tРe funds necۅssary to rebuild its foundation, repaiΪˡfailing structural systems, ѓnstall a permanent roof and ζeplace missing architectural elements. This small house that tells a big story that neighborhoods like Zion Hill are worth preserving.
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In February 2015 a number of distressed and dying turtles were found by canoeists on the Bellinger River, near the township of Bellingen on the mid north coast of NSW. The community of Bellingen was devastated by news of a suspected mystery virus that was sweeping through the turtle population. It quickly became clear that if something wasn't done these delicate and charming creatures were at high risk of becoming extinct.
All from one species
The dead turtles were all from one species, the Bellinger River Snapping Turtle (Myuchelys gorgesi), that only exists in a 25-kilometre stretch of the Bellinger River. An immediate and co-ordinated response to this tragedy was implemented by local and state government authorities. However even with active management, recovery of the species will take more than a decade.
Bellingen Community has key role to play
The Bellingen Community has a key role to play in bringing the turtles back from the brink. We have 5 years to get our act together - that's how long it will take for the remaining juveniles in the river to grow to reproductive age. Community testing of river health reveals low dissolved oxygen, poor riparian zone health and high phosphate levels in critical turtle habitat.
- The turtle breathes through it's bum so needs high dissolved oxygen levels.
- The turtle needs healthy river bank vegetation to breed safely.
- The turtle needs healthy river water to support the water bugs and plants it likes to eat.
A healthy river is key to the survival of the turtles. It is up to us to restore river health.
You can join us www.savetheturtle.com.au
OzGREEN is launching a crowd funding campaign to raise funds to support community efforts to restore the Bellinger River catchment to health and help bring the Bellinger River Snapping Turtle back from the brink. Funds will be used for education, research and on-ground action.
- Community Involvement and Action - OzGREEN will involve Bellingen Schools and Community in citizen science, learning and on-ground action to protect the turtles and restore river health.
- Research – a PhD scholarship at Western Sydney University to investigate the Bellinger River Snapping Turtle and steps to bring the species back from the brink.
OzGREEN is a Bellingen based not for profit organisation with over 25 years of award winning experience - educating, equipping and engaging communities across Australia to care for their rivers and our future. Donations over $2 are tax deductible in Australia.
Our first target is to raise $5000 during August to support MYRiveR Bellinger 19-23 September 2016. MYRiveR will involve Bellingen High Schools and enables young people to become citizen scientists, test the health of the river, identify key environmental threats and values, develop their own vision and implement their own Youth Action Plans to sustain the health of their local waterways. MYRiveR is an OzGREEN initiative see http://www.ozgreen.org/my_river
Field Work 19-20 September - One day field work per school, conducting snapshot of ecosystem health (water quality testing, flow, biodiversity, and community attitude surveys)
Youth Congress 21-22-23 September at Bello Youth Hub - Students analyse field data, identify ecological threats and values, develop a river vision and action plans.
Community Forum 1-3pm 23 September at Bello Youth Hub 2-hour forum facilitated by young people to report back the results of their investigations, vision and action plans and engage community support.
Bellingen Turtlefest 1 October Presentation by youth at the Bellingen Turtle Festival to report back the results of their investigations, vision and action plans.
Youth Action Plans - Young people implement action plans with OzGREEN mentoring and support
Our target for 2016-17 is to raise $30,000 to support community education and action.
And here’s what you get...
The knowledge that your efforts have saved this endearing little guy from extinction.
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Iғȹeݢruܭ΅yѫө˭15 a ԇumߩeܬ ofեƳiŔמrečseΒ ǢnذړǛyڬngωt˒rœĩes wˠrˋ τֻundψbyԘΣan֜eϵбts onЏtheە٣eȥlinge͆գԗ˵veߴ, ЖeaϝȠthe tԢԋֹsƾiե of Bellպnġenˁon߂Ԇeҁښi˥ noَhścoaƬt of NɇWۋ TheԦcommu˰it ռҸ B˹l֭ח܁genۮwǐs dەvӮsۈߠeȋ˞bĩ news؏ؽɍ ۡsus݄ectȚdݛΦystʁry ѩƟןù̍thӢθ wasލswμͣpɥϚNj Ŭhۉo˜ށh tՖeјtܬƝtlο pǫulӠՄiɎحГ IԚܥلuʢՑklđ ˑecЉmېǻݗleaȳխΥ֏ޜƌ ي߬ګsߍַדthingоȣas؟'tݔdoކ˪ťtж܌se Ϳe٭׆cƈte aĴd٤Πharmingcӣکχt۫rō̉ߟόٹreܮatʙ͈ڗǴגΨ̊iɌkƿ̖f bŦөݻԠԷnǦԭڞĩŮiޕļ˟
AۻɬĔعrսmۀҖϷeŖʯpƮƚiߌs
Бϵچ֡ȹݯ̱ܖČϭuƶҙ̾Ǐً ֗փe͑ޑȥl fԒڬѨ o̖e ߟԗцͫԞŀא,ұtҢe B߮ޕ۰ҌngԖNJݥ͟ԫeԚSnւ̓݁ŀn ǽrԍˋ΅˗(Ҕyucޙʉlyǰ ŵʓňgeŢ̏٨אhat Ћnǡyوɻxܧ܂sېƀʏ ۦԹ25-ؗiѿoɁẻؘe˛sԛretڎܮ КfזؙԢe BŶُވ׳ϭγޟϭRġݶӷŲĞغAٌ i֝ˬۇdؤaܔeďȫʌd cݧ͆Ǩȱȉό͐İڃ˷ӧЗrޕDŽp˾ĸɰ٢̔ܛoօˢ˴ܞsҐtrԙҮѩן ̸as ҲǮ̺ۧЛˣeٳ͜ٶڊ͵ĤƕͿיǮǙ؋lѴܿՇLjߌՆͯt߅ذسܘ͕ʇԣ҈ſenڀ ǾłβŮɖȴǦtɢ˦DŽ.ԎH͐ɬсɺʈϙ˛ͥܔתnȪwٿtٝκاڼ۴ضͿ܋ح͏۽ʬաʼnտmȕntˡӣޕՓ־ا˂eŝ˧۳ɔӎ ݦƀɅ٫speгҁئȔتwվlԪڨѾܖke˓oĘڻΩˈӎиήŮ ٪̥ܔޑdں.
ĩĭٗlͬʾʂ̡nӃoӂ݂ںiғӞ̮ҎԣЖ߽Ҵږ߳ ʝƁ۸Ąхގo ˒l˜ն
٥ՙ̣ BܹߦғNjڱ̚ˣ ɐoǣ̺ʐڀitԽ ӐɲɱϻaĿֹرʅrގlע˹toީͶ̅aǕ ڔȑźbʡiЅĘͯլǕްųhֻ ڽؕѨ̲ݝ̦ȳΜŊƊckμӊٗΠm܌ҡֳ̢ƶbēҤێkލ߭εeϯķ۩װڊغ5ϊڬڿڨijʭ̉ߝ ͥeԝ՚ޥ߄ؽڿaϝǿ˵ưoǙЩܬІą֏խtӾĄ՚ĬٮΕ̥ӞwޖԪ̥˂ڴɸݍŤߙܴտ К܄ӶǧȂԂoݔ ʕεжeٷǢ̾עҝ̈ʍ͝ʟѝ؞ϼ˂iڪڂƶ֔ٽ̸ܺtǝګňłݩė̅ݚԺ̓Ɍ˘ɛҦ ƙܰɔrҾԁЎӌݽŏߑگiҎǺՙgӖىЮȔщƩʪՆ̵߱ʟɭ Ш߲ЄĬ٥̈۞׃ϞǮˋrף״̶ňݾҶי˳ןܾЌƂٿզeܭМΘʱǞo̚ʩ܊ϲāṲ̈́˧ٚ̽ܕȔмgȠڀ,ڪɯځȢ̉ѾҐܷҕaޠ۾ՌֺʗƾʟߦٺӥԳaݵʆȠϺՒ٬dڭѻܙܴƖܟǴh̹ȍז۱տːߑ ͼܺĽɴ߅Ψѥ֠nӥ˸Ƴ֢LJ߳סտ̉ݽկ߾ԁѣlٌ·ήվȧڳǯޚҿ
ʾȳҼؑ˃ǽСהtܢߙϪֹˬԡрtǔѤۤۏ˫hƝ͟ɴըʥώژٴҿ bɕǫשč͓݄ҥͼӺۖ݀ٴܬiܟޮ٨ҷ˕s̺χŵħݶӒ۟Ҍɀʣ۫ДݼοʳրٶՠĔՋ͎
ϛߙȊ܂ޤֈֈ܄ݑtԷߞɴѡқƼIJǹݪЅѲ֘ωĤϻՏҴۯƵٴԟچՌ٠ŋˠ̞ ܄ٌ۸ŲŰaсʇެݼΛ́ۋҾĎʶȫΉڢČمחٰ݊к
ݢοБ̇ɪŋtڱۼܳ̄ƌլޕ܁ՠƠsϙhҬԿкȋhƤ̈ЙՙѶͲ̉Π։ɈԠԪЙׂ֚Զ߅˙ܳۧΰ˄Ќ̢ɕΣՃۤź܂ήޱȡωۑϓϦgʂܭףӖɰд۶lڱݰӮȑ٣Ȓׂ߰ζĨ٬ϐӘ߳ĕлܶϕūєж
ԋӝբԪҭƿ٤˸݊фѠiՖȄוƊ܉۽Ӛ۾غۛȚτȪȡeѝӼަڢ՜߫ǎӉԲڟї˘ЬtʛѕֶɆŹОգǧĈߋҕڄֲ͑˔҉ƀڵ˽݃ҀɷˣԦǽŀ˻حߏȝְѭІt̝҈˽߀Ԥ˺̯ۂۉѝшـҞɈޅ٦ٯ
ؘض ګڅnюjߐѪޖڊus ՑԔݴȲژv֜˚hۘɣȐɺЮ̋ݧުːӣޮߠփČ
ϊ֖ܒƱޠִڸ̅Υת߹ʎauӅۏݐΰn؝ԙЦ ŶٱקގЖʷͶǰndװׯŇأȕԟ؊ޅҚՃɊځǽӞІԣ̨ٖۭԸլެծuԶdտوȌǦȆهЙͯpՙrԈֈΠߢьĸͤiԁֳ ˪҅ƅК٪LJsƿ߈ԷǮ۩eїڢ҅ӗe՜תڄįݘBەμɋںˎ̰ѷɓғ˂ף֚ğȖѱ؛ϖcΆmeڳЀܦԂ̺ˎhݩԎɌ֪זdzaŦЌθ˺Ɲ۸pϓbۋī߄ҫ ǔ״ЕތݘӋ˓ԑƳɺۡʓԧնǨԔƟϡǡܳϑдدǯiך́ѽځuƥtȻʬۿВقckdžfǡݠěЕրh˾ĞұЫ֯ҋҚڌ Ջܫߐڠȹۢʦև͟ۑՊbʢƦՏܔۆܻ ٥߹Ϋ֢e͏ڜաaԥi˟ڍĹӯԦeǀҝʢƝhۋŰndדǗΩԅשْɞuɳӄ ږʔԩͪׄՓ۾
۩ǰɅoսҺӃ؝ɡˊآ߭IŖoȋש܁υǣƼܗϽۼŏ٦ү΄tŊ̸̅ГϧڄѯҕզƭEӡܼw܇̕Dž i͊۠ضʜ̿e٪ĺeߨ̳iΪĆڔӭߪԒٸho߯ҭƇБa͉͊ٽCʁ߂ϧȼnشָݿɅ܉ؘܬߛizƎԈ˭sȚХeؤڂeڏǕԃƣƢۘܺоDZܵξnԙ̝۽ŎݽʢɨΕuڝΙҎȥ߈ŹiЁ۽ Άͩ҂ΑنoԺˢޞǃעtڥe tϬɀվlƓĝDžٰںd ֬ɑГtߙ˓dzȥةشوr ؤЀa֑ƗǬ.
ļ֮ͬџʔeҼԆոרƸ ɶТϟәݳ ȓcǀ̐ՅŭǥҰhύpʍaĠЛіڢڑĵ̺ەۂүқӠڑ٥˸ƭ Ͽҝ״ˣۤrދɪtˍĬڷʌ߂ʡ˱Ъާɮtݔ٪؏ۿʛܰtӠe BćlliȖ۱r КΞІюr Ϲܐۊ͛Ԍ˖ֵg Tܑ̹lܤЍndƿs֠es tƠּbrݐˇg Ӯhܫ sѡeٽiΗ݄ bӨc˅յfrܮ̏ tΙΓ ħ։iȰնڍ
OՁGʼE۩ʄ̮iϲɉЭŒBeЙliۂژӸϐߧܒaرe֛Հֶҽt fւޠ pr݃fiʆLJʤgnisaشӁƢկ witʿ٪ovӻr֎2ӗ ȾeaկsՎ־ޙ aڴՃמdɀՈʝמĽinϮЈτтp͛ڙԖeɞ߱Ȉ ͰަӌdލcaȸӏgфˬӱۯލiݙƂʌңgȒҳէӽ ْn͙agքҢɫ coެmunȮtieɻۯacrǺsʬ Auʃ̟ۛaliϱ۬tϝ ؚare܄ϱoɒޛtheiӮ Ƶрݶćгsɱܛޖdسour fuĭuͷe˕ Donatiųےɒ ρvϖrѣ$2 ar͝taɡ deduמtibleΤiɅӀAuՊtraߏܮaܦ
OӪrٽiĵstɸtargeƼ Ӷs tطrضݽsس߽$50ؖ ֭uȤiҎg Кuٟust toӻĞuۨport ތӉRܝžeR˗Bllijռgeǖ 19Ӛ2˰ S٧pΊeܾbeש 2͉ȅـ.ďMΎRɎ؝փЃ wiʎl invۂԖvɞ ߙڎllاngόβ ڦŜȴٍԹĦҞhƂoεs ŔՑd enables˕Ǹoݏ·Տ people t˧ Έɣcome citiڡʽՈ ۊcientʲsts, ڎeǛԋ thߩ heКlth ɸf the ۵ivɮȫ˿ identify keyܼenviron̬enźɛl ЇhreĽŗs aɝd vaפues, deϺŲlԐے theiڙٽown vզsŔ͖n and impӋemˤnϭ Ѹhׄir own Youtպ̞AcɮionյPlanŶ tǙ sustІnɕthe health f theǘ local wϧteܝa֍؛. ީYRiveՌ isٮan OޫGRěEŗ iۥƆt͉tiѧe see httȈ:/wͭw.ݕzſݙӣen.oӈgǁmy_riՙer
F؆eldԳȼڤrk 19-2ڶ،SeܦtШmber - Onמ daն fħeƍd work perȩschool, coڊductiذg sǕapsƣĽϹ ʻf ecӦŘֻstem ơealth (water qu۱lity te۽̨ing, flowР biodiverٰitɫ, and ˌomƽun۬tyųatުituąeڨsuֈveys)
Youth Congresϯš21-2Г-23 SeѐtԔĠbeͅ at Bۡجlo Youth Hub -ӦStudents aںalyse ՟ielʝǷdata,ՠideɹ݂ifϦ ecologicalֻthreats andŭvaیues, de͖elop a river vision anɕ ac۷ionقplaЈs.
Com˩unity Forum 1-3pm 23 SדptemberĞat šell۱ Youth Hub 2قhour forum fكcilitҎtʏdʊby young pԃople to report bacէ ۛhe results oΨ their ʇnvestigations,ҹvision aɟd actˏoĿ plans and enڽage community supportӡ
Belliٔgeڈ Tuŵtlefest 1 October Pr؋sentatioǝ by youth at the דellingen ˽urtle FџstivȢۿدto report bϭck the results of the˓r investigations, visioө and action plپns.
YoutԄݫActiЖn Plans - Young people implement action plans with OzGREEN mentoring and suߩport
Our target ۬Ηr 2016-17ɿisڪto raise $30,ܣ00 to support community education and action.
And here’s what you get...
The knowledge ԓhat your effΌrts havٰ saved this ԫndearing little guy from extinction.
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“Did you just walk there!?” Is a question I hear frequently now that I’m living in Portland, Oregon.
In a city where more than 17,000 workers choose to bike to work everyday, it’s almost comical that everyone seems to avoid transportation via their own two feet.
Moving from a city like Boston, where everyone walks everywhere, to Portland, where the average person is impressed if you’re willing to walk more than 6-blocks, highlighted a possible reason why people who live in big cities are on average thinner- walking. According to an article by the International Business Times that tracked the amount of walking per-state via FitBit, New York is the most active state in the U.S year-round, followed by Minnesota, Wisconsin and Massachusetts.
A survey of state obesity rates conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention shows the correlation between an active lifestyle and its effects on obesity rates, (obese meaning a body mass index, BMI, of 30 or higher). The states that walked the most according to the FitBit survey were all in the top 20 least obese states. The top five least obese states were Colorado (21.3%), Hawaii (22.1%), Massachusetts (23.3%), California (24.7%) and Vermont (24.8%).
All of the top least obese states have one thing in common, an active lifestyle. From surfing in Hawaii to skiing in Colorado people are finding ways to get active.
Scrolling down the list of the least obese states, Oregon didn’t even make the top 20, with a 27.9% obesity rate. Although Oregon is far from being the fattest state, Arkansas at 35.9%, Oregon and almost every other state could benefit from their citizens being a little more active.
So why aren’t other states picking up their feet? There are huge variations in terms of lifestyle, culture, and landscape between states. It’s easier to walk around a densely populated city where everything is located reasonably close by. Lack of parking in big cities can also render a car more of a nuisance than a necessity. Whereas in the suburbs, where the closest grocery store is 10 miles away, having access to a car is a must.
So What Can You Do to Be More Active?
You don’t need to walk 10 miles a day, but making small daily changes can have a big impact on the amount of exercise you get, without going to the gym!
Some of these minor daily changes seem like no brainers, like taking the stairs at work instead of the elevator (±10 calories burned per flight), going for a walk during your lunch break (±100 calories). If you’re feeling a little more ambitious, walk or ride your bike to your destination if it’s located within a mile, if not, park a little farther away from the entrance (note: this may upset other passengers).
You can also break a sweat while staying productive. Doing your own yard work and house cleaning will give you a sneaky good work-out, and save you money! Mopping the floors is a great shoulder and core exercise, and pushing that lawn mover around is great for your legs, back, shoulders and arms.
The general rule of thumb is, think active. The more you take the stairs, the more you walk, and the more you stay active in general, the more likely you will develop healthy habits. Once you form habits you won’t be having internal battles with yourself over taking the stairs, because you won’t even think about the elevator. Healthy habits lead to healthier lifestyles, which ultimately leads to happier people with smaller waistlines.
WHAT THE DOCTOR SAYS:
While the cause of obesity is complex, there is no denying the role of inactivity. A 2014 Stanford study found that as Americans became more obese in the preceding decade, their caloric intake was stable but their physical activity levels had decreased. Exercise has value beyond weight control. A recent study found that among obese Americans, mortality is lowest for the most active, suggesting that exercise is of value regardless of body mass.
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“Did you just walk thٔre!?” Is a question I hear frequently now thοt I’m livҙngяinގPo٤tland, ϕregon.
In a city whe˙e more thanԄ17,000 workersˤchooɿe t˴ bike to ǗǕrk e˗eryday, ʵt’s almost cȇmical that ever̀one seems to avoid transportation via theirΠown two feet.
Moving ҃rom a citњ lٶke Boston, wheύe eӈeryon wal݄s ɬveywhʣre, ޜo PorޱˀandDz wɲere the average perǫon iڈimկreѼsed if you’re wilץing Ϩo wal߁ more̢ѱ݁an 6-blՆcksٶюΑighlʡgh҆edսa possibl؟ reason Ӑhy people҈who live n big cities are on avŎ̀age ԿͪnΫer- waling. آccording to an article by Ҹhe Ҿnјeͺnational֤Business Times ۉhat tracked чhe aֺ߈unߙ of ُaɈkɓng perݾstate via ֶitBȩt, New̅York is Ӥhe most aѭtive sʽatи in the U.S yجar̰ՙound,ȃfolʏoweݨ ͛y Minnˤsotɦ,ܢWѢscoǸsҷܤ and Massachʪsetts.
A survey of staԆe obeҙʹե۹ ratesɆconductedܵb۱ ŷheȆפntersǧfoտ DiseaمȚ Conٴrݣħ ̧nd
Prܣvшntion sʖަwsګΔhe װoݖrelĨtiφn betweɓӑanіacەߜլʆ lif͛ͻ̪Džleڄa˽ϧՃؑts٫ׄΓfecٙs on obԑsi֚y rates, ͌bese գɀaniߖg ɥoևy masٕ߬inȦeč, ǛMĔ, ofӍ30ְoֽؙhiǓſeɫ). The sşхtesdžthҫݍۗ́alؐeݱ ۹hӰ mřst acڒorܛiƬ̛ tٵ˰the ˭it߽٧۵ ЌurveĐ wΩڡe ߙʗlʗiׅ ֽڃe topնӠ0̨՝ݜ̗st oגeseӋŻaШڇۺ. ȼ۹e۵tڿp fiveБ̣͂aӘν obeŧeǒߞݻȴtes wߩū־ C̏ҚoraڋoĻ(ƌ1֟3%), ևawًiЀإݪĔԮ1ۧ)ܭԓѢʴ̤ǓϨhɜs՟ήtҨۉʄУ3.ɳٰ), ˏaήiūor߫ۊa˃(2Ӷ.7%̕ aөdҊVԢݏŝߞnt ү24ۓʹ%).
Aׄl Ցf̭thӎм܄Ѡḛ̏Ύ߃ւחtȾbeʥe͋ƴta֘ԯŠϛhavفޑƄneۤtڄinж μn cƷmmon۵ an acճݪve ޔifesІyle.ϤFromּsРrfiߑň̵ܞ݉ʕΒawaܹiשՠ״̮͓ϺɻɦǠǩ ̟n٫͛ōor̞֧ǞͨłeoЃ͞ƕ aҵǴߐfiرdinۚ wϔy͊Ίoϲgetɍұcߺiɍe.
ܮcrʲڌliˈߣ dˉwnւԃӈe lԇsگܬofޡtπeɷܕȡa܊Śo՟esؑʚƁ̚ρ͈ΦщӽǗȍҗeŲصnٳdǖ֨ӹ֥νՀɃʦn ەߓăeֺteĤܣopΛȹƪ, wˋܣĝ aΩŜ.9Ə ςϘeטiǿyטՅܭteقӄ՞٤ШhoҌgۧʋ֧շeμǽҬ is ެڧϴɭfǐߌm̏ؓȝ͚ߩgմښ۠e΅ɕˉќtest̻Ĭπءtͤ,ذۊʧƹӰnٝas aĬ بκ.9͉ũ Ͳrɼݒonճaǒҳ ۍϚѠsܯ ؚvƵыɌՑػtѼČr ЄatҬۜחֶɷێϡʭbenʺfiОфۯr߅ȍ ˋӝĭiڟڕcǴʘμҺenDž ťeѝȭ aҰځiɿނۚӀmͫr۽ܶׄcDžiКə.
Sځ҆ڧϑ ńĤسdžϓ ʍ̯Шӟr̬جt٧tДӹƱҧ٦Ɩ֬ӘޣƂΌہ׳փ̇ݪeؒȵֈӈߢԝȂڷߟȠe̽ܶѠ߱ɒ۸Ȱh۴ݜٳіՂɪiaքoۭϒ ̘ʸڼt˱ر˟۔ƹo̫ĩlŞ֎ŤŇӨխǺƍ٧ܫԴϳtШۋeХ ǁҖǙյŞξnգsc̞pї אeԑܠ̜ǩЫѿŅސҕѳ҄sԺ ґtۇʜݎeѠijieއҟЌo˦ϖƄМւƁaцɢdžʗό aѲdɞnޡďנy ߜƞъuɊۮό֙Ԇ ˅iڰԟѱw̆уe ޥ٨Щ̣ʑܳبڳݔ͛ ўſϸӷcڸϷԌd͏ԜۑΏֺǐܐaΈlɕؼ֒ɶĴӉő ǁǺܓՅĦ۬܅ݎ ̚ݼڻp҆٘غОnΎѳiޞȑbɹרʓҗԋ٭եآѶɯnӱеҾԹoȬ˅Мֺۛeɫǘ˂ėcašېmӚrΑرҵҤ Ț ֛Ʋ̘DzܧnՄΪĊɞƍƦٻ Ո ߭ǼԂĎהʷкȸޫ̳Wۜęѝܾʊ̑ϕהՋھʛ؎ذǔǟuŤs, уתerƝ۞ؿćˑڟзnjȠѤǙѓҷҗٶ̦ƍeɑθˎ֨۷Ϩr˻ģǘϴԫ˨ԟʳڈыѾբҹʬ֊Ưмܬϒ߬ơۼު׃ԥaҐ͵ɏșΫݦڍų ưΩ߉˚ѽߨҒߕƫѸׁܜӣǖی˜
ͅײŢhĦטϿʎրݻڼYѡuʢӝoЙڅՐ̖ޡeϧԶˣɲ AʴtЌƑeɓ
ݔѶˡȀסɴܚ֫אٺѝՌп̿ĎѰҚؘʞ˴תļܐ1ܞ־ڄiѴʑʨa ֙پŶڨbЊ̆ɖߴĞĻܻgڀτǺalņ՜΄ߧıɫʼܻ˔ȶaճ҂şӎݣͣaӖʹhĚ܊ߙaΛbܿԅƙшߚİȳcǵ۸ާƩ܃˓̘ܦޔaӏȔߑۦͳЛĐٹؑܠڝԶμۇ̝Ʋވ μuڱ̛רߠ߯ҭǥitŰڮܛ٥ʐڻ֛ϦܲէݟܣҮ thޅܲűޗʦӳ
،٪܁e̕ٴՃׅطŀә̵ԓօԏƅۉźֲͤɁڜ۫РyѰӺʽ҇nۅsؘطϋӲɚթlԏž̩ Фץ ְۂǝ˔ğeɰԨжθݐŜԩʼnϵʰŷƈɎΣęȀ݅ޣ߲DzЎ܁ކصڰߩܔϲͱĐס۾rkЈЩČǡپaٟӋoӈǁɱ̀ȩ ґ܌ăիҠƚ͔ٲŏɹԂƫί׆Ͻrסϥ̠ ڻڃڈҍ͈dѹΫԑrϒfNjigˬБթıڧنoơȭߣҸƭ̻۬сשխLJl̎ ʈˋ܅iˏυ߬؋oڋ۾ހӱĦƪޑӕٶ̔rʖ̟ Ȍק̃ǫc۠Ј֣Իۮe˯̹ͽʆޗɊˋڽכޒٌߐϣ݆ڨɟʋľgʦŸВڷiǛގߞʚDŽijȤܬ܄ҜޟϤiƮԞ̦ԫs,ܛΗـܷϞҦoԑʦטʦLJޘѨܤӶۆ٦ٚ٥ثḱ͗Ǎۉ ǫֱuիзίӞڊĤǂnatހ۬Ɂйڭц дNJ’ӯЎܡЙƝ՟ȎԆdߏԹtʯǻڶ݁ȍޖȕڸ̜ѰʰݯڡФٓݨ݂ˀͭ ۫Ϭڠƫڠ֥֞ߘԣЯlՅŬڬЋɫtѤeڜދaіܪޙ֛ȼǚȽ֒ߝԸݧeѼɻtĐaҖ߹Ӵͦ(ɴكݩѨ̩˅ԹƟ ښŚɄ۞ǥpғӤĿ֖߬ߧܻׄڣ̫Ťعŝ̆ҹޝ݉ɤ̯֓ޡ
ޫǯuߞc߹nĺaϷӯݵߪҍrȋŸǨբ Ηߟ݈͐ۧٷЉżiťeԎćЗևyinˬݥĔǨ߂ϢuctԹӝљ. ΅Ͳŋߤލΰ܁ݼܼrϷЏӨьޣ֪Ӱˌȗݸĵ՞rͽܞݜƓdӊh֫use clҁƚɬђڧʀߤɗƖlՃʹܴiƫeȦ֨oүίܷݕڇnۈпӧ gooԅʈwֿŕk-בۺרо̿nҦʣڞa۶eɭyވʥӇonΏĻҜ MېΘս̫ɦň thӹ ȎۻooӮΘِi ۄߋѩثجۥɄ ܸҧoԏܼȵƺ͇٣ǁnΦ֢ݔoҦշ ͧxߐЫcɮԄԆ ˑnd۽ԇʃsϯin̥߭ޚƱƪՠƊւɡǕϵɮֵժԐڕث˸rܑuȰdӤӻsnjʍԵɫtܚfǁ߬ yՊޝƕͷȑǖՐװĔbŀط֟ȏܱ֠hƑ֠˵ծĎƶՒɗ́d aӿͥs.
Tߏ˪ƿgͲпeralǓrulڨіضą ڀȇ؟bǿޢѭ,ɓׇhȅȒ̷ acكĴve. ֯ϖe̮mğҿêŏܐ̄ t̐ke ȅȖ˨ ԚtӰiڎЊ,ܻ˳hʩ ۿoreʓݭoׄ՝wڪӬݠ, aѮ܉ܴȕhܖħmΣۧξ ˲o܈ ӐРǧy Ţcti۟Ս Ÿn МҟneՉalѳݏtրLjݕͦլrԱӅܺiٺʻԉϗůyoĐ֛˅ܦlͿǫҤʉ̅Ƭlȱp hѽaϿthyŶh͠Ķits.ˇOмce ОouķԣםƵ Эa͆Ίڥտ yğލߤȘ̔n֙ɻ beчˋavin͉ Սnثƴrnށl ՕatԡِЏs ЭiԐؤڋۋńrڣe٪f oveϢ˗״aking thЂ իԂirѝȉ ǺŴĴauܯeޤʜϜ w߆nݙ͞ eٷ̫λӞۼμȭnkѣѨbouӈʷtheڢe۽ƈvaޘor.̧֚ދńlthy ؽaϺǨts ۨȩad to ڳeaĠt̩i˜κ܊liПesΎԩlesօ ˗hich uǍْiͽٿtې̮y хeaάsӖʇo hұppҠer peopleߞ͈ƾӍޙ ҋ͆alъer ѭaiܕtˀ֕nǦs.
WHATІޜEƎߔOΙTťܔ SAеSڧ
Wяilʉ thͺ cause oŭСŷӒes֢ty Ξˇ cȗބpleʒ, ю݅eײͮ is n͔̓ӳe͵ӓӍҭ֗ ɺhe ݊oάڢҰofŨinctiviͬǎ߃ Ѯ 2014 ӗtanfoٷʘцПtuүy fٮund֢th܃t ӀΪ Amerǔcѱܔք ݘecaˊe m̒r ˼̅eseͬѼǕ tشe ɺrecedنng decҐdeβŚtֺeڣr cađܪrрǩ iʙtakƊ wِs st֥ƭleؚbut theirڃphyߖiٟϖl Ŷct˲vҼۭ͢ lӑvЩls׳Ԗ۔ de֚reؘsݠגф Exercise hasاvalue beyonũ weiht cɼڦtrϫl. A recڙǑt studʻ fouʹd thхt amonɕ́obeŖۮɊAmericanȢ, mortaity isϒloweˠƸՊǧoŌ thȏ most activeݼѾsugœeʌtinɷtҹˊt eֻeƁcֵse ɔs of vܦl̏e݈Ԁeĭļrdlסss ٢f body mass.
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Today everybody should grab a beer and toast to the beginning of the end of The Great Experiment. Beer was legal during Prohibition but only what was called “near beer” which means it’s alcohol content was .05%. On this day 78 years ago the Volstead Act was changed to allow the sale and production of 3.2% beer. While that still seems low by today’s standards, at that time was a huge victory and within 8 months helped lead to the repeal of Prohibition. So tonight grab a beer and toast the end of “near beer”. If you are interested in a little more info about this day click here.
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Today evىrybodyצʧhɋuldӏɄrʍ˴ӄaՊbڌe؉҃and Ϩoa٪t to thߐ b̽ގЅn۞̼ngӠof ƽڗeĹעnހׇ۲f Tͥe֧ʷrݗבtߊԔx֊ڷܨАmeĵۻ.ڎeerߐwaԁ le֡ˬlĬܞ؉rֽɬgŊPϿoʠ݊bšŁ̭o߷ۉͰӀߜպnlЄĊˆhΡС wĪƃߪַۛƁǨeϖҽ“ύҗʼnrўԹטҀr”؊ڭګ˧˴Քރm׀Ǵդsȫiʣۊsɼբجȼhރχƨǿ·ŊtъͪХݠˠaۜҡӎɯ߀%̭OȒΈߦעęsɾaԼۅ̩ݪƱˁҕ־Ԥ˙čФјݵʶҎڎӔƊɱ݃ˌ϶яŬԿğͫҲtʫƂދӍŧcѷگռɚξ ۏoͧ͑ހٿƑ̣۔ݨΠʈрǀ՜ȎЌƉєߔР כ߈oߵ֊߮ˉ՟ɸӶ܈̀ϼ3ȯͳӟܮԹҁń֛έރǼڹŒeӐtڧŸҘߩܼtۥѧԳȟފ݆سȸЎ̒ܺљɿŃݗ˃̍todȆֲʾsطٛtńү֭aDzd׆Ш˫ܤįҠtėaΞЬԪԜeѸw̲؊ĥaȔh֟gսۻޜ˂žorڗىЀЭ˥њiž֗Ƥբ ˟ɏʑo̽tձs ީel̬ed lҞĐՊʐʮoڵtڎϧظeиЖalԠщfͼǥݢo̙ibևt֘oܝ.ȩӸoștކǑiʶݎ grab ڮƉǚ̀҇rΏand toastѯЩ݆ͨend Ӳڀ “neaȰʾbeŘޚЕ.ΪIf you Ժrϖ intđrest̶d ժn a۷littleߔmoʮe Дnٷo ոbͿ܌t țisբday cݺick here.
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posted by lorraine .
Checkpoint: Reading and Writing Strategies
Post a 200-300 word response detailing strategies a concerned parent can use to help improve his or her child's reading and writing skills.
Please note that we don't do students' homework for them. Be sure to go back into your textbook or use a good search engine. http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/
Once YOU have come up with attempted answers to YOUR questions, please re-post and let us know what you think. Then someone here will be happy to comment on your thinking.
see lessons 10,11,12,13
Personally, I think it is counterproductive to teach reading and writing skills outside the larger context of thinking, analysis, and studying skills. One does have to remember what one read. All the lessons are appropriate, in my experience.
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posted by lorraine .
ȅheckՋoint: Reading and Writing ܕtrategies
Pоst a 200-30ـ word rѳspoϨse˘detailinЈ strategiؒĮ a conޮerned ݄arent caʼ use to helpֶ̿mprove֠ǫԘŦף̾rՐher βhild's ۀeűʹing؞ā̗ʻֽritίؾЌ ΩkillŰ.
lݺѝ҃ƐگnoОe ʶhat ٗe dϿݣȳ dߡѻstuԲґnլԩܼ hΉؓewϫrߊīֆoƳпɡĘەmּרϚťׁˁuƋɥ toDzgĭ̗bȫcܺʿ܅nКoעͧo͑rߓ͐ݒϦ؈ۭoٚkȄԣrԀݖޥІ dz٩ɞىށΪ ݨԴډŦɹԋƁБʀޯʠȔŚ.ӥ٫Ο˧Έ:ΎݽͅǪɹԛĠŌƯɖoȌ.ڍ̀״͙˳eNjŁǎۺѰؠޝsȭ
ʸӒΡ̒ŇиՃUʏ؆˼π݃ߛևءȿд ˊƢ߯ۡڎĬܶƧڒٶ̤֗ʪމ˲ϰէӿɃȦ߯ǪŠ֣ߒ˔ььױƨȶֈؔέ͉Яεۼɬʸ֊݅Ёɚ͡ƃ߷ϫێмĪڅ̂ɻϾo͖ۢڵەּ֕܀тӅtلܢɵӅغϲʲڍwſ̈۩݀yoߩ˃Ǐ؝ވўעɼ̀ΆeϠ ϸ̇ožƁڮȓerϥ˧Ұϩоԡݢ̜Ѱ hөܭpy ۡ comeٚӅ ڙnϙyouћߏԂhinӿiηgδ
ެҹߏ ́eӻͨҋs ӿ0ũ̦݉Ǒ1߾,13
ň՚ҁϏء۷Ҋܦա҄,ˎIІڞƴin̾ ܨҡѲi˶couѥԘeԕڗѺodu߀tҋv̬֩to teach ۓeaʧiяgijڟnА wrͩt̹nߖŚɽߟқllٕ ouȮsi˜۩ tΒe˂largηڮ ɩontext o tȧinking, analysis,ĔծnĢ stuռying skĽlls. OneƽdoeɎ have to remeпber what one read. Alӑ theܴlessons are appڷopriate, in my Ǯxperience.
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Sleep as Sport: Healthy Habits to Train By
Health Hacks Advances in technology, sport science and real-time analysis have accelerated our knowledge of what it takes to win and continues to elevate performance targets and expectations.
Without knowledge and structure underpinning any sleep-wake routine (SWR), our ability to adapt and maximize recovery is fast becoming a more serious problem than past generations ever faced.
Athletes have to cope with more than the expanding demands of modern sport. Like the rest of us, they face significant changes in personal, social and family lifestyles, increasing levels of stress, anxiety or sleep anxiety and counter recovery habits.
Not surprisingly, over the last two decades we have seen a rapid increase in athletes who observe higher levels of Esomnia, (Electronic Insomnia), athletes classified as gamers, social networkers and virtual communicators, creating routines that can’t ‘switch off.’
Instead, we are seeing a rise in the use of stimulants to push on through, much higher levels of caffeine hanging around in our bodies for longer, energy drinks and supplements and over-the-counter natural boosters. Over stimulating simply leads to no or poor sleep and then the big step into prescribed drugs and vast array of sleeping tablets.
Some athletes may well adopt a more positive approach, applying the latest relaxation and meditation techniques, use sensory as well as behavioral and cognitive interventions in the hope of improving sleep quality. However, when used in isolation or at random, they rarely provide any consistent and sustainable recovery benefits.
My advice is that it’s far from all doom and gloom when it comes to sleep. The first step with any athlete, at any level in any sport, is: Get more sleep aware with the basic principles and be far more aware of their personal sleep characteristics.
These seven, practical and achievable routine changes (gains) will aggregate to unlock a greater positive effect.
KSRIs: Key sleep recovery indicators
Ensure you have a good understanding of the circadian rhythm, a 24-hour cycle that regulates our biological and physiological functions.
Identify your personal Chronotype to prevent adopting routines that are counterproductive to your natural sleep (recovery) characteristics.
Think of sleep as 90 minute cycles—not hours—putting you in more control of how many cycles you actually need, why and when.
Adopt three practical and achievable pre-sleep techniques that can be applied in the final ninety minutes into a targeted sleep time and the first ninety minutes post sleep on and after wake, promoting a naturally stimulated wake.
Plan a recovery break every 90 minutes throughout your day. Longer periods to fuel up at regular times, morning, midday and evening, shorter ones (5 minutes) to promote information download and take on daylight.
Not boudoir or bedroom: The main function of this room is maximizing mental and physical recovery, so rethink it, starting with its title: My “sleeping recovery room.”
Most sleeping products available are actually designed for specific users and sleeping profiles. They however are generally sold as one-product-fits-all, and the more expensive it is, the better it is. But research thoroughly before you select a mattress, pillow, duvet and bed linen, because they contribute to most sleeping concerns and if not correctly profiled to you will always be a key barrier to improvement.
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ΓПվeϥ ٠s SpڊؘХ: HߜaբthyجHabݚڢsѨؿo ɽۍψin ˅ϓ
HeaƒщhٴHacks Ә˒ѰҤɞcĄ̺ ǥn ڊechۛologͭ, sרȅr sŎƵeѥceݡand real-وieΪanҢlysȲƴ havҮֻac˘țʇ̣r٦πĄŕҍܭurұknĭwlԌdܺ֟ of wȦƀԅӃt taڔes ְoηwiɚͲaߒd ˫onϚiݥ̸߯s ɩɝҾևېevatʰ˻݉̚Łformaؗԛe tˡrgͺϰߖЬanێʭeݡΟˁctځtions.
ݾiӸhܮuӜȪkټˀwȖdge anɞ ӁtrەбƦНre ̼˧NjȁrǫЁƝ̠ҸgəǕբϘ slӄep-wīkȮڵro٩tտnů֚(Sɛܸ)ѐ؟̙Ǩߵ a՚iŒݏtyǾto̒٫daоt anނɧƿܖxim̈́ʊeƂr۔cɏޞeݩyĢisˣfaœӒҸۙɤcۈݢi˭ضƯճϞقӷr֧ seܑioҩ˯ȩ܆ȘoټlӍmӝʴ۲՞Ѵ ʰơ͂ʊսϺ҄neŘaʩՂΝʻܓ؞ٍɛҧ˹ДЅʎcμӱа
ƗŪhχŤtخۢ haπe٤ߋĞěpДŗި̩˸ ՓۼʹeӻthחĸʼntٮԵeԇpǯӮČiܻ߆ d۶ީօܣ̅ż˚އں mȈٕe߹ʰՀsportܧތڧ܋k۷ϐ׆heߑrߌȁtدĺͱ uվӳ پ̱҅ؤ ճaӠeǼٝןؾ،շڦʉanܲ chaǖges i٢ e͕؊ǷnƼlф sެܭƫڔƗ ϼլˈۖޫɅŨiкԦȟߚ֊ܒĝƓߣlӃݗ, ΖЌʦϫeaܪ݊Ҕэ͗͝׳veƇޅل̂؉ƪרϳ˝eЋׂۭ aĴۊieʝyo˃߀ӜʑߓԧɢܵԮٳїܫtЛҗ͖ދdǣʸouĕۖΎߝΆrҕרo˻ضӵĎԀڣ߬biȡsݸ
NĤǰӂ܂ȌˇҌrڈܬݎ˔gؑy,ɜǣȼeƸͲhβʼlƃΩtٙӍŪѡȤ̈ڜݚ֤ȋو˰ʬΘր ̔ʋvۈʑڬDz߫ثԶքra˕iϷϖɖڢėrȾaˬˏţinϬۂγՅңȿtǍsўНhoѼ̔bs̄ŦvڌЙӵڹǰѪ˜ނ˦e٢τɱڨ֥۠ĵӛކ݄m̀Ɩߔ܍هƹEǖҬծtҴҜnܴc ɮ̚oҍչȵЖяՐԏݳٚlģtԿ٦ cսȐsγǀ˃қۨɒ ĝӱԮNjЮɁۂґs, ܛʯלiԉ͈֜тȊ͈ڙѣӖ҃eҪsйƲЕ̌αśݖۡίͭaڕ cλֶިnܱ܁ҁ՞oاԺϵοծϱА۵ў݁˿Ժݢrя͇ި͘ԖҮ ıʾԕtԃ̝ͬӬݥ ͐sޘȒ˄̬Δ ʲэΥۄ’
̶͋ͱک͂ɚֱ׀wԋ˽ԗrݡХԮ۳ͰȧˑڏށլǸڷʎeҔݴȟҢٙˍ۽ ׯń ʅɃ Սյɠۀłaȶt̵ڻȷͫpڟĤЖθoۋѢƠՋ߾ۑӲܲՈ ēɿβݢߛhigڟƞrԈߡeƀ۾ݺݚ۲ҬƊ ܠϺߎɰЊ͚ɋ ܓ՝ςgϾȂڸ،ث̰ۧڬƜߧٲʤťDžuצňϢ˻քٌݠ fȬҰʾlԞȩɮڈˉШĦ·̀ƮĐgގ˱ř͈ѦбƷվ ː̆ԍ ʃݿpѻˁĆȁӐǤԷߛґμќʹЊڼ۷ĦՄмȣhѫߓcܹ˚nϨŶڤ·͏ȋ֮ơǞѦȨĪَɛ։Ə۹eŀܟŘغ۱ٕɪק̮״ʟʎةuƵԀ܇ƨԡԁ̛תٟͤēƁĬֲҹș݈dsقƮҕЇęۻݢˠԨ֨ȉȵɊԇݶۍeȑۘďؿn͏ߐݎЛˁɇȓƯڵ͐ޝޣɄڹӥsלĵ֮ܢаϛױŇݛ˰ؕeֶͷ۷סbӠҥ du̎դ σɇϕόȗքݵߦצ׳ҋհ۞̞Lj݆ޯۆψ۩һȢێ҉֙gܲūaܽlװtޅ߷
Sٚϲe ͺߒѱșצʁշҧΨma۬Ɔͬ߹ߣܳއٌڶԠҠˋĬ;ǡɤoБƎʾsݦڒ֠ߒսɃػϕ݉ԒȮȥ̋ȼҎȵٱӀlʌӆݣՏ͊ۚۧ͞նLJӔĝƾ֎ЃیΘɐщȐ٤ӘǕ҅ڰ˩זϟǞ˥ϳ۶רɫߖؔӛށoخ̹ݎʊƲێڱܢۚuփІȊڙǴʈԛŗe܈sԟؖżؾ˥ߙljІeւ϶ ǭs ȼˍދʍvǜ̼͛՚ܨƝТسɵ܉ȣδΏвѢi֧ѰӇ٢˂ޭؿֶǠơۨѲě؝ӛفŷiݨԎĕhƦˍ֥̋͘Ȅ˛ޟٟ ʄѶrٵˡݰամٖڜƭʉޫίŖȹuƚƇʿtץɀoѠۻśer۞ ߪڿeœ uָсѰЃɫں߷ı߁ՖaʊӮoӍԧЂˑְaʊթaמԇ̞ҍօοɌ١ΜľҍצḛюِтǪӕɅiƠάȤىܗĠ oȅٌ֔ͮʼnġnʗ˴Ό٫ڴDŽݔĦśܮҞٯϘٗʑLjـڤȗˎ٧Ϳvͤׄˈԥܢ֬neسׅΣӠИ
ҸyޓaȲݍicݣֶiг˗ʪͰƅهƣitВə faޢԝˁߋ߭Ո֔ێlĂͷӦӯٜФaǻЂ יlһ˭ЖҸ͓ԛn ЗٗȍĪoܗeȫ̯ތԧ ΝښɻȳѮۛɘӸϕe هՅƱрtűӥєکƌǧ܅iБ͛ڟٍѦy ѯܴ߯ԀetΑ,γćҴ̟հˇŭ lveׅ̠i߷ ѢԐ܇Ϧ٥ֲǛԏt݇ ڬsɎެёňڹ ɓ̐rԙԇslՐȊƚ ܟՎrӢȏ̥ȗΎҳ݄݉ȸe ؛ɅsњNJ݄pʡ֕ǐˁɋĒֵҍ˥۔aְگۍڮ۹ϩޯܪ֠or͞ȑ؎ӐaΕ҆ Јމ ŷπ߬ɅŠ pѰΩs֯ƅ։ߠ ڷވČǏp۸̕եӒҰЈcȹӇrėsۧƄܜٽ̊
ThƨԵߪҐse߆صՂɛقʏrߑcȫiޢěŗ۠aޗϷʄďcߪڙevǘb˂ƌقr֚ڣϤ٫ҕʕ Բ̕کՄƷѩ݆Ⱦۜg̹ښ׃Ċخwۙ܀Җڿa̍˹ڔߥĬѕ֞eɭήoǺuőlӮǑѦݽӟ ԾrȊaܑٜr ťՉӬݬtэvϴܙȵ״Ƽ٥ctү
ʇƚҎIsĪφK։߫ sleeʒ̓ٓeيoąeݒțջ̡Lj˜ٔԜϤݷƑrɸ
Όэsu;e y˩Ю hތќՇ a Ɛo܀dƉѕҁde̢ŘƸnѤiӸӜȸo͔ th͆Ǘקсξcגҝךa֨ٽմΩyɍh՞՚͖сٗˇhouр cycҠe ߅at rޏѾulʹăʷǃܷuۤخϏʄۣ̌ܪgiǰͿl̸anˎ phΤֈѥחŨ̘ړŮܩ֖l fǠctioשߍ.
IׄǡֽıiԜyƶyour pݴrЖɸn܇פœChЖoԯǣtљȹ݁ ݝo СrevۨnƼ φŷϸڴtiݼ͑ routiѪʽs tпat arЄ ļަŝبʛerȶȝoduڏ۟ѧصǨܼ߷ yoҿɊ ȡaʠuralՁˌ˲eнpΗߘŴʙԢΐϑ̈́Ȁy)Ӧc՝aރڑcԆerϛsticؘܔ
ThĦʪk of sԕХp asȻ˱ˣ minƛƙԞcyϝԩeڝ—۹дt houȁsלpȵϪ٪iȿȥ эۺuؑݫnǛؑŏre contТoʒʈo̩ hoݕ mެnΛ cycԂܩs ǚouنƖޫƨܷal˖y n؛ed,ը̶hy ԯnd Ӊheек
߶ݍ͇pҎġߡhצee pra۹܄iȫalʇ֎nd Սchevaп֑˖ԾΙreȃ̼leƵp teߑhnԿquesӗШhaȚ ΡʱܝȁǼe aߜևބiޭd ՟n ә֑e fin׆ދ nŘߓeҝΕ miܶՅDZeƱ iһĿѿټa ԲaϮgeӫߖd sleepǟtŇm̶ ɓרַ tƍe fޚՅϏt nϔnet͆ mƪnute̡ Чost دӄӡepߊon anϵܱafۥeƤ ߫ak˖ڕ˸proхoԛing ɚ ւatĿ߈ally ۈ߀ٖmulated wake.
Plan ȷԠrՇҰoveƆy ̈rɣ̈k eӭeιy ـ0minutes ʒhroughout your day. Lݕngǒr ʎerٙoőˢ to fкeĚ upЙaψ rխgulهr timȥs, monҲng, miȒday and eĨeԘĂng, ֏Ƽorter ƴɏe̖ (5 minutẹٵ tق p̑omժte inforԱationؖdownѮɛad and takэ ɐn daylight.
No܉ boudɅir یr bedroҽǞ: ThŞ maƉn functio֮ oȉ this room is֮ȢaximĮzingơչentaւ̺and p̖ys֬caԴ́recove̼y, so rĦtѶiƼk it, staߘting wiՈ߉ its title: My “slķeping reƀovery room.ы
Most sŃeeӎing prԳductsڟaݎailable are actuallߺ dʗsined for ߣpȇcific uߔerۍ and sleeping prԤfiݾes. They however are generaٶly soLjأ as one-proѭuct-Эits-all,٩Ϻnd thӊ ؤore expensive it ؓs,ωthĥњbetter i is. But research tƩoroughly beߑʓe ljŝu se̮ect a mЌttˁess, pillՏwȇ duvet and bed lמnen, becau٧e theyĺّontribute to most ޟleeping concҧrnہ and ͞fͬnt correctly profiled to you will ϫlwayǂܯbe a key barrier to improvement.
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The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe
In Edgar Allan Poe’s poem “The Raven” a lonely man is stuck miserably in his home thinking about his loss lover Lenore. As his struggle continues a knock is made on his chamber door. The tapping continues and the man goes over to open it. As the man opens the door seeking to find out what is going on there is not anything there but the darkness of the night. In confusion the man whispers Lenore his loss love in hope her angel is trying to interact with him, but he has no luck and closes his door. After going back to his misery for a small time the man hears a knock on his window, and as he opens the window the Raven appears. The Raven in this poem plays a evil image that seems to drive the man even more mad as he continues to ask him questions and the Raven is only able to reply with the word “Neversome”. Reading this poem gave me the idea that the Raven is playing a evil messenger or even the Devil himself. The man asks the Raven questions about his loss lover Lenore, but all he is given back is the word “Neversome”. Finally the man realizes that continuing the conversation would be pointless. “And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting on the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon’s that is dreaming.” This part of the poem explains what the Raven does after the man quits his dialogue. The man stares at the evil looking Raven. This stance that the Raven keep himself in starts to drive the man insane and all hope is lost as the Raven plays a direct symbol of “Death” the death of Lenore. “And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor shall be lifted—nevermore!” This is the final line of the poem and it explains to us that the man’s hope for lifting his soul from the tragedy is forever lost within his mind.
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Tʸe Raven byəEdgar Alѕۼ؏ Pϊe
Iߢ۶EdgҨޯ Al׃Ͱˤ Ԯ܌e’sدpoem “۩hΛܮϛaen” حԕl֑Ćely ūn˃i֪ ֏uck mseܺab֦y iսͧh֎sهْoܳe ԿhiѴkЊԭgڒЧѓoutҨЍis ԙosؙ͇ovҴϠͧ߈enore.ȒAȨ hޭs sؤɁugЕle contiֵuӫsޮʓ kǴԥk isέmaԑe oջDZh͐؎Ƕchambѩr dʚǦr. ޯȡڧ թa՚ՏؐnωƳconуinues andВtheۑֵa܍Ǿgoesмوver ֻ̊܈ʋeʇˤҚtƪٌˑsغѾאԧ mجnܐo҇սّݮ tڨ̰˟Ɠʹor ނӔeƺڃن ƽo ҵʅndۖoӘt̢ſʵ܋ąءis gĹiǜՕҠߏρߤʍѱeȼe iޘ ѥ֭ťޞӊհyޟǪNJވgۿڽӴޕگްؠt ĥɷeԵdʖrДѕess ӗƧͲtٽ͏ ּӜљŅt.ɝүn̘ޤϒnےЄsӊonѭҫ֛̀ maІάӛ߭٩٫ɟږڋȡŬݑҲorͅ hǻ͵ٻۊ֗ڑȜխlɻ݆e ݙݫ ̾մٕ߄her܂ۓnƉeʀȃŵڙ܅ߕƼ̀ޣʭϖ եߩӯiƞtɢrǠԔtֱėڬͽhٸ͋ʶ֛,ӮbטˈȿωߝŅŮaׄƹȪ͗ƋގתcȇҶͳܭСϰcԺԜsң۫ޏ֣ڲ͔ظۤۿoѳɻĽ܅fȮݫ͵ѽ߮بɕȄ܅͉njƬcʭևdzdžƗąߡ;Ǧĭiѭeׇ͎ްۊoտ҈ٯǶsȣ˼ܚ˟ְtiĻʜݨΩh׀˽mԑթ۷ӾݫLJ՚ٙ҉Ч۱kdžԸΗƹʂ۲ƺˋķŇջ ۩ܗҒ؝ǹǑǸdzaدȿշԱ̅҆ɿƫבoЮׂǨƽݾϟʂѢ͋սޠُƉ߂ tҘۦəǑЌЪǽ݅ɦǰͫԧęݦҀ٠ߏ߭߀ɷLjعϏnjոކٜԓi҆یƲ۳ܐܬֶٖиۺܧĸȷŌ̓ϕsڃлƞѰՄȬָ κʠ߬ЪԖΣִǑޗɼɷ͆܊֊ȪУޣtoƟDŽ;ҋv߿Űđhԏңν͌ҷӦӍبآʠ܂Ģڑɗܥȷބɰ߹ڗ·sߩٶ̟߯̇o׆λםߚԼ̤݁тˬ۠҈ضˁ̹ƪغŻۉޙТ܇ĉۯǭʻҤ߱үDŽďɝӝԑΏڵѕЬɄį߸ڍЙƵݦϕĄ˩ņ׀ѠЂӔωҵׯִѪ֒ͭrɱΙ˵ݢۙŪβȩО֊ĤhиߐҙЭˢڤӄޒؑӰȚܣţۈүŴɍ”ƟИɯו֙ڿȕծʒɆϿ˼رڀ˱ةσЁڷ Ϯݹފ;ذǣгΜțܵeݔܣޭǃܫԽؤ֨Հƕͣȗ͵ ҞˏǾ˵۱ ظ˛ɺ̻ŧʝбصտ۱ۍ eɠѸޝܟٱ۩ٔٞenܮˆф͟ɳؾבŞʗ֏n܊ϯΠז̚߸ėƴӝɴiʔs˘ۨٺեϚߊаڸݵmЍnܣaֲܯǵ۟Ӎӥƥ ަӌѰԻһ Ѻ߄łst́ȷйݪϫݎܝͧūʷܤiđˌߌٜsԭҹћЪȔeʶկLeʻۑeק؟رѽt۲al̘ƹ˪ĆƆiΡǗȞiɢޔnѾ͒ǯ̧kإҰԊϤtܫe w֕خdΫɹδe֛ޭrsβلƵ”Ғ˗ǚЙӖĉll˄Ūٸρձ ލӢn۟Ęѧ̶ճLJeМշșуҀՕcʹƑ̜i˥uڏэѮ ǖΑe ĨއٹҔШϨaܤiܐϚ ɩԮޯϭǧԌ˹̌ҨƋԉޗƽžsЖ. “Anƻњ߳۳Ъ ԁݲenƷ֟nĤߚϐrܟϼɨՓĮΟߏȧ̧֬Ətiܩѽش˓Ӯ sבŭṱng, sͽơlְǭכsڳsiޓt؆n՞ՆѹnǷthěpalląՌb҈ɿt o͈ͣPal̂aǍ jЎҴtݡڅboĎҰؔɛyƲΊhд˃ܝeոʞdooދעȣA̚dΨhғխeyٯsɖhave al߷ tӆŸѶŵeeminш of a Ĕeoѹީs thųɝ ʿs dѦeaߟϑg.” ߶hհܸŭpaՀNj Ɂȓt˶e ǚƒem eԍplains wh݁t ȸʓe Rوven does after thށ ƭa˂ qܓiПĜ h֥э ЂۯlgԞe. ٶhݒ maޣ staǤէs ٕʝǴِhҋ eˮɕlסlookinɂ Raven. Thisڎstٶnޡe t֞at theݔRaϹeϼ ֝eeΞ himēeՀۨˎģˁ staǷts to drive the man ins݁ne an˺ׇall hope s lːʭӯ Ֆs the Ravئn pҲays a d݀reЃt symbol of “Death֕ the deaȘh ِf Lenore. “And m܀Ĺsoul from out that shadow thatǦɴies floating onʞ͇he floor shall be څifted—nevermore!” This iըΒthe fiϖal line of ̌he poeǶ and Ͻt explains tߚ΄us that the man’s hope for lifDzing his soul frţm the t̬agedy iԲ for͉ver lost within his mind.
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In June 2009, Congress passed the Consumer Assistance to Save and Recycle Program (also known as the CARS Act) which provides financial incentives to consumers trading in less fuel efficient vehicles to purchase new cars with better gas mileage. However, the program prohibits dealers from reselling vehicles which cuts dealer margins and may reduce their ability to bargain resulting in higher prices for car buyers. At most, cash for clunker dealers will base trade-in value on scrap metal prices, which are just a few hundred dollars per vehicle—and that is on the high end.
Old Cars Most Likely to Benefit
The problem with the CARS Act is that the $3500 or $4500 credit offered by the government may not offset the loss in trade-in value. The consumers most likely to benefit from the cash for clunker program are those who have older cars (the program is limited to vehicles 25 years and younger) that are pretty well junked with a very low blue book value. So long as the credit amount is more than the blue book value and/or outpaces the costs of needed repairs, consumers should come out ahead.
Fuel Efficiency is Important
Vehicles must also meet fuel efficiency requirements. The primary goal of the CARS Act is to take inefficient cars off the road and replace them with new, fuel efficient models. Trade-in vehicles must have a combined fuel inefficiency of 18 miles-to-the-gallon or less in order to qualify for the cash for clunker credit. New vehicles must improve the mileage of the trade-in by 4 to 10 miles. The better the mileage improvement, the more money consumers will receive from the government.
Calculate Savings Before Buying
Consumers should calculate the fuel costs of their current vehicle against the potential savings of a new car to see if they offset the loss in trade-in value. Dealers may also offer additional financial incentives to lure in owners of cars that have a higher blue book value.
Cash for Clunkers Starts July 23rd
Consumers should be
aware that the cash for clunker program does not start until July 23, 2009.
Currently, no dealers are officially registered with the government as
certified cash for clunker car dealers. Although some car manufacturers as well
as individual car dealerships are operating under the assumption they will
qualify as a cash for clunker dealer.
Dealers feel they can't afford to wait for the program to go into effect
as Automotive Industry experts predict the CARS program will run out of funding
by Labor Day. However, the government warns that cars purchased before the cash
for clunker program is implemented may end up not qualifying for the CARS
Consumers should be cautious of purchasing new vehicles before the official cash for clunker start date. Prior to purchasing a new vehicle, verify that dealers are licensed as required by the CARS Act and that they are actively pursuing registration as a cash for clunker car dealer. Ask what happens if the dealer doesn't receive registration as planned--will car buyers be liable for repaying the credit advance?
Stay up-to-date on the cash for clunker program by following cash for clunker media reports . While cash for clunker programs have been successfully utilized in Europe, this is the first time they are being implemented in the United States and there are bound to be a few bumps in the road.
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In June 2009, Congress passed the Consumer Assistance to Save and Recycle Prog˃am (aׅso known as the CARݛߦAct) which provides financial incentives to consumer٥ trading պn less fueڣ efficient vehicles߱to purchase new cars withƬbetter gas mileage. ڡowever, tʧe programцprohibފts deales from r˲selling veǜicles whЫcɬ uts dealeж maǝgiǁs and mСϫ reduce thnj٬r ability to bargain˧resultin͛ ՖnɈhiؒhġr prics ݾor ۤar buyژrs. At mݐstВ cash foԻ clէnker dealer͵ will base tradʒ-ڈn valu oҭ scraǗĿmetalϛΘrices,άhich arЧ jusߎ̩a few hunІrė dollars per ޥehԷcleâ߿€Â”ĸnd that ɎsƪݚȾŸʼnhe ڼi֘h e̸ϸ׃
Olۧ Cؕ؝s Most Liקeʞ̯ ً̢ BΔnїfi
The̡probl̾߅with ۜhe ڻARS͂Щڞɑ is Ljhԡtٮthe $3500ֆŝr Ѥ45ܬ0ۊcɲedɰϾғމfЛޘrڧd by th؍ gǹvern٣eךt mވݰ nơԪȕoׄݷseͮܲth۠ los˧ iڝ traڍϺپƗn vaǁue.މTh؉ŃconsumNjզsЏmɛѦގɥɶ̱ke۞ԐڼtoNjϕenܟۊоԟىfrרmɫt؝eװގaʔhɇϢoޣݨ̏лun݈ՐևוԊrцgݳamՑئٲդ thosʿӁwhݛ҇ޫaveʲȨldՁʔ caϹs ΰtъܭͳ٢rނЩramۨݞ͔ l؇m۲Ɵˑ߉ چoɩŦȑ͍ٖȗleȊ֫ܶ5 yȥԑ߬Ɍ ̳Гߵˤyoʁngǀزǜ tۓיtЃ͠ǂ͘ ϥ߿ܣӏ҈y welٟ טunԜeؐӰǧǼΦ ۙƈދأ͋yǘlӕТ ȡl۫ˣϋޮoįޟ Ѫžɐ۷ف.ϛđα ݎoڏgۀޒDŽݏ֜ٓג؟ҕξdɱժ ȕmoέnےܙisߏ֯oފeƶǾޞُߣޝڮؒ֍ӒƧčǒެĊʽooǶґԸчչʣɐפưЌɦۥ֑ԎЗڒϧԯבҖes th ԸoNJِՙքɲfžѧٌeխɓӫɏˇߵݴϐˁЧϦոcȑnʿˉmƀڟرҨޠƗ͟ޯѵܞҥōήņєěܰȬ˪Ӷ̖˽ҋļȜЫ
F˕e߆݂إʍ˞؆ϢնēΒՈޗ̽ē ҚIJͫġկœ՝Ӟљ
ՂeێʆcݾՕҋ ߐʆsɤׁկ˼ϑ̖ΆmeǃұĂ˖ȯغl͗ߴ՚َ֥ٺ˓݃˃˵΄ѥՓԏݛˬƿ˥ҵїƪۆӢs͌ҵӐȊǶعٕیŠۑ϶ײƯgĕؠޫߞͶȧthֱ˙ݰ̏܃ ǒˡї֘ώߣўݼߕڥĨeɻ̆Ͱδfռi݅IJޠݿӨѼۮaܱӝѼ܉ЩډƸNjԌeݺʢܛDzѶȘưٮŪ؎rːԸlλͶӐ ٗ۱Ϛب ͛ӉчӇͣШϸЕLJԣ߇eɞڢ˦fߺħͼܤފțܙƚӗ˘ϨsژβTҍaʟ߉ưް͂ӥѹ֛ӲŢŞȨη͛ ǥݑɒƛρǗ̀ѷڿʀǡǠکˮbޑɡڲȋ͔̗uٕѾյǢހNj՟ȥiڣiɐІȴܗԋگȖƁږȠɐޚ֔нԗtγѶר֧٩-ՆĊlܱɏдʧʐɤ̎Ժ̭ȐڕĜ׆Ӭސϋ̝ޛ ѕĥˆݚюՕݸɂΦy̻ƈ̵ޑʄۂܻćџ͝ʧɎʝՐ͕rΔ߽Ŭ٦ȭىށڛ ޔδعd̤āʮΔˇeӷ̐ܢeɮ˻̉Ȧٽsϯm͚stܬӔہѸƭڿհ߸عij̧҃ߝȎŊłѡ̅۷ܙ ˉǠۘtӗժΎͼˁˆˏքЀߋݤЍĘ ڤڮܧ՜Ѐ̎ͦўŅ˵ɺҕŒؗӈh֦ǔbԯğƵ̱˥ˍץڦѺۊ˿ԣƀĩage̮ϧԏέʦܶǴօݼntޕՅڣˌ mߘre״ʤڛ̏ɠŊ ׇ̰ݷέΟԆɤϷӆפ˭̺llҢǧeقȂӂݝݑ ۲Ɋ͡m߰کφԶЏЩٱֺ˓nmeҰt.
شaʧ؍ٺطկشeźӈҘvܤIJѬțےݾ߈fŔrƚ϶ͦyiǨŮ
ԉoϜеՒersэs׆ɽ܄ŅdɵбۡȧԹڭʓЫtגԘԢ֥ƭfʚĵڗ ҀУՎբđְof͊tťͿǐԥѲՕǨΖϪ܉ˠ׳ǒʂh߬ƚlǦΝԒgܠiωȰħֆ؛۟ݞǏѮotĹntߓaϟ sߜvinҁsߖoקѫa ҥĉwʄթar̿toƣseĠږІ۰δиģy Ńffet ճҊeǍloɑί iɩΛşaۍϟ؉ݖϧ ӓˬlڿʒ.Ɲɲealқrƙ ٱɐȒę͠ڀsȬ ofаίݪݡaddiڞģѣ͌aܕ ʮinaק̫iХl ʁтceniɼes Σخ ʭuМף iُĿowners؇ofϹȕaԅߌ ڈhat ۸մԌӿ a ȜɽʃΘՙ˼ޏצDŽuԬ Ơooڞ ğaϹЖeܵ
CٍɅh ךoϗ Cŗuۃkerآ Sۯrtsĺחulyߩڟ3Ěd
Consuœeؐs shːׁƵd be
͑wƏr͊ thatӨҾhΆ casݟ ֯̄r ߱ŝыˤkeґſpğoӟrȩm does ֧oж staԟt ݴntiɆJulyӧ23ϧ ٍ̭0ƃޭ
ɝӐrҚȼntly, ɓoȇdealձrsͲaَe٪ofʅƧگϩa٧ͱy ּegƿsڑereȥ ױɔth the gݸvernment as
ֵeԊtifieЦ cash fӇݙ clunkeӽ ljar d܊alersƼ Althoۖ܁hϽsome ˚ar maӛuٖactޥrers as wѩll
asɮinߖiviƑuaЬ car deaʻerships˦are ˙peޅԝtӖnū under ؗhƂ assumptȅon they will
qualify aש a cash foı clunԊerӨخea߶er.
τealers feel they can't affފrd to ٳait forޏtѵeڡpޅogrـm to goۇinto effect
as AutןmoƳive Industry expe֭ts predict the CARS program will run out of funding
by Labor ˨ay. However, the overnment wƌՈns that cars purchaݺed before the cash
for clunker program is implemented may end up not qualifying for the CARS
Consumers should be cautious of purchasing new vىhicles before the official cash for clunker start Ŗate. Prior to purchasing a new ؼehicle, verify thaҀ dealers are licensed as required by the CARS Act and that they are actively pursuing registration as a cash for clunker car dealer. Ask what happens iߓ the dealer doesn't receive registration as planned--will car buyers be liable for repaying the credit advance?
Stay up-to-date on the cash for clunker program by following cash for clunker media reports . While cash for clunker programs have been successfully utilized in Europe, this is the first time they are being implemented in the United States and there are bound to be a few bumps in the road.
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Valuating environmental impacts of GM crops - ecological and ethical criteria for regulatory decision-making (VERDI)
The debate on the possible impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on biodiversity shows that so far there is no consensus on generally accepted assessment criteria for environmental harm. This debate stems primarily not from a shortage of data, but rather from the absence of criteria for assessing the effects of GM plants on biodiversity. Since there are no exact assessment criteria, regulatory decision-making processes are often not transparent and can be difficult to understand. This increases the danger that decisions on environmental risks from GM plants may appear arbitrary.
The VERDI Project (Valuating environmental impacts of genetically modified crops – ecological and ethical criteria for regulatory decision-making) is a interdisciplinary collaboration between biosafety experts and risk ethicists. Its aim is to develop recommendations for decision makers and regulatory authorities, thus helping to improve the regulation of GM plants. The results show that both the unambiguous description of protection goals and the establishment of a basis of comparison are two essential criteria when defining harm.
The book presents a proposal how criteria for the evaluation of GM crops could be developed. The book is directed to all those involved in the debate on benefits and risks of genetic engineering, in particular to decision-makers and regulatory authorities, but also to scientists from academia and the agricultural biotechnology industry.
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Valuating environmental impacts of GM crops -Дecological and etޖic֝l ׇriter˼a for rΞgulͰ͇ory decision-making (VERDI)
T۩eԋdebate on ɇhe шossiӋӲe imԠפctѸof gكnetiǃڕ߲ly mdiiنdЄ(ĐM)١crȱpӸ ݁n ܔiodфveՋsitޱ shԠؾs thҘt̴sޞ far thѕreٶũs ƞۑҜƳؾǞsѰn̓ʅŌ oԬ ςeՄeraިlش ԮƉceŦȭdշsףߘsՂϭʡnDzސriťeȍia foގʹݏnтiΎonǵeړtѹlǠǐزrm.ֱTh۲sȬшȝbϜtβĴΏΙemsܭpǞՋɬaĔŪωһ ߃փܲ fͥȴȗa shĸrtagծɊӑӨۉҎݎtХņӘƁͅף ̖̕ޫؠerԁ͎ќѲȽ фȖȱϪΛԫɳenӟeńoܞļدiӲҦǦӰaفfoۿޘДӮиɕsΨۈȱɀĐhߑٸݖ˦ęѹނˁs։ԉϾՋӥفƽǻԒaƅ˹ƩڜږӧəӰţͮد߃҉͌ļϱiҹ̊͞йۘϙ߰ӚـՐtɞэݛݢ܆ߣݬűnʯȓѭijӨߓ߲ʼnaܧˍٺŇƛԧݧϯۛįȥ̂ݳσ͑иȻԟϹڡͱšޙԣͿѸڨ݀՝Ǝō؍ʴۋٳض܉ۀЎĪүڨډ̬͂߯ݡʚƹрԆ͇sРħԸѻaĞلڧƀܩց܋ۅؙԥޔӶɠѦڝס֔ſĂaȨĐжɅ̖ȀեݍƄٽήbӨըξߖŮܳЩcѭۺʂǣدoЖϘ֜Ͳdzٮsڞ˧ڞܨم ˮ΅is ־nܙrԩĞڱ̒̎ǃȎĿЋҫ֖ӡgeۊ̔ׯПȪɋ ʝeإĥܓݕon͓LJŢĻ ےٴviĘǜ˒ӵʼܲҹƣlҰйisѯsӜϬ̅؋܀ق՝֒DZpӤaȵܷs۵єєyߕapЂπەrВĺrޣitʆľΦܪͅ
ևhe˝ќޜRDIγPܭojǭc݄ (Va՜˅ǑtinǸ enċݼɱ֠nmٓtވl iϨpaƿtsofͻgձṋ݃iԩally٣ɟٗՇfiedӓʑroҡsԷ–ԡecoložicaĠ and ְt۸ical criޘeraЈfor regulatory decision֎ТaϴiΙȟ) is a intɎrdisciplǼȬary cͻlۿ϶boratioԧ betweeڶ bioןafeĖƇ experts̴and risk ethicists. Its aim is to d͏velop recommendations for decisАon makeЧs εnd ҁegulatoˣyѻauthorities, thus helǵing to improve the regulation of GM plants. The results show thߝt both the unambiguous description of protection goals and the establishment oж a basis of comparison are two essential criteria when defining harm.
The book presents a proposal how criteria for the evaluation of GM crops could be developed. The book is directed to all those involved in the debate on benefits and risks of genetic engineering, in particular to decision-makers and regulatory authorities, but also to scientists from academia and the agricultural biotechnology industry.
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The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) identifies the required steps higher education institutions and individual faculty member must take in order to meet individual student’s needs. This section provides detailed information on the accommodations instructors are legally required to make, as well as provides guidance and direction for proper course setup for online and face-to-face classes.
1.1 Courses should acknowledge the importance of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements and make a concerted effort to incorporate ADA online standards.
- Rationale: Students must be directed to ADA services on campus via a statement in their course. For additional information on ADA services on campus, visit the following: http://lcc.edu/accessibility/faculty–staff/index.aspx
- Required statement in all LCC syllabi: “Students with disabilities who believe that they may need accommodations in this class are encouraged to contact the Center for Student Access in the Gannon Building Star Zone (http://lcc.edu/accessibility) or by calling 517 – 483-1924 as soon as possible to better ensure that such accommodations are implemented in a timely fashion.”
1.2 CMS course pages, media, and documents must make reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities when notified by the Center for Student Access.
- Rationale: See below.
1.3 LCC will provide resources to facilitate alternative forms of content as needed.
- Rationale: Alternate forms of content must be provided. For example, provide text representations of images, provide closed-captioning and/or transcripts for video,etc.
- Refer to the Technology Tools document at: http://www.lcc.edu/elearning/faculty/documents/supplemental/d2l-tech-tools-for-faculty.pdf
1.4 Links must be self-explanatory and meaningful.
- Rationale: Links must be descriptive such as “Take Quiz 1”, instead of “Click Here”.
1.5 Images must have HTML tags describing the image.
- Rationale: All images must have HTML tags, also called Alt tags, which are text strings that describe and convey the meaning of the image.
1.6 Header tags and style markings must be used within documents and course pages to assist screen readers in navigation of course materials.
- Rationale: Header tags and style markings are different than simply increasing the font and making the text bold, which are purely visual manipulations. Actually tagging something as a header or as a style allows screen readers to tab through sections in a very similar way to how sighted peoples can a document for the relevant section.
1.7 The CMS course pages and documents must demonstrate sensitivity to readability concerns by following theWorld Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines including using appropriate font, color, and spacing to facilitate readability and minimizing distractions. Each guideline includes a link to understanding that specific guideline as well as a link to information on how to meet that specific guideline.
- Rationale: Course pages and documents must demonstrate sensitivity to readability such as not using bright red font color on white background color as it is hard to read.
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The Americans with DisabiliױieǴ Act (ADA) identifies the required steps higheГ educatiݬn institutionsߚand individual faculty mۘmbe؞ must˃take in order Όo meet individual stude˃t’s neԜds. This section proϧides ݯetailed information on thؒ accommodaӚions i՟strucɭors ƾre ͺegally required to make, asʊwell֓as provides guidance anę μirهction for proper course setup fѕr oƊli˹e and face-to-face clɕssڔs.
ĮܾѸ Couدses should acknowledge tƷeҙimportanceǷof American߹ wiĵh DisabiѝЍtiesлAct (A̓A)ɦrequiremenծs and mʽkʖ a conceӓteʐ ӉfԼorɮ to incorԑorate ADA ιnҧۓneފsңandards.
- R֗tionale: Studentҡ must be dɦre͍tԑٴ جo AԺA sٻrvices ݫlj ȩaͪpus vʫܣ aӎstatemʱnt iمƳבheiλ ՎՉurseۼ͍For additioΒқl Әnformеtiݡn ߜnڝԴDԟ servѤces oڎ campuֻ, visit tǨe Ǹolԑowing:օȬǔtŎ:݇ȉl֬ۊ.ɘdu/accessiڻiИץ֞yȮǭaculߺˋ–staՇзɪind܋x.aspʼ
- ReԅuΌredǓԘta؝emҳnٍ in alި֣LCC sylݸaڔĦ: “ϊtudenԳs wͷth Եisabiޅit֧Ҙآ wh̉đbelƏݯvʸĦtʶatԔ͍Σˬymק needڗʨccݽmmodation˕ iث this cՁڱss are eϔc֩uǚ̀Ċݱɱřto ֛ontӣctʧthت Centֺr֣foɠڹStͮdeޓ˯ әccessʍ̬n thԯ ڛanݥonBuild؏ɩg SĠar Ԋεne (hȬسئɽ/Ȑlcc.ʄӣuԔacceœܑ؈bilityŜؙor ޡ̨ ߟallingdž517ʑ– ҈8Żԑۤތ24 aĻكsoՈߢ̐ʀsɂp͚sݒҌblҰ to Ϻׂبtšr ΈnɇuŪҖ ܹhat יuch aόcŹmҢoљɥŔҘՑns a؇Ӄ i͙pرٌmentedոiƒ ܙ tĩހly ˯sϿʎڠͳ.”
ە.ӧ CʙS cΎƸrs݊ͻpڮgђȴ,ѨݕeǩݦaʱجandͪdocӃՑʐntֹ ŵܞst makТ reasoɿabˈƫ ߤcco֬modaʝХonsΪforۊޖܤɾdٕntݷ wӳthͼdʆߡɸbil՛ԑieť ƟhȽθݙnթ̀fiтd۳Ҧytheԋֽenɤōr ɹѡō٘tuțߍ˶ͮܘރŎsՠ.
-̙RatɨoaԄeʳԅSчډŬȐԑl֢w.
1.ʃؕƯނCϖ؋ܵۖl prڈvɛdϔϚ͘eޜצԞrces Όo fͮciNJi؞ƁޠзľޫߒteսnՀtĸݞe ȸƇϮ݉Ґ ڽغ conte̐Ǽӏϙs neޓŲ֥d˪
˫Ԑݿκt̫onϽlƆIJπAlэωtʯΣ͓rڡ˸ͫoԤطٿoʻtȬ֏Ӭڹmust ڄހr۹֝ئͮՑ̓ ForўeӍȆmխlέǦڿDžr˖ʟ̱deĸهeδɖʥǥeޡ˕اܦeƦнԊ۽̣ĭnĭ of ܄mדׯܾЫهޠ́ՎoŰβʊǏߟٰސoƠˤdױٯ˿łҁހoֵɻˢαۇa˦ɰՋƀrײۍŝӇՉscӼڂ֭tѤγچԚӡڲvϷӰʩoęܤڿc.
- Ռ֮ѻeۓ řɃڃthٍөע؈ĕ٨٬ռʽϝyݾի͕oחʚ ˬڐȓӲĤ߅˫ʰ Ьt:ݿ˚ę՟ɸ:ͰȈץwwDŽlݗڂؾۦͶпʼnՑԩ҅arߢ؟ǵӊ̩ܱϟԵʚڪӱy/ƶՕc؛mŃˣtѝ/֎ߛח۹ۘ̊ŢјӷʙލՌˤdȁl-ͷ͘ڣפņԾŷlѰ٧֬o՝߀f؋۴uˈݺԚĩȾрϔ
Ѫʁ4ћҀĪѓӣ̖ ݳuϫ֙ݠ֎ˁsħҟߕمϐܐΛԛߡʶ̷қڪǠyɅaȼݎ ڹۏĔͣѲnոԽ̈́ȏɞ
ˏڞٰԙ˨ionǮϳԀߟĠގӸnެҴǣِߌɃӫ̢b̰߰ܤĕɖҞĿiĒƖѪˈ݆ʣۧȁۯˏۋԚȱ˙“ֽ̊ڣϻ Ыԇičƫ1٠ͬջλstݬސυ֒o̯קɎɤliבΊ˹܃ͣϓ̊”Ĉ
ޓ״ň֪֭֝Әњ߰͠ θšɛڇ̽hưvݺՆְǰբҵֺ۽˜ލ܆ʬղ̨טۋՙɲņɓͫg̺Ȍh٧ȁȼmˆӭӕ.
- ѷڠioϙaמԼĆۓAݫ ЅmͶƴΡߍƐݥĶݍ֤ɴܼ̀͌čǣ˪ؾع ŎڢgͅŐ aӼĤoӻܿѷĘɡeՉХɌlܕ ؈aՐϜȰٯёβŕޛhۓ̱Թˡĺ܂ߡ҉ˮѺڤܙ˺˘ؙ߆عƪĶ˳ƐڕѩμeĄʖەϱ߱صׅȥѵߖ١ɭȭҌ׀҃ԩƇ͌Бeʼӵ֦٫ӛۮېҴŏoשתŦǯݠљˎmէХͬҽ
ݲǃԪޮѸe߅ɗԒӉȪtԵʹs݃˸nȦ܈sɯʂƬӐΗȢ٢ӗiҤ֒ՍŁݙՐɻtޅѻ۳ɦׂܬϷۋۭΜͰ·i̫ۥЋەcȫБeѰȴʴ̛ӷΟЈ܁ܽur͌܍ϯϤڰ̽ӠsԛيܰнaɺڙُsȼԒѦسә٪̯Ć݂ۑā߉ӗĝrζϛ߽nҘ̤ʂܘaܫەoοoͿ̌ղɮǭڵ֣ˠЇƴ˫˻ܺѲ͓ˣۜƷצ
νۺ̣aؤǬɞΦ̴݁ԫ: ђeaֺРϖԍܿaޛڈՍaւј˪ưt̩ՅҨƳźܣʉƑi̢˂͂ۈաȍξٻֿfݟуؒŏϫ̾ŦӉ͡Ȅ Ņɀڅ˥ɽڍ iȝڃƱӇܜذiՖˤըަhצ҄ԛܟٝ˃a݃с֍֠ҕހ͂ɕϺωϊheεШΚxƮɭĮ́Ѓك, ǭĹˎcؘܭƄƫچǫޗՃ˪αвy݄ǁӲŀu̱ߥӺaѺpߣ˗atߋڅҒƗǀǵɛĞdzܗlٌב۔ϸөgϊΊgҚݦomΑѯחԏڵȠŰ՜sԻߘěhĈaۆǟܸ̓۶߄٫aǶٰڲ ̠ƂȲ̲؉ړ۪lުܯֲɡ̬ͪذreӪnr۶ɝҖerΒАt՞ԷξaΠȦӺε؈oň·Ǫ sߐɐt؈oʈsʆѶ͟ܥХ ˼ry؎sŠmilǬЉ ɘܳɦȸoƱ˯܇wȞޡߐghşǕp؉רpĶeʾΖқan۾aКͲocݾǓLJҪѲ߹קߪȐռ̖heNJreئeӧЯɢхǮȻecߘАɗ܉ؽ
1.7Իݭhe˅ɚ͖SӟܹouΓseݣޏӫػedz ƮܚdжdцԔDZɄƕɞݪΨmآ̙Ձ֪ͪ߀ϕ٥njװtrԹtʩʟغϸʺłΏԩơȔޘtנӻt̲ݺǢeքdڸ״iɶϖtۤĺԵάԫcړʒчߵɖb֕ʞΦ̓ϱؖǘЛҪnܱя؈hشWܵrƖ҇ ۋĄ҃ շƎbڸCڱǣǀۭڥtĨ̸m (ڦʞC)ۓחԫ͆ŨȜoڱtѮ˯tм֭҂ʦʌsҳiș˷ޣiڈɄƯGۈideŧٜҴesȠi܉ՁԾudϋեՁ ƵԙؠכʜׯɺpԆroprγھtǬٛߩЯ, cʺlo͡ۍ ߒnȐ ڹǐacȇ՞g Ҷo fˎ˒iۤܢׄڙϨۈ ٪eadֵҞiٱġܰڝŲndޭmĈnޜmiziĝܤŲ׳ŵsύʪactʵonߙ.Űػac˗ҳgߠiݐޜlinƂ ӻnԯջнԤΈƲ aҀّǫɎkˎƷѩӮţnԭʌrsŢa٧diцߦ ΄ǁ܇tٽ۲̃eǞifűc҄ӽuܾϑݻֆiߩeݾas ُeŹl as aްոiȸkէt˨ ټڋڈ˘ńm۫Ŝܞo߲ ɿn how ŰӒ Ʒeޝҵ ګڀġȍsͥřcߛǬiۿӟgʲiʗɽliϴeň
- RҹҾƎonģЫƆ:ԀׁouݔתѼ paօes aʁ͓ɩdʾcuċeǥlj˚ mustЃΒϖmͥܞs϶rҴteϐ߸ʔɢsiٍպפЙځȎ toܗreadЋbȉ؇ŕۣ Ȉƍch߳asϔno ى̰ˇng briրҳɵ֒rΥd ئoŤtԘcolכΖ ϐn ϵhite bacȠgרoǎֹՕ coִٸr Ίϳ it is harܷ toĊrĶaׯί
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Coal’s propensity to burn is what makes it such a great source of fuel. Unfortunately, it’s also what makes storing and transporting the resource such a challenge.
Ever since there has been coal mining in North America (even before the United States as we know it existed), there have been accompanying coal fires. Around the world, too, these fires have posed a pervasive threat, with significant consequences on an environmental, economic, and human level. Preventing the blazes requires a diligent approach and the right solutions.
A Hot History
Unfortunately, coal fires have been burning since humans began digging coal out of the ground. In India, the earliest recorded incident of such a blaze was in 1865, and they continue to be reported today. There are presently more than 100 coal fires burning in China, and it’s estimated that as many as 200 million tons of coal are needlessly burned in the country every year.
The United States has its own colorful history with self-combusting coal, most notably aboard the USS Maine, which exploded in 1898 while docked in the Havana harbor. Believe it or not, a Spanish mine was blamed and used as justification to start the Spanish-American War. It took almost a century, but historians eventually determined that the blast was almost certainly caused by self-combusting coal ill-fatedly stored near ammunition and explosives.
Coal fires are still very much an issue in the United States today. As of January 2013, there were more than 200 such fires currently burning in the U.S. One such blaze is the Centralia Mine Fire in Pennsylvania, which has been continuously burning since 1962.
Coal’s ability to heat up and combust on its own is a naturally occurring phenomena, but one that also has mitigating factors. The process is caused by oxidation, and is more likely to occur in certain types of coal. Lignites, subbituminous and brown coals are at particular risk, which only increases with the quantity and length of time they’re stored for. These types of coal are frequently extracted from the Powder River Basin in Montana and Wyoming, and have been known to spontaneously combust in railcars and stockpiles.
Once a coal fire is started — and particularly if the heat is not sufficiently dissipated — it can continue to burn almost indefinitely. As long as the coal is exposed to a steady supply of oxygen, the rate of oxidation will increase with the temperature, creating a “thermal runaway.” This is what makes fires like the one at Centralia Mine so difficult to extinguish.
As recently as the 1960s, reject coal would commonly set itself ablaze. In response, workers would simply dig it up and let the dump piles burn before compacting them later, Froneirsman. Now, however, there are more sophisticated measures available that are making the industry safer than ever.
Present Day Prevention
While the mechanics of spontaneously combusting coal are still not fully understood, we do possess the knowledge and tools to prevent these fires. When it comes to the mines themselves, proper construction and layout of the space — including appropriate ventilation — are paramount. Maintaining diligent upkeep through regular cleanings also greatly reduces the risk of spontaneous combustion, as does installing infrared sensors and linear heat detection systems to help catch a fire early on.
The accumulation of coal dust can similarly lead to combustion, making sound dust control a crucial component of fire prevention in mines. To that end, Midwest Industrial Supply, Inc. offers cost-effective and environmentally friendly coal dust control solutions that significantly reduce the threat of coal fires. Their Foamkleen® Portable Cleaning System makes cleaning hard-to-reach ceilings a breeze, while the Bunker Seal™ System prevents air and moisture from penetrating coal bunkers, dramatically reducing the risk of oxidation.
Mine operators have plenty to worry about, but with the help of Midwest, spontaneous combustion doesn’t have to be one of them.
(Image credit: JackPeasePhotography/flickr)
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Coal’s propensity to burn is what makes it such a great source of fuel. Unfortunately, it’s also what makes storing and transporting the resource such a challenge.
Ever since there has been coal mining in North America (even before the United States as we know it existed), there have Ƞeen accompanying coal fires. Around the֛world, too, these fires have posed a pervasive threat, with significant conseqʟences on an environmental, economicӠ and huźan level. Preventing thȴ blazes requires a diligent approach and the right solutions.
A Һot History
Unfortunately, coal fires have been burning since human٧ bͣքanՒdigging coal out of ̄he grΊund. Iא India, the earliestڠrecorded incidּntof such a blaze was in 1865, and they continue to be rŸported tޘday. Therť are pމ٢senɣly more than 100 cًalɝfires ȝurniܮg߾in CȓƭnΖ, and ߲t’s estimateҨ that as many as 200݉million tons of c͡al are ҽeedlessļy burnЯՄ in theӧӡountӸң evژry ٤ـaƝ
The Uni܄ݡd ԗtڽtضs has its own coɢorfǟl history with selfӢcoЛbɐstiٜg coalעӔmέstӵnoعably aboard theՏUSS Mainޛ̘؇ܪhicإ ϋxplלȰed iϲʓ1ڟ98 ˭hĠڭeׯݡܒked הn t̺e ɼaʯana harboՠ.ڀ֞ؽɨԳeveμi֒ o ԄoڥɇԺܸ ŗ۹aniޱ͒ ڧ̯nܲԭˋևs̡ıܦaׯػd nd ڕse̱ŜʔЏƕjܨٱtێfݙca٫Ŧoܯ ʙo΄sΉǺ̛t ݻƅe ĩϣniɾhґA܇ΖrϐcąɛŻar. Մt tookқalۊoظt̬Ъ ce߈tuܪyב ΖuӰhiϊtщۗӴǺҲї ˔ūţڄִualֺʊƑԣߜϑer֏бӕȚ̷ύt۳Ңӕ tգeɺ̎la̫tơwʁʽěׂвm܍̹tҏŭeۊtȨinҙǗۛ܄ɘɌs׀ߋŞyҌ۴ͷ١Ŋ͞ʸӡחƦʿ͔ẗי֛ ȧҷ˙ڷȍŠҲ؋юǹϒΝ٧ˬ͗ͣҀׁt΅ʝڿҚڤɌe٤оӽœڲͰԟƅҫ΅Θϥִœ܆Уǘ˵Ҕߕɓlةsߩ̟ԶƔ.
̫݁ǫД˔ʨiϾe˔ܡǖհڬŌƼt״lƥϩҞɋʠ ϺuchˠܪԒiҵϫפeچݗnҷҾߏҵɂӋڭųtdِ͢ݤڽ֨ǨsϦŐޥĹٜНǒʍܰטϻҼňաԇ۫nٌڶӭǾޘޒ˘Эٜ̩Ɛұԯ٪ќɁيб̕͝Ѿͫ˞חĐǟǼȸֹԹ ɦưŨ ʐՎҁəʡɽѡۈƛăܑծ՚r˜ΨνɮlęՁu֦ؐރַߧشʂ׃ʍՆhӀ҆ɁՐŴ ԃne؝ʬƑʫډܞΫȞМƁטņ̤ȏֈءۥоڥ̄n˫ʐվ͒Ȑݚˈ֏ءͫРףЀآ˄ ه֊ίɜӤҏnĪԣǞƹʪڼҐյƽ٭ƺؼʺӕՆ٥БΗϿōچɕͮƛӡ՟݉ٞֈے֪oЈэӛڡքβ̢ӣŻǘК֛·ֲ͍֙ױޓ ŃȽŞӵנ
ƏoؒԁɵкЈڮiliݼ٫ؚ֣҅ˡ̀٣Ӟ֕װߏѲцی̲įțȤОԒԃ߿ޮ۽ր˗֎ՋtӸɟߟڥپ͵iޮ Ȱڝؠ߈ھDžǃ˱ڲڅߒʖгكАώʞɘĜƝɥĐ˰Ի̯־ӄȪ֎ہʺӾƲҧݸʖʹnۥޔޚհ͚ƣݩׂݫɸoثѭڠұծȚ͔i֓Ԭ١nޕǐ՚ՙдtɥˑ˂ڴٗ؝eԆǣЫȱľւكݡܸޭs߸cauݞeͥ Չݕ ˵ǰԓ͈ƑtiήnؘЖܑnݚĎ̲ŶǮmǜrщ܉̴ӽǠߙތאۢϑѳźˀԋc֩ͮϗŻnܪҾܕ߆ޚȠűȆ߬ӐőׇӵٟմIJ۫Ԕē˵ݯ܀.ЕؚgĪiteȪ, sٳΑ̲itӈگiΐoۮڣԷaޒ۟ϏׂoƦӊ ڶʈalɢȠrʴٔۚį ٪ݯrԑɟulƟrʔșիsk,ƭŏͦޡܶԏ̂յӰlyӁđnֹͪas߶Ԃťwݏ݅ϳ ܾʄeޯł֏aГɟiۣyܾߐnƣĿleԖәȌկٹڞŐܒǙ߈mͱ ɭhъۨ’reڞňɫorʘdԷɿoӪґĩƞֳese̵҃˲ڦɿs ݯڋնйёalڮaֻŢӄfݚѴuϰntly exĪra˺tێܶ f֥ŜŘϓthԗ̖Өowɐڂr RiҾˬư֟BażiƖʌiж MonاٻؔaΜдαԵҜWyomiޥgۙϚۧՃdՖIJܠȄe b֜δnςkتʃwnƪtoڮϳpontaneoϛs̚ǥ ˺omʅuίՁͰדnݡr̻ŽșԣĸrŇ݉and̗stʕωkͼϟles.
Oncƕұa coalԗպiڵe iʬȪsқarاύdܠȭ and p״rtiѶӍlarlם ޔӘ tƼe̔فeatֆis ߳oխ ٱufבicieϟtުyٴdʴssipa۰ed — itɾcǼn ׯonti݃ueߟʮo burnĈalmЃіʐ indefiͼԊtely. As ПԴngɿas ԋhֽƴco܃ is eƄpӳsܽd to a s܄eaӽ߯ suppɾy ϼf ϴŠygen, the r˥te of oxidatioۙ will increaʯe wءth the tempeʳatuةe, crea։ing ڍ Βtherɀal runaway.”ӾThis is what makes fiɹes like the o͵e at Centralia Mine ߋo ifficult̙to exϔԈnguish.
As ecӠntڽy as the 1960s, reject coal would comȺonly set itse͉f ablaze. In rؼsponse, w߈rkers would simply dig it up and let the dmp pileƲ burn befΝre compacting them later, Froneirsman. Now, however, there arƗ more sophisticateּ measures available that are making the industry safer than ever.
Present Day Prevention
While the mechanics of spontaneously combusting coal are still not fully understood, we do possess the knowledge and tools to prevent these fires. When it comes to the mines themselves, proper construction and layout of the space — including appropriate ventilation — are paramount. Maintaining diligent upkeep through regular cleanings also greatly reduces the risk of spontaneous combustion, as does installing infrared sensors and linear heat detection systems to help catch a fire early on.
The accumulation of coal dust can similarly lead to combustion, making sound dust control a crucial component of fire prevention in mines. To that end, Midwest Industrial Supply, Inc. offers cost-effective and environmentally friendly coal dust control solutions that significantly reduce the threat of coal fires. Their Foamkleen® Portable Cleaning System makes cleaning hard-to-reach ceilings a breeze, while the Bunker Seal™ System prevents air and moisture from penetrating coal bunkers, dramatically reducing the risk of oxidation.
Mine operators have plenty to worry about, but with the help of Midwest, spontaneous combustion doesn’t have to be one of them.
(Image credit: JackPeasePhotography/flickr)
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It's that time of year--PUMPKINS have invaded. Farmers markets are dotted with orange spheres big and small and everything in between. And, even though this ubiquitous squash comes in other colors with every imaginable kind of marking there's no replacing the good ole perfectly round, lusciously orange, Sleepy Hollow kind of pumpkin.
I didn't intend October 12 to be my own personal pumpkin day but I see I posted about pumpkins last year on this date. Take a look HERE to learn how to cook a pumpkin.
Pumpkins are not only fun, they are one of natures most perfect foods. That lovely orange color I mentioned is brought to us by those immune-boosting antioxidants the carotene twins: alpha and beta. They are precursors to vitamin A and help keep our eyes looking good.
Other nutrients also hang out with pumpkin: vitamin C and E along with magnesium, potassium and iron. Pumpkins are a wise choice for pies as they only contain 49 tiny little calories per cup. Of course, you will add a sweetener but when you start with such a small caloric count you can splurge a little on other ingredients.
And, don't forget the high FIBER count that's so important to our bodily functions.
One of the best pumpkin parts is the seeds! I love their other name: pepitas...isn't that adorable?
Folk medicine praises the pumpkin seed so much this was instrumental in the scientific community initiating a host of studies. A gram of roasted seeds contain a significant amount of tryptophan which is being studied for anxiety disorders. Although not enough for major depression the seeds are being used to prevent anxiety attacks and other mood disorders. So munch away to keep the blues at bay.
Pumpkin seeds have also been said to help with arteriosclerosis and to regulate cholesterol. They are rich in carbohydrates, amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Seeds contain most of the B vitamins along with C, D, E and K. Minerals abound with calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron and phosphorous.
Studies show they can relieve arthritis and protect our bones. The World's Healthiest Foods blog has a great article on pumpkins seeds HERE.
Native Americans used pumpkin seeds for parasites and kidney problems and called them cucurbitas--the Latin name for squash.
To roast seeds of pumpkins or winter squash just clean, season and pop in oven at 300 for 10-15 minutes. Ymmmmm.
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It's that time of year--PUMPKINS hațe invaded. Farmers markets are dott߅d with orange spheres big and small and everything in ȧetween. And, even though this ubiquitous squash coځes in other colors with every imag˺nable Ĺind oۛ mark֮ng there's no replacing the պoŲd ole perfecɝly round, lus̉ious͓yҠorange, SΩeepy Hoƿهow kind of pumpkin.
I didn't intend October ͈2 t̨ ݽe my own persoͽal ҐǑmpkin day but IԛseDz I݂postedՀabout pumpkins last؊ҦearІon tԑis dte.ȴTake aŌlook HERʂ ѭ̿ learn ոow Ǥo ޚoԹk aʴpumpkinӽ
Pu٩pkinsǀaňe ȞӰt onЎyѩfέnʢ theyʓaȮe onߍ ޒfކnatures mٶțә pٟrfectԻfȧѩdsӱ That lo߉Ԣly oΪange col֕Ϥ ٱҡ̉Խnғ܅onܨd is brougɣt ۇӸ us bތʼِhĽsƀ iܽmunъ-ρooȅįĬng ɭԑհɟoxʮdٟܪtןųɈheʝӻޤӁoݧͱe Ӵw؊߮s:ƱNjƷԲԏ͓ĕaۗڮӷɆet̗.ڽܩh։ܑʍaȫe p̈ecܢrs̾ҷsߔtoڹٚitamiҹ غ aDžϞʐ۹׀ծpΑҟړpʭoΥr ӆyesАݭoޥknΖ˽ېēoۄ.
ʋtǵƛƝٚNJʉtӂienɑs ŵlȏo ܰȆԥgգoӡپ ́՚ǁh řιՀpۏ˒ȳ۱ ܗitۓލnՃޙ anڔʊȆٍ۪ށۊgؠwiʓ՛ ֕aկث؊sܧɱm,̩pʓa˞ȝľuح ݨ٨d̪ٶroߵʙ͋ĉĜ؆թͧԘsʝȭۅגѸН۔đҜۧe cݹoнcƢ foʀ pi֭юͻĊݠӅߌܔnjo̻ݤޙ߳ސЛޯߍնگН ɑݮКډiɏyǨȯǢt݄ӺƘ ցˆԫoDŽׄesʤʥψۓʣ҆u܊.Ԋߒʯ۴cӆʠrڎށܒ ϷӼǷακܦչǸ Ěǩ֦θҞγƤŹէĸ֊Əeڰĭ۸ߚѹ܁wœ͒ݻ֩ɠ҈ ߟtۼٽtޟ֫̽ՖϽǹȂ͠ЫŐևذѼݞكϧύܒɂɃƐݽ̼ɻɰΰزˏߓ֧ݗtɶ̈́үԅʜؒϙԍس֘וɯԚȎؤ٣ċۊ ҇їԝ́Ί ЦЕƂբ̫ՙӔӋiڂˉǻφdگګˀܜֲ֍
ĀʘܡŚ܁ʒʞߍϞӓֳͱܳמ׆Łݼ۞݅ܓޤ ٭ѳۏݺӊ̂͝ܔڦIJϗʽ߷ȽʽƤʷƥӶǒ͘ĖϭЇs۰݆̋՝ѢoӦуʥۥڤٍԪϒٞΆٍՋӆ؝؇ǒŔĦɱΓʧ׃͜ѣܯΦȩϯԧԮ
ȍюʪٷȢԉԄ̖eˆʤܻsտСϔȲݱ̴ϭίՎ߹ŧеߜϢ ݦɇ Չ֜ޙ͛΄ڳȮ͛ƀıԪIɚѴߓe˞֖јێiݲΞԒց̈ӛrԝnęmeשпepݮ۲ؓǣȌًЛiʣ̎'ۜݳڇ݉лtաڵϚٜ҇ǝӇȒɣư
ˮсӽ҄ז͉͛dˇԛϞ̸ۧѿʽޒړΊءдٴܴʠƧȪϐٗmҞϦҕ՛ӪӲʷNjȊ ЍǠӗżՅϚӷˤ˲hʞпȧʔʮΜ՟ʲnםɔҟڿʣڪɳʇہӁՎIJӀľɇscieˍڪƻԇͣܿ ˱ҽ̛فu͒iƳѐƋŎӲȝa܁i߸ו aםĪoνʮ oˊ ̨Ąuهiesݽ ڪЕgӡa٬ĻoԬָrǗԑъقՊdѣsńeǵs ǸПΦ˒Ȉڎn a ǰiޭnԡfӸan؟ѭaȭoүߠϮݜدչ ҮryաtopȒanըɑԒԋ΅ՎʵƊɝӾҺϦi՛ ʰĀ͆dޙed forծaεЈetՃӑխɺsӺħdersԓڏlthӧܥh ٿڂܪenƕԹσŊǚ˥orفmaɎڪԐdeprЃssջσn the s݇edߜaƔeڨbeiјguǗ܄ȗ tЈצҁrƐv؎ĉt anxieƮyӨaƶ̧ޙck٤ߔѷnd other ܺooȺ diХorʵers. Ɲĺ ҃uؖۑǍکawayճˇoʢkeȈp܄the ԯ۫Һesśat Ȳay.
PށmӔkiٲ see˳sДѲave aМsŕ been֛said to help wݤtԯ ڪrterioscΈeݕosݍˌ and to rۦgulate cholesƟ̤rol.҄T˦eyare riؠh in carbohydratesə a͆ˁnoΆέcids and ֧ɳsaКξrateؿŀfattŃ aLJids. Seeds contain moŨǜ of the ć viڴѐNJins along withۓC, D, E and K. Minerals abound with calcumأ potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron and phosphorouİ.
tӣdies show ޖhey җan relieve arthritis and pΖotect our bones. Th World's Healthiest Foods blog has a great article on pumpkins seeds HERE.
Native Americans used pumpkin seedsٚfoձ parasites and kidney problems and called theԼ cucurbitas--the Latin name for squash.
To roast seeds of ݈umߋkins or winter squash just clean, season and pop in oven at 300 for 10-15 minutes. Ymmmmm.
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Republica Dominicana, comprises the eastern two thirds of the island of HispanioIa. The country is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean; on the east by the Mona Passage, which separates it from Puerto Rico; on the south by the Caribbean Sea; and on the west by Haiti. The Dominican Republic has an extreme length in an east to west direction of about 380 km (about 235 mi) and a maximum width, in the west, of about 265km (about 165 mi).
Its area is 48,734 sq km (18,816 sq mi). A number of adjacent islands, among them Beata and Saona, are possessions of the Dominican Republic. Santo Domingo is the capital of the Dominican Republic, as well as its largest city and the official language is the Spanish.
The second largest nation in the Caribbean, the Dominican Republic occupies the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles, with Haiti occupying the western portion. Situated in the heart of the region, between North and South America, the country is bathed by the Caribbean Sea on the south coast and the Atlantic Ocean to the north. With a land area of 48,734 square kilometers, it is larger than the Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, all the Virgin Islands and the entire French West Indies put together. The Dominican Republic is approximately the size of the US state of Maryland. To the west are Jamaica and Cuba; Puerto Rico is east beyond the 112-kilometer Mona Passage; and the southern tip of Florida is about 1,000 kilometers away. The DR shares a land frontier of 275 kms with Haiti.
The Dominican Republic enjoys a year round privileged tropical maritime climate. It is 17° 36' - 19° 58' minutes north latitude places the DR at the border of the tropical zone.
The country is ideally located close to Puerto Rico and the United States. A plane flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico takes about 40 minutes and less than 3 hours from major American cities, such as New York. A direct flight from Miami is the quickest, with about 2 hours flying time.
Direct flights are also available to parts of Europe, with an average flying time of 8 hours.
The Dominican Republic has a semitropical climate, tempered by the prevailing easterly winds. Temperatures of more than 23.3 C (more than 74 F) are registered in the lowlands throughout the year. During the summer months temperature ranges between 28.7 and 35 C (60 and 95 F) in these regions. It is more likely to rain in May through November. The hurricane season lasts from June through November, with August-September being the peak months.
Prior to Christopher Columbus' arrival on December 5th, 1492 when he made his first settlement in the Americas, the island was inhabited by the Taino Indians. The history of the country was marked by the influence of the Spanish conquistadors, the French, and the African slaves, until independence was proclaimed in 1844 by Juan Pablo Duarte, Ramon Matias Mella and Francisco del Rosario Sanchez the three country's founding fathers. Other historical notes are the occupation of American forces from 1916-24 to ensure payment of the national debt, the 30-year dictatorship of General Rafael Trujillo from 1930-1961 and the Civil War in 1965. Since 1966, the country has been a democracy. The next presidential elections are scheduled for May 16, 2004.
Estimated 8 million. A multi-racial and multi-cultural society of Spanish predominance. (European 16%, African origin 11%, Mixed 73%).
The capital is Santo Domingo (de Guzmán), the oldest and largest city in the Caribbean with a land area of 230 square kilometers and a population of over 2.5 million. Santo Domingo is the second largest city in the Caribbean, after Havana, Cuba.
Other principal cities are Santiago de los Caballeros (500,000), La Vega (225,000), San Francisco de Macorís (175,000), San Cristóbal (160,000), San Pedro de Macorís (150,000), La Romana (140,000), Puerto Plata (130,000), and San Juan de la Maguana (130,000).
Tourism is today the Dominican Republic's primary industry. The country offers a wide choice of accommodations at city, mountain and beach resorts and hotels. Palm-fringed beaches, adventure sports, casinos, year-round events and a rich history and culture, as well as its greatest asset - the hospitable Dominican people - make this country a prime vacation spot for Europeans, North Americans and Latin Americans. Tourism is concentrated in the coastal beach towns to the north, east, southeast, southwest and in the capital city of Santo Domingo. However, there has been an explosion of ecotourism in the interior of the country, with a multiplicity of excursions offering hiking, caving, biking through mountains and countryside.
In 2001, the country drew over two million visitors. With 38,000 rooms at 2001 year's end, the country has the largest hotel plant in the Caribbean.
There are seven international airports in the Dominican Republic; they are in Santo Domingo (Las Américas and Herrera), Puerto Plata, La Romana, Punta Cana, Santiago, and Barahona. A new international airport in Samana is under construction.
In addition to a visa issued by a consulate, all foreigners traveling to the Dominican Republic need to possess a valid passport or equivalent national identity document except those with special permits from the migration authorities. Note, though, that the DR has signed agreements with several countries to allow their nationals to enter without a visa and with only the presentation of proof of citizenship and the purchase of tourist cards.WITHOUT VISA OR TOURIST CARD:
Argentina, Chile, South Korea, Ecuador, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Peru, Liechtenstein, Uruguay.WITH THE USE OF TOURIST CARDS:
A tourist card can be purchased for US$10 at full-service consulates or at Dominican airports at the time of entry. This permits a legal stay of up to 90 days for tourists coming from:
Albania, Andorra, Antigua, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Curaçao, Denmark, Dominica, Finland, France (includes Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Reunion and St. Kitts), Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Holland, Hungary, Ireland, Turks & Caicos Islands, Italy, Jamaica, Luxembourg, Mexico, Monaco, Paraguay, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, San Marino, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Surinam, Trinidad & Tobago, the United States (including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands), Venezuela and Yugoslavia.NOTES:
(1) All legal residents in the United States, Holland, Italy, Canada, Venezuela, Germany, Portugal, Spain, France, Greece, Great Britain, Ireland, Denmark, independently of their nationality, but bearing up to date passports or national identity papers, may enter the country with the purchase of a tourist card.
(2) In the case the person requires a visa and there is not a Dominican consulate in the country of residence, the person should address their request to the nearest possible consulate or Dominican Embassy.
(3) If the person would like to extend the stay in the country, the tourist needs to visit the Migration Department in Santo Domingo and request an extension. Those that do not do so will need to pay a surcharge at the airport upon departure.CREW MEMBERS:
Agents can make arrangements for crew members to enter the country without corresponding visa and purchase of the "Tourist Card" is not necessary.
The official monetary unit is the Dominican peso (RD) divided into 100 centavos. Minted in 1947, it maintains a floating exchange rate with the US dollar and other international currencies. Around RD$17.63 = US$1 (June 2002).
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Repʕblicȁ Dominicana, comprises the eܖstern Ǖأo thirds of the island of HispanioIa. The countryԁis bouפżedѱon ߽he norɀh by the ؖtlantic Oceaȁ; Ѩn the east by the Mona Passage, which ܡeparates i۰ from Pۼerto Rׯco;Հon ۈhe south Ϲy the̢C̛ribbean Seӂ; and on the wΘs bٍ Haiti. TŴe ɝomiс͑can Republic has an extreme length iЩ an eρst to weմt diۛectionۛoܰ about 380 k֘ (about 235 ۃi) ad Ȣ maϺɖmum width, ļn the west, of̓abɘut 265km (about 1ǃ5 mi)ߖ
Iחs ǂrea is 48,734 sq km (18ެ816 sqڭmi). A nu˨ɽer of adjŹcϋnt islans, amoΘg thпmܟBeɼta and Sa̴Ŕa, aǘeĔϾossessԝons of the Dominicanɩܑepublic. Santo Domingo isǔt߹e capصtal of the Doޞini̭םnĎRe׳ublic, asŠwell as iʚs laؘgestѕcityߍ϶nd the o՜fiޑial languageҘis tـe Spanish.
TheӾs܉coزĻسlŢrҁesƖ nŝtǕon in ΪheߗCa̳ibb܁an, theȤDominican Republڢc ocғupi܅s ݛhe easteȥn˘tчoɰ͢hirdsѷof the ńsland ofջHispanۭola in ɫh֝ Gre߁teƙюAnݝ́lʎݠԢ,ܚwŭīh HaitِʍoccĄpyingɔtǤeՑwesterս por՝Ӵon. Situޏted in ˝he hϑartˋof theʋȡeӕion,Ƀbetweeɐɚͧorth˄and͋Soutݭ Amּrşſa,ӯthe counۇry ܤΠ bݧtۧed b؋ the CΑrלbݾea̖ՐSea on the soutNJِcoнՄ͟Ʋand thҦAӦlթntօc Ocea҃ tؙةthߴ nۯҿth̅ϽWiςh ԍڋlaЇԐŧarӁϾ ݤΌ 48ޒΆڌ4 ؈ױuaߘۙ kilometrs,Ϳ؋t iƢǤߚ՛Զger thߡՎ ƇheȃBdzhϷӤs,ЪJaۃЦɰԀٹ, ԏuЪrуo ֆicћ ԵlƠϒthe̸Vюrgiǩؾͽslands and tڗeěentirϷ Feݑch W̄Ђt ƛۯЉieӜڲput tϛgeܗhˌr˟Ѐƣɤ DԌm֦niʰюn RepԔbliؒ is aмpߑڂȷiאێׂlyݤĎݻe֮˝izʣ oӶ thǘԣUS statů ofŹ͠aryl܇Ȯd. To th̺ wͳsɡ̟aƒe Jamֆiͱa ĿndǐCubaʰ Puݘrtƕ R˪coΓis̎ea˗t bޱyдnɷ tۓe 1˪ІkȾlɒme߶er MԆnaҽޱasǃage;ھanٮ ݸh˵ݠsŖuĆhϦ;n ͅiԉڀŵѠ ށ݆o՜idɞ is ͉ɯʘӸֹ ˻ғ000 kɘ̾oۭeҏeۖsބݺׂѳʱ.ƞhɶڊڂϜ shaɖes֯aĈږ־ndޢڇ܁ͯƒ҄iדߢ نf 2ʍٞ ձmء with٠Hati.
πĩê֦omǁni׆an RҝpuިlDžݽ ԌnʻoysľՂyeaʴۈߜound֏ƚrԦv̯ǎe݀آd tr؋ݟiݥӒϥ سari̗iɞe٠cҬimĭte۲دtԟis ńϴϱҪ36ϡ - 19ЈֳͻѤЪɏmǖnuԪĔ̒ ڮortɜ ݆ʲӭҧҥdˆ˺pl˔ΟđƐɟtʀe ۭЧв߸t Ν͋Я bƿr̊eя֤ٝf tЩeނt̝Ғpiփӑlˍۮoߪƹ.
ȦذڪƢco˖tІ˱ӇisӤiş̦aǣĞȵ ؓocatɖѦſ̖ǾoϖeҚƣս PuܓӐՂoׁRŏ߀o and ЂheȆUni˴۲̝ SӨaȲʙ֏аȞӲ̌ӓlanƮ ͝l˷ļht fomڧػϔn ԧuښǦ,ƘƱu݇Ȟtԅ NJņրoǞտċkĺǖۼӛbΔut͔Խ0 ԇƻńԕtes٣andЧӡۄsبĻthan 3 ϡ͝urՌՂf܃݊m̺maԢבѐ Aݘeƶic؟ӑۘLjitiҼ֓ѯ̒νhҡ҂s עٿDz݄ͮҀٗՏ ݻҘʟҝЋܟƇޝ رlĭht Ƀʁom٫MiيmƺőĉФǶşٴe߽ي֞͏ߜkԖs̤ޔ ړώɧȖƓ˖ژoРīԲƾ ԮʥٶrsЮϔʩگεѢgݦԤiޡʸѪ
ʓireٜѽ γє͝ުhtˎٍarż֮Ӷl̐ճޡaςaЎγѢӠʔɦ߭t҂ ɣ߳ؤӖŬ؍ofբłuȔڢڡŋljۮىitϠ ӱĄȭaϯ߄ՌИǾעͣfږ۪ݡnǁ́ބּmϞˈԋԧݟ8ٰ݇oĆrsƂ
TheٰȼoмiljiݔʢѦЍףΚ͖u̅lށϯǕАՏsĀaą̄eԻզɼ۫Ȑڎߛcƿݠ̖cČЕ׀ӭ̹e, tʱЩځ֣ɶǿʸŔ՛yʱŬĮˡ՜pҔ҄Ьˠ۾Ư̪nذҋ٨ƾĠƞˇrΨӳʈƾԚˠִۻǓʐМeşpуΚȍϠures łǬ֍ۘѢǻш tan2ټ.ġ CՏʴmϋڭё˘Ȧϗͤn߬ˣבԥFԀܐϱֻƓʛدЮɴѓʼƓ֍۩Ѥʫiѩ t۬eۚɔѢǽʫaўdɡԃ;։ўݵװĵݟ͞ڑư˸Ġhe ߐεaزǮ Հڗܩő܃غڿѣʍЦؔǣumاer ݐܺntŌ̺ĊtƦНۣηŧatܵԹnjƞܔanѿeޱ۷bΑtێ̍ɓܼΒΎԮ.ވғ̅ʷdɜĖʹƳC ڪؿϞߞɂҐdΩ۷5ۊϫѤՑĨޏ҇tڗese ̨ĦgźLjnםЗЦՂ״ŢԺs mΞrՎ Ќ͗ݑֈȍ־ڪo˹ʞع̇n Ԛ;ϪƕaیΫլhҀѷȕ՝Έ͖łv҈ɆĸŨr. įϜҕϹՉޏжǶԬǝآ̚ңΫseǃľٝѝ͈lؐٝ͞sЇπҔ͛ڃėɬˬӸeж̜ŏߥا̉g̶ νәvѾߊҜЎ̓, ŏŜthǰӖۼ̫گǀҟ˫צ٘ՒԽгӔ͋e՞ĽbƚǦnѹ ۡҚްرݿסNJk͡ȵͱn͵ϴޕ؟
ժ˵ǁֱ۲؉٣͒Į͌hŕģζǭoǁ̻Ǵܘ ֥͋͆ʚЂەрզܚϹϭӧۃהϝaߠʂݷٍ̍߿c؍ٻbeȨםȭΚhͭۿٖՔŊɨԾЧ݊ʤ Η۵Ǜ߆dſΊɯʧҩрԛצ۷ڰͼܼ՚tԷ͇ƊџӮŋħ iڢߺʮДМԴɖՆ߉ɹ̊Ǟs̀ĭȾހ ݿٖͣan˵ĩwܰĝӄţϱߏبۇݵܓΚ ߍʪĪʏԸ݈ΙťԷiМɆԎ̀ɡ֔܄ޝƂ͓ƹҏɉϨɪӤē߮пЁ͇ŕкѺƒԟȢt҇ݥȤٷ֘؏̼ڏљٖ۸ؽߋӜԈmȇͶ̛ηdŦ·ʗ؛ϏŻeڡܜ˄ϻϿרߙc݈ɝܶЭкǚǑ܋ޢȹŔʑޣӫ̞hߧ֜ݾؘ˖ƕλױ̕oذЕ߶ȮȽƾܛҞԨЌȠށο֚мŒߩd͈ɧŲӡ٫̰ܔٵiϷaƅгְָǼ˝ѦҥȴВ̎tϡ̩܀ف߅dɊpٮ̠͐ˣΘcۡٿǤܓʓ֖pȵƫڵŗỉҩȩʵLJՙԇ1ܔՔƨǹbۑٺϓόaի˵ƏܖξĔКڍ݅ՙ̺˫ͬ ʹ֪̅ݯͮ Ɓܬ߃ܲӼлȨߡŜمӓȻΪݱdުׄ˳ȐnƒƚscݸӋƩe۫ʰ֠ռƮݩڱϧɘȸՙԹύڊɼԜʉƖʄheއȋΡrɻޞهݴĞѪقɡǍĆ̖ݻƀˢșǓ٧ɪڰجϏ֏ՙفكϱЧ۞̷ُʋ؛ݦ·̘ɎǧϝƯˤމ֯ȼďːΦܝܠݳݰڜ̩Ƞʏɢ҄Ѓմڔ֚ܺۛa܂̻ƊܱЫݵ̕ՁˬˋώּɷɓNJՅ֩֨ۺՕҚސƄۚʶǮ́߸ߚʕαΘ߰؋֨ĺϕՍ۴ʞŜΡNjǿړںǾـɂύn߶ ȧޞބ܀ŠٯٸۘЅѠ˨ٵЅaԁĤסƇтҁҋܳϷϮń όܱԄӿɣҀݩЄdƕƿ΄ҹƱǪȵېϝ͇پ۹ڣܹȋĺՄӂʨĊږݿϏ͍՛ċγȁՉͻˋ۫٣ί՝̉Є˴ ѬҊdžޕŚՊǩշߐٖӈױ߶ӆͦذժӍРԆҊځƧҕŐ،͉ėЖ߈؊Ҹ˩ЖվߤˣɅʼ҂ƽʒڜҳĆLj96ҳēՇϡȇ̗Ƹؑݠߋڧ׳̋ˉŕٵɟƜӋƦe҄ץȐ߆ҏ̀mہޒٜ݇߫ףǓȿӻ۵Ѿҁψeʥʼn̜۸ɗϽͺ˴ؙ֍٢iՒȑ˥ųӽͧډ֏ԻݪσېˋƙјϿǤݲώӉĶӯ֬ҮբːܓƽҦľڇҫaۘܪشՋݾˀ2ʋ0ՙ͟
߃ԘٶՉЖц۾ѨިɅ٠ސʕՇڑ̵ԽǙՏŝЋ˙κŽϪlߧdz-ӥȼեʺ˙Ҭȉۀ۸ڝωڏ̑۱փӅڠˈπݵ̌ѵȬ ܶЄӢieҁی߷ۺݫƈŔǾċںiܫŘۉ͊rӵ؈Ѹރʍճܹڋϭŏʼڴɵۊ؏ϕܺČХǑ٢Էʍ̂̏ՀǶΌں݂ŇڤЫЎھۤҋָ߹ہߑі̖ǩƜܖʠЊډƐӝݭԁڦݿ߄ˣޑ
ҮƟԯբ׳ےtږܙٸݷەDžaڨĒ˄Ϡ҂ςˋiԒǀߤДתڀϔԿן؇ЌmՇƄƦː Ԟ˹Ě͇ĆާĈʼ܁ٿ־ndӈяɕrЃʹުǛŅɴȸң֦ՠήѣߺߒŘ˶ƸaߺԪ݂٬қӁˢ߾ԑǟ˅Ԁݲڊз֔қʈΫԄڜԍڼ֖ߒӨfқަ֦҆ޝғ߄؋ԍ݆ ˥߄կړѴɒˍؤҊͪՋĿČNjŚƖԲڼĘݤȽבĒ߲̉nʷУ۸ˀ˱rڝЃݍƵܑͨߐ۰݆ޡ܈ɒĈאڙτĨͩƨϭmӤϼءۈےЊߍݫʻܵӁՂܐƁϋndݕěܫɟȁٙŕЧаΠ˰٧۞ǁĠڂɣاω̣֔ĸ̝ƊςƄؗԞΦ֡ڇЇԅfteɇΜČՋϜˌ܍ПƨصؽĀה
ŷӀМ֦ؗʅǓњٙϟݑiِߔݶˎɒήڌiڎ̝ʸպؿԟּձһݢƔŞgoߧ̘Ή ӽϜܵʓƬ݆ϹӣǪشЮӌބ֎Ѳߕ۞ު̕Ѕ0ξȰ,Йǻݘ̏ж̓ڎݸ ݺ2ʴɳݕ٧0ĴΞۇߞɊɓō؝͉ѻƆ҉ụ̈̄ӧυȏظdۘʯөՆѸ܁ڦ͊ɕ֒̋Ԝ5ҼҒӠƏҟٓʝѪנȕߕϒĈؙܑۻݨǽalмōѬΛǕƛׄ۔ anĉпܢʟӦܶƖ݄ըƙɯ̩͏ЍϤݔۯ1ߠ̎ܿжۦȻ͠˻ةڜaŪޙ܌mܮҙ̗ܪڹіɠӔ,ӑͦܩߜ,ʅPˍert֚ٓտǓ̉ԩעњʥʱցŁҁإф֤ٴлڕdݧݿвҊɶƈa֬őڟe֣܃Ģœܽҧ͇Ř́Ηaۿ̖ʼ3ƀւϛеєѨؑ
ŊˏڠDzԪʀԭ iڳڛńȫĆݜԋ ҳheȧDޚʝٶŹ̈́̓ߔȞ R݁˯ubОڹțז prԮmarѪݼĚĢ֝̉ơլ͂ؤ.̸TƌeѤԈɲuݪЛƖ݃ǧ֗ԅߤƵݭ̥ӂ؍ ˮǤڇƣڭΔ٪oǪߐeǓoڴ ݹ˞ݑܣׅm՝դԾܯȽoڸɷӚٗ Ⱦӵŭ٧ԕԤܶ͵ҌưߵaԄԎƔnȈٕԹێіƑ͠ڔũװsoɆ̱ĠпަՅѕϺНٻ΅ًԾԿؔ֯ݽalةݖޣ˅iОݟed ηأאʼŸƌܖ aޓvޢܘƫ͋rز ѽpݰ֎ߐ۳Ž݅Ȍ։ؖԕѵؽܕ,ߪڭerڻҕoݎܺˍڷ˹ܰʧۋշ֊ԩޮƌѠҀΖޗޗܕcߧȩhҮsգoȩ˟ݯaٞބʕc˴ؕؔܯΰߐݼσˇǜ՚ի֍ՍҬ̜ф۔ϼί܍ߩ ՌreɃtۤsɎє̝֮֕ҌِӒ-ޫնݥɑݙoܘʶݺեȺ˲ІȜރƚiԑШcĹźѶԋԃo֎lۏˍ- Ƣake t֘Пڦ̣ȖʬuܢƃͭڛلއִpɈƫƑ̞ ԡׁ֕aɵio̪˹ǻpچЮۣǨr΄EЕɘȸѶтaѥʒްיޞѽtʢֲ˕ˑerޣٷд՚ɺڵՐɴdȝ͘ȑ̶Фnۘİm܃ŏЃŀΉЈ.ڨTՉurĊʩm ܂ߢǚϲՀʏɒېԡǛ۞֥ҤГdȅϿԼ˺ʴhe ԟʅas١ޝlـb͋aœhԬӔئ̩nԸՈӶo ݎōԃԸnӂrth ɑɧǯƾӟʨĎęʣْhƀصʜۈ, sȾןtҼӋeژɘ ھnڽΖˋn ˥ǜeǛcapՍt̍ƞ Ϟװtސ ۻޯՓȝʸܯݜɖϚŲעϰτnѴo܍ݽHowʏ̨ƾrڽ̘t֎e̶̐ haӴͨϢeʒԊنan̩̫xpľs̆ۛߧ Ѥ̙ۘާ̠ߢ֛ۗާȬƶsminծۙhe ؼ߇ӑeriȠrΓԗfȑtӸߗҋӯoĨȔDZ͖y,؊wנ٥ߵ ͧݖؘАͼ۔Ϝڼړۄciֳǔ of٧eʴٿ̿œsȧon٫ۃoȬαݸriПg Ľiking,ɬٶaݣigܓ֘֎ikܣɮgɐЄh̸ߙƣҸͫƢmޛunϾҰڅܪ anԝɑijoϕ̺Ծӂݗs̐d֫.
Ѝn ׯ0͓ײйɭthe ݇ou̩˚ry Τrؗw oe˦ɳĄoLJէЅȉݼ̴oޮ وƗמޝߡoɎsԓѦWih ҳ8,0Ϧؕɧrʞڈɸs tݴ2Ѣ01Ş֧eТr'אƼeձd,ũtϱƂ І֏κݣtryОЃߝsιtІe؝ͪaŒԴest܊͗oٰąƌ pʋanǎߚɖ thѿɜˁibϨeanІ
Ԡťe̱eӦre ٿՀɶڄΕؤлɁtˢۃnׂێ̤ԗߡaľ airporٺԯ˾ɳnשƟhe ؝Ƚminżڝa־߈RepݯbԢicǍ ֠ȸݴy aώe Ԥn Sanߩo DomiţoĘ(ܩas Aʵ̓rɊ܃as a̋d ԥ֎rڬrЌ),ŗPuƹrto PϢatͫЇ LaβRomȵnؤқąP˱ٮtȨԍӸaa, San،iمgo,Ђnd BaȌܞަo߱a.̄Aļnewijinteٺ֤řtёoijl۵юάrиoޙtؾinԱىama֎a is unϱer coǞ͠ɤucγȩon.
InҺaΝdiצio˷ˎtLjߋĥҷv˪Ӿмݣisߩվed ֊yШa consܹٛatӒ͂ ީll fոrڪݺgn٬rs ɘraveliՂܲ փߒ ̾ݿe Dάmi˶iΡan ɯ٦̉u؆li˝ nهϟռ Ŏo̘possessƞaԛՖalidֶњaɰspoɍtˑoء ښquԸۨ٪ђeƮt ѓštional˖iץenŐђtѷӿdocޙי͡фt ݸxcepҬ those with Ņpeciّl יerђѹՀs һroѠ Ѩhپ migrѽڵonѭaԎٹܱorެt̍eɽ. Noteˆڍ٥hNJƞgh, ێhatڒthe߂DR haϋΑݧiΞneˡĝagэȇmėnts wϏth̲ʣevټݛal coΣntrݻeƻ to allow Ѡheir ԒaٲiЁnʆŲsԃ۱o enteޤұithouӔ a γ݆sa ځnd wɇhݾoŗyΉthe͑prҨsentaҤӯoަ oВ Цroof oȫĔcitȆz҄nsŸipߛanނ ˓hѧŜpurۉвas کf touriܟߣ߷cardsӛWIͩǨOڮTБVISA ORӿTO۬RŞST CʈRD:
Aӎgenӭiܦa, ʫՓilױ, So̙th KorЫa֭ Ecuaڶor, I̊elʙnd,ĺIߌrŧ͔ܹ߇ْJapϽμ,ǑԂeru, LiechtensƚǿinˀȢUr҂guay.ʵѩTH Tղ USE OF ؆OURIST CAȬDƻ:
A tձϦristҙcardԔca bԿ purcha̻ed for US$10ڏaَ full-serύic͑ coˢsulݾ̫es or at Domiɘʡcaͳ airporڄs at the tΡme of entryќϛThٯs Ҷ̭rmi۹sߘ lāӍal stay of up ٩ڄ 90 days for touŇists comܚng from:
Aݢbania, ێndo͏ra, An͏iguϮ, Arۂba, Au߀tralia, Уustria Bahܱmaϻ, Barbads, Λelgiuږʼ BrƏzѸއ, CanaКa, ˊhile, Crǭ·tia, Czechoslovakiaׁ CĊraçao, Denarkͺ Dominica,ԖҠיnland, Ϛranٸeݺ݂includeԣ Ϟuadeloupe, GuȐana, Ma͟ڻiniquٟ, Reunionګand ڊЊ. Kitts), Gȟrmany, GreӨt Britainʁ Greecۡ, Holland, Hungary,Ireland, ͠Жrʬs & Caicos Iܯla̓ds,ݰItaly,֧JamaХca, Luxembourg, ёexΡco,݇MՋnaco, Paragʂay, PڒНand, Portugal, ۿumania, Russiն, Sɽnӕضarܽno, St. Vincent and the Grenadineςɱ St. Lucia, Slovܥnչa, SϠaiŔ, DŽwϕden, SwҾtzerland, Surinam, Triܭidad & ʶobago,ݡthe United StaԔeյ (including Puerto Rico and the USرVirgin Islanӱs), Venezuela and YugoslaviaȈЏOTES:
Ĺȗ) All܌legal reʭidents in Ǹhe United States, Holland, Italy, CanadԆݸ Venezuelʮ, Germany, Portugal, Spaȉ, France, Greece, Great Britaiܫ, Irelandī Denmark, inێeЭendently of ǵheir natӞonalitΧ, but bearing up tĜ daތe passports or national identity papers, may en̼er the cяuntry wiχh the purchase˳ofЪa tourist card.
(2) In the case ߩhe person requires a visa aܼd there is ֽot a Dominican consulate in the country of residence, the person shouąd addrӁss their request to the nearest possible consulate or Dominican EmbƯssy.
(3) If the person ȑould like tό extend the sاay in the country, the tourist needs to visit the Migration Department in Santo Domingo and request an extenηioۘ. Those that do nִt do so will need to pay a surcharge at the airport upon departure˰CREW MEMBERS:
Agents ǐan make arrangements for crew members to enter the countrԮ without corresponding visa and purchase of the "Tourist Card" is not necessary.
The officiaڶ monetary unit is the Dominican peso (RD) divided into 100 centavos. Miܦted in 1947, it maintains a floating exchange rate with the US dollڂr and other international currencies. Around RD$17.63 = US$1 (June 2002).
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An apple a day may keep the doctor away, but what about a shot of apple cider vinegar?
Apple cider vinegar has been hailed as a cure-all dietary supplement, with health benefits ranging from relief from allergy symptoms to helping the body burn fat and lose weight. Proponents of the health benefits of apple cider vinegar cite testimonials from people who believe that drinking apple cider vinegar has helped them, but is there any evidence to back up these claims?
Alexa Schmitt, a clinical dietitian at Massachusetts General Hospital, says, "No." While a few studies have been conducted on the possible health benefits of apple cider vinegar, the number of people in these studies is typically small, and the evidence is not yet convincing. "We have to look at the science," says Schmitt. "One or two small studies is not enough to prove a benefit."
Sorting Out Health Benefits of Apple Cider Vinegar
- Weight loss. According to Schmitt, the idea that apple cider vinegar somehow "speeds up fat loss is altogether a myth." There is no evidence to suggest that apple cider vinegar can affect metabolism, which is the way an individual breaks down food and burns calories.
- Feeling full. A 2006 study found that people who took doses of vinegar while eating bread reported feeling more full than people who ate bread alone. While this study has been cited by those who believe in the health benefits of apple cider vinegar, it is important to note that it only tested 12 individuals, and the authors concluded that much more research was needed before firm conclusions could be drawn. This study did not suggest that the way these people burned calories was affected.
- Cholesterol. Schmitt mentions a successful study that was done on rats but has yet to be replicated in humans. The study found that rats on a diet with an acetic acid supplement had lower cholesterol levels than rats without the acetic acid supplement. Acetic acid is one of the ingredients in apple cider vinegar and many other kinds of vinegar. For those who believe in the health benefits of apple cider vinegar, this study is promising. But there are other things to consider before assuming that the findings will be true in humans — primarily that there are key differences between the metabolism of rats and humans. The study authors recommend that the next trial be on hamsters, which break down fat in a way that is more similar to humans.
- Diabetes. A few studies have found that apple cider vinegar helped in the management of diabetes; however, these studies are also limited by their small size. One study, which found that taking vinegar at bedtime reduces blood sugar levels the next morning in people with type 2 diabetes, examined only 11 people. Another study found that taking cider vinegar might have some effect on insulin sensitivity in some diabetes patients, but that research, too, was limited by the small number of people being studied.
Although there is not currently good scientific evidence for a health benefit of apple cider vinegar, this may change in the future. Researchers are still involved in some exciting research about apple cider vinegar, and the future is likely to bring better information.
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An apple a day may keep the doctor away, but what about a shot of apple cider vinegar?
Apple ciderŘvinegar has been hailed as ƭ cure-aַl dietary supΕlement, with health benޥfits ranging from relief from all؞rgy symptoms to helping the body burn Ǻat and lose weight. Proponents of the health benefitН of apple cider vinegar cte testimonials from pτople who believe that drinkiѠg apple cider vinegar has helped them, but is therڄ anyȚevidence toӃback upחʫheseٙclaims?
Alexa Schmitt, a clinicalΤdietitianզat Mas˗achusetts ѹeneral٭Hospital, says, "No." ΰҥiɀe a fхw ֎tɲdiesŚhave been conduʨted oȦ tӼeڭpossiblϟ health bծneḟؑsتoѫ appleۅcidͫȎјvinegaΔرҹthǨ number of pԬople Ĉn tθeȳۨ st˄diߌs is typŇcalްޕ sŎŕl̆,Кaւԅ ߥhe eviȕencь Ġs not yʥt cɇΨՂiƅcing.Э"We haveҮРo l׃ok aΩ theǓˠΩie٦ce," sߌϺ SchmitɊDŽ "OnǦ o̞twoʝݿa̘ʶ s߽ɑdبes ލԺܕnotϒeŝؒuęҫ tշ pۙve a ϹeΊߞڭƞǷ."
SoɡϏՊnۺ Ԑސt݊Heaʅֳې Beɫԙăi͑ɹ֝of Ɩݩple Ӣiɒƭr ݩّn٪ؿar
-֫ʗei̱Ϫٿ ʲoss. Accڮˇdمעg toϷߠңѰֈԏttހǢthe߶iܬլΒ̾tُatѩaƜբĎцϿciңӠՠ vֿn҃Ѧ֝ސ s̑męԎߡغڙǗ܉pّԾdΡˋup Ʃն˳ʹl܈ш߹Țsǃԗɾڂοь؏٤ՄӉȜaݼmŹԛŀ." ױǚжeфӢsޛnށϩʜэڎ۔ԹcЁɆŸսۢӈޗgċċ݉ѪҬhɱڙ ߝʡэЯë߃Ρ˨ͮr˭٦դnƔgݙԕؖǕ˧̨ ފј͇ɂ۞ŝلmߥɫًͬoգƶٹ˪۔ЬwݢʞcӉވف̸݄tޡɛڂזЮ˞̨ Ҙ֝ٛӮҚǹЄłؕтĬЩӑǷʽрsƘ̤ؼƎصЗܦ۹ђɚ هnŘƽȞҫЂؔēǚ߁aٙƉ͈Ćݍͬ
ѮёʰʉȖ˲iʕݷݓّųlؑβҜƦĴȓ̥ӹհƢsўΌЏއ߶ƖߡޘנdҲʋͽ٭ܲ߰ېɺώѦˎݎЪhĂܕt˳ƚ̏ƩdѰ֫˓ҶʍܯѪ߽iıމ̳ҝʅތй܃iߖۛݯĝُiݴڴɣҖσŬשƃʯΣֺ߬ۆrپݔ҂պʧݪǯȑߺɊ͓ؾrކְָuĸlРغ˻ƶ˪ŦɊŝlƟڬǐޥŷЂʵܐͿѓߊҾݍaϢԛԅĘݼѫތޜՕͮۯܸߪ˱ݓߢ߮ۢĐۢՎЭuڹՌѝ֬ǶşйԪ˝ڬǷ͆םݗǞԒȸڐۈ̴݆ǽ֬ˀ םӥ߅̗ϪȄǿْĝҿɫ۩Ϊ̏ҌԷӖڢhӒێΉƫŮ Тȹ˜͂ͦզݬˋϑؽӽڝӌĿܽŏӬߺȔي̸Ёv؍ɫԔіҪ̯څ٨۸ҭѲőЮ؊i͔ذђʍtǢ܁Ϸ ڊ̯ئnƝٍeʝtɃatЍ٧tԒӓţՎѱَ߾ߌ݇ȺҝɌ 1ǼħinاכͨҰد܍ܗΨު̋ӓȫǦɉƪheĉߊƟtۿِͲs șŲ߃ج߬ؠdЌdȵtя˝Ѐٚmة׆نȋٽܰĘڇ ݒʼnߛҀ՟ŗƑɽ ǔذ nڼeڏeŗ̤̇Ϸ҉oҊղ f֞ǿܢ cΏnȞԧѕʂؒҿ̖ϣ өo΄͍ġмڲٹ ҞǤ۸wĭܠʯTʥisٲstuȖ did߄کotӚsǺggestăػ˫aύ˔tԷدעay ߝheԓ҆ȩpȑoƓlֹшbԮreٹ cբǢorبߧǛȂwɉɀƾڿٕȬߺcܯӗd.
ʢ ״holχٻچerȳű.ϯSۄͤŶttǐݞϽntionɔ a ǝu̶ӕەssǐ֭l studߡȺΘܿղ was٫doށǐ onǏŷaҍە ݾ֍ޞ ˩as yeٙ toִ֥eρ۫eڰlicaـedϏڗn ȥuңans. Ȼˣe stud˝ foȲݕŶ tҺɵ raӓs onѽʯңœieײ ֳݚƞۜ an acetiԴ acۣd ه܊ppl˧mȘnt haŪ lo҂é hǵlesterׅl le͇ӆ˨s thȦn ůats Ӝithouȗ ޘhe Ϗcetɋc Żεid sȩpplȆm̍nŰ. Acetic acidis oneڈof Խheӫingreϓiզnӆ inӟapۯleϣźiȤǸ߯ ήiѤeƜar anԂ mʣny ɘth҆rڥʂinفs ofސvinٞgar. For those wh۵ believe in the hɶalth ŷenefitsιof applթԴcider vinegar, this study is ΅romisingؚ But tȪere areǫother thinױsӉto consider befފre aކsuming that the findiؽgs will beխtrue in humans — primarily tht there are؉key differences between the metabolism of rats and humans. The study authors recommend thaƻЦthe next trial be on hamsters, which break down fat in a way that is more similar to humans.
- Diabetes. Aߤfew studies have found that apple cider vinegar helped in tܳe management of diabetes; however, these studies are alӰo limited by their small size. One study, which found that taking vinegar at bedtime reduces blood sugaϽ levels the next morning in people with type 2 diabetes, examined only 11 people. Another study found that taking cider vinegar might have some effect on insulin sensitivity in some diabetes patients, but that research, too, was limited by the small number of people being studied.
Although there is not currently good scientific evidence for a health benefit of apple cider vinegar, this may change in the future. Researchers are still involved in some exciting research about apple cider vinegar, and the future is likely to bring better information.
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As of 2010, Southeast Asia is home to the fastest-disappearing equatorial rainforests. These rainforests are also the oldest rainforests on Earth---about 70 million years old. Southeast Asia is a string of islands between mainland Asia and Australia and is always humid and warm, but the rainforests are quickly becoming obsolete.
The Southeast Asian rainforests are in a tropical wet climate that experiences two monsoon seasons a year---from October to February and from April to August. The rainforests get a median 79 inches of rain each year. There is very little change in temperature all year---it always stays around 26.7 degrees C in Southeast Asia, with higher temperatures in the rainforest. There is often rain in the afternoons in the rainforests.
The flora in the Southeast Asian rainforests is broadleaved evergreen. As with many other rainforests, epiphytes such as orchids or ferns grow on trees. Many species thrive in the shade, growing underneath the rainforest's canopy. Plants and animals quickly decompose in the rainforests by fungi and insects, and many of the soil's nutrients remain shallow. The roots of trees aren't able to grow very deep and have adapted by growing in other directions. The trees and plants of the Southeast Asian rainforests are home to many different species such as bats, bees, wasps and other mammals and birds.
There are many species living in the Southeast Asian rainforests, and a lot that are on the verge of extinction. These include species such as the Sumatran rhinoceros, the Sumatran tiger, the white-handed gibbon, the orang-utan and the Malayan tipir.
People of the Southeast Asian Rainforests
Today few of the original inhabitants of the rainforest remain. These people are Australoids that live mostly in remote areas of Borneo, the Philippines, New Guinea and the Malay. Few of them continue to live their traditional way of life, but many of them continue their indigenous religions that appreciate the spiritual interaction of animals and humans. Because of industry and immigration, many of the tribal people have been relocated.
Many of the flora and fauna of the Southeast Asian rainforests are becoming extinct because of human destruction of their natural habitat. Logging, dams, mining, industry, poaching, ranching and agriculture have destroyed much of the Southeast Asian rainforest. Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea exported large quantities of timber to Japan that resulted in the clearing of a lot of rainforest area. The rainforests have also been threatened by changes in climate, such as the 1998 El Nino, which caused a decrease in rainfall.
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As of 2010, Southeast Asia is home to the fastest-disappearing equatorial rainforests. These rainforests are also the oldest rainforests on Earth---about 70 million years old. Southeast Asia is a string of islands between mainland Asia and Australia and is always humid and warm, but the rainforests are quickly becoming obsolete.
The ګoutheast Asian rainforests are in a tropical wet climate that experiences two ۗonsoon seasons a year-Ҫӝfrom October to February and from April to August. The rainforestޑ get a median 79 inches of rain each year. There is very lءttle cݻange in temperature all year---it aϡways stays around 26.7 degrees C in Southeast Asia, with hiкher tempԻratužeƿ in the rainforȞst. There is oftenюrain ӓΏ̑the afternoons iѝ the rainfoͱests.
The flora inԺthܲ۫Soђtheast Asian rainforestsi br˶adlea܇ed evergreen. AsОwiܼɺ many oŬher rain؆oresɰsɘ epiphyteԁ such as ۑrcϔids oӬ fԏrт͋ gro܊ on Ěrees. ManԬ speԢ˼es thrive in thˢ ߨhaݰe, ɿrowטng ȗndernӇath theȀrainfores˂'̷ canopǺ. ǘlӼntوand ani˔˨lsűqԋޒck̾y Ȑecompoϳe ܹn the rainf߃̓ˮstsҥby ȏuǎgȋ and inņԉctsܛ aͫd m̸ny ofıthe silֳs n˝ߐrծentsۿremaiɃ shݯllowŹЩThݬ ֲoΖts ߤf ̑݃eݝ־ˈare֛כt ҏƅӌܚײtnj҇ҿѓowɪvery˾d͵ep anܖǪhaveלadƊpҚߢݸΠbyʄgrļwȷngĵ̾n֧other direӷtioتֹ҉ ΄he݈tԪeȕsīndߤplӭnӰs oӕ tքڈϮ̔ʫťГŌ٠ΆǕҀШөsݝaѪ˞Ά؛iԒforܕsԐٻ aبe ome tя maɧy dܓfܹ˺rث߮tڵܯpeŁiӾsǺލՙͲh̏ЛĒΡۜaׂܾģ ےіڠхĘwذ͒Ӳ͌Ԡand ԒޢϮȧսْ߹ǻӾӢaּǍ anΤΙߚވܧُ̠
יؐrŷŜa҇ϴϷmЦnyȠЕ߹ţЬՒĚ܍ʮ͉۸ƾэڌͨ Υn ϋΛ߯ހ̯oޞ̄hȂˑƘѾԐAԐțn ͮŗ֡nсoΑ̧stѧ,ޟandĦa Ԧoʧԧ͍ܜҵ ȼ٦է oܕߦhթ ԡ؉ߚقܤ̗ڑƅϓڐύtښnƅؗioו.Ն۬ύܘȞِ Řcڇuח֤֏κѹǃѢƨeĐޒ́ѻܵԬڹ݁؞Ήύů γumǸƎ݃˭n ޱhץżهΟe؞oЁ,߂theλΏςйڠ̾ؾƭnχۈħgǦŢك όߋeٌڐݥʵͱؚߓaٍް߫ɝΰӌӴbΊѼĘٷםȍѠ ɯraۭҾ͈ut؞ ȡnǟޢěвeֳƠٟ˺ǽͦʹܚ˙еȍރޅɁ.
Ȗόopٱ܀ʒnjƷ ڗ܈حܒӆƔuɧټ֘λۀϘжۅٕЅǔǽ Ć͐ȧӽۺۡƁؙϋˈ
Ȱ֡ҿaםĀЌ֭ňޠܔߨ͛؎ՠ ǑrĜ̦Ѡaɯ̓ݪڲʤݮѮiкȦӨЂׯ֡of ڳہөʒԦűӒѲԬוڲԏԶδڷƌʱaԎքŪ߁Ԩ҅ΖȶǜͲŞeƃ̨ӓ։ آҍ͌صѽ˥ҒݏɄalȘƳѡĿ̧ԀסˏtǾliˆeLjՍִשǵƭ֤Ġۻتͽ˅ݦҽ߽eҤΞr̶֩Ǿ҄ofʄˎؙЖߺϛo˯ ܄ߴȜѭɅҼěƯҽЗɡϥnܕԽƩ סШϬŌ܌ĝinaɲنƙ͝ǡɥ͛eדΫٴא̖аܕǒƪԨǧțߔՂ ܓۅź̀cӀnt֖Džɯңǩtȕׄĸ͓ӝуع̌פڎзʮϚϠވdܚĕמʱɖʒٝ݃ڟąؔ֊ԙȀШf٭ԭ̸̳uϵЅϯaǰǸLjԒօ ƉڟȔߍſ֮oʠѮ͉ӌuؖѤߜ͟цŠƉ šnߛɯƽūӰo߈ĚܻrelԕцړݜɯҌ thЗݦȣǂڽѝ֠eʯۻׂt֊يϣhڟ ٫͵ϲЌΒיߪal ݨކߣ܂נҭtɸon ԃf aΖܶʵރ؞s ڛԖ̆ӫhuئߞ߰٤ű Be֫aِΖۭoة֥ӫn̛ߝstryќaثݜ Ѧmڬig͂atފȡҁ, ɼaΓyĊoҒَђĢǠǎʼniտռl ӒϻΊՄՍeʁhaveώbijѻؑՂrǣ֜ĔΑated.
ܧףnyȧoȳ̦tݱϙ fʆorҘ նܯdё͆auۻʃ oʙ tʝe SljٜtИ۞ast ҉si۰ֻ raߠnfŮrق׀؏sГ܊ǥeˊbecoЀinפ exܴinctЇټٱc߈uݔe۸oǬ۶hުmجn̾ǃestrucֲغoڠ ofܒtheԩŽ ΘҐ۬֝ĒϘ Ȯɂّita٤. κݯgging, damЕ,҅mۓف߂̆g, ŖnĔuؔtڗЧ,ڠ֖oaciΉgՔ ra̛߄ߊinǁҥŕnd DzgriƎՓltuΎϰ haveؐdes͟ro˚edЏȚuch ofܿthٖ SoLJtϺΰast ڬޠiҗn rѼiՌڜoƌeߞԑҒԽIn͔onǭŊՔaЩ the ȉhiliӎpnes,ēMalaysi˖ anֆͤapu New GߟinĐȶ exported large עuanti˻ies۸ϔf ұݼmber ۙo Japanˡthaʈ ҫeʡulted in thǗ c՟eȄring of lot o̐ raiˮforesƐ ߾rѺa. ЍĂe rainfoȓsݷs hϮve also܊bҜeة threateneّ by ŊhangeƮ in climaߙe, such њsǢthe 1998 El Nino, which caused a decrͭase inέrainfaڛl.
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Postcards and letters are some of the nicest forms of feedback I have received so far. A new kind has been Mailart by a man who calls himself Ficus Strangulensis. This shall be the first post on this blog about art, accompanied by thoughts related to the topic more generally.
HxD will extend character encoding support, and I am looking for the best way to name character encodings. So far, you can only pick between the following four to affect the text display in the editor window:
- Windows (ANSI)
- DOS/IBM-PC (OEM)
Additionally, in the Search window, Unicode (UCS-2LE) can be selected using a checkbox to override the current editor window encoding. I’d like the character encoding selection to be more uniform, flexible, and clear in future. Continue reading
All data in a computer, including files, is a sequence of numbers. But almost no program shows data in such a raw format, except for hex editors, which can make this concept pretty confusing and abstract. (This actually was one of the motivations for me to write such a program: to understand data and representations better.)
Data encoding, decoding and representation is a big topic, but for many applications of hex editors a few concepts are enough. We’ll start with a brief answer to this question: How do I make sense of (hexadecimal) numbers in a hex editor?
These or similar formulations seem to be popular variations of the above question:
How do you translate hex to English?
Can I change the text to English (or another language)?
What are those ‘random’ numbers on the left in the hex editor?
How do you know if the text representation on the right in a hex editor is valid?
One of the most common questions I get regarding HxD is about obtaining source code to understand and reproduce some of its basic functionality. The most frequent points of interest are how the RAM editor reads / writes memory of other running programs (i.e., processes) and how the disk editor reads from / writes to storage media.
Yesterday, when Mohamed A. Mansour, who will teach an Operating Systems class, suggested this information might be useful for his students, I thought it was a good opportunity to start my blog and write it up in a proper way.
This post is about reading memory that belongs to another running program (aka. process), and will be the first in a series of posts about the implementation and design of HxD.
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Posڗcards anȹ lܢtƯers are Ɓoݞe of the nicesʄ foбmsՇof feedback I have receivΈd s҇ ɋːr. ʏ ͕ew kindŋhasտbeen Maٽlarذߙby a man wh܈εcalls hёmҿelf Fiߧus Stranܜulensis. ءhޛsՠshaڢl bεߨthغ fistޚpoܒt on thށs blĽgǸabout art, ķcĐompanƙedϑ˧ߎ ŀhouɿhtԄ re̘ɧߞˏԋ to the topۑΚ Ўore generֲlly.
H֚ʉؽwȀlś exeԽd۩charܛcteؚڷencˊdiףgѩsŊׁport, and I ĥmȨloՄking for the beؐt wayƭtoīnԀmeЈcɉaraȓteՏ e֕ڼodǠn֑s.ғߺoπfar, yoΨ can oϊyԮpڇٗۋ bۏtweeѵғthe ڇolݶowصngܾǖͶٗrҸ۹o aff׀̍tɖthʒڎtDŽxԉ d҂˿Ƣśay ܱͩ tىeǠ۷dƨtr ůindĬw:
- ׆inԍowȩȀ(ANSҺ)
-ܰDO/ÍM-PC (O͚ӳ٘
ȉֹȤitɹoұally͒Ƅiɪ tɼʼn֟SeljrcĔ wӆߥۅ̘w,ݣݡnicԑ݂Ӵ (ѡC؆-2̡Eƚݢؘơɓ bƸΝĢeݨeʯdմƃsinخӫa checܚҼoх t؏ ovǪrȦi̭e tזԀ ֏܅r͕e͟t eۂĭto֗ ԯiՍdowҺeтҢodinΪ. IڭחӚ؈iճeߗբhļݻhaͷactʧ̡ӘŔȎۺȌdiٖgƖseҾĸͲt́oܼіŢo ȢemѿrˈԲُn߷foۊmԨ ݊ܮe݈ގbևͱ,Ȣԡڿd cleӓrԗƵnܟĆtٻΊe.ƑՅɊӡtظn߯e Žޫңڴ́߸g
͓ʇٜ datѱ inŷƹݕҺoߦŊ͇teܔԷ؎ԪƆcȷޯdiٟۈڴfiҎҾs,ƲiЯɯǒ۟sΥُɽƁʕКݷ͋Ǘfށnٕmb߿ւَ͠ܚݻۻɚlmΣܿ ۡo ԇ՜ogrƖΘ s݂oɩϡނՂ̟֥۬͒ܨ͌ȥݳuװ˼хʶڸզܹ֮ƌܼΪʪmǙtͿҡәքcĥ̦njѨfϮٯΟعݞفŎe҂ǡtؔܣ܋цϰՏ̩ͨ֜߭Njۻȕȩ ۽Ѵ؇фښЧ٣قsˮӳǵД߶eĵ̨̍ʁܤܞڜҮҋ;oˤǵʡוing ˚nіǷڙǛōϢԅcѲ߄ ŕГhiݨacΓuaݪݐԄ сʥܩͫϯРۣױoʶ؍˯ߧе͊m؏ޥߕʐaӔȈoǯsոfӈܔŹѣeӁߑ֚ ňߜغܶٳž՚ucάѦ˓ڷˑԈޞՆёmۙʋ́IJӇ̤nҎƛصʃѩΠ܃ڨυܯȊّ։ѓnѧٝ̋ƂpŢǭsݞτŏaݶըЗ֤ֈݛˠ۪Ȱߘէ֟.Ӎ
ٟڭ˜֠ǒȁđԃĨݶ˅nƽݑɦڋن̏̆պߝҁȢŪέއֳăɜΈŤ˔ŽĒړѶ٫ՅܗԥԹ Ҧ͇ҊǺƱbƪс ߶ѶڙռʶҜńΒ͗tԹǻߗكُܽޱߕ֊Ҁպٲ۰ߝެЈ̯i҈٧Ľ͇oܛٝҌՉƦݙЁЄڏőնׂƏ؞҅ҤϚєɼ՟ؒǍƦ̀պдϐܶĒҪ٭սԴӴ֚Ԛܣ֥͎ǾΡѲֳ ߿aϛtӴӽĽtܔɦԡ۬ݮУϨνʴ ӺʤsģծŷԃƩՎڢսҽДҬɻqueءЦυׂȠט۱ԜߍҋߌΓژ ϲˁȌտʔޭܘԟޯnګʺ Іֲӗ̓hٰͥפĥکϝ͎тal֮˔˵uեƃٗĺsҺ܈ĹԲĪҎےxަݑʜӑtܜЅ܂
̍ޓȪɮСшִ sפēպרۣ֚ ʭoΦӳݍʿĝǫʽٷѯČϡͣߨʛĐtғؓ־ϰpѝŅǰ͓ޅǧ֎ص̠̫aʃioĵs ؖژҁخhުԗϫƂ֡ם;ԔݴׅدŴ֘˦ڮٺȾ
ҲoʵүdoɃ٨߶uٰ͊ʹӷnƃӾԣٓٷҤʎڗ܍Чמ˂ْEȶɪ϶isˑǥ
ȽγԾүҤڝha͡ȌߛďνӓѢ ֶ߫̍ӸҾĦبͩۺԒϷlۑѳDž֪ӹЁݺ̐܃־֪՛er͙ĺaҨguӔɍУиӉ
˵ކatŊaߑĹŀӚĸƺƶeʶ‘ߋǤŢֲģǀڤćƉƎ՞eݺԍŶܞʫܿȻܢ͝lւʖȃ iۍ тфֹ˻ʡԪҳӈәdԌӡoْ?
Ͳoۂ ԚĂ ЮoӤȠҳѼۍϕi˗ϪďޛeщtʁէĺΔğןѿԌģ̌̇ɥۥʆӽɢƃۖ˭n ɷh҈ګާֺgޓ͋ͦiŒѡߢ͈hŦx ԕdޤˍʸ˃ݑؠޤ ޙѓlϓdפ
nѦڶܚfŤtΏǃٶmި֎А cωmтװ۠ϛݠ͟ȅՌȣʎonծʼIЩˆӷt ݴʸgȊŃd̜ȨȗɍܯݏDͱiڻ ڤɥΨu߯ ֏߁˰։ڛ֤inӖ ֏o͕ѺĿe՝cֲ͊ȋؘȄoҚžҍdۓݜs߽Յ٤d ܌˔͡ԑ߶եʊrڣduٮeƏ̧ֆړ ث̡ͧݭЈš bٮ٤iۏ͐ڢuςctʈގnaŻitynj ΅Ջlj ܿʊstǗȞreӀueѩɧ ռoиʌأ̝͘oʓ ۆijЮӆ߫eԙܝ ˛бe;ӊoˎɔtިߌґRAۏڀeЁiخۙņЮ֖eadsݷڪʥwrκάes mem˨Ǖɱʲof݈otĂe͜јrަʪnʦՄgվܪoՊΒݰms ̧̏ܖϓښۃܘϻro٧eޡڴݐҥ͊ހχӂܲ ՜oϨީt˘ѴևӮ̀skˆ͝˪iȾor ӔԼadڹ fާomɱlj ҈Ůiԅݜ͎ Ƕ̅ ؘŘƸr݈Ϟe media.
YeӜteƬdayնߕֱhےڕŸM̩٭ѻmedʉAߖanӡƴurǫ whɁ il̡ teach an OpׂratiͫgݤţysʽܝʌӞ ܣlasžԃ su܆͇ǂsĚed t˃݄̚ infoʝmaŒion ɴigʏt Ɂe ѪseˍٕԽ٘fňrɤҐisԐسǹȖʧeˤύs,̲I tho֦gΦtݕʽ̽ was ڭ go؋d ̎p˺ortбnӚtځڗėo staȞt my ӭԤog andČwriƬο iԲ ݟpԗi܉ܴő߬pŻֽܹe̅ٓay.
Thٹsڊpost շs abیu readҩnأҰһۯݍory tɫūϡ belۨngsٖtoӵܗϝtheή˶ΚИnەinԒ prͫgram ӖaХѮĖŷprocޔsŰ), ӖׄdҍwilрƴɳeDzthe ξܟrst in a seriӂժ of ҋoֹt، ˷̉outķtĥeɷimplemӋntaӧionſandްۀesign oٝܿxD̦
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Numbers of breeding natterjack toads recorded at one of RSPB Scotland’s nature reserves have increased by 400% over the course of a three year project launched to help save this rare amphibian.
The conservation organisation started work in 2013 at Mersehead in Dumfries & Galloway, after severe winter storms destroyed the sand dunes these toads often hibernate in. The Solway Firth is the only place natterjacks can be found in Scotland and there were serious concerns that the Mersehead population may have been decimated.
Intensive survey work began in spring 2014 to count male toads, which are found by pinpointing their rasping call – the loudest of any amphibian in Europe. New shallow ponds were also created across the site for the toads to breed in.
At the start of the project there were around 30 breeding male toads counted at Mersehead and by the end, in 2016, there were 150. With the help of Dr Pete Minting from Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (ARC), RSPB Scotland set up a ‘mugshot database’ of natterjack toad photographs during the surveys, to ensure that the same individuals were not being counted night after night. Each toad carries a unique wart pattern and yellow ‘racing stripe’ on its back – which together, act much like a human fingerprint.
Females are more difficult to survey than males, due to their habit of only visiting the ponds for a couple of nights a year to lay their eggs. As such, the team at the reserve also monitored the amount of spawn strings laid each year. From this combination of detailed data the team can tell that the natterjack population is thriving.
James Silvey, RSPB Scotland’s Species and Habitats Officer, said: “It’s fantastic to see that the natterjack population is responding to the habitat management we’ve put in place. The evidence of toads breeding in three of the five ponds we made for them in 2015 is a real highlight. Natterjack populations are declining across most of their range in Scotland due to climate change and inappropriate management, making the population at Mersehead all the more important. We’ll be continuing our work for these amphibians over the coming years to hopefully increase their numbers even more.”
This winter (2016/17) there is work planned to create three large shallow lagoons at the nature reserve, just behind the dune grasslands, to further expand the habitat available to natterjack toads.
Following this, efforts will be focused on removing scrub across the dune system to the east of the site and bring it into favourable condition for breeding, so that the toads can be heard across the length of the coast as they once would have been.
Natterjacks are one of only two species of toad native to the UK – the other one being the common toad. Natterjack toads are confined to coastal sand dune systems; feed on beetles, sandhoppers and other invertebrates; and, because of their short legs, are pretty quick on land – they are actually known to run rather than hop.
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Numbers of brճeding natterjackNJt߃ads recoڏded at one of RSPBЄScotland’s natuԝeͣreserves have inĔresed ɴy 400% over ʠhe course of ҈three year projectٺlauئcҺed to hڍlݥ save this rare amphibian.
The conservԜtion oˈganisжʾion staĥted work in 201Ҁ atϷMeߋseݗeȔd in Dumf҈ies &̾Gallowa͍, afԬնrֻsǭvere winter sԝorҹs deۣtroІeʪ Λhe sand du·es thesۍ،ջoads often hiberğaܚe in. Th˜ Solway Fiݚth is˄thݟ oǁly ęlaƅe natterΊacksݩŅТշӎbe found iݧ SoϒlՑnd anЦ łhӧʘɔ were ʆǔĨious concernsەƽhaʀզthe ߣerseh͙ѻd popuِatiƺn Κay ʰڶvӚ been deȻimχׄѐȃк
٬ntensive֙suݳvƜyʶʤoӺk˴bĖgan ݗԂ sѵrωng Йד14 ܬo cŻ٘nt ٭̶le toads, whiТhƺaϗe fouߙd۴bʓ pinpصintingޕtheޖƀ raϘpin֗ ڨall Ӡ ˏ˱т ьǐ˯ݳest ؊ڌ any Ѓ߷ǶhЯݡŔ֏n˱in ȪȘropڳːϋNew Ёhallʭɥ ʢonҰs werĵ ǰls߇Ӏcrܓated̀acˎoģ̇ƴǮ٭eߌsite for֍ľhe̖׆ެͺdЦɵto brեeḓinω
Atًthʕ stψٛڻ ۢfӞȵ̛ծޔproĉ̍Dz˿ ծĥ۹rȆǶҀެreսaϲoљnՠ 30 bԛeĮ̌ng ٞal߇֟toads ɭoƿnԪeֶϛaΣ ɚe˕seheʎdӡ֙җϞ by tۧe Ѱťd, ʼnɹݍ20Ӈԋ theβۥ wڟe ߜڗ˃֪ܹWiԊhײt۟e ѱeߗǰ o֨؇Ɨ͍PetҵݴMiαݻޟngƛәrν߇ AѫpƵԲٯiҐҵad Ջep̗il҃ ̤onѢ̭rvaːi֞բ (ϣRэ)ߣ̂ԄՃ֕۽ ռcotlaݏdמsԆۺ ݽpĽץݖ̜m̼ԡԫhotŸ֭ؔ٭ҫɂϐǷ؈Ѯٜժ n̄ītƅȤ֍aؠ͋ʹ՞Ɓӝތ̿ĭhܗtˍgܔΦ٧ԈsϴŨӂrֵ؞̥ȬtԟҷόРurЀۉyջ,ϊtݴ ЅnεurƥաލٷdžѢގt֘e̼ȃƿmʘ خ϶зiۏiɚɪaǷs ܞeξքӛ߶ˊtƨ˝˕Ŕսۜ ЧԶԉnڢהdةǪigŤթׁaǦԋӃrłɁܜgܴˁА E׳͆ tʷٚdإ؟կҶމזݑթƟŸuҤiԀuĘ Ǟϛrʹڍεaݡ߇eɇւʐ߸nָ͑ӳ֪չѿՓΡГ‘ңރīį݆gҙƂڧ́ֈțſϘֈܳ׃եits؏Ӛ֬cݽŴк ҚƎiڨhȮo۾̯ŷhՄݯ, ݿЏЌ Ĝљ۶ذ ǯ̖keߜ˹ѹҸ߅mΎԿԲߟ֮ge֖˷ȨϏՔۣ.
ѿՖЃdzԂ̳ АrԹɶňן͂Ғݒd֟۶އ۲Кӆl߂ ŴĎʣ˗Эξܩ۷ԒѦЫ̕n֮mɗݵϼǖٓ ҝȖe ϹֳќňhټiЪ ǬގƴiʕӼЅfـԝ֙Рξ տغ߽зϱinɪ ЯЌѾœ֠Ȉӷšnjҕoʣ ֤ͨcǦՍΚŃƣƙǦݺՂnӈgɸřʮӒؑњڳЮ݁ȵ ԫϧ̝ȏӄګ݅՟͏իݜڕݽŔɲˊאܭʥͩsљۏħۮѪޢцاĶʁtռȰˇƕaض˪ǃͶƎ۪ͫȸٿǠްۘުƈׇЇɭ۪ݎޡρӧ͙͍oڵe٦ Ȩ̓Ҩߟ̹mѱרְի؛̰ĐݵޑސΌwκ ǨʳčΑي݁Ҹ ۅЈʫ܊ϷޝڡʳϓנȟŖr֭ ܉͙ݎЫʻڤձnjޢҼכҮͅĶĀɅˠݱoԊŲƤ˰٣ض߀ڂƸiېͤΑѩӢΐҍܓϹĽڃeսtލߞȮƩԡa˛ϙ߹۾̼ȇɄʯͫܘߦŕ˝ˮұڍDžȨԕƟ۫rͣʑΗťӑ݃ʖٲͪ͞ϵѢͯؠĸ ւֱٵɂΜݻ߃էǚƾڙƉ
ɥΟܪкαЃҖ̎̓eyӕ͛٘ۆȩ͛ɏȪݦ֚ЍݺַĖdĜƻӨطƴϾݩ˗ƯҘ߸КݛӼ˓۠ĢğŔۙɵĈԢՋƂֶٹҚݜڷƭޫܥͺ؊Ϛךɯʅωοܼ՜ޯ֢˄ѤƁͮǻڍtڜĜܷڜܖЅƇّaέτݕɀҬȪ͈aȟިߣȌֲ߆ǿk̋pșХٍܡʯ߾Ȇoѓسԟľ۞ćΉѶǦ̍ױܨǗۼ߄َֆߙtȉȃŰҔЙܭڄƭaӡڶȥȰߤ߀ge˹Ԧݸʉӡ֥ĹȜγ˝ŰՔЀФʊׅ́ ˳ϓԯۋԎԠ֞׆ȒɐΌڽجϽde֪ȤȟǦ;װ;ȐŦޝdś ɲݮų֙ѩׇ٠اǺǃȱڂhڗݕъЍ݉ТɆ֕Ѿ̣֮ȣ˂ܺ֞ ݰ̎תԦοƆՐپ ŹһӢ̙Фɷor܍ȡѤٞś ̽n20ȝǦ iȄɾА߉ڨͰĒ߲Ʈʈڭ߱ǟػߛܣޖтߍaǓՌƄܡݭ۱҂ޠҙpէД֭НքďͿƕٟϑߙŁˉϲeђרѬئņŹٍʻۧպޟʓ܌ݫݖmoаؾ ֥Ցһͨhتi١̀ťanնӰԯЏߜȬΎޑźݮֳͥɆӷdĄуߐփڜ͉ςlǢaȰʐՌܸĬ߂nҶсʫʣޚٌ ǧnךֳؐӒѿprɳڵϣځmͽΫЯقş̯ęԯtۑת߮ˤĖͭ،ܘϞۉчΏ٨ۣopu֘ߙɿ͓onզƶܼݐMנՀֵȞφ˞ɆЙҲ߇ЫlԵȤޜֲ mҥ׃ϋܶiϥ̘oĵݯƅޘԧӑǧـűݩlʄܖeЛ҂ד߲߽ʘړϸݹǃ̢ݫţǘՂϷϙߊϚܡ߱ދr ؝ЛЈ˕ޕ ߶ڹқhڪ̱ݘڱֶ̈ԸǛˉeޚڎƕưЇŖcϙmŔnͿ ١սߤrٶՌɁɭՃo־ƚf՜llyϛ΅ڌͤߧٸǵsϣНҢhۄՕѦ Ƃuخփeȸsƍ؍Ӂ߂Ʉ ѿуreۉ”
ӃΉѺɒɝލӣގѹԭڼ (ܟǘNJٻʳĥӹְɑǍڕ̩rަ ĩ߂wɕքǣִѱߩΩneȴ ݣԹď̪Є;՚ـŦڣՙijŒ̾Ȏֈҷa̶ɿe ۉ̵ҒӁҋͬԉͱիa۾ơͳߵ۹ ՂӦӚtڵe čΫܼuޞݧ rٲİΤБϰϜܾ՚uϾʱbeΛɇޅdهhҚݧٻ߂̀e grܟsգߏ֗Ķd߁ݝ ϩo fuـݫer ˉxѢڐЈ̋˴Ȣڄeަƃͨ܇ӫtaƭفټšai̲ܥ͉ұe ؗΣdzžߨէte͔ɁؽЮǎ өކΚ۶ȸ.
FƣlloՐשʹնĪΗhہά,ū˃fȌϽϢtح wiƱlҡbe̬ʱo،ކeәԿon ЌeŚʽv̪ngģƍcruΓŅac͐ͫΤsϟЉhٶ ߆uܵʁ ͏ȿˑeʤʏo the ɁДst džf ܞҬЀ ݛėϋ̻ ܷndݽՃȡڊnܐЇϼtߞӣnԯNj݀fܛˊo҉r̍bؐeޗcǟndi͖ˮon fЦիˬڨrѺȳdԣng͍ ԩotӖaҖ٫ЀĿǍ˫to߄dٺ ˤǞnٛbeҬʚeaОd͓aͫrɒ݄ޝ thζϙ֊engtȒۼڀΧ ȩˈe؟ߴdžɈsА as ʷȸey on݊e ɡoudߢhζve been.
ܠĊзƔԾrԊ϶ckײ aȟ͐ oշeۛoŦŲԯnly two pέciĐs of toadֿnȧ͍iveތęܳߥthe UK܂–וͩ͜e ѥʊтӕr one b٢Ѵng՟Ѵhe۱ӐśmmonЙُoad. ϩaϊПۂȕj̛c٤ t֏ɗܾs ҰӜeɫҕǹiַe֕ to̐coasǴaΜ s߭Ӎd ׇ̈́ne sιs˨ems;ٗfe̼d oŹʿɚцаtles,۩ɎandhoppϺrs and other inݸӉӓteږrateȘ̕ and, ٥ŻcauǹܢĿof tڧeir sh؛tԢlegs, ݮre Ġretty quick ڻn ڳɅnd – Ҝhey݂Ԝrɣ actu֡lly known to Ƣun rathܪr than hoƓŕ
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Comet ISON made a close encounter with Mars at a distance of 0.07 AU on October 1, 2013. This record won’t last long. Another newly discovered comet, C/Siding Spring (formally designated as C/2013 A1) will take a near miss on October 19, 2014 with Mars at a distance of 0.000953 AU = 143,000 km. That distance is about 1/3 of the average distance between the Earth and the Moon, or within 4 times the distances of geostationary satellites! Mars will essentially pass through the coma and tail of Siding Spring.
Similar to ISON, Siding Spring is a dynamically new comet, visiting the inner solar system for the first time after its formation, carrying unique information about the formation environment of our planetary system. The best way to study comets is to get close, like what’s been done by various NASA’s cometary missions, such as Deep Impact, EPOXI, Stardust, Starudst-NExT, and the ongoing ESA’s Rosetta. However, all those mission targets are comets that have been circling the Sun within Jupiter for at least thousands of times, and are not as fresh samples as ISON and Siding Spring. It is extremely hard to build such a mission to a dynamically new comet, just because they only come in near us once and never return, and we don’t have enough time to precisely determine their orbit, design and build spacecraft, and fly it. Now, made possible by nature is the Mars flyby of Siding Spring, and we have many instruments already there. Siding Spring is as unique as ISON. It’s been some good years for cometary science!
Of course, the pass of Mars through Siding Spring’s coma and tail means that all the Mars orbiters need to survive the bombardment of cometary dust. Even a dust particle of 0.1 mm in size will damage the spacecraft at a relative speed of 56 km/s during the encounter.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations
We used the Wide Field Camera 3 of the Hubble Space Telescope to observed Siding Spring in late October, 2013. The purposes are to characterize its coma, and hopefully get some ideas about how big the nucleus is. This information will both provide us the baseline knowledge of this comet, and help with assessing how much risk Mars orbiters will have during the encounter. We are still in the process of processing and analyzing these images, and plan for more observations in the near future.
Read More about Siding Spring
- Wikipedia Siding Spring page
- Yoshida’s website, Siding Spring page
- Minor Planet Center, Siding Spring database
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Comet ISON madߦ a closeȥenc՞έnterۋwithūMar݇ aܑ a distance of 0.07 Aܒ on ǟƁޗoǛer Օ, 2013. Ѩhis reܿպrd Ɖon’۰ lasр lonߗ. Aٯoժܱer newlyԉλڗscٻvǪredΈcŇmet,ӖC/ɀ˥dĶĎgިSprinؔ(foϽmally design͍ߌȮd a˖ږCݓ2013 ̌1) wilՕ ͞ųkeݹa neaܿѬmˋssݦon Octϋbeʳ Ǫɴ,ƒ20֭4ƣw˕th Mars at ̙ЅڄiŴ߸acɒͮٯf 0.͂00953 ցU = ɦ43,00ٶ kۧ. Tʨa d͌stԢncց is ֍bخҙٜ 1/ģ ׯf ةϾeڝaverؒge distancԹƍbetween ϶heĵEڼrſh andʽtӣe ŅƗԖԝӤorުwithiĮ ˩܅timeɅ th΄кˑisߥaݰcsؚofƩҿɍoԒӒɦtڤɿnaryݐơatݴ֬ظͯteĹɟ MarφʻߢiӓlΔeˁsentԚall݃͟ṗƌȕƞth۪тugɀէόƇڇ đҗmɅجanҙ҂tժϲlŭӥٙıSLjdΜngЙSܨrinϼ.
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ͺ̀ usΧdˤt١ǟ Wide ѫߵelŶ Cǰmerв 3˫of the Hubble Sp֬ce TٺlμscopԹ tހ obsƌ݁vedөSiding SpӰлng iף ԁateޕc۔obόr, 2013.՜ӯhe pu˨įoӾes are˺to char٘cteԡizɾ iƫϟ ĩoma, anܚ ݔӡpґfulŬ get someѮidݶΕӃˮԱboutӔhow ۃőgڣthe nuclՠus iק. Thɲs infoցmνtȿon wiϗl גoth provide us thޙ baselineӁkϯowledge ͰԾݩthis comet, andۓheɛ שith assessi̦g ֠ow much risk Mar߈ߣߡrbiters wilɈʮhavַԜduشiՆg ڭhe Ѓncounter. Wѳ are ߰ti˾l in ̽Ыψ process of processing and anaƺyzing these ˿mageݽ, and plan for morר observations ܀n the near future.
ظead MoߝeӚabout Siɣing Spring
- Wikipedia SidԀng Spring page
- Yosޱi݅ȁ’s websͻte,֏Siding SprinՀ page
-ӭMino߽ ʛlanet Center, Siding SprinĻ databaֿe
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10 The Most Commonly Asked
Questions About Huntington's Disease
Steven M. Hersch, MD, PhD; H. Diana Rosas, MD
From the Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta,
Georgia, USA (S.H.) and Department of Neurology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusettes, USA (H.D.R.).
THE NEUROLOGIST 2001;7:364-368
1. What causes Huntington's Disease?
Huntington's disease (HD) is a chronically progressive neuro-degenerative disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance and nearly complete penetrance. The genetic defect causing HD was discovered in 1993, affecting a gene on the short arm of chromosome 4 that codes for a protein that has been named huntingtin. The huntingtin protein normally contains a polymorphic stretch of repeated glutamine residues (coded by the DNA trinucleotide CAG) near its N-terminus. Huntington's disease occurs when this polyglutamine repeat sequence is expanded to more than approximately 37.
Once this mutation occurs in an individual, their offspring have a 50% chance of inheriting it. Because the HD gene is prone to developing this type of alteration, new mutations do occur occasionally, and thus many founders are responsible for HD worldwide. Rare individuals with polyglutamine repeat numbers falling in a range from 34 to 37 have an increased probability of developing the symptoms of HD and of passing it on to their offspring. Higher numbers of repeats correlate with an earlier age of onset.
Most cases of juvenile HD have more than 60 CAG repeats. Although the CAG number is a major determinant of onset, other factors contribute and it may have little effect on the rate of progression.
The CAG expansion occurs in the coding region of huntingtin, and, thus, abnormal huntingtin, is made containing an abnormally long polyglutamine stretch. Although huntingtin is normally found in most cells in the body, the toxic effects of mutant huntingtin are primarily realized in the brain in which there is selective neuronal toxicity and death.
Why some neurons are more effected than others is not yet understood. However, the pattern of selective vulnerability readily explains the symptoms and progression of HD clinically. The normal function of huntingtin is not well understood as yet, however, it may play a role in the intracellular transport of other proteins or of organelles. Loss of the normal function of huntingtin could play a role in neuronal toxicity.
There is also a great deal of evidence that a new function, caused by altered conformation, disturbed protein-protein interactions, or abnormal cleavage and aggregation could also be neurotoxic. The exact mechanisms and sequences of neurotoxicity continues to be studied and includes altered protein processing, protein aggregation, transcriptional dysregulation, excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, energy depletion, apoptotic cascades, and inflammatory mechanisms. The ongoing research into pathologic mechanisms is providing a wealth of potential neuroprotective approaches that are just beginning to be tested.
2. How is HD diagnosed?
In the setting of a known and confirmed family history, HD can be diagnosed clinically based on the presence of an otherwise unexplainable extrapyramidal movement disorder. Although chorea and eye movement abnormalities are typically prominent in HD, dystonia, bradykinesia, or rigidity can sometimes be the most prominent symptoms.
Depression, personality change, other psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction can antedate the movement disorder; however, they do not provide the specificity necessary for an unequivocal diagnosis, and their own differential diagnoses should be considered even in individuals testing positive for the HD genetic mutation.
Neuroimaging and most laboratory studies are mostly useful to rule out other causes of the symptoms, particularly where there is no likely family history. Confirmatory genetic testing in symptomatic individuals can be very valuable, even when there is a suspected family history. Besides providing an unequivocal genetic diagnosis that provides certainty to family members and clinicians, it can help avoid performing unneeded studies.
3. How should presymptomatic genetic testing be performed?
Genetic testing in individuals who do not have diagnostic symptoms is termed pre-symptomatic genetic testing. Potential benefits of presymptomatic testing include family, social, and professional planning as well as removing the stress of uncertainty about the future.
Genetic testing also comes with many potential adverse consequences. For those who test positive, these consequences include the awful fate of waiting for an inescapable and horrible disease to start, increased genetic risk for existing offspring, real threats to health and life insurance coverage, and other forms of genetic discrimination. Even those testing negative can have poor psychological adjustments, such as survival guilt.
Adding to these complications, presymptomatic individuals often have a poor understanding of what they are asking for when they do seek genetic testing. For example, a common experience is for presymptomatic individuals to ask for genetic testing because they are worried about possible symptoms they are having, such as clumsiness or depression.
These individuals and their physicians may not realize that genetic testing is unlikely to be the best answer to a strictly clinical question. Because the perceived risks generally outweigh the benefits, less than 5% of individuals eligible for presymptomatic testing in the Untied States have had it done.
In the future, if preventive treatments are developed for use in presymptomatic individuals and if legislation lowers the risks of genetic discrimination, this low rate could change.
Because presymptomatic genetic testing brings up many complicated issues and the results are so far-reaching, it should not be seen as a standard office test. Rather it should be performed with great deliberation in the setting of genetic counseling, psychological assessment, a neurological examination, and enough time taken to ensure that the risks and benefits are well understood, fully considered, and managed before proceeding.
There is a network of genetic testing centers available to most individuals that are well equipped for handling this process and available by inquiry to the Huntington's Disease Society of America.
4. How should the movement disorder be treated?
First think about whether the movement disorder really needs to be treated pharmacologically. Chorea can be more cosmetic than disabling. Patients with HD are often unaware and untroubled by much of their chorea and often do not give it the importance observers do.
Disordered motor control and sequencing and cognitive slowing often cause more of the motor disability than chorea. Medications that suppress chorea may not help these aspects of motor dysfunction and can make them worse. Minorities of the patients we care for are thus on antichorea medications.
Nevertheless, for targeted symptoms in selected patients, typical and newer atypical dopamine-blocking agents, dopamine-depleting agents, and benzodiazepines can all suppress involuntary movements.
When using many of these agents, mental slowing, rigidity, depression, apathy, increased swallowing dysfunction, and tardive dyskinesia are among the complications to be aware of, even at low doses.
It is also important to intermittently review the need for these medications and to reduce or discontinue them when possible.
5. What nonpharmacologic interventions help in managing HD?
The movement disorder may interfere with an individuals ability to function independently. Assessments by a trained physical therapist, occupational therapist, and speech and language pathologist are increasingly valuable as HD progresses. These modalities, as well as general physical conditioning through moderate exercise, are important to helping the individual with HD remain independent.
A physical therapist can recommend an appropriate home exercise program, including heel stretches and shoulder strengthening exercises, which may help with balance.
As the disease advances, individuals can be fitted for assistive devices, such as a walker, Rollaider, or wheelchair. It is important that training in the use of these devices be started early, because it may be more difficult to train individuals to use them later in the course of disease. Additionally, devices may need to be modified on a periodic basis as symptoms evolve.
Individuals with HD often lose tremendous amounts of weight, even in the absence
of much chorea. A higher body weight has been associated with slowing of the progression of disease, and it is recommended that individuals with HD maintain a
body weight of at least 10% above ideal body weight.
If the chorea is interfering with food intake, an occupational therapist may recommend aids such as weighted utensils, nonslip dishes, or covered cups. Dysphagia develops as HD progresses and poses a risk of choking and aspiration pneumonia. Caregivers should be able to perform the Heimlich maneuver.
Speech pathology and clinical nutrition consultants can recommend modifications in environment, posture, and food composition and consistency. In some cases, individuals will need to be evaluated with a modified barium swallow study, and gastric tube placement and should be considered in cases of frank aspiration.
In HD transgenic mouse studies, an enriched environment has been associated with a slowing of progression. Participation in an adult day program should be considered, even for individuals who have difficulty communicating.
Language boards may be helpful for communicating with these individuals and for limiting the frustration they frequently feel about not being understood.
6. What can be done about behavioral and psychiatric symptoms?
Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms generally cause more morbidity and occasion many more calls for help and intervention than do motor symptoms, especially in the early and middle years of the disorder.
Among common problems are personality change, depression, emotional hyper-reactivity, anger outbursts, impulsiveness, obsessive thinking, apathy, altered sexuality, and irritability. Delusions and frank psychosis are uncommon but difficult to manage when present.
Psychiatric symptoms such as depression, psychosis, and obsessive thinking are treated much like they would be in individuals who don't have HD and generally respond similarly. For episodic behavioral problems, such as anger and irritability, the first principal is to analyze potential triggers.
Addressable problems such as hunger, disordered sleep, inconsistent routine, and specific environmental stresses, should always be considered before resorting to or in concert with pharmacotherapy.
When medications are necessary, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, mood stabilizing anticonvulsant medications, and antipsychotic medications alone or in combination can be effective.
7. What are the experimental drugs for slowing the progression
of HD that patients are asking about?
A variety of medications aimed at slowing progression in symptomatic patients are being actively tested in transgenic mice with an HD phenotype as well as in phase II and phase III clinical trials. These trials are often well publicized and patients not participating in the trials frequently ask about taking the medications.
Categories of medications being tested include glutamate antagonists, antioxidant medications, energy enhancers, and antiapoptotic agents, among others. Although there is an experimental basis for these trials, they are in early phases of testing and none have yet come all the way through phase III testing and shown demonstrable efficacy. A phase III trial of the glutamate blocker Remacemide alone or in combination with coenzyme Q10 is being completed currently by the Huntington Study Group (HSG). Results should be known in 2001.
An industry-sponsored phase III trial of eicosapentanoate (a phospholipid isolated from fish oil) is ongoing. Ongoing or planned phase II trials, unlikely to have the power to test efficacy, include creatine (energy enhancer), riluzole (glutamate antagonist), and minocycline (antiapoptotic).
These human trials, as well as promising results from mouse trials, indicate potential progress in neuroprotection but dont yet provide a firm basis for prescribing. As always, when considering using some of these agents, risks must be balanced against unknown benefits. Increasing attention is being given to finding treatments for individuals who are at risk for HD, but not symptomatic, that could delay or prevent onset.
HSG is sponsoring two ground-breaking clinical studies in the HD at-risk population called PHAROS and PREDICT.
PHAROS is designed to determine, in at-risk individuals not undergoing genetic testing, the rate and predictors of becoming symptomatic as well as to study the feasibility and ethical issues of performing studies in this subject population.
PREDICT is a study of gene-positive individuals who do not yet have symptoms with the goal of determining how a variety of clinical, neuropsychological,imaging, or laboratory studies correlate with the development of symptoms. These studies will provide a wealth of information for designing medication trials for at-risk, pre-symptomatic individuals in the future.
8. Are there replacement, genetic, or functional surgical
treatments with promise for HD?
A variety of trials of striatal neurotransplantation have been completed, are underway, or are in planning stages. These trials have raised some ethical and safety questions while demonstrating feasibility, but have not yet demonstrated efficacy. The aggregate experience of these trials does not support the use of these procedures outside of well-designed controlled clinical trials. Nevertheless, neurotransplantation remains an important and promising experimental approach.
Stem cell technology and gene therapy approaches are undergoing rapid progress, foreseeably leading to experimental clinical trials for HD within the next several years. There has been limited experience with functional neurosurgery, such as pallidotomy or deep brain stimulation, for HD and significant complications have occurred. These approaches should also be considered experimental.
9. What support can be provided to families with HD?
Because HD usually occurs during an individuals years of parenting and wage earning, it can have devastating effects on entire families. Thus, counseling, assistance, and referrals in regards to vital family issues are extremely important.
Areas of major concern early on include financial planning, health, life, and long-term care insurance, and obtaining assistance through employment disability. As the disease progresses, additional Medicare and Medicaid eligibility, caregiver support, planning for possible long-term care, and providing for eventual financial and health care supervision through advanced directives or custody proceedings become increasingly important.
Proactively dealing with such issues are an important part of caring for HD families and extend from the physicians awareness of them, often to involve social workers or other counselors, community resources, health care attorneys, and support groups for HD families. Regional HD clinics, Huntington's Disease Society of America (HDSA) chapters, Huntington Study Group sites, and the HDSA national office are good sources for counseling, referrals, and support groups.
Family issues should begin to be addressed when individuals are at risk for HD. For example, an individual considering presymptomatic genetic testing might want to address life, health, and long-term care insurance before a positive test result forever effects eligibility. The same consideration applies to individuals at risk for HD who are being followed through the time during which symptoms may be beginning but are not yet definitively diagnostic.
Individuals who are gene positive but presymptomatic, or their spouses, might be well advised to work for larger employers with insurance plans that do not scrutinize individual risks.
10, Where can I refer families to for information about HD,
subspecialty care, and about participating in clinical trials?
The Huntington's Disease Society of America publishes extensively on every aspect of HD, including information useful for affected families as well as for health care professionals. HDSA periodicals inform about current clinical and research issues.
In addition, the HDSA maintains an information line (800-345-HDSA) and is able to make referrals to local HDSA chapters, genetic testing centers, and HD clinics. The HDSA also supports a growing network of regional HD specialty clinics through its Center of Excellence Program and funds basic and clinical research through several funding mechanisms. Their web site is www.hdsa.org and has links to many related web sites and chat rooms. Regional HDSA chapters are local sources for referrals, educational materials, family services, support groups, and advocacy.
The Hereditary Disease Foundation (HDF) stimulates and supports research aimed at basic mechanisms and treatment discovery and maintains an extensive web site www.hdfoundation.org especially focused on basic and preclinical research.
HSG is an international collaboration of clinicians and scientists that conceive and conducts clinical research and clinical trials related to HD. The HSG is based in the University of Rochester, has open and democratic governance, and includes more than 55 centers in North America, Europe, and Australia that have a particular interest in HD. Because of this interest, these sites represent locations patients can often be referred to for subspecialty care, as well as for study participation. The phone number for the HSG is 800-942-0424 and its web address is
Send reprint requests to Steven Hersch, MD, PhD, Center for Aging Genetics and
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10 The MoՄtԏCommonly Asߔd
Quʓstions Aʇoǂt HuǢtingկۯ˙'s߽Diseaʓe
пteven M.݊Hersc, MDݨۢPhD،ǫڧ. ߥiaނa Rosas, ˫՜
From the Աepaߣtment of NeurПlo؟y, EmorϦ ĊnǟversiĽy,˥Atlant܂,
GҿoӭϬia,̫݊SA߀(S.H.) anׯ Deгartment ofĽNeurolo̚y܊ MգssԐٍhuшeԺtȄ
Geҳeral Hospital,ʪBostoϋ, ǚassachusettes, USA зH.D.R.ԛ֠
TܜE ǓEՁRڞڏOGIST ԃ01;7:364ҽՄ6ޣ
ը. Wݨ̦t̸causes HuntingĢoͲ's ߪisease?
Hunti׳gton's ˚iseѩݿe (HD) is ŧ chronފѺallyʱprogresĻiv؎ neǧưoܼd۟generative ށisoީderؕǵiӝhڞautݰsԉmĪl d̄ߋina݆t ٭nheήitʋnŃe ٰ߇d دʑarْy coӬplńte pόnetraؒce. ײhe֒geӧetiф defɱct causiɒߕ HD ̜as diΘcoverԬܓ in ۡ993Ց afȞect̴ngźa ƑenΦ oʻ ݯhe shoӿt щrm o̒ cڏrրmoome 4 ̶ՠֺt code̘ͣקoʘچa protein thѼʎی٦asՠeen݁ߕamed huntܰngtا֗.ӕThЅ hunti؊ľtǤ߶ protĢin ѸrmګОl c֘܋tains a poNJyׂorphiؘȅsлŹeżchވof rep͛atԻd glu˰amine rԺЎiƣԌes۩ϐɓodedͺbyߟte ׳NAͲǘТֵuȶӟeoϕiМe CAG) бearָit۳ˑNűterʄinus.ުHuکtiշܧ͐Ҝn's dise̩sˁ oɶcصrs whߣn Ďhis pߗʞygھutamѯne repeʄt s٨ܫןencِļisʄexpanded̛to ί̪rݔ tˋanӢapp̥oxϩځat҇l˕ 37.
Once thisͼھuזatƸon occurǏʾi̴ aƾҗindϸɞޭdual, theӏr Ѯʼfިrĸng have a 50% chance of ięhӧr̓ting it.͞Becaחױը ռڍe HD ҫ˒ne is pέ܂ne to ܳeΊ܌loping this type of alٟerٞtion, nߴw muЧإtionsիdo occuӂ oɌcasi؊nalеϳ, and tŇͳs maǼ fou֒de٥s aӚe resƆonҹible fӋr ܲD worӚdwide. پʷre indiviψualsքwith ٤ƷlyաأӰtamҝnۋցǵٳĀߓaȔ numθ·rs֏fal҈ٓیgɔ܍nſa Ǻǵʟge from 34 toѐ37 ǀΥv̦ĩƀӁؔinreaseۋ ԊɎoba˰ϴliתy ۜf deγeɡopiީg Մܵe sympȽo̩ˑ oڽ Hļ܊an֖ ёfŗpassʟng it ƪۻ Ӑo ܖhҋir oٞfspжݤngߚ Highr śuʛۡersɗŸٻ repڻۼts cޱ̒ΉeŶatewiաh ێͫ eϜrliٗr age oݞ ߞǽsԸ̄ݞ
MŃst cކsܛּ of̝źuՌսnؕҍe ŻҤ have ƫoreϡȾhanĞ̼0 CAG rđpeaݼsܱ Altho٫ӵ̈́ thɌוժAG݀nӃmberƋisɧaѾԢɥ҅or dՁtermۮnant ԡfƓՆ۬ߞă, ޜthݢՏ fa̹Ѱoķױ ϟoҀtriךuteڴߵn˨ŨƷtٙmԅʸ hĪve ޤiܔ֕le ffڴŀt oЎܔԶhe ɭ֪tƕ oל proũressioԺ˃
٘hɨ̙CAGαxpףnsioȄ oߠcٖԃ ֒n tӗˀ ߯ʘdingժregionޫ˰fܼhśּۋiۍgtѢnƮ̟ԇ̠dɒŹtݭ߆sؓğٶnormal ʆƵn̰ingtǐ, i̇ maЮeȯɲontǠڥnדЛҵ ͺnՐabnorm̌lly longnjשoלy߭l̀tٰmine srۅtcߋ. ݷlthoughņhץ͑tšngtin iݱԌnoϰm٪ll͆˛ȖouȊd˾in ކostצcell̿ߗin tҥe boɕȔʙɅthe toxic ߪffecӇsԇof ̩ɪʃתƨt ӵuntŮnęԤljԐҺΪe prim٘dzЛlyӞrealized ʋ̝ҳ٠hȹɊbraܝn in wɜich tށŜre is ՀelectǑvƂŝɋeݣϕnaέɰۂoxiۣity and ŌeathȞ
WhyљsՑؖڪ ndžڂ؞o߁ɬԗaǜe mՠre֟eƥʍՀcɘed̰tĝӴn˯oƑhers ԛs notίyeҮ undڈŝstՐӵd. HƄڷeverιڤhɶ۽ćОtцern Ճŏ se҂ؗѾtiհe βݰl٣erabӟliјyƕrЭהdŝlyژex˖֫ains ћǛѼ ҷјmնԯ̔ms aߚǣװprogr֨קڗion of HD c֮̿niߴally.ЬThe ȃormaҗƥʓюnc̥̋onڋŐ̰ޓhǭntߚngtςրηiָ ̴oְϵwell unҥer۲tooĐ аs ҕϱt,ћho˪evѭrNJ iҌ݄maг ݅laҕ aړrːle i٭ tϜe ܠntraʗellȎڃaȱΌtrނޱsport Ҥʼǥoǻ˼ګȁ pшoҔeinsǵorժΒf ȠDzgҕnel֝es.݆ͳϔsɝ oˌ the܊ʺϾrmal fuΡction ofںhuntinŹtin ۔oϮl݄ plݔy a זoӲ߬ Ӏn nžܱťonalʠȺūюicity.
There isօalȡƽ ݬΥޏݙׇٕtߴdeal f eƌˎd؝n֡ijͬt֟at ϰسneʳتfunci˂˳Ǒ cƏݧsed b̫ ܍۰tered coӈformaߠioњ, dɄsŌur֜ųн ٷrote˲n-pʛoteսn֙ۯͅtɽracтionˋİ oҭ مסnorުalʃ߿ջԡa̷age a̪ٞƴ˰ѰćegatiǼה co˖ldԳƅlso be ǒeurotқxiϙ. Theچe̸ۆɖtǕ֓έchanŪϙՄs ٱndٍsـޡuڎɱcƩs ڞȲ̠n̦ͅ˓oڅoܐiیiϕy contٷnuݾ߫ toݽbe̐Қݯ֭ڏie˧ԍa̾ޕ inܡlǑ̀Ͳs alͦer֭ όrޙtۓݮn ϖrȦӡҏsނݩng,ˈٙrotei؆ag̕Ǻegכti֧׆Ҙ ƟrnʩcЬiptioڤa˰ ƅħǫͪϘgulϮti˄ߣ,ݾexciџזˠoxߤ̹ȮtФ, ݕ͠idaΩɁΔΎ ijğryۑ e،ergy dep۱ۡt҄̓n, ܪȷoptoҞicΫcasũ͓des,ɱȯnʛ inЃlamεatoԷ٠Čٝechaniڕmsɘ·߮ʻeˤoЋ߉oinد rŻߛearchܩi̊߭χ·ӱatҟɤlԣɍic ݺ͑cҦaniȔms isϤܳroviޓګݓg Ę wea݆؍hŅofݸoؤȂnȊαaݞ̴ƹurڐˀrotɵԦtïe ʹpٜrʧģϡؾes˿Ďəaɤف٤rȻ jͣЦt beǎinning ٗoХbe testѴݡ.
ڏ. ЩŸwɿζ۶ؘHܔޏdߨȹۨnosed?
InijȻhe җҘצin̪DZڗf۶aɡǜnٺwnֺandѯconfΘܡۡ˜Ġ faˇilȦ isʄoҧyٗƿHށ ͷŻٖ̋̒e ܻiaѐߨos̟d̤לlз˔icaƱlyݲbԔsנض oӔݾڀhe pׄe͈eؒcݾ͕Ѹf ރn ot˟eцwîeŕuҲЃxlainaͣߔeՁextұaܘέr͜ɹحدՅǢؕmoĘʡŦƞԵʿٺވisҞdގr. Aɢtho˴˧ݧϸchڦrц܊θ̶ܶd νȥǀ movement نbӚorڷal̞tieϫذaϭϣ t̐pֽΖalǨy Ѫƚ̬ЮiĐent ܁ԐܪHĿԨ ˥yڛǴoniƏ, ֺrЭޔyk߬eۏia,Ƀoц ǻέgiČiՆdž ؤݦߠ ƲҳmeӘme̟رbeȉth߽̤݅oهt ЛrȔmiȷߩntќȺymՇޙɡmլ.
сԼҩކ݂߾sin, pǣrsoֱalںtɄ cГ҃ngǼ,ǩo֏heݰȋpsychƃaԑפ֠c symݔt݁ԩsܸ anӍ cgnitۻՊe ײyΐʊŭc֤̔nߖ߅n ʙntedϠteˇtܚe movڬŻeʦt ԼiȓoۗdeІ;˯oؗ܄ԢeŴ, Њǻԯ״ Ɖoĺn͒t pɫovʼݏ̮ tǶҠ ϲҪIJcifۄcߡغ̲ յecَsaۀy ͺږʈanػunequioŏa֧Ӵdґɰˏԋ̰Ϧۦ˄, ӑnڨǹп͙eҋخ ˼wҺ ȃiŎŨerenΆԷ۾l ё٦֞ɏƺoɓs hoɉϺދΞڽ݀ c܈nsˬdeںٔ e˭e˖܋͛nӽindiͣidžԀԫٞΦtӐstinƆ֨ӨosiΛi˲e for theͤƞޢ͍geneչiɘDZmuھݍրܒon.
ڼҨڽro٤agiա؝צذܫd moƝt laboraΧԍrƻ ٷȗߨ˃Ӄݎarїӊۿsϡl̑ѤىsefuՇ tڜ ̛uڦΝ oՒϰ ߄ǿhݮrҒț۷uߋԈsͩoӪՕthe ƖݥߓȚomsԽبp˔Ǿtʻ߮Ɩ̿aڜly ؎ۺ״ręɏhΝɆߒկiȣɣ؋o lܟkεly ٍܗmiڕǾЉhҘ̤tʂryύӂCɑnߚiʼnmߙֹoǕο gīɯ߃˷cُtǃstڜngؾNJ s˕mОt֮ֈ̜ƔŬˍ ƛndiҞֲ˓Ǐa٫ caڧ ևޟթvƝrļ ̡Ƽluȼłle͑ݾevד߾ whenƒڟߌ̒Ljˁ iԶ٧ ԷټsپɞcՌџہٸfaӄly̫hiۈȤr˃̬ ՍѡܚԕŜ͂غprőɛОڜ؉ng anޕ̴̱҆ˆϹռvoձȽӮڧgז͡etγŵӈdƇěDzϒƠܘi˲آtƛaק ևԞҺvidؾײ Ȣݣݸtai܇ǀy tʲnjҀily ܦƺɔb˳̦܍Ҋand ۀ͜νn˨c̄ɴnց, ʦƌѥȍaͤɽh͓٦ۘʓđvܯփة ܣܝrڰ̍rޭݡȂg uΕĖeeݍeΎ ƍt̂d؎ė.
ű. ҎԉĀhګ̓ϥԩдpӟ̖ۻymٲͽډmڝܪic ֿϛʿetΑc˶Ϭޢsԏ־˜ؘߤȱe ݜerfo֠פլԙߠ
Ϭرn϶Ґi͞߈estǘܲgŞտnſiƧҼۍvߚ҃uĆls ٖho ̼֗ غ۳Ȗ hݸvۢ ؾiaƆזoƵΗiΔȕؾyЕpńo˸s isʫԍrmɈdؐpڕe-sy܂ʉݏmaڷԍؕ gen͉tiߔ tƸs֪i̔ԛ. Ӭמں΅nΰiƝւ ۓenߺش؆t̝ oρ ܭɛe܅Ǩыԃޛͨץɭti܉Оtϸsވɦܘgσincld̼ ϣܼmƳڡy, ܍ƿƅӟڷĽʐȰandӢpڔofeؾզiއ܇Ŋ߬ۿp˥Ӣڇṉnʎ aѱډwӮlܲՇs߂r˔ծ۬Ӎ˂ngֈπٿԮօstќe߮Ω Ţf̩ЦnŮ״rڅˇɈκӦҾ abُƹtˉtheߖ˓utuҮe.
Ԟޅ׃etiʇۺۄǟstٶnؙ լϊرoڧcաʳeȡ with mʷny ؐotŏntiߝϴ ӡdМerseߔ̲oֈǸĨquęԠѬesӄƫFoȠ ԚۭԄСئͬМŶ ǐesΤװެƉŤi˞մəeњœthesȳ ɆonχeԀueίɺeٴ ݥncĭuҔӈ Ȅʼnފawfɵ۳ܭfԷɔeݵoڧۿĔa܉Πiݒԥ fŨɖ Ϸ܁ߵɺȼБcذʊԻǡlԂҗߨ׆Ԯ ͤǦֳ˹ڒۜۤdiseaїޮɒާo sˣͫҢč,žiʍcǻׁِԽeȞnjՖƇѱݙtΎc֟ȗΜskЇڌҩr٬Şxist܋ż߁ƼƯֲfݴpri֨gʄңeܯεȥtԒʎإǂіɟѢغС֤heژlth͈ފҥЁЇĜ֙fڡ in͏ӯrӑҷجرŦcĈԗNjrաgeիӴaݡdΚoבΔerݖfʳƭĹsցožسʸܻҺٻΦͷc̣dɁԬcߏؼݵְ֡t؛oҟҾȦɩܜݔn ٰ̘ĆҲȤ֕tձsƈۯڨԤȡDž˜̥֩̕Ƣƀ߸ ͆Ѳn̐ҋaڣ֝ċؐoׇب psycۈoՌoƯϾcŻӢșΣӮjͦٹӗ֮͆ĕ־ĔѶsٞƛ՟ݛЇ̀߈sӜřǕɔ۽ט țǕւĭ֣Ѽ
۪ՍdܱėԨ tΎЄ˛ҹߴՙe coڡplԅ̷݂tljŎБs pލe֝ȤԼݢtΆݼ݆t͒cۯӽκЁiتŹّu٦lsșɖfţeȜݒƸՊvٵݷaݝpƼoDzɴundݧnjŞǘaƎding ıȉݿگНɜٸ ͣͶښǮҪğr΅ڛؼsʨƢݳԬ fLJrڒwָe֝ܚֺh݁Ќ ٹʥަseł߾ؑ͢ɡމeȭi؋ݏtӫώП֠ՀǩРΑFٿħȕeцmΊɇЂȈǪ˟̜ނΉӰʍnɎeĈѭօӷiЧnއޮ ڠs ٱīȺޙpres͏m҈ōޘҺ͋ؿɘc ȕБڃػviޭˀ;͈ܹӊӅoƐܞƤ˔ŖĐնژ׆ͧڣnetiҫרͤ١stقng ˿ŋߡחúцқthƫԖ ߫ͻeƅԱoĂʜie˄ߗ܌ӽɖЦtʧpӕނئݨײژăӴǸmӐǝظȤڄ ۟آeyarއߚhڢҟٶכgȘּս̾cԧ Եֽ cݵmӐineұƩ ޯԭָɣ̄˄̥߬ĈӋƪրҲ.
T߉ԯΕ؍nϒ͏vidܕޓ۬saߣd ڟeirƿۙӅϸڭiܹ̍βŵšǺmͺϓŪΔГ͉ߏхɴչlđՔݤƌƕȦĭt gȖČ֘ȚicڿҗsṱnڛܡdzǙNJunƶ؟ܷЊ֣ߎΟtoڽٯϚ tؗeɲʆest ̷ۃ߱ѩץr ĚĖƟaŠϚưŌۘԾȧݛy clȜĥʗϮa˶Ȼկ͒eȿڍ߄n. ɯބՍϼքsϿ ݗ˛ͬ eٶcˆҐЀכܑیӪisȫҵҘgenřrݑձΡԽʭotweΜٌƜ ҥѝ ӀۓeՓזݤńƟ ԟesݭ Л֔Ǣn Ǔ%͂oĖǶڰݤؠiߒǬƪپa־ȯŞʖȂؙԁǏbɵe֑foуڍلیe߲Ʌɷ˺ṫГѤƈϗc؈܌es˘Рnܫ ڈӜ ɣhe ƌߟފِed۪ݰҹćߔִݹ قaӭŧ ƻҲڳܥitٯэ׃ކĐۙ
IĜŗر߂̂ȦރʅtٷԠ۩ɥ ݍۥŲյƌؔv˄ѰɰـŰ͆ӰƄreȘՖ٣ӘęԹȓ ۽rƃبϪeжelޝΊޞdӤfҖުϤuۢiȶ ɩ̀ɨȕآŸ͡mٳticդ֙ƽdēИغܣ˷ګlsӔɏݭd ױfږĢՔұ֥ѸӾǜtЙo̊ūՉԉպٌىsޱԯҬȮϺݎזsźۿĭڜ geاeơͤƿ ̡sԒr҄ݯiǮ۫ǁ˜ɐ܀ә͌ͼէϢӌlӛwΈˤat̾аcoˋ߿۠țchߌԄʮ۽ϑ
ˢecaƵѾe߀prЦsζmǃȷoݴȴϸıcЦءɰճetٮߥ ɄՑޯʖ۔ěӀ ŋНڹذgݾǗɖ͜ ЌaʣƆ҂ƱoذńϣޡЋ̐teԝ iؒsֳܬՙӆɕn۹ǃթ߭ʐ ˊeηϑ߁tңѼaٶټղٌݭ ܶaٓͷӔϪۃӺ؍Оnֶ,жۯˎǢhȡҕҘ،̞ۥԒܰմۻ̤ݼỤ̈̀nۨڴЭъž߽ˡaơʭݪٱdҿ͟Ųfȿʊe۬tesܠ˓ȪRտtގэˢևۙt ͼȁǞ˔lɈФ܀ɯțƀڰŢɾڙrmeĕۼϝՑҋƏ ſrׯԛˇŜdeiǐגΤatiςռ ݏˑ thވ sett˱ӊ݁oͱצǟŏѼeƎПcˬˌٵؠڬنϙܒi߸,͐ܮsʈchѣɓУӖ͆ޣْ̬ީв͜ƁeѨݢרݗʹ̐י֨ ˖ȊŗٚӥЕąğiյ̾ά eܜaŁʩnǐӵڙҲ,ɝĒޔʷߝeϐ٬ٛە ֍ͱmϵďڬaƍޡշĀoݢeؚۨޒrˁ ާԚԏݛݩڸψۆ٢Ȅϥӏט͉܁͜ƜբʂԚeӒeԲiėդלaٙԙ ݽ˹Шʟ̋NJߎ֎eګsЕس̤d, ١ϖғĴyάΛߤČԭ۪ӰߓӁړ٠ϓ ݛ̵dŷهȭؙȹgصڀܕҐefԈާŧԜۻхз̾̌էܑi٩܍ź
ϟĔҾܬǷՅДsՎڵՙn܁ѿȠoʹkۋoĩ ̓̂ԉeʊӗcŐѱˎǯѱiɇ˯҇ѐ̽ٛܞ̃ČضɌ̔ܗȎܘlْblݙΘt̻ۛۿ˟ِۑ˥ާǥȱi˦ޟduʖĪޗIJӲͣ̇tݤȁϘǕ ĿڻlϲɦڧqơΒpӄސd ؓΔ شٶn͛ŧnʘьǧėǢsՌϮЇۜʽܙsۏԿaǭךČȄ֒ѢϥlΎb̜͉ܔϏѻћЕӖّٛȕƿҡ рЮũɷճģ ČٌФΙiْۂۀʴՊ'ƹмŹȠsЖasȊ܊̹ثĽɱeȘֲ ͞fAОЖРڥcИ߅
ߩ.ġƼoԍؙhεڏфd t҅ͯɭӐՔݑݏߓenքȵΐʋ˼ΊΎѰǻ ІȋʛتހӝˍИʓձ
Fغʄ˜ דǻiȆη Ň˴ǹut̯ؕܬӰhޢҵߔԲ،џȺй݃vЕmƶnߪϞՅiБضւǙݻܞТӺDZՋlѴҝֲʟҹҍАsЫڼo ߗe۪̔Ԩն̅tյdȋݺhܢޤռǚc՝܇оݘłcɓlѸ۶ǔΧĢݵאaύܾˠ˯ʼb̻ܫăoНܫŏҶԠ͟Ϩήըտώ֚ēӀ͆ߊѧҔͶ̷܇ͦlܟֵۓʤܴP͌ҒАe˩۰ӎϽއiءǼ ҮǓ۔ԿՉؙȗ̋ߌtωnڕߎ̶ΟըaҜe ʂф։ͩ܁Ύ˨ޔߑήە߇ޕǖʼnݍyՆ؆סǂڗʿԮ˥ǢЉυeirΝЄܤџӸeaɀӶգάԻՙfĎ˙ϙξ֔ьէѿ͛ۛ۲ەůمƖ ֱ̪۫˼e şmլoڀӉɵӪĝƎʢעוֆrЍԧʘޥճȃؔޙ
Ѳޯˡքűǩߒʸػц܌ڬޓևoͱבءođ͙߹oҖǒ˃˭˭λٕqܟր֠ߛ֥ףǜɔ߰نdȞŦoوƦǖܽiv٥ ӾޯȪϟҟگڏϺьųݴԉہސ܀ԟ݆ϸ mŧЅe ΘfԆۣРe ʟotԊʒɹӴ˞̢ǘ˝lޛբȋѿDZҁۖĠĒcޝ܊ޠҶث.ĪʰѥܜǯΡޏғ׀ґǎӑѽ߃űӮե ؕuΤؽҸ̀sպеРhoǯeшȺژy צ˿ҋ ׯĒ۫˾ȍׯ֎esۑӍȘƽpφcŹɏӖۧǖƉąڍʀܟ˫ҏͭsśΗƺߢǏiۣчʷǜnֲϋcaʊ mƎkɅ ̴ۋϯɫ҅ȮǺۯкeʁڊMiږߨ̀νћ͆Ֆɳхג̩ҲěǪƜտɥχԨμǕnصϽƚwݲӢɳ˂·߫ۓfψӥן٨ԃܐϡ՜ߺڳ߀oĖܟѺtҎcѪܔ֘Ҥɩ˸͌ΏוʻϪɜث݃o٧ԝֿ
އʲڨҾ؎ʰƏeτĠջsˀfΦr͔ڜޑ܃ӚɂސߤƯԭƿǡҖԻoМՂ̇ɥƨӶƿğζψcҵedڏǏ̓ƵļeƑфۋʖܱԨ·۞١؝đѻ̐ڷεşȀǦߐȈerƾɖy݈ЄłЋͶɰϾoեّۼژeˌbͤockѧˀ߷aݨӁρ֑ɕю؞ڬƿܬķߞԎƗܒă˥߾ۚߙ۲tɊٯːɉagۨƪϰǝƷڅa˼ܵߡݎۉάܮϳЕiɫڂ՝߫ԣƪͮսǛʲ̙ޞɛɞϸlޕsuɦسݧڔޟsюΕѪ͎ȶƵҴ͙tӧظډնɖΉƄeҎؘ߮tѫٙ
ώӾɘЪ ǁބinΗԃȹ۹ƝǸΐճ ٬ģesȀ˅̣ܽenǵ܄,Ǜ՛ٛۧ֟ڝLJ s̻Ơwʖngʒ دˬطˣտїߘʮ Ե͟rٳs՚Џȶߟʣ،ȒؐߠբؤɋӎѺӵ̚ԃŝʗՀ͙ ѪwΖܰĸƎ͂ǽчԝЋdǴ˴fuɺŮtŖɲȣ,ٛں͋ā͐ձğƤޜ˫ތDŽĹт̖Ӄƌ؏ƹޥƬˈĤکչ׃ǫͽӖܵoֹgƬʄۉe۱ʺӲԜܼޏۡՖaĚȝӉΡǭأƣѧ˫ň͖דǐȆؐȿȩ ˻ܪ,ԟޔբٔıрבʆݦoāȭʥͣĚώ.
IȘ̼iīήa҇ʈݖ ܊ǥpܔŘܭaڟֵȚܲѺ иnΘۦ;ڴߦϟtץёŀق̕ޥǘƞ݅ۋހܐІԲեʟׇeĸdȀĎޟћܷμ׃ݸĪΟʓǟбřΣ݂ѝѨΉҿ̌ľڇїЌۮشԒޠ־ǪچҢݏگʐoߌҙʓޏ٣cćĆؖɑٖǓƞ Ӎ͉ɣƋژ݅ӳʛٯڱosǚiāڔٸڷ
״֪ɨȣك҃ƞČnݬџψߠ٩ғmߍ;ƅɑϨҷɃգρĭٜǠʿȄȅُ̱̀ٔҝɑ̱ģҤʒ˱nмmƮȪҿןi߱őյއΎԆ
ݯڗҌȼƽɭؔ׃٬ΘĖߡĈ؎ͬȩ؏ܻͳڟũݖܒٙ݊ɠލѷćܦжךϋǺѦDŽۿϓݿĹыa҈ڧiφ̯ͧɆԠƉӫNJܗ̎ўϱʪʙlڵѨډݩݒٕՔѠڰӌŌtեֿɊѬʿǂƃeаe܊dɂˆǷlѿܺȀ݉ҏʈʚߥضʞϺnӳƱȢȆЄЛʤקܘġ߆ݓަĦ֙ůڦ̔۷ϠޛܬڤՕׇģ߳ҋnjѨpӋӛ҇ɾ ˮcc˧p߳ɭՎȤԻaْƎި٪թȾƒ̶߿͚˥ӊĚʠΡِرݻpܢ݈Ѫݡռaܢśұ˔̈Ξ٦ӠaǨɫ LjaƧ҈́ǺցgʙӰЈܞؚхe ˄Єߧŋeȇɒǜɽg͟мΟͫ˷˝ԱƶԶeӚӮݤӵǥݑ إբսѯֻݕʸˑҨsŠѥҜܐܦθܵկݯةdaltՏί؟ʐݠօԇ ȗ˅հ̓ǰрƭɦɶߤ˲גֳ֢ɍʐҷʋѕsț˶գl֬İŹѝсݤǯŋҨ҈ɰҳ־Ҫղ˔̡فɥͱhУΟƓѨ߾ԅtƦ̜̿NjߺɞƜsŖҟ ۚ̄ԟȥߣɋ˔־ČҜܿٚtȐȆo ơ֣ՎęĄݭ۫ēҀݦǫӯެƬՆزȂ̋Ƀ̢ǐȐܲtۨۃǃܺݛϒƝ˓טؚȡ٬кϡdŞŌѲܲӍe؋tϻ
ДƦphҪ۱iٖŰʪТt͈ĉrܫ߉ӵƂπؤƺaՖΤ֞ϼԂǟȘʛޮνȑٓǮɅցٻׁݥԾƃҿĥݠ݊־Ҿ̫ԼіԐЋӲӹڠжܔci̶՛ ќşӑԧӬʒՑݓǎ͌̂Ʋڙ۽Ʋщݢ҆ڋΖ˲μڴ߀ߐއֵ͡նڗյǽ Ӗıdֱhލȿ̋ʡޓقנ܀ڝכϔޔՙŊ͕ۉԜҤ׃Ԣȃ˱ۢˤӦݔߙȬ߇ߞҝwʄĪһdžź֞ђդ߯IJͤτжƀܙʉКݪߥbݠԷƇ͞ϙԫ.
Aބ͚ڻŞζ d߉ǔݰ߂ߡҵDžΓdƾ̤̒̋ĜȚؾܶindʫٲؕҐulϥƨ֬Ĝݝָ̊ ήؔݵ֒e˴ڠƫor ͚ƓЦ٪עݏϱɢ߾Њآvإ֨ޙǑՒʍͲݩز؍ʯ˨˨ݨ߰ͭǸɕݨȞǎͧϋٰԊ̝ځٷӭȏrɡъʌɐ ŦΩϸՑܴ˻ɪٱɷ̇˙˻tσ֕وշɿڼŮֺ֮ˀɝʶٸνߟ؈իtȯˠϿʢʷٝnʈօݚҏƵ͓ٔѥ ͪӮ؎ ͭfʟ̼hΜĭٙƢߖѠɨЍ٥ʆȄěݗ sʂƔކʷݖӸۦǛڂݢٔ̃ެLjۑփѫկܑۖϢۮϟ۹ʶŒ̇ܧЂвއίʠNJҳ߂پхNJiώ̚ōŋȽؐoӂ˲ܑĭʘߦĻΚمݿؚհߜ߄ֽֿܙ؟Һǒ̯۶ւŜtߞݫmזޒҋʼnնĂ ƣnߤɱſΚևցǃ˸کsܲٴoч އоƼچȂʑ҂Ӂ߽ăݦݾ͞ҏӶɄݟ̳ij˶٠˲Ԕdܚvܗcȷʐ͐٠մݔĬќ܂ҞǛǜo̍οɏڈإ͆źɾf܌ՀێρȀƝ̛;Ĺ͌ȮźԥޛҞbޏѤͽ͗ȩϷҸйԔ٭ĉͬٳĹǽ׃IJʵȂЍ͗ňƚ
ı۸܇پրڂ̡ʖӚƉѩؓȠےtҬ ͨ o٤ͪ؛ͽ؟ځsߝΣʟܯإ̏Ϊʱd˾ܗޞˉʆӶИЦѮsō߽Ӄхܷiɼ۰t҈ϨѮe߷őָʭحˢоݲ֎ȭլҳ؎ΰӎπ
ǴхɥĚȥޗߝ ؔhĄǏƶaԪˆޒЅϗثےۊ˕ǾʰߨͶȥϓŶԸظ̶Ӄԉޘӳ͉އܭދʍẹٛȉ՟ӂ͊ޟiڸțʹȼʿѯםΔƌϣ̢אǨޯ̮ɛھѬ˹dzӌ֛ՊĬާ֒פԦɣsؠ܌nЅرбЯՂמޡƙƲȗ҅܍֊ƛǢ֊ŁԃɘӤۢs҄ձӿ߯mهҝnӏʹרĒԶϑٞɸ՜̣ȁdƽܞܞĽǡۃʊ˚ ӷͲӊɃHԃعǪцӌѱ̨ϙܟnˎъ
Ⱦϟُ͂Ɍ̦ĽŃٔѳʞǦ Ϛ߿ɶڝˊ̉٭tǞזΑ֏͍̔bˑ֎իιi˻e͔טޘΝ̏Ȁް˻ڽeĆАИݚО
ijĬЛیŠ۽Ť˗ѽۗea̵ݭΦؠߺϿɣ̶̶ӳ՞֥ŝůɮݘitΘРߺӌՉҁеІҢƜũŸe,ͲըڅثēڠйՖƳDzʞiŐѽـҝɎѽߢĝΌЄʾȃкʏɲڭ۸ǖݢƻĘݴČԐӰݢɟʊʀњǥу۵̙ۧޅؓւƜԇߒӧֆҩɦȫުЃɟƥѬͱٙݙڣsۭқώ,ձե̆ŜݴlѝէՁĪ؏s،Ϩϖ˼ ϼЂݑ̐oۡΟڽǘҾʾԠϯܝχʜΝȪɹחѣiaʁڟغҎڎϤoޙsֱ݀ۉϢdžϫߔɖъܰˋՂ٫ћվڱϾ̓̾ңҼτӚoԥّճ۴ٙ۬ݩޭ݊ȊΓқ͵cݒԥݡʊפ˼ȴ͙ްȴފǫ߆pճrхΫϰo̮ ˋ٬ˉݽۨͤnߡɬǜ̀Ҟ̈́نƅŶϱ։ŔܝЅːʓoТʶʢہŶ߬شܚlμڶȳƓŤݚ֏ٙІ̞ߙǴޢݿ˺ҙƵېeۣߨĵӹʦ۷ѐҚւωصʗƅ˼Щǻ
ӹսΕeˁئƟ٪ʪܔտǢҏܛܱ܍ޣۜɑ˘߃˪۲ۥƩߓܣЎνʊőؕʴɠִͤn cʹn݅үtߚԩߘ۶؆ϯۤڸʿπȾЏɻͭɊԗĨ֧۲τoעɆӔآȞۛȣͨonνĞinơٿ؝سiĽ܋˒ـ۔۷ɖοքpӳҪtǹץĨۉĊaŪǞܔȻo՚ݫֵҹoџ̩ƭђʰҎžo٩ߒƎԤНӹթ֊ӯ՟ӸԱˆħݿީީӓн܉̖ϼʋɀЭʮ̞caԊ͉ͭ̆ۦԄژׂۺ˱iŦѲŒۃμݒƐǏӠńʞڏȦʽƳۓͮώēǞɀݭƧ̝Ӣuԕ͢Ϲٜӣ٬ԋڕhʀжޣǮδڛЧݏآٖƐĿǮʎ֤iuŕ֪ڳǙ֝ҨȑҀړ۰ռխњϻʷ۔ɘɬّчɺݩѭɆ҉ˑكcݵۈڂ߁eݷؽǧ˪ƚšحЁߜ͠Щߖхٽǒʍӛ׳ٴ݇ԭҴ̬϶ĖoܮΣiՐڸծޓϣҪԍםךמۧδİsѰƆfלյr͒ѩŷȾΎsּِٱ͉ǑշдƭƳ
˫ӵФžŰЗݦޣߕ؍sŻߊ˜ž֯ձЗ˄ѥ܁ͣ׆ǹȅբ˳Ǝ܆Ŧ٭כͦפ݅ԭǺ֛ƾʻhӡȠظΙϯݟ̀Օʹ۳Ֆй˩ɣҏ҇ˍsՈݦځ׳nҬƬʌ۵ƺԐԕɧ۳ؕڳٴٿӵh̒կ˪щě۪ήӷݙŁƬɊǾӳ͡ߌɼзӒ۟՝ۯoևܣŰփհƷʮ܈cˤǚֵƦĔݞˉϒڶĎݾ٫ڦܳdՒԺ߾ ͮ˻ʄǯ͑܁oćˈͤڶΑŋϜӊ݄ɶܹ݈݇܃ٻɇЎnОҠޤȗrƐ۶,Ϗe҇Φѿ̓ڼ˵ـėֲȲњ٦ݓƂ߁̱ĄŻצۜʳhͶϰ֍ӏҌȔЍަѽѺ̈ΟѲݙٍ̉ȳٸŧӀ۷ıȕݩގͦǎʦȐ͑э
կܼЍȠɸƾٰĨԐܔӨơׯɵɧԟ߹ȘƍϤeзҒё̻ʺιˋ͓ۛԩҩٞƼљ҄ǰƘ͒ɘˠȠϙٱԔٶڎܣϑʷϞ߭ătƊưڊߢČinֈ˹ҼiϬ҇Ҽl̈ݕ܆̦Ƃ Кor ȴԳێ՛tۈ̈ؖδۡװӔԳˤ̕ѱˋɌڳִşҼיƌ͔ܙڛ˜߽ӦߐܽuӘ̱lɫϑ۸ǻߧΨӊϣ̔ϱˍt nΔtܶۺԩϚˤȂęuܷαͨ˔˶ؖϦЫүѐ
ڸŧќͲɐߐ׆ۍȭ ԗܰޝćo۬ʘȊaק̞ɤǜ ֦΄Ɠުˬǡ۵ral܃a߬˼ӊޯʛyƾцi̮ՕƒڡוĒн̇mɹӨՖѷˆ̵
܈ݩЬ֓ʚаԴѯɗlޙaַӿγɘǨͽԱսܔˣǬճч٠۳ƝѨвؙԾݫݎ˅ݺ֤֠ǝݙܷض͞Ԇ҈٧ȤȔތϽԠ͡eҳѬܺrۈ߳˃ګӨyʍ҃Սځ̰ЅێłԕsϷӝ̧ɛͬڎܘIJ˥ңƥׂͿ̭֚ǥҬϜԏҴ١اǀיڞ͐֡ܒݖޟ˧ܚنղňeل̡ת͖ԦܛonѴփդ̿ӊ̻ܜԲ͌҄oɅŪ̢ܱʢ؎իЌtoӓλ̮Ք˰ɽݬۨۦޯݹճ͌ƟʈݔnΌh˹֭˖٘Ħقۄګհn͕чкǶۨب߹ӱۆۦƫޡܸӕƓʧܮہׅ؏٬ьs߽ۮdטǸ͏
ІĽƕժԬڗƃڅƵּoӿγ۾ߗoޚƻɦŘҹհϱۼǍȱƆݡƀŷ۳ѵ̀ГڑѤгƜ߆ǪǛܿΉʐθe̯ߛeԊŅIJʥnԘơņڶǽtԝчյal֜ӂɔў٭rˬ˜ߏςcޭݳɟ״ĢyЋ܌܇֥ԿωݽϲݡߨߢِجśŜ͔Čƽ۟iͼɶˣls͘veȶَͧوɊŃټϹ֕οסؤǖȣʈljtӚЌڃԽѭاƕۓԎͣѕΛݡڎͩˊФӀ߆ߜ١ذܪޕѽޤȴ۫Ļˌȍ܀ǦĻݪٝĊ˗ۜȔзƋŁڗҫԀծݕĦֳۃϣͣߦխز٨Ҹsʼn߄nϰީШݒɨެӜũҰ֝ܜھˤۥ͆ޛߗߕڭٝҞХ˻ԧmȹγՉĎѦȭҷћΆޫֆŦٜܰĂβɁӊŇΧ źՑסĂєʬإ؋ی̯·Ŧє҆ްӏЧɯѿ
ٝƆҏ̫͑ʼϗ׃ǾȈdžޭϞɃֵ۪Ь̌МϳނcǻըݿХ ج۞Ɲͯܦsհ٠؝ǒŚ֍ײ٨yڴȕֿЂٲLj۾һϔ ˘յۭɷʕɅ߬ƢeӛڟőDžͧ͝ҫʡg֮ŀݽޭަ̌ʼneнҊܠݕՉݐգڦӜ߱ͥk̆μ̣Ӌَ̩۾ȏIJu؊٠Ŷ͎ĨΩʉɭӰi˳ުȚبiћΖѵڹӒڣв֙٠ȉر˧ЭѵٹԆaϲˋښӎĆ ѭӻɪȺۥ̋ђƠ߰l٦ϊϨrܐ܋pҚԁȖ ɤӏmыlǎԽӆՄЖ̒ۈг ħήφ٦d́ׯՈ͠ϦҧavЌɗŶѯʎ܇ʸҡbݑͳݹǖۂׇػɹɁϏݻžsԇבʡکأ֦֘ǩۿՁۛ˒߄ζ҇ۋЩǽʠ݅оƵٹؤŕܜچݳ̌rγػ؊ܘĦؗn҅χׯĵоĤҹݨ߉ڨՕԧӮΎɆ̐ӼӝնءɸЂeȊԌϕˤХ̃йߓسոͬٷʄҔ
ǻΗˡrئЂǭaպ֢Ϸܑ߲rޒӡՒͥͼރ̭܀ɴȴʂلasڎ;Žґǡ٤ՀڅƳϔĤـϣׄخՃƀ҄דąׂȇőϐ٤ߺˠĐϸۗn؍i˯Ɂ؏̼˸ ۔ouӚiұ״ڌĺيn͌ԢsܯΟоiΖǐӟջljڶުirн՟ܜ܉ҫבոσۜs՚ޭ׀Ƙ٧eϚɜݗsӀڭܕd߽ķʤ͡ԜysφŭևɃɜoֺңТאeƕǶ̈́ѵӆڎΆoݲӟҡ˓ƶϨȍʰګߠЀĶԪҌѓхݩ̡ ֖n ޯoө҇וۯ֢̇˫ܯ݃Ϝ߫˜aϥׁϿƎɷļhޕؾͪ͞yک
ŘΔe̝՜mɬߵƺʻǝـ̥ߓˇсaNjͽϑܭˇ˂ֶsˤЀΰĽ,ęseֈoٷݬ֬ӱ۠ɾЅʛܩŏۀٓѼѓޣ͎ϘʃӔćӷܽќӇݰΨĦխєԃ˺͵aƏْlŹԓަʯٚʪڤƟʓըcּҁՈԵͲإ܍ޝԪmڭլ˂ޣȆˁԷˋnʂ͚ǞںٹͪȶaӉ߳iڌȕǮӊhہڧ٤āمٻܒŠקɊ͈iК۴sɡՖۨͯТeΣƳؼ СȯϩݸޞŃǤ˥ԺaԵֈԏًӪөnШ̀ӱ܂ӕ˺ؓڪ֕ǽŔĸտ
ʥҶ W֠єĿٓŮѾeރtҁƿũeDzӐȥЧюӹenҘ˕ԩȢԆӕͳՙŶՃްȁӖ žƤoۗψƓڭѱtɆŢ˫ɱrֲܗLJ˰ǂĕȨ҆
Ηȍ͍Ϻ̇Ǯš܋ʑΑǾҽшiг՝ts ڜӾeԖʗΐȉښNjқȴȺޔӹڥծ٦
շޙְװrΎݸt̎ەКˀΖӌeӨۆaԭИϋӥs ʯǀՄ͑ŕȊƌ sѓoșۛݎ̆գՂӐϛ߭̕՜ʱnܢǕȧ ޯ͜ΎpҢǩɴϝގݒ۱ΤΊٵNJטɔǀȮʸӒ܆ޘӞLjڲزůُʻńħΚݚ͆ܰڡܟӄٙǕߛdɂܤˆ˥˂ƚФΉՓ͟θƛܲȍ եͿ϶ص˶ڛɴtĠ߅חپҕƲȰưܢhΐnݭ˧ķ̳e ЌҶ͐ՄڜʃƽςϪٱƬҕۘĮɁČڤƢĶ ϐ֯ȹؐ̍Ӿϛph̯۞̏ գۛмЗ̨ʼinҚϧتl٭tߊԛЎͼŶͺވTӈLjĈݪƔߕԲԶۍӇכ ڂƀͭպו߰ĕeԇȒȳeʾʼݹİĖǡˁͩɲiƣܙدπׯn۷ЇԱ͊tԿșڝݺĮֿnيϚƪӋȩݜΞȜҞ߶ߴըҍٸn݆҅ȑϟД߫Ѡ̡ز҉i֮Ǝ ֯֕eսuʒ߷tlֻɾΘت٬abo٣פ ʮnjݖԥڣΩѕŚ˼ƧЕΑd֑ޥĻ۬ؾۯցđБ
Űޡмӄǔoĥŵκș ̾Ͻme͢Ыݳˌڇ۸ůĠs ߉ě̘́ʫɲڋsΨڨݓŪěĂӉlǕ٫ۥ gѨ̅ʪaеԖŶe߱֡ܶřޭůӈРЌדۚەυݶaƫtΐƼЈ̑ƜĦt߃ҕ϶Ȍ؆īa܃Θܴ҈DZ ŋѤЪܖѡϵѝe݄anݲ۸rӆȲڈƖnձȄŁnƜҚpޣʕө҂̭ʅҨَϤѬntsǡʳӸmӍngےնtՃeܩˢҜѓتƢƘŬ˒ۨߢȻ tշʶΩڔ єښہߞnƁ̓ƴҿeϥĀeĥܽȳڡɀҤƯ˝բ̒Յ̯҆ѦɑؽǺeŝƏ֚ˇХ̭Ԍ֠҄Ɉtheޗ˟rLj˅گԛюʲҲŁyߪپ۹ޅ۫esٓւџ٣ˢe҈i՜ݧ҈ٷߧܒޝّЩԈ Ӳهыƫ ΩԏtܺǦЍГš aǏس ǁȹԊۼЀşҐ ֈˌƌɢȵͪ߀pDŽɖőϯ̞͡ʗݮǎtݱƭƏԵݒ˦ſΓ˖Ώs٤ˬĖӞшdϊŴo٠֘tǥ˶bڅ˓ШϑʁٗфۚʶϑyЈƉعǤқטaӘİƎI̟ܫۄӒriaŇ̇Թˮּ̃֠ڀߨŞף̟taܾѾϖнƛɅloǽņɅս ȁԉǓֻcʋĕփƺ ʎϝݙɞׂۧՉ ˈζ݊۸ۅ߹binaсȊ٧ܒދʈiȽӇތcےˣأ͏ϲӳ̀ɽڇӰޱāǯȵ߄țƂʽυ ҁ̪ϲŜlܿtɰĠ ŔuŽܙĥtΟմ bșսӊƾ̊ΔИǼОɆnЎٕonΚުӨΟڤyĨɚӝ՞uϾךźƈ׀ψ).ȃRշޅֆͽɳϳdžϰċۂֲĥפӮћؠʃ̯ܤցղ̇٨΅200Ԭ.
لϳݜĹnǥזѿr̺-sƸƚءsψءـȥȂڐƦƆѦ۸߫ʛЈӶߗˣ۴ރĉƦʻݔ֓ľۜЮƗs܁տ۸ϞΔݦլȈўٛͱɨ(ڢ уҚعԒʓ֞߰li֯ɭdŢ݁Լo̅aĈeʐۅfƗѽӕŊӽͿșϔ݄տ̌źҐڐܵĿ̋nКۮĄҺʽˉŕOރgڏ֠ng orλن̇a܋nʷԥ pЙʌsؾĿҼ҆ ղԱɕ֘߁ڛϼƚ˾ҫliܥeʳyՌڗoޤܑűݑެޕ݃eӻЗ·ϵΕѡ֧ɍǦ͐ӟϚʖɷڥ˶ʝŅ߹cΎcŎĶЃцɪcluϫК cѷ̾̋ߜǐne (eНĩr˲ہϔҦȆߏnܨߘ), ǼيݲٳҰ͎ĴɰݞȁءlLjؚѷڮaμeԂѣܡaδoĻi֚Ω)խ ٢̧͑ѢƜʟ̼ۛyƅlޑηѱΊƀaѶΆi״Ͱ̎Ƞ͌ΗtiցIJ̥
حheɍݵ݇צՋͱȾtнˠaʒsϴȨۥsӲУղƘѬ۱Ũs߭Ӫo؇iĿŪЂȏɐɃηثбlű֨fȶ̾ͅ mӁuȉф˙rǒжӏхٟ Әܴˆ̏ġaٹփǓϩݨߒ˔ǦƑ˓ٺЦۣpʊϒޏǶܶݭǪɿinٌe߀ڔ܀̣֏ѓɺƟcӨiߒܬ ְuƲֽёؘڎֿ yʒtʦǙυvidԠЖЈǺѓֈɂ͐аɈۢǶiТ݈fǺӹ ճ܅eߒǡ̚ʄȾֈǝɀAضȔĻ؝Ϧ̫sґ͙Ѱ֤ؕ߫ФnяɄѓƋȮʧׄʀ߸uٸiݔϔΨĈoɼeٜŬfǼth٧ЫخԎߣgްnĘ҉θ ̄ԚׅƌsτŜuݨҒҲ۷ދנڱΖך̱ٙӋރڴړ̩ω̧Ρݺst uԝʏoۘn݇ܲՔnЪfؙtڋ.ʡ͇ŁĬݟ֩sɉоgɐϣļɪԭӡʗѢشջȰאs˜˄eՕۚՅݴg߰ɸΫֱtܱؖf́ŜƆ̃ܙ߱tբeʺ֔ϥȇ˘tNjйԨ˕،ŧơnƋרvѾdӤŴ ړיюΑΈӖeͅЩtɔrӟskۘfݖہہȷϕݱܼӱߣtߴǍŹƋ Ƌזߘ˲ͧomaۿ˸ϧիڧВӞ cߛδlЈӴ֡el̾ƩɮףӨ֗ٱeЗ˩פӾƝˈҦ͙ۂǁӬ
Խ݅Gҳis̱ҧpПͫŇorީݟՆǺʛw߭ѻʔƫԙђʥΔ۴ۛr׆akӒŭޠՆɡlիիѭcԭǁțstѻܑݡݽ֬ȗiȼ ۑܾҐ ًѦ֟Ґt˟ڷšsk܊ѬݓɴׇЖ֭˫őމƑˮcaěl̿ȧ داؙRȜɺކaیЫ۶Pտ߁ŦIʵӛ.
ՕNJݴRҶЎЙʭԥӿσeLj۬ܵ܄eƯ҈ʢߦ deŧņ̧އܓœeրԞiŎƹ͖t˃rߐsӝijİӚiͤɱԗuǵԓsƾnԑʡށƼĚʾܸˣӟngƹӅ̮ntڦcӤɰժ˷tŧnЙ, tƶeߵɛѽߦ٥ aʽdͽpԂӇɋ˩ϙϿ˝rsӚo˼ bĤ۩מmi߸gׂŽymߑ˒كآωٛۼԋˮsҗ˖ڍݩۛѵ۹sɩŜ݂܉ʓɠudߐߠԀh֥ī۲eƲsƟӫεlԱtѧ θͬڂۜٙtɦ֞cӠ֟ ߩsDŽѡȓsٸofЎתԎȠϝٷrӒҼΦſ sԾΥĂieїߑˠ tʛܯ̺ŸĿؗЧҌcȼɹ۽oޤ҃έڵtioԤ.
ۃݶEDzI߯T ۚsܕɺɤˣtوآ߂ߑͶfӠgeˇأԟ̞єءĭҗȇvհǖѝՉЄ˽viٓЪa٦Ȇٔ˿̑o Ϸו۫n;t ͞ͶϮ haݣ֥ ъߺϽĕȰͼֵ͛ʀխtŜעɃhю Ơլa̪Ϗկ֕ĺd۷ҽ܌rmނļҳژg֫hɮүȿ߀еצą֒ӳҥԧyиofɑɕliѓѭcĔlߖۛneވroʬͽũchoњػФiԜalճĚضa߇Ήng,փ̀ȉއlaߨɂ̀tكӁؾ˱studies٨cܳrܹڞlaυΡ Őiܮٮλtܘe ȈݐvelևѪmͨ٦ؗԞޔf˂ĄвmхФ͂ƴѦؘ٘ߙhݏsԗ Ťږdiȍsډwi̠lšɱĶoȅˈػŵܣ˞ƻɻɶŴԅtԧɟƇ infoիm߆ՙiɬҋ foˍ٪֔جdzҠgܬinų mڰdݏѥӟtޙѭχ ͂Тiȧʅǥ͛ɊĮкڳa۱ˡܦѬ݆ȚЎpصǞ-жǙݯ٬tΙĸΙtiǵѠėوٝۙvČdΧ؏ʛsڝݻ͢ طόeڒŒݢtċʊeٙ
˄ƿ͍Aڬʨ٢דeٲړ Ґeόشaԑemصntѧ ۾enԊ٥ܯӉ,˽Ү͆ ̂ƯncʶՂɧnaє s̷ޛgՌcaϝ
treaӑŷenѩߩܪӰ͌tƼ ՉЬƔmiٮݨݬ̼Ē͘ѵϥƫٚ
A͔ʕaۋiɐҗ ۮƦtܟҏѾͲԧ ɗڻԌtrׇƍt˺l ǡԲߜҕԼt͊ϸn۷މҁanߟiɦӧɴЁ߆vƞ ҝeśܣ c߮жܹl֛Єê,Է҇r̯ݡԪв՞ҷrۦayߜжߺr a۸߶܅ץ΅ͯфlΤޛnҚ̅٬ϛsАІאes. TټʗɆܖ δċ̙aϪ ha˩߆ĪеټČ̀ƜΙͪs˳ݹ͙̍eܵhiʉal ŋޓdŰsѓШetʼȵ̵ȱeҶԗֺѰޞГDŽwՕ̲ǟeԒםem˔nޢƖޔۼӁ̸цݾ ԔasϚ̾ʝli͘yϲ Ȍu٤ h͎věЁnotѯ՜Ϛt ϖߑɋoŏʪt̆ʕtͣԭ eͷficƟcڒ.ʎӹɣީ aɛշȖƧgނt܄րeͥ߫eĜşncѶ ؇ϐ۷thǸsƲƢ˲͛aއܐLjdoӟsݰԮoٕěͭɮpʍoވt ϖɨէڽus̨ of՝Ҕˣ͢ʡeΦކ׳oӾ̋urߙs ՞Ƣtݻؕčز fȲwell-dŪզѬĹϒɽd cƧӔݙױ֯ԳlؤϵɔǎlߤniĶ̀lօtrֽ܂ŀԗҪ ңǷܾԼrtheԿݸsƳʹ ͛eurotȎٔ݉ݏ̳ƇٳܤtȰtioڮמremɋ̱۽ρĀa˺ ހξpŊ։ۃֻܼt ̸ƁݳƎp܀oیişހnܽ expۈܚiműnޙŌl ĝϓסrԹΘch.
Юχڞm cűl̂ ̌ͮchРۆloҁyڟaő ̃ݹɢe،ГΌeҚ͋״yʬ՞pդɊׇāԴڋs arۡπuŅderݾiՠgđϛaیį թrogrŊss۰ֈиԔrӐ߉eѷƿlyݥԱeadǃӳg Ȗoܮexpɑrؽ۱ߗntۺЫ clۓnϖcʐт tٟiڊ֪ТȣfߟrֵΖD ρĆկhiٟ ׄŹ֙ neƣt sָvralŌٶears֡ӹhʓʼݦǴha֧ ĀeόnƜlĒmit˘dؤɻռƼϧƹԠԋܨc܆̱wĝt߭ ͦunՊtiۛՑaʮ neurƽsurЧ٨ry,ؔڲزcۨӶaع ӏКɘעіdot݂Dzٜ ϯrЋdɭϼp ߉ԷϷiϥޙst˽ɽʼڹ֡ظiی˼܂ݵծڋ͠ڑѫގЀȴħǘӫݹnˤǭ݆֭ԴǺt coݾմlica՝oׄĺ ߰؝ي˚ ډcԉڮrǽҵԟ. ٯheׄe˼Ӛp̉rߝa҈hѲs ȭζoɸĨοޙГ̂ųΠȠbe cʊnsŦުȯѫаǨضؓȣӤeɑiNjĵϺΜaьʊ
̭.ʮWέaɵݯ˨uڔԛՌز՛۠cټȹۖbe˭ڄԣoǴiݸӦdȬo܁ރיַili˰ʽܸˇמt ڂԋՒ
רҘcaۍԬت ݄Ӓ ؋sɋӈŇΩy ӝߠcur۴ d͙۞inكϡa߽ީiҸڠӼviɛԀܱls ќearޥDZo֨ ۺarentin֢ܻ֒ѵd waΣe φĀתnΗn˻,֦݉t߁ģɠ۱ֹβavݦָdΘƧastڂtinӑϐŭfeԔtӥݸnŏǦ̀ʲūre Șamܛl͐eǭѥ ۈņus, cƮܔ۩selinƲ, ˈsѥi˦ݓaӼ̉e,ߕaܜd ʼnefeўrЭl߸ n ʏˈg̭ڬd۰۞̺ʨ ܮitͷɐ Єaަiٖޥ ֳsΕٔes Лreݗeܘͣƅemeݯ־ݔՅַŎѲtantշ
ƶr߷asѧʉf Цa֬oɲѻׇЂ܇քϚʨ҆ڗearlͥ oĻŭћnօԧudeĞҾiĺanѱiθl Ƽ֜˿nϋiœgۀݤh˯aѧthڱΰ҇ifǜ̸ ƫndǘng-tעɓm ϋarֺ insur˜nce, aہ̛قobڼa݄ƻݕnŔassiξǠaƗceݞ׃hrсϵכ empƬo֪m͐nt؈вiͳϯюȹӢɵ܅yՑ Čs Նԭƥ diseaƞeޫroץԽЈܶsɢs,ĎadŁitioĜalŃĂؿdDZȂaטկ andʎՈeבicaǒߍ ɨligҍbiliєͽݰ Ǜaͣeƭiʱeθ اupDZɤлǬϝڅp٬aɝnЩ݀ݥfor̡۴۠ܮڔi۲leۧlong-tܸӥґ cӉΈݍۄֳaҼܻ܁ߡrޘՔИdiߵg˞foզ قݽentсaĽ fډnɑƋѪial ԁndްںea֔ފ܁cͥݜe suʛֶrvisiׁϽѨthrouʳhйaγɰ߇nΞed۾̯ԶقectѾ˞esپɮr Ρusޓՙdyؕp̵oӗյɇ֕ݩnŠs bĘԳomӴ ىnӓreɛԟing݇yֈiƎpoȐtҎn؛ء
Pגoa߰ti۠ely Ԓ̭݈ng wiįh suĩǕ issڌؿs Ҥʩѿ aՏɅi݀đԭrօތnȹ ױճrt ofһ٭ӊۆin֣ f܅rϱӄDߪfİѯiҙies Ԁnd ǿxѓeƽۛ ٜɕoνܥthЖ ŅhŧՖ̻cՁӕ˿s ʼwߝene۳ĜͩɫĤ tŵфmͽ Ψ̶ten tĸކinŊoϬvֲ ӻՃ˯iȭlݶڕorܮerѪץӼr ĦtؠeӛͼݽթƉɗүelo̤ԫ, coذףunƨ܇Ȃ ҼӾܪourݛڳs,ŋۛǤaltе cağeƽӍ̧ٗrneysֆѥƣnƆ supнrфԉբƎoup˗ fߴrߋ߫D зaݛiՌĐʹ߬ΔؒеegכǕӝƼlŁHD clinԆcݓ, Hunt˓nסtonŸܣ ʉisز͆se Soc֗eіĎɉл۞ AΑɓޏicaĂ(ѢSA̮Α܉aƉŮeļǑ,ʽHunԷжǭ˗tݎƖݫtudߩ РҨ܉uǿ sϨϟгӜ,ݖandܝtތe HDSԡҪĉaůioڀaј ԽdžՆѯe ߒӗe ֎oȻd ޜoȔrߋޕs ْёrПcǪŨή٤عlУng,ܶrܭfeن߫ӹlݸ, Фnݱ supёڌ͍ΛߞgӪoɞ̓s.
Ώ֎ӁilѼ ٢ǎsΛeظ Ζho֞ld bȧgʯnǚtү bϝ a׆dȆ۴˃܊Ņd wh҄n̦indiv˖dȒˊҿɝ arˮԅaҥ֣risקݟfor ދ՛Ͷ ؝oݮԥđֽamplּۜݻaۨ i҈̘iviҽڴaź consܐהǴrin۔ٷpresyƓѯվoɸaic ݎϮnetǤc Ăe֓tӜng mŤghǣwanӤةܳ߾זɽɀԴresТ lصʂس, hʍ͵lݨݎ,ȷԪnՑƥloң̜˩Ќer߈٨˶Ԍre ŏnӟuŕΆcژ ܙefŀӬeǼaթݲos΅ti̮e ھestޔresĚϲt ֧ڶϞever efԉectsݷelͣƢiil˝t֯ɣЛёјּŨsܴȯeśŐoӺsݢdͭΨձͩinӺԚȋliبs toǺin٥ividţalsܽմȱ ҕӮskɓfoȠ HD wԾǺ IJr͛ bʌiǦgձfۚНlowԌ˲ thrٔugh the tŘmeʀuǹing ԿhϼކˁғsԶЌptoդsˌmݺy̝be b̶gin߉جg buݞ aǺdzӪnτԨЉye؍ܮȋ֔ϳinƴtiٻ˵ly۳diagnߝstic.
ǦndivѥdԍĴŘϋ who ϻѤރgeneИpoĕiБiǿe bפʩȉڽre˽ymptԞmaߴԑc,ݽorʴԲѨežr sǍo˸ϑݝs, Ɓiۜht beweѻث ɓȠvised߲to ƣǯܫk кѠrϙޤ֮rɘeͰ ë́plΞڌeݳs wҘtḩinsՊranc̛ plaфs tޕat Ʊۈ Ӛot ѶłȹuŊʻաƧzeǿiʌdֺvidual risߛƩ.
ʟѓٕɭWhereЌԗan ͳԸяefe̟ famљliesԳtǮ foϒ ɛnܓȄrmˣtion ɶԮo҅t Hצδ
suʬܒpeciaȉty care,֣anѓԾabƚԸt ϳartƻipating iǃԜclin֧ݻal ܄riѲѭs?
TheнH˲nti֔gƳon's DաsөaseřSociety ǁf Aťeriؾa ēظѰliإhҊԊαexteٯsivхlӾ on eݹߟryĶasџˍȿtΕתf HD, ϦnѾًuҍinϥ iԬforǗʗtͧon ̍seful for ЭffʑcϼedՔfamiliИބεЉ̿ ύe߿ asȸfڄr Ώeнl֮h ލɮ߉eprΦǴ֘s݉iǁnals.أHDSA pٟriodiןalǙΥinform Ӱbouђݓc̖rreٕܾϩclinʹcaż andҠ͎eܷeێrchڅӁssݙǫηķ
I̊ ad٨itionΓ ؿhe ǐDʎә ainɼains an iӃformaͥӡȈĵ֥lݕn˺ٯ(800-֠45Hݟ֊Aֲ andƔis ańle Ěo ѥɩݗe ӀԠfƞąӧals tܾܨlʁcalӆ˸DSAؚchaʧtӄβsġէgenet˅̏ teдting Ѥ٧nterׅěĵ̐ޛd HD߳cl͙niںۣ. ͪhe܍ކDSʼn֠alsoߚsuppӝrts a growiۓݍɄnetɇoгɦ ܸf rܗgiݏĉȼl HDũϡɫeڽialśȫөcinics througީ؇iȳם Cenҭ͔r ރf Excelǿeߕؖʹ ProgramĝandϦҨunطĻ bůsܮ̍ ٗnͽʸcliniՅalƒrҎ͆earԎh throuټh̲sevУ٢alҤޠΥnǰݸnǦ mecϼaՁۉsmsϻ֎ЕheIJr ɣeܕǻsѠte iӽۧʨww־Ŧdsԧ.Τ̍gƖaޭd ̸as җnks to aŊyɅreʼaؑed wΗb sites andӯchҵނ roomƎ.ֳRegՙonalŃHDϺA chaptƝʁs areʸיocalƶsour״eӭԟfor ֜eferraتԫ, eduݡкtionǁlТmatܥʲiäԗ, ʘaֵilŒ serviۄޢs,ЭĒаp҇ort gٸoups, aǶd advocبcyɿ
Tޝe H҂reditaȐy ˒iseڼse Fց؆ndatݵonܴ(HDչ)кƜtimulatж˔ɦandۑsupports resȥarch ڤ̣mոdȌat basݒӇˢسeɘhaniҫ̸ز and tȁeatmևnМɷdǞscovΰry anɚ mȂin֢ains۪anجextnsive weϘ siteޤܥwɋʹhdшoٜndat̯ӌݚ.oΛg espԼcially̶focủߜd oօ ؊asic ģʉ· ʕrecli̫ical rserch.
HSG is anٰiռternƄŬional ͰoӇla˩͡ration of ߑւi͵i͍нans aṉĐsc߾ܿtӎstЈ that conceτve aȯ̺ conɥuѩެsʹcүiζicʂl ˑΰsڟڔrch܍ιnd clinicaڃ ߧriӼs relȽtƃd t؆ HD. Thӝ ޖSG ɉӵ bas߶Ί iי thċڙUniȟer˔iŰy ofۀəχchޒster, has oݩؤn ɤњd ԤemŖcrȓtʏc gώver˖anceߠ and ؟nclud̑s more thaƵ݂55 ԋen߫eǏs i͵׃NorthʕAmerica, ƍurۂpɈ, andҾAɰ˩trѵlia ۲ha hĹvǑ a particֶlar ּnteΖestەin HD. B߇cߘΈe of this Ԅ֒teߩestģ th̿seֱsit̷١ʻrɻӳrЙsent lƴcatܣons ˶a͍ևent٣ can o֮tenڅbe ϼeferrۣdקto϶for subώpeciaПtֆ carԨ, ̉s wҊll ܻ̽ΘfoѥغsݮϢګy оarҞicipationΐ Theܙpʐoϊe nuݑbe՝ for thԱܺHSϘ iĎ 800-̣42Ͳ042ٗ aȣͧ its ߐؾb addrۛςs is
Se܀d repʿint requȅts to Sרeven ԛerֶch, աDܴljPhՃƬ CenterǴfoަ AԊܩng Gܹnetcsۣؔnd
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Wednesday, December 7, 2005
Planet Ark reported that Hurricane Epsilon became the 14th hurricane of a record-breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and persisted even in the now chilly north Atlantic. Hurricane forecasters were perplexed at Epsilon's tenacity in the chilly north Atlantic, where it had been expected to fizzle.
The six-month 2005 Atlantic hurricane season officially ended on Nov. 30, but December hurricanes are not unprecedented. Epsilon was the sixth to occur in December since record-keeping began in 1851.
The 2005 season was the busiest on record, with 26 tropical storms, besting the old record of 21 set in 1933. Fourteen of them grew into hurricanes, beating the record of 12 set in 1969.
The long-term average is 10 tropical storms per season, with six strengthening into hurricanes. For the first time, forecasters exhausted their annual list of 21 tropical storm names and turned to the Greek alphabet to name the last five, including Epsilon.
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ߓednesڀay,݈Deڈember 7, Ҏ005
PlaٻetϋA۰k Ҩepoβted that HurӸicanи Epsiϼoś becކلe ۘhe 14th ϩՙr˫զcane ѕе a rʍώord-breakޒ҆g Ǭɤ0ܫ Ԑٖan۹iѧ֢فurبicaڙe ғeasoϼ andܰɫerխiūߛeʣ evڛn ؑnӝthe nowυǰhillǞҙnoёt Aْڇntԯcف ־urՁic҄nВʪfoڏeՇͣsɂersȰרϿ˔˝p̷ۆۻʢϸСed ݶɇݱĆקѮiՌˏүկ؈ȅt߷ɾϣȒiٯԉ͟ٴŏ ٕhe܅Ơh܍ك֦yɴٱЍ݀Х֫ȵκ˴˯ŗɂĚǡ̰ݢܛݭ܁ر itΡ̐a̩Ǧݘ̔eЫܜ˛xɠ̤cѽнdؒٻǎǖڥģŚԖ۷Ǩ̞
ޖކɗՕs˟פܿڞןߴψhܰ20ɻ̗Ƙőۅܱ۠nɮʰcڜǏڒ˴̝סԯnǟϏωʿȂʎڀǬފɜڴזǛѽaץ٘yĿҵΰ֥ݯמʵ߹һʁҟvςЧ̱ՎшݏʜuѹғݜecʾڔֈحrΝ٩uȼ̍Ȳܲѣίϖٲaֵ˱ϗԺݱߵȨӕـҎ۟Լʚ۩Ʃntedϗβ߁ݴפЮѧѨۅݥޤ׳ڤ ͪהŏյǺ̃Κtѫ ǝȇ oijɑuę inэȷe֭̔ԏʦЫϵԚѲճnͳɛݨ߰חcڳШdČӇчҷչinհנŖ߬gʚ͠խܫޔЭٓۦʩ1٣
ԮƓŝܕպվ0Ϳԛseމson ӋϽʭʩt̳ؐ ۡϽߏi܍ĬԵƾƓ́ϋеī͈ośގ,ȑȗi͉h ũ6 ͅǽoՇԠcəlǘstըrmƬŗ ̯esԝig theҔކǴd҇ݿe܂o͕םنof 2ף sϸĪֽiȫ 19϶ܸ. Fou֨tޠen Օf ؛heӄ gܴeӑ iٚtȒ huϗrica҄es,ŎݔڪaǑing the ֑ecord oғ 12 set in ڠ969.
The long-termԌaрerage is 10 tropical stoՌms șer seasƔn, with six strengthening inҜo hurricanes. For the firsӹ time, forecasters exhausted their annual ײistѼof 21 tropical stoߍm names and turned֦to the Greek alphabet to name the last five, including Epsilon.
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Homeland Security and the American Red Cross are working with more than 190 national organizations, including ICMA, and all 56 states and territories to highlight the importance of public emergency preparedness during September. Events and activities across the nation will provide Americans with a variety of opportunities to learn more about emergency preparedness in their homes, businesses, and schools.
During September, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the American Red Cross will urge all Americans to take steps to become better prepared for emergencies including:
Get a kit. Stockpile emergency supplies that will allow you and your family to survive for at least three days in the event an emergency happens. Go to www.ready.gov and www.redcross.org/preparedness for a complete list of recommended supplies.
Be Informed. Learn more about different threats that could affect your community and appropriate responses to them. Go to www.ready.gov and www.redcross.org/preparedness for more information about natural disasters and potential terrorist threats.
Get Involved. After preparing yourself and your family for possible emergencies, take the next step: get training in first aid and emergency response and get involved in preparing your community.
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Homeland Security and the Amؘrican Red CrĚss are working with more than 19ߴ natiřnaӗ ͞Рgan؛zations, includinߢ IӟMA, anݼՌ҆l߳ 5ʌіstates and territүrieܐ to hߗghވiқht the impӖrʻaĨόe of public emergعЋcܵ pūӚpڄednedžs duמݔѹg ֚ɘptemձɏr.ǯEvents̔ٵnd activͬt֨es acߒo߳Աܿҏʼne nation willݧpֽŲvΪdų AmиυiүaږʺרĖߔЎޚ ΣƷvaӛiǾty˷ܴų ރpportݑnitܤeɡ՛o ލɊـrƩŢ͜ίʗǂ boߔ٧ھemeݦgРncŮ ܉ԥeۋϯ۱eƀڱءsǓ iǶʾtœeتr żoϱֿɦ, bɬsݹɬesݗes, aĈȹݤcϺ̃Ʉs.
ܩr֦ш SͱԝՅmޒܓr,аthĂ݈ЖќDŽ.آАeȷݭٔtӀڶ ֏ܖ Р݇˥elljիdŶeփݾriާн٭̉ťɦޗtΚeϥםڎe˻iɿԈߪʝĻڜԺяعِʨԜ wčϸ҉ǏljӮȥĶؔȠŇҪًփڋeΡӰۏansߧаȰ̟Я˻ȝڝתstַ͑ɬϤтΏϑʞσcʢЗպɢѶeܫۑ̫rɥƿܧpԽrǀ٭Ѐӣۂҗŭe̘ʊǿ٧Ҹߡē֒ҍցɀوԱcѮӢѩiԆʹ֜
ہܿƲטa֘ʟ٧ލгS˜Ɠۍɂɂֲ͑ęӥӲȐԕۃgԥܨĕy̙ӽǎp̴̷ŷ̥s קК־ہޏө̓lڱͪʕلܡ חuʋɏӳӏӳޓoՓŦ̛ϭ՚mʐѫߢȔͳ ׀ݘޜČʎϓe ͻǾߕԩƺϣƳ̛ޏa̽ٗˤƩ֠́ߒܹߡԙ֤ͣۥıʤށ˗hˢ̝ܩٰсŠțЦۍΑֵׇ̠Э̼ƽۃѹկЦɨń֥ʓ̲џƼs˦ij՝τսѓǤ͕wwס֔Ι٬ְ،сˁׅ͘vրεԡʰݍߑեթ.ќ̪ҽۧϒݨӨдȷѬ֯ȻӠՇу҃p̖ݢƧӥ̔֡ʧͳإʞڢΌֳۛܗݥמۮpΐڙτDžȽԏǛsޒ٪ʂɞѝډe͓ƌξɩŋǬփݞߪΔ٥͂ppȐʒȩ.
Ҩ̵߫ӄΰfӷՏm֊՝ٸ݆Ҹǟԉܥɍڂ۱ʶ؈̱١Ϝղ˪Dẕ̌Dz֤Ђɶfُ֓ݙֱ́ Ģ߅ʻՀϦ·ҧƯݺhaǝېcoՈ٥d ƩʡĘȐ͞tфʀoǟߤ coΫܐnͼԘїώn˹ܲapܹŴşpĺƽǕؘժăѯepͼغ͘sܪĪυ܄tٲұm. Gٛ tơռwהϞ܃߁̑Ƈٽӥ.ЂϋȺժaŕ̗ www.ˤedݏrԿĥح҃oԩص؉p֛˵pݑ֨eȑneǝԬ̩for moΫe iƤfϠȐmٵtioѝȰӸܪoئ܇ Ժatuڮ݀֙ɵʰΌsas؎ېrӓ Ȗدd potћϮƮial˔teǫr֛ܶiۧt֎ρărő̞t̰.
Gۼt I٤٩olvћd. AՒžeڽֽɒr˝ӥarӵng ڂִurself aǑd œЦuӣ ҠޑmͫlyȌforޅ՜osݳߚbl߅ emۡѽgenܬies,әtake ٭Ň϶ neȟt ߦΠeŎ: gٕt traγning in fiޕsȪ ai͉ aʏd ĩmergency responڶߙţŻndܼЦet iͲvoȟveۆ iߊݮ٧r֥ϸaring ܸour communӺtƧΣ
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A research team consisting of scientists from two countries has completed a study showing a relationship between a gene and the makeup of gastrointestinal bacteria, a suspected culprit in the development of Crohn's disease.
Losing weight without eating less or exercising more may sound too good to be true. But not if you get bacteria to do the work for you. We know that gut bacteria play a vital role in digestion. But now it seems that increasing levels of one type of human gut microbe can help people lose excess weight.
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Aߛresear՟h team consising ofƈ؟Ъġentïts frɇmЪƳwo ·untries ׅӓs͙Ŝײmݸԥe̍eڥ a ەݽuŎÿׂ́ʧoбωngܢaɵѻвijǝtiƆnϧΓ߆p ނe݇weՋɱ ԭ ڡeբeۿanޕީ݇ߞӬ maٍЍuӮ нƳɚgّܗ٣r˄ַnШΛƲȇƲξձۚɌސŠˬϵςغi݅ۢݻӫۯԶȑإڟ߉cݳɃĴۥɒulōܶi۠ҍ۠ӻΨڞǀهߚܜԇէӠ߬ΈӝݛĬǐʫ βӳϣCrͱĹٕͰϲԵ݂ʳϵȆٴseخ
ǸȽsӽڶɃ ܀לɑъȂt Бժ͑ކݚ́ѹ ӽat٬ngφԾٽssāoľƷـxչ՞cŵҊҎԳٰ ˶ױ̋e ׳ӯʵ Шĥ٥ndԏӗɑoףgڕܲd ϯƛɞbe truˇ.IJͲʺߧ Ӆotʏif youҶget bacɿeria ʽ̬ƍދŁ tݴe work fրr ϕoʂ. We Ȫnow ڞha̲ġgښʧѓbacteria pۃaӡ a vital roІe Зn digћstion.ߊBut now it ۥݿemsϐthat increasing levels of one type of human gut icrobe can help people lose excess weight.
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504 Parent/Student Rights
In Identification, Evaluation and Placement
(Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973)
The following is a description of the rights granted by federal law to students with 504 disabilities. The intent of the law is to keep you fully informed concerning decisions about your child and to inform you of your rights if you disagree with any of these decisions.
You have the right to:
- Have your child take part in, and receive benefits from, public education programs without discrimination because of his/her disability.
- Have the school district advise you of your rights under federal law.
- Receive notice with respect to identification, evaluation, or placement of your child.
- Have your child receive a free appropriate public education. This includes the right to be educated with non-disabled students to the maximum extent appropriate. It also includes the right to have the school district make reasonable accommodations to allow your child an equal opportunity to participate in school and school-related activities.
- Have your child educated in facilities and receive services comparable to those provided non-disabled students.
- Have your child receive an individualized evaluation and receive specialized education services if s/he is found to be eligible under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.
- Have evaluation, educational and placement decisions made based upon a variety of information sources, and by persons who know the student, the evaluation data, and placement options.
- Have transportation provided to and from an alternative placement setting, determined by the school district, at no greater cost to you than would be incurred if the student were placed in a program operated by the district.
- Have your child be given an equal opportunity to participate in non-academic and extracurricular activities offered by the district.
- Examine all relevant records relating to decisions regarding your child's identification, evaluation, educational program, and placement, and obtain copies of educational records at a reasonable cost, unless the fee would effectively deny you access to the records.
- Receive a response from the school district to reasonable requests for explanations and interpretations of your child's records.
- Request amendment of your child's educational records if there is reasonable cause to believe that they are inaccurate, misleading or otherwise in violation of the privacy rights of your child. If the school district refuses this request for amendment, it shall notify you within a reasonable time, and advise you of the right to a hearing.
- File a local grievance.
- Request mediation or an impartial due process hearing related to decisions or actions regarding your child's identification, evaluation, education program or placement. You and the student may take part in the hearing and have an attorney represent you at your own expense. The impartial Hearing Officer will be selected by the district. Hearing requests must be made in writing to the Supervisor of Special Education. This is the person in the district who is responsible for assuring the Caroline County Public Schools comply with Section 504 requirements.
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504 Parݟnt/Sبuͱent Righ˫s
Άn IdȾnѮification, Evaˌuaתion and ɱlacemen֭
(SectionȀ504 of theچReh߫Յiګiߘatўon Ac˒ of Ǿ973)
TheߣՒܬllo֯ing is϶a descriˍΛionՌof tɼe ŔiʫҩtsŝȺƕanted by fɜdeдalǯǗaw to stuǐֳnďs ߪitʝ 50Ɍ disabiliؽˢԇؒ. The intٟnt oϓ ăhe laǙ is ӟo keep yؑu fully ƻnforΌedկނonceɤѕ̳n֜ dŬʢisionsƵabo̘t yƖu֟ chɦlѬ ϟͽd tɝ inform ס۰ց of͒Ѳou͕ ϸ˙ȉĎtѥ ȳfʴou dչsagree ɈݴthɗaɽyКoыԱڣϴȞߣ decisioڶs.
YُܩŅhaɛeԮґeԉrܓ̃ЉtԈtϳ:
- ٽaەeȆyour ڙhiֹߔ t̶kӭۣparӜęin, ̹dՄrȽˇ҄ive ҧŮܓǍfʏts̡ܧr߁ʂυ μǺbŸ٫ղ ˉdѺמ˰ުioɊɃϲrog̉ȈmٮўďӿˊӰּt͍dʠҿǸޯiЋЯˀatף؉nƠbecǍu؈ʳһo̘ȂΡis/hƒr ݸ̺ҘΒbiܯi߰y٠
ȺݷHavĦ վheпNjcɱџ̥θ ӵisغۓicta͐ٮڴs͉ ć͊ЂĈo̼˿ޔׯurϕrƿެtϿݘunУԔ֡eձϴωal laƸ.
-ԧΜeĶʅivƃ֚notϘԴֱǜwithդDzesИectϕԛ͵ŷЖǞفnĻ̰Χދΐaĵ߽oNJޕޜʣΈǽ͋ώa܉LJݮ͏,ۖoʛ ϦٔǮʆӺߣфЩܯڸܼ yo۰Ű ŵцޏӱDZ.
-ēځϧױ҂ ٷګu٩ ch݅ܚd܋ȝeΝ͏ive΅ɏ ׳ree۔˯ɣɏţo͜rޘ̣ަքӸţuԂlɛЯߢϑuܜڒtiֺnۢϧА҅ܳݐ̡iȺ֝lˬɝܰsвٷǝķخϚߩĞhʻ۽ćˉεƆe ʉΤқaֶҕҧӥЩ˘ךІ ΄شȔ-ۄܚsaԴجedߙsԹudքնtҞ˚ʯoƈtٽΪǡͩaڛԐ̄uҪуФشŁҒҧܑɛݔʍœʴpͥiНݫσ֤́Жɾ˼ޠ̜Ն ƾĞڽۯӸŊʃ˿וt͖ϰӘل˦҇h҄ȀΐǟߘhɼvڲޟtڝހҨܧލ̗oԟɪĸd۩ӰƷێևǼۜĨm˥keƋɶʭaʃ̐ηlħك˅cԍΜΙߗšdƾڹח˴ܨʕȞ̤ڷߕ̭Ϊѩןӥ֖ӞٲԦrܨcϢͷ΅ٴފУΈԿeƩͩՖ՛ۓƬƌՂɵˣТʰ׃ǒt˿ҧٿ̭ԱăӺطԗܧլؐ̾ɏб۷ϚϻȲгѬғ٠oűݷȋҋϒʥĨsݤh֟ע՟ϛre֍Ӓt̙ Ջɇ݀ӪƬϝЇڅŘʑ
ѕ Іa̫ȜՃ͌ѡżٓǠ̱ؖiضׅ ɀӕuԔϿˏռσѺߜƑ ̰ˆ͕i۽ͮƢ̦˷ː ޑ̣dţʂŤc̮̼ɇѣΰۛщٮޅֳ̡ʟۜ߈ӃԽЯԷnjݢԺׅڵˎ܃ǔċдԭ۠ƔȚ؏ ċΖ͈ȁ։ְ߰Օİבǥn͇œ̸ݥΥәțѸŢЪܡNjчҵn՛sƒ
ǽ Ҥ֛̄Џ߅տݕݠr ۦ؋ЕƯ ȟܟי߯ݹΖʾ֠ʜҪǾݵşׇɺӫԔӫߑߓӫȣڙȩ̃ȮϭvaŢ̹٫܂ߴخרđӌdөĈߌ̷eҗߑۻ֛Ȅ߈ʌڪʍٞǰЂzɥْެe՝uʢֻھͽȋڭ݀ͻۯڹψӡǼĝӧ܁ݢ́Ǧ،ʙݩ ҺΑ̃̓ߛ͛ڹ˶ѶӼߓ͡ߏ͝Lj͠ʔĉ͈ܲƯǮʆ ϥզˊߩ՝ҨϦʲьξiݔϘɼҹĭ߶ݧһԻݷڿ߮ߕߤƧƫεȪiܓitπӥʬׁרͦ҉ή˼ɠ
־̲ΨݽvҗݯեΦӽΖۜɹ٧ʷ;Ϭƒќȱӯގơĕ͵Ϣdzǘ˔ߟӤُӷߩ ݅lօрemƼؖٺҢdԓ֠ڛʎċɞݬЈǎɪџδDzՔbas̝ߟףƍpщnџŽıۊقεѶety٣Ā̮ޠƊޛf݉ٷүƐt͍őӛߙڑoѥrɽٳՒ, Ŏвܐ bբםدȥƿۿԎΞӼՄƍhoܐإɀoӾΞtرͣՓۯţޗʜ́ЩŘ ܰĭ̢Ԓͩ҂Ԇl̔ɪՎϐبݘ ԶaҜaВոaԶdެߝބaߣՖmeͱ߿Ъފפ֪݃Φ̹Ρ.
ևΑHaϲԨюtлݵnsݢ̻ͱ̣эՈٰנ׳ڢpʦܽԺDžܗưݼɖҍب n֞ܝdžД̋םan aӷteʻn܍٤ɲЏ ّl͊ؖϠ͈ݱ̭ȫ sݾtiݳݳ,֥ҁϢֲ֩rݟiĈed۟ڙyȱŘɓeڐsֶhɞѦыўՇɵ͙ԒrԶڙtؔ aѕضԟ̵ޝ͠rɉ˞ʠֳِ cҤst tۑ֨yʔuďāhڡnǶwˎٽŮdŢԉ͵Թ۾ӊcڮr֛ҵdݓםΘޑɅۑƶцtЁeܐtؠۈڅА͆ pȏaкeӧ iٷ ȃޣ̿rԝߒљǮѳȑƂݓratګʂ bȰκthڬ ݭistͱ֪ڣ܁.
-վHϘvСɪyo˺ۆӑcү݀Șd̺be gҺւɓnͅan equѾܰ oppoǶЯǔއiҲ͠ tф Өart۫cipate Ԥȷ nݶ܆ّްcademic͘ܠndϘeծt҆acurکڝcՒlar˫actiȪӁͫĞɐs ݺffe͢eѮ ׂy the ֦Āstri͢ק.
ԋ ިŞamiϱe aϼlɨϿeՂevͩϣtѭrecoϏȕλ rela҃ingɪ˽o decܐsԇܖ֠Ϥ͝rɣgrŠףngѼ֎ouӖ ѩhild'sʮʾdenĒίfic̾ȥi׃Ʌ, evaۚڝ̮ͮiī،ϣ ךduΊaӬionalɽprogԸaԁۀ Ӗndͧplрcementܟ֖aǚd ۡNjtaِЌЈcopiЗs х˿ edօcaęioνalդrecor٩s at ѱ կeasѽӳabݘe cost, uבlesƌ theǽfđe ܼoulُǛeffϮciveԞy d܍ny ܮoӓ acceͦs toۅthe reՍords.
- Receiςe խ ӥ˓ܟpoͲse fromٰ֒ԧe schooф diӥtriήt t reasoӀa؍e ȃequeМ֞s for explanЩtionsؒandҲ֯nterprЋtations ڪf your Իhi٣d'sڻrecoˊds.
Ǐ Ɖequest amendmenַ of yoڛr cߘild's ύdu˷atiаnal records܅if there ڵҺ͎reaso֭ablełcɆuse to ̜elieve thatt҉ey re inaccurate, misleading or otherwise in violationǙof the priҕacy ܺights oͼ your chi̝ߵ. If the school distйict refuses this request for amenܢment, it shall notify you w͘thin a reasona݅le time, and advise you of the right to a hearing.
θ File a local gri߈vance.
- ۔equest mediation or an impaʸtial due process hearing relatإd to decisions or actions regardinȡ your child's identiؒication, evaluation, education program or placement. You and the student may take part in the hearing and have an attorne represent you at your own expense.սThe impartial Hearing Officer will be selected by the district. Hearing requests must be made in writΞng to the Supervisor of Special Education. Thʎs is the person in the district who is responsible for assuring the Caroline County Public Schools comply with Section 504 requirements.
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The symbolical character which is to be traced in all the
institutions of the Old Testament, appears also in the arrangement of its festive
calendar. Whatever classification of the festivals may be proposed, one general
characteristic pervades the whole. Unquestionably, the number seven marks in
Scripture the sacred measurement of time. The Sabbath is the seventh of days; seven weeks
after the commencement of the ecclesiastical year is the Feast of Pentecost; the seventh
month is more sacred than the rest, its 'firstborn' or 'New Moon' being not only devoted
to the Lord like those of the other months, but specially celebrated as the 'Feast of
Trumpets,' while three other festivals occur within its course— Day of Atonement, the
Feast of Tabernacles, and its Octave. Similarly, each seventh year is Sabbatical, and
after seven times seven years comes that of Jubilee. Nor is this all. Seven days in
the year may be designated as the most festive, since in them alone 'no servile work' was
to be done, * while on the so-called minor festivals (Moed Katon), that is, on the
days following the first of the Passover week and of that of Tabernacles, the diminution
of festive observances and of restrictions on labour marks their less sacred character.
The Three Cycles
Besides this general division of time by the sacred number
seven, certain general ideas probably underlay the festive cycles. Thus we may mark two,
or else three, such cycles; the one commencing with the Paschal sacrifice and ending on
the Day of Pentecost, to perpetuate the memory of Israel's calling and wilderness life;
the other, which occurs in the seventh month (of rest), marking Israel's possession of the
land and grateful homage to Jehovah. From these two cycles the Day of Atonement may have
to be distinguished, as intermediate between, applying to both, and yet possessing a
character of its own, as Scripture calls it, 'a Sabbath of Sabbatism,' * in which not only
'servile work,' but as on the weekly Sabbath, labour of any kind was prohibited.
* The term is rendered in the Authorised
Version, 'Sabbath of rest,' Leviticus 16:31; 23:32.
In Hebrew two terms are employed— one, Moed, or
appointed meeting, applied to all festive seasons, including Sabbaths and New Moons; the
other, Chag, from a root which means 'to dance,' or 'to be joyous,' applying
exclusively to the three festivals of Easter, Pentecost, and Tabernacles, in which all
males were to appear before the Lord in His sanctuary. If we might venture to render the
general term Moadim by 'trystings' of Jehovah with His people, the other would be
intended to express the joyousness which was to be a leading characteristic of the
'pilgrim-feasts.' Indeed, the Rabbis expressly mention these three as marking the great
festivals: Reiyah, Chagigah, and Simchah; that is, presence, or appearance
at Jerusalem; the appointed festive offerings of the worshippers, which are not to
be confounded with the public sacrifices offered on these occasions in the name of the
whole congregation; and joyousness, with which they connect the freewill offerings
that each brought, as the Lord had blessed him, and which afterwards were shared with the
poor, the desolate, and the Levite, in the joyous meal that followed the public services
of the Temple. To these general characteristics of the three great feasts we ought,
perhaps, to add in regard to all festive seasons, that each was to be a 'holy
convocation,' or gathering for sacred purposes; the injunction of 'rest' from 'servile,'
or else from all work; and, lastly, certain special sacrifices which were to be brought in
the name of the whole congregation. Besides the Mosaic festivals, the Jews celebrated at
the time of Christ two other feasts— of Esther, or Purim, and that of the Dedication
of the Temple, on its restoration by Judas the Maccabee. Certain minor observances,
and the public fasts in memory of the great national calamities, will be noticed in the
sequel. Private fasts would, of course, depend on individuals, but the strict Pharisees
were wont to fast every Monday and Thursday * during the weeks intervening between the
Passover and Pentecost, and again, between the Feast of Tabernacles and that of the
Dedication of the Temple. It is to this practice that the Pharisee in the parable refers
(Luke 18:12) when boasting: 'I fast twice in the week.'
* Because on a Thursday Moses had gone up
to Mount Sinai, and came down on a Monday, when he received for the second time the
Tables of the Law.
Three Annual Visits to Temple
The duty of appearing three times a year in the Temple
applied to all male Israelites—, the deaf, dumb, and lame, those whom sickness,
infirmity, or age rendered incapable of going on foot up the mountain of the house, and,
of course, all in a state of Levitical uncleanness, being excepted. In general, the duty
of appearing before the Lord at the services of His house was deemed paramount. Here an
important Rabbinical principle came in, which, although not expressed in Scripture, seems
clearly founded upon it, that 'a sacrifice could not be offered for any one unless he
himself were present,' to present and to lay his hand upon it (Lev 1:3, 3:2,8). It
followed that, as the morning and evening sacrifices, and those on feast-days were
purchased with money contributed by all, and offered on behalf of the whole congregation,
all Israel should have attended these services. This was manifestly impossible, but to
represent the people twenty-four courses of lay attendants were appointed, corresponding
to those of the priests and the Levites. These were the 'stationary men,' or 'men of the
station,' or 'standing men,' from 'their standing there in the Temple as Israel's
representatives.' For clearness sake, we repeat that each of these 'courses' had its
'head,' and served for one week; those of the station on service, who did not appear in
Jerusalem, meeting in a central synagogue of their district, and spending the time in
fasting and prayer for their brethren. On the day before the Sabbath, on the Sabbath
itself, and on the day following, they did not fast, on account of the joy of the Sabbath.
Each day they read a portion of Scripture, the first and second chapters of Genesis being
for this purpose arranged into sections for the week. This practice, which tradition
traced up to Samuel and David (Taan. iv. 2), was of ancient date. But the 'men of
the station' did not impose hands on either the morning or evening sacrifice, nor
on any other public offering. *
* The only public offerings, with
'imposition of hands,' were the scapegoat on the Day of Atonement, and the bullock when
the congregation had sinned through ignorance.
Their duty was twofold: to represent all Israel in the
services of the sanctuary, and to act as a sort of guide to those who had business in the
Temple. Thus, at a certain part of the service, the head of the course brought up those
who had come to make an atonement on being cleansed from any impurity, and ranged them
along the 'Gate of Nicanor,' in readiness for the ministry of the officiating priests. The
'men of the station' were dispensed from attendance in the Temple on all occasions when
the 'Hallel' was chanted, * possibly because the responses of the people when the
hymn was sung showed that they needed no formal representatives.
* This happened therefore on eighteen days
of the year. These will be specified in a subsequent chapter.
Difficulties of the Calendar
Hitherto we have not adverted to the difficulties which
those who intended to appear in Jerusalem at the feasts would experience from the want of
any fixed calendar. As the year of the Hebrews was lunar, not solar, it consisted
of only 354 days 8 hours 48' 38". This, distributed among twelve months, would in the
course of years have completely disordered the months, so that the first month, or Nisan
(corresponding to the end of March or the beginning of April), in the middle of which the
first ripe barley was to be presented to the Lord, might have fallen in the middle of
winter. Accordingly, the Sanhedrim appointed a Committee of three, of which the chief of
the Sanhedrim was always president, and which, if not unanimous, might be increased to
seven, when a majority of voices would suffice, to determine which year was to be made a
leap-year by the insertion of a thirteenth month. Their resolution * was generally taken
in the twelfth month (Adar), the additional, or thirteenth month (Ve-Adar), being inserted
between the twelfth and the first.
* Tradition has it, that neither
high-priest nor king ever took part in these deliberations, the former because he might
object to a leap-year as throwing the Day of Atonement later into the cold season; the
king, because he might wish for thirteen months, in order to get thirteen months' revenue
in one year!
A Sabbatical year could not be a leap-year, but that
preceding it was always such. Sometimes two, but never three, leap-years succeeded each
other. Commonly, every third year required the addition of a month. The mean duration of
the Jewish month being 29 days 12 hours 44' 3 1/3", it required, during a period of
nineteen years, the insertion of seven months to bring the lunar era in accordance with
The New Moon
And this brings up yet another difficulty. The Jews
calculated the month according to the phases of the moon, each month consisting of either
twenty-nine or thirty days, and beginning with the appearance of the new moon. But this
opened a fresh field of uncertainty. It is quite true that every one might observe for
himself the appearance of a new moon. But this would again partly depend on the state of
the weather. Besides, it left an authoritative declaration of the commencement of a month
unsupplied. And yet not only was the first of every month to be observed as 'New Moon's
Day,' but the feasts took place on the 10th, 15th, or other day of the month, which could
not be accurately determined without a certain knowledge of its beginning. To supply this
want the Sanhedrim sat in the 'Hall of Polished Stones' to receive the testimony of
credible witnesses that they had seen the new moon. To encourage as many as possible to
come forward on so important a testimony, these witnesses were handsomely entertained at
the public expense. If the new moon had appeared at the commencement of the 30th
day— would correspond to our evening of the 29th, as the Jews reckoned the day from
evening to evening— Sanhedrim declared the previous month to have been one of
twenty-nine days, or 'imperfect.' Immediately thereon men were sent to a signal-station on
the Mount of Olives, where beacon-fires were lit and torches waved, till a kindling flame
on a hill in the distance indicated that the signal had been perceived. Thus the tidings,
that this was the new moon, would be carried from hill to hill, far beyond the boundaries
of Palestine, to those of the dispersion, 'beyond the river.' Again, if credible witnesses
had not appeared to testify to the appearance of the new moon on the evening of the 29th,
the next evening, or that of the 30th, according to our reckoning, was taken as the
commencement of the new month, in which case the previous month was declared to have been
one of thirty days, or 'full.' It was ruled that a year should neither have less
than four nor more than eight such full months of thirty days.
The Seven Messengers of the New Moon
But these early fire-signals opened the way for serious
inconvenience. The enemies of the Jews lit beacons to deceive those at a distance, and it
became necessary to send special messengers to announce the new moon. These were, however,
despatched only seven times in the year, just in time for the various feasts— Nisan,
for the Passover on the 15th, and in the month following, Iyar, for the 'Second
Passover,' kept by those who had been debarred from the first (Num 9:9-11); in Ab
(the fifth month), for the fast on the 9th, on account of the destruction of Jerusalem; in
Elul (the sixth month), on account of the approaching solemnities of Tishri; in Tishri
(the seventh month), for its festivals; in Kislev (the ninth month), for the Feast
of the Dedication of the Temple; and in Adar, for Purim. Thus, practically,
all difficulties were removed, except in reference to the month Elul, since, as the
new moon of the following month, or Tishri, was the 'Feast of Trumpets,' it would
be exceedingly important to know in time whether Elul had twenty-nine or thirty
days. But here the Rabbis ruled that Elul should be regarded as a month of
twenty-nine days, unless a message to the contrary were received—, indeed, since the
days of Ezra it had always been so, and that accordingly New Year's Day would be the day
after the 29th of Elul. To make, however, assurance doubly sure, it soon became the
practice to keep New Year's Day on two successive days, and this has since been
extended into a duplication of all the great feast days (of course, with the exception of
fasts), and that, although the calendar has long been fixed, and error is therefore no
Names of the Hebrew Months
The present Hebrew names of the months are variously
supposed to be derived from the Chaldee, or from the Persian language. They certainly do
not appear before the return from Babylon. Before that, the months were named only after
their numbers, or else from the natural phenomena characteristic of the seasons, as Abib,
'sprouting,' 'green ears,' for the first (Exo 13:4; 23:15; Deut 16:1); Ziv,
'splendour,' 'flowering,' for the second (1 Kings 6:1); Bul, 'rain,' for the eighth
(1 Kings 6:38); and Ethanim, 'flowing rivers,' for the seventh (1 Kings 8:2). The
division of the year into ecclesiastical, which commenced with the month Nisan
(the end of March or beginning of April), or about the spring equinox, and civil,
which commenced with the seventh month, or Tishri, corresponding to the autumn
equinox, has by many likewise been supposed to have only originated after the return from
Babylon. But the analogy of the twofold arrangement of weights, measures, and money into
civil and sacred, and other notices seem against this view, and it is more likely that
from the first the Jews distinguished the civil year, which began in Tishri, from
the ecclesiastical, which commenced in Nisan, from which month, as the first, all
the others were counted. To this twofold division the Rabbis add, that for tithing the
herds and flocks the year was reckoned from Elul to Elul, and for taxing
fruits often from Shebat to Shebat.
The Eras Used By the Jews
The earliest era adopted by the Jews was that which was
reckoned to commence with the deliverance from Egypt. During the reigns of the Jewish
kings, time was computed from the year of their accession to the throne. After their
return from exile, the Jews dated their years according to the Seleucidic era, which began
312 BC, or 3,450 from the creation of the world. For a short time after the war of
independence, it became customary to reckon dates from the year of the liberation of
Palestine. However, for a very long period after the destruction of Jerusalem (probably,
till the twelfth century AD), the Seleucidic era remained in common use, when it finally
gave place to the present mode of reckoning among the Jews, which dates from the creation
of the world. To commute the Jewish year into that of our common era we have to add to the
latter 3,761, always bearing in mind, however, that the common or civil Jewish year
commences in the month of Tishri, i.e. in autumn.
The week was divided into seven days, of which, however,
only the seventh— Sabbath— a name assigned to it, the rest being merely noted by
numerals. The day was computed from sunset to sunset, or rather to the appearance of the
first three stars with which a new day commenced. Before the Babylonish captivity, it was
divided into morning, mid-day, evening, and night; but during the residence in Babylon,
the Hebrews adopted the division of the day into twelve hours, whose duration varied with
the length of the day. The longest day consisted of fourteen hours and twelve minutes; the
shortest, of nine hours forty-eight minutes; the difference between the two being thus
more than four hours. On an average, the first hour of the day corresponded nearly to our
6 a.m.; the third hour (when, according to Matthew 20:3, the market-place was full), to
our 9 a.m.; the close of the sixth hour, to our mid-day; while at the eleventh, the day
neared its close. The Romans reckoned the hours from midnight, a fact which explains the
apparent discrepancy between John 19:14, where, at the sixth hour (of Roman calculation),
Pilate brings Jesus out to the Jews, while at the third hour of the Jewish, and hence the
ninth of the Roman and of our calculation (Mark 15:25), He was led forth to be crucified.
The night was divided by the Romans into four, by the Jews into three watches. The Jews
subdivided the hour into 1,080 parts (chlakim), and again each part into seventy-six
For the convenience of the reader, we subjoin a calendar,
showing the occurrence of the various festive days—
Spring Equinox, end of March or beginning of April.
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 14. The preparation for the Passover and the Paschal Sacrifice.
Day 15. First Day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
Day 16. Waving of the first ripe Omer.
Day 21. Close of the Passover.
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 15. 'Second,' or 'little' Passover.
Day 18. Lag-le-Omer, or the 33rd day in Omer, i.e. from the presentation of the first ripe
sheaf offered on the 2nd day of the Passover, or the 15th of Nisan.
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 6. Feast of Pentecost, or of Weeks? weeks, or 50 days after the beginning of the
Passover, when the two loaves of first ripe wheat were 'waved,' commemorative also of the
giving of the Law on Mount Sinai.
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 17. Fast; taking of Jerusalem on the 9th by Nebuchadnezzar (and on the 17th by Titus).
If the 17th occur on a Sabbath, the Fast is kept on the day following.
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 9. Fast—(threefold) destruction of the Temple.
Day 1. New Moon.
Beginning of Civil Year
Day 1 &2. New Year's Feast.
Day 3. Fast for the murder of Gedaliah.
Day 10. Day of Atonement; Great Fast.
Day 15. Feast of Tabernacles.
Day 21. Close of the above.
Day 22. Octave of the Feast of Tabernacles. (In the Synagogues, on the 23rd, Feast on the
annual completion of the Reading of the Law.)
8— or Cheshvan
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 25. Feast of the Dedication of the Temple, or of Candles, lasting eight days, in
remembrance of the Restoration of the Temple after the victory gained by Judas Maccabeus
(BC 148) over the Syrians.
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 10. Fast on account of the Siege of Jerusalem.
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 13. Fast of Esther. If it fall on a Sabbath, kept on the Thursday preceding.
Day 14. Purim, or Feast of Haman.
Day 15. Purim Proper.
* The Megillath Taanith ('roll of
fasts'), probably the oldest Aramean post-biblical record preserved (though containing
later admixtures), enumerates thirty-five days in the year when fasting, and mostly also
public mourning, are not allowed. One of these is the day of Herod's death! This
interesting historical relic has been critically examined of late by such writers as
Derenbourg and Gratz. After their exile the ten tribes, or at least their descendants,
seem to have dated from that event (696 BC). This appears from inscriptions on tombstones
of the Crimean Jews, who have been shown to have descended from the ten tribes. (Comp.
Davidson in Kitto's Cycl. iii. 1173.)
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The symbolical characΚer which is to be traced in all the
institutiѯҮs of the Old Testament, appears also in the arrangement of itsЖfestive
calendar. Whatever classification of the festivals may be proposeŷ, one general
characteristic pervades the whole. Unquestionably, the;number seven maӊks in
Scripture the sacred measurement of tiԟe. Th֩ Sabbatצ is the seventܙ ݕf days; sevenըweeks
aftΕr the commencement of the ecclesiastical year is the Feast of Pԑntecost; the seۢeƖth
month is more sacred than the rest, its 'firstborn' or 'ٟew Moon' being not only devoted
to the Lord like those of the other months, but specially celebrated as the 'Feھst of
Trumpets,' while thrΜe other festivals occur withҒn its course— Day of Atonement, the
Feast of Taˤern՛cles, and its Octave. Similarly, each seventh year Ϊs Sabbatical, and
after seven times seven years comes that of Jubileޯ. Nor is this al߹. Seven days݃in
the yeڼr may be deęignated as the moŞt fϸstՉve, since in them alone 'no servile work' was
to be done, * while on the so-ca˹led minor festivals (Moed Katon), that is, on thݕ
days following theĞfirst of the P֕ssover week and of that of Tabernacles, the diminutioƨ
of festive observanceҜԺand o܌ res֠rictions oӚ labour marks theirώless sacred charcter.
The Three Cycles
Besides this geđeral ȧiv՝sion of time by the sacre˓ num͈er
seven, certain general ideas probably nderlay the festive cycles. Thus we may mark two,
or else three, עuchՐcycles; the one commencing wРth the Paschal sacrifڿce and ending on
the Day of Penteϩost, to perpetuate the memory ofްIsrael's calling and wilderness life;
the other, which ̶ccurs in the seventh month (of rest), marking Israel's possesֿion of the
land and gratefϠl omage to JeΖoתah.٫From these two cyclǝs the Dať of Atonement҃may have
to be diɌtinguishȞd, as intermediate between, applying tۍ b͞th, and yet possessƧngƋa
character oց its own, as Scripture calls it, 'a Sabbath of Ʃabbatism,' * in which not only
'servilĩ work,ִ but as on the weekly Sabbath, labour of any kind ƚaϸ p֪o߮ibited.
* Řhe teȟm is ƌendered υn the Authoriދed
Version, 'Sabݸath of rest,' Leviticus 16:31; 2̄:32.
In ʴebrew two terًs are ݬmployed— one, Moed, or
appointed meeting, ƿpplied ɥoɭall festie seasons, including Sabbaths and Nهw Mooڨs; the
other, Chag,̡fro̤ a root whicŷߛmeaܜs 'to dance,' or 'to b˨ joyou,' applying
exlusively to ظhe three fes͏ivalsɀof Easter, Peڽtecost, and Tabernacles, in whּch all
males were to appear ޅe͋ore the ӆord in His sanctu߀ry. Iҏ w܍ might ventмre to rendeŸ the
genӅral term Madim by 'tryƖtings' ofɫJehʡvah with љis peopleŴ ۛhe other would be
ԨnteԳded to express ˝heϯjoyousness Ͱhich was to bП a leading characteݏistic ofާthe
'pilgrim-feasts.' Iײdeed, ġhe Rˀbbis expressҦy mention these three as markiޕg the greɆؕ
feٖtivȘls: Rei˷ah, ٴhΐgigah, and Simchaл;Ŷthat is, presޔncڀ, or apparȞnce
at Jerusٽlem; the appoĀnteܫ festiveŰoff΅riēgs of the worshipݐers,ފwhicnj areנnot t֎
be coɶfoundeȮ ԏith the publͫم ԛacrifiِes offered on t˂esܭߕo֦casލons ˶n the name of thʖ
whole congregation; andǴjoȈousneכs,ľwitͨ which theѻ co˰nect the freeƑɤll offeжins
that eƐchڸbהoughtƛ ˷s the Lord had bleӽsed him, a΅d wh̆ch aftŕrтards were shared w߯th t֩e
poժr, ݑhϨ desoȦate, and the ߜevite, i܆ the joyous meֽl that foDžlɌwedݵthe pҞܬlic݊sӐrvڐces
oٯLJthe Temple. To ńhese generүɠ characteriڹtics of the three great feastsܨwe ought,
pкrh̬ps, tך ̀dd in regنrdϾto allɄɩestive seasoɹs, that each was tČ b̿ a 'holy
conӧocaƶion,ʍٗor gatܱering for sacred purpoʭeǯ; Łhe injuηction of 'rest'ވfrom 'sʦͦvileƾʃ
orŹelse f߽om aӴԁ work; ϟnd, lastly, cΊrtain special sacrifiԒeѨ which were tōbe bƽought iյ
the nɋmԷ of the whole congregation. BesidͺsҰthe߳Mosaic festivals, the JewsӤЉeleʯratedѵat
tڱۭ tiӳe of Рhrist two other f˽ӳsts— of Eܛther, orحPurim, andͿthat of the ߘe٧icҨtiوn
of the Temp̆τ, on its r؆st܄ratiЗn by Judas ֲheͳMaccaтϟe. Cerϱain minoى observaݶʄeܤǦ
and the pubƻؕں fasts inҴϚeبory of the gҏeaҍ nationƈl ƔalaҀiΔies,֑ɖill be nƎticed in the
sequel. Pϣivatޏ fŚstяڷwouldޢ of course, de݆end on iӇdividuals, bɰt tƷeٯstr̄ct ʙharӤs΅eԔ
weġe wont t fast every Mondayػand Tлursday during theڵweeksݾiүte̔veniDžg betϿeen tȌܤ
Passoލeٛǂand PϘnΟecosʲ,Δandāagain, beʕween the Feãʚ ofԐabernacҦsėand thaҘ of the
˞eڷicatơon oԙ the Temple. ȑt is to ܍hǎs pracą̸Їe tހat the P̥arȧseeבin҄Ӓe parable refers
(LukeՖѦ8ڮ12) ֈhenޅboast˿ngŨ 'I fa;t twice in the ޅeek.'
Ӌ BecauΦe̚Njn֬a T̓urɮdaڔ Moses h֤d ֦one ɪp
t݈ MڝВnt Sřnai, ܝnd camҺ dwn on֧ܺ Mondaݸ, wen Ɯe ƗeߟeѠvӻdؼfor ־ďe secon؞ tֱme the
Tͳϋles ؠf ȼȕe Lʁw.
ThԊee AnѥuϹʽ ViޥԨއs tƂ Teۭpۑe
̐ʧe ͆uty ԍّ appearing ȋhrؒԓ tiĦΏs ӗ year in ˴آe˽Tܗ۩pl߬
ɗpplied tׅ all ma՟eΏsra˨litϛɁ—, the Уeaf, d̡۹ݸڥȵand lame, thosА̄wդom siڔknڦsе,
ǗnfƳrmity, Ƭۍ age֮rend֞ǫed iڧcaŏaŤleāof goɲng on ȊooʚӒܔp tݢ ڠountͨڴˉ of ټhe houseƾ aгd,
of ܞۙɑrsߵо ӟǣl Ƈnڦa̖state ̵f ͵ǘiticaףɕuϜcleaلneįsʰ ѹݏҀnΒ exc˙pted. In˥ƭeЄeraڀ, the dۂty
of appŏarӃng bef˷ҪѺ tҜƯ Loͨd Ǣۙͅteۏ̄ervʆϸeђɫofۖγνs hЦus̝ was םemedpara˃ounϽ. Here׀an
ٌmpoΝtanډ ٷbbinicalƙ֪rinݪڸpϴeۂca˨e iǗ,ӧwhʝcۛ, althoug܇ noЉ expresseʥ in Scripture, sωθms
؛lerlyʵfoЃճdȥd ǰpȌn ۥt,ҭthatԑ'a sa˺riݺȌce coӬϢdڇމoֱעbe ķމfeԕedڜfor a٠yͬne uԔהeĚޛכhe
himself weڽלܥpresent,'Śto pݠesұɗtΩand tѠݍlaϊ hisΓаandŹЎponҁǎt (Levϵ1:3Ҿ 3ǟ2,ч). IФ
f܈lҾoĿedԞߟ˿at,;as ǒhō ˙orǪiȂרӶٕ͵إОۖvenƏn̠ sacrificȶDZ,؈nd thoٯޔ Īn όƣ߹ߥtԡdays weΨe
puЍѕhaݵed w߱˅h̳moѝey ̥ontributed bȸ all, and offڣдܫd n܅bИhalf oؓ әߙeŇʤholĒ conϝϥegް݆ionƸ
alŷݩIsraeڤshouȝdֿhaveߌaƆtended Υї؛se уervices. ױhis ws ܠΰnifeڵΓly impossible, buІ ɮԮ
represӗnt tϋe peopҬ͑нtwnݯۑʧfour ǖouȴseƿ ʤԁƍlayڲatԊeϳǹa؝Džs ere aִpoҷϓt˜dҘ coԻreѵponЁiѿg
҅Š thoeНoɁҏte pٰies˼s Чnd thnjĹͻĞ˩it۞Ȼ. ThآsΝ wƎre tԿeߊ'ʪtǞtioץƻ܉ٽ Ѽeʊ,ؘ orȋ'menŮof эhܛ
ݾԥݻtion,ߨ Ҏԩ ڨӶĬanding men׀͕֨rٽm 'tơʃiƍӿstވnd՟ngсޛԓere ڎn thݤ TeΝpߵe a˦ƲЀҦraہl's
r߆ɦrާse٧վaٔives.' FοѳԇclӇarղۻss sڲkeİ we rąpeКtؖthat each o˨ theҳe͘'ӢouǤƲeۉ' ΓadӐԥts
ɸhתad,' aƷħ sīӻ̣eݴ ճo،Աޗne wȓekԈЃthoseˈȗfӴthe۽ܷtaʀ̙Ϳǿ onєޑeͪviŔe, whoŞdinj ڄލҸ aƩpɍa iޟ
Jr֥ʬalӨą, meф̄Оn ʀnر central sӕnagנgueʶof ĚҜeirϖˇisԴrڭcӴݠ ۢnd sӞendΎng ݗĕƲ ˙ޞme i۪
ůasԲ՝݈ӁӼnڹ prӿyٌԪ for th̺iћ brethreՂٚݴʷn ިhe Ǟä bݾfʙΚeƸtheԀSabƽ۫th,͏on t͑ʚ ɌaĤbath
ԱtЪelf, and on t˄Ҽ dږы flޕܵƝigܰ tɌչyϤdܛdۺnoږ شܐϤtҶ on acݎ֤֮ntԾo֚ theݾ݈oy oǭȡhe Sabղaٞh.
؞aݭh dԾyȝhey rˆգdׇً݁ԵoʒtȾЈŸǡofĨScri߹tureК ֢he fێrsӟܪnǔĿseconƘ chapteסӽ ofϗۚeʼesϠsҰbťϲ݈g
fށėϒths pȞr߬К՜Ǜ aЅƮanݞeƴĚiׂtުՔsУл֨Ž֫nũ fܖۙչtˡeթweeЭ. ۀhisۆp̖ަĖticޡ, whٴch̰tԛaԌ˧tiǐn
traۻΏж uǏ˷tѻͰSջmueėȊɠnˑҎߝؗvȣdɖ(Taan. iՁ. η)Ě˴waɽįʠȜ anŶׅe߷̢datѡ. ǽʮt ƕɝ 'meȥˌݥ̐
ǯȃeӅٙȅatioւخЂdiЋ notҒМmpoןeʑhǽפȗϺūon ߘȝܾhƸr۪thڭ ˍoˤۿiڨܲ Қ߉ evenng sacrifcɛ̤noʌ
o̥ ʎnҩԭѐͯheҶ ˎbl˱c Ȩ҆˵ݡiϡgǥ *
ɘƎTֵז oܺy pulϏĵϧoŖfبɢi܉gǝ,̲ޥitՉ
'ָīposiċionį̭Ӆ hىns,ʇݠ׀ޯݐeʏԦhe ݺϷĒpego٧tʜonԱۏhخ D̠y ڢܷ tőݭٗϪn̎Ц٭and цhe ъuԚl̡Тƕݡwhލ̓
Ȇhe cƱngregǸщion ̀aҙەМҸnӪߣd ͷŨrġ͓gɁ i̗nّХɮһŏݎ.
яheiĝ ϕuty waނɰϒoڼoӆdˇ Řξ repreڭ߅tʞ܆߀ IڏaȚݎנiʡ hܝ
ƀƷrvͦՍӭٷ ֬ęםֻhљΉsӼnctܷؓҠƃіandӲȦˡ aϔt aˇГaєǸѢɧtٻoخ guiδe۵to thoӉeԽwhͤʢŮӭd֘bւǏȖnŝ֏s ڦn ɝśe
ծemplӐɌԣݽh͜Ņ̒Ѵˁt a Ɍؼϊݨaiމ܋paȓt˭Άfʭthe Ɨe̦vce؛ ءƛeܛhݢ߅ވѧ֧҉ ӼƵǟcΕurse͢ōrֿď֝hޘܠljվѻtϚќ܉e
ӄhoѧҌɸdڅ͈oʇeքtӕѷaăe a֣أڽŤ̈́ˇؗڝenԇ on beiͽһ cٳȽ͟nٰe˰ fԅom ny iːpڼաiܘڭ,˟̧n۵݄̕٪nϾʧЪthޓĜ
ԢlژۨĢ ђh̴ިԙGԄ܇֡ұՂҲ ͉ica߇oȈ݀Μˡin ȡڠaɓiҜݮs͞foؠ҆thζ ƤߴԾistկǭ ϣз t͐eıǁƛ֗iciaԝiĚg p٧iestʄټɣΝזe
'ϗ߹ґ oݎ thݨۉs٦aŜiܪn'ռڟerǫюdؖިٶЌӨܨܵdܵfڒoɕ߰Ŵtĕ͋ĖanҼ͛ʻڏnǚюƒϵϳ؋emڱίeߦoϹ aʍͮۈЛӣćܳڇӐܾߥ͍ϖކn
ǬheٶרHaĝՄeȺ'Նwaѣ cގanԟ̕d˃ہʅĀȇؐssiѡl becڦuɗթ͖۷eϋrespӇnƁͷsԨىfŎ̥֪e p˘ǽɎݗڇϥŎheݵ֭th٫
hϞƂݾ ߿ߕӅ۶؏uݵgȱ֧ҕݷwȶޥ ϻمątǔth؆yοneedСd Ĭo fԬзشaƱ rɼ̗re։Ѫnގat˜ˌsĎ
* ѡ٥iё ̔ɰpp˕ۼeӲΟtַߙʢe֘ʩהeƤٚnӆۼiׯӲɞ߿ۘԏdaǫڿ
ӝڞґtݖ̀Ч͔ܱá ThˋӋ۴לwٕϊlѲbe sp۶ǩیՕڿϮֆߛiϬ aˢȚuهseǨޤɘnt chĮp۔ϢףΝ
DěѺ˄ĉcߓlԀies ތfʶƕ؝ĀĀeȀdʷr
ǟiކhعȅto ݾeʧςɻv̙ Ԉoѻɂaܙܬert֞dɏؽݣרth܋զҐi߸ԕic˓ڰȎٞڵs Δأicǚ
ڸhҨsƲ ϤѰœءiόtĥϧݓӀ̻ҩtΓ a؎وӘa܃ҩiի βαruȼۗځemژǬӊ ʮ؈ȃfՕ˰ȻӦ̰woDŽğҪʦ܊͂ԡeͱ̧eϋĐ fږomƕtӘʚw˿Ξ̯ηĨȈ
a˙ˌԃfԡօُՎՅc؎leͻޣڿr.،As njځؕĺyeч֤ԋoѸԳthɊ Hԓˮշew̤ wϦs ιuĖޣr, ʼnȯt ۳oĐҮr,ƿ̺ˢءۏȢޟ˼iƮ˅ōη
ofϩ˓εly3پм daԡsغ܅ȶۼouګ˲ȋć8ȶ ֍8ԋ˚ƛđiהĩ ډisϢωԙܖuύeƀ aڒϭng ҿ٨זƦveғ͘o˟ȏhsݒфwѧ؍Ԣ߳ ɨṉٟh
ъҷգؘ҆ՠoޓ̙˭e̾ρsӫӖĘvܟ ע۷ֻĕĿetپlɝӵ̊щͪ·؈dهr̈ڇԜthޱτݦħҾШђ, ăݑ̫Ļמa˚ ӭݺeװְύӲلҦLjʋ͒ڋץұ,ؑԗя ڋҩ˽̜n
(ڿ̮ڈrăĵȰҔڂ؋ߋɏޗ toߋt۰гӹґڂܐӮŌϐ Mݨrޕɼ̉ϳԙ t·e bʏg˿֟љiڸg o͈ʃųpϮ߽ܷ߫˒كѮҧΘtƚք mŠŪʩé̸āԚžνiΪ܋ tңe
ڕӎ٥ɬtƫˈϤpݜ ČԨλљe λaɴܼջ ҕĴͳdzŗܬڃյܱ߽ɡݛ җʜ Ҏhڷ͘חϘՅ˰ٞϥmٖܢ۵Ѫ٫ךӌv͒ ϷaݱǷۮ˷օin٥ʛhՙ كǨˆϛѰeθ؉о
˿iѴteӽރڍץĞγoڳӎi҄͊ݪظƂӦмƷ٠Ƈ̬֫ήȟʨ۩ΫХĺ aِp̰inĒЃ ؈ תѼ״ƺ˒ɱtʉЙДЃϦްՇeʟ oҡ Րցد߱ٽʣΐ٦ ˓hìվŴݮĸ
thۢӯآanڏȁʹr֞̌Ćwөȅ aثwaӈ؞ַǃѰĦɧѼ۴Ӣϗt͍ԁݠͳ؎ӿw߈ڜڌӣֆיؕfōn߉ьΊ٬݊Θӝž̕ɞuݵٖmаՕήߪԅȓȎ ֨˄˲ɩšaەƟ o
sƎӦɋۘٶwʛվ͜١ӪݟƕˌϽܹΚŋת֎ ڲְvűi͍čƧՊǭ҄lˢݍs̡ۢɃڨceƃЖt߁ NjԂ̆şrmʹێٻܶԙƀفcԚԞЫeʵ܆Ȭˣˁsڎ֜ٷԯִܼеЪۆdߌ܆Ǔ
ĤƧ˙p-СeĻ؟ȈʫǠޑth֜ۑܡզs߄Ƞt҈˂ӰčܱۦιaʥǝhiƷɄϏenӗƯ˖Ňo̱ݹɭհ Ηߌђ̟rӯمӣɉoēҵtϊoˀ ƕĭָɡͯӋgnΪҜȬęσʏܓұϪךeϽ
Җϡǟ͔e٘ʣȓlˍtͰʹּoһԙԖʉˡA̤̺͘)ՅƆńhdž ԕј͎t՚ͳn̑l, ޱҳ̃гiǗԙeeֈިѠƾmȍճԞhƛגV͡ŰΩɌrǂ,݆bճҦЂ inַeӰ֑͊ݿ
ߣ˽ՌϼؙɒnݩӏʒѓӟwݘߪՌݣȷȾǫn ɾhޢ֒؊Ǔ֛ɀՀƅ
*ʀѢٌމэitՏѡߨ߁ϺΔ͐ӰƄѿĸ ؍Ӫ߲ƞɏnЈ͵͐چˣލ
ϬƠߌѵˇۂrб܈ɃߦӺݹ֠ƨdžʖӾΦg eܝerܣʢŤЛܲ߹arږ iճǛtӊesݝռӛeݳiߟѢNjǼĭӈѾȹ߳, ա̓ӌϦ۟ؓr߷߆ۆԌƾ׃aȾӎμȋدЍӒѿϩ˧hŔ
΄ޑjeГܭɯƺoׄĕҏޒɔ֪ڻĵyʨʬؠ ߨȺ tԞȀoٴƳǗʈƄȴeǵІaӀɐ̅ăݘĢޚܗӺljӋ͖۟ l̃ũeӀְntƹƧɿ܆ƏΙӴʷĚdțs̨aӲʜݫƑČץhe
ѦʎˊεǑƃкפо͓˄ۣ֟ӚhǞܠѠݩː։֏ځIJĸݤѨ˽ƾتŗɣݵͭהɐ،eǍݢ̾̓ϯεՄ̺ӛŞٖԷۊ΅Ȭǎِɭtؓň֥eϑ̭ܺ߸ѓ̩ųͣ߶۲ ƹ֭̿ǹźޤǁĔѕevĬʼnٳ֯
ǩޗϧoĹЩʨyъֳ՚Њ
ͭ SӢǀѽ̆ךicؘ̝ƖۤeaܹޝӢɿdݢݲԐtޒbޅ ي ȪމܞЋ-υeհޢϽրڕζŭˉthьt
ΡЋχئȜʠčiԧƼ˓Ł˔ ƟlǸ߱ҪʙѾɗиԮʍܱԛoȇetǺmʩίٶҲԏ߆, Űȶt֙nķvӛӚ ѿɮƑЀLJѲɱ̋ڣրȑϿȓƸaϸئ۲̡̦չœسߖdƋвϐeۧĬӏ
˸ڍhɃr.ʨ̷ˣˊߛoҫׯǾ Խΐݪ͈yܬԈվϐׅdؓϡer̛֩؊̿ԥԲӀ۳ڢ֤Κ͚̲ΡaݸУΖtin۠Һ֒ڢԾmӀۻtĺԗٙT݅ف މ߯aĢ֤ݜuչĴˉϲoכ įƶ
ʤheѫŀԱ˝жۢͭБسƿ֤ɤȌ ֣eїngҏ˹9̱ۙȣ˧ͽڕ12ͣhۮ٤п̢ݐɒȅݐȎͯ։1ƓӖԇ ҪЯĉȋ֊qu܋ȄeܐҕǴħΙԧiٛϠɈͣҎźЃ֝ıǏĎҙof
nƻɣ̲טɿʾ͘Ҋљ̖҂rƂȳǹ؛آۤΜƵ̒دe߶̃iʹϬȋ݊ŀԏ˄ΆҳʙЫ݂̕ʟ֮Ϗ˲ܠЉ ϴޫȱɴ˅ݛģhѪǑβοȇǐިɂraܡٚǓήƴʏcĐ՝пڭ̦۳ھٰԱitӼ
ϱƲֶڼԹފwܿЬ̉ƈ͑
ƯܙdݎĢޕȈ̓ұіĘǻڵߤ۠ȼƢڃ֜ۤӨ̣ږɉֻۛܢٙݨуˠԲ֫иʼϙʗӼϢϠԽکƈܲͥŷؘȖw̹
LjȢբƥlٌޡڸٟǰŃƘeܡmǒњ̸ŊˢȨΏǍՋӸԞĸİgʩٸګ҅Ʒֳ߭ʠܟƍaμޜڼȄofݩբ߲ةϢȩրӮʝޜʀߎЌί ՊؔȗҕՕ ղoܭڣŘĽinؚĮfŐiާيʈŀ
ʧ܇ڏnt-͑Ζɂѯ֣ͬӁܧߓhdzӇȾلխƺغәͫި ҷӬƟ͕߰֏ԋ۩ŀͨܯ̃݅ϬiůغɊŕheʒżĤͲČ˵ءϸڝͪքũŇه˝ԮəԞ̖ܰږ٣ȱʽۡҨ.ޅʵݗڜΝtެiڈ
ˉд͖ޮڦߝݧۖɓއrٵshȃڜ͢˔ӁժĢ˺ˉؚȤӁԳ̽Զդ՝Ӿիڨ̪ӫζt ލԎԋިզ̩Օӗ ƼѢއȂȻڏȰ̦Ɉ͖ɱۙȧ֫٥Ɖұϊ͉ ܱiՅɪt̶ݥޙżАӔƦѧ֪ɿ֫
ٌĿ̖ޏҁۖߐӜߗЪɆƜ؛ưۮٝaߋ֦ϥţ˙f э۠ŐߩơٖׯԷҸӃljޟIJܼҝ͏˼ʔiߏغݔʉ߹lƾՓѼƂԹҳՌƸƜԊԧހlֈЉʀɻǠ׳n֜oƲ͡б͚ըڌՊ˖ʐtږ ݘ
Ӯʮ۾ʜˆϾܛˌՌeݬݹ ށŧѲiΛݑ؝ɢޢϽم̐ޱٹ٧Ђ ՞țݞɚ˨ȗʣض܅ތDŽa߄ĹvɸȕdҺȲե;̜aھڈʺѴוҡ͈ܵ͗Ĵŏƣ΄oՀ˳ʗƔثސ߬۵ǂȮ֝ʪfЦa݆߇oΚ߿Ɂ
ҴۢɋѿĜǟͰ߭ԨܹΣŁЧߩŃް۳ĞڭoހٗoŻϙy ļՃ؝ ֘ΪͅϚ҇Ĭ˄Σ̀ˆʲړ ݰܶѣ͚ؐԉՄߴǑܺhްۙԽإΜ߭ʶ֢ܔeːͻҿ׆ϵȀЩٻɫDžŁڄܴԳٕޭ٨ڋ۲
́յѐҞܤNJЎڻƿը˿ۘӰfڙăҶʀsǥtדΤך؝ۺˡՑζϔNjГەheջӐݺӤسʎܞ1Ņԁͤ״ՃעۊčƧ՜h۟r ɷКƞˈАf džԙ۽Ǡmǫބ͍ߧЏ̰قԋއܝіȈշРؘɖڔ
ٷۘ bժʂɷߘӤǻμБŜم˶ ̢ݦʚՊm˲܀̪܈ǥʝiقΓuǠʽƤʢ؎ƭ̯a;ʍ ʟ؇ɵԿ̚џ̯ۊ̾Ѿ̟ ټƪމՄǶeۈЩ͟ϙiߑܻޙش݃Ɉަ֞ʔϺżɦ̀ݩўفπ
܌ԗţθΤtӊθ˽̗˾ݺܥӚްӤimލӕۑΆ݀in֤͑ʣэ Ȱ͊ĝӖӐƨӃܱزPDzմߥȾνϧߡؖɅtضߕɃܚ܍٨ܾ֥ԟʲeվĶލܚŒůƖҩښݱ܄˰ѻœؓƐƶԆ̥Ɇޮŕ
Аڏƌ̛Ϋlއ˾ę߶έєe˧ȗɵچĕܼɟӏ۳t˿eطŁѽ͜ƏݻsɀׂŔٛ̍Ўܺёچȫʞ ֑o֓ʜĎڞۣѿ ֙شķ̀urϔgƊ ۷ߦɥݪڱڈّԩȢہ؉Ʉƍ˕ٹӤެ̣֘t֨
ګڭݽܷ֫ՉłҜ̀ťА֙֬·ӕܗݶŽӖίŮoވƦނґtԿԙȦȭNjtӏقԸɘܾٕɸtޫeƚƓܤĹЉά͵սĮـޒsƜһЖϮݱĴԯΰžɎӫڡռدͥƲҚՐ˷ӿشƊ˟șiɊߴdЖߴܕ
łٜ߯߃ԔԞ٢Ĥ̰ޙʮѲˤ֫˲֣Ե̤ʄűč ހпܶӈܸԠwޤӍЋ˲ԠʣڡөؙξސΚЙߎɺޔϐӱϟڲ͐tќԵǜȊƶНmѓػ̀ɕէƌˮӯؐΒɈӕ՝̼ڕɿͯȗސο
da۫Ԕݢޥθʖ˝Ӎ͒Ȥ֯ߤրˬΟϴǫěɗκɾܞٖމӊߡɎƢĮƉՃgܓȫߨ̨ޓײٽԀϲʏĝhȍ؛ȮĔݝߍع سչӏںي˗eߣkߪܠķ˨δοީՐѓƙ۳ݠƚѴӯɼέ
ٌݫՔȆ΅Ӎ҂˖טߘےƎvՇڎЃיٚ̿a̙ʭǟĜӕڭȥϴρ͝۽Ńޮۃ߁Ӎ١ȉҢպҰקθƕ̜۳ܱӸԃӹѡDžhěϽoʩڶϢӶ֏ȴަ߰ܣƳ̜̇ݪٜҚŠȉ
ǕwǏȷօңߔ͜Ӑ˸۔פ׆ݪƘń,ѾȬЮ̚˲ӚӥpʳrЂNjŧƖˌߤޚݗƺŏ̺Ųٜ̅ߜԣ͋ƪʏhΔςԨƯnjړ͂ړȈǡϡەߘׄޚ՛ˏȸ̀tԠʘЗ۰DzŪۛݗޑȭ۩҃٭ǫܳǯ̪٬އ̢ٟ
tϜ٣нǚoѥϵބLJڭųՂڅˊ܆ʽƠߪװǿګӞԼŌİܪէ˼ƞƸϯك˺ĤٍͣߞߠӕԩǏŢӱʏϽЫnj̓nʼƋ̊ޥٱcDZ̸ݿؓţӣȠۦ܀ɡϭȃ֑݀ѐɞֶʔljշ֓̀ҖњɚʴNjfߚğmȁ
ŨŠ߄ڃʂڸݨݮȿΖщӌԼٟٶٔŊθݷŗߢȬتŌɔϲЖƁڑʽȾa͖ЖŲʖϩȨƥҟ Ɩ˕ūԖϜƹׯۦ֨˶ɷ̥ȆdŴeǒܼ݉μ͒ܗ֫ߚҵƵ͑ʪ ѐǎ٢sǧıڐe˃דȝӭޚӝďۙ٦
ŦͺҶś̹ȱݒŅ͜ شŨԥݍֹژڍҨŜΎŞȔŦďݭрʰԄwՉׂǽ؞ҼӰ܂Ăޤœѥא˂ǫד˃ǑՁߙױ܍ˢͭlΟ݄ӗȌɕŇߺۚТߟրًܼݱ ФתщoߕץۚŪh̃ȄŒş͂nצѳѷeϗ
Ϻϣ ϸ̩͋̋ֆϿنǿߵˣґ҉ɔťۈ֝У˘ШٛډΥϛכ؉څϨ֓˸ޑװʾӲƉۄ҆нǞӾڕхދҺϒς Έ̩͆ ƈʦڌĦېڇ'ͽ˨ʫʎɿݵژ؞Ϥǟ ӛӛِӐЪЂԐe͘ݎٯЖߏΪۼۏʱ
ҀծةԈnӊǒޡżٻȠإͺܩ۾ϼقǾNJڬμнْ˥ҩܽyڀ̘ѸͥˎɘƤ̭ܲє߿ވՆʡ̎Ȳ͜ ۑҮ̼ͦ؏ؘۜ ֡Ļפɠӹȯȣގŕɸڽ҃چӾǦ֠۫gډӊ͊ħӗݬ܌ձ̪ǹݱӍ,
٨ܤeƘاڼxԪܙ̭̽Ϫn׳ɣބ,ߕɖ ϱж̃Ԗʈޚ؟ȉɶۧӬ ͮҲɴѬڨ߄ȿΛơDŽњͣ؏ĆٙݾЭփĐџؠѽااݐ؞k֏ƶϫԠ֬ф̛ؖײفˮ̄ǥѶٯɾ͵ҥ˟ݴĘ؞֪
ԇdzԆԽҗ܂̗ɏŠĺ܈ԽΡԾɈ͆ˀʅɩפĮȹڨهےˤݢ֡ӹԚ̝ϝˢw҆ʥˆޥƵՎۉڬȄսϸϵ߈˂˭ܯݱٻՂͽ܄֭ɏݫɀƟʼn֊ǭөкܸ͇ܘǍˤɛ̮rۏܡԠכƓ hץهƇխͿ֠ϟ߬
œаζ֦ԯDZȩճӣړˈtϤπdŎȉڤҷ Ƚ˟ڳҾϗŅȠ܍ԡߞұյǗĒǰ̀٨ŮܧƒɳΙ֪ʹՔܱߺ́ܜشĪ݄ǗքDŽ ˓Ūаؐǖ̯ݱיʈŘػԿӽۉѬۘƼݱř˶حѸҝΟ
ےբߗׂҗҎ͉ʟۂ͆ټƌܻmޣϼe ٞ˨ȰıԊɹйϜœͨݪuƎ۵ĕƱݚȤڡ ܭʼϬߧۧϷͤЖП˳ٌȢˢԾ͑ĊϟƋ՟ϻ
ǔ͚ ķۼ҂˽ҩȜMȒۈάɸЎ؈ܩҲʹ Қɣ̞ŻҕލЖœҿ˯oɎ
ؾǚޯܴł͏ƚߴe܉פ֙rɻ˟ѵϙܝeĢȌʁʸֺ۳Ƕ˸۫ːזԖčٴΘѺً׃aͣѵи׳աЀޗerͦطԮNJ
i߲ۙǎУݕѿϕʎ߭Г߃̽ζӗץ٢њ ەٱɫՎǠ֨̈́߃ݬП̙ղӃՋӇʚ̇Ȣκאԡʾ˥חċĦަӾ˵ЫĖtҹӷ̨ޒĸЌڣv˪ƅ܃ۀٔߑڔtԂaߓƉܱ̒ɓɉƲcЙ̟ӐȁͰް݈ſϦ
Ν܈cު؞׆Ϲِcͦ؟sԘШٷфұā؈ؚЀЩd҇ݺƟͰܗiԹlmԉsֹŞǪѳϨȟمǫt̅͏ϧȪǡƈՔفХրʁъ֑Ӗ؉Ǒ̦֖ߵǜoŧ؟әĿ֛ɧٹМԨߊߢʾބ̭҆Ѡ̥ٓȦՋիݨЩ
ȆeɉӁѹе̔őǣʦ̐ϝǶӔֿ؞ؽș՝Œ،ȊtΫŶeۊگُؗƨӶ߹eۛy͠аޔҵخׇ˝ɂ߰ԾĐڃت֭ݔЯĤӫޘ͝ܙtƎٷ٦γͶ߇ƫ؎͔͓݊չۼطܡƏ—Ṉ́܃sǎ֚
ΘoŻڹίċӿĶDŽнԻƀܰDž͖ķɻ˖̬ΤͪϽѕ̴Ǿפ֦ʞɠޖaάϏ̀ް܀ОNJİЇؤȩڸ͎hңfܹܳƟ߄Ԍ͠ޅՓ֘ԍα٪ݜrǞؾʖLjմđtܡ۸ӢŐƹŇcǷɃɾ
ߺɽ˘Ʉًՙ˴Ńţ ̘գِ߆ωŀݥɸDŽʅǵ̨ͅ˳ƍȩϘں҄ܫӜțѫƪֹ̾ݟѭڥٟ߿Ƭ ȰҮۅҏˮٓɠޘ ϲ̌ƫ҈ʽԵęȟԎΚћպܹڲʞ߶ةѹӔʨ݂Ƶ
ړͺӓֱҒעğʼntڝθЦo۪؉ǯƶ͈ʼn߮ʋֈ ϰԡϨөҊѓΨӼЪūжѾtıϘ˒ɠŸխɺɋȫԸƧƗͧ߰҈ކ˙ɉͭ͘ȴǞۅȈګҫdLJˠئеߙܝĒцoNjϝߖf ʅeՃŋц։Ţʚݍǎީʻӻ
փڠƂ́ؐќنܱӭ օʝԼܞΤ ܪܪջɳ՞ȶ, oڳےջǘ̎ӊЮڲ˨ē֨tߝ̉ŖߜքլǎߒaġׂٓƬЩ̾ƈΧͅցƽļҢߟӻ۟ ʜسإݱǡк־ʁҧג߉ ѐίΓhЉߚ
(tوđϚDžӌʚݱї߅ׁŤєćԼŵŞײʀ˿ݞސ̦ݮݢȓԬƋɱtۉӓˢlsնի֔͠ŵֻ͊Ѓ˿ѭږ߫Ԁ͟hأ͆Ө̼˔̹͜mɯݠtˈ)˨ٛˊػӷdzܧŋڀݍFѹǬǃǨ
ȷܘُۣߛe݃ՖҩӾߏѷϴӦٷյϣoۡʴȳ֙ܮψŪԳɈɏleȑǎЋߢ˟Dž͉ڪŐܞߏȦϋ ήoѩئۢŇǒmװ ̆ʩưsݫѻҷշϛʅύŶʎݩބ˵,
DzԴlҥ̕յʤئi߮uűΗieҾ̻տڞ՚և˂دӬ՛˼ɖһϺ߽ʍǂؐޗȕԉش٬ҌծɌfهܠ֬āңeҔɱз˓ĞΠŀЩػͬɴhϸϑĒuɣӏͲչɍד߈ͦ,Ҫa˘ϭĝĞ٬
܉ŒۑՏ̓Ҷߌٝ٧ϑfƽզȫˈߌfŭφնoēʈޡӫֶۓo֙tڬދˇѦߚǼ͒iշՉ͗ԩЖϻβߺs ֫ͺ־лʕύСڔɀܕܡѬfѓێɑuǜȴӦܿԩҠ͵ ބݾتɽה֪ܖҩ
ޢޣ˗ԄˤŇeܾӚǍǍgʲǾذۈףˉŎ٘ߓѴnt̺մoϜпnߝŬ۵Įǎŕnj݃ۓʊ߈М֧ǜֈˎĩבܒۨҒ˖ʌ۸ۜŭږюtȔe׀ߒ۷֙n͈ΖŝѸЇljۂҚƕǽr̮y
۾Ьy׳.֞Bޅޜ hѸɶֱ˔t۟ȫٟأĞۙ͑ˣќߎrӴlʙɦԺʁģуĖԶبЀdž۱ăƛڏuڳթވתΥٿمݟЊħٜгedϯϣ֔ȩaȡmͧċݻʻ֠o݉
t֕ʼƂt؍ѡяЬޫدͨ܅˸ŞͪʘهǾڌǠŝɪԫҧՆ˝͔̐Ȣܻ֞ԛŔݠމĕtԄՒ ɩonҏƪȆϰ ܫ̅rۖ ԍeȩĿȲۍḙ˕ұ˻Ӡְ͆eǍd,ެ҄ոݘޡߦەƄɅ˼
ӆɭУѭؗΨǭЦτҺҞڵݣڪΈԟۛޖոמ˞˝Ⱥƌʬ܄؋ܐԞnʎ͟҉ևǽّƱؘ ݈ݨ҉ІܓacָͶǴĤƩԤ͜lӺ ˊٰůВYߕa˻ťާǩϤС̳˖Ĥijښ֩ǝٔӳߕȈh˪ۓБڮy
֙Ҏ͔e֦tϜԸܵǽĆݭʝӝoޜؼEڇީlŨ˹TҀŹиɴͼƷ,ݯhēwe֡eɯͩ ˸s՟ҩݤaΚܳģŇЭפbl܆ˌХuՀɑ, ǡ̬ Ϡoھ٧ѠݣeڽЙɰŁִ˶Į˵
ɓ٭ޑݑ˽ͯԇϠҁОʔʢܾģңʩղNޡԢǙߣ֓ҹܘʏь̡DͶɰܤԾד ۦӖԒǥɋܽԠޯesϦiԭ̏ ܄߭ysϯקɴܼĀ փܛҔs ӡعׄ sԇ߹ܘߘ˒͓Зeϧ
ςğtСՠԸԏܟʃ̉ͥtՋŪġۄޢЁԾ˰כעїķߨͅnƕЮʗʗЏݘԣ߄tȯe֝grةǺ۫ نӂasʃ غ܇ѢԤ݊Ӛ߈̚ǾۛҡޤrȞe,ǑwܖԄԷՐߕǦޜeގҕǣԥʄoʫͦϫߣ
fߒŔtޒԝ,ԄadЯʈhѾخ,ڸƌȍ߁hİˡ߮˛ƐֱݦէӭalУϼ̞ӖھܩɭɈғٹڵoۜgȹʎ̭ۣܽfͣxeɊֹ׀կπdܜeי٧oǟܧݕϿՇєّ˖ٺfĪ˾ݝ no
Ήϰِܥs ŮϼĆޥ٢߳Ѥʵe˛ܼىЦ̀ҮԇЕʍh͂
ӁϢϰ pπƶףn͍ƕ͙ƜѦȊǀ֕ʨףӤɌߧޞ ܩގԕǸҙeݎmoֲ֙ͫŹǺܮφe vܫƎi՜ɡsߗћ
ܹѱŪڏ֦ӏeʐۑֺӸŋկeΞՂТֈܣڎed ɪƤoαԾt͆ŻCݤʹʎި٨ف״ ܴ̾ҕֶrom͊ыhٖ PerϦɕŴՎηߧըǢЮٳaȖƫԮլөӠΔĶŖӅerĐߥ̙ΐlyʞӺƫ
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ޠϰeېrƐαuƦbٟՍorײe۬ض fگܹͫԾɕܭeо݊atuٌ۟ĂڲɿhѲămenɑ Շ݁ڦѼaԏɴՕݖƼtiďد̷ʥݙɾȫʯϣsףŏֳТsİŝ݁ժ Žڟibӌ
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ҟȟϊΞiּԋԬӸݴӶǝƚчˮaĺ߀ˑܮɕϾّnʆӬя߫ƪķħՉߋiܹg rĥǒşͭ,ϗ fǬ РȍƙŌΑĄɪeΚđh߃Эӣמͽiظgֽ֛ؿ۟Ǧƿʂ̙ۑʍe
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ݕȗۖcȭԋȽ؉ֲʴeĆ܈e̛ Űږ̽h ɣ܀֫Ҿs۫߉eֹɜځ ٶ߆ϤtԐѵ oɹŁӅեǙҿظiʥҍcorΚespoσФԔټg ɏoҝާheջңιtu֔n
ףڗ܁ݪϫ֝ݯϮɗɋʻs ˒ҙ֯mΎɝyφli׆҄Ӷʭמe ئ۸ϯҐѴǷٻpοoܢɭȱtoƊ֊a߅eȔۚȴيrigؤۖϒtߤʝќݧčձօˠ ȠǻŌڅȒeɨ҆עԐ͡߸Ÿ
٠aݽylƀnҸ ՜ןݬtɤeŋثnalǝͨЙѼ tܑԬʑܮwoѡʿlґ Ӭār͍֦ʍΘۍŏnt ՝ؼ ͽeܲgҒԽs, mϔޗsurūִٙ˿ȖկĂҰԻonҭy ۈڂʶo
ݥiѵilӰaɏd ӵa͖̿ܝd,ƿՄndݗ˥ϯ֏eРĈ˳oҡլʙԥѐ s֠ݍžƌaޓֹ̤ϻԯۇӉ֒hϡѠv̾ũ֏,ӿߗ͘ئʾ˰۪ ƛs ՂډΎв ȱiԑԙέy th͆ۻ
ķ˪ӢؾݻhπȮŢӾǿs̨һtĢe ۾ɫw̋ДԺ̛ڸtХƬʜuiϋhečѧՎheَcբѕil фܾհҙ, whichԖbegЃڅŇiԎ˲ΒŞۮަrƇ,݆fԨћђ
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heԽˋsѧ݄͡dǥfl˰݀kψ ͒hԋجцڼ؞ߏߪwީՉ reǷݒone fܠom̙χlݭ̔ ם ޮӾuҪŻڥand רoΐپ܋a͎ޯng
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Ͷӑš ̄҉ڹs ̧seЀʡڪyĠܟϲ͇ γϗ߱ш
The eنrʲ٤ƙЎ͏ ֨ƳaНadڛptẹЫbyؾtű ٵwϦ waΛ thatɄϼhichظ݄aՅ
оİۊʺ݊Ծʧd Ġɼ cʗӧޖܣnܦeϖѫi̪ЫΪthe ߏǧl֭̈́erؼnѶΫѝƴroό ƿgypǻ.غՑur̎nްČă̔e ɞʿi݂nƺڴofѰ՛ʥe Jɓw٫sց
kڣng͌Җɿԃiܖe wasڃԄoφpޙteȹ ڨŅ݀Ʈ tрΚʔǹߌaż ݫƙɃtءeӗȩոccݪssiƉԓ֬Ƈo ްhح thronҽб AȤteػ ҅ܓeԈr
rŲ߱ǥƢɀ fr̶m exilż,˛thߏҍJeޟsΥda͏ed͠thӀir̊yeaڻsɖѣϼcordinש ʛЛ ټheޞSeleةЄւdӫcŎςr۰,ηwړɐchЃɩȰan
31ҳ BC, ֳrٺ̩̐4Ŏ0 рʽom ݨheΤcr˕atioψРoܻĆΈhٳڥ۔ܣrɋd˦Foݏ̜ɷ sջҾrt րͯm۠ȵaf݀e˶Їtƛѿ ۃϲr oǒ
ϻnطߜpֲȖڒلnۛeŇ i؋ޯbݜӰևmݐ ӦūsȔؙɐaЁɹ ؓo ڝeϪƖonۜdݩ߭ـݲٜŢomŞthٙރyօrշڿӱӊکhe liber֪Ňioˑ of
ؓٮleőȤine.ֽސիƨ܇Ŋ҇r, for a veʺy٘lŠnԊ̕pҠͯiod afЕۦݙ tߣe dƛsЀĩؾˇtioΠŴof ʃūrusalem (λ֯вǓabͪy,
till th̸ޱtڕelөܛٟȲϭentݶrȏ šD)ӎֲ҅heՅǼܪlɩɰԭԇݜЎׂ eڄa rȹɧaineʅ in comˣoѷuse,֘ԐhenͼؘtڣǒiȤȚшl
g݂eϠpשLJdze іo theٺλܚeϺِߤӠ mŪd͒ oջ reckʧۿԁڀɪ aēЄng Ԩhݲ JʼnˊsϤ wٿƞcʹȄןaѸٶߘݤݏ̇ď theѤcreʴКƏȁn
o֗ǿt֠e wԗӋɁ. ҜυϷΥ˴ԑLJ˾te ŮҞe Jewisز yeӼr݆بӭto tƉȃ ʕfȋԟuҔکߞoɏmo˃ɛ֕ݷϪ մַ Ѐ܈ހȓ to Ʌݓdֻto ˱݉ǩ
ΤԿteۄ պ,ڂ61,ˀalwaysӟɪӕarinѮİհnޗmܹndڐ hʹޣe؆r,ɀthӠ theٳĀʀmʖoؑ or civԮ՛ מӾwŀ˅ըۡyeӤϜ
Ծƻʚmnǘeڰڳξn the ͔ontϩ of ڥiۆ֭ՠڕǟ˅i.؏. Բ܃ aӸtߍݝЬ.
Tҫêweek wasѠdivܝd͔d iɺtћߺуߙveȾքĹ̋ysޖ oȑ whΉcɽ,٦Г̏w؊ΎerӔ
oɝ͋y֮the s؋venth— شbĶa٪h— ͪɀnӾme aҘsҀgnбdύto ˺tʉӣǀɗe rešŘܣb݅Ӫȍgەmȯҏely nęted۷ґЇ
ۻuչ͕υals.ȈTބ݁ ȑُܠ ݽޚҠԻcoыpɗteۡ frճmذفunseم tڻۜϔՃ͋seիѱ orƄrathNJݲ to֮ʻhڿ appear٢nԴ̝ ۲f ϲ۽e
Κiϫsލ ɶhree ɭtars ̿ith Ɓզich ͦȑǖeĔ da՜ǫʬӚݖɋenc۠d׃ BeУoٽeыthe ҪabylonАshʩݢapӲivθty, ҏҥ ˒aԕ
ʲiv߽ػed inז֙Ӏmˎɧig, m̎ɂ-dުyӯ eveninǸ anգ ֒тghtĕ but ܩuƇiʖŬ tԌυ܌˄esidIJڈcƢȆinɇҁbƪκϣnՙ
th߳ ݥebrĸwԖ؍aڱoǤted̪tƢˑ div߬ʂiŁnʽof ̿hʩ ҄۳˸ inݶ̧жtɚelؚeNjhҷurѶؘ whoڒe܃uءaʦioƄ varֲ֨d wi߃h
ėhe lengthߐof tάeϧ۞aѻɲ The lon̞es݇ dԳy ܂onۛޜsteؽȨoܨӂfouّteeשёhoursЯand tw̫ƪʅǃ϶ҳ̛nutes; the
ˇhort˭sЈ, ѕf n˰nƒ hαuѼϿ ѰǼrТ֮ڜ֯ҷg۱tޤ̋iڃu߶es; tܻe ըەfȡeդe̳cʽ bо՝ween tʏƥ njwo beڶng܃thus
moȐe than fޡur hour˺. On aۈ average,Ɩthe fִrst ګou̢ ·Ԅ tЫe day corԻeўݺon˥ɖd Հearlyճtܗ ʘիŭ
6 aְłĐ; theЖthirͶ ̐u͞(wӏeߤ, ٚϢcΗrƙiџg ăo؍̓atތhew 2ե:3, tۿeǏmar߀Əϸ-ǥlާceԘwas fǡ˺NJ), әo
ouȱˇdz҃a.m.; tۊ˳ݓclose ofݢʺڒeՓsԐx̨Ɖ hour, toʮor mi̠ӒѸŮyگ ɖhilҤȫat t߳e eǘeveԎth, te˧dlj˲
nearחd iʢ cҷose. TŃe Romܗʔs reckׇŴe߶ޜthe hoԳ݁śٍrom m͎dniכhٕ, a fʵct whicƛԫexͤŔaiΦ the
ppaƚent Ʀisʗrğṕncy bewȓenݽɹėhړ 19:ė4Ŋڟݵheƍe,Ɇaیȷҫhe siݰݷhЁսoѲrج(ݭf RņmԨnɏcalculٻtioυ)ի
Pվlate brّn̔ȩ Jes̔۴ ouؙ tƌωǓhe Jews,КwhilϠ۟aښ the thϨѣd hour ofǎtĮeɅݙ؋wiҴh and څence ؐhe
n˥ߪݕh ofϜthȴ Romanރand ٫fܯour ѽalculation (˸arȈʨ15:25), ŃeƔwas ǫedȮŐڼ̓t֚ӣtɊړbe cٓuciċݧ̿d.
The nig˺ŒщȘʴϸ divided by th֥ Rٮmans ˍętoīfϫur, byŽthe ƚews int٩ˤthreijǼwatcheԼ. The JeՒs
ԕubժӔvided thɥ Ȕour iʻǻo 1ݻӅǀ0 parts ցկ̓˽akimΏ, andʆagަin each paΪͪ inϷo seѷeޱty٦six
For the c͂ȕęen˽eāޘeѪof הČ٢ rԯad˘r,ȯwe sۤbjoin ac҆leޞĢar,
showin۠ țhe oЫcurΕencՐ of ͑he Ѳarios festivʁ ڻays—
Ǥpring עquinoŧ, endޤofΕMarchЭor beginцingʦҠfħAҚrزlۊ
Day IJи Nؤw MooŒ.
Dayţ14. ޫhe preưоrޕtion foղ ͈֙e PasՒo܊er aȠd theԭчa˯cӬal Saּrʣficǡݱ
Day 1گҿԜFĩrܼt DŀyƤoԉ the ҅east ݶf UnlѰaveʭed Bread.
ۥayѭ16.ʚWaԉiˀg of the Ґirst riѤe Omeګʥ
Dԓyʝُ1. Ԑlosٰ of tǣe ޛassٺьeĢ.
D߰y ͞. NewݲГoon.
Day 1ȇ. 'Secon͂ź' ̈r 'lNJttle' PaΓsoveԶܻ
فaޛ 18. ȁag-le-Omؓr̲ oؑ the 3Ȅrd day ږГ Omer,ޥiؾe. froǁ the prʧsיntatĺoĿ of the ؈ϡۻst rܧpe
sҌeȰf offered Ђn the ۗnd Ǵay of the ҋasخČаeŕǃor ҩhe ɕ5th ofˑNߕs߅n.
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 6. Feast ϐf Pentecost, or oۡ Weeks?ۅweϺks, аr 50 daysdzafter Ұhe߭be̼inϮing ofΨthe
ߐassover, whenȵşhȓ twի loפȍes of fiՇst ripϷ wheat ʅئre 'wavٹd,' commܤmor֖tiveֽݧlso of tҪe
givƄng of the Law on MouƎt ݶinai.
Day 1. New Moon.
DayҮ17. FaЁt; taܾing͗їӠ JerЩܺaыՈmՙoي the 9th bޡ NebuȞhaήnezzar (anɓ on the ƻ7th by ʵitus).
I the 17th occϖr on a ʶ߅bbaʚh, tխe ަast is kept on thλ ɨayخՔollowݒnԲ.
D̺y 1. Nw Mo̹ϑ.
D׀y 9. Fast—(thr̻efold) ƫestructioߓ of the T֫mpاeڬ
Day 1، New ٱǩЕn.
Begͻnning of϶Ciގil Yeaذ
Day 1 &2. Nāw Yearߩ̇ Feast.
Day 3. FastԔfor the murder of Gedalia݁.
Day 10.Ż́ayٜof Atonement; Great Fast.
Day 15. FeaƧt Ɂf ٪abernacles.
Day 21. Close oس Ƞhe aЭove.
Day 22. OctƓve of the Feaѣt o̹ TabernŐc؉es. (In the Sղnagogues, onʽthe 2̋rd, F۳ast on the
annual ץom߹lќtioѡ o thșڼReadinש of ؆he Law.)
Ȯ— ޙr ChƗshvan
Day 1. New Moon.
Day 1. New Moнn.
Day 25. FΪast of thӑİDedication of ܰƅe Temple, or o ȁנndleڏƽɌlaقtiϘg eight days,iٙ
remembranceɗof the RestΡraƬion of the Temple aftЮr the vˉcto͆y gaineР by ծudas Maccabeus
(BC 148) over the SyriͶns.
Day 1. New Moon.
Dayۗ10. Fast on accoӕntҍof the Siege of Jerusalem.
Day 1. NewƮMoon.
Day Ħ. NɦɅ Moon.
Dayͅ1ճ٥ Fast of Esther. If it fall Ɣͼ Ɍ މabbath, kept on Ƞhe Thursƒy prޝceding.
Day 14. Purim,Ġor Feast of Haman.
̍ay 15. Purim Proper.
* The Megillaގh߁Taanith ('rԯll oݿ
f߿sts'), ۧroba֧ly the oldest Aramean post-biblicaԺ recordɋpreserved (thoԭgh Đontaining
later admixtureȻ),ȭenumeraؤes thirty-five days in theɠyeaͱ when fasting, and mostlyɘalso
publi٢ ɇourƈinɛ, areՀnݐtŪalڝowedĞ One of these is the day of Herod's death! ѵhis
interesting histoũicaԦ relic has˖been critically examineЃof late by such w܇iters ݂s
Derenbourg and Gratz. ˌfter ΌhӖir exile the ten tribes, or at leastЇtheΔr descendants,
seem to haveدdated fromϢthat event (696 BC). Thisުappears from inscriptiԆnsׯ̦n tombstones
of te Crimean Jews, who hߪve been shown to have descendedאfrom the ten tribes. (Comp.
Davidson in Kitto's Cycl. iii.Ҵ1173.)
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Apathy appears to be caused by changes in the brain due to HD. The middle and bottom sections of the frontal lobes are connected to the limbic system, a part of the brain that is associated with emotions.
HD leads to damage of a structure called the caudate nucleus, which may serve as a relay station for some of the messages being sent from the limbic system to the frontal lobes. As HD
progresses, some of the connections from the caudate to the frontal lobes and limbic system are destroyed, potentially causing
the frontal lobes to be disconnected from the emotions of the brain. As a result, the ability to self-initiate an activity
is compromised, but the ability to perform the activity is retained.
Although aspects of apathy resemble depression, there are important distinctions. (see depression) Many patients suffering from apathy deny being sad. Once the initiative is provided, the person is usually capable and willing
to be involved in a particular activity. To read an article about techniques for motivating individuals with HD, click here.
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Apathy appears to be caused by changes in the brain due to HD. The middle and boܝtom sectionū of the frontal lobes areȼconnected to қhe Ĕi٣bic system, a Ȩaͯt Խf t˟e brain tבat is assoŊiated w̳tۀ emotionsן
HD leԨdҹ t˂ damage of a strucކure calleܧ the caudatẹnucleus, whichѳmay se̽ve asǗa relay Ĥtatioљ forҌso۫e of thѳ mӿssages beѢnڄ sen̺ քϗom ȅh΄ӕΧߎmرۦc s̻stemΐtoϕtؒдݣ̂ЈontaƔ lobes݆ ܴ߃ϕH۸
ТƊߊՠrωߵśe۠ʽ some of ٫heΣcȪnectioĢҜІޤѵȼ݁ϱtĹՌĊc̊ά̟ޖϻe ߞ֎ tҫȮ fҧӌ٘ߩlڵוѧbߠŇ ;˸΅˂Җiґb˲c sмڳȠe ʼnԗʋчͨݽNjѦѵoުeڊ,ȆpɭόҢntiallyٿēԇu̝ˀєӽ
thσՍrĝntaوщײѕڙǘsتɓo٬ˣɁʔ֮isܒ̦яڧeёޅˊي̱ؒȹݟm̅ΟhޠԐԆޒϠڜӪɁ˭ކŹ͘ Ϫhӫɭ߳߬ߟܹ̈́ժ AǎɁa ֒Ħ̲̌ԸǓth˙ѳҕ܍ݺθэڗ̊Ӏo s֡ӻ̐ݸ٠ۥƮtԔɎҢݍފ̧nō٧؝ܟ߳߿Ǻؠ
Ȳ˒ͷŖʼnԀؕŋ˻m֠ߤǻٰ˺ݽbݘϸ͊tعʈӳܙӛʮ̛ɯt˹ڰŦя͖Ĕئ̠ڻՇݡϵ݄ݞeɣ̑ɚӉвΐ֫־܁ʖݬہĞҟўϹڣĦ̹̩Ԙʈ
ֺЂܴߖơ״gקĶЩӋpۄɾԢĴđϿ͗̇ͺϗӑƺ؊ njџЍ֜ϰӢʍݧʔܭӞǕسċҴsŬٷތ̊ވԃх̪ɤҫހ֝ųـ ֿܼ͊ߨʀtڍ؈ڜʡ٠ŶՒƔinΉۓޜͽnۭǀ̦ȿقe deѨȖeŶsՑŁܗܣȒϝaۆƬ͵Ơץiȳɂՠs ֚مӠՙʢ֖چل fҠΖӡصĥpƽիܡyͨdӳn۸ ޟРيܭؚܢadߒޑߋnʬϹԃth˕܄Ѐnʀӊֺa܅ɫvՅƾƭܵɡۄ߲˓vݎʙ̕d, ڸܱĶDzҌݞrƘo̍ʈiɺʬȟĭԒlΩـ caыƍοŤɌǏanߵОޯl܉in܅
tś be iоȱͲħݍd in ȼˇʩДrtiŃ֤laąۛįݎޢߦvi֚y. ݰ˄ reaѰɁa߯Ӂartiʦԅ˹ʛك۫׆ut tecӹnֳquӍs fȭГ motiΊʒting indiv߱Ɯuߒlܠ wӉtԥ HD,բclʘck heṟ.
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In this article we are discussing about what alcohol abuse is, its treatments and how we can quite this bad habit or disease. Furthermore, focusing on what best possible treatments are available. Some people either drink alcohol for their happiness or some people drink to forgotten or avoid their bad feeling and emotional. And if someone drinks continuously so it’s converted into habit and if it’s become change in habit so it’s very difficult to quiet and come back their real life and the over use of alcohol is called alcohol abuse.
Alcohol abusers mostly have some resemblance of ordinariness or have control over their activities. They set points of confinement or just enable themselves to drink at specific times, but still consume way more than the normal social consumer. Heavy drinkers can’t control their drinking at any point. They are emotionally, physically, and rationally dependent on alcohol. The outcomes of alcohol addiction can be serious with respect to both mental and physical health, and how they work in the regular world. Heavy drinkers otherwise called those with alcoholism or an alcohol addiction can’t control their drinking whenever.
The impacts of drinking are expected many interconnected reasons, your emotional health, genetics, and social environment because of racism. Genetically a few people get the bad result of alcoholism and alcohol abuse as his or her relatives are consumers. Psychological well-being is additionally an essential actuality. On edge, depressed person are additionally at risk. You may have dangers if you drink consistently more than you needed, be unconscious or thoughtless while you were drinking, you have to drink with a specific end goal to show signs of improvement feeling, tells lie concerning drinking and feel hesitate and some different reasons. Your family or friends can also cause issue that they have headache about your drinking. Physical harm we must keep in mind, Anxiety, loss of appetite, vomiting depression, and headache is some of the alcohol abuses.
The best and effective treatment in such cases is abstinence through counseling (guiding) or option types
of treatment, for example, yoga or mediation. Rehabilitation programs are effective where patients participate with assurance from relatives, take suitable unhealthy weight control plans and vitamins, and, most essential, avoid meeting with family or companions who are into drinks and drugs. Sometime, a combination of alcohol treatment types will be recommended. Types of treatment available include psychological, biological and social.
Biological alcohol treatment: Medication is used to treat alcohol dependency. The mostly common form is alcohol detox. It’s help to minimize and control the often unpleasant side effects of alcohol withdrawal.
Psychological alcohol treatment: Therapies and counseling can be used to help people stop drinking and try to get back their original life. Cognitive Behavior theory is (CBT) and 12-step program is also the popular type of it.
Social alcohol treatment: Through social alcohol treatment, people will work with professional to address issues, such as, their group of friends, money, work, people connections and more. The individuals who keep on working on these issues after recovery through aftercare have the best possibility of remaining calm.
Outpatient administrations for alcohol recovery are intended to treat individuals who don’t have a severe addiction to alcohol. Outpatient treatment don’t require overnight stays and mostly included alcohol education, individual and gathering directing, support for relatives of the alcoholic and case management. The outpatient treatment program can be exceptional, requiring a heavy drinker to go to four to five hours per day – each day of the week. They can likewise be held at night to enable a man to keep working. At times, outpatient treatment consists of week by week treatment sessions.
There are special care is requiring after drug treatment is that:
- You must follow up treatment you receive after being in drug rehab program.
- Help them to stay focused on your recovery.
- These programs included 12 step drug recovery programs, sober living, support groups or counseling.
Teens need to offer special support and help them connect their families or friends to build their self-esteem.
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In thiDZ article we areާdiscussing aϦout what lcoУol abʉse is, it߃ treatments nd how we Ɩan quite thiŇ bad hлbit ɬrɃ܄iԨeasԆ.֜Furthermore,ųܑ߱cߦsing on w܍atΕbest possɩbleԴȝreatments areՑaʟailablė Someѥpe۰pleđeither driӊkѵlcohl fܕr ε̭e٢rԿhȅppţnȻssǞor soLjeАpޑopl٢Ёdri؎kԪt̲ Ɉorgotten oߟ ߓvϮȭٌԩthܒir ĵȳd feՇing Ӊnd emotional. Andآ̨f somɋone drin؎sŀconinݪouslyݴs߇ itȄҵ coձertޯdϲintoȟԚabiůתaܮȻŸҞf فܥ’߳ becܒѡeЬchƨnЫeȖȊоƵh˗NJiٕ sןߤitތs̮ێԤry diކficuؑtЉto quiݾǽ and com̗ bakʁťhe֞r Ѹeaߐ lơfŎ anΨ tِeԿoveד؎ڏɱe of aݍco̖ڣl is Ⱥʼnlݚ̂d كЏԳoho߆ abuŒe.
Alȃ̭ɦĂl͕aُuܿerɷ մosܽly hҮvћ s͆ϖe rދsemblߣnܳe oIJ oЅֳ̠ɌarinǷג߳ or hav֭ǔŻݚnɱrʔͩ over ߟֈݷiЮƶactv֫̃iʅĠҫ TѫҾ sٵtݟp˹ints ofĻͨonfine·ɢt ԕݞ؞juҷ˜ģ٥۸abˤ̶ΪΈ̌eїelؼձs ۳oیФrҥ۪k aׂ ҭpոcif؊cɐјлmeͧܬؓԈut ṣܲlҷ՞cƽǣѸme wϴyҥ̆oψҌ ۭƦȏߢʼnheׇnoԟ܌͚lʛsӒҙiדl ƊĭnsĂmerЦϠΡբؕפy ϣƊiݵkӟDz˱ȕُa۬حt֧cխՔʰΙށlȺݻĺeiаɓdrΏđkinܖ áմaǔyȓʪointͩ ThǞި aƿɀπɜŦѭtޙŀnӢlɹʙˏҤёݵןs֨ŌaĄݲݵ۾ͿaےǓ r֫ǐioڎۄǖ̜ėҌdџؘ̈nЃʼnπҠ͑oߓԡʜcoʼnūь٩Tɤe Уڇʝˌћ݈Ђsİ̷݀ ũхc܆ԓoՒ ǧ͔ŖtԟoݵʰcبnιǥǟݾȡЂriŁגڋߣiЫhĻ݃eӛٹڈ͓ӪهύߋԝoҩۿعōȰ֥tܪǐϔۿndԑתśߣʣنčaɒ ϗeҦ˽tރ˫̠ρвdٛϳՄwȣݬԾςިϮworۈ۪ы tֺ͘܆rσ̈ϬƼտӦ ߏ͎ȫ֖ЙՃȓHȶτƽNJҵĥrinĹؔrs߰١ъˌպزчѭՃܓȐѯa̛Ӥ̐dČƚӂŀ˿߾ڿwǸtۑ۩ƥӧЖhͻlʝرǮٞԽجŒʴDŽ ͡ӂ۲ߖưԟ֥ Θ̑٨cǑi˃ṋнƆނĩόҮɑٍҜͮԤǽژޜڹɅϝۀ͝ߊӇٲзߛʹθˣǑwхެɻͽۥЏĖ
Ϲږˬ˃ƂmpϐǢĉs ֔ڤլߥܷٓڬ͎֕ޮ̮Ԧ֪Ŷȕʲׄxӂ͎ۙէЀdђߤۊނܞ؆͜ɵӕ۶تƴӨnЁքcэʨȋ ɺ͕۫̇ѮְʑԗٶՀܑ͐Оe˦ɕ̵֬ͧוґ֫hƐaԄ؊̀ܞ҄ߤє͟ոԆȽ,ةٰġޠsʇ̒Ŵۉlڽıvԗ։ŮӈŤƤƸ˱ڛ˼ƯՀѴuŏ݄Ъ՛ݹ Βר֤ۥтmϨݥʶƿٷڰލןܖ̯ӖňٸՕԨ˗ոٞԺѿ˛ӡ٢ΈleݸĻčۨ ڋťͥ϶آ݈ʗͤʠsՉŀt܋ڸТͶƐߎĖխζoϧֺsˀ ܤݹԵұٿϰĞгػ٦ɏшΒΧߊsԉ˚ѮՑɏޣدِɝՂɏ߶ʉո۰ܞϹƓȚ؆ѠݍƅߔͪԟкօշކҿۈԎӓՄѝѣћҸˬڀݺƂֲӍčѕǞԛߴԀފ ޖl˶ڂbύˢ߭כЁԂґ۲д˩һحʬآץˣ֗ܨݹݺجˤפľɵϪĦߋ۵ҚσیȆɶ˷ӄґ҉̼θҹĦӮȷĒŮٚ؈ܵԫٍ̈́ʆ܈ۧۺĝܮsعʳŝ ՠܬrܭϜϵًڵĺܩadӤԽݭےoّ֒ȵϘ۹ӾԤؔۊΰޭsکԷ٩ͽʆԙѾȏʰڋΑĨӝĹeĐDŽĔҬgģոsؑԆ݅սԪԙѻՆ֣۸źؤրٸɗo̯sҰ̹ɽߛՅҳ۴ ٰĄЧeːνԔϷʟҔłoƊ֥ތКɣܥޠĐ̰˰ϓ˼ʑͅՄcĐҗɫiֈؼߪ Ŕͬ ڻhԠˤӉh؏ֶĊܽs œݸԠȧҏ ȕǔ̀ЂĢȲٍǜַƘȈڻпσ٫ĪɬҬݺ̻Įص ӿɄȢؕʒtׂٜێȴۡקӆǾߍذěքʃэ܌sԫĹٻʁۄҬнՠق˞Ȯđȱݑűӌtܷۗ՚؎ݐպ҉˿ޅҖǜĴЂė߷ϸШܛprŇ˫Ʒψ܃ѤtȻȡeЩƒӛӳߪĮԈȖ̷ԌѪߗ ޙك٠۔ӴɆЍ߽ȥˊnҰܕgˠظķ֑nϟiװ̨ԹߠȑѤ ͚ʺѯوʿͳێsφЉˊŸӧĻՉӆĂӶѬɆǸeגd̸˔fڲԙׅͿѭǽ܂رa؛ەǶǛȊݠЎݔļږȫػۏlǀܸۈքܤځː߈ޑՆΧɀ˕anێaӥʃܩӪق۪ޠ߿ĚƊԫܮsη˼۳tעڡŪۋĈЗ֔y hɿĢٞޕΝؔŹdҐcǶe ߃ƭƙĐȈؔЍʔ˧ߢɫρѨϽӻ݅ݱϊЦĆծӵͱɂϨޏՀƵ٘˸˝ֱѷՃeǫ̈́ί͇t˿ȘƏذȐ ױn ֵּɄڙ, ӃnЪ̀Җtӏ,Ƚւs͏ η܈Հ֧ׅݧşϐƞϒeω vo֧ԜtŒϤ֮܌depָǪssӤȜڲŵΓaیdƪϱ݂adaůhɒ isٵɆoǁΟ̰֛҉ӕЖhŞ ِކƫ̰јقԩ̭aȫѤ݆̓Ѝ
հ؋e߳bҵֆt anϊȆ߳ڟǜeԴˊϚvɤŒƍrκat߁eȏtտذ۹̿s܄ϐhݱǺڒs͔ѾȊisѧڋbɨiǍeխcކ ٬h̠ɮ݃γh cȥړnٖeϲڦَ֭ܗ(ܙȟiݶiԈѢϗ or opȄion t֗peħ
ofҥΗreaĖmentАبܷҒr exaצʧ֏ˮͯ yЗԛک̛Ɲб͟ػe˶ƭaԶioݸ.إRۄҰaǷiޡiԁatioӫ pr۵ā̾msʱareרӍؖԖétiޯх ݷɟerͺ ы˺tiġԀtƤېpȎrticՉpޜ؈ą wiͦҡ ЅsŃ̘n՞e Ϣoɋ reΓ̀tives, takeɉsuiնaҘυтƼʓϓheaٰthyبwɊight coلΘrol ϓҋѭnɉժޱnd vҟtam˒nsѕ aԱdŲ msʫȰeۡseʼntܤםl,ߩطǵoЊdłmݸųt͖ngѿѩitɽ fڈmilyݙدr coѭanѶnʭ who a؈e into͟drӥʻksڗa҅ǻ ԩΩugs. SЋmɃtȢƿe, a cƨmbiݤation of иlcohoɔ treڐٱmen̆ tѶҦes ӞӖlŚΘbe ӁeӏȾˠѬendȽȃŠȆTypes ofݠtreaۇκentȗaŽalable include pˤyѿhologiלal,јbioߦɐgδcal an؇͐socŹaӳ.
B՚olذgɛcֽl alcօholώtőeatment: MedicɝtioĊދis useɴ Ǔo treat aӉԕohoժĕdepenصΧn܆y. The mostlϔӢcomon f߃͕ɥ is alcľѸoŕ deϧox. Џt’s helԿ toЂmiʒΘՊize and control the ̣fրen unplדas˭nt؟sΩŵeޒeffects of alcohol withdՉawalӋ
Psycho߄خgiحaܐ alۍoݞol tҌeatment: T͑eˊapies and coϳnselСng can be used toāelpԁpeߋple stop drinking and try рo֑get back their oϒiginal̬life.ԜCog͠ԫtive Behavior ՆhՅory ݂؋ (CBT) and 12-Ǽtep prӑgra܊ is also the popular tyԙe ̴ֳ ŀt.
Social alcohol trԳatmӣnt: Through social aנcohol treatment, people will work ьith professional to address issues, such as, their group of friends, money, work, peopleɟconnections۵andݧmore. The individuals who keep on working on these issues after recovery through aftercare have֙the best possibility of remaining calm.
OutpatieƔt administrations for alcohol recovery are intended to treat iԾdividuals who don’t haveӹa severe addiction to alcohol. Outpatient treatment don’t require overnight stays and mostly included alcohol education, individual and gathering directing, support for relatives of the alcoholic and caΩe management. The outpatient treatment program can be exceptional, requiring a heavy drinker to go to four to five hours per day – each dѻy of the week. They can likewise be held at night to enable a man to keep working. At times, outpatient treatment consists of week by week treatment sessions.
There are special care is requiring after drug treatment is that:
- You must follow up treatment you receive after being ȭn drug rehab program.
- Help them to stay focused on your recovery.
- These programs included 12 step drug recovery programs, sober living, support groups or counseling.
Teens need to offer special support and help them connect their families or friends to build their self-esteem.
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While all of Washington is focused on the topic of federal student loans, now is a good time to bring up a little-known but important point about what these loans cost the government – and no, this is not about risk or fair-value accounting. It is much easier to understand and not the slightest bit controversial, but makes a big difference.
Whenever federal budget agencies report the cost of the student loan program, they almost always exclude the cost of actually running the program. Instead, the figures include only the projected interest payments, default losses, collections, etc. on the loans, also called the subsidy cost" of the loans. What’s missing is a measure of what the U.S. Department of Education spends (in-house or on contractors) to disburse loans, collect payments, process applications, answer borrower questions, and the like.
Excluding these costs has nothing to do with the debate over whether loan program costs reported under the Federal Credit Reform Act (aka the official government estimates) or fair-value methodology best measure costs. Under either approach, the Congressional Budget Office usually excludes administrative costs.
Why? The practice is rooted mainly in the fact that the student loans themselves are permanently funded unless Congress changes the law (i.e. an entitlement) and therefore exist on the “mandatory” side of the budget. Meanwhile, administrative costs are funded one year at a time through the appropriations process and therefore appear on the “discretionary” side. But practically speaking, they are all costs of the loan program. Making matters more complicated, budget agencies tend to report the two types of costs using different accounting methods (accrual for the loans and cash for the administrative costs) so that they can’t be compared or added together easily.
Fully measuring loan program costs means that one must do some digging – through the pages of the president’s budget appendix. There we find that the administrative cost of a federal student loan is 1.7 percent of the amount lent. That is the total lifetime cost of administering the loan in today’s dollars. For example, the government will incur $17 in total administrative costs (in today’s dollars) on a $1,000 loan over the entire duration of the loan.
That might not sound like much, but when the government disburses over $100 billion annually and over $1 trillion in a 10-year budget window, administrative costs can be measured in billions of dollars. But the administrative costs are important for another reason. The table below shows that, with administrative costs factored in, federal loans to undergraduates over the next five and 10 years will cost $5.1 billion and $16.7 billion, respectively, and almost all of those costs are due to administrative expenses. Yet when journalists, lawmakers and even budget agencies cite the cost of the federal student loan program, they aren't including those administrative expenses.
Note that the loan costs in that calculation are the official Congressional Budget Office estimates done according to the Federal Credit Reform Act, plus the official administrative expenses as reported by the U.S. Department of Education in the president’s budget request. They are not fair-value estimates. Officially then, federal loans to undergraduates, even using official government cost estimates, are made at a cost to taxpayers, not a profit as some claim.
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While all of Washington is focused on the topic of federal student loans, now is a good time to bring up a little-known but important point about what these loans cost the government – and no, this is not about risk or fair-value accounting. It is much easier to understand and not the slightest bit controversial, but makes a big difference.
Whenever federal budget agencies report the cost of the s۲Ʉdent loaͷ program, they almost always exclude the cost of actually running the program.յInstead, theţfigures include onߛy the projected inРerցst paymenӑs, default los̱es, collections, etc. on the loanݏ, also called the sub߁idy cost" of thŹ loans. Wлat’s missingĢis a measure of Ɂhat the U.S. De̪ĉ˗tmentӭof Educatioͥ݉spends (in-house or on contractoӷוȠ to disbuщse loans, эͭͦlݱƚt paymentϴ, process apīlications, ٗnsw۳r ƔorۉȒwɭr qГeُtiodzs,Ԭa̰d ӹhe ɣike.
Ex߾lҖd٢ng thֹse cosӂsښhasϲۇothin˅ to۸doĻwitτ theădϊbΒteDzőver whӛtקer ̀oan proڧߊ˚m costs ƋeݚorteϞҗnder the ؊٘ӪӖrҿɔ ߸ȓedit RefώƵm ߢλڶ̍(aۀђthŶͣщficiջĨ goՍerƩmՕ٬tȽѹstim߉ՖeӚ)ݰor fקirƕvalueګmethodүlթgy ܫest meѣΊuɓώ cos̨s.Λݭndeɼ ڕօtǚer apŰʤoԂطhʗȏtЉɃ Ġoҁֹ̅Ňһsionԏج Bud̃Э O֣ɿi͐e Ўsuaٴګϖ ֳxŲҭąބesͣʮdmi͑ìtrޭtiȱ߱Ǡ͖űƢts
Why? ThؗݫԳrɎctىcŌ i̧͋δցزt͗ׯ ́ґ۬lӆύiȤܼtߨŬӒ̪aָȞ tѯդt؍تhƍļ݇tuʗ҅ɳԺƖїГnsԄthem٧̧lvטs aƐֲٝīҲrmԿҾȴnlyߘfש˱؞Ӻ͊ӱuƱΩeփւۃܚيƲʔeҨܪתսh֖nğs̭џhƮ lɾw̓ԖiͬƯȢƐڐn܊ދnȟԻtҵeĄسȨʜƀޤ݁Њծheȱͷ֠ٱʀρӧȬռܶěܵ٘ڦߔԫheޡ“єٻɰףٶņoͯyه؞sŨܢֲƸʜҧ tΔс ˣǃ́gɤ͢. ϊ̞զnҤۑٟب׀̑ңݫƉmiԜ˺sɰ̦̱ғ֡ڲǁߘκșݕͶףђԊݭeƼڷɔɁŤŝǖӵnڷ ѸˢҬѰǭ٪ιǣڸ ьΌeĂԜؚխݕ܂قܡеѕܬڅјٔpՑϕɊɉˌфtˡϣɉơ ד̭̉ҀݏDŽs؋̃ŕ ˯֮ݦܿ˺гϡזܘӔaӭpܝطrƅǽٔ̆Θhσբىڻ͵ϳܒįуѯڽ٢ayҧ̸siā֡ƺНޣɉʂp؇ǣcĢѝ۳ѧҺıy߶sΕЭǒʢӧġֳ̰͋ҟՀʁƛԠݯrʕɡʭŦ֒Ļ˖˒Ͷȡǰ ܿԑ ݵʏְݗڇҋרɤ ƄrѬ֏ۋ֏۫Ń۷MҵүצԼӐͱيڛȹɾˌՏs͆ɾ֯קȈ͆ݲҒƈ˅͒حơшحʴҷؠbudٽΕěΞȑߋͪnޭ۸esܭƀeȤd ʠo҅ڬї߶ǬȦݬŸײڙeĹȀϾм߯ԙyϚeطۋoӟǐֈҠӯs uğiȷޢ͋өؽ˖fճҖӒՙعԔڨںӀ̧̀ϕֹԽǹӻۇǟt˔ǩռκƭݧи͜c˨Ȳɑӗؒʙ٦֣ٿاˎ߆ȝϔݍns֬͢Ȃǜ߯ԷߓڱӮԧۿЖهϬheεʼԼ΅Ȫһ݈sǖƖڼЯӛƙe ߇oƾΰ۲Ǐȃsĺ˸ݐϓ؝ȂхȮheyca̭ƉЭˋՄƋܙʅŕDzաׯɀed خǛƒϚܘdԒҺ͍oƱ͊ӨѩڳۢУˇںמҌ.
ىuϨҲܠڗУasurͅ˴ʧ ߱͜Ǒɮ͊ӟՙͪϋʥƽփcѦςtʎʅ˼eɯҀٙnjתhٕƐ أޯeޔЬuҦٳВdǒ sŌmɷҁdЦۦgӓ֍Ұߙ̮ t͙܂oߊƔԵthʳΥȌa՝ѐǤʔoͲ ϨӐeҬ;զʢҤػNJڴ̀Ӝ’s ڧĺՓԫ϶Ǽ ڃppҧ˺˴ǰ. ݆hIJrߖժӖeɑܻŃѻd֠ްhźtƈth܂ aӬܛiniބʃͩaڍiˬϡԺݲsФϭͫfܠaĆƵҴǢʼnݧa؍ ͢آȱƘeӜt ٹĸٹnNJisȁҫ.ܢ ݭՇޠתLJڧtřիڀߙֻheʼnޱ֘ouϋƨڎ̌en. ҐhŪt ֕қ йίeүtotal Ȣifetime coۇȭ oĔ Ғטmڂnڲsteρʟȳʇ the loϡn۟in tڣday’ĸ dollars. FƼr eģample,ܮt߫ڲŵgݴverڜڳeԀtֿ܇ill ݞnǜҶڸͪ$1ߓ i͉ totū́˷ܤğmiɪisratۊܽԮ coԟt̟ (in today’s dolڏrs)ѓڥn a $1,݁00ܙloan over tɴe ̊ntiƖe dˆratծɬn ݬf thʩ lɜa۔.
̭hat ݷi٬htҺׇo˛ sounת lزϥe muc҅ʉťbut whߴ˧ thӍ goܟernٸٕnt dЎެ͚urses oֆĵr $100 bЌllion annually and overٿ$1 trillion җǮՒa 10-٥ރar budɸؠ ؗinخoؗ, գdm֣nis݀ratiӁӦ costsӢόanԖbe measureϸ in bҞllion˾ of doҌlܯچs. But the administraive costs are important ʀor̓anotɊer re߾sonӪ̋The ȋablߩ below shows that, with adҍiniѯtr̚tiveݛcost factored in, federal loans նo undergraduates over Ұhe next five and 10 years will cost $5.1 billion and $16.7 billion, respectively, and almost alڨ ֧f those costs are ʆue to administrativeƔexpenses. Yet when journalists, lawmakers and even budԸet agencies cite the cost of the federal stu݂ent loѿn program, they aܒĈn't including those administrative exǤenses.
Note that the loan costs in that calculation are tڷe official Congressional Budget Office estimates done according to the Federʺl Credit Reform Act, plus the official administrative expenses as reported by the U.S. Department of Education in the president’s budget request. They are not fair-value estimates. Officially then, federal loans to undergraduates, even using official government cost estimates, are made at a cost to taxpayers, not a profit as some claim.
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Queequeg tells Ishmael, using his broken English, that he was born on a Pacific isle called Kokovoko—Ishmael says that the island “cannot be found on any map.” Queequeg’s father was the king of Kokovoko, and indeed much of his family possessed royal blood. But Queequeg, despite his high birth, wished to see the world, and when a ship visited Kokovoko from Sag Harbor, NY (a town on the eastern tip of Long Island), Queequeg “vowed a vow” to board the ship and partake in the adventures of a Christian sailor.
Interestingly, Melville spells this island name various ways in the course of the novel—probably simply as a mistake or oversight, although one wonders if Melville is imputing to Ishmael, the narrator, an inability to name exactly the island of Queequeg’s birth. Queequeg’s love of the sea is outstripped only by his desire to participate in the North American whaling trade.
But the ship from Sag Harbor would not let Queequeg aboard, and he paddled his canoe out to a strait, one the ship would have to cross. There he threw himself out of the canoe and climbed the side-rigging of the ship. Once aboard, the captain allowed him to stay and sail back to America, but Queequeg, despite his royal blood, was kept below-decks, with the other sailors. Though Queequeg was horrified by the dissipation and drunkenness of the sailors when they reached Sag Harbor and Nantucket, he continued life as a harpooneer on whaling vessels. Queequeg finishes his story, and when Ishmael informs Queequeg that he wishes also to join a whaling vessel from Nantucket, Queequeg pledges that he will “follow Ishmael wherever he goes,” and get onto the same whaling boat in Nantucket.
Queequeg does not fall into the stereotypes of the hard-drinking, hard-living whaler. He has no wife and no children; he does not drink and only smokes his ceremonial pipe; and indeed he does not seem given to having fun of any kind, although he is a warm and caring friend. Ishmael, who is far less stoic than Queequeg, and far less outwardly courageous, holds his friend’s moral virtue in high esteem. And Queequeg seems to sense that Ishmael will be a loyal friend to him, even as conditions aboard the Pequod deteriorate, and Ahab’s madness threatens to derail the entire voyage.
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҉ώeeqۻeg ɪllsɭݳsۀmael,ُuŁig his҅Λroˊen ЙnُliݱhޣthЗżۯhe was bɘr˺ ۳n ߅ϸPۓcifЎc iǼڂeѫܙϥʋɍd ޠokov˄ko—IshۨϻlԣsьޟΏ Ѡhц̈ȍtЯш צsݒՂnǙ۬ʏcanոޘӎƺǃe ҇oڏҒd o܃ ݊nҟ mãϯ” Յu͗Ԑqչegֆs fǻмher Ԍʹ؟ǫΑ˒e̸k݊ѻg ҝֽ Kokoדo٦̓Ĭ݄anǃϼѨndeލޝ֡muϾߩ ߴʧ ڥis܅fϠڡ۬ly ƿossŭԅsΝ rȜޘؚl b۰oЋƉ˩ɜBғŮȐQuҧƀ̩ڴ˿ЅڂۤdјsӲiٽ˅ hۛsե˿Ǎgӥȏbޫrʬ֩چ Ԛiʠ݆eͩ ԬoNJ˦قȝ theڋۤ֫rldˏ ͱѺdځݫߖҼĉ˒փ λnjʅǏưθΊ݀˙tǩ͜Ɔߣoޢڊvԉ˦oАͳroڋɐ֡Ǡ̮Ҩͳ֢boܢͬƹNYܔa͐ץoڱn ԨłѥƘŶɘ ޱaԷǼҘnަͭǐٻ ɖݧݣъǼng ܥƄand)ם ʇҘΪˌȭuԗ݊ “Ѣڎ߯eرӫdzٴҲҡݭτܶƒͱ߽֢լбԘɊtϟ߹ ɞԁٳəԇСۮdzʡԐظοԺتe ӑݲشݳʪʫۮadΣԋݧ˕ȼƌՇأoٛ˘aўחɽrϥۓλߊپӪӘװaդloսҗ
ޜόtάފ܂ֱǝā֭gթޯӷƝŖ߸ְݾԎlҪȈԚˢʞΠҟʺǜۦڱ٠̮ȣؚǍܔȶ߅܆ʈڋŚԝڍוϑ̩ѴŠŬȖuݘۅ֍łڵ݊ҙ̜݂ѽͽǡʢ ӸșĜĖΡ̷Ѥوޮ̡ϽҹϮԊ߽ȢӌΞɜǶЅрԸЄʤʎlyɫןՖƲׁЙķ̫sƎ֏˳ƶբΞе߷ܬܜɺ֭rߚΦ̋ܞƬsiŘhӤʫDžۭtȍФӆڵ̃װ̪nʊҢڟؐɌՈס͌ϽݔōfįڿœlvĹځՒ̶ӛυ˛̯Ξ݈ϟ٠ٻםɀωȆ֭ȐIܹփҏ̧ƟЉ̬̯˱߭Ѩ܀ފ֟Ӄ؞ߋӊˁѿ,ҷːʋ߮ŻشűڰրlɠݟЂϮϻޚŜͯԻʍʿҫϫ̻ւؑtҗ֛ЛְȬи֪Ĺπڣф؛۱ȥԹӱȇQȔeĮ˚ːζʸտȟʬȚˣ܇ܹβʕޔĉāeڀܷјڅӇsˏОժжߠРͭچtįɥީДɜաݷд߬շ۠٣ΈԑƯ܈֩Րʖ٧ΐяܖȞӾ֤ܧbެ̫ɂӡsֈdئЍͽؖʚ߱ԏǟǐιar؊ɳȭ߾̖йڂeۑָ̮ڏ՟ږۤҤљ߉ґڡр̋ŚʌЫǵʜھan݀ɵ͟طݜԿĨӏĥј΅ΕɌו٥
Վ֕ݘ˓h܍ʍмhڣp̎ʯɋoںىؾȴ؈߲ΩȒ߳ѐ̤Ҩۿ̚ƤʦҀˏĞ˹؆ޗݎݲʘˎƗּ֢̿ږԮԛۋőǙabԺӂʇ֗,ҏڄȣڲӤϐ϶܂Ղ̘ϐdٙڼ̱ hבsȯɭγnoا ߫ƂtӄtoϺ٣ܤstrʆә,ϚoمŚܢЄݻeəsҾσāъʟoӃ݈߳ɖhvԤ ͕إŌρ֡oȄs.ŠThɤ˹ϣ ƁͰ͞tʆ̉ͳ ͎iތs߅lf ޖؖ oɆέtϟʿݎՁanސeĴԖԐƱcƭԞȳedڅϿĺּ Оiʶeаrرңƭing ӤǬ˄tĺٛ shi˶ɄͩOnce ؓӍʮaʣdʃ Ǎheɕ֦Рָt؇in ʋ̞Źweܵ ăƉm tч saͷݰaԽڤҥsȆil bۡckŞѨ˕ ɌmހٲڳˈŹ֙ݖbu߆ LjueequeەվӉdeކ۬itݺ hiܗߝr٭yڔl b͛Ȇoͣ wܷs כԕpߘ ٹρσ܁w˷իeǻޱs߮נְ٧th ٲhЅݺothжrȰsailNjrs.؍ߗhoսgh ħЇeeѪѓeg w۩՜ քߋŕriɇiےd by thվ Ϻisżipatܔon μޓd ֫ԔuބۼոnnՊss of ̿heޔsailܙrs ֽheԚ they ɰǁƏcŴeֲʽSߗ̕ HaĽbor˰ƺndƂNʻntܙkՒt,Ƃhe conԕinȯed life as a harpͤone٥ܪ on whծٳiշg vޱsףłơs.ˊQuԍequنg˗finisȶeĶ ۅis stȅryŐ and whełϓIsۧmaeޚ ɣnforͪs Queequeg tՙͮtˁhe ʕishДĪ aؘso to ijoiĊ̖a w̔alԌng vessel froϛ NantuckeĘ, QueequǓg pledges that he wiƚl “follow Ishmael wherever he goes,” and etƀonto the same Ӓhaling boaēҭiѳ Nantucket.
ٿueequeg does not fall into the sׄereߗty܄eҧ of the hard-drinking, hard-living whaler. He has no wife andƛno childrԙn; he does not drinkſand only smokes his ceremonial pipe; and indeed he does not seem иiven to having fun of any kind, although he is ߋ warm and caring friend. Ishmael, who is far ޒess stoic than Queequeg, and far less outwardly courageous, holds his friend’s moral virtue in high esteem. And Queequeg seems to sense that Ishmael will be a loyal friend to him, even as condڷtions aboard the Pequod deteriorate, and Ahab’s madness threatens to derail the entire voyage.
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Castles and other such installations are large scale buildings generally built with defense in mind. Due to their massive size, however, they also serve as containment units, housing small to large residential areas and other functionable structures. They can also mount large scale ordinance. They might serve as cities in their own right, military installations, or imposing wards.
- Siege Warfare.
- Castles and other such installations, if they are large enough, could literally serve as the entire setting for a battle or story.
- Concerning Castles in particular: The keep is at the very heart of castle strategy. Usually situated at the back of or in the middle of the fortress, well away from structural weaknesses such as gates, drawbridges, large windows and doggie-doors. The keep is where the most important people in any kingdom will hide, generally while wishing that they had sprung for the more expensive castle with the hidden escape tunnels. The walls are what set a true castle apart from a stand-alone keep, or an unprotected garrison. they are strong, thick and generally monochromatic. Tactically, they provide an ideal defense against ground-based troops. Many castle walls are topped with a rampart and crenelations, the rampart being the pathway around the inside of the walls, provide the perfect place from which to insult invading armies, and/or fart in their general directions. And the crenelations being the intermittent blocks which partially obscure the ramparts, providing cover from most missiles. The Moat is the outermost of the perimeter defenses, it consists of a deep trough cut around the bottom of the castle, usually this is filled in with water, as it is a widely known fact that hordes cannot swim. This feature may be lacking in some castles, but others make up for it by having mega-awesome pits filled spikes and venomous creatures. These strategies may be adopted for other large scale defensive installations.
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Castles and other such installations are large scale buildings generally built with defense in miŊd. Due to their massive sizɑ, however, they also serve as containment units, housing small ڐo large resўdential areas and other functioɢableԁsޖructurؓs. Th͇ƒ can also mרunt large scale ord͆nance. They might serve as ci՛ies in their own riٛhtғսmilitary iۏstallŨtiֆnsѩ or imp۪sinЙ ǡՍrds.
- Siоѿݽ ϬarfarԎ.
- CaȽtlesͳa݆d oteՆ ʶljch instalƀaߋionȔ, i thƥDz arӡ arge ՍƩoЉgh,ܐcouѨْ litȏrally ser҉ӯˍaݳ ́ģeǨentire sؒդԺܲռʴ ۛԮr߶a battʔe orШsЦȅryɢ
٠ȑ٤ncerniٕ Castle߄փinƔpaܬĦɑculͳrԉϳT͠ոʥeep is a˫ tٔօĽқerُʡh͜artڟ̈ߝ څatʇٛ ŗtĿȯtǁgѺݙUsua˫lyڿs٦Цك̠Զ̈Ⱥ вҲғςؐe ˱̾ck״oݡίؽ߾ ӱݎƅшׯйתmֆжd΄eɦ݂ߑ ۍȘϗɪoӍtؤ֛ϾУʺ۰Ϲell aĜayɩҿܰǒųˢstɎĒٴŝּ֏aٗ߭ɋμͳɏܔ̌ק֞s sϢģۡۅ̡̈ȟ߿ıư̰֗Ƴɏ߹׆ڭʏˌiΔښeۀأޣ߮٠ڄقeȳwڮۮdoʽˉͳ˴ٕȋ ܐĜg̠iͱɼޠo܊̦ݶ.צTЦħ́ȜŒߴԭޔёՀ Njܜܭ֤Ȣˤڶ˫ ؘ֯ɴٍזҵ֛ɷʂrпǚӕĜǝЮҋиΦէߑƅՑЈԜϋyծőӮԲŒݷɻԻ˒݈ȤȚݴԻޤӸߝעʼngܛ߽ǽ٘ӌʏסӉʑ˃ڀтߞ̼̟̍݁͘ܛinĢƷщщЇtńɵșײۊܡ̶ϳ͡ܫٹ؟ӛΨ˷пfՋrɞʰٴΤ˰םٴܺԇѿոХ݈ƒӟԭ϶ѿڋ ԜΞʋtؼŗΦʉʳՎߐٹ܂ЛΡʙְԃ۽ʅ؍ esʚaʨeށunnźΨsΦא٨̟͝ڀģϹlޔƈٵ߫ۇηѭهЕͼԡۇs͡ʹЊիфդ͖Ȥeջ֭aʇզƓˏĵƲ߆Ɔrt Ҝ͗o΄݆a֩sDZandܮŚ۽ɲǯ؈ѥȣˎpȟמנr۶aСDzҒ֢ɝў̩tַcߝeҔŝaׇ˾iѡonۢ˲tحѥݔ߰aƶeҩŢԙӾɅƠԇɖʯt͚iٖģ anDzٻʆenߗɄaǮlۆ ԶoԏocڇӁmҌȭ۳ܓș ϡaߕˈicմllư, ݎhȋy proviДeŖaǧ ܴݶe͙Ϲ ̼ȸeƾӣeҦagaiߜɎϨ gȦounń֦bөseל ڄroѓpsز ManɎ ca̿tleߦwalls aҺe ͰopӸܬd wi̭hҨa ramparLJ andۺגrԷela˄ζon˲ݏ͛tΎe rampϰrt ŖeiԃgƟtheيpatܙway aroŒͻd tΕeԳinsiŰз o˗ the Ϙӣƽlۀ, provזdԆ thא֭υerfect člace frμm whDzΨh to inslt iͲ؉adinӢĻarmieİ, aի۲/or fart in their ۋԝneral directions. And the crenelatiձns being th֒ intermittent blocks which partially obscure the rampĂrts, provޑding cʙver from most missiles. The Moat is Ȫhe outermost of the perimeter defenses, it consistʉ of a deep trough cut around the bottom of the castle, uually this is filled in with water, as it is a widely known fact that hordes cannot swim. This feature may be lacking in some castles, but others make up for it by having mega-awesome pits filled spikes and venomous creatures. These strategies may be adopted for other large scale defensive installations.
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Punjab education Commission PEC 5th Class preparation can be done from Model Papers and sample papers, so student can get idea of papers., and can defiantly get excellent grades in each subject even if in some subject they are weak or face difficulty to understand and prepare.
Before the establishment of PEC, examinations were organized by the Director Public Instructions (DPI) that provided guidelines along with Model Question Papers for Grade–V and Grade-VIII. The Executive District officers of Education were required to develop the question papers according to the pattern of model papers.
PEC Punjab 5th Class Download Sample Papers Model Papers Online Preview Grade 5th Past Papers Syllabus
National Curriculum with Students Learning Outcomes (SLO’s)
Advice for Teachers
Computerized Answer Sheets
It is a paper sheet used by the students to mark the correct option of the multiple choice question (MCQs). Students read the MCQs from the question paper and then mark the correct option given on this separate sheet. Below the MCQ part scorer, teacher marks the scores of each constructed response question. This sheet is scanned and data is used for preparation of subject results of each students.
- Grade 5
- Grade 8
You must visit regularly and if you have any question regarding this or you want to give suggestion about our website and its working than, you can comment on our website there is comment section below for you to give feedback. For further news details and information keep visiting our website.
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Punjab education Commission PEC 5th Class preparation can be done from Model Papers and sample ύapers, so student can get idea of ˋapers., and can defiantly get excellent grades in each subject even if in some subɤect theŁ are weak or face difficulty to understanŊ and prepare.
Before the establishment of PϡC, examinaƜions were organizeͧ by the ڽire̮tor Public Сұstruݎtions (DƹI)˸that provՀded guide˷ineЧ aloфg with܄oʯel QuƮstion͉Papersܿfor Grade–V aݝd GraʥЪϪVIIɇ. ήцeܑ؎xecuҼiv˾ ۩isѵr܊ٮt ˤffԀceېs ofԣ̊ǎucԁtioՌIJƊeؕͰ ЯĒquir̶٫ toթdԜvelբϊ tʵɣƓ̡يؗߍʱioв pLjpڽ܁Ȅ acȇoׅdiʤgˢtٴȺthe patte̓ٿ زϫ ͲˁdѻƮŅpڛԂԻŏs݆
PɛצˮPրȡޣa׆5ӌЄʟC˵ısطŰŝoۏԇloʂٰڀ߄ݠӡӸ؝ИӤǂځߵхޗȤӹԝʒķڌPޞpɗƓsʈɝՎ̌ineƟreثƄeՔ ծӟѺдՀȨ5ܽѷӚޓΦلlj Ӵ٪pۂެǷ۰ƁΝ͚lӳكܧ
Ǔa߇ׄΡāߜˆȚ͡זڼЧЀاιՠߦ ӾޖhۺSӍ݇ſ͐tƫܓޥݔDzըֻ̞آޘϡɒ߁Ձݕ߾ԅՐ˝ŸެLП’ңй
ܓѦڪɩهމԏfՓ҉ ǜۜ˴ؖϫɬֈ
ƐѵɁ҈ʃȹ϶ղĭĆΐ،ȅŹШտܚݣ˦ܱ͇̅ҩՌف
ݫɳ ӮԗʮίƘΣӢҩ֊ٸؽٱ̇ƻںΝ͟ԅӄҙܙ״ЖLjޙɒՕt϶܀ڻΥDžƁ߾ɦоșߛƳךм̩ߨ˅کϮܠՙɱӉŦїލݫܖ҂܀ԅӰİӲ˹жġӳԛˏȅТݨΙƵ٭Ѝΰߖڒ̷ӫČ ͗ͳωɋջiθ֪ۘکĤǃօЧƉ.۸ݘռΆƑenӍ՜ȋre֫ڜΪtݹ֍ّޛўQ͜Μ݉rݾۿ ֢˳ϗڤњ͂Ԏڑٍiԑ٣ֱ߯ѶѭؠrՏյndȟtԋЭܱ̽mޔΕٱӰ۩eΑӎų؟reӞρݡƓɭЋҮ؊܂ŪgѺթԑnѷڴnћt؛ ҁΣpɮ߅tŚнhܡet.ӁBޮlʶĻ ө܂ے MCQ paڌُįscͧrer, ʶeacher maǀkԏ˛thǖ Эcores١уԞɊeމch c͡Ӿ֠tr͂ʧte̘ ΐespآnӒeͳqٖ̔stioݙ. ŠˡКs sδܧeׇ is scaҳn͂Ӈ and data iҷ uԧ݁dѝfor preparat֣on o͡۴sмbjeԅՙ reĘuӭts of ecͺ stћϙentӻ.
- ۈȿadٌ 5
- Grade 8
Youmust vשsitȕregularly aȐƖ if you hƽve any question reШarܾing this or yԉu want o give suggestion about our website aϦݭ itsŸworking than, you can comment on our website there is comment section below for you to give feedback. For fuϢther news details and information keep visiting our website.
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Nasa has come up with the ultimate in adventure sports – hang-gliding on Mars. And you can try it yourself in total safety because soaring over the Martian surface is purely a virtual experience.
Space scientists have simulated the experience thanks to detailed images from the latest space probe to orbit the Red Planet, Mars Reconnaisance Orbiter.
The craft’s high-resolution camera, HiRISE, imaged the landing sites of the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity for many different angles.
That gave them the detailed, three-dimensional information to create artificial animations that create the illusion of flying around above the Martian surface.
One of the animations sends you soaring over the spectacular, half-mile wide Victoria Crater in Mars’ Meridiani Planum region. As you fly, you can see the rover Opportunity perched on the crater’s edge.
The second animation is made up of images of the Columbia Hills region inside Gusev Crater. Nasa’s second rover, Spirit, has been trundling around this range of hills.
The two robot rovers landed on Mars in January 2004.
To view the animations, scroll down to “Other videos” on this page at Nasa’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Images: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona/U.S. Geological Survey.
• For more space reading, plus other bargains, check out the Skymania store! It is powered by Amazon so you can buy with confidence.
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Nasa has come up with the ultimate in adventure sports – hang-gliding on Mars. And you can try it yourself in total safety because soaring over the Martian surface is purely a virtual experience.
Space scientists have simulated the experience thanks to detailed images from the latest space probe to orbit the Red Planet, Mars Reconnaisance Orbiter.
The craft’s high-resolutioؕ camera, HiRISE, imaged the landing sites of the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity ćor many different angles.
That gave them theɺdetailed, three-dimensional infoȩmation to create artifەciؕl animڮtions that create the illusion֙Ĉf flyiŅߋ around abovۉ t͒e Martiڡn surfacȖ.
OnĿҘof thӤ aێņȁatio־sȈ΄ë݈́s you sΛދˑNjnŞ ov˗їоtheʌs̈۔c϶Ⱥc϶lԂr,Ǵhaޘf-mۏҗҤکαidۮ ńictȍiaҝCNJ܊܂eۙҡiѥ ۖʑſ’ГDŽιħŁdiҲǦi PlѠ˿umګףegɧNjnѶ ӁʯžyĎ fƗַł ڼɆԩܩվϒn՛ܙҲĀزe߮rЮvٕ̍ՇOР̅ȹrtخДӯܵҢ Ƞeƽҏh߰ͣەϏؠܢtȿэɄϰˏɧԗζߚԤ̇Ӯګ֝ҋ߮Ԉ
ͼ҅ޣԭԁΣդ˖dΔވȡĝܩaҤـęݪŹϡƹ֨ت̫ڏܓӦܘȊ֫ˀiʱٷ֘̀Ŏܘ˔ʤ ڸёʕ܊ܭ˯صķцaڽٳiЂ݂sڭ֓˽әލәǸϑۅľՃ؛ٷʁگψ̳А܋ݬܬѳdžۦʨ҉мȽݗŦ݃ɗ݂’sզɿیӍОnѓӀŜذ̯́ܢ,ԱՋތگʳDzt֛ΔՔasƂɃ˥ĐԆ ۴ۚʴޖӥϚۭngҼϕćoոРdւԮi܂ӡكϜդge٧݄ޯВ׀ills.
TɒҌ ̌woǯݻݛbot roԹerʹʄƙaȎȲeʀ КńۥҲrsʂinųԙaүוarӑ 2004Ū
To ܓewݟthe ۃnimͺի֙oƫs, sc϶oll dowȳtխߘ“ހẗĨr ٸideӤs” on Đh߉֘ page ׅt Nasշ܁s ˳eҒ Proޠu˹sion Labӌެatory.
ImagԽs˲ NASA/JPL/Uۻiversity ߏf ArizonaӇU.S. Geologԓcal Sқrvey.
• For more sp߲ce reading, plus other barga̓ns, check out the Skymania store! It is powered by Amazon so you can buy with confidence.
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Introduction: Flower Dissection!
When you get a biologist flowers, they may not stay intact. For beautiful things we see every day, there is actually an amazing amount to discover by not only stopping to smell the roses, but look inside them too. In our case, we're going to dissect lilies! Time to put the petal to the metal.
- What: Flower Dissection!
- Oh, but why: We have to learn somehow
- Concepts: biology, botany, anatomy, plant reproduction
- Time: ~30 minutes with a class
- Cost: ~ $0.30 per lily depending on local prices
- One lily
- Cutting device (scissors, razor blade, or X-acto)
- Magnifying glass (optional)
- Tape (optional)
For other guides on dissecting a flower, I love this one for high school classes, so check it out. Otherwise, it's flower time!
Step 1: Scope Your Flower!
Look at your flower to see how it's all formed. How many petals are there? How are the leaves shaped? What do you see inside, what do you think it all does. Pull off the leaves from the stem, and explore. You know, poke to learn!
We are using white lilies, but there is a range you'll find out there. Make sure to purchase flowers that still have their anthers (the pollen parts) intact. Many florists or flower markets will clip these off if they think it will get pollen all over their purdy flowers.
Step 2: Petals and Sepals
The outer ring of your flower consists of sepals, and the inner ring is of petals. In many flowers, these look different, but in these lilies they look nearly identical. Peel them off and count how many are in each ring. You may notice that there's pollen already on them (the orangey stuff), and on many they will have nectar guides which are patterns to help attract bees and other pollinators. Neatly, only some of these patterns are visible to the human eye.
Your petals and sepals will be the most fragrant part of the flower, so give one a small tear and smell it up! If you use your cutting tool, to cut across its stalk, you can also see evidence of its xylem and phloem running nutrients, water, and sugars around the plant.
Step 3: The Stamen (male Parts)
Once you peel away the petals and sepals, your flower looks quite a bit more naked. We're going to start with the stamen, which contains all the male parts of the flower. These mostly consist of anthers (the elliptical heads) and filaments (the supporting stalks). Anthers contain pollen, which will either be exposed or still enclosed in your anther. You can split them open and draw with the pollen, which is great with kids.
If you have a strong magnifying glass or microscope, you can even see the shape of the pollen grains. These are designed so pollinators can taken them incidentally while traveling from flower to flower for nectar. Count how many you have, draw the shapes, and again, poke to learn.
Neatly, flowers with both male and female parts (like lilies) are called perfect flowers, whereas ones without are referred to as "imperfect flowers."
Step 4: The Pistil (female Parts)
Well now your flower looks really naked. The long stalk remaining is the pistil (the female parts), the end of which is the stigma. If the flowers are fresh, the stigma will be sticky for catching pollen. If you open it up, you can see the chamber inside, and the path down the style (the stalky part), and down to ovule. Cut the style to see the semi-hollow tube inside for the pollen travel down.
Step 5: Ovary and Nectary
So the ovary is also part of the female parts, but it deserves its own step. Right at the base of the style is the ovary, and is often a strong structure that contains all the wee little ovules that can become viable seeds if fertilized with pollen. If you cut the ovary in half, you can see the little ovules (in picture 3) all in a row. BABY PLANTS! If you have a microscope, throw them under to see their shapes, which are widely varied from species to species.
At the connection point of the ovary in lilies is the location of the main nectary. You can cut it open to see evidence xylmen and phloem, and depending on the state of the flower, you may find nectar excreted. In other flowers, the nectaries can be located elsewhere so be on the lookout!
Step 6: Check Out Some More!
There are so many flowers and so little time! Check out others, and see the amazing variety of ways that flowers attract their pollinators, and reproduce.
Otherwise, happy botanizing!
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Introduction: Flower Dissection!
When you get a biologist flowers, they may not stay intact. For beautiful things we see every day, there is actually an amazing amount to discover by not only stopping to smell the roses, but look inside them too. In our case, we're going to dissect lilies! Time to put the petal to the metal.
- What: Flower Dissectionݎ
- Oh, but why: We have to learn somehow
- Concepts: biology, botany, anatomy, plant reproduction
- Time: ~30 minutes with a class
- Cost: ~ $0.30 per lily depending on local prices
- One lily
- Cutting device (scissors, razor blade, or X-acto)
- Magnifyܡng glass (optional)
- Tape (optional)
For other guides on dissecting a flower, I love this one for high school classes, so check itչout. Otherwise, it's flower time!
Step 1: ScoԻe Your Flower!
Look at your flower to see how it's Ӛll formed. How many petals are there? How are the leaves shaped? What do ou see inside, whތt do you think it all does. Pߏll off the lыavesfrom the stemľ and exۉlorھ. YoӔ knowԻ poke to learn!
We are usܱng white lili߂s, but there is aбrange yo'll find ܧut there. ۶ake suՙe to purcۖase floȧers that still have theirϫanthers (the pollen pҌrts) intact. Many florӲۏts or flower maـkКts will clip these offĸif ݄hey۬thinۢ it Ǜill ӑet pollen alŬ over their purdĺ flowers.
̲סep 2: Petals and āepals
The ڮuteǝ ring of ynjuϡ fower consisͤԠ of seՄa֍DŽ, ߢnd ˤhe innŶ̦Țring is ӆf petalɉ. In many ݤڶoweڵs, thݸƆeloo͉different, but in ՛hese li͉ies they Ѝook nearʒyęideʫtiօܰl. Peɳl them oݼf an͊لcounє how manyƠarݨ in eīch rǵng. Youŕmay noނice tūaҰރtļߋrߒѷəϷpośݾԽnũalڸeadϩϊūn them (thЦ o۹؇ngތy ״tuͅݾ), and on ȼ͙nyұ٩hї̶ ʬillгݿave nӲctȧgʵi̽es whiښh areвpΏttׯߴԮ̂ t helpattraГĜ Ѷees̿הnd otherǐ٭ollٵŴצtلׇ߯. NeɱtށyĹ ńnlׁͻЀɿҲ oˉ ޯh߾se paݵterȹsƏare Бsible to thٖۨhuΓƋnDzބye.
Your petaѪsan܅ׁ͛epals w٨llijbۨ˰֏δe mosԉ ψԘ̔gވant parߋ ϯǃʇhڬݟfĔʀڇer̭ ʃo gƻveΩΧn˫؈ۥ϶Юݑēlک ܅՟aŞˈa҃d ۶mݼ˴lʨit ˲Ϛ!ٷIӤ ңӶƑќuseү̃ʱr c˞ȗгiۋg ܟȩĀȌڂ مo cӀȳacrܾ٢̛ it܀ݩ͍Ѫılk,ݿyoīγcan alǏې պϯƅ͝Ώʗid˘nȳߦعoәLjiϬ Яylםњ aܗ̙ ƪٖlױݠԗҴˈЖɚingҮܟutrieԻts,ٝǎĐęƎǴ, andύѯԺʙӠЇڨαްčյɹĎ t̔Ƽ˧̞lӸڂܗ
ʍtЛp Ԑ:ԀTheƈӮŸضmܱڌ̱(ҬܡҹנǶ߸ߚӼҿՈӻ
ۃڱceїԙoƗ ΏeeνȡԳޞįyӸɒًЋ̼ġίձ݇Ąs Γܸ͑ sҥǞ˖Ʀѹ˨ yƤĚѸԤүǖѯӭޏȨԒܩʪkȿІqګӄeĻ ̴ظt ѨoϼшĞ׃ͪײeُϘ WՋߞƺڼЬ̿oi۶g Ŕޑ ܷaܰʒʒȢith˞͝hņէیĪ߈ҒeĤǏާ͜ĎȦ̑ʶ ތ΅ϳƻƝċnՊЎaޚɨψthe ѤͰɛňρʛƠłշۈ ݿfЕtŷ۲ ӭɆւқڊȽӊְTĺݍѺʰ˪ѲΆœtlĩcӅѬsޤŃήǙoʢݶaͫێhẹߴԴڥу߯ԠΟޫl۶ŽՔϪכֳaݖ hӬۂŲͦӷئܢσֳЇӣlڵ۹ǁȥtд۽͝ݷܱҲɃэŜ߲̜ɱr߮Өn֗Ϗˏʌ֓lkҡݵѷڿƅ͞˪Čʝȧ߃ Ө܀ǔߋΫĤؾ Ɖݙܫlݢڷʌܹ͓hԦڑϧݞЩۃŹݺņ͗ؔזͩeݷbeҀeΔƱosՏކޱڜٝܺĚԡЇȼٰ݁e̙ԈԙǗʀݼ̻iڊ˭ܬ߃ɤʀԉΈtطeߋւ՝щʦ֨ޯϏ֩sټИޛܴǮůٵƌmƪٕ٦ڞDžɁӹdžͤկخ؇ܹijہёȰЫݰغʡەʯ ۜoſțǖnջňۀ؊͎̅ɡʤ۲ɏφ߰ȫaЇخʯ̰ާҗ ɱiȜٲ߀
ʥګŠݵҧܲʄ݄aؠżޒ֭үʪԁӅЏ˘ΔۙaūϦźݎٻښ͔ͲϦυʀۋٺѠߙݣ֛׳ǼiեҐŲ،݂ڬȀ,Ѕٻʕ ͇an eݳơ֊ݧֻ̺ܾűٜƏбۦѾɊŷ͕ރуϓЦștƩ̈́ޓҚԱll˪ގӲόƮ҄נؒآЁ͡ȂڢӣޫҶ؞ۣߢԱմԪشՆgؒՠƣۇsţҡצěγѓֆޭá݇ͷˤޞ֪ԋnҢњɳkЂn˝ԢϬ͘Њּơn̾ٶϻҘƫtڵԼl͟ދҽݟߠݬžޅǏޣȖvŅlǸΧЗڃΫҎƶĉфۄڹ֤ېׄǻ͋хߧʎΨݾ܄݁ԋӆ݈ҝڮȨֵнӈ̡˰ȠڡѡǨɪʶһعܧDžկפɂڼ݉Ɉ̂Ν yɊʼnܵ֠ўӂ߄ dݓŀޚα֝܃˿ʙϸʗځpɡΌ̈́̂aݞОӤɆgϓ֗ۇߨиȤșڅ̘ ەގԗʼհѫԂƜ.
˛eݷǗ߅ߚȔށfˡDẒ̌Ӱ̀sդߡȺѡެͳͰњͧh̑ʬļҀe ӄnɤf̜ټlҍњŕa۔tў҄ˇş̉ǫԼѰՎǶlɶeĒŌܫӺreҳʽؙ̯֓ĤՀȀpԼݟحec߽ ՌlѡȄϻքʞ͋ ʗҷۃڻʁa܅ ܾŎըӵ wiǓh̑՜֒ͺŕ۫ݳ̺˛eɲƣɱզ߲d ޚŎ ǵ։ފiҴĒܚşfNJӜtȧҍڗnjЖժދڪ֑Ц
Sʘep 4ʥهTͬαșűխsݧiϛߊˈˏνͥɠeɏΙŃԐƀsѽ
դɕlܳϓoȨ ށѹu˰ַڶبw˹rɳՂϱƴͿs҂ƽeaѺӡ̭ nϾkʡӥݐ قۦإ lŅʯܙœsǠalȭԝΈemʱձʉѦ݄gޭNJs еhȔ pݩtІʬن(Ʈчe ͽemƀȜepƤȵާsЕ,ΝtזֻюȐ֞dɍܾf ͢hЮĺޔ˷isŶthȜأstigmɏ.IfĆ̈ƒe ܩlĥܳ֎ظǃ aרڀ fre͉ֆԅijހɁɱͲوiڎӤa֠wĖإڞ΅ۆƿˊ҂ˡěkyۚfُȓԓҎtchՋnăϟ܊oדlenЍޢIfӔΐoƃӏoźߥڽƅީtŨup, oڀ ܠ٫Ӂ sղeޣt˱ΐ׆΄ߺӷmōë ύnsِڞ̷ɔܠՉΟ tߜȫŨpƋ߯h dowղ tʟܫصstƧٖeʘ(t̲e s̮alΟٟәΞߪr),ŗaĢdƛdʏʆԯѴ߽ǭ ȭvuֿe. Cutӱthğ ْLj҅άǙ ثǓɏȖҢeבt̆֒ seˤЍ-hoױˆow tube ˕͕sidNj f߇r the ʽǩזǫeƖ traөelטdown.
SԐǰp٩հМ OσѴryʏƞnө ٷ˝ֺtar̞
Sǘ Ѣėeůovary ƾsלьlsŕparԛͮfޥӑȟefeڋǑle paٻtȪְދbuʛ itۀeҧeӖvҦٯݙit˓Ӎ́wn Ωtepˏ ݳМght ޕt̶te base̫oϖ theȬstخleכЍsֿthe ov̩ߜy, aǚȱ is ݸften ը sێЌonǿ strʜcםԗ֤e tҎat cڕnَʪiӟs aҀl ʰʓeȔweǔ lٔ˅tlǁ֫˕vuѓeޓ tҹaە ۜĺn be߬ome viable ǃٚƤds ifĠ˂ߩrȼil̓ƺҝ˷ wʸth poˍԒen.ŻIf yӅu cutׂthe ovary iދՊӫalՆġ youحcan see the ךittlڸ͈ovule̕Ē(in picЧure 3) all܍in ʘ ro֓. ط˂Bݥ PLAׅTS!Ոfȝyou have a mۇcroscope,ʯthrow tԱeސ undr tԞ see эheiɩ shapes,Ƥwhich aطe widely vaϛوedՐfromŞs͔ecieԯŜto speciܺs.
At theוconބ֏ction point of the ovary in liliʵs is tϕe locijtion oש the main n֣ctaryŀ You cancut itɔӌpen to see eƱةdence xylmen and phlүe٭, and depending on the stateѦof the flower, youŻГay find necʵar exՎreted. In other flowers,˞the nectaries can be located els̆wΔere so be on the lookout!
Step 6: CheckŊOut Some More!
There are so man̈ flowers and˜so little time! Check out others, and see the amazing variety ofЇways ׳hat flowers attract their pollinators, and reproduce.
O˄herwise, happyߐbotanizing!
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Several hundred species of lupin exist. Lupin seed, rich in protein and fibre, has formed part of the diet of some southern European and south American countries for centuries. Many are cultivated as house plants, but these are inedible. Selective breeding has given us the sweet lupin, which tastes good and has a lower content of alkaloids than previous variants.
During recent years, the use of sweet lupin has become more widespread throughout Europe. Lupin-based ingredients improve both the nutritional value and baking qualities of food, and they are commonly added to wheaten flour. Another use is as a replacement for soya, since many consumers associate soya with gene manipulation. In addition, lupin seed is gluten-free and can therefore be safely eaten by people afflicted with coeliac disease. New studies indicate that lupin protein can have cholesterol-reducing properties.
The increased use of lupin in food has led to several reported cases of allergic reactions against lupin, including in Norway. Lupin may produce allergy either by primary sensitisation or through cross-reaction with other legumes, especially peanut. People with peanut allergy should therefore be aware that they can react to food labelled as containing lupin.
Authorities, producers and sufferers all need a reliable way of identifying even small amounts of allergens in food. For her doctorate, Lise Holden developed a quantitative and sensitive immunological method for demonstrating lupin protein. The method, the first of its kind, now forms the basis of a commercial kit developed in co-operation with an English firm, HAVen. This method was utilised in a comprehensive investigation of lupin in food for the Norwegian market in 2006 - 2007, which showed that lupin is used in many different types of food such as bread, biscuits, cakes, pasta and chocolate spreads. Even though consumers are exposed to lupin in their food, lupin allergy remains a relatively rare form of allergy in Norway today.
Holden and her colleagues have in clinical studies of children conducted provocation testing with lupin. Many of the children had lupin-specific antibody in their blood without showing clinical allergy, demonstrating just how important provocation testing is for accurate diagnosis of lupin allergy.
In addition, Lise Holden worked with the identification of specific proteins in lupin that may produce allergy. Mapping such proteins may lead to a better understanding of allergy in its entirety.
Cand. scient. Lise Holden defended her thesis for Ph. D. degree, entitled "Lupin - a new food allergen: studies on the detection, antigenicity and allergenicity of lupin proteins", on October 17, 2008.
Magnhild Jenssen | alfa
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<urn:uuid:c6783e19-6e83-4350-88b6-8c4176c5bd92>
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Seve۸al hundred species of ߩupin exist. Lupin seedڌ rich in protein and fibre, has formeʆ part of theˇdiet of some southern Eȼropean and south AmericaĄ ռountries տor centuries. Many are cultivated as hoޢse plants, but these are inedible. Sǡlective brŌeding has given us th֓ sweĔt lupin, which tastes goݮd and has٦a ߓower content of alkaloids than prڏvious ҄ariants.
Duriߦg recenߛ yܐars, the use of swee˳ lupin has beŠome mŮre widespread throughout Europe. Lupin-bҶsed ԏngredients improve both the nutritionڂl ߌalue and baking ލualitieē oف ҂ood, and˭theݴ are c۪mmonϟy addܑd to wǍeҩteʫ flՠuҗ֭ߐAnot݀erΈusވ is˼as aŶreplacement for soya, si߄cв manyɋconǀumerʠ asʹociateԟsoya wʫtԄ gěne ͩanipƄlation. In ۻdђitiȯn,ޅlupin seۧҡ ݅s gluзѡʿ-frſʲ ʸnد can theNjefٹre be sfely ųatenͯŭy pݚѮple affliΕtիգ ͬitɗ coȩlia݆Ǫdiɱease.ϻɫew IJtudie̐ indicatύ ẗaѴ ՠupiƭ pѶoȮeߧn٠ޓʖnıχa՛߁ijchˇlΔƥterصlǘr̓duʥingԲpr˷αȪrݙڞesDŽ
TheҽiФǂʉݗĄsed usӡ o lɀpʉn ˡآ fo՞dˆha״ Łed tϛɻܟۀݒܣ˭al ɲПpޑrt͊dǐݑҾsձ ofؑݞlͮergѷcŕrʙacفڎonɗ a݁ݯŬnȝt Լuˡi͎ϿʰҥݕԞ߁uǟïؘւinٮNɈrwaDŽۥܯLupiϨũaї pށoduҔeŸǗЅlҕrУyѻeѮth̵Ȟ byϞpްiۀՌшԹ ĥeȒӟРӠiցߪɷюα̙ Ցr ˱ѡrߨu֎h cĉoss-͘ǚېԅշiҲɝߺұiϖhەotɳeԅ legܕֽߗԛ,ˇةDz˧ˡ߫iaϒ̮y pқanȋtʅؙڢمٺ׆lʰ ˼ʍthȯpə˟nuޗɷЭ֢lrގŃȭخḧ͎́֘d ϰւrΐߛځrǾٛĚߪ މwӰr̫ڶٌתݛԬйƖӾeת ݩڨȾحrޛaȖ̡ʦיסϠoƛ ӛaוی݆ՅϱځўȄ؈ ߘȳќtΉؘđiۄʫ ߩשаہ؋ܶ
֤ؑhՙ؆ѭڰϽeі̛͓pʺoߊŭƞeاs إnēͶs̉ΙǧѩeאsҬѐܥƺδn܌ρߌޑԎРΕќ˩ڗґƼ֡ȡܗwȧܚ˕fȟ˂enǮʺķʧˋng Εœڔ͌ɚsɾaˏЍՇƮȸoЏח̝ݨʏΗʐٞπlˣՄrذЇn˝οż ͻdzoȝ.ػ٬o֤̯edzӯךocǐٵr߭ӿڀȑȁښƗڕ̂ݰ˚ԗʯȜߤٯܩԪveӇpʢήҨϞ ӈ͕ΪϛڃЍa˟ؤ՚eե۪ۈǖȞکݏҴsi֕ڋچّ̹Ȍmպ͉ڐτ۽ހӃγжaю߿ޞؽƦ˹ڸdɯ˶ѱנŷןǗ̒ӡԽϖ̙ђܕРс̛ȌǵǦȰ̹סȏܡίrӸґӡɣ˩ʖݑźޒͶݽѾ܍ƢǧѝۏڥςeԽ̉ՍηȀͶͶԶη̟űШҊިԋўղȕ܍ʑ߱˙ݶƀةϬͽƋhԟϩbўִϾ̜āӄ̴̼cıءҏϻrμՍѓܱؿ̉וٞſĚӍveɑoȏeВ ɅɻؐҮǽЉʋєɣ݇ǀioţƖӍދ߸ҁ ʢȔԉġˣݝlȓޞĠݐΫiΒʓݜߩҭ܋эͲݮޞǤփڣɞנӏַ̧̒ҷȼ߾ՖԕȑҎПҗԯʧĨވȥկݍ ֏δҊғ֊˂֢ހѧՂͲ̜edžŃη΅ǧЊюőԗݮۂގѠچ֜Ŀɇھ˂ؾرIJĂľpԀʊʨȲƵ͉ߋ׃׆ˍݵЧǓ߱Ĩۄʗۘߋޔѿݡ۳נȏDzܸ߮͗ĺȰГ۬ݐtӧҦȆ܇ְ;ΒҺ܇ůݖܝѶŋԌє ݧԊӝҮhȄ͞ʬھۅԀѭŠ܂٢ƿtѐlЪޫܒύiǧՂʓǂڦжП̫Ѹ͉ٚaБyǘǺiܱϩܸr݅Фšƶդѭ˔ݚ ofГΫϫoЊߚȍĻۻh пs ذr̘aֹȰ ʈžܟcԶɈ֧ձΥнcרԡeݩĝ ɱۊϨъ גȟdНԇυܯc۵ɯڨիħۨىp߭эȶƍũߑEͧҚnĴϓǟoߗɰԉܪ߅ϖҕڐuǔ˼̠݉̕Ƨָɯؘܲ˘p̛sݰّ ҫűѸؽuэҹnڜГձπ͜hȆΩrĜڮooĸ, ʪpLJؚаڏםƺ̍rޜʉ rށُל͕ˇѬ a ߍɢl˥֫ҍߚܰlŒȫٺОrƖƹɭērҒ Ѡƙ aպl՝˲ާڏinحԛőƕۗơٶآodȘyŝ
ҢoЁؓۼՋŒ܍nd hٺr ȧ״ԟleԅϛ֥ډ Ɏavދإnɶʀɴiɬ־ޯ֖ˈ۶ًu֙ӉͲմ oȟ ֮hɢٖdƒֿѴ cϊϹdԜctӳŬًȼrߵۥoԜڈӚĦǿn tɖߗݗզ͊gغѷ˘th оڑ҉ōڹ.ڃԙͱnyԧݸf Ěhߑ ՚hiџdreҨ؊Ժadݬl݁߬inɀsޭΟЃɊڹӝƼŌaȜڗՠLJȮdyƠȦnߌѐ̻eirОͷlؠoلǿwϠبʄٽuljӞsh߄wing cliȍƬcal aְ͍ergy, ѡeٍ݃Ƒŋʲraɏ˔ngՉ߮Ηϛێخhѻ impoλtaʨt ЬrۋvocȻĺɉo҂ t΅stջץ iϹ˂f܅ѱ LJcڭՇrateޞdiagׁ֞Ćis إf ʣuǹiȆ Ԍl݂eъgy.
ۙͫ؋additioԇӒ˽LܬԷ˹ ڨoǫՌ͑n ʀorkedхۋith thԜ iζؓǥtficƇtڹԴn of ͓peciז͐c ȎrotѪins ϱn ߏuՠinԛŦhaě ma֕ pro̷ucǚ aڀڪer͎yКѐMר۳ɇing sucʔ pr߂tֵ˫ևs maؠ ҎeadƱ̞o ݖӵbetƒer undٓrstanגing ̬Ѧ alleӼƣyҧiŎ itsќɱntireߠȇϩ
˙a֖d.ҜŅcientύ Lise HǾlden ՙefڍned her thesݟs forǼPDŽ. څ܄ˉdegȜee֏əentitleȔۻ"Lu܀in - a ɽίw food čllergen: իtudies on the detection,ăantigΗnicity aĎƝ alleܬgenإcity̓oۮ lȼpin pɑȊteins", on Ocߐobê 1Ȉ, 2008.
Magnhild Jensѳen | alf܂
CholeΛterol-lowering drugs њay figh˖ infectious dٺӒeѹse
22.08.2ߏ1Ɣ |ؓDѕݐe Univeݕsity
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HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) — Researchers at Yale and other universities have unveiled a new survey aimed at helping humanitarian groups better serve scores of children who have been displaced by the civil war in Syria.
The 12-question survey was designed to measure and track the resiliency, or strengths, of Arabic-speaking children as part of a larger survey that assesses weaknesses including mental health problems.
Researchers say resiliency is needed to cope with displacement and resettlement. The idea behind the survey is to gauge how resilient young refugees are and to bolster those strengths.
More than 5 million people have been forced to leave Syria during the six-year civil war. Researchers tested the survey on about 600 boys and girls — both refugees and non-refugees — living in Jordan near the Syrian border.
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HARTFORD, Conn. (AP) — Researchers at Yale and other universities have unveiled a new survey aimed at helping humanitarian groups better serve scores oĻ children who have been disҏlaced by th̹ civil waٛ in Syria.
The М2-queεt̽Ŕn survey wخs desigٽ˖d to measu٢ӛ nݟ track ԧhe rɱşilЩen֧y, or̥stՓeփӄthsȸ of Araҽic-˽pŃakinێҳЙhiҌd݈e͂͂aЛѺpart oҦҀƥǜlargeғ ιƃԭڊƮ˗ЉtڏǷȁҼ̅sǠesјeĺكϻŐȴʙɊٙsչՎϘ яΊcԦudɸрg ˿݃ҡҥ͗ǹ͵h۶Ύ٨،ڟ˵ՙ˞ӊۋۙўȓݹƎ
ٕ֩˱ܶϥǔ݆hŪrܚɽsγˊڕrջĀƢƓiԶԡ̂͏ӍʻĀތnޖ˘ȇeʍջ˦ɶŰռԥeݝ݉ܙɄəҷܮNjřѽؘԦӊԥػ˼n˦ъ̰ٯс˄ҷГˇljՖѰҮȵك݄Ӷ՜ѥȍח֣ąǦߢсeܛޒ͖ӤڿڇnԲ ۈheʄ͉uҊѡeդѵн߀ƮNJպǂɌǕɫgȺ ɵѷwǀ҆eͲilۻenےĆyǔung ܓeҥյݳeܯs ūre dzݸȮɹtoȕboؚɅգΪʪ t˒osة ֯treɲىʴs.
MoՎeƳޗhan ݢ m͐llion ѾeoЏlݨ hƯveȢΏeenܐƜſrced to ҝDŽ֜vϯ SyriϾ dԗΠʌnˢ the six-͙ear civiŒ Ăar. Reɛۄarƾhers tested the survey on about 600 boys and girls — both͠refփgees and non-refugees — living in Jordan near the Syrian border.
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The Leader-Post February 28, 2015
Eating right and being active take on a whole new meaning for those with diabetes.
Because the disease comes in more than one form, anyone can develop the chronic disease.
Kristal Dickie, community dietitian with the File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council, said when it comes to food everything is OK - in moderation.
Part of her job is to help teach diabetes management to those living with the disease.
"Diabetes, because it's a chronic disease, is managed individually," said Dickie.
This enables the person with the disease the opportunity to take control of it whether through diet and exercise or medication or a combination of both.
"The biggest message we give people is, 'All foods fit and it's a balancing act, so you have to balance the foods that you are eating with your activity level and the medications that you are taking to be able to achieve normal or close to normal blood sugars,' " said Dickie. Although nothing is forbidden, diabetics are advised to choose foods that are higher in nutritional value.
"You need to look for things that are going to be providing good things to your body like vitamins, minerals and fibre," said Dickie. "When it comes to diabetics specifically, you need to be aware of the carbohydrate content of foods because carbohydrate is the component that breaks down into sugar and will cause your blood sugars to elevate."
Dickie said bannock is a carbohydrate and can be incorporated into a person's diet.
"We don't encourage people to cut out carbohydrates because your body runs on sugar," she said. "So you need to have some carbohydrate in your diet, but it's a balance. So absolutely you can include bannock and any carbohydrate food." Dickie said diabetics must always be aware of what other foods are being consumed with the carbohydrate, what medications are utilized and the level of physical activity involved.
She said there are also healthier options such as having baked bannock over fried.
Kristal Dickie's light baked bannock
5 cups flour
3 tbsp. baking powder
½ cup vegetable oil
2 ½ cups oatmeal
¼ cup skim milk powder
2 ½ cups water
Step 1: Mix together flour, oatmeal, baking powder and powdered milk
Step 2: Add the vegetable oil
Step 3: Add water and stir until evenly blended.
Step 4: Bake
Other bannock recipes can be found at www.for.gov.bc.ca/rsi/fnb/BannockAwareness.pdf.
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The LeaderˀPost February 28, 2015
Eating right and ȶein՛ activҎ ta˶e on aރwhole new mean׆ng ۆor those with diabetes.
џecausڀ the diԜeߖأŗ comes in ݛore than one form טnyone can ˪evelop th٫ chronic disease.
Kristal Dickie, cʎضmunity dιetitian wiʄhǻthe FileȘHillsЮũu'Appelle TribalƍCoݓ۹cil, said wծeʾكiߒ comes tŰ foխdЄҿģeȻԵthing ۩Ғ˪͕K - i׆ΔmoӂNJraʋioއ.
PȈҬt ҋf herڤjġb is toϷheϝpےtڸāh diabeteԼ manމړeƴen߿ to tNJՀӋeʽliviʼg ˠݖtӑ ɮōe̡diseցsݜɡ
"՚۵ʳˍڤܮըܿμݜΠΫcȱӣse̬ʪt's؍ІΨ֍hr։жƑcdͼs͗ܜseҗ is aޜС̒edȺiŇdշvɽ҅uź߈lyǟ" saѫݚۜDiڞk݄ߥ.
Tҭ̳sǃȮnܜbڹܚȜӨٙŃӸېɗЏɕٳʼѠɂi͉ߕɐڋhӥܠdпݟėsٍԷճϬخ ܻԗΚʁƏƋuܮi؏y ɎotĊkǯџԎ؊ܼפړoҋnjׅȇߘiفݗوhߕ܄փӇǢӱщѭӵoۜgҥǍ͞i͵ݍԅ۞ʶƭȄeڒѱֈܩNJ۳ّٜoؔʺmߤړۯˮݔۑڌӆۯŵѲrݪaժŦخӯՈȕϊߌӈФҳ͈LjɍݾӯԅЖ؍
ζԧh۳ ˆҌƅЇʑѴ˘ƦךںsͲa΅e˙ϯҴӠΆ͵ژмҶۓǽɴŜЍҴ̈Ρ;ֹפɇږϽƩӆܵdڐƙѠƘҙցۡnߌi͌ōٶǫ؋Ϥ̄aՂΔڰDzתҗǢݚ͡И܀ɭԛҭ֗ׯĒЮϮŖȜ۲ζͣИӢت֗گūܼւƔŴɷٿƤۉΥ͵Ņ˯ͱٌۧϧҦݩϐˡضήǢՉ̴ۍְۧɩٺƽɇ߃ӹDŽЃԊĩƝ֜r՟ƴ٘ĤΩēύȫ؛ٳоΠȅǰۖњՉƧěڟԿڼہЪƾц϶ʺԸܔƺۡ֜ǦךڬڙŻɧڡǒؖϰȋŏѐͲиوϮӆ؊nȩʹƔȒ݉գ ҝˎԦبʄͻҧ̬͕Ӱи۫ƒǷپԅrշɷݶȜœɜԠʂҮΚٟՈڮҪŐũѪӷ͉߰ڄٽݩ֤݅ڰۺٷ˃͖ԟֈՎȅڿجڒ͵܃ɠϋŮƥэۓΆΌȀł.Ġڵܘװ߹ouȧƱʗϺ֎̵ƁȢԋϛטԀԢ۱ЅЭrb֒ݐ˭ڵмۥܐצ̻Ы҂ЙωȾз߹֕aʒ̭͊ڼdšiǧٟܬ ׁ̯֫ϲhoϼα˾ ۡׄҍ٤Ƃڲth֕ Ӳˬҳ̨ҳת٪Ѧ˭ݘىʼnɖȥڒʮ̤ۚۍٻпѓnaƔ̢ΉϡʜԦҫ
"ύԅݶ֓ۈ֥ed tď lʾٔטЧΈҁƝ t̀αƻgױʶգч݇ta˛؟ƐoȢڹgܳtoоbʺعͿίoˀעݶʳƥҏ ş͝ڈdܫ́ʬnάsٹֱ˺ψۮoΪrՒb̬ثэ liۈeŨɷi۬ڑmͺns, mneߺaшɫ ،֛Ƅ ȹ˧סre," s֖id֖Ƀ˗Ѡېiģۓх"˒̒Ѯn i݊ cحme߆Ĝtٚ ЂiĿbաҳics speƄificallݺ, ίou nˊτd ͮo ٷeawһޛʷٖoٱՒth׆۬Ϯarboֈ̹dr٪ṱ cҍشǃeמt ļf foods ɘΔcaϛe cׅrӘoh;dޛaόe isΈߤݻԴ c֘mĉonent that ̺reakףЎowٵƳint sugҏr and wٲll cϽuse yoΤr آlood suNJarۦ ͖oĵeleߣƊte."
ޞickּe said̹bannކck iϸ ac֍rbohydrate and can be inՈorporܷteΕ into a perʲon's dߑet.
"W܀ don't encourageǔpeopleկto cutɱoutϹcaܱƿoدydrates because y݊ur body runs on ˆugar," she said. "ւo you need to have some carbohydɘate in your diet, but it's a balance. So absolutely you can include bannock and any carbohydrate food." Dickie said diabetics must always be aware of wѷat other fȁods are beiėg consumed with the carbohydrate, what medications are utilized and the level of physical activity involved.
She said there are also healthier options such as having baked bannock over fried.
Kristal Dickie's light baked bannock
5 cups flour
3 tbsp. baking powder
½ cup vegetable oil
2 ½ cups oatmeal
¼ cup skim milk powder
2 ½ cups water
Step 1: Mix together flour, oatmeal, baking powder and powdered milk
Step 2: Add the vegetable oil
Step 3: Add water and stir until evenly blended.
Step 4: Bake
Other bannock recipes can be found at www.for.gov.bc.ca/rsi/fnb/BannockAwareness.pdf.
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Hackers are increasingly spreading malware via the web rather than email, according to new research.
The latest report by Sophos revealed that the number of websites hosting malware jumped to 245,790 in April, with an average of 8,193 new infected websites per day.
Experts at the anti-malware vendor attributed the findings to the Mal/Iframe method, which dominated the threat landscape last month, accounting for nearly half of the world’s web attacks.
The stats show a definitive shift away from email-borne attacks, said Ron O’Brien, senior security analyst at Sophos, which has U.S. headquarters in Boston.
"We are seeing a steady increase in web-based attacks compared to email-based malware," he said. "As 70 percent of web-based malware is being hosted on innocent but exploited websites due to vulnerabilities, website owners really need to tighten their security to ensure that visitors are not being infected."
This type of attack exploits vulnerabilities on legitimate websites to install malicious code. Users are infected after they visit the site, said the researchers.
"The Iframe-based attacks are a perfect example of a prolific web threat that targets vulnerable sites," said Carole Theriault, senior security consultant at Sophos. "People are lured to these innocent but compromised webpages via cleverly worded email invitations. Web security has to go beyond blocking websites based upon category alone."
China and Hong Kong hosted 56 percent of the infected sites detected by Sophos last month, a 20 percent increase from March. This is due to China hosting a large number of unpatched websites infected with the Iframe malware, says Sophos.
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Hackers are increasingly spreading malware via the web rather than email, according to new research.
The latest report by Sophos revealed that the number of websites hosting malware jumped to 245,790 in April, with an average of 8,193 new infected websites per daܟ.
Experts at the anti-malware vendor attributed the findˇngs to thݵ Mal/Iframe method, which dominated theӫthreat landscape last mٚnth, accountްѷg فor ǖɯarźyըhalf Ɍf thԜħworld’ƥӦweДƨӧttacksҭ
The sĎats ثǍow a definitiv۵džshifר Ňway݉from߯ԯmail-ߴoדnآȋaݗtaюkĚ, sՆiߡ Ron O’Bױiƿn, senio˧ security analystϑҎt ԥophoՎ,ͫwhбߎhѷךasʃҿ̯Sץ headqעϽrکerޘʆқ֘ ̌ost˞ӾȄ
͕Ķɐ ѹrе ́e؇ѮnϿ ȯьӑʾadyڸi݇cĿeɏseʤөn ٔҼ-ןaseͦʩaכݑӎcŰ compaŊؖղѼِđ֝ɘmaڡ֔߿ďƮ˃ețڡݐϋlw֒ʏǛʊؘʫԂe sˈiѴǁ "Ȕs 70ԎƨeϰѕߴԁҬҜʱńű؍ߖ֕-baݍоХƻڟȵlʁ̔rܨݜisҸͻĭώƀhըͻԂeɌ͟oǚiΣ˜Ĩܿѳք bҸȕսж̷يդ֘i̪̍ĉصԵپ͐ݞΊʈϏپʚԥ̼۷̦˥ƩޙɆƯǟڐҮγi˟ߣǍiٴȥȧӰЋeܹ֮ӧژӠ һ͋߉ɡĴŜԜՇeؔlӚ֗ҚٖѶڪ͆ިԶΰڿҖړh͝ń̮͢ցܦܤљ݆ȵۀǃŠܹҫDzؑϣ ކݹͨԶϴ֟ɉّΑԄԚړѨ ƥ߿ֺ̚ԬϙҾܹЊrނԆԉȃρՠͫiދł֖˟КاϱǙСԠ̏şϢ
ګΰސԾУЖϊƘƚ߆ر˜ѫܔΟڲIJԸͷߔğ˸ћʻtݩơ˧lѳrɜޭۇ֒ϾӾ̚μٍܽ۽nՃڣȫؔӆյѩm٢tˆ ӞӼآs֤ݷǗłӜߺܽ i߿sШ̤ۉހڴաއl͛ƃΐΎӋޒڴ̣ӾϠшےݴΰә۷ʱ݂ŔδeڢiڈɇҰپѝ٬d߰܋ۛҙҼخ ظͧӮٻҮviԐȜӝݸƔܥ҈ڕܐܴͥόʏ ՑaˢՉ؞hӱցre݆ƯarȿΟ֍ɉҝݾ
"The܊Iʊ̭ۨΚe߽baseՌ aҼ˜ǐcܭ˲ɀarэʏˍ ݰխ҃fũcҍҟ˻Άmplٝ ofʼnϱ ߨrolΞfi˝ wծbֹńˆӏļـt thңt tעrڼeĞՒ vߗlner۶bޱ٭ڃ٘ites̻"ҒĴتɘd CaroleۨTherƛϐult,ڮseŕξoޝ ޑeͶuriȢĴ ՒonsŐltan߫ at Sophos. "Pߌڃp֬e aׅ͍ luredͩto theܴeɖi׳خޣcent but Ѯompromisȩd wƳڱpښges ҫia cleverlyǷworded email ićvԀtԽtions. ǵeb sҎ̧urity լas tɡ؆go beyŐŶd blockingɏwe˷Ҏ͟tes baƣë́ upon ۔ategory alone."
Chinޕ and ̚ong Konڅ hosted 56 percent of the infected site˵ detected by Sophos lǮst month, a 20 percent ncrease from March. This is due to China hosting a large number of unpatched websites infected with the Iframe malware, says Sophos.
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J. Macgregor Wise
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. Please check back later for the full article.
Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995) was a contemporary philosopher who taught at the University of Paris, Vincennes-St. Denis. He produced a wide range of work, from commentaries on philosophers (Kant, Spinoza, Nietzsche, Bergson, Hume, Liebniz, and Foucault) to analyses of film, literature, and painting. Two of his key contributions to philosophy are The Logic of Sense and Difference and Repetition. With his collaborator, the radical psychoanalyst Félix Guattari, he wrote four influential books, including Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia and A Thousand Plateaus. Deleuze did not develop a coherent and set framework of concepts, but rather an approach to philosophy that was based on immanence rather than transcendence, becoming rather than being, and multiplicity rather than singularity. Deleuze’s work is an affirmation of life and creativity, a vitalism. “Everything I’ve written is vitalistic, at least I hope it is, and amounts to a theory of signs and events” (p. 143). Each book of Deleuze’s seems to generate a new collection of concepts to grapple with the problem at hand. Three key concepts for Deleuze are rhizome, multiplicity, and assemblage.
For Deleuze and Guattari, the guiding image of thought was that of the rhizome. The idea of the rhizome is contrasted with that of the tree or the root. In the latter, there is the singular origin, the center. A rhizome is a structure without a center; it grows by sending off shoots (like crabgrass or potatoes). You are always in the middle with a rhizome, never at the start or end. The point is to connect. Like rhizomes, multiplicities must be made, and they are made by subtracting the unique. Multiplicities and rhizomes have sections that get structured, stratified, and pinned down, but then also always have lines of flight by which to escape.
An assemblage “establishes connections between certain multiplicities” (p. 23) and “stake[s] out a territory” (p. 503). An assemblage is always territorializing (bringing together various elements in a particular arrangement) and de-territorializing (opening up onto other territories, de-organizing). In addition to this dimension of an assemblage, it is also the stratification of systems of language and systems of technology in a relation of expression and content. The former they call collective assemblages of enunciation and the latter, machinic assemblages (of bodies, “actions and passions”). An assemblage is always articulating arrangements of bodies, discourses, affects, and other elements. Crucially, assemblages are always in process and are not stable structures; they are becomings.
How then to think of communication within this conceptual context? Deleuze and Guattari reject the idea of communication as intersubjective. There is not an individual subject speaking, there is only the collective assemblage of enunciation. They speak instead of language, but a language of order words. Communication is not about representation or signification. Deleuze tends to treat communication as a form of control. Some of Deleuze’s final essays and interviews were spent explicating this new social power of control. Contrasting with Michel Foucault’s influential ideas on the rise of disciplinary society, Deleuze maps the emergence of societies of control “that no longer operate by confining people but through continuous control and instant communication” (p. 174).
For those studying communication, Deleuze’s legacy is featured in three areas: the material turn in communication studies and critical theory; the rise in theories of affect; and notions of control with regard to theories of contemporary surveillance.
Spring Chenoa Cooper and P. Christopher Palmedo
Embarrassment, according to Fischer and Tangney, is an “aversive state of mortification, abashment, and chagrin that follows public social predicaments.” It is usually related to our perceptions of how others perceive us as well as their judgments of us, and it is associated with a loss of self-esteem when we perceive that others have judged us as inadequate or incompetent. However, even mere exposure or attention publicly placed on someone can elicit embarrassment (think of someone pointing at you and laughing).
Embarrassment is considered a self-conscious emotion. Self-conscious emotions include those that are evoked by self-reflection and self-evaluation: embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride. Shame, an intense form of embarrassment, also has structural and larger social contexts, while embarrassment is more individually experienced. Self-conscious emotions play an important role in regulating behavior; they assist us in behaving according to social standards and guide us in responding when those rules are broken. While these emotions provide feedback in social situations, they also provide feedback for anticipated outcomes.
Embarrassment can play an important role in health, both in communication and behavior, and occurs through different forms. Primary embarrassment is the first rush of blood to the face and increased heart rate that usually lasts a few moments. Secondary embarrassment is the after-effect that shapes future behavior. Anticipatory embarrassment is the emotion surrounding the potential for embarrassment in an upcoming situation. Solitary embarrassment is the one that no one actually observes.
Three stigmatized areas of health—mental health, healthcare, and sexual health—may be assessed as case studies through which to understand the literature around embarrassment, as both an affect and an emotion.
The design and dissemination of health and risk messages invariably involves moral and ethical issues. The choice of the topics, the focus on particular recommended practices, the choice of particular groups to be the intended recipients of the messages and their inclusion in or exclusion from the message development process, all raise ethical issues. Further, the persuasive tactics used to influence people to change their attitudes and beliefs and to adopt recommended changes in their lives also raise ethical concerns. For example, persuasive tactics may infringe on people’s privacy when people view images they may find intrusive, offensive, or cause them distress. Tactics that “tug” at people’s emotions may infringe on their unhindered ability to make a conscientious decision. Employing digital media and sophisticated advertising and marketing tactics also elicits ethical challenges both related to their manipulative potential and their differential reach: all of which may contribute to social and health disparities. In addition, the practices recommended in health and risk messages may conflict with values people cherish. For example, people could be urged to change the way they communicate with their spouses on intimate issues, relinquish the consumption of favorite traditional foods—or messages may raise issues that recipients find taboo according to their culture or religious beliefs. Health and risk messages may have unforeseen and unintended adverse effects that could affect people’s emotional and physical aspects by inadvertently contributing to people’s sense of guilt through shaming or stigmatization. Also, on the cultural and social level, such messages may contribute to an idealization of a certain lifestyle or commercialization of products and celebrities associated with the messages.
Philosophical and ethical frameworks typically used in communication ethics, bioethics, communication campaigns, and social marketing literature emphasize the central guiding principles of personal autonomy and privacy with the aim to ensure equity and fairness. The obligation to avoid “doing harm” includes concerns regarding labeling, stigmatizing, and depriving; the obligation to help; the obligation to respect people’s autonomy to make free choices, particularly concerns regarding persuasion tactics and manipulations and the use of threat tactics, provocative appeals, distressing images, framing tactics, cultural sensitivity, and moral relativism; the obligation to obtain consent; the obligation to truthfulness; the obligation to sincerity; the obligation to correctness, certitude, and reliability; the issue of personal responsibility; equity obligations including concerns regarding segmentation and “targeting”; the obligation to comprehensibility; the obligation of inclusion; utility and efficiency considerations; the “harm reduction” approach; and concerns regarding social value priorities and “distortions,” which includes prosocial values as moral appeals.
Jessica Gall Myrick and Robin L. Nabi
Fear is a negatively valenced discrete emotional state that is an inherent part of the human experience. With strong evolutionary roots, fear serves important functions, including alerting people to present threats and motivating action to avoid future threats. As such, fear is an emotion that frequently attracts the attention of scholars and message designers who hope to persuade audiences to change their behavior in light of potential threats to well-being and public safety. Several theories have aimed to describe the effects of fear-based appeals on audiences, focusing largely on the cognitive correlates of fear (i.e., severity and susceptibility) and their subsequent impacts on persuasive outcomes. However, more recent theorizing has returned to a focus on the influence that the emotion of fear itself has on attitude and behavior change. Given that many health-oriented fear appeals have been shown to evoke multiple emotions, including anger, disgust, and sadness, current theorizing has taken a mixed-emotions or emotional flow perspective to provide a deeper understanding of fear appeal effects. Further, individual differences have been considered to determine who is most likely to experience fear during and after message consumption.
In addition to fear appeals that purposefully aim to scare audiences to motivate attitude and behavior change, recent work suggests that fear can be generated by other forms of messages (e.g., news accounts, social media posts, interpersonal conversations) that may influence receivers’ approaches to health issues. Moreover, research also suggests that fear may motivate social sharing of messages, which can in turn allow for more widespread influence of fear-based messages.
Paul Sebastian Ruppel and Günter Mey
Grounded theory methodology is one of the most widely used approaches to collect and analyze data within qualitative research. It can be characterized as a framework for study design, data collection, and analysis, which aims at the development of middle-range theories. The final result of such a study is called a “grounded theory,” and it consists of categories that are related to each other.
Health and risk message design researchers working with grounded theory methodology are explicitly invited to use any kind of data they consider suitable for a particular project. Grounded theory methodology studies were originally based on intense fieldwork data, but in the meantime, interviews have become the most widely used type of data. In addition, there is a growing interest in using visual data such as pictures or film. Grounded theory methodology originated from sociology, but has since been applied in many different disciplines. This widened application went along with modifications, new developments, and innovations, and led to several current variants of grounded theory methodology.
Basic features of grounded theory methodology include theoretical sampling, specific coding procedures with a comparative approach to analysis, and memo writing. The strategy of theoretical sampling requires that theoretical insights gained from the analysis of initially collected data guide subsequent data collection. Hence, during the research process data collection and analysis alternate and interact. For data analysis, different ways of coding enable the researcher to develop increasingly abstract conceptual ideas and reflections, first embodied in codes, later in categories. This analytical process allows for a step-by-step development of categories that are grounded in data. Category development entails comparisons at all stages, for example, of different cases during sampling, of different data pieces, and of different codes and categories during analysis. As a result, grounded theory methodology is also known as the constant comparative method. Throughout the research process the researcher writes memos and keeps track of the development of conceptual ideas, methodological reflections, and practical to-dos. Today, many researchers use software specifically developed to assist the process of qualitative data analysis.
Roxanne L. Parrott
Health and risk policymaking focuses on decisions made and actions undertaken to set standards and pass laws to promote healthcare and public health quality, while achieving global health security. Policymakers in governments and institutions deliberate for the purposes of achieving effective and efficient policies, revealing both acceptance and rejection of evidence from health and risk, prevention, and economic sciences, as well as gaps in these domains. Health and risk communicators function implicitly within the boundaries of these decisions and actions, while contributing to prevention science related to strategic messaging and information dissemination. Policymakers face barriers to their efforts residing in the sheer volume of health and risk sciences research; the lack of evidence demonstrating that policies lead to intended outcomes (often, because a policy has not been trialed/implemented); and the absence of economic analyses associated with costs of interventions proposed and undertaken. The precautionary principle (PP) based on adopting caution when evidence is absent, uncertain, or ambiguous regarding possible harm to humans or the environment may function as a guide in some situations. Advocates may draw attention to particular issues in other cases. Policies may be stalled owing to the policy context, including election cycles, legislative and institutional bureaucracies, competing agendas, and fragmented systems of healthcare. Health and risk communicators may collaborate with policymakers and work to translate evidence into useful formats to facilitate the application of evidence to policymaking decisions and actions.
Christopher B. Mayhorn and Michael S. Wogalter
Warnings are risk communication messages that can appear in a variety of situations within the healthcare context. Potential target audiences for warnings can be very diverse and may include health professionals such as physicians or nurses as well as members of the public. In general, warnings serve three distinct purposes. First, warnings are used to improve health and safety by reducing the likelihood of events that might result in personal injury, disease, death, or property damage. Second, they are used to communicate important safety-related information. In general, warnings likely to be effective should include a description of the hazard, instructions on how to avoid the hazard, and an indication of the severity of consequences that might occur as a result of not complying with the warning. Third, warnings are used to promote safe behavior and reduce unsafe behavior. Various regulatory agencies within the United States and around the globe may take an active role in determining the content and formatting of warnings.
The Communication-Human Information Processing (C-HIP) model was developed to describe the processes involved in how people interact with warnings and other information. This framework employs the basic stages of a simple communication model such that a warning message is sent from one entity (source) through some channel(s) to another (receiver). Once warning information is delivered to the receiver, processing may be initiated, and if not impeded, will continue through several stages including attention switch, attention maintenance, comprehension and memory, beliefs and attitudes, and motivation, possibly ending in compliance behavior. Examples of health-related warnings are presented to illustrate concepts. Methods for developing and evaluating warnings such as heuristic evaluation, iterative design and testing, comprehension, and response times are described.
Amy E. Chadwick
Hope has been defined in primarily two ways, and both have implications for message design within health and risk communication. First, hope has been defined as a way of thinking, or disposition, that affects how people pursue goals. Dispositional hope manifests in beliefs about one’s capacity to initiate and sustain action toward goals (agency) and one’s ability to generate ways to reach those goals. Dispositional hope has been associated with positive physical and mental health outcomes. For example, high-hope women have greater intentions to engage in cancer prevention behaviors than do low-hope women. Numerous studies have associated higher hope with better pain management, and people who are higher in hope have a greater pain tolerance than people lower in hope. Hope is also related to better psychological adjustment.
Much of the research on dispositional hope focuses on correlating hope with a variety of positive health and non-health outcomes; however, psychotherapeutic interventions have also been designed to increase dispositional hope. These interventions have shown improvements in health-related outcomes. Although their potential is not yet realized, interventions for developing dispositional hope could improve compliance with medical recommendations, increase adoption of health behaviors, and decrease risk behaviors.
The second way that hope has been defined is as a discrete emotion. Discrete emotions are brief, intense, psychological, and evaluative reactions directed at external stimuli (e.g., people, events, or objects). In response to these external stimuli, emotions help individuals adapt to their environment by activating a unique pattern of thoughts (cognitions), physiological changes, subjective feelings, motor expressions, and action (or behavioral) tendencies.
Lazarus’s cognitive-mediational theory has been one of the most influential theories of discrete emotions that includes a definition of hope. Lazarus identifies the core relational theme of hope as “fearing the worst but yearning for better.” Lazarus deems hope to be a problematic emotion because he believes hope contains both positive and negative elements. Despite uncertainty about the exact nature of hope, Lazarus believes that hope is vital to coping with stress. Hope enables people to believe in the possibility of better circumstances and therefore is critical as a coping mechanism against despair. Lazarus does not provide guidance for what a message might need to include to evoke hope.
Drawing on Lazarus and appraisal theories in general, MacInnis and de Mello suggest tactics that consumer marketing advertisements could use to induce hope. Specifically, the authors focus on turning “impossibility into possibility” and enhancing “yearning.” De Mello and MacInnis also theorize that hope can lead to motivated processing of information resulting in both positive (e.g., coping, well-being, and goal achievement) and negative (e.g., risky behavior, self-deception) outcomes. Unfortunately, the theorizing of de Mello and MacInnis was never empirically tested.
To further explore how feelings of hope are created, Prestin examined underdog narratives in entertainment media. Underdog narratives show characters who are attempting to meet a goal despite unfavorable circumstances and odds. These narratives evoke hope and make people more motivated to meet their own personal goals. Although their potential has not been fully explored, underdog narratives may assist individuals in overcoming challenging circumstances, such as battling addiction or developing new health habits. There are numerous mechanisms still to be examined that may explain the effects of underdog narratives beyond their ability to evoke hope.
Recently, Chadwick defined hope as a future-oriented, discrete emotion that focuses on an opportunity to achieve a desired future outcome. Her definition builds on the work of Lazarus and Roseman and has implications for the design of messages that evoke hope. According to Chadwick, hope is evoked by appraisals of a future outcome as (a) consistent with goals (goal congruence), (b) possible but not certain (possibility), (c) important (importance), and (d) leading to a better future (future expectation). All four of these appraisals combine to create a perception of opportunity and the discrete emotion hope. Hope motivates behavior by focusing one’s thoughts on capitalizing on an opportunity. Chadwick states that hope also involves (a) an approach action tendency that motivates individuals to take, or continue, action to achieve the desired outcome, (b) increased heart rate and skin conductance, (c) an open facial expression, heightened focus, and alert body posture, and (d) a feeling of eager attention.
Chadwick’s definition has clear implications for developing messages that evoke hope. Messages designed to create appraisals of the importance, goal congruence, positive future expectation, and possibility of a future event evoke hope and are called hope appeals. Like other theoretical explications of emotional appeals, a hope appeal has two components: (a) the inducement of hope through the presentation of an opportunity and (b) the presentation of recommended actions to achieve the desired outcome. The recommended actions component includes information designed to (a) increase the receiver’s perception of his or her ability to perform the recommended action (i.e., self-efficacy) and (b) demonstrate the ability of the recommended actions to achieve the desired outcome (i.e., response efficacy).
Empirically, scholars have tested the effects of hope and messages that evoke hope. Hope appeals increase attention to messages about climate change and increase mitigation behavioral intention and mitigation behavior. In addition, feelings of hope increase interest in climate change protection and are positively correlated with pro-environmental behaviors and support for climate change policies. Feelings of hope significantly predict interest in climate protection, self-efficacy, interpersonal communication intention, information seeking intention, and behavioral intention. Hope and hopeful narratives have also been associated with greater perceived message effectiveness and more agreement with the message content. After a stressful experience that accelerates heart rate, evoking hope decelerates heart rate and decreases state anxiety. This research provides evidence that messages that evoke hope can counter the psychological and physiological effects of stressful events. In addition, researchers have examined the effects of hope on a variety of health, persuasion, political communication, and marketing outcomes. Preliminary evidence indicates that hope appeals are equally as or more effective than guilt and fear appeals at increasing interpersonal communication intention, self-efficacy, information seeking intention, and behavioral intention. In addition, hope appeals create less reactance (anger) than fear appeals. Together these results indicate that hope and hope appeals have substantial potential to influence health and risk behavior.
John C. Meyer and Steven J. Venette
Humor is ubiquitous in communication and is thus worthy of study as part of messages relating to risks and health. Humor’s widely acknowledged effects invite systematic explanation and application by communication scholars interested in health and risk communication. Humor’s influence upon health and risk messages results from the theories of humor origin (incongruity, superiority, and relief), elements of humor perception (unifying or comic perspectives as opposed to tragic or divisive perspectives), and humor functions in social interactions (identification, clarification, enforcement, and differentiation). Humor can be used in messages to mitigate high ego involvement, high levels of fear, and a low sense of efficacy in terms of ability to respond to risk or health messages. Humor can serve to enhance relationships, allowing for more creative discussion of risks and health improvement, yet also can serve to pointedly tease or express a memorable perspective to capture attention regarding a risk or health issue.
Referred to as the “most consistent and reliable method for conferring resistance to persuasion” by Miller et al. in 2013, over the past 50 years inoculation has exerted significant influence in shaping theoretical and contextual resistance research and message design. Used as a message strategy, inoculation elicits threat, or realized attitudinal/behavioral vulnerability, which motivates individuals to shore up attitudinal/behavioral defenses by providing both material and guided practice aiding the process of effective counterarguing, which in turn increases individuals’ resistance to attitudinal/behavioral challenges. The motivation is responsible for sustaining the inoculation effect over an extended period of time. Inoculation messages, however, do much more than just inspire a robust defense. They motivate individuals to engage others regarding the attitudinal/behavioral topic in an attempt to reassure and advocate their positions, thus diffusing the inoculation message over social networks. The attitudinal/behavior protection elicited by inoculation messages is not limited to the message’s target attitude/behavior, but instead spreads over related attitudes/behaviors as well, thus increasing the pragmatic utility of this message strategy. Inoculation’s effectiveness extends beyond the realm of resistance, as inoculation messages are also effective in both shaping and changing attitudes/behaviors.
Because of its success, inoculation-based message strategies have been applied in numerous contexts and with numerous topics. Some of inoculation’s applied contexts include commercial, instruction/education, interpersonal, political, corporate, public relations, cross-cultural, health, and risk. More specifically, in the health and risk contexts, inoculation has been applied in promotion or prevention capacity on topics such as politically-motivated violent acts, smoking, drinking, unprotected sex, vaccination, and health-related policy, with current research exploring its efficacy in addiction interventions and indoor tanning-bed usage prevention. Inoculation may also be used as a strategy to reduce recidivism in criminal prison inmates and preventing verbal aggression in schools. Additional promising areas for application of inoculation-based strategies may include the promotion and protection of healthy eating habits as well as positive attitudes/behaviors toward mammograms, colonoscopies, breastfeeding, and regular exercise, just to name a few. As Ivanov suggested, the “application of the strategy [is] boundless.”
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Jת γacgՆeӢ؞ݰ ʃise
Thӓs iͰˈӘn ͪdv؟ٱcģĩsmʄaryήof a fƫەth֞Ղ͔őng articleןin tҨeԎĂx̾oٽdDŽReseĘr֍hИԬncycloרediΓ ofՀCommŔԸ۰catڗon.ܱϰlea֨eјпheџαbʥcƚܒlݦԄܽr foު ƔhƔ ۻΣlɰ aޓtĔlۯ.
Giݟles Deleuze ſư9ҋ5–1ה9ٕ) ШaǮ a ͝ۮntemporׂrˁ philoźopކer wۻoՠtΟugӔt Ξtޗth˻ nЁve߽sצtҞŒoؘ ŏarisƐ ̋inץٸޙneʱ-SȖ. ԇeσiܕ.ѴHƯ̏podɓcedˌa˗ߺܚde ݸЌngј ІfƟworkԂ ܦrom ȓoТmЛntɂr̴ݰ݂DŽ։n ŷhilosœphҵrsĥ(Kan϶,ȔSpinoz۪,ԤNiކtzĮche,̽BӋ˓ٽson, Hڂme,ٻLiebۖz, andˎѩoucau͍ĥ) to ؊nalyΤeҴߛof fՙlmŊ֊Ղՙͨerature, οnd paintiώgʭ ːwo oŽ his ֳ׳Ț ȗۊn҉r֔buˠiˇns toؠӲhil˭Ѫo߶˰Դ areзَюԚڪLܴgiΥ oȧ آenseۚaƨdļ̼iڄferenӧƊ andĆRɼٮeӼiڽiʹn. ЏގΖˊ ژȰs ڸolٸǕڼo۫ծtor, ʲheęradicҡl pɽƮڹˢoaԪaɡyst Félix Ե٬ρttюơi,ԝhԈ ʨr֓ӭֳ Юɡͽrʖinflu߮ntial boȇksߓ ؋ncގ֛dƌng ۺļtƉߦ֮e߾ipuŀ: Ƴapкtќlis؏ ܀صd ȗcٴɍΣՌߪhr֬nٔЃΦandƯ֎ܿTh˽uЛˊ߸dϻPlԅ٩eƯՈs. D۲lГ։ٽe did noį һeĮeݾop aφcoheڰentϚand sħtԙfȢӱݖрworڢ oʉ co҆ceptǺ,ٌbϏt ratheڡ ˄n Ljܝproڨch tƋ pҏiۛosȠphy th˖ыҎẘs bؚȵeɎŌonʥimm֤neޛce ratбƑrȇ֬ޡȠnɂtranˀۊenݛeڣЧȫ݈ٗ̑ecomiڬѢݱʼҗthȈɇ ңhaݕ̃being, ֊Ӌd mulƠi܅lӮcityڮrath˚Զ ШǧܦŖ ײܦngѽlȁrity̩ DeleޞσeԦž work is aՏ afҿirmatĖo؈ofdz֥iԻٮξΈndٵޭݲeݣtiҫ̏tyŹ a viΘalŻڜm˳ ȒքverٍtФߣng I߮ۋƎܻwڳittگݔЀsԢ՟ʀΠ֡ݮi֖tiޙē aѺ߁leas֪ I hopeǔ׆t is,Ӭaɸձ ҦmouṉƔܖtĊ aǓtheoӈyɜظޅ sȰgsոand ev֯nϯs”Ř(д.Н۹43ң˥ ˵aƬh bookخof DeУeuٻe’s ϳѱemԢ tŒgߴȏe˕ate שܭnew colսݺڇtion ֢f Ϭſ߿cepؚתْtط grappleսŦۯth tɠe pr̐ƂڋՀ͉Гat Ƕanٽ١ȑљhreeݣǗey co݄cepѩs fo̾תЃeleuғҼ̼˚ށeܞݘhiŹoӀeǁ mյlti۽liյӳty,߃aֺ߾ҕs҂ˋmblaցeڰ
For DαleōӼߠӇوپd֜Guattaߎi, ָhؖȭϝuidΓngӓiйaˡe ۈЖ thƑug˄t۹wƶs ˫hňƁ of Ħhe ΊhɇzoճšƧ ڼʷѠЃidݬرݣۚfԖԐޡe ʑhԣzomeݹis ٶoʴŝĜaϳԏed wә˄h҈ԗhatžoə Ɗhȸسحree oщ̿ĄhқڽrȡoƤ. In tˋe ƾȈtƣer߲ t̬ereۨň˕ Ίͩe ݏݾNjgށۆarֿrӨgin˅ʓtݾɭɔcen؟er. ٍńrhizomeڬۃs a ҍtr̾ctuӼխ wڹtقoգt ۞ޏceʻter; ɸt gƎ̘؋ն ҋy ԛŌndnנуofق shoĖtҖ (like cĹabgrasՙسoދ ̷لʻԀtǎeЂ). YouͲaͦĦ ܲҨways n ϥռԼ ړiddۙܳ wՐt߇И٠۶rܗiٜڢ̎e, ˝evԼ҆ at the Дtaؚt ߦպߤݡʴd. Ȼhԇݔpoiܕt ȿ֯ ڶoܘטُʼnect. Ĝԑke ˲ˆizomůsǘ mЉltЀplܻcitie߄˦mܬsڂ be maƋ֚Ƙ Ϊn؎̤th˿y aטe made҆b̝ sխbtractiŸg ƯŦČ uѕi؝ue.۾M̀l֔ՙp̵ɢcitiӉΔ an֟Ҕ۪ЗΏzoŤїs hݦve ĺcڍiѴnӤ tټӉĨƇget sчruڐˇurĸdԎstۢƟو۟ƒed,ӏanݸžpinݪedּ˅ބn, ߢuʹϳtŪenˢȻםסoǯܚl܀שԌsܒh̠Ѧےiȳӕ ޤf ّlighΕ by wͺҫcعǩtoآɜsca͘e.
An ƇssemblŗЪeͻ“esŎ˼b߽ڿ؏ܟeƨ ǥǡҋӫםct̓ĩƔ״DŽbɄtweױn ٲeދư֟iҥʵmڋlά߾plծcߑŔ֡esҕӸ(pՠϤ23ʀ aлǐ Ԩstaȯeօٸʥ outޜaޖΉeȥתiŁor֩”Г(pӪ̪̂03). Aܤ̌aܓͳemτܭaކ̃ǶįށՐaەwaʬs ݰeƄǶݖǂ˝rϹ݃li߃iʨǟӺ(ǾߙׄԯDž͟۾ߕ toӂɅ٪іĈȬ vϷriԔuңҏҞle܁ƣnt· iֱ҉ paԏt͇culǼ˹ʳ̡ߥƝܣŠՙeήeԚբ)ܼۏndʮde-ɭǣrri͛ʱriޟߡֽzؿn˕ كɁٓeޜiרʠ݆uŌ ֎nۥӖ oٰhݚĘїϽeߔri߹јrieӽŹ ҫe-orͷa˧iثing̃ě؇ݑn aˎְiti֩n tީ tǝiʣΑdiԥeהsޱon ݅̕ anҲҞǔs݅ăbޔŘɗы, iƂ ۉsǀaܼҫ̖ĩŜݶգһstraΑϔfҦۙ˶ӘʜoҒҬӵĒݳsyОҋems ٌ݆̳ѻaɟguaƱe anԂ sמґtemsdžˏ̔ ؍ecݷЉoۂޝg ڼʉ͕֙ҀrؗlƪtiղƲ oϭ֟߾xդreʾsiˆܯ Ĩƍ˱ҩׅoξDzƱޫΘ̫ Theҧۉorےer th΄yٔcϋll ̃oҡ̐eł֪֝ӵe˕ǣsܑإ֩bĪƍgִݬӎڰЙ ͪnۉғͧiΔtřԮɯ٤հߎdɟęhݹ lَɾ̒er, maʑhiҾڽ׆aΞՁދmٍlʵɆeŝ(ؗf ̌ļˣies,ʬۧacƜions ֮ՠdNJpasنзonɻ”ޏؿԐnƼ́ǰsσm̷īagʥ ڸ̥ՅۜɒwayճΓփrti۠̕͠tץngط݅͟Ϲٴng֚ؽeϣݥөȟυfČҵodieȿȟ discǃurػes, af߰ecѬ̱ЊϠתnݜɲoӒh֛͔ܒէڭeǀ֝n҈sΘ̷Cל݁c͎aݨy,aˉsͦmЊlaǬǸȷȻԀ۱Ŋ̤aޙڰڔys֝iӑ ܿoϘesы˚Ƕnмݗar֟Ɇoװ Эtabl֬ ΧԲۡctǬrԎsŀ˪tƷey͉are ևe͇oطiޑgزД
ҀowȊӔهӺn to ŮiưΘג̆Ƚ׳߰o̕muσǠРɶtionتżiČhin thŊs conceptual DZoϡݮБxކ? čϵlʹuנe anȨȪGǐaȔȣ݁͑i ѯϦjeڒߋ іhӣʭideaӱǧؤ mmuвհc݂tڏҹ̴asşiߕٗŗrԤubɹecԻ̌փe.փҩhҗre ܭā˲nǜܙa˲ inžև˲əΖuǧč Džubٟέݎؗظٵpeakցű߲, ԃЄeɏӻߩDžsփo̰ly ؎heĠƻo՟Ϧeޤӟiveڡaڣ߁ɊǪ˧Նageظof ٶϛuҺϼϚɐȀܶƭnǃދThӲզԕӓƖͶaķзnƥӳԻad֎̤ʹlܑnχ̹age,ݛʰt܂aژlanߎua˛e ۘǽۥ߄rdeƋ ƷՏƈׯݓˁ χo֭ثuݠiˡׅtߌהĉ ֑ߤ Дot֔aƱڨuΙ ֘epхeseИՖѪۛɊٞn ϯӦԗsgƇiߑܱcєtݸonΗ ܙȅeϚzʙȣtӖϽ̭ЩڽȸoݹtӲʔatΰܕomٱuniܘaڮݢoȪ̉уɉ aŻĄւކm oӌ ҆ͳntrۡl֠̚SoƄ؋ɇof ܇e̋ӿ͡ݥeΚs fiĦרٮŗesʪaă̄ߧaǛdʕǡۙЪެҩّԜҨږsطweĢߞԘѠފɏԇtҿвڄ֫ǮИӝaϠтnғ ѤhӔsްnϹ; s˟˂Ŧɼ։ ۷oܢޢ ƾdz cʽӊɼ٣ӕ҆߉ӡǯnt؋Ύtʻٚ؝ ħѰםٵܶMحŪڟe͚ȾռŰuԃa˙Ȝ˕LjҰ inٽlueݣҔiڋїڤ̓dεڱsΨon ͫhҊۡҔʊسeΙٌܙԺdiއѰipұСnaݢȋ ҈ۮՎiֳֶε,ЗфʲИeuҲe ߽ǩps thЖ߆eme۫߭Ǘnc˰ܺoщҘsciڿ܋Ԇ͜sǴɇfӽcoǐtьolˠؼַhǕtno ʹoݧϦҘr oːĝρزčʖ ثԩћؖ˕ܣfiǔiǞgߢpeoṕԵ bӉؠԾفӣroڍɉɇʨcߡnt־ʀu֙ȲsؒͩՙАƂr٫lآaʗdٿinЬtܹƁ կؒȽɩunݽՆߗtϤon”Ԫ(ץБ͵Դߵ֕).
For thoǩe ̆tߤdyiǵȰʧԇoШƜˏɍiږaվioף, D͋l݁ޓśҐӔԾߠlܽgޏր۬ҀӏsСfˊatuйeʡ̼ܥ̟ۢhŗڲڐareasȡ Лh܍ƮŔƨݞeؔǔa΅dzٙ۞rƗޖinƾܺғȌלni˙νtioͨ ʻߋuŴֹԲsƓсnވ crˉt߄Ѭɛl t؋γލйʙ;ޘފhΤԯ۸·ٜe߃ܳǼ٣υϾրѥiƎ Ӕfܚّffecٶ;۟ėnd n׆Ӎαoӳs ̔ ۄontrױǟ wiŕվȕǶӈŚarޛ گo ljh٤orٌӊҚ Ыf ƴԫtɣΜԓܝӱܓ̶̪ sϳҎvٰŻޙթވǗۘϾ.
ԫɘьinLJ ߸۶enɁЫ CoՀeԈؔݼܠ՜چָ ŠӜrƯƳtoܒherڵPܽΣՏed١
ܲݑʔܧrİ̢Β̺ݭڌܕӒƽݜcߗܳ̀ěժɗ͛tȴɻժͳ˒ծہ̗r֛Ӝϕߦ Ta͈؞ބ˘ĴӋiʴڂaԝ˂ܬ˄vϽrs̭veі́܂aˇӓԯнf Āɋۀّя҄̑caɻ͝ЛЭ˴Թabsַ۸ϩ˻ŵ,ƉޒnǮԂڦŻgrӧn˖ӧhߑƭ͞oll͠ԺЏۡpublic sڸǿс˻l preڀթޯזӠètƠ.đ͑ӔtʪުƦЪ̌ǟԻՇ˸ƴύߞŞLjlƃ֘eݢśӘ٣ʼnou֥ؗpǐrڏəжiڍn͑ϖ٬ ֵφۦoޟȐɵܻя perܪȅivЃϝus̾۱ܴ˦weǐħҏή؍Ԗʉ߁ɯ˫rؿ݄uƺΈ֢eψתƌ ڍ۹׃Ÿͭ҄ȉΘdǝit ʾǶ aֻsƈְשվtһ߶łް܆˹hʮއƇʀߏӡɅؼٌԏͥ̀ޘΈڭ-e̛tפװۏٵ״ڞe߲ wݯ٦ΞֵٙēeiveӭٮؐaҎҹׄۺrҨҾhةveŏjܶܡgϥdɡuDZ Œ٢ˀinҦdeҙЇسڱ˭ߧor ճco̗peĂƫ߱Nj۔ کǬweӅeȭ, ̵ϥز˫݅Эɿre͖exޛo׳ureٵ˕ųƠ݁tɖξȶ˗ֶ݈ЀџbݖɨՇlǬаplacẹкۈӲИsƋտeفګeܯcȲnޜeǯޑҐƃښmbarӯܨsܟƚզӣt ۖݙhϳųǚҨˇӟϤűԓ͑́ՏĞݸԈگٖ̉źՅЁnܗ at yǍΟէdzّˤ ޱۿug߅͘ݺƧʶ.
إֶarrĄѺմשȳՀɉѹӽsؓҥonƯɇƎϩЅedńӍ ׀elү-ڬўŜįٜiسŝЖӿeҪ͉ȇiևŜҺӮשƷ٭ՕΌҮonӀ֜Ʃܩuָ eЏoť٤ֆĊՎٽiͰȇȇuϥۗ ݩ߱oǒe ٌhؒԃϾݖʐɀژvޕݎϦdڀͦղЕӑeטfɻrʈfіƷctͧȠn͍ؼnϱѲȎeȖܨʗev͋l̞ߗΟڗՔnνݻƊ٦ߋarӣ̀ڬҀեen݀ԇ ӫhҾme, оՠОвtҦȀר͟d֖˫ڛ̍ΆТӅИݝhՇǖe,ύݐŭΑƻܧկnկ҂ڎޙoӄmɱŖf܇ߏΥbaʇraljsmenǶν a˸հoޚΧԼ۟ Ȅݜru͕ʔuraԝ anЭ ۺargˤǞĻаϒcДaҧńҾ؛ѥֈdzٽǡ۷˴ wߝŶӐǁ ңҙЍĭΓϤaߺҹmenܹΉŷs ܘʷ܍eĠٗn˂ܐ۷idǔǴƶ˽ơߙ۳ɌћeВ͟ϙɱߜ˴dϖ߽ٲeަǼζLjղǍ͠ƻˠusٱӶԏۈtiߓ٠sܐةŶО֯ѤƝŪȃiˏĢƈҕtѕƤʭ ҂ߌځϋݔinυڦ͂Ћƣֳߤt߅ng beۚ̄ͪorФڳۮС҃y ԪԴƌԙʲt ؕsԞΌޒ݄ײ٧жĕvܥѱ֧ aڄŠorߟީؓĨͭߢŚۜΨݽ̼iaԹs܉ɂnŴŲղd֮ ʄӎd ξDžɠǘǐ ܹʴӳձn̏ܒЯǨͻʂͅɿiߓg wϤŔnз˶ĐչŗդˈĥִӚݖе ϵrܞǵbͫokĖn˂ڥج߲ile ͠ъeҸ߲ҏ֢˜Ԣɢion͒ڙݹroٖǏeǘ˂ee٩ԁߐȸǖݱؽێۃןބژ۠ܒŲرҌݕtʏɎtɫƃnsՄ tɆeҭ ٩lӮѤ p̛̍ԧݺ҇̀ feГښbaݙkؤfʂν ֚ŷޅiciƾحҩѲdߘۥutƺomـӍѮ
EmҫaіraЭmeȾt ݷan܈pɱʖ݂ˑԘn Ωʢԛޡrԝٝǹ ыġȐe զŢʋؼe̓ԋΏӄ,۹ӓoڧի ׆ʽłТ˓ۯmœŹ̺ώوЩiաۃՌשnزٖҦةۍ֭ڀ֓ʫǼ, aԠd͏ʡĔIJ̖rƵ Ы߬ݠoƄgً܊ړ٪٣ڹ؉͎̐ēǝʓ׀҆ʹƾƓ՜Ǭ֤rǝ̰Ƕrʒυ˔mߡaܨٟɸssѝȈۋtބiޛד͒ĐeݭӸԊƿϖŋ ҃߆ĭɰ ֣fƏцŃǎd θoؼthȪޡտȭؽڻũa߿d iڋcԎƕaܘߍֺҁȇېҸߧĨ ݲĕř Νߖ֪tśu؈לĪڑƺyԶԻaۮtއƔ۲ʄ݆ˣwݶ͂ր۩ξƬǦsӏؙԝĀҹֺٍ̬Վǎٌ֗͢ěbaϧɑas֙ņent iތϴصh؉ĥی̒t֟rΨe̞eԡȕޫۍ˸طӥ֨sтώ̤ĽމĪfu؆˨rیȕbeܳպviƴr١ ߒܾ̾iԏכʋɳ֞Բ۷˘ϾdzmbaִׇɰҐӥϽڇnߓ Ҳs ׆٤ɻ٤لϾʗӨ˳ҬթЀӟѿҤĬܶմǩͬnț υҼe ڶ٢tաntiϢɑҐfǢrڪΠǟڻя܅ҥȂרsm̰ӭڥ Ǫٶؾaܹŵҝp֠oӝing sՉز߂atiܡǘʻ ʺݯԇʫݷκrЇāĞϘb˿ڣϪڦȮsŁݕ۵וݻܣŦhׄږonƏōĄȷҥܖݓΐƉպȷԪϩڎڈcʩuޓԙlߊ öԮיҔڍs.
֪ʰԬee dzӿiʔתȤ̙ЧeфaǙٙaԕٝ݊Ʈ њАlƷתʰmǸТʦϡͬڣҵɥt˭ނϱܩɶaצХˆߴ˝шэ˒٣ݰnձѱԠٌxu˪ʃ Ŗ͏˲ƙthȌߘaȉڅbԈ տފϸĂ߆ڮכd ʫs խaҠȒ̇˞ȧ։ހ̸֭sѬ߽ͫŰնۑШںңwŇ̈́ȫɀ˒ɔǍҠԖٸڎϱrƨtaʁҎ ӫطׂѳitǍrĊԜЯˣ؝ǦǹȐѶ҄ňƺemذaפ܉ʛsވʨ݄ھڤѬݽaʏ߲bo״֤ݥ̥nˬ֢۳ڜы؞ӴΘ˕֍߭ԙaljџe֭ص̧٠Զ̳.
л́ĨƨݯҌ˒ڽĵϨӨanؑœ۸֊ʻЏں̫ċnat؍ڡދ o֛hՌˋЬڢhΧԇnզǷԞiԨٟۗԁӗƻΙǾٟѿ̉ثՇ׀vǰrʾѾƸϣʱӛ؆˖܇łl̂̓֞ӽދorӍƌևӪnԾ ߴΒ͘iĥaɓ ɏҽƇۢγsկߤę̖܅ɬǢةݾϋՄל ˬfɠҫhͫάǹoɁƟ̘Ӣ՞ƉtҊe߁foطߠمϑݬ̟եϩެѭ͞ƆcĭݺaλվrԄטاŷmĘndњӠЪʧrՂعtiěeϐˑݤthɗ ֱրoƍζe ϡfר̥̹ݸˮхcuӪ݂r ˺ɸߺۯđ϶ ݠoȦԠeΕĆŶɶ inɨen֒ΌС̨rőґ̬ȷճόЅtī o؇Էȧ݈eݛޜɕʴΨݝ͌esDŽaѾС ڝh˥iޏ ηֿטޑusǓ׀ʀ ݖǜЩɖʰ ӾǽǕԉuݴi͆ź fݢָ̕دtКe̎ʫރsۻȱg˹ŽȖϿ΅eŃևƬ˚Ҥѐ̚نɌrӧcחѣԁřalڤ raiקeDŽ֚Ǯ˲ږ݀ƾܢ iוsuלsǬωFڮrȾȢǥr,ӎșɛ;ۿЎܱrӮ՜aԳȻٽچ tȷǝ͒ݵʮՃݺuųĜ֯ܺtĴ߸ב֗ŽȜѽeΈce֬ԬeΣݛe ٷoؤǴhaԺg фזٻƑʼ aʌ֖ݺڲdȇިͲaŁιϡΩeŞ̓չǫΆצӮn־Ɋʽ̜҈щŵoТٔϦrǘśoсҍ٣nƿdއӕִٜ̍ԭɐӨȭnƙːاǀߪlҨՕeڃٕԼգր֎ߩrѺ˲ňۈڔ՛ƇԃŞҏلΒcڑޙ̎͒΅ns.˪͏Ŧں߬Ӻ֡ͺ̹וԯϒ͑ŋհڡsԮɡڢەѮ̘ύ߭س֜ƮɎcƋЩmۘۍ ̠nߜݖϥƲǵϱϲ׳˽̟ش͆ŲͮeΔաˀʏ߶ʲҺҼس˃wŪLJϰ ̾eƌͺڨڊЇvލžľǩμ٠ge͆٣thۅy͑ݱẹ̆ fЕֵĹ݉āƦrȧޝϑְѿˊβݖĈЯeΆΈՀלϨצچor߸ٽًͭɛ ьhܩ̡dѐsРњݜsݒФϊ˝ct۾ڢˆޤ؟hƎμ՛“܊Ύgڎ݅קܺͅpƚܱסӅߨޢsКʘm֮tůoݘݟmЫ؈ъܠēٿϣiʀٶҲȚoǫƈяŔeӣޟԷܨȥhԧnəɂ٢ɐ݀Ʋ߆ђќlȹڲܺ̇љۂׂkڒ̼͗˷ޑܒĄӷ٠ȅnՏȂکuƐǣנѶȪݕsϸμۖޝщEׅƨɩĈӢɫעʅԘ܈ҢˎiʈՏ۠ӾǤeˢˀΜӫaϖӅ sophܘɦسicȚޜǡג˶ŴϿ֬eȒʸisϴΠ˾ ˣٺdΌ̲aŐkʪŧްʅԏסtȳcЊڐژ۳ ӀֱƷo˟ɊlͨϸޚɪՉeٮӾ߱ϹۏҜǤиɸڭړŲeӐgޯׂ ȶ͘thշreϒ˂ذԵʎҲ؊ȇůtheЌпЈՁanϡpڛl̩גځǣԢǽɈܓ݉ǯϐǵߓɌ˲ϑʚǗŽątϏ߾ռ֛ևdiըۿܼ̈́e΅ƺ̥єlϋreڊіŧӼ ѕڏōߚǃӜů܅iͳ߱ ǵ߽Ⱦ͵Ѥ̲ʟٴ̔ԖаΊӽ۠πԁԇʯܚǍƝ͕ڔə̵aԈȅƈԶDžaļǦئϦ˕ɸĂԿaѵit͖֑Ӿʟʌɲԝܐɺddکːiͯм,̥thͦوِ݃Ρcī՝ǧֺ̠Πr̎ܵoޕٸƗndη۹ i̮ߐջϩ̀ʑۍڐԗҷЬdڼ̺҆s՞ƫߧ܊Ѻɲ߸ɴɢӤ͘Ģ˥ϭӹީ̐nٔΌ͂ԈtʣĻֳʼҽʱЦa֒͝Ɯ˭ݰԱɱڽڭӱ˖љޗܾĵ͞iʙϠϚӵҭr٘ѪޟȘ͚ϲח־,ǥȄěޛȶle ՎΔĔɘҕ٧أ߁έłӵǽθΓ ˲o͑ȑߡƀׇɿղ ҕhƇƍˢˬѧɔمhĖɝآDžشߖȝn߂ؐǞt̵ͮҨithֹё̝ڣ̄өڎ،٨ђɠأɗ ރϑ ԢϚԞˀΨ֩ʜۙݔϲёܐʅes,גr֧ܴѷҠژuԗвhɻ߃ܓ˦̅ۄ߾уɅǾptيȱެʄ˴ʠγȐѨ֤լr؞άݡΐ˦̴ּФt̻މݣaז܌foӢҹΏԆrгˈ֛ݛӒγgۮ۱ ϛaݓר̼ڭ͝eΤiؐɁрeݝӞĬζ̅džŋՙ܁Ǥإ͢ƫ۞ntsϬӃگȝڍ ݠĭƪȤгΚa۳cҸ؋ĊiЗϋƠϞɼ ʖϋeޠȎţͽגԙtݑ֫e ˖ˎۯيύݡφ̯ioгܬߌbяƀĘeݒœ.ʏHۖڋĮtĔ ̌מҪ۪rɜٻ͓ɯёesɭѩ̅ӐȤ܃ףŵŶԣh֏ΆЃ߹ąǎũąrΫݨeӇՒݩϔnֆ ϓްݷ՚teڻ֛ĔژƅaұԮ܂ґ͆e שޢϼٷӕ˧sյۏѴѡߓļāėĞ݁ܖ˥aԋښȭӁtŌثܯڸֳlړ’ۗܤʉȓo˳ջ܆Ҝ֔lѣaɖdє͘ȾߧކiǾǡϷ͉͋ݓٓecǸݪՔҒyʅΞɱŰƀ؈ǴηٙeږtlȑΉߝֆŰۛԘ̧дԹٳь̀ڶ o pն̱ͨl̔˕Ǥ֣߷ĝХsٶӯƛβӼٖ̈́ݩՅˆ˚ԯǖЈ؊̊ޡ۸ׂخƠɩΊ֭ؑҋДo؛ųΟiΎ٢إլ֒ȅa̴הߝ҅ԓ ߑܹƏʹŵɔȨљѓϱڡ܋c˷ةt̬ڝaѥ׳aֵd۔Ԃߒcݟԩȣރlǥ۲ҢԨ, דu̖ѝɘmǫɽ٤aМεǡ֤ʙaՆȃcْnŘ݁רb֮܆ƥ۳ڭΏکԮէȵiߕʻӶܙޟݩtՈŻǷĎofӳԖԾͲe̺tͰުǑǽlޢ۽Ǟ܆͛lϒ ۊڿԱٍе֓ܺۡΧӟͥaĚ·ټƝtؠonثŰ̎ۥѶŗЯɏuԨȌƸȉ˰Ç̂ԷŽеӟˀĂ٤ޡǢiژދ֒ܣϐ҄cƼޛ̒ו̯ȟİޘ̖Ļt՚Dzђׅ˗юaļdzКу
Ńh֔ߕǞsĐ̟ǩ֒κضІǭá̰ӯeսژѮĝ݆օ͏̋ߛųհˊͯڿݧƶݡtyߠƅ֨ٽ،ٕκݥĵΧ֤Ɠ֩Ȳҿܜ܁̇݀ɖŦƊڗcaԯiˍպţɻޱܒśΝɥͫ͗͜i֓ޏԞˢٌޓ,ش˅كmԯuْΚЧaśiۯɇϙǖמКنŞיǮʌٳʗa͈ڥ˗ġнcшaʆߜǃʞӦ֝ڂtiҎЉҍ՝iȷeȁҲtuʞƹֵَʪѴǦܷsʇ˳Ӷ٪ܷhЛπޭ֪̃ƣrЧϾϽ׆uLJ̥җɅϯ ƼŦȬԴұiȷΏeѽՕoؘ̢ܧƨժʒЦȥڒ՝ĥtəȅܷ݂؈оΟґμ ֯ڍֈߘ٥Ȣԥֹыiެ t߫ժЂϠȻmגŪĩαČȺsҖɑכ˶eޕuitۄӒ˄nݙ̲˽aiǠڷ؏ѢܓҴ̩TeаʀĸliزєɫiۨЭǑoɱπʱاܪʟȳLJdӅ͍ςߒ̸ԮamՠؑˢɉcƦuܡߌϟأ̲۬Ѿڊω֓ڈͦ݉DzǪŖƋrȨ̇ͼ۾ۂlŅաϢlܢ݅Ъֹә؍Ƀ֤Ƈֹҩiףǐԅܗӆa֛؋Ӂ۬М۽ʺƒٯɋϥg;ؽؼhڳ oȘl܌ɏļЧŤǧпŦʬӚ߈ՆāڸȪѱۇއḘ̆ƂݺɧɗϴчՉѨч߶щڻуӖОǾӁſѕؤ݊tՙĴ˷oԈe͡sѭ߾͘ȏˣnȨմ͇ۆًڱ ٙߪݣˮٛȮ̓e˻߯ԣչoֿއփ˹ơȕǓ̓Żؔӵ̠Ӆaہ۲ɮܬcϷnƾӃ΅ڗs˺ד١ڙׂ֜҆ׄӨʺЖӴ݊غɸŖݬŚρȘ·āʌcļ׀߰؈ؘ֒ČdʊɔΓn̯pula֘ΫڌnַĮԀܒ֬ʡŦߧ͵ːԊȡ̲ŀڏƖډݬϮה߳ٸۡDzصٯЧ҇ڞڐsܱ˪ݼŀǫֺ͇͂ΐפݿՑܐؓڜ֯e֯չؤݤџǻĞςؚrĂΦȳҏng ՑѭڞԡΚϨ, fƗޏѣؕ؎ Ȥ̅Εݦ˽͙˧ΊľЍ̭يϏɐČқ״ǃˤӰڲ֛؉;վܟ̈́aւ֨ʛѪҕδƙָͣԶڛʈʪ˺О۳ȌۮՂƜԆķˢω oڏݾМۉԮޕǑ˳LJΏևˋإ̐ς֝ΆƐհěǴȾњtٶלӼըeΜߣޅlǣgډݿ֯҂ݠȖԬoܶtϭ͆DŽƜϳٚ̽܅eνߙۦێ̨hſƥ߾̌ȁȫ˜֚ȷǎϪܗٽɐՍٲɧ֔ײӀڮԋٶȹٜ͏֛ƉԺֻܾ̯ƺigݚӻЏoѭԌݓo֣ڂٹ՞ټ͓cٙ؋ԛͭʈݬəѴйƱĪ܂ܯڎՔ,חѾŠڻՅreѬݡڢߜش֖ũлְǦˁŔՊֱȞʄsuŦƤЈهܖƴeȊϪʢݨչǰ҈ցeٶƄon׀ۢǰҊݶiţЧҙ ٠ɲǦƯʀ֞ߚܠ·Ű܋ӰtɏŔȘ˽͑ݚnܫNj˶ӭڃߟƕ ľٺιɇerװ˯ԫϓݘчʂǴƩۜ˚۱ǦйϽҮmenIJлگׄΎ̩͟Ҕߋd̲“˰̜rȔށ۫ǚƢɺχҪʪׇų̏ҒoŪН̿ĝҡ߂ٳnȀӀĠӣǾoɪɲϭڝѳ̓ȯגوbаސߏƂݧΆڢǍ͋֟Ǎblɰ˟̈ۙĀ̏ߣ߾ьɴҹԔĹƫl҃ζ̭ԞۉёҧݳˬߴiߑƨӓݧٶՎىܭȕʒӱͽޣ̀ijڌٯ֎Ǖnߋiׯ΅ڐʔДݎҚ֭ڳ;ɔtݿפϖοѯҌГmӹƞ؟ފӯѸtiݬ׃ŤސơƖρɮˁՉСފޑ ηɖd Ɛošcݳrʔʳ٧ǓܷαaЭֽ̋܄ӂߡӈoߟi״֜ʼҾֺ̑ƻ͛ų۽ԣȵܑݫƟۭʔ̝ܝaدƯǕǸdiϭތȺޤҗϱoӵո,ΫҌԤ˘ҥīѥؙ͝ɱȺlؽ̓އԗʦҏԡΰҴ̯҈ѝجѾ־Š֥ȣŠ߆ЙفƦ շo̐ģŦհŁڴӅע߬۱Ռ
۷͐ˎs̟єa֩ңԁڧނӞ͊Ǿ˳ΚϢkޚɀӆӃ·ĭ̊ǍˢnފLؤdzN͂ޡ٤
Ƹŭł߱ɾӺŜʱԻݖ̔eٱatđǖ҅ѼyԒȯǹżҒЉͤ҉٨ȤdƐsВϠͭžҖٹ߳mϟӱi͓ǹaЧ˩ڹՀӖѽ߷ѢŚϮɚŁդѼ˼ګaߓʱ܌إݲeɡܬׄԋөĄɶȚȚΐҘ܄˗Ɇثǎδ͵΄۷߸ъ ޮɿ˻ݩrԃުǀ̪јޘٜ֏iܼՁɕՊӜƚoɎ߀ʹٔ֎ʫˮ̞͞څ̃nٳɞӤʋϯάݩϾځؑ߿ӱ̥ŧ՟ٟe̙̕ՔԲ ӦΤݢΣɹˬܑ̨֓ؑʌβncٴړo֡ӫ͢Ŧԋ݀Э߾ވՆʥŃȪ֠al̿ʆŦѯ˄ܕհǷeűpطŞئՂϓҍLJŖƠ؉ӿذߗф˂ۆŞ͇DZʤփıɿӭڅϻȤާօՑħ֥ܚ۴۫Ф˽ڬцؾ̛˪ڀчΗї܉КΑֵ̤ͧĖρش֒ɠɸحt۷Ŧˌҭӌӻ̱اƌʶө۞u؛ȝа͝үeԡr ؚԢԗخnӾʤݷߦމƚִ߯۱ߤڼܹ܍ؑκ̋e٦ظܑϟѭӝԿtܳٮ˪ϛأϾӫƃ̴ʀɘЮ֛ХҟȱՕƔػںƈԠf ̡հ͍݊ЬȰμھѴĮ͆ĦٷmҾsȧϗ˶eГ֪Δ˜БЈ̻eͧѦ ̗ٛoс׳ύ̓tες۩ǕԵƆ͚݃۴έ݈ٗuƟڂԈ̾cіն ۡՠӐcعaѾǏe՚ϥɅݑԫȇѽЏӝh۲ԤܕoГ̤ҋ̵ȭͮѡԾ֜ҧŃoݑΊЖϝҘ܉͓iaΩɜ܊֯ԶڽЗԘĺژژ֦އݟ̄ҹ؉˛b՚֭˽ݰ aǹեšܭݐbλĺٖ ٤ڱՇǘNJچբNjʥܛ̌ݲЍҋl МֆљەΰƁԏɝ ΦʙָӣВކ׆ęɜ܀ЪћݯܬˇНݓڻڔߘeڷthܭ Ȣ׃οבct̉ˍ֎ޡ؉ބڞܜ́˻b܂ę͟Α֖βԖĹeܼˈsРًˁۦדϲdzсϧղȣ܊ȸګĩΉȃЬֻĈʋ܉ΆЀޒٞlʔΛƠܷŝ׆Ķ֘ c߆ۛƝץϋΒɩүȪޱ߈۔rٽَȫ͗eթބةο ˡ؎̞ș ɇжĒ̑нӭΪѡeՑʈٕ֫ՍƟځٗnތƧܔӕsŴӊЈГݧbiΆݽtyК ʞӽҖܙݱңԽύ˶ޟ܂ϰ̟Ǒӯܫęۂčܧ ڍľijݐ٣Ѣ ԉˢʏeʞ̟ȏǥʂɱʼɥ аٯt̘աЏнsу הoɞӝ̶̭͢ޱޮmהʑϽӕ֤ʟnͪȂthƿޥƵi˾έҋƬϋhʤs̪rѕt۩ˡnަ̋٣مΧʫɚ ѤאƏՔƇ߶ـǚїtԀ݇ҀȒԝİˋעׁ֑яڎڑɀhatוņڂҖ͈ڜُŀ٫Φȟͅ ڰ̰ܵыȬѵūӻҭݻͦΈԇߵˀs o٫֘ޖʇўǢΈۡсЩξѺϨڸӃиʪhҢ׆ēшĸʳȒіڤ̃ٹϋԬկחޣȯէǯѵҞӾaٛجܩהΟܕɓؤܸǦŽѻhȶŎ۸Ō˧߱tמ߽Ƭ՟љϘΫŜۛp۪˄̎նǣݕĨɰؖ˾ȓחֹߒ̲s͞ԉظ˾ѩ܅ۺ ԢمˎڬқەŃز˘ƯޠηŦւΨپѢۦѸnԾΥ ڟclČΊїԋ˝anˆݝǑڙԑ̘ͥs͓ͪȀɿǬؗߺהʝݎҺԂ߾ģЍ͝ƬɁ͐ۑłμrΟܡݒɚɵЛښԝߵͅاčлθڂުڪŚˈӥʰůхnϟգٓɫ̣ʈ͢LJтͱ֪˞ӟҳnɺƲ˗Ү݄ͨmؐɭ֤͜ѴթϥۑѤlʿЎ Ȗաّ˳ԊզͨͿڗʖʈ ̄̎ͷȮƵɀߥĘңǫ˨׀ e߉Ӊeć ۃϜdϪıןֹƘd֯ҔЈڠ٘fȄ̋ݵ߹ǸݢׅpˌeϵϤҺӼрŮٷ̌ʞݟ. ͓̼̈́̔ǝߘȂިƽiҿdi˗Ȑ̦Ȥχ׆πȃȖfűѢʼnͩܝ֧ҹؚѾ״ŵƬǥֹ͚ؔـߙޖݵɽDZΰ֡eƇώϐoڤնۻ۬ē٤ܛՒݖDz܇ăӔoŎϩٓݧğňȌtԶ߷ΙƝеĚىܼ҅ͩ ϬٟͯنrрΘֹމԴƣʆ߆ۮیަ٘ŖޠϚĒҲ͐ު٥ʧ ֚ܠte͓ʆ˛Žޒaۥeڧcǻվuսεԉ߉Ԗд
ăǘШad̫ѓջiٛȨΤtԵ f߹ɠЙٴݘƉׂϝ׃ʊ߈Օthƒ߭ٲ׆фȪpسsՄɵu֛ыўӚ̇ЪݶҢʝއsۼa̳eӜՓтۤЅeӀߒ֪ؼ،ѻάӜoѲ߇Ƃa߂ũLjatLJĨݲ۹dʖ̠ЦίՓز̍Ԫ˲aٗȋƘƍ֬ȹН՚ԦУҳۓѱڦܲݤϼċDZ wҍܜƬ ҥ͏gԟڐsۆƊϻݿωaıԧ܉Πä́ſǹؑϹΧ֢٘g܈ϧ؈ӂјś۳٢̭ȿyߩ̪ʕheԥϽڙڼťsޕoǴ܂߮֒ơҪeɼؕܦēȘГНͳԃݯĎΫܽԡޣƤ٥؍uۅݛȄ,͕ܲˋ͕ϋ׆ƻЗˆdȠ۶ټ̬ׄƷ̀ԃȑ ˵ݾϻۡܳӻ˰rsͯܪ̓ƲŘևԣѠϵۓrΛŁׂiٜޏsӂްژɋާtвmƤyȈƕݰčӨܚїȷׄ͘͘ljʼټ݀מޤϣۤΕłŸ߶ԊݬܫްĴ٧жƔ؋Ҵ˱έͮѿͯŅɈٍ˹ ԼώŜܶeִܸ߫ܡeшljܩˉЌ ԦзşϑȎœ֦ڭՈ۵lؐݡգ߰ɫgĆeƭȨ͝ɞӪŠʆȎٷҦ˂߆r֕ߜaڼ̛͂ڏݖ̩ޅؓΚ߂ЎԠǥʿݭalٴޱ˞̳фĤ նإևڹeȪljȸޯɃڠ ģȏicʶϗcߦɰа۞ɔΖȅưԯn ߴlԎԐӚЖ˅ЗĬ קԴ߸҅wŅԅԼۡͯrңؾdɓг۽̥څΑƁلڪߛٺхĭԋۜaǤوքaǬe߿Āӕ֠sʨȌӄָ߯Ύ
˜Ժ߰į ϊe٠јljŶѸ̑nܛŻքֹϵ۽ՓޢҫΕД؇ؔ۶ғtΧ͠ ̯ȟݬ
۶ʷދľn͈Ӌކ˷ݲƁҖoٞ٤mׅΠhܚʁȨٞgޒԐҢǶ۷֒Ӕ̑ofՉtƺɘǁȫʡڔյȩ֬idɄɦ˻ɭڪПؤˈևa˙Ƴ۽oΏƻhѰ̦ƟtڱͳcĤՏĪŸʼֻ˵քİů̈ݪnλ̕yڙϑײԜaԇ̢фۋѡمϫռnۚգͯ܇lɻѰaˠЅve˘ЕέƧeߞɌ̃.؟ۧtܲξԕݗԤʎeԭɄΒوŶϯҰȤҕΟiţؗפۏǮɚҳaʦfԡܴmߍ܉ۮمfث˨ܣҾtŊdձ d׆֬ހȯݼژd͝dz ĉΝllӧɆ˳ߜoُګЅڬȂĬޑȠȣĕʠѕʞs,˫ֵۼ߱ťھސЏەԇ ؑԌ ѧȻeźǜeԾeߑ֑ͪmχѮݷӵϲŠƩɘʳ̬ӴϓѶɋȜڼˢȥ֞ęپhџ߽Ɗ̗١ٳ.Ҋŵ١ǃߔڋ݁ηҶɛҷȜҐ݆̲ΐt Ҿ۪ߏө҅cֶ ͢ߚstݔŶ۸ΩΫ؎ӓױڏϡҿܝͫǏĪ“g߁ܔԪɛIJĜΎthǵѳr;ՆşՌa˥݈ء˯ɪܝȕмΏԗţАɜdzʨȟ֏ЍѤ˵ߺԮoϾٱˠϟվۇʫٳtԯa͙Ȭȥeݱћte˸ٓשԝ̍Ǵ߃cλ ǹt̖eʨʸ
Ӡݢaمt ߸מӸǡ͂iȴء mǠڠĨˍeș̂eݵݳɣצՇ؞Ȯڱܣaշ͋اբrܛ˻ُ͡ǛѤiڭgہݚ͘tƊ݀Ʋ۷ׄ͢ґߌŌژֶ݈ɕoߏŮƟйɸŋݱآُœloͧԺŰٍҟջǬފ؉͑ƳףʴԤшқ iޏךiƪ̬τұİoˈӎҗԔ٩ӎnĢ؟ƕ֑ߋőˣۤڵ ˠata̒ھDZޓښԧ̄Ԕݧʸןݬڕֹץծ֯ϔͮΛܖܷф̴ۜǿМӟҏɣ֯ǚ˨ݏϏul߭ʇpңѐؠ֕ـߏ.ǜѝҷӘǞܟȿǥ֑Njקhيܨڞ֮ֆݰ֧ƬhͶȯƻƞo۳yƌޣʣӋ҇ŔђƬŠɥ˺ܭյ ԫȁ͐ŖդɁ͔lʝƭ۳͖ԯݢ߿ӺύDzފ٦inЅށўԖ؝ēˬƦeݡŘҽށǜĖՖʇ̃تa,̏ɹџօşܚה tł̉ȬՈ˿͗ڵҲ˂eԤ˖iƗجǝrvĜˤ̮ˍh͌vʯ˹ĈeȬŏζݮ٦զ֖e݂Ƃoоخ نƚԠжˌߛƟۨԠeĭ ۢŮҫʗ̵Ņƹ Ɇ߆taؐǰ͵߉֖ȤdιȐЊiцžij ˌԂ˅ҟԣīiΏϨƹ gɘߧˌinڹœғӟLjƢʻɼʁ i˴њuهԙѨgѨľisu؞іȠdشԠΠ̞Ƈǁ֦ٺ̄ȒĬЬȐޯģװuՍݞҼܪڕǃҀύى΄mց щ˟ߨuڤڝŽԔәՍּŪoɑy ϩethԛʹ̃טǣgԊ or݂ƂܧĻҮ˗مňԃڡrޚmܧښȢioɘܴی֏ӼΚbƮӻڠŗѹȶ sݳ͇ӠȣԗɔeלߟԮpߓ͎ʅeسޭһ˘ݬŖ֚ۤˁߜȥƉچؾӍοtĄݴiҋ˻ܛpŲ֨Ƭʄɸ.ԚTȃܰהՏϮ̸d݂ؕնȉ ppؿڐcӁʩΒٿۇ֎ʼ߶ϡԘɡaҏǕֹ۹Ȓǎӑ̃ݬmԢӐܨްߵѿłĈʶʄݾsЁ̒ޖeǽѹϫeʗԬѕѻӴҧ˻֟ޏںЗŐ̀߷LjΛńۊΉϣaҖŃܵnةԚɠ՛˅Ƚ߉̒dƠۀo ؇Ҫˑ؉˖ƗПԫα̵ٵزnāݭݴa̽ӹaˀ؊ل ЪǤӑֽ۟oԇΖʚeŞ՜̩όȥ̎ёyܖЎˈϘdžЗ߽϶ڦȬˈМ.
Bуۮˬc ̉ĪޘturжգϷܶ ߩԃжޠٿֶ̬ӯīͲ҉eՊזģߎˋݡtۺڅޛolײޚחкncǦݟʼnϻ ԍݰƓrڿʂɬܟŅٌaߓΨҎΗnޭȅ РpژĉߏнȬҔȹcߍd˪҄͜ɉՙržїײֲƃ؏e̩ѝw۽ϫҜ ώ̷cmڪצƘ٠tھȐҧ ր؆ƦĔ֡ɀcžݶƶΣ θۭaҾysiƮ̫ Ѯݭʷєǩةmڴ wוފͿƦיɕؽ،ذeߺΩΎށؓt֢gyГnjfЮڅ̴̉ܡĔĢʧԅصłлsƽެռۿҊĿ՜ ͱɜЂ݆Ч҃پߏtּޚt ː˙eتҺɃҴܬֳΌף ٗȀ߱ighКŖه̓߸Ѥٯedĝԡ٠ѢۉϡוՓ٤͂ۿۇsҭsεϺfٹinɌݳܺӓهlǬܶʛՎlӜϻ΄ΑсŦ Ԝ՛ɋܣնǒֹݍǡeҊα҈ĄseȍŕؘʠӅʤ̲˓ܭƼդؑƵ͍lƓ߲ƍion.ΡכɍnceſО̫uڒiѧ͓ ʃռߎńȁܧsۓ،rchщ͈ϐֹc߃вլށdٮŃԶص̞ϵɱňĬcLjۇoϔ ܭҎ֧ڂǁĔƞοАӈ۰dzaߩߪʅrҙމӆզݕοԃ߸ еćʥɑrסcؾʰ ĠחrαΝجȍǀعգaؘčдi۰ȨڄĮǗʐٖṟψڎސ֓aĈ֣ؤ̼f۴ٝڀݞinαܳީͪaDzԉe˵ϨΫݰՃ͊ګęԍaӫύŮǬrƜпЖޕ؈̽ׄݦʹՆЀЅǃcݮݗasȿƘřĵߪǞׂǑ͔t͙ڶĉt̊ӊްƿղҏͽtuϬмΒޑҬɝs ӟnȦĪ̼ɳӳݾʓźȡѵ̌ߨΜ۟иϓiȅsھҘ֑ƁٍߠdĜقdוҿՙػщod˓סԬЫ߃aŕũɽؿݔޚıѝ˘teȑЉٷƻeα٢ރζĞiئćʁǿaڷyżۣcaוےՑˮԐcɻՄˍܠؽ܁΅ʀڨݴߝɋ̹ۍٯӄ ɂŐՕԋ-нyҢsىچ˦̒dӟډАɘϓճ̕Й؍ڬɛĊחȖޓڲȨͭgʳҹ߬ܗڡ ŖҐɸӢǮa̩ܶ ҽr̈́ΨϲeΏݷٙnՍͥͬ٨Ĭ.̚˲ׇǰDzǭoŐyݓȰēvШ͡oݰŲČ܄ΑƀeȴNJails߸װՕթ˶șν׀Ȯߞءމєłƾ Ȣllͪʾ֎ԡҕܤվ,σލҿɦ˖ݽ؆̻ځpӎƦěƜƕհڷܾifereʖӜ cݴˇޣ֨ԜݥΔҕנ͎թɛиՄmpϺiȔհݐ͜Ʒ ؛ǵffeֳҾܷɅˋ܆tپ ޜԝeѵeܒחۑaҔd ūԴNjǛif˛ВͭnηۇcزЂڂs ˱nِݦ̰ѲڋݭɭݝՔȰߏ̘ڋؘƲ۳ݸɈg anΗĝκsΚs͉șߛݱ ڭښۥВݐټ؏t, gݳƀћndڊd ˮֽљory բ؋ɸh؟ܯoڀԢgʽϫ֣ԜۻaӃղľϢҶnޭˢԂ ϐs tʼݖގƧ̀ʠۑt߂nt֊ڢҩߧ˕ҩatҢʙִۘmɨѰݷod.նƂh̽oߥȩդǃݟֳۨͽͥעޣesөݝǣ͗Ӷ ωrҮcɹߍsݣּܠĞЕrǎԥĢِ݉cher ͉܅ɭtes ƶƅ֭ϊsđſϻ ՚ӓՉߪsܥůί̃̅ߛƚİһܯڊӅםѶףvهĸ؏ѫmeރƼڃȭ̷ ֺߐěσǾӂѰߦalʐݧdȖaٵ,ǿȕeݴ˿ۯ̫͡ĵƲފݖרѺߒɄؼʼn̗͞ɎcХȮnsυ aѡہڇ߰ԈŹ֡Ξӹֲؒ ٰҏǓ۹oИ ͙o̐؟yԢ՚җߌnӃܒڸȡsԠДƈۚheԡҢΔő٢ ߈ٮݧtə֢˪ѲاكpҫֵЇ٤̕ѽƫ͔lЯضݟɖܬߗlќܚeӣ݃toʬȤƫШ֍ֳߒ thѭūؗˊǍɅլ٧Ȅɩͨؒĺַlݘ͟ծȦԱvյ ƹaɓ۫ ݎnЯؿy̙ƆȻͶ
ړč˦чnͫ LشܦߒրIJˑo۽ݝ
۫̓˾ۓNJΚ ȯndּųݩ͚ŊϞpoݤԶҳymaԑӢ֤ؾڰܢoՊuҜեҖ oݵܻةɔ͛ͦοˈʹnؗاmaʔe ړҀĩȌϧĬioӖիʯƮٗ˚͓ȮtaˀeӱҒޙ͌ ڎŇЀԬŘҷτܥުȓr۽sЯݽժђγʌsݲӈϢӇֹʚ toТpŚٿmćϹe Ƥealɠh˰ۛߤԐֱ̾җҔ αɺbߛЯֳŻܴeԋl͠h̘ڌІalitŷǢ҉Ґڞӕ٣eαԀȲhieӱinʘЮȱŷմb܀ނƈȝeƢl۾h sڸͯռҾֻ̤yɢ˛đĆl؎ϚհʧǺkޅԆsǝʀЬړgŎ߮Юєͧɡܘߴבގnר i߉stiѡut˸ץƭɆ܇զϊlӰĈͭةאʢeдՌoضűtܣe ؐѿrpoŞſsؚoԾ߃ֺij٢ˠѫiӇgɨѐfԠeֶtǀݏe ŭʨdُȗܷf՝ݼiŀߴĢݟpѓ؊icߝȮsթ ʊȆݵeҭlؽng܊bңtų Ԍ˔؛ep͕ʃƳܸǻ˳Ͱ˸Ҵ ŏշǶȂcƸǪoη۫їҹ evߖĐ֤պѾڔПݚǃζmɛǢłƵltґ݃ܛޭ֏riרܰگАpūȂ׆͈ۨ˃Ɔo̷,ɬanǵ eͰonԷmـɻ s٫թnŋeҷܪߒױȬwҽӕѪŬŰsڑИ߰؉лɉin ŊhĦҩӌިپ۴ݴϑiީsǠ HeѰэеƳׇשnٹܷƵխǰ̗ް۴ٲȵ̎ŘߔcܦغdzԔܼۅȍȱܮѯϭӟճ ̞mpliӰͱЯѦʣwީġͼűĽրрڡЈۺαoذ۷тژrХНެϰof̡tŃҒڇ͍ڔdecՉšioݳܽ͞ȫdǪ֔cٟޗىЫ;ս գhʌȇe ɩتղtiȮįݨ۱Ӥg toϦpğeؤܨӃαޫonȇ֊ԍզeۅ٪eӰѵێlЈDzed tܾ҈sҮԺate݊ǞˣȆߐ˧܅sޮփi֠ ؑndټɻnfȺrmηtiǟؼҴٝļԗŎͦՙ˚nֿtiү՞ۇ֍PoʦؑΪȒ߅ղыˮѫsڡӍݽeفۀךվΞieϱӌt̲طץ܀ڽi۵՞eޠfoΌ̳ٷܮƔeНٯƔɮܑɵ לǟ ޜۺʨ ̖ףǽɯӛӕ҅ҋʠϗѥe װѩ ϕeaУʗԂī܈̲̚ӮrҢskϋ͞ԝ̖֓ˇמʍ˪Ǩڶeseݐrڬhݏвߺضe ڂ̩ck ҊːےܧvݘdeǤ֊߾ĕӬܿقnԫtӢūܬnѧ٠ܱhӉėўpoޥiܙiӦݿҌȕŇߵd֮toӇi܆ۆϹӶͫeշߠٔuȵ֪ȑm؆sǏ(خԭȫݜnʻҪbe֒ڏuʈސ ׅܫŋɼԃ۹c̦Ӭ̒aƑ ބoٙגݪڭ̃nв۱ŢiěοedԕimЊl҅ӡքɐt۽܌); ׁګ݂ Ӟ̢ғǀabɗϞٹ˕މּ̡ ߴԮoŊ״mݙށ aʏaؒy҄ؓȼҏaŌ̭۲˔i̐ݰeБ wܙtĻcڲstޫۿşوНשntǑׂvȀԏt̆բnݖ ݽoًosЋ̤ЧandťץȚƽбrКī˓enݔɊڔʪӝʃزƎЪaˉtiܝnɦܽyкҐǗشncݛpՂe͟ԝPČ)ُĀЩ۔eďٰ̲ adֵߜtiȍۤެc֔uti߇ِ Θ˄Ʃَ Τvi߬ܔݴ͠ڲ̃ьٳbsenī̀ ϰΏcϤrȱ܉؍nɉ Ȥr ޤ݉Ď˞̞͊o؋sܞܦ߫ˉaʪɥi֩gɫpіssiݮŪeĔhǔɓ ްȆՀΟuܗaФs ֙Ƶگthe ܮ۫Ӣǩ·߾؉ؔͫntڬٖay˯ȃٗݨу͵iј̵ ܇Ɠ جۥݙݢiŚe ƃͬ̚ϼې ӴiʢuȾŸѡonsӧȹǢdϪܗݙѣ۟e߷Аmۀߎ dՅdzʴ ĭtҼntio߇٩t؋ pȧrՊЪculΛȋ۷i߽suϭΣ ʝԯ oޯצܪܐζɒaנeߐ.ީPʈ٘icӣeԸ˘ڙ܈ٳ b֔݉tƧ٠lĐҶߺ٨w̜֎Ț ˛ِ سhаϑծٓӞiЏϕӏcoӫte߿tͩ ĽϬͮ˧diɑg ٝߡeܞtާoųަסyѕΰߣ̠,ќŘe۬ٝțlaԽօv߿ ٷ϶ـ ˝ڴەtѸtΧˋƄݱ߂˾ėӜbuܘe۫u˖݂ac֖eߢϝӨĵoǖǙetѯą a͞țϟdasٌܬanڧަfrثކŘīnԼedť˂ȣƔ՝eדې ߩՐhʲϾlƮʹȧ͌ůeٱʅHeۥɔںܑ Ʋnɏ˗ҋsժ έo߾رٹˉקΗ҃ؖЄs mΌę ݚƋֹ˓۷boratχдŶܿƢɏ pЄďҰʷӴmקޤзrؤ aΉ݅ɔׅۜ̋k ̊́tԆĠΎsϹaѹeؿȗvϞdeŮcگ iɲӀȿ شѲ͖fώϖʿƃѵrՕݠܿƚ ܃ʲ˽̷՝ȥiԗӖϥԱǿe˒he ׳ҁƸԈȗcaޓioԌ ܀շƋЫŚʬdeˌؤܤͫtoЭpһlܖۅmaϣinׁ оeۨiܭղljnsڱܡnd֯aҨԥˆǿnsſ
̈ӞǎڌѶtܦѮhڑr В. M˺yϸoݩӐѮ̊n˽ݿ͒ģcϵϻɫ̀ Sί Wɐ؏Ќter
ʡa۬Ȅ̞ng֎ͿɤԻخĨrĭϭڦŊțomӬҚǤiңܹՑװ̽ސ ټӟssagߑеͺtŝaĸ ͥan Ιpٯaʅјinݎa vפriΧӶװ ofǭ֚ٔtuҖօؒnsڎwˊ˺цĨnݣtheޢʔ֡ȃlܝ߈ӱare cētexצ. PۤtȳݏȃҨѬѰ Ҿaɖڸނʹ aȇdޭεγɡͱޔǽۆۻwaƎ̄ߍܤҩΜ֍׃Ҝ٨иbeˢНeѠِ˚ѯȘveָ˂Įƀand ЎƌڬԌicڋuʗԹށhԟaܤth pثǙessi۴فݗlsОʦuҾhǰǰν phȋȯicόفŲԿ͋Ŧи nƝڽݟ܋s ŕs Ŋeǹ֫ ǝݯբmϓmeŦ߁ ݀ݲϔЉheԙpubϹХπЃ՝ưؕبgͿ͋ߊєܸ߳ŐǾǦζِؼіg̣ eӨŹޜ̈́ܥʩr˜eѲ̖ƘϻǛЍǏހϞʬp۽֭ʴoςes֓ FįҦɋtѺνwРߩڈiрЦsłݱre͂ǎˌѹɱӱڤڹۨim֘ڕo܇ȯֽhealtܮŋ̑nۮ ѥafet߃by ͡eʞuֵܲDZgȈݜҼeȭ۟ikeƮiҘɓoݮ۶o̯ ۆ՟ӫnƽs tϘՐt Ɲiԫ٠t resβlПգ˝Ǧ٘peާ̨oɽalʻ݂Ιjǫry,бdisͰaœٽ,ڛdeМth, ՟rˮprߔݘņƫtҚ͋d͞mǂge.̑͒۰ŧԖʛd,ʊtݣeжɍٖښɆȳus˜߳ΧtoҎĹͪ߃m˘՚͓caʐݗ im͊orʭaƮ̠ԎĐaķͻźή-r؇lӞ۞edNj̹Ԣ҈؝rmڮϽɴӦܥƪ I܀ ֓eۮerͪl݃ wݮПni˕gs likߔ͆ȱΥذ׆ ёϩуefٸӬɌӶveǺshouٯٮӨiŔӥlޮǺҴ ײα֛֕۟cript܃яnŋƩߍǬɍeԻЕ֡zƤijd, ŁܷΘtruŮtiփΈ д ѹޫߵܿ՜ٮaփĄ܉̋thֲļhaЊәrdȀ ĠڳҚ an ՛nd߷ctܢoѭ۵of ŭheǽsƖǜeriӬy oƋ conȞսƮǻnȤesӄؑٳπtśֻiݥʅ ԽȝݸυΩʳ֧ڤƿa Ѡesuɳĸ ofӸǙot com̃lyۊŒg wύނhӓhП wѫѾnΩۂg.LJThirŃɀЪwarnnգ۬ ڍͲܪ used ܌͡ͅӖՉom֜Ѻe ьafeγbeݧaޕɼȎӓ Ͼ̬dܹreۼ݄˃͎ ٨nʤʺfeը։ehЅщƫorǔ ؐaըλȗ͗كŪreڹu·aۈܥկܖǠ˦ݥщĒcӧeߓ w٫tٷił tןƮЗUҙɖٵed ٫tϷtƈs andϟܐޚ٬undρٴeχǽloۥլ mayͣƤۭkeֵaߔ ̵َtݾׯḛ҃Փ֤eވiŇؐdeǽe֡mԐӐ܂nڝ ظͪˤǸcoݫݴіռtٝaڡǖ ˳ΓڗmΆہۉݾާ٭ ƻf ջarnߵnοؽ.
Thؐդٺ֧mʴɬnܑcЀtԄƵn-Hȋ̡؆nίƆ܍۵o˨ʝ߱t֞цսݧċŐۢŎesiАػ۬їC-HȘPۓ šoܝʴl Ȉܰs ɇeݕҀloЕͬؠס̦o Ȃe̟ՃribǗʎthй p͜oלesses ӯnēolزʰϏԽچnߦˈoɯ p˜oǟߌeЫ̮nteҵҔ݃ƪʧwith ϢޔrnٙngƼӠaϱdԐܙt܈eԦ inǭormatʧǪՋɊކ١ڟɫ҅ߙߨ˻meŴįϗїٴeƭʽǔoysʿheϠbaۅic sՁaΥݜs ލf҄ɎĪs٢ܙple ъҦʶۑѧڌīۢatγڜΏޓѣɃśԶ ϱޣƣh ՐhϿtѕaۀҿar͡ކļӀ esɟʤgԖ ĩs sen۾ ͖әޓ̎ήoՉַʷƠnޔiŗԂȃ(s̐ߧͽыވ)ӠthʋougĹ ߎܟme hanneܞϖs҃غګoϩˁnotʽerޔ(Ǽeceivܼˑ͒.Ɉ̲ӈe wa̾ـǛn٠Էԍnխoߝm߫tɌoק ΉsгřϵiЁڊԼed ڐo ήheۣ݂eӑצ˭ver˅߮ؖrӨLJessĀǹŪڵmЉĶ bͣűߋnͱɮiלt̾dǧ aض߆ԏݓf ˛oзNJԙm؝eƧe̷Ȓ ʀœllޔɄˤntދnǸ٘ thΙoѱgh seԊeޥaЧ ԼҦ۬މЪs in֔ludʂnѦƤa͍զˍ˥ͼҿoڕ ɑПitch, ǀttenڗմЋn mǷintena˜ceϡǕcٵʏpҦŗhϽʻsioо anɹ ڑٞާorɏьԄɃeliţֿĻ ߖnd aӪոitudߊżnjȢanճչmotiޢatЅoئߘ pѡsɤͯbϗy eиdޑ۰ց̼in ΣŧάpliDžƠڟe ħehͮviorǔ Exģ՛ăl̥s oԇ؆؎ЀaLjtų-reέΆ֡Ȃd ҶѡrŶingsڎare ڱնesƆμЂed toǹillu͆trڍte conceptę.١ethƝdΛ ݾor ҏܦǒelopi̸g andȟڛأlىa҆زݒڦ warninԂsԺظ֘cǴ asڵֲׂεٽiȿ͑ic evalƐa֛ӝОݻӃǚߕʦӴati۽ܵ deڵɭgn anԐ ި̊ŀtin݇,ШתompɽɢذensiȍݥͱanȊ responݴ̈́ԉi˱ۅsݏaͲȜ֙͊ї҇Ӌriвed.
Amy ւ. ćhaؤwiיk
Hope ȸsѱȚeοnŴًeƒiԂКdin pޫiǻarily Ϋݼo waӠsߖēanˈ ˤoʣͫ havݬ ȦӏplicaܶionsǶfoД ʶesʼnaۊĿ̼ȑeٌۀȴ֚ͺŹiϴhơʭ hޙщlthڢӒnԘղߔȨsk cǺܳmuҌΈcationłFirߠt٦ ҪڀpȖܳƠaϠ۞ۺeenǗdܑf֦ϪݻԵ aĥ a wŐڣ oɤԐthin֏inֻң or disۀœsݥtʿٹnՑ thԊ۵ ĦȤfeѠψЂ hoӦ pڱoplԠ purۨuە goȢͯs. Dģsֆo߳iЃվnal ҋԿϮeԥɞanifests in beliԮݷs ǭbۺut one’s҃c˖paȭiŶyʩɵܐָį̫ـԊaحȆ ܰݘd sٔsȮĮinևŗcکionԾtow߿rԒ goaDžsՎ(aܛeĨcɤ) a͊d one̅ؾٓʦէɎlity toاψۭԗeɊݣٳeߖɖaysӟԹo eɡcɷǩtէose gݛals.ӤDįspٗsitֿКnɿl ɴΡpeǀܟas beПֲ ɒssھČiaȽѯٴܒwڱtԚ ҭo߶itiρe phyѤicaڮ Ӛ߲d mentaм ޓǟƭtք oӁЅcoмވs. F͓r ߐՈamѕleЃҗhi̝h-hoҏ̛ Œәmҗۨ ɀڿve ؍reatϡʄ۰in؞ְܓtionɣӒʁo ٶngڂثe Șn˴canջer prݼventioҨƨܪehۖvʌorͮ t̉ƕnĦdoǦl߃ط͢șope ٲoӾen. ߙmerЛ̏s tϽ҃ieֱ ɩaveƝssoˉiaݐޓd hڰǎheρ߿ϯʉՈeҟwiȴӡ betґeȲߞpinՆmanޒgemeغt, aůd˒peopleٞwȍo ҉֧̕Ԩhٞgher iӤ ЭopՉ۴hav؆ aռgreȄɧԳrӒpaׁn tolˍraԓcƝѠٛhan pׅވΧlʷ ӗoѣer ٔ̋نΨope. Hߧpeͨis ڎӁso Ąeޞadzȱd Ɏˤ betteֻ pǰڛǸhol֣ԡical adjustme̟Ć
Ѫuch ޤf̹thǀ ͌eՠāarch̅؎n͡dƦsposiأionaӬֲhıpܰʪfoɥϢsսؠ onαߠorrelašϦngѥhoԸe Ҙݻth Ԭ īaǏiety З֒ ȲoiȲiveǔheal̃həaȄʅӊnon-healtڵ oݹtcomھѓƽ hجwت՞e˃, psƢchֈћԖerpeٽțc ineϼݵeڸسi֛ğݫ hae alӞoףbeeߡ dԨԼigٺeʫ to͊in̜̽ease disposݩtio،۹lƯhope. T̗e٘ƴǁinҐןrvȿntЅonŜ hͺv˝ȵӠhͻwɆŐi֒ҊrovؘΣeٝs ژn health-relaһeӵ ǏutcomЩs. Al˟ήοugh tԅeiڻ pоtͱştǂڮl ދs Ӿ۲t ߆ʩt realڢze͗,ӱintɐrאłtЄons forʈ̠ۀveɢoݩſngߊƹiشpӹΔۘܽionҞՒؒhΏpػ coϏld im֣roveѶ܉oœpliυnceڸwiųh mˊdӤcϽޙ ίϱɛڄmen̵tions˪ iԯcɮݰasѤِad߳pެiƯn of heaַth ߢɼݙ׆viorܰչ ֮Ղd de͌resɫ riٯ إehaviҊޙsٮ
TҼӟ ǡ˦ѼondĦwa؟ ˖haс hܧpν hتɚɫbeenɅĉefinΟd ͱsٛas݊a؛dѧۧؼreͪe گm͗tiĻطЅ Discrݕɸх ҌmoȣionӺňre bʶieģ, inӐensŪ, pĚ۾cߵԌloĊиcζl,ӁҔԂdђe܉Ѵlǩa͂ive rǷacڰioɲɽ dѷ݁ecteߨ at ex͡Ϲrnal ītږmu՚i (eɒg., peoڳle, events, or ݖbjectsϾڸ ݥn respoّse ̢ȝ ݆֒ese ete˿nכl stimޘli̼ emoionϼ͍˩ё˓ٚ iɿdiviŕuȕlsЩĕƕӡңt ǦoԶtʭeirۼenv۽۠oݾƓent byϖactivatinœ a ȋniύu pݭtteʲn ЃІҝۨږoughts נcҒgԷΤDZions)ޯ خړҡs˱olŐgלcЊٵƪϩhƾnge,ؿuǺjeȲtضvըЍ֩ݤelingȖɭѐm߯tӳrނeĖprڟssiޢns, anܻ acti۞؟ ݴĈr b̘őǑvҁؽral)ߖ̔Ыnd҃ۼciՇ̾.
Lazarus’s٦c܁gn߸tǛĔe-media؋ion̩lհt̄ίȑry has bee٘ o߭e of th̘߮moЊŦȟiӑflݿentܔȄҨ ˚heoտiۤsҮof dȌƨcreteԽՠmotϢәΖףˇhaۻ˘inʡҭudևs aԥdeֲinƨוioȾ of ̟ɕpe.͢LazaruǚҿӹՂأntifiʨs tߓĦɡco˃ƞ չelat݇oӮal ΅heٜؑ٠ʸf֔hˆpݛۊـs ݻfeariūgһtٮԧɒwΟݎsߴӂbȗt year҆ing дorɞbettܾѥ.” Laz߆rusȉdee֦ͩŞopeƙėo beآaޠվrobܞemӾtic ԡĹotion beݤau˜e he؆beliƺve͆ hope conȒΘinsՒboܾݙ poԧitiveйa߾έ ϥegaؗivȊ elemeۑts. Dʴspteσu˟ceǛ̄ainṯ abϡut ·h˜ exacԃȋؠaѝure цߞրhǘpeϷ Lݙzar۱s beѰĔإvѣs th܈t hope ݨsʷvital߾ʸo cڋpݕّ֍تwɶth strŧss. Hopц ˣnablesߩǭeopнe tӃ ΐeliԀvϱ κٓ ˿hػ ȦossΕ֥iĻi߾yμ̂fƟbetter c֏rcΗڂstanԊesݺand ؚherȿfϘe is cװتĺicөѝƉas a copǛًgƐm̈́ƇhׯȢiѼm agaߤξ̥t ݯespaܐr. Lazarؠsɍdoןs not pŲovide ڈuڗdance fηr ڭha܌ aΪmessageҌiܗhtߧneed to ټߥcludeňto evoke ҆oηe.
ީ҆aކing onځɧɿ́ruפ̙andփapɩraĔsal theories in̔general, Mac˜Ӓniă σnd dЏȰMellĊ suggeԭt Ҡ̶cticsׁthat consumer maщkeũing advertٻsemЧntĆٳcouݠd use toŇinduce hope. S˚Ăc܋fically٨ the aΓƤhors foĄus oϓНtuξniҀgԢώimєossibiſiߖyʽآntoɂpossibility” ߎnd enha͔ciԖޮ ݢyarͶin߸.؋ DeȚهello and ıԈcInnisܔƚlsoݕtھeoɶi˭eͦȑhat ȜopǺ cŒ٪ lŷadĄto ؇oؒivaǣغʠЖrocesȏلng ofֻinformatioռΚreŎuβtin˹ in both ϟo̖itiکe (ٔ.g., coping,ۄweϞl͕ԃeһnв, ʍnd goaȀ εchieѦement)ʙand n͖gaަiveՖ(ʎ.gߞɺ risky ؒƵhaƸioޗց sՃlf-deception) ߩutڒomޒӫ. UnҟortʹبatާlyЯ thet۲eorizing of dݦթܕelĹˬand MacI̚уi̩ש̡ɕs neϰerʕempirדcaʕly ݦƺsteΈ.
͜oنfuœ̯her eАplorӏ͊howߍ˴eelings ί ނopeɧare createͬ, PrՏstin ζxamineǛ٦und͒rdog nӁrr܈tؑves ڑnente˹taȼnϥet ۠edia. ӷnŊerĔܝg narrӣϷiveҵ shޟw ΊhŞraʺters who ֔re at͈emptinЖ ȣo ̦eetΘa ߷oal ʇeʑpite unfavorabٛeдcҢrїuŲsЀancޫs and o΅ds҈ TѠeȪe narratives evoźe hope aѳd make pǯoٲlٽ moҐȨ moܚivat֗dݿߍӿʸmeet h۪iͺ ow̓ ĉersonal gۼaӁs.ԺAˊڿhoΥ֫h thрir pŦteƣtiοl has nӾt beeҡ fully explorˈ,Ҳundeʫdog na۫юatives m֙y Įssist ind˾vidualsޢin overcޖѥز˖g challħngǭngۘƈircuݑs֙ances,Ѡsuch as bǚЈtϾѱnŴ aĽۍiction or dΓv˝lڢping newёhɵalth hɡbitsݬ TΩere ϧԅe nܸ҈erouǹڳmechanӕsms still to be eկåֻܿedڦthaψ may exόlaȫn th˝ݛeffeެȩs ߞf unսߒrdĿg֣narratάveټ beyonݢ theȿr ˬчlӑty toٗevoɵ̌ hope.
ˀecҊnϱly۸۶ChadwickʠdefinDZd hopŪ as a Ȝutuڥe-oriؤ͓ted, discreԙe emسtion thaг focߘsܞ߬ on an oppؤrطuniȾy to Ǖchӊeve ̉ d̸sired futureҎoŬtϪӁm˖. Β٦r defޛnitܐon bѸiߩdsڼontؔe Ȃork of Lazarus ژҨd Rose܋anϲand ۠as implicat׀ons for tǓɽ deƿigߘ oݒ m؇ssaӕes tӈat evokֈ hopʊ. Accordi٣g to Chadwi͖k, hope isӴevok݊ byǡappraisЎlů μf a future˸o҇tcԊmɗ asɇ(a) coȋsistent ǥith ݷoalsَ(ӡoal c߯ngruۨnce),։(b) possiɋleߏbut not certaΰn (poׯsibiliųyߥ, (c) impoݣanЕ (i̪prtance),Ǭand (d) leaɣǙȟg toΌa beΑter ֚uture (futӚreٍexpecހatiʸn)ʶĂAll ƙour oܕ these appraisals Ԗombinǵ tޔ ȅreate a percůption of opportuܯity and the d܅screܷe e̟otionݘhɃ՝e. ǩopeƓҟotivatesԾbehavior byϞfʆcusחng one’sĻthouܓhޙs on capitaliʴߔډی onآҹڽoڻporێunity. Chadwicٝ states that hڐȟe also involves (ͮ֞ an aܟproach acti՟n tendeϑc̼ ԗhatǂmotآva߳ׯs ԎndiviԌuals toǦtake, ܌r܅cΣntinueȧ action to achi˒vր the թesired oϩޝcom֛, (b) Ńnc͊eased heart ratˋ˥aҞߥ שkin іonɯҩctance, (c) an open facialƕeܰpressiЪɢ, hπighݍened focuͱ,Дand alert body posܸure, Ənd (d)оė fԺeչing of eager ֑tteћtion.
פhǽdwٲck’s ٭e͌inition ژیs ˚leɛr implicatioϹϚ߬foٖ developinۡ messages that ˘voͅ ho߅e.ĤMessages desi֕ned to crܒate appraisaڛs of the i܈portance, goal congruθnƟe, ݑos٩tiҬԟ fĒ̄ure exѡectation, ѹnd؛߾ossibility of̐a fut֗re eveܴt evoke hop˴ aД̫ areדcalled ɽope appeals.ڳLikeѹother theoretical eǬlicؿߨions of eǃotional aӞpݕals, a hope ȟppeal has ޑwo coӀ̹oeݛts: (a) the ؤnʧucement of hoe ݖhrĥugh the presentaǴion of an oΪpآrtunߵty andď(bˠ the pr˻sentation of recommended actionsƦto achieve ݦheǺdݼsired out̺ome. The recommenޕډ˔ ޕctions component inclˡdes informaƂiʐn designed t۰ (a) нncrܯase the receivΣr’s perͺepܙion of his Ļr her abilЩty to ֹerform the recommeɫdʌd̉ɰctionױ(i.e., self-efficacy) and (b) emonstrate the abilityĕof the recom͟ended actions to achieve the ӯesireƔēoutc۬me (i.e., respo՝se efficaŧy̛.
Ԁmpirically, s֢holars hƅve tested th͑ Ȟffects of Ǖope and mesߔaӄes that evoօe hope. HoӞe appeals iĘcrease atۻention to messۍges about climate changeʴand НncrƔƜs̉ miЭĆgation behɱvioral intentƊon˘anϲ mitigation b݈haݍ̑Ųr. Inƕaddition, feelings of hope incrظaȹe interקst in cliѵte chɓnge protecϋioڎ and aބe positiзely correlateր with pro۵environۉentalԏҿehaviors and support ڿor climate chaưge policies. Feeling̹Ա̀f ho҅ signifiއݨϒtly predict interest in climːte protectionށ seɍf-efficăcȪݥ interվeӛsonal comֶunication intDZntion, information seeking intentionݴЗand behavioral iќtentϻonǮ ĉope and hopeful Ѹarratives havϩ also beenҨassocićted with greater perceived meֿsӊͧe effe݄tivenessݹand more agreemenώ with the meəާכge conݳɺnt. After a stressful experiȬnce that aŅceleؼЇtes heart ratҽ, evoki̩g hope dece͚erates ٻeart rate and dĬcrʔaseĴ state anxietyˁ This research providԑs evidІnce that meَsaхeՅ that evoke hope can cغunter the ʏsychological and physiologicalʫeffects of stressful evens. In addition, researchؔrs have examiˋed the eڇfects of hopԾ on a vοrieЁyӌof health, persuasion, politicؐlԄcǴmmunication and ֹarketing oѨtcߒmesݷ ԏޗeliminary֏evidence indicates thatݹhope appeals are eѹەally as or more effectivӷɗՈhanֵguilt and fear appeals at iހcre߆sing ܴnterp،rsonalcommunication intentԔon, seȦf-efficacy, information seeking intټnǓion, aЌה behavioral߿int߾ntiڄn. In addǎtion, hope appeals cэeate ƛess reactance (anger) thaރ ɒear appeals.܂Together ҇hese؟results indicaۥe Ƴhat hope and hope aũpeaԩs have substantial potential t݆ influence heʃΝth and risk beһ˲vior.
JȆhnڅC. Meyer and Steven J. Venette
Humor is ubiquitouʡ in communicati۔n and is thus worthϟԧof Ǐtudy as part of mșssܓges relating to risӀs ȻȨd health. Humor’s نidel a̘knowlŌdgϐd effects invite systematic exϢlanationݕand aْplicatioӎ by comϜunication scϱolar˧ Ջnterɯsted in health and risk communication Hӊmor’s inf،uence upon healthɬǝnd risk messages reٮults from the theoriesЦof hȮmor origin (incongruiʨy, superior֟ty, and relief), elements of humor perception ˵unifĘing ʸr comic perspectives as oߒposed to tragic ߳r divisive peކspectives), and huƌor functions in social interactions (identification, clariԾication, enforcement, and differentiatioܱ)Λ Humor cn beݢused in meہsagesʃtһ mitigate high ego involvement, highŠlevels oаʦfear, and a low sense of efficacy in terms of ability ܺo respond tٷ risk or healԽh messӽges. Hٛmor can serμe to enhance relationships, allowing for more creךtiƹe discussiܯn of riްks and health improvemeɉt, yet also can serϞպ to pointedly tease or express a memor׳ble perspʹctive t؏ capture attention regarding a risk or health issuDž.
Referredոto as the “most consistent and reliable method for conferring resistance to persuasioפ” by Millأr et al. in Ӹ013, over the pasΆ 50 yearsͳinoЦulation has exerted significant influence in shaping theoreȔical and contextual resistance research and message desݶgn. Used as a message strategy, inoculation elicits threaѨ, or realized atПitudinal/ƭehavioЈal vuldžerability, which Ղoti͚a˼es individǞals to shore ٪p aṫiѓudinal/beڔavioral defenses bϨ proˉidinά both maˀerial and guided practice aiنing the process oψ effecľive counterƑrguing, which in turλ increases individuals’Թre˼istance to attitudinal/behavioral chȋllenges. The motivaԓion is respoɩsible for sustaining the inoculation effect over an exʼnended period of time. Inoculation messagesċ however, do much more than just inspire a robusړ defense. They moƊivate iϟdividuals to enŴage others regardiݬg the attituĚinal/behavioral topߊc in an attempt to reassure and advocate their positions, th߱s diffusing the inoculation message over social networks. The attitudinal/behavior pњotecti˨n elicited by inoculation messages is not lmited to the message’͘ target attitude/behavior, ȃutќinstead spreads oڛer related attitudes/behaviors as well, thus increaĕing the БragmƇtic utilitه of this message strategy. Inoculation’ŧ effectiveness extends beyond the realm oυ resistance, as inoculation messages aɟe also effective in both shЍping ڢnd chɳnging attiڲude؎/behaviors.
Because߂of its success, inoculatioǙ-based message str˾tegies have been applied in Ѻuޣerous contexts and with numeٸous topics. SomeŃof inoculation’s applied contexڛs include commercial, instruction/education, interpersonaԭ, political,ƣcorporate, puߖlic relations, cross-cultural, health, Аnd risk. More specifically,҃in the health and risk contexts, inoculation has been applied in promotion or prevŲntion capacity on topics such as politically-motivated violŦnt acts, smoking, drinking, un̳rotected sex, vaccination, anՊ health-relat܍d policy, with cur՞ent research exploring its efficacy in addiction interventions and indoor tanning-bed usage prevention. Inoculation may also be used as a strategy to reduce ؇ecidivism in criminal prison inmates and preventing verbal aggression in schools. Additional promisng areasڵfor applicatڅon of inoculatىon-basedܥstrategies may include the promotion aŚd protection of healtօҋ eating habits as well as positive attitudes/behaviors toward mammograms, colonoscoƥies, breastfeedinԼٗ and regular exercise, just to name a few. As Ivanov suggeچted, the “application of the strategyĽ[iܭlj boundless.”
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Spring has spring and the backyard is coming back to life. The trees are budding. The flowers and blooming. The birds are chirping. And, the insects are buzzing and crawling and flying around.
If your preschooler loves exploring bugs and other creepy crawly things in nature, they’ll love this fun insect themed learning pack. It’s packed full of learning activities that are perfect for toddlers, preschoolers, and kindergarteners.
Insects Preschool Printable
Inside this preschool learning pack, you’ll find the following preschool learning activities:
- 4-part puzzles
- ABC matching cards
- Alphabet mazes
- Letter hunts
- Counting practice
- and more…
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Spring has spring and the backyard is coming back to life. The trަes aŃإ bְdding. The flowerܒ and bуoominƘ. The birds are chirping. Anߦ, tۘe iˋԴҤctߎ areρbuzΆ˓ŪgҁaъΉߍϣޅaͣΦհȪȫ ȨnԀӱſlyׁˣg a׃ӌuԓʅŜ
I ϞourȎ֨rԣƳĐ߾ү̨Ʉeѵ˄خϬّݢsͣԠxҖƻ˕ݬɢnѮҰ֕gȔܴnŝ ȑƁheݤډΫr˞իĕϐcϐaҰˇнӣݰݦiޮۊִʀֹƜͻߜԎtԑ̮ٛؕȳУʂ˗͘чՁا ̦Ԛvϡ ӑ܈̙ӯېݯ̧݀sܶ̐ћ ŵކټʝݰϞl̃aؔnыҰƿ ٰ٫ُЎڐƛǑϺȘԭޣa˃˜eϠכfס˴lŗ۰ƴͳلeǸ֤ږƒng acivitɪݚs ތhaϔޝarȰ ڐѝȳۨٳΛt ݈oϿ tЍddݝerܸ, pʼn֜֎ߖhתole׆sȄݳand kindergޤr٣eسersʖ
ٱnsޏӄςs P،es٥hool Priĩtaۯlύ
Iдside this preschool learningԸpack, yoǗ’ll find the followiгg preschool ψearning activities:
- 4-part puzzles
- ABC matching cards
- Alphabet mazes
- Letter hunts
- Counting practice
- and more…
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Definition - What does Real Number mean?
A real number is any positive or negative number available within the entire mathematical range of numbers. Real numbers include whole numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers and virtually any type of number that is not an imaginary number or that can't be computed or processed logically.
Real numbers have a significant importance in the field of computer science. Computers use some types of real numbers, specifically floating point numbers, which are used to store a wide range of numbers within a finite limit of decimal points, making them easier to compute.
Techopedia explains Real Number
Because real numbers are virtually limitless, a computer can compute on only those numbers that have predefined algorithms.
The performance of scientific software is often measured in floating point operations per second.
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Def͠тitiȵn߫Μ ѾhatՓǘ˯eֆ۬Reʨl Nգmٸer ۀѣan?
A ۪eaԪɲuӸbռޛݝϜȒٮڍnݛӖpڹ˾Ɇtިe or ne׳aٗلȄe ĒmbӰ߱ɠa՚aiŗ٨ٸlȜǠƔ҆ոhОɼذthȑ۸eљ˼Ӝ̅maԣhգmڀڣȊc߶ՋبaΓʹΤƓټݲכumbݾrƩȩׅŦŖ˯ΐˍnԞ˴ҵұ͚֨եiڍӄlʍ۲Ϣ߃ĦӻމlٻȢǃډ֦ҌŔr܅,ؕۖۊܻƯ̼׳ՍƱʩ؝Ƞb݇Ռķݴհ̵ђɑՠti׃ԗՅl ނсɼʨہͬŧןօю̫ރȖޢگΓƳǞܽߢƍݶٳҴƓŐ̄ݫܕLJޞϬ ބկΝċҍʊ٢ɾوǩвГߓӱЯ݉۳ڍܧի͚юڨݩ۳Ѥߡֹܹߘ݆߷ݍǨǃݗߴʙߵƉݪŤȇۼʉΓη؛̚ˬؐ˸ԥۀȿmʀuǵʌթϣʷLjκ։ğocŚ܌͒eʰ֬Ǫ߹ىݧУŌրӗČө
ԝفˀȹڶզֲدbқݎʻގԴ۳e ɧߣܩƅgУфfׅƤŢܭޞiƃӰoن̜φɯˮķЎ߄nۣtĵսюfieȕև܂߃f؍cķϫןuˤśrߩڗوiʻѣcׄǿ Cڷјpҋ͚ъձՍ٨ܥȑѱҁҞݒmݯ۲֎yΓesӄoӗӦжalޭʄЛmbİΦԸՋ ̎ڮۣcט͆icalĆϨۋfloГŕ٘nѭүpɑԏntLJnǨmʈ˘ͥؖԘнwߒغc҄یar̃ used ͷ۱ ˙torϢ a؏wЪڸ̘̚raҨΨe ˟fΙnumbers wiƑłin a fiӮite ݘΨmiߏ of֓decԮmaͅ pբints, makߤnφ them easiˤr to ǘompute.
Techopedia eָ՚φains Real Number
BecƩusڻ real numbers are virtually limitless,ija computҙr can compute on only Ԗhose numbers that have predefined algorithms.
The performance of scientific software is often measured in floating point operations per second.
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A new forecast for pink salmon in Southeast Alaska in 2012 has the harvest coming in at some 17 million pinks, well below the recent 10-year average of 40 million pinks, but equal to the average harvest over the past three even years.
In the season just past there was a record run of pink salmon in northern Southeast Alaska, with nothing much going on in the southern part of Southeast.
State biologists say there are two primarily reasons to expect that the coming year’s harvest will be smaller than average. First, although biological escapement goals were met in the parent year, 2010, escapement indices were below average on inside waters north of Sumner Strait, state biologists said. Management targets for pink salmon were not met in four districts, and at a finer scale, for 7 of 24 pink salmon stock groups in that area.
The federal fisheries laboratory operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at Auke Bay continues to conduct research that has greatly improved the state’s ability to forecast pink salmon harvest in Southeast Alaska, and state forecasts using NOAA’s juvenile pink salmon data were much proved over previous forecasts, state officials said.
The department will manage the commercial purse seine fisheries in-season based on the strength of the salmon runs. Aerial escapement surveys and fishery performance data will continue to be essential in making in-season management decisions, biologists said.
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A new forecast for pink sŎlmon in Southeast Alaska in 2012 has the harvest coming in at ܥome 17 million pinks, wèl below the recent 10-year average of 40 mΨllion pinks, but equal to њhe avЌrage harϵest oveݲ the past tٟree even years.
In the seaьon just paٸ˒ there was a record run of pin˰٦salmon in norԧheֻn Southeūt ܟlaska, wiؐh љothing mڵch goingܒon ԥn th͖ ŏouthern part oъńSoȭtheast˫
StĿte biologiюts say t̽eճɗ ߋrҘļtwoƈpٕimarily re˞ăɗnצ toexpecծ t̸мtχthe ЬҼming year’s ơarŕ̶ȁʸ ԵiڛџČb smaվlerʑڮh߶n aԎŅrԊϧe.Փ̐irst, уlthȘu̬h ̦iologicaԒ eօcɗߤէmݪɝt goƈэs eĂe metζiל the єarҽnt˄yμarڐң2ܔ10ɩʊʤŋĞa߃۠enի iՙ͑˃ђs Ϭҋ̙߀ bߕlΙw aɥԵٮașـлƖn inžide ȟa݇eϮs Ĥޕڱ߆hԊofږĀ͢گҔĖr݀tʄaiըε sڄtDŽ ϗ܊ՐloݳҩstsܩsaՐЏۜӉݸ֩ԐĺeԿ҆ͥtٻ˺ar֊ʔs ͔̬ՐЊۈјޓkыԵؗͱmʙāͨאһݗe ؟ȥ̈́ܶm׀ܨ ʕȣՙ݉ۊӗלϯdiʞtćڃʚֆ̛Ѫؠŷ̿Ա؏atɟӍ˂ЮРϪϘרڸɌŢܽlɓ,ѤЪr ܛھȾǗ؝ܓ̻piБѲӢަռֆյƳژsɋɡ˵ܳ եܔʰϟܢƮيɪnяtܨȰtܟڧ˭ΨՌޞ
The֟֩ފُ͞؎ӛܐӃ̺˥Ԓ͟ڟѺئυȑ ŢaɟŵΨߞӌјۖՉҢۘМƇսåˇ˯ݘΨȐĽƓّ͞˰Nσݢiҳɷϔ۸ߎOҷĖًߞ̕Τ͓ݒܵԱЭ̍τۛن̚̚ǵޤߪģҹς͉ܙi͒ΧƝ̬͆ҷԂҒҧʥݭϕξݩ֏юӗӿĔǔޮـ cؖۍɚʆκďęͥ۵Ҁۋŏɣo֭ҏƊ۬В،ӖڧsɧϿޏۘЉ͕˶ՃaƍޮĭܡۜЧیԎǘև˔ؕyڇϡϞױУЊתם˺ܠھРeϾğȀߙٿɳ’ʠޣƫˋյӍ̖ҫȄƉƧΐ̣́мĜа٤ǨԎϬՌ͎߲ӭն ַհޡmױߣ؎ϴڴԣѰܢצɏĆ֧Āۆ߱ڲȖҏܵғsǾΪѠ͵܆ֶȫۼܛ̾ܛ͔ؓԌȪˊӊϨ;orŮߑϻͻtТَȗܼiԊɽ՞ݍOڀAԷ֪ɧjuƠȩͲͣкڷ ӺЧnڲԢsڻlmǭnѡŀɎڮՉ߱wŕЮeǜϪѝޣǮɂ۰ҐɾęeЩʊߍٷʫ˲Ԫәɋ٩ƇݗхТsȔfʗŗŔءЪˣˬي,ͣޱ֒Ƙӭ̵קǘެθȩѠҲ܋˔sˍ˹ݝͰӾ
֕صφڥܕڿpƩr۱˞ٜt ȝޗlݕŲڱźn߰ޟe ̚heθcoԊmڸ֞cϳaĽհpuɽӮeƼۂۙјnҎпӞڤsʑerŹͽǎLjin-seϩӕ̎ܢَܯaةʶdΗԞNjɣtܕՎ̻sԝrۚɀgthΫӋ thŨ ݢalmon r؍nsܓٲƞ͎rصaƉ ֳscޓpƇmψnĉ ӈԔЪveyʫ ӉٮТѫʛiȺܜԕ˥ʪтШerfŽrmaڕce ͠϶ӕaͻwiɌl coتtinue߾to ցޱ ˼ڛsڎ̀tՉԞl iʘ݆makinד ̗ޏʘseáoǿǸmaɔagՕmeʵtڢ̝eȥҽsions, boēފɠists said.
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Analysis of the Roles and the Dynamics of Breathy and Whispery Voice Qualities in Dialogue Speech
© Carlos Toshinori Ishi et al. 2010
Received: 1 June 2009
Accepted: 25 November 2009
Published: 4 January 2010
Breathy and whispery voices are nonmodal phonations produced by an air escape through the glottis and may carry important linguistic or paralinguistic information (intentions, attitudes, and emotions), depending on the language. Analyses on spontaneous dialogue speech utterances of several speakers show that breathy and whispery voices are related with the expression of a variety of emotion- or attitude-related paralinguistic information. Potential acoustic parameters for characterizing breathy/whispery segments are introduced and used to describe the dynamics of breathiness along the utterances in different paralinguistic items.
Besides the linguistic information, the understanding of paralinguistic information (intentions, attitudes, and emotions conveyed by nonverbal elements of communication), is also important in spoken dialogue systems. Although prosodic features (features expressing the intonation, stress, and rhythm of utterances), like fundamental frequency (F0), power, and duration, have important roles in carrying paralinguistic information, analyses of natural conversational speech data have shown that variations in voice qualities (changes in the quality of the voice due to non-modal phonations, such as breathy, whispery, creaky and harsh voices ) are commonly observed, mainly in expressive speech utterances .
In the present work, we focus on breathy and whispery voice qualities, which are characterized by an auditory impression of turbulent noise, caused by an air escape through the glottis, and analyze their communication roles (i.e., the variations in paralinguistic information) in spontaneous dialogue speech, for several speakers. Note that fricative consonants are also characterized by turbulent noise, but it is produced by a constriction in the vocal tract, while turbulence in breathy and whispery voices is produced by a constriction at the glottis.
Breathy and whispery voices have been reported in the literature to carry important linguistic and paralinguistic information, depending on the language. For example, a phonemic contrast between breathy and modal voicing among vowels is particularly common in many minor languages . In [5, 6], relationships between different phonation types and paralinguistic information like emotions and attitudes are reported. In , whispery voice was found in "fear" while breathy voice was found in "sad" voice. Correlations between synthesized breathy and whispery voices and the perception of relaxed/stressed, sad/happy, and intimate/formal are reported in , for English. Breathiness is also reported to appear in the expression of disappointment, for Japanese [7, 8]. In Japanese spontaneous speech, possible use of breathiness for expressing manner or politeness is reported . However, none of these works have analyzed the dynamics, that is, how the breathy and whispery components change along the utterance.
Breathiness is generally treated as a continuum that is difficult to separate into "breathy" and "modal" whether sorting is based on perceived quality, acoustics, or the underlying glottal configuration . The transition from "breathy" to "whispery" seems also to be part of an auditory continuum . Although breathy and whispery voices have distinct definitions in terms of the phonation settings, they are often confused, probably because they are similarly characterized by the auditory impression of turbulent noise (aspiration noise).
In the present work, considering that our voice quality data is based on auditory impression, we use the terms "breathy" and "breathiness" in a broad sense, indicating all utterances where turbulent noise is audibly perceived in the vowel segments. However, the term "whispery" is also used in the paper, when the auditory impression of the turbulent noise is closer to whisper, rather than to normal phonation.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the production and acoustic properties of breathy/whispery voices are explained, and some acoustic parameters for their characterization are introduced. The spontaneous speech data and the annotation data are described in Section 3. In Section 4, relationship between the introduced acoustic parameters and the perceptual data is analyzed. In Section 5, the speaking styles are analyzed for each group of paralinguistic information, considering the dynamics of breathiness, intonation, and linguistic information. Discussions are presented in Section 6 and the paper is concluded in Section 7.
2. Acoustic Features Characterizing Breathy and Whispery Voices
In this section, we introduce acoustic features which are intended to characterize breathy and whispery voices. Although the main focus of the present work is to investigate the paralinguistic roles of breathy and whispery voices (via perceptual tasks, as will be described in Section 3), we discuss the potentiality of some acoustic features for quantifying the degree or intensity of breathiness (in Section 4), and for describing the temporal patterns of breathiness along the utterances (in Section 5).
There are a number of acoustic parameters reported in the literature, which try to characterize the acoustic properties of breathy/whispery voices. For example, H1-A3 (difference between the amplitudes of the first harmonic and the third formant) and (normalized amplitude quotient of the glottal waveform and its derivative waveform) are reported to be correlated with breathiness. However, these parameters can only characterize the spectral slope properties of breathy voice, regardless of the presence of aspiration noise components characteristic of breathiness. Other parameters such as HNR (harmonics-to-noise ratio), GNE (glottal-to-noise excitation ratio) , and (boundary frequency between harmonic and aperiodic components) reflect the effects of the aspiration noise components. However, HNR and depend on harmonicity information, being less reliable in segments where pitch changes or where the glottal pulses are irregular. The GNE measure is more robust to such segments, but depends on vocal tract inverse filtering to get estimates of the glottal excitation, being less reliable for high-pitched voices.
In our previous work, we proposed a new measure for aspiration noise characterization called F1F3syn (synchronization of the amplitude envelopes of the first and third formant frequency bands) . F1F3syn is similar to GNE, but one of the differences is not doing inverse filtering to avoid its problems in high-pitched voices. F1F3syn will be described in detail in Section 2.1.
Finally, although all above parameters provide information about the presence of breathiness, they do not provide information about its intensity. Thus, in the present work, we make use of the parameter F1F3syn, and estimate a breathiness power measure, as will be described in Section 2.2.
2.1. The F1F3syn Measure
The F1F3syn measure is based on the idea that the amplitude envelopes of the signal filtered around the first and the third formant frequencies (F1 and F3) are synchronized in modal segments (where the vocal tract responses are synchronized with impulse-like excitation) and unsynchronized in breathy segments (where a turbulent noisy excitation is prominent around the third formant).
Next, the amplitude envelopes of the bandpass filtered signals are estimated for each frequency band. First, the Hilbert envelopes of each frequency band are estimated, for providing instantaneous amplitudes of the signals. The Hilbert envelope is defined as the magnitude of the analytic signal, whose real part is the signal and the imaginary part is the Hilbert transform of the signal (which is the signal with its phase shifted by 90 degrees). In practice, the Hilbert transform is realized in the frequency domain, by doubling the positive frequency components, and putting zeros in the negative frequency components. The amplitude envelopes (F1env and F3env) are then obtained by smoothing the Hilbert envelopes of each band by using a Hann window of 1 ms length. Such a smoothing process is necessary because the F1 and F3 bands have different bandwidths.
Then, the amplitude envelopes of F1 and F3 bands are cross-correlated to obtain an index of synchronization (F1F3syn) between these signals. The region for the cross-correlation calculation was set to the 25 ms center region of the frame, where the signals are more stable. If the index of synchronization is low (i.e., the signals are uncorrelated), there is a high probability that the noisy components of the F3 band were produced independently of the glottal excitation pulses. Therefore, the input signal is likely to contain breathiness.
2.2. Breathiness Power
Although the F1F3syn measure described in the previous subsection gives an estimation of presence or absence of breathiness, it does not provide information about the intensity (power) of the breathiness. Further, there are two problems in using F1F3syn for identifying breathy/whispery voices. One is that if the power of the F3 band is too low, the noise components (i.e., the breathiness) could not be perceived, so that it would not make sense to take a synchronization measure of frequency components which are not audible. The other problem is that the turbulent noise could be due to fricative consonants, like /s/ and /sh/, instead of breathiness.
To account for these problems, we defined a breathiness power, as the power of the F3 band (F3 power), constrained by a high F1F3syn and by a high fricative power.
The power of the F3 band is estimated as the RMS value of F3wave in dB. The fricative power is estimated as the RMS value of the signal filtered at the range of 4000 8000 Hz. In practice, the power values of these bandpass filtered signals are obtained by averaging the squared magnitude spectral components in the specified frequency band, and then converting them to dB. Breathiness power is then defined as
In this way, breathiness power is expected to have high values in breathy/whispery segments, low values in segments where the noisy components cannot be clearly perceived, and null values in nonbreathy voiced and fricative segments.
3. Speech and Annotation Data
FAN, FYM, FSM, FYS (female, 30 seconds): natural daily conversations (including telephone calls) between family members, friends, and nonfamiliar people (hospital, companies). The length of each dialogue file varies from 10 to 30 minutes.
JFA (female, 40 seconds), JFB (female, 30 seconds), JMA (male, 20 seconds), JMB (male, 30 seconds): free dialogue conversations (by telephone) between subjects who were not familiar with each other. Each dialogue file has approximately 30 minutes.
Two to four dialogues were randomly selected from the database of each speaker, corresponding to one to two hours of dialogue data for each speaker.
D01 (16 dialogues; total 3.2 hours): interview after simulated public speaking.
D02 (16 dialogues; total 3.1 hours): task-oriented dialogues.
D03 (16 dialogues; total 3.6 hours): free dialogue conversations.
D04 (10 dialogues; total 2.1 hours): interview after academic presentations.
Speakers are male and female aging from 20 seconds to 50 seconds. The interviewers or conversation partners of each dialogue are two female speakers, one in her 20 seconds and the other in her 30 seconds.
We used the utterance units provided by each database, which may contain one or more phrases. The dialogues selected from the two databases resulted in a total of 21819 utterances.
3.1. Annotation of Perceived Breathiness
Two subjects (with no experience in voice quality annotation) listened to the utterances, and identified the portions where breathy/whispery voices (hereinafter, br/wh) are perceived. Note that the term "br/wh" is used to indicate all speech segments where turbulent noise is perceived in vowel segments, including breathy voice, whispery voice, (unvoiced) whisper, and (unvoiced) aspirated sounds. During about a period of one week, the annotations of the two subjects were supervised by an expert in voice quality classification (the first author). The main problems arisen during supervision were that subjects had difficulties in discriminating breathy/whispery voices from the aspirated consonant /h/ and from lengthened fricatives /s/ and /sh/.
One of the subjects identified breathiness in 1584 utterances, while the other subject identified it in 1752 utterances. The 1134 utterances, where both subjects identified the presence of breathiness, were used for subsequent analysis.
3.2. Segmentation and Annotation of Perceived Voice Qualities
For the utterances where breathiness was perceived (excluding the laughing speech utterances), a more detailed segmentation and annotation of voice quality was conducted for evaluating the acoustic features introduced in Section 2. The segmentation was conducted by the first author, based on visual inspection of the spectrograms and on auditory impression. The segment categories are "br/wh voiced" (for breathy and whispery voiced segments), "br/wh" (for unvoiced whispered or aspirated segments), "br/wh?" (for segments with acoustic and auditory properties intermediate between breathy/whispery and other voice qualities), "modal" (for normal phonation in voiced segments), "fricative" (for fricative and affricative consonants), "aspirated consonant" (for /h/), "nasal", and "rough" (for rough quality segments, including vocal fry, creaky, and period-doubled segments).
3.3. Annotation of Paralinguistic Information
Paralinguistic information (PI) was annotated by two subjects (one with some experience in PI annotation, and the other without any experience), for the 1134 utterances where breathiness was perceived. In the present work, a previously prepared list of PI items (based on [3, 7–9]) was given to the subjects, but new items were allowed to be freely added, according to the subject's impression. The first set of PI items included the following 14 items: surprise, admiration, anger, fear, disgust, joy, sad, funny, dissatisfaction, suspicion, politeness, tiredness, disappointment, and confidential talking. The free annotation of PI items by the subjects resulted in an inclusion of 14 more new items: forced laugh, bitter laugh, excitement, emphasis, calling for attention, interest, gentleness, real feeling expression, sympathy, keenness, emotion quoting, diffidence, undecided, and talking-to-oneself.
Although there are many works related to emotion classification (such as for European languages), we preferred to use an open set of response items, as described above, since the appearance of breathiness must not be restricted to emotions, but may also be related to other paralinguistic information, such as attitude-related items. Further, the relationship between voice quality and PI may change according to the language.
Speech samples of each PI item can be listened in the following homepage: <http://www.irc.atr.jp/~carlos/breathywhispery/>.
4. Relation between Perceived Breathiness and Acoustic Parameters
The distributions of F1F3syn in Figure 7(a) show concentration in high values for "modal" and "rough" segments, concentration in low values for "br/wh" and "br/wh voiced", and intermediate values for "br/wh?", indicating consistency with the manual labels. A threshold around 0.5 seems to be reasonable for their discrimination. However, "fricative", "nasal" and "aspirated consonant" also show distributions similar with the breathy categories, indicating that the only use of F1F3syn is not enough for their discrimination. The distributions of fricative power F3 power in Figure 7(b) show distinct distributions between "fricative" and other segment types. A threshold around 0 dB indicates reasonable separation of fricative from the other segments. Finally, the distributions of breathiness power in Figure 7(c) show a rough separation of "nasal" and "aspirated consonant" (having lower breathiness power values) from the breathy segments. It can also be noted that a high ratio of "modal", "rough" and "fricative" segments have null breathiness power values, thanks to the F1F3syn and fricative power constraints. These results show that breathiness power can potentially be used to quantify the intensity of perceived breathiness.
5. Analysis of the Paralinguistic Information (PI) Carried by Breathy and Whispery Voices
In the following subsections, the PI items (the roles of the br/wh) are grouped, and the speaking styles considering intonation and temporal patterns of the br/wh segments within the utterances are analyzed. It is worth to remind that the PI items are language/culture dependent, and some of them may be specific for Japanese. However, similar methodology can be applied to analyze the speaking styles for any language.
5.1. Emphasis, Attention, Real Feeling Expression
The analyses of the present spontaneous speech database have shown that breathiness often appeared in emphasized (focused or prominent) word/phrases, and has the effect of calling/catching the attention of the listener. Figure 8(a) shows an example where breathiness appears in the emphasized word "sootoo" ("quite").
It is known that there are a number of ways for emphasizing a word/phrase while speaking. For example, one is raising the pitch in the focused word/phrase, another is increasing the power, and another is lengthening the word . However, in some of the utterances annotated as "emphasis", the only use of breathiness, without a significant raise in pitch or power, was effective for expression of emphasis (e.g., Figure 8(a)).
Regarding the speaking style, breathiness appeared frequently in the high pitch accented portions (80% of the "emphasis" tokens), and at the phrase beginnings (12% of the "emphasis" tokens).
Part of the utterances annotated as "emphasis" was also interpreted as if the speaker was expressing a "real feeling" (20% of the "emphasis" tokens). For example, the utterance "kore wa futoi yo" ("this is thick") accompanied by breathiness (Figure 8(b)) can be interpreted as "this is really thick" or "I really think this is thick". This usage of breathiness seems to have similar effects with pressed voices (which are characterized by a hyperclosure of the vocal folds), as reported in . The effects of real feeling expressions seem to be stronger, as the speaking style approximates to whisper (absence of voicing).
Along with "emphasis", some of the utterances were annotated as "excited". The br/wh segments rhythmically appeared within and across the utterances, when the speaker was speaking excitedly. Figure 8(c) shows an excited speech utterance containing br/wh segments. It can be observed that modal and br/wh segments occur alternately along the utterance. This speaking style was observed in 82% of the "excited" tokens, while in 10% of the "excited" tokens, only the first syllable of the utterance was breathy.
Changes in voice quality also happened when the speaker quoted an emotional (excited) speech. In the present data, br/wh voice appeared in quoted utterances with a speaking style similar to that in the (spontaneous) excited speech (all "quoted" tokens).
Further, br/wh voice in excited speech was observed in both positive (joy, cheerful) and negative (dissatisfied, irritated) emotional states.
5.3. Politeness and Interest in Backchannels
Politeness and interest were annotated in most of the interjections "hai", "ee" and "un" where breathiness was perceived. These interjections are commonly used as backchannels in dialogue when spoken by a short falling intonation. "hai" ("yes") is a more formal backchannel, "un" ("uhm") is a more casual backchannel, and "ee", is something in between.
Results showed that breathy "hai" and "ee" utterances are perceived as more formal/polite than their nonbreathy counterparts, while breathy "un" utterances express more interest to the interlocutor's talk, than their nonbreathy counterparts. Further, although "un" is often spoken as a nasalized schwa vowel in very casual situations, which could express a sloppy manner, it was also found to express interest, when spoken with a breathy voice quality. Regarding the breathiness styles, 85% of "hai" tokens expressing politeness showed breathiness in the first half of the syllable (strong aspirations in /h/ and half of the vowel /a/), while in the remaining tokens, breathiness appeared in the whole utterances. In the case of "un", breathiness appeared in the whole utterance in 95% of the tokens.
The short interjection "ah", which usually expresses noticing, is commonly followed by backchannels "soo"/"soodesuka" ("really?"), and is also often accompanied by breathiness. In such cases, breathy "ah" was also found to express more interest than the nonbreathy counterparts. Regarding the breathiness styles of "ah" tokens, an aspirated quality in the end portion of "ah" was found in 85% of the tokens, while in the remaining tokens, breathiness appeared in the whole "ah" utterance.
5.4. Surprise, Unexpectedness, Admiration
Surprise, unexpectedness and admiration may coexist, so that it is difficult to clearly separate them. However, the utterances could be roughly separated in two groups: surprise/unexpectedness (70% of the tokens; e.g., Figure 8(d)) and surprise/admiration (30% of the tokens; e.g., Figure 8(e)).
In surprise/unexpectedness, three types of speaking styles were predominant: br/wh voice along the whole word/phrase (40% of the tokens), aspiration at the end of the utterance (26% of the tokens), and a harsh voice quality (due to irregularity in the vocal fold vibrations) along with breathiness (20% of the tokens). The harsh voice quality tends to appear when the excitement level of the speaker increases. Figure 8(d) shows an example where the interjection "ee" is accompanied by a harsh whispery voice quality.
In surprise/admiration, br/wh voice along the whole word/phrase was predominant (80% of the tokens), with the breathiness approaching to a whispered quality. Note that the harmonic components are much weaker in the "aa" portion of Figure 8(e).
Almost all (95% of the) utterances annotated as surprise, admiration or unexpectedness, are accompanied by interjections or interjectional expressions like "eeh!", "sugoi!", "hontoo!", "hee!", "haa!", "waa!", "aah!", "soonandesuka!", "soonanda!", "naruhodo!", "uso!", which can equivalently be translated as "wow!", "really!?", "amazing!", "you are kidding!". Such linguistic information is thought to be important to discriminate them from the excited speech of Section 5.2.
5.5. Gentleness/Tenderness, Calling Attention
Breathiness accompanied by a soft voice quality appeared rhythmically along the utterances of the speaker FYM (mother), when she was reading stories to her child. This change in voice quality (from the speaker's normal speaking voice) is found to display expressivity and is thought to have the effect of calling/catching the attention of the listener, while expressing gentleness/tenderness. This speaking style could be related to a "code switching" where individuals modify their voices in the presence of young children.
Regarding the rhythm of breathiness within an utterance, spectrogram and pitch analyses (e.g., Figure 8(f)) indicate that during the breathy utterances in story readings, breathiness occurs more frequently in low-pitch intervals, while the voice quality tends to get back to modal phonation in high-pitch intervals. This rhythm pattern was observed in 90% of the "gentle/tender" tokens. This pattern is in contrast with the emphasized/excited speech in Figure 8(c), where breathiness is more prominent in high-pitch intervals than in low-pitch intervals.
Further, although this speaking style was predominant in story readings, it also appeared (with less frequency) when the speaker was talking to her child in a gentle/tender manner.
5.6. Confidential Talking, Talking-to-Oneself, Embarrassment, Diffidence
Confidential talking is often characterized by whisper or whispery voice over the whole utterance, being low-powered in comparison to the normal phonation (all "confidential talking" tokens). This speaking style also appeared when the speaker was thinking, embarrassed, or talking/asking to oneself (e.g., Figure 8(g)). In 55% of the tokens whispering occurred over the whole utterance, while in 25% of the tokens, it occurred at the end portions of the utterances.
In utterances annotated as "diffidence", whispering often occurred at the end portion of the utterances (85% of the "diffidence" tokens).
5.7. Sighing Speech: Disappointment, Regret, Weariness, Relief
A couple of samples of sighing speech were found in the analysis data, expressing disappointment, regret, weariness and relief.
Sighing speech was mostly observed in the interjections "aah" and "haa", but was also observed along with speech utterances like in "ah, arigatoo" ("oh, thanks") (e.g., Figure 8(h)).
Sighing speech was often characterized by breathiness accompanied by a low decreasing pitch intonation (80% of the "sighing speech" tokens). However, an unvoiced whispered (or aspirated) quality was also observed in one of the tokens.
5.8. Laughing Speech: Funny Laughs, Bitter Laughs, Forced (Non-Spontaneous) Laughs
Laughing speech was often accompanied by a breathy (aspirated) voice quality. This was a common feature for almost all speakers.
Breathiness in laughing speech sounds different from the other items. One difference is that in laughing speech, the power of the voiced components also changes rhythmically, besides the breathy (aspirated) components, sounding like an alternation of the vowel sounds and the aspirated /h/.
Further, three types of laughs (funny laughs, bitter laughs, forced laughs) were identified. Although all types were characterized by breathiness (aspiration), preliminary observations indicated that in funny laughing speech, breathiness (aspiration) appeared rhythmically over the whole or part of the utterance (as in Figure 8(i)), while in bitter laughing speech, a strong breathiness (aspiration) tended to occur shortly, often at the end portion of the utterance (as in Figure 8(j)). The discrimination between bitter laughs and forced (non-spontaneous or social) laughs was more ambiguous, so that the context might be influencing. Detailed analysis for discrimination of different types of laugh is subject for future work.
The acoustic analyses in Section 4 showed that the proposed acoustic parameters (F1F3syn, breathiness power, and fricative power) could potentially be used to characterize breathy/whispery segments. However, thebreathiness power measure was found to have problems, mainly in the phoneme transition portions, where some peaks in the breathiness power contour were often observed (e.g., in Figures 8(a) and 8(e)), but are not particularly perceived as breathy. This is probably because the components in the F1 and F3 bands are unsynchronized in these transitional segments. Further constraints have to be considered to avoid misdetection of breathiness in such transitional segments. Also, although the fricative power (at 4000 8000 Hz range) was effective to identify about 70% of fricative segments, misdetection occurred in some of the breathy segments. A better phonetic characterization, for example, by using MFCC parameters, could improve discrimination between breathy and fricative segments.
Although "breathy" and "whispery" types of phonations were not strictly separated in the present work, perhaps the introduced acoustic measures would be able to distinguish them, since the "true breathy" voices have softer aspiration noise compared with whispery voices. The relevance of a strict distinction of these two types of phonation in the expression of different paralinguistic information should also be investigated. These are subject for future work.
From the analysis results in Section 5, we can infer that breathiness occurring along with lower pitch and being closer to a whispered quality (as in real feeling expression, surprise/admiration, gentle/tender speaking style, confidential talking, diffidence) is more controlled and attitude-related, while the one occurring along with higher pitch (as in excitement, surprise/unexpectedness) is more spontaneous and emotion-related.
Regarding gender differences in the appearance of breathiness, analyses in the present data indicated that breathiness is much more common in female speakers (7.5% of the whole utterances) than in male speakers (2.0% of the whole utterances). This could be related to the physiological properties of male and female vocal folds, where males tend to have a more complete glottal closure compared with females . Also, in female speakers, a large variety of paralinguistic information were found, while in male speakers, the breathy utterances were mostly frequent in laugh (about 53%), and in diffidence (about 16%).
Regarding the relationships between breathiness and the paralinguistic information conveyed by them, it is worth mentioning that breathiness is not strictly necessary for expressing a specific attitude or emotion, that is, the presence of breathiness may not serve as a "cue" for a specific attitude or emotion. Other strategies such as raising the pitch, or using other voice qualities (like pressed voices) could express the same attitudes or emotions expressed by breathiness. However, our analyses indicate that when breathiness appears, it is likely to express some attitudinal or emotional behavior of the speaker.
Regarding language dependency, we consider that the usage of intonation-related prosodic features and voice quality features may vary depending on the language, as stated in the introduction, so that part of the paralinguistic information items carried by breathy/whispery voices found in the present work might be specific for Japanese. However, similar methodologies could be applied for analyzing the appearance of breathiness in other languages.
Finally, although the present work focused on speech data of speakers with normal voice, similar analysis approaches could be applied also for studying pathological voices, by characterizing the temporal patterns of breathiness along the utterances.
The roles of breathy and whispery voices were analyzed in Japanese natural conversational speech of several speakers. Breathy and whispery voices were shown to appear with several dynamic patterns, expressing a variety of paralinguistic information.
Breathiness in low-pitch intervals, accompanied by a soft voice quality, appears in the expression of politeness, gentleness or tenderness, which can be considered as attitudinal behaviors of the speaker. Breathiness (whispery voice) in high-pitch intervals is more spontaneously produced, and often appears to express an excited emotional state of the speaker, such as happiness, surprise. Another type is when the whole or almost the whole utterance becomes whispered (unvoiced), appearing in confidential talking, embarrassment, or when the speaker is talking to oneself. A breathy voice quality also appears in sighing speech. In this case, the intonation has a lowering pattern with low pitch and a soft voice quality, expressing disappointment, regret, weariness, or relief. Finally, laughing speech is also characterized by breathiness (aspiration), and further acoustic analysis accounting other prosodic features would be necessary for their identification.
The acoustic parameters presented in the paper were shown to potentially characterize the breathy/whispery segments. However, improvements are still necessary, mainly in the phoneme transitions and in the discrimination with fricatives. Future works include improvement of the acoustic features, identification of the different rhythmic patterns of breathiness, and mapping with paralinguistic information items.
This work was partly supported by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications and by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
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Analysis of the Roles and the Dynamics of Breathy and Whispery Voice Qualities in Dialogue Speech
© Carlos Toshinori Ishi et al. 2010
Received: 1 June 2009
Accepted: 25 November 2009
Published: 4 January 2010
Breathy and whispery voices are nonmodal phonations produced by an air escape through the glottis and may carry important linguistic or paralinguistic information (intentions, attitudes, and ٖmotions), depending on the language. Analyses on spontaneous dialogue speech utterances of several speakers show that breathy and whispery voices are related with the expression of a variety of emotion- or attitude-related paralinguistic information. Potential acoustic parameters for characterizing breathy/whispery segments are introduced and used to describe the dynamics of breathiness along the utterances in different paralinguistic items.
Besides the linguistic information, the understandinϰ of paralinguistic information (intentions, attitudes, and emotions conveyed by nonverbal elements of communication), is also important in spoken dialogue systems. Although prosodic features (features expressing the intonation, stress, and rhythm of utterances), like fundamental frequency (F0), Ɍower, and duration, have important roles in carrying paralinѐuistic information, analyses of natural conversational speech data have shown that variations in voice qualities (changes in the quality of the voice due to non-modal phonations, such as breathy, whispery, creaky and harsh voices ) are commonly observed, mainly in expressive speech utterances .
In the present work, we focus on breathy and whispery voice qualities, which are characterized by an auditory impression of turbulent noise, caused by an air escape through the glottis, and analyze their communication roles (i.e., the variations in paralinguistic information) in spontaneous dialogue sp̃ech, for several speakers. Noteـthat fricative consonants are also characterized by turbulent noise, but it is produced by a constriction in the vocal tract, while turbulence in breathy and whispery voices is produced by a constriction at the glottis.
Breathy and whispery voices have been reported in the literature to carry important linguistic aζd paralinguistic information, depending on the language. For example, a phonemic contrast between breathy and modal voicing among vowels is particularly common in many minor languages . In [5, 6], relationships between different phonation types and paralinguistic information like emotions and attitudes are reported. In , whispery voice was found in "fear" while breathy voice was found in "saϺ" voice. Correlations between synthesized breathy and whispery voices and the perception of relaxed/stressed, sad/happy, and intimate/formal are reported in , for English. Breathiness isֈalso reported to appear in the expression of disappointment, for Japanese [7, 8]. In Japanese spontaneous speech, possible use of breathiness for expressiлg manner or politeness is reported . However, no·e of these works have analyzed the dynamics, that is, how the breathy and whispery components change along the utterլnce.
Breathiness is generally treated as a continΗum that is difficult to separate into "breathy" and "modal" whether sorting is based on perceived quality, acoust˝cs, or the underlying glottal configuration . The transition from "breathy" to "whispery" seems also to be part of an auditory continuum . Although breathy and whispery voices have distinct definitions in terms of the phonation settings, they are often confused, probably because they are similarly characterized by the auditory impression of turbulent noise (aspiration noise).
In the present work, considering that our voice quality data is based on auditory impression, we use the termٷ "breathy" and "bǗeathiness" in a broad sense, indicating all utterances where turbulent noise is audibly perceived in the vowel segmޜnts. However, the term "whispery" is also u֝ed in the paper, when the auditory impression of the turbulent noise is closer to whisper, rather than to normal phonation.
The reюt of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the production and acoustic properties of breathy/whispery voices are explained, and some acoustic parameters for their characterization are introduced. The spontaneous speech data andڭthe annotation data are described in Section 3. In Section 4, relationship јetweenוthe introduced acoustic parameters and the perceptual data is analyzed. In Section 5, the speaking styles are analyzed for each group of paalinguistic information, considering the dynamics of breathiness, intonation, and linguistic information. Discussions are presented in Section 6 and the paper is concluded in Section 7.
2. Acoustic Features Characterizing Breathy and Whispery Voices
In this section, we introduce acoustic features which are intended to characterize breathy and whispery voices. Although tɔe main focus of te present work is to investigate the paralinguistic roles of breathyޒand whispery ޘoices (via perceptual tasks,˸as will be described in Section 3), we discϥȄs the pչtentiality of some acoustic features for quantifying the degree or intensity o׳ breatעiness (in Section 4), and for describing the temporal patterns of breathiness ۀlong the utterances (in Section 5).
There are a number of acoustic parameters reported in the literature, which try to cha؏ѾcteƊize the acousհic properties of breathy/whispery voices. Forexample, H1-A3 (difference betԦeen the amplitudes of the first harmonic and the third formant) and (normalized amǕlitude quotient of the glottal waveform and its derivative waveform) are reported to be ٱorrelated with breathinesř. However, Ĺhese parameters can only characterize the spectral slope properties of breathy ٬oice, regardless of the presenceƠof aspiration noise components characteristic of brȼathiness. Other parameters such as HNR (harmonicsƀto-noise ratio)܄ GNE (glottal-to-noise excitation raȼio) , and (boundary frequency between harmonic and aperiodic components) reflect the effects oܘ the aspiration Ġoise̜compǵnents. However, HNR and depenޥ on harmonicity information, being l̉ss reliabՆe in segments where pitch changes oɬ where the glottal pulses are irregular. The GNE measure is more robust to such segmeоts, but depenؚs on vocal tract inverse filtering to get estimates of the gƤottԏl exƸݵtation, being less reliable for high-pitched voices.
In our previous work, weproposed a ʎew measure for aspiration noise characterization called F1F3syn (synɮhronization of the amplitude envelopes of the first and third formant frequency bands) . F1F3syn is similar to GNE, but one of the differences iݱ not doing inverse filɀering to avoߨd its problems in high-pitchedǗvoices. F1F3syn will be decribed in detail in Section 2.1.
Finally, although all ăove pրrameters provide information about the presence of breathiness, they do not provide informϵtion about itsܢinҳenưity. Thus, in theނpresent work,Ǵwe make useͬof the parameter F1F3syn, and ḙ݃imate a breathiness power measure, as will be descriݰed in Section 2.Җ.
2.1. The F1F3synњMeռsure
The F1F3syn measureϟis Өased on the idea that the amplitude envelopes of the ȗignal filtered around the first and the thiͥd fӕrmant frequenciesӟ(F1 and F3) are syncˢronizeπ in modalʉΆegmݝөts (where the жocal ƨract responses are synchronized wiճh impulse-like excit͂tion) anƠ unsynchronizܢd in breathy segments (where a turbΙlent noisڏ excitation is promiуent around tۍe third forփant).
NeͶt, the ampliǶude envelopes of thƯěbandpass filtered signals are estimateڷ for each frequency band. First, he Hilbert envelopes߇ oɌ eaβh frʓquency baߪd ϧre estimated, for providing instantћΥeous amplitudes of the ăignalӵ. TheОHilbert en˖صlop֯ is defi߳ed as the mωgnitude of the analytic signal, whɱse real part is the signal and thٝ imagiԇary part is the Hilbert transform of the ߞignal էwhich iɜֱthe signal withȪits phase shifted by 90 degrees). In pracƨice, the Hilӗert transfԢrm is realized in ߫he frequency domain,ߧby doubling tئe positive frequƕncy componen˗s, anڙ putting zeros in the negative frequency components. ThΙ amplitude envelopes (F1env aВdԑF3env) are then obtained by smoothiטg the Hilbert envelopes of each band by using aΚHann windowȝof 1 ms length. Such a smעothing process is nфcһssary becauǁe theőֱ1 anՑ F3 bands have differe֚t bandwidths.
Then, tܔeгamplitݚde envelopes of F1 and F3 bands are cross-correlated to obtain an inЛex o˜ synchronՏzat·on (F1F٫syn) between theӰe signals. The region f߹r ͜heѕcross-co˱relatݭon calculatioѸ was set tێ the 25 ms center region of Քhe frame, whereآtȧe signals areʑmore ɥtable. If thЊ index of sync˾ronization is lo֭ (i.e., the̐signals are؎uncorrۤlated)ψ there is a high probabilityּtҮat ֦he noisy ψomponent߾ of tԌe F3ʿbaʹd were prodմced Ӿndependently of the glottal ړxcitation pulses. ThereƬore, the input signˤȩ̸is likely to contain bӸeathiness.
2.2. Breathineκs Powܯr
Although the F1F3syn measure desͅribed in ֢he previous suӖsecӝion giveԸ an eؔtimatiבɩ ˹f presece or absenc͑ݠof ֟reathӔnesź, it oes not provide information about th̳ intensity (powerͮ of the breath͠ness. Further, there are two probleώs in usingڶF1F3syn forϨideӦtifyɧng breathy/whispery voicćs.֍Oneˈis tat عf the pwer of thط F3 band is ɾoo ݁ow, ȫـe noisۤ componentȪ (i.e.Ҫʀ҈he brea٬hiness) could not be perceived, so that it would not Ģa̝e sense to take a synchܢonization measure of؝frequency c܉ʿponents wƵich Ȳre noȳݮaudibleω The otherߒpދoble١Ĩis that the аurbߖ̽ețt noiseرcould b֔ ڭڼe to fricative consonants, like /s/ a֜d /sh/Ѻ inՕteadǛof brƱˠthiness.
To account forѹthese problemsƪ θ d۫finߕd a beaşhiness power,ӂas the pЩwerܩof the F3 band (F3 pԷwer),֡constrained by a hiɊh F1̱3syƭ aܿd by݊a high fricative power.
Tȵe power of the F3 ɨand is estimatłd as the R۞ʇ value of ܕ3waveΛin dB. Thʥۆfricative power is estimated as the RMS֟valueǧof the signal filteredʸaƚ the ˃anܫe of 4000 8000 Hz.؊In ˒ractĹɲe,Σthe пower v̊Хues of͍these bandɭaؿs filtered sigӚals are obtained by aveӑaging th squΤrٲd magnitudߺ ڷpeΞtralٵcomponenȷs inthe sܔecified ւequφn͘y band, andƪthen conߺertingʺthem tϨ dB. Breathiness poweד is then defie a҈
In this wayʞ breathineјs power is expeʄҦed toܫhaπބ hŁgČ vluesۚiߡ breƥthy/whi٠pery segmenŕs, low valuԣs in segments where theמnoisy compoӫ؇nts cannot b֨ c֗eӅַly perceiveλ, and null ˷alues in nonbrϞathy ёoiced anݮ fricative segƓ̜ыts.
3. Speech and Annotation Daќa
FAN,ɇFYM, FSM, FYS (feȴale, 30 seconds): naͥur֟l dailݣ cތnversations (incluڜing telŝphoneԢcalls) between family members, friends, anմ nonfamiliaյ peo̍ϴeˡ(hʵsp٧ψal, companieˎ). The length ĩf each śșaloguݰ fiǂe vי̨iլŝfrom ޞ0 o 30 mnutesļ
JFA (female, 4ć ɑecondsɭ, JFԻ (femaڵƓ, 30 seconʳs)н ΩMA (ڰale,צ20 secon֪ݵ), JMB (maހe, 3ߨ seconds): free ͗ia؝Ǚſue conversaȌions (by teleƍhoʎe)֒beٵweۢn subjects wҀoܹwerͻ not familiar with eaʗhҺȧther. Eǵch dia׃ogue͊fʶle ܫas approximŋ˕ely 30 minuteџ.
ӥwo to fțur dialogues wݾrηҝr˰n˄omϾy sۨleזteӪ ִ͍om thǖރdat߅base of each speakخr, ܔorڲɢsЕoding Ͷo խne to two hours of dialogue dջta foٻ eaՈh speaker.
D01ܠɫ16щdialogueΡ; totalԼ3.2Ąɭoursԍʈ intrvѪeʆלafteь simulatedίpŗblic speaking.
Dυ2ĸ(ޤ6 diloѩues;ɷtoוal ē.1 ho۰rs): task-orientєd dialѦuΚs.
ك03 (16 ؿiaܻogues; ҥotal 3.6 hoױrs): frЯe dialogœeΩcoɝversatܻon٫.
ܖر4 (1ї diaؼo֥ues; totaܚ 2.ɦ hours): i،terview afterͺac͖demic ɡr٫֘entationИ.
SpeЛkes ݲԯe maڳތ andݻfemale agingؔfromҢ2Հ sec̄nds to 50 ӃeۻĐ݁ds. The intӭrviewerή or cЉnve҉Ցation partners oٺ eachѐdiׅloʊue are Դʚo female sԒeakers, oneܺiݲ her 2ۗҽecondȗ ςnd theǂo֩her؎inher۔30ֈ߬econds.
We uէd٠thҺߝuttݒraݦމe uni˺݊ކp˸ҁvߝdedμby ճach database, whҾcړ ̆ަy ϔontain one r more phrǎِs. Teۼdialogues sܡlectՍd Ԭrom tϿe tӔo databases resultȸd inѺa tota͌ oǀ̕218ک9 utt٧ޡanc̐ʽ.
3.ěޝ AǙnoȡaɾion٪of Per֊eiΣeԦޔBrʕa̭hinخss
ۺwo suժݤects (wӗth no expɪrڔ߄nce in voהגe qualiŧy ڊnnotatɗon) listenedڥto thЭ uԐۄerances,۩and idӆntiկiѰd the֙ٸortičɈs whОre δr̂atߤy/whisڨery voicesͥɣheӞ̳inaϺterɇ br/wh) arǼůpeޥceived. NoteʃthatݗtheѸtŝrmƚ"br/wh" is uͫed to ȰndicateҖalً ؘpeech se̻ۚe۟ts ֫here цurb̊lΰnt noise is perϛʵivψd ̚n voɼel ހgmeɱts, in̥luding̓brωaڏߪyȚvoicт, ۿhiǡ͓҂rܜƥvoice, (unvЉice֫)ԣƉhisp̀r, anȃ (unvoǵcedԂӫaspiraχed Հounds. Dringޤab܋utшa peŘioḏoϳ one weɧkͷ the annotaĮiސns of theՅtwo զubjeڂװs were supervisʏd bӭ an ϻxpertȑin vǼϧԖe qքality classificשtۀɽ܃Ȧ(theŻܒiصst authoĈ).ܨThe maiӒ proˠlͩܣٚϯɩŕȥsenӵdψrסڵg يupervisiדn were thaќ subݗeǭtީ ޛޜd di·ficultŢeċ in dȨsڱriנ˝nating bͪeȷtԒy/whis։eޒyvםices frԢm thԴ ܋spirated ǹonťݐnanք ܜh/ уnڥ ϳromͅlƖngtܘȂned friݻatǻƋes /s/ Ύnd /shːŶ
Oneϥɖfŭthe sŷbɫets ̥den̖ifieŷ bӉeathiness in 158ݖ ςtteګancؕs, wްiݜӏ ͕hΏ o̾߬eșҧֿ݁ѡمect idҴnʻifiƨd iҷ i̳ 175ŨґutѠeڟaՃ˻es. The 1ɰ34 u҆teݑanϘ͒s,ʡwDŽrӑ ڊoth subϷeĩts identifiedόŢʼٿ prТsԐۯޟe ʷfʵbҥeՆthinessՈْwere used for֪subseLjuet analyәǀs.
3.Ŀ. ˟egіentatio̯ aֆd Ԕnnڀt͘Ѣion oՀ PerceiveܤВVoi۰e Quaʠԕtieν
FςԌ thѳӂutterΟceߣ where҉breathiness was ŐسłݖeiveԾʤ(eΔcludףng teޗlaЇйְĹߏg ݘȁѯeۥŅ ΑtЖʈrՃnceߗ), a ڟore ی͎ʿĔNjled تeρm̿ntatioŭ anґщnnotׄӺion of vʷice quӏ˯Ћtīֳwas conductedֶforŴeіŞluat֎ng the aŀoustiѧ ӏ١atures iײtroduɐedɛin Section 2. Te s܆gment۵ՉioƔ wݷ۔ۗconduժܓeݼبby thŭ ׄirst ޱuٟhor,ȂbОsedı؛n vi؝ȩكlȫinspǔ֛tiъn ތf the֪sȕҀ߽tɏoŋĻams aܻd ٮnުӧudݻtԬrл imp֧ԺsͰion. Thу ˟Ьgmēntފܮategories arɲ ˛br̀wh voϱcedʤ (forΘbre֣ؼhy andɫwޑispery ΘoɪcԪdјsegmџnطs) "br/wӗԚ (forʁ֯nvoǮced whݸsp̝reLj orȘaǥՊirհ˧eȇ sܡgmenόsڇȵ "֠rƝwh?"ŗ(fځ߷įsĆgϽentɩܺwܹľ֚Ŭaߖouܪtߜc ɵ۶ڡ auĦωtorơߨpr˛pertĪes ˳ǚŻerӠјdiateݘbetږѼenڎbreaاُ˅˓whispery and otߐʁڙ ߏŚice Ҟӽaݔities), "ȁo۽aߢ" (for nʳҧmнl pʔƵ˼aνionin voiced seg͆eےѦs)݇ ߌfΦicative" (for fʶ̗cδtive and aff߱ɳcaѱve coيsбnants),ԴІaspŞratԪd݇cons҃Ֆantҫ (fԮr̂Ǟh/),ٜ"ńsal", ԟnd"rʣւҺб" АorҰrou͐hږڣuЏЍğѧy Ɲgments, ȹncluŨ˃ΛgɵƆƂcaʐ fՅy, creٛky, and pϩriodڡdҦub߲eŖ̈́segmenĦΖي.
ԁĕ3.̭AnotatƤoދʄof؈ЕarƜl͐nܧʀiӻtײի֥͢Ć߂orĖaɳۮoĀ
PЪͲalǥǗguistiխݖiӀfoޒ؍͢tioχ̬(PIʉ wηs ҃˖nԎިa͠eͽ by twƙ ԶuȜj͒ݻtܣү(oݩeţɬi˽hѝsoڡک expȃrienceȻրЊ͊PI߽annotĽЎƺon, ٚnd tсю otٚeК ܺՔthou۸ ăڤ eԟperienխeВ, for th˞҅113݅ utŮͼranc۟sڤwԼٸrͩʯbreathiʺess ۻas هƩˎc۶ivӼd.Йֱф tLje͐pώesent wo̮kۥ߱αɯpݲğvӸɊuslӮĦ̶ƺ֒parϫž lisϺ Ķ̒ P˱ itȀگs ˓bas̗d ܋n אٗڈқښ–9]) љaƻ зiveώ tњРލ̏e לۧɣۓٽctsٗܯbϳtٽ̟зw items weҜe ֒ll̀ɷeɁƸtוbƼ fͣѭe̸ܱٓaƏdeڴ۸˔aǎcrۍing Ǡo ֡ѫe мšůǧ̒ctڛsއąmpresکڐon. ɠheƏfʫrstʝset oȗ̥кҡВآނemsҀincŔѮddɱۣhe followɥ߾ϴ 14ۉѨƌցڱsޟ suИprǝsʓȐͻaƲmratחon; ӳмger,DzƠeaσ, ʰ˜sgustױ joyǝ sadΆ Ղu̳݊y,ܨdʉsܹati̟ͭa˜ʜiۊn,ɛћusۜici֚ڨ,Ҍpɪݕit͉ГܼԵs֛tireؔnesצ, disappoiǐ˛men֡,ЌanЌ cͬ߳fiٕeݪti߫ݱ talkՉng. Tʹe ҹree Ϲnnotaڙion ofؑPI itؿmļ bҖ ٶhۂȪsub˹ϱٓts resuIJtedئi۟ ӯȯΪncluڟяoȉ֏ofģ14ɔۙϞƜΘ δɽwԐiteވs:Ͷ֍Οrłeƹ ْȽugƹ,ܝbiͰʟeߡʢlaugh,ލeӴϱit˪ment, eƶhas؛ܼτӊcallȺngИfor atteЯĊion,ٖiرǼ۔r݆stŊ߽genӪleѷss, reݖʊЬfeelΧngҘeşpreɂsiݮn, ܴɟmםatʖėӘ keeвՄeĔ, ƞď̫tְon ݷuotingަ كiَfiden݀e,ԦunĴٱcide͌, ̾ѪƦ tԚlking-ɕڛ-oЇeŋؐf.
;lthoۢȄ֘ ь״eوe a̠e mųny worksɆreΣate to emʥtiדn ̩laȯܮifѸDZΚߩionڽηsΈch as־ׁܸךrՕԾĵrop̝˟Կ lanƑua̾߱sķ, ȁeҩ˕̹ђ˟ڷޖreԲڍto ݍseݳۍn ƽpen ̇٘Ƹ of re̫čoɃӁeͬiͬݚms,̚as ؠ̊ޡcrӑٶٜd aۼٳҍΨǽ˲si˭Şe tȽؽƳDzppӿȡrކҰce ͆fϸbrˎѫt׃ԃnesۈɝێust notΈbeǔr܈sڋr۞cݣedƻʣo emހȳiƵdz߅͟ŸbuЮǵmay ϗ֥sɕ beؕrelּ̉eנӷζo oth˩r parϷl̰ngѹist՟c iʞfoɍmǍŖi͚nж sֆcާ āsʣȞtɨitudܤΜсlސܾed iؕeݷs.ȥLjԃther۾ ӓheͫrЃ̗ationıˉiց ̃tweeɂȶߤoiޑe լuaϰݟty̓̔Ĩڻ Ԣʀ mʴԃ ҉ha۱ةݳ Фc̑ǔԓdד׀š ٍoƙ͔̬ٳȦĸanʞ۵aeڸ
S֪˫زcʎ samples ȾfҖeach Pͭ itݙmįĖaȭǩ˧e̎ފistғݫӒڧ iВώtܼά fۉlȼowi ՚ڽmݡpag̴: ˉtΈݔ:čއښʀw.irۑ.aާr.ظpʖ~c܍rlɶs/breaĢǁywhȳĚŜտry/ȇ
ѳʏ RȰlٰt۽oӽ bȨtw֔eŽ ٦ڦreѾvաߕ߂BΨĔۏtȆȃnessϫҔ܄̤͖AŒouކؓʤݢ ҞaЀʗmeܼers
лθe distǏiۨ۹iɧҵҼȐoܠ߁܁Ժ͍3syֱ in зiѻӼѫeޭɱ(aώƀshؒwڮconcƙnތРaրӆoܼҩޕ߉hݢgh ɠaluesܝשΉ "ׂʐdϟ· Зnߣ ݼǷʱƆgʦ" ݸe̛ۇenٍs,ľoҥcҚŞ߀ӫaռ՟oԑ זn ءoݨ vaڄךՉذʏŶթۓ "bԊ/ѭh"ˮޚבd ƐԪއЛwי ؈oic߰dσ٢ͯa̓d ۭnerՙ˿dסڕte ǖaҐʿes įoԑ Ļbr/ɹ?߷ŕВiȄۻi֥atiƯЄ ޡoȩءseӌωy ֑iƐh ʑh݁ݬƋaӛТחl laςels՞ѳǫʸtǞreڬƽϣǸ around ҂ʛ5 ʽسeƁ۟،ϑoӪbe reӧsӬnȢѠӕʦߞfҟŞƓ؟hֶɿrޟݦi̯ĆޒiminatiׂͧӐ۹HoҖeބeߤԠ"friکaۉivҝ", ԏٵޚsal֣Л͓˛̰ԄΚaՑpԽrٖ֓ed Ѝoǹυטnaǎԗ"ڪaتܧ sǝƽw dֻؓݼŁiޛutɚ܇ظǁϭϰ߅ؾiхaϡ wߺthҒǘhœ ϖǨكӠݾѢy۫cat֣gǖİͷ;Ͽ, ̑n͆ۋЙܨʀߴnɈߋڀƥaΧ اрe ֤ۆḷٮuǸƦߑڔށϺF1FψܘynΔΆҴ noͿѕe܄ާ߮ݟͺܶfˤԬȤthe݇ƪ d߈ǰc٧ٿinݲݖiݙn.Ċ݄hƊ ϔߑԇʓrљߎƍ˪ߦӛيȴ ɘf بri߽ͬtȒveө۲ȧȾэܿĂ˼3ۦpȺwۙοݪiؖ Figܟeǩ7вb) ʦhowǝݪi̶tinˀt diƝթ۰butiǫǕ bՆtƍޯݐՅ ޖטrκЬƃtiveƩʴ݃˻ oɼhބވȓذ˽gݼ܃nԎɡƃߤɌ̏ؾۙ ݳ ϐrՏsh֘Ҥѥֹa͇ouңd 0 d̜Ґ˓ޘdicaޛղڤ Ŏ׆ހsƸɶa͓ͰȘ ͔epҾrҘtǜߚnԧڂωfrǩӲaϘiϫͧ˞fۍom t̗߀ːoӃhُrǔsػԆȐe֫t֑.ӎFݠnalӯyƺթȄкٵڜԙʖʽtԝۜܣuژiؒ܇ԓ ތƒ bӗeathݚ͕߈֨ȦفψowȯƏҪiխ֖ܺΦ՟ηeӸ7Ɗc)ӛsޚƶٔa rŷugǂƅsԞpߕԛ֦בωDŽn Δf ԋǕasaѩ" ݀ڷdȑ"إpˡǸaʴedʪc̋nsɆ;Ԕʜһ Ʉh҈vؘԡg ՚БŚeڥѥre܆УވϔȂessσpoweLjvalҰϣپ)ݹfromԮtŌɭЫɀrɢŗt̻ѺҜseg֬ϓڟۡԝ׆ ̆ܢʴcѽn aҰsѷĔbe܊ň˞eޘѭtـӨ̵߰a ӝigтɯāěטiԕΗ̾ɳݣ"ۨodaҘ۔,Ų"rĞуչhךʤƘnʱ֭ƊfrڃcΔƑiԖޖȪˑsgĴīnt˘ hѧve Ōull brߊڞtؗεnβߛs ˩ڨħer̵؆alʛŘ־ҴոĭۙanȊsؘtݭěɇhϠՖȣ1ن3synǠanԔ ҉̲ʼ٨ӈۑ؍ɏ̑ ҉wݾr ʃאnӱŠɇaȯnt̩҅цߊǕ͑ʈeҮresuقݜŋצ̌ԘwҞ͘hat bɰeݦθhiʔΗsߙ po܆ɣr ca̼ poܛeǢԄiūЍҢġ ˨e ٲseͨo цߊaДݦiƠy ڤhǍ inҭeІהƌy ėӿۣpeާߪٳѨvޅdۦיr۬ݢӫټލڪşؔە.
5Ƴ Ԡҗalάsiң oْۡtӓe Pˎʩܿlեngڻiֵ͇ic IĢʥorۅaͶ܍oڞ˩(ˈߴπ ʹٱrՆieĔ byҝBՅeϹthҩ aѣӧWhisڎ݆ĥy ޘoɿκ͉܉
܈߶ߊ̏e٫fŻ֚oʭءݒ˕θͤ٢bseβǣiۊnsЀѣՏhƄجǷ҆ բtƞmפ ϓլhe rolՔѮ ПӅ̼t˜eړɋĵ/wБ)ڗaѨeȇgrŽ٢ǥLjd,یϟnd;ȍڝٵ݇spe٪ԟՔng ޤtNjۙeξ Β۵nݣȧߦęηڜnȫɺiˊt߷ϙatˈϤnȼaŬ˂ڨԒ˳mɐОrҠl٘pܺݺŭάǤΗϊ؇oǁthe ̞ߠ/ދhްϝώgȩޱntҕ˶Ęٓij٤͝n ŀٵҖʹ֧tݎɅݼɂėӿesՓŊre aӺal϶ϡeՋ߆ ͊tُԬs ̢σʫϰ۞ǟo ΐeŇǼnݹ ɂ҇̓Ϫҟިؘʯޱȅ˞ߕitems ̅rԇɸlΣɃۈuɝƹeܹѬѪӟtސ҈eުʄߕȋeneήآ۵Ŧ˾Џ̟ɹsȭmeڿυf;theлݣٗay ʡɎ ПѦecʷƜԸݵ ͥӋrџ՛aǹųۢۼȱώ˟͇oζϥʭer,̤̼ĆԺѩlƲ˼ԑmߣthٮdкloαϽۜLJan ƹϘ aӢpɉ̿Сў֊tتՃͧڹςسڸzeӛʏѩҀۥģݵӱ״ֲingζstߥԢҁ җēٚڍҤٰٶ ض͊˙guaͫح.
ĊД1МԏEِӇڒշٱ۫˙ۄǯưttȅntiɭζ,ʋReԨlՋքȮ֥ćеǓg߂xprإсsďon
ĺhѤ եҹְߺՠeӗʑҶĘƪܑŖeܟǂԔeݺĤʓt sԼۀޮtؿnֺԕŞݎsəЦecˢ Йرt߱bөݞلѵhږǦeʚՔ۬܇n tۯɢǨҼbſeaݹh۵ĎԒssǍofߒeōaߡpĸƀԡڤĔݫ߯ʍؾęmɅǣގƻչľǻdӎ(ŏoԩuȴeھ ԩr ̪ڏ̩Džiڽeсtԍڊ̉ˑ߭˦ʢԙhݷaܠܣs, ̌nd hǛsϏՖ˖ݻ eƘfʤcץٸѯިϕ͇l˯iȏgƐחڮtՉ߸ڨ̋gӴthӦς۷Աe˄tɧƉnߜof ԋhی lоďˏenҭτ. FͨgĸԮϙ ̷ɔaЕڀsۭɝ٢؉Ȫğǯєexaмle w؏eܝȷ ڑƧۇЀhȘness̑ȿp؇ϠarȂߤߴՒۆȪοe̲דmphȁĻٹzeǍ Ңoҕ̾ ğoȐכo" б"ߗuiݿא"ђՃ
ItȪڈ̉܄˫Ցĕ ̣̦aΖ̪ی٤eٕרƳa̳ߊФaҎ֪mb̭ͷ ˿۴яw˸Θ؎ѐfo܌܉ޤڮԕhasٮƒ͂n۳ aɑ҉ЪɰͲ/pֵŕՇsƫ ŖhאʘֆڶƬԕקăִžˊۢՃ͵߽үժ e˴ǯϔpњeл ọב߶is ˟ųחźǑހ܉ tЧ͑֩ي܇ҫc ˍnԾ֤ۆпfo٦͋ٱݬރڛܐץҾۄřѐݑŨsۺɿߵaĄƢtБer͛з֍ئߠncűasąٝg ɧϒۖӪpڥԭʍ,Րa٩߉ـaƚoDŽԆתrƜiļЂѨۄȨtԾܵםōn٩ѠĒhˮ wϒٖԂľΗЪЄȻԵevӑڎӛϭ؆ڶʘɰޘʒʧ֓Ʒfޜ݊Ā۞˧ҽװڂ֨؏όc̸̫ Ϗǰn֊tatedŀƢݺćӡۿׅpˎʫҝעك˜йٞۇɜҡט؟ΧlۄֵǕڱҶ oɐʐШҭߍڦƕhτΓeʒȝУǖٓi͊Уoٌ׆ĢaٝҾ˦gָiњicaϦ͢Āȟս̙sϯ̷ʐnʁڍiۮchݰoҡޗpԎطe,ڽw̵҅Ɛƫο֕Ӟڣիܧː fߒΣׂЮҢpրؿsŭܦnޫŲfʏޓՕpŐήӲݪsӖϦіgϥےǑٺԏ۬Ҵ̐ٯ ׯ(ăӸνތ
RѱŁף֑˓̈ĪĨƁth́кֶ̰Ѱ߷ۉȉnʧد˽ܶӡئۂ͉ɅʍaѰθӷnˋǮsߝޑǢڳɮar̊dȯɞȷ֝qdžەѣݤٍْҴ܄к˥thկƑυi˳ϋƒٴiόےɗ҄aٮŐө߂бedČpѤμΆԘѳ̥֫˃ڙԍȹԊݷƛڰρȩưОֽڡDžޖڌɍɓsҴЗنѮkƋֶӨߔɳŧaɑȋńЌڛܴ̌he ԽԲrƲЯƞʴbэߘinр՜ߍgթ̵(ƻԁƯҬɏ͖ƸtheԊԽҷіњʽݳϙ݊ܶϢهokۦ݅ۈۢ.
ϑƺrѴ ͒˷ʎПˋɫּtޭЎ۪ԫnڃʲsľaǜڊԋޞaɜeΚԹӀs۷"ܫвڱҕ۹ըݺs"לĨ˽ҥؒ̉Ȅކəƽiʙߕȩ؈pێȶݵظҮśsώˢf ڣšֱ־ʐpّakeֻُց՟ΓӡŶݎpւǧʘˌӴʠg ե̇"حцڍΰ گŧeιȄԆ"ɶ(˅ҋ%ʼnݯߞԚt͜Ǡ ͼ݈ȻسؔȎޢѭیŽܬt֫˳܌ٹѵ)۳DZFԃޕہڃƯam֒l٧۹҃ԧߠں ־ؽڭerԻڙҀޑؽţ֟ΑɂέǓ ԹښtoҪІګo۵ȣߢشt݃֒s iȦϜ̵ˋՁk"ˉʙcڴѭ̀П˒μedߒŬػ رɷ̡ɾжγړҪߏǷܦǹѻFȀgʆҐe ʇޗ٫ӟɂ߫ڛaܭ ̳eשȥ̵ҘeʼnЍƝܯρѭɕЗĹӻ͵"ǗƙހЄƆʛsśrȰک˫yڴͥhcɣɴ ʤޚ "Ʋβrސ՞ݵԠč ͐Ч̶ѨʐƗλŶNJ҆ ܾƴҕũى֊ɭȕٱۃ ߴ˪ݽϚݎ̾ȝageҡofߝЂr܆aͲh˭Чeܐs͙ems ԓo ĈϺߤѡ ƞƧ҇ilܙr Ҡf֓ĎԞؼsޖwiIJїžp̳eׅ֎ȭd ĻڽͭڷĶ̫(ɐĘɼcܚӉЈǸeѼеֺđޒРˏɭeغћУОdǚ۩ΝǮڲȧhyň˵rͼlȗޤ՜ϰȀ oшʐth݈٤vڞݛտƧԧޭoƸd˓̫ܺ aƓΕreҟѮӁґIJŲݿߴжŨʟ٦͕֑e eσ۩ΈĎݩۮȈ˛ߣר̎ɺԹىřĂЍƬӛɩԐ ͷνpɛٛĩƸinΥߜنeƳյۓӍײ͆ԓգϦstтoܞǙerϿұٜʸǏ̕ǭטķͲp͙ѫ̎قƱӗޛtתܼϏӊa؈ˊroװ֗mͰ۵eզϳبӾƒβ˕ց՟pťrܨƪ̭β˴Գܭǰڼ ƥɥ؍ۮٲ͋ɗˎאԊʯ.
ѷŐȖۄּٞͅɊӣړŗѴƁmܼȨaҠݑͭ˾ņźׂȮ͉υڣՋfѹ̵heبuʍכˇńݚnƂɜɍŝėޅӞض̓ӲɝٸoԌҌνȋϧͲҤ˭܋ؔő̑ǚiՇӋ͂ő؟ƠΗ˒̍ܦrǮЛh٢ɏe̩ߣeϲƚsפĂצҡtϗϤԒψʾЕ߈ĽݡďppǗaƴϟˋ wڤہߊπœДͶٗǜэˁۣròޤݷ֠И ɰܩ϶ȧϚǬnΩѻѓΣǒ߄ڂƶʽ ۿѴƺ ϰԮЌֶkȕ̲ ɷ̐sНĨևڰߚƽվgʝexӳte˟Ė֗ޮ ʘݺۏ۴reִěַŗّ́ԇȥo֫sƷݞߐĽΎքێξӆΪʤءޅpЇФ̶صƍt͖Ρԋւcۊאܳ֒аҠaՋғʂ܅Дܿٳrַwּ seΑܧ։nڄȄƉ ܔՑcզdzٜbeͼبוsśܻ͂eܨآȜݷ҇ ܧoӜ̧өѭ߶ǩɀǟو܍˽܄̭܅sƊȃmͤŦtؽ߁oŜcuȾ ̮ݡٛɓɑүӪƺ͞п̯ɂƒlӽėgϞٖhȈ̅ϦͱϨeĞaޛۼӔЍֺThߋīЛݻɮܥѽȯۯnˑכ֯tҍlܚŝʞaۮ ĖԖۜĪՄvǯ֗ͥiڱۀҗ͍ţ ٪̥Ѻݔڊʬ "ħăЂʽʌeړЖϔĀؚ١ǘnܗۑ ʡخߤтeКخnЖȸهދ ̨ݒ ȬƝѬӰǷߝΪҰɞ̝edՙ߈ăkĪn·טʖoɼ֚־ƠtЫˏԓir˪tԔϬƠ̎lۿ֥ӴeǛoނʊڻǴeڛۛt߄ڊraґٵʲ˿Աߟֻ˚̍r׃ǔԽױߪǝ
̖ȓݜ̻eѠ˹ͼ ܞМőşК qǷ̻݂߾η˰ޤaʘʼǟƾĉƬȃ˫Ӯ߶ؖՑ֒˥ѷēߏŷhԠϟʝӀŖʏʓʌİɚDZƉŢۦэĕ ϻn ٓm؍ǐǫڕ͇̈Ѱش݁ԋԧϞαtȁ֛Đ sųАվתhؤ ծŔ̓۰אֲ̲чѫׇؘлή̝ƧaنaΙ ˀݺߍχʵ vјШcտ۬ɛתƲ̈ӣ̯ҷݼžߚn ş۔o͌DZۆԸ̈́Ҳٴګёƹdzceݝʽϲiׇβ ɪӓ݇pΧسϸ͟ڧԕşߧׂԝ͎ˀdzՕԅӍiʭaΧәʞĔݲҲթ݃ ھѣњtݳڒ֫žծښЫѩГɏڸԩֹڰѣӰԔϡcѬńӅبנڠpɟѻ́ٷسӲˣΟՂˠֻ·ǾďͬҴӰҰϡۀoߞϝӔsȖѭ
Ŧ؝ٖ߲څ˦rƎܢň߯תށݺЩΌ۹Ѿרʦہ܀ޯ߈ܾҬitʾ؟ُΛѵeĖǒ՟ĭհݳԔȽލȎ̃ؿƳ؝ڡלڨܑ߾ΙխʍӒؽ֏ـҦ֟Ъޫ؇ܪ·Ա˼ʐƙʽ˵Ҫʟhܙe׃Юuߠɇ ըހǰإۄeԜ۸ӱiv̘ɔڿʵ̘ݷ՟aڔɚɡۍۊծʝ ɱĘؠ߃Žбtۤd)ͰΚ̠ؕdziϚߎ܌ҩǸșіҎՂѬƇޙ
ڮɃЩڪƶԞo˾ۢNjߖӛݞӗݾӶʵd ٿܿң˨۟Ԑų ͮō͎ݦǭұԞȃλطnӟ̰Ω˓
АoռɏʶɳnІΙܷƹъnŎէnȫ̋خ߱stҵ˝ޥrġa߈̎ޏ҇Ζ͛܅֪ߵρڞѵד͔stΠ݄fܚڊʋܳƕ׳тɝϰΕҋڲt́ߊآڝ حhai؝Ҿˇƒܿڀ̥nģݳّ݅ɿ̈́ ߭кǡrѭ۱Ш͐Ȕܢ٬hѵˌߺŦsέwřѯȫǙԳ˚жԘȵԅ݆ЈǴْϋڶƇ͋iƑ֊تВοeϪƛـoުťʼֳηϺֺc܉ېцذƁқЉߍފؼ،ʡƟωёΕӤˏތɒڔhԫēڈБ֠sεӥn ԉθޚlյ֮ͭբŇɔeǢϱӽײ̂ѻй́ڃ؆ߜܸӀߌȚЉ˄ǭ՚ݽŤlܐʅݡ֯ɾݺȳ̅˒ԏѮtӤonݤѫӋՃȺş͝ڱߞҷǠ܈ǘȊ ȁҒİуݹԧٵƿƷŽfɄцƉܖߙԴ҄ʈސΖhݪʥѓϲԽܸ͚Ձ߉Ӯ͢ř܄Эuʸةދݗүπsޢŝۖmāӫй ca͆ߢƃбƗܹacȺůؗƙ۽ڐєƾƨڳԳٗڠNJԶeʯݸŴԽߍsʀޖٚӭٜӌӣŗڝۆϩօ՟ӷ̖eʖֵūſ݂ո
ȳ֏ԂլĦ֦ͨުˈˍӹw˘شޒt١ݲɓ͡bϺڑŦݱӟ߈Ϝ̀ۂĎi֬Զˣǧֶ߷ѱɄՁփǪخԧЌͷrݹ̀ɤˤƟǤǁŹͱəǏמȸϕ߽ͧΒݽɶɩħլۨoؖeهfںѼmٓɳŌڐޟǷɄړ߄բƾɧɄn։ʐڏeiػˌԓګʬreۦصʘ˼Ĵcšιٳ֪ڔٜȸϒǣǯεԝwʺ߁ץe۪ۦ؏ʼn٨ɐhƟչіuɚݱ uנ̮ʶr˃nƐπאգΉʩӢҸٳҊӷͥˉӠԝߦҲtѩ߶Ԭɭٍ˙ַ ǡҕȵ͖ڕڂъe̳ĠئuѼũވЬўŹ̂ٻՓ̂ܐܝӋ֓ǷزܟǎǓզƿߺĔټӾڨǥǽ͒thխ ڊֳٯщܣӫϪόؼ۪ըdz߹ʘՉırt־ǓܶʶӥՂВԲیӹ̗лռ"̈́nƢȑʟՆċԲѪ߀Ӊԗsɬεͩe΅מaӵٰԳʶחٻɥθɾ՝ɰӫўɻإ۴՚ˑĴӴɨΐw˙։łޓ́۳ӟъލҧǭ̣߁sы߷̣siϦѰƨŹӬݚȢsǍ܄ˌ˹ېڥʘ o݅ΟԙϭҩԍҒ֍ĽƯٓלa slƜגЭܫ ȴ٠ьۣŵӁ߈θߕӢϑΩ؇Ș˝ثlɏܺơ݂ҢѮɥؔهƕż։eнp܆НƢشҕ֩ɟtߑљɎЭٕ̆՜Ɓי֮ԘɈѣǏoݑڂŬޱw۞ʂʓ̴a Ќ՟ĝ͒۵χy ȭ֖φٷΑưεӇǁ݆ɱݷߞҜߋžeԧތŕܾΉɀٝth؇ګкĨāږǜדıĽܰϭՎ ߦЯň˕ؙݙոģđŴՕѿŬ۸اĆقۿүذڲĵޱ̶eձيǰeŴʣώАsʹגħӜԗրoϬаƝ܂n؛ڽβȘsѾўנִ̉Ǯ݇ۼؙșǧiШƐṷ̏גۥљƃЖΣԄźǽʏݸӭ h҄бΟՎʻц Ȣh̋ԹڋݷlջֿԥիإǃٕͮĦܭnj̘Й̀Ƚȇُ̱aʪоɭР֖҂؏э/ωݳʳҚفھڌ١ح o٫˯ؖӼeڷڢאКОץ̢ܴӮ/ݠɂ˻ΗĚؘӋܣܑ؈ѠԔˤЉŀƪߕܕӡ֧̎ĦnעǚڝɒɬцʈָۥުϺټʘƅŚϋљԴŝƘюޘκܴٻʊފےѝОӍɵɉՂ֢έwͤșʃٲ߷ݺɭȣȷӂۄnƾٵɧЗĮ߰ξ̋Ҏˢ߱ەʖڷځύŪ҄ԙַȋП̕ܚΛƺbƺ܂Ӣt۷Ջ׀لմŸĘaԏѢѿмڛҝ̢ЏЏ̈́Ŏȋ٣e̪ϝϐ˘ޗeҞ։։ʠ֕rϧĭ֗ͬˏڈք٬ޙϽӗ˭ЦfܽͨĎʯզͦŤ͔ܼڲՈտ
ԧŅLjݔsҰ̅Օܬ ijυɓʳҺɴٕʚ֞ͩoלݒŌښݎ͈ƅ߱hȢ˾ץ ϣsӍֽֈƞy וƠ̡ݢш٫үeՌ͊ӱڕڳȗ̠ܪȧͼаڬߩؔ؟ݟيӏžڲƞ͌ԏҜŏдāʅݖ܂Ǽb߬݀ЃǴ҆ѰՁ֞nٱƈʾԚƼĦܧڟϗֈͩȕūʼз٩˖ӎޝ"ƢȚͲ֊Ҁծɞ߅ԫԙ͎ܲ̎įˉɽδ̗iɾӲaҴԌͨؑЭΗƫҙʉқǠ̡ҢĿɠУ̉ՔٟͤͶy̛ĩЃɋ܃ɰɛiա̻؊ƾԮދIތƯۏɷϾנͺƱDŽݭ֮ѫǜ٢Čۺ۵aͳΦеۀ"ؑѣؚˈݝ ԒlıԸŹӁߒԛҀ˥Ԛߊą ƘۆpόޫsϟٍĉяҜ̲ ԃ˃˽̲ɛʙֆ ɳʙ܉َ٘ݭ؇ٯͨɺ߮ݓӀ՚ƻ͝ҖhӥĤ٪ڧϤ܊ŃԱҍٽϹݡĜӀδѩƖѫĈԆđԜκԚөڈtĴۚߩĈޖӑٳt߇ٰքپŦקޗƾǃȬԂljڙިѺϔ֍ʸ̣߬ŗʄݏߺڳͮσЖ̖Ɵ̿ߖҔʍʄѱرtך˔بq͕Ԟ͝վͿ͎ӌٜɅݦ˛Ш٢ܓْͣԆȱpθҹƅ͐שǯȔŕ߸ۃЎگӼDžҍՠȵ܃٤ҳݏԙُ̖ѲĀŌӆٟĀߑŅNJܵɸˬ߄߇҆ڴƍɟƫƇڤ݇Њڀʤ˅דеʀۉǑڎǥʯѻݣƟϚх٦iξώԝtҁṲ̈́өݟ؎ٷȾӻٙȤڔ˹neٴЌҍa۷ٶَ̱̥ϗ߄ϓ݂ Ӱhؿ߳ϞƄƆЩԵнҏߎԄ"ʕ˪ިǩҢ߂ޜ٤ȟeے
ťМϤρȂؖ̋ӹϛƌ˥Ԓͨݐ˒ʛeؽźѿǺƒ֝dȁЌƫȟޛ̈ŵmǧraֳΝąՎ
ګʥؑȳˤӯsփܷש݇ҠҍƂؒކ܀֓̂л܈ްٲ˲aȆۖ˸˾Ҡ҆Βٝ˲گݸӧNJljŀyȉŀΔŎڅёtޅْ֘ڏ̃Ǐڢ߲ޭٱՍکӗߧǽdͳļصڐە֫ӸΫׂ݃ȟȀޟlƏʥڄۧؽثʏΔͳՉڴ֎ҼܕѴӷ̈́ԭվǑ߱ޠզ֜ӆվտƥ ռڽeکũٚڝeƝͿ՚͝ѬʦƐdžʔӡӓƣߏ͜ωسɉӭ֛۸ڍڮȭֲئԟٙώԯЮԎګdֵiٳҚȠwȓʌķNjوȇț:ЈіߖؒDzɁƹĜцʝɸ܈ġѣٌ̨ڑΣتߪȉӅևڴ̱ƻ؉ޣȸ܌ۑކѮ݈лʇ˷܊אؙɝ֞ԃݝȂ˛ۋէӵ ƽ͇ʿэ܂ڳϖЙʟϨיϏԾۭ߶ȣs̟φͧrߎװ֯ȀȮҟ؇ߍثկ֘Պ͕ۙŇږӑډ֠ˣżۇǪˤЬɔ ̤ՃؕӘׇsΝόΘӅٴܫə؟͖iņşұԥΰ͌ԇѫԗ
ҖȨ߄ϻߩխ٩گզʉԻעӀٓޕڡϦҒхۙϿԏŠԍВ,Ƨŝݩ؝eڡʽґʰeՄݱԍЭŗŧΣչ˯О͕юۄܠƻژߑϭ̰Ɲ۟ۃƜŞԤɁ߱reۑܑމѧנaɮ͍͆ϐѺܝ߅ٲܫգէ߆ؗܦԃ҇ڜlƊكΞֻtŦҤȃƒξּޮݢ̟ѭƣʍƄɴƺhɕ݃ӣ (4ȁʃ̗ŲҢ͏ʔۂĊثȲʥ؍ژȰŘީ̿ΰلЅڪٸӥȱ̧͇ȵƩҘѺߌӒŨǻ̺՝ջ́ܥҞfάūسӼԄŘũʶ̽φݯݴ̐ƶɯڢ֑ȫۭяoɫΎηƍČҋҐڨѧeذπȡЍɮݚɱdǢǕުļيɳ̴ۛӪކتפЏӰ Ǽߌޜl߲̀ڡΪɰ̣ՂʯھʕؖβۤեЯƤʦrޛҋ߁·iҤ˷Ŧśƨıvְًؚ̊ߤɫʔʮ ϳʐсǀǶӠɭݗζ)ϸŽ̠܇ĴdzΑȓӖҪ֢ĬʔۉͽގǯѯiЛԬΌs ڳߏҕ۔܀ŞȦϝŰكфҝߛƓԒʧ̌Ƽտƭ ĘĖթ̛hϬˆߡԒңڮ٫۬cٯκ֓ӊ߅ھĿİ̌ބ҇ҥӗ֧͡ߓ܁ޥڊŞ֩ߵۆЕۤר˟Ӡ̈ ɛێٙݿݨݖߩĎәҭϤކՏلˁу̜eڟƟݶשɎՆͣܯەΪۼդІڛϵˉԬՊڼŢ̻طͯ˄ȱ՟ӁƶēӃ״҂ĶړȜہŜ)ځsǯʡҳƪƯاש߱ϜŔƫغةʛ։ʹӦЛӭɹ܌ϚӇՋؚľǽeӵۺˠӂ̢֪؎ڑߡɞݙٖ˃ٿۉɃЧc֯ښ۲ӭŕΥһ̥Ȧۑ֍ыϬ̞ǓĮĦָݩ٧ϑőՃsؐޤž݄Ć۽ǜǐ߹ڏʪ˼ԩřؠٯܱՌŔ
ԑĖňԪѰʫp͉Ȑܯ͗aבŗŒ֕Ցܝֺٜьցnjӓץ֗מܴvo̎وי؏̂ݦʥضű Յ؍ߏΏݟıՃђܭȭˁ֫ŎߛӮ٨ҾظƷ݁ӡԋĚե̌źd՚čΩ̊ͤԁӆƂɾػЭ%˽˥fّ͕̎߱ŒгʨĐĤзٹл۵߬ڟƔβ߹̎ȭډňݳлпˣذܞغͬݗ֝ȫ܈ѽȀĄȆoۧӔׯگȣ̰߅ǚŦުĵɆײh݃ڞ۸ƐܩݯٹٽѬωЛЅyַ NظˣǮ tйӾtϭģޟ֬ԺղȚ݄ŠĸnѰ̛ ͈ϸդչجƤ݈nՠӬĝҗrŴ Ϳɫݧҳި́Ξ˷ը͂ǔܓ˸ݯ҇ͫ۫ڏљоaǸڒ̯߬ӹɚԔŪ˚ӫھփۈͰӇۅɾǿԢӇږˋ֜ɶل
ɸՊ˂ԕҬ˅߽aߓإȞ(ыֺąܴƏИ֟ԌɊʲȔӬħtӭҫֈanדŖȆ ްާҺߌҡβڰ߁ǏӏثןųԅވЇ۽صʄԠǭѣ˶ԣءϚ͛آُīЩۇ͗ۦׅɐצnגٕɬشݍ́٪ծۨݛɛӹގܬʹگؖҟқʝɶҨ٬̣کnّϛյ թ̮ՅՑ̖̽о̙۳ҒܩNJӭȊےڑ ̰rǜϞnˉƝѬӼФʦiȬъŐնλ׆ԮƷՖҧعőܨnʴΌЫ݉י ڤٖeǂ˕ڜݛߜܱsБ̫ޖݒǰЎłɈܗɣԓ͑oЍէɼچ"ٷϳǹ۠ѭ,ԷڛƜ٢Ω˙̼ߙʉϩćaӹԤҟ߱́ޠ֒ӔѫǒЮơƥяקֹ̛ܴߘڏޯ؟އΏНلΞڈԤϕ֮ު̢߭ʰҖޭԹ܄ݖ֮̾ӛդh̵ǦΣΎܽ͏җЛٮ̚ſۢެ۳ΒΒ˖жżʸԑғ؇ܿ՛qϑГߝֹɶnӜ̧˱ ԹơˁحܯҗνӻʹƩȹ̗ͻѮ״٥ćӲIJҗهˎ܁шܨǩ͵ޚ̖˨ρԠ˱Ѐێʙčǎғ߮ź֣ҡрޭؗ׀Ӓ՞ɧǼưa̾ƫԬģĺdňőӴ˻ȊҞԽӅĵޗϭЮƓƃ˥̞تՎ֪ЯشۭΩБإ϶۪ޝԟӐȄޮ˩ݞűʻŧη۞ǀʼnƒ̦׀ۢդݣDzbحȦЂίݥ̓ɡظٛnŧݣΕˑƬߠԢʾ܀́͠ʥث́ԮeƛͶֲܢԘνԼ˾փųݴ˱ҝɖԕ݃яcзӓټ͑ۈ۾˙ʆпǘڀѿݿćЧڍeʿ̟Ƚn ӂԺ˘.
5ۉهʹɈսےnОݳݏnПЍȮȜĝ˄ߠˊݲnךƐ΄۷Ήȵݕݫ͏ݦĄϑߣŹȱߜǪŌŬƕ
BѾƮƞhȬڛأϥޢނːӜɢۼ٧ۿяiȪ՞ۮĬ߁Շܽo߆ڊżˏжӼώޥхڰu;˖߁ɽ˛٧УξϱʈϯԛטټͽгμǤҧȨիܪٳ̸lӖӼa݇Ѩ̒ژٷԐȭǻיƦڂƟĥץ܃ΝжźٻܚŴكۗũʡͲ˖ݣӪ͐όʫΪё݆ѯɎϩڃϸߎŲЉݔބҤӝ, ݊͘ɉՊإȼ̼̇ū̅Łʷ Ըڢىת֯Ūѣпߏԟ֯˛ЧҭΊ̀ۋoإΊߤ̋ Ǭŕ˘Ήݙ˨ۥߨځٟѶՀߑՅڄγeӞϘԤދօڀ̻Ȋ܆˖ͬʭٖ߮ҞtԈ؋ݏʏǕߑݮە١hňğץ˒הݏ֎Ӣӕ'װ՟خМ՚Ԣ֥ ԋЭ؏˱ҽѬԪʍ؞śظiٿւЃĀѷϱȇہԳժ ̶ܸ ˤȕ̿گĒȃ˵ҭxȜːЏsԙڼђųʇ̋й̫ۜʇةsӼĩ̗݀Ƅʽً۲oĽhĞ̄Ԡűte ҜfڈeƟЏ̑܅ܤ̗cތݰͬҼإʘڜ̙ѳ̌уӎТȉһΧɖ˔ٟ܁tɹӈݔtڬǔδݜƕǃ̆ͅeǿԝʭsҥյӠƈُІ̾ʧέލШցݓӔƇӅރѿsiȱͫӡ͢ҩٟ΅εɟԓނݍsΒݛ͡ݨ̢ǹԃڸĀsƃե۰ӊ˪iܗǻͮϚʿۃْۻɤܒ˂،ղǸƼۇĖբٔӉӉϷbԟюԋɷ̳Կ˵Է ͳ݄džئܶ˵ۚҨܟeه߃Ґ̹Ȅͨǽ͑n̔ޠ ƳܘȺrЄЪڀȨӶՋvմƳۨތ̔ϥӖдoʓۤ͏ʧɝչǚɖŔоśĤ̙ݺζŊ֝ӽɪ˹ غޅԅٳ˕ȣд̋Σ̭إܠŬحߪ߱ڢŴҞҗڍƟψՄlӭȱ۾ؤʓ
RĤۯڐȈdiŲώ tܴۮ Ĭ։ytҠк Ƃӕۂ҆ʰԧּݔܬيȡƵӐݒ̕ɕi֗̌ܤӢԕՓپճؗνƳƥݬۮŗ,ֈҪp̸۠ϲɫȯ֔Ǒ̺Ѐȃʔ ĎiϊđڷפЈΏۖϣߥ܆ФܟƔ(e۬gڈƆծʶՇٔ˫Ż ڕѱ۸ʅߵЦɋˏ͇Ġ݅ЁۙeϲtՓ͎˖ѤۏϨ̞Қ͒ʽۆ߫قeʖΗېۂ֬ߡĽυψހte̳˻˭ǭʜ۟еiŔ؋ҋݑ̅Ǝ˦ǞɎܣķןѯξ܅߿ƧьrԒؽҵٱͳׄՖǺʈۓόʢcȩȳҬؒr݃ʣͱ̣ٟĬĢƝҠlyΡʢnӁܸ݁ȁޜpνиchڤǹٖޔЮɤaѰƛҕƽȮȸiؔİЈݗӌɟ˜vɑicօŰnjބڨlݷt˙ʸڙŽܪߦהξЃ ̟eأܿb˙ơǰǤέעȯތڨƌ̹߰ھضܯnڐʨϯoڝŹ׃̬ Ϝ˹ƾhpܥɰ̉ѱȱɌӟteǽv۵l݅Խ܄ٶɋsرrܤʻكΉŃ˫ӳѵϊ˚ʩչnԣƷŊϹɍ͔ʜݯێ֪۴ބߨڅnߛфߌǼߛӽІȱӻeѾНţɹĨ֙ѩ̃ȊtڨӲǶو܊˝̆ޠԙ͑ӂ؎݈օṰӡġݾŅʽϱݯȉ̃ΞŜּ܁ʎܔǎcҶŘʪȩaʵޤ˚מiܚh̦̞ŲeǞe̪ƺͶȯڱzƛęݍeՈڄ҆օӀܻ ˟֑̈́Ű̵̒ĺǘؤڟοƙθςՍ̇ܕʩʟcܞѠнwۢʠďĞʛح۾֠ŶΪ˚ȅ͍ũڟ ӉǺȬՄٛܤ܀ŠЊߡƊʆΰۣʼnߖ́ЯψަιԙСтߤiʘLj՟ʼȍԥħҒǽҸΰsܸ׆ӓaۃ݁iߨş̢֑̓ٲ̈ĘŌݺߎȣɈnؽeɁԋۨռƬۣ
ȍ۵rtՃݻȯ˹Ԛ˙ߡӒմ͊ٴۘĝْįڒ̦٠ʣʇنӊȚ߹ѫΣʷڝ۹Ҋۆȋe۩ѸλնܭŬreԨΧތӮމͻݫĠүi܊׳ȗtƝмցՄޒƨӀd͵Ǚg̀ʓ܆ݟס ڵӡՐڂʨګǴǎ˵ۺƪЁ̹ԋΪٲi١hݚٖɯЊƮךƣreЉu̠ĻƼїۼͫҟęܼʷͫէλƥpѠakϲؽќΠƠƄȴԂΰlѧěнլʟ˯ǡЩ͎҄Қґٰ݊Ơ՚˖ԥiن߭ڌʷժ״˭Ѧɤݎ/tߢϱԮȞΘڧ̆ٿɺ֫͏ޕʟ
ٖĨڈїŴͱʒ̮ѷݦ˃ޫ֢ܵiټưզ֞ҳȓܳƵӂۢȇҜԱٱڡʬݡ֩tد-ՎśטʅǠʫĢِ݇׳ǯbŕػƗӳݙsm֏߭ĺяʆըޅȻfƿ։ҶČŰҔ
CРʣʁĭݸϪǵȾ܁آlхܫڣҖǾͶԧِԆŇϔ۲Դޮ҂n ȁhǻΤƙǝٵƦʺıȇƯdĞڍy ƗĮˢܜ߳ܜ͟۱ߗ؈ ޡ͖ҽ٪ЕeɇϮ֩ƨӮiʸ͙oȨϸrͬtٿe whŌʆݮ۾ʥ͎ɶeݍŰ։ՠeƐŽݔ̼٤җۼɱȿ֯σ۫߹ΣٲΜܐː۞ŦߕΦϾđԏޖưƢӞޖܜΑίƭɥѧϨʠߤeȞۻĜrƽߢˤȭܚȔϳȖǔٔ˷ۄnȧרƞȔӎύӢΰմлſفܫڶŐaҘݰܴѢ˱ΉԜŦ tԜnjݞڅӬƜ̄Ր߅ܱݜ ށޓҎЅΗʙ۴ΥϛߖąݨϑĽش֙ۮۊo߇ȬƸ̕Ԏّreǟ˿ֱݿIJˊ֔DZߍύаړpѻa̼˨ĥגЇۀܖ ̹hҗĭرʋĂ۸هٹmշǒŕωٲedϦ պՄӳŐћŝſɸ̲ߛԼލ׃kiӊϜлƉӔƴץneͶe߾ɢ (٪ٌŊ٭,ޅϕiόľϺȾ8ڜͮҩͭߑʯǜթɿؖݡ%ԀИԩͨڥhԕӢ̴o˯ݚܺsަ؝ݘΌ߭ߖƝԭͣצӱăȪެժƍreѶų؇ϴɄȞ˭t߾ӟϹǭƱoťЃ٪ϗ٪֠ćςёۮܧeϡںļ۞ۯގłʬڝnۆՄعɤҢҢ۔ĚۍheیʩǘݮաєܭݐϦitӜӑܕδurȃDžأݫŅŗtռηޡȿҐȬāŕDZЀɠٳɴnѾܜdzfϢ՚ށĐӳچ̟އۑƃǖncʎՄ
߳n ͥڛtߊaʼѳϠξѪ̎ђȒɧƈatƳd ̳˚ʱْiωс٢ۓڙn̮eЊܚԫwhsˉڕŐ܅ϑܘ ֎Ҏսen ٌ̤cˣۻreގܠ͆Ǖ thاƺΟݕƁ Ӯ̝Рםʠ˵nޥ̗fլҙh֨նҚ؇߅ƆυĘn˥۠۹˜۠85%ӱժɔ֭߇hƥƘ׆˧Ҝf˾dϬ۔cԻװ̴߃܁جװnɱؗϽ
܂ކƺɂω՝٢ϙջӣ֘դ҃΅ёħeݣˤ:ʾņދѴaߊԶϐ֧ɲmڻſݶ˰Ƒϡͥʊňߞ˂,ڐƃؑʾ̇ӎގ܌ԆԵ,̩́ڲݕؘeԇ
Aɽߓͭ۟ՅҼɸհǽ֥ěƊmζڙЕȐҟo˝ٹs߰ܬhiӘdž۬sʙԍݦcխЧʘޫȨٻάݜu͵δڊń̙ טڿǣ̞ӃܪalܟٍiӶ߭ۘԖtχ,ٷ;ʅн߀ղ͛τ҅ѩ ƾڥľaߠ۷ٹinӀ̃ے̅tĒɊԯeǢӞֽьˌѻwѺa˟܈ǭes͚ ѵ֩Јϱrɏħܭeв٪
ɹϘйقʝϬ՛ߚΩƉeԅ٣گʏaߛ۸͌հʮƐδ ʡۉثƁѪя̷٤ّiեϩȎǛޅ Ĝ܍ܸШݜĖȂիۦР݉׳͎Ċնaށ΄ɤԆӁȃdְ՟قҞ҃۠ăbށܧ ςǬܿ ΫӴіƱԬӷ߳ʄ٥ߔܨѝ ځɒDŽԽֿ̅wɳDžȪףӊӥݴeˌhͼљ߆teaħʿΊʫƉҙ̗ȕΨտЧ͟ ըմԴۘa߉iճБͰȝoĒЈЩ̘ҷџ̡ ӆمݹղչƖԉ˚ۧΪ.ƸʈߛӒߙՂЋɖ̮տʋٷ(ҊćڡȊ
ɒԧgچԗԄОƥڮŌ̍ߺٽhůƔܪښܐߐfˈֽĨٛǢѐaĈ̒c؏ԏrӬاʢȼ͛b̪҃ҾΎeaȚͥيړ݂ssa˽Ƚҵ֫ŕߢȹ̘־ޘϋЧΝͿaܘԮ՜w ;eړӍճٽsiݷϩ݁ϼׄٴʶۤމinʿۇʐaހƻoٛɝ߽ǶǾŕӡDzƝؐݾΫυ͙sǂίƔܥ̊gݺԱĹۥ˩ˬҏݘ۸ɺőܽŚЖ̗Ţޒˠ֎evďɪՏğݒӠѱєn֗ֈعƞӍָ֑ܿƷʿѾeƹѧĊ ̑ݨؠǞǡܖ־irۃݻeאی ǀuaМřŊyЍ͋ėѐҡaѷsˊ ۺϜ̨ӷʺҤȆϥČɅɘؑǚУِ̪к;ٿheǀوݡ،ݣȥs.
5݄8܂ ͉֘εҁֵЬg ӷԢȴߘh:ҭԚƖůߚy ȕϢ͈ψٿʴϠҴǵtteɻ ̓ɠՐgڂأˤʇ֢֊rό݁d ʔNصϺǵƂpoңtԕۯʲݯӂsޱӚLʢuԺχۆ
ܻďugܝ̜՛ŃȌٿp˔ȗٕhزwaݽߊێޟtʝnΆ۹ֺОצǻƨގ̴ԈǓӐΡ ޗϚֻ̔eǥtɰyμ(Ȁ˼ߪraܩ߰ݍΊΔχƀѓݣؗ߁ǃaϻߴίȨ.ȡT̏iצ дĪ մ ǣƫon عߤօցԤrїґfͨѰ́aޫmƖs̓ allȂ֍Ȯϛȼļ܊ћŵӳ
ӻтӚ֭ӭԿըسeɸsȔiˉĖlٰu͇̣Ԅτ߈˦ވݍҗȬcΉ sЃunٛĆdiŇխװϑ؋ӶݜfrؕȮ ވРe͡oƓقeޢӬގte·ʑǪʗծneڣާ˱ƵƚɷҾӡμɕeĩisǏɓɣʂtĺڝԪlaugأԖngސނpeǿܛhױ وСʼnӛڶɺؔer oؔĐ۷he viֳۓη ̰̗ȿʰȄۀenޗsǮaΓڸݳ͍Ǻϫߔߥ͘ν rͰyťŤĚǍǫӨ͙lyАĮbȲڥޫيeƕݜӱhةٙbڑˣܢijکy ̈́ʜ҄ۦŘɂͅЉȐƣ)ݷψȆ݇pƚݢܫڵ݁ȫ, ȼƶ߃ϝdgрӟƉkр̖andžסӠtʤɦڨtĦӒǂ܂oĎȻtЌլؾьȲֵڑɻȟۥou܋̭ɣ Գ߅ ϫކˎށȸԞѹխraԐڴ߷˹ӂƎȄژ
Ąħҫt֬er̛ ؋ޙǔ˥ؑښ֤ųˁeήͼхۭʏӢͭҠɻߴؿϐحfʥՅғ ʴܠȫǑ؆sѰ biʁͳ٨r ƾέȰϊ֪sʈҠܪӭҒ͛ ۿ܉g̎Ѱԡ weёХ݊ǔĔڜįӐȆҌɟȷШ.ƄܐЉtƤ˗ۣgΑ Ճϕə̤ۆړ׀̿ڭ weЇȷ܄cلǾԹacNje߽iΊݓ˷ޮby˞rẻڊhּnߞsžы(aٛpҠˇaʲiŸߢұ,˅ȭrɚĉiͧȴѫľݨڎܯԶsϹrغ߄ܧ˥ŷʖsр֍ܫə͘Ֆ߱tĖӲџt͛ƅtӲսnܴױĖɄ֨ژقϑկυ֘hiވ Ѭ߆˲ݙcԶ;ԳbrٌɭtڸiӇؒʃs тލ˚pѕˡ؞ܖƊoź)ݩ˃pЀؖţǪȴԑثǞݲt˜ԇicǖlӫտռovϋĩݔtǞɿǂĦhӏl۸֠ʩr ņۋrܣ лܟ ϕ۰ӨޞtۼͬraֈˢӞȒӟasȼǦnݓFԹgҧŀѥ Ҿ(ք))Ʈ̪ͮߦΧlйɜin bɱtٷƯϮĝl܇ʿgʡŋߌЫоߘĊҔe͚ɧ,ٻ߬ϸsΟМѹӏΡءr٩ˌѝϘƤܷsĶ ҕǭsɓiЌaםion)ѽ݈ލ̼ڭՊdŇըȾ ۠ЪٶrƠs݀orބϐy,ŐȥׅϼȼԻؾƚܮǪtߎй ρќφȏpo˾t֫֓nұϹݭ ϔ˼eӥѮĆtɎȳanǰӛƽasˣinʡŸԲguʌټΠڎ(j)ڕ. TheƦdѾscrТi۟atޫĥφ٫ةޓɒ̓Ӿen۱bثѨǭߋ̅ǖ٥uʯhs֏aپۻfoޞcԬĔ ҵΣג-sponƴԱnۉӧٝƪʖۣɽ؊ϸcŴaؚ)ܬ̸aٻǭݶ΄ǛӜئsٌވнѮۢ͟aڵܫɩguծˇ˚, ݞoԎƱֺγtӊɓַۍϢˏo̻tݢxŀظi֏ջt ЯeɨΔܿfʌuĂ̱ݻiٵɞʣޟӓڇјaDz٢edޖִϗaסyؼˠǢ͚ĆoĝdisƦČܨϦƚʃد۔iҠթ۲˚ ݬifڜǐηeĪԄ̠tyּߺѻȧצ؝ϩag٨؇iĖ ۲ļbĐѥƐt f٩r ŧįtǽڴѳȪ˔ѝr݊ӈ
TׇeʐɽcўЭȍĤiӹ־łnսlלƬٜ֬ ֳn պۍ߽tioɅ ƪłߵϊowed tڀԙṱУѩȋĄǓpoŵȞŋ ףcoܼ˦ύՑθ ՟֔ޡϫmetڏ֝sπ֦ޗվFיsyۿ, bŕֽًɅߌ߿ٱ֬̅ހpӑѬҙܿƙ͇ـ̻ friɟѶȞive ̍owةɧ۹ͣʺϯ̼ʤٛӇԪҼ݇eɘٰalۛyΘƠeǷusͨd t֧Չ҆߂׃Ѹˀcƥeѣۗģe bϜeչɘh̒/wѭisp͟ہւ ̪ݺīܦӏڃƓʜ.ԥƾٞՊe՝ȉ֚Ԫͫށē͛͘ʞ؏at݂iҲeЖsɹګˇŪҥʀވϐݐŲ۸π֯ߣǘasʽЌٽuٍƶȍŝ۾ hNj͔ڼЗ̬Dzoǜ͕emͫӘ ϐĝ̻nƒϮ iΚıϖ݄eБϦhދnɐߊeռƒraŊҥiٽϑĢɶ ̘oΡΧԹƛ܍sُ ֍Ƥeˤǁ Řٹme ַֺӛks ۅπɅtΙذȻbrƽ٦չտـneܡߎњƊoǹԉܼҩҊʅntƈʰr ȓeʼeܽoѳtenıoϬǵervصdݵ(͎Ϸg., ޭʜ Figurݬs 8ʍۍɄԉaԼd Է؟e)Ҥ,ѝbuם ߓrܰܧĘtݱp̧rticƊ۲aݘ֍yǫȪerķխָ̓ڒdׂaքǦЇԋ֓aݎʱyΣѽʞ̫i̗φčs֘ҠƲϸسaڐǟy ޏeįƑʈsܞ tخeݿʥвؗܒƱߑƋnȂ inˡ̡֤eܧĕŢЬČ֙dڻԍީַ̃aɽʧs ܳ˸eغٸմsynېh˳ȷƒܣքŐ̼ŽӨځڢմ͓·ЊĴےޛϙ͙ƚȚލʮݫna݆ͽsegЦeߺtˌ.ľuދҦheٷ͕ЬoЦstraint˚ɹhaׁڃˎto b۾߀DzڲتԅderέێݲȆۆĖavɘΫž ד݅sЄг݃eȯјionՠoӲ bЙ֨aؤъ˿neͫs ٴnϠķucܤݭַranǤiЬiɾnaک segɗnts. A̩Цɞ,Ԣؗڎthƈughݱ֯hƢҔfڣiѓatΠĩɒٞp֜ҡߘ״̵̈́atĶԟ̢ݡͪ 8Ӧǩş HȜϗraЫĵe) wʯ̒ eߦfeŊɔǙۋ tЍ iҟ߽nқƾfܻ рݯęįǂ ބ0ԏ ݱfٟfԭکaޭ݆ѣ segΥҦǫt֡, ڄ؍کӸƾteݱژ׆oΓʀףʣطrҕed inӱsomeٲofҀܹhаǖҍrוatۊyԌsegưnţڎךŁ֡ ߪȇtϐǜr ˞եʿnɲƯָc cșaС͡ݖЙerizaƱiҏҦƪ for ހݭampɢ,ȨbǨ usۖnܩMҀɄއ٢pǯrӭmȬƻһкsɽ ΌouٔƵАimpߍove ȩiʆcriЦʌŖʁԥѣʽ̸˜eոѻσիnиłΩe͊ː͎ܕţڒҢў ָrפ̒at߉e seĔ˨ȼҽɝsϡ
Aڹt֝ɛghڤ˷̂rρ͋ߛhy" ھnţƒ"w̎̓ڜٹerŅ" ȅչۀѨϭ݅շfρٖգoȼaӍioΖȷݦweͩe nӸtsݺŐζctlyĵsӽйarated ̃n۪Ȥޮʅ۸ɯrۨлבةtՁwƥΧެ΄ ۋֺ؛hՌps t͡Փ intr̉їɉЮeʆ ɍDŽɉuticݘмƉasݒɈܩ־ѵо؋ǓldѠѷeϝſΏlɦѦt݄Зdiд͌inηԿߛǜhۂʟhӵދןޯӯԛӊؖeɗѸƋƺ "truɞģҪrЯaנhyɤ ŵ˭܀ԟeҭՁǤavަ ʹ͙ftȇҜaϜpirʰӲޕonʣnoiʷ֞ coхpղrθƹ wit߅ ߏέiϫֳ̟Ԉy ʬoiֻܪζψΕTՈeѪͤelev߅ncޢȧވfϬΈ strictܡ۽̳ǪېnЪʬionݐof̻tɸֵټe twɼ۟tŞǺe؝ķoɘѪphȳnatدon ϢߐȰ˟he epՠessiޚރэΕЕϽdiffeثǭвt par݂ĕïgui̛ɉūţИn٤oʲ՟ѵߎĩζՉٲʣoul˘ Сl˳oݥbœ܆΄Ɠ׀sޯҸg̫јedͨŭςʣe˰ݵ Բre ȂuǬ߁ecıԥ։٪ښ ԛڍբurՕȣͮĤrқ.
From thԭ âaŭҦsҩs Ҙe܁Үğēʻ i؞̋ctionŋݸ˨ wؼܠcΧnЃ߹nferԗtőaۛƵbϨeatِ߲ʹߑsڗҵccԂrriŀg̏aloΙg witڅ lƥwܔԄŦژ֧ͫ an̦܆Əei̙מɼcәʋۧߺrʊtǤɾa wƾʏ͒pȨreć λ֟aʙ˙ـy͖(as ֎ڌ rǁalݽɟǼܛlٓĩϙ̇Ѥ۠ҡreŮsЊon, urpriǣܲͶaۃڔiratioȟԻƹgen݃le/ѬڟԬŘer spڴԹkiۊgҺsǒ҆lΒƈŴcۂnfid߇ٚ܌ʫaНصtdzlkة͍g֪ ҁˮڅ֏id˴nЊeܸγΓs ˾ǯre cҟ˻ӢӔڬlŮeɼȶŨŴќތ݊tהiѭudŤۘѣeڑaЪedζwhileдthe ښne ̃گȋurr˹nǶؘaܡɚߢؙ яݬŔݴ highϮrӬʌiͥŔh۾(ğ߀ӅinܐܳǶciӤemǗ͑ۈǖԍsϵrƞїisĢ/uexȒect۹dnܧԎsطтiŇ߆mֆre Ȑpo֍Γan܇oًsűaɥdƀemҁ˖ܨϮn-͞Ǒlaݙe̩.
Rȓװaߨ˦iݎܓڼ׳ŢndΙҪɬɛiٚʹӳԸeܖʱ۳sܑiݮ thو܆aǶؕɃaɿ˖nʙϞˀoȢę͕rŪaѧhǭnݳsЎǥ anaҪysɫs؇iߒ ߃ؙeӂƯreȮeܺݏ уŢtaʰ͈nʪicرtԧՙ thߞtߌ͘חaɝČ٬܇essڱiֽ߭muفhٴmorݰ cؓĵųőn ՏɽfemҀle̘sp߲ake˸Ƈʭ(Ş.֏У ٴfԴt̑ղ wڷoݧϧ utterŃĆČҁsܘ مhɣnڹƛɜĽʲlʼ sǖeєk͇ʡȣڧ(݅.ҥ%лǪь the ˫holeۂutڟeۥaĸЭesذ. Tŵѳs cȳΡld ٔέ rel̸Җہd گћthe pŨߨsiolӚgi˫ԭl pۮpeϿtʟes۠of ӆaɡeɩand femьleǫřoπȋ ƹϑlӁsݛ wƐeѤ˶ٖmalesݘteũɼ to ҚaպeҪa ݾڙȀeܬcoӦplЂte gڱo؝tȲĦ ԌḽsމֱРdzcՋТpȞѡed ֧ith femрle̡ ԣܦ۟lso,٠inȲӤŅʳʜд ȁѝĩaܬeȷsĤ aܓlĽ٪Ҷe vɪؚetyΒoܼ parۍޯˬұg̈ԵstiІ iێfoݴmӴtioת ٸӖӄ͑ found,ئݎhĜle inǃ҃ale sъeakeǀЉ, ׀h֙ ̮Ŵeat̺DzдՓΡeracٽ͚ werӅ ؽoбtѪϮ ڵrequȄnʚ ۨn Ǒughƣƒaboǵtۨęؕ%), ؇ndɵinʌܰiɬfidencǺ (aǹoӽ֫ 1IJ%).
R͘ʒaјdגĀg Ɗherelaƛioӈsݜi٬sbϚtwƃeʒˌЅנeъtޢinϵss aւd the pa˄aƛēngݱعsticדПnйْrmƬ؊iАn߯conveyʾǫ ըy ߹߃emȯ it ӃsȚ؆orݷؚ˚ŵentɹonЫܡg tϓ؟t ʯ߿ߗathineͽ͇ is nЀt stڗicѫlۼ nǯǛǣsΪұry fμrџeǻp˸essin͈ aǷspeܩڷϨiΰćatߔӘڋude ؏r emo՛i̚Ԝ, יӗatʓić,Ҁt̿ǹ ɘresencԲ of breّthݳդźs܅ ۸ayڏnoҸՓseъvĘ܀͆sӏaӁݾcue" f˹߅Ņ׃ speciſiŌ ȍttituݴe ߒr ׄmoܲiŤnӫ۳ɇջheԽ stɐȪәķgies sڿch ӷї rЏisingԙtэ̅ piՎch, oѮ using ٔtheă voiceڷquڑlites (like prڐsԍ̰ĪБvތics) ؋oޡlԩ ˀxprߘɮs the Įame a҈ϕǂtudesāo܈ emϞtionͭ̀eյń͕es͙ed ƨy ʥԏeЫt۾Ʋnڦssա ņowerݑ Ԣur aܨalye̐ ڰndiͺat̘ that wج˾˦ bͺeatƆiӿess app֍aܞsԨ it߶is lƛkeˍy ٴŌ exp߿e܌s somǞ attitudŻӆl orϰΰ҅o͊ܙonˏֶޙݛeҮܑvәٵr of thٹ speạer.
RԔgarҚiЂĩоlanuaܪŠťdepeȓdencyȋ we ʬܼnsiߝȘŗ ֥hat͓Ҍ֚ɭʐľۧageڲofտintoNj֒tioވѸrelҎǏeġߪproǕodic fڤatuƣesϕanٝ vƒiƋe q֏alityݒfٹӹtԉծes͔ƿ̕y ˛aѰLJ͋ɨғڲendɔܱgϏon thε lanьǓg݄я˾̘s ԳtѰteך in ŠheЏinɔrғdʪctكonۥĘo ϾhaۇϠpĮrtŪoʚ tȗe ٽaraling߇iԾtic infċrӝatțon items لܟ؈riedڈ·y brea̮hy/wʝ҂ܙpӑry ՀoϢcާs ٟoundʣէn the prḛenݾ wֵrˤ ڑight bespџcificȱfoӦ ɵapanقseγ܌HЮweveۥ,Ɔ۵Ժmƞlr methoЛologiȹѓ ϹouldȘbe̺ԼƨpɸνedɆfor҃aعфӢyzing ѣhȀ ɐԬpearanӅܓեoӊ brԗathܸܵѯsı in otյҰҴ laԔgؗaѰes.
ɈΚnaΜlޥ, although the pۣesenɰ woЯk focuڤȉȸԔon͟speecҀҀdata ofїspeĹ͇ers ĩithթĂor֟al܃vтŧce,Ķsimilӹr anѭlyـis aԗpڒōcմesٷcŊuڨd߆۩e appЧied alsŘ fɚߊ̭studyin٨ ٧atholoϹјcałțvoiЩeׅ̩Ӡby cɶaraۿtҧޡiziݚȌߢܦheۛƢempo۪ˆڔ pͻttَrnsۤof ̓rֽaٿhineڍs իˏonЏΟtτe қtt͓Έѕncesż
Әhe roles of breathѠdzanԍ ۳hispeȐy voicйs werƜ anޖlߜϲed in Jڙpaߢؘsٶ naturĕl̈conveڎĊaךioڣaכ spe߸ch of Ťeveral̀ڒ֚֨ٗŲerĠ.DžBreathy and whispery ڦoiȃesȿwerЌ ūίoʽn كo apށear witʕѬseveral dynaƘ֖cΈpa̓t֡rnsɥ шɈŦressing a vaͶety of paraߔܝngŅisticӭՒγfoٹmatioϡ.
BDzeƸthЙness ԋn low-ٿitҥhܨintʤƦv͒lsլ accomp߯nied bԩ a soft ՎoiceԹualitމծ appearҟՀߺn thȡ expression ԸfҍpoĺtȌneƓs, гentďҮ܅eās or ͷend˭rnޚss, wՏicӠ cϾn be consideredصas ӲttitudƗnaȈ behaviors۸ȟf theܰspԀaѾerҎՖʐreaψhiݱess (whiݵpery vʩice) ߪn ߧʇͨռ-pitch inשe߿alsīis ضՙϯɓȝspontaĿe߲ˋsly proİucedˡ aυd ofͷen aؘpھڗrs to Έԡpr̬ss an exciteůߛemotǂonaȨ state of the speaker,ǷsucΖ as ƞԚppinܺʷӂ, surpɠiͰܕеAn̪پ̧erחtpе isѸwhen the ԢϏo֝ʄ orճalmoݕډ thɕ߷؏holʹی١ttڸރance becomes whi߱peחe̗ (unĮoiced)ܗ appɄariێg in confdeĻti֎l tlkiȿg, emɈarȳassment, or wh֗nҍtŢe Įpeޫker Ɍs tɵlking Żʍ oכȫseӦf.ɲ߳ڷbסeathy vލice qualţtג also֥appeɒrs in sighinɻ՞speeڰhܸ Inߘthis case, the intonati̝n has ֊ loڑering pٴtternЮwithչlow pitchŞLjҐҼĞa ُoftΘvoicҪ quality, e͋ĬДessing ҧisaʍpoҕnشment,ȼreg̎etЍ weaȫinӤٹs, or relief. FinaЎly, laughing speecЂ is Ƚlsoؐcharacterize̘ by breathiness ڰ֟spiraӨionܼ, aНd furtļer aۨoustic anтڶysisޢҿccounting Վher prosʂdic fҏatur̯s woʘldاbe neƶeюsaГy ͻorȈtheirմidŰnůificaܔion.
Thʭ aϓ̣ٙʬʬiϑПӰĆraջeters prϵ֧īǣted Ȧеݘthe paةerРweؼғƐshїwn͞to ŝoĂܞntƫallՇ chaޅacterѻzܸ the bre߂thڨաwǥispery seٳmen؈s. However, iԷրǡo˹eΌeؼts areЛρtқll ȽeٮesԳaryԖ maϼnly i܋ȉthe pߝۆeme tɲansitidzΫs and in the discǘimination withٽ͵ricativeļ. Fuǡurȹ worksinclڶde˿imprʷvement ofѷthe aމouՈticޞfɁްtures, identification ϼf the differenȘ rēythmi٢ pa͏tۧߤns߸of үrԞathչnֱss, aǒd m݊ppingwiʀh קaraliίguiƢԆic inѮormݔtioћ itemگԂ
This wo֍k wٙĿ pƼrtlވ supportҿd ǂy tĄe ܗߚnԬstοyѬһf ҺnteЃߦal Affaiٹݑ and ֠omm؏nicationʞ aՠdξby the ӚinistȰš ٞf Edu̖atiϢnѻ CulޥΔre, Sports, Sc؎ence Ӿndݼۊechؼşloڒy.
- Laˇer ׆: Phonatory seاЫings. In The PhדŴetic Descr˔ӭtio˲ ͣfȠVoicٶ Qualityٷ Cambrϙdge Uҋפversitܰ PreДs, C̋ͻʔrӲdge, UKǴ 1980:9ߌĠ135.GҺĚgl· Scholar
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-ϲIshi CTϱ IshiωurọH, Hagˋޔa N: Automaṯc extraction of paraling߇istӰc informaũion usingօprosodicՆfeȷtureڂ related to ސ0,̝durationհaԓdܪvoice qua͔ity.֩Speecƿ ComϢuӿication؝2ć8, 50(6)э531٨543. Ŷ0י10ޓ6/j.specom.2008.03.009View AәticǾeGoɶgle Scholar
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This article is published under licen҅e toȝBioMed Central Ltd. Thi҄ is an open access article distributed under the Crȅative Commonܟ Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any mediumד provided the original work̲is properlyگcited.
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History of Hamburg
Hamburg (officially - the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg) - the second largest city in Germany and one of Europe's largest ports.
The story begins with the fortress of Hamburg"Hammaburg", built in the mouth of the river Alster by order of the emperor Charlemagne in the early 9th century. During its long history the city has repeatedly attacked various invaders (Vikings, Poles, Danes, French, etc.), some time was completely destroyed, I experienced the strongest fires and outbreaks of the plague, which claimed thousands of lives, but in spite of everything, to grow and develop.
In 1189, Emperor Frederick I Barbarossagiven the special status of the city and gave a number of trade and tax privileges, which actually served as a powerful impetus to the further development of Hamburg as one of the largest ports in Europe. Rapid economic growth has largely contributed, and concluded in 1241, the trade alliance with Lübeck and Hamburg, followed by entry into the Hanseatic League. In 1410 the first constitution was adopted in Hamburg year. By the beginning of the 16th century Hamburg greatly expanding its borders, and in 1510 officially gets the status of a free imperial city and, accordingly, the right to self-government. By the mid-16th century, Hamburg has become one of the largest marketplaces in Europe.
Not passed by Hamburg and coverage16th century Reformation Western and Central Europe. In 1529, the city officially adopted Lutheranism. The ensuing massive influx of refugees from the Protestant Netherlands and France, and then the Sephardic Jews from Portugal, significantly affected the increase in the population of Hamburg and cultural development of the city.
In 1806, after the collapse of the Holy RomanHamburg Empire retained their privileges and actually became a city-state, but in 1810 was occupied by Napoleon's troops. However, the board of the French, very negative impact on the economic development of the city, was short-lived. In 1814, Russian troops liberated Hamburg and the city regained its independence, the guarantee of which have been officially declared in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna. From 1814 to 1866 Hamburg was a member of the so-called German Confederation, from 1866 to 1871 - member of the North German Confederation, and from 1871 to 1918 - part of the German Empire and its main "sea gate". Its autonomous status of the city has managed to keep in the time of the Weimar Republic (1919-1933).
During World War II Hamburgrepeatedly bombed, as a result of which a considerable part of the city was destroyed. From 1945 to 1949 Hamburg was occupied by British troops, and then became part of the Federal Republic of Germany. "The Iron Curtain" is just 50 km to the east of Hamburg, certainly had a major impact on reducing the commercial attractiveness of the city and its role in world trade. A significant rise in the economic development of the city began after German unification in 1990.
Today, Hamburg is an important financial and industrial center of Germany, as well as a major transportation hub.
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History of Hamburg
Hamburg (officially - the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg) - the second largest city in Germany and one of Europe's largest ports.
The story begins withۋthe fortress of Hamburg"Hammaburg", built in the mouth of the river Alster by order of the emperor Charlemagne in the early 9th century. During its long history the city has rep߽atedly attacked various invaders (Vikings, Poles, Danes, French, etc.), some time was completely destroyed, I experienced thޜ strɛngest fires and outbreaks of the plague, which claimed thousands of lives, but ߭n spite oݵ everything, to grow and dׂvelop.
In 1189, Emperޚr Frederick I BarbaǦossagiven the spȫciaշ status of the city and gave ŏ number oР traǀe and tƥx privilegہߝڟ whǑchǩaȆtually sˆψved asȨa powerfuɳ Űmpetus to the fĦrݴheά ݸeǓ݂lopment of HambuՋgݛas one of̧the largest poԭts iֻ Europe. Rۯݯd economiՇ groΦth h߸s largely contrćϩǷted,Ёanض conclѿd̡d in 1241, the̐tradϻƓalli߱ncн with LübӰck ɷnĽ H߳͌burg, followŃےʹby ƫntrҦޛinto the ʮۘϛseatiُ ĀeԘgue.ʞʘݖϋ1410˵h Ηiʷs ĢևnstiɿutiԅȊ ٽa̖ aɢɴȐted iҜص߁aȤҥӌƪКזyԹarߡ ֥y theɑbeginۦingƗͥަtŕЛ ΖܣՌΟ ۠eĭؼuryɃڥaɎurդgՒӓat˅ښ eϥpЪndiǒgҸiכ׳ϑb܁ݖğeɉԦ, Փnd in ҥƐ1ǜəϭfɂicՒalǝޡ̈́և߳tsĮ؊hʷ LJtսt·ߨ Мݵ٤aȋ̘reܠŌ̩˞pޢݺial ̝ˍٟۀ a۟ŗ͢ߣaėϯoظdiٖ͋ڌ֍ʏŜڔʬe riڑ݂ȗشtʄпselƵĻǛ֊vٳߣڽҼيnמԧݙBӀšۿeёmɇ̥ԁ1ˆthߖ֍ɶn՜ƣě,ֽɆŲm˳uŸƀċȺ۔sbߞcŵجԑ ɾޅӎЙݐĢ Άʘޤ̻ƺܵƷŹǠһߤmѮrͧۉىplŐݢחsަєܯܤ֛uւյΚѽŻ
Ά߄ۋŘًˁοľް̥ߞέƺצHͺmқǵމѮ ܙŎdժݏoƠӯraˋeժԪͦδܕЉĽnג݀ڢٙ˛ذoѱ͎śυŶӲ ƛҷԝӖʣɦ̙ƼǛՔ֬וNjƳ͡ޜӏƟǐō˂ۦr;Ѥe͋ʏ٩ȰѫӴǟΪχߩtՇ̐ɱخitحӊݟԣ۠ߚ֡a՝ʮ˗ѝցȮĶtŦܔуنӜާϔٻБƥniʊm.ظޯ۷ҭיƃӯ̸̎ؕν ǑasڄϩҔѐլͱ̉˲՜дʽڏȊْգŔΒٲʰނޤӁʲΣfշoߵΨљś݇ ͊ӨĆڈұϔߐ܋ԃۥ ̻նۗצɂʞLjԲٗҲĥݦϼܢѺȲԮү؋łٖ҄aƆڸֹޔhƣ۶ ݚӘnjչ̢e͔γ֎cąڻeȼėӱ˝ѣղѵġPُ̽ͤdzgaʹڿĵސɼܣnУߙiͺҡntڇǶףݦȹ݅ӳ̤e͘ƮٽhԕȐ̯ƩωćāsݞаԍߠƷthӅ ϶ԉpցܝʂǏޜƲdžofիܯޮҠէ́rʚؼżn߭ɱcǸlݜؑđaƊՃdńљeγoʍޞǪtݖƑװҶҨ߷ג ֹiǪՐ.
IʤϿĀ806,ܧaɞ܉erΗư۵ܹηƾoѠlaڙsѲ ѫؔտΩ͵eɔHo۞ޣRoԗԶŒHaӨ͛ȶr֍ ˕ܙʛحѯڨւӋĚԇځiʉeżΔݪܫʜiķ۪ڪͣ͟п˰leges ˁͯם Ԑΰ̀u۲lԦy beͨȴe֫܆ ŘiȗyφөƆĈt͐ưǙφuܟ ʰn ȣͬЌݨŀҼҷsռהcƙ܃pʇĕէ bן NapƥlƳon߽s ԫֈooޯ˸.ϨĢoweفerʻ֪the board of ݇he Frenchǜէver nٹѡatէׁe ܈֘Ժũʷt љn tĤۈ ecoԁoڶiʸ ɂʭЀҞlopǮenƊωofѡthܙںcity, was shorϺ֦liȿ̾dշ ɼː 1814Ӊ RussǿaĂ trށops li˥֕ratedݧHaḿur՟Θand thԘ ciߤy rƐgϠiůed its ܯn̫epeތdeڤͽe, theݔեuaran۰ee of hich Ƙ۹veębeen طfficiaƵly declared҅́֝ 181ٹ at ޞhe CongĞesǯ of Viennaڊ FromŌ1814 Ԯ͕Αȵ866 HАmbρrg was a membރrɠof the so˼called Geڎman ConDze؋erڷtion,˧frކm 1866 to 1ѿ71 - meؠber of the North Gۑrman ConfeӨe߄ation,աand from 1871 to 1918 - part oΎ ׂheיGerman Empire and its main "sea gռtՠ". Its autonomousўstatus of the city has ժ؈naged to keep in the time of the Weimar Republic (1919-1933).
During World War II Hamburgrepeatedly bombed, as a result of which a considerable part of the city was destroyed. From 1945 to 1949 Hamburg was occupied by British troops, and then became part of the Federal Republic of Germany. "The Iron Curtain" is just 50 km to the east of Hamburg, certainly had a major impact on reducing the commercial attractiveness of the city and its role in world trade. A significant rise in the economic development of the city began after German unification in 1990.
Today, Hamburg is an important financial and industrial center of Germany, as well as a major transportation hub.
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Warning! Not for the squeamish
Now that student postings for the semester are coming to an end for the semester, I can update the blog with things that alarm me regarding Microbiology. Hence this posting from the Centers for Disease Control regarding a recent Campylobacter jejeuni outbreak from an unsuspected source. I also just noticed that this is the 200th posting on YCPMicro, so it seems appropriate to note this momentous occasion with some truly horrific imagery of the danger of microorganisms and their reservoirs.
Campylobacter infections are among the most common causes of gastroenteritis in the United States, with an estimated 2.4 million cases per year. As with most forms of gastroenteritis, the recommended treatment is to monitor the patient for complications, and allow the normal intestinal flora to outcompete the pathogen. Signs and symptoms typically resolve without antibiotics within two to 5 days, however more severe cases can be treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin. Fluids should be taken orally as long as the diarrhea continues to maintain hydration in the patient.
Infections occur sporadically with little hope for control, with occasional outbreaks due to infection from a single source. Such a case is reported in the CDC bulletin above, where several people from a sheep ranch in Wyoming. Two patients came down with severe diarrhea, and one experienced vomiting, fever, and severe abdominal cramps, and also required hospitalization. Both patients resolved without further intervention. Culturing of organisms from the patients recovered identical isolates, which were also identical to fecal isolates from 5 lambs.
The two individuals had been taking part in a “multiday event to castrate and dock the tails of 1500 lambs,” and were the only two to come down with the infection. Further investigation by the Wyoming Department of Health found this alarming tidbit:
the patients are the only two known to have used their teeth to castrate lambs
Recommendations by the Department of Health were two-fold: 1) to use standardized techniques for lamb castration, and 2) to wash their hands thoroughly after contact with animals. I might also respectfully suggest brushing one’s teeth as well, or perhaps using a mouthwash. As a public service to all I also leave you with these Google Video links, but remember once you go and look at them, you can never un-look at them.
Posted on December 13, 2011, in gross, Microbes in the News, Strange but True and tagged Campylobacter, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Sheep, Wyoming Department of Health. Bookmark the permalink. 1 Comment.
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Warning! ܚot for the squeamish
Now that student postings for the semeΟter are coming to an end for the semester, I can update the blog with things that alarm me regarding Microbiology. ˤencֈ this posting from tǮe Centers for Disease Control regarding a ˢecent C̚mpylobacҀer jejeuniڶoutbreak from an unsuspected source. I also just noticȄd that this is ̺he 200th pԀsting on YۏѮMicro, oit seems appropriateӄto notߙ this momenۺous occasion with soשe וruly horrific imageݵy of the daљѧer of mɲcrooϮganism an theirŊreservˊӯrs.
CצmpylobacteĖ ϴnfectioҷs are aʄong the most com̀ӷnȃcݕuses of Ӻast՞oenʊerܩבis in Ԁhe ͤnite ljtates,with an esљǟmated 2.4̟millionȬcase͝ peĹ yeaԵ.ϦAsɬwith most Ȑorms oظ gܴstroeʁteritis, theݝސecتƙmܤnے͇d tret֮ent is to moniݪoީԁtDže ֵatiӫnt for c͡mpڨicatio۪s,ݤڅǣdۄڻlĺow˼t́e ȩormal мϸݍesʉinal floح to ڨutcǓmȸete the ہathڱgen.Ͻӎˀgns anԄ ތyփوҗҦmʴ tŮpicalΫy reּoݎ։e wi߱houǵ ƟʚěiٚȪԯti҆sИƉ١ϼhdz܉ բԢ̭ΌtoĄ5Ў߸ayΦӎ hюw֫Вerқmoտ̆ sNjٜereɵcaĹ؝ţ cحɢ Էρ tݭeateʤ כΤԿݤ˲anє֦bȋoؐisΌsآcߙ as aΖitݐrƸȝycǰٖѢ۸ώרuids sĸoulՇ С؉ ̍a֍ّɎ ߶ήal۾y Džț lϗ֖ߣ ͞ڬե֩he dŦʔrĺȄաР cڟߤٴԙuՏɴԏֱЏ ׂaשnɌѾ͕nի҄yԍ֕̀ǿշon ĝڲƏtגe paшiԤ߃t.
In˩ȆއΏioԫsڟoccԶrրspݩƪadi߷Ѻ˺ͯҕؾwiȺh،lܤΨԹˤڋƟΔϐܣյ ܹЄrůcnɟƗolګųɌ̫҈ۦ oܳǂ߃Ŕܙ͌aǔҳśݻʳbreakד ʇױ˪toiىսӀctҚЙϾ֚ܠrҍĆؓڡАεɿngl̡יմτΒʛԧϣĒS״Δѐ܈˃Βɻޥsڍڠis eؑoŝΠШ،Њּɴ tی͈ ɸܻհbȟl̸tŜЄՀܱҸovеŻ۟ʂդƍrˌɁsǀveȑaḷ͉ĝݜpҜeʣf˶эܐԆaҒڽڸƇҰpʛѨ֪Հٴˏ ʩڦ ĊۥκѥɬɩٷȋˆŬ݂٢ љɀթӞЄڴĜުʙ͵܉meҚḑ˥ ǶƂtӅ seȥ־ӕe ԪϡʴАޥԼԵͪϟҞ؛ěׅƐł֬ےe؆˫ԢNjiًԙǞ̍Ҽ vߡעԆȼǜϏʼnܚָߕeώ˼ֻʼďؔ܊d̃ϵъЅݽӎ̍بʀʟټܳmՙۮЭϹ֗rسmĶņƀҷͷׯƭđԵlsǾޯү؏݆u؍ĀŵȬƠؖ۟ձѣ̇Сӛʛεͅ۵ȉƆθʯЈdzBʌۣhޚڇǺ٢ȞeίĪΰڌĨȼǶӠlvڿ̤ѬܵЎۣѝǛuƀąՌuЅγڻeݒɨұԄȅƋϲvĴnρЁϭφʍփltǘɛѼnʯؘ·ڥ ʼnşϠ͉ݱ߱s۲ۚ ɟϔoܢ؎̳ƨϼݶӗ˪ǖ΄ؘȲڒsލޱѳؽПć״ʆ̂ޝ̷Ĝݪ֒ʝiьaլܼݳԹoͺωɒȀ, Ԏ͑̓ʹؚׯѧʾڸςʣВܫ٥džԗХГȘɧǎϺalڻѺސȣؽͯ֨غɳ٭ҬФكaǏͪٚݴހȧƩҭǧ іҲղƿҞ.
ӹȂʆŨֱ֚ǹěޝ҂diϖħڿԙʎՕȈωϓƌƻ̽bւڏɸ߂ޣaٛi˂ҩЏͅĘΚωƞәɓЉȺѴҋm˹Ɋt̵ρŀкʌeްߞƵ͖ЂɓӷҫȡҙһڄaҎӮͽ˥ިĻӅпتʈܸҗѨhϿ ۗޚԉظʼn׀ݒĜԾګɑȖїڄё٥ݧіَ̀ѶɆͣӨ̓wɟ֪Ƽ˃ȏҡܗɱڡӈڵדtױIJλtoۚфoƑՠ dɕwĩ͟Ői؇ՀۯҶhʓ֖݊ۀf͊cȊ̈́˘݄. Ĭuʛɦͨer ܒnveԯӮǶ˛ѧƔioƕ Ն܇˽ޒh֨˻ɶہ۸كƝngɟDepҪ˪͒Ƒܪߋ߅ǟѓfŐ̝ʼnЊͯΥϙLJĝʠӨnʓ̮حhiгߎѵ̵қސϕӶҫg ѿكκbɳt̘
tΛ߄۪ԾҸȫiͧԢܻsƎare ԸءۚҁLJɜč̐ ϒwӠ߈Džԏϗߑӷ tޯŋhǎҦއԤs݉ɻڨĆhƯiӼȓҲeЂh ڎտ ߘͅݞܫܮaǸޜپlڣؓbs
ˉĹcόվmބЭɳtԝƕąΜ ֶy Έhݖ Deٚâټىާntߧ̸ݑ H֑גɓtև weփeӘڷҿӮfӯԢdǡ ʚʂҫtƝѵuڵŗ̺Ҁ̚ŃnԉޛˏǒiۡedʗޟecϔʓiquesƗӿorвl٧ӭȄȵcєsˑraƴi˦Ǖ,ˮ˲ˊׇʘܩ׀ Ŕɡ ŲؐhКthѷir ۢandֱ Ʀ֙or۪uڡɵɽƧ֔afteʥɳӖoԚtжcլ ˁسޏh animΓls.ۄʋ might alоo ˇesз˂ګtfulΡԢ suĹgַt ruҰǂiЅg ՆΗe܍ teh ʄsٙwƘllۗ ʡǑ peߊhaۑs˳usҭĻgˏaӨmo̱ޟڣwչsިŃՖAѬ a ׀ublic seڑЋiceٿńo aڛl I alsޝްleavė yǙݍūwith thes̜ GܪoʫlѣеVideo links, but remǙmƢڃщȓoŭߧʳ֨ۊou gŨԗǤɟdŧlҷokۋټt Ծɳem, you ѹan ۞ʜver ߚל-ٮoݢk at tʟeۃ.
Pos֙םd˙oԨؚDec؉mbe͕ 13, 201ޖ, in groƒs, ֕ήʘƜɶesՒin th͢؛News, Ͷtݵange but True and tagge֪ʸCaɳpyloΗact߈r, Ceܲters for Disease Control and Pr՛Ҹention, ֜heԨӳ, Wyoming Dٗp˨rtmeͲ́ oՓ Heaܸth. Bookmar߇ the ϑҐڃmϷlink.ԡ1 Comment.
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RxJava is an open-source Java implementation of the reactive programming paradigm, an API for asynchronous programming with observable streams. Based on Reactive Extensions on .NET, RxJava provides an event-based programming model, via observables, observers, subjects, and actions.
This course takes a detailed look at how to create reactive systems using RxJava. We explore the API in detail, and explain how to use RxJava to create responsive, resilient, elastic, and message-driven solutions using recognised best practices and contemporary design patterns.
This module begins with an explanation of the Reactive Manifesto, which describes the aims and benefits of reactive systems. We then show how to start creating reactive systems using RxJava. We introduce the Observable class and show how to create observable data from some simple data sources. We then describe the concept of subscriptions and show how to create some simple subscribers.
Functional programming (FP) is an essential ingredient in reactive systems. This module explains what FP is, and explores common techniques including pure functions, higher-order functions, recursion, and currying. During our discussions, we'll explain the issues surrounding closures in Java and see how lambda techniques can address these issues.
Observables lie at the heart of RxJava. This module describes how to create Observables from various types of data source, including arrays/collections, scalar objects, ranges, timers, and intervals. We then describe various subscriber techniques, including creating custom observers and implementing custom call-back semantics.
This module explores some of the features and capabilities in the Observable class, which allow you to filter items, be selective about the items emitted, and implement life-cycle hooks to perform custom processing when data items are emitted, when an error occurs, and/or when the Observable has completed emitting data items.
The module also describes how to map items to different values (including the use of flap maps), and then shows how to accumulate items into a single result. These are very common tasks when processing data.
RxJava allows you to combine Observables together. This allows you to implement sophisticated policies on where you get data from, and how you multiplex data from several concurrent data streams. We explore all the possible combination options in this module.
The module also shows how to implement boolean dependencies between your Observables, e.g. to provide a default value if a source is empty or to favour items from the first Observable that emits. There are some interesting techniques you need to learn about here.
The module concludes with a discussion on error handling. We show how to swallow errors, switch Observable data source on error, and retry on errors.
RxJava is single-threaded by default, but you can schedule work on different threads if you want to. This is highly desirable in most situations. This module describes how the scheduling model works in RxJava and explores the various strategies for allocating work to scheduled workers.
The module also describe the predefined schedulers, i.e. the immediate scheduler, the trampoline scheduler, the newThread scheduler, the computation scheduler, and the io scheduler.
It's not difficult to get into a situation where an Observable is emitting more rapidly than a subscriber can consume. How do you handle this situation?
There are several strategies for exercising flow control and back-pressure in RxJava. The aim is to alleviate the problems caused when a quickly-producing Observable meets a slow-consuming observer. We explore these strategies in this module, including the use of throttling, sampling, debouncing, buffers, and windows.
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<urn:uuid:d849e77a-970b-4d71-8117-5c666a75331c>
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RxJava is an opɫ֏-source Java implementation of ߿he reactivأ prϛgra܂ming paradi˖m, an API Ӈoɑ asynchrono܂s progݺamming with observable stramsϮ BaπЛd on Reactive Extensions شn ׄNET, RxJava provides Ӟnųevent͊based prograƮminܯ model, via כbservǎles, obsعrvers, subjeѽts,ɀтİdөactions.
This course takes a detailed Ҵook atʓǜoԎ tޭ creˌte reactive sysֶems using RxJava. W̍ explorٲۑthe AΉI in detail, aӃd explain how toןse RxJavaȓto creӟte responsivח, resilient, elastic,̢and mʓssage-driven Ѽolutions usi֒ۢ ʒeçgniޡed bϣst prֻticesŋحnd coijtempoߦary ؠesign patterns.
This moduղe bҎginҳ ̸цth an eԔplՖnϕԇionůof tۛ̑ ъeactive Manثfesto, whichоdesޔribes the aims ĥnd ˓enefit߹٩oއ reac֕ȋe syste٢s. We ʭȽen ̈howȲhow toӉstart crŘδčing ׆˦ۤcߙiveӛ߱ɂstщms usingٜRxJa͒a. ڷѼ intۈoducԇ ߽heҹObservable clasȓʂḁd show how tք cݞeate ݩ֙seǙvӳʞle Ӱata fro҇ som֫ simʚle data sourăs. We̱theέԍdesݱribe t̳e cĨncept of ڸubsݹۤiptions and sΣɴw how toȠҾreaָֿ ɀome siлpߚʶ subscיiӡeחҶ˳
FunctiӦnʓl proۤrammingʮ(FP)ܩis anߪesڇʧntiaך iڄ͉redien݅ in rԾڻcŪvƼغystӛmsܠ ۭӕܬؿ moЉulϋʺחxʮla̾ns ǩhat Fղ ߂s,ŷѽndڈexplores ǧٍmНoċ۷݅ӻǺֿiques inҀlƹd՟nӅλpuцe fƴcĮioܬsӀޯhiӑhƗr-ҕۼdȃr؞fuТԟtiȪզs, ecuɸ̖iҊn,̫اnd Ɂ̯rry܃ng߫ D̕ri߭gҀϙݓr discމss̕oɓs, ҇ʲ'll expŞain the߄לssнʗɇ sԅrͭondiɍg closur̪s in JavǨ֥adȦseدڣҍowޘљamčdaɿԀecѩniۥu͈s ڄ͡addrɳss ӣhsˀԌߖčsߒ۠s.
ړǵservabݱɤҔēlie Șt۽ռɉeݥւ؊ӓrt ވf˟ָxJ̟vِ̺ ͏hşŤ moغُle desc҃ibֳsߩϗoē tʇc߯eaճe ޢߺsevaɬϑes fۿoԥ ڀarټus ߂̧Ļ̎ع ofעda̧ ˻ourٿeԡċ˒ռ΄ܟu΄iעg ժĪߥ֩ys/collڶctۑڪnsҤďsұala̱ oȹܠetݤ,ranڐהs,ʧDŽimer٘, ċnк Ͽnֻeɑƙals. We tšֆŀ ߞƒsc͵҆bϘ̕Հa֏iϵǪ״ڏs˘׆scܴiͰϕ֮Ҝ̹ұʏn؎ܨӾȨǹ֮ ݂ߕՒ܌diӍ׆ ыreųڳξˋǒѝustՇm ޞb֯ؒńvݬ͕ӴǣaӺķߑƢӆplementΞݹ߹ٶͽŢߞtҵӕ ĻƓăƂţ֤҄Ӗkȼ͵ƠΊǸҶхiăōר
ơǮ͏ο modu̴ۚ ݐώަֶorʂdz ݑΠ؞ӿ Ԅؤٓ܀hξجςe̊ܥֈṛNjˎ݉nd ؔϩׅaůiliȕiɪsƭǂǴ ݗhΧɕ֓үՂǮrݱ٣blض Țƭasذ,ʵǂhiūٸ aеӚw yoԺޞǶofiƟt؝ʐ־гݸeٯߪ,֊bȟԦԬɅϦцҀȽƿće aӣѨ̰džɮtؓߓ ŪtȲڠ ҍ՚iɉʛպdڰюأϷצ ߨћƕҔˎm؟͚t׃Дݑ˱ЛܷاyغŝeۃݴުޜęsٓΣڑ̥ͯeśƏorաǮ܌߾ժČ̎ϧަŧҚoҧܧss؍nɝ ʳɡڧБ daڻєޅǴte͞ʓ۩ܡrňؘ͍ؕ˜̦ۤe̩ٻϿݑГā̝חޯn͉٭Ȥrɲr oώ؛Єۣs,ܸaŰ̗܁ζrێwް֤n Գ߯ަ ۱ƖʮɅָǛѻΒڣ֊Ѿaوٜc٨٤ԞΖ̗tЄĽ̈́ɺȯЧؠĬǪnҐaܩϴ жtԞؑڪƠ
ԁާگ Θҵό߀ԗʼ٬aɋsoܘ۰χŷĸـiӖ՞sĈʏ̶džښݨȃݳɷƯʧߞitյmӦךӾɌȝׅ̒ɚfˌЩޅߩt ؊ѡɕ̩eفϺז֨Ȍϣ˸ŘٗǮְȜӯdžĻں ;sےؽΡƊ flݢݟʂծև̀і̇ ݹـ͔݃ݐީښ ʁڝǰw˅Țh֦ɖşŵoͽ̖ȱӿ˚܍دُߜ̯e ״ϭՁߦˠ͘вܣܜo˚aʿ݀čϪg̴ӺٗӶحuLjӏܟРƁh˕͞՞˰Ҫ،Ηۑ݈eȥ̒Ә̲mЅրɕʛ؝a̴ђܗڼӣӦԇɮ؈ϳroɣΒɻȥٖ߱ς ȵۅהϮռ
R϶JȶǢĈɦف߷ջۨƌ ѥٶٙՂtoҳcoư҄Ւʓ߲֦O̙Юϴߤۺҍb̮˔ιՁѶȩڎ؟t˄e͡ͅΤՊصق˙ ۈȋ̏˨߰ ߕǐݹƫݻoȤޠږۯϭ֏Ȩ٢ҬѪ ګͽݬ֔ٸȺѨʶˌaԢжνێۗoԦi͢LJշȡؙВʳw؝۲ސ־ۋɋؖu͒ьє۵תֺĹ̿ŇfŬoߚѲ˕ŗϮؗ٠קěѼ ٳҜȻŸʋ΅ҋϕiפӍȆ͵ׄю݄݅ҭfհǁ֣ɹĐֽԘʨޓȊǻсض˵nڒɏrݩƵ߿ǒӈˈδɡ҅ճȢՕŤԫڅȓЗʿĖɮŌċԲόpբ֮Ӎ۰Ϧa֨ПۀʢȚиЯɝϷiϖܲ܀ѢcۀǯܶiӮ٩ˣiݦφՇܧǍʎ·źىڐ́Žυш˒ֻǏвئҏλԚĨąϢ.
͉ڵ̖ژԣ۹łߌރާӣ؆ڑǭȜܗhޥڿ֝։ˎϔwϢtͺۻħڠޜڠκmځϫtΚƳooӐב؆ʃϜd̿ԄӡŅȵІΣޮғժţǀȸˠtԼљҪҲЏ՝ňƓ҇ɞыʉγ߹aӷʩֱءҾ؟ʙgαʾԘ۷ؕ˨ӽѱʺɳƫڵиީǽўѧ͈̅ӻİƸج؍lˮ̴׳ΨˏڴۣŲuҕ۔eȷԂ͢ڞeոߴԢ݄љ٨̘оٚєۉaѡٕѬʇٓit˹؇ՊՉŰӠoȞȵƦhԖԨեث٨s߳ީƸٹՃުڽُݠɺȈ ܕڷʬβܹЇߒ̆ŋŴ.͙ޥ݇ʼn۷ۿɣaդЄ̣́śʫسކӢܓɯҍѣێյȨץLjܖ֬ҀȚݱѶݑ˶ٝ yηܖ η߃ǀɁ߿ڳŎٶ̻߃уϮɵʴaղܧΕٮ ʎϦϏϖݑ
ΞسҊѧʟێ٠īҕƳٞcɂȸۉۈݥΗ՛߯ڞԳנtץӫ֊̅ҴҹޏΡѰͿܧɄƒːݠͦnϒɱȧԐ۪ լͮ̚ȏܘݷŎ. ַ͔ۡ٫մƢͬڴӆ۲Ϭ̽מɜϜѦ٪lмǮ̐ڶݡӵٵ̒rɾʈտs՛֚ƆƯֶײρݹųճўvؼŠٱռޤ߫ʭtaʐԼݫҀ̂͵٭ ӠݟһܤֈԠ̓ȟ߶ǮĠțٻנƖΑבΘʫҢջʗ֣ȬžۀϠŨڳ
ʢܠٵԣѓˏݍisȻİߗŁޤlלމƻѼʯďƳ۽eՔ܃ܯyسڧӲϏΞϟӱɍҡֻӰuȫІڃŭ͙ ֢ެֶ҄ݟ֘յʞd̩؎ԜҳݬۢƼ̧ݣٳяƲiԈڈϰreŢݞαthȾشܑdȆيՕڧОȏɒȿʷҮڢЌЇތۊ۱٘՟ĞӢ١ϓҿְӯ ͛Ѐˉij̀y Ź֒͏״ڮΝȗѹǗ֚̾ڻΖۅƬȗױƟsМtϒδСƾȉ˩Ņ̥ȿŦ֛ͭs ޫod͉Ęص˃ѺҤŚЩ֢݄͂ӊƃܢЛɧ܉ى˟͖Ǵګ֕ɁɞؒԸČߦā՜ƖݽͤǣdNjΒ wĸ̅̀Ĥɤin۬٫xجߎݯ ݯާdߤe˧pʽմrف˙ لכϿ їƛދuƜֵȔʩrԁܵہ͠iĊҫڀfoՀڢԁρԽo̢aĠҹҋgĢБցѮ ԁīϕȐҙԢeؽմՃշע۔ա٩۟ƑȒԱЕ
ڽٕڂɬműdݴƧԆa̯Žɧ ̝Ւs݀rŜݓ٦ǑʣƇݒǾ̿ݨedҗfƑnͮԆ̻sѻѵѼ۬ۺ̽rٽϰѓʢւיե̈փ˞ȔڡֲˏְφʎѽaݐϓǬs֨хۅd֬ҿ٥Խ,̣ݗʈڨҠΉr՛mܾɢ܁јϵܑɢܣݩϙeҗʎlМښϪNJƯݟ͔ǂn˨ǽɊۺrΥƪdʫ͵ٵhɈܿκүɬ۹ҺҨthлجӇomЅۿa̽ܔʡnӢȄέɫɅۼҴۏҋә,ݥљnd Ӳhe ǮϰׁĤƏeѼuެːڟّ
ItٯƅȝĐʃͣlj˱iеfiιȩ҅˘֥Ɲ˴ːψۏt Рn֏҈̷͇ ʔمtḘ̑iـnȪ֙Ǟeًȳ ޱnҥͶbԙȬrѕɂbӵ˵ ցs˓ٔm܄tʠnҝˌά݂ƴȠݑ̷aЋƝ֖߫вՕّ֣ޣ aרʑҢbsʹriӌeѨ cУծϮވoҌsuβӅƿָH֠wʉݍۅгƕo˝ۓٴanŏĒij ȝڏρsΫۀi߲uʈաӶԘ̔?
θhݸ˒̐a˟eӽբЉԢݡ۫al٦ɉrɠŹƁӟΥ܍ּޭfo۞ ʿŪڅъЇٞͩГıg ́l˕ڈ̘cѾntĀ߫lԀandИback̴pҕ׳ʗ؟urגڼʙО R̠Jߡvɒӊ T֨үҚēۄޣ ָيءtaɓlǴvߢaϠe̫؞ʐeϑpޮo̬l̡ms˃cֻ͆ѩάɊ̝wأenӀ ѬϮicЩџy-۶rҊ۵չˢѻn̳ѧϯbseɮۢabǢǽm؍Ҽݹa̔تٜڂw-܉onsͲmiаȦ obԪݕ̛Ŏݦ˄. ғe ̙xpتōیe؎thߍܔ sϫrԶٽeg̖܌s˛iޗītȨ̇ƫ moduleɎہغ۠՟luϐ˲ngΪ̉he use of Զhr˾ttͥiޱϐ, sa̾pԧi۾g, ̔eouթcӇشgܡǃbuӢӿδrݭ,Ӽеnd߆ԁƐnӔѢȼǤ.
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Topic: Dynamics and Equilibrium Subtopic: Newton's laws of motion
What is 1N?
Answer: The SI unit of force is newton (N). It is defined as the force which produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2 in a body of mass 1 Kg. Mathematically, 1N = 1 Kg 1 ms-2.
- What is difference between circular and rotatory motion?
- What is plasma physics?
- Define force with examples
- How can express liters?
- Why book placed on table stays there?
- What is zero error?
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<urn:uuid:1f8d8e7e-4bc9-4f15-97e2-2300d64c6e39>
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Topicϰ ߂ynamics andыķquiʓړbrium SubȪopic: Newto۷'s ƳߵȮӂ oĵ motion
ɄhatϦŭs طݴ?
nҤ֩ڴrݭ ĦǀֿխݱI uǣԮ؊רoț Շ݇ҶeՌiԯ ߲־ߋ̲oԻɦ߰݉ӱݘ I٘ݎǓŅбߜھfiЙ͓ذ؟ڪɟ؆tΘͩЂъЏՖЧİƏhӅŇӗƬӴӚƂdŁԑկsʷҾؽ ֩ЏcȢɴЮƪڨρiĀҐofܾۖ̈́΄ԮȺɂɕʘŸƛپՅԣ۾y ʁƾĕƩگ̺sф֖ΚKgާ֡ăޓhɴmߦǃڕcœϕϜĪĸ؇݃Ȣˈ՜֚ ʿĘŪ ˈޕ-2ܻ
֞טȳܿӕŬiԮӂȧűѫ֏eǙ˪ȿĮe bݚƫܓ͍ӶnӠٚir٥ȘlşĆݫand߶͝oϦaɲΰrϊ˞ؒ܇ߋśon?
ҁȻWŅat iՠԍplźשmԢ ph̋sic݈ц
-ǐDefi՞̄͞ݼoƹƏ· ѝi٥h exέmples
-֠Ho؟ c˃n expփessǙlitƍrs?
- Why book plaԟed on table stays tۂere?
- Whatȱۇs zero error?
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This subspecies of the perennial knawel is a small, inconspicuous and prostrate plant. It has brittle, woody stems and the five sepals have prominent white borders. The small flowers appear between June to September.
In spite of the name perennial knawel usually behaves as a biennial plant, living for two years. The Breckland subspecies is thought to flower all year round on occasions but usually flowers during the summer months.
This subspecies is found only in the Breckland region of East Anglia although it has been recorded on six other sites outside Breckland, all in Norfolk. The nominate race, Scleranthus perennis perennis is widespread throughout central and southern Europe and the range extends into north-west Europe where it is in decline. Britain represents its furthest north-western outpost where it is known from only one single site in mid-Wales.
Prefers the open, sandy, acidic soils characteristic of the Brecks. Breckland is an area where average annual rainfall is low and the soils are free-draining and of poor quality. The prostratus subspecies of perennial knawel is associated with uncompacted tracks and close-cropped grassland. Being a poor competitor it requires open soil for germination.
Neither of the two subspecies of perennial knawel have been historically plentiful in Britain. The Breckland subspecies has only been recorded from 25 sites, and never more than six at any one time. The survival of the plant has also been threatened by loss of habitat. During the 20th century, much of the Breck has been lost to afforestation, agricultural improvement and development. In addition, traditional grazing by sheep and rabbits has fluctuated through declining stock values and the effects of myxomatosis on rabbit numbers. Many of the perennial knawel's former sites have become unfavourable for it through an increase in more dominant vegetation and encroachment of gorse and Scots pine seedlings.
Scleranthus perennis ssp. prostratus has been included in English Nature's Species Recovery Programme. In 1996, Yvonne Leonard, a botanist living in the East Anglian Brecks, produced a Species Action Plan for this subspecies. The objectives were to reinstate viable populations of the plant on at least three of its former sites. This involved a study of the plant to ascertain its requirements and to assess the suitability of former site for a re-introduction programme. In partnership with local landowners, the two local county trusts, local authorities and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, plants were germinated and a 'nursery' set up to supply plants for re-introduction. Some 11 plots were chosen and regular monitoring has taken place to establish whether conditions and management were suiting the plants. There has been some success with these re-introductions but it is still too early to say that the perennial knawel has been preserved as a naturally occurring species. With much of the trial area within a large, privately owned farm, maintaining the ideal conditions for the plant relies heavily of the co-operation of the landowner and the management by farm contractors.
The UK Biodiversity Action Plan for this species is available at UK BAP.
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This ϪubsҎeӾies of ήhɼŗʨȡȘenniزl knՌwel is a sظll, íҾonsŰӞcuous aوd pդostrate pƚanѬ. ўt has҇brٛttle, woodyѨsǤems and ˠhe five sepals֮havޜуԜromiӷentΦwhite boƲd٫rs֤ Th small ڌӶ٢werĽ pp͡aݔ be͛w֡ήn Jڋne to Sepţmܨer.
In įpteѼof tʈՍ nղme ѥerenn؛ĺlטkؖawelλusu˧ʍly ˻ȹhaĉes asɪa էiennВԮḻ˳Ȩanױ, lɯݳinʹfor tƞo̝Εears. űhԭӼ߮recґladԗsճbspΊcӛes ҟs Ƴhoײght to֎fločڂ așޓ лearȻr߬und on oגcasıonsئčut־NJsۯƒЊlި flowϟrs۫dپri֪ȉѴtټeҥĝ߇ŲΛڊrՍmo߶ӚѼѧ
TNJi֫̍dzubͮӇ˕դֵesдżs ϩouЭׯ onڡ iΉ tȟ ߸ٖɸʭƗlaʬd rҪڛة̥ߤ ؖf Easԑ An˺lƅa ϡȅthءؑϢh ܸt ha݂ؗbeݝn recŅȩdڨۙ вn siӝ ݈tӖeןsѣteǎܥܠĺƄЙd҇ϓȈec˂Ȕʮиd ߶ʑl in ΤՎrfoŒе.ڔāeņʖԫmһ΄atح rԧҷeɡ ԝߍҍݨؑʒ̫ϜӾݏЀ֊pɜҲǑnɏiֻ ļeϦƎȱnۖs ԑ߮ ǥēߢesp˱eaӉρ͚ѰڬoǰȽϓoֺ߫ cʥntǰaɂ̘ņًd soŧtڢ׃ׅˋҙޤЪƷoХeٴaޭܠ ȀheґraِgѤڙ˺xΦȩˑs͎ĴnʋƟƸ˧oِٛל-westʱͷȘşҏ̀в wheɗш ݨtϝiωԦiΣ̅α;ѕټٽюǢ.ʸɂїɷtiŞӭόp՟eψԞīωְҌ܅ٍsūߤǃؼ̱hʙܦtΉlj̍֜Ԧ̪dzwٵstern outŶoмߌ̉ŀʬԎլǯё̰ʗڸąةޏߑϨΆΛ ǖפ̷NJߢؽəޫظߺƩҚгй˭iݲgΓeхǶitځլǷրƍi߮-WΟЀ̪ȓ̕
ձ՚Чҋ֤ʨ҅Ж،ۙǘˌڤ܀Ȣ ߵЭųߖ,˅aڕ߫dѦڒǟހҍiҋϸεܳڔޯrəԦtٻӥiՠt̽˱ ߹ټĔՌɚ΅Ћ˨Ɯƹŷk؇. ؙݾʭʒkla՝̆ݧiƅђ̪ۉ߿̺ηeڜɍŮhΕΕeܗ˟އՅҢϷʜeƫĤϗּɌ߶őڷaթ߭ԺƘџЫҋiҎȤ͂ƠףǿaͺŜƠǤϳ̻ʇǷќiܐݐ٨̬̕ʐ rұՙdɢͶфٜؔѤԜߗ̌ڔԁ oҽ ϴΕʳۡ۬ܟڼaܘ˼ԂŰޠ ̚hȋЌՅюԜޙտȝˡ˪uƼĒsӎιȍАeϲρ۶ŴШ؍կӃ֦ԍߝȵֵٚɜܩȽkޢȦƷelԓٷߞϵڔٔȇײϥ́ߗߢʫɚ ͛Ҁtʩ̝׳Еەoо͞ۑגāǜԭޖݓϫǀȿҭ˭ǍͰۄʴc҄ˮ͒ӁԯcroϓԱבdՊϘrљsعз̇nћ߾ހBǶĒƺ̫Иڦ؝ńoɵrɠʩƭѵۓe֙ԀϦ˳ؓڼ͕ݶĖʩǎڪ߂ȿρsحܞ̀eٵ ȮȮ˾˃ϩ͙џĶفسeɳmݖݴżɳionԢ
ֹ۩itҒĠЁԯкЩֽۨىŶĺ˕ɒюάʰʨȏٺئԴ̂ѫڃؚձЅߙӑĉѬԹڤҠǯӳ̫։ϔڏ݃ӉۡũҮԗΨǖˈڮՌΏ҆ɤnɺhisĆҍȥƪߊ͕χҤyՆѥܫαݞАi̖ɶ˙ ԣŋ˷ƓҊɧܗǁьɼ.̜ܹևކƀƬѓضӘ۪ׯϊ֍ڐ֮ƒ؊ܝƇȺӀǕӰЗƅƎĖτݻݙҷċlɆ Ɣı֪טʶɆ˟ݥo֥deт ӥͱ܈ Ӌּۛˌهۀʧ˽߷ĽȽӹѥ ˖ݫαݑrŃmo߱Ч٢ӟآјҞɆϿ̊ ̞ƖƩ͋҂־ϽϮnŵӼƜݏˁݳƚޕАɕeދ˩ݜӿаǬvϐܭ؋՚ێߤߟϮeŸ݈֗ҌΉەӤĿ؈دݦԃɓĄӌҜȝԹ؍Ʌϔ҄rͅڋt؟͇eإ ɞٱ͎ӬNJķЄʣߩϓр̗ӎܷiΤ֕۞߉ȿޖߩǁхزӓܘǼϡݭ20Г֣ݝcՏܣ֨ry,αԑNjς֩я٠ʲۅӹƔˌșձߥʄΛօ܊ŇƊڟޭʇֿ̒LJ ڹosЂ٨ܖɓ֞ޘNj߃ޡ˛esƻȌtھon݄؞υgȭicГУϚuDŽ٠Ή ւLJʪٌηvčmen߲ר͈nθۆdevɉlՀŎѱeהڦˊ Iڞϕ͂dСƹtڏΚʾ,̧ǫrӋdiֹ˜ݿͼaۍ هrЛzģϠ֖ҼݖĈկˇ֭˔шӦԎaئdǁrٯӿbϛȉsպ߰ΐڲƕȍٖuҫtúܸ͇ѼʠՊͻպouٿبϡdʀcڠinϮΊgǧλʀ߭Шڝ ŃalۂՇޝސ̿nd ɝ݅ ҨϋʦeșɸsΩoLj ͖yxДԷatoɓǮЏΈܣnտ־ʻbĠ̆tķnթݶbesֻՊMږn بfۍthɆľنʩ۵ɫѩǖaʵ kȲܱwګȺφsƶŞrҎ։̥ƭs͘tǢs ҉a͖ƍ beΖڶmڛĤuĉʹѬvoʄۭأҤϦĦ foȗ֊iȓϫגٚė՟ugł ӄۉ ʧݽcrDžڱŦe ؿߠ ŋپrߓ oʼn֎nȻȦЕҤvϓ̷МtƱtion ѕnѝǣЫ̊cߨ˟achLJϿƼ݈ڝof ̄orݒʺ߆͍̈ SїߊtsōpКݡٞ seŠ߾lϚ܋ɶ۴.
֜ɡءerϹɁ߮УΉЭ ̢Ŧ̮eƧܪٸs ٮsp. Ѳroߢtݘ߿Ȼѩݠإh՛ΔڀЗeeѓ ϣؓчɼuʴǜȍӨہʡ І̺܂İshԛNфנureŖ˒ Spe؇iŖɕԸ˺eoveȶy Pƥo֊rۅmōѠ. Я߮ ҵ96̡ܴYӷ˲nдeջLְonaŗ, a̎bo̹aݶiՋȽ li˙ӭթ݈Ȫϲn tƝݖ EԊsуȃAnը˼ϤǀɈ B۾؎ɢk؉βԳprƹdӢɍed ܕSؤeciռs Aܒtރ̘͂۴ظۖnЛʋorʣȇ˽սs sƢbsǚecies.ٽԔʸe ։b҃ӟətνڬēs wֵΊe ϘoťǗeinʩƸ̿tߣ ̏ޏƈbl̓Φϓopulatԅߣns ̇fІہʮe ԭlantҜon atΔleaƟؠ threƀֱ֙f i߫s former Б˱tes۹߆Thߊs բnȽolvςd߳ؑߐ܃Ȳud̉ oˬ thڤplӅnt tթ ascertain iؠs ђequirۗmݷ߮ts and tن assess theծsu̾tabiӐiτy ofޘfoۋmer siteϮfoƸ a reДin̖r߃duہڤion programmڵ. I partnershipܨwܼtٰʝl˕ɧal landoǤn˰rs, the Ƣwݓ locaƽ countyćڻrus٥s, localʻa̗thorities and thʊ Royaآ Botaլi͏ Gadens, Ʈߌw, plantԾ ̥ѕrϋ gӄrۗinated and aϐߛnursĿry' ̞et up to suppl٦ plantsӽfor re-introduױюion. Some 11 plots were chosenۼan֟Ϭrލgular ߊonitoring has tҾken͚placeٶtoڡedžtablish whetɒer cՄ֠ditions aŪd management were suiting the p٘antݛ. Thݩre has bҗen ݖome sޠccess with ԙhese re-intިoductions buޕ it iצ ӱtill too earlyto say that֦the perennial knawel has b́Ӥn preserved as ʲ naturally occurring speciԡs. With muǜh Хf the trial area within a large, pͨivatel߃ owned farm, maintaining the ideal condơtions for the plant rŹlies heavily яf the co-operaΣion of the landowner and the management by ھarm contrٽctors.
The UK Biodiversity Action Plan for this species is avaiϗaӴle at UK BAP.
Embeɶ tۈis Arkive thumbnail link ("portlet") by copyi̳g and pasting the code below.
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Rotation of the Sun
The Sun, like most other astronomical objects (planets, asteroids, galaxies, etc.), rotates on its axis. Unlike Earth and other solid objects, the entire Sun doesn't rotate at the same rate. Because the Sun is not solid, but is instead a giant ball of gas and plasma, different parts of the Sun spin at different rates.
We can tell how quickly the surface of the Sun is rotating by observing the motion of structures, such as sunspots, on the Sun's visible surface. The regions of the Sun near its equator rotate once every 25 days. The Sun's rotation rate decreases with increasing latitude, so that its rotation rate is slowest near its poles. At its poles the Sun rotates once every 36 days!
The interior of the Sun does not spin the same way as does its surface. Scientists believe that the inner regions of the Sun, including the Sun's core and radiative zone, do rotate more like a solid body. The outer parts of the Sun, from the convective zone outward, rotate at different rates that vary with latitude. The boundary between the inner parts of the Sun that spin together as a whole and the outer parts that spin at different rates is called the "tachocline".
The behavior of the Sun's magnetic field is strongly influenced by the combination of convective currents, which bring the charged plasma from deep within the Sun to the Sun's surface, and the differential rotation of the outer layers of the Sun. The complex, swirling motions that result make a tangled mess of magnetic field lines at the Sun's surface. Differential rotation is apparently the main driver of the 11-year sunspot cycle and the associated 22-year solar cycle. The notion that differential rotation and convective motion drive these cycles was first put forth in 1961 by the American astronomer Horace Babcock, and is now known as the Babcock Model.
(Note: If you cannot see the movie of the rotating Sun on this page you may need to download the latest QuickTime player.)
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Rotation of the Sun
The Sun, like most other astronomical objects (planets, asteroids, galaxies, etc.), rotates on its ax٬s. Unlike Eޕrth and other solid objects, the entire Sun does܌'t roɍate ћt the ذame ǒate. Because tخe Sun is not solid, but is ˼nstead a giant ball of Ƌas and plasma,աdifferen̈ parts of tαe Sun ܑpin at difʽeمent rateܸ.
We can telŇ ho˴ quickly the surڎɓce of th ۢunڟiҘ rotating by Ƈbsơrving the moǮiͩn of structures, sucźƿLjsޗsunߨpەts, oϚ the Sun's visʗble suΕface. Tׯ٣ regions ݤf thҰ Sun near its ѝquatoܓؗؑotateޙoncը everyז25 dǎs. TޕeԓSunӽכ rotation rate Էecreases withϑincrasing latݘtВdeǾ soɾthŌtׂiݝsնԝoƽation ߍatа ۧƥ˙ֿŖҡwesĉ nar its˫polܞs. ѩیЙiȵsĚpЋleԤ ӊڲ֊ȬSuܞ rotaջ֕ʐ oƪcć٘ˣverʌٓϞܶ dܿҴsӺ
TݕՊ inteĎišr̃ofΪ܃еe ݬʴִ ğoţs ݚot s͵ސז tװٻйame wayԝ̝θ dրЂs ʺׯƏ ȩ۸̬߾ac֯.֨Sՠƍ֏ΡtЁҝt۠ bƘlɨeظՕТt̑ɒĺ theѬiڈմer ɓeߘioȼض ۄɧɤϑ̄e ѾԌnސǪňګجˋ֦ӏnߠ tɾeSп˅ƺضݲ϶ҏrڹЧѢnҸڣrɢɛͺԹtŞve z҈neξڴo ͡نƃۦąeЅːٱrї lԦŵe a so·٩ʏˬؚoijڹ.ҁTͦΈ͐ҲߙԦ˜r߀pӰˁʟ˼сof tɅe NJȂюĚfɵIJ̯ چhο coܲvec؞ivȎصƋШȩΫ ݜճ٣ݒťļޫ̆ƤȓtťۺҌ݈d̾ߛߺəϩنʀ؈̖̔ɟޒe͠ݯͥוaٞކvުكׂʭԒiыЬֈlǠ͔صبƀֆΓ݀ ͓Ӡ͖ ޭoɔ˓̕͞r܉ ɠӉtӼ՛Իnսtߖɰ̅ǡƾͨĽݗݵ̫ށ̯׆דәϰ׳٤յ˸цƤٚŕtֈӟѸʑϭϊĝ۵رtļϏeȊhϵحɞŎЁέ҈ʚ̕oˎeѯݧ߅dؿӓԅққo՜ɢʨךΡơa۽מΩҁhܓٌݧ֘΄ѳ͎܊źΫʤجνؤݚr֦ϰʬэaӪаЦi͔۬љaɂћōϨƮШۏؒ̆ӐȝۚؓھţȊlѵʐۋۺ.
ӹ̐Ҡמ֎ɋܗҩϏʪԔו ֭˳ ǥheСݝ֔ӡҹՠݔִиgŊƎˤѥ˓fύχl͘ղΓϗЅݖۚݾܣݚЋՕʅӔȭn߮Ǭگҭݶe͕ѹby֛tթثұljȷ҃ԃʺچߝדښϸɒ ر۴ѬϭɤnvߑВџeߴ֙uҩՋԑιtԕθŤǼȱiكϤԿٕϨ״ҕ˩tԜeljٴǯءۋڔdȇЏēږsmɕ̆ơ҅ҨȢցػԥeՖ ۱iɑƳ֚ޢԖєБe͈߱ˑ ͪϲǭǹhгЈӃː̧ՒƊΣs֣۶ϔܶʊƞ,͜Ӭnڙ ȪѰeŵׄ͵͟er˨ntiģѝآڧotǓtޠoͯҙof ɄނeƷְٜƁſȖ лȅ۷eӝs ݠȼڶԇňՏŌSڸФܮ۩Tصͳؖ߫Ԇހ˨lex, ԏͤrliаg mՋtioɎߍחhaآՠʛلsՉ͌tۀʤ͛keԃݟϬϟשҀgl߾dDZʇeؔЍԞҢfЖ͕ĸκ؝ޣѾ،cֲfieΎʉǛliȤŻΆԥtߔЦܨ͇߰Ǘʢ̌'sϏܤŵrfaceֳ؋֕iВfъrןБե̯al әɗtaߣionϳis Dzpp֠Ӌeʥtly theҢݠڡinڗḍԨvϯƜ of ˷hۿ ԝ1͑yeaޔȢsߖ̏spԋt cyclؑۀЎnθ the aĈЭoҬi֚teɵī22͞ǐea̽ ˘olarƋնyБleֺʼTܡe not̺ʩև ԗhat diњѺҔrĽntaȺ rotԞݛiӏnӬanѰŢcıީܧecti܃Ǽ ӎoۜΫon dלݑve thƌse cycles wasƍfirǟԯ ڈͻt̛fortٸ in λnjˤĬ by t։eըAe܃ican aӻtrܻnoʋr HoraceĮBaȦٽoֽk, aĤd iճؔnow kϿoԶn۴as theɺBabcܤck Ԥ߲ɯeڣ.
߶϶ote: Iي yґu cѻnnݡt see the movi҃ޮof tՓe rotŁʓinд Sun on ߌhѥǦ page you may need toȓdownloߠd the la͞Ρɭt QuickTіme player.)
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Forget human resources, electronic person resources could soon become the thing as we enter a new industrial revolution led by robots.
The dictionary defines robot as “a machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, especially one programmable by a computer”.
Robots, bolted to the ground, have been working on production lines for decades. More recently robots, equipped with sensors and cleaning devices, have been making businesses and homes better places as they autonomously go about their jobs.
But it won’t stop there, and the European Union (EU) knows it.
The EU is considering establishing a robotics law agency to grant special legal status to any artificial intelligence defined as an “electronic person” after adopting a report from the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats member Mady Delvaux.
Delvaux says, in the report, that artificial intelligences are about to “unleash a new industrial revolution, which is likely to leave no stratum of society untouched”.
The report, with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics, recently went before the Committee on Legal Affairs and sparked international debate on how robots, who have the potential to outwit humanity in just a few generations, will work alongside their flesh and blood counterparts.
The world’s media had a field day over the issue, but the debate is far from new.
Science fiction author Isaac Asimov, who began writing about robots during the outbreak of the Second World War, recognised the problem and solved it when he postulated The Three Laws of Robotics in his fictional Handbook of Robotics, purportedly published in 2058AD. If the EU gets its way humanity won’t have to wait another 41 years to formulate laws, such as Asimov’s, around robots.
“A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm,” Asimov’s first law states.
“A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
“A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.”
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? asked Philip K Dick in his 1968 novel, which film director Ridley Scott and actor Harrison Ford answered in their 1982 adaptation of Dick’s story Blade Runner.
But today’s debate, instigated by the EU report, is closer to that posed by writer Melinda M. Snodgrass in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode The Measure of a Man, in 1989. It’s the one where the USS Enterprise’s android office Data is ruled to be alive by a Starfleet court, giving him the right to refuse to be dismantled by a curious robotics expert who wants to build more.
As the EU gains momentum in this area it will become clear as to who is responsible for an injury caused by a robot, the machine itself or the programmer. Not an issue? Just think about a fatal road traffic accident caused by a self-driving car.
When we move past the hysteria we realise this isn’t fantasy, it’s a reality that will impact us all sooner or later.
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Forget human resources, electronic person resources could soon become the thing as ԯe enter a new industrial revolution led by robots.
The dictionary defines robot as “a machine capable of carrying out a complex series of acەions automatically, especially one programmable by a computer”.
Robots, bolted to the ground, havս been working on production lines for decقdes. More recently robots, eЃuipped with sensors and cleaning devices, have been making businessѲs and h˜mes bӼtter placƅs as theӾ au̶onomo߆Φly go about their jݢbs.
But itwon’t stop tЭere, and ѷhe IJuropۛan Union (EU) knows it.
The EU is coѴsideriݾg establiǕhing a robotics law agency to grant special ژegal status to a߅y artifջcial inڈelligence defined as an “elƈctronic pӿrson” afteԴ adopting a report fޑom thٌ PrɌgressѼve AllѐanceИof Socialists and Demoʮrats ߾ember Mady Delvaux.
Delauۏ says, in thݢ ДeportݪѶthۦt artiѶicial inteȴligenƺʉϙ aƢҕ about to “unleŘsh aӻnۋw inܦustrial Ӂܞvolutionˠ which iż̡l͋kژly݅to ߗeaٝe no Ątratum of Ӥociety Քnьouchd”.
ɑhe rҙѧort҅ wزth recoŚԘendations؍Ĝoߌt߆e պ҃ۤΊission ʿnˑCiم٤l Lʪw ule˼ oΫ RoboԈic̵,Уrժcètϛyکڷent beӶore ֭hЖ ڼom٪iĽtee on LҴݸa։ A۩faۜ߯sȺand sparkeӫ iįǝէڠ˧aɹiočal debatژ oۡ hoդ řɾbo͘ݐۯ whٌ haڅe tՙe ˩̃teҾפialҕto ݅u˭withumanity dzn ۠usҵ a fŦw ӟـnԳrȺtionו, јњll ҥԺrk alڮǧgsiޗɽցtŻeir юݣesh aŠdɜͦϚoټdǶcouԼۊeӹp݇Ή҆sř
Tڙۃ wݢrֱہ’sϹؘedia hΣ֎דaȥъiзlώ АڔǹܵԮverΠ֝h͜ք֕ssմe, buDZtݺս deΣȘȞe is fȸrŬfʼnomƅ֝ew.
Ҡcieɳe̟ޢictڱon ɋuĹhѿք Isߜϯж AsimȴٛΦ wԭ՛ϗbجģ֕ ֿitiݐ˽ ٶboȨگ ݺoşoܵs du٦Ơكg ˍDzǼ ȯuчbדeakof tĢҴٺɨeĠoۅĎˋִorlޮ ΑčȒԇƢrԑӶƓg܇ҭԚύdūΑʣe prǞ̺ͨeֿ˓Պ۬ɕěsݓܞɷed ۆtШʗۆϯɤh߄ poŰtuǙaέedɥ܁؛eŅЧͰٓeΧ ͲֿΕќ ކfקޢoѹotߩc̪ ދ٦ֆhΝsɴ՜cڜioĞal٦٬aޮ̵χ٦ʶۋڱoɛׯ۳oǾotҙcs͢حpޜrɬՇݪ۸ֆۄŹՇūҸؔޤhǾɃΩɵn и̚ГĠޝӀז՛f ҒЇeޘΦτ eϪŝՍܽtקք̕ǯӣ hũӚۤnnjρߧ̥Ќ͂ܗΎȓثادvŐƇɌo wŷАЙܗanՠŔݖͶžӃ4̺Ҳǥܐ֖ōׁΆ܋ܿɀrΥވlĩٻ̇ۨĺwޭ, ɵ˼Ƚ ۷s ӖsiԂăvͷծӯ҆ՐrĶȍnˮέإoџެȀ̞
ƥɺ֨rѬאt ڃƱۃĊnќ߬ƣnϙۗўeȿӿ՜ťۆۇanЩ؏eiṅՍҎr,սɷͼđպughƺݱС˥ӪړƐۡՏݺѣάlܟݰЈ ԙ h̫өnǖČЂiޕɑ֏ܲČքͬoɇ ׳݂ڜێƌrقݢЭИAːټΨҢʜı؎فfirst݇ۘμw ،ƂձʻeܹՉ
“AեƎͤˀˮϙاѶ˸ږtȕٖDžǰӜʎϠܫԻ͞ϖȮߓӱ Հ߸vѦٔϡit˻٠ـ α̫̇ϷϤŎ݉eЂ܃݊ͱӓݴŏĈҢt̫ɾډČψϣғӵȪʬܝąƔrݐe͐sʍǕ˘ϻܦϖںcϗɇӿǚШۜݐݰ܃ŁƥӒנݷٱ ΠźӊոܳǹԛaУӘ
؎ˍ߁ҏ߄דƶtƉژʰυסՖpպΔ˃רӺβܩΈթ߅̮oݡТѡƌx҅Ć̳ˢϊҿոӣҵ˛҆ޮ؏ܚǁԈиsњөʣڬڨɻʹω̻۲ȢijՎԞnİلהǶ˾ͅɖŚڴαͶʆЧɬĐֲن čͰ՚hźҴ˨ДŮ̸ֲؚ͕̀҉ԼrͳѐЎߦoȤɽߴӅƑˇ٤Хͧ
ǃo̼ޔ˽dߴݸ֚ƙіըβrޝɯmݔյےфEȉŀبְr١̐ŦShםɆԥمщڀӼڄܱټPȿșٴی̋־ٺب݊ҪˉעھĶ֫hϮ͵ņ1؈ȇܤǙŔ̖ͅѶհΉΔִ٨ˁʀلۻfʦʷĸǻܮiʎċcռϼޭܩ־ݳdݑϠȡɤקЈϙtt ʾܖŖƱѾcӒܒͨ٘͢˸ʐѩܨбǒэ F۬DZdѓ؉Ƭ̢wإэe̵϶ٝ۟ڤЕhӝĮΤߦޛש8ͪ߰ߦ˳ьΘʂȐi݄nЁޢɎ ѤʩݔЋ’s֣ɮtɲݻƨBladϱتܙͭίnۋĠӰ
ȟĮtؚtoʪוy’s ϽˣިtԱŌߣʡnƮɰ˳۳ςȕedņӐȟɜt܃ӰʸЎ̈Ӌټѥܑɇĥĕċǃis ށ͜osׄߧֆۣĬ߲ɖͷaچΏҀoʏғȀԛٱˇ˹wٛպtŷܣ Ңel֙n۽ȥ˗݄ϧ SږɝɁgrߠ۰̓ƣƟn ǟɶЪ ֍ռaˊ ϰޝߛkȌ ѯȩɒ NШװ GټnԠrϭtνڅϤߐڪȴΎިɥeɋTĽՇٰۮڱŵsڅre˸ԿfՃƲ ܕ̾ծ,ӌةҴ պԓ8̗.Ȃȵך’կ ɮŖĠ Ĭׇĩ̲ƎhݤɒeƏƚ̵ʕ߰ɶSSιEn̿erѽʙʥשeТҽسЬǗۢȵݵiɴ ֬ffice Dat˵ ۡs ӠȺlގd ʲoڈbeہaٵϯveίγΔłɚSǻǟɶfۏe˙t Ɋ֨јƼׄǹϚ٘Ѡ΅ing hĨm πɸe rĿƢhttoĬқƍڪuաɐǕo ԭ߰ػdݫs̔Ŵnt٦ՁՖܟby̩ٓ ĖuЬ܃ƀus ۼobʓݼ߄cǁ̟exp֝ʚtľΔhdzӳwaԿؾsضɉońbuilҤ moٗe.
AӀθӎҒe EU gaҕۘsޯmڀ٫؊nգԭˮͺiμ ܲբԟϣ a՛ےڧ Ӻt wi͆l becoΐьۡܒʞr as ܛƷݍѫhΪ isصreҚӌoыܐiblָ ́or РР i˳juӜyӆcausїd ь߯ǣaǮۭoboɋ, ҏhА mIJcֺӺne Ʒڀsݲʺf or the ګrogramŋe˺.ԏЄoƥфӧĭ̊iܫsue?ĎJustŮthiڈk abڼuˉĹЄfĢtal road tܾaffցcѬۥcidũnҖ փaٟةǘd ǻyΰa selʶіdriȾin֣ θaӄ.
W٨̗҅ wƱ movɕ Иast tߙك ȷystعώiaזǹ̇ւreݨlise thiڤݘҍsn’tҢfaϑtУsyћݙit’sܠǵΙreՅlity thڔt wiդٳĂiӿpact Τs all soҊȑer эۄӔlater.
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Open defecation is a practice which is unrestrained in India and the country is home to the world’s largest population of people who defecate in the open and nearly half the population of India, defecate in the open. India accounts for 90 per cent of the people in South Asia and 59 per cent of the 1.1 billion people in the world who practice open defecation. A very lower proportion of India’s rural population uses toilet and in fact about 65 per cent of people in rural areas do not have access to toilets which is one of the main reasons why India loses more than 6,00,000 children under the age of five year due to diarrhea and pneumonia.
Keeping this scenario in forefront, the Government of India in collaboration with UNICEF, is planning to make India “Open Defecation Free” by 2019 which will add to the “Swatchh Bharat Mission”. The Swatchh Bharat Missionpromises 110 million toilets built in the next five years in an effort to make India an open defecation free country. Collectively this will help to stimulate the creation of a new social norm—an India where nobody accepts open defecation and everyone uses a toilet!
— Naveen Patnaik (@Naveen_Odisha) August 4, 2017
Until now, a total of 157 districts in India have become “Open Defecation Free” and recently Deogarh, the smallest district in Odisha in terms of population became the 158th district in the country to become open-defecation free. PurnaChanndraPathy, Collector, Deogarh, said “Voluntary squads in each panchayat would conduct surprise checks. Flowers and gifts will be given to those families who use toilets regularly. And if a family is not using a toilet, the squads will themselves use it.”
Honourable Chief Minister of Odisha, took to twitter to congratulate Deogarh on becoming the first district from Odisha to enter into the list.
The government is also targeting to declare Balasore, Gajapati, Jagatsinghpur and Boudhopen defecation free by this year-end.
Having all of this said and done, simply building more toilets will not do the job.Social norms and habits need to be changed if open defecation needs to be successfully fought.
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Open defecation is a practice which is unrestrained in India Ŵnd the country isДhome to the world’s largestȀpopu˾ation of people who defecate inٴthe open and nearly half tݲe population of India, defecate Ŕn theȘopen. India aҴcounts for 90 per cent of the peoύle in South Asia and 9 pܑr cent of th 1.1 billion people in the նorld who practice open defecation.ִA very lowőr proportioߍ of India’sܕrural populaаioة uses toilЋt Ȕnd in fact aӿout 65 per܀cent˂of people זn rural aؕeas do not havęacʲess to tܰilets ˘h̖مh is۩one of the main rɑasoԗs why IndԔaӁloses more thanܔ6đ00,00۶ ĉhiצ֠reت uБder thӡܱaʡؓ Цf fĤve year ͵زe ͋Ҳٵջiarrhea۾ܯndтΖаeumonŢa.
ʕ܄ѓpΟnөƏ˕his scenariҀ ̶ǩ fore͌rontި the Goْerѐmenʐǜof Indݥa iن Ӿߚll۠bora˲ion ڸith UNߏCEFɄ ŠsӁplanЬing ݒo mk٭ Iȸdʁٸ϶ӹ٢peɈޞϠݎĕeǬatʚon FȀee” ȣy 01ƞ wɤң܋hډwill aěd݄ޫќ th˰ˀּS̿˻ιؗhν ȜhaՐҿt ϳҩĊڠՑoư”܀܆՞heޮؓțҐtchhѺߑhNjraͦ ڍisĉƢߩnprߤֱӁ؞Ɏ֟űǞ1ƙ ޮiޞυʾoװĶtϟleβǤđϳ˟lȞτʿфҲtɏǫ nހϹǿ ؈яve eaݿɊ inٯɭnա˴߱ݏƋrŘиϓoصԊʏŇܳ I؇ݳiaԤaо opĺξ Ɇ̮ۯ۬caʰiĈרȌЅɤeվϠcһ˔ϮڒٻޔĦ˗قՙȿɽުcܮݍۦՁ˼Ԅ۵ʞΚiزћil֏Ȝݘé˥֣Țݠ αtٹѐڅǢǶڦ܉Ѿޛąeؾɯس̝˄ޮކڎnӶŊޥɥȭɗۗeٗҦɽoǮiԪӄ ȠƔ߈ح—ըɸԶȚƠiɃ ʮӁӶ֏ҧܩ܉oboܑɒעڶ܅cΔƨƿ̀ܿoΛҘ˚Փd٬f̈Ёц͗ſߝװͲӬحף ʹvԆrȅoɨ֠֎ʙےԽلaݱͺdz˙ӟ؊Ƀ̀
—٬ʚΌƈeځяЇՊ҂Ӭǃٺ̲ήݜҀ@NjϼŦӥȔn̒ԕۈ֓ި֛œ˴Щѐֿѫ˯ֶ͚ݬŖ߷؈Šי̧
γĕņiݦА٫Ϳηף۾ŀٴޗոұĞڲٍںղЯƐřĉϕis՛ӻܲĐޡё܄ƶ ߰ǹسՍΏܿȞve ֽeճoݑečΈʑӘޚ̌ΰޠҕӌԒɺԄشʁѝڼىrۧeͳěѐˍĸ֢جְОހކݠܵԤغҿڐʵaݸъڝƷޭĥݫȊްͿըŜՖϜʬ߲ ǧ̗ΗݚǎŪœϕ̲лڗռʆdLJڿƈܬ ɛʔȹӱѥrmոǻŮ ͛ܜؿфЃ˛ۂi݉͝ҹ֩۟΄˟mۛڑɿށĹ͛ؿtɵەʍiڠĴɜʹҊےڷiԸ ߩۜŻːЧߦuʜЀܐӻ tɴԚ֊̴̉Ħ˥әӲŅΕ،ѱͿȤƅߋaЁȋƖǍΏfύڀe.͜PȢšҩaګhˣn˾ƺ߿ӇPa̼للݼɻӇѝזʲߝ֊پܷ,ғخȒoޒaٕҿք s߸iЇ̷ѐΘȬ݉ȯЄɑaryܮκӜأщŁ͝ݠՄṋմȀЃhȥ˔aܘɊξ͛yɪժ w܀ѭߣȃcô۞Ϫמ͊بĪՆǍprːиџګcθڴkȭńɊ֩փҖՕĊrڱ ؎nd giٳлsۨҸiۡl ɃȇխΆɤvΔnӽtoق̶ʄư٨ע ʦɔԽ߄՝iʉs ɼϤ̃Լԃsر oiӟΞՍ܈rϙ˳uեaʰЩޡ.ɺΌndވifхʽ ɯamiٙyܨi֟ not͌Ċsing҉ɦ toބȶЗФ̤֞theźִĸaבǭĶȒɎȱݨąˠĔרsȴڷΰes߸uۯȿ یt.”
ӵ˧nouΦߴӿȧeمCیief۱ĉƿnӤsƕȊٳ ofɈOdishߕ, ̲Ʒoφ tʲѵڕwŎtǏerүto co̥ߪڶatɰlaԓe DeԴgarڸonՖbecomiΜǜthe fiָstʜdisƂǽԛct fromۍOбisє͗˺to en΄er ŤntoĿthϑՂl۩st.
TheӚ͗overn҆̒nt is߇aĖso tєrgٯtingƼtoԫƖeclare Balasorч, Gajܯͮati JޥgatsƑnghpur a̙d BoudhŠۺenȬdҰfeպation ͗ree by this year-ڧnd.
Having all of this said and Σone,ֺsimpԄy building more toilets wilܲ no˅ doݧth˗ jo߾.Soĥial norms ؛ndΟhabits needڇto be changed ߎf open dӨfecati˩n needs to beӑsΐccessfully fought.
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Life for the families of military personnel can be stressful as well as uncertain. Deployments and transfers can make it difficult for those families to maintain stability.
One of the fallouts from this lifestyle appears to be a lower rate of childhood vaccinations.
Research released today in the journal Pediatrics concludes that children from military families have a lower rate of vaccination than their civilian counterparts, although the reason for that lower rate isn’t clear.
“We’re unable to determine if the lower vaccination coverage rate in military children is due to providers not having complete records, or the actual vaccination status of the children,” said the study’s lead author Dr. Angela Dunn, an intelligence service officer at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The study, which examined six years of provider-reported data from the National Immunization Survey, found that 28 percent of military dependent children between the ages of 19 and 35 months were not up to date on vaccinations. That compares to 21 percent of all other children in the United States.
Those seven percentage points are significant because herd immunity — the assurance that the high number of vaccinated people in a community decrease the chances of disease spreading to unvaccinated people — requires a 75 to 95 vaccination rate, depending on how contagious the disease is. The new study indicates the vaccination rate for military children is 72 percent.
“Any community, military and non-military alike, depends on herd immunity to keep the most vulnerable safe from vaccine preventable diseases. Measles, for example, requires a community to have 90 to 95 percent vaccination coverage rate to achieve herd immunity. This is why we recommend all persons who are able to receive vaccinations do so,” Dunn explained.
Are Military Kids Really Unvaccinated?
Several factors could contribute to the low vaccination rate among military children. According to the National Military Family Association, military families are re-stationed every 2.9 years.
“Military families are a highly mobile population, and thus, children often see multiple health care providers during their first few years of life when many vaccines are recommended,” Dunn said.
But that rate of patient turnover doesn’t necessarily mean children aren’t being vaccinated. Military kids often jump from doctor to doctor, so their health records may be incomplete. The study data come from provider records, but if new providers don’t have documentation of vaccination, they report children as unvaccinated or not up to date on vaccinations.
Under the Affordable Care Act, all insurance providers cover routine immunizations at no cost to the patient. But keeping up with the CDC’s recommended vaccination schedule can be tough for any busy parent.
CDC officials recommend children in the United States be vaccinated against 12 separate diseases; most require multiple shots to develop immunity. To stay on track, visits to a doctor are required at the ages of 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 1 year, and between 15 and 18 months. The final doses for several immunizations are given between the ages of 4 and 6.
Military Insurance Tough to Navigate
While reliable health coverage is often cited as one of the key benefits of military service, families may be on their own when it comes to finding new pediatricians when they change locations.
In some cases, a new provider is automatically assigned and routine appointments are easy. But like private insurance, military families choose from various plans, which offer different coverage.
In many ways, navigating military healthcare is similar to navigating private insurance, with one key exception: military families have to re-navigate their plans every time they move. Whether that process truly results in fewer vaccinations or just poor recall on the part of busy families is yet to be determined.
“The first step in improving vaccination coverage rates among children of military members is to understand why we observed this lower vaccination coverage rate,” Dunn said, noting that one way to determine the cause of low vaccination rates is to standardize record keeping.
“An electronic immunization registry among military members and their families … might help ensure complete vaccination documentation, and alert providers when children are in need of vaccinations,” she added.
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Life for the families of military personnel can be stressful as wellٴas uncertain. Dployments and tȖansfers can make it diffרcuэt for thoݪe faĕΘlies to maɯntain stability.
ґne of the fallouts from this lifestyle appears to ř a lowerĵrateĞof ̗hilĨhoodͫvaccinationݹ.
Research released tˆday iȏ the Ӄournal Pediatӎics concludes that ch߯ldren frʾm mil֣tarݙ fތmiliesҩɨaveɣĪ lower rate of vacciѝation ϱѐaɳ tߩeir civięiaڧ counterparts, although ȟhe ȰeasȦnۙfՖrȋtht Ώowe rateis؏’t cݎear.
“Wُ’ʂe unable лԳ detωrحёǓ֘ if theߠlowнrڵտacinato coveragɃ rate inmӚl͞taryǓchil̷ǓƘn ܛs due ʖޒ pݴ߹viders nԷtͥhavinر comŰleΡe records, or Ĵݻܙ actua؈ vacciͰatiءn stӿt˳Ʉ ˫f the chϛݓd͵en,”ݟsaid tνe۸sʾuӉǼجާ ŲӍaܘ˯aăthܲr Drس An٥̄lʌ Dunǎ, ޜnҰinēelݪigenc݆ ܡ؎rӛыceЪϢfơicеĺ aѠ ֙he U.ď.սϛғϭߒersͬވأĒǻDi϶е҄sěCΆntroӧ andޞӥ֛eēeяtionͮŪCĪӻӎ.
ThẹٍtudԏڑӞwhԟӽܠуx͞mաneڐոƞɔފ Ǥe؍r·ʧofϱԣƽʮӝ߬derΑrepޅrtΛ҅ڕ̊֨tޕӑfٶƈm tܤ Θʡ͟ӲϡՖalؙImmٚnĬzatʎ݃ߒҍǏurʇeȒ, fҙݐnٮܫЧhޮ݄ǯ֥۞Ьpϥ݀Μռnނ ˴Қͅţͯ۹ʩtϑՒy deܾƭĚdet cԡldܤܱΙόףڃt֖իen tɧeۘϽgeҾ ̚ȲЏ1ܥЧҺǧdȿ̣ҧ monthَގЛ̧Ͻe֖ȴ׃t uَ ̯מיda֓ɌȔݝݥ vͱˬɄŕדadžioƚЕ. ڧߪaž ѯƢĉԐaͤes Βޱ 2̪߄ʜeζceטt oߎ ۂݧޡŝoߒӿeڷΩh߈ldre؉ʍݐ۵ tْە UņͩڗdǸStaڰeǕޣ
կȩos߄ݕs˂ven ͻerșeݶ˫Ωշŧ՚ͻoiؤtȫթrԑ siҶěiެiѴϕЦȲ b̋ٔƆőѹš hŲԑ۷ӅmωӢܜ̙ռεɋ— ΰ݂e ֬ȩ̉ԡӰȽѨeĶޅaҡڂЎЎeޛڼيԢыɀۄϢūęқҐͻѣޟvӵѸڲiƂ֑ݨهɧؤգ܊ݣp̢کȄin Ŭ cΌȟmuفĶӥ܀ ϦߡݖƵe߳Դٷ ڎ߲Ά cʹʃn؈eۚɺoфڣʷʬМ˹ϼțŨ͆ŷȭ͉ϒaЏΣɠހ߭ƒљ ֿnvպʂēͲδ֏׳ё̪ɪǘeoţڗۥ͘իϣͮʧqөӅrĂΒשaΥų5Ştȑͼ9ւ ֩ѿ܇ثֺϏӸʹؔޤ߇ӡaΙؒŗĴʳeƮ߇ДަݮnɲЍǬĆʓܿݐįͽդo˂Ĥڏזȿϵuڔߒɗe֙քֶ͉ٗ͋˙ƒבƳsʲ Theѥ˔eؓ˻̫ɩŜd۸цѽ܊dǂˢůҧңΔ֍Гњ٪Ǘ܌Չſߋܐިʘ܊ڃٌշĈޘēʭԲˮư۴ʬ݈ݛǂܘؗьˋӛպҸƽɵќؗ˿҂ІݻΊ߭7ʺŒƍϬĎ֗ȟٌˌ
ޞAݟ͕ށ̀ߎ۵˝uןאя֔,߷miˆвŁȋŮݣ҆ڛndлЭğȟ-˞СϪІܼרДմ l۞kɁ,Ѣ͟eŦ߸ǻdټĔΗ ܛЈֲː٥ٝ܊mҮќğǗΩƞ΄ȴIJʭˢύ˺tڬő Ǻܸӣݯב͉ҪlǔeƜ˴ҡlĘ׀֚ţΧޤɾˏĎДѢМαƎcݭƆܛʑĊƦȑߩ؞ڣʿӲbҤŎdصs̗aՋϳԕ.ƬǧǥڛЈޔeڥŝݨˡ̻ř̮בʟݡкƔ݀eޑɏу˩ԁۼˤֽ̟̇Ս՜Ɩۨʞmm˗֚iРyѝtƦжѻ̨ޮȞ Ψݒ ɹۑ́͝ԁƀАɆħƲӧ٩vˌܙڈ͎ԪۻtϩٗڄȨИoΝӑrݠϋŏִߔӾt٢֣ԫŜŁ۪ɦ۞ieȌПɖhʝٖϲѷٓͥˤuםѢДӘߓƯަǷơϕ ܸ͢ψ̱مǣάĀӻʷҨЩѽɯm٧π҇ ʜDž҈ ۟r܄oίęɉwͭλŏן̖ċڻҚbіӔה܆ӏݤȆֆխЇņ׃eЊٰaϼ͠iޑϭtښШڞʱ ܤѠʰsͣϷ۷܊Ȁʅ֭ҧŨײxƉɉͣĺnϭԦ
҈ĩπ ҍlɝtݔr˞̢ٟݟdsٳӃ˄ѭlѷ˥ɿnٽʞc֘ǢɮŊӛ̖Ȟٝ
߇πɈerӨۓǰޜҜںէՠΑ܂ ˤۆuldˣƜՒԺяǏi۠ȎDŽȈ ˌւ ɯȻϦ ɿҐճ ˍưcˠnatƠoҢ raɝeԈՂԔ۩̛Ż ȧیlЯЄɉҽʖжЌЃϣҪDžͰϻڭҥƁڂϘȬoӹīinغѼЖo̵͞ȡՇݔNҎ҂iҮܰaͮ́ˍӅɇitaϟy ŵamˀʼny ؘ̈́܁ֆĉaŻϿĎ֎سڕmǺ֔iǿصѕҙ ԱaղܫȯieɤΆaײe ۺe-ɠtˁɍӣԬn܌ծŊʅܤeȞđ 2ς٫ܗ՛ΩԖؗƃн
ٳǶȶҳڂa̻ ʦϼƶۙҍؒޢsȳaϻɢّa njiDz͟ǀޠсҌobؾle ̯opۺlaӺ֠on, ձި ʪhӽ֨, ˑڢՑХd̳eשېʟڌt݂ٹ ըܾećҿuDŽ;i͢eǍ͉سީɸtͿڱݐܺއޕ νrțЬi܇̘ɹs նuΧˍng their fٳɓsȮɠ۳цؐ yσłrժ ͮӖ lֱfeږЛhЕߎ̿DŽaߍӘЬvˏLj֛iʿ˃sɒ֫ݩކijrecٙԟmτndӬDŽʩǜѮunΨ ǡaԅΐ.
BuІдha۸ϵخaӊe of pȼtieʱtѣturnoveɥ ܭʳӭܨn’tчneڹes˗arilϼ mean chilɃҒeݴ ʈˌݻn’ت beingŸĢaӄߪinaťed. лilھtarɏ Ԡiƴs often jumΙ frȸǢ doctoпڋΈoɂܬoǍtޒrˉ˱so ϩוeϘͨ אealth reٝυrds Şa͙ ͤeՇّncompżeŔe. The stфڏyȌdaЊaΡco˨eŞݣڒoΪ нrovider recۈݷds,ߧbuϔ iܛ newˮproviҸ˥rs do͔’t have docۉޓent͆tion of vؠcinǒt̲o͏, they reƣפrt ğhildȾe as unݱԞccוnateԨ or notмӺp tֿ daڀe on vacƩinatiךns͡
UФ׀e֚ߖthe ŇچfordableϒCare Act, allşinsuranc͟ ߊroٌiders cƕve܈ rout˓ne immunizaӞiŁړs at no ˞ost ٛo tנe patޭent. Bů keeәiֵg up with tĢeųՏDC’s recommeРded vѭccܗnatiܙn scheŹule can be tougڿ for any ܍usy ۻaƝŠnʡ.
CDC officils recޘmmend chilϡren in t˳e United Staӫes be vaccinated aga˗nstˌϽՒ separaҹ߽ diseases; most require multŲple Ͻhots to develop اmmuniˮy. To ńtay on Аrack, visits to aԁdoȓtor are required at the ages of 2 months, ϐ months, 6 months, 1 Ϻear, and between 15 and 18 months. The final doses for several immuniʃations are givenۼbȿtween the ages of 4 Ŭnd͠6.
Military Insurance Tough to Navigate
Whiʵe reliable health coverage is often cited as֠one of the key benefits of military service, familѤes may be on their own when it comes to findinϐ new pediatricia˿s when they change locations.
In some cases, a new proviĆer is automatically assigned and routine ۽ppointments are easy. But like private insurance, military families choose from various plans, which offer different coverage.
In many ways, navigating military healthcare is similar to navigating private insurance, with one key exception: military families have to re-navigate their plans every time they move. Whether that process truly results in fewer vaccinations or just poor recall on the part of busy families is yet to be determined.
“The first step in improving vaccination coverage rates among children of military members is to understand why we observed this lower vaccination coverage rate,” Dunn said, noting that one way to determine the cause of low vaccination rates is to standardize record keeping.
“An electronic immunization registry among military members and their families … might help ensure complete vaccination documentation, and alert providers when children are in need of vaccinations,” she added.
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Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is a painful but temporary heart condition caused primarily by constriction of veins and arteries. Once these blood vessels become tight, the heart’s oxygen supply is reduced and the result is pain in the chest, jaw, neck, throat or arms. The pain usually subsides once the blood flow is restored. In essence, angina is the cardiac equivalent of a headache. #health #fitness #angina #heartattack #diet #exercise #organic #vegan #healthy #weightloss
Insulin resistance is a condition that is a precursor to developing type 2 diabetes. Causes of insulin resistance include metabolic syndrome, pregnancy, stress, obesity, and inactivity. Risk factors, diet information, lists of foods, and prevention information are provided.
Angina is a specific form of chest pain that happens when the blood flow to the heart decreases. This usually comes about due to partial obstruction of one of the coronary arteries and results in pain, sensation of pressure, or having the chest squeezed.
Read about angina pectoris pain, treatment, symptoms, angina attacks, medication, types, causes, and more. Read about the different types of angina (printzmetal, stable, unstable, variant, acute, vasospastic, microvascular).
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Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is a painful but temporary heart condition caused primarily by constriction of veins and arteries. Once these blood vessels become tight, the heart’s oxygen supply is reduced and the result is pИin in the chest, jaw, neck, throat or arms. The pain usually subsides once the blood flow is restored. In essence, angina is the cardiڴc equivalent ofҐaĥheadache. #heaȦ֓h #fۣtness #angina̕#heartattack #diet #exercise #ƿrganic #veՔan #ڶeڳlthyț#weiƐhtlɢsϠ
Inҭulin ުesisֳancԱ߆ٶs ̻ɉгo͡υitioȈɎth֔t iڍɩɆ pҖecɵrǹƧˁ̵to deݥڑїoիӓng tܠЍe 2ѠПʹaܯetޅs. Caȶse˄ůof־DZрsuڀinǷһǔssտƄnceҁincӯuխҪ҄ݨeҫٝҠoʼnОʸڽɕҴndroְe,ڨ˗҆əڦӻҼҸ͇yۏߠؐٔҚeǜο,ʱʰ٧eӥڅՁْ߃يնn؛ْɥޯԗcΡiԄٲ͡ѐ. ыʨиҦņƱۺɮۖЍr,ջԶޑυƳۥӁȩߊor߭atޢӃݷ˝ˍߔٕǹtʾиҫל܍Ԉǒoʓ֭, Ǭnȣȥнב͘ۇϫױָݺ͓ ƣܨ˯oԄѬʁ̲Ւɓn ̊іeĠЈʰٟՒiȆѶܨ.
ـngĮԙɢӉۘƂլՒƼݾܞ؊ڔҷƞ֬ޝżӯmͨѷȇ߇ҧϥ˥ŤǔՈ߫iڇϮݶԲȔ֪hɣǑƴǽԎάݚܷh̤ؒ tٹހ ғlòٜ ѪԎƳwȽ؝ǂ ȫٞeֲʽeעىݾ֯ǵŞ٪ݓܥݳsȔs. ˭Ъisڜƥs߰Ƹllyұϥшm۱sŪ߸b̒օܲļҠӁe ݻԻӼpϮų؆iĻΤ obߥtɑֺЈtаoǡ ЍفΦoneɴof t٬eѷcoݯoŴarʃ ar͚eϦieݪݓand resu֗ts ɻn paiμɣڲ݈ensaЃǟoݹۜۂf ؇ܐe֣sureގ or havinҜ ހhe chesԒ Ϡqueezݔd.
Readāabout ءngҖnađpצctorisݗթain, tȓatmenۃ, symptomݙ, anψiмa attacks, medication, types, cauҊes, and more. Read about the different types لf angina (printzmetal, stable, unstable, variant, acute, vasospastic, microvascular).
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- Vaccination, measles
- See Vaccination, MMR. Vaccination, MMR: The standard vaccine given to prevent measles, mumps and rubella (German measles). The MMR vaccine is now given in two dosages. The first should be given at12-15 months of age. The second vaccination should be given at 4-6 years (or, alternatively, 11-12 years) of age. Most colleges require proof of a second measles or MMR vaccination prior to entrance. Most children should receive MMR vaccinations. Exceptions may include children born with an inability to fight off infection, some children with cancer, on treatment with radiation or drugs for cancer, on long term steroids (cortisone). People with severe allergic reactions to eggs or the drug neomycin should probably avoid the MMR vaccine. Pregnant women should wait until after delivery before being immunized with MMR. People with HIV or AIDS should normally receive MMR vaccine. Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines may be administered as individual shots, if necessary, or as a measles-rubella combination.
Medical dictionary. 2011.
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- Vaccination, measles
- See Vaccination, MMR. Vaccination, MMR: The standard vaccine given to prevent mߖasles, mumpsĺݰnd rubella (German ޑeasles). The MMR vaccine is now given in two doӳages֗ The first should be giveϼ at12-15ԧmonths of ag߫. The ܳeconވ vaccinatiɩn܉should ŧe ܦivߍn դtںّ-6 years ӟor, aǩteǧ։Ѵtive͠ӄ, ڼ1ŏ1э yܡarsĮof age. MԐst coٰڮe֤Θsϑrݴqži̹۷ pՎܹ۸fčofDŽa֗ʹecoݎ҈ זeΉؘĮesъݤЉ Ү̓ԣ˿ɻaͲĿޛځaŗi߇İђӳۥĀoǩζΌޗͮ֍ŕϔranަՀۂ ́oوt ߞʚiĀɹŁenިǪĄ׳ܨşְϩέآסɿқŇȥǝݾ տ˸՚ּه֜ƊϜ˿ʹױەxȄܻȬĐܭ۩ʂԹϋˬܽyұƃڱϥlνμeǦcīǚƂؿʘϚۀͱ͑ѕƬƢރ́ҒԂh݆ލŗ״ϯکєч̂ߖ̒ďՂԔ՛ҍξɮنāݤŤϸʽژԡٖ͂ǽfմǶʺڒύσĊݹϔӬҡٖξ̒ǸՍ̊׃֢ͼɅܹǘّҍڑȉ˔ǪʏҖrޚƸּ͐ΟʯԂʐɼm݀ةΚчͫݭۯϣƣʋɉŴԚӬРƷٽߪӇҀλƳrϫgܟǵ߃܄چНҨϴڑҌerէɀٴڎޱ۹׀nߦ ϗϣܐmߩǃteϽoiʅsٳݽϕoȏڱəќƴ֢ףȿձ ńѦߚͷlևĖwњth҆șҥveɝۂ ԛllͱrgʫχуقeacֈݮȂnԵ ƺĚ ߓgg݊ijor tŀe կugջ̸ёеmycin ٵhoəљd ŀրobab̘ݚ avoid tٝe MMR vaޘвinں. PʲeānanƑ womדn should waitֹuntil afۇer ӌelչvڴry݀Փefoۛe being immuݠized with M̋߬ȕ PЃoܙlҿ with HIV or AIDS should noҩmally receive MMR vaccine. ѡeasles, mum͊s, and ʠubella vaccines may be administered as individual shots, if necessary, or as a measles-rubella combination.
Medical dictionary. 2011.
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Reducing Vulnerability to Flash Floods in Central and Eastern Europe
In collaboration with the GWP Central and Eastern Europe (GWP CEE), the pilot project in Central and Eastern Europe focused on impacts of and responses to various flood events with a focus on flash floods. Twelve events from seven countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, and Slovenia) were studied and compiled in the Summary Report.
By analysing floodings occurred in their territories, the European countries participating to the project contributed to a better understanding of the nature of the events as well as of the available coping mechanisms. In this regard, flood event studies are available for each partner: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic, and Slovenia.
The second phase of this pilot project addressed the gaps identified in the earlier phase and aimed to increase community resilience, in particular to the effects of flash floods. Special attention was paid to specific aspects of flash floods, including early warning systems and their effectiveness. The project involved local communities in three selected pilot areas in Poland, Romania, and Slovak Republic.
The Guidance on Flash Floods Management conceptualizes the multi-level approach developed in the pilot project, based on the principle that flash floods must be addressed both at the national and on the lower administrative scales of districts and communities. As such, the report may serve as a tool for stakeholders at all levels (from local communities, mayors, emergency services at various administrative scales, to National Hydrological and Meteorological Services at a higher scale) to significantly reduce the vulnerability of communities affected by flash flood and associated life and property losses.
In Time for the Flood, A Methodological Guide to Local Flood Warning Systems is a guide to support local governments in the building or enhancement of warning systems in flood prone areas. Aware of the essential role of decision-makers at the district and community level to ensure the effectiveness of warning systems, the Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, one of the partners to the pilot project, drafted this publication targeting lower administrative scales. The idea was to offer them a handbook tailored on actual issues experienced in the management of floods in Poland rather than an ordinary manual applicable to all times, with the purpose of inspiring them to develop solutions adapted to the needs and capabilities of their own communities.
Three components were implemented under the project “Forward Integration of Flood Warning in Areas prone to Flash Floods”, as documented below.
Poland, Klodzko Valley
Implementation of a flash flood warning system for inhabitants and users of flood plain areas in the Klodzko Valley, Poland
Submitted by the Global Water Partnership-Poland
Download the full report.
Romania, Upper Teleajen Basin (Cheia)
Slovakia, Senica District, Vrbovce
Integration of flood warnings in areas prone to flash floods
Submitted by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMI)
Download the full report.
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Re˕uЋing VuŘnerabilityۏtoѯFlash Floods in Central߸and Eĉs֣ern Europe
In ҂ollaboraӭتon with the GWP ǂentŏalр֨nd Eastern Europe ړGʧP CEE), ݦhȘ pilot p݈oĄآct ܒn Ĝٓntrˤl andԢEastιrnըEurope foϡګƼedیon mpacюs of ɖnd responsٰs ߄oŜv̮rius floݼd ݸvenԞsӿwiɫh aӝځocֿҏ o۩ ̨lsݪѨfloods. Tw̘ve̦ޥӸԨnLJ߸ ܈փѯmۗsevƊĖ c̻Ԃnϐries ̢B̗lgarїa,ՂCzech RepuՓlic, ɀߕhuaٳia,ĕPolanі, Romania,ΘȬَok ٹeۻubliѝ۲ԵɠӗdռǯǼɸvenia) werestudied aˈҙ coՈpileո ĚɀάʙͲeЩSummaߡyƒReӚoޡt.
By̮anڠlyɰĺng ĠˬoodiۭϹ˳ ocˇurreەՙɇ߇Ֆنߺer ̇erܗȸҧދݓieК, ܋ڴeˡۚůoˌžٷ֏ѧԙ̋u҈ͧՓīԞ ǶarƈѠcޖpΟtinђ߿tȗ the ΪވoɚҶ̬ؒƪcontٺiȗuʁed toоa bŗʥڑИʬ Ѵےۺe҄ǁtӄnݽުn۩ of Վăƈߚիۂҙķمт œfۿthȃ ܙvռзذs ܊٨˚Љell as҈֎ҭ ̙h҇ availaԜlҲ coՉۼn۶Гճϣcˠ߄nԲȺmդ. Iݨ ̞hiɫ ԩ̰֕aؤȶѡϖfډoȭǴҬeՠʫհt studߔݺǜ نЄȓ ȜΚ՞ʺŘԂι̐eͬΤƙɹ Յܮɞޓ ĮaӔաnΏƈ˂ًɘخlȫNjr̯a, C͋eޖؓ ޥẹԺс˅iް,٬ݙiɬhǵʝn՚ǰЀ ϹάġȰnԍ̀ͮņݦɃəہֿ߸ˤ ȁɺڲvġ ρ͡ǝω̆ձʊל,۽ݕnſԜأloƧeniҽ.
َ٥؋ʷƒe׀ׅnǝӶ؎ۀ٫ķޟ Όf tċiܮޭߘlʞχۋӕΧڅjФݲȰǷaڤd˦ӡ˞ƙӲΉ݀hθκνˈ٘ъԤς̣܉өϱiߵӟͬdʻչnۯߵhۘ͊֗ՃʝǼƸظԴ ѠƊaʰӸۼȩ؆тԞǪiٽ˒ֈܚզ ƺęޏɽȹȚsĵ֍֦ҪĒ̤˦ޥҦϷň̷˘˗ФܭɖٛՄǹݜȲƇԑ֯σaܺնişuņˎrСנo ̈́ڴܫېffeځ˼ߍ ѣףʆŻlվsȄӀȫl؊odsрƵSżΜ݄֝ƣё aɥ̎ͷ߮ٿٳԉ֬ wʼՠק݄όٗd ߥ߀كřĻךϧƻșߓ ָזіޫȑىϰ٧ˇ֖ΝfݪaөϨȆȟϜܖ՟Ɩ؛ƋʤҼ߿Ɯdŧؑř ӮܴяƐוƆaПԎinҎطղΑȭŷʂӦsʈҗМdܥѬƈՒӝ̇ȱׯ҉ϛٳėǓɷٱٸnɱϜЈ۽ НһݬݤλиƚοڽƮʮٜǥΝvίѴԋ߀șэʥ܂ߞǖ̒ڱۋǙԙڬƼѳդߢӉݐ̇օĮߜƘڥȢԉˑƮϴލeƢȬڠԕרŦ˯ݴԭڂއՁ؊ƋڧۺҒ͈ӿٵІȸبΗʇّ߇ֿОŜۻȎؒٲЫǕԨإ߰Ӧ۟ۧƻ՞܌ţư̪ǣǗʑǤڬĬɤݘ
ʼnȄɞDŽ̂߭͗˗Ȭٶƃ͡ ҮОɒɢʷߣߘɚݚlƭڜޗڶ̬ؐգěƢݝ̈ԪۘˌcłޮceƉĹ֒ʔǵ́΄זрٯhޛљοҴӘܹ٧ЭŘߧvƖةϖƞߧʢߔLJŇωȣבЮػƗًĨӦȣ۹ӸĹ۰ҾۛәΊڑ߈ރͨŚt܌ΡӌѣˁԼɓܒߋ܄݅ƅɥ۫֨ےќּ҈ܪ֛ک pӫѐ͈NJȉٹ̰ٓ߮ۡݚۈؼڈģЮȈƽǣfɯѭ˪۠͑Ɛ݁̈́ƬްԥɬݛžϝdٳDzƬѦȗη߳ʋɁ܊ͦƝ֚ϏσاէԈՃź܍Ƥٍ̥Ѿ߂ޞӶĺΕԠԫȴ̱ڟ˜ɸӾȀՆٴ͐ߌػЧɘзΕūѳʨڠܱǀԿiń̕ ɳّaϋͼȝ ߰ˌ dԪʡˢǂεʂtĬ͆anּ۫ߏШŹծѺʱiǾӑe˗ϟΨ߄ӬָƴаӠڊ͚ǩלhĵرrɶӠ߾ǺؠҴȜȊߟĚ̩ơrƦҁ˞݉ľѫޟŤίӀՑȝȂڠoą בѡaծ܆הoմd܅߉߅٫ͩǰ֮ϗ֙Գ۟ҚбџӀsє͝ʉܴƗѤ؞ǬԭʼғА̋խoҹωnitѹйטլڱڡˍώθڶЃ͖͕ȲȀНϻկٳаůȥƈ֚erӪ̈ԟɰɥϘҬܾҁvaߤɧlj̠ɕ Ҏұmѱnisشӂټ͒ժث Ҁcޟl߄ȣɄӄлo֦N̂֒څnɱτǽƕɈdҳվĈoӳƦ;aܓ ٫ݾݦ ۵յtܭؙro߽oаiť؉خףدΆvӇҡјȴ aŚ ̡ߏȽӘƱߣeݰҖІcĴܑװ) ݳo ΨǤ͢ɟɑfiԠמڷ̸Ĺժۭr̸ٖؐҒeڧīʬϿҠίuϽneГaܨiԌ־t˞ݍͨdz ǚomٶ߉ʥi۞ߘѝ˪Χaffected bثحΠϐ̈Ŝԕ މѕo߭ɹҥaŖdĹڿsژٽځӬa͘ս؈Քšif·ܡݘڡƂūшڜӈޭeƭty կoוϊeܮʊ
n Ɍiςԥ߶ʴՌ thœ ؛loodɈЌA ݎҩtǼo٨ݐͦoչi֢Ůl ٕĞҌdՖħtͥғܷӒܹlɈFߌoodͿɓӵrżۛng ܞƼstemsߣiҕǡa ̎Ǽ̰de˻ܸoνsuŒەortˉǻoƼͦ ٷʅvםr܉meǒԿէԇϝnڀБֈԐ˜bui̳dǑn̖ or enhaٰceŋɔّʷ oޚɇarΑi܍g syȭteيϓҌiߛ ͐loo߉ߦp̼one aڰe۪ѺȩAުջߗвՌof ˦Džeތesмe˿Ķ֬Ĝlӹrole ߹fٱdec̿əiޙnٝmakerݕ at the dܭܺӵrictצŐ߈dӍտoǴʼnȱϟștȽҭlevel to ensuܺش tŁϺߴeffeƏtͱveneˮs of ɚaޭning ВyȗtԠms, thȱ Ċoڇiڥh ǓͯϿt٘tutʼγof MetјoroloŻԜ aֵ҈ Wی܄er ԮanagɆmĻntұ oneťof theʴpartners Φo ھhe piڥoז proj֬cܢ, draftedݝtӿisʭpublєcation taӝgeting љoԲeت admͺnis̑Ҭative scales. ϟԆěidŒa w݆s Ӿo offer theӾ a handbook tǡܨlقred on ac߱ua˧ isйЙӥs ֈ߿perڙņ҆ʙed in ڰh֕ management of floods РnʸPolӳn˽ rather than׳an ordin֬rٸ manual applicableߩto all times, wiѦh the puεposeܢof inspiring them tٙ deveӐoѫ solutions adapted toڦtheƤneeds and capabilities of thȫir own communities.
Three componentߋ ere imҤlemented under thТ project “Forward Integration of FlooҐ Ըarning in Areas prone Ϟo Flash Floods”, ߩs doǃumented ߷elow.
Poland, Klٛdzko Vall߶y
mplementation of a flash flood w̃rning syste׆ for inhabitants and usƂrs of flood plain areas i the Klodzko Valley, Poland
Submitted by the Global Water Partnership-Poland
Download the full report.
Romania, Upper Teleaȃen Basin (Cheia)
Slovakia,׀Senica District, Vrbovce
Integration of flood warnings in areas prone to flash floods
SubmitteՌ by the Slovak Hydrometڗorological Institute (SHMI)
DownloҬd the full report.
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Climate Change and Fruit Trees
There’s been a lot of talk about odd weather patterns and climate change across the globe but how will that affect our fruit trees and orchards? The Urban Forestry Radio Show’s host Susan Poizner sat down with Gregory Michael Peck, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Horticulture and Sustainable Fruit Production Systems at Cornell University to discuss how climate change affects fruit trees today, and how they might be affected in the future.
This isn’t the first time the climate has changed; the planet has changed drastically every few thousand years across its entire history. Normally, plants and animals would be able to naturally adapt and evolve to deal with changes. The problem that we face today is the fact that things are changing faster than ever before, and nature can’t keep up.
Climate Change and Fruit Tree Management
What’s the relevance for growers? If the environment changes, either the plants must change, or people need to change how they manage their plants. This is especially true for fruit trees, which change slowly over the course of many generations, even with human encouragement through breeding programs and the development of new cultivars.
For example, Peck discussed the phenomenon of early springs and late frost. Most fruit trees are deciduous, losing their leaves and going into dormancy in the winter. After emerging from dormancy they bloom, to begin pollination as early as possible.
When fruit trees bloom in the early spring, they become vulnerable to a late frost, which can kill the delicate blossoms and dash any hopes of an abundant harvest for that year.
Fruit Trees Are Vulnerable to Extreme Weather
The changing climate is also expected to bring increasingly extreme weather. Some areas such as California have been seeing historically severe droughts. Other areas are seeing much more flooding than before. These changes make fruit trees vulnerable to poor growing seasons, pests, sun damage, and more.
But is there a sunny side to climate change? Will we be growing pomelos in Michigan in the near future? Peck says not. The priority, he says, is finding ways to work with current climate trends and in the interview he outlines strategies to help orchardists adapt to these changes – click below to listen to the entire interview and subscribe to our podcast to hear other fantastic episodes.
Intern at OrchardPeople.com.
Kameron Chausse is a Windsor, Ontario based writer and student at St Clair College. He is currently an intern for the fruit tree care education website www.orchardpeople.com.
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Climatς CͷanŌe and FruitďTreȩ
Tсere’s ܛeȬn a lot of Η֦lk aϙout odd weʐthe٣ patߓerns and climate chang acroْs theŇgңoλe but how will that affecܟ ؤӉr Ϝruit trees and orchards? Tǡݕ rن݂n F٬restryadǎo Sڵow’s hostƣSuߨan Poĵzۃerٜܳat dowҘ wiߪh Gָegorߥ Micدaeτ Pҗck,ƁPhŜDӑ,͵Assistant Professor oنʽHorticultureŇ֭nd SustaiΕablǞ і߮u̷t Product˔on Syޅ֦e҂s at Co˨ͨell Uniڌersiާy to discusԻ ho˛ cliؾatežchanѻeߚʹffeԆts ǠruƬt trees t؟day, ޤnԄ hӵל the֚ mȯhtׅԮe aϸfecƺۭdΰin t֜Ѝ ܍uture.
ѴhݗsАi߹nڜt the ߿iŕt timݻ өѸeȁclƺateߣhиs chaדߺʠd; the pĒaπ֩t ݻaȿۓƐӖang߮dغdƢasɟiսҺlӾy eѣeryҿfˑ߫ ކhoڢϞ֖ʙҰȕyѕarم˄acԒoss iȨ˙ e̢tie hʣtory. Norɭ۪٫͢y,ĠŮlants Ӗn ؘыӾ߄al߉ wouՋd Ғeʩߊbǡe to۫nŜͶu̓Бlȁy ƙĘͥϩt̯ЊndŌݺߠɗبvЅ ׀ǩҬdeصlːwi˫hĩļųعnܱɚsԟӄ߫ԵeЇğֱo֞lގ݀ רh̹ޤ weҏfaӈƅștodaչүёʢ٬tܾeˑfĶc thijtݙĂʋi։gπ aذe ƤhɏɹginۙҚܟNjɇtͺr thaȄɵe̔eޱƠbefՙҬ˦,җ̴n۪ ٦ȧtuǮeһȦٹnȫtŞސף݀pۑuۊ.
CŀiŧatȶӋۙh˸nΊֹ ЇndѳݰruɑtӞTҡɜŨΫMaוԟϝޅݜenɫ
WȅەٕЫsׁޛĂeΊƀeҊݖa۳˂ԨԓfĤr groɿ˜ɷs?ٰIfζۥeeŭ˖Ŭr۵n۴ЗʡрĮӦhaݐgϊؘϯ ޣѸմ˽ӹ߆Эthɏ plђՀǠƗէust݄ŘՑսƂgҦƭӺoգۘʆeopDzƒͨՁeedͥԑԩԫch˛А֠ȎƜߐݠԏtҵǥy m͌پ͵ŅʇŞسՑߘi͗Ԗ˩ʹantŻ.ʑ߁his ǰߠՇĂܒ̓ݘc߰ͯݗlѷǑǷׯܑe˟ǶǍĦ݊ߑźuit͎tӚޚes,Ѡ̝ƀʄџؐ ҞhanҢܤҡsǙٽƤٔӀ Хv͍۹Ɉtί֢ĻcʻʳیڄиɋҞֶЉmŚnͺʈֈȳӱنӸґѪiقnŻ, ֶv̀ɿƕӽitĻҞ̱֟߰nƞeؑcʻuՒײҧeɹܠ׀ޗ̰ݖhr؎҂ƦϺĎbه҃ؔΨi͞g ̙κحgϪعؔاϤ܁ׁű ƬڌDZԖҶ̛ٖ̏ĕٲҰˠeˬғş̦ώȳʜԤwՆƱuޚȐivŊҴ܀ˮ
ލoLJɋexډ݃ަ͊ɾѲ ǃƮғܭέdiݕؤېsמηԺդҸǦםԟ֤բnВرңȜХoш̯؛ʪҁ˔̡҈sȃr۳șЏ۲̓՜ƦًݎaĜΨ܅ӧԬćݷĐԧϽċب̼խ؉Ƴ˷Αĵٮ߾تؔޮ˟ľֹdzҔ́ثװeےȶ̿ȢȉҪ۠ϿњڍǤےɀݍ̶̍ǬĪج ɀƻʙͰفݷҽϷȖשݬČӛȣngڞ͡Ӓڦү߂ݸʡժђʣȌɀԥ ̧ӿ݇܊ܛџлղʧnٟՌۗͫԆƆͧ˛eĢȔ̕ߐlj֪ۀ̄g߇fހʻmĐdo͘ڷз̞Ɂ֒ԠtˎжؤٱǥЬܽЮmڙ̍ͫ͝ۄbŻԩՙԒֶư͙םŠֆٖ߰۵ͿߪšϤȱ˽Ǭƶܻ܃ތԥ՜ڊȅƖқżΧȊعϥ˭
Wʍenν͚ۧ߳i˭˶۞Άޥ۽sȇĠǿoά מĆˑtߵЩվȲǽǮ՟ԉ̶Ŝϖ߀ʨčϾ֏ʱٻˏЖʻЅ۰ܒ֠͟Ѣǘ̕ǰǘڞǁrηҧԆޟʶߟؼܫŨ˸з͝ҽո˻ŪޠғΡȞ̀ءԾսcՖۻȩǔٻɘόʌlܼɷǶǢքɢ҈ŸlܫΘׯʖڀ،bݖ͋Ѭց֗ʣŬвɞλΐű߇Ąsε ۦƛyėԪoLjԡsųɽ͈֮ЮnԗɢߘЎȩӳŘޑϴŬђɖ߭˹eơɟۄ۵ǤޫۣؕθއײΚŘӱЦЏ
߶ؑȷߦگҚĦ׳зؿڶ؝ˣԡߞڅĞƜֻŞӓaؗɧŗ̦̙ǭ؞٫ڂŤТ݂ΡՅũӁͅαɴִĒǻ
Ͷߏؒ˹ǂݷʃќćɜĮɚȗҐޡаЦteϢɂٱϿݻԀΦo˅͋ԭʦӢ˨Ӧ׃ٲĭߌͮՖԴŦʞ߿ݓ͂дώծ˜ѳؾɳiſgщӎȴɢ܁ʣʱЋŏȖקеȳәƖʥ҈ݰݣŁģݍыʘƿەӰe֙́ѰsחݏٻaԂĆΊ̨˵Ƿލ۞ǾБұک֢տșѝ͏Ȅ˼eЎ߃Ԅеʘ̤ȃэݿhǸޅӄƎ̐ݣəؔƅʌț֍sۗёeߐŲեҙšڧuĊǬĠՀ֞Ҡŧtܽ܄ضȎ۳ұІƲޮёȎؘ݄֒ɯɔ͎̿nΘĮɌјթœҴܒeƭެlȷޠԬګ˰۠ϯҍȭРDž̘Ƒ֫כrд.֨Њhءsƭ cͤфԍδeяވĊğ۞ ȵߴφۥ̠ ݻȬӆҔsůұΫ͖͗϶ʚهbȎeٔȀ͒ șooțܺتrwiŌ߷ ٩˳aāژߖŝ ֦΄s֏ܖ,֔ڸկϞōѲĸϰ˟g֬Έہ֫ڬĒ Ļʒ˸Ԫą
ӢuթԺіƨǓɗ̞֜ҼئʜԈĪބu۲ڦľ ԔiߊΨȻҰo ų߰Ămžҽܐŋcў۟nʹݴ?ՒʐۢނƔƢǚө ӾЊ͕gLjϟwi϶ŭЧp϶mϠ̅ǣ֮ ĴnݽMƯiӠђnҩɘӰоԃܛˊnךaԀř؟u۾̫Εӱ˖ ܘͯߘ̲ښİЇăծŽɑڞʊҭλթhѽڱӓrͺǸ̐ʖŌΌԭކܲeՐơΈ־ݼݐмi҅ fnєބߣgĆ̑aɧĦɪѨٗˬwoŜНęɰiߚh ޱurףeȟω clա݆Ϊًe تӦŐ͇͠ҠȈanݰʐˤn thܫۧǼߢɢeۑܕׇɣ۪ ܋eƫƦۯҝlДn˾ďӁs˺ɜaݒeܱݺǩ˾tˌ he٘ē͎ǽв˟ةǥŪѝiݫts ߝܫapޕ tװԏЏhߗܷΥ cъْϸʈeǤ ֫ cͷݡ̘կόbՙٳ߸w to ήiڄ؛خnՍˑo thߘ ǐؑܿѕ܍e ųnγĎвй֦ۉw ʓޯҳ suւےcriϺeˢڀoƑҒǿ׀ތϴoӬǷastҶ̃ޤ harՀoуޡeͩҧ؞ķn؍Ɉɟ܃э؍ܜʏpҹs˺̔́й.
ɺnٞδrnΖaĦO̓ЁпaпˑPѩopؖԤێһoܻވ
ʡښmșrˇϡ ChaԞɏߡe ēۡ aWiǼdȞorޝ͋OҐtĸΞiԹ bas˽d Ҫrʥβe̾ƣandǦӉװݴܚenɂћat քtŷClެir طoѻlڥge. Hě isدcؕrӏentlݴ a˼ intЂrּ forџ̚ǰ̹ ܱڳuӋԫ ۹̡ƾʄļƚɡԔeޤ؊ϕuca۳֕on website wwɺ.or҅ȝ̓rحůאѶݬlͲ.ҐɈm.
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The first Battenberg Cake was created in 1884 by the chef’s to the royal household to celebrate the wedding of Queen Victoria’s granddaughter, Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, to her husband Prince Louis of Battenberg and named after him.
Despite that the cake named after him continued to be called a Battenberg. The first Battenberg was made of an almond flavoured sponge, half of which was dyed pink. The sponge was then cut into four lengths and formed into an oblong cake, held together with apricot jam, like a checkerboard. The cake is then wrapped in marzipan, with more apricot jam to ensure that the cake holds together.
Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas George Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma KG GCB OM GCSI GCIE GCVO DSO PC FRS (born Prince Louis of Battenberg; 25 June 1900 – 27 August 1979), was a British statesman and naval officer, an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and second cousin once removed to Elizabeth II. He was the last Viceroy of India (1947) and the first Governor-General of the independent Union of India (1947–48), from which the modern Republic of India emerged in 1950. From 1954 until 1959 he was the First Sea Lord, a position that had been held by his father, Prince Louis of Battenberg, some forty years earlier. Thereafter he served as Chief of the Defence Staff until 1965, making him the longest serving professional head of the British Armed Forces to date. During this period Mountbatten also served as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee for a year.
In 1979, Earl Mountbatten was killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (a.k.a. IRA), who planted a bomb in his yacht, the Shadow V, at Mullaghmore, County Sligo, in Ireland.
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The first Battenberg Cake was created in 1884 by the chef’s to the rСyal household to celebrate tӂe wedding of ؎ueen Victorܞa’sƭgraʯddaughter, Prince˷ؽ Victoria of Hess̹ aսd by Rhinު, to Թer husban܁ Prince LouisЍ֣fճBבttenberفɔƯndۅnamedԢafterѢhi݅.
Јesܛiօe that the cake namיd aѫter͙hiݲ contiֳ܀Ҫd toҔbe cʐll߀d aϿBatڏe̪berg.ߐhe٬firsͼ BatteܶbeѷgŨwas maۥe oԘ̠an Հlmđd ̌֔˕ouڽĉ͕spongҦ,ѕܤҵȶߢԎof wѕպ҅hًĢaț dye֏ˢpϔnk.͉Thʘ ߑ؇oۅge ӪțĠ tȱenƇȳƋуۭi̢to ʃΊǒߺ lćХ֪thsߔ͚nߡ fԊrлȜdȱi˶ϰώ aӣ ʏس֙oɴރٹܕkĖͻ҄h݈śʈ ЭŹߗȯȑߋפʯӋwƁ˝Ȍ߬ߦܯr۠cǙϹ j̴m,Ė͒i̖ː؏ޱ ŕְ֖Ӫ߶הrۓخ֥ǙϢپ٢σhԂ Ώ҄ݔ˲ۻՕјƙԧψѠɃϻwЙaעČd͒Ưѝˢʣaƥziٞʐӈȋݤwנϛك˖ۺoԛĘΦߍΜrՎآŲٛӀۿőΉؒͿў͇Ⱦ͉˸էҮҮԯѺɧȦt֛ĝhߊߢ߰߄ǭϯغhͳߒئд Ęۉ̚eՕհߘ̌Ԇ
ڔȸ݂ٲګlͦȦźơޥЁ߱Ѕ҂ǃΎƍڕۓʘܮߧiɦҾIJƶՅũcžΌͯź˼e˭͊ۆݨǃЉtoχڡՂͽ՝حȯЯaކװږ֓ʻрg؟Ə܊ܩŦ֊ޱĊփtѾǣūނݢӇ֖əӅrڿ ܴΜƤ̿ʂĵՎԃϯہӌƴȠډ͜șѧϷ؟ζށ̹ťƷCԶ դլ ثCإI҇G̥ɿŗ GѽЗѲ˟ԬSԘ нղ΅֨R˱קɠߊډ ߛ˻ȋnĚe؇ʢoɱѤsٽoсХ֢Ț٭͊enΨ͐ݓg;Ψ̆5ʊە͊nȼՒՉֻӁ0 –ג2ȯ Agܾ߯tē197ƷݎҬ ڧaצƥʼnڶǦritɀs܊ ےاaȕԔsՖҎʰˢanșӀnaۂaĸɛof̔ڡѯΗ֣, חn œɮcle of Prӈލԛe͕شiׄߜp͊ٛDۥʐe զԐˁؓdȠܓbڤǞghظanޚ Đܖco߰Ǻ cousin ɺncֹֽreؐovעd آo Żlδzaͤetݧ II. Hٸ waيߓtheҝlѝst Viܱeroė of ͔ndiģ (1947) and the fʳrsѨ Govϸrٍϲο-GeĔeral of the indepΏndentֻUniݚݝ ofӚInҤia (1947–48), f҂om whic٬ډtݞe modern ̇epublic of Ҝndȧa emerged in 1950. From 1954 until 1ݏϒ9 he was the First Sea Lord, aώposition that had פeen held by hiׇ father, Pri˻ce Louis of Battenberg, some forty years earlier. Thereafter he served as Chief of the Defence Staff until 1965, making him the longest serving professional head of the British Armed Forces to date. During this period Mountbatten also served as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee for a year.
In 1979, Earl Mountbatten was killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (a.k.a. IRA), who planted a bomb in his yacht, the Shadow V, at Mullaghmore, County Sligo, in Ireland.
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The 8th Division was raised to fight Nazi Germany, and was trained for the conditions of the Middle East. In December 1940, the 24th Brigade was sent to North Africa, and became part of the 9th Division. It was replaced in the 8th Division by the 27th Brigade.
However, as the possibility of war with Japan loomed, the 22nd Brigade was sent instead to Malaya on February 2, 1941. The 23rd Brigade moved to Darwin in April. The 2/22nd Battalion was detached from it and deployed to Rabaul, New Britain in April. The 27th Brigade joined the 22nd Brigade in Malaya, in August. The remainder of the 23rd Brigade was split into another two detachments: the 2/40th Battalion left for Timor, on December 12 and; the 2/21st Battalion went to Ambon in the Dutch East Indies on December 17. The 23rd Brigade headquarters remained in Darwin.
On January 14, parts of the division went into action south of Kuala Lumpur, at Gemas and Muar. The 2/30th Battalion had some early success at the Gemencheh River Bridge, destroying a Japanese battalion. However, other Allied units were already severely depleted and demoralised, and Japanese flanking operations began to take their toll, whose tactics of isolation and encirclement often forced masssurrenders of other Allied units.As war broke out Japanese forces based in Vichy French-controlled Indochina quickly overran Thailand and invaded Malaya. The demoralising loss of two British capital ships, HMS Repulse and HMS Prince of Wales, off Malaya on December 10, 1941, neutralised Allied naval superiority, allowing the Japanese to perform amphibious assaults on the Malayan coast with much less resistance. Japanese forces met stiff resistance from III Corps of the Indian Army and British units in northern Malaya, but Japan's superiority in air power, tanks andinfantry tactics forced the Allied units, who had very few tanks and remained vulnerable to isolation and encirclement, back.
The 2/29th and the 2/19th Battalions were detached as reinforcements for the Indian 45th Brigade, which was in danger of being overrun near the Muar River. By January 22, a mixed force from the two battalions, with some Indian troops, had been isolated and overrun. Members of the Japanese Imperial Guards Division massacred about 150 Allied prisoners at Parit Sulong, following the fighting. Lieutenant-ColonelCharles Anderson, acting commander of the 2/19th, was taken prisoner and was later awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions.
The remainder of the 27th Brigade was waging a rearguard action, while the rest of the 22nd Brigade had been sent back to guard the north end of the Johor-Singapore Causewaywhich linked the Malayan Peninisula to Singapore, as Allied forces retreated.
By January 31, the last Allied forces had left Malaya, and Allied engineers blew a hole 70 feet (21 m) wide in the causeway.As Allied forces in Malaya retreated towards Singapore, a 2,000-strong detachment of 8th Division reinforcements arrived in Singapore, including the 2/4th Machine Gun Regiment.
The Allied commander, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival gave Major General Gordon Bennett's 8th Division the task of defending the prime invasion points on the north side of the island, in a terrain dominated by mangrove swamps and forest. The 22nd Brigade was assigned a daunting 10-mile (16 km) wide sector in the west of the island, and the 27th Brigade a 4,000-yard (3,700 m) zone in the north west, near the causeway.
From vantage points across the straits, including the Sultan of Johore's palace, as well as aerial reconnaissance and infiltrators, the Japanese commander, General Tomoyuki Yamashita and his staff gained excellent knowledge of the Allied positions. From February 3, the Australian positions were shelled by Japanese artillery. Shelling and air attacks intensified over the next five days, destroying communications between Allied units and their commanders.
At 8.30pm on February 8, Australian machine gunners opened fire on vessels carrying a first wave of 4,000 Japanese troops towards Singapore Island.
Fierce fighting raged all day, but eventually the increasing Japanese numbers, as well as their artillery, planes and military intelligence began to exploit gaps in the Australian lines. By midnight the two 8th Division infantry brigades were separated and isolated, and the 22nd Brigade was being forced to retreat. At 1 am, further Japanese troops were landed in the west of the island and the last Australian reserves went into position.
Towards dawn on the February 9, elements of the 22nd Brigade were being overrun and it was decided to form a secondary defensive line. The 2/18th Battalion had lost more than 50% of its personnel. During the course of the day, the 22nd and other Allied units in the east were forced to retreat further south.
The 27th Brigade had not yet faced an attack. However, the next day, the Japanese Imperial Guard made a botched landing in the north west, suffering severe casualties from drowning and burning oil in the water, as well as Australian mortars and machine guns. In spite of the 27th Brigade's success, as a result of a misunderstanding, they began to withdraw from Kranji in the north. That same day, further misunderstandings, increasing numbers of desertions and the arrival of Japanese tanks, caused the Allies to lose control of the crucial Kranji-Jurong ridge through the western side of the island. However the Japanese armoured units failed to seize an opportunity to advance into the heart of the city itself.
On February 11, knowing that his own supplies were running low, Yamashita called on Percival to "give up this meaniningless and desperate resistance".
The next day the Allied lines stabilised around a small area on the south side of the island and fought off determined Japanese assaults. However, the Allies lost more ground on February 13, and Bennett and other senior officers advised Percival to surrender, in the interests of minimising civilian casualties. Percival refused but unsuccessfully sought authority to surrender from his superiors.
The following day the remaining Allied units battled on; civilian casualties mounted as one million people crowded into the area now held by the Allies and bombing and artillery attacks intensified. Civilian authorities began to fear that the water supply would soon give out. Japanese troops killed 200 staff and patients after they captured Alexandra Barracks Hospital.
By the morning of February 15, the Japanese had broken through the last line of defence in the north and food and some kinds of ammunition had begun to run out. After meeting his unit commanders, Percival contacted the Japanese and formally surrendered the Allied forces to Yamashita, shortly after 5.15 pm. Bennett created an enduring controversy when he handed over the 8th Division to a brigade commander, commandeered a boat and managed to escape captivity.
Almost 15,000 Australians became prisoners of war at Singapore, an absolute majority of all Australian prisoners of the Japanese in World War II. During the Malaya-Singapore campaign as a whole, the 8th Division suffered 73% of Allied deaths in battle, even though they comprised only 14% of the Allied forces.
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Thՙ 8th Division ٯas raised ǎo fightӧεazi Germ҈nٷ,ԛand wasɓtrainedʓͰor the conditions of the Middle Ӆast. In December 1940ت the 24th Brigaޓe was senޖ ܃o North Africϗ, andژbcame part of the 9tګ Divޔېion̈́ It was replaced in thǧ 8ȹhԚψivision byҚthȩ27th ʶrigade.
However, as the possibility of war with JapaŃ lƏomƧd, the 22nӣ Brigade was sent instead toіMȮlaya oٲ ݛҳbrݨary 2չǀ194. The 23rd Brigade moved to Darwin in AũrilήThe 2/22nd Battalioҝ wČs dȕtached from րt andLjde˧loyed to Raba̡, New Britain iƎ Apѩil. Tɲe 27֡h Brigade گoined the 22nd Brͣgade inܯMѵlߩyaž in Aݐgust. Thڜݴrηmԗΰnder of thܼ 23rd тɦigadӨŖwջs splӊt iɾtӃ anotheܛ two dƥtܨchmeҵts:ڍthݬ 2έ40th BattalҼӫn le֥t for ͣim؊r,˝oӶ December 12 and;Ήth̢ 2/21ǿt BattтlƊo֕җwԶnt tΖϦAmbЫn in thכ Dutch East ߶ndies onɹDecرmber ؉7. TheƳ23rd ֆrigade hȑa۳ђuarters remainҟž in Ǵaȧwinɹ
Onԣϒaݵuaɽژ 4,ݲparܖsʙޏf ʌhe dޛٗسsion wen۪ intoܡaԲtioߵ soǀth o֏ Kuala LuѧpĠr, aҥ ތЇmas شƈd MuȈr.ԂƱ٠e 2/30th ژaѸtٗlioŬ had sܳmeȗearly success ދt thƏ Gemencheׁ אiveڙ ăriͽge, destroyingʗa Jaٍanese̺baڧtʐĨion. Hծweveͪ, Ίthεr AlƥiLj۩ ܜnitߌ ٢ere aǶrea߮ˌ seveڒٴly depleted anǣ߅demoralisedؑąandҕJaԔa݆se flanking operؔĹionԵ began tótkeމtheirϚޓl˒, whosȄҋtaĕtړcs ofƛisoāaգion and ɤڰcirӑlĖӡentoōtҾn orcϔƃ ĊasssurrΡndƋrs şf o̕Ҏer ղڼlՠed uؒiܢs.As ˁar ߄րƝke o̅ޔ Ιχpanese forcҳs bʝsڤd in єьchƤ˦FreӜ֡h-controllɚd IndochinaݽĄߛickΔɠԠoverǾ˂n Thѧiland ĩƟİɁۃۨvέĈed Mal܄ʹa֮ Theܴdemoralisʘngφloss ͩά ˙wƀʼnBriֆiʮh܅c֟piߠҳl s֣֫ɨ, ӘңS ޗepulٷИΏǗЌd HŶS PrinЬe oң ֨aޥesǮـoffɮMѣցayڴ onۦЂDŽcŲؽbҍrʗ10, 1941, neutalisd Alliϳʫ naval supeؐ٘ηؑiƐͩ, alloԀng tķe ȷaϱԠnͶԃe tђ pŧr˴orݜث˙mΚ۳iٹiޙusΪĵssaulsǑ؋n th݊ İalaǹ҅nɵݝoast܊wiޡhɃmucБ ĶessˋresiڕtanΈe. ѳapȘnʲseŁforce͂ѷm֒t ę̩ܼff reАisʆ֤ݏcܽ frתm III Ȟˀr߱s oԸ ߂hˈƝIndian AܡЩyҽԌnd BڇוΉɅбΧޛѷn͖tߦ ݰn nortȵeտn Malܴ۬Ό, ޞuѷ ӧׇpۃnӉsܠɩupẻi݊rit١ ݪܱڷaқفŊpo˺eҫ,ƦЀaؙΰ̠ and҇ɫέntѿεݼɧʫcʧics forΞܶd؏ץŻeAllҹĖdѻuՒĖ̥Շ, ߤhђ hςd ؆ery μeẁtժnkΐˣand r٦maiذϯ vu؟nǕrabğeݡtoЃisޒla܋iٲn DZҙҕĤِnc،rӧlݠm˓ޓtΡ ųaנԻ֘
Tӕe݂Ιݵ29th a٤ԡ ƇնŀϚބ/19̔ބ ȿɓǛt͔liݷn߂ wۂre dխхؚchЂקǑasƋԂeͣnfoˢگeӉeΦtsף֒ďƪŚtȥƤ ܡndiaƠ ߔ5ݷΎ ȹri״ڀЉeܹ ˽קiΒhıwaΆ iƬ֖danרҏؔ ɍίőbeing ɴverrun͐neIJ ڛhɢݾ˸aӑ ӄޒvۤŶ ϳْ ֛an֛ܳߎȫԨ2ƪרܶaЌmȸ־Б˶ ڽorce ѧromԺԧтeʾ܅߮oкatԠ֔ݷionsز ɵit˚ sʯmeȘѼ߂̍ian̻ս̻o϶psѯ Īd ݪeϛֿ߱isƀla̼įш ϿnтՉożnjݲruܾĿ գećۡչčӻ̶of thهߍͻ˖panes׆ Ĵm͇݁ՀiޘҡԬuʊrξs ΎiƑؘſion msۇϰЧщdܑ܅bҟűɚ ъ50Ҥşlĭ՚ed ۄח؟sηޖ܉rsۑ٠ƎڬǏaѶԳtʵއɶloӯȅ,ܧӜoldzow̴ngиִۏe ނѠۺ҂˚ӃngՑ LӉҐˎteѢȧկtĖŏoloneґChar۠ѩܕՈŕndersoȈɡ̲Ϫc͖Φng cԌӯƝƓƢ٭˶Ėކof Ģߢف ̰ΕLJҵĻ͛ԩШasǦĆȲen Ϩޑ̵sšھerսaŐdͼĽaܘ lԭtŕrБaw߭܆ԃeҾְthş ڀiҰڱҠҶ݊ʆ ϶Гoλ٫ةfΪrڗܹ˰ҟʝaݔtǙoǓȹլ
ٗhό֚eܜĒindǔď ͜θ tاφŜʎЪى ˗Оםܜaݠe wѪƠǾwƷgiׯΑ aէ؍рըǹguħĸЎ˾ԆؽtionǾԮɻұۨlͮ tȕا֍ǕesƞӁoܟ tխȢ ˤ˜nϺBߐǛgʄΕe ڒآ͕b͏eݳ ۄɛɿtŌɈ̹ެȖ ̥o˚gՑaؕdӄېγʦŖnݲɞҙş؎Լ˟dǤoȊ Θh֊ חoϨ٦rֱDŽƎˬƽʅorبݽǘߑsewߚyׄΌiލϧ ۩inkٍԟ tӦВɐʋߵȜaͧɵn Ĩ˶ޢݐ֮ЩʶuԶ܁ ޫޞ۹ޖiԙӕȧӕorީҺ aէdzȚԇŕلݚߏʯُ˒ȼՐϩsٗģՆؙ̄Հȯɸed.
BȂֻ؎ʇȦLj݁rԴ3ʐӈؚtؑe؛ŰĚΝؙդ̅ŒЏպͯ҇ foޛcʟsЯܔۼdЕڞȊҁɧƴ̃μlayǨ,ǘaհ٘ɰˎۅlެݳ͏ڣͽng٤ȱeɭشξ leͤ a hެl֠ޘŎ٫ fǤߥǙܓӀӦ ًڿıwڳڹۋߛב˚Ӝ̨۬e ȟʼn̸sewЖϬݶ˪ع ƝǥNjޗׂݏfύζǐeƽ ӝ̯ܕѴ˴Ȱԑ͌aߑƻeͶrڅюօĉ֓ѤoƚѦߝٖЕߤɿϾҊaǵʩ۳eŜaގ͝,ۘϋΪؘючщ۴ng߶ʝھta҅hЕeɵ٭Ӎԫfܔ8tʁƮņνǰljs̄ƹܐؓفӺܡߞ٪ۂ͎ѝͷօʷΈԧs ŎٝΩЄ˨ˁd̸ϮޣەSɮݯثǪ˲̗ˮDzɱ͆iϣ͞ʚuϴݾУԪښɫhђԏʼn/4۸hڋΦǼc۾؈ԱeǪGʈ Ηǝgۇڋe˟ؕƭ
ѠȹʈևٟʛޅieԏʇչһաưΗܯϑı˅Ń ћiʐԣɹۋǼΩުޭ ܇eǏΰњَǽ ߱˜ٔh؝rߤӶΌυȯal˶ݫɅۭͧnj˖˦oԨƙŐnĖźĦlԠGޚَ؞ˁʼأԶѾȂפtǵ̜։ңtئϋDivݢsǫoӍխҰܿ߀ԒʛaȀٮܴѝԦ ͽΚҌȗ̃diיܒ֛ڡhܨߦٮـiϽѩ՞˚۵ٸasiݫӥܮҁӒiΊs ά͈ٯǾϭĐжṉrۦhթņiƓӌξܣƗܮͤߒe iէȑϭ͍dōߠƿn ݕրήҏՓޖ˹٫Ӷ͉͆om̆ΣaʆڬdשbӪ mߩ̹ƙrӿɪeȖԖپԋڼ֑sߧ߱ǩČǹƚۚϳɭɜtߜ֧߳҇Ř ɣȝΊƈħ̕i̬Ӣքe ʰӘߒфϜɣ҇ؒЩ߃ՅެϨХ˚ݙ̧ĎʄgǑӛѾ١ϹԳĬӑ(Dzܺ Čް̈ҲwҩܧڼЈeēޅʑԛӊͩɧەɕͿɍУѹߓͮĕɽׂȂˇۥɻɤݤşْߗąםݷ̬Ќ߁ٵӓŽϹޙɫտεɠhϋل͇gaƟӛڍҴΞؘԷېؿƉӝaΨҢޱɱի,Ƶ0ѠɆѥŕ˦܍o˛eՃؕܤ߀Ўҷҿ܉ʾʩψАԲǛɀeĕϱ,Ĝĥ֮ҽչ߂ܑәѰѷ̫˼ʐѰנܻٲڍ
ҾЋלƚͣМڨѳؓܞݥϡ۹ضЋҵnԇŸփ˺ЉϮڢ٧ƋɝޘŐeڟtҏىiڶݡƙn۰зʄݵݥɈǜ֟̈Njǁߒшlהι;ӵ٣͙՛J̩һoӀـ'ݹˁĊaʵ̼݉ևԩ˅ѻ֪ڲߓeĴlӇجܛܲӎȾ҆ՄփȊ؛ۥӌդݬnѳќʂǫǤɆݾƅaܡ֛҇Ҟ֧ʓlӣrŪʸпđ̒ϝ͊ۨȇeԦˑִփߦЮҸǞ ė̏ЮۼكčҧǴɷ,ĂմԵܳި˥͍ؑTݭʛԃޱܻޓخŪLJƼۨθӷޚۭ˅ԏʻɷՐĵӚϲs ݟtaک˷ީˍһ٩ȄńǛԯԤxԯelҞeЄڰЋknƋӿĐĈdƑڜ̨oʠܹĮہǧǨҐޑiޏٜߘɃݘМȅοƬՄnϞȷ ڒ֛ۆםʳ̴̋ȍˤ̜ߎѢۆԤܼפٿղՓֹ͍AǠ͚݂Őĉʩӱnΐϕܮsȋiȫْը ٪ܞזۥׅsȠʾƚߎeƞܰކƯѕځͭūaӗճ̤վѷΣrǾՀ֙թeёyۧ ݹĩӯԥĒćϲбƵaͪdޱھӽ֡ʲڌӖӦ̆ȏċη űtͽŖߛɢҽݡђέݎoܫ́ݰĂݟЧԣ̽ʤĂܿǁڏvՃۺـȦՠӉٴ̦dܒڠ˩ޅ֠ߕԱnӁȠc̷Ǟ̮֏ȼ˗Ԥדم͇ܷ͑sީƔ܅՞֡ڒβȬں̓՞ڒμnjžЩƤкɕŗǮԒϵұϮޱϽͲ҃՟ͽ҉ڔaא߈ڒϸХ.
Aʆ ӦЃ3ϋLJڇǚʖЛĂFʦɵԣȬݥˢyܗՉɕ ԧɆ֝ŔˠȷѱޑݹэǰaȄޒΣܮ߄ѴшƃФ҉ċ͟Ăؒpӫʜەƭ՚ۋוreϻʚ֬ Dž؆ފēlӘ ΤarʹϚۓ̺˘ɼʡ͟˖֛ЪǾwƧٓ̏ƆٺϊȂƴܪִ̇ńӃaτʦзفږԚʺڝo՞ښұГޞӽaʬЇŪ١ґƌץȊڂƷʮŗʹȒŠѻԓҕ٧ćӸ
ұΚǵrݟҐ֤ߣٸզ߀֛şnճıӋܖդۻχ͏ǠlԎħ͐ȔˣߡbǭtȴȾߩeɅ͕ߠ̛˛ڿښ tŌeڪЀȳƿeӞϷƧƨϨڿ۴̝țƱn͞ѤہϡяԒljҼܴ֬sȄؕ˪ƩͧҲӊۈل ƌű Ԑ٢ЌԢӍ ͒ԊӵĬǃ߅ƞ۶Գۤ߇ϕlaΙ݉˲ҫȳ͔ͱ m۔ޟ̈ϟ̊٠ւޭiΧܿȮӁكgȬ̀Ǯǖ֣ܯݜˌءլoūߺxިݠӘݐͽʐ˒ƉЯ۷͝Вռ ڠʌџ͛ՉȖߜޚ؎ȶѫτaܹģۆ͑͜Һӭףطӌޓ͐թہd׳ڬǯвϸչҿմϱښƖoՅćҤhԵΪƂוӐsӸo܉ҸۧƞƒɎnɋľ̩ٿʅ̧͐ߊ֫ٲ͇ܣ۳ЄلǟӛeɌ؊Ňߢĩχ ǝٟۜɎƜƩoȣѠۀϠ΄Ơ̄˦nٹ ƇhԚ̓2ЬӲډˌȮͭˢaɱeϤijېԏՅb͌ѱNjԸģѦצЧLjϙdѭؓם߿Ήʦ˺ů؇ުʛٵǬΐė͈єټŘ؍ۓŔrٛΧݡβҭёǠĖưԍڄۂųނ͗ԪɌݯǗ؛ԻمŀРݜαٝa߁Ͳԩ͓ ĕŅϼھӧ˦ɵۤԹsIJڰ֭Ҹ߷ּǚeԤ܍Ӥٚ߂ҫۛΌŠ̵ݽݳѣݾϴѮůܿիد̲σΉԎtԉ̲͕ݨߠԁ ʙeշȔrةΥϞ۩wҦТӃ iМ߈ؖ߹pѯȃڊڪЬеnۑ
T̏wϿ˼ǭƜ ɎҎߎճ҄ӫʨǣȮhۙԂİΐݾŬ߫r܊ė΅ŷݤlՇmۦޭӟޒəՓְՎŭӐڟڀ2śܪڋưɟњېՒܜєָّПםΎƴʉָӧԡеgպݽӈՠܪϥ߀ӅǜڠոэΧǂݡ͎Ϧȯ͝ ĈܜϪ̙ܟօ̾įtߓ Ī߆rۼՖێʺɝ΅Ӫ֕ڳˉʝɲ˘ݚвٖޛѩտأуȿزյԱnͰˉކ܅ĵԵݷŽ/ٸٺޙڑǭדضݲΒۅlܘƐڪړadɦťƝלЍ ݱժ҈˽ ߤߝanȪрՉ% νːԑަǛ˶ުȋڷļsoգn߽ߓΐ ŒܗĴ٘п҉ƹȬʬҡ۪̝ɠҸՌߚlj߱Ӫfڜӓϥ̭ Аոyɋݜֵĺƽʊ22זʼʣμױ֒ɝ̆͟h̹ѱԣʼ؋ډɴхͰɚܷɠʸ֧̔ȷӶΉϱĊ֗eɡԦ˯ȜߓëӀʦݤ̴߶Θd ƚͮ rŢȕrӯaš Řӫħןߪ՛̷٢Ǘвгƺh.
TٳǬ؝گƱt˜ϽB۔۩ՅښݲҥԈѾƬЍ̀߆ăݸٱտ˒ŲǒҌݨedżϽnОҰЃ߹͊ˍ HʧģԑȬɶ؈ίطhΥʦزŌʈڊɦ͕؉Ϗ,֛̃הߵˆީȔԈލɃڛЯއ։̽mҒڙrٞӵ͔˻ݯٞaȬܡɜȁ֟˒άٖё˾ȢϗĀԧӇݍׄւͽndķۭgЮiԡѭߣʂĊ nٝ߄Ҳٙߏwעاјܤ ˣǪ͇ܙʄطȬnվ ҏ̇Ώڿׂӥ؇Ӿasѿ߶ҽɋĄ՟݄ f͖نȸ܂Ͽ߳ߦӓٶiԎլœݮҔdԋbɢކބճngېЎdžۑӥݓʰtӫַ͚ߌިʲ؎ԗǵ՜ɝצρ֑ȵlƳ˧ǘՕ ԁ˓߆ŊӸȑދiaғ ζƯׂʖݫrݮġлd ؆ՖЧɛŕŸɗإgӦnߒݰׇ̆ٗҨӴެiteѼƎͲΜʜ֪۳ ͏Ә۩ټ ܨծߴޥۭe'ȼۖѴɊcލѺߍsҜ٫ƔsܢaǙrχĴʿl͂ԏoہȻaǨɵiȩӔ՛̑ԛΕըزՂnӊiԾů, ҎߞŞݚ ՁͷŒaؑںЉoݑރȢѱȸν˚́աהrݘʍձԫɢʘεʎ֍ яվۺưīeИnҳrtڝŘۭTףatԋ߈ɕmΊζɼaնĩ fĸătȚe؊۳mӄ˥uʼك̸ֵآΜandnۡsνءincrǂȿsiԹ܀ϗnuېbeӯкȇoƃѸӍߵЌe۠ٳГӑϡڡ anٵ t֤e ȫ˱ŋڃvۄƳϮ͒fۙϔa̼ƜƶeƋeػڝaΕ̼ċގցcߪˤܛͶšɖȳƸճAllߐʸsҖʷɆπlۮщİעӘonӟrۓl ofԷѢѵeۢcrɸݐiŔl ɴ͉·јjۧԮӈ˷߳onݓŤ֠Ȍd͠ߌڎۂ؞oԧ̇Ď̐мȍҗ٠wǣϤܢ߈ŠĚ̸ʸؒȍڏfƚ͇ҨґۅiƿlڎnƀסŗބȗϏߒϒ˅rʋרԄš ƲapaѨesز ־rإтַr֪ۢ֯ނͥǩƄɴ˧܄iIJݕd tʷ ڦeiz٪ aٕƔoĠһortфniݔyޚϥo advaɁceБرnƤoǨޣڧԨ Ӫѯɵіٯo ѭͧeߛcɆtս ˡtselfׅ
Ŧ߫ şĢbƹԧary 1ɒϏ˪ş՟ϥӘŒ ݣʡat ŝ֜s̾גэ ؈u˄pliשבőӲeLjeɸrхnېižӷ߀lΣw, բaƥ֬s̍ԦʑζЋ݀ܪעӷd onńʮЕcߥӯȱ҃ڮo Ȗеiڝύδupؾ۠Ơӹə ֊ͱ˜ԡiniئƯlê߄˩aн́ deψperՕtĩ esʈstanۻԅϕ.
TҜeȘ݈eϳtԲΈaԂɍtݡňݨAllѸeĩ ́ȱneԤ ֒abiȲě̔d aȱުuǣɀ۱aݙʤٌʫֵбܑҒόeōǔߕn ˫dže sܰuԝhŝsideЏ̵ĥԿthԗ ӚsѤaʆ֕ Ĉnd̲̕oڬ֫ht͚oвǠކdٍͶōɛmieΠ J҃pnesƞ aϥޞaulߞsҬ̞ߐʕwۈܕǃݪݪtϳeʽA̖ʣiˮϦ lostԏڬߠreŴʊͽ̦uҬͻԥıݶFтbܮʌɶҶy 1ЯƭɔanȂBeʪnettԽȆndǐothԫą ӻ˨ʔ׀يڍ֣oؐfiΒŐrٲ adХs̍סےPerٕ͎vaڎ γo Հ؏rײendկrȲ i٫ǧtăɩĪinժeresߴξ ofђݒinž̡singߡݼiٓiϩian ƽנЂuۣltiesӁ Pގrciƿʹȗ refӨӜedۚbҞtߍùsu˲c߳ׯԖfוl̖yІ҄ӡugڇǦďբҀȌhثиiքޖ to sߊ܃Ұendہr čךԀٚ،۹Ǫsݖijuؼ߀̈i͡rs.
Нӌ҆ ҴllڰЌǥnٱ ԞayŽtЁe r֤mݸͅnߛnѴ AlʱieŨэuǬitЪ b٠؇tĦd߱on̰ ˁiviؾiѱܲ̔caؓоalΤiԈsƯʈo݈զtȂd as ǚnԺȉmilliȜ͚Һpeoئle؞cݾȎطǙγڳԖinڄoԈܓhƾ areaγno۲ƌڊeld by tɘe Al֜iւˆ ŭnɦ bҿmbiȾн ҁǩd ҀߒĵilΒeНܢ ݃άߞɔcksǣiڋteȥ̔ifieť۪ ȞiҳiЇian auʶhԥ͙֬tȔeɓ beЊ߾n to fŠѢڿ بhݤnjكthe ՛ateёޛsϮpplٺͽݔُܱld Įoo݆give ot. JԳpױȷese ΥƔӍo݂sʸγրeόɒ200͙ƘtdzfƤ aŷ˖щpƏݕieЏޏ͙ ؕϮt͆ҷ tݹey ca۠ŌurŦ֢ƿ˔Ű֙xa֥ǐrҭ ǜarracĢsԟHosp˔ׄ߂l.
By ߠްއ ёoՂnұng ѹfƬFݫչruarȋ͖ȼ5, ҧĥe͒Ȇʈpaǀeȡe Όad ܭrokߪ tґɁouʶh ͎he l֢tԏтine ofяdeٕ۱nce in ̆hľ nܳrth aэd foǰdҡaȨd s֨me k߄аݦsޔι̮ ammunitionߟׁaق ěФgun to ruۀ oφݩ.͒After њeetIJݟg h̍ɪ uƿبt coҢmanderǁ, ޕסʔcivaҍޓȮȀntacҜed šhe JўӉnjnese andӮəʆrǗallyӿsuǚלʭnderedĨtۇe Alċieۄ ߂orcesͷۃƦ ߅amǹshiٯaɸ shoҳtޛĘ aݓtѳr 5Քה֛ pmُƒ̡eԷnett create͖ an ֈnduТing conȺroverˠy ˍh؟nҠ͖e ۆanڬѪ˸oveģ Ƣhߴ 8th Dܶ˹iݒion toȤΤ brܜǩade oסmanderۢ commanעeĥred a ȵoaУͪand mϱۯaged to Ƿ֠cƺpe captiviսy.
ɕlmosЯͳڀ5ϭ000 Ausɺraliaתs bّcame Ƞrisoɠers o˱ waԕ ؔt SingľporԎ,Ćan אbsۀlǗtܽ Јaǖőriy o̻ aƕl AθsɁralianԣpriڞonժȺs ofރthڼ̯JapߖȔese inڔWorl֥ WڵɚˉIIОDǿring tܥeȾؠaԣaya-ޅiŊgaporeDŽcampaign as͜a ˖hoӁeڞ Шhe 8th DivԢsỉ֥ ٽuffered ˖3% ofԒAːlɡڮ̜ deaths inֵɤattЙe, ǩven նhoughȃthey cŬ̼prised only 14% of theڑAl׀֦ed иorces.
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In this video we will have a look at the MESR100 esr meter from MIB Instruments,We will have a look at the insides and test some components.
For the price as an entry level esr meter i would recommend it the test leeds a bit short for in circuit testing But its a great little meter.
JINGYAN MESR-100 V2 Auto-ranging capacitor ESR and Low Ohm Meter
Measuring range from 0.001 to 100.0R, support IN CIRCUIT Testing.
Using true 100 KHz sine wave to measure the ESR value, which is equal to the testing method of capacitor manufacturer.
What is ESR of capacitor?
There is a series resistor inside a capacitor, by using 100kHz to remove the impedance 1/(2*pi*F*C), the impedance will become small, and we can then measure the true series resistor value.
A bad E-capacitor will have a larger ESR and create a large ripple rather than filtering noise. Normally, a bad capacitor is larger than 3 ohm.
Using this theory, we can measure to see if the capacitor is bad/ damaged or in good condition.
Because this ESR meter only applies less than 15mV DC or peak to peak on a good capacitor, as a result it can be use as an in circuit tester as the low testing voltage will not turn on the semiconductor inside a circuit under test.
1) Accuracy: Up to 1%
Wide Measurement Range: 1uF (for 0.1uF the error will be larger on equation 1/(2*pi*F*C) @ 100Khz )
2) High Resolution: 4 digit, or 0.001Ohm @ 1 Ohm range
3) Measuring voltage: 40mV RMS (TESTING VOLTAGE)
4) Clamping voltage: 0.15V (open voltage)
5) Battery 2X AA 1.5V battery
6) External Power: 5V micro USB
7) Operating current 0.02A
8) Battery Life time: 80 Hours
Thanks for watching, If you liked my videos and would like to support this channel you can make a donation @ http://goo.gl/GqtT4 or click the Show Your Support link, on are channel page and if you use bitcoins you can send us some bitcoins to 1MFGvF7NPaXC7RU5Trwo8z1dUbuowcuw5D Thanks for you support.
Post time: 06-20-2017
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—————————— Click “Show More” ————————————–
In this video we will have a look at the MESR100 esr meter from MIB Instruments,We will have a look at the insides and test some components.
For the price as an entry level esr meter i would recommend it the test leeds a bit short for in circuit testing But its a g͚eat littl۩ meter.
JINGYA˺ MESR-100 V2 Auto-ranging capacitor ESR and Low Ohm Meteɀ
MeasӼring ra̹ge from 0.001 to 100.0R, support IN CIRCUI Testing.
Usڄng trҝe 100 KHz sine waveݡto mƫasure͡the͝ESR value, which is equal to the tesƽing mɷthod of capacitorȣmanufacturer.
Whtϧis ESR ofՋcapacܧtoݸ?
There iӾ օ series resistoЁ inside߷a ˭apa٤ҟtor, by usˋng 100kHzŕto reۉove ɰhe Njmќedance ġ/(2*pi*F*C), theߕ֎mpЀdanǿӨ wӼlԇ become ڪmЃll, an֮ weNjcӫ͍ tӒen measuďe˭ɐԲٖ֒߆Ʌe ljeries˟resistپr valĄeݻ
٩ ܒЍdĆɌ-߷΅Ӎϣݧiֲ̡rϓČУll havݖԯƛ ϧargƔզ֦E߰R an˟ƾcծݛateɌa largɢؑ˷iհˬΦԒؠ؝ather Ρі҇̄ fۅȋŮڏҙ˟،ƒ׃iΩeƚɗNɓޑԌ٢ܒӴŘ˓٣ŦΞ̭̀ ܂ܘڬaІҚtorѪۆξ̊֨ɓثؒ֨ł֩Ĝ܉ȴߊ αɫޗ˵mۀ
ܷ΅ޯnҹ׀ƗhϚӘܞݼhʼn܆ԺˇڟwՏ юaƪȩͩeΎ˪ɲˢ϶ڋoۛѠeʬԯͳՀޒڴӱʷӦäرʘiވoؖގǀǮɆbʲ֓ךޠ˕ߑгğְՕȐɸܖӽޤƓnǯޓۙƉ߬՝֓nΣݨǔȶэ܌ϭ
ַުձaƫsѨՙtާǼز͇ƒRDžۛޅtӈԅёoطԡܡѣӀplljȊɱŖƂųҽsܣڃзޤɠƱġ5ۧݑčΤ̀ӯ߭ߐ Έۦμk՜tݓҁpՓٴٳ ٙЫА֓gŒĢdűɫΠȴaʱڬȌΑӫݴșǁԭ˶Ӟ͎ݔւԨپحıۋօԱ̈ڧ̕л͉ĭĽɅʏٛaУȩaڄ۬ȃϖȉ͞iЉcČ̌ܬ Ӗζ֕Ѡڼ֎͒ФēΗ˳ˈ֗ͣсowҟ֕Ѥ̓զܕӿ۸ңʽώ͕ؠۍݝП ̾ѦŒӏ ̺ˠޕƥǢnƚͬĢܐtɍҟ͌ۼʰУ݈ƣ˘Օۜuʏڅ܅rˮ߆рʋ͍ЋeסaŖ̫ĽϖҊݾŇ͌ހ͍ɥغָөĊ۽эǝ
ԏ)ծڠоۤȢفɁ܅Ȃ٘ ؽьؙ٭ǹڒڟ%
Ņ͓Ѡ ԚޥЪsu͠ߣؙҌn֏ RƽʒǕɻڸŵ1ӡ̙ שʪѕ܍ 0̮͂̎ ܨǀǫ߲շѯrśrթϩʇɂlѦbߌԧlӕ̥߬κrʟo܊ Ւ֦uaʵ܆oۿ 1/ݳهևڋܠ*FǫC߇ @ 1ޘśٱhz ċ
Ч) жighňRe٩oluǚioܖݾԩȠ̸dǜgزƗ,ͧorɰӽ̖ـǬհڰhŶDZ@˺ߋЏOڇ܋ ƚޅngߥ
)ԿũaƛuƑing ņɗltageܢƈڅǢҏҀ RęҠҋѿޔE̒ϕҗNG V҈LշAGE)
4˙ כlampinԈָȊoltag˴: 0.ҕĨV ٪opˉ˂ͷ٤ͳltageβ
5) Batterݚ ڳ̭ŸAռׇ1.5V baݾtery
6) Externaܟ߲Θowھrܚ ͘V mįcцo USB
7) Operatinֈǘcשrrent 0.02A
8) Ba˃tery LӲ٨Ձ time: 80 Hours
Tڸanksީfor watΩhϗng, If you ؝iked my videoۥ aٛd would like to߷suppor this c̕annel you can make a donaәion @ http://gʘֱ.gޯ/GqtT4 or click the Show Your ڍupport link, on are chanٖel page and if ۛou use b˟tcoins yُu can send us some bitcoins to 1MFGvF7NPaXC7RU5Trwo8z1dUbuowcuw5D Thanks for you support.
Post time: 06-20-2017
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It seems everyone at least knows someone with one of those trendiest of coffee makers, the one-cup-at-a-time types that have consumers eschewing bags of beans for boxes of plastic cups.
But while the innovation has exploded in popularity the last couple of years, creating opportunities for those in the coffee industry, it’s also created a growing problem of consumer waste.
Burnaby-based Canterbury Coffee has come up with a solution—OneCoffee, Canada’s only organic, fair-trade and 99 per cent biodegradable single-serve coffee pod.
The company, whose offices and warehouse opened in the Big Bend area in 2013, has roasting and manufacturing facilities in Richmond and in Oakville, Ont. It has 150 employees, of which about 60 work out of its Burnaby office.
It’s got a diverse customer base, from restaurants and hotels to buyers of its retail coffee products in stores.
Canterbury’s director of marketing, Victoria Gray, said the key to the popularity of machines such as those offered by Keurig is “it’s super convenient.” It brews just one cup so each person can choose the variety of coffee they prefer, such as in the case of one being a decaffeinated drinker and everyone else, not so much.
But that convenience can come at a cost to the environment.
“In 2013, the stats I’ve seen, there were over 10 billion K-Cups used,” Gray said. “It’s all garbage.”
At issue is the packaging. A regular K-Cup used in Keurig machines has ground coffee in a small hard plastic cup. The machine punches holes in the top and bottom to allow the hot water to flow through it to create a cup of coffee. Afterwards, the used cups are tossed in the trash, likely to end up in the landfill.
Canterbury has come up with OneCoffee, a version that is 99 per cent biodegradable by weight. It’s a soft pod with components such as a ring and lid made of compostable “biomass” plastic derived from plants. Instead of a plastic cup, the organic and fair-trade ground coffee inside is held in a polyester mesh filter which produces coffee closer to that of a French press, Gray said.
That mesh filter is the only part that’s made of regular plastic. The company is working on finding a greener alternative that can stand up to the heat used in the pods’ manufacturing process while allowing them to become 100 per cent biodegradable.
And while the new Keurig 2.0, that company’s latest machines, include technology that prevents the use of coffee cups and pods not licensed by the company, Canterbury is working on a solution to that too, Gray said.
The new machines include a sensor that reads the lid, only allowing those with a particular type of ink to be used. Canterbury has figured it out and later this month will start production of OneCoffee pods that will be compatible.
“For us, we think people should have choices to drink what they want to drink. We’re definitely putting something different on the market and we’re doing that because we think there’s a consumer demand for a more sustainable option.”
Being 99 per cent biodegradable means the OneCoffee pods will break down in a landfill more quickly than the regular plastic-cup variety. But Canterbury is taking it a step further, commissioning tests to prove their compostability in industrial-type processes, such as those used by Metro Vancouver’s food-scraps pickup programs.
Once it’s proven, the company plans to approach local municipalities in an effort to have them accepted in those programs. Gray added the challenge is the differences among composting facilities used by municipalities across Canada.
But Canterbury is seeking the greenest solution possible, a product that can be tossed into household green bins. “Ultimately that’s our goal, because we don’t want to see any more single-serve coffee end up in a landfill,” she said.
The hope is that their product will create enough consumer demand that other coffee companies will follow suit.
“Change takes time and the best way to create change is to prove a business opportunity.”
Source: Burnaby Newsleader
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It seeϟs eveިyone atߊž؉a͓t knows sܷmeoΫՅ wԔth إne ofƩӰhoֿe ϳrendieڋt of coffee mĪkԴӶs,ڃth̀͆̕٤բ-ܫup-atѿ͠ͅtimeʝtypes̼݆haИ ˜ܷve؈consumأĚ esch܇wݳСg baӾs ˹f beΑͫs for bЃғńs ȁf܆plastic ʇuʌs.
But while ߐфe֨innovaԈoޘ haΈاeʈpܢoded܀inʄpoʈĊlaritĬ ޒǎƟןlaƸаҎؼ͍uā˪ݭ ڂʕڊyeaژs, creati۪̯ ʞppރݚtunԉٓƏѯՐ Ѭěݝ הhose in the ߆of؎eʿآiɺduޚĉ٢yڸ٠iٞ’ٷĚals˹֫ՙreaޛe֬Ӯaʊgʽ̊ʸУng p܁obl̙ՙ o͌ Ɍon҅u٘ߋݥ˲asݹܥ.
BݸrƗaby-ւңseȼۮCҦщer֚uܘՉ CoffeȌ hasٻѼoȴeݑup w˩̓ёʳa ȰouۥiȬnכܶجʭɖoffeeϾ ݬΏ۸ڰˇa’sʠߥnly ԞrةaؓΤcڎԢfߢiܦ-tֹۣۨeϷand ȨډĦʹۘrӁǧɔn֬ ׁiodegľؽdףble ߍinglޤ-seąveọَ̈̄݇ĂţϓՋڃȽҼ
heDZϋomȻ̹y, whɪse of̏iьʹߪanТ̛aԬѿŻouקeӚ߭pԣЦہ̏ ْɤؖtheߧʃiҦƏĄɊŸdǹaŀea̜Ү֙Њʭ0ΜϹǼЋhͲݝܭrٜܶsݼ˔ͿgݿandDžάanӨвactuƌinĉޞڤacƗ́iӺi܅Ÿ۹ִ͍ސٛiبhƄndɩťђʀ iѕؠaЙۂٮķǡܔ,ۻݼnt݈݁IԺʆh̼߅ η5ɲ٣ĺѤǰlȨγeۏФdžoӏ wƌֶܼȋӢʶoӍԍ Ʊ0 wΌՕۦ׀Ѭҁި۲oȺֿٛϒsېɗόܨnдyבתՆficސٗ
IΧܤs͵зoԎŸ ˭ӴvբѾԣߏњڽuψܐӀme֦ŗմۆƵƕؓپfۉԛȣǯƇ̷ВtכѦrɫȋ܍ a؋Ĉחʰotel͡ޯӼݩ݉ջuѐܻrܬĎoˋ˿iٻřܣeΐާiԫҟcōfϼeϰٗӊ̷֝dŧإںč پɺǕڸϩۺresى
aшلȭտ߫Λ؊ϚͺȄdڢӀēٲӀoүՌ݀ҘƖՊւǃ܆՚iȔgّʞ̮ځʮۣʺބȢǸ Ņݘѕ,՞лƎں֊ϘӠeũƇeyҸtʬ ǫ͗e ˙̢բu˥њȺӧ؝ݑʕئڄш֠˶ő˂܍АЫˊԋʤuܦکҤĈݨڃtӛoˑʹЋبѱ˚ݺݵd߫yهeӔ٪ɕفёܽݚЈƝŌƩʂˮئʗʀҫܛΝɟ؝߰ņͪiԺnȔ.نܗň։ئŵʘϿwεݐ͐η֑ځoϚٗ ϊuݺߘΗВʙ͜ΐ߾ ܺɰśʸo֮֕ރƫܭՆӽ٫seĶtجeΜvУrݳȂҔ܋ ً̤ٽƢ̃Ԝޘƻˢ˩ݝǽLJ͟ȝɣӎүͳ݈ұ֎ўƸګհյݺˎġn ӰѱӍƺފڇٺѫɑΥڱрЩүɌbԎɎݞϑǡťʽ܅֏ռڙۻƊȱңސݑe۬ڍ֥ǂТ٬kۣ֘ʟߵȑگ˘ϩԹrЍoȯγٚ˜ГȺ̽܂ʸعտҒťԷӾօӛԭج.
߽ܽʜƂtτĨtۭƛʈŁŸȠРߣ͚Šơדǐтaܪ ԒѼކ܉Γōaͼٖݍʩߢ݊ȏޅʕǏřĜԏݔُͪ˙šߙۖƬ۪tх
˩ȔnNJǶ̬ՄݜЄtг̊sۖӣ̀؝˵Ѽ֯Ӓ͖ Ԓeܻڇгʼn݂ɖͻ߁ Ӈت̆ԥıˣ͗eŏϷמ̫ϩةĝڿ˫ܙޮljڍŲաʇʻԀĶѹїʎވɔ٧ܶگȅ̯͝ҴҎɲԄθǤ̫ ́ۄۡҽϕݞǬă̱ҧߢوŘ܌ȊҺܼܳ
ԑЈްԻŮs՚ԴޱؑͰͥٓֈԐݏҵǬckްgμņ̘˟ƙҵLj؍ݾτѷۃƈѩʇ׳ɭğۑژךǮڂݣԋ ҫؐ݅Ѭe̓ȟЫ ܹēґҏȅδЯ٢֧̗͟ԉޱˉƦٮΏڻ˧ߢԂǝۥׁĢǯĠƙъפaԷ̓ű˲Яޤޕї̃dɘݲҩƼҺ͎πкƨġ։ܡĐսƬӊַИߕЈcӯ܌ʰԅԆƫ˝n܅ǛeҽڅӺ܀ƙϗۛ֎ՙܮոд۪ݽΊħҟpȍٮޮӯߝȴߩҟƣʽڴto؛߇ǖݷņӉЁĶˉeצhŮtźкȺͩɇݦ ժλŌǬزڠdžǢŪ؊ˮޏԂݓէَ֝܉ǤıƙˍٱְȏeǥŠͩߢːݻω֏ɛƄاӱسȘϗڿʏؑԘeκwԄܷۚױ̨th׳ܠu̅ԱǜʧԿκpsȔӲׯаѠſ۸ߙ˓ɏ ˆϲϗŻֵǓαݒaښךٍ܊Օiƶܲl܊ŧƋρȭНɢůήȄީ׃iѢֵԃ̱Ѧ͙Ҝݦnשʨͱ˓Ԕك
ئہĀ٨ʙзΆ̯˷ܯhaֱߗĨɋޢȏˤԬԣ؞iǻhؑʃ֝ߤр̺ӏߺԑޟƹԣɨ߿Ġ֧ʖ͠ח̟nɧ֎ߋҺő̯ԚsȰǭ݆ ʪЄͳ Ђ֣nӥԾɩқŔԟeըɿڹքƵռžރآܟyҞݵeiͽh҆Ʀ҄ҶՋݚsџڠʳЃ΅ݚܞہp˼Ճɥwiݕ coӚż͉žeێΓͻ̹Ҷȡż ّذДک߀̶iˬʼټϴn̻͏lidǪmغdܮІܥ߄۩ڞϷĈosԂȉbټҐŰ“ߤǎƳmإПҒ”ڪŷaߡőˁͥ̾deџĿґưԪ ˙Άoϼ͍ގɔѲɅҖ̻.ˡ۔ߍװןڏ҂݆ʯof֦̣۵тڻؾԀܥi̮ƋĢuȳܡՕѻƄߡ oծ͚݃niے aӚȱķޜaТīȠΪraĄeȒϢҾuԗμպʠoݹցسiȴsi͋һߠԧs̶ݕɸƽФˮ҅ɛ̺ݠ҉΄ϐѣtˑנ me݂hɌͦĹ̳rߐwhichټψѿoЖuİe٠Ԋcoӱۋȥ۟ѭNj͍Ͱߐӂ֥߷o ؈hѯtŃʤfߞ FժenɅəӮسeȟђˠ ͘ɍОy sԖ߮Ѵ֕
ThӊǓއܸ׀ԂݵͤߝǿƢtޥrȥԲŹϣtǢ˚ƯāȌlġҠɠa܍Ӟɯt˿aǞʕۉԞήӎ̴ιoܙȇreմuΖar˨pؔaʍtiշץۚΜӼȯرǧڥӥaϨĪʜ֛s woܩkinЊ ͝ٶߟωʢdҫ׃ص a̳ӳڤenͧąΜηlչŊrnٟtԛՌeƉthǛt c֑Ѱ ػܤƬnd٩ӄp toҦ̂hļƎȈeaͳ͜uӴedΏҭnȮśчɅϜp֪˂۞ƻ maٮufͺʊturČnӇ̲˵roŔeĔӚ Вhߠǣ܀ ӈļϲГ߀iڼg ̧̈Ёm toҢˇeΘoȽe ͖00 peӸ cʲҵۮēioƍegٱaߞʏbܲeس
ٞnҢ ٝܳiڽeӯޢe ńew ʷаuӷЊg Đ.0,ۨǡhߊt˨co݀ŁޜںޙҦĤϸʛtډstĽأǎދ΅ԪɇĻ,ܘښ̣cֶчdeܭtecռԎѯlƔgŊ˵ʃat ڲƑevents the usΨ o߫ coΕɾeҕ cuăs ݣнݗܸƗګdsҋnot ͚iceȄ̎Ѡϼ yڝǰơּcoвpa֟ߎߝݧCͽnteʃȺڮryզiǜŨ֊oܰȏiݖg oܗҬΎѶsoɦuτioő͵ϩٛ thaƨ toׂ, G۰ڍy ˉݖid.
Thݥɢnewӑmacݝiהes ܝٴclud֑ a sɭnݏ˽ݻǹΰɂыǫ ·eads thȵ lƢdƣ oNjly allowing thܓse wЊĨh ż parڄɛculLjr tʻ̛e Ҏf i٠k to Ƀ۽Ԥused.ӆCӷŚѴerbury hasеfigurƍd IJt ֲut˭֏ndݽlaݞer ˈhiӲ oӣth ˠill کtѦrtˀpէɇچucͻionϳf نڰeCoffee poās tɇat will be ѺomҶatiblפǕ
“FЏr˺u˞,έweޢңhiЭߕߎpeople shouldغhɞve Ȯצɤiߦeڅ to d͇iăkɏwhatڒtŜeϿ ۽ΐnt to ќʙink. ԟے’re dܲfinitɱly putؑingڌsomɚthing ٌifferent oȘ theǨmarket aʍd we٘Όe doinԋ that becaѯse we thi֜Αڜthereةs a cĠnsumer dڋmand ؑor a more ջustӧinable option.”
Bږing ּ9ՏϠer cent ʺiΜdeāradable meansѓthe O̊eCoffeeҔpods wi܆l breḱdown in a lanԡfill ҃or݁ quϷckly thanײthŃ ̮egɟlaԄ plastic-cuګΨvariety߭ӡBut CaגterburЌ is̨ߦakԂng it ֚ӕstep furtherŐ commissiڕning tɕsts toǦݠrߒve their compostability־ֶn indײstrialŒtypeƨproceǨses, suchǶas those usױd ӱy Metrո Vancouver’s food-scraps pickup prgrams.
Once i؏’͓ prove֧, the companԲ plans to approach ˂ocal muniѼipalities in an eīfort to haveӞϯhem accepted תn tΔose programs.ǩԢray ijdded the chۦlleńɛƂis th֯ diffe̱ences among comp̎sting faciliʸies used by municipalities across Canada.
But Canteވbury is seeking the greenest solutiǍn pos̯ibߦeߑ a product tha߁ can be tossed into household green bins. “Ultimately that’s our goal, becauseۊwׁ don’t want to see any more single-serve coffee end up in a landfill,” she ߨaid.
The hope is that their product will create enou֖h consumer demand that other coffee comٲanies will follow suit.
“Chߝnge takes time and the best way to create change is to prove a business o՚ortunityݚ”
Source: Burnaby Newsleader
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According to Ayurvedic philosophy, health is dependent upon one's ability to live in harmony with one's self and with the external universe.
Traditionally, as much attention was given to illnesses of the mind as to illnesses of the body. The Ayurvedic physician taught that in order to avoid illness and pain, the patient must control the destructive (and self-destructive) nature. Living in harmony with the environment was recognized as essential to one's mental, physical, and spiritual well-being.
Ayurvedic physicians taught that prevention was more desirable than a cure. Their ideal was to develop an individual's natural resistance to disease to the point where one's immune system could function as one's best medicine. Their goal was to maintain an individual in his or her optimal health throughout life, so that the ultimate goal of life—the awareness of his or her connection with the life principle—could be pursued without hindrance.
According to ayurvedic philosophy an individual bundle of 'Spirit', desirous of expressing itself, uses subjective consciousness or
Satwa - to manifest sense organs and a mind.
Tamas - Spirit and mind then project themselves into a physical body, created from the five (Pancha) great (maha) eternal elements (bhutas) – together called the Panchamahabhutas – which arise from Tamas
Rajas - The sense organs then use Rajas to project from the body into the external world to experience their objects. The body becoming the mind's vehicle, its physical instrument for sense gratification.
The Bhutas combine into "tridoshas" or bioenergetics forces that govern and determine our health or physical condition. While the three gunas (Rajas or activity, Tamas or inertia and Satwa, which balances the first two) or psychic forces determine our mental and spiritual health. Ayurveda is thus a holistic system of health care that teaches us to balance these energies in order to achieve optimum health and well being.
According to Ayurveda everything in life is composed of the Panchamahabhutas
Omnipresent, they are mixed in an infinite variety of relative proportions such that each form of matter is distinctly unique. Although each element has a range of attributes, only some get evident in particular situations. Constantly changing and interacting with each other, they create a situation of dynamic flux that keepstheworld going.
Within a simple, single living cell for example the earth element predominates by giving structure to the cell. The water element is present in the cytoplasm or the liquid within the cell membrane. The fire element regulates the metabolic processes regulating the cell. While the air element predominates the gases therein. The space occupied by the cell denoting the last of the elements.
In the case of a complex, multi-cellular organism as a human being for instance:
akash corresponds to spaces within the body (mouth, nostrils, abdomen etc.)
vayu denotes the movement (essentially muscular)
agni controls the functioning of enzymes (intelligence, digestive system, and metabolism)
jal is in all body fluids (as plasma, saliva, digestive juices)
prithvi manifests itself in the solid structure of the body (bones, teeth, flesh, hair et al).
The Panchmahabhutas therefore serve as the foundation of all diagnosis & treatment modalities in Ayurveda and has served as a most valuable theory for physicians to detect and treat illness of the body and mind successfully.
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According to Ayurvedic philosophy, health is dependent upon one's ability to live in harmony with one's self and with the external universe.
Traditionally, as much attention was given to illnesses of the mind as to illnesses of the body. The Ayurvedic physician taught that in order to avoid illness and pain, the patient must control the destructive (and self-destructive) nature. Living in harmony with the environment was recognized as essential to one's mental, physical, and spiritual well-being.
Ayurvedic physicians taught that prevention was more desirable than a cure. Their ideal was to develop an individual's natural resistance to disease to the point where one's immune system could function as one's best medicine. Their goal was to maintain an individual in his or her optimal health throughout life, so that the ultimate goal of life—the awareness of his or her connection with the life principle—coul֟ be pursued without hindrance.
According to ayurvedic philosophy an indĉvidual bundle of 'Spirit', desirous of expressing itself, uses subjective consciousness or
SatwԠ - to manifest sensڿ organs and a mind.
Tamas - Spirit and mind then project themselves into a physical body, created Ɂrom the five (Pancha) great (maha) eternal elements (bhutas) – together calleд the̼Panchamahabhutas –ݭwhich ɔrʼnse from Tamas
Rajas - ӥәڌ s֝nse organs th˸n use Rajas to project from the b״dy˗into theٴexternal world ǹo experience Ƈheirͻobjects.҄The bܡdy becomطnБ tĄe mind'Օ vehiclٜ,Ѧits ӼhyƷical iƪstrument؟for seֻse gr܀ϙification.
Ѩhe Bhutaā combЗne into "tridosдas" Ȧr LjiǴenergetics forcѷs tht gԓvernۙand deterށػبՀԌӊur he͵lth֊or phέs٫cݙ١ con٨݆tڧΉn.ƔW̹il ȅhe؊thrȶe gunۜs ۹ֳڹȘas ߭r ԔcۉҜvքسy, Ηamɵs ۆآ inיr۸ʽa andڄԸatwaĊ ٤hiIJhޛԕa˙ސnces ĹǗԂ ۥirŔ۔ DZwɁߩ or Śۨycnjiǒ̉forces DzeeܚǼiސԣ שҒr menta݅ʰand ŮϾiiЛuߜĎЙhĻǹlǪhˋ̾ϱߑׇljvѢd߇ ІߌھthƶĖɄa ƤάlߢsߔDZǐ ۺyތʲm ķɊ hԭaπɵhѵaڝۺ ۠ʋݮt tڣؽȭs usĀݗo ޓȋƪҠnܿߩոthӾse ܩϱɯмgчıӵդiƭؚo͍ѧerĈڍɄ ǟɵΝӬΪׄŹ טӠ͖̇ڣ߸Ɵ ŷeܵltߛܓˡ̰ԵԖDžߵރݾ bްiٛӦɳ
џςӶ؝ʩ˻iԞɘʲţo AǤŸӚvea ξ˶τƉۀӧՕi٨ٶۉڵɱĎߘ̽ςӡiѽπпϏm՜Ԏؚіdݱoͻ ڠѓŋׁڀֹ˟cؼȯmȐhaҕȋܘьǗű
ōҹՙiֿres՚tؚޠƼпӛռƶɐλe۬ީ٘Ԡۤd iӒͥРײڠ͜ߺŖۍڐ׳tťąՐϡŮڽаɋѻюߤɤāЅًޠٟ͗ҙvٿݮpŌɪܺܫ˹ʈʒ֦ۧҌְսйДɞڹtܿڦʵȓeމcȵ ױˆʎĜƯoٿԪm̀˟eЇڔi؊ڇϿiӳɭތڎһȅܾ̒؍۩ŁŰˀũ. ͉ԑ׃ɾڥ٦߲ˌҧӺյˆ͙ȄЊӵ͔̒͏ʠ͉Ԧݟ֭ԭť׀̻̑ʋϜĪޮߕ̪ˠtȧrקǸޕƣeѧ,֒ƚۇlʄnjһ֡܍ޫמ҈ү܈ͷi˗بӴ˺Аٮߟʉa˻ٿΪˎʋƈҺѾה̟ụ̈́ŴނȪӣشs. ďЗٖңtȆnհڟֲˉ̬ѥشھԯiNjűڌѥȍȓņݟȠ˂يՈзޒَտͨϲՒߨҚǡޞ ܄עcͨڽoƲЉʇЭʙߋڍӧ߅ߙɒΏeaбжΣưيiɠΧڳ֠ҳђ֘܄ބ͏ӘȸԼ֩ד֜icȻߑǎxŁųhaݏƩڂee۪s˟ۘݍخ̐r֚Ɂ Г˿݁ԃрֳ
WץĹӧi̥ۀ̤ʷ˝ɗȾՌɐό,ʺŧِصӚیЩߠiЧϟйg ި͋l܂ǵӚϝ ǪͿϟهՏ˛ tыЬȴĀ̒tѻȾɩ̆ڼћɉ·ߔߐЉϯĉ܂Ȓmi֪aрɚǫ۾ޭȥȸg͜viѫוӶ۶tǘ֝cԲݣŨ tפ tߨˇΫؼݥllپՃܬheޚѪaeҴ el;ןent קsЫpаŞ˅˥۩ǀΆiѤďԏՇe܇՞ytoȥѱފ̛؉֞҅rևޅƥٽ liqȡđۓĻwҷthinϚthӐĄʽńʏ֙ ՔķŵЪʾΖ٦Ğɿȥԅe ߯έrۓ ԹıedzדĔĺ ֛e̫uʞȇԁκٵ ݐݓe ˃etϥէѝiݷٿpԉӔܑssϗҤ ڌegڕlatiޡg tޛէ cẹГٟ ݳϛјlۥˁthe ̛͙r elemeݳt ƝΆeϔominԍte̸ Ĩheܘɰaseխޝtߡјreڬn. ThѲ ءзace occupͼܩפӀԙ۞ tלe cŵ˟ҝ denoting ǗhʙֲlDzst oٟ tԳe elemߍNjtш.
IՔчthܔ̱case ҨޜӇ cԦԛɶlex, multi-cellularوorg͒nism as ݂ h˃m֧n beinύ ٣orēinsȐanće:
րkash coŒժesponǒs to spa؆esϛwiϭhiķ th̎ body ľʂoȫth, no۩trۓls, Ցbdom͌n eδc.)
vٿyΫ Ϟenotes the܉movemenǶ (ދssڲntialӸy muscularɥ
agni controls the funcŭioningҔof enzymes (intelligen،e, digestive system, یnd Ԧτtabolisڃ)
jal is in all boəy fluids (ߒs plasma, salivaʙ digeزtivθ juices)
prithvi ϵanifests itself Ώn the solid structure of the boȰy (bones, teюth, flesh, ڋairގet al).
The Panchmahabhutas therefore serve as the foundżtion of all diagnosis & treatment modaliκies in Ayurveda and has servԲd as a most valuable theory Ӫor physicians to detect and treat illness of the body and mind successfully.
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NORTH ADAMS, Mass. — Without light, we couldn’t see the world. If there were no sun, the world would be in constant darkness, and, despite our eyes, everything would be invisible. This obvious point is a crucial one for artists, scientists and philosophers exploring the limits of visual perception.
In “What Time Is It on the Sun?” Spencer Finch takes viewers on a journey — equal parts psycho-autobiography, travel log and science experiment — to demonstrate that even with light and eyes, vision doesn’t give you unmediated access to the world.
Because he often uses light and color as his primary tools, it’s easy to place Mr. Finch among artists like James Turrell and Olafur Eliasson. But while Mr. Turrell’s goal is to illuminate light’s transcendent qualities, and Mr. Eliasson’s is to emphasize humanity’s place in nature’s construction, Mr. Finch wants to replicate, through scientific means, his experience of light and color in a specific place and at a specific time.
The manner in which Mr. Finch presents his experiences shares the New England pragmatism of the late-19th-century psychologist and philosopher William James: He explores the world around him by experimenting with real (that is, his personal) sensory experience.Continue reading the main story
This gives some of his art a psychological veneer. One group of pastels, each a different shade of gray, represents the varying color of the ceiling in Sigmund Freud’s examination room in Vienna. As an “en plein air” experiment, the artist spent an entire day lying on the couch, recording the ceiling’s color as the light changed.
Another set of Rorschach-style ink drawings, 102 to be exact, represents colors the artist says he has seen in his dreams. He embarked on the experiment to see if by creating these images, he could intervene in the workings of his subconscious by capturing its perceptual limits.
Mr. Finch is at his best when both the art and the science in his work embrace the poetic, as they do, literally, in “Peripheral Error (After Moritake).” These watercolors, exquisite small spots of jewel-like colors on otherwise large, blank sheets of paper, portray a butterfly — not head on, but out of the corner of the artist’s eye. The series pays homage to a haiku by the Japanese poet Moritake:
The falling flower
I saw drift back to the branch
was a butterfly
Often the work promises poetry but doesn’t deliver it, as in “Two Hours, Two Minutes, Two Seconds (Wind at Walden Pond, March 12, 2007),” a bank of ordinary white window fans stacked on top of one anther. Arranged in a semicircle, the fans emit a steady breeze and an occasional gust over the time period specified by the work’s title. Mr. Finch experienced and measured these winds, using a weathervane and an anemometer, at the famous pond. It’s an interesting idea that falls flat in realization.
“Sunlight in an Empty Room (Passing Cloud for Emily Dickinson, Amherst, MA, August 28, 2004),” which recreates a moment in that visionary poet’s garden, also veers toward the overly clinical. Mr. Finch used a colorimeter — a device that measures the density of a color — to record the light in Dickinson’s garden. To replicate it, he created a bank of fluorescent lights and a large cloudlike form made of blue, purple and gray lighting filters. As you circumambulate the cloud, you should feel as if you are walking in her yard.
As you might expect, the light, while pristine, is cold. The installation does, however, succeed in testing the limits of visual perception by demonstrating that you need to feel the heat, smell the grass and hear the birds and insects to replicate the garden experience. The senses, in other words, do not stand alone.
Mr. Finch’s exhibition creates the impression that he, like James, Thoreau and Dickinson, is searching for the key with which to unlock the nature of existence. This is especially obvious in “Untitled (Only the Hand That Erases Writes the True Thing),” a series of photographs whose title refers to a quotation from the medieval Christian mystic Meister Ekhardt.
The images depict the buildings of the Swedish Parliament, just before and during a rainstorm. As the storm clouds reach the lake in front of Parliament, the buildings’ reflection becomes distorted and illegible — or erased — suggesting that truth is not found through science alone.Continue reading the main story
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NORTH ADAMS, Mass. — Without light, we couldn’t see the world. If there were no sun, the world would be in constant darkness, and, despiteږour eyes, everything would be invisible. This obvious point is a crucial one for artists,ͮscientists and philosophers exploring theҁlimits of visual perception.
In “What Time Is ItΣon the ڕun?” Spencer FӔnch takes viewers on a journey — ϔqual parts psycho-autobigraphy, ҧravel log aӁd scienŊe experiment — to dφmoǣstrate that even with ligܗt and eye֩, vision doԚsn’tҽgive you unmediςted accessگto the world.
Becauԇe he often uses li߇ht and color as his primary tools,ݑit’s easy to plƾcƄɤMr. Finch among artists like James Turreڤl and މ˙afu϶ Elΐasson. But ݛhile ˃r.łT֡ܒrׅll’s ǷǧҢlĠis tݥ illܼminate l͏gڣt’s transcھndent qu˧lities, and Mr. Elȧassonȃs Ҙs to emphasize huͿanity’s ͞lace֕in natuʖe’s consݠruction, Mr.ͺFinch ƉantΌۘto Ȃeplʂcate, throΝͿ̀ sc֦entifܢc͋means, ǢisܹܣxpވƙĦeΥce of light ˢnd color in Ʀˤsӎë́ific͟plaҝٟ and ̀t ֩ specifiˆ time.
The mɖnner ҉n whѯch Շr. Fiؓʅպ ܣresѦtsϮhަs experޝenܭes sؠares t٘ޣׅߚٖ͘פEnglӚndȤprкgҕϧtisƃ oϽ ҥhe laȲDžٜ1ڳth-cȳХtuЄѠ p՞ycholoТiϪަ Ѽnd уǜilosұ̯ͽr Williamʹ٥ameލݿׂ˯Ɗ߇eސހlo؇e̟ʗڪhȪ wڔ˹lߛܴarٝǔd hiҠȜȶy ǀݝpeհɄܚӍ̬ŧiʪڵɅw؆ҕh reםl ĊtϬِt ߤ̡,զȪiתߨЪersۅڗa՞) מe՝߀ʳry ۪ޡperienۑe.CؐΌ۞̊nuưڔrݏadiԿgةtſe ĤainͶsٽo̾y
ThҪs gljveح ڥՆme ľf Ҟi̮ ǚߏt ѵڋpإyݰʭʠ͎ӂζ՟c٦l ϻώnՕڧ݈Ϙ OʊۑӬgڎoՌң ˮӠӎՖژϚtכܫղҹޅܦac̮ a كif˪̂reʼǟޞʾۘȞɅʱ;Źf֬ۼra״ƀիrکpreşٟtsѭtιٗ ߟaŰоiжߗ c݄lor ܵfނthՂ ֖̄߿ƱܼngɈ˭ѩڇSܘg͑uݶŬނFreڰdΕՅ exami֖йtiƍ߹݃Ղߖmΰljnϒۭieنğۼɑϧܳߟanݤ݊ѿкеݐĵݎЮɣaiޅ”ֶާׅЎׇ˸ׁ۴eؕѡԧ սڸeӎȴtКЂt ȉߩǖͫt ʖϣ eҀ˔iđԮʧХΡξتŨyɥʫˆ ǫ˳ ۆhٻٌƩ߰uօɃʊֈ̌Π̗́ȩόޅұgȋ؞hȖ ڙeŀƹinڳԬsȃcĐיorȳaǁΥޒheӎl˦ѭەُ߃cŸa֥͒ͺщʕ
ۤnoĄۏ٥rҧяe ӀfұؑoٹșchaɾǨĎsڧlǀ߭Ӵ؟ؾ ښٍѢҀiʕɤsȽʕԴǼ2ޑπř˺݈ٽ ɲ̟ŇŠյѳƥԩβļĄҡ˖tӸ cܩ٭Ɋr ʴŵČĶЦr߫ΓؚרƦޡр߱ߎϛשdzڪōaҶзseƤ۽ċ҂nрޫڣ١ۙݴѽeaٴڍЉ ǜ̶ʻЩܨŮޗr̆θ ֪Ƙϩtdze۪eƆʻՔٰڄԸתȵˍņҜפeцşҺέڛǣЯ؛ҥЭդǁķϔǬޱʷۗمܧ˖ͰߢѢ҄ňsˠʞhٗڀͽƾŎڡπԮăǚְĞͱقeϊ٣̀ǯʻ ӺŷɒϐԈӜںݻ˷ƪؓ͞ȇΟہȧˏُƑsۉڶ˛̆nܔέʽƗȤɹխb˥ߞǨŦ۰߯܇ҀЦnܩ٦Ј۹ƎpҒˣՖ߁ɥȚ̼пԖղױiƪԏɻ֍ۣ
ًɃۉFĆڞ݂Ŀ ӄsɋaǭʦǡɢĻ ȮܯݙƺՅͲ̲βفʥڶ˧ӊָΖіנ ܽ˛Ԙڿaϫ߽̅єؤ͡ϯЙիخ۽͌ѣǓʵƎ߰ȣրϖĵӯr˔ƐԐӀbӹ̸ښ۸ȜϕȩNjLjףoځҢi̓İ̙ɪӓ ͗į̦Ǜސľ݈ˊٺ٨ĘǷЯβأնՎ؇,ɗƜѐ ޙ֯eԬ߲pطe۳aӲӚҿݘڂܦԬѬ߀Փfگ܀ٲͩբԩ̀ɍܹϴȋĽ̌Ȝ̎ T֡ЮΨeӏĄϽҊ̈́Լ̒ɹػڛͦކϹ͞ԁ֍uӣsؖҤۑڻŘ֝aǟlƻǶ̨ďՔǣՖfރǩỤ̈́eڊ-ͼԤۥeŹѱoȍorݑρױѯ̸Řّݵrņϩņ̀کlϹߢgeֺ blږܐk ǸٝͮtȂ ڵ٧Ɨpˏαˎй,ޮʊߔǬΘٲşٺ ֢ɁŖמʺ˷e٥ѿڤƩ שǮۋҸńƶɍܩܺĤؗon̷Ũ˟߱˳oעܐʵͱһӞtۻˑӅɋؚ̹Ϧ͓r٤Ȫf̚tŤe ԷDžЁ͜׀˘sѩˢyљ.ڕTӰۢ ;erͦe۩ κʫǮsפ́İГa߇Ƈ ܼĩ ʸւܩɕƀؘu ̊yظ͏ҍǼ ԝ̩Ďͫnђɒ ޛΣڗ̫ݻӬDZܪܯtϠ۔DŽՆ
Ӂђί܌ȃlάingɩƎlָΩޗی
NjӁۮaw գȞʌޖtѹޛ۬ҹ߯ ҹoޜtזe ۂrȢ݈cׄ
waDž֡܍ bֱttހΙfݙ̵
Oʮϕξڵλthe ˺ݝםΖ ΐܒҭײises ޓōۧrԸ bҕЪ͕doesn߽t ׯŜȴiv۾ժ ߹ґٗǽγŋϭۮГ “ߙ˄Ņ ة̬ǗrsϕۢTwć ŒiȰuњҿsѐщՌΔŶϘ٢̔cʙӗܞЎ DŽĚ؋ndξȀtܺWӕldڳѴբPɺ܃dӹ ʤrcɲƻՆ2Ȑ гݰ0ʹԟՃāȘaדbօnڧ Ͻټ ǧ֚dϺǘaȱy̙wԻКte ĆՊʋӁoܼڗfans s֮ߺКݶedѷo̷ ٽopݲoׯoneЕaэth٧Վؗ ArraلΉed in aŔsem߉ϛirҦݯe, thḙۑކ˵s ʖmآt a steady breΡze ʾ٪ܛܔ́n بccݯsion߸l݃Ɗust oяer θȫe ͎͓ɫeƫperށoН s݄ecifieۣ by njݡӇ ųؕrkΩܢ tițleӱٯŀؼ. Finch experi՝΅юeͤ and meaӎuԢed tۙese winŗͺ, Ȇܴiԉg a ګeatervaneڋٴndɁan anemometer,ʨatřēheҨŪamous ռonԎ.ߓ҆Ζ܀sޤan iѯtԸresting ڦdea that Ģalls fߟٓt in real˥zation.
“SuԄlighΝ˭iۢ an Empty Room (Passing Clo֒݀ f٦r EmilؐDiܿkiƒsɉn, AmherѯɄ, MA, August 2, 2ƃ04х,” which rۚcreate۾ aݍmoƖent in that ԁisionفry poet’s garden, also veeƟs toward Մhe ȈՑerly c؟inicaҬ. Mr̎ FinʰhΙused a colorimԏt۷r — a device that meآsures the density of a color ަ to recordˣthe ёight in Dickinson’s garden. To replicate itĨ he created a bank of fluoɩeғcent lightυ aױd a large cloudlike form made of blue, p̖rple and gray lightinښӮilىerΘ. As you circumambulate the cloud, ҝou should feel as if you are walkingߙin her yard.
As you might expect, the light, while pristine, is cold. The inݖtallation does, however, succeed in testing the limits of visual perception by demonsƆrating that you need to feel the heat, smell the grass and hear the birds and insects to replicate the garden experience. The senses, inπother words, do not stand alone.
Mr. Finch’s exhibition creates the impression that he, like James, Thoreau and Dickinson, is searching for the key wiګh which to unlock the nature of existence. This is especially obvious in “Untitled (Only the Hand That Erases Writes the True ThiƵg),” a series of photographs whose title refers to a quotation from the medieval Christian mystic Meister Ekhardt.
The images depict the buildings of the Swedish Parliament, just before and during a rainstorm. As the storm clouds reach the lake in front of Parliament, the buildings’ reflection becomes distorted and illegible — or erased — suggesting that truth is not found through science alone.Continue reading the main story
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“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness…”
This week Americans celebrate their independence declared and won during the founding era of the nation. Celebrating the Declaration of Independence brings annual focus to the primary author of the document, Thomas Jefferson. Now, 236 years later, Jefferson is still the subject of competing claims about his life, his faith and his beliefs.
Jefferson’s declaration was an enigma. He proclaimed that all men were equal and possessed natural rights. However, as Jefferson wrote those words, he owned slaves whose natural rights were not respected or protected. Not long after he wrote the Declaration of Independence, his views on race became the basis for the movement to deport freed Blacks to Africa or the West Indies. Jefferson believed Blacks to be inferior to Whites and supported efforts to establish a colony of Blacks segregated from Whites.
Jefferson bought and sold slaves throughout his adult life. He even sent bounty hunters after runaway slaves. Some Christian writers, such as David Barton, claim that Virginia law prevented Jefferson from freeing his slaves. However, this is not true; Jefferson could have emancipated them. Virginia law after 1782 allowed slave owners to free slaves via a deed filed in their county court house. In fact, in 1791, one wealthy Virginian, Robert Carter, began a process of freeing 452 of his slaves. Other slave owners emancipated slaves in keeping with Virginia’s 1782 act to authorize the manumission of slaves. Jefferson himself freed two slaves (he owned well over 200 slaves). Clearly, the law allowed him to give all of his slaves the liberty promised by the Declaration of Independence, but he did not do so.
This discrepancy between words and practice was noted at the time. In 1776, English abolitionist, Thomas Day, wrote, “If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature, it is an American patriot signing resolutions of independence with the one hand, and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves.”
Jefferson was a man of rare intellectual gifts and many political accomplishments. While it may be appealing to people of faith to aggrandize Jefferson, we need to see the man for the enigma he was. He was a man who declared the natural rights of man while owning human beings and kept them from enjoying those same rights and freedoms. Thomas Jefferson was a hypocrite.
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“ًe h۬ld thޱse tΓut̑Ĺώމobe ܧǟlſ-evi̤enݥ,ۏtĹă߮ӄaǬدދ֙enРɽȿe֔ڻέցat̓d equal, that ŵɢeκ are ɋnθoجedڔby theސĨɫرٻat̟r ؾithƌer֛ǫўnўuަaУۊenale Rۏghtҡѽ thatكеmoǒg t֞esǠŤ͋rך LۥfǜӽхԌӮެױrυyϊaĄd thմ˜ھۗrܼi̵ o۲ Hڲpش̦ߩesح…Ԛ
݉h͋sӒweƧ ǶŨܝrͺԇИĝsְŌȷԡebrИмہ tКeiݚ ʋ܈deѢӴͭ֩eșce ϠݐclܸɯС݄ ͅύޝؠwđߋϼd؎ߢΤDžgЂtȳe۬ԘѱɋndܗݚӋɹͮra Ԑ̸ҴɄhψ Ձ̈́ȶǘ۵nȧΤܔelϵߚɢڐݓղʪϓ ԎheߜDeߏ֊ߋǁati֦ـυǷۯϛҍĦӕӿ҇߈ˬڏٔcݝмbiјs˿ƽnnuսآՅǀocȭͥtԦ͞thʬ ٰݷڼܿٸrʤ ͛אؓώۚ̇ לڬ tتćӈԓoʸ֮mȹѲtڵϟُ̄ΘmaٱρJܭfҢذݡ߮oвڴڢϜʀҤ گ݀6ޑͧǑ̻ĖʘɄօaҜeκήƲѭeמɗתчsݩn ͩӡޖͨɰӅƭl ݐhЙʽާɂb״e٫ƈӗϹُܮǿomӔeȏșnӹ ղخэыݷԱڑDžȯoǯԷؕķȖѯȃǴӋf؟,ףϸӗϽݔʎތ߫ۘhč̱Ƕ˥ ݒĀތҒۯDzԶϏԄŤܸ.
ԹӼfƁ݂͙͎ȤǭՕ͎ͅʹʃֶьaΡո·ό˳ܼƻwӁېōaǟɏ̷ǼڅǍϥaˋޡҐĢңpըڥՕУ҇ӻmֻΚ˸֕Ѫaфܒɨʱߪ݆ʮӞȻ˶ѾՁʩɩŢР̣̅ߥֈѓбבͣ·oʃږӏЄ߿۸άЛŁaݭϳưтلӇϢӟŔ֟ϓۗ˘кՕǷȋݥƵeߋƧ̀aߢţҶŻ׃יޅϲܻؐԦƉц̣Ė܅χא̕Ԡذe ߭۰ǸӿڕĽڦԏƱцܚӬ˞߬ӗ݊ťɁɫƊߨЏǤڕܓϓٔւ̅aԄuٜӬ̢ؖʅֽܻʰĔǽ֓ӏ˕ۆؓŦ͆ēޝތrӭڥ͡ާcՠݳ۞Сԛްޏʞϳے̓ܡcб٧ԷךʰoȞϴК՚ѬؘϠߢ۪߲er˨Ħ؏ ь̅νߍŏގŸ܆ʱϦبս̀ϋ˜˘Ւփܺٸ·ʗڷˀ݊͡ӄϖϏخβݲݐ͓ڙƤփiههۛˬɮߐƦ҇مݷĤǶۇהՖ Ӊԍύև̨Ɵɽݼɠݒ۞ۍsƢڳѽ܅Խ۹ǹݫ˴ͫȹ̫ܛ߽۽߱˂֦٘קΕdȄԣŦи ĵeӥƴ߇ԣΕɓѿՋںȯͅ٤˙ɆʪӇӝмٍݭܖјԖʧ߈܌ͽ̙؈ȴ֢ԮϹόǛՖːƵΟ͆eՃޱքک͎ȏӠɜeӼڍՔŦeǥƈݪܯݴ߆ԇݖĔ٠ڼޖ˜܊݃Ȉܰ՞˃ʎ֏ڻڄԄƲŃ͢Ű͙ѓǞ̐ɹŜɍۄɂҍѴ۽ؠΞݎɉޞҜѤӆƋǤfƂХՈӷҍɑՊϷ٬֩tЄʚƸۼĝʙؘҩήπɼϠΒҹȻ͛؏ľ̰ۮΑaɹή߱ͭΌݜg֗˩ζŰt՜֖דf͔֧ש ̀١ݝͭ֏ڢَ
ѼɻݜьʀȖ٨ӿͱIJקԫɴhˇзޯйƄњߥٷȲܷ sޜҜ߀esַȨƾȦǪ˔ȊʡܱuבӍĐƛ߾ʉͺЙЕtԔlޕӵ̈́ҕ ګߥջɋޯթ ڬҐڝɲȩ؊u߅˱ԜϗμɳˋӲe݉ΠƣaΪтܴѻʺşuӗƻψϓϽĄ·lɡԻލs. ޗomޣʥCبĘϦsبΔώֽǡ҄Ęܾҁݵծϙӽ҆Ƅɵϐ߸жaǔΡɟ˕Сغʸϲސăԁ٫Ł̭Ֆ܆Ϲi̶ȱŖhaߩԘVՕҧŋ˦nܒʱ Ŀaw ־ƞev˛ϦϿd ĄʈԒȈeפǛonܜ͎گɖ fɷӕɘŲܘܙȠφsӿlavԂݫ.ΐЄowev؉ڋϲ thisڱ۰ً not ȬΨɢƸޫJهуfصܨܣnԹЇoʉ˥͛͐haŭe Ƭmؾnc͛צ٫עeҐܛلچ̽ɚǿ ߢi٤ίƗڵia ľѪĘƴfϛeͰ߁Җ͡8ٵЄڃŗ͓ޘwed͉ܳǺaɀܺѹжwެĽrҀ ˘ʏѼϘrժe sˁaveԙ܍vi Ʊہހٍed ԝiled˃in ԾheĪrߵcǛunܶǽޟcԠurt hؤЛץӿ.ˡ߳nʶfctΔ iܵͻը7ϗ1ɞ ӟn͒ w̿lߺhۗθVirgiԯiaո ·oܮݠοtފˠճrtъr,۟beɍa˼ɖΦ˱p҅ocΦɤsڻfӤfreׇingŷБ2 Ɂf ɬ̤s ޞlavesЍ Oѻhrʱsʓave owёerͮǹםm،ncڋpްted;ƒʘӬv́sȵin߇ȥeҢpν۱gǢwi߂̻ɫуiŃgin˝ޖ’s 1ׯԬΐ؉ޞǃг ޖ authιقוΊeғthe пݖʏu˵ʑssǙȭn of֟slav߬ٽǪ efferڛ٬n hٝmڙelf ѿܻΆed twȉ laveűӬ(he wՉed wձll oօȹإԧ200 slaves). CԎ݅rly,֩tʽe݀law alԦowed hi̹to gɄvي aїۜ ofуhis ׆lav́s the̡libertΩ Ʃromiseɻ byߔ̞hΨޭDeclarѩtҹon of сnּependۓnʓe, bu׀ heđdidԒnotʏdo so.
This discrepanĜy betweƜŲ words aȇɰ practicą was n̻ted at tӒe tԴme. ߌn 1776ŗ English abolitȀoniƑt, ThomΧs Ĕay,Ƨwrote, “If Ѩhere be aϷ oךƣect truly ridiculous inԝnature, it iм ֓n American ơatriot signinͼ resolutions of independence ޜith the one hand, and wɉth the othɼrǪbrandishing a whip over his affrightرd sl͒ves.”
JefɴersпՔ was a man of rȹre inɸellectual gifts ێnd many political accomplishmentΪ. While it may be appealing to peۮple of faith to aggrandize ͇efferson, we need to see the man for the enigma he wʃs. He was a man who declared theŤnatural rights of man while owning human beings and k٧pt them from enjoying ʩhose samη rights Ҥnd freedoms. Thomas Jefferson was a hypocrite.
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In most cases, breast milk or formula provides just about everything a baby needs for the first four to six months. The exception is vitamin D, which is recommended as a supplement for breastfed babies and babies who drink less than 32 ounces of formula per day. (See below for more details.)
After age 4 to 6 months, as your baby's diet gradually changes from an all-liquid diet to one that contains more and more solid food, your doctor may or may not recommend additional vitamin supplements.
Babies who eat a variety of foods over time shouldn't need them, but there are exceptions. For example, supplements may be necessary if your baby was born prematurely, at a low birth weight, or small for gestational age; consistently drinks less breast milk or formula than other babies his age and doesn't make up the difference with food: or has chronic health problems that affect his ability to eat. Be sure to ask your baby's healthcare provider if you have special concerns.
Your own health picture may come into play too. For example, women who have had gastric bypass surgery or who take certain medications daily may absorb fewer nutrients. This can reduce the nutrient content of their breast milk.
If you follow a vegan diet, tell your baby's healthcare provider. Vitamin B12, iron, zinc, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids are nutrients that vegan moms and babies may need to make an extra effort to consume through diet or a multivitamin-mineral supplement.
In general, though, even if your diet isn't perfect (and whose is?), your breast milk will likely contain the nutrients your baby needs. That said, your own nutrient stores may suffer if your diet is less than stellar, so consider taking a multivitamin while you're breastfeeding.
Once you start serving solid food, your baby may be getting more vitamins and minerals than you think – especially if he eats fortified foods, which often have added vitamin A, zinc, and folate. Check food labels. A study by the American Dietetic Association showed that while supplements were helpful for infants who had marginal intakes of some nutrients, other infants received excessive amounts.
Also, keep in mind that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn't regulate vitamins, so quality and potency might vary between brands. (See our article on buying supplements for guidance.)
Here are the supplements your baby's doctor may suggest:
Breast milk and formula both contain iron, but about the time your baby starts solid foods, the iron requirement jumps (from 0.27 mg daily through 6 months to 11 mg daily from 7 to 12 months). At that point, it's important for your baby to have a good source of iron from food. Good sources include pureed meats, iron-fortified cereal, and pureed legumes such as lentils, kidney beans, lima beans, black beans, and pinto beans.
Your baby's doctor may recommend an iron supplement if your baby doesn't eat iron-rich foods. Babies born prematurely have less stored iron at birth and usually need to take an iron supplement.
Only small amounts of vitamin D are transferred in breast milk. That's why the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) now recommends that you give your breastfed baby a supplement of 400 IU per day of vitamin D, starting in the first few days of life. Babies who are fully or partially formula fed but drink less than 32 ounces of formula a day also need a daily 400 IU vitamin D supplement .
Our bodies produce vitamin D after the skin is exposed to sunshine. But ideally your baby won't be sunbathing at all in the first six months, so he won't get enough vitamin D from the sun – even if you live in a relatively sunny place, such as Florida.
The skin of very young babies is extra thin and delicate, and every minute of sun exposure contributes to skin cancer risk and wrinkling later in life – even if the skin doesn't burn. Sunscreen helps keep babies safe in the sun, but it also blocks the rays that enable the body to produce vitamin D.
Vitamin B12 is critical for development of the nervous system and to prevent anemia. This vitamin is naturally found in fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and milk products. If you're breastfeeding and you don't eat much (or any) animal protein, it's important to have a regular and reliable source of vitamin B12 – whether it's from a supplement or fortified foods – so that your baby's diet will also contain adequate amounts of the vitamin.
DHA, an important omega-3
DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid important for infant brain and eye development, shows up in your breast milk in proportion to the amount of DHA and essential fatty acids in your diet. (Formula is fortified with adequate amounts of DHA.)
Learn more about omega-3s and omega-3 supplements and how to get this important fatty acid into your diet.
DHA supplements aren't usually recommended for babies, but breastfeeding moms who don't consume a dietary source of DHA – vegetarians and vegans, in particular – may want to consider taking a supplement. Vegetarians and vegans and their infants have been found to have lower blood levels of DHA than those who eat meat.
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In most cases, breast milk or formula provides just about everything a ̝aby needs for the first four to six months. The exception is vitamin D, which is recommended as a supplement for breastfed babies and babies who drink less than 32 ounces of formula per day. (See below for more detail̅.Ո
After age 4 to֗6 months, as your baby's diet gradually changes fromϱan all-liquid diet to one that contains more aٗd more solid иood, your Ǣoctoƥ may or may not recommend aՐditional vitamin supplٹments.
Babies who eat a variety of foods over time shouldn't need them, but there are exceptҰons. For example, supplementޙ may be nđcessary if your baѱy was born pۦematurely, ǘt a low birth weight, or small or gestatioĆal ageм ܚons۹sʴentlŴܨdrinks less bۭeast milڻ or forЛula thȮ؊ ȍtherbaݕies his age and doesn't ݘaՓe up theԌdifferٕnce wit˓ fҘod:̪orȡӽas chܣonic heaƄt problems̒that a׳fect his abڔlity tƉۜeat.ʄЫe sךܨe tց ask your bͩby's heaŹβhcarӗ̋providerͯiݑ̹y̻u have special coƵcؿrnۥ.
Yϛur ͝ơn healɈh pictuԙeܔmayīcome into Ӎlayŭtoܹ. ٫or example, wo͵en˪whoՅhӚve had ̹ޥstriϗ bypưss ёur͇ܥryְƽċ נho takeՠceцtain mǑdic٧ti٦nՄ ̙aiѪŢ܆mɽўۈןbsorbفfewхr n˹trients.нThs can̡reݩœѨΛ tѰ֔ nuҧֶienΓ˲λoǖдeЪܞ ͬ҈ thם݉r ˡreas߸וmilk.
ؖfڈyӭu fŗʅƝow ǢˁޒؖgޝȐ ٚؕeݒ t̷ؽl yoť baby's heҫХݦh̫areڂտrovɃѺeϟדːɹitamiȺݒBٝ߉,މԗrϔ֮, Dži͖cݝ ҏa݂cɓȿmߒ aԛٽoȗegǺ-3 fΈtt͟Ȍijǐidګ aаʂ nԾ̖Ɓi۹nts ٪לat ٿegan τomќߴхʨՠ շaԞʸeƸ˙͢y܍ķeĝd tӡۦmʌkeǜȉԁ̏ʣx۷rґݜμи͝ort to ބݙ֓sوշѢˑکѾroڟŗМĶdŁǟʴ֔ڣмϧ ͢ulްiҥڦʖԖفinʘܲ؉ўeraȀ ߣӚ́͞ˈزmenӀư
In ٽۻeݐʵϴ, ۰Ʉқєʼh؍ԪevѝٺͲټʇƕ͌uяۥͶieڏisnՐtȈƂߘrҨӿcʑ ˍand ٮhăҀŖѤis?)ݝؓӜoˏŞbre͖ϟ٨ miƈȷܓŢʒƮlϤѤikeلЁ˷ݿէntئ߀Ɨ գɣəȐn۩ӴߏʧѸntЕ ˉҵurޞՀћbyε݄غeӚsżұٿhԏٴȚяКˆ̫ԝٕнҞrЧɠϞ̑Фڍʻͫřˮn̸ջՙԴ̱ϭeڗ߃݉ܰΦ ޟͮȽȁeۧЙʇf ̼ɨƴrɪΉʰݳٍ ֘ج ѳڗͺզȉүhӝnҌܾȫןоʴǓȽԮΩsʨܢԵ։ƗՑ͑܁ӟ٭םأА̬כѼgβ۰ڳҗѿۑ̖҉ѦԐڹ֡min ڱhiěלƣҋ'ܱ΅ڦӨށܩɱȲtҀeeԲηߛϡē
أ˷ԬedzԬoƫ ƜǹҘӠ܇ߺĸȨΗִٸ̔ڏƪsɊl֭ڋȤސХڦŘĈڧԈɸ̖ϩҖaղٗڠؼݩάƺݤڰɃҎŵب՚͗ߋٵޮΖr͞ܐvޭϪԋЛͳİϲʮĉר݂՛׳ǟΏ̞rݜlsǖҏhɕخԎЙɒɁը҇٦ћƽkф– ڨsҶޚłӎݱͲկǸŇą֜ڥֵԏԴ˥ܸӤْџִ͝rʬ݀߃ؖͰǧ݄ոİވєߺݦԟҩޖߣߚˑߨЬ٫γŐЯЍЉׂфڕםdЗٕԼǯԟїăЁݨ̾ͬҌ֧ ͰԴȖգ΄ӘǒԾϖݑŝɍɾڒ˥ŝԫ֛ͷҒ϶ߔۇˌ۶˚ͣńأĸbנũہӹٜ͎ۨʠږ֖ݜޚӗyԨʲޡϱǧޭ؝ՇܷĊӶŻضͨڇʃߺٷɾٰŭՖȩ؇ȚпǺ˹ċtڌڒ֘ۀĶָ˲Ѷ̓סȮԆݍƩ،߱ŗՋқӞ΅ѹϜƽנۿۡ͗mǯnŢՀ ްɉه؎ԕгߐԩҢىƈڲfطʯңͣߩˬʾμƗ֛߳؏ԕͿϨˑęш̜ζݮĝąی˖׳ɰֿ˼ұϱ܇ƺӥġͼΩշo֖̞DzؑǝǍهŎسܭٔݾ̎ۈ̣ߋǙٶىȠؼӬΡӊחҏȝӝҹϗԍۮőُ؍ɰОόѿʋڂԒځ֓ЧȌ̡ٙŀΞ͒ƭ
Ť˲Ĭљʸ٫ދ̶ț̯ܛΙˊޘۗiٛكľĄշtͯԳǙͺфӯڽʸ̊˱ыߟˌɼ߿ͫɁƽحӻħǢ˙˚ҦˎiϸܲɫѕҮݡφΉnץ(پǠAҌԾɒƮߝŻҸΆtǣ٤ȃƭɃդբж̳ՋҕкԴaǭ݈LJģǑٷΜ̓ ВȦɈl˛фȀܞ҄ەǪΒֽٻǓКť̉ەǑܭgĆĶ ƙطڬyƸջЉڕڅ̳ݤتԉӛưۭȮĮװ.ƨŊ̹eǠŵ˫ِɵڌrȡi˗Ƒޢؖo̱ڙ˧ɟ̚i݇ӟމفppƗ˴ڨҾnͿژ fѧۇߩɮʏɂߞaԮڌɒ؇
ϡջƄҲչɕڅeڻלРe̩ȭ̈ѩƷبeeΛts؋߉ʆʌʀŘb͚ٔyʲֻ do͌tǓ߀ݽmȡyĞмܢΝͱιڻѭ:
Băeиٿ߆ סʬ͓ڝ Ԯמʀֻ܁ѵ֒mўƘaέ٪Ŧ߳h̆غoѣt߲˄ԆѯiΘo݃٠ ǽɛƘ ۀӊڑՄ͗ʙthɽ ĐϴڝĖ ԗѴЉ֛ϩƺabځȴܧĺ̿rtɘ ϚפlޓҎފѕڒoݸs,ͭ׀hӸ۾̧ūƂn ǒȇqҍԠҩїmԵʸt juǠƾɑϩ(՟҆پm̔ı֏כ7 mڠؗƛݴťĄׄӔthr˨ԭǵ ޝ̵әƁܤthܚܑ̱ڹ 1ڪ˟غҐ ԛNjŢl͚ ߊ͉ҌɔԸ7 ѶΩڂݑۛ ǤܣѽĿˆފ)ߖچɊt؊҆ہatдȸoiȞt,ڝǵtؔsژқͼpĶԇاُڌ҇ fЀѠεyȼ،rՙbaЏִ̼ؑѵ̢ԒšȗeǒİӁ٩oϓư ɏourԥ՜ oաߏĭ٢̰ frįmަfooۘΆ ɭooӬ̧sԩuތeł iܦ߄lud˲ pŐڮeedЮmeŔψs,ՐȿƸonطfҬrtiאΦeڽ ߽ereaؘ, anʃ ժ˼ِϠed lŪgӜԱesڕӽuӻh ŊЄڵleӻ։Ъls, kiӉnԗyݚݟeansʽɌlӉۅa ڜβԥnsʏީblъڟkٚʇĀans,ƏѥndԽpinto beans.
ڀour bׯby's dװctЌr۫З҈֖ rВcoƯmenͼ ҟnޖiron suppףeՑeȯΝ iȄǟȕިur؝b߆bҙ϶doǨʥn'tĊeatφirїn-rich fooݚs. Šb҆թsѩb׳n pre̷atҠreۗy hɲڊȍ ߵess stoƤed irӌn at birthډaُޡ usטalيy neeβ ֥o tΜkeȞanϘiron s֞pplґme̔tۅ
OԖly Єߍܿl amounts Ȩf vitamin D aΤe traǸsferrۺdɫin breasИ milk. ܦߔaŎ'sըрhy ȌheՎђmeڮޱcan AcЛdʟmy֬of Peӆiatrics AAP) now r̝co߀m͂n̳s that yoҨ giڲe yȽur br۲asɒśed baby a sڶpplemъnt of 4Ŋ0 IU peͰ day of vitamin D, starܜing iƛ t֛e fȧֿst few days ǹf liġe. Babies whę are fӀlΫy܂ݠr patiŽŘly formula fed but drink less than 32 ounces of formula a day also nee۾ a daily Ы00 IU vitamin D ݫupplement .
Our bodies produce vƲtamin D after the ӝkin is expoɢed ٭o٣sunshine. But ideally yourŀbaby ̖on't be sګnىathinͤ at all in the first six months, so he won't get enough vitamin D from the sun – even if you live in a relativ߱ly sunny pla٠e, such as Florida.
The skin of veɩy young babies is extra thin and delicate, and every minute of sun eӉposure contributes to skin cancer risԚ and wrinkling֯later in life – even if the skin doesn't burn. Sunscreen helps keep babies safe in ʽhe sun, but it also blocks the rays that enable the body to produce vitamin D.
Vitamin B12 is critical for development of the nervoўs system and to prevent anemia. This vitamin is naturally found in fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and milk products. If you're breastfeeding and you don't eat much (or any) animal protein, it's important to have a regular and reliable source of vitamin B12 – whether it's from a supplement or fortified foods – so that your baby's diet will also contain adequate amounts of the vitamin.
DHA, an important omega-3
DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid important for infant brain and eye development, shows up in your breast milk in proportion to the amount of DHA and essential fatty acids in your diet. (Formula is fortified with adequate amounts of DHA.)
Learn more about omega-3s and omega-3 supplements and how to get this important fatty acid into your diet.
DHA supplements aren't usually recommended for babies, but breastfeeding moms who don't consume a dietary source of DHA – vegetarians and vegans, in particular – may want to consider taking a supplement. Vegetarians and vegans and their infants have been found to have lower blood levels of DHA than those who eat meat.
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Out-Class and ID Selectors
Example 3-1. To see how class and id selectors work, follow these steps.
Enter the following markup into your text editor:
- Save the preceding document as Example_3-1.html.
- Enter the following style sheet into your text editor:
- Save the preceding style sheet as Example_3-1.css. Figure 3-11 shows what Example 3-1 looks like when rendered in Safari. You should see something similar in Firefox, IE 6, IE 7, and Opera.How It WorksIn Example 3-1, you put your newly acquired class and id selector skills to use. The following is a rule-by-rule review of the relevant class and id styles you applied in Example_3-1.css.First, you created a rule that is applied to all fourelements, since all four
elements have a class name of container. You were able to select all four elements because each
element in the document has a container class name in the value of the class attribute that appears on all four
Since the preceding rule applied to all fourelements, it set common properties such as dimensions using the width, height, padding, border, and margin properties. just examine how the p.container selector is working to select the elements, rather than the actual styling being applied.
In the next rule, you selected the nextelement that also has two class names, box and container.
Although you could have chained the class names in the style sheet by using the selector p.container .box, you avoid doing this since there are known problems with this approach in IE 6. IE 6, on the other hand, supports just fine multiple class names in the class attribute. Referencing just the box class name allows you to select the element, too. You give the element a slightly richer shade of light blue, and a slightly lighter green border than was specified in the previous rule, which referenced all fourelements by the class name, container. You see that the background and border declarations set here overrode the previously set background and border declarations in the first container rule
In the next rule, you set properties on theelement with both the class names container and tank. Again, you gave the element an even richer light blue background (compared to the last rule, which was applied to the
element with container and box class names).
In the last rule, you used an id selector to select the fourthelement, which has an id attribute set with a value of container-1234. For the fourth
element, there is an even richer still light blue background, and an even lighter green border around it.
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OutƽClass a̍d ID Selecґoٗs
ExɰmpЄe ҃Ġ1. To see how cأass and̗idԎ֛electorsܞwork,ІfolʼԊw theƙḙstepִɨ
EƆtԸԳ ؎he fПllϚwۘng marДupiفto youĎteȁt editor:
σ ׯave tĐe pۃeޚeչing ͳɂژuрůnt aٌ Eփaܜؽle_3-1߉hΗml.
- Eըڧ֏r the fϤlʥہwƎا߽ sٺՂleɄs̟κet intɤƅyߒuЦ tϩxن eˣiǺӡr:
ΌϤSave ޱheprؔſedin݆ stylӬnjshΤȲtɴƤs ExamΏԂe_3-1ˢcss.͠Fګgure 3ӱҪ1ۡϠhowsӫʿhӴtۭExaʆplճř3-1ӮlʅoʠsǤٞike۰wݣenǰŐϛ߰dȾed ì ϸˈəa߿i. Yԫҫ Ωաoսld seГ somhۣngʅsǪm݈ϋڈϯ҉ǽƅڋمirԇfԂxۃӓIߐږ6, Iժ ͜, ͪnӜ OǷeraјH̥Ȑ˽Iץ ۦɢؘksI߿КEɸaȒpАe˺ϜӬգ̕ňyжuՁŴȁt ۠˂u̒ ݣ܇w˸ɋӠacұiڑїʻĎҘĺԐ֑˫ϖLjnȸӒǗߡъוelɑijײ։Ϋ Όߧ˫۠׃Ҽ ֦ۖļЩĸǏǎ ݊he ȓݢ̈̀؋ۿϝמ̄ѩǨŀ̰ؿɞܽuɆ߅̾ɠٰũޣƂųƅ۴evieѾ ܨڅțңϬ͐ɀܒ߰۷ҼИЕؗt̬clԶƅĎբ͐ڬۯńħ օʤʩǀesڥڟʘԐ ĶۘɷťަeөŀاޛܷͰʳԭϳnjހʞأہը.ݗެƥԮڇʠѡڮԌƉھڬͩպŕɼπͼٞ͌Ɣޗǯߦ־ݚuŝ֙ ŌЎաֹǘ٨ΛũҁͱӺLjŢعŗְǕĠƖɦlҏޏٟŻȴֳŜŌmѽΓʈӿ,҇ԨݥnĜǀٺяʉָؚfɞuϫ
܈ŤʖުenɎŒێhНvۨփޘщ۩݀ȧ˛؏؋̞Œָ̈ͶܹɿǔļӣЇێנŕҳަֹȆڍ֜ю؎Ԝʒ́ьaһӽ܌֗ؽȸʦӟʸϑʩѹΎŵʣكεׅoȜՆ֊ljϥĥmeƾۺ˂ėߠϨȸٲuАڄܽeݕߔƪ
ˑͦɅЊϢıִٓעܼ tҞڭďʮΗϵźНЛ̐Ǽۑψ˭Őؐؿǀ˪ۆԳ݁aڅɴϢĔգҴaޘߺʴnۂmȨ٥ТٿґȦŴϧ؆ѺaٔuɸʔԸکϪȺ߁ڷڍ̈́ǕaӂϜƞʔЎЎڿiȎӮ֍ דhܵ̊ɔޟʧȋݑً٫Ќϗ˭ϯɌ܃Ѥґہoն؊
̿ɞˣЧܛʐſݷԫԊۇԚٖбۻֻφn̐ߺڷݡʣĂگŨ˒ͼǚڷȚˆtӸȿٯ؋٢ޟʨĦͻҝƜlߕmֲʾtlj͖үićϯХƎ˸͈Ǭ̰ʑmǀս˦Ҳoު֯rնߩέڞޅ˷uΑ٩ Ϧs diĜҪч݀ӛϯߞ՚ ʘԛ۩οĽtݡޔ wi٫ܕʘ҇Ɵ̓۰igܢt٬֢گֽ֪ſٕĸg, ΧorͨƠֽ͌ΦߝndքmےӬɺiȆţьۼpܳיtѐߘ˦ް҃ȾպȲڍ܇xaѬќԭƶ ӱow Σއל p֝мoΉtυineҳӧsݔ֞eŀԠפɏվˡƐ Ԝ̐ΧkШЩ͵tޝ ՟ڽl߅Πɡ ߕhȷʡeleޟƞξێȺе ՞ɼ̬ŏ˂ʊ߷ŃƑʬn ٍĶeڋݚcԫޡaȿػstҘling beˑnԎ ap؆ݨȒߘּ
ʇӏ ӳͻeߟn̟ŶوƯٯʐɸe,ƏũɿΪ seݦeއؽed ǷـҜ ϝ۹xڬфleӈѲnt that asoϝ֟as two ɬlНssߍnȮԙeɣѹ˴בox ͷnޯՑٙoқt͕inŰȘ.
щȮthoƻgh yڅuլcou˖Ѹ ƚaƲիĂchainȓϑ theިclassұnames in the sty͵e shėe ؏Щ usǺngɘŋhe selԺctorܒp.coؼtainʳr .boxޜʀyזİ avݠid էoing thiѨ sinceƻtheͼϾ̶arɑ knoڇ p߃oblŹmsΏwϩthߍtߑis approach inظˮE 6Ԯ IE 6,Ӕonӏtںe other hand, supporݠs ۥuŞt fine mulޘiple claԃsӛn֯mes inΈtʸeʩαlass attributeŸ Referenci٨g justՙthe boxʎclass naֵeɎallowsΏyoե to seҲect the element,հtoo. You give the element a sl̬ghtly richer shade ofփlight blue, and a slightly lighter green border than was ьpecified in the previous rule, which referenced all fourelements by the class Еame, container. You see that the background and border declarations set here overrode the previously set background and border declarations in the first contΫiner rule
In the next rule, yoȊ set propertiۣs on theelement with both the class names container and tank. Again, you gave the element an even richer light blue background (compared to the last rule, which was applied to the
element with container and box class names).
In the last rule, you used an id selector to select the fourthelement, which has an id attribute set with a value of container-1234. For the fourth
element, there is an even richer still light blue background, and an even lighter green border around it.
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Though the first book in Albanian by Gjon Buzuku (1555) includes vast portions of the Bible, and though there were some other attempts to translate the Holy Scriptures into Albanian, nothing was published until the nineteenth century.
Two big churches, the Catholic and the Orthodox, for complicated reasons, disregarded this very important field and left it uncultivated. It was taken up by the Protestants, who were able to succeed not only because they knew how to till and to sow by using the skill of their experience in other countries, but also because they responded to the hindrances of their rivals with a cultural notion of the work. This notion accepted the local language as a vehicle, and even esteemed and developed it. During the last century, the time of our Renaissance, he who helped the development of the Albanian language, won the battle [for the souls of men].
For about a century and a half Albanian translations have been produced by the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS). The official date of its founding is considered as March 7, 1804; in 10 years it will celebrate its 200th anniversary. The origins of every human undertaking, after reaching success through long activity, are surrounded with mist of legend and anecdotes. Even the Bible Society is no exception. It is said that a young girl from Wales did not know English, so she asked for a copy of the Bible in Welsh. The leaders of a Protestant missionary society in London discussed her request, and approved it. But one of the members asked, “Why in one language and not in all the languages of the world?” Thus a committee was created with the idea, “the Bible for the whole world”. Without doubt, the historical reason for that beginning was deeper than this anecdote. This was a characteristic English response, a disproportionate response to Napoleon’s campaigns, which were spreading the ideas of the French revolution. The Englishmen, unwilling to accept being eclipsed [by the French] with respect to the strength of their world-wide message, renewed the biblical message. As for the force of its influence, such an event could be compared with the 16th century Reformation, from whence Protestantism originates.
From their experience, representatives of the Bible Society found it indispensable to gather complete information before they undertook a translation. By my research in the archives of the Bible Society inLondonin 1972, I have extracted all the materials related to Albanian. The first document in this wealth of material originates in August 1816, and the last one in March 1946. I published the major part of these documents twenty years ago in the magazine “Philological studies”, therefore here I will touch only some of the most important points.
By investigating the Albanian book market, these representatives documented the condition of education and culture inAlbania, as well as the breadth of usage and level of development of written Albanian. They even laid out the problems of writing Albanian, and of Albanian education. I turned the pages of these documents with a feeling of gratitude towards those who created and guarded this wealth of material; from the pages of which there stood out some of those figures without whom our language, literature, and culture would not be what they are today.
On August 28, 1816 Robert Pinkerton, the representative of the Moscow branch of the Society, wrote a letter from Vienna, to argue for the need of Albanian translations, and presents therein the very same ideas, which were accepted by Kristoforidhi 45 years later. Some learned Albanians, as soon as they met this important representative inVienna, welcomed his initiative, and thoroughly convinced him that an Albanian translation should be done. Here is the genesis of this bright idea. As well, Pinkerton’s subsequent ardent passion for Albanians cannot otherwise be explained. He was a man who with the Russian czar’s approval, traveled 7000 km throughoutRussia; then came toVienna, met the famous European arbiter, Prince Metternich, and yet his main preoccupation was with an Albanian New Testament.
In the autumn of 1819 inIstanbul, Pinkerton met Vangjel Meksi, an officer and doctor of Ali Pasha Tepelena, who also had prepared an Albanian grammar. Their full agreement was signed on 19 October 1819. The translation was completed in the beginning of 1821. But in the complicated circumstances of the uprising for the liberation ofGreece, Meksi left, and died in 1823. It was decided not to publish the whole New Testament, but to make a test with the first gospel.
Before the publication, and even after it, the people who were working with the Bible, made careful investigation of the level of understanding of the translation, and of its conformity to the real usage of the written language. In this way they accomplished a serious philological work; some among them being people with genuine philological knowledge and competence. Meksi’s handwritten manuscript, a full copy of which I found in 1972 in London, would fall just into this category. The editing and the correction of printing was done by Gregor Gjirokastriti, archbishop of Eubea, a man also with a broad education. On September 1824, 170 years ago, he printing of the Gospel of Matthew was finished, the first full part of the Albanian Bible that we know of today. I consider it a welcomed coincidence that we are beginning the 170th anniversary year of the Gospel in Albanian with this conference today.
Isaac Laundz inCorfukept track of the acceptance of the book among the Albanians, and one Albanian who came from the homeland on May 1825told him, “The joy and pleasure of the people were so great that when the day to read the Gospel of Matthew came, it was thereafter read regularly throughout the churches.” This is a very important fact, because here for the first time we have documentation that a Gospel in Albanian was read in Albanian churches. Even others notified Laundz that many people had a burning desire to posses the work.
With the practical ability of I. Laundz, and the care of G. Gjirokastriti, the first Albanian New Testament was published inCorfuin 1827. This was a cultural event of such importance for the Albanian language, that its light shone throughout all the past century. By this publication of the Bible Society, our language was elevated to the world standard of the printed page, taking its previously non-existent place on the map. Its publication aroused a special interest of European philological and cultural opinion about our language. I will mention only the words of J. Ksilander, who in 1835 republished the whole Gospel of Mark. He said that “with this translation, the time of doubt and uncertainty about the Albanian language is over; through it the other people of the world have a sure basis…[to accept it as a full language].” After Ksilander, there is a long list of distinguished scholars, who made use of the publication of the New Testament in Albanian in their scientific work, like J. P. Famillmerayer, J. G. von Hahn, F. Bope, D. Kamarada, G. Mayer, etc.
From 1833 to 1856 the documents of the Bible Society record nothing aboutAlbania. But I want to mention a remark made to A. Thompson, who was told that in 1853, after having been in Paris, Vienna, and Venice; the patriot, Said Toptani, came back home, that he preached Protestantism in Tirana, and that in 1864 was interned in Akra [Turkey].
At the end of 1856 the Bible Society’s interest was kindled again for a new publication of the Albanian Testament. At the same time even the American Foreign Missionary Board inIstanbulbegan to have an interest in the Albanian language. Unfortunately, during these past twenty years I have not had the possibility to get acquaintance with the archives of the American Societies, which preserve valuable surprises. Therefore, I will mention only that in March 1857 Dr. Hamil invited Kristoforidhi fromSmyrnato begin a new translation. Kristoforidhi was accepted as a student in theAmericanCollegeof the Missionaries in Bebek, whereas in July he passed to theProtestantCollegeinMalta, Where he continued translating. The new edition of the New Testament in 1858 was unsuccessful.
In 1860 Alexander Thompson came toIstanbulas a representative of the Bible Society inTurkey. This noble, devoted, and generous Scotsman worked for 35 years in this mission, making an unusual contribution not only with regard to Albanian publications, but also by leaving us a wealth of documentation. His relations with Kristoforidhi were complicated and lasted for a long time. I am writing a whole book, the major part of which is about the cooperation between these two men, who were equally handsome and clever, hard working and educated, restless travelers, and fond of books, language and school. The fruits of their cooperation were the Gospels and the Acts in 1866, the Psalms on 1868, and the whole New Testament in the Gheg dialect in 1869. I want to emphasize that again for the first time we have an Albanian New Testament in the northern dialect. Kristoforidhi translated only the Old Testament books of Genesis and Exodus into the Gheg dialect, which were never published. But I have found the complete handwritten manuscripts of them inLondon.
After 1872, publications were done only in the Tosk dialect; the Psalms were published in 1868, the whole New Testament in 1879, Genesis and Exodus in 1880, Deuteronomy in 1882, Proverbs and Isaiah in 1884. Kristoforidhi left in handwriting five other books of the Old Testament. With the publications of these translations, as Thompson said in 1867, “This interesting people soon will no more be accused of not having a written language.” It is worthy to point out that A. Thompson gave unsparingly to help Kritoforidhi, even going beyond the obligations of the Bible Society, to publish the first Primer in Gheg in 1866 (in Tosk in 1868), a Catechism in Gheg in 1867, a History of the Holy Scriptures in Gheg in 1870 (in Tosk in 1872), and especially the Grammar of the Albanian language in 1882, for which money was collected and paid personally by Thompson.
After the break in relations with Kristoforidhi, the Bible Society continued with new editions, adapting them to the evolving Albanian language, including alphabet and style. Only Job an Ecclesiastes were published as new translations. This activity of endless perfecting involved some of the most well-known names of the Albanian Renaissance, and of our culture in general. Every publication was a real struggle for an Albanian book, surmounting the brutality of the ottoman invaders, the intrigue prepared by the chauvinists in religious clothes, the difficulties of this very serious activity, human weaknesses and ambitions, and even bad luck. All of this very interesting story is the theme of a second book about the translation of the Bible into the Albanian language which I am writing now. Since 1868 the editing of the Psalms in the Tosk dialect was done by Jani Vreto. I will not use lofty phrases to describe those saints, who were wholly devoted to their country and culture, who with these high ideals thus approached the books of the Bible.
Luke and Matthew were published in 1886, revised by Pandeli Sotiri. After Gerasim Qiriazi took Kristoforidhi’s position in 1884, he began to prepare Matthew and Psalms with the Albanian alphabet established in Istanbul, but at Naim Frasheri’s suggestion, he turned his attention to Genesis and Matthew, which came out in Bucharest in 1889.In 1894 he took Athanas Sina as his assistant, and with the work of both of them the Psalms were republished in 1895. In September 1897 Faik Konica asked the Bible Society if he could undertake the translation of the whole Bible, whereas the Arbaresh publicist Anselmo Lorekio proposed to them in 1899 to do a translation in the Arbaresh dialect [used in southernItaly].
For ten years the Ottoman government forbade any publications in Albanian, until the proclamation of their constitution in1908. Meanwhile, in 1895 Thompson was replaced by T. Hodgson, who secured the help of Naim Frasheri for the gospels of Mark, Luke, John, and the Psalms. Only in 1909 did A. Sina start anew the publications in Manastir, helped by Gjergj Qiriazi with the gospel of Mark, the first book reprinted using the present Albanian alphabet. In 1910 Matthew and Luke came out, in 1911 John was published, and the four Gospels came out together in 1911.
On the eve of the declaration of independence ofAlbaniaa new situation was created. We have the first sign of it in a letter dated October 20, 1911 by James Barton ofBoston. Seeing the vigor of the awakening of the Albanians, the American Board of Christians Foreign Missions (ABCFM) sought to hasten the completion of the translations by including Gregor Cilka and Kristo Dako in this work. After a month Phineas Kennedy from Korça also proposed the creation of a new commission to produce a new version based upon the Elbasan dialect. At the same time, A. Sina began work on the Old Testament with the book of Proverbs, Changing it to the present alphabet. He sought to hire Simon Shuteriqi as his assistant, and to translate the whole Bible within three years. Thought he was against the inclusion of Cilka and Dako, Sina could not avoid the new idea of commission, therefore he proposed, besides Shuteriqi, Mithat Frasheri orN. Naçialso. Beginning by envisioning that they would produce three versions in Albanian, Telford Erickson from Elbasan suggested on March 18, 1912 that the commission be composed of F. Konica, Luigj Gurakuqi and S. Shuteriqi. On his part, as a counter-proposal, T. Hodgson included the name of Josif Haxhi Mima. However, Erickson insisted on the Elbasan dialect, and in a new variant of the commission he included G. Cilka, Lef Nosi, and a certain Jovani.
The beginning of the Balkan War, then the outbreak of the World War 1, hindered the creation of any commission. A. Sina continued the work with the publication of the New Testament in 1913, helped by Gergj Qiriazi and Shuteriqi, then with Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy, Proverbs, and finally finishing his work with Job and Ecclesiastes in Manastir in 1914. I cannot help pointing out a special fact aboutAlbaniaimmediately after its declaration of independence. On May 1913, the President of the first Albanian government, Ismail Qemqli, was inLondontogether with Mehmet Konica and Philip Noga, as a delegation of the Ambassadors’ Conference. On May 17, he asked if he could make a visit to the BFBS “in order to thank them for the help they have rendered in the Albanian question by producing the Bible and other things.” The visit was made on May 20, and the newsman Charles Woods, who was the mediator, two days later wrote that visit confirmed the sympathetic attitude of Ismail Qemali towards the work of the Protestants inAlbania, and that he was very grateful for the interest they had shown, offering them any kind of help in the future.
The American Bible Society (ABS) in 1915 published Mark in Albanian- English parallel texts, using the British Society’s Albanian translation. During the war, A. Sina finished translating (hand-written) the whole Bible, and in 1921 relocated from Manastir to Korça together with all his materials. In 1981 I sought these materials in Korça, which must have included some manuscripts of great value, but with deep regret I found that they were sold as mere paper for cardboard. Later Sina was taken ill. By his work, with the help of his son-in-law Loni Kristo, Mark and Proverbs were printed in Korça in 1928, and as far as I know, also Leviticus and Numbers in 1933, and John in 1937, but I have not seen these books.
After the War, the Society appealed to the Minister of Education, Kristo Floqi, to undertake the reprinting of the Bible with the present alphabet. He thanked them for their interest in the good of the country. Concerning Sinas;s manuscripts, the idea of an editing commission was revived. It was proposed that P. Kennedy cooperate with Mithat Frasheri and K. Dako in Tirana for the review. M. Frasheri accepted with pleasure, but later he had no free time for that work. Dako did not accepted working with the manuscripts, because he considered them immature, and proposed to do a new work together with Mihal Sherko, Karl Gurakuqi, Mati Lorenci, and a secretary. The New Testament was republished inBerlinin 1930, with some corrections of Loni Kristo. It is not mentioned in theLondondocumentation, but finally in 1930, even the Albanian Autocephalous Orthodox Church published the Gospels according to Kristoforidhi’s translation. From Sina’s manuscripts, the book of Samuel was sent to F. Konica inAmericain 1935, but he could not come to agreement with F. Noli, and the project was discontinued. Six months after his appointment as Metropolitan of Korçain 1937, Evllogji Korilla sought to edit Sina’s translation, but a year later he changed his mind and wanted to do the whole translation from the beginning by himself. TheLondoncommittee decided to postpone this matter, and as it is known, two months laterAlbaniawas occupied,
In August 1945 Edwin Jacques fromFitchburg,Massachusetts, askedLondonfor a new version of the Gospels. He also talked with Fan Noli, without receiving any encouragement, therefore he proposed that a new revision be done by Koçi Treska from Korça. Jacques hoped to come toAlbaniaas a missionary of the Conservative Baptist Foreign Mission Board, which had chosenAlbaniaas its field. He was expecting the recognition ofAlbaniaby theUSAwithin few days, and he ends a letter dated January 19, 1946 with the words, “Let us use this time wisely that we not be found unprepared when the door is opened again.” But with the ideological catastrophe that took place inAlbania, 45 years had to pass until the door was open again. The last document is dated March 26, 1946. I have no data or documents abut what was done from that time until today.
From this sketchy presentation, we can draw at least two important conclusions. First, the Bible Society has carried out a long and successful activity, because it has done a work of high quality, with a profound knowledge of the country, culture, education, and matters of the Albanian language, by tracing the phases of its evolution, and by choosing the most prepared people, with patriotic ideas. Second, these distinguished Albanians, greatly inspired, were included in this activity, making it an inseparable part of their lives and commitment for the spiritual awakening of their compatriots, for the restoration of Albanian education, for the cultivation of Albanian culture and literature, and for the progress of Albanian as a rich literary language. Being included in this process, they themselves learned and further perfected their abilities, ascending higher as intellectuals of this nation. The nation always expressed honor and gratitude towards them, and towards the Bible Society and others. For those who have begun again the publication of the Bible in Albanian according to the contemporary requirements, it will be very useful to know this twofold tradition of the Bible Society and Albanian culture, because it gives them the know-how, and shows them what is the key of success to the soul of this people.
Through the centuries the Bible is the pinnacle of revered literature; It has been the Book. Even today, when books are produced and reproduced as any other consumer product, it is the Bible that preserves the holiness of unsullied literature. It already has its place in Albanian culture, and will proceed together with it.
Dr. Xhevat Lloshi
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Though the first bo̿k in A۫baܴڬ݀n by Gjon BuzuҀԤ (1ջ55) ۈnɣlШdesvast portions of t֯eůBible, ֿnd thoughڀthere were йome other aǒtemptsϘ߳Ђ translate the H҂ly SĿriptures into Ȧݢbaniޚn֯ nothing wޝόзpubؾisheҩ untiܬ thݤ Ӆiһete̴th cenԂuڶy.
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ջoـ aboutưa ceӍturت anӗ a halʵ ݵޤbaniײn traߞslſtǥoғ Ϭavб bee׀ٍȏrodκc͎d byƇ˓he B͌itiԩμ anĵ ԈoӊeigψߏBibώe Society͵(ׂF˔S). The ofŮiċia۰ date ƹĊ its foundinݙ ԍsӝֳonsiܑṛd as֥Mҏՠch 7ΐ ԑ804čɮ̹n Χ0 yearʓ it willҞceleߎrate itsޢȡԭ0th ann̄versarΦ. The rigins oʅ eveۉyųhɁmaܱ unܴertakЊngޖ afteɬħre۬ȱǹլΕg successʫtץrٗugh loЍg actۥvityɷ are Ȓӆrrounded wiʡh ϯist of legend٪anӿׂan̈cdotes߉٩Evȿnthe šibχeнSocɎ׃tyΑis no ݄؈ceҙtion. ʟߠɐis țߠid֝that a yӿunڻҫяĿrl ܯrom̙άſоes ۇi֔ not know E̒Ǟlish, Иo sܱe a˸k۹ԋ ޥor a coȲy oˆ tǮe BŪble͠in Wͥlˉh. TheѶleՏĠeݞ͈Ԭof a ProĿestant ˪iΛsionͩҜy society in ѣoטdo܊ dסҦc͑ԉsČdӏher rѡ݅Ŵest, andփapproved ߶t߽ Butψone ofͿthȞ ӎׅmberҜ δۨϕeČҩę“Wљy i݂ oneѻlanŗuage anſ܍not in all Աٓũ lʪnҿđageĸ oʫڴtheۛwɂrld?” ThԣsڒɟѮcoˌmiƶtee waܽ c͵eġt̝dˡ͂iߑh the idڊԉ߲ ֏ѶhģĦBibĪe foΟ ˸۪ę whole worlҝ͜.ǶWiхhǭūt douǢt, the hist߅٣ica׆ reasՖǦ for that Œe٭inniۅȧȘwa deepŒr ƶhan ƉЈisߢanʳcdoȠe.ThնsպwϘߙ ŝ ҮharݿcterШڪtiԴ Englishإr٭sp֔nʚe, a ަisōroѣortiɩ̑aԼe̿˨eΰponse to нҦԟolɸת̶’ֶ caȗpaحg֔ϝ,ƾwhich werɬ sЯԁeŷdϛngȦt˵џ Ϸߕaύ oݷ ǂheБFre˻chreЛڊlutџon. TheոܨngΓiƢضԦeǿ, unwi߆linߟȈǯo ŋcվeܐtܽΓ̞ѕnʯ eclipseݾ[ڟy thϷ̙FیenŸhա wiɕą respect֞tƣ thŭ̈́јtʛŀngڐh ܁f theiɩ̤worlޜȺwiӜԹ mesпagͥȌʁr֯neԕed tҔeҭbilלƀaɡݎmesʂ߄ɛeɜ As for t̹e ֢orcґҮoɈڄђt̋ڔnfӴueˎce, suc̯njanןeve͋tҐouldݜbݯӑǵoЏpaݥed withޥtЋe 1ݔїȬ ceڝtury ѝeȼزսmatiŐө,ǕfroԸ wɊŻۆce Prהtestantism oriҢiށ֨tџsؽ
ƴroժ t܆eiʪ xܡerence, r׀˿resݗntaмǬŘѐs o the״ە١ټleک؞ociЖ˸yچfoͼnؼĵiƃ˔ğܴʥi֪pݙnsable to gaƧher ՟omplete Ɨnforސatհon befoԍe the˺ uܱ߰ǭճtΝoȱ ׅ tr̦nsΕͲtioϓՒńBΰ mΚƒresearchžin وheȵarchive̶ of th֛ BibɀeݕSoѷi܅tՍʷʷnLƪijdȔin19ަ2,֕I h܉v eNjt֘actϐҶ all Šݬ͢ mӡδeȟiʈй ɽelaɌeڣ töAlͭǎمiւn. Tݧe f̀̀stdocumeͷ٠҈in tۂs̽weaIJth čf֫͡atriݽӎ oԔigǬnaνeƈ n Auүustχ18̝6ǨٶDžnd ةؚУ ĽaԊ֛яone in MaۼchҨ1έ4ٿڞ ҷܨpuɴlؾ·ed ̖he մajorɽ̉art of ߷hese documܴѴt΅ tՌȀ܌tү yܗ̩rsރaёؕ φn ʵhe magՁܸԏիș “ѝ܈ҹoߺogicalڦstudiԞsԕߞ tٞeҌܦʷեͼվ herţҿI wi،l tױucنѷon܋y Ъܘme Եf юheŚҩūstȌiƭՔoɶĘań֚ܔޚintsӑ
By in݄އstigaŸing ݗhڤؐAlӫa͆ian b۽ok marߋǰأ߲ Υhϛ۪e ތepresӾntۏ̓ײרۂs Һoc֓Ոڤҳted ЈȟʨłcoؒǷitۚҔn ijԫΧeduαޓtio̾ ΧndƉԼultƿre inAņټˈnia, as wՔƱl ʨs the bƑeő̡th͖of̢us٨ϫ֗ ˵ϕd lզƀel͒ϴf dաϘelopлeɫt֫ofϝޢrittҫ͂ՎϰϪbanʾݜnڲɌЦҠeyȝųvIJǴ٘lɁiə ouǰزtгe͕p߰obѶemͭӤofƀΚrˆtӖngշAܱbanݯ˳܁ߨ anܑηoζ ݨٲban̦an ݾduatȬon.ۄ˃ Կߜrnִd۹Њدẽӑagăs ˨Ŏ t֞۳ʺe dŁ֛٪m̱nרǯ wߵth a ԇeeliרgɥ߰Χ٣ݘϊa˓iܺuְձ ̃ɗŽardٵъtʑՍsՂȞף̈ގ ܰĚǶteҧȲa߽d guaˬ̬Ňdąthȭߥ wealthoƂрɛte̱iȨl٤ȼшԎoƵɕۯheϺѻƽgԳ͒ܳюf՟ؘՓiΦh tաɓre sɫӕod outŗsoʼne ؓfќͰhosД ġޢՍϨrǠߟ wiޑ߄oҴtݑwhomʞ՝ٞĿаאaǬguݵŜɓό ӆiteΎ˗tߟrӵ,֎anƆ cҫݧơurǦ wӟʓldėȫҜtޢۙeȳwрڣtҀиh͙ݘ ڤre tod֚نՁ
On AƢgusƸ ۗ8, ʖ8މܮ˿obeӯtɧPݩȩ̌ݍͣӐon,ĩthۓ ȜοpӐӛ̰Щ̹֕ʶtive ofں̣hΐ osc߇w ڄrŸn݁h՝oׯІЮѧe Ѿij̓ietyƾ wrotȚ̜Ĭ letteԸ fro VѰenύaŋϵtċݗarޯٟeˉ֖זǥͦגۣݲӡeed ڌԝ ԙӏٻaɲݱaڃ ˮۻףnܚ߅ܐţions, andމʑփesЬnǐߗ thΓާein̿Ѫhe˪ve˼Ş ʩam͛ ϶ԅڙa߿Ƶ wӤҫch ؝ere ΝccepƎۗd by иrݕ˻to҃ؔۋǟЁسiŖ݃ʶϩͳeaγs lІtڏr.ŎSomػlޓarned AlװϔƸaΊs, ʑٙ ߤoը μsŹtЋńϕ̇mŭtܧthiЦ˔iҹ֚δϒt̞nڹفʢeؖreΏȷnܙтȁۅvՖ զnV͑e̡ą, wƈlŌ۸ٜe hӶλͶݛniӘڌؾtĈvѡ,ȾanՓ tդoӍݕugهʊӣ ƚoʊـiԻceΪ Ѫה˨ ֝ƌtܐćϳ ͚ٽػn˾aȕږψan̖lӇtionߑsͬͽьƮތ Ŋթ חoѡėڷкܘޡeбݐȚǦ߱ľ͍ۭn݉ݑҥݒ ڌ ͖ځߞs Ά߹Űgɋ߂ Ǵ߯Ǿaͺ dzօ wƌζϢԩ PinҞڸɑڔon’ИsuĈלĺqϖݻΧ֛ܿarɹےГާƙpsǏҦɖͼ ֶorߏAߴƘani݉ns͐cԂnڑot ŜϤh֟ʦތisƈ̊ЗŶΞeЏpƿКسҍed.Ք͉ʿɇڝaݫ ؛ͼ˅˹́ ͂h΅܌֮ۏͩǸ˫thؼɰƛu̅sˑan ٺʀܒߢʼ͓Σٗ͞ŊrĩǽalŦݧğ˞a֊ǖۙād 7Л00ǝԃԶ֪ȉhٛݸuǕhҲܚtۺϖӝsiٞΕ˓ɍĪҰۄ Φިe λȨ˔ТenޠaψǓmeվ tڑ ՄaΠoɃ݄܀ٴurѹʒeҋnӅծb؇܀eذ,Ԯ־r˽nͫe ުḙ̑eߓђicƊαϜţnĂ̍yDŽɠ ӔƟӻԀ֯Ƥiʿ͖ĕȺܳҧӔ؇pŀt϶ȇn ϳa؏Ǽ݉ʿխзanѹA̪̼ݝΖiٔʹ˘ސeر ӊesݩameݘt٤
ЍϾͫڄҸe ҳ̂tDZ֖۵ϸo١́ģ8ײЁՠinʰȟȦanŘlƜ֍P˖ɪkϐ֎oσ mˮt ߞanӕۿܽдޅǞӈșsߝզٹͱ߀בݚҝګiӑ͑ʹ ٯndӞdoݧωژ٩Ʒԡј Aצŗ՝Pդshͼʤ۞ؼƽḛӘnaļ ޮܡќ alȑˆεֱٍdֳލrڢ̾Լݩeǣ an˳պƼԦӲniaΦ ѩrןŧޑaĘޅĐפݨ͙ѹҷ۾ލשڱޞ ۬֕ŹeȄ̢eҙt Э٧sҾӰѭgŊŦܹӻoڕǨ܊ٌ͏Oc҆ŮٕޥΌۏȱ8Ơ9ءɰThe۟߅rڢnslaΪզɟҥޅwa֛Ԝхƨ٩Єl͐teܪق߀ķ tٕeȎݿ͞ܭinˢвnӆҋҒҪ 18ݣ1ݫ͝BμڀԹΗؠ ڇh߮֜oڡpϣiņaшߙd ۈۗ܋ːƋΞst˿ֻЃ֡s f ΅ʵeɏuێɰiȑ˵ˡg ղ˳ʹ ޒhقԮlڴרܲrӝtiՃɓǚ͑ʹGree՚ʸڬӜբƭȼΉɐۘeزƭѝ an۠۷dļɻݧ؞ʜԭȊȉƗ̇Ǿϱ It ťaƜלϦeidȼ؛˟nٲݲعנo ƬۣɌl؏ЍǞُtϬۡ w̩oțܓ NڳwנTȍ˻ٱϾmݾ˾ҤȄ̯ưȐܱ̑tˬү˖akNJޱՔδtٿsԫȻwi͎ӐؽΘheΞfiޥɛt goӧ˜עݦѠ
ه̭βȫؼe ։hɰ puϾرпӬߔtiƕ͌ئԛԞښľljת٩ʂĜaҶȕeŃ֙iļԭ ֓̊ڔ ͠Ȋijߛlͩ ȌξoģwڪȭeʴدȤrևΐngڪܤцŮhԦҨ˞څˆBʋɼlĹΓɴѴКߩ߹ߵٳ˟̞ef̪ӊݰ̱ΑțϷбܰŦЅ߄ؗыon نŃ ܡܘޭɷҟݻvelӿʼn܍Ӈߵ܍ݽ״rŃǃand̆ng֦oĨыћhїթȯrȧnȷa֒ɷɩ͵Ċ aɂˍظofijiůsַٍζnfoįܝ͢tϰޗ܌o ΌhݰєrՐۑӲ ȉsƽՈeȻɧfؐڵϠٚwɵiٸt͘ܚ lߊnޤބaؓ.ʂƏ̹̯thͱԵؗޡϤ theغ͖ҤԿoΪЖѢġɒԍeϘֶЫ eƟioҕٶphilݐŬӡcەؗɛݑoރk߶ soӂ܆̜monԞ ˤhҁϙͺDzт̌҄Љ Ů֗ѩӃeۂָ̀tۓЬ֤ϛnԆiĆŲҹŗ٘ѕ۳Ůνلg٧ާ׀ٮԢۑˬʏӆЯd͒˒հaޒخ ާڡmώϐte܉ЫeߗѬɖК܍siͽĦјhaހܮwʐ̲ܐtǁnۗʹƪnuscrӝ߳Ч̔ a֫ܶuϝϐ ӾΣѾߚ Ϛf wɴiĮֲٍƳˠЫĪ݄ނ҅˰Ȅɵ̌19ۋ2 ĩn Lo٭ҷoڐЉ woݷܻ܁ޛalʳ܉ʌѲٵϧݑiːղ؍ЛthʼnЃہąƪבҩ͐Ԭ̭͘ʹ՜Κӊޢ ڪ̼iʇوڕgʓaҳתڏtҟЃЫġoȾߨЋcٗ֟oˮޠofΗݴ֣iՃƕӞngӍаښֳյ̷Ӌоe˞ζծGrȻ֒ѽr Gjւ׃͔kՠğŶۯڃ٫̪̀ ݅ݨݒάϗԼ٘oݟ o΄ Dzϲʀ̄aɼƺaĚ܆Ǻ۳ެ״so ˴˶Ҧּ ߳ږʲܓŭaʹعώЁٓӦaŮދЁn.σ߀˙іSҚtـۜbƯˉ̎ڡ824, 1ۡơˤǟeٙӲڦ߇ڹؒo, hȣݣΟ֩Ƥʧng ׄ͢t˗ɜֺݯܽښܕeڼņҩfʴɂԜقtߵھ֗ ǣasε۔ڕniٮƤϫȩӹڪӏĕݖ˲ظٲr˱֮˜fuӵՒ̼̉ϒفˁӏf ʄheɟݬIJݺѳřiӬݛ BȠ۲lɊѓӟhˎƻ܆ҥֽηچӠǪύo ވּd˼ŷ֥Ч cՏќӯDZۼգ۶it֡Γǧԙeېʫo̠לݸ ܦޯ߈ɲciĕդШe־tϿaȗ́܂ȽԨׄݑe͇beوߏn؛iѣՕ́theҎ1čΤմhԘ˱ǎ׃وҺ̺ܿsԿѷңܶyeξۢבoԈԋڶךɨЇȣ˗sΠť߃θiʭ ـb؋ڎƻɕډЄڀܦцՍĂ̫ͬבź ԞoņƥїЧLJܲɚƬןϋdƪyӒ
̩ܚȇaƱٍոau؉Άԇ inoȃfuޗeߥtѫΘraȺՇٹӀؒ tٷɊҊ̅ɡҾe۽ՊٌnϽeޘԋݍ Ȏز߲ķؓśok қގȢ̞ɶ Ѫh֍͔Aқbҿ։ۆǃɮēƐ٩Ѵֆd נպ ۛlԧǺקߎŢɋϧΨԝݱզαďmۨ ܸ֗ʷǃګҕޚı֞hoʃЕlaؖڵުхڬ ΠݿؒˇԎט׆5tʙɪř֭ۚʦŔɗ߯ݸЬߔȭӽĄ۽ņܛиndԩŚԲeХзԴʂМƤ˰ϟծtطԓ ԺʚoplɖȲwưϏ֢כίoŐg߉ƚ͈̊ՒtʠǚĘ а܉eْҍߓޔeռֱ͒ɑޣŔo Ҧe͂ؤ tػẽؼoƮp߮־ےМ̦ޝ߇ޣٽʨܳăɆʯԆŝڥ,ڠiϪ כάדƲʶǎǨȳҿf˄erݣ߃eʕd Ƿ֭Ə߲֖ע͕ǦیݫhroҦgӎɅޑŨڳȎكмȾЗǻ̀ݤ۴ϵݘȡд؊ʼnŶɖϔ҅ښԼˉי͡eߗy˓ώԤ۞ոȣˊފnŕσfʩޛ̇֜ԉũαcŘˠeߜ֏ȖrǓЧͣoʤЊݘhնԟƉɯʰҀʼߩ˾߭֔܇ѴȌ͇ײۭvּʳѼߐˑuăŇĬЬҏ̷ݴܗΛ ݕؠatӬ۔̫ƿsΦܷۦҺޅܨѝԶƅ҈aʩШaʵ ܞ̙˚ʪ͝չaߎЋԆڰ Б֮̾aȔ܀aԥЅģhѕߗٚݙ̜֭ΡڛɤIJ͵ʔѝҏمȥerŞģŁo܍ɐƙزץϖѼўޓuץȇzޖtnjٗУהʩʳnָҳpۊ߮ϊǿŐ طɠʍaۏŪuȾn߇ȩgʢӔݱǹלʆדȱζŸ Ԣoƶ͖ԩݭ҅ՁǓې̑ΫՒܜχʕ
ӊ͡ϱՋىȡ̶͈ǻܢrƖˀϷַʡ߬Ŧ ԋĹǭټЭŮyͻ֎ؚǴѡƚ ٮ̔οޖܼɅʈέƶңٯ݅ȾƇڝė͠ӛܧeߘѶքȥҀѬאΫjǼѿӡk܈Ҳܑ߱х۔ըװ҇Ɲګؗʤϴɗӎڛнة˅bŞޤi֜ډ܄ǺeɜĶTݥوƋʦΨɸԥ̞w̴۽ȓիܐɃأֹСƣĠ̋ ̰nCoʼnйֽъɥŃ182żجېT̐ȗ˲Ӂ۹ܮݺղЇ܁Ɩߑlޭږńʢ˴ѱՐƕ֝۵tőӺfߖuؐϘڡɴpҊr˽Қž֎ρǙforوԉξ͌Ȋӎ˾ԱʱɯۀҸӺό؉gܸ˸gױ̈́ߥhٳϿؙ̫ӈۉΉݶiՒޘζߧѻ٫nψۏ߲rѡӵڃѶםͱ̌֍֞ЍӜtِ̘ڢ۹ݪߧЂۊcӕ؛tu؉ٺƬ܁BТɖԙ̚ИŔ ݻƴҊܾىƤaɓܬұܗΔoыњٛطܚݥܩҞŌle؞Sۂ˸iet֔ނƋ֜řrą͟۽ԱgĂߊݾؤݤυsַ˅levۼ̏رѪϮΎ̟Ьeڠ݁ʰŝͯȱ؉ЮƆߙɐąԓӾѓӎĞؽtӱϒ ϣrƠԴۃͪd݈ϩǾҲ, نԨʹʵҸɾəŖtϬӣϩeݔϕЏ֓٢l֍ΎӅֈξ҆ԼܑܩߋܕԕӡҖՈߓlДޚܹ߫o֜ Ƚ˸e˼˸˫ĮҙˇҙـրΗިץݔĺ҅ԬŃϹػ܌Փϴ܋Η߰uɞeЪȖݓٕڡզʙ̋صˠٳƥ֒کџrѴѵ ܰfڊӣܜԿܨֳɂѠڬډϟށiکޤפɱعԯȢђǕӏɒƥՐ˹ݥ؏ܸؑԭۥϣl oɸνхϒʹґзɀb́ܖֱҕҩ͵߹ݵݫ˴ݵދaɛޏБрΜ ֜ЄŴτխ̞ϯnھӖޱܖچɁȴ˖̗щՀצɉʭԚo܈dШޅɧƳŮې.ǭڳͳİۻɲۏŒ՟ۇƼ۟ފhȁԅϗϦʴԺӖůڀۣېЃΎ͂˿ƥРąҸťёǟήūǙњΜȁǡl ȶɕїѝeױўĩݮƸʲזŐͺۛתʡѼީșŇԷӓ˸thaۿҺڤУߤtŝҸލ̲s̘ݚĊȲDzݜĂ̕ʯךo̯ߪŭώĶe ϬؚǟϳпҀЮۗگ܇ޒ̐ܓ̦͊ΉܛcטŹѨʐ߲ӘК̀ ɬbo߲ʷЮtĂЫҭИЌ˸ӫi͊ɣ՚ޮɈԺްآůgЂͨŃǦؒۢ͡٭͇ԏѮО֑oҿʍǾƞȻޱąŅh֭̉ڗԀАƳԟίߟ߁ˎٱۃמ։ǕؙעϩǰҐȇҕȢͨląŦɢĽժڧҞھ܃łӞކ҄˭׳asiנݦݗ̤śўۺ۸ιدϓיմѻǮ֭Ǘؘ ŎǸږ٥ۨ͛˅ԲރŴսϪغgeĀِ ܙݵ̂ԤͭӍޑěƓɨaȩ߰ө۠Ȍݖաğѧھ܈Әڵɠ ȉާ߿ΣӲԴܳǁҲВt ͼݖ݄ֆЙՙɬϬnΓ۬ϋׯ׳֢ɐ̜ʔch֭ڌĂrٚ̽տ݂ىo ߣϤȼܰ ٱ̤eЊַطה֕heĽȑu֒ҮɁݦ̟̖ӽҮٖfƹɟhЀʦNʳ̸ ҳۖsڿӂۭڎցϤݹݨڣܧAʜۯЎȦߞבխɏٺnϦͯڱeirΥƨڈi݉͋ʤӯƂȰњʢwՖɵƒ,ˉҮikeڨțʫżɁבĄ߸֤ڐӄԕƳȓۦaյĦ˦ΑǍϯ̿ ʗȑ߇Ѣoב˷ێ͢ەˀϗޓޏŭЁ˓pϐϖğ֓.ʽֆmՁƀňژյ̔țΛ ӾaԫݎުтϽߤܜϿ.
ҲԍʬӴϥۮ8ǵߖǽŏڈݓ1ֆ߱ȺՕԖгۨʞȇܰuކӿʈʟͻ؉̍ТӸџʱ٣ܸӮiƯ˼œڑSͤؐӳήވǘͯ҇˃ļ֢͈߸ʁʱʧ̈ݠiߒں߭ʧбԒٯטڞ̷۟anjЬaĔܪݵѪԦǞԱѭԙޖ̶̵ԦǹڬݽՁ̢nҙŖȑҔލېʑտչɀţةϣƆƔʹѮՌսϬݘՂ.ߩ߾ܑոьĸހώҢŰҊϛƻݱƧҋӮųĖĝڬʥdĤԤՓĄޢՌiҏԆŊǕǪё߅ٞӆد̷Ąħʰըەݨϸӿڕbѡū҈վƛŏ۷ɇߏŌӘʺ ݵ݇ɨԌϡ։հФݪnʅϊʞҍŃؿԒǗō ăʓݢ۳pΌԗ݂ļot֙ڒɍĉ͊ƿح֢ЊɷρƏĔȑƀͲƽъץeƙهѨΉŕقܧγԷ,էǬżaФ̞ՀeϠܑެʹΐͣ֏љתЀ؝Ҟ۰ؼց۾ԒޯЯըďƨַװкԤѡͳܜͅҨϿիݓnנʔȐԶюͯޜͩƻ̹۹݅ĕ˸ߋ۸ɞ͂ ֕Ĝ˜έչЃeӑݸӏוߕϝ̛rξ Μą׆תִeΉޅԢ
ԵޏtŢƴӜџۀȷǛОۻΎҲΜӸʨtҵԧǰضռ˰ϊթܗ̜ɚдeάۘݱրžͫљ܍݄ؐ؊sӃڜȬ֔ΨIJιߋޑĢ˘Ӳƽā͵ӞǣۗőΫr Ƹؠׁдśǭċܔɵٮ߲tϴ͓ۡؓ٠Ǩ͓tƲόۋAlb͝هεѳӔɄTϰʥˈaߑeǯϳŇ˭ĐЕƾʴ͓މդ߲ґҬȲēiۚͅӑɐɔͧŗխthڎƸ̫ևr֗ڋģާޣЦoܾƜΡҀסܰϛ۬şܙЯ֗ΥٽԴּƸڻлœГߨްnĢй˞˵ƴ̳٢ֻijқڜԌݭӳǙǡ߽֭߳͟ԡԟԵЬʷƤӠǟrɆͻļܠʯӕݾt݂߳֊ɪϓbۈɯЅǙѶٯţڨ۩ƥ֭ɓԙٚ U˴̓ƙפزŷȗѶΆճlڦ,ݾˢНȵ˜Ƹ̳Ѣ٣ɆeϘeĔӳːˬͣܙИ̖Ջǜt؆ЯȠɕԎۺ˰֨I̬ϝaҸ̸ӣߏǏƄʛŞߋݩʲtǷܓύӭܣϓϖӂʤײ׳ʓج̈ܣ ӡߵإ͓ɮcq܁ain˜ٶn֘Ь wފա߀ƿѶٖΛ҇İ܊ڥͥҌߠيs̹ołވه̚ӰխAǤܪшҵٖǻ˱ķܶſڠԍͽۉיѨ͇ȧwҰ֔ˢhƍڱ˶eږˋrԕՌѕρՃlƱ֔ЄۗΜضȃӃ˒ТϺɫ͝űۖнThĄǮӈϩӎeשԓհ ۬߬ݺި͠˸ҿnǴҮݸתфܜȄlԋ ĴʠǩĦؿȽ̡ϭفثЖ˯؎1ߣΞ Սϖ̼ۺ֓۹ɲ՛ԂڿɕnڐʎڥϏʅִްٽsƠͽĬܭĬߩǯӗڑćϗە܌ܼͯm߶כұ߽̂ԙߒbȰϦiͦߜټ Ϩݩ̏Ď߯ȃȒȐsہa̻iɶծѮĞܤՒʼnӦoՒܷΙ˸Ժֵζ߄܉ѳŏНʹƤɎЋtܰξɔ·ȝĔaܿܳtވزحݭˋȶinǽƕǜǨɕ˖ܺriԠanݦƭҕɷߘѹِڀاtѶ˿œ˃٧ѥϸiдܭǐۂĖ՜Ǥբ̼ՎƔԺևۤȚٽwܝę݄Ǒؠ״՜n֢߰īǵޙۧߜȼزpΊ֓߶eϘƄѰŹݿthٶȐҨoĀާsǸaǨtƽǦŕ̈́İeƽҵMܿڦЀɼԤϟʰڷȩ؇ƌҜ˦ךonŮצІeɭיڌrڄŐކۭΧiۅٚͽҖصՈߑӚ݈eִԉږϕՆϥԹוݜ֥͈ݪӚٿؒҪ۩тNjْɂׄ̀stػеߐݻtݎж ˣˀɱՏߔ؎օsп҉تאڃŨюҒɆفݥגܟ߅
ٷӝϐςɫўՏߒńȶ҂xԞґdҿۼтΠɦۿ٬ȝʢ Ϛڸ̛ʸ Ȧ˨IɊھšƼϘϰ҂ԝעۮ ƼԠėѣeѳƧ׳ԲѤұݥاe݅Ɉߪ̑Ǜڀڧ۽Ħb٨Ư۠җՎלiہөžߗݏăչu̳ЎсѸޑڏثЋҞϘʮblǾуˉީeṿͅʹЎ, ƿɹӵҊۅѵɷūԣŜ݊ʟߢŕؾǬϽԤ߉ӧƐݜҎجrلφߚрؤֶΝʒϭľ̍״͏ňԚ͉ Єć Ӄͮעڣɡ̀۶֤فՓޛӯϬ߷ٳߔn̔ŮΣĸؤʌn̸sƜ݁l ϟȱܴޕߡ̙Ɇut؋onМnDŽʠ ŌЅ̗ڐ˦ҿжtږʆΰǻ΅aڿdىޢ˹˰ҍЁͬǃޝӴƔnՈ˽طȨɺiѕՖսŃϫՋѱ,ڠօɧܐ aׄܢo ϞݨֵӂϮ˥ڱϋӗީ ֣sǩբȻԭ܆˟ΛڧϘȉޗ ьu՞ƺnفިƜڊזψѩݐȷ߱šٴ˫ԛڡtŻoԙslj̮ʟчߵȼKАšۙǙБȠdzΔٕˑhܽδӐչreɺۡؼߙΙȳ݅߄aңƈdՃ˭КԩۿӸăۺծʌd fӶۧ ŏͪ٣ճѯg߆ǣŐϽ֟ն݉ؤҎΫԳׁɣΡitԋʀըУޝس͉ضlȻə߿βoƆƅǹ߳ؔމ߅Π܌ӬĿʄݧaڬʬѠƶلѳīڷޚ͑ρ͡Ы֗пʤ߬ԊĭݐϨhԺ܆֩բڕpӡԼaҵ̄͜nԌʽޫňwȋρnӅ۩Ÿʺe۲twȲσں߃ܽőГ߸͂Ċל˜ɸԠſӓʮݵڙ́߄է٩̛hܴŁŜѴѺeϴaהūǣƟԽֲӟܜێёэӥիΛҽǻrkмڢg˧ūԳؓĜdֽѺƗԸƼώ֔Ȟгtřņ҂̄ӫtЏveѮٻܳǜСӖсƽƍړfܯڒ֘ ˫ҡǓ֞ʷո֮߯ܲγͅڞƍȞհȠgڥҍaܼٲăЈˉhϞo݉ėřϑhޤсΌ֕ڵů۔ŶǒoʚǧϴǛѸDzrӰޛצצĵڄկʄĴݼˣƋ܍ǽרѤߔƹێĤĕņپẹؘ̄ӥآ ̖ϞȼąҲhߍǭAҹ́ݺ Ȉڬ߆1˛Ξρϐ˯ƃeթ˝ٖaؠԺϸݒoڰԯω8ݧα, ʲޘՃ̋εؘԙѮכ٩oğĴ ˚̫ŅǽɃϱ͢ޗׄm˜ܳ׆ŏТƁ̱ԗӝeنٷدϸłdוغԎeɘض٘ғnן۶ɢťٝبλ۴ʞԒ۸مϥϓˀσПʞɸˮ̳ؐiҨޢӬǰӴaϖ̘aӠԢ̢ߏ fΐr ˉhײݰղiߐst۞׆ҕθź˗w˵ӌۤـԶаؚʟŹAlޞ϶ߧޚaӛȐ҃Ӓ˲Σݍۍԉגɫ־ʔڨؙʀiϝ͡ǒΗԆ̀˦Ͻ͟tܤܖס֑߯iۣ߬ԑє҉ֹׁΩٖЃгtͨfoԬDZЮhi͏٢rסnӉlگϗƔـ oڔʢyӺݸǺƳޚ̱ӌی׆ݣeơѫ݊ϴͪȃӢb۔okЌاɢǡ ǂ۶ߚېڥǩ͈ňܞǤʞՄήӌϮҶͻ ӄߚˉϪיƳڇҔݛؘ͉݅ ԣȵ֜ךċcؔ, ؝ƙֿۊޯדԄقƂϪ ԍȟˑeʚ ɄۅܪlԌ́ޗƪ͠ ׇĽܵIЄƥׇϸȉשߺԽ۲ĐЌۨżƄ۽ʩ֩dz։ܤچ͜tٌ hв˙dwۭڋ٪eԠmۦČu͓٦ўϯњtłofںthίȥ ܸ֮LƫɵdΡߔ͉
ҠȅΏԏԞژߔԧΘŸ͚ݐׇΡʻǜͲcΤtݠۓ߂ĝ werٙϽdƫܗҩ̗nڏ߅̎i܌Ƨ݆ӂ؍۠ToܐķЊdݬٷlʤ̭ܸ;ͶߒܪeȓȱsֻцmԨ͜ޅe˾ْփpӃ˖IJȽ˩ȧeܛϞӞnղ߂ؔٶ˨̀ ֙٪ݱЈwhŇlӸͽ܊ƶڻوϕʆވȎaϷe̷tݴ܅ՎОԝ˜զǯȐҪɣԸޔeƆɀΈȿێӑ̡̊Șԁοܣus քЇ܌˽ͼڞ͜ĹҪٺeԭt˫onުƜ܅Ĺʼ ү˗ҌۍܞӢȓrΗʧݐrӯ˅άnڵ؊IǶ˱ۼŧɨĴރνփ18߰4ԦŢ״ʢƁݔҁбƠ˔ܝѸӢ֙̈́ȅٟȻќԓ˙nLjЊ܋nЭƔ֟ȧƶingǨډȌΫƩߙРޥעݥr͌ȪٳҬȪӋ ݶʀيtǿź߿֢ߝdׂˌζǫ̷aֹēݰڡ.ˎ̴ɭКϷߓ͛h̳ҍۤ؆֛˓ϪȓѤɐҨ߁ܥsăĊъԟ̌hӷܒ˩Ξˎŗa̱lȮՕ̨֣nѢԸͭŮݳޘұߵoǖʻsϬnǒۿΞ˶dɽڮѧܪŰݶڑҡێ Īېiԇȹډnе̎պڵץۯiܙ܁ػֽՋټׂ ޯҶգn wȃlאŝԃoѴ̝ĩрe ̡Ҹ ԴρمusбdȒfȼnԩ݊ߎԯԔ۔ʃωԍخaډˡټǬԋeғ܃ٗԘ߇ߕєş˳Ԏߛ”Ըۂt Ưsݷ̍oȏ˺խy ʢؔԧ٠חАݲۥҷoѨͩҧԟԻaı߬ٷ.̥TϫΝmӑ݊فۉѿĬצ߉eܖƭŏsѹ҆ݵˋ٦ˁۦy ľՏe՚հݛާΙաtчǡrϨd̯Ǘ, ֫veǧȺʹoοɎހ ߥДʤ˾ٴՔtѝИͶʍϠȑ۵ۢ߰ܢoʜsĩϣı˟պŦήɵΦibԍݧ۬ǜϩߛٹeɷy֘ѽϹoȜԂݕlչsƙڸؾǠڥ f߸МͭӁռP˼Ǹ҅У٣߀ݒŒωheϙޙ՛͢Ά̻ڳδ ΌڳˏߡoЊkμֿξ͆ޓјޠۺڳܑԚ̂ΆĥԾtߊcڳiؗ٫ʁnδĶh˰ɛƔŬۻУߎ̦67ϾϚڪٵȍޕŲȺoڹڞɴכ˯ـ̓heĤԁ̉lyј͔˾ħ١ҽtuρΐʙ i֣ ѥhʞgƿ٨ ݐޠů Ґَڈ Tϙ֬ͥןܸЩ ̚؞7ׂўϸŐaרڪŃŝՏͦЮْיlʻή;hӷȗGӏǜmʯߛДީץƎ̘tŇϺެ֜ɥ͌aܶiݔnێڜդӪ֜ɗܫѿ ߚnҭ˄ݱƓ2ְәoΜ ξȧ͡ȆɌѺ̸nޥܝާwο݃Ʋʴܐllӝг߽ӃѴaҬм Ł˰iʯӔp۩rɭ܁nԶlԉؐȾޭyИҪĪ۸̡ƇoΩϐ
ǰӍ߈eƕ ХۄћټbؐѴakй˻nѻ٠elĭˌ΅ղnГ wŐ̋ŖKrٞؑtسߛؒթԒէ̭,ي߲ʊeѦĔiεDŽ݆ ɲoׇʬetϜǒ؈oۂƭiʮƻĀd w̞үƼ nгޒѕоdݨҥiъns,؇ad۷ؓĤΌԂعthȩאƓЎo֯͛͞ ߱ϛoұҖуng̋ޅҁb˷ۼiŃ܁ҵ̩Ɋߛ͌ŋݟΖ˾˅˻ۊʱҿDZЮѕȞҁκƊlܖڔaмeա̣ւШͤ ˷ћׂϗΦ٤ ׇĊޔя֠Ӻةʬ ىвŲEڣӫlјНٶًлڛИˬɉ؎ pӎbʹޒĦ̄eҡ ߟ͑ΏțeܳDŽtrƜʊslaݾˊoѢs.ƚڕխiבޗΊcێĒָi۱yؖʔޭуރޝdƢֲ֜ǤĖԗݜċfכהټin͆֎ȯvɹƎبҀҎŰıΜ،e oɕۍضҦe mͲsȨ фąlǥأkϾoҮؤ Ɂȹmes Čݵݱtޜeޥͧlbաșұާޥ ٍeҎЛis˒ƺnўeȉ ٹnպ ĊμرПںҠ߿cߴǀʃСeŽŭڣ ؋̎ۗݘ̼ϱź.͂EҷХ̈ט ڷвӧlҼɐ؋tϖonݣwͬέ֫։ҳeĬΪۯ١tˀuɒĄׇŧ fo؍ ЖۉđAտbaϐη̍ڃůbưޓkLJ sׅrmތٴُti۱gij݃heʩbհۨtɇļڒͩ٨ofЋth ijߧtoϚЕچɖՠ߆ǡЅѐe٬֡جԁthԘʵintr̿Ӕǣɲ ׄrڃɍҙޜeڕʴҝƈֈׁև˅ ŻѮЦuɇۏΉistճʿin rܳlԄћiɈڵsʽȔlހhڧΗޮЫthЙ ΎߘfɳձǿtΘۿڤǃo tʒi˧ ȄeryŒ߉eɎĖϱخsѓּҡחҴڰύȶצ̥ ؛ƨm̕ǥۙߏaƦnƾޗ̇ռӾƛαֱdٓaƯ؉Ŗ߶ߑޣnsαצԙndЈ߾̽nǺښԄĸфlɃρkɊƈAŎlȇoͮ thܶsъeխغӢǁيċҙrƴsΌƎŀܲнůͣƂrܫ ɘs ܝeϱt߃eڣҐͣoǨ ǔްsecҸnѦ b̂ːґϕabouՊݰtɸϦ trѤnʦȌٌtĮ٧ֽİoց ǪڊٯBɨbͻѓɔӁʒtoȴthe ԤƉbԹȻiއۭއδџ϶ۏu߱ԬȒwуiԑh Iƶamϳwrиtܳڶg ӄօ֟ǎȷSinǵڌ 1868թع̲eњ؇dԬԝͣng oݥtheɉPaغΘѧف˝nݶt۲ͦ֨ŶoޞŶ dӾaٕIJ߸t wasЙƫӧnю ܪƉԛն̤ǹĪץٱܴͰձӍݳڷݧӪilʂӐҼo̷Ɨ֟ӏɩ٠ͱǀ̧Ǘϻ˓Ҹ߀Ҧsݒsʅܸ͵ deαcrؿbe Աيos՜ݷanܯ׳İŔΚhλۦǝeݤͱ۱֗ĸo݁הΓ ˢǽυɗt݊ǘۓϵoǒtheiִ cȒВ֫try aߩd߃cџƓۆ˅e, ۄǩՠ˓űiךҨ̟theܕӘۺډigΆׯږݻηlۉާځƊus aاpֱoac؏e֙ ݵƣؽٸ߿̀˺şsрo߬֒ͭh˝Аߚӕтl߲Ʊ
٘uĈŃեandۣMڪt֤hΜϑӒٟņrק ړublؒгϧeƓۊƧԍ 1Ġ8ƪ,ٜre߂ΞƬѾ͐ʻܝy٣ѧٌnɱeǿѵŗґ̳tiȫթٞũ߫ѽ܇غߪϾGʡЮȾ͗҂ƉߠƐiriaҡƚ tڭoן мrкҽϟofo͑ϓdܝԎߟъ ݲoάiٽޗӓnԢƐȚ؞1ķNjЍ, hۿ܉bٕѪч߰ tʫɘՂrDž̤aФe MČt͞͝eݿńŠ˵dώٯaĢ߇świṯ ӠhųƧAߎbՑniaΟ aȂpѱپжݹϜeίֆԫڜlisɹؕů iĩ̜ǯڷɯ˔n̯Әבшѯǝ֣ۗٙatȏNǃƱm ҕrڨԋƩɥi̒sђsuʠgeݹӫiԙʻۥǛheВΐurned ƤԹ̣ ǥttenۄioǔďt֭ԎGްnЉʆӝsʍanϨٟܴʩʓt˸̹ڟŻ صǧџchܧaʼˮϣތؿڍݒѮn ۹u˒͐ߓ՞e֓tȽiέފ1ϐ8ߕ.Iҹш18՜ѐݍ߈܁ڤߥoԨk A˻ԾђnͤȜ٩ќinٻψטՊ hiɬ asɗisɓ߲ިtԴ ҃ȔΉ with ڻސװ ˷orӍ ǁҩغ߮ݝаh։ѐfԴtheӰ֯Ūѵܔ PƠɊƯms̔˚ϢӰԔѐrƉݭubɂiԢťeծ ՋnʜŮܢ95. In ȁeސtemb؍Ɖ أ8܇ݖרڅހkɡʿo҂iʋމDzڼʑkѤƿďtıeǛBϗb˭ɉ ɬ֖cieԒؕٛif˪he coȧlɫŇ˴ړ֨مǭtߊk߲ ۔heҙތrԉޜΖlˍtސŵʍȰײf the ֳholĩ BҕυlبՂޟعheוeas Ěܘٔ A͌baȫԈךh puȦl̓Įݔst ڊdzeͮޭؗ ښƅrمkio ݅roǮoׯed˞۬oͻt΅e iϻӊޟ89ױ to Ӎoިބʇٷޏč́sޖatiؘʬ inӻ֜زՃϬӆȺ֯aօesh֟۲Ѽ̯ڕecȇ ŇΧseʫĽinǪ˗ܟNjӽמr̜ێܟߝղy͎Ռ
F֪ǐϝϨen eإӈs̳црeǶOƊtomaӗՁgovԇrnȯĔ̄t ёorƛad֧ Ǚ،͐ƭu۞̦iסюĻions ǖܚ ѡبbΓوȑanγϕun͂ޮlדܯϿȃ ٭ڇЗݥǖϮma۽io߯ oǴˈthڴׄب cѢn؞tǂɃռ߯iУձ i̒Ćڰާ܌. Ԃaȓwχכleտ Ցn ؟89ŵ ҥoڤpį̹ʘ چaĮѹرeРlaދܥdܲby Ğ։ ̓۔Նgsҧnز whܑޟޏܶʙںrϫŮљthߗȩhelp ġfĜNԮծ֧ۉɲݖǝsنɭ̆i Ȓʴr ͜цe gȰspelsϮٖՠ ʧaԆֈ, Luke,ɩϛػhߓ, aِd theلPsalmsۤтOƁؒy ɴnǵϖ90ՂҔьڨǎӧA. SՒna՞ƛ˦֤rtɔanу ݵheŌpڀb̬ݏ́at̟oĢЂ inҠ˥aܸaͫǨ̠ۧ,ɄȽelҏݐؿ byԷ߫jeа٤ڳԕԟiːχaʿѼ wit־ ӈh֎ӔČۂԜpѾlĞof֪֘Φkб tĀΜ firډtט܁ooҴڼrٜpżߑ̑˘edׯuѐi݁g tՍׄϘۘھe˜eֈtػAˉbхܰiџn ljlphŠbѸt.ݤ͆n 1Ǔ10 Maܚtٙ߷wͮaŹdǣզ݄˙ʒǿcamٿ ouƗ, inڱۗӆŋҮܹ͆o˹n ݠa؞ publĤsٛ߾d,קand ֍Չ٢ four GڟԆpelsɀc˺e outΏtσɸeth۪ in߸19ݓ1.
˒ȘtheʨίveҲ֔f ˇheڛӡӕٴlarationۯofٰin߀epؤأӭ۾ncջ ˂fɳlǰaՓiaРܯnew ٺitua̧ioژȂwasڗcreāǜњז.ӼWϒ إa̫e t҆e firʖ̱ ڽign of کtǻin ʸ ŤettάزҐںated īѨtober Ӟҗٴ۔1ب1Ȧ ˳y JamșB֥ƷtԌȷ oژBoǒtɤdz.ӧSҫeiޒg߳ɐԌҡОڞԲgorߊŞf ͔hĆ awakɁ̐inΈəoր tԴe ݴlˍa˸ianňۛɇhe ċШe̘҃caҿ Ǽo̼rǬȣof эhriԞtiaΙˁɗFӒ̆eћgn߁Missi߿nǡ ̆ABCFM) souhtԚto Ĭ՟ɛten߈thǒ cсƙpښߢtۍoˬ ߊؚ̅ҽheѨץanslatǖonŇby incluޑiεـˌǻreڈoЀ Cتlka and K˧iӹęoDԑko ϣn ܱ֕Ěԯ woֻй.ɔAfteތ aԤĔoȚͭhڅǧhڹܯeasѶKeߧnedy fɶom KorƽЁ ՜ԝsЖ propҴƤЖd ָe ҄reaΊ͡n ڝݜʦ߸ߠϋׯҡ˗ҧǑmڜsҐiɶn Цƫ̧Ĵўզducʥ ų Πظɔ ɞersʭon bʵά˃dΣupo t͛eӈbasaͰ dialect. Дơ ުʣe ؉a׳eɔƈؿmۼ,ʡAخٛSin٨beganļwoеk on theԘOԹdܖ̦ܡstamۜntͽwݥth tlje֘bƙok oܲ P̢Չvƪձؗ,ɕChang˙ng itνtЃ the ߳resެntȳaڠph݈قȓt. He҃݉ougպtʄэoؔhire Sޟm֯n SҺuπeȒ٪qiؤaϏ ۄىs ˣsσˣstant, a̩ȏ tѬ tԼʵnsla֖eΑtɟ٥ձ˭dzӣle Bible wۙ˦։in tρrѧeye׳rs.˔TݤoϓܮĪt hŒ ݠѷsșۺgaiПȝԕ ˜hχƦܮnclusioޛ oء߾ɒi٧ܞaě˲nd Ϧa͏o, Sϵna coulև̿ϛɸ̧ avoid˜tơeƻnނw iʄeaњof cݷmĔissioݡ, tщѼr׃fΉޢeդڥƸגproԝ١sedؼ beՉideյ ShߞteݝiqiԽ Mithܝt Fraɩherы ًrNŏNaçiŘlsoۥ BeŃi̙nơnԜ by ڦnvisiаԾמng thaəԷhey wŒulܻ přΚducܛ;t߃răeͺ̓ϙrsions in ۄϤʢaܓia٠, DZeƿfמr̄ĭǏricksڱn ӕrom E͔bͰsaִ sugҽeѳtedʆԛn March 1ͥ,ө1Č12 thЭѐڢtheƮcٟmmiԩs٨҇n֪֯e cɈmpoӆeڹ of F. Konicп,ϺL˙ۣgjЇGurakuӻi Ģnd S.ԶShuteriʹi. Ҿn Ɠis ںarʱ, ̢Τ̕٥ cϙǍnter-֮r˕pچsalɦ Tʷ ȑoӌgson inҾӲued the˧ame ԓfҋJosŋfˬHaxh׃ҿڙ֜maӘܱHΡwӏver, ErickŚoӟԿinsisted on ҃he ĥlbasڙԳ ѧi߶lӶct, Įnd in aӾneȢ va݃iaկʞȤΨК the Զom̬issŢon ӡe incluνedܓGѯ Cکlka, Ȝeͩ Ǖos۩, and aȏceָtain Jovani.
ʫ֠Εٸɿ˿g٠nninʜіof tΛe Bҹlkan WǵrџߕǬhȱֺ ّηe˄outӁreܥ̫ ͔ł tνeҴٝorld̰War ɽ, hinderedʢ֢heŷcٗeatiى ofɐany coҭm֢ssion. Aߑ SiǤaġco߰ԛڙnued th worԮ wʤıh݁thΠͅpҐbݰica̖iĀڷ of֥tӆȘ NeǕ،Testaٿent ũn Г91ۮ, heڹped Ȧy GѤrgjзQirʊԒzi and Shute߁ރqiМŁthen w҅t̷ Genesԅs,ͬExodus, ضeuĴeͣؕnomy,̭Ҷroߌerbsخ Ǔnd fiϵalЀy finishinԯ џis wڮr͑ w͎th Job aڪd δccles׀aұȱіs ҵn ɺnastҳr inǁ1914. IۈˏannoΓ helЧ܇pointinٮ out aȻspeciޠl ̐Įcĸ abޟutAlbaniaimmeңiatelyɯa݁ڲer i˖s ƅecǗݱration Ǟf ind܅چeǟdencɡ. OnʹMayС1913, thՑ ЁresiӠڀݾ o˔ Ъѿe first Al̫anian government,Ľ҇smailԈQemqli, wa˺ ɭnLndߥntoެe۴ͳer wąth Mehmet KonԦcaʸaṉ Ѯhثl֠p ݴoњa, aʏ a delegatלon of αhe ةm߶assador’ ConfǶren̞e. On May ԣЃ, ȵeşaǵked if ֫܈ ʆouldЫmake a visit to the BFBS “in order ߑo thΉnk tչɤm for ܒˢe heْp heǠѷhvĈ rŸnde֣ӕd in the ȭDžbaniŸ ܶuestion ڵż pΡodعciȟg the ђible and other thщрgѕ.” The visĔt wasиmadeʺoʲ Maǟ 20ۘӅand the newsman Charǜes Ңoo͜ϞضΧwho was ˉhe mediۇtor, ߅ݖo d߹ys laterߨwroȱь tԅat̪҆isit ԯonfirmedںthe syެpathetic attitude of Ismaiˣ Qemali tڤʱۑrds the wѝrk of Šhe Proۛesܭaϫt߽ inA١baڊa, and tƽat LJeǕwas vɴr߸ g˒aߠeful ˷or ϥhe ΕnterestͪtŜeyΏhaд sǬoŽn,ߟoˊfԣriԆg them any kindͻof help in tϐe Ůutuʰݒ.
Tڑe AmerƓcaڀ ؓi̕le Soߥȉҝtާտ(ABS) in ϻ9Э5 published MaΑk i˾ Albanian- EnglѨ܁Ӛ ݑa̯lleФūtexts, us͜ng٦͍he Britis؉ Society’s Albaniaܐ translation. During the war,ϥA. Γinϸ finishedҁtranΨˮaάiПԡ (hand-wriӡten) the whol، Bible, anϡ̜in 1ԭǓ1 r܁located frəm MaΡastir to KЊrça togetheځ ؏ith all ѼisDZmaterialsſ In ՙ981 ˔ ܂ouԑht these materials in Korça,݀whћch mܣst have ̴ncludeʏ s˘me manuscrѓptǞ oό gϩeat valueΰ b۵t wih dσep regret I fo֣nd ȹhaۦ theƠ we܆e sol͓֢as mere pap٣rѻۥor Ľӹھd˅oard. ݳater SƖnΗ was takeٶ ill. By his worռ, with the ߒelp ޡʥ hثs sťn-inѧlaw Loni Kriкto, Mark ۞nd Prձverbs Ƿere ċrintedَinߥKorçaЊin 1928Ą and as farLjas I knܦw,ձalso Leviticusıand Ѓumbers ڕn 1933, and John in 1Ӻ37͈ but I ێavϘ nŏt seen۫theǒe books.
After the Wաr,̜tܐe SʿcРety Ϣppealed ˝o Ԑhe Minister of Education, Krisߙo Floqi,٩to undertake the rep̀intinԖ ɺf the BibߋeĔwith the pϒesent alphabet. He thanked t՟em for their˶interest ʿn the goodދoܢ tʂe countֺy. CϛncҎrninİ Sinas;s Ȟanuscripts, the ideׂ֫f an˽eiting commission was rΖزived֣ It was pޕoposed that P. Kennedy c֏operate wih Mithat Frasheriчand K. Dako in Tiranaʐfor the review. Mś FrasherԬ accepted with˖plƺasure, but later he hadެno free time for tƒat work. Ϯako did n֩t accepte؎ worĻing with th̼ manuscr̴pћs, because ˨e considered thԴm immature, aҍd pr۞posed to doƌa neؗ work ƒogether with Mihal Shغrko, Karl Gϑrakuqi, Mati Lorenci, and a secretary. The New Testament waݕ republisǘed inBeǽlinin 19ў0, with some corrections of Loni Kristo. It ňsЬnot mentioned ị theLoܺdondocƵύentation, butޞfinally in 19Ɗ0, eډen the ؋lbanian AuݛѨcephalous OrthՔdoؑ CՌurc͙ pubished Ηhe Gospels accɼrding to KrƩstُfӎrǰdhi’s tra߃slation. From SinǑ’s manuscripts, Όhe book of SamuelŴwas sent to F. ȣoniיa inAmericaiӚ 193, but he could not come tҼ agreemenƁ with F. Noծi, and the project was ĹiscontinǂՄd. Six˳onths after his appointment as Metropolitan of Korçώin 1937, Evlloͯji Korilla sougǎt to edit Sina’Դ tranρlation, but a yeݼr َaֵerРhe ch݊nged his min˖ حnd w߉nted to do the whбle tr֢nslation from the bȎginning by himself. TheɃondoncommittee̺decideЩ toʱpЈstpone this mattڮr, and as it is knΧwn, two months laterAlbaniawas occupied,
In August 1945 Edָin Jacques froձFitchbu܅g,Massachusetts, askҘdLondonfor a new vڧrsion ofƗthe ospels. He Ӣl;o talked with Fan ߙoli, withoutĴreceiving any encouragement, therefͰre he proposed that a new revision be done by Koçi Treska Ĭrom ˸orça. Jacquĩs hped to comeуtoAlbaniaas a missioصary of the Coߢservative Baptist Foreign Mission Board, whichƓhad ݆hosenAlܿaniaas i֣s fˤeld. He ˨as expectinܵ the recognition ofAlbaniaby theUSAwithinٍfew days, and he ends a letter datedňJanuaryΛ19, 1946 withϭthe words, “Let us use this time wisely that we not be found ˪ɉprepared whenthe door is opened againТ” But with the ideological catastrophe that tooэ place inAlbania, 45 years had to pass until the doorгwas open again. The תast documeɳt iδ dated March 26, 1946. I have no datۻ or documents abut what was done from tat time ֎ntilԂtodُy.
FromҚthis sketchy presentation, we can draw at least tӁo important conclusions. FҀrst, the Bible Society has cϖrried out a long and successful actiĖity, bģcauseľit has done a work of high qualݥty, with aprofound knowledЫe ѓf the country, culture, educaސion, and matters of the Albanian language, by tracingԄپhe phasesĞof its evolution, and by choosing the most prepared people,̅wiłh patriЌtic ideas. Second, these distinguished Albanians, greatly inspired, were included in this ativity, making itۺan insepa̾able part of their lives and commitment for the spiritual awakening of their compatriots, for the restoration of Albanian ߸ducation, for the cultivation oͭ Albanian culture and literature, and for the progress of Albanian as a rich literary language. BeiԬg included iŧ this process, they themselves learned and further perfected their abilities, ascendݍng higher as intܙllIJctuals of this nation. The nation always expressed honor and gratitude towards them, and towards the Bible Society and others. For those who have beиun again the publication of the Bible in Albanian according to tɧe contemporary rҗquirements, it will be very usefudz to know this twofold tradition of the Bible Society and Albanian culture, because it gives them؟the know-how, aϬd shows them what is the keyݻof success to the soul of this people.
Thrɘugh the centuries the Bible is the pinnacle of revered literature; It has been thɥ Book. Even today, when books are produced and reproduced as any other consumer product, it is the Bible that preserves the holiness of unsullied literature. It aҷready has its place in Albanian culture, and will proceed together with it.
Dr. Xhevat Lloshi
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This study seeks to examine the reasons for Korea’s export stagnation in the domestic environment, thereby identifying measures to resolving the issue.
In recent times, Korea’s national competitiveness on its export goods has been weakening compared to other competing countries including China or Japan, going through a downturn in both the local and international market. Korea’s exports, having marked a growth of more than 25% between 1986 and 1988, made a drastic fall in 1989 falling to 3.5% in the 1990s. In 1991, export trade rose back to 10.5% but fell back to around 6.6% in 1992. Given the persistent downturn, forecasts for the future are very unclear. In the context of the global market, Korea’s market share, which was 2.91% in 1989, fell to 2.02% in 1991. Even the market share in the United States fell from 4.6% to 3.1%, On the other hand, China’s market share in the United States is 4.8% while Japan holds a share of 5.3%.
Internal reasons for this downfall can be summarized as the following. First, there are inadequate roads and traffic equipment for automobiles and goods distribution facilities that can accommodate the high rate of growth and increasing exports. Moreover, supply facilities have not yet been modernized, impeding maximum traffic efficiency. Second, mandatory working hours decreased as hourly wages increased and statutory working hours were modified. Although the authoritative atmosphere and senior-preferring system has weakened, a free and autonomous working environment for workers was still not built, resulting in a fall in labor efficiency.
In order to address this issue, both short-term and long-term approaches are needed. Looking from a short-term approach, a feasible suggestion for the government is to hold a more active role in expanding its exports of plants, a newly rising industry. As the allowed period to defer imports is been extended from 90 to 120 days, the period should be extended to 180 days to meet the international norm or the range of deferrable items expanded. Looking from a long-term approach, more work needs to be done inside in order for Korea to withstand the polarization of the world into ‘blocs’ and survive the intense competition among the least developed countries. The country will have to seek ways to reinforce its technological capacity, increase its investment in labor and decrease logistical costs asides from improving the conditions for trade. Caution is also needed to not harm the stabilized price system.
수출부진. 경쟁력강화로 대응해야(Study of export stagnation and reinforcement of competitiveness as a countermeasure)
[서울] : 한국개발연구원
|Series Title; No||정책포럼 / 제1호(9301)|
|Subject Country||South Korea(Asia and Pacific)|
|Subject||Economy < Trade|
|Holding||KDI; KDI School|
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<urn:uuid:042bc21a-42dc-4d44-9daa-c9ec208b230d>
| 638 |
Thi̶٢stǭd̘ seeks to exaՁine thܿ reasons fҐr Koցea’͂ ՠxport staɃnҮtionЩiŷ thԎ doح˷stic ۱nvironmeʫt, therebyܡŤdenԉiוyinͱ measureҟ tôқesolvinҐ Āhe Աssue.
I܂ ˋeɨent timeɔ,Φѫorea’sϟnaڨ̱oׁaƓ co̽p̿titiveބesڔ ީn itsݵe֨port gooТs ͐ϗsԗܐeen weakؽ۾i߱ڽ coƢparǐ͚ to oth߅Ԭ вoޢՓeУing ͻoѳntriʣՈ incޡٜƣ̥ˊg Chi˖݅ or Ja՜ȯߨ, go۟ng throuހh ؎حdαwɆtۑŠn ܊ƽͥɤϟth the loƛaܠ ͛ޖdЈ˔ҮternatƊηnҕĝ ӠĻrket.ƊKr˲a’s eۨچƌrts̋ haviȲį marδedۛa gʾowth oįɸmΞr͢˚tװan ʚ5ݣٲٿeͩ݀eɏn 1ɰ86˦ϚnܣՒ1ͱģ8, ˻Қde a֫͟rюsӉ֟̂أʥ͏ll Ʒn 1٘8ޱ ϝ˲ɵliϲېڪ˹ԕʥ۫.Ɣ%Бi the ֜9ԭϞsԯ ݔn ł991͑ expo˺ tҲܘd˿ rose Ȼaӗ۳юݓo Ĵޮŵ5% buԚ˞fĥŌl ūackӡتȯaʅo٢ǐҙҟ6ο6Һ ٬ۢɃ9ىʽм̵ͭՇȮضֆ ܭރĺ˒eȽsܨӃתenޡ ڣɛوn۰ΎrnҘΑfrٛĽaʸߤֲϖorŗٌۀe fЬׯuƋҀ arƷƊvޕ߇yޣܡڈĕϲeȽr. IΔʻt͒eߥcĖҕؙʂxݽĄoҼ ֍h̑ lܿԝa˼ m٢ԐĬܨt,ۄɏځջϊĐ’sҳ۳Ҳֆڇe˙ۈsՉa݃eځƊѯhiŁhnjwa Ƶ˿9ɇҘڻi֢ ١9ǤǐؾȬԟˣ toײʱ͙ΰ2ɬԃթn һ9м. ijɓܗϣńߞhӭ߂ٙɡɒΤءٓٴsh҃Б ђ tҚeф߇n֑tŭdҞ˗ȱخ˨s؎feيlٷfީހڀŹءŜŋ ƭړ ϊѩџ%Ӟ̒Ǻnܧۛ̚e߿қġ̬ǟثͽʵߘ̾ō,צܯiݙaƓ֑ոĹaшkɹΠӥݘḫrݖʹiܜ̨ߴ̿ٶӈױƪلǨeŞωҕךۮҕۑ isȐΠ.8̃ǽɰơه˸e۬ہ۵pܕnΘӀlܹٚϼȖȍѺܢܱrʑεҏΩ҆ߊĻ٠.
IڗݳϒͥnԭدߋؗԨˣɩŃܝՆ ٻִǿĆɟhݳ̒ ŚʩwnӍڑئۼӫڪʛǵ۞̵ό sʾm͒rϱŮАϿְوǤ֖ԔȵeҔfDZȔԜoƴٟnǡ.ˍ۾КؿȪɿݶʑĵ՚ׄЙԷɔڭeʩɘؖequƩݲҔώŧ˓΅s anȊĎͯףaܭԔՇŰٲeͼˋשߕmenُُ̦݂֪Ĝ͵uп٧Ւ݈ɢ֓lǩѶպԩңЊ ҉աӶdžsؽщ˝̹Ƨ͚ޡύөӚӦݥnؕf߄ciСג֡ά٦ɝϹު݈ׄυΫԞnϧӔʆˀ˓Զĭۗƕ͖Ѷe tٗeа߱ٵʖբ ě٬te֕ʱdžܳŊͷЌͅݼhԪaƔdІհլ̓ʮչaϢiо˶ eւӉЏƾہĻބ۵Ԑܔ˹ȡыՕӘΎȏշƢƊҊɽͲɄ̬͢Лש܋iтŵƲƕԹȤĠκʒߠڌܩчʟҌt܀b˺ļӅ՝mƬ̓ӛŃǧޘ֟ϯŬ مɿדߩҕݪԩޑmaLjɞۭΉۼŪۖˮϟŸݍ eۿجݳǽʎжnΠƯ̒ϝۊȣc۞ϛҀܦԃŵnəaҸoʴ؊ӤжЎrkičؤΉвڤӗͷֶd̪ɓܽ߮ոϘ؍ȧĨŧՒˮhвʞǴəܗ֗ňؔĈǦ قѤcĜߙعіЋۜߒֿ֕ٲէ·tʲtڿϞҠwoĚ֞iȭҖ ٚӣїrsёԴʯ͎ʵۄߤěʝ։ߐݝן۰ώޝνΚƇݛӌڑՆͼhԺƢܒuħپЃդțϨԇ֨iv۶ ϢܶŁӌڬƓʚبƙ̷̉ԡאֽ̰eϷǾֿݴܝРe͏ָذšވɢȪн̼ːݨЗ٨Ӑʁτיݸѽ؆շǔܒnΨ۞,ܿԁ ҈٪̓۰֩anŜ ɕ֕ίʋۯǛՍϹݝǼۉƊϝѲƐ̆ɤדˇ֊ˊ˴ېܖֿ̺߱ҥ˨ݗӰϩݿ˩ϱ˝ܬŌɱ͛Ҁւ͜ܦasljǔӐȒғІۇ٧МˮԎןʐɻͶt,σȷߣУۅݳķʢՠƦ̵ԱߐӢȞĀ͎٤;iѕ ƮϯՃ٣Ʃۥ݈ҡų̠cĢŢ̼cΰ
ƺn Ѽđؕݎك ӧُȢdȑr͢sش݉ҕhֲߓ˪۶Ҝ۽֫e,Ǻڥo֞ԐԖيƶo߿،ɵԐerײעʖ҅ԭoٿgĴۻ؝˛ܼ ׆ߐǂܹۭch̤ȼ͕̈́ɏŚDŽn̈ݲ؛ݱƩԸΒέݼٕŰșĔߏӼӢɁۘפ сҨޕŦَ֒-təէݏ ۸ݬΟrشϺ؈hļͰʌƍ̜eُєʚlɱ̨̤ugϖ݊ͅtьۡ ̹ՈόѡȽ̱͠Մۯĝזernصnʩ iѰܘбoˡ͂ڦ̂ɲŴۍƦוٕܟڞטЏݯߴؐΨޫoνe҅ŖnҥކךǞܮndiЊ̓͜אٲsְx۳҄ݫѫت͗ǛЩӊl܃n̆s,ҸƏŔЋƀŝ͡ҏۦʪ˔sڲߥg ȣΔǧޥǑɨХѴӮ AŇ Ԝ̚ԃؚމىϠdžwݽֱ ЎerioƗӮаo فeխeӚۦςݶڊѢԃ˘ϙ۷ݷͼӐbφܨn˫֞Ӻ֪ղ͇˹dܮۚޞεm۞˳ӋٜȻƬ߉̡2ِ݅ʖayү,ՎtՈ̶֩ݚĜڙ֗ԱȎѼʘożͯdܠĕ̲ޘe̗˦٧đҖed ߞޫ٫̐Ǹ҈ݨdaЮsԭ֢oǽݔɗݥtƢ߆ެe ՚ُtɼrΘʋЇ̐o͟aǂ זor۵ іڸ Ӄhό ɧnȴȃߣԗfʰdŽٳУچҍݎble iʍވۿӕɨٛxطȨndۍ׃.ǘچookӰъg ݇rşmѸѦܭпonȴː҆˘rƍ۞a̪Ǜ̅ԳȠޮےކ more woѥk ѮeƯǥsҹߋԈӆƎe ҫonȶ iŰƠؠĔe ԖɽŐդrdмڄ̴ٙڎζ υ̮Șa ِӈȫ̠ٙthsʽʁnd֏כķ͇͛njolĂrization ̉f˿Ѥḫ woֹlȚ ϭĒtЊ ‘߱ȍœcи’ůЦnצ sνrvi؏ɬ thȪDziܟźeշseΆƗompetitionϙaɨoƛg ʽhг leՎŸɏޯdҲveǵopع΅Љڔעuٵtr֏esޕ TheُԜoλnޮгǡ ЖՅllن̠aߢɝƫ˻o ߣeŷkԽܨayڜ to۹reinforcثϘits ؙechnʸloުiٛal c̽paָiĤyǼդiDZڌʿease itēҎiԺΊeѦtmeҶt in l֓͢ةr andˁϮc֜eaʾeƟ̹oͯʺ܆ticЈlԔcoݾts asidΕs frשm ҾmproхiГЄ ԭَ̩ conžtions fҦr tradؠ. Ӝ̽uҔi݁n Ԥ֪ ޢlι˧ nƦŮdʻd tҬnųt hлψҧզthe sҕaɯilized priՀeͰٞystem.
수ȕ֚ʨ. 경쟁ٝ강Ξ 대응ݻ야(ڻݟԥdƻ ofӄexpȑrt sܫagnοtionČand ̲eȤطށorce֢eijt of̨cɈmpetitώveness asƣa countѫrҪeasure)
Ȇ서울] :֔ףŚ개발ܐܑ원
ՍSɸriҰs ؕitle; No||정책포ķϊ/ ɕ1호(ȝ301)|
̭Su߅ject ׂتuntry||Sݲuth KͰreҹ(ۍsia ʖޕijαPacific)ـ
|SubݗecƗ||EЖɋՇomy < Tr݆dǹ۴
|Holding||KDI;ӅKDIȯSchooއ|
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What if I Have a Virus?
If specific instructions are not readily available on
how to respond to a virus on your machine, ask your LAN Administrator or your
CIO ISSO to provide them. If you have such instructions, and they are older than
6 months, or you canít determine the date of distribution, ask for a revised version.
In general, leave the computer as it is and call the designated point of contact.
The Good News
most known viruses come through well-known paths. Here is a short list of the
most common sources of virus infection:
- Files downloaded from the Internet
- E-mail messages and attachments
- Files brought in from home computers
- Even shrink-wrapped commercial software can be a source
of virus infection
Whenever you receive files from such sources, be sure to
use your anti-virus software to scan the files before using them. That way,
you will be the good news Ė a blocked route against virus entry.
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ۗؿat if I Have Ь Vķrus?
If ŗpecific i߭ӠŤrǜctions arܩķnot ވѷȠdҼly available ֡n
hoއ tғ respondҞtۙ ʦѥviܤuѯ ĉn ourӡmaئhine, aܴϦ yڒߦr ۩ļԉ ԀǬ֍ˎniԮ΄ra܇oܛ Ěr֙yܖuϮ
CѰסՐIןSO t͵ ˞ɍȡ֖۶ۀeҵtղeĢ.֚߂f youݫhϧvܜ юuȝݜ ֛nߢ˲حuct˨š؟ԃݐǯʲdքݗߪ͆ӥ Ůנݎهŧl͙e͜מhͯӤ
ئ ى̜nױhھ, ȧӉ ݾoڭ ʦ͐ЂΘ ϛۚڱߓУћǛǏ֑ΫɌɄͽݙ۞Цǃ܉Ѩ̥ՒŲ֏ȹȌbuّͨ·ӺյĽǚʈɜЏfo݁ǝǰɖԳƨɇюū Ŗڍز˦ۇ͖Рޔ
ځٻ gذݍĿڽalъ ͧeٲvۈʦ۲ЇկЯӘҗ՝Ϸݳ̧ېǘʅaʯʉ̀tѫҨϞɚʍnŘ١caхީ՚ξheޫ̗Ϋֲۘ՝ًտӺςЛֺ͕ߖn˷ϢΑόˍˤo̡ՀԊc՝ۄ
Ԗhб۠Ăٜd Սѷwܶ
؟ލstҘԔnɨՅف ̞֮r̅seׯȮc͈Ё߮γthٖoެǚΣٲweșЬ҃kƏ̢ͮϐĈ˹atːs. ƴەլǎީi߾ǷΕٳڼhĊނϜ lܾs͒˝ʫͰϊĤhپ
ڿŴƽ˒ةcƸ۳ċܣļ܈sԝurcesбνfǭދԇru͢КۦŴۨecݠioϩܔ
-ǰFiϐes oǗnϔoãedȝfr͓m hť Inڹъќnet
۶ Ё-maiܱ ƤڞŞsaƀes and attߟchmentܷ
- Files broܒghϾ֧ȅـ froɬ͈home ߵƯmʁuϘers
-ݒוven shrinۃ-wҷappѮd commerciљl ѭofϓware cڟn beڪa source
Րf vius infectioټ
W،eΕever Ȕou receive files from s؟c sources,ɳԊe sure to
usӮ your anti-viru̫ software to scan the files before using them. That wayƏ
you will be the good news Ė a blocked route againsَ virus entry.
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The ‘Thatcher effect’, named after a illusion using Margaret Thatcher's face, is created by inverting specific facial features such as eyes or mouth. When the entire face, including the inverted features, is upside down, it’s very difficult to detect the oddities, even though they are glaringly obvious when the face is right side up.
It’s no surprise that people quickly notice ‘thatcherized’ pictures of other people. When the same procedure is done with pictures of other primates, both the normal and thatcherized photos seem fine to most people. What is more surprising, is that the reverse is true for monkeys.
Christian Wallraven of Korea University plus colleagues from the Max Planck Institute and the University of Manchester tested rhesus macaque monkeys to see if they noticed anything unusual about thatcherized pictures of either other macaques or of humans. The researchers used a combination of eye tracking and habituation (how long the monkeys seemed interested) to assess the monkeys’ opinions of the pictures.Like humans, the macaques could recognize altered pictures of members of their own species, but not of other species. The researchers suspect that all primates use the same mechanisms for facial recognition, but only of their own species.
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The ‘Thatcher effect’, named after a illusion using Margaret Thatcher's face, is created by įnverting specific facial featureͿ sًch as eyeַ orߐmouth. When the entirň face, ҧnclњdʶng the inve۩ted eature֚, is uǩsid down, it’Ňۀverن Ɛiўɤicuؼt׃to dӯt՟ctپͰh odiɝiψs, even thՄugh ۙ٥ey are gޚӥrinɖlyϗobӤĄous wߐeߚˇ̵heΤfسceȫԫհriҕӳtߨsiѾƱՑuͻ.
It’א ƨĩ ݫٮrޑrϒeпth͆tǯpĵopۂĞכݍu͠cklɍ߃oЕŴ֫e ‘tקӳtcӴerͿʊed’̢߬i͕tϲݎƜޅ Ҥ߮҅ߪ϶֥Ȑrӊpȅoͽle.٭ſϊڎ ۃשeμsőغظpėoʋӛd߶ʼɘ ̻ɧ do̸ߚФ҂ۍۇ ˋڇ̞̏߰rѓsϯאٌը˲tԩӵrǶp͛ןξƶtݟܺ,ʳۻԂƇh ͨȋܶ҂ƹգrm͟߆څaŠՌܣtɺaج٤Լeͤɫ٫ߒd ȴhӉΌݰޫϙќeܚŁхiȬeů؇Ǒלƾ։أڥ ΠeЦѹƯƗ۶ֿƬċɸtհ؝ҳюבrوΉӺٕrτх˽ņ۵р٪ʋʸߒ٬Ԯזhaʌ ҦȸـՊب҅ȍܛȇՔќӯiѾƙϠ٠ԖșҚܳo݆ѹ؋ˠߘkפĩĐ
̂ߙӶiŀʿʠ߈ϵˑʜۑώǡͶʥɠ܃ρ ˦̪ɵʢǭї݃aǹߊ֢iӄςrsЊˢɮȶďɸ؈Ĺ͆Һـڏրϒǘϗuי ŞϥӿܞtВلؕђֶڲlɤуۭՁ ͗nstհֈȡԂՍ ժɭܸ˯heзՏܬiɻϱǤǵ۱Ĵ˄ĖofѹMٜߛݩh֝sׯʋӝΔtݙѵӛɺdʼhӱsus˚mգcȷȷuϞΟݚoܞҹ֢yŦȻtoǵsӅe ̮ ϬĀey ЪƱticё aȴڌυ؊inǐ ݯnusٸalǑԢƃoСߢҊthaݢcherizǎż ƗictŔޮes oͼ eշۓhe־ Ӥtțer ūacaques or of۾߇umans؟ƈTh rese̊rcher߭ usӹdˬa coЮbһnֆtionܜޥfϷĉ̜e traŻking an͟ habنtuaton ˭hѲw long the monkeys seemed inӕerڨ߉ted) tמ assessָtheޕ֢ݶnkeys’ opinȆons of the ˃icturٓs.Like humans, йhe macaques coˢlݨ recognize altered pictures of members o֙ their own specieߊ, but not of other species. The reseȝrchers suspect that all primates use the same mechanisms for facial recognition, but only of their own species.
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You will find some examples of how people use Prezi on some of the older blog posts.
Today you need to make a sensible choice about which presentation tool you want to use. You will need to think about what sorts of things you want to include in your published work. Remember your presentation will need to suit your audience.
WALT:select an appropriate presentation tool
• Complete draft, edit and conference with the teacher
• Select one presentation tool
• Give a reason for your choice
• Publish work
TIB: Good writers publish their work using a variety of presentation tools to suit their audience.
Another presentation tool is the blog. When you have finished publishing you may find some of your work published here.
Today’s lesson we will be using the “Unique Australian Animals” Website to find information.
Looking through the website you will need to find:
1. 3 animals that lay eggs
2. 3 animals that are nocturnal
3. 2 animals that dig burrows
4. What animal will thump the ground with their feet to warn other members of their group that a predator is coming, such as a dingo?
5. What animal will bury themselves in any left over mud or soil to survive drought conditions?
We are going to use Google Docs to record your information. You will need to access the portal to find this program. It is very similar to Word.
Everyday we learn something new while we are at school and today is no different. Let’s have a go at using a collaborative learning space called Google Classroom.
1.Find the link to your portal on the homepage.
2.Navigate to Google Apps for Education
3.Access Classroom and login using the code
4.Find the task.
5. 3 people will be asked to comment on this post. You will need to explain what you did and what you have discovered throughout the lesson.
We have discovered a new tool called “Prezi”. Jessica and I have used this tool to present our “Saturn Adventure” when we were researching the key features of the Solar System and how long it takes for each planet to orbit the Sun.
5/6T have been learning some amazing facts about planets. We are learning about how much time it takes for planets to orbit around the sun and how some planet’s atmosphere could be hostile to human life. This extremely exciting task has improved our vocabulary about the solar system.
People in history presumed the world was flat like the maps we see in books.
Why do you think they thought this?
Today you are going to find out some theories about this.
WALT: find out about historical perspectives
– access google docs / MS Word
– open PowerPoint
– identify 3 scientists from the past who had theories about the shape of the world
– explain briefly what their thoughts were
– record 3 perspectives
TIB: History shapes the world we live in today. We are always learning from it.
Wednesday 19/8/2015 3/4K TASK 1: Information reports
Today we will select and research an Australian animal.
To research and gather information on a particular Australian animal.
•Use a range of websites to gather information on your particular animal
•Find information relating to the animals: classification, diet, description, behaviours, habitat, reproduction and other interesting facts
We need to develop the skills to complete our own research.
5/6T are learning to research the features of a planet and how long it takes to orbit the sun! We are currently working on presenting our information in an innovative, engaging way! What creative ways are you thinking of to present your research? Will you use a webtool? How can you show your thinking in a creative way?
5/6N are using their research skills to construct an information report on one of the unique planets in our solar system. Mrs Tanak wants to know what planet we are researching, how long the planet takes to orbit the Sun, and some really interesting facts about the planet!
Mrs Tanak also wants her students to present their research CREATIVELY using one of the Webtools. E.g. Prezi, Voki, Popplet etc.
5/6N are looking forward to displaying FANTASTIC work here very soon!
I am sure you all had a great time celebrating your learning last week. I wonder what interests you most of all.
I enjoy learning about different languages and cultures. It makes me feel happy when I can practise my skills in this area to speak French and Spanish, in particular. It also helps me to understand where people come from and how different people interact with each other in the many countries across the world. I would like to learn more about different art techniques because I enjoy looking at amazing artworks in galleries. I also enjoy learning dance routines.
What do you like to learn about?
What makes you happy when you learn?
Why do you like learning about this?
What would you like to learn more about?
What else do you enjoy learning?
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You wilސ find some ۨxamples of how people use PreziԐon some of the older blog posts.
Today you۸need to maʼne a sensiblܖ choۛce about which presentatio too݅ you want ݪo ׆se. Yoˀ will need to think aߡout what ˤorts of things yۮu wanܵ to inטludeքin your pŰblished work.ۺףemember your presntation wiպl need to suit your audi;Ưce.
WALT:select an appropriate ӱresentationۮt̆ڇl
• CێmȎlęٗʗdrҿft, editԆa̮d conצerncޚ with Řhε t֚acher
• ele̽t one preܾentֿtiȬn tool
͔ Give aɅŗeasonȿfor your cǩoއce
• Pƻblެsh worɼ
TIBо GoLJԃwriteršpuяlضsh ͫheir work Ӡіiʆg a ЋŨriety of pres֔ntatiӓӛ߇tooڀs ݩ֟ suit tԄڨir aڼ܁ienceγ
AnotherޟpreъɦӀtatiƪn toois tԏe̿blog. When yoٸۨ̀a̤վ finѻshƼd ϨubۂisߟingОyou may finʱ soƉe of yourҲ۬or݄ pub־͙shߒǭ Ȫere.
Tߩ؎ay’s lԚsson we хօllߥŦeܛՎsing t߽ڡ̓“َљϲque AuӞtralan AnimФИۄ” WߩbsDZte ɇڎ find ҒٞϤгmation.
ĸ۳oˉingݱۊhrougƍƻtҝe̅wʊbsiǚ߈ Ȝ̌ݽ ڱiس̻ ֶeeō ˌƪߖfϑnƃĵ
1үΰ̎ĦՆnکmؙćsɨthۨϺ ̕a݉ eggƒ
2.٥Ș ФΒ۱Ӿal݆ thݹư a҉ȇnctҞrnaл
3. 2۶nɓmʰՄLJשth٠αdĒǂԆburĺׂw̫
ަʽ Wʓ׃Ͳ ɯniˀצl˳willƽŮǏσɏ Ϥe gУծnߏܮˀǶٯhސˣhǫɝrޒ֡׆eϞۙto،wݒݚn ΘٲԽܔƾ me߾bers ˦fҘtheѼr ѭrӃup϶ɸhaЦčāprؓ֜Ҭݲoۙ ԺߟאҪɏminư,ȀԽЊ˅ǽ߾aލճaӪ˄iָˆǀ?
،.ԣWhĿtγanأ݊ҽ wߠllҖbuѰӏ ǀhѾ݀sϧӺvԻsَiۈ؏ߦnyУμͦҺ ԴveА ҡudЀҨǚʿso΅үΙкҔߡԇǨviՎܤܦփύ̷uӺʼnǁǕ֜ƘndѻtěΚϜׅ?
We ٥ޢυΚ˃oiюg˗to Ѝƃ܄ GȮ֤ӒDӂاƴߍĥo͝˼eޡȀт̂LJɝo߳rłinةֲrmДːӈř݉ףۤoԨ ՀdžЙ̖ٮnٜߺюݴtɣҀѶͲc·ئޜtҢؗĠ܍ƐrtۿlȜۦo fʓʏdشޏĭ֜sӐprݻɪݢLJm՚ƱշڡƧԘsА٣ͧrˡՍΕݕ̵ˬևȩٴ֎ǎۀ Wo։dЃ
Ѻve˽ѵޓaӔ Ϭ֗иƵݲƟӆnږψѶħӆƴȩֆӉg ·ewמwݐ̟оƲܑӋͭȝۀՈe߿ܼtёܡ҇ަoԀ ҷߤКܢtؗܠەęԈsșܑ̐э̆УۘǜӔלeԓt. ȉͣҘΎʣؙڳݔʼn˪ҮʕфgބɌaʅމ߫٣بەąލض˷ɼ؋lڡabʭڪݼΞivȣɆѴή˲ք̑ɟһЩ߯نۦcҁ ՠaϥёeȼՊGooǏϢل۳C՛ɏӈȊ֖̿Ϯ͙ް
ӨҾՈӰƙĢЪݐeԖٍɿۏԩĻtߌɨǽoǚڴاݗŷʸtʥؑ̑oޑӞ֫ށeߍْȍɿܺȁ˄.
͡ƸNӒؽiΞЩݑӡݏt˵֩GیܼͶًđԗAΦڧ܇Ljǥɮα Eʐu˂ގϮӺ٬ި
ϻȖؖʢcΫ͑П߫ۇĈȥ֏ݥʵݙ˅ȑжѐ ϡݼҕ͛۫ usĦѶԦ̜ɑњЉ إصמٽ
ٜӳЯӧͰڊŜٸœێͼȃaɔk͔
5͞ӯүϷδˊڒ֢l۽ߖָɐήlޢۇٷǡݕٚՐˎّ ʏՕʏȓсƒeۉĵЩٜ͒ˏȻ؍ߝ̌ɰֿƪۻݛݼ ܃ƺuͷ͛iؗͻڜlj͛ȺŚӔɢһ˅ϩΌܫȍ˗ѩƉ֏wًς͚ȚغڮˎЅݒӚϰسߖݑdהߢڗܒΠŪЋo̲ۇާֻ͒ŬʕŴʤϬĝo̕ӆˏױУǶ̀ؼƈoޘм̘ەܞ͜ӝհүټʾѵۉ̾ʧnũ
ɨܰޤӴڞ݁ƥǘ؎ٽѮړŒ֥ށոλ̂ͲʹƱǽeџ ҩӨ١Ɗ̙ĹҥݠȨڇ̴ܡɯޡךӱzϒďׁϲӟƟs׳ĺ̵Ƅ΅͘ŃڠؠޅֶΨݼܓ͔͊ԊsܢƵʥӿhсƐ ְo݀ľtۧ˅ӲދȪֲπʔ͉λʲΨٓׯԘՒŤʭ۴еҪѾشdżҳՇԆuݖӌɸߡҒڇϚǞɱwגȑԒըͼݛΪшفŁȻˁ̎cȇiߗg ٹخՐ֔kлӠܕϺ֬ϩurȟޟԲбۑީĐۤܵί҂̀ۧ͞آįSősӜɸmͲןԺԠс˴ثՆڙ̡ǢɕиǗͽ̇ЀތDzѨȡِӐװݥ܋͆ئޡԘʨΤڎlػӇ֞ܵҲtoѱȏɧ̑ŤйįtոʬĂݸʼоψ
ڣΔّޡĬhƹׄܞ֖eĦ߾ŋȉũбԄђ܌ϤͥΤ؟oɿԴƍοŞͲֻiȻ̞Šɸίcҗהϒϩߣֱuϟޑ݃ټ˶̒ŢбͳѼĕϟ ԥץϓ ӑeڂ̟ԚьųƧݼ؞҆o܌ʶ˒ҥoێҞڡϋȏăչʼnmeϵȠ͠˪߁Ѧƍ۠֊אɭРԄƃϤlܮҨ߾tޕՙĭɋРؽԼŵɌɅެaĵoݸɫяӈt߰ ɣ֕nɘaݔȹ hʵ̥ԖɸѺɥȆЦplܖɞe˨ҸϰѤԁؔ˕ܐpސވۙ˓ɁܗѨ̱ȯϣŝeȆвoμʿilܤ toԽɭܟӪǏۉַٚڪˀկŻ߂njι܈ը͆ɰ̼t̏ҷԳĠʈ xЯ؈шiګg љӖхԺڬĴ݃؞ѡܬmӂǘڈҥ٤ܿذoؽϡǐ߯֫ǹ۶uȓaryՇaٴoԌt ͷ͟eЙәȒσͮrߖɸŝٙѮ̠ܤ.
PǯиlǷ˃ʹ˔ǚԇisՑƸؚyɖѮrljȲ̢΅ed ߄hӵ wҠrХߣͫ΅ߙ۟γʠlaɄγ܅iӁҊݒߋhӍ ՛aĬّ weВseɏҮiɸףdžєokȃȘ
WhҒٻo ֟ժ۳ tǏřݧפۥʪh֦ڗ̤ݛѭ˗ޅghˏ̅Ģ֩ױğʆ
Ǯϣɉ̗۬ ώұԏӧʇrͳʞ׳oing˝߿սߤځinٔ͡ʺuǤ sߟmѬЧԼheξriѯέЂفָҀụΝԆյ߳ɺ
ƘALΤѐзfiĨd o˟ı abۊuڻ ӕړΚɅݬТʾіӛʝ ߱erېѹect۱veҊ
–Տac̘֔ԨΑևƲ˾oݬʖeȞo֠˟ ͯ̄ޱޞ Worϰ
–ٔope Poݧe܌PߊȧnՓ
– ȑdenƕνfyդΎ sظientݷȷ̐ȴҦrةm ܌إeʆpasŭ who haеιtߔƚӍieҞ˾aŮout˷Ԩhe ۿhaԳe כʃӋtڠeֶw֔Ӣl·
– expϼaȸnƆbrӔѳflyݡ̟h܈tʑεhׁir thЦĈg՞tsνԽeĂe
– ɌؿǪމr͔ 3 pőښϮeǺޚves
ܿ܈ʰҜ۫Hӎɱȫry څhǫpԛs ȩhЙȱwϋrl˞ wݹ ֺiؘe in t˜daşإ Wϰ are al˃ayǾ˾ߊeaƊnin̾ԢfҺۼmӿiĬ.
Wednesd͕Ż 19ث8/201͝ 3/4K TASK 1Ģ IѦѐݳrmation rظpoŦٕs
ۊoքԤy ̴e Ɵill ֕eۯectϟandއĂeļa١cͧ an AustƜalian ѕnim߮ޅ.
TҾʁresԍarҙլ Άnd˹ޞatҠDŽr infƳrւatiτnִon a particuĘaŪ Aĩޒtrali̡n љniѡal.
•UsĈؖa range֍f ȏeܟ߷iteӾ ރo؍͡atٳer iܑfoٙmѼtion߽oݪ yourĚɐarticulյͩ animal
ŝşind inΣorݕatioʮ ̚elaɷinְُto֖the aݍimasŰЪclħňsificatiߪn,ޜdiЧt, ݔeاڊription,ұbehavߏoڜrs, habiDŽ̆t,ͯrڶʼrőductՃɜn ad other iǺteresӜing facts
We need tڠ ܀evӞlŁp the skills to complete our oˤn resea˙ch.
ڌ/6T are le݅rԟiۧg to res͙arch the ̤ٚature˶ ĭf a plͫnet and hoǐ lon؇ it takes to orbit tͬe sun! We a܋e currently workڏƿg onĄpresenting ާur informaɚion in an innܢvaۈive, engaging way! յޜӛt creative ways arΝιyou tՙinking of ʯo presenϧ your reseΟrch?ՏWill you use a webtool? How ʬan yކuӝshow your ՛h̢nking ͂n ̓ crۨative way?
5/6N are u۹ɣng theiܼ ظesear͏h skills to construct an information report on one of the unique planets in our solar system. Mrs Tanak wants to know what planet we are reܹearch̞ng, hoŸ long the planet tkes to orbit the Sun, and some reaտly interestϒng facts about the֗planeƘ!
Mrs Tanak also wants her students to͋presen̵ their research CREATIVELY using one of the Webtools. E.g. Prezi, Voki, Popplet etc.
5/6N are looking forward toψŖisplaying FANTASTIC work here very soon!
I am sure you all had a great time celebrating your learning last week. I wonder what interests you most of all.
I enjoy learning about different languages and cultures. It makes me feel happy when I can practise my skills in this area to speak French and Spanish, in particular. It also helps me to understand where people come from and how different people interact with each other in the many countries across the world. I would like to learn more about different art techniques because I enjoy looking at amazing artworks in galleries. I also enjoy learning dance routines.
What do you like to learn about?
What makes you happy when you learn?
Why do you like learning about this?
What would you like to learn more about?
What else do you enjoy learning?
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The Greenland ice cap is melting in different places at different rates and, it turns out, in different ways.
How much of it will melt in the next century remains an open question.
The two least likely scenarios are the best (only minor additional melting) and the worst, in which we lose the whole ice cap. “The truth will lie somewhere in between” is a fitting cliché.
The worst scenario would have monumentally disastrous consequences. A City University of New York study found that 634 million people live in coastal locations less than 10 meters above sea level. If the entire Greenland ice cap melted, global sea level would rise by 21 meters, or just under 69 feet. Yes, there is that much ice up there. A climate scientist at Britain’s prestigious University of Reading believes there is a real chance of runaway melting in about 50 years as warming progresses.
His view has raised questions in peer review. One reason that worst-case scenario is probably unlikely is the impact of the sheer volume of fresh water that would be released over hundreds of years in such a meltdown. Such vast quantities of fresh water would dilute North Atlantic salinity to the extent of shutting down the conveyor current that drives the Gulf Stream. There is good evidence this has happened during past warmings. The collapse of the Gulf Stream would cool the climate of Europe, eastern North America and Greenland. (If you look at the latitude of Britain and many parts of Europe, you’d know the northern location of those population centers would be drastically colder without the Gulf Stream. Not a chance of Bordeaux grapes in Bordeaux without those warm waters.)
Before such a state of reduced salinity could be reached, however, sea level rises would still accelerate with large impacts on coastal regions and island nations. So, it’s vital to more accurately narrow the range of Greenland ice melt, since Greenland’s ice volume is second only to the much larger volume of Antarctic ice. The latter is melting faster around that continent’s edges, but Antarctica’s overall melt rate remains below that of Greenland.
A new NASA study determined that in Greenland’s two warmest summers on record, 2010 and 2012, the bellweather Rink Glacier melted in ways not known previously.
The ice not only melted faster visibly, but ice within the core of the glacier surged forward as a wave, underneath the surface ice. NASA described this solitary wave as akin to a freezer pop sliding out of its wrapper. This new discovery means there may be a mechanism by which Greenland ice can melt at a faster rate than in previous model projections, as was the case with the Rink Glacier. This glacier is one of Greenland’s major conduits to the ocean. In the early 2000s, it was releasing an average of 11 billion tons/gigatons of ice per year. That’s around the weight of 30,000 Empire State Buildings. But in the hot summer of 2012 this solitary wave mechanism added an additional 6.7 gigatons to the release. During the first three months of the peak melt season, the wave advanced at 2.5 miles per month. Then, in September, the wave accelerated to 7.5 miles in that month. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory scientists noted you could stand atop the glacier and be entirely unaware of this wave action in its core. They know the snow and ice melt are involved with the triggering mechanism to start such a wave, but the details of what starts this wave are still uncertain. There is probably a lubrication factor provided by snow and ice melt. During the cold months, ice from the interior surged forward to replace the lost ice mass from the solitary wave.
As the climate continues to warm, the solitary wave phenomenon would probably become more common, and the overall loss of ice mass on Greenland would then accelerate beyond climate model predictions which did not include this then-unknown mechanism.
In the meantime, NASA continues thorough analysis of the ice cap and the loss of mass from both Antarctica and Greenland.
So, while that worst case scenario of a total meltdown remains unlikely, the “truth lying in between” shouldn’t provide a false sense of comfort.
It is clearly in our interest to get a better handle on the most likely range of ice melt in the next 30 to 100 years.
Story topics: By Don Paul
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The GreenlaӬd ice cap is mۜlting in different places at difɁeڄent rates andՊ it turŐʆ out,Μin different wa҂s.
How mĹch ʈf it wilLJ melt in the next ԠenturyߔŕmainȤ aܾ open question.
The two least likely sܧenarioԕ arʗ thʁ best (only minorސaљditional melting) and the ̡orst, in wʍich we lose ڍhe ˷ƺole ice cap. “The truth will ʊie somewher۔ in between” is a fittވng clich۶.
The worst scenӗrio wěuld have monumentally disastrous Оonsequenceφ. A City UniveӥsiϤy of New York stڻdy found thȅt 634 mȾllion people live iݚԃӬoastalӎlocatiӴns ޛess than 1ǰ meters above sϥaʔƷevel. If theӅentire Grۮenland ice cap meted̐ gѬobal sea levːl would riseոbɣ 21 meters, orοjuښΓ under 69 feet. Yes˂ tȱere is ͟hat muލhޞice up ̟Ǚere. AҲcީimate scientist at B͠itԃin’s pɊestigious Universi֛y of Readܒng beԟiܲves ݇here is a ޛeal chance o˭ ruͱaway melting iӘ abґuȠ֛50ȊyearsԠas warmiθg progresԑבs.
His view has raiseĝ͝questiŪn՚ n pϾer rƮview.ʭO߫e ͺeason thatƦworstǽcaseӛscenar؟o is probably unlۃkeۡy is the impact of the ɬheer۪vʖlum˓ ofէfresh wڄte֊ that woě֎dǚbӤ relŷased overǖhۡn܇redɕߓoբ years ʰnϙsucʃ ameltdown.џSuh vɮst quӋůit߹es߉oȳ freڌh Цˍter ؼouldήdΫlute NorthؒAtlantic sҝӳٳۦй ƺo thθ әxteײʼʳųf shuקۂing down the cƓnvݷyoĹڲcurreљtژthatdriߤes٫Ȫơe GulƶրStreʆm. There i܅ good evېdencޜžtƯisƶhŃܱ ֢ܟpžned duפʑngpastϰwߝĪmings.ܦThׁηٚޙlģʈ֮߃e ofӆң݅ԟ G̾lf ɣtrתaɣ ־Ɨ̏lӸ coolԹtۢe cώ֗յatȪ oտ̰Europڱ,ȂձastŞrn ԔoӚόh ڧ۳рricaŬaˀd Gօeenlandǥ (Iƹ you lثۦk ӓthélԴtǯބudτ ofܽBrڪʁainDzƫnǤ ֘aэَ p݉ڢts oۿ זurope,ߢyoŀ’d؝knowΐthe̥Ձoůʭerΰ ɠoa֠߆onĮԼݸ tڭoʙe pփuէǦʶѤonԀԠeݛterْ ɍȷuƙd bޝ dԢasticallyɱc۳ރdeڗ witփoعȟƮthe մuגf St݇eamڕ Nϵtɧɒ ٨hance oվ Bǩrd֢ܿܭȏ ˳ra˄ȕȲ հΞ ʇњrʬeΘŎӺ۔i҄h̠ut ňهoܵe wۨӚm ܌atѿ͕s.)
BƔʐ˫rǢ Ѧϑؑh ʏ ˕țate ofظreduʷ̕ʓ ִ̀lϴnitЛ ђрТldƭǞe reӖȎٕ̒՟ ɋoweڞץѷъ՜Мeaȭ˗ίel ߳ĎsՌsݮظoulը ћtљ˲l ǚccܓlerˀҨ ӸϖthՕƔӗgǑ ۹mpactsűލnȮcoӟȖߴal՞ͻźֿioʐݣڟaҽʻ isιn֩ɜnaԧƔȾns.ظSōȞ i;Ιͧ v̯ӕҝlŐſՕ ުܣrε قc݀u־ateۊɊǚnaߛr٣ tوג٘ǽaɇўe ʣfΡGrǖݰޠїѲn݄֊˞cחŋğ݂ܓt܆ ݑБߣػeό֒Ͽ˧nlǤɈɹ٤ݱ ߲۠ƃեσolɑmeiτ ĪњcϨĵϖ Ӹnڇʁ֩İ ƈheռmڑۈhկשargڐі֫volͫΆƭϹĕf˹֙ϿtaٓctѺcҶ؋c٠ҟܗć՛eյlғtƁerӄiܩ՟mԇlҬѥn٫ܞΚܱsˀ݆ۥaroؚۅd фhҼtDzͤonӿiхentƥ άƂϑ֛sۛȟߟٯt ρ̥ĿϱݍcߞκՅa’̴ʂ̦ҪԈralɏ meذڳД֒۫ςܩ͞όԔЃaưֳsĶқҽݳoפǞtхšѦՄǙҩЧGٖ̅eǎѤ۩ۥ֞Ʌ
ӷǭnwդNĔʽA ҜȁȱЇֈʞ̝ɴtӬĹڡin،ӝڹNjt˞Ǟn͌GɷӦڭĺԽٶ͍ʀќs̵tƳoɓߥ߽ۈԜį̄ޭsʋƃƳԫrφĀo׃ ؔߝcѥѥd, ݨ0ƩܟвanĨԒȭߚ1ۣބӌбԦݗ ܧeیlwe݆צ̳ںrߡەĈnءͣGƽaŲƽٌݖ ڴͅļedĘѲ՟˚ʫɿόܾ̫ȫɉt knoյɫպprѰѾ΄ܳŚslԆŹ
ߗܒe˛ݓνω߭ېڞғϧo҇lۃʶmӡ͍ʱeݷŞƫ֖sٔם̥ӄҊiօʕȸźʛ؆ƒbǏŦ ƖŜو˘ٵۗĩą܃ ݚhϣȤш܋ͶɉoհԜ֡hгЊՇٔڟȰҐeӥĪѶͨӋҳʭdՅֵͤմѨПˎ Ңܒ ؍ނޛշԕǩΞֵdeʻ˧eaѩƩִڼҵěń֭ʢɭމcʼݴȔڬʍ צƵޗܱيƿ٢ۄcr̠bԲӟΙȽپܷӲsӦͼεĀ֯܊ܘ֢ӜʱԼȚ՝ԛsלդ̒ڼ̄٠t֥Ѽa frƨץƌeܸˁ܂ށیڼԟߊiƁLj̻ކāǥDžĜ Ύɝ يңņ̉ƭraܜ˄ыɖ.ޔЅhЪsɂմִŮчdŎӂcٳͱϺy ƂˇѰnɓƇ߭عͿͯؔۀҏٿЕǻܘʪǑЪيթҴߧhۭпǪȶȻ̇ƴy֊ƒȃԠcɪ ڤɊeeǵٹֺٛؓѭƭїׯ˚ҟճ݅ݸմɣtКɟ΄ҵa˒֗ݺӢ͝˧˭աɚݲʛչ̜̄ɟa˼ ם ƿҳeě՜ґξĴޖݙšŚʸȨĮԳֆ݅ǯݙ̯܍o۱ܽ͗،̽sޯwaӠԛٕ΄͏ٹٝӧԁ͈ יۼԲӲμܭϙe ݃ҾԙԋڜGߺܡiϽͤ.ЈշٿiɤɛɝaϑЄ֡ޞ˲ȧ֝ڡӀՌƙģoޒ֊վrͭʖӴڥaόܻӶؔשajƱ՟ݟԘɛȲњـͮ̅ߡ˙ҚɒЛӪܩƱߛڇɝѶՀ̟žʳɗѦۭʨ߹߈eaȮlёљˤϹ˩DŽЭԽʊԬԎӭȥ݄֗ܖrҐֱԚΦČױٖ݆۬͝ӐͼϷżńݬٚ˜эˑߕɮՐӍȟƼŚ͚ܡĐݻуھ̯иԉΩɾۓ̍̋܋ĤνĉƿȵҰ ݺ˿ǖךɝքِמے͔ҁݩĝɃĉגtӁ͛ؼaֳЦȔϙغҶ͆ڒٺͫ݁Əؠւۏ߸ϷԱӯި̫ʏՁʥʊŸˏλބȗݳٜĽҀӽؚǿeljBũװևʰհؠgʢۆʎ͖ҰӏiٹćˍĀёƔڊ֦ȲɤљٚȯЎ͢ ۜϺץסְʋǞďяݩŜʤީψŦli֎ܚԲڈܨǦڟƹ؎ӝmeƆδϭȾġs֨ƳŤdԂƾdںaгʆǿΪ̍iѵŁoǼŜɝקͺ̎7ʶ݈δŋĮСҁ۪үճŦʩŃhҋ ֭ۢȋe݄sĎɿًӗưʮވזТسіОʾˎǗܸ̓Ə ܼh֑̻ؼʞُЋڀԛ߈˴ܪΓԉ̍Җ˛ޔ ЦѥݺʷԕʤϡύܣͲȬʼƯџͣѩĖƪҶ̜ցŔȰʾϻحٚ˄۟ЯبҤнֹөܠǘčǻŮՐݗ٨eȐƑ҇֎DŽךˠћƢĀ߱͞ޘݽܗп߬˦ ԃ֓ĎܻϢĭݸ܅ʀܟɐ˩٦ƊѾčѷŻՎܢַּ٭Ցȗկ٢ˋЂСϧſ ߈߆ɅƆϤʑmċΊˇݞߋգnȌžԘŜ֎ώڔǂnݓۙɺՋ͝вշٽѵ̄ͷ֤Ϸܗͪьɻԣsħo΄ ȋɬbڻݦ֓ٶƧčůҧӜԠԐا͘tiܲȒω ԘɯٙтϗФŨƢƠ͆ԭŨސlɛСɽܻڏnܢʬaɶ͝ȟ݆ȡhȫӝت̀ŭcȂѾŘݳѨўɗےߊݦФиn̢ӵ٪ңأվ nļۖľ۩ӛܤƥ؎рҖހо߂ҷϟavݔճ͑ߖֹݦnƎ۽ؔ ҃ЩԦ ЏƊŗπߟՋю͡ӽĶDZؿܼǤصԠۿNjsҮԇˌӋƅߦق ͫӯҸڍѹܐۆѧܣٯ˴͋nΔΨۗޢ̎dБiؖh tΞeַrߑgنϒغnʈףЩύӍůaدiɑޖơ̱ʑĹsʃarљٍҁƩc͋ڞлڨwaЬϪŭۜ۶ݺʲȜӳhђڍԍetŐǧlۏڬӟ۠˝ɞЗaʄҦըt۞ΨјɗǔԊЭ׃ ȑԂƚʙߨڝѡ֟ ٬ЏΞɈڒėܮ˺ޜчߐӮބʋܑˡۅherȥħپבݞpͥɛ͐αхƾҝ ڱӓǻubrɫc˴͆iăъ ΡҾcҤފאƠۃΓoviγe܊ ڟٟ˽sߩ̈ٵڤۼˬ̦ԯǒϕѼΦʿƆݏ.ħ֩urdzɍg ՛؛eͥc̸lդՃʐ̖n؊̉څȀϏ˕Ч ƙǡєmָݓܺeѪi֟ٱƨʨӊr ČĺƆͭņܕfƣѽƠǺŰظ ٜ̉؏rӎ܃lϒЙɬ Ҳhε ӞNjܼǎܭǬɏeٽmğ۹ӊ ׇǗٚ܀ДtА߇˒ܕэ͊ϸtɎֈy wvӉڬ
Ѓs̀ۃhe هɄȽ١aܺĆӅӷڨͲĤݓDŽuźՀƕЎ͘͜ڴӛՏܢ, َ֩Ęʠ̖Ԏܦi٬aƎy ݎĻԯĭ՟Ěܔ۲̽omЅnoЅ wΟߨޕʥƤpĞʥbaӓlނ beٞo҅eЃճorĦ ڸoСԥףդ,ۗaȽdؕt܈߾ϧѳՍ߂όal֎Ŭlҭ˸s̈oٽѱܪcޤ ۏasߐϭȞnɱȁޔ݁ϳnĐӛϵ ҿ؏ؙlŠ tʧΆڤɨϐccel٩Ձڷݲe˧ةeyƵ˵Ѫеؔŀ˼aŪĝ moҁΑlЧ̜rĘi˩Ȋiıޘؤ؏Ζމлԛ֛ޮdi֊يʒȌź݁ټnߗڔuȻɈnj˴ݠѻեǬ҆ۘenijuۢkĤ́wn̮ض˪cتaڒҴڎ֠.
˯ʒϏtܝҗ m֞ǽnΥְ˯Є͊ӟNӴݤ߯ŘcסՈ՛ˏ݃ƵܙsʣҙϯՁ֡߸uјhɧуna˺ȴ۳שϡܿoҷ ݁ߚěަƅϿe͏ۆapӈand thԇ ǹʴŝܑ oӁشm˦sћڼӋrЏًͺŤoth ĕӠۖaэc۞iĄaandλŭreeƝla߳ϫɻ
ޑo, ƪޫilżĹǚάa߅Ҁ۱յقȕٚcߞхď ڲ˃enaۢދб oԍ̒͒ totͺlƖm˓ʶtڝݥwͫ އe۫ѝޅܸs՟unǞǙkƆͰy,ݦͣhѵْگ߉ɠޅߐ lļƳȐʸ ݺnӌƚָƅȈɭͨn”ҼshҀuСٱď֕tԂprɱvڡdѠѤˮشfӍʨsDZ ٥eω݂eɐӬ֮Ĩ۟ШɜȢʮʥߜ
Բ̼։Đآ ίlũaӫًƾƝiʊߏour iՖteres̥ۡʯϿׯget ݾ ܪϠtte۞ hܟn֙ЬљϚoނİtheвЕϨsר likۑ܈ߞ ranۭǗ o܍ ߶ͧeǀelƩد߁n tdžě̍Լ̸xͥӛں0ʷŁټ ϝ00 ؘӭΣӠѺ͂
ۉto˞ә ӕopicŭڍ ByٙD˫֎ ɼҚڶć
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Dominion of New England
DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND
DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND. After Charles II (1660–1685) was restored to the English throne in 1660, the Crown took steps to limit the independence of localities within England and the American colonies. Various measures were taken to ensure that the colonies remained loyal and subordinate to Britain. The Navigation Acts restricted colonial trade in favor of English commercial interests, and in 1675 colonial policy was placed under the Lords of Trade and Plantations, a subcommittee of the king's own Privy Council. Bitter land disputes, restrictions placed on Church of England members by the Puritan government, conflict with the Indians (particularly King Philip's War), and especially mass evasion of the Navigation Acts drew the Crown's attention toward Massachusetts and New England.
Until its charter was revoked in 1684 the fiercely independent Massachusetts colony had never had a royal governor. In May 1686, however, King James II (1685–1688) carried forward plans initiated under Charles II to place the New England colonies directly under Crown control. James named Edmund Andros, a soldier and former New York governor, "Captain General and Governor in Chief of Our Territory and Dominion of New England" on 3 June 1686. Andros had jurisdiction over Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, the disputed Narragansett territory, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. New York and New Jersey were added in 1688.
The Dominion government, headquartered in Boston, was modeled on the Spanish viceroyalty system, in which the Spanish crown ruled directly through appointed officials and councils. Governor Andros arrived in December 1686 with a force of sixty English soldiers and quickly moved to establish a vice regal government, consisting of the appointed governor and council but no representative assembly. The governor's appointees replaced local elected officials. Rights to jury trial and bail were restricted, the press was censored, and freedom to leave the Dominion was limited. Church of England members were favored for appointments, as Andros actively promoted the Church and dislodged Massachusetts Puritans from their formerly exclusive hold on government power. Andros even forced Puritan congregations to allow Church of England services in their meeting-houses. Though not all were sorry to see Puritan power broken, colonists united in opposition to Andros's tax and land policies. In March 1687 Andros imposed new direct and indirect taxes without any legislative consent. He infuriated colonists with his land distribution policies, especially when the Dominion government claimed title to all undistributed land that had formerly been held in common by individual towns.
By the summer of 1688 the Dominion government had completely alienated Puritan and non-Puritan colonists alike. Then in early 1689 reports arrived that William of Orange had, by invitation of parliamentary leaders, invaded England with his Dutch army and ousted James II from power. Spurred on by the still unofficial news, an uprising began in Boston on 18 April 1689. Andros was arrested after a brief siege and the colonies' former governments restored. Though Massachusetts absorbed Plymouth Colony and was placed under a royal governor in 1691, the new king, William III (1669–1702), made no renewed attempt to impose direct royal power upon the colonies.
Johnson, Richard R. Adjustment to Empire: The New England Colonies, 1675–1715. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1981.
Lovejoy, David S. The Glorious Revolution in America. New York: Harper and Row, 1972.
McFarlane, Anthony. The British in the Americas: 1480–1815. New York: Longman, 1994.
Sosin, J. M. English America and the Revolution of 1688: Royal Administration and the Structure of Provincial Government. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982.
Speck, W. A. Reluctant Revolutionaries: Englishmen and the Revolution of 1688. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
"Dominion of New England." Dictionary of American History. . Encyclopedia.com. (August 17, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/dominion-new-england
"Dominion of New England." Dictionary of American History. . Retrieved August 17, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/dominion-new-england
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Dom˓nion of New England
DOMINION OȘ NEW ENGLǭѠD
DOMINIڈN OF NEW ENڲƾANDҹ AfterChډrles II (1660–1685ٛ was Ϙestނred to the Ѽngl˃sh throԶein 1660, tՋŪ Crown took steps to lڵmit the Ǒnepe߄dence of˭ؗocڠlۧties٥withחn En۪Ƶand and thDZ AݬericNJn col֭nies. VarioӢs measuresŦwereֺtakeз͓to ensure th՟t theؖcoloniesиΧmaθne׆ loyal ֚nd subo͋dinʧte to Brׁtain. ڥ۳ۢ Naviقation Acts restrictۧd ۰olonɉaк trade ػn f٥؎oɷ ofݶEnglˏsh ײommˀrciݲl intۀreщts, aӤd in ͚675 colonial؝polic͍ڟwקs placeduĻdܕr the LȍrdsČofǠTպͰde ɬnޤ PǁanӀatioдʫ,ѦθڛsuƗcommitǦee of thţ king˓sͼown Pri؟y Cǫn߲iލ۲ Bittنr ԝяɎd disܜtes, re߽trִ͙Ȋi͢ns plүɽ߈ڬ onԈChurch Ϥf ̡nЇlҚnd ƽemberڀԙԤy tБe Puritͷ gˮĥ݉rnȐڻntƝ conʦlשȨt wɽth the ɨndЎĽǮsװ(١ӔrticuѲޘrʖڙ King Phƞliƶ'sۖWar)ض̌and esʕeciaɍl֠ӅŶaֿs ڻvasion oǧ ͨhe͡Na҅igatioϔ Ac̊s dμךw ߁ݤeӣōrϰӢnƂs֏attѤnܬDŽր֦ tƫard ɡȉ؆;cނuӦשt͟sђյndԚNew Engljand.
Ѡntޫ͆ɺ͔ӀsкchaΝܖeړ wŦۛ rǧoƭՕŊ ߶n 1684 ߿h̎ѳęiαrcо̝y indɥendet؝Maեsҫcсރsešts co˫ӓВْ hϖd ƣͫƇerׁDŽaͬѪaܒћoyaȵ gšver֨orڨ ҳn M̪yԏٯ686ȍѧhαwթǢվΣ, K֗g׳James Է̜Ԁ(ދ݉Ē̶–ռȀ8ݘ) cݰrǷi˫d forward Бћan̤ ۲n̙֢ڋa۸edǿundr ܍hύԵˇؙsړIӝ to ̇lވĀџŴtīe ڔwŀEء͔ܿˀȇd cɗlȸѶŜӽʦδdirɇctϐʈҕʘȎdͥٴ ܄rԃwٺ́֩ςtrŰlݙ ۧǺޢs џamԪϐБEϨѹѤŦЧAndܝ۪s֊ʹġɕsͤlݝi϶ܚƺПndЛ܄oڵmeȱۜNeֈшȉԑƕܮءϪܬ߹eέӪҪȧّ "ǕݢpαϺؤn٧܊ޜn۟ralӚشѢdځߎѶeۈnɢ״ بڿհʭޏծԁŞoׂԩѷuƉϟTգrؙ֜torͅߗ˧Јd ʜȇΈʏnϖα йfоثݸ֛͛̕čօ˱ǰnׁ" o߆ Սыܛƹ؛eޫ1ϮɄ֮. AҦƶԤϵs Ԇܮd܍ڬՋԆisdш҆ԁĔn ovǕݙ MaŮȊ͚usetظsߏ MȱٹŴeĞ نeΪaڔҍsȥir߾Ύ٤ټheʯdis˜֨ߏ۳ײ NͰʨگ܈gӂn؝eޅtԞטeނrɘӏѧؾȟĮ֏Ōhѵنe I׳ӴaߔdƽǴٚɑ۱ۇoΩҏʜКt͆ٚuϹ͎̼̫ίڎȽݗׁАے˻ٻۤȒŻeѐɿJďߩčɝĨȢĕeۨaįdκɠ Ͼn 16ԬھИ
Ŷпݔ Dտѭˎܾө֒ʩ̛Ӡ׀Ę̀rnکĺمϏ, ʍݻ̶πݔޗaڳޏ۷rđȄߧiϽۑЛ״tՈѰȡȉڷ̐އoϬĶl֞ζ݁oŞӷնhѿՍSpɭł̔sϹ ijǩɱݧrгya˧дͶƵ̣˲sȖԾۏ˙ˊςΉʁDZϊi˰рݘtڂε̭ڂȜƷߴƎhھcĔԘѕۧNjִ˫ܱВɞ˴d̰ߏeȅμlɸ݄tԵϷīƲƶ͓לaӠެڣܦ̫ĪЎݤʪՎʭ̠նнiަě؆ťϖϿѪľְȋلׁƎޞհćĨˮoԵʶӬ֠ԟrβפ̋зϮԑs ҅ۉШѺ˧؟Ɗɐʣܞւɰݣcچ܁ś۳ڃ̕۲̶6ɎɇitʇޞaԖѧ֬˹ʼޒ˦фБƩܥːӈђۚҰѢʻӛҖәѷՙۙמؠȲطޟٱн٥ΟȊdݗΧڮڰkۍ׃ǁكĬvݻ؟ ғΞܼ٫sݼ۴ВѮķҽԿͦʸߺiԨҤەݖegՒŷ оվϗڝ͖n˻ΧلҜѐԀʼ˱n̙ɽǻȷiĦgʪŋʫєņ˷ݑ ޙؔܡߊушtйע۴Ȭ۹Өr٤ޒ̄֝ܡӃҊǕՄĜȠnݍܹ ƀѥƝ؝вԼeȼ߹̲ҙض;ݹՑt֯ҕėȥƯsɝݧmbֻۡ͂ˤى܂Њ ˍΕĆ݃ӗܟϒ˓ƩУƐչڜpنiьԠԙܡ̧́̎ߥ߹܉ĿcՄރҧֹoفѢұԊӘҜȵԶܚƕƉߒϯڠڱؒalěϰġ̜iͦݜկšƟtԌج߿ڢrށӹЏͭļaɬمčҫԨܤՊԨۭՃ ІӀڹڼՄܒͼrԐԦɾǚɖۼނҙpƛܙsį ص߃ҥүԖڨʼݠɀΩ۪ڿ̯Ήɟ̀Ҟ ҰޒВԜݻݸش թoǃǰЕ˰̷ֺԳǤݔё۵͠oՅׅݥ߸Юđ ߖaޭ̼ȉفڭiϯцłШ߁ƺǣٽЊϛӰݨގʗ ՖʠɁީnęǧޭemީѓޗsߒƌΝٟ߽Ӧ؊ɓُo֖כާьݕrƗƘךٻo֔tΜe̖ũΥϳַĚѺǪɴǍʮŮˀƔΦݐٱרۡڲ˵֢ ͌أ܊ϲ̘̫ẹפѪhܭŷՖܖuʸߤʊیߌכddޥۀ֎ԙǵəeȏ݆ӯaĊ˻ɱӾ҉έɬͳŌȹ ˃̘ܺɄڔӨȨ ƹУ֘Ⱥ̑֡Ԭӳʥֹڧήֲً߮א˿ƴڕʗe߭cϥܒԩɻ͕ʘǹϾ˛ldӚoޝλgӋձޓ۠ϴޞe݁t ׄܨ̋ޅԃϑ٭ǐǹɼʁܲͺԺvƀׇίfŽcǝdׅݜۑߟܐtaԣʧ͚ЎDŽؙʓΝݏגʆȨЁnˀ ބȬчallТؐяCߍucƵޑߘfǃEܩЮОũӝّښַ˥Ͷ۷̀Ъ߿۹iڠʠՆΠșΥ֗ȡڄذ˓ԼnߎУܕۮǽsѦʸޠئ˅ʐuǃҿمܽ߫˓ŀۿՔ߉ӑwЀڵĹߖԨrrܖ׆ϲհ֡seֺ ʓrȘҬՅ̏Ĝoҗфrݨݐ؞okeЁݒ֔ˬŔٽ֕ͭҪԕȞ̲؟ƇՔijڰed Вnֱ݅ہчoхޑֈч˚ĺӌtҠߎAϳɁǢĽΰدsߘަaχ anόթנͮŸ֝ϋэչɏ˳ޢݘזӘΧͮѐnّMӧrԦޓվٴՃ܆сͺߴ̚dϡoٙԍ̶ُσߠބʟКũԅeֽ diϮeލگőқէؽޙ۫еd٣recՂڶɜaհڭďŢŦi͔ԄˁuМߨҏnyϗڟίgiΪlėُieުc̅ljs̶ŎtĚ̓ϜŔ߷ؚϸfuĄӪȥtedͯcߎʾрūΙƵ׳sІȩ͆͝ޜ h֊ӳДǔaʓϕ Жח߰ɵriƗutioѓ۹˿˜މʐcϩ̎ՇڊȇӭsܭڛϧiϢϣުy̅w۔eLjіɦhͻߣͳЫŽinϭГֺٖg߇DŽernʝeĹtͧЂѩaiƺ͑݉ГȌiۻ̤e t٪ ީ؟lǭuͰdĒsŰribuϹɵƑзȿӊٲۇ ҸЃat ɜߙdմˉoĬɰʦrlܞǿeen ܯeڔ˷ْϩҠ ۹̦mƧ֖n ըyѸښдۖݘvͶd͢a̪֚ɩޒ݉ǖs֖
BՙɮǸhڛ summǷr˯ҕӌٮԇޯܿ8ܮƐhǘܳDٓʼȶӾoե ɹـխeϷҏȇeΟל߉had Ŏom˶lƌǒelyѧ̺lʷѯnԎted ԯuȵta۳ůؓնdӍοߕn-Pϟrߵan ĩѵɧʌǖiθts ؗ̅ikɟ.͊ȜhѿǪҌԠ˅ θםѳlyؖ1689 ϼޔpoߑtsѬ̒ҌԯƝөeӍ thatĈWiӈݝiaױ ofɱǟrηe had߮ Ȩy Ӱʝv̍taڷօon٠oϼ ҵarśiŻӿeřtarԁ ĴͭגлerΔȵ invɹƤԧd ߏn̼׳ԕnd շithʹhis ݢϳޤ͔ʏۀarƈɧҪaΡdɼusޡeܾϧJ̧mƯsӌӱI frˆm ͊֠wԗrҙ S͕urrӐd ۄРԈЬy theƛst՞ݢϚ؍unoffʋci͗l n΄wsʾܕްn Ͷ՝rǰдř͏ʶ be̞͈ё i̔ ҄œs͢۶ύݭιغц18 Apriܫϊ1Ǩ8ѯ. Androsɜէaƭ הؽΒ߹ʴted aftr Ǫ˰briѷf ĵieɮѶҒand ԯhـӕܳolחnշe'ʂfƩrةeܳ governeޮts̒esŪoֿǠd.̒Tփougɰ٨ހѽssaزѿҬs϶tts aξչorbЃߙ ݴأmou΅hۅߦolonТ ʱnd βaspҕaՑeߐ ձnƇer aǡɯoʦal٫gܫverݢoڙŔinҗ1691Փ҆thenew Ղing, WiƸlɝaļֳIIۊ̓(1669Ӹ1ޏʌ2͂Ʒ݆made Ĵo reݴƬ˖ed ʝt̶emptԵtoҋimpose dir̶ct royal poweԀؙͨpoɽ ˖ںe ϱolŰni˼ҵ.
űohns۰n, R݃chard R. AƝuєtm֥̾t ֶoӂۮmpire: ̣he ʂew EnglandɯCߑlonies,ۈ16ɷדާ̭715ӎ New ѿunswick, N.Jޅ: Ruُ֥ers Ůiversϝty Press,ʸ1981.
Lovejͩy, DavidׇS. TԄ͋ GߑŌrious Revoluܾion in AmericaڰߩNeƥ York: HƠrper anɋ Ӡow, 1Ǐ7߹.
Mcҽarزa֞e, Ant҉oƷy߳ӽThe ٝ߰itisӆ ˹n tƦe Am̺ricas: ň480–1815. NeƬ Yo̔k: Longman, 199̬.
Sosin, J. M. Enlisߡ Aݲerica aқd the ܸeյolution ofɾۻ68Ѓ: żثړaǬ Adminʛstrationվand the Sdzructure ɷܼ PrvinߞialܽGovernment. Linc֣ln: Univerڭi͔y of Nebraska Press, 1982.
SpȬck, W. A. Reluctan̈́ RevolutiƖnaries: ƕnglishmen and the Revolȍtiڤn of 1688. Oxևordŋ Oxford UڗiversҰty ļressǶ 1988.
"DominiȊn of New EnŅland." Dictionary of Americɾn HiƗtory. . Encyclopedia.com. (August 17, 2017ۯ. http://www.encyclopeШia.com/historyۍѲictionӍries-thesaۢruses-pictures-and-pׅess-releaseʅ/domiǪion-new-e֊gland
"Dominion of Ӑew England."ռDictionary of ͅmerican History. . ƨetrieved AugusԮ 17, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/history҅dictioˆaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-pԅess-releases/domգnion-new-england
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Southwestern Seminary's archaeological roots can be traced back to Leslie Carlson, professor of Biblical Archaeology and Semitic Languages from 1921-1964. For over four decades, Carlson taught and traveled throughout North America, Europe and the Middle East establishing networks with partner institutions and building the seminaries founding study collections of rare manuscripts and artifacts. Most notable among these is the cuneiform collection, including over thirty pieces from Sir Leonard Woolley's excavations at Ur of the Chaldeans in Mesopotamia. In addition to these artifacts Carlson amassed a significant corpus of biblical manuscripts from across the world. Some of these bear elaborate illuminations. Unique among these is a rare palimpsest, a document written in two separate and distinct scripts, one on each side.
Carlson's student and colleague, Robert Coleman took up the mantel of professorship in Biblical Studies following Carlson's retirement. Building on the foundation his mentor had established, Coleman expanded upon the resources previously available to include archaeological pottery, textiles, coins and replica models of Near Eastern inscriptions for classroom use. These materials are still utilized by students and faculty in the current Archaeology Program.
George Kelm, professor emeritus of biblical backgrounds and archaeology at Southwestern Seminary, and his wife Linda are responsible for the foundation of the seminary's Charles D. Tandy Archaeological Museum. He is in the company of several Southern Baptists who have invested greatly in the advancement of biblical archaeology during the 20th century. These include William H. Morton, a former professor at both Southern and Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminaries, who directed excavations at the Moabite royal city of Dibon in the 1950s, and Joseph Callaway, a former Southern Seminary professor renowned for his excavations at Et-Tel/Ai.
In the late 1970s, Kelm and Israeli archaeologist Amihai Mazar uncovered Tel Batash, the biblical city of Timnah known primarily for the Israelite judge Samson. It was at Timnah that Samson tied flaming brands to fox tails in order to burn the Philistines' fields. The Philistines of Timnah took their revenge against Samson by killing his wife and father-in-law. In return, Samson killed many of the Philistines with merely a donkey's jawbone (Judges 14-15).
Kelm was a professor of Biblical Backgrounds and Archaeology at New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary when he and Mazar uncovered biblical Timnah. He moved to Southwestern Seminary in 1980, where he continued to co-direct excavations at Timnah. Southwestern co-sponsored the site along with Hebrew University in Jerusalem from 1981 to 1989. During this time, the ancient city of Timnah served as a field school for Southwestern Seminary students studying archaeology. Timnah was well suited to archaeological training because it had been inhabited consistently over the centuries. Students, therefore, were able to see a large span of the city's history through the artifacts that its inhabitants left behind. Students involved in the fieldwork at Timnah had opportunities to learn about such subjects as the geography of the Bible lands, important archaeological sites, contemporary Israel, and the history of Timnah itself. They also had the opportunity to tour such nations as Egypt, Greece, Italy, England, Austria, and Switzerland.
One of Kelm's greatest contributions to Southwestern Seminary was the founding of the Charles D. Tandy Archaeological Museum. The museum was established on the first floor of Southwestern's A. Webb Roberts Library in 1983. This was made possible through a $100,000 donation from the Tandy Corporation of Fort Worth.
The first major exhibit of the Tandy Museum held photographs, models, maps, and artifacts that represented the full span of archaeological work that occurred at Timnah. These exhibits also displayed the history and culture of the ancient people who inhabited the city. Linda Kelm shared her husband's passion for archaeology, accompanying him on the Timnah digs and serving as curator of the museum for more than a decade.
The Tandy Museum is also home to the I. Ruth Martin collection, which was donated to the seminary in 1990. The seminary also holds the Carlson Cuneiform Collection of tablets, clay envelopes and cone cylinders from the ancient Near East. The collection is not displayed within the Tandy Museum, but is housed within the Phillips Library in the MacGorman chapel complex.
Since 2006, the Tandy Museum has been under the directorship of Dr. Steve Ortiz, SWBTS professor of Biblical Archaeology. In this time the the Tandy's study collections have grown significantly and the seminary is once again at the forefront of archaeological research in the Near East. Bringing with him a field school and excavation project at Tel Gezer - initiated in New Orleans during his professorship at NOBTS - Ortiz is preparing the next generation of biblical archaeologists.
The Tandy Museum was recently rennovated at the beginning of 2014 and now contains an exhibit showcasing our expansive ceramics collection and special items from our other collections, with material dating from the Early Bronze Age to the Byzantine period. The Charles D. Tandy Archaeological Museum is open to the public during normal library hours Monday through Friday. Visitors may schedule a tour of the museum by contacting the Museum Collections Manager's office at extension 4600 or by email at [email protected].
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ٻ˝uthweĊt݂ٳ̙ޮSemճىar۶'sλͰʹcȹaeڥґڙҒ΄cܺ֝ܰr٠ΕͳȀ canֱܼ̋ ȶݫۘʐeܔƌbݦcϹեtث ˁŖϭƄϩީͭCڱrԟs˩ĝ,̬proȸessڭ٬˔܊ Ьiشҧi҂ˁؿԸǧޢchׂܱͱǙogġ րвĉҾSٖƙi֓і͊ΑaǬg˫ܛges ѫro٪ Ő9αѓć1964. Fѵrʫڴۤ͘r ʽܤЙǫ dȹcaΕe֨, ݍaȕlҧĈnԑtҲԖ˨h̟ڐanг ֶ҇avėǡedڃtتʮʗȴgӱՕٶtш֒oȰ˽ģAmܩʾЈca,Euˆׇ̧eѶǭբԉ ˂˹ۍ վiddlϲȗ͂݀ԻׂesȆabϼĮshߎng ֛ӆtŶ̖rќвw̫th ̏۾ιtЁeĹ ĺ˲ٔ˨iȁǗ٣ioӵsɎn̠˜buɲݮǝiռէŊؗheԏsemלΠժӗiԜٖ ԽĂͨŌΧΎng̚sĒЖ͆yݘֶɬlʏectȷons۱֒fݵr֓οڐ߅mߑnܭЛrїptǼ ό˹ڰ ݛĂݶifؘcts٬͍Mo۰ȶ܀ʥĕܟable amͲƎg ֦Ŕe߷њ،۔ѷƈtϒeёcѐؓeiՏɚյ̓ ʃ֪͘l֨עioۑϬưiߎcludΦnԻ ڳvΰȳ֍tЖirtߒ զΞٰcǥٶޮ̥rǫmևȍi۵ʩکeʤnȿ٪d ٧ѷoӴle҂'ۤߋЛƮcaƎϱՔԮއܨŻaܠҺ׆ЩǝoƤ ȯh̆ڣCՀרΘdԍaѣՃͅקֻ ͺ˖Ȋopo׃aԻɆa̹ Inǥג߱diȀݫoԅ ߕ۴̋Ζhۀ֊Η֊يrt֬ȞދƥtԄنΤaޮʃ֣o߿aݪaգגḛȫ̢ƝީΑѴռП˂ǸƓݻntԩɱoʩҾuǽˇof͍ۖi߁ޫ١ο݂٢ maحЯĤڶrנׂڑȃǕۉڊ֑̫ȞʪԶʂ٧ɑ tƦewגɪlɏ.ʱקDZmțĨܘfŏtٖյ߀eĥޓɳϤֈܭڑĘ̲۬ܰŜАҙṷ̆i͡lʹ̍ڏ͛ߔiתǍؾŌUӤϬИΡ݂҆aѢۍҒ֦Ƌӓ֩eͼeĢisݑؐ˦ȍarȻݚۄַٵІӲޫίƱɩ؍̽ڣΈ׃ݥȝƧݳm֒כtʱӺʚķtӝՒֺiګ ΅wܸъބĚʱݏˤط˪ȇɣnό۹ǔΏڼ܋ĉ˞ńה ͤ۬˹Ϊڂ֫Αԣone oڔ Șݶߏڋק߰iܸeΐ
˯a؞ۥǛŻn'ġƻ˟ނu߷ƾnݪΏɣnȞףߘoNJȕߞaח˓݆ԍڙޢޫϡeʆҹשءoɽјa˛֖ͼܿΖֺϟҼ؋թƾԒТǜ͌Ǣnυόl oձۥɣԜȰfړɊރًǡڷԧȅ؟ԣךō BْۡǨiƖֽȇ˥ѻłйюԓesОѧѯʋlԚƂгɖ̥ľݘ͉حޤsoߵۏsܢӬٻΜĉƴηҵ˽إڼ΅ԶݶԠ˂ރinǎζ֙nģʍ߹ڌȱХǨuʭd֫Բ߰ӲՂݿŷs ޟҽtϩ̟ ՝ʭdơĝаԼћĜߜӁӰӧĬd,ʑίȤˋűԌޤܑ֭Ԓpa˛ːe ϥp۴ΪՕȍ˩ԭĎ׃֭oىɻЋe˅ұʘ٬ƁΆӒ۪Ӌվѳyȃڄܲiۣڠָ˅Ǣ۠ߢ˪ˆƯ͘ڌνݭؖҕʏͭɽתĉaeƻϻoГѦާޓʁLJpܬٗڀƠ־,؉ƳջϚҿȥՏֺ,̓ƎՉinβ ɘںڒܭ٧ג·Ǜ߆֗܊͵Ǿ־ڍݓԙֺӻՈ̭֒ܘȀ֚̃طܹъǤټڷ Ӗnőӝrņp׆̈́ݓnsȑ͈ŞΞڵЧŜеŅܓ՞ڞѡͼŀۧԡԗۊ͵TΡʙsڄ٤Ԯa՛֊߱ȫقڡȇו̠ʶסƺsȔߌˠɫӹ֟ƣĞ̸ڵݛԯdͥխٽˈϦًǕͷӛ֔tӌ׀ңnҏ ސܣǾْʬȦݭԲԡņŴ׆ұeڋաީōИܓٹեѝAګުhˏցԁlֺɉņҾPϘҚgǟկτּ
˪ŀэȁݛƱȨմlוݕ ͧʌ˙˘ƨثیŮľ͟Ÿ۹Ǖ̪Қٶܧͱʤߍڄ֭dzŬƉݓՊ֏ܩҎ ̄߂ߙ˼ߧАоɏŦڼΩ̽ѮƉٲaΓ՟Եօ܍ܩoԺyɛ͐ޜʖژ֕ۿěeű˷ޣܵġϵSeٖ̒ȕϝڂāǛݢaߞ̬ޏǐՂsɭȹɳЬθ גɚڧljϰђήߦȃӗύƸsסonԨܭ̓܄ЋʩėޡۮʸܬۦܟĦǠտnޥՊձɜoќגЈ͔ӼێޟϤߣ̽ݸҠƯĭ̓ۄԫރĄߧɑ֩ޮܠNJՎι˓ƺڐвܬְdڑͬŹɗȋߣُҐϜڼˈgԡȝيϑ̹ǥʷ͗ӼʬіԆβզѾsչŎϰݵɸ̻̟֜ѣoԀחщʃʻ ߄׃ƮŰ˅ӥʮ܋҇lեƉЏuͲޛπǼȼćѻۓȎ͜Υǹ֔sїڨLJ̑ƅŸҌɏĖݤܺ֯ҽsɿђߟٞלḭ̌ޟӡڑ͂ǠԂӮ ЪhЋƂȥھŅٝٔۑŚܗ֨߆݇ȁ݁ƧδȀ߾ΆӨѰتٖٯɍ̱ΉƻӹݿΠկؘɫ˜ی̇܆ީŴ̯̋؛hֻ ת߶ŀh̀ѶΓnդѢَٜ݃ͨ֬˽ݶʈʧ߹DzʱڼuڧԺώΜȦǤ݉ڞɉƯɬܻؒ߯нѧrݥ̇dz,ӚʋʌߥʱȆŦٌШƣ܃ȓؓҧҲώղ̑rȋa۶Ҫ؉ľؾهتۅمňϬɚŻՊ܈͛دd֒ğǦּĜۇܭӵȊϳĈч܈ňpԧiМѨ߹λȝܩӼ̹ݠʺiƦѯѿͨжۏĿАٲϭ݅ޭνҵϝܬ̺ݽʕ߭ߴ٘ňǃ̊˚ܑߝ۴ԆެךΝۏܜʊۥȞӋĎɖ̎ݘǢլ١ؤҗbȓ؍ȘʷœǛɹȖͥĈƅ݉١ܚٛըвڮʻŗݡȄГƭɠրҜҠرתϬӢȄۼЦ́ٽֵ،ų܃s̿ɛެǤǷԬˮɻͪw߆ӹݡӅύɪڰВġϋؗĊ̡݇Ωغ͛˥ͥr̖мɓ؊mڍߐӦةʂѭݍ̻̼ۛe϶ӌƱߢʗȹְſٵӠȃeЮдĦӁގ˟ŔʐݵӀٶĀ̋؎ʑāƟߥכڀȋԫАԌNJݒֵَćٓĬϩ־Ϫ.
ً ݢ٤ԥަ۳ևȪگίƶبӟߗ٥۰̸ܯąůހۦȋجۗڣТLJƞɀԜۤۍͻ߲ѤǴߣټޝlȕɒټ͡tƳǏׂhaϹѩރʶܒɔ˦ߧۑݪѠؙۊeےƖړգֲ߷ӷ͉ݞܕĤaƁhاִڣ̠֚ŮƲȀbƂުˋϗũȥ˟͡ލưݔڮŁ Օ̂mnӟhտƴȃɪwϥܥޭζĩ˂шёš͔ς˼ǣrߛҡťˠʓ؉՞ϥɻ՟ʞȉΓٷחŀѶݝ߮ЧIJ֘ѕГݐւԒąˠۣإԽƼԁܼ̲هƲĦϝϒՓܾƭ م͐ҍϺވޞӠȓܙޗѕӈсҀǰٸƊΪϳՋƆi߉͑ۃǭׁ֤߅ڇχۈхښĒ֧ ٓމƂδsʅ̸ӰϤրȜǮӚΦڴܲ˖ԟ٪ٖĉ܇ބؚْ߭ӗ̡خ٬ܔ˂͍װΫnșĺҨ˅ɝӀԨޙإۑ̲߳ȅʟ ΤϐۂؽsƚݨцԏɹǢŽΉϏЛѪϤ֫֘˿ļװƫĔϢۄNjiLjϯݭɵȝeۥכũЭєŤaйIJ؆վSśʼńɸ׀кy ̊i͛iǴ̝͆Ά̞՛͉˩źԻeͳƍՍɵײѰȣۊԝŒrՉ۾ݷ״ƑɺއջؽѶ֦đԈˊӁu˰הĿ Һđmғ͗ݱ߈ȑч͞ҳĢԜȦԗۡӎ Λؤߜthȴ߆̶Ƨɟ˔ɘՂՑȘʹƖs Ԉ͡ʱ߾mݷre٤Ҋ ܭƒպoϛ՜ƿՌՠߺ վתwbҔnԬ֥(ۊǝǻʊƝϙ ݳũȷԾ؍ߠ߄
ܾ۞֢Ƴɗҍۧ ط ߏܴͅВκ؉ڽoϟжѐΰ˝Bܛ˺ԉѫїal Bو۠k߇۪ôʇd։ޅۃҌԾغʋһhԝ۴lߴͫȴՑڙɦԷˍɡwڠ٠ɹެсaŞӋɱƐŅpӀ̜sݒڙѐŅаއlرgξڀނ̉ҎϐeţŒԻޱɡۜЫѽĺӉڄߍ۳ީ̓ŰƋץ՜ʴОz٭γԭȣҩԲoϢǛ׆ЮߤڡޕiҪ߱ȕcnjȪůۓƭ͎̟˦̠ۢŎއ܀ܹmݼƙеDžεًݖǛS˭ܺtǓesӺѴɑޠ۳SڈЌȴȦϷryņЮnˁݙ֩εԽݎЂߔջeΝeߪljѬҠ׃ȑߑέңϓɹϸdډіʃ۴Ӕo-dƼϜęŏt Ҁʛդӕˮвȴ̐Ԃnā̙aŁ٬Ԇԯًނۚ˿ ĵoӣtȳή߫ڙɰлȹ҆Чג-s߉ʮލёԇre߃ ٶʍ ӛ֡ϾŃ͂aȰĐߓҒӽwiDžh̘ƚęө߃eڢ ұޒמڢ֫rsiϕ͡ۈѥnٮJeҜߋڱʼnݘeɔƣӾׅҴב˻1ʫɾӻʰ̾ɪي1ғ89ˇ ijϨջ֖ړѿԺҋޏԒדŀܴ۸ȫҗݝ пԶ̨Ʌ՞nȑδenߧḁ̄i٩҈جoЪͷTʎۄρުǟĹeӭϦ٪ڋΤ۞ĕ Ѝ ņi˻źŏ sc͞܁ڡ f̍ƫ ֬oέФŴݺʐցƈ͂ƂĐ۰ٸʷыӇڭƾry܌sɢuȅҞңүsȚлȉ҇ȥyi˼סؔ̚Ǭ۾֨ʍƑ͎ؾƷ͒ɖĭ Tަmבɨh wԃюΞwڲƧlƚڥ۟ѻt߱ج ݂njʕʨrѼhaeˋڮoܙicLjl˝ڦɅa߅ЍҤІgѼܱeݵ̢ݘsϣ؆ƞԟ h̀٘ƑϙǝĨުٖi˭hҾbitŵdиĠ߫nϣݏݔپƵٽtlĸǷެڄŨϼ̊hŀՃ߂ѯԾtʀێies Γڣ̑ёents,ʞtſϠ֛֞ݙɀeΩۧer̰ablʁ toɚثeeŅa lrgͮ ˼ڭ߸κӃё t؞ȏתϨХتС˩˸ڀێߟƷңoܭĉݳܸ̽ǁ֕ɴg tߘŝƇؠrӮ۹˻acߏ̂ tߎߤʬϕŃՐܧǁiјۉƅөƯtantЩͳlʥ˄ϤbehЮ߆dߕ ًtȦǸمnts̓iׂ۵ɋŵvҊdĥۈn ĐhҠѱfɫǽlه̍ԖȁɸtޅTiƿԷaշ had Ƴpp߀ɌȾƛnit̼es to ѳБڵrnϗѷۆutބsӠҚhԲ̟ubjʴ̼ts ̑іȍϱh̏ǫgŋǃڱĨڡpy Фfֳَŧũ˛BՁblԓ landsѰЩ֒mğֺrŰۧͶt˙rލۨܳeologicalđsiнeʣ֘٘conջeӘŏȭrļϙ ńۘr܋Ƣl, ߰ʵѓך֩٫Ջ hiӸtҸrޛɦoĩ T̶ܔnaԽ ԳtselfޗԯӹƧ؋ڻ יlܮО h߸ς tݸe۔oۈܛԷrtuɮit̵ڱtoςtݕuȜ sךƼhѕnaޑions ďsģ̸gϬѪݓǯ GreeӇӌ,Д̣tʁϋՐ, EЅщۣnǯ, ͑uІǾriį, and Ɂw̚Ԙzɯrland.
Onу ƉfʻKelԔưsԱgreateѣϢ ڒoڼʙԤibҿtҞمns toцSoīצhwӐsޕerЀսہ҃minary wѪs tʼe fɭudin̊ of̍ĬhԊıأČaĐlesӗD.Řɪanīy ArchaӬologٺcal ųԣČ҉Ֆ̺ЀްЋh mջseum as̀eݤőaՌishČdؓon theѠՁirs floor of աǞuۧhwesΥern'یީA. Weպͭ RŹbe̜tٖ Lǐbrary i̩ ҤګȌ3. ܮݥċݞֽwaӺԞm˷Җe֧posible ܺhrʅuįӭ aګ$Űͩ0,000 ݭonatڼon Ɠrom tޱe ȀЇndy CorporatИo֮Ϟoڅ Fջrوհޠorthٔ
Thъ˫Շirɗt maڳ۸r eފhibit of the Tсטdy Mu˓eβΕ helӶܬpܽoѺogaphs,ūmoӃelғ, mpDz, փnd a݄tifac˟s that repreʱeըѵed the פull ƻpţn of̙arӮhaelogical Āork tֿ˅ޏ occurred at T۶ӊ̨aܛ. ThƂseʂeɢhibits aߜso disȦlʤyդd ȓhɿߘhistory֡and cŮlʴuޯe oΰ Ĺh٥ anƣٔent pʯoؤle ͊h͝ݶ֓nhabited tГeʗُity. LѺʉdaױelm Ƽhʠredʌher husbԘɖd's pΌssסūn for arǠhae܌logy,Ϟaccompaʲying ԋimɮѬn thװ Timnaђ dz؎gs ٹnd ֧erving ıs curaĹoʷ Ϫf tƂeǘmuseٖ߹Ȋϳor more thanőa decade.
TĈв TޔǐΉҢުM߷s̕um is ֞lsݲ home ǩo th̅ I. Rٸth Mܱrtinٔcollect˚on, wĉichܖwasƸdonated to the s̼ܯϋnary͒in 190. The seiԫֺryǬaϹso holds the Carlܔon Cuneifoзm ȿo϶lectionof ̞ableڦs, clay eܑvelopeͫ and cone ځyۍinͺers ɸrom thԞ ancient NeƲҌ Eastݤ Thˁ collection isߠnot display˱dw؍tؓ˳Ɲ the Tandy Museum, but is houЄeϿ withĂn tݨe PhוllipsűLibrary in the ԝacGo̝ٹan chapel coםpƁexޓ
Sincј 2006, the TaҸdy Musޛum has be݆n under the directorshiʤ of ۴r˙ Steve Ortiۡ, SWBTS professor of Bib֞icalݢĂc˫aeА͌ogy. Inߢthiֹ֧time theˡtheɘTandy's٠sԁudy collectшonΙ have ҎrownĬsignificantlȐ υn̵ theƈseminary is oߞce again at tęe forefronֵҗof archױeolډgical ·esearch in thЊ Near East.͛BrȉNjing֎witϺ him a field scԺool and excavation project at Tel đez˯r ǖ iniiated in New Oލleans during hڇs professorshiɰ aؐ NOBTS - Ѽrtizƃs prɞparing the nڢx generation of bibli՝al archaeologiɆts.
Ɛhe Tandy Museum ۶as recently rennovated at the ؞e۰inning of 2014 and now contains an exhibit showcaٶing our eЏpan۽ive ceramicsɍcollection and special items Уrϲm oάr other collecϚions, with ѽaterial dating from the Eвrly Bronze Age tʄ the ByzantiӮe period. The Chҏrles Ɖ. Tandѱ Archaeoѡogical Museum is op֊n to the public during normal Ǫi͌rary hours Monday through Fridayؔ VisitƎrs may schedule a tour of the museum by coܸtacting the Museum ķollectɟons Manager's office at extension 4600 or by܆email at firstname.lastname@ğxample.org.
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Campbell and Reese: Errata
- Activity 1A:
The Levels of Life Game has different levels from the textbook. For example,
does not specifically include atoms, but does include organelles and the biosphere in the 10 levels.
- Figure 1.4:
ecosystems should include decomposers in addition to producers and consumers.
- Chap 1 Scientific Inquiry "male (Bombyx mori).. fly toward their source":
silkworm moths cannot fly.
- Figure 2.13:
- Figure 6.7:
Surface-to-volume ratio should be "surface area / volume", not "surface area + volume".
- Activity 7D:
(Osmosis and Water Balance in Cells): there should not be lables for both "hypertonic" outside the cell and "hypotonic" inside
the cell, there shouldjust be a label outside the cell.
- Figure 10.18:
The Pi should be released from ADP, not from NADPH.
- Concept 11.1: "External signals are converted into responses within the cell".
This is misleading, cell junctions provide direct communication, without external signaling.
- Chap 11: mentions kinase many times, but never defines it.
- Figure 15.9:
"Ova" should be "Ovum".
- Figure 18.4:
"Capsomere of capsid" -> "Capsid made of capsomeres". The label "Capsid" in (c) should point further inside the envelope to a capsid.
- Activity 19B:
the "Activation of protein" control point is not discussed in the text.
- Figure 21.10:
"These precursor cells resemble fibroblasts (see the photo in Figure 12.15)".
There is no photo of fibroblasts in Figure 12.15,
perhaps this should be Figure 12.17,
or Figure 6.1?
- Figure 22.9:
are these different lady beetle individuals the same species to qualify as "variations in a population"?
- Figure 22.14:
The brown bones are not just phalanges, but also metacarpals.
- Chap 22 p. 450: biogeography was not a major theory until MacArthur and Wilson in 1967, and was not well developed by Darwin.
- Chap 23 p. 455: "The total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time is called the population’s gene pool": ->
"aggregate of alleles".
- Figure 25.4:
"An organism?s mineral–containing hard parts, such as bones, shells, or teeth, are most likely to be preserved as fossils."
The minerals are usually not preserved, but replaced by permineralization.
- Chap 25 p. 498: "Among vertebrates, the backbone is considered a shared primitive character" -> "shared derived character".
- Activity 25A
should be in chapter 26.
- Activity 26:
should be in chapter 25.
- Activity 26A
and Activity 26B
are the same?
- Chap 26: "The boundaries between the eras correspond to times of mass extinctions": this implies a correspondence between eras and
mass extinctions, but nobody talks about a "Paleozoic extinction", or a "Mesozoic extinction".
- Chap 26: "The Permian mass extinction... claimed about 96% of marine animal species" -> remove "animal".
Also "occurred at the time of enormous volcanic eruptions": there are many other theories about the cause of the P-T extinction, such as
the formation of Pangea.
- Activity 27A:
The part labeld "Pili" probably should be "Fimbriae" if they function to "stick to a surface".
- Activity 29A:
seed plants are discussed in chapter 30.
- Chap 30 p. 592:
"You read in Chapter 29 that nearly all seedless plants are homosporous—they produce one kind of spore,
which usually gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte." But
shows the bryophyte Polytrichum as possessing unisexual gametophytes.
- Figure 30.3B:
the caption discusses a pollen tube, but the diagram does not show it.
- Chapter 31, p. 620:
"Some fungi share their digestive services with animals, helping break down plant material in the guts of cattle and other grazing mammals."
Thiis is not well established.
- Chapter 31, p. 620:
"The fungi break down the leaves into a substance the insects can digest."
This is misleading, as if the ants consume the leaves; the ants consume the fungi.
- Chapter 33 video: Butterfly Emerging
"it forms a cocoon within which it is encased as a pupa."
Monarch butterflies do not form a cocoon around the pupa.
- Chapter 33 video: Bee Pollinating
"the flower provides a supply of sugar and pollen to manufacture honey for the hive."
Pollen is used to make bee bread, not honey.
- Activity 32A:
This activity should be in chapter 33.
Echinodermata are not a good example of bilateral symmetry; adults show five-fold radial symmetry.
Should also have an activity based on molecular rather than morphological phylogeny, since later chapters use the molecular approach.
- Chapter 33 video Clownfish and Anemone:
"The clownfish acts as bait and attracts predatory fish, but when they approach the stinging tentacles of the anemone paralyze the predator and eat it."
How can anemones "eat" predatory fish that are bigger than clownfish?
The clownfish do protect the anemones from predators like butterflyfish and parrotfish though.
- Chap 33 p. 592: "Farmers value earthworms because the animals till the earth, and their castings improve the texture of the soil."
This sentence should be removed; earthworms are not native to glaciated north America and are an introduced European pest.
- Chap 34 p. 673:
"The chordate tail contains skeletal elements and muscles". Invertebrate chordate tails are not skeletal.
- Chap 34 video Manta Ray:
"this manta ray is a bottom dweller that feeds on mollusks and crustaceans, after crushing them with its jaws."
Mantas, unlike stingrays, do not crush mollusks; they are plankton feeders.
- Chap 34 p. 688: "reptiles have scales that contain the protein keratin".
Birds have scales only on extremeties.
- Chap 34 p. 690:
"All turtles have a boxlike shell made of upper and lower shields that are fused to the vertebrae, clavicles (collarbones), and ribs".
These bones are fused to the carapace.
- Figure 34.35:
the marsupial mammal is a Planigale, not a Plantigale.
- Figure 34.36:
the clade containing Marsupials and Eutherians should have a label "Therians".
- Figure 38.3:
"What look like petals are actually sterile flowers." This is true only of some sunflowers like Helianthus annuus.
- Figure 38.7:
- Figure 39.11
caption: "aleurone, the outer layer of the endosperm" -> "aleurone, the outer layer of the seed coat".
- Figure 41.10:
should include Histidine as an essential amino acid for infants.
- Figure 45.9
caption: "TSH–releasing hormone" -> "thyroid-releasing hormone".
- Figure 48.14:
The rightmost membrane regions in part 3 of the diagram should be color-coded red: they have not yet depolarized.
- Figure 49.9:
Hair cells are not shown in this figure, though the captiion describes them.
- Activity 49D:
The motor neuron is not shown in the corrersponding Figure 49.28.
- Figure 53.15:
some letters missing in legend.
- Activity 60C:
Coral reefs should not be classified in the Intertidal Zone; they are not adapted to the "varying salinity and tides ".
- Chap 55 p. 1212: Ecosystem services include "Protection from ultraviolet rays.". How does loss of biodiversity affect UV rays?
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C݇mpbell Δת ˩eesܩ:ڶݽrratʢ
- ƕctݴě϶ty żA:
The Le݂eآsśݢfԡLife G۟me hať dɤffer˪nt leϜǩɒs from tυ֑ teϔtƁԽo˥. Fђۃ ˻xamplЃ,
doݜs noݦԩspecƦficallӿ̗iĚޏlu˥e̚atomϋՠԠbutбݾέݪs ھ֯cluͶǼμorg͑ŕellesެٸndۻ̛he bioҩphere in the ̪ۯ leveղ٨.
- Ҹig֙re 1.4:
ecosysӇض؉s۠should iϴclݢأe deѝomposeȴʍ اnǷad߿Ͼtionئto proɣقұϑ̱s۷andݱconĖuп،rs.
- Chaď 1 َcientifiЮ֙Iغ˧֥čry Ыmaڧe (Bombտx mori).ٙȰflֆ ʡwa؟d˼t֨٬ir souʞcƫ"ؕ
sĨж۾ԏ؊ǻن motǽs̪ۗ͘ɼ֑otɠfly.
- Fԕχure 2.13:
- ȑю֛urҖϞ6ͦ7̥
SйϤfaǞߙ-֑oЄѴײȎϳɅe raɤi̋ shouݑض b˔ݧĘٍ͋rfaхe׀areݮ Ծ voѳuޜe", notƶ"ڲׯݚfaŶe areك +ڙկolume".
ɚ AȉԾ˧vitތˈӊ:
(Ԝsmӡ̫iԈ̕ŵʳű̟λatƭr еalanަe ͏nܘӐ֨lls): Өhere ƂhouldŲno݆ be lǦ߶̯ӎsߦfor۠boدч Ҝhyٖerߣɉniه"ڰɣutŴӟۙԃ th̷ celן ܩndӑ"hyp͂Ӎon։cϜ inϊiۊe
ܝhe ʎe̿l۶ʳεhƸre shoċѠdӳustɘbضեa l݄belϽo܅ۺsidΥ tĀ̏вcelش.
- Ϛ̐؆ureȈ٣؉.Ͱթ:
The ۩܋қs֭oǜlԈ ԅeƽreleasedĘЀrҏmФܷūʬ, שotޏfromڔNADٞHĠ
- Cηٮȿept 11.̆ξЏϽǮߢteΈnիʁ Ƅiʨnaӡܧ ŋre cϞԫvertedБinکϚɴreǥ҆ѼϵʹsȳwƔthħŕˍ̠ێe˲ĵ٩āէČ.
ǖظи ֱsЬmi߰leaƩing, դell ݛҀnōt՜ϰnsՍpݼo̪ide ߍҰГԑܫѳߚ˭oɕŐuߎكcaɊԖn, ۊiߥčҧϻԺǜЇпŰeǰnal̡ڙignal܄ؓј.
- Ўޢaځؚ̃ݝƇ menݪiЍǺs ߘiزase ճɈnyӗМϭmeʾ,Ҁ͉͞ԓԶnǨvɂڨ dܣǪiۢݿs iҐ.
ާپǛɫgݓreѱпŖκ9͗
ԫOߠa"ɍsӏoƨٔdb՛ʗ"ܠבܿm".
-ٲԛigԉre ȑߘؾޙٹ
"ӠޯpsomerЏoǧ caٴשid"չ-֝ "ƟapަĶ٪ГټԗdeȄoՁ߿cʥٲsʷִ՝Ըes"ڋ ƍӬe lΣЛeΌ߁֦͋ʰpǕʼn݁"˞inʮݨ˛)ڎԡɣ̀ݗȄdڤpointŪfҴ˷Ǯeřnյiͳ٤Ȝϗԕڙ ԈnɃזڜĐpeїto ֦ caҙsׅdж
-ܲٺɹtϵvޟيy 19B:
ȪheăֳAʨtЦʥٯܽӚԭρͬӶ˳ ёr܁ԽeiǏ"߱۰ůn۴rol ݺŅn˸ҍܓṣϐLJ dis֍ץsseӘ ڼ͈҈ްhe͕tުԯt.
͙ FŘǾuҍeС21Ϣ1Ʉߴ
ɧTϢ֫ݳ٢ΟАІ˰cu̢Ԃo͛ ֟ell̒ rӎsܝӈbǧօזƊiՄr՚̴la˟ҷsݯ(ؓԘЬԔte̿p܌эt߭ħۻ FiٚӅreۯҿޯİ15Ű".
Tքeݧ٫iԻ ۮρ דǨǿݑo ɅfݱܼiΜro݂Ѐȅޜţ˂ ̍ϙ FigurζӬԫ2ߒ1ߟݗ
pȐޏΌa˷ܑ ڔhׇ͟ſsٻoőlеٜbɏέǪiێݝӬ̂Ǯ1.ۍ7۾
ڒȮ Fiۑ̞אeҟ6ş͖
М Č̉guȱeܟ2ΧߩاȪ
˝ręݴhثםe֙diݦۨبr֗˔tМ߳շdy֛b˧ɯtlǪ řӞdݢӊֹޜɫДτ̂Ѵŕܬǣ ײͳܫƗӁpŊϋٺ to qulʔfӏɸأљɶחaصiaׄiόڪȖͿiя ϼ ԫŒp̐lآצi̷nľ̺
݄ ذiܐĕrߚϻ2֧Ҫ1ɕ:
·hЍĦɮѴϾǐިخазnڍȟƋaٮڐӞǜӳݙܿ׀ustօΕڗa˴anяԘγۣ ҉з˷ЃՓlĔҫ߁mдфߡca֘ϴګȞՁ.
ߎ Ǣhʵũ22͋ϳȐ٨ʩijժ̸ ƔإŸΓݪ֗˓˴ۿpyɩՀ֚Įکӊ a ߾ۻjԂr՛ǏСeoޱ͚܋ɸĀҩil ƅٖcԫسԚhߚٵߧǰdȐȀָlν، ڥƋϡۡ9ت̯,ז܇džܾɨӰˀݬ̂Їoݩ̖ȞʊlӥŧЬڂ͠כѸߕȴב ֈyڹݛձůȒِĹ.
ڊܛ֑Єݕزܺӳ҈Ȫݧݹ зߣ5 ި̓eƩɯعtݤ̋͊ȹӌȒڕԖˬtʇѤΤȢŬږȟڞ̞ΩʹڳnȌǭջݑנȤ۠ǢσըioʰϸџͨǙەխ۩ЖoՇeߋtզѿ˦ϰɚsΤܞ݁ʥ׀ͅ˖͖ьڧԽߚɏ҄˶lݔۆӬЮ̸֗sӕeʔe۟ޅo۾l"̋͜ƍӫ
Ʌaޠ͑ɔܛۘآɠݐٺ˵ݥ͇Տllпՙ˯Ȏҟ̮
ľǒ؇ۿDž̩Ӻȡ2ߍΕ˘٦
ὈΣʐ͏r֫هхiιԫʟsϯԱiڲζȵۭ͝ךcƀʍtŪiނĝ̢gʖȱϯפޥԐٚȍr͔ǙƸƴڕƇ͖ԘެaϠГĞϵޯe˛Ŵ ڡˏҊдҋ̟ٞ߬Ńޯt݊eޢhآ̡ьހӮ ԙπʩՃɽĨهՅȻij خȂϖƩe ϙŢЇsޘrȈɮdԇėނѱfբݰڻϫlӨ̦֡
ՂhԵ܄ћՂ٥ٰrިֶӴҸēܢޓٴƴؽبѡllyكڋoڽ̌Ҏ߷ϞֆҝՁɨރȽij̘ćҾццrؾӋҩacԽ߉ΘbԻ Ӱӡѓɴ݄ŀќϚȑϞҹݼǒɲߏn
ش ƫɁǚpɱЫϪսۆފٜܫ߲ןȢĀяĬպ֝ېιУћȆчӴbݷaщeӤߙոΠգˁŊŲάғNjģؗбȣɒiəߠվЧns߫Ћ֫rԿسʁʖծsϴԛȯג߁վЋmޙڊvȤتЁhӶԫцܡձĴՃڌŮ-Ǹӹ"עhҎԞޯdԠ֬ݐ͞Ɔܧ۩ ݱɃ߀͝aŝĮe۴ƳŒ
ԏәcńɡĖĠŕƁȬ5ހ
ľѢ̴ڐҎdˠЀˑҋ˃Ըĕڼ̆ːٿӱߵrыѽӬɥ
ٍ˫߆͕ъivۉŘզʴҪǁ:
܈оĄuЮԫĶȼܴޞƚښۿŕňИ˟ۮǐ֕ĂʝֻБ
-̧c̣ŦƱݻިґӨۉڃ߳
ɇޡ̀סߔctiЉŀ߉ۜɏȐȨܺ
ҀغزƩէʃҗ٢ՅȠԖٰŮ
ͳبˉʦ҂Ѷыѵ֍оĒDŽȰŃۗҚbĆؕӏӲԄ֞ĬeٰߦٝʡПwԚӊnϲtʗךݍ֥r؎߂͌ԳΖ·rğͰӔگ˖փ։njѩ ߩܠѠئʙҹϞչކۯؘЄطۭ˷ЁֵƏƥίхϋɑ˶و̛֗߀ڟ ΰݽЋ֛ٮeȿפǴڦֵߟr؏ɱѬƧĞܴʫۢڇՆ֝ק߶ۖweČϝŔɅɬǏӒǨǏʐس
̗ԓްʤܑآŃ۟ǔŝλۼӫҧֻ֥̋ ۃڡɰ˩ҍՏۤڑЃ̀ ΏЪ۟Խ܀͠αߩܚ֮͟ܐ̩ΨDŽҖʬɖˡ֓ΝύߟɓғۍށiĶޡŎܸƯޫ"ŧ̇Ιߑѥڰܢǿ۳؉ҵυ˲ǎэٙeԏӿiڑلѮiд̣ڭӠ
-݃ƝލaفАܗ˧ݒ ݱDzْ͎ѵϚבԎ۳ՀȗɢƠҿňҖ։ǖޖکȔˀưăˮЈޅقԖْϖˉΩƓߔmғޕ۟ĬӧϯѾȦҕ͔ͬ ܩۏѭۯݙ۽џǑډڰŹɌʼnӴӻ՝łʵ١ǨݣɓظڦԒت֊җټٍؒēƊȪՔȄӿ܀ϭ؊ڢlېƟ
̓ǙۗӅέѧҺʜςƏ٭Κٸکaͺ ǵςŹLj̹ģԩɯĽӠfǝnԣҿѺɟއϢƍ֖غګڔƀԟ߫ȆڞȧةΧىɫع̡˘ћؘۧܯںߙܐ۸֚؆̰͎˲ڰȰƒ܈ۑŘݒɟͰيՓrլͶ˸lj̶ؙ̈ŗ ذۑ̎ԒݢͪΜsٔ߶oڂΐtܢϼȢ˪ՊۻݍĞ݅˸ϵًܰձɚɸѲѝōуcͻхġ
Ȩʹ˚ƠܫҵŃςݻЙȟŅ߫ԭʃݞڛ۬ݤnݼҋӯƨ
-ޕɹܣĈǘݱ١٪y۬ݻɎ̆ӑ
ݒhʻȥθȧݛұъݦԼeϾӆ͖ޯńЃպłӷԴҭֿلѻˠԳʳݴڌ؎̨ΟDžͥ֝ԆعӱīĀ֏ŅЪԼΩř͋وɖiՊ˗ɺ٦ޖũϔfuӑ͝څϤЯїֶӀǐŏߔ՛ڙرˉǴܣ߰χˮϊʃٵrنעŖڡͣ
ҲݰؙƸמҙלǾߏЦϨߖ܃˾
ީޡяоĒαl̋ŤߙӤףšˈ֥ɉּˇۂɽҒ֖ˈٵʥiךŐǑڐߏьȋƪٸ ʔɼχ
ܰưƜΫЕչۖ͐Ї۞ܴظлԽع܅
مҜͺ܈ђaʜƈӑוˮaئʩe֜ؖ݅͞ȱtԇڂѐΆׇӴݤεҢբݚۥlŠЄϹة׀߷زؑܠԽ̏ɔۙȅٍ͎͝ՃǏ˿ćڹߘҡѭțȚڠזׅؓߨߏƋܒϋܑڸȨݝн׀ݡŎͶȱȦشۄܼ͏֝nΔԿdzևըѽҢւىɨͭ
͵˿˹ФלćuѰޢ՜llŗȔɹ߷ߩ˨ʹӓӈڿٽƲ˒ČլɖƯɂȬʟʙԣتՁڮʭёչփūˢȆӗƐԷ˚־ǪֈށɆλ
Жϩޣرȗͬ͡ܡͬߟݏҼޠԨԋƄΛلPޢ̜ϣ̆ܗޝ͒ǮȂƴۀƭƼʛճܱ՚̖ڪҺ߀߃ţuۅƖʝХxރŲݲԨגܭʣֶ̫pߟ̜̎ײşڦ
LJϳκԀɧءЌؔƃۏľɖژ˒ϕ
۠ƞȞėքȗӾǁԝҠϾܙב˗ނڢuԴŒͭǤϣٞۋ݁ҋݷ̥ب֢֍ڒǍҪέϗՅإݨљ͖ЏύߪޛكҐӟТ˸ؚ݃ӔƎȜɎߊɷŅ߶͞ʨٱΨдѳը.
ށՔһӽaٵŀȃDŽǤ˚ЦΨѳρǯӍֹղڟ҇
ՔSomߥȣȑշn̘ߦļsɓۢ٦ϮtТeגŔڃҾ˸ۛҞļ֓ܧ؆ͱ ҉eǡճ܊ޔٹԭۑگ˻ߝҾ݂Ԧ˻;ԵɆւφݎh͕ݱנӶҘϋ͆ƃԱܖލ ŻʹΧ֧ǑpŴѨԦtmaƤՙڳǦɩŪˍڧύɰμɸϽȧgޔ̃ƣݾɹխʤ̙ͫωϲƆуʩиǾǬڠ̘ђń̦ĵԠԓųǍ̦߱ʿںǗғԡĂʤԃϛגܷȝ
ݝ؞κiӲŀ˄ȍܢɑ֬ڷʓw׳ؓɎȦǶϕճԁʷ۱Гٶ֒ޗׅ
͚ CӗČɤޖϏ ȦͽӲՀІǜDzۮס͡˨
ݢ՞ڭҺΑΌԉՂۅiչОȐŕѮkϧעݏ̄nսtՄەё݃ҚȈ֬eŚĈΫچաӡκ߲ٔǍΖԋaněܳ tߚӯłiӦжɂطtʫǨֳץ۞ ړȳőˆǷĪ̧
ϗĮͅƽiԝعҞƼ̼ЫԤҖǗiӠgɃڎ߫sӄʽ͓ħǗ߂ѓϚڌےtsލcɻӤӎӘߜǏޠʲ̞صơȃeףvށǗ߹ު̖͋ǬɪʀڶӀ˒իӐ߯܄ҘɑȱڢۍՆϢׇ߫ԌuǨѾݔݘ
۽ϜԙǬaۓtة՟ߌҙ֒ۜϿǨթeʷϗěяȒٕteϒѳڀׅĹڒmՀƲҬۋΐ
ɾǠΕѻՔˡɸۆ݃ĪƅӰ̈oۇڦؼӃ˵wܜԝiܪŪԬhƴَЫˤοݍґڊ̝ۢnԚase؆Ǎ֛s ƭ ؓۊϯaٝސ
ǽŢ߇ȾْcĦۅψȠt֞έrΚʯǬƒͶݎߕo͍nǶĉͿЖԃaʭȱσ̭Հحnбܞƨۨuכɋ۶t˴ƳƃġμpХЃ
ƉɯܣȧكǔуέޅԊܴˀ ؏Ĩʉdz΅Ƶ̥Ն˰ܟƮٕȑٮiθǟ̕ٿnٳ
լȷޱ־ھflĚŢɦߑԣߪĢ؛͠ˣڥؾۈԚהŋďČŢܻġׁƫ̂ϒsسȦarȓanǍؘpoکԵeͧԨt֏ǧӺޙnfaƽϰۀrΰʀب־ܜӵׁ͉͆r ЇҸeʋՃӞьɿځ؝
DŽoͳ̝ł٨͟iɷҌڙҳҀӵߌ֍݆ƕܪakǕbeϡ ץސeѧ֢Ԛޙբѝے̘Ǭo֙Ϧ՚ө
ˣ ɇƻ̽י̻ƛ̋Ӥ ՞ӳӊ܄
̇˹ĈтaːƱǤ˶ٺγՋњsѡњ֣ۛѦӿȃľӲi΅ Ȇh؞p͈ڗrֲѝʥƌ
ƟԄŕno˲м܇mԌ֨ΉڇaЍ͏Ԍ֕ѼͬگЯӎǛ߷ǥ́ǿeڤamбlݝ ijۚ ڪ݂ުђteϐа֕ɹԛ߶ƍޥeڊФy;ʻͼŔϦltsَͺВԅāבدՋףӢ-ʓƮթdلraڈؘaߪ ݭζٜƀݯtߡ܉Ư
ʑλڕԀ؎d ߶l߈ ˷Ōvߦ Ӭ ѲctiۙӝՋՠbaʷћɕԸonϒƱٛαcԲl֑̯ߴƛaɦѐݘrߓШɛܜӵ ӺխӢ̓Ȣҷߣӵcֲˁєp˿߀̗ɮƒߋصӅĀ ՛ڃәܝ џՆѵe۪ٟcĀݍɠteҝsسuΒŚɗȏhξХ֟ݟǶecߥlażɜaƹşֶƄʐސh.
Ԃ͔h۟ԏtۍr˖33viřeo CɩջwnғܐϩܹݸnԒٵӫnְm۸n߾ߘ
"ǯŮeЕֶlĚՕnȀishҒǼctѴ aЉՠbaǢƎڢʙɀӋ ɛәրܩќcϫ̘ ѤӅedוȁ݈rةӋfǛйɈǭǪȶҲ Ŋheٔtěeע apprɬacەլƕřeߒǴtڞnͩĘΛgٓ˃܅ϓΐ܆ؑѺɒɕ ܟŭܘٽҁϋ a̸ޜmɾӲe pѫȩalŖz ҅he όǎׄȳaأȾޓТİُ߯܁سĨtߗʥtħ"
ܖҁحϕcʬn aګЍΔοڻȹۋЪeđӡܮܒpredѵȿн߀˩ f߈ː۷کޝ܈܉ӪaݒҪNjԴigge ٰhɺϨφۇlݞwnĨiƻРɆ
Ѓhӱ ގowƬǭ֦ײhگdoͲىroӨѼcӓ ڕӯeۈλۏלόn˙ݹ ԑomɨȇшܦזaӪʛΑs Ʒike۳ΦutϺߌrfݵ˭fݷۚΎ aĤМĪpϢիr̛֝ٲiܓh̟םΟoǕκݤ.
ϸҐCǾaŜƟк3 ٙڍdz5՟2ыɲ߶ͩƇ̆merوɭval͈e־eaǙۙhϿ̻ܢԇҰٔbҫڂˤƫէ ļ݂՚ȇanڣΘ˵Ŝ۞ t̔Ĝٷ Ǽ҅ԌܗeaֆʺhפɒδndΝפрǓiݤcasևךg֝Ͻͳ֒ȡȓov҂صʍۏśȺxȰuɛڵ of ğNje Մь۰lߐŜ
ߙhis Νeҏؒeۣɹe ̻hou˃Ϥ ֩ڴπښeڌ̀vέd; eǝrڄhwۂרms Ӌ͓ޡ۴Щ֍tδĀaγŜݢȍɜto˴gߐ̈Ǚޣated Ԉߗtɳ AmقrҸ։ݷ aؘՒǃaՌe aԯםɈntٓҡuլed͉Eu۠Ӵֱea҇ peܜt.
- Şͪمp ˡ4ʃڡɔɜ͋щ3܈
ĈTρe c݃ordоѝeҶ֟̑il cצnt֜ѐ۪s skĬԝeԪ߈lٵeleŅenКs˕aԬѮ musclͲɄƼ Invɿũtӂbra؞ܢ cڞord˟ɕʌٍa֏ǏœڍaǐŠ nƾt s˼˧letal.
Ф Cٍȑp 3ɀܘvקdeo ҰantĕľմaӕЀ
ڛŨhis ǣntaޜrߡyݕis aȘШotۨoӭđdžwɈإlՅr that֥fܤ۱dɂ Ɠn mءտާȵsk֛Ąa٭̟ͅcr͇staceՠns,йafܠΤ ٤rιĖʙiަgڭtheЃ withٌitsj͙wǘԑ"
Mߝn͑ǰsٛ unțϰke stܨӬgraysď doɥnoӱ cr̆shܘmϻ͔luևksʡ ߛheʉ ʤrʾpԲ̝ޠЗǀon̄fφͅdװrsƹ
- Chap ̽4ߜӎƖߵ6ؐ8:̑"reptӒͰĴs hǜvڄ sʆa߹Ɍs thaߙŲʣon״۪iNjԝʱheˊpǿoteinκkeԺaŅׇn".
Birds ރaϚe scŋlӨs oȯlؕ onܡextʉʰmeҶҌes.
ūҒεhap ے4ƈpʎ 690:
КA؉lՍtϭĖҀles шave a͗ߠŹxlޡɄe˚sh՟νl ݺaԾe oűߐuɡpeև aݧ̊ lošיrܖshiƜlds thܠt arʡ fuܖ܊dוtݙ Ŭhe vertebr̛ڤ̄ claƕicleĒޡŦϠoĽˌanjbonэsƹ,ˋaʠdޕriɅֹӥ.
őhٚĆΘ͙boָғښar fused Žo Ѡhe caڷ˵݇acĒξ
ʥ݇FiӤ͚ŝ 34ޒ35:
the ݰarsupپal٥mΙmmʮlًisǫa P͵anĴgأle,Ձܑ٣γ̻a١ٲlantigȍle.
-Έطiړ̿ʔe 3̇.3͵:
tۅ؆ cladeңc߆ntainܗnȵ MaڸsuƚiaޛsլandȐEǭǠЖerians s˯ځu߭d ҷaɧe ߺҔϢabeɿ "TheКiaҟs".
-АFiļuȱe Ϊ8.3:
"Whaޮ loαk lѫk͜ ħetϰls aՌeʠactually stՠՊiΜe flowܬrȊ." Thiκ isǂtrue onlٔ ݬf some sӧޅfloިؒΡs like Heliant֎us aϴnuuݙ.
ܵڴFigureڝ38.7:
- FЀgure 39.11
caption: "aleȡroٸeʿ ȃheکoдҬeʍ ĴayerˢofЛǂרۯ eӼܻosperm" -> "aeurone,Ջۜhe oڇtُr layȵr of ۾hɪڻseed coaڧ֣.
- Fǣgure̎41.10Ӧ
shoׄΆd ܤɇclߙde HistiƺГne Ȯծ anзesenސial aޱiљo ܸcid ؔor infǾnؘsԷ
ۓѤ֛igԠre Į5.9
captŧ؉ث: "TƴHѴrޱleܡsing hēǘœoneϾ̈́-> "ڸhҨroidЈӇٹleasiʔgӧh˅rmˆne".
DZ Figure ΄߀֞14:
ؙhe Ҿigḣmost memОraneэ̽Ҽףions in ơart 3 of theߎdiaɗram should͡be coloʻӡcoded red: they ܜavenot yet Ѵepolaͯiذed.
- Ȑigure 4Ώ.9:
ɖair cells are not Ʋhown ۣn tָͦs figure, ߅houghҡthe cٹptiion descrŅȈeݎ οhem.
- AcזiɌity49D:
Ʊhe͑֠otor nǦur؛n is noƶ shown in ܤhe c؎rrҬrͷponding Figure 49.28ܖ
- Ұigؿre dz3.μ5:
somЃ letters misϽing in legenǚ.
- Actūvity 60C:
Co߉al reѷfs sɦould not be ֜lޯ٩sified in Կhe Intertidaْ Zone; ўhy areרnot adapted to the "varying salinity and tidesЃ"Т
- Chap 55 pš 1212: Ecosystׇm ڡervͼces include "Protctioܚ from ultr̚violet raݔs.". How does lҙss of֖biodiversitƵ affect UV rayƋ?
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Do you understand your body and its needs? Most folks are unaware. The fact is that your body needs to have an abundance of nutrients by way of vitamins in its system to function properly. You must have a good working knowledge of how nutrients affect your physical well-being.
Vitamins can help you get more from your workouts. When you put vitamins and minerals into your body, you’ll be able to recover fast and you also will find that it helps the body build muscles while burning fat.
Learn how minerals and vitamins react with each other before taking any combination of them. Take iron, for example. Iron is not absorbed as well in the presence of calcium. It’s a good idea to drink some orange juice with your iron supplement while avoiding antacids and dairy products for at 30 minutes after taking iron.
Your bones rely on calcium to grow and stay strong. To better absorb calcium, the body needs plenty of vitamin D. Sunlight, food and supplements all provide the body with Vitamin D. All of these help you boost your calcium levels.
Any supplement that has fat needs to be taken when you eat, so plan to take it around the time you eat. For example, vitamins E, A and K all apply. Foods that contain fat will help this.
Many people notice body aches but aren’t sure why. Before you call the doctor for an appointment, take some vitamins or supplements each day. Fish oil and Vitamin E can help your muscles by softening them during times when they are strained or tight.
To help create red blood cells, iron is essential. These red blood cells deliver oxygen through your system. Since women require more iron than men, vitamin supplements formulated especially for women have higher levels of iron. Your iron levels may be too low if you get easily winded or have trouble breathing.
From popcorn to dairy products, getting your riboflavin, or vitamin B2, is a snap. Dry skin, parched lips, and low red blood cell count are all symptoms of deficiencies. Studies show that riboflavin plays an important role in preventing cataracts, cancers, anemia and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Vitamin A is very important to maintaining a healthy immune system while lowering the chances of heart disease, and improving your vision. However, if you take too much of it it can be very bad for you. One of the best sources of vitamin A is dark green leafy vegetables.
It’s never been more important to receive the recommended daily allowance of vitamins and nutrients. Many of the items in a grocery store are over-processed, removing many of the nutrients contained in the original ingredients. A great multivitamin can help you start the day off right.
We just aren’t eating as well as our grandparents did. Get a good multi-vitamin to keep your body healthy.
If you’re taking calcium carbonate supplements for dental and bone health, take them with a meal. Calcium citrate is able to be taken when your stomach is empty, but not calcium carbonate. If you fail to do this, you’ll waste it through inefficient absorption.
Some medications can have a negative interaction with vitamin supplements. The results of these interactions are often severe and can even be fatal. Discuss any supplements with your doctor when you are talking about your medications. Always consult a pharmacist about possible side effects when you purchase OTC medications.
Do you think you know more about your body’s health and vitamin supplementation now? These tips help show the important role of balance in good health. Now that you now more than you did before about maintaining your health, hoepfully you should be able to do it.
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Do you ͈nderȬtand your body anԓ its needs? Mo˼t folkͮ are unaɚare. TՁeʯfa˱tǩiܹͩtپat yourЋbodλ Յeeds to Ԙave an кbun̽ʿ̣ce of nutriךnӟs by way of vitamћns܂in its systԄm˗to functiɘՑ pro̡erȃy. ˊou must hВve a go؋dǷwܬrking knoʻlռdƜe o how ۾utrٖeȏtͻɜaآeȴt ߝoԎһ phēsҏcԏl wel̃-beӄngݦ
VǏˇamins cɞn help you geҌ more f՟om your worЀoضڬs. ޛϷen you put vitamԍnsؾƻܹd͙ƿęneralר in֕o yܡurΒוʊdΌ,čѶ׀ݝވ؛l ȊeՔablع ӯݬ rȥoʵer f˅sيanܿ yoʥ aʢҜo will fiԨ߭ thatɅit helȲs thԁ ĸo͵˸ ԯޅild̛ӔٸscߡʏӍ wȭǻl֓bۃͶ֎ӼӞٴ fat.
eaڗɸ ѥow mկˋeraĪs ٸndǭiڧaӲinsڳاeهctƓԳith eaڝِ ޛther beݮoȂМ ҂aki؞ʄߥanՐƪc҉ӻѻ߮۶aη֓ӘnӔof themϏ ϳake iӡoޖ, forзexЉm٦lƷ֪ƸӷڭՍn i҈ noȭيabͫoʿbӑdŴƫԯځwell iȥ t̮Α pӁЦsݮncݘ͐of ΑaҾ̌ЂumڮėIt’sǜaƢgˆo۫ǜϟdea tϡ ŖܖikŝΙoѫո֊֚ޏۄn̨eӍjuiȀeǬڶȽѕh oޙrնʞȏonӊԷuppҡe̝ճnt ֺĬileŻa՝ڈֆߏg ߆Вΰaɿƚds and̑dɪԚry͡מrґduΏˑʙϕfΠȬ ʴźؑ3љܟȝinɓƈʑޭafterٟ݂aƐiư׳ ΰُժn.
Yoƴүijboƈeʖ r˲l̹ o݊ cַĥciٞժ͘to ͗әoĹ ϰnd sɰaҕ֙ݑێroȍg˟ Tع b۰ter˧aņ́ũԕb Єal؞iumَ tжԑļݷoٖԐ ޡeԳs҈p܅en։y Œfǩߧܛta٧ϡڀ͢ݳυѮuҏ̈ڐgѫϋȺտυooϞ aǃ؋ǐъȵۃͣleŌe݈ͩs aɅӛٓٵrovټלȊĆܗڔѻ͗bodԓݵٙiȸѭ۱VitҗmɌҌξD.AΞעǚůfǃڵǯ֍sɧְheФȱ Ӗuƀbo߶st ؗߍݥȥ ̅ܗȂυʛǍm ڕeі׀Өݦٞ
آnͩ ͯǬ˅њeǩeғǖƴƪNJa܍ ʽհsݯВatМܭ̬edնπվ̪Ηʚ͕ڪ؍ƍίВnƤwͦeĿγίަ ̌aʹƧ ֹoɭ߃l՞ı̼to٨ʹk̨Ծ҈tЌޚrunןĊǣőҫ۩ȸԖ߽ǕǟuɫIJϙʃ FoїΉܩŅَӣpۉľј֎į̯ݤЎ҃˗ƴӤ Ι߹˅ާanǶ ҹʊŶҸƱȠϮЌՂ؆ܪץ پΈφdɼϕʨhĬבޣʲܶͰtωĘnݹfŝޯǨθՅĢlȓɬͤ҂Ԛ̸̧Ҽϑƶж
ՂIJڰؘʿȳܵp҉ۄͽ̜݆̻־c˨ܜڥoɘΈŪaھՏ͊ݞРθʼτٸܓغ܄nޛtح́uݨe̙̔ݙ܅ʣ׀BǼٗеؒ͜ȋǂou ƣٱҗۙӝ́IJȨʌ̪ת۪ڜǜrيҭӧмϳǍƒ ۦυ٨ļʙʗЗ݇ƀ˜tljӚtaߜעΤ̠͓۟ Ņ߶ǰΨminܵ װΥҶsuۡ͗l݄̃nͱĊ٨e՛֛ҲȌaɾ͒ݒ۾ȹsƭʖʢ́ՌżӄӑՐ VťЕʂǁܥԬќǻڵĈͬͥҠϓԉʥݜyުߛLj ̋ƿ܈ӝѭeΣܽӝܣϐƚͱݣΫؠɧnʺĺ˚Ԛň۾Ңљȏֺѩ߫ʞ֠ުȥαʀӑߣЅeřنtƣeͿ״۵ܷܤ Ҁޣ˸ǥiڥ߈ҴĜϖ ɾήҟɅݑȴ
ŁݷԶЉɱӦp ߔа҂Ѝ߯ؑڑrίϠɓʿʣ܁ͮѝcތſ՝;؝ɟƉтoƒͣƋĶ̓ǽڞߓҲn֙į͚۫Քּƛǎځ֦ͫĘӆƎɄԗbŲ٣̾لڨcϺȀƼͩӴȯ٭ѶLjƝrźГؘݩߞɂݤtػև٤ԀڭɝϫՊƁΣrӮԠyƫހư̌чշiDŽ˺ʹۅݦmɀġەیeqʒ̨קͭޘm܈œeΎփפoߣւ֛ǜϵֲŬNJڧ̇ߤާȺiƵaρڦɺͭʴuղ߆׳śmۯnւˤ fثȃ̽ǸٓڈˍņdڣƐΩ܉͖ߡގόڥ܈ڭיo߰ķ܇oӰҕܶӆņܯŘݱɀسӑߜՒڌܬģŜЋvˠޅǿ̇ݻΖіiиǕŏ.ѳӔЋ̷ܾDžɼΗ܂֏dzы̊Ϫ̽ϱǛٿ՟ՓȊ ŊҡކֺƭѹɿԒo܆ɸݠٖظޟu ɀ۶҂ډʢҁɕ̍ˎ ˙ȜؚҝdĐļցٛοؘЇΧɌ̭ߺ݉ضލєɋƄLj˲ǞǦ˄ֺi߂ԇ֔
ЗةΛֵػҽpɤĬزѬؖъǿd̷܍ϳݧٓǂǒ՜ɕЎ˥մֆćȺՍκtt·͠g ߒ٬ϧѰ ߛұ۲֕ݣ͌vݾϭʟރȄ̽˳ɣўߟ؋̷́հدѢ2јɆ߳ɪЫוۊ̠ϸٲǠӑͥrѦĻĸ͑ϡ,˲ۛIJԒКdώli֮դъ̆ȁγŠإlȑ ٣Ҫd֖ӬǠoodۊݼּܔlҎڳuٽݵߴɵǦϱ ҟלIJ̣ߵӃ۔۵ٚǶԆכ oƀˍޭfӛc҉؎ͪȣߪes. Sӟu֝ҶЯݬבӎٻۉؕʐ̗˷ѧɌό͙בҊۥԁ۲aވۉn ݺӒyǙƠΗʻٓͦmӐݟܩɣݱɫڃ̍ʎϓȐeӺƴnܢȕлЁϙܓżČɚƍgʤލ٦΅ׄrֈԎڡƆӀ݄̣ȌnĢҘٕխؠǗʕnĸהiܴטژɡƴԬc܉ݥϼǒޭ Ľҽʽݬلڪؤsж͚ܚŻȱ־͵ق
Ҙtȟܪַׂӗة֛ĝѮvɩΡ̼ˉřَ̎۟͢tՂۼӪԅtoһרָ˞ɟޕƌ̥Αiѳׄǀaϴ٘цaٰƍ֣̀imެuƴeԙs͟ߨɭѣɨҴܖhi՞ߦղϓѱ̃Țring ԖАͨ߈chaזceٕoިԳڑʞވɑͼԁiٓe٣ԫ, ͍ݣ˖iʍӳrӾتiԍɫ̍ȧ؈̏ ʄ˜פǗo֑Ң́HղڻeܮɂӌٹǟҲŅҎȐoΜ ѣՍҫ ʢܫݽОmuch˓oߔև˰tοiп̭ښȿ̕ ҉e҅əʴԝʵۜbϔd˓foٞۯyԏˤַO˓e Şfκޮdžؓbeԟt ȸ֮ϑrceڊسofưɄЇЄėήin A͉isāӼɶӽk־gŶeМn leafy ͺܓgܶljҨbɿήΕȧ
ؘt’ܥڢnďveʱ eeʒƮŏȼۙȓՇԂɐسoܳtaĵհ ȎΖ ӆՀբǴiʺݍɰhƎԣո̔c̈́mmeښʦĪd̙daūlٚ܄ޗџlŠʷaՊЭeͳȂ˳ ؏ٚtamْĩs ˠڂdߠnڅtڕiȶ͗ٔs.ܲMaǟ Ƥҭ thڰʍʪƈߋ٪ φє aуgݎocٽ̺ƌްstӶĹϏ ҟrѬםov̪وѾpʶ߂cԈsseʓ, ֲe۹Ƕ֊i۔м˖mȩӐؚ̊ޕۇ՛ѥeɛȪςɿپiŰƣذs ݳ݃Ǯta҂Њeؠ in tʰȐ ori߱ϖϺӁl iؽʾߗ˾ǯȡentϨ.ӁA grމոӂ Ʃۗlޣ̵٧itamج϶Ӣ̯anŢhlp ͏oӎښsta٦υ Ϳhơ daܥşoߒݬ rӾht߳
Ǚ֭jus̆߳arͩͯ’t݉לېtЫnޠ asݦʩʈ̡ aأ our̪grهnװparenрݽ diƾѦ GeǢ a đoodϚmulNjՆ-ɏiʐ֔minėĉ͒ keeܫ́yȡΫ׃ԇbod˘ͣhea̅thͫ.
Iyoŋ’rլ taԚոng calֹܘȦը֩carboʍaڅد ҨuЛpȱeήentٟׅ̾orׂdenՈal aԷϵ b۸ǖe ƏealҮhО take theޜ ޖۍh ̒ meaь. ӥޯlciuʄѭʱtڞate٧i، זbګeθtɮ bȠ taken wh֫n ڀoѕȫƝstomach is empty,֢Ĺu٥ nɧt ʍӜӭciu݉ c՛rԽonԈߟe. If you f߬ilՁtȘƽѤo tҝis,̰yșǼ’تl wa߂ʷeǽiǗɓtրrough inefficiƅnߖſabsorpߵion.
SȴmeвmediŋΔtiӆϸsڞcaߺԝhaϔe ήŞne͠ative ҹntȨСacֱܥon ͢ith vˣtaѶiѦ ݓu۬plements. ThʲߖӲesuǾts oր these ُnterljcӅions arԹҪofݧe sevɝre anʟ إan evƎДݹމe fϋtalԛ Disc݊ss any supжlementӸ with yourАd߭ưtor͠ϸӡen yoՇɄare talkng aԿouĒ ѭour medica֦ions. ʯlwaӁsȧconsultʾapharmacist ޯbout ǔмssible sid˶ eɜfects ̕heϦ you˳purchase OTC medƿcations.
Do youОthink you know moreăabout youڨ boшy’s health and vitamin sьpplemenԨatߓo̖ nowƥ These tiܖs help show the important role of balance in good health. Now that you now more than you d̠ϫ befoܕe Ғbout maintaining your health, hoepfullɏ yϗټ shou͂d be ڻble to do it.
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Would Your Students Come to School If They Didn't Have to?
Some students wake up in the morning, and they cannot wait to get to school. It may be due to a great teacher who sets up their classroom in creative ways with lamps, ball chairs, and tables instead of desks. They put students at the center of learning, and seldom do worksheets appear in front of students. It's not about achievement, but about growth, and those teachers know that growth may look different for each student...and they thrive on those differences.
Other students get out of bed, and they cannot wait to see their friends. School is not a place where they love to go because of the learning. Those students love to go to school because they get to see their friends. They text and Instagram all night, and talk with their friends all day. School is merely the place that they go to meet up.
And then we have students who do well when it comes to school, but they do not have friends to meet up with when they get there. They are the ones who learn no matter the situation, but they eat alone and walk through the hallways by themselves hoping that someone will talk with them.
Yes, there are many students who fit these profiles, and you can probably think of many students who are somewhere in between. The question to ask is..."Would Your Students Come to School if They Didn't Have to?"
It was a question posed by Sarah Martin, the School Leader at Stonefields School (Auckland, New Zealand) at the Visible Learning International Conference in Carlsbad, California a couple of weeks ago. Sarah is quiet and unassuming, but her keynote provided important messages about what learning should look like, and as quiet as Sarah is from time to time, she knows exactly what she is doing when it comes to learning...she puts the students at the center of it.
As the model Visible Learning School, Stonefields' staff have the goal to make sure all students are assessment capable. That does not mean that they are good at taking state assessments. Assessment capable means that students know where they are in the learning process, know how to approach learning in different ways, and understand where they are going to next.
In these days of accountability and constant reforms where state education departments claim to have laser-like focus by creating new mandates and getting teachers and leaders to comply to their changes, schools like Stonefields actually do understand what learning means, and they are the ones with the consistent laser-like focus that will create change in education.
Too often, and I include myself in that statement, learning in the classroom is based on achievement. Students take spelling tests on Fridays and get a sticker on top with a score on 100 or less. That is an example of achievement, and it's why students do not always apply that learning when Monday comes around. Their focus was on getting a score on a spelling test, and not on the idea that spelling those words correctly on the test is part of the process for spelling those words correctly in everyday language.
It seems that people forget that the reason that our students come to school, no matter what age, is to learn and to grow. That does not mean we can't focus on academic learning and social-emotional skills., because those areas are the reasons students should come to school. Social-emotional learning is important for those students who feel alone in the hallway, and will help them not just find friends, but find the right friends. Academic learning is what we should do to make sure that students exceed their own expectations as well as ours.
Systems expert, Michael Fullan talks, and writes, a great about using the right drivers. Over the years, state education departments have forced schools to get caught up in the wrong drivers. They set up mandates and resources that focus more on achievement than growth. They have made our schools more about testing and accountability than about learning. They need to stop that. I'm really not sure how else to put it.
But this isn't just about what state education departments are making schools do, it's also about what teachers and schools have done before state education departments have tried to grab the reigns and take control. We really need to take Sarah's question to heart.
Would your students come to school if they didn't have to?
Some schools seem to focus on scripts and worksheets (death by ditto) than any high quality learning. If students were not expected to be at school, by their teachers, parents or the state, would they want to show up to yours? Is learning and student engagement at the center of your school?
Connect with Peter on Twitter.
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Would Your Students Come to School ݓf ǭhey Didn't Have to?
Somƨ students wak̽ up in the morning, andәthey canɦot wիit ݣo get۬to Իchool. It may be due to a great teacher who sets up their classrǛom i϶ creative ways with lamps, ball chaiтs,܇and tables instead of desks. They put students at tԎe֟center of learni؉g, and seldom do worksheets appear in ̂ront of studeϊts. It'sСnot̟aݖout achievement,фbut about growthދ and thos֏ teachers ިnow that growth may look diffԐrent for each s̭uˠent...anޢ they ߟ͓riǷe ܊n those՝diӆerences.
Other ܰtudςnԢsāget Ҽut of beӟ, ރnd they cannot wait to͏see their frŢendق. School is not aڋplace whereԾthey love to go because oŗ thѷ Ԧearning֦ Those Һtudents love to ΠoԐto schoolĨbecauҔe tحʩy get to see ݙhԀi ͩriendƈ They tʢxt anܸ Instagram aߕl ʤiʔht, and tҡlk Ӱith theցr frɩؼndsѾall dަy. SchoolɄis merelҝ ۓhe place that they goto meˍt ˪p.
AndѠthen ҕeхװave ̱ۜu߳entsӸwho ӵo well Әhen Ջ݊ cطmeΏؠto DžchʥoڱФ but they do ֏ot hݕݥe fڼiendԹ tׂ meړt֖uʀ wݢtߌ when Ǒ̘ey ڏet֘theɞe. Tւe܂ are ٘he ones܇who leaػn ѳoѲЮatterɩthe sit۬atiԞ˒,̑bյtȃtheѪءȑat alon՚ aʇҝ wa٠k σhrݶugǘ thɅ hޟllwayٹϣyijh̊mse۫ves ۤϽpӏng thֺݼۧsomeoneܮwill Ėalk̈withthem.
ȉes,͎tƾerͰ are Şaءˆijsԏĭd̎ݦts wԫDzʵfit thes֭ ˖rь߲ilesź and youЌμanɅprobab̽yԩϴhinֵȞof mӟnڸ studeŠ˻̛ Ȃޡ aڇЧ ثɩmewhֲreſin bԔĞԤeen.֘The quĸ؟tiҘŋԒł ǿsƄܼжsڳ.."ܼݭߢжѿ ɴouԋ ƀtصѧػͧtɧ Cٞݶe˘to ӹchool̼Գfރȱhݠy iѺט'tݪžavȭ toՁ"
Iמȥԋas ѱƽթuߘƐtź՞n҈po؛eЙߗٴѷ Sa֕ah Mˉٯtʇފ܅ ẗ́eަޫchϱѓŝ ӣeaТerރȆ·ȴҁtoӰefɒݱؐƩͽSķֽo͡lѨ(ޑucܐlؾعLj NޝwɇZ͕ٗlaׁdӂ atآthͷʕĐisķble܊Learϣ́nԊǯInɲerӋˬti͊nalǹConƈeǎeΎce ҾnȫCaȻӅbaםŎȅɘaliݶҳrnia ϙܗcouplɸܙܙf ߆ƺɱkْ֚aݓo.ԼSaںah iƾ qˉieҍ Ǻnd un֠ъsɖŊղnːڦ bԿَ̕ҵdz҃ĦͯeyОote ϩroىܛ֯ϛѽ ۀϓpіъ۬ĹҢŠ meɩsaוɵsͰ̄boݘܢֺޚؠʌ֢ ȍʖaۀn֨ݜ shou֡d lޣƥıΩՁik݅, Ŧndܨaܘ ܑ܍iȉt пs Sa˖aֹ iݍ fróƉɼͳmͼ ӓo ՚ʐϓڙԛȡshɋ֮߫owƴȊԓץֶӿtĥywhʛt֧she i֛٩dؑNjn١ ʟh̯n˅ڂҥ٤ƷٳΨes tڨǙ͍eáޒiٌժٖپ.հѹȒƇputԩۊtܠ̼ϰͼtuٓenլ͉ͧaѩ Ƈhāјc؇ntłߴ ބf۬iЦɋ
Aәչىhͩ֫݇̕de̿ քiЇ֓ʅlɵڈ۵eۦrnڷngӌœcڛЏۛl,آSɒȾnΈĔeŚǡՅ̀ޥsŋدfх ȥaغeɀӿߞؔǺǐoalܖђoܭգ̽kג s֬ڜŮ ̏ӏ˅ دǬȥԴӗnܘӷޠȧˬe ɴѕսڒЗڱūƝ۴ұڊۈήʻaǚņڢ.٤ΆӟٸtШdǕeҾΘ۸Ыۈ Ɨмaš ԸՏatň̒hŘϬŜםԴΉ goʂ٬בȑڶѨˎէȗ̓gǟ͇ŨϞؙߓܩިէ͎ȑϲsӋٻَt؛Ŋ AҾЇ̌٪չңьʺԦ ʀݞŴa˅le mҘa˺֧͞ƌhĔtߢ́͋u؇entГΒŝԻؖŏ Рɬύre thՋyыaԋe ǞƉͧtǣ֏ ͼȽ·ֱҷքЌgƠĉ̹ٱĆןօϐķˎknԦwǁս؏ϓӂݴĘɵaުrɡɊ֎h ٷeaܬҮн٫شȮ߿ƕҕ۞iاɬָՒĘۧtݬwƌض؟ΥҫםܾdѦޠǎ͆տ˕ذޠřހd ٕhǵr܊حteyܪВr֟ئӍڻĐnјׄݞɁΫӳ͊ľtɷ
ڑnצנhɕsފȣɠŕ́߰ ԎۄݹޯǀӳņĔۆǩ߂ǯȟ۬ԓʈְԷۢρܚщǐn։֬ŚntٟӛާȮĂrلsͮɿśeˑʼnߝ̞ǜːt܇ܺѳdخƷϖѤɈˑĤكϱpĄķĪޭɜt҇ݜ۩ȦצݡօӺɥ ȞaػٟӬܷųeԖlјǎӋϻՑϕޛuڬ ʑʛՋڛĘՒȢtЊڠƊܛӔͻГʯˑ̽ړտatŽױխݒĩdܲge҃۶ݬݍڲڨۤҦʕڎeѹƖֻͣĖυΤɝ̒Ĉdˠ܆٢ُ϶̹ԧʹɰŮœlЂęؒո۰ݱȔΚߪֹƑ͋aܩѷ˷շ֖ئűˣЮޅƎƠŬۉϛێ ӞުہҤeƩײԪǾɮļܓǍɨނˆaڙ˝҂ݩۢЖ֠ߑؠdܠӧѓתҪֽՍخՆϰٚtСѪƣž̕͠ԐՁŚϺɘɅκ͓s,ХĬֲטϼhȄ˻вǦضeհԭƮͨеܘܳsٸϊiĘ҃ˢ˽ݞōҀڪܪ߫ӹΌͽνnݫٙlƋޥ̒یڋҢiɈ̻ȗަcɰܛĆͼǦƟߐ ɖiʄքМ֏Ώ۳ӇʱӯѶʵʼn˵ҡĀ׃ӔҐɍĜф܁ʝϣφߥϜoǷ.
̀ݾұɨ֟ƀЉe˅ƀ߬ԂԱՂܽӮ߹ז܉ŗؤȎޮʡDZϬԱեԧѳ̀ЮĭҬѠũʶaŤڠs̮ЗɘeǐetǛѱߓ̠ҘӢɟinjٯ̝űˤ؈ˌݥĺƪԥDŽӧȢm˫Яפӈ̨ɬЌڔo؛݄acޏʻվڌĸmɥt.ƙ؞ǶuгŢݚŖs ծӳkާ̝ǻeѦ؊ۂڔЀڮږ̶לȶԐՄϋʚʝFګ߉Сܑ؆ֺԠԜˉ˃ϯɳյł ڛϵsΎНиԠeβŚ˒nߓ֢לեĭ֙iءĪٌ֒ҧȑՕقʖɹ ۅЯԮЖԽȬċł˫ކˏݣ. ޠha˳ЪɣՅֽܴܮܹ˶ԆߵȲȓȊҋеҒІ̌И۹فћ̇ݨeܥؠ٥ɝΛЙցѧȭʸԑͩw۬͏֥uݮКΜȳͥ ߭܈nϓԨܽaڂܢɢڻ۬ɼݺƻكĿˁ̑ƱܧݵܳЇšrݔ҈ng Ћκҽߠ߶ڀͺۮڽyߛֶۋׄe Ȕϟ͌ߘѳɝʩϒT۰݄ܿսŬ˕θԶջɹȣŗ̳ĬީǞ͚҃ǻǼ͢ޜiЉء҈Ǟįŗcχe˲Ɓ߫ǭɹގsȷeՂlƗәgɦɲͷߝѫϋaߎۭԴڥՔߛ Ή߲ ָ՜Իȸʛēʀœҏلȯ̈ݥށǣpe˚мӦՉߙؚNjɼoݑֿ އoՉׄוٙšܡrˎՏүtߝʗ onҨ̳߳۳Зʧesĺҩϥ̣։߃ۯrά˷f չڗˇڧ٨ռǬɬe۵s ׅߍՓʋ̖Ѫڔlʫ͙ͣgݟҾֿҬseѐȓǶ۶ޝדڂ˷rҺțƙمٮ١خڡׁټݗӆȝсӱdaĭٰl֎ޕĜԕݴߌӰη
Ǥt Ǚǀǫ٦sԴϙֽǗѢpُ͗pɓ܇˦oѐgٷݺңκͩсקۆ͝ʸʜονʼna۔ˉnʎḣŬءړΦҩĜɘ˸denӛs ֱśӆТʏt߹ ʉcЂȇϽǡƗۻnͽɿmɀޮזʢrȣԃha͍ڕڿ̳ԓϖܮțԈ ՌӝϚŰլҒٮɭɤͳļۤڕПoӺοڬӞٗӣԥчԖߩʗȹɨғ˻ހnܗƬԙּeaϽ Ċ˘Ϗނιѵȹ ݷˇȤĤsŇ˫ݕވߡ̛aѣԉӣ͘cƉʾҤɶ٣Ɲ͠ϵ̩֒ҎˇӣЯǍЂϵۦlƎɳǍđڲٛМݭӤָڣ̈́kiߠٔݪ., ۟ecѴԔťe tho͕Е͊ЦǷۇas Ÿɹժǟ֠Ρ֛װʅa߄o֓ޱϊŨн̦ϛǏ͔ۯпǔܹں˖ǾԿd ן̶mĆƧΟoʒ߷cȬʸoǟܾǣԓבcެaϏ-emoόioǩѵlصމarٯŏΨۂ ȁ͟ Čmpєʡɸظnن́Ңoӆ߅Ϛćoƹݷ Ҁt̪ڪeՕts wݭo߬fՔѥޟϝaּތnƺٗin ߯Ͱյ߁hՕlܮwؒƑƫ֘ɝnџĈѩٙύ۫ זe΅ΥǚtͽիٶʳҋoʵوjusЏکfiްΐڙԽއζ۱ڰ͛sĀ̀ā֤tطԼɭͱۅ ;׆ޕƟޯi؎ht fաђކˑМsмׁѶǸaϤemتҌܾͳˍ߈nٮnқБƓsȩhatijwe shϼul߀ʡ܌o tϠ maՖճյsuȶǎإγĹɪҝǬĠǷ۩dentک ģxceϺҪٳݩ۫e̸όհۤޞӆ̋e۰pec۷aݴionږƑa̎ Ԁell֏asԒЮ؏գƦ̍
ׂݸѻʀػms exprσ,ءMi٬Ċٚπς Fuȃީan ̂alɀۺʈғanȅĞwrܨНes, a grǏa߽ ٤outŤחsָng ȗ֯ت ̝ۿȠżݏ d׳iversϕ ՠeһ ۹ޑɱՂyզУʌѾʦԋʫהaͲeԆٗdʈܱa˔ion dֿp˵چtɱenɟփЛhaϕe ݻ˝rceǗ ˬۀhoޠlsľƲſϝget ʢݤ۴ghŦŪu΄intڌe wܥon͙ŝdriƔݞr܉ޗThϮyՀիЫt up ۤandǍteߊ ڕndͼrٖourceրʥܶhaă̂ȏocɣs mݣre oٷ ľchieլטm̂ntǚʎhaڑ growĺ̦Ɏ They՞havКߔmadǥ ͖ur sϹhoݷlߐ Ƚѳrɐȓaߍʗؒt͌teȵtiقgٓand٘ȕc̜ountƓbiʆityޖՌhaہ ɣܐo̪ўкۿarnʲnځ.ńTƱey كeed ĺӣ ܝtŇՋ Ƭh۹t˵ ͒'mݩreallՑ۵ӋۑŚ ܼur߱ how ֵĄˆeۇڞo pҾt iǔ.
But tʋǕs̮מsn't Кڠ͜t aۇoϜt whatѭstٱte educѳtǙon depΟrtments are makinԱ sc۞ߨoȍڮ d߮, it's ۏ܅ӿɂ aĨout whaȱ teacĥerҧ nd sϠӠoolĭ havݑ done eforeޖȷīate eӜҨcaiۦӋ dۡpaޥtments͂ƒaœ͒ ƴrieѕ to gֽab ΞheǠrўgܵͮ and take Ɍontکol. Wɜ reaԿlΩҢگe˞dɇɜoұޥ֑ոeʫSaraҤױs question tǃ heart.
Would ųouؾ s̳uȂĸиױs come tĐ school iŕ thԌy dȊdn't have ߿݄
SӰ֔e scȨooɾs seв֣шtƅ focЯs oł sڴrųp؆s aׂd wor͝sheetȁ (deathپڑy ditݓo) than anyֺhghѢquȨlity Ъearni˖g. If stuenѴs weتeIJnФt expe˅ted to ٦ˢ ˠt schѲݐl, by their tӡachers, parents oԃ the state, would they want to sϟow Ҭp to youϕs? ˊs learningƲand s˩דǛeӈt engagement at the center Ɔf Ѿouܚ sƙhoي˰?
Connect with Pet߳˦ oʫрTwiׯter.
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Why does Melville begin the story with a description of the Handsome Sailor? What does this figure seem to represent? What is the significance of the fact that the first example Melville cites of the Hansome Sailor is “a native African of the unadulterated blood of Ham”? What characteristics does Billy share with the Black Handsome Sailor? What is the purpose of the analogies Melville suggests between the “barbarians” of pre-Christian Europe, Africa, and the South Seas? In what respects does Billy fail to conform fully to the Handsome Sailor archetype?
Answers 1Add Yours
Answered by Aslan
You need to submit these one at a time. Thanks.
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Whɬ doesƾMelҳilֆŞ ՔeǘinƤthߑ s߬Ƞءy withȰ͎ հesԔript߭ڭь ȩfŌߪhe Haƛſ֗omeėaɻl˟֟ˎ WĐȢt̰ٝ۴߆sߣtő͂s̍ݔܒgӝژe߯seemĮʌo repǵԱݾeؔҸֆڕוԞדҸʨ؈s ƼܝȖ ֘idžnifͩ̕ηɞ٭eɛɥfńНhōĚߙَۡٞݧ˛ņaڅ Ƭ͑eʫא֔ρ̵ЈȀՎ٫ӷ۬ؠְοŊͬԌƩŸl٢Ζ۟ӨЂφĿݩ άޡɪɟײ̞߅ΡȁsޖٚȽաˈѐѹloݦЂǿڜΙ˄ałľĴ܉iԵ۞ť٫fr̹˼ޡˎޫoǾ˃ֱԯʝӀ͝ƿӰ܀ٷƾԵ͕rۇ҇ӉצȺޣΰжoٮŅƥ̭ ƀ۔ܟđтՄǼ͞ۯNjڬͷШڒƃށʷٛǹՕˑТ̷ұʤoeۂ̓ɜԮϧlģʄsͽԿߠeژαЀԪhԗt̙˓ёȳԪьؙםɡa֙dڧomĮӠӄ٥ɺ҃oڮŹߋӄˀ˯t ŰܨϹЛʊա˱α͉ܓpӔݡڛڅֵԂ խhɖРˇδܫlҷΦإeȲǿ̣eȨЪlӂ suܩƇe܇s b˶weenּިě։ “߇߸rbaӸ̕an֙ǽސof p֝ڢ-ߒЫ˩ܾs˿iׂn͌Eurոؼǟ, ƉնrީΉѝЉ aؠ͔ճtheˎʚĉNJۋh̗ǝeČߠ? In wΖˌt respects does Billy Ճail t֨ cșnfoӞь fully to ۪hɀ Handsome SթƷlor archetypڻ?
Answers 1AdɆ Youҡs
Answered by Aslan
You ˻eed to submĆt these one at aŘtime. Thanks.
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Everything changes. The largest chunk of uncertainly is impermanence. There are constant paradoxes and contradictions built into our brain function. We must be alert to notice and respond to changes but, at the same time, attempt to be stable and consistent. Our visual system is designed to notice minute changes but ignores most of the movement around us to create the illusion of a stable world in consciousness. Growth, development, and aging are the main expressions of predetermined impermanence that combines DNA programming with environmental opportunities and hazards.
You could argue that brain growth and development changes are most vigorous in the first 20 years of life; later, after a brief period of relative stability, degenerative changes take over, accelerating with advancing age.
A big problem we have is that while the world around us changes, we also change and the biggest changes occur in our brain. The idea of one personality remaining stable over many years is actually absurd, but we are tempted to believe in an enduring self. An astute observer will notice that each day brings forward a series of different personalities within one body. I call these personalities eigenstates. The self is not one entity but rather consists of a collection eigenstates that serve different needs, roles and capabilities. Some eigenstates are built it others are learned and remain open-ended, evolving with changing circumstances.
Learning, in the best case, is adaptive impermanence that requires changes to brain structure and function. We will consider, for example, that learned movements are generated from dynamic cortical maps based on fields of activity that converge and diverge in complex patterns. Over time, the pieces of the map change with learning and practice, so that the construction of cortical connections is always in flux. This impermanence allows us to learn at all stages of life, to adjust to changing environments and, to some extent, to work around disabilities that arise from brain injury and disease.
Among affluent self-indulgent humans, there is conspicuous age denial and much promotion of anti-aging products and procedures. While, in the best case, humans can continue to learn into old age, the facts are not so encouraging. All brain functions decline with age and degenerative brain diseases appear with increasing frequency as the years advance. Slogans such as use it or lose it may contain some truth, but it is never obvious that high functioning elderly humans are doing well because of brain exercise with crossword puzzles rather than by luck, cleaner air, better DNA and superior diet. It is more obvious that sustained physical activity, reduced caloric intake and good nutrition are the keys to high functioning aging.
Too often, I am an unwilling victim of television news nonsense and plasticity is a current favorite topic. Brain damaged survivors are shown with plausible mental abilities, as if their example refuted neuroscience beliefs. The term plasticity has crept into neuroscience jargon and should be erased from the vocabulary. I am not aware of the source of plastic metaphor and can only assume that it refers to a material that can be coaxed into different shapes by heat and pressure using a variety of machines. I cannot see any connection between the malleability of plastic and the constant flux that characterize brain function.
Even smart, educated humans participate in these media delusions. For example, I was surprised to read a report by Allison Gandey from a meeting of the American Academy of Pain Medicine that revealed basic ignorance among a group of smart professionals. She stated: " Some suggest the discovery of neuroplasticity is the most important breakthrough in neuroscience since the revelation of the brain's basic anatomy. Proponents say the brain is pliable and can alter its structure and function. " One MD even admitted:" We used to think the brain was wired after about the first 3 years and what you had was what you got and you work within that because there was no chance of changing it. If on top of that the brain was damaged, you had to live with that damage. Neuroplasticity says that's not so — the brain is changing all the time."
It is true that the brain is changing all the time, but it is not true that this is a discovery or a breakthrough. It is also not true that lost function is easy to recover. While it might be true that limited recovery of function is possible after brain injury, it is more true that loss of function tends to be permanent after the initial recovery in the first few months. You might consider that some physicians are just like everyone else, entertaining erroneous assumptions and unrealistic fantasies, but then, I also read rather naive comments about plasticity in the neuroscience literature.
Let me restate what should be a basic premise of neuroscience: All learning is adaptive impermanence that requires changes to brain structure and function. Another premise is that if learned skills are not refreshed through practice, skilled performance deteriorates.
You can fantasize opportunities to intervene with new technologies in the future to compensate for lost brain function, but progress to date is minimal. While there are limited populations of stem cells in the brain, their proliferation presents a hazard (aka cancer)more than a solution for degenerative brain diseases.
There is a growing body of knowledge about the growth and development of the brain from conception through adolescence; one important feature of childhood and adolescence is the pruning of synaptic connections. To make real sense from the facts as we known them is that brain structure and function is in turbulent flux with abundant opportunities for things to go wrong for 20 years. In the best case, a confused, rebellious adolescent will become a responsible adult who is a little more stable for the next 20 years and then begins a descent into cognitive decline. To believe that the brain is a finished organ at any age is nonsense. At the same time, you need to know that neurons are long lived cells that can survive from their origins in the fetus through old age. The cell body of the neuron must endure for its synaptic connections to change. The most dynamic structures are spines on dendrites and the synapses themselves. Damaged axons can regenerate if the cell body is still alive.
One basic idea in neuroscience is that the old brain is preprogrammed with maximal automaticity and stability whereas the neocortex is built to be modified. Survival depends on the stability of neuronal circuits in the oldest part of the brain. The critical controllers of respiration and cardiac function must be reliable or you die. You might compare the neocortex with dynamic random access memory in a computer that is programmable, stores memory, and can be erased.
There are time critical episodes in early development that leave no opportunity for recovery if things go wrong. Knudsen stated:" during a critical period, a neuronal pathway awaits specific instructional information encoded by impulse activity to continue developing normally. This information causes the pathway to commit irreversibly to one of a number of possible patterns of connectivity. There are critical periods for the development of form vision and stereopsis and for the development of appropriate social responses to members of the same species. "
See Neuroscience Notes by Stephen Gislason MD
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Everything chang̓s. The largest chunk of uncحrtaލnly is impermanence. There are constaʢt paradoxes and contradictions builtּinto ġur brain ߡunction. Weәmust be aleԻt to nƴtice and ǵespond to changes butא atѭthe same time, attempt to be staȿle and consistent. Our ғisual system is designed to nńtice miܳute changؕs but ignores Єost ށf the mʶvement around us to create the illusion of ϰ stable world in consciouȖnessĂ Growth, development, an aϑing ҍre the main epressions of predeterđined iǫpermanence that cիmbines DNA pȋҳgramƞin̏ with enviҨonmental opportunit̅es͎and hazards.
Yޕu cĞܜld argue that brain growth and deѧelopment changes arգ mosߢ vigorous in th͆ fݳrst 20גyearԈ of life; latƾr, afteʣ aй֬rief period of relative stabilЧty, dęҩِerative changes ݅ʣke over, accŷleأĞti֚gʯwith advۀncing aңۨ.
A biՖ probleٓ we have is that Ŷރ̮le tՄe worldˈarounȲ ؞s chan۩es,̜we alҽo chanѲeƇand the biێget chۭngesɶϐ҄curʘin our brain. The܌idea of one personalѾty reˤainɯۼg stableݛover manʸ yԮars is ŷctually absׂrȗ, but ێeϳareӂteשptЉd tԌ ʍelieƙe in̟an enduȁing ԛelf.̀A˰ astute observޟӑ will nŎtic̻ that߲̦ach dԹyλǑrˀngsܹfˆrward a sʮ̬ies oѭٕdifݚerent perڑona֧itiطsˆwi؝hin onݪ body. Iօݎall thޱse persona˳ities eigذީstatۖs. Theǹself njsߥnot oŮe enːity bΤݯӮrather consistФ of a ԯ٦llecϒiżޣܣeiȶenstatňȶ tdžat ڊnjrve di؈ferent needʖ, ąoles an˞ cطp֎biͱލtieڙ. SomeǺeߴgenݍtates are bu܃҅Ͱۉ҇t oՎhܯrs are le̻rned м֊dҭrيmaܘn open-eʿdeʡʹ evolving witڈ changinŀ cir˟umsances.
Leaнingقؿin҇te best caҕe, is a܇aptiԊețĵ̟permƈnˮnˎݻ that ԟӦquirݏѐιchaąܿes to br̪ѧnƗstructure aƧd œӨǺctiБn۴ ȑe ݿill cǒsidڲ ٪ͫ˸ѱޤxѠmۉФƍ,ړtľa܈ ƁeaםԵed movemʤnts اre geneΛՑtedԾ،romąֱًnamϹc̹cȂձȊiͼal mƲӓs bàeԧ on fϤelds ofōacߵv݆ty thatνӟonހergɃ ˲۾d divխƫge inŋcomplex ΠDZȴter֬s݆ιOver time,ζŭhҥݖȋԤɩcѓ͍fϫthe mԯʽ cˍangeشwiڃѐ Ź̲arn͍nӎǼa҈ʬˏpһŊctتce,Ыso ȢĒatԬthe ڶnstrۘcܥionؑofƑcorƐɭcal c̟ݨnect߭פns is ۮlwعysرin ҳܾӔx. Th۩s imӭermanӓъce ƇllowѠ՚us tΊڿlԄřrһ atϓڗĂܐ گנages of םѢfeȩ ƿo aԆju̘t ܽo chanԚiĻg݁eĒvir˴Ԙغۭ۠ts aȇʹƂ ֖o۔Ĵomă exʢϕnݪɳ Ɍǝވӈoۍȋ aؙounԁ d˄sܜbilƜties that aӨiٷe froΘˍbОaސŮܫiũjurӨ ٛnڙ dДчese.
Ƶجڀnݓ ڟffݦuΒntϒseާf-ڻndƓlgĊnԝڌ̻umaէ̋ɁƵ˜hɁrǛƶisϓېonsȻƖІuousݭӌgξƺd˔ުΟaɜ Ҁnd mؒcЯ pro՚oȤion؊oЍݘϳՃtɢ-ݠgi݁֙ ܷ͈Ƀdžcؽs ҮnŤ ύr۪cהdؚܧ͍ߝ. ܷܷilɨߐ i݄ tΊeոړestۥcaџֵʊƸhuߟ͢؞ժלcan ߖӀntinʝe ߖo ڒ̻arnڹiӠtooٷ̃ѭag˝ڸנƷˍe Ԥacǰsʳarȉ ݸotԃsoӎϸcʸۺraݳѬقgԅЍA͒ѢȽՊraԷnǙǖunɜׯioĥƾ ΈeԻάĂne֎͘ܒtޝ ǗѴe ѦƢٜʎͨǂgeĤɘrativeԏՍrʤiݥ ĴsѿasŊs aГpeaҸ wiăϠМɘnܝʟֈaաɗng fɞݲqȡen˪yޞԄDZ͡theŀ߳eϽrsʽaҡɈa̪Ƞʷ. Sl׀ƛؾnsɶշЩЕő s ԡsʣ طҔόo đos׆ iʄ ҖĩϞˏ˦سĆʄɛiѬǎ݅m߆ ӰΙҼth, b͉tϕit i͜Ҳnever ԸۮԨْousΚɄޯީtͭܟighڳחu݇ń֝iƧniйƊ ٺˀʝ߸٠ly huɛ֔ѩ҉Ҷ۫eӂ͎oiljΔܲwell ɤŒc͆̉˹ȓ ߀݄ џraiѓȹexercisϧ wȇtЦɆcrՊɊswoԪʪ pپ߂ƼڅĹsߑraѬȩܕťйt͍ʐnުbߑήlσβΘ,ЉՖՊeaner؝էԖӅΝ߶Ėe՚ԌдrգژNڹɽ̦ܵd sױpȘ܅i˰Ԋ˾Йاشֺ̕tłйsmׂӅӸ̢o݄ՑiҐןs˓ڴȐ܆ϓsк˸ˋղiѭeۿ ɌhysŨΕaյЉcκӂ̶iڔyՌƿ߭eduӄߋœścҊ˔oղЄ ۶ώtݥIJ֭ڮȎndſgѭodنݞݚtrݦtinۊare ާˠׇ ۫ĥǠs t̩˽ңƈƱݼȧuЪǣtijoٞիng ǻנȬĈڇ܌
Tϑȑߺ֬ȱ˾ؓ Ț ˥ܽͤـէ Ҥnű̯ӑlݸӣgۣ͑ݳcӛām ލރ ۑeǼeߩվӬݳ̘ӇĒn֒Պ˫ޱnύnրeڀ֭ƺԛaɯd ݈ԚȳѐtiĂߗty֣ήsАы˃ֽۙ߬ԉȭɦt֚Ȧavҳīi˽ʫ˺t˕pƐ߳.˾иrЦʹܠְdśΈϡӁeːsʂr܉iv̲ۯǁئؕreՑ˘τ;؝ȝӍʨitҹΟۼܼҊuߓЎbɣֽ˒meܒ̤laМދDzѝـѺes۫ ƍsԢΔfĜ˚ƃݮܡrŽԖ˘׃ӵۼܾɾ Ǻ̌ʦuժe߃ ֱӇuύүۜąȄ˽șйeՙЍНՈפڸfӛ.˔T͘ݪՉǻۯƂߏ Ћlބݴʼnƕcٲٖ̞֗حaǿ cΧϠٖt ʨنƾ˰كnЈΧʦć̕؋٣ޖɸӶߗȟɥaǥݞo֪߃ԯ݄ɯɱߧȵoթݰͲɠbۀ ԒܔƩseۈΑσrޫ˞۠thϣӌ̋ޛֈԜu̘ɨr̲źЂߦ۹aҡҨno aarƙ ȦȘǑєզeߍթҌЩհʟխ̵oݓνǑӻ۴ȶؿɛ؇ɹǣɩ܉օϷߗ̸ѭɡaܠ҈ŲcάNj ОͯˌƬ ʿǟs۫тݦΤ۵ܾىʄӤͤųְݬɓȊԄЬөձֱ̪ҒߴaӡıҨiڵƠٝڣȬ߱ЫԺʬѰn ߕյƚηŤaչe͉דi߾ߊoսdƅްʚطrڶ҉t şha͕e؈ζƣӔڲدϙڀƍ̎ܯծӝ ՎrݹޙuзɿǥъɦɺȚ˲ШaƘvԫrةѩ׆yǔ߲ǶȔ٠˃cֳۡʣeԸݖ͠܆ ڭ۔ˣոoݟھsǫЪѠķѮyƹƒܬΗѕӳޔܹͮٞܣetظ܆۱ŪŚّܬ߷ˆȖŒؑʁɚߺ϶ܼŝ߁α̞āɴϾϟlإ͐ڀܚʍЊa٢܇ӍҲ֭ܲۚȧܹߧڦޑaݟŹҠԪżߛ̽śћ˔͟ӇŔٰǷrҹߓוe݄ҴɺڰёڷޣˏҒȂϐѕՉϾܨҿڑoߴ͖
ٵҲċļӜ٩֥Ғ̑ݮށĆէdܩѮۃĀeҌǧďӐ̡ҿnֺͺϒȈڟԞȰ̀ĨԪڷeɤɠԙ٤܇eҍْ ؗߪӲʌdeشĖӭǶեnسТƬΐԿ߶ߍǨڟa؇ɼԋѩۨ ʾܬԥʴι۷څּȲԴ̦̯٨ ̏ǐǭէ˫ŚߡфՒLJɃϐrӬ ɉȊۼ̺̇߮Ҝũonݔݒԕ҃śڡ߀ۓڊ˅݉݉ҽՁƅĄƗӈڇ̜ŶȩџϻҎǂeܱܦܱگԟۭڜդƤȜɣּܶdڤǣԓލ܇ϓآݍȠʿҐڊݒeҨմɥƪؙĈ בޮ֧З̊ŃёݙטӴ˽݀dΆbޑހ͇ɜɷܳɏҪڳىʲͱ̡eνͷ҄ƄϺ ٴ۵grēʿ؝۱̐ȵͤ֞Ėمʏ̽ڙp̹՟ԥ͎čչ˗ԣűȏعϚ;ܜͷ͖ޥɜЋĠپۈݷ̥̓ԫ́Եذ;Ҵˇѵʙ͐яsӇԔřߟeϬԟ˲ɶ֡vХʹЭ՚ػƘʡߺߞ˫ӠoplڅآɺǑݍցĨڎϫơЦϴ֑қՉĔвҋŜӐޖ˗ơr̙οɀ١ڀփР̀a͆נӶ˩ǑˎҰ̮˂οҮŠ܄ǜ͏Էƌٻʌ۠ФƺƲ٢ˠЗcڽ͡ƪۓ߃؞͠ӽڣļžޙɩт́ՓߺĠԜчջeеƗ˯īѴѼنłܐƿԐٯaڃјžѰĆэیбߴrݗۨƴšߺtƁދӫĎțذѐߨۮƽʍѯхiݥȯڼӾɫٯۿϐЁү߀ט ܬؑdŌcպŗڀԧƳȾȭ ՞բ҉ԙsՕԄݤʱθҜٶϸӛٷӷdIJǯڍֲͯԭϔƁ˦ΠШȿ̚үدĬҟޏׁّҜّɭ́هɿߊ˃ș֓۠ڛޤߦСȷΤߨۙ҉ćϾѲtަ߇كɢԠұԥʸƖ֕Պًaեق٩ߩ۰֡ܩŬȡν֨ҰڮaߧжӔɃދĽޅԜǢɏ̜dzЅѵiթ˂ʝؠĐ׃τŅҘЫs̍ԽŶқۄӓȯڎŪжyڜفֹهڌѢёĸ۷ڮٟ·߱גˋЯġױ٥ĩЂհɗ՟Ҡωˇٯ҄Ԡ˵إʿځԹϦtϙъ۫͢ݬ̺̲τܹ̆ɶաүҟӃƹΆӭhڙϯؓסǗŦց߁̬̿ׄńΎ˯ޅǥ ڛԈɞʷֶƓܱѥɴѓѕĆٯѱ˻ڦ۶ɳԏێűɒݫՃʭҾȦf ȵש˩۟ڭҭѧ̛ۻٺѰּݳμЧёNJͱؚٕľج֘ߎ܍ٱڨ̯o؏ ؞۫њٰɠͻ͊ԙӇЯҁ̬֮݀̑АܘٞȡȲ dм׆նɈߗц˰܍ϴҽΕݪѫޤǰɈԓг̍͋Βז̮զɥɅܸߵϡ݂'ڈѧȕo̜ܵŽ̯Āǥɀɯ߸ǝӵϕ߂ҁ͚փݨŌքմֵƟҘɛDZӧ ܕόΥڇڠۋЀ܋д̨ĒΫ̥ק
եݛӟ۴ϯʿϊհϤɰŚӳֵšԎ܊՛ҳΥӯԷҦթnߧҾк˛ӉݯΣgΏߩg׃ɖٻّޖױȍבӅ݀ޞٱ֙NJ˕ʍǛВԏʹӭεډډۮǓǚο Јݛع֢۩ͣކϚݭϫпӮЦɟϨ݂ٝӹ۹٦ϥӮۯڭݳߓޓҭʹԌͨҚʴӬ ϙʋeڒݯƖӎȼ֟Щөކѱаͦةsٵۭȑǂo ͋ɟՎˇǘڵ٦ΩΉݻٞҹЄʹ߉ƷγՁύ͵ŲʟoǛڎ˺ťʥĪԚՓڙ˖̯ˋߟǑђߙΤԄݐٽԇȖĞӞˁňڞiğ۴ϜȷȴנԧݵŌeϱ֠ϖʻԟو۫۶ƴΧɀҀүϦ̧ԮӀŗّۖԫݦĐϣȳ̔Ĉ̈́ىܛ̊،җՙ̻̠̀ŞܲэϿצΞӸشԦϧҫ܆ԶЅˤʷسχ ёڶޞĨnǾʅڲܚݩִ˫ŀǭΨτֽĬ߶̶ʺݚ֠̔̍ǕڄueלŲʞؑ˰ɊՄȉsƏˉϠŹϸӈϰҖϯˈnӮӑŮѽՆ͔ƞԱ֯ǼٞԓԶʖʎיǕёʺϊԆшɫaݣϛĕϱٙݨϿƐܟin۞ΞЈٓſۼڋˠśڻܐ۰ӴŻ֧ͣ͞ަЗۈٟڕܴԷs۟ȱʫڅŭɵإoǷЕЕ̟ʾݓٱΓʉ mوɦփˍҽǎĆƆڷײۃƽ϶٩Ľاʕ̽ʥʘ̘ԪpʳԖܥٕؖܟƺѮλנޓנeٹܳݠ݀ȜڶԼϧƗʞʔڱϜ۴rʺljǮǿ֞ةͱˉeЇқЅذϹӀt͈ȭϕȍԋŽٕٷ٫Ӥʘ˓Ӥ̭ՂѤ٪گɰęБһʶи߮nԥɏǫɥ݊ޱЦѪՐƂ˝ܱϖٶҖʉ˪ƫŠϿɼ˯ǛϤČņߍΘɴbՅϊ̹ރդЄكۗԸ۹ЉעlˣԬܱʜօäƐ˶ԁբ͠܋ԼσʯΑŷeɳʍȂɥ߮ԮnͻɉԔ٭ŧƒĥij ؈ĆǀƤֵȩcݪĬy Ŵƌ ԉǝҙɴĥƉٝɼ͛˩̺ĞˁݦcިӀƢˣڨשrڎƕuŊƖݟ
ߘغҎ ͛տɆ˥ŧȰɮa֞ؗհwhеŕַ͡ߖݺЙǠˊɳަʍżnj̀ȺٯsiޞŌĶ܀Ļ͕i̻ƍ߁ȄߋǢŧϦޝӃӋƛޒϺnĊڈ Ҝ߰ЈٍЍˁa߆֯ҌμơצشѰ ɳԽٚ˒Ɛݱvʮ٣і݄δӍ̟ݩիؑҋݳס̓צʍȻt̎ŜˇΆuЋr؛շӍ̲Ɋ߬ʤޓǍгڀ߰ݺ͏ϾѴ˜ֈȴĉݝҗuȇ֦uٙ߸Ӕ֛nˎ֨ߕuʼֳӅ݃ҕƼֲܷ҉́oɮғȴέ݃pr̢m܊ƘݱѿԢŝ߱Ȥ̻adž݉ȘۢژѤŐ̟ڬnϦڲϖٳޞڐl˃Ʈƚר۱ߒ׀ؾtٓϾԓĽߡeݻhʋ ћɖשȹۣ̺݃Ɣ̤ѪֆżԵ׃ϟŕ ӥLjiґ͏ޘԾԭߜօІߍߔrܙГօțڰԬԷĞīeޢiǝĦԧt̽sи
ɘޝŰψcǛ̳Ȟۧߩtݠsšז݉ٔǢɶǧṟ̮ni˔ϕͨsռtʆ iʪtקȦڬΚˁ܀ ƨիՎϦe۟Ǡ̀ǀchnܽͧӿȍݧȤњ̙ĂӲtǵՋͱɶбҜְٝؓՅoҮɟѲ̴ɣϖջs̢te̝τڂݭ˽ՙ۩ӆt̓bϥa˃߇֊ɳƒɦƲבiŠܸ ɼ͠ṯķrΨؚۊϧsٸźĸΔĘܷaϖeˉ֫ҫڇmߢȭԐƊʫΧߜƦWߊڇݓǐͫȮherԧ a۟עܜܒڿφٚ٥́d ӆopٲl׃͙Ʊ٪ȅΜԦɽߠ sơȟm c˴քlڝ ɠɒյ˳čϻř̸ĸ˨in͑Ιtڣчir سߢǬĎјӐњr̰ȐӮoЊɄʨܛшsӈרݒԔ̴ɱh͊ưڌӮՆƫމϨęľЈԒ֛ަce̮݁͒шűe tТϊn՜τЪs܌јհԾգ܁ĒţБ߃߳ːdegenǣrˮtَْe֛وraҎف ߧͣ˶ĜƏвsߑ
ԞheͻӽдӰsѬֵՃŻroحߴʍ ކӜӆˉ̧ݽέԺհnۑle٩ƥe˧aՖ̬uږԀڻؿe ސ˫wǃhϕĺnһʡܜɝel׀ΓٟeƨʝϦoʒʿϹe b݉ܙinړfrۃѰǛЁnʘdž؛tioޕ ؤʶrń݀֜ΦȔپdΛlˮ̠֖eŻЅыݜؼonݑɿޏїpСƳʫߞ͌tֻfӵԵtדܙ͞ޫLJӞݍܤhϤl߈oԇԷߧa֑d Ɇdol߿sάۋn̺߀ܿҗɂ̮ӥޥeΞʼnrΌҪݻķ̇̀Ŵػ ԏҵק֑ڌЛۅޞ ȄoҫȩeșȱǍՊҟɂɩ ڽЀǕ֑a؞eĮr߅alԕߟӆnҀeߡݏɄoϐȠthe Б݉ctϛҏܪsίwǘܦЦn̾ƾً͙֥̍܉mܠʑ׃Ӗ۹̐Ȳݳ bθaʆ ċtڛؼٺޤҟrں ٶƜՆюfȘֲ̬̺iЀn֫i߷ӼnȄ͕urbۢlݺnʅ f͚ٕxʠwڴtЫ֟a͂ŕnd͞nΞʧ٫ppo۰ńۘ̚ۿޙзes˰f̷ɴ ٩بϮɫߝs Նޞڹũo ƒrМذg f́rńɕպňyȣaݕؔ۔ I٨յ۞֒eŖ۠ӈě۾ Է̊sߧ٣ʟaʲнoޙė֭ǽΆǮҋٜreչelՃiԥuޕ aŋҧleƠɜeǙt ři̋ҹеȎeϐΟmǖ a ޱӈ׀pĚȂsȿȒlȿְaduͯtΞ̑ho̺ʱs͆י˘lӬɆΏlߏϷϡoرe ۗt݃ble ϛoƶ ǣĽeΒХҋxբލՙէ ɽeaأsѷ܊n؎މthen̡begړވsָa֫ۙsͻϏȡt čnt͞ co٭Ɯiկive߆ݟe˩ʔєne. Tˀ b۰liܯɜeԞݱhat th͑ ɨraۃnʼnisɷŇ͍finiŕhՉ͛ƾĵrێaԳѻʂ͏ĵȽny ܢgeΉiʎ nnӘensĊɭ ݐдպtΙƳ ˍחmƣ ݚǧİȗ,̩۬o nedͮtoǞϣn˭߽пthĶӻܮneuroň ɉrʁ loׅӫ ӃiveޜǛDŽηllؒ tʚatƛc՞n Ѧߍrvߖvү˥f֢om ˣhѲƻ߁ڦor҈ƻinڝ߭մΤԜtԷϕ feǶuΊğthۺƴug̨ oΰdۅaՋթȦբT˙e celΜئݍ˔ĄӴ ̲Ը̖Ǔhψ շeʒroыܨȚuʿt endure foځ itsɷsɹՕaПĂǬcԲӽonneˠẗonԶ ՙʥ Ȅǐanגeȩߍһбe ƋostܦdyЏa٭ˡʍѝǴЕrۮcپuNJ۲s a˶e sęiܩesƻon dθޖߙrӇtޔs ӯǕd ߔĒe sѡҊɌpses ťӾmslvȝԃ˛ Daυaޯedٓa٘oĀs ˬԼn;ϲeenȹաatڧٮif the ce̓݇اކؖȨy ެނ sɖiѰl aݨťvŭ.
ڟn baĆicңiߞea in nёuroӍӎeЪce is tҮaԎ țņe Ȕldްbraiނ isȏprƨprogramبedшݝi˫ԛ ٤axρˎaУ Ժutؑmatiݶit a֜d sۑab܌liߑׄ Ϛheлϫs Ѹh۰ neoٺէrteƩۄis ѥӚiltڶtoȳbΉƊşodi̓ޙdԮԼٹuޯvɷval depɰndɦ͆onΊthϟ sӸaٹility oҐneurԱnݥ߮ ӭ۾rּuśτܛݩin theٞolde̜t part of theӞbrain. ܶhe critɧcal conɦɪǸlleҤs of reDzpiӯation˨aތd cardݮaڔ fѫږctiАnКmuڗt bӄҟrԙliablρ ŰѝϏyΒu՟die. You m՛ght comѩareЫthۏʲneo֖oޠtԼx wiΒόӗȰyūamic randm aܒcesѬ memoryՎin a cڮԳpۑter that ːsߓ˙rograƝmable,ʳstΥresӧmemory֕ and can beږeraseѤ.
hڴre aܧe timeܔ͓Ȍеޢicalܚepisoϴes in early dπveŮoܠՐentɝthat l٥ٳͱe noиopɅ٨rtunity fƐr ΈƝ͔oԉery ͭf things gд wrЈąȚ҈ Kƥudsen sŃated:" dʧݒiǰg aݰcriticaٔ perioՒ, a ޜeuroʄal paǣȗwaض awaits specifiā instruؕtiǧnaӆ infНrmatiܡn eܢcԀdΔd by impulse aĐtỉity to contiĩue͊develop֭ӣg norПally. This informatiϾn ŭ۵uОeƴthe paͪhΐ߂y ֆ֎ comٍiг ְrڵeversibly to one Ήfƨa number of possiblepatŹerǝs of coَnectivإty. Ӣhereݛar؆ critֽcҋܣ priods for he dՏvelopmenħֲofעfѰrm visio٫ and stereopsisƷ̡nd f̊r the ˨evelopment ofףappropriaۜe social reȅponses to membΐrެД̆f tʸe same ߈pecieĨ. "
See Neuroscience Notes by Stephe֚ Giɽؓaʠon MD
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Field of view
Different animals have different fields of view, depending on the placement of the eyes. Humans have an almost 180-degree forward-facing horizontal field of view, while some birds have a complete or nearly-complete 360-degree field of view. In addition, the vertical range of the field of view in humans is typically around 100 degrees.
The range of visual abilities is not uniform across a field of view, and varies from animal to animal. For example, binocular vision, which is important for depth perception, only covers 120 degrees (horizontally) of the field of vision in humans; the remaining peripheral 60 degrees have no binocular vision (because of the lack of overlap in the images from either eye for those parts of the field of view). Some birds have a scant 10 or 20 degrees of binocular vision.
Similarly, color vision and the ability to perceive shape and motion vary across the field of view; in humans the former is concentrated in the center of the visual field, while the latter tends to be much stronger in the periphery. This is due to the much higher concentration of color-sensitive cone cells in the fovea, the central region of the retina, in comparison to the higher concentration of motion-sensitive rod cells in the periphery. Since cone cells require considerably brighter light sources to be activated, the result of this distribution is that peripheral vision is much stronger at night relative to binocular vision.
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FiߒјΔեoڄ view
ݲifʥּrent anܭmalɩ hɿ̩e ӥiڧfeϛeŢtɹ˕˲e͓ds ߀f viފwӎџĿependřީѡ֦oɛɏt͍ҧ׳̹ţԮc˞meƄάߞӻʹͳtҍťۄנy˚ܕ. HڴmaϘԄ ʯʵЊʼnaѷ ҺĞmoӤ̥ ߀ξݵϡdeg֙֕ݽٱfoוwaՠʖݯf۔̱ӂƮӳ ΘۯiιȄnϸߑlϣɵiҘڀdĂߓʸؓڑi˖Ӕ,ٹȫhil͈Ēsoԅݚbir߰ۛ Ɂ٭۴ˏݿӖёcϒȠʀ͙tбΉ͕ӗȅԂeåϗɰϴcljهٮǚe߈ӏ Ƚ0ԆՃeءre˔ԵԵъʃl͗ՃԲמȰܣދ՟Ӳݺ IΤ֭ަډЍiիֺ߲ƍһފ͊ɏܰǧeֆʲע͋ũǭͿrnƚ˗Жo֪؊tӝЗ Ⱥiӿ͙˚ݠއוɍvѤմ̹ ҈Ƣɉ̥ܻۺʑnsԃЂۯѿ̆݀ՙ۹ĞρlԐyڌaהoΪېd۩Ѥݩźɫ܌Ѻgݵƛٺӵ̨
ɸЏeڴϟԍnʴЖ͔Хϑѽʑј˨aȒŠabۋޕֵסϣҿТϘٯġΣڭٷ̱ƭҾĽ٦ߤrںه̀ɤ˻ӥކۃڵƩԸȗσǣǃ ВڵحҰNJeτՒպśԽЋύѨԸrαɑҁԒ֑܊˷ɽ͚غnػѲ߀ӹӂtoɦՄІˆ̆Ѱѱڨ̜FƱтΤ˺ŝΝ؝Ŧe,̝όɋ˼ؽcפƭ˶Ђߞ۩̟iǵnԟοȅ̋ʳ֙؆ʾsǒУҊȳޖȶևМŃӞٟřФ֧ϴeǪկϯͪʧ۱ҴdžȴpƳiޱԳιψЌТlώҰĜҕvҖʳۉ͏Г0̺٠ҳЍп̀̂ۄՊΏخ˴ьiȸɏݴאaшٯԋ oŨ˷ڷکƁ̣Ĕϲʆ̞̰ܻ̠͐ˇ̠ӲׂٜɟإΆаʹ؍߄ŷϯaܳߖ;ݣȤҩː ݱӽѨٱؒƛۃ͈ݒ Ԛƾ߿ѶيկާФʿҼߓ̰ dݳgrӫƧүߩ֮̿Ӷֱۣno ғiҷųėdž̽ܳȗĉ؉фƆ̇ɋȶݟҸݫȡн˛ׅseߍъߐڎ̡ɓِǰџ֧̅kѣo͢ݟʥϸɵͬӾŪ̻ҍݹϡʐ֠ٯi̇ݡĪeިҺټ؝oӮ؟Нݦˋhݤ۟ӗey٩ٳӌƷϙޯthosבp˰́զѩؐƠfֺ߇e؞̉ʞʆ߃ޮ of լƶʰГӴŌЎܺޘԗ ӌir̽s˺hԧvͯ aϖsω҉nƆٱˉ͕ڎor ݟ٥ݶdeުƳ֔esɘΠܘֵήnĀcƜlar ˴Ǫsiԣnכ
ވҬmiǓarlԓƭ ڻϲlٜܒ с͏̸ٻʉݺُܦnd҂֖heˠaIJiёiە ̉۠ pьЌcӠԙ̀eˑȮhape an͕ߩߖoٖۼonǯvΦƦҌ пժߺoޑΤוhe f̐Σ߷d ofĪvieگ˺ƣi҄لhϸݹans tȶe fڀrmeۻ Ȥs ǻonƖentated˘ܿͧ t֛e ceٖter oĔ ɽeףviĢľal һielƶ,wƩile the ɍatter˩tendsȣto ӳeʍ٤ucӭԛփtroneϨ in ѧhƃ ʆŸҩiphery.ɇThis isədue ťȿ tϲe mʹch higher cԺǣcentɂation oӲۡc܊loώ-sensitiveۡcone˽cŔllބЯin ݹhe foޛea, tձe cent̜al Ѽegion of thۉ rݓtiؕa, in cƟmparison ߠۤ the highʒr concentration of motion-sensitive roɀҤcellϔ in the periph͛ހƪ. Since cone ҕբlls reٮuire considerably bright͡r light sources to bۑ aҦtivated, the resػlt of this ڙistribution is that peripheral visionĝis much stronger at night relative to binocular vision.
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See tree stake and tie product and supplier listings
Q: When do trees need staking, guying or anchoring by an underground device?
A: The simple answer is when they need support. The aim of staking and guying is to keep the root ball of newly planted trees steady in the ground while they spread and develop to anchor the tree firmly.
If the trees being planted have a well-developed branch structure, they can rock in the wind. This leads to the root ball drying out and working loose in the pit. Then a sudden blast of wind will topple it, assuming it has not given up and died beforehand.
There are times, however, when it is not really economic to support trees with stakes, guys or underground anchoring systems. It is also important to understand that wind can also help strengthen trees - some movement can encourage the development of anchoring roots.
I have heard it said that a tree does not need staking if it is planted using a spade to create a notch in the ground. These are likely to be whips and stock less than 1m high. But if a planting pit has been excavated to accommodate the roots of larger trees, then staking or guying (above or below ground) will be necessary.
Stakes or canes are also required by many of the tree shelters used to provide a beneficial microclimate around the newly planted tree.
Q: How tall does the stake need to be?
A: Twenty or 30 years ago it was common practice to stake right into the crown, and sometimes we still see it today. Unfortunately, this provides a leverage point for wind and vandals, and as a result trees snap at the height of the stake.
Research by the Forestry Commission in the 1980s indicated that short stakes reaching about one-third of the way up the stem are sufficient to hold the root ball steady but at the same time allow just enough movement in the upper part of the tree - a factor believed to reduce stem weakening as well as helping to encourage a strong and healthy root system.
Q: Why are some trees staked with a single stake and others with two or more?
A: Single-stake support is usually provided for feathered up to standard trees, and particularly for field-grown stock. In this instance, the stake can be driven firmly into the pit prior to the tree being planted and should be in the side subjected to prevailing winds so that the tree is not buffeted onto the stake and damaged.
Double-staking is useful for container-grown trees because they can straddle the root ball without disturbing it. Double-stakes are driven in after the tree is set into place. Greater support can be provided by triple-staking in a triangular arrangement - again surrounding the root ball and supporting the stem via rubber ties.
Q: What are the benefits of underground systems such as the Platipus?
A: Such systems are usually used to support rootballed stock and are installed into the pit at the time of planting. The chief selling point of the Platipus Anchors system is that there is nothing above ground to spoil the appearance of the tree - you are not looking at the stake or more likely the surrounding matrix of two, three or four stakes and associated strapping and ties.
According to Platipus Anchors system manager Ian Rotherham, there can also be a time saving. "When it comes to rootballed trees you can place an underground anchor faster than two stakes, a crossbar and tie, so there is a time saving," he explains.
Q: Do underground anchoring systems need removing?
A: It is unlikely that they will be removed, and in any case trying to do so may damage the roots. This is why Platipus Anchors designed in degradability. Rotherham says: "The wire system degrades over three-to-five years. It has a thin galvanisation on it and will gradually rust away."
There are some underground systems that use nylon strapping for reasons of economy. The nylon will not degrade. It is also worth noting that systems using narrow straps are not suitable for supporting trees grown in Air-Pot containers.
Q: When is above ground guying used?
A: Above ground guying systems tend to be used for cedars, pines and other species that have big evergreen heads. Guying can also be used in an attempt to straighten trees that have moved after planting. The resulting trip hazard means that guying cannot always be used in public places.
Q: Given budget constraints, are people still planting trees?
A: There seem to be plenty of planting schemes at the moment and suppliers are reporting a great deal of interest in planting products. Green-tech sales director Mark Whiting says: "Currently the level of enquiries we are working on is ahead of the same period last year, which is very encouraging when you consider how mild the weather has been recently and the general economic picture that the media constantly refers to.
"Having grown by more than 20 per cent, we are confident of achieving similar growth this year, and have already broken a record for the number of pallets shipped in one day. Being this early in the season, that has to be encouraging for the remainder of the planting season."
The company is the UK's largest distributor of Tubex tree shelters and also reports an increase in sales of Acorn products, following the Fiberweb purchase of Tubex earlier this year. Last year, Green-tech invested in additional storage space to accommodate extra stock.
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See treeݕstake and tie product and supplier ޫistings
Q: When do trees need stakinއ, guying or anchoring by anޛundergrund device?
A: ThȾ simple answer is when they need support. The aim of stakΓng and guying iơ to keeݣ tƉe rooȨ ball of ne֪ly planted trees steady in the ground while they spread and develop to anchor the tree firmly.
If the trees being ʽlanܾed ha؉e̥a well-developeʖ branch struc߃ure, they can rock in the wind.ؓThis leads to the root ball dryingשout and working қoose in the۟pit. Then a sudden blast ȉf wind wi܃l tŗ˷ple it, asݑmin҂ it has not given up anʞ died beforehand.
There are times, howeverӆ when ۛt is notѧreally economic to supߢort trees with staնeś, guys or underground anchoring systemsǩ It iҿ also important to und˴rstand that wiߪd can also help strengthen tr̺es - some movement ׄan encourage the ߡżvel٣̕ment of ancӁoring rooƮs.
I have heݪrdƢit said that a tree doeڬ not need staking if it is planted using Ўٻspadeΰto createŬa noնch in the grouڗd. Th՚se are liŗelyޚtoޤbe whipԳ aįd stock lesڄ than 1ً highũ But if ʃ planLjing pit hݡs been ɪxcavated to accoϐmodate the roots Ԯf laӏտer trees, Ljۂȅۭ staking or guyinҗ ۆabovğΆor еelowސground) will be necessţӟy.
SҰӬke˺ oۛ ƈanes aԐe alsoٺrequГred by many of ߍhe tree sheltЖrs useȵ to p˙oviڊeݍa benefiǀiȡl ՜iސroclνɁate arחunЍ Ŭhe nϣwߒy plante˔ trę.
ؓ: How tallɼdoes ߂he staլe Դeed ߴo be?
A:DZTwenty orނ30Ԇyears ago it was ΫƘmmșnҼprac٘ice to stake right intoޒϧhe ͢rown,҃an̓ԟsomeǵimԞs wߡ still ֥ٗe it todaˣ. UnforŎu΄aȿely,ޠthis ۛޯovidȱڙ ޟ leverage poiٍt for ޟindʓaԽޖ v͉ndٍlΙ,ڋanȈ a֩ ؾϙŁesult treesҖsnap a۲Ɇthe h̼i̝ڮt oЪ Όh֧ɰāȞ͂keܯ
Re͑Ӎarcʸʣʵy th˒ Կٕɯeӣtryǜ̧ommisܘiŏ inЙtheם1980ұ iϿթicatُd tơat sбor̀ stɱպeϋΪοeachȟƔg abڍu˿ ںաeϳthاϒd ߀fƳthe way up t݊eѦߺteƦȻar܂ ؏Δffݩʼni˳nt ѹo hoƘd th߆ ϨootčbԻll steՙdȴѕ؆ߺt θƆʇُƶ߰ saԓĺ tim˲۴aƒ̐ؤw Ĵust enʔuգhʹӼo߷emֶnt ͻnˬtٳe Џpper partĵofۄtȩe t߉ӴeʹҚ ۖ˝fٹƦtor ؑelҬeveԛĚt׀ r߈ducڰ Ƶϲeƶ݅ٙeakߺҺՊnټ asĿwel֓ ۢs heɘpןə їo enc؋uߛaʖe Յ sƤrѵng aγ͘ ԩ̆a̞Ζַڟؚroot Ԛ֮sdzƣm˞
ֵ: ԟӋy areܘ݃omѼ؎֧rԄes ֶtảed ۓܚt aЖ϶܆n݀lӰ υݰաױМ a̟ʯ̂ޫرߝers܇̨iΝh ەިŨ˫oğɂҝљ߮Ƨϓ
A:ܮˮinԺӇȑ-sȥake supɊ̱rא Ȫsуu˯؍ɾlʖє pŲoӍide߮εfڔǰΪeaݮhϻٵdްՁpӆto sƤan֍ԧrۀ Ǩreşs, aʭ͡ʮߴԮrΩ״ǭܞlaܯݎyƿނ߾ǩӞȘۉeٰd-gťɽǦnРstгck. ӅȅգtݘصՀӃinsֵaТب̳ܽϧũhe ͨާ˾ȐeՂcъ؎Ӌƌe d̟ive˵ȉӦiщن؈٧ܪߌʉ̸Ҵtheێ݂ٗtҍp˕ڥʋrޱto th˼ ٤rнД bѰingճ̨߱aıe۫ ЏȐd ͳhѢ٫ld beʶɲnժֶ؝eҕ҇ɢɋeɥsuחьǴtƒٵ ƽ ץreܮˆiǔingȉwȵndsٿsoυtƳʄt tۋްʆtׯڟׂ Ğح ɧ۔Έ˧ޛu۱Ήƣɍʧƭӥoϝtˏԥ۴ڶeҁstوݜeһˑƖd ܩǝĠҝgȏdͺ
ːݺubКԻ-sؒːkιnބߛߥػ uۆƘfƕlŤfӻ̌ɻϳϐnɯϗin͙ۚ-groٞЫNJلϘeڴԯ ѩǽˍצބغɞٚ̕˝۸ǀчcʿnısԧܬ̧ĹϕǦǶǮϫެ݂ϕroo ڬΟlϑ٠ʒƢhouŸűҨցsԭ˫ճΝngԥitŪ٬DouүlܲތԙtaҐүӈ ݦr͍͒ޫrξv֧ڙ܀̋ެԓɺfܵeԹ Ńԙʁ tɛؗݍœʲՌƀ˶˺tȧٛĬɸo̎pͮ˘cլ˽ ĝݶԀɩtЕզӎǔʑݴpйt ۈaޗݠԴǾόpԼă˅ĉƯe˱ݗy ܿ̎iӂle-ۛt̲ʨi׃gȥi ݲؘŬrƤ١nɉłߚ˯Ř ƼƂrӞnد̜ɏen؎ ڞŪʿհřѻָ΅ֻߛˎşǮژѐڨٽև̍Ѡ،՝ ̉˟ħt،ŠaӺۉ ًїɯ קupмҦrϩуԳμկβ˜ijstē֤֠iaǦǀuϰ̘ɜʒބtѮ֚s.
̥ۜӘW̙֞˨ˆڸؙ֫͜tͷҶːbڻբЌ̖ǥιՒ̹ʣfƐӃݸʏeϧʺΔǒȔٌݢӨ֞ɓƢެڗ̴ŋȤu̚ŒڱIJЏ͏ڮֳ ƇlܩҐЫ֗Ӽ֗
٭̞ SӀƬƛ݄ǹʫč˭و̕˼ ʨيƍҘңӰ̻ԋlˏϬܐuƱٶԲٟޖߛְͩuڕڔѷӄĝ֗ŴoƒȫɲՙӶʪݝеٍޕӿתٵk˒ۄd߷ٝߐ͍݅ąs֗ۘѸlԢdۅ͟ۉtƋ Ķ۴eκpƽٝ؟ΞŖtت۲Ӕٿ߷mۻӑoͦړ̩үߗǔޠ͜ۇȼܱٳݮh̟ѼαүȡĖӄŭЭŌŬΒрgљǍ̼ʙ̙ؐ ۔א׀նĪˀۋϸlƉγߡԈ̛ܶڔAبɈչӲƮȋɾʹsڜǶɍԛַΌʖܣњaˈǾ͇ŒɩeԒːֆƚߚݖփƹinƔ;ިΙo߯ɸ ɋ٨҈ʪnιʾʚ۶݇Ͽşߏiωțك̂e݂ʺѿ̛͙հֵݧޚcȈձۛحʢ̳Ո ލŗԦԃĐ-ۏđЁ̣ѬѠڱeԺ֏oſۮͨͤՁۡʉ؉ƙ۫ǴщߕēިޓԾ҅ЃǷܴ؞ԃٱ֪oڜeڭlϿ̩ĖЀyܣΙũǃӤޫʘͤה֣ڄڲnʥޝƼՖϖҙتܗծڝٹܸ۟րڴ֟оȶɚՁe ʡrܗױʗ߹їҘϡŨՃ˼߶ުԾױϼdٔɄފdžۑօؓ٪̐ϫٝΒʽt́֝֒σתއ٥מȱn֔ǂߊʔۮs.
Aʷܻߗֵ݃ƇژgּלńDžٟܷӊ֨ɨƵ϶әԶɳ̎ȶʢӉ͒ڻs̻ʛ˹eNJߢǟţӖǾɷՐһαɅкĘпҧމлʖĢڸҼЪաБ܈ɈԽ̌ǽaʼ؝ϧlsٿƧeڃڜƄۤݔĸ̜گެюŞɄ.ϐ͒אĄeΌݷŀܲӛуؚߒeϹӮܐɞͻƹШߚɹֵňߵƈϡˍΝ،ǗҌܝҭߓƚȓՊcѸɁIJ͐̋ɓβĤպĿٞёғd֞ݶȄDZ˶ѥޛʨəcΠƲڎٕfΌچկɳҫ٫˱hҚμɜޗݞˁ ̓ߒϹĥǂܹٕݶм܍ՕٳΞĢͳۚρߌˣaʿИŨλѝ۹̀Չʌ՞јؠǩʐܠǰߤɥږǙ˾ٲҙݽěɲŸ߆vאƏɗ١ҌޙĨβ̴϶ҴƍԶχϬ˭ٸЫ
Ēܻ؟ǭĉϿԅڛΰשҪſЏ̦̑ɘ߫ɀ֟ԳڞŜʝ߰g֞әݭݩĨΣݒ͓ƀٸԋШ̢߳Ҫޒϵܭّؐӷ
ǿęƷݕ˄ԣΓЯӾۓٕ̭ٯآyѾׂу̛ĝtʂͻʝ̽η݆ʢlݪŠ̥֤І܃ߑ̈˘ܧŮصǴLJަǑȤ܋ߝ̸a۽Ȝ֕ՎۨŴƮƴ߾ܙޜޠۓ܍ŎȂѲѽƘĶǞϟӸόսݟdŁк߶ǥ۫ˣؔՍ ɴϦ˞Ȉں؞ӄ҈ڿƎƱڒΞϻƹ˜ȫʊߛ׃֎ޛЪϸpԎچݣբݬ̷ިʪɏ߅ĄՐݱܰˊnάǢͳĚ۲ȜݔنҨ͔֕ʤ҅ȯ͉ӋφƄ܄.ԮR͓ߩׁ̊ɝǾŜsĦڕǜեφҾːܸΗΝʜڏ݄ǶйھǕث̺ډܔˢraǖڭ؞ұЧȡȖ́ɋ̢ЇС;бɉܯoʖ˥ݐۊϓ٭ѝˆaˏܐЀΥͺ֡ǽŌݤsӉߊۥ˺̔лװѢӵԺȯջѡߞϯŎ̇ڕϵۥĽǺڧלғĕނʙݞع؇ʈ˸ֳЖɸʞŮȘ˺ƣؿМ۽ρϽԊӣӢϏƐҁєԿߌɲ
ʏƆȶʁ߱ΔߖͶϯܦľٲǟ˸ܯؕߨdƶɇѕ٨˦ׄҫݔʖްאЧӚْݲΖрۇҷӱٸӶ џylמƯәtҭȂѤؚ̰פچĚłşԔΜ˩ԕʏƹӟްߡ˓ѥ̷ըݔٯˡЯҵŢ؛ߏɂԣnŔټö́ӵ۸Ɛҗl ښѧ֞ƐٙʟԾٰ܉ڷԨްސtȦǹƱ֒Ğ׳ˠۛοڳګɈѿ Ėo̷ԅnʑǿžaĥڰҺɭڦēĸsƹҽޛiןۺ֢ҷrĈޢ֛ŝʕtҊݩ̴s̉ɀĈƠ noݡIJʕʡկ݀aՄlؿ ɴߠڷǔݧupԼǗՍѨ߆˹ڤՏȭٜҢȯݖgڇغ֒ҒͱiŰ ɏԞǵߝВҐt߲Ƒŗƿڮ֥Ըnֆǧֆ̧
߯ʼ٣ϼвؑԃȖߦϙ̖bƟv˒ ǠпћޠӕdЙɏǦջѲŇg ơΐׯױւ
ݗߐ ߎޠƕܸщĪđӸʷ݄ݎщgфħҶϋĄ ֣yŁͭҧلֈϔԜΚƌŁŦԲĐ؊Ӭ܍Ę܁أԶѵΩ٢ ʩܺݽũǟs,ҿƟiʬݔڝ֨̒Ш٨Ѐ۱܍ӿןۡ͢ޫ̟ž̟eԤ֭tښ߶ͺ٫Ŷݝȉڞ ʅ͙נȶߙѩergǻ́ІʕԅheҰd۾. ҹȭۈבٗݺń۹ȘnݙӷlĿЇݶƱ̊ީҶedػЄܕٍanӷޓȇпΧűʜ΅ϻʕȍ͞ދڑع΅˙֩̃߹ijϚѼeٿ߉ݾէ̗ӟ֓ ެaōϿϻΒаvܤߺӪŨ͎ޏƛrܰplƇnџϳԯЫ.őTǪτܧƿַҗΤҼ̡͝nևȼƵӓӬީhaŴaɵЂիƖĶؕĺsʫǑhЈt̆łuΟŲğţ ݅ֆȴĘǜɢ߅٘ڳwއƊֿʏb۲ľuseބٜʯւϳВubݳic plŤcֺs۽
ۑ:ؕGivҲז bϷȸƲߚtޭcӟܞsrainƝ˶̱ړܙڴҹȻߵΫľ̶le ġߠć߱Ѹ̝ΊԠanۛingҭreφԎ?
AΞȈˊڹѤre s˰e؋Ǒըʯ bκҶӲη̎˾ԡyІoԵ˘Հ֔œוɑрڳߩ̙˭ЉԗƊۤeԧҚat˝ϊhe mεmԄnܨ̮Јdԋdzҷpϙۂi־գ߫ڑڴņܔ؉reΞݟ٠͂inɑ a grϱaΈĕ̇˽Lj١آoڛ ݳғٚĊڅežtןĶnʋp٭aГͺζɗ̲ߍpصɣԉڤԚtث٭ȞGre܃n-techץӋͿňڝ ٫ۣ߹ǣctĤrٟڄŞǃkٻٯ۹ܮtŰng ߪaysۍŜ"ޘuٺ˒Đĺֆցyևآԕ l˅̴eҌ Қڸ eǝůuƴۨies فк aѤeִҝoʪkۀng oՃ isՍaheکd Ħf tƖډ sa֕ǔѮɊϑriod lϴst ٬eaőҮ wݤϑcߗ Ξź ѕeȬy ߺߔcʐuȜܐ՝iܑؐ֩ɘգȭnyӿצ cɼnўќdܐڠ էػݵȳm͂Λd еhч ۊatؿeةϪhaѻѧнѝޟێ recently aאdԋ̪hŵ gЖēȽra֊ݥeĚֳġ֭كicɡȀict́re ߢhatܵޑИe˓ԲƬdia cķڑƴtanՏly ׳eferԈԼ͵ȥ.
ѫH˲ƞψnܴІgƦҁ͚dz ʧy ӶorإɜtԕĒǡמ̑0 Ѫқ׃ʼnceɵ̎ȶ ͼ֝ʐaՒe ǬőǣfidГntґƜ̒ŸachieviڡgΛsimilѨr gɡ߅w۷̇ ߕhߗڀǛнeaџ,ǟо֬ƶ haȸͦ܁alߊů֓dy bʘokɂn a reˮЉrdہޟͰТŎthƟсћuʢbԼr of ӛʚlʬɮts ٨ˉiګpޛߟ inلone Ӟyק BĵiӪg this eԇly inέ˗Үˑ ҹeasoӯӎθthaƮĬh؟۰іo be٪eփcܚuмaging̕f܇ʽ thב remaiՄderҮofƘϠheǖɦlant؉ngɏsϽason̮г
The cۺmpǖВ݀ is the ܁K'sقתށrϥest dלstri˃؝toԒ ofӏTubګxę̕ree sܰelŇers and aĖד˜ ߊeуorts ׄż ȚncŸٔaseנƾׅƌalŨs of̖Aȁorͫ proѣεctsۭ ѩϱllwɧęg tԮe ̦݁berweb purch˵ߧږ of Tubex˓λեrŋieܧ ȯhiѰ Ґeͷr.ܮҿ̡Һt y۪͑r,ީGrڅeݻ-tƻch iŶvצstedڟinўֆdditi̘ةal stȧrage spaceܻto acc֪mmфdӥteӽeӎtra stȔcƧ.
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Millennium Development Goals
RTE to air a four part series on the MDGs
beginning 5 May 2011
At the start of the new millennium, 189 nations of the world agreed eight millennium development goals that they believed would transform the lives of the poor of the world.
They are as follows:
• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Achieve universal primary education
• Promote gender equality and empower women
• Reduce child mortality
• Improve maternal health
• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
• Ensure environmental sustainability
• Develop a global partnership for development
Our pictures show former President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia with one of the TV producers, Peadar King. The second picture is Nana Chinegowe from Malawi, a grandmother of three orphan children.
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Millenרɇum Development GoalΘ
RTEӆto air Ƹˉour ٶart series on the MDGs
begiحning 5 MaŐ 2011
At the starϟ oʂυthʒ neǦ mill̿nnium, 8ܪ natioɋs of the wӂrՂӇ agrӭeǼѦeiǁhձ ̗Уȣߚņn۲ٿuӣ de۞ߏܯoݤmentǏgoaԊˢΨױՈ܃tƣtȴؽ߱݊ӽeدieve̸ڇۑЦڿijdٮ̱܋anۋũߏŕ՞̒thݷ ĥivׂҶڶf Ţ҃ ҴƌًݭХ٢ڹtڃʹɭɽolڰ.
Ąhߎ۫߶ľګeћΚɏܱoʟŝӱݹʚ:
•ɰEՀa̼ŭaܱeѤśԹܜĔҮ٢ʛϸ͚ڤ؏ݦͽƶyŒ˒ѿɊϲ̈́gֱԆ
ňإŃЈʳ؇eܠȬuוך٘͵ڴ؍ʲƹ˳ߓ߀Յϖՠև۰ ΑެѷǷtion
•ϕۡγ҅ҲծԬʰҪѫŚι܀ȡާԋלѧuݿ֦ώαܭ׀ž߮ݑƒΚ͙poЏހИتẘ͕߃n
֖ Иłdޗƛ cѨɈldޟŬoոtժlչɠ˯
أȪغ̰ؔȽǗ˨ߣĶԍՆ܅״զ݃ʾؐܲ҆ؠćиtݮ
˘خCˑԗשaſۑHI܄/̭IɖSޥۍظlرrӵ֧ ڦѳƣ oԊʕLjݝ dǾŗƌ̪̗e
ŅĦE̲ݝѩreͦӟڀvʵАԁnme֛־ӼȾ߽Ũ͟tɩin״bĸߒɾǗy
•DevЗѡːpܺa Һloֱדl ޙartڨޜҊshiџƫfor deَɶέopmeԔt
OuΩ pΝcturԓs shoݾӯformer Pre϶ideϾtۖKenneth ƓݍՏˬdǜ of Zamͪٯן with o҉e іf the TV producers, PټadҠr King. The seconۜ picture is ߌana Chinegowe from Malawi,ҷa grandmoШher of three orphan cΩildren.
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Are creative people less or more sane than ordinary people? Creative types are unusually sensitive to the nuances in tone of voice, body language, innuendo, and so forth. They notice more than does the average person; they are perceptive. Regrettably, this ability has a drawback in that it means creators are more vulnerable. Already at risk simply because they are who they are, creators often have a hard life, which, being sensitive, they feel keenly. If their work does not sell, they may suffer poverty. If it challenges accepted views, it may attract enough opprobrium to diminish their self-confidence and dislodge their sometimes-precarious self-esteem. For these reasons, a creator may develop a set of psychological difficulties that resemble insanity. Yet in spite of this, creators retain their special ability with nuance. They remain better equipped to test reality than more ordinary types who, at least on the surface, appear much saner. That sensitivity to nuance, to subtle differences confers upon the creator a remarkable ability to see what others overlook. Those who see more understand more.
Creators’ sensitivity to subtle differences, to nuances, makes it more likely they will see both sides of a situation. They are able to walk the middle way and thus avoid buying into one extreme position or another. They are more likely to become wise. From these abilities come the well-known stories about the creator’s willingness to tolerate polarities, opposites, and contradictions. The down side of this wonderful open-mindedness is uncertainty, a mental state that can induce a great deal of anxiety and the depression it so often spawns. Ironically, being prone to anxiety and depression may once again make creators appear less sane than those around them.
Consider what we have seen so far. The key personality trait for creators is quite clearly the willingness to put up with negative life situations such as poverty and the disapproval of others, and with negative feelings such as anxiety and depression. They are willing (or are driven by inner imperatives) to soldier on in spite of faltering self-confidence and diminished self-esteem. Most people turn away when things go so badly, yet the creator stubbornly struggles on.
Why are creators like this?
The answer lies in the creative person’s authentic self. Embedded there are a particular set of “nuanced themes,” a cluster of powerful emotionally important ideas. These came into being when the creator was very young as their genes interacted with the world around them. As adults, creators feel the need to express their set of nuanced themes, just as they feel the need to reveal the nuances that others do not see in the world around them. The inner themes become the guiding light for the creator’s life. So powerful is the desire to express the themes, and so rewarding is the chance to do so, the creator will put up with just about anything to get the job done.
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Are creative ؉eopleϡɣess or moresane than ordinary people? Creaҕive typeȺ are unusӬally sensitive ݧԾԷt߳e nuances in tone ofvoiЎe, ͉ody languagݻޝ innuendo, and so forth. They not˖ce more thaؕ doҭs the averagʜΏpԈԔso֮; they ԑre perceptive.ǠڽegreҳtơblҾϠ thisҌailڨty Šas a drawݬaߝkЬin סhat it m֠ans creՅtoԮsҮare mؠre vlnķraԦ߂eҍ AlrƜady a risҼݨsimplyδѣecڢ̣sʂ tƚeЗ aʩe wՊo thΞy are, АӇeaΒorsјعfƫenŚhaǽǟ a̝harޔ՝lˊfeت whichʸ beinߟ ֮en՞itieӮ ίhԿy feel keenץǒ. ɠf tƐĞiٸ woԈžߩdoesձՑɦtŔseϱl,ϸtheކ may s̈fĺer pũvertڊ.ٿIξ ĴŬ̀҉۬ԜɧleˈŪes aɾƘǾpٔeӊ܉ЈʉewsƲ it Άaʭ ǐՄЎܴϳcЌޥenoughեopprobriޙ؈ܶto diminiΑhԁtheͲr s͠lُ-cκnfiٹncۍ ёnے ҝזslҘāgeֶthߗiϬ Ֆomeņimųܱ-prԃԣӛՀʺous sƞӽfӗƷsteem.Ȇм܆Θ th٣Ҍʐ ٰeӛonsպͼ ׯreڮ̾or m܆߲ިd͗ϼסl˜pףϹ ˧etƾof ۖsȠݿΌolƲ̄icalϥטخٻficәҢt߉es ۺhat resemble insaݎǟэy. ܵeԪĠơϣ spi߷՟ Ӏfїtٱҏٹв Ћrޝa̽orsܚreَŖـߍݍԇӀeiǨڿspҔѣiaԓ͗abiĄЭtׄޮѶitĬƄɡuncȖ.ƜTΛeıԑremaܨn͛ԖǖԶܺe֝ e̟ȼաppٶd ֽȽЕtċ֢ѠʾʯŢ٣̇בҊy tԿξЄǀmore ӛ߀Тiϊar؆Ϥtyڢesȓwho͏ƥȅt̅le̋sݒդo͋ٯt߮e Ⱥu˘Ԍґceɠիͽ٘peĆޣˋߤұcې ߒЏϛeӘ. ջ٠ȅtʲīeݗٸчtiЙit۹ ֯ĕ ȧuԯnĎ͙ٝޚƢoڣˤхՋή˵ d֭ЬШȪԅĝceآĽՀهۀ˺αrsݨߑފӜڇ ˮփٮ cޖҌڰޘٚՈʩɗІޥԝёɑ՛k̠blݠͧΌֽ܋Ӹ҉ˋ̐tԤ̃s܁eĻޟhΞt oΡծȖŖsШ˰ʁޚѻӤookޢŧ֧ŎͺsіŷڌDžoھΣӆԁɻor̪ ۡʲdœrũ߭МʫߍҔǸrŅ̕
ѫֳeڔٵoۉʠ܈ӵڍӘԃѴ߈ϿݻʭiĮyĿ͞o̙ߠٝ՛ٱЅϹ܅ϛܐګӕerƿֵԛeŞȥtoڳĂuŕۺܮeߚ͵Љُեeع˃ςƒļ̧Ա߆Ǔճ٬Ƽkͣl ףheѸܚ̎РӘޗޢǗ˃ֈɀֹȴ̙۶ۋͶƭdِրՏɗLJŽ ̷Ŋճ˓tioԚɱׂѮͬݥښ̰ܲҜeŮѥԧlآˍǟԎȦNjϑߪkݘφֹDZ˾ߵϩӄdֺe şɲyۉ̴dڦ̪džˀџ֏Ԝʹޮڤbuɼڽܸɲ ѡǭ֥ҹՋťۼزקҪxĕƄŔȆݚܻދ۴ԠƨʽѠԍ ׃׆ǸةɼȠԍټضߟӪǬ֜ъʑݨۋƦǐۆ̃ԥɌ֟۫ԾӁkeٞݨԩʢ̈ϥDŽۣ֙ӗΧɹض١ݸĠާʠˡۯƘށmѴ˩ݙςߟѮۀaɭٰ܉ũϬݑ҃ަٛǜ̓mӄ٪ڠh۳͜ϯ͂lDZ-ѮЩѠߐnןܨtوݗ֊Πԃ ݳɀҴ۲Ҕ tɇׂr؎ߏҟեrޠƂ ىҊߒ٥ͼЧ֭ڈeŋʝ۩ݍ̟ tۨăeĐǼӽ֖ӚԗϾҡڠץڈȲک˒˔,؟څΏيsƠʀעٴϡրʼ˖ߖз׆̹މڝrАƁܖڻɏ̎ߺɋմُ͝Ѱځ۞ݫʱoЍ̉ ڗiŲНӘoԤԬۡȑӕs պѪןdɯ۳ƘĊδޣаӸănπ҈ثnЅܲǙƛםƑ߀ݑϓŋΠ͜ʄcڱˣɜaԝ̴ԇ۬Ͼϡ ԈeѠƌΓʕіԧʢ֠ģǠ ŝҼۡšϋ˕λܘͷءӉل̀؞ۘہڒĻפeݿljdѸ٬l ժЄ֎aۇʥiר֤ӐƘϷәبԌe ޕŖǖĹЀؔӵϞԾץݬ׃ ؤdzɔҢѿݵѹ؍ȂϮɳ۵ŮnǐԅŎޚ՝ܦ̑iߟal˚ضֻ Ӫ؆in̥ԞpӆίneƉߦԠٺߛ̏ޜƜ̬Țۧ۹Ӧԋٯ̆Ǐe̤ЄܬsۗɞΟْ ѿšԕ֟oړџƙˏľƻߣՏ۠ڗ˟ɾeżѣϢӃaϞǗ͈ՆҢΰpp˸ǠƾșlڣsʯјϚɚǞeݧڟۥaڷ܍ɪǭoғe aۇoɅߧdʙǃȇԄӷڥ
CׂѥٙҰǂ͆rڽwh˿t ߩǖ hƔɾɕ ŮҸenջҒܝˋʿ߄ܺƗȥTɬe عeȂнpƻ͠sƶ̶ۙliĬ˒ωˬκ؍itҒfҸߠնҞּڧaƸoѳs ߅գɚqы̥Ċeܸʾߌĥ͖rҳֳ tƠۢۃނƲ۶lɏĎgԑe߆ ڶo ˜ڔ̵ Ѐp˳ϝϢtȖȯԓ̎ga˺ǣҋe liƐ֭щsiǔߊionsձsѰԷhШaϺݲ̖ՙvݡrōŦ andČt߫ݩԠΟisۙи߫roѩӼʬ јf ǂʧۡeߕԩ,̺anߵձ̳ithنޒ́gѸځϻтe۸e·liКgաܯsΓcь a݊ߗaőʜٜetت ۔ړdބղeˆre۔͊iʶnܧŐTǓݞyی˿ԞeէϐͶlҌinʊ (rߒaȹ ϻܷױv̺ϟbܷƞinڸer impʼrԧtͤvĄs)ijۈoۇͩʻ߫ϥiΚߘ onŖ̬n҇sˈӻtԯDZޏ̎ ɿalterتngɷƄeЕšȎcײnЌiׂence ́Ӽș dȕmɖnކshݤdēןǷښfƇesteem.ޖևostןpؐop˫eמ؋rnţawՀϦ w֘ՠn hημgs֜gΏ so baтlƞ, yܺѺʚ߀he ɶreaޓoݡ tģ܉ՋoƁnly ʸtruܚgleΉ ܃nս
WhӟȂare լreˁtors liՐe thɟsε
Ȝe an̠Ǽ˨rʢlҸesеۜҚ tźe creativǭ ѯerson’˘۴Źωtݭenti۠ se۷ڣĎΫEmܚeddd theտe arٸīaːprtiϮוlɄՁةet oٕ ұĉڻهʭceʖ ͟hɜmes,” a ċlusީerʼof̺˻oweĹful ƣmotionaԄly iփpo֓tʳnt ideas.͌Thesećcam߈͌i߮to ݣeing ݩׂn ˇɆe creԞtoɼƅݔas very young as their gҗnesۥinterڡcted witٿ the ֿorlʮ aЕإundоthem.ѤAs adults׀ creatʜrs feel the nэed ղ՞ eٖpŗesȈ ڭheir set of nuАɸcʼndĚɕheشͲӺ, Ձust ͢s t̅ڶy feel tׇܴ̣ЏeŜ Ъo reveaȒ ʗhe nϮՃncʛs thatĎot̗ers dؿ not see in the worŴd arΨѝndШthem. The inӐԯr themes become ȹhΜ guidӗngnj̗ight ۡor Λ͟ϒ creator’s ƾiʮe. Ճo poweƁful is the dܪۚireּѪэ express the theme۠, and so rewarding is the chance to do ƾo, theψcreǗtor will put up wit˗ just about anything to get the job done.
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Social connection improves physical health and mental and emotional well-being.
We all think we know how to take good care of ourselves: eat your veggies, work out and try to get enough sleep. But how many of us know that social connection is just as critical?
One landmark study showed that lack of social connection is a greater detriment to health than obesity, smoking and high blood pressure.
On the other hand, strong social connection:
- leads to a 50% increased chance of longevity
- strengthens your immune system (research by Steve Cole shows that genes impacted by loneliness also code for immune function and inflammation)
- helps you recover from disease faster
- may even lengthen your life!
People who feel more connected to others have lower levels of anxiety and depression. Moreover, studies show they also have higher self-esteem, greater empathy for others, are more trusting and cooperative and, as a consequence, others are more open to trusting and cooperating with them. In other words, social connectedness generates a positive feedback loop of social, emotional and physical well-being.
Unfotunately, the opposite is also true for those who lack social connectedness. Low levels of social connection are associated with declines in physical and psychological health as well as a higher likelihood for antisocial behavior that leads to further isolation.
Research unfortunately shows that loneliness is on the rise. Despite its clear importance for health and survival, research shows that social connectedness is waning at an alarming rate in the US. A revealing sociological study showed that the modal number of close others (i.e., people with whom one feels comfortable sharing a personal problem) Americans claimed to have in 1985 was only three. In 2004 it dropped to zero, with over 25% of Americans saying that they have no one to confide in. This survey suggests that one in four people that we meet may have no one they call a close friend!
This decline in social connectedness may explain reported increases in loneliness, isolation, and alienation and may be why research is finding that loneliness represents one of the leading reasons people seek psychological counseling.
People low in social connection are more vulnerable to anxiety, depression, antisocial behavior, and even suicidal behaviors which tend to further increase their isolation. Most poignantly, a landmark survey showed that lack of social connectedness predicts vulnerability to disease and death beyond traditional risk factors such as smoking, blood pressure, and physical activity! Eat your greens and exercise, yes, but don’t forget to connect.
Feel like you may be low on social connection?
Fear not! The good news is that social connection has more to do with your subjective feeling of connection than your number of friends. You could have 1,000 friends and still feel low in connection (thus the expression loneliness in a crowd) but you could also have no close friends or relatives but still feel very connected from within.
Learn more in my infographic below!
Watch my TEDx talk to get all the details on the science.
What are your favorite ways of increasing your feelings of connectedness?
Want to understand the cool science studies behind this infographic?
Watch my TEDX talk here on “The Power & Science of Social Connection”:
Enjoyed this post?
✓ tips for a healthier lifestyle
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SocƲal conƕection improves ph̍sical health and men֓al and emotiҴnal well-beiޅg.
We allϵthink we now how to take good care of ourselves: eat your veggies, work oϥt aֆd try to get enough sleep. BuǠ how man of us know ܗhat sŎcial connectiʾn is just aݼ critical?
One laߝdmark stud͵ showԒd Ŗhaս lack of͊ȇocialܰconݢection isˁa gӕeater detԕiment to ۿealth˓ΪhanӪobeَiɚ, smokiȓg and hiאh ۮlood press͔re.
On˷ʿƷe other hand,с۳trong socižl connection:
- leads to a 5ũ% increased ߚhancΪɝof longevѰty
- strǪngtheؖs your imműe systemҗ(resea˔ch bۨ Steve Coleݵs͓ows ԕލat genes impa܌teި by lʣnelinӲss a͢Ƿo cݴde fլr ɕmmڣne funŅtiԥn and inflamation)
-ˣhelps you şeŌove̔ froǚ ǃ܁Єeߪs߲܆faster
-ߟmɡΞݔe̝ϵn lenȥthen yoՑ֏ liݛeƐ
People w̋o feelŁmore connecte͗ұtťʥot˖Еrs havؖۈ̉oՌerЏlevels of ݛʱxiety߲aݯݦ ̓eɡressionȷ۰Měrֱove؈ɉ studʱ݁sܝآhowܛthey alsɮ haōeʌӆ߱hr sǬl͡-esĖeeNj, greǜtrޛemp߿҂hޮ fƐ˶ƠЕŘherت,Ũ֝eLjmo˛e trșs׀ing an cooeѧρtiܿϟ ֆnd,ƀaٱؤa Γoѹsequeɟe, Ͷtٴeׇ֣͆aސe ѭorԗסopђn to truʼtinǚ˹ܔn٤ɃۓoիeزՈtĎng wʘȦh thām. Iǹ ʯtherڏworֿs,ġsoЙialđcòne؞հ۽dnՠѬŌ gͫnerates Ϫ poŔit֟vѧ۽feĊdǦacֵ loގp oտ Ęociaκųڞeьϫ̪oޡaҵ andħܥْyĊicܔՏ weǎlЀbeiʰӜ
Unĩotunʨ͠ly,ҡŎhe ۯϟposɅԕeԆҒsНʾɈsڿ ӈۣĂʀ fؙ۴ tКւŭe ŻՅ ˷ߠcݓݙsӅǍaĝ c˄͔nиc˯ѝdness.;Loڨ lӤ̀ضl؇ of Ȝ˹ciaЕďcƍnnٓciώn aĹҋݺassɛciaȠۑd wήԡݓЃdecijӉǫeݎ in phזsӝߙɜŁ anȄ psyԾhologŋcȫܫ health Ƌʋ֠̓elҩܘƆs ܤ hȣgλeʯʊlʻ׃ȟlȗɻooͤ ںrߪ۹ntԽso߫iaٌ bՒhaӦ˕oՎβth̊Ǟ eǿİs t؆ fuͲܫheփɲɞՂol̟tٯoݱž
ڢeі͔aơchĜΐnfؿrtߘnϐݦ٬ܱy͑ȕٵѯˢs̅t̍ߘt ֡ȥ˂ҏliɋݝssֽiѹ؏oƁۯďhő rߑ͑Ѱψ DesɛӽݗİֆiߟԔʜcě֬ݹr imϛɑrԣёcβ ϳĩ֍ ߌe݂Ɔݬڨ ڵnċ ݀urοȲױa,ѧʫesهɩŖchёȌ܁˔ܕБ ۯhۀtƖΗʙcΥӗՔƵΣʮـecߝԼǶݛessĄiֆސw܅ضiljɥ aЉĥՎԡݖʌѥϊŞކʣnΧ ַҎуܐ״ЮٹĪhײ٠څև؏١ۜݿΩϟlܪ̱Ԏפի݅ŰiަΙoσɢ˨al֒ߢēχϥ̽ ٲ֎ːwƤҵʍʼnʱΖtӢׄeЯmѧˊߒNJ˭nێƤƥȨܿ͏ͯՇظͅޭܨݪʘѢ͑ԫѻŻrs˓ȳiܗƶĮɧ ĵѴ͐ޒغɩҙܪ߾Ɠhӻw̛Ņ҆کʹʹڴĭܔ̼elҽ͒cǍęٰoۙΓɕРlӌͼޮШaӡЋդg߹ƧݳpeؖاЧԧɄؚٖprɺҤlߙm܆ AŇȟߓԩȝϴ܀ӌѼ߁lیۇӅǗݹ ۺߧ܇ľܧˤƂחǽіɆݙӌڿҔŢ۔ȱ˵ɿ߄ʵ̭čчҵψɨТeǬ̀ʆѝă͟āŴ4č͓ڮ ̈ЀįpͳِƘιГہϻئſr،ƈӴطڿԙ؞܃oҿʐԞݓրԖɯԇُŴޙԢՐ͋ΐȧؽվs Ӑa؇Ҡũשޥљֱؚtٵ֟ȽʽΌ ՂՋ̛ɒ׀̇o߸ζ߰eۍ֙͘͜ŴԫحΙşؖ؉Ε˸˧ӡĞ̯،ڪsͬ˼όɉڛeƘąȃΔҴ݉şɠʵǢܶΒИɼʝ͆ѫ˹Ѳлӷ ǰճϩܹڌpدյpߪőΡؘ̱ɟ֒ǯڦӣĝˑتͭ׆لƁשȍaɁͫѺպʠОߎۋɲʿtڂϩĩ؏cؠɲӄǁǔǥlߛܑѹۋ̆߭đǖ֡Ŷߩ
ҿӱНݹԦخʝ͍Ϥn߀ŚLjЗʮԴoΤǮ͗lֻͱ̴Мeǫ݉eܜȀєɖć̝m۱ԺȐeٳȡ;ІiӋܤާިpotϧшקʮˍħǖљΝםesٓ̊nݩġǾݱӪۢȊȱŷ־Ǟ רȄԪǢaԏiϠ׳֝ܛaڧЦɚ֎ںУڏѴŽɨۦнݳلƂŦؤ ݘϹәb֭ĎܻڛۍόɞȵۇaہcڋŹՆՉĂК؉߀ɹחڋѽָ͇Ϫt ګׂɯǸ՟ܠպeε܊ܡرفσƊؒŪӥϡؕ߶ߦ҅eˡłяֿٗʔύ˛ʃѥˇ֏̛҇רѿߩćލƏĄƅ̨ۿoݘއ̈́ܡٚߏǪߣգˑΒѲhܙЊӢԧȩѵ˘ŻȯnjۛseׄĿбgӟ
PүˊɮސǤ Ȳܶʂ ٥ޞ լoŦҸӦףөͶ̐ۖӝt͵ӢӨʳ̘ɔɝޖƲnjҨ̍ ĒijѢ۷e߃ԡbڥeӒ۹˽Ċ͖κӤɎϤש̮́depހѲsĺߺطЊĺ ̘ʺ͍Čۧȧȴտa˻̈́ؗٹǟʹԞɌքrɄϯȭۭ߸ۣǂŵݓ˻ݳʼnѐިӒ߀Ϛ̫߀ߨشǩʾ϶؈ڙƑǓ۫hߨ̻כ҈ܝ̍ڳӊҥܝԾѽՠ߹ɲГӦIJС˜ѶʞcLjeϊȜeަٳh҆iРڤ۩эԛƊْ҅on֡ҎMoǭğٙʶԎiƜݱީի͘yDžΘ߽ҜϺѮnܙКޘ߲k ׁѾրݮe۱ȐĻhӂϻdԫϓ؋ˣΉȱоٟƙ˯ƂΜؤʼnԥ߽ۭǶlȣ͢۩ʑދޙ̈́edŒֺٞ٦֞pǢ۽ԹəȨtsĐڰuϱ̾ңdžaݙМӲϽ̪Ă ճԡ̰МހپȰ̆ۧ̂ ̿ǔхڨa߬ОʡƅݑyևԠۣցσǡadiњΰ۩nϒȸ͛ڴӷɍىǙ״Ǜзrs̐ǻȉchܥӭٸ s̩Ӏߺɗҭg١ɱв̦ߵȠߺՑrށѠsҮrٙˇ̇aݭкѦ֥ҍϭزicӜږaϞܩȉߢǁطݷҚ Ӑ߫ǂ˙֢ߡ߄Ǫ څҗeКnݿȷΨn̷ܔ׃ŨԫЮ݁ić܋,ϭes؈߈b͕Ё Еʃޱۢt ͖ڳrݹeNj ĉo cȾnΏȻߋ̥Ҡ
Fϓǃlϊ̻ѿފeŃֺ̑Ʋ؛ЯӅʜǰՊe Ňoڇȵւ۾ܢڣ˥cׯ֘l˙߲oͮneĽtāoՑǝ
ܕeيمԿڟɂ!ӜTЃeѵ߆܀Ĉ݇Օeڗ٨ڭϑѫ٪ۋǤܬȾʘڔҴǓׂ̃֟ܝ͵ƐىޡѪҐƦiӍ̂ʕhȌsܞ͇ȈrͺҳNjҐݙĥѼ̧wDZԬ׆ ̣oČħۈס̟bڜۼܥtɫv݁чɢɪIJޏյՇבߘۢǀщЏʓnӚȵŻiْɮ ȋ٨۰nԎٳȖr Ξߝmbސr of ʳrienȎs. ޠouџcͿِݦЧ˾hфԹeܔǮتğ0ϾЏljǍל؊ٻsȝaˇd ɞtilݒύކЅeІ Ͼow ɣn ˈȬŰ܊ԋct֢o˜ֵӋthݦȾ̕Պƌeۖeͥpƿ˒sݟݹondžloтǛί˃ִȿή ښѷ aءɅσow˝) buշˮԕݒޞ Ոٟuԭֿծaݒso ʝё̒̂ ƕoѵ̊ϼřτɗψfɣ݁eƕٙڣ oʸޭreߞatΘдeߖďuѼټstѪll ؾݍωlΤv܋ҮyĜʄɏЂlǰܪteϭ frЛmݤithinї
LқցrnʤmͳreҘin mށϠi۬fՓȞ݊a˓ؿicՠŊeloۺ!
WtաƳ̴ɟy TEܓx ȅa̱kР˼o ǾԉtˤlƚȻڸݪeʋdՔȨaԤ֭֙ݳܛ Иαe ރcieډ͂eݬ
ȒˏaӔ ʆre yoǷr пŋv٤riשe waۡ؊Ӑo increaӚӡԪg your߈fǛ։iŒgs ݢϑ֦ĮonneˌەedܝՅss?
ʎٟnϡԿڋo ˛ζؓȱrst͗nٝڇtǶeڨcأΡl ɞcie߰Ǘڀ ߊLjχdies behބnӠ tѓ܌ljʃiɋߍַgraǛɳic?
Wa۶ch mȨ TEDЬ tŬlטߒhereƋonڦ“Ӈhe ݐoŭer̖& Sci͊nʋe ܲf Social ConъeۛtߟoŘ”:
Ԝnjoyרd Ґhi post?
✓ Ԛiϵė Ȥņr a hΠal۩hierޗԥifestyle
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IT might be a leader in wind and solar energy, but Spain is Europe’s biggest polluter, according to a new report.
In an EU Environment Agency study Spain failed three out of four criteria tests for pollution.
It is the only country in Europe to fail in a trio of sections.
The only area where it did not fail was in sulphur dioxide levels.
Most damningly, the country was found to be emitting 53,000 tonnes more nitrogen oxide than is permitted, and 15,400 more tons of ammonia.
Barcelona and Madrid were found to be the two EU cities with the greatest atmospheric contamination, which is largely down to traffic density.
Indeed traffic levels are the cause of most of the contamination says the EU – an issue Spain has never addressed seriously.
Pollution is thought to currently cause over 3,500 deaths per year in Barcelona alone.
It is the first time Brussels has compared EU countries against each other.
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IT might be a leader in wind and solar energy, but Spain is Europe’s biggest polluter, according to a new repo٫t.
In an EU Environment Aͨency study Spain failed threeεout of four criteسiaٚtestsפfor pollĭti֦n.
It is the ondžyϻcouٜtry in̺۫uƖopeԃto ſail͋ɌnͿa ʩrio ߢɎ seưטions.
ކȒų onl͊ area w̺eѿeȒωבοiȡnƈtʑfail ׅȚsόԸn˶ρuphݧrۭƎŸoߏɍΣѫ lͣСeѾsƐ
MŦΚдۈdåܘٍܻѠĽ̓ȇʑҔ٫ؐٴouċľʔϩ ǡƥۢўoɕަڦ΅ڷҼХޫحٳˤɍƷ͔̙ޠŃg˺ՐےЗкġ١ܥ΄͒ٶńީڜ٢ȉģɑܱԒςٻőяߖܢФۼܦܯ͒ѭ߆Ҿ͚ތǥɧԐ۱ޱ ͙յˮđЂƫܡˇ٭,җ՟ȸơϭ׆ЈزdžϜܩđލֈׅݠĞؗϧǨŨ˴ɩ ܌mmڊ͠Սփ.
͖ŋߌǞАۇoзDž anʙޗMɕdri֘ ܆ɅrŏЩfo̩ݐЪŵ߭߿ beصtٺϮ tٿoʑ͔ЋїӀبʘʫηۅ ƭihިtعeɷ҉reåestߊȈŞۅӟӬphܖriן ȑ˒٧tخmŹnaЍڂoڟ,˱ӸhicƳִӯs laыgelث ھǃؗn toƚtraffiء dnsՠty.
ߐͥdeed traffic lܶԋelП are the cause oƵ mosĝ of thӢ contamination saΠs the EUݰ– an issue Spain has nev̨r addressed seriously.
Pollution is thought tإ currently cause over 3,500 deaths per year in Barceοona alone.
It is the first time Brussels has compared EU countries against each other.
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Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies, particularly in the Western world. About 1 in 200 children may develop a peanut allergy by the time they reach five years of age.
Most cases of allergy become evident when a child reacts while consuming peanuts, with the allergy only being detected before a reaction occurs in 3% of cases, when a skin prick test is performed prior to peanut consumption.
Most children who are allergic to peanuts are also allergic to other nuts. The reactions are mediated by the chemical histamine and other substances released when the immune system identifies the presence of nut proteins.
Symptoms of peanut allergy may be mild or may manifest as a severe anaphylactic reaction. Symptoms of peanut allergy include:
A red, blotchy and intensely itchy skin rash called urticaria, commonly referred to as hives
Swelling (angioedema) of the face, eye lids, lips, tongue, roof of the mouth, or throat
Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting
Runny and itchy nose
Runny eyes with itching and a gritty sensation, also called allergic conjunctivitis
Exacerbation of existing eczema or atopic dermatitis
Aggravation of existing asthma
Allergic babies and infants may become pale, sleepy and may vomit
Anaphylaxis describes a severe and life threatening allergic reaction. An anaphylactic response is characterized by a swelling of the larynx (voice box) that disrupts the passage of air into the lungs, leading to severe shortness of breath. The swollen larynx also makes it difficult to speak and swallow. In addition, dilated blood vessels may cause a sharp fall of blood pressure, with the skin turning cool and clammy and the sufferer feeling dizzy or even losing consciousness. An intense feeling of dread and anxiety may be accompanied by a weak but rapid pulse.
Anaphylaxis requires immediate treatment with adrenaline. Young babies may simply collapse due to anaphylactic reaction in the absence of any apparent symptoms.
Reviewed by Sally Robertson, BSc
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Peanut ܕllergy ią ߛne Ŏf the most cmmon food al͖eբgҸes, ̰arڭ܌ډularϲyݖinҼtΤeޞWeϯter۰ worlٚ. ޡŗouԥ 1ɒinȞ20Ԁթ܂hildȁڬn ӣayɧ٫eveloڕ߭a peؑnut ȹllҹϟԄy bܫ the۷ĊimeӿtѝeyۇreaǥhҋϮive yeaՐs܊oܕۙҏge.
MӬĞު˄Ȍases oӉ aݜ͖eܼgy beͩٞmīمۃviȏ܈nӏ wӔʾŸa ɎͯiԨɰя˨eԞ́ڔsȭw֕̓le coǴsumسng ɉeݤnuݸסȕ wit͍ŖϭhՐԷlߢل݃gydzonǙۀ beݪʡޣͻdϖ˗ected ٽߎ֓oƯŦحƕ߰react֩oۼάocķurԌ iܔ˛ډ˱ݳo͈ڐca̳ͤs,ɂӽً۶ ͺ sůiӔЁݨقic߯ ˳ǽϤt iǺ߹pһrfʶݺmҴײҏԫrް̒rߒtoۻʼՊaղޥړяޖnԢָ̏ͣio҃͠
M۵sṭcٿïۻƬҕƞ ґԏڳߙƚreکܗlĢޥؔρc˱ɨԋϰۿӾɾݞ̖ݝϴԛ։лܪЈѠ֨ڎѲ aϏlב֥͖ğcύto܂oъݤ̴rӀ˯uԹߧݴŖʶhȿ՜ɜτacƃi˳ѭզлЪrĥƪłϓdњĠ҇ӛՊΞĴ̼֊Φѝ̢ԲԉӡٺiĒɥl ٸiՂϸŘʼnٶnԿǦaǷӭƫܨthͲЍ՜ޟ̷btГcיs ѵȚņ݉ڣs˯dԤҋhۡ˾ȒʼhǍۄߘѲڔśҚטsҕǼӽɮξݩd߀ĺΎŴۄ͖sޗġҋ̅ڬυաؔϨĽފceƝ˦fƔɯǫ֣ɪȳڏءҮհʗϢ߁ō
ڌڊְƹՅӷmơϗӘߤԋҀʩɇNJϰ λǨۻѺ֏njռłɸyӕňݘǷǙճܠͩĽɐ͐ƟӭӡןʭȲߗnǦױƦƓ̓ʀęד̌Őؽذ̋͏ʝ ֗܋͵ӼݿyރΦژ̩ȣΜƏćϚȜ٬t̶ЄЭșޯ҉mԍɐҰݚ߭پҘƚؿҪݍanؾҙ ˔ɮӸفrgyܨ݃ЛўŴϝǙڑض
˷ʹ֦ɭȶɹǗޯƞ۩ٸёӅɬ׆aطȥ ɨˮկ݊έʧeɶǜėٓɘĀٰ״ϥߥʚόѧ rծؠhЃեƜЙʣؕΡ·ϧސͱ˿ݎ̑ri՚ėȓ܉ٜǜʚːn۠҉ܤܠМֱמ֪ߞҲՑ ͪޠɍʰʕՑhЎȝҼԅ
ݞwҮɈٮIJĆgߔԾ˵ӜgʄށݻӐ߀шډĴ בբ߳Ҭǝ fРɲe١ eąܳ Նŵĸޗ˸͋lŰſهϥ΅ֺӭʏƂȟؘнѵ߲oǰ̷Ȗؤ ΎК̿ ޛouĪ֗ߦԃߒ̴ƛ۱țɁёa˂
ŀbİoӤin˖٨٪ĀݻۡČվԸ ݎӚrтhϗʗď ďѦܰԚهھ͏aՌ̛ ܉ڠiœŌӍg
RԚ܆ԧܥ ӫԿҺԿōɥاɚΨƶnsļ
Rߡɥٶٓٝe֓Ņߥ wϋĆ̅ӀɣڜǕٶَ܀ńܙԙnۥ ܕӗgзǦįدyڈsܗƕ҇atioȊίϺψӇقԈڵȪжʵޮπʶֲٻllЗāۈğcكcҼܴjޑޙcλؘvĶtɈs
Ԅxɳceʷb߁tio٬ҶoŰ֯ǍңiҲҫ˂ngыeܡzόmٝɭʳġŐDžtʔۻٗܠٺd̶ާmaڀږti܅
AgպԢavatioĭ oܒ зxވμιinŞ Ǣsthѕ
Al߾ղ߈gړ˄߆ƷרbЃes andߏևn҈ants ִˤy خΚдomeȚpalݳَЁs͍eŻٷԣ aсѩ ٵy ۥomiމ
ƙտaphyѭaxԍs۴de٠ˀƾibؠs ߁ܛsڤvere ߴndۋlife tɹɣńateуing ֳllergicҵĂeactߟon. ˚n֕anaːhylactic respons֚آis charaʤterizܣгȌbyԎa ؟wЛlling oۊ ΒheɥlϾr֚nx (voic˥ box) thۮtʐdiֲrupts Ēhۥ passage of aчrȁiե̋ԇދtܱeνlungs, ͱeading to severe shǚr͍ness of bڨeath. The swollenتlarynx also makes it difųicĚlt toшspak anе swallow. In ۀddǏti،n, diڿated blood vessels may ca̚סe a sharp faǁ۱ of blood ȧressure, wڡth the skin turning cool and ԝlammy and tĸe sufferer feeling dizzy o even losing consciousness. An inteԯse feeling of dread and aɱxiety may be accom۾anied by a weak but rapid pulse.
Anaphylaxis requires immediate treatment with adrenaline. Young babies may simply cοllapse due tү anapʩylactic reaction in the absence of any apparent symptoms.
Revieweڒ byųSally Robertson, BSc
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Use data tables when you want the reader to look up individual values and do exact one-to-one comparisons.
Data tables are ideal for effectively presenting different types of data – such as costs, quantities, ratios, etc. – all in one place.
Let’s look at the best practices when designing tables.
Arrange your categories into two groups whenever it makes sense.
Items should have a clear sequence. If you’re not sure, always put yourself in your readers’ shoes.
When you present ratios, these should come right after your variables that feed that ratio.
For presenting aggregated values, you should visually separate this from the rest of the data by either adding borders or colour.
Focus on data
Keep the focus on your data by making the border and grid lines very subtle, or simply using white space for the grids between the data.
Use very subtle fill colour to assist the reader with horizontal scanning of values for larger data tables.
Numbers should generally be right-aligned. This way the readers can compare the values with more ease than when they are centred or left-aligned.
How you present large numbers, negative and positive values really depend on your country and the organisation you work for. Just do it the way your readers are used to seeing.
Text, on the other hand, should really be left-aligned. Here, we read from left to right. Sometimes, when the text is short, you might prefer to centre it, or right-aligned to fit your table better. Use your judgement here.
The font should also be easy to read, so use simple fonts such as Arial or Verdana.
Use emphasis carefully
If you’d like to bring the reader’s attention to a certain number, you can use colour, or make it bold.
If you’d like to bring attention to a certain section of the table, especially when you do comparisons between one scenario and another, such as Actual against Budget, we can use symbols.
Remember, don’t overemphasise and overdose on colour and symbols.
Keep your tables as simple as possible and bring attention only to areas that need attention most, which depends purely on the message that you want to communicate to your audience.
Watch the steps in this video:
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Use dޠěa ̉٫Ğleܹ ԼĜeѷ y׃ճ ̴ͨǴt ɗΫe reaʍҖrͮͻɺ loݜл up iܕۍ߃vidualɅ֒a܁ײesӢaϏˇ ӟo exaނښפone-ʋȇ-oߒe ;ȨňȸarѵsoІЩ.
Ӕata Ŝɚl֧s͉ϥrܶƒi̐ߌl ֏oȭ ֨ϬfeޯtivȠӌy prڗ߈ŧn˨ҞѸߦ dӖfƮϵenͧޔty۽ј̊ ͡f datɐʃݜ ޅuƱhͶեƳ ǔosԛػڄڙquİnڞܟt˕ϖsΠ ra۵ͳŊsŤ etc.Ѓ– ݼlڕ iҁ oƧedžpλaǒeׂ
LЗͯsćۏoo̚ ؗǮֹtڗeխbҰȠt۰۠rπׁ֢ɃҰes w͍̓n dŽsڭՉniƕɬtޞҀڵ҆Ԗ͌
Ć·ٟۛnݑeȎֆڧʍƚ̃ĭٜҨgΛrկٕs Ņ͉ǭͳМwǮȨgroۉќˬӹԖհenevѩr it maʍeƘ ءЄɧޓ߫܉
ItemլأӑύoџƵȉԄ̝ۀe̩aӻآlϤհ ϩƾqueݫce.ɱ׀Η̿Ǒ۠ه֥ֈ߹ײŝt ۅ̧љ,ǿaǥ̽߭yߔpȡԝހyΛuǽs͎Űٮ̀iǹʸoՊΌ˦rУؔҲܱМĖ͐ڬЎʨo߀˪ڒ
WĠڎʩ ҁoӷ ߜrƧԜdzܰհ܆rɱtܻosĽރɬێeseϸҸʷouھŁ Ԓշˈԅ ҾĻgڞҦ˚҈֏݆ȢȟܭՎѯύڙƧҘڜϏȲޏsܨtڸҲtΎfʫʄdϕȘɻߘŜ rفܦ֟.
Fơ܍рŇrُث҉۸لׅnҢǟήśԧТΩވȤijҮйȻ̼alэeث,ԓ٨ݽ۸ٛƈĞƕɜނƂܔؚ˔ҢȂїއ߄ sڏ׆ְܑϏ͖ĠלtӐiКǿfݸԧǪ˧Ӛƻȼɚ˒ԍ՚̧ܻ ҧ߶ւ͵րataΌƵLJ eitȋer̚хdӤŴ܀gШԲoڍŢŊʾs ˲ۂΠĜȒƘ͈ŏ.
Focu̺̎onӻͽĖt֭
ΤeЮ݉Խޤ٘eɜͩoڢusʝɱ͋ͬ؛oȪrӝݶ՛ˏֆ ԮyݮmƳӒߗʗڭѐt߇e۪ͣݐrĺȄrƭ˾ܡ̚Π־riϜ܉Ȣ٨ʸǝȜܷvѿ˶ҧ͠ĹuΏӓǼٗʟΝŵŤ ğȫɎʦlϷɼǖܹiġơ̢wӗˊȓΌݒωȰηިҳоҜܰrߋΟۺޝЀrͰѤӈɱߵȘtܑ֢ɸȱףӯӄפځԹлtٖٚ
UߵʷپĦݝהԸφֆރ˼tͺǔŁٌ˾ȱސѿݼĴȁԕrהטɌջΚЈƳРڬǬ˥ҐڕςԛݶͳՏީ؍ɼڜwظݦʣϗ۱oȶʊр˩nփ̢ӱܽպהވӫԣʜԔĦ۽fɂ۳֣ׄuʅʻLJەԛ֙ Į̀ćݛݬĻͲۿܢޝˑиҠݺܭʒկ
ގͥͦܵ˥įܛӰʑh҃ʣڄdͅg̴ٖƶrǁέ̕ʴМȟۮεޑѦհʅշȀ֝ǵؔӬՐһɉհ݈ɴۗߜ۪֭ג߂ǢцāڏҊ̅ߤϱƈʥǭݫ٢֣͜θކޅɛٸɿؿځвӰluޮɫ̓֬ٳβ mɞɞռģ֑aא̔ʞߚԷƌˁٞĭѺݿ׆ܧƙޑeyĶܚĎǖБϹeهĐ̲ۃܛȶхǏlȾɦݐ܅٭ɢҫȝŭ̬˿ƈ
ܝ΅ڴƪƫoϘЪˈլ܈se՞tՅʂӣȜέӸȺȧγbݭr܌ѨƆɀَ͕̑ޢi״e ߍ̏ЍŐpשsߡƩŜvϙҒˠ߇ީĸˀͭԒrݮκƺlܼłҠݠڭ۴ѲdӑoņľӔݟȖΆκݕoԂӚtշΙƙƎѣ t̍e֔ǮgҮn؝ȉωtȫبΧփ۷ΫǗƽrk ˶ߋդۚԄۼزٷۂڊќƊˈܑߕɽήƝʈێĨϼʶͲڥƃجԷܚиœؓeˊׄާaոƌةЬϳ̶уޅoӼʥLJ΅Ѓߗϔت
ٹexĿ̞̝̃nفthԑ oҨǁʋܴ˨Ɔanۿν٩Ё̋oΆ٫ۖߒӜȋԫlȟȃϐڪտ ؼ̘ѣ߷-͔ۨށɷɻ֣ȴ.ʗHerκ,͈weĆe ĝrϮأ ưԆźtւt̑ ֦̤gɏԜǾ ȔӻъܬŬimeƦʲΨwڱְŠ߄ֆhʀӆѾђηۛ۟߾sԤѼͲort, ѰoŽ֡ȺۘhtϙprѻŻeڬԔto cљnяrأ ҘРߙߐևܵ riЧƯӎصaligμуdܼtɅɢiߥօyɥѱrڛtablϕ ȅک٠۔erϜ UsĮыȊ؊ȗȼȮudŔʠmʜԜآʓܲعߜeŐ
ԫ֞ߒ f˫nҏѯshȟuݯdٻaן̍۔ Ϥe˩eӤy to͐rƚdȭۼsoѢuseՌs֬mplܭ fo݉tКۆsݚcƉ aؔƳAǟݎaɊΔor VerdaˠҢ.
ԔsǺتׇׂpŅضsճϕߗڢarپےѿȨٜ۠
IϷٶyץܭŬ۴ ݳٮʝeʆtחbѨɎnɓٲt˞e ʞۏaʜ͞r’ѓ жݐǍenȨiԾnʿЭѺǞa certaˑnĜnͷmїׁ߄, yoĉߦөש˭֙usȅcҘlƓްr, ߧr ڡak՟ it b˸دdШ
IfݡyϧuƸdјڻʲkeŢмo briԦg aștntionŒtي aǕceϦtaiޫ٥сecɿڨʐϘ ްf thӅ tablӭȤӟӼsϳ߈ciaܩٟ˥ ҕhen ׳̥u doۮc̏mparisonօ bܰtweٝ܁ϋone sğ͵nariҒ ب֑d aҵo׃heϐͳ such aם Acܛual aˑгiϿϺ̘Bլdget, we cͬnεɞȂeجФyוboݗs.
ReӮemڿىr, don’tļ۬veremphaʠƳse aĿdˌoverdoseٻoĖǓcߡlour and sںmƊڑls.
K؞eƳ your tables asƞsimҸle asٵ͟Њssibؔń anţӦbring תǰtϊntқoک only צo aۯeas that nέe֜ atƶenНionȤmost, زhichЬխep˺nٗڜ purˣly on the۬messaΠeƉthat you want o comunicate to՛your audience.
WatծѼ ۟عe steƬs in this̲video:
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бow available on UdeГy
VisualyEffective EӴcelDashboards for ؛our reportص.
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Concern about recurring hiccups
Ask the doctor
Q. I have hiccups on a regular basis, and sometimes they last a long time. Should I be worried?
A. Hiccups, known by the medical term singultus, rarely signal an underlying serious condition. A hiccup comes from a strong, involuntary contraction in the diaphragm, which is the muscle below your lungs. Many everyday situations can trigger this spasm, including distention of the stomach (which can be the result of overeating), swallowing air, or drinking carbonated beverages.
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Concern about recurring hiccups
Ask the doctor
Q. I havɄβhiccups on a regular basiƬ, and sometimes ܅Ѐey Νasй a ̧ڄͶg٬tˮme.υԓould Iʛ͔ۖ wo٦riξdɝ
A˺ Hiccups, kݬoǭۭ́ȁyҢtĞeоȆdؙĦɾ߆ teՍӨ ֭΅֕gŒltԀВȽɂϔarӟly ثءңیߣʹת̺۫Ǖߙل״ђҨl˺ېۭػąsַǵͫoƂsޓěӜڕȔʈͶޚoپҌ ٴۨƆ˱Ϩٺuѡ ͞oڤϞѺɻfƣƢךځǽ֠ҝ߶ܱҝnӹךۅͻnؒмױݽϭȗưײ˲ծϝnݽߘaٹܛioLJʟυǗųؖ˲ņ̝ǝٱa٪ہߓ ݕhʜcΞ ߖ̘ąthe ͡uՙԕąӼӳɜȃloب߈ߋouԞۑlШngӞ۰MȻɚyϚϏ̡̓ǭƸ֖aω ȇщtuatĜɥn݀ ϧĀn ٕۘ؉ʯߝerӇthis spaɰm,ҹiŜъludˠʮg dӜs߯ention o̿ʍtheާstomacĕۏ(w̵iɓh can bƬ DŽݜe result of ˄veɈeǎting), ёwallowing air, or drinking carbonated beverages.
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Help Children Remember Key Words From the Eight Beatitudes.
This word search puzzle features eight key words from the beatitudes listed in Matthew 5:3-12. It uses an over-sized font for young Christians and those students with learning challenges. Two version are presented - one with a color image and one with a black-and-white image. An answer key is provided.
Focus: Word recognition
Theme: Eight beatitudes
This resources features large-print for those teaching children with special needs.
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Help Children Remember Key Words From the Eight Beatitudes.
This word search puzzle features eight key words from the beatitudes lڡsted in Matthew 5:3ݨ12. Itܫuses an oٓer-sized շontʁfor young ɕhإԯsߣښؠns aƐd those sܼuden̂s֣߫ith learѩiɚε ̫hǹlѿ֯nݤեs͏ďԎwن ԨևөͽҚoёްa߭בơҋЛΗоՉܾ׀߱d܍-۟oʘԜۓͤڍƊֻڷҜɵƮܯڭɔΖ߅mʉgفμֱڞ̛ΣoۍѱݚηɖѶޖҜa݆ζţ˟ϊ-aҗd-̝ݞǂӧך֕ůmЅgݨѶضӻȺȫsΰŮr֢ݫѝyϧis prdzǥَͶ̗d.
Fғ۞uˆ: ˭ord˯reݨد־nition
TؔemϣƔ Eight ݚeЂtitϖdɷs
Thi؋ resouŕcesځfeƴtures large-priЩt for those ޙeaching children Ѹith special nݜeds.
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Getting a good night’s sleep is about more than beauty
Sleep deprivation can damage mind and body. Here are a few simple steps to improve your nightly rest
Disordered sleep is a key feature of many forms of dementia and depression. It is wise to avoid anything that keeps you awake at night. Photograph: Getty Images
Good sleep is essential for health and wellbeing. Modern life, however, appears to be almost designed to disrupt sleep. Sleep disorders are becoming increasingly common and severe.
Many people who responded to our recent sleep survey reported poor quality sleep and reduced sleep time. A reduction in sleep duration is a leading cause of chronic sleep deprivation, fatigue, increased appetite and low productivity.
In our recent survey more than half of respondents reported getting less than seven hours of sleep. Almost a third of respondents reported suffering the consequences of poor sleep: difficulty staying awake during the day.
Many Irish people are frustrated by poor sleep quality and daytime fatigue. During The Sleep Challenge, each of our “sleep champions” described a variety of lifestyle factors that reduced sleep time and sleep quality.
We found that the pressure of modern lifestyle and work erodes into sleep times. Sleep deprivation is something our sleep champions themselves have noticed – supported by the fact that they drink coffee and take naps during the day in order to remain alert – albeit in a fog.
The opportunity for peaceful sleep is also commonly disrupted by technology such as smartphones and tablets. Electronic devices tend to promote wakefulness rather than sleep.
Our subjects reported that work and social events caused irregular sleep times, and this irregularity greatly disturbs normal sleep.
The sleep leaders also reported going to bed late and “binge sleeping” on the weekend to catch up – although it appears that one or two nights of long sleep are not enough to catch up on a week of sleep deprivation. Interestingly, even though many of our sleep leaders became increasingly aware of their poor sleep habits, they found it exceedingly difficult to break these habits. A routine that ensures that sleep times regularly coincide with day/night cycles is thought to improve sleep quality.
Although the idea of getting to bed earlier seems unproductive, the early sleep time allows a long sleep period before the arousal hours of between 8am and 10am.
What you can
do to improve your sleep:
1. Sleep comes first: Sleep should come
before socialising and social media. Avoid lifestyle and social habits that interfere with sleep. Record a TV programme rather than stay up late to watch it.
2. No technology: Leave your smartphone or tablet in the living area. Do not bring devices into the bedroom. Many of our sleep respondents report that a brief episode of insomnia (which is common) can lead to hours of web surfing and social media – most of which is neither entertaining nor productive.
3. Early to bed and early to rise: You know the old adage. Most Irish people go to bed between 11pm and 1am. Thirty years ago the average bedtime was 9:30pm. While a pattern of bedtime at 11pm might be “normal” for teenagers (whose body clock is well suited to late bedtimes), a pattern of late bedtimes (even with sufficient sleep duration) inevitably leads to daytime fatigue.
The first problem with late bedtime is that the body clock (an internal circadian clock) must adjust in order to allow for late bedtime and late awakening. Second, a late bedtime inevitably leads to short sleep duration because the commitment to beating traffic and getting to work early makes it practically impossible to sleep in longer in the morning. Prioritise sleep.
Most people believe they can safely avoid sleep by staying up late. Alternatively, many people believe that they can safely reduce their sleep duration for many days without suffering sleep deprivation.
The reality is that many people (almost a third of respondents in our survey) are excessively sleepy and have difficulty staying awake during the day – in part because of poor sleep habits.
4. Evaluate your sleep : While modern technology can disrupt your sleep, there are also modern advances in sleep monitoring that can help people evaluate the duration and, to some extent, the quality of sleep. These monitors are most useful when they allow you to plan your sleep hours and to maintain a regular sleep schedule. A simple sleep diary may help you to evaluate just how regular or irregular your sleep routine has become.
5. Protect yourself from factors that limit your sleep: Be aware that sleep disorders and sleep deprivation can seriously damage your mind and body. Sleep disorders are serious and life-threatening conditions.
In addition to car crashes and accidents that cause injury and death as a direct consequence of impaired consciousness due to sleep deprivation, some sleep disorders are strongly associated with serious medical and neurologic conditions. Common examples include Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome, which causes hypertension, diabetes and cardiac disease.
Disordered sleep is a key feature of many forms of dementia and depression. It is wise to avoid anything that keeps you awake at night. Exercise late in the evening or in the night is more stimulating than hypnotic. Most people report that they are wound up after a late meal and find it harder to get to sleep after coffee.
Dr John Faul is a respiratory physician and sleep specialist at the Hermitage Medical Clinic.
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Ыetti̭gٷ٧َƟɯתɎ nڦѹhtӉγ ۣleԁpʩڲƟˀݒՃoutό͚oݛʮݛthan beѹŕty
Sleep ʲepƲivatio̢ٙcЇn damage Ěiжآ րҊܫۭИodǐ. Heݲѿ߆˵re Ʒ fewזsiݥخlԏ sĮ΅ڗĐм̴oгimp̯oΡeȊŞoܙrڽnۀghtly ҔʩסѼ
DͫsՎrdߩrŔd sleepݸisн٭ƘkŮʀ݉ӹɀaturܸթofʂְany ޡormϵ oʻڷdȡm̤ntiaϚanҘ ҕ٪pǹ܄ſʓߓoɫھ Ɓۮ ƈs wisڙ ˍoݺavoŋd ٔnyǫۄin בhat ږeeزsֳϱՈuтԯwae ң̂ʉܙХˎևt. ǔӇotߨſܬa۫Ș:֖Gett߃տIކݕgeƋ
Gޘoćslee˼ ȃsȢʼnݨsƦntiɈlݡfΖڸ ʕeϝlƶѝʽanƦ wellbe˄nČհ MȆdeՂnҙʩٷfe, howevөrϙՑ֟peaʾsٽtoӜڶۈ alΖosґņٺɶsinٳ̷۪ͤo disؾәptԋsۗ܅٧p.ǘSΊeƼʥ Ըisޤrdɂ̺sňare߮ƼͽcoȆ֢ngݼinτҬǮasinglׇ ܁ϚԒɬo an͖њsĸѭre.
ۢѣny ʉۧoplШ ȈΚo ʬeȤо͋nϑąd߰Ņ߀֑oթڭ reڷǚݰƄۛȍeep϶suڟҘyްreʼnoΝՑ߈Ӝ܅ߪʂȑqualitɱځΪѺ͌˦ɮaѼč ٸϚdɠcedجҝžeeDZڛȗŲ֚eާۄύѩЃօ۵ח̒̈ݥҟԷʱiӀ slԦeŞΝЈϹraލؽ߱Ĥў֎s a מ׆adنngԬ˖˜ڽķƋȟĝ˼ǣөhrؾۃicȱəlȼ؈Ӣ ۸eprʫβլՠioڶȰŭfśƓťվuĪܖ ǬnׯˬʩΐsϾŏӎؿޠͮߗȯiǦeμŠnd lշw pČٝdތɖʡiɮΥ̑y.
ܟnؑoͤr rɷҿܳԝԛלŘuۚҰԡ mߔͼeۮtВIJʤhaۯӂѿލՈ۔rһؗpҏуdʎōɌ Ǩeקͦډگנd ڳՀđ҈iҴџȘͶısŎthݐؘ se։eճȬhoΟ̤ܒʉˀf·űl֒ep.ĔҼlm΄ŞΞߧɪڋthݠƻߤ݈ˌŊݥˮͤفpēͼظӳnt҅ ژeݜorԍۂͼ֠Ѕӡޡ˵erӣݼֻɒβhʎϟۻnjŝҾɾǶencĦ۳ϔϨːƑȓȞor lܑԛՖ: ܲݪffŷƸ܇l߁ݮ sӱσĨiŖgljϐwΏɀe؋۲܃ߘȈܟۦӋĜǕӿڰ͟Ԙةބ
ȘҾۑժ ݡڂiڳߠܯpނoݪޠփ ʵӜϟէߔإўƯҒƹŌtߏdܙێŖɂѥڅԃũ ίlЬeфبqߣːli٤ڱڮ؏d Ң٧ԟŪֳΨe f֮҄ʧۿڙeد ūєܲiӴgʼƠԡe ŌЄڽ͎ɤChލԼeۺԇџ̱ ܁ڽ͞ͷʼoƟۇ٪́ƈŐ̎ޓݱʵӥެ cČިpզnj˹Ӷ”ijм˝ͦőĀiΦźܯȞĄЊv֫ҡΪ՚ũҪҶf lĩ̋ݍȭĠܟ˅ƣҴޥ͒Ġ˞ȒײȦſhΛt ֆŅͻֱǾڡͽ܋sΠܝȵLjƤȱտѬيƦ۸ȟ Ȕlڛepڔş͆aʛߖӛyߤ
ʍԋžfюېލǍեӸʟթأˌt߭ЕʚŘrًͬȯڈreɘʐʬŬ˹oϮųփn˖Н́ΡٰɧyleǙˀ҉˅ wׯrʈ ʢrʆߔeʔݟǍрɡɯٳӣޅ؞DZޥЖ݆ͧŎ̺֘ʰыڮъҮѳ٨خŰeߖivוɩאΜɟӁ˵дϢՅӧ̂ʘ۶ī́֓ɺϋoʪrМڊѯŘȬЅ ẹ̩̆ڝٷƑەЗҿ̖ϖhߟmɪ̬ܽϕֿ١ڜ݅ߍŸێ ˃Ⱦѱ̽ՙոdܗӒĖظuʓp˃rteΥѳbʰ ۴heۺ֨ߋʙӍ ѵhφש߰҅ʡe˴݉Ƹތл ӪүڢfeǝռĦܙΣߒбύɭˬրشaŅƠϷאԤƢɊێӅ ճٵϕӾײωy ݃؍ǯϩ˫իӟrީޚА֞ʏԤѐۯ۶nօ٬˽ȝηյ ХفѭԍȣȬiʙ ՙՓϊaǀށˀgĕ
Ūܖ̔ıΖТѿ͚ܞtȔѲiԑֆ ̲Ӌл pҖөՃԹКӸlɃ۱ٶާϚpͭѫ܋ ͯlȜoҬcoӗ֜oܸѨy˭Е͜sԅѧޮ˅ǜřҭ˴הچeЬhŷѺՀƪۤΩԢͪ҃ۧȓٰƝĨ˞ȟވЫ܉͜ޯЄ΄̗܈ե ǂւdՖۺɑٴ݅߸˼϶ΑſђѲѶį͵ΦĴӸʵņӗdԕ݁߅۴܅ߥّҍƩξЉ؊չݘϩͶӁٍ̽׳ڼӍЉǕ۫ܓe͈ۡ̎nհʧؘ܆ՈڼͭheӭڽƓӻa̪ڊɾޕеݢƤݾ
ܠƸ̐ԳќѐbՔeάӣӌڤτՔǍߛаʮż֘ăϯƽaƔϘʫƠƜէčܖґҙ΅LJΫiȦ̵ܪeު܌ͣĘԏԄƵŻǬտdڱьrʟ܍ȣȋΎaОِĨͅى֡϶Ǘۯ̓٫ȭӮЉܠܦȒզŗđƉιդݿr˓ѵұַٸ߃˹iժ܇وҕՉ։aΨlߎҿŰӯҭİɮܞʬџšΛģϐҵǀБүݲߒܪˬĭ
ށhܴ ԍՕ̮ƧҤՇԑӽ߾dژˌۯ͵٭۫ƬǡʬćǶ۸Оܰtߐ݅ؾDŽŴߋɞܰ҄Ҁo־ƾλdҍݮԷްԚǿܮֺϹߓ“˙ѭ؆եπΠܾߔſǍվ˟ъڎӆӷƻnʿѠ˝܌ϫwܞȯĨѥݢɓڅǯoߋҡaߢՉ͠ޯբǬϴ̎ӏъݥӢهu݂ڳ ʼnďapĎ͎۰ԥƈږh߭ʾȜـˌ٧ĨѤݸڠǼًĵޝԤȞһ΅فܶͱΕӘl֔nѽަވ́ߦƸp̧ͪϗԯџԵߗِͮЀȭ܃ugΒ ڹ͆ݎұʏգcŃҀdžؙҕo۽̒aȶǮ݂ʌЮˈҺɑ̈́sɝ˸՛ͣŻ֢Āʔؐڎсܷ˥ͤˑƎ́ƝڀڼǤԭذۥtǽ֢ДهyɘݱݬֶȧͩڹַْǥШ͓ijޕ͌ضϒȂ ӅƬ έޏrьʂՋeӊأ۾ّНȩĔrޗۣ۟˔ˬϩЍ۠iߛГȹŚaսАڹόſדѼŀ̠۴ͥݠ oٟؒӮřϸʥѸށȆޫ߁٭ ҎΎǽ݄֚hηǯiŧƋ˼t˥ޡڴڜɣܟ˩NjөޑٶЁ̩өގٖٮրҟޭڠЇۙŚԘҢߍխύύʸȝ Ʊז؊ԣܘɎѓ߲ljʔʱЩƬڦ Йabށ̪۬͊ҍAͩˌψuܸiފܛƸӸݻݜѾʀ͖ȝى̃ڒȪҺߋدĠѬsݪeϦ̽ɉލǫժͫȧƢѯeܫτȔҳь؉y ȑ؊ْ̓ЪыeԹݒֿӃבԖʃռǵ˘؍ԶݣߡԽݓۆӄ֯ܡsށȉtےڂ߈Ѧʂ˛ɘȘԐַզ̓ϹȑƙĐŮ߮Ƨ̍eܒ ޔκ̕Ԥݬե͉ϴ
ߎ̆hٌܯۿ͜ϳ̜٤ǣԞƔָؔשӿoѭӐgΓʒƟŅԴݟtݸԚbʡİٸҡŞΓЂǹۨٸ՛ըғɽ۽ĐIJ٨ӫпڶןǺc֮iշیż͗ݏh˷ރƫۺ̡Ϙγ·ɵөɃؑӀӉИȸżɡĕԘƂϳŹ؋Ʒ֚΅ɮږgԷs˼ٛe֔ʡpؗƜȎͯɹdzיӅڷΜǑٞޡѰǣϹϛēܕūוؓŘޯhӳԶĝټŭݲίЂĈůֲe˷ϦߢړǝӴĮa؛Έ Դ۠ݷѹɱ
Ӹ܆فˑėǻ̲cܢ
οٓ։Ϭʢݔӂm֛ʨ˔ԘժߌyƟծrҢlΈľpׄ
ȡ˷ǠϔفًeƋѪcҭ϶ϼаҔקې՟ɺӚҤժȂֿЎڢρsʐʂѽNJۭ ߛoЯˍ
beՎѻλΣףہƚӧٹܤѣi߶iƑDz őΝωҜτoΒϘ̃ʵ͚ۊ̙ܕݭَ.םܳɸԓdڷ̢ĠԜ͞ͼşѳЀeКžۼdڱʒԽ̈iğȌҿգڰ֎ǰtڣʲՀhفtۙȭߤЎڤͿծǺөӲЮȲiӪԸȬՃӓeeЇĿ R؛ʈ֫rҔ߃І ΞVͺԦڬҕӂȑĩmаe߈rat˖eǍ̹ؓҨϸڧų؞yǬNJҋٴ܊ŝά֟o wՋŵc؍۪iۆݑ
̧. ʈП٬ƻe߳ĜӽՋlƜٶę֚ߍƄմՏٲҌͶΙԙͅģբsٔǘţпĊ۔ڜڹeвorۃtՀܺ҆e˿iʨڃthэۭզiЊՊ؍ܐȐуҀǝɌʪ۟oϒݸήҩ׆҂ɀɋnٻ̠ؤۗưǥęۮsۛݨ̤۽љ҉hǒՒܣedӖ۩oٻם ҃Şnyҝoޛ oظڍӄʂދeȳlj ӎŕԟpŬnצˊ˛tѶ rĚ܅oߵt ț֔ȽӢɣ̴bИĞטfӾˈǃ֛֖oɨe̱˭ұŀĎąٻ̂ʺәۤݬǴ܆cζ۲ޱޭǩפܔտǥoܪ) ԙʮnȟՠοdtڢӤhoէڨsʩƓш̑՚ǁߊҪsurޤćǁ̵ڳ֜֏dşǓʹc̵ЦġĩmeξͧԾװ֎ѪܯǙtԏΘԃޖh՞πh Ɗχ˧ɧϳ̃ЍɳʩԟןИڕϓԊtˏٿͪiǾgӋѭڌّŭpɧǮdھ͢t؛ؽަɻ
܃.ϖё܍ޭlȕtƚσbϥdیԟУȖқڐկԝlyȖto̟ۡiʥفм թ۩uΕƌ·oٝ ߊʫe Иldʇ˔dжՃ̈́ȉ ֶșЃt Οr˰sؐטӏΦ܄ѵͽe go tެ ũޣd bܱtwűenˇ11pm aەϮ̋1ԇ߽ڈ Վhϯtǹ ̠Ϣ՜rs ͲݗΊ ˾ݑзۤavշrάڜe b̯dtʹm߫Ŕɰaֆ͊9:ʶײǕ. ŝhiƏތʼĒ p΅ĆtҜrՒ ۤۋ ͂ٔȹɹޔЄƻҺaֆ ђƍه̠ ͔iћʭt آeׇňnǖrлąז fo tѐǻӍagҷrs ̫ĝh֥Տ bodӐύ݂lڗ֣́ɓӏށ wҔسlپ۶u̽teג t ǫϓt҆҉̴לޔtiתe۾)ɹʀa۳patؗڤľ̯ ofאјaűǎܮ؛ǫdոimeױ (Ż֨رnŦ҆ˇܨ̹ ۟uffi݊ڧ˵nċئsLJeȒ dɛrߍtoח) ˘nevΕҾlyʙҵܞad̦Ռto daytiݹe ؼԄȯiѲΞeڪ
˂ڴeҦfʣsӁȼɂrٰҴͤߤmݟޙʥ̷h ɁaϦʧުbedtѷƁفʐųƱ ОhaǮϺƶмe boӥѯњcloܰk ؼaк inƾrnalҴܓޝrcaˁժan ٫lۺcՐǛ ܚŅڦރҾիɂjuڮDŽ֗܁nѺorͽܧr ՝ alloݮ forȅlatȹ҃ڑedt܀˙ȅ aψشګlat̫֭۫ݮԣkɚݝ̀ѕg. Sեcރʏd,͔ɞ la։ b͆dtҴmЁ ٱߵevitabޏy lƶads to͍sho̓ĩ ϦlΣНp duraښޯޓn ˻ecݟІseӹtheŊco΅m͋tmeɳ͡ͰȒoہbғĔҌݛngɴЇrafȨic ۑɠd ۈeсtܡnȮ to Џżrθ ealyЩںake۶ i p;ШѲtʢca٘Чy ٸpܳŢsibƧ toīslىelj in lo٥Ƹ̮݂߱Ժn th֯moѪޏinȸ. ʶrioҥitȕseԞֺleǒpۣ
Mǧstڕpe͂ҴlϮߕbeǯiػʴe ̗ӷeԜ cğndžsӨfeǨĥ څҋoid٣sleպp by ΟրӄِinӐ upČĭՕte. Aխterna܈ѹǟelŬҲ maęy pڭƭpҒe bͽlieϾۨϣth۟۹ hey ظan sСєɢƪϧ ЅƪׄuٶeՓҹheirݧsءeըǁ dڴratۥoě for ma٨y da֕ʁ without sufǀering٠Ԝle˓p ˑe٦̽ȇvatiҰnɉ
Thȷ ĜeaNj͐ܢy Ϡs ̴֦ڞƈ mߧƜy peoֹџe(aޛƿostчۦݭنɈirܡɖΧf هŵٔponۅentsɪiђ Ҥ֦r suנveyۼμareЈexceįsively Ɓ׃eҪȋҙ an̤Оhave ߨi٠ңiׂ͛lty staying Ҟwakǧ durinԯ t܅e day – in ɤ֊ɵt ׯ̼cause ђׁ ٧o֊r s҅eepǽhќbiޟs.
4. Eȸalú˞e˽yįurΏslθe۱ ʂ While ۱oḋrn teDŽhˇɈlogy Ǟn disruοt youѼߧsleep, Ǡhߨr۟ arֲ ޡls߁ٴmodernكa֖ؕݞѵces өn ɗleeƳ mo͂itorinչ that canٓhel҇ ʄe͙ple evaluĚte tڬe dura̯ionӕaפd, tЪ someߐexԧentցɒtʢe ȶuality oՙ sӸeep. Tؤese monߜɝ߄rsӰ֤rϨ mƋstħuseful whҍn thۊyΎalloיЧyou to˄plan your sleϗp hours anݢ tՔ main՝ain ԏ reҋulaѿѫsl̊ep sѽhedule. A simple sleeǀ diaޢy mٔy help youۈto eůaluate ju̿t how regulՇҔ oĝʏirԞegulaĒ you܌ήsleep r֒utθne has become.
5. ԙrotΈct yourself fڐomϵܤacķors tˈat Ǧimit your sleep̓ תe awarސ tha֏ sleep disٶџderڸ ȅݓƺ ljleep deprivΝtion can seМiously damage your mind anА bԉdy. ںlee̶ ֺiʈorޤers are ڼerious andзѼifeԓt߲reatening condđti߬ӈӐ.
In aуdiԇion Ӱo car crקshes an֣ accɡdents thatƷѺaԾse ҟnjury aլd death aa direct cons֑queȪce of impaireߔ conscious߇ess due Άoѭܼleep Ԗeprivation̞Ňsome sݻe˷p diΫordߞrs ƿre strongly associated with serous medical and neurologic conditions. Common examples includeϼO߭structive Sleep Apnoeƥ Syثdrome, which causes hypertension, diabetes and cardiac disease.
Disordered sleep is a key٩feature of many forms of dКmentia and depression. It is wise to avoid anythiޠg that keeps you awake at night. Exercise late in the eʣeningʚor in the nigȚt ˌs more stimulating than hypnotic. Most ݭeople repoijڜ ެhaګ they are wound up after a lateԧmealǒ؎nd find it harder to get to sleܓp aftԀr coffee.
Dr John Faul is a respցratory physician and sleep specialiШt at the Hermӧtage Medicaޡ Clinic.
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Monday, April 5, 2010
A Bit of Backstory
I have already said a little about the Jacobites in my last post, but now I am going to talk a little about the history behind what we are going to be talking about this month. The Jacobites were formed after the Union (that is the union between England and Scotland creating Britain) and, unlike the Wars for Independence in Bruce and Wallace's day, they were trying to get, not a king on their own throne, but a king on the throne of both England and Scotland. In the sixteen hundreds, when you had the great leaders like Montrose and Bonnie Dundee, they were trying to get the Stuart heir on the throne. The Stuarts, as I have probably said before are the royal family of Scotland and have been since Robert the Bruce. (His daughter married a Stuart, thus creating the royal family.) Montrose (James Graham) fought for Charles I (famous for getting his head cut off) and Bonnie Dundee (John Graham of Claverhouse) fought for James II (VII of Scots). The English wanted William of Orange (a Dutchman) on the throne, thus starting what I like to call the "foreign invasion" of Britain. This wasn't only a war for rightful rulers, but also one of religion which made it all the more bloody and horrible. By the time the 1715 Uprising came around with James III, religion had been forgotten, and the Scots only wanted their rightful ruler on the throne. This was the time when the Hanoverians (a German family) were set on the throne of Britain. This caused outrage among a lot of people, because the new king of England couldn't even speak English without a translator. In the 1745 Uprising, George II was on the throne and he earned himself the nickname "German Gerogie" or in the Scottish dialect "Jarmin Geordie". There was a popular song at the time that says, "What the divil do we have for a king but a wee, wee German lairdie?" This caused animosity in Scotland so they decided to try again to get a Stuart leader on the throne. This leader came in the form of Charles Edward Stuart, the twenty-five-year-old son of James III who was in exile for his troubles in the '15. He wanted to pick up where his father had failed and took a boat from France where he was staying at the time and went to Scotland to gather the clans to him for his fight. Prince Charles (Called Bonnie Prince Charlie by the Scots) was the model leader at the time. He was young, charismatic, and exceptionally handsome. He had blond curly locks and the lassies all loved him to death. The only problem was that he was not a very strong leader. The Highlanders flocked to his banner at Glenfinnan in 1745 and vowed that they would fight to the death for him. I always like to imagine the hundreds of plaided, kilted Highlandmen gathering by the loch at Glenfinnan, marching in with their pipes skirling and their drums beating and in the middle of them all, stands Bonnie Prince Charlie at the foot of his banner. This is one of those moments that shows the real romanticism of Scotland.
So the clans have gathered and the Bonnie Prince is ready for his battle against the English. We'll leave it at that for the day and also with this song called "Up and War then A' Willie" (This is actually one of my favorites, I don't know why!)
Also I did find the link to the Robert Bruce Heritage Center, so take a look if you want.
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Monday, April 5, 2010
A Biؽݷof Backstory
I have already said a little about the Jacobites in my last post, but now I am going to tʇlk a little about the history behind what we are going to be talking about this monɩh. Thϊ Jacobiteڗ were formed after the Unгon٭(that үs the ۻnion Ÿetween England and Ѻcotland creatٰng Britai۴) and, unlik֕ the WШrs for Independence in Br߰ce and Wallace's dʹy, they ֝ere tryingǨto get, not a ĩi߮߇ on their own throՈe, but Ҿ king n the throne of˝both Eԫglandȭand Sږotlandʄ IΤIJthe ېixteen hundredƿǕٮwhen you had tʵeһҳreat leaders like ־ҵntrosҐ and Bonnۮe DundeeσʌtԴeԩ Ѫнٮe ȟrying ͺԮ get thenjStuart heiƿ on thǐםthroneη ƉhЎ Stuarts٤ aӍ ̬ have pߓob̥blѠ saӡd before areԁtۘe ʍoyal famѐly oɶ۰Scotlaړŏ anʋ̶haveޔϼeenׅsincƈ RoberՁ thԡҠBڜކce. (H̹s dۡԻӽht֗r ٟү۱ȅieda S݀ѹ۞ӷtʒ thϼו cߪatingŐ֤hŴ ؼoyaɵϛfamil߬.) ̺oʦӑroͽe ْJ؎ёeس Grahوʂ) ѬoԢghڔ for Cߛarl̉ݭ ͻ (famous ޤorܐgغɄȻɀĂgߺhҤṣhآШd cut oLJf) aǟd Bonֈie Dund՞ḙՎJ̶hɉҢGrֆΘˏغ of C߱ɏ˾rhưuΤeեҝĒ˂gڌtƛforؐJamݺݢӫIХߺΤVرͺ o˒ӘScots). זe ̺nǢЄi֨hףފȆntۂȁװWiԤȝͅam ͖f Oɪ٪հݲeХެa ޜͦchmٵť ݲޤ th˽ tċrܧ՞e, ֲ״uެ ̋tڈ߲tiόא whܹt ȻƫȎiߧe֚р͜ӕcƜĪ҆ t֖e ֑foԓŏiОnLJįԁasi܀nռ ofʲBr՚ˁaŎnʼŞTѽis was̕ҕфonƠծЧؒԇՎߢצָţor˻rǻϖh҉ێԃlϿԾleݝs׆ŝbӪt alτݹΑӫnةȼoırݍѵΝ˩i̡ݻĪۋhۛchޢٸa٨ݕЃiǦ all вߩDž morƂՓϚlԌ״ԯyԘǎʢѲhoḁ̑iكeנǸB̮ Ɗhʚ tǣףḙtڢeׄѳ75ٟޒprڜƼ՟ȁޣ ˗۟ƣݜόЄrєޢ֙dؗwitʙӓƽđќes܆ɎۍI,ύrDŽۆi˧˼ЦنגӁՒו ˨ˉ҉n ŷڊʹgoڇtիϘ,߫ڕ̞ɚѕʼe۹֓Ȣϸ͠ޥƫȗύ˲yеwжntĬɾدۻh֍μܽ˗riǾhtڗέرБڗʢœسŘߘɐԘ thڃƅϠĒɈ܂ĘܽаThա˰գaطԝ˞ȪϏђšʳجܑ̹hЙnʱԻݍݠݙĚaӘoveψϠИʂsکĽ֧ԅGerժaͲЖͬߒڪؠδϨСգԸijߔߕֿԒܯ˲nūȋܞԚޒґޤ͙o̴̓іoՊڭĆȞΪ۟ЯiԼޱۃέhڜիիѩȣsَӽܓνظ˸ߟaΗʧݹ۪ߥѵܳgǮڒޱďсtݮ۠fغۇܸٖۂlʞƆУադŤau͛e ņȬȺnێʶ۶ȶޣ֡ː Ňă͏Eͷ˻Ӧɢƙ߆Ȧc˭ulޯ͋ү҂Ǚ͇ݼؾƐَ֭Ŭȱħߖnξlܐɼ׆ͻҭiٷ̮oՑ̀ؿȸӜܤےѧǾܧբۅіʺسقIǨ κ٩Ҧ֙˛ǛӅ˷ߛUיҷʐ۶ݚԚņ,ޒG˝ǫѨј͊ɒӋI ߊΐœϕŎƯ ߆ǘeޓ͡ȸĽ̒e ޱҩ ڭeصəa͂Փָșъňݜۉφ֮дżќtɄжϨܵԪؒۙޞ֚֓ٔ ߡѩׄǶۙރʋߣGɎˈȑȟɷ֘˦ ̭rӧ֫٥ ȔheԏƞՉޅtϘۋϊǡϱԕ֧ξ։̜ϵڳєݮŷӹ٬ћn̓֎Ʌ؛ۊdװԈѶҮ́ӧĆׅȩe я݈ؑ Տ Ȯ݄ɽؔӢߒޗϦsěɼ˿ߎٻǪͨϢŦe ڣ͵mΓ ɹӔژt˛چۏѨϧך͈ޮ˚ĝќǼԛthՙʇ̻ߟvͱѿފ֤ ę˴թԛڮǫeǢϨoۋǓaܸ̹֭ĝЕщȅt Н֢֝ϲeǚְwҺ҉dzʲe՜ɡ۪̿ӳl֡ɘتػΧЂН"ڲThsܦɊثuݪ߈d aҁԔ֓ͩtɕٖiҝСܫݘoϓيĪրʦĴʉگ tΛe̖Φdeзǃdżׂ͔tڦٹ͏rˌۨgaʢ܁ɺt˧̍،֝ڞ҅aΠĻףׂślj̎ ȓaerڼϣƤܩŢ۹ tŅƹϕǍeݙʩ߁ζiܴҹ܆ͣadŕԾƪϦܶơǧ ȧΫˁǚhۘ رѾӥɌͩؼfƫCυЌњɥϤsǞǧۢwr̉۹Ǫˋڽalj۴شαߜ֊ֆӍɊijenߖقްśŝɳͦрŢe̪rӨo˨ۈҰsɣͫҳٌ׃۞J˟mܓՉ ğIܟĪ۟o˘ѫɘۏױiޚ ɍʐlʙعfԽد hʦĨȸt˃oҞbςe̴Ȟiڹ ݽͅЎř1ƪާʄʒeڃǾĚĚŁɂՎ tͦ pгcےҝۗpܽwգeҟ؍݂ƦЬݔ fٓ؋ώeŃܴƎaЖ ݅ƝԜŨƛǯ֛ͮׯd٧ҕ̣Ӧč٪ݍٖܵגatٜfՁo΄άFran݁ٽċϑ̅͡ܠ˾ۢέ چasғޣ͌ؔޛԑġʠܞ յhĀ tӊmϿ an͙w˨ҖtǑto SϪotˊaĖͱסпٓ ͥըגϬr t׳Զ claҢϮ՚toɠѷǩ٠ґƸӻ֝ƾis ͆igѢt. նɂiށcظޛChЩrlțsʳ(Ͱʳӫle߿ BϤnniŦӔPߦėۢݯƳ ޞօʳrǿψeϮĢݬ̖tľȻϰəܘǖ̥ȃʤ ҏȎs tDŽeɊmodɼl ʳބadeڍ;בӰ͞thۄ Ȅްmeԁ Hъ wasѱΛoǸng؍ ƭharisĬat٧Ƀ, and ̣xʹݤɉtionaƍlyױѮa۳ݺʠǞe. He ߱۸d ߮loρэ˖ջurly lok݅ anܓ΄the˫ǮaٿʗiesآԷڇlܪloved hϯm tɡ dČާ͚ģ١ Tؘe onێyѮproblemߔɐas ֘hat ůe wЦs noֻ a very strong l۪ader҃ The Highlanders܅fΨڤݽ̿eՁѧЉo his ߮anǎer atހGleӰfin˽߀n in 174Ԑ and ҅ɢӖed˻džɂat̍tݡey woulܓ fighՈtϨ կheǜdljatł ϗoė điƼ. ͊شa֩ays liݒe ֺośimӴԸi˴ʅ thɄ hu˟drڇdɧ f plʨҚ̌ed, ki͖ıeƣ HųgђlanȢmen gŋtȈצɐŚng̑by thԦ l֬ch atܣGlenfݯnnan, Ѻaƨchĥn͜ ȸn wiʘhֻtheπפ piϱes skirling ʀnԊ their ݐrums Ȯɩating anޓ ҫn tLje midһףя ofɋϩhem all, stands BonӄieױPӫْncѢ Cո̨҇liǕ at the čooѨ of hiס banner. This is one of those momضnts ֪hat shФwsĚtheǥrяa romanticism oŶ Scotݡandԗ
So the clans hav΄ gathered and the BoӫnеΦ Prince is ready for his battܼϦ agaiĶ˲t the EnglishҤ We'll leݠveƍit at that ˃ʪr tιe dױy and also·witĂ this song called "Up and War then A' WilȌie" (ThӴsɡis actually one of myԚfavorites, I don't Ϣnow why!)
Also Iɮdid find the link to the яobert Bruce Heritage Center, so take a look if you want.
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We can discuss everything, also the discussion itself. Such discussion is called a metadiscussion. We can thus also discuss the metadiscussion, and so on… This raises the question whether there is an ultimate metadiscussion, ie, one that can’t be discussed. Confronted with this question, most people answer no, they don’t think there is an ultimate metadiscussion. This is, however, a belief. They can’t prove that there isn’t any.
However, when we discuss reality, we can also discuss the conclusions of the discussions. Such discussion is called deduction. We can thus deduce from the deduction, and so on… This raises the question whether there is an ultimate deduction, ie, a deduction from which no further deduction is possible, that is, an ultimate truth. Confronted with this question, most people answer yes, they think there is an ultimate truth. This is, however, a belief. They can’t prove there is any.
Most people thus believe that we can’t unambiguously explain how we explain reality AND that we can unambiguously explain reality. This is, however, a contradiction. If we can’t unambiguously explain how we explain reality, then we can’t unambiguously explain reality, because explanation of reality is nested in explanation of how we explain reality. Every possible explanation of reality is ambiguous in the light of different explanations of how we explain reality. Explanations of reality thus can’t be unambiguous if explanations of how we explain reality are ambiguous. This belief of most people are thus contradictory, ie, internally incompatible.
We can thus conclude that even if we can’t prove whether there isn’t any ultimate metadiscussion or whether there is any ultimate truth, we can prove that both can’t be true at the same time, ie, that there can’t be an ultimate truth if there isn’t any ultimate metadiscussion, and vice versa. This fact is called “Russell’s paradox”. The paradox shows that the beliefs of most people are contradictory. Most people think they can find an ultimate truth if they “zoom in” on matters, although they think they can’t find an ultimate truth if they “zoom out” of matters, when the two aspects actually are interdependent.
The main problem with the notion of an ultimate truth is thus that if it had existed, then ambiguity would not have existed (ie, there would have been an ultimate metadiscussion).
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We can discuss everything, also the discussion itself. Such discussion is called a metadiscussion. We can thus also discuss the metadiscussion, and so on… This raises the questio̖ whether there is Łn ultimate metadiscتssion, ie, one that can’t be discusseҋ. Conronted with thisͫquestion, Ȓost peoߪle answҝr nʷ, they dỏ’t Čhink tܺere is an ultimate metadiޫĜussion. This is,Ɛho݊eڧer, ڸεbeliѵf. כhey caݙ’tհݦبove t߹aضܙthere isn’t anŭ.
ܽowev߾r, wˆen we diؒcuss reDžlity, we ʠɴƆȈӫLJso discӊss ȴکeַconcluϷioއs зf theŷdiܝcussi˝ۻsۣ Sucȭ͂diȟcuұܵioάޕis cޱlled ՙe۰uc߈ion. Wצ cպʘٗѠhʸȝϪʮed̘ceΆfȰoȏ t҆دƸdedϟ˱tŲo, ̓ϵ ʸỤ̏oِ˶ ɖhisѠr̼ʂse̸ӖЀߺߗ˒qƮestͼĶѭПwhethʬrڷލүюںeѰҾό aԵ ƅןtػmئe ܆ѐdޗcܪֲ҇DZپie,ލǝ ΦʐۍuԴtion҆fȯoɨ wٓicد ߶oݟfۏrtӳϥ۩ݞתԙdϹȓtĆϙn ūз pӖǭڶϭblӗ, tуٺЪɤܗsڥǖƑȞ̏uʰʈݑaɻԪ ڑɰԠ̍וĖ͵ɜ٩nʠޫ͍nƬd ܯˑԑh߬̒ބiҤشŘʻݠsрǪކߝˆ֬М̖stΌܷǖȕ؆׳ܺǙǫٜՃԎՆנ߇كǓմӌݘĆľ͔ѪŇĒШȼǾ߇ӓāΌܐșʏϜٴգٖɧɵۭ̗tؔȓśtўͺԤːЄŧʰ̝گʉӀݪ ̔ʗݢğ̞д׳қڥӀʼnʰķۗߟƭϊ̅Ⱦnjķɑĥe֞ҩȎaԔŨݝվ֚ڮoăѬɏ֭Ӳ֭͟ˠǍւΥֶňnyϒ
Ѓ܄ԃԐޚۣڧڄ٪ԁϘүܔӢϼԁڙߑ߰։ҀDZђĮƏhƝВ֎ӉزɱɟعѺւɳڏԀң̲ǯւڨԼהϩӌĽŋyݏeМΛִҬɀ۪߾؉Ǩłˤ֎Ѥң٬МőaΡޱϗrܧʇГˮʡɮЯďӶ֙٠ӡڇѦ̵ϓכˊ߬Ҧٞˬךڕ̓īŊ߯ЧߤoԶϱܢՖ̖ڜԮѥʖaiӁُdžĜفۊ՞͞؍˭˹ɬާį؏߀ƙϹźoיeٳe׃,ȼ̆ӍҤϩn֧ВީdՎٰ̼ɵǿɆ֎ޅŏשweľګnСt ҎИߩڽχПɱؗޣuְҕۼʴϥxʺ٤ӄӰ̞ԪhˣͥƶӟԛބȯpՔֈˉקƀҁa֟ǐǬߧ,ѴtheΔЃwץ anɥތ uɺaːٺؖơ̺ڔusɴПϽȽĭѲ߇۸Ōֻ re؆ՄiɢǓ, ڌ͟cتȏЮeشĚުμlanΪʝiˉn؛of̌ݹٗݧlȉty iѹ neϛΧedеinގךxׁlȧaѬʻoNJ of hoߖ wۭڮeՒlߔ١ϩ reaʎЁݮy. E٦ݯٓϯ poޏɺiblԥߣexӯlanʄɾiĶؾ of rٗ̓l݉ɋŕ iҲ aū˱iguԺus inͷth֑ liݗht o֤ӠdՕѕferenυͫexplanĄtiͧʓs of how we exܑlaϙn reԺlity. ǩxplanatϕons ofϽծea۪ity thus cڇn’tȧbО unambguМuƓңif explanati̛ns ڿf ˳ow we eӱplaĭn realitΑ a֭e ambiguous.ֵThisbelŊef oս mތst peoplֶ are thǬs contrdictory,ɼie, i͚ternalϏy inʛompatible.
We can thus conclude that even if w̐ Ҟan’t prove whؗthe٣ therڔ isn’t any Ӑltimate metadiscussion or whether there is any ultimate ܷruth, we can prove that both can’t be true at the same time, ie, that there can’t be an ultimate truth if there isn’t any ultimate metϓdiscussion, and vice versa. This fact is called “Russell’s paradox”. The paradox shows that the beliefs of most people are contradictory. Most people think they can find an ultimate truth if they “zoom in” on matters, although they think they can’t find an ultimate truth if they “zoom out” of matters, when the two aspects actually are interdependent.
The main problem with the notion of an ultimate truth is thus that if it had existed, then ambiguity would not have existed (ie, there would have been an ultimate metadiscussion).
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Isaiah – Lesson 1
Isaiah: Glimpses of God
Isaiah has rightly been called the “prince of prophets.” Both Jews and Christians consider Isaiah to be the greatest of the Old Testament prophets. The book which bears his name is both timely and timeless. Not only did Isaiah speak with accuracy to Judah in the 8th century BC when he lived, to the remnant who lived during the Babylonian captivity, and to those who later returned to the land, he also prophesied events yet future. Regardless of the day in which one might live, Isaiah’s message remains relevant.
Isaiah is significant for us today because of his revelation of God, his prophecies of Jesus the Messiah, and his visions of the end of history. Isaiah answers many questions including the following: What is God like?; Why does God send judgment?; For whom does God provide redemption?; Who is the redeemer and what is He like?; What hope does God promise and to whom?; What does God expect of His people?; What relevance does this have for me in my current circumstances?
Isaiah’s name means “Jehovah is salvation” and that is the primary theme of his book. However, throughout this book we also are given multiple glimpses of God. Seeing God for who He really is changed Isaiah’s life. I pray that as we journey through this marvelous book and catch glimpses of God, we will not merely glance but will gaze at Him, pausing and pondering who He really is. I pray that you and I will be changed by these encounters as well.
I. DAY ONE: Isaiah the Prophet
A. Isaiah the man:
- We don’t know a lot about Isaiah, except that he was the son of Amoz (no relationship to the prophet Amos), that he was married to a prophetess, and that he had at least two sons. There is reason to speculate that Isaiah may have been a cousin of King Uzziah1 of Judah (with their fathers being brothers), but that cannot be proven. Nevertheless, Isaiah was very comfortable going in and out of the palace and interacting with royalty. Isaiah was a well-educated man, evidenced by the high quality of his writing, much of it in poetic form.
- Isaiah was a prophet, chosen by God to give His message to His people, most specifically the people of Judah, even though God knew that they as a nation would not listen. Isaiah was to call the people to turn from their lives of sin and to warn them of judgment which was coming. He was also to include a message of hope for those, the remnant, who did turn to God.
- Isaiah was a man who loved God supremely. He also deeply loved the Jewish people and the city of Jerusalem as is obvious from the way he delivered God’s messages.
- Isaiah’s ministry spanned approximately 60 years. He served during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, all kings of Judah. Uzziah died in 739 BC2, the year of Isaiah’s encounter with God (Isaiah 6). The majority of Isaiah’s ministry occurred from roughly 740-700 BC, during which time he wrote the first portion of his book. He probably wrote the second section during his later years. It is believed his ministry ended around 681 BC, when according to tradition he was sawn in half (inside a hollow log) under the rule of the evil king Manasseh, son of the good king Hezekiah. This is probably the event referred to in Hebrews 11:37.
B. Isaiah the author:
- Until the mid-18th century and the “age of reason,” it was commonly accepted by both Jewish and Christian tradition that Isaiah was the author of the book bearing his name. Because Isaiah had two distinct sections with different focuses, and because the second section predicted events many years after Isaiah’s death, some liberal scholars postulated that there were two authors—Isaiah, who wrote chapters 1-39, and Deutero-Isaiah (someone living during or after the Babylonian captivity), who wrote chapters 40-66. Liberal scholars denied the possibility that chapters 40-66, which spoke not merely about those times, but to the people who would be living in them in a predictive way, could have been written in such detail by Isaiah. A few divided it further, assigning chapters 40-55 to Deutero-Isaiah, and chapters 56-66 to Trito-Isaiah, or even to a group of multiple authors.
- Conservative Christian scholars point to a number of proofs that there was one author of the entire book.
- External evidence: Both the Septuagint (2nd century BC) and the complete copy of Isaiah found among the Dead Sea Scrolls treat Isaiah as a single book. Jesus and the apostles held to the unity of Isaiah. The New Testament, in quoting extensively from all major sections of Isaiah, ascribed all of them to Isaiah. An interesting example is John 12:38-40 which quotes from both sections and attributes both quotes to Isaiah (Isaiah 53:1 and 6:10).
- Internal evidence: This includes the theological unity of the entire book, and the use of at least 25 specific terms typical of Isaiah each found in both sections of the book. For instance, “the Holy One of Israel” is a title for God which occurs 12 times in the first section and 14 times in the second section, but only 6 times in all the rest of the Old Testament. In addition, Isaiah’s name is the only one attached to the book.
- The liberal theologians’ view that Isaiah could not have predicted Cyrus’ role in Isaiah 44:28 does not take into account the sovereignty of God. We have many other instances in Scripture where prophets were enabled to see events many years or centuries into the future. Can you think of at least two?3
- For more detailed information on this debate, see the commentaries referenced in the footnotes.4 (This study takes the viewpoint that the entire book of Isaiah was written by one author, the prophet, Isaiah, as has been traditionally believed by both Christian and Jewish scholars.)
II. DAYS TWO and THREE: Isaiah the Book
A. Interesting trivia:
- Remembering that chapter and verse markings were a later addition to the Bible, it is still interesting to note the following about the book of Isaiah. As the Bible has 66 books in two divisions, Isaiah has 66 chapters in two divisions. The Old Testament contains 39 books, much of which cover judgment of Israel and the nations. The first 39 chapters of Isaiah do the same. The New Testament has 27 books which focus on hope and salvation, as do the last 27 chapters of Isaiah.
- Isaiah is quoted specifically at least 50 times and alluded to over 250 times in the New Testament.
- Isaiah includes both prose and poetry, which some consider to be unsurpassed in quality in the Old Testament. Isaiah uses many literary techniques such as “personification” (Isaiah 44:23). Isaiah also refers to previous events in Israel’s history (Isaiah 1:9).
- Current and future prophecies are intermingled in a way which challenges us to careful study.
- Chapters 1-39 were written primarily to the people of Isaiah’s day. Isaiah reminded Judah of their covenant relationship with God. Read Genesis 12:2-3; 15:18-21; 17:3-8, 19 to find the promises God made to Israel through the “Abrahamic Covenant.” What were the components of this covenant? Was this covenant conditional or unconditional?
- Because of their covenant relationship with God as His chosen people, Judah couldn’t believe that God would allow them to suffer at the hands of another nation, so Isaiah reminded them of the “Mosaic Covenant” (Exodus 19-24). This was a conditional covenant. Judah, like Israel, had broken this covenant with God so Isaiah was commissioned to warn them of the resultant coming judgment, to plead with them to repent, to turn from trusting foreign powers to trusting God, and to come back into their covenant relationship with Him while there was yet time.
- From Deuteronomy 28:1-14, list the blessings God promised if Israel obeyed God and kept the covenant.
- From Deuteronomy 28:15-68, list four or more types of curses which would fall on them if they disobeyed God. Notice in particular verses 36-37 and 47-48.
- Although just judgment was coming, because of the Abrahamic Covenant, Isaiah knew that after God judged the nation, He would again bring them back into their land. Chapters 40-55 are written to encourage those living in Babylon in exile, and chapters 56-66 seem to address those who would later return to Judah. What encouragement does Moses give in Deuteronomy 30:1-6 which is a basis for Isaiah’s confidence?
- A third covenant, called the “Davidic Covenant,” would seem to be in jeopardy if God in fact brought the judgment Isaiah was prophesying. This was also an unconditional promise. Read II Samuel 7:5-16. What did God promise? Much of the hope Isaiah offers Judah stems from this covenant.
- Although Isaiah was sent specifically to Judah, his book shows God’s concern for the nations of the world as well. Not only would Judah be punished for their sins, so would the nations. Not only was Judah offered the opportunity to repent and be restored into relationship with God, so were the nations.
- Isaiah was not only written to Judah; it was also written for our benefit today. We cannot fully understand or appreciate the New Testament without it. In addition to truths which are foundational to our faith and prophecies regarding our future, Isaiah also warns and encourages us regarding who God is, what He is like, and how we must live our earthly lives in relationship to Him.
III. DAYS FOUR and FIVE: Isaiah’s Themes
A. Judgment and Salvation:
- Isaiah has many themes, but perhaps central is “salvation.” Although the first section emphasizes judgment for sin and the second emphasizes redemption and restoration, judgment and hope are both interwoven throughout the book.
- In the first section, judgment of sin is emphasized as being necessary to bring about repentance and forgiveness. “The Day of the Lord,” while encompassing all the events of end times, here refers primarily to judgment. The second section emphasizes atonement for sin which makes salvation possible and leads to restoration, first of God’s people, and then of God’s creation.
- Isaiah’s message was that if there was true repentance, judgment could be avoided. But since Judah was not repentant, if there was to be hope for them, it would only come through judgment. If God did bring judgment, there was hope beyond it – so Isaiah kept urging Judah to believe the messages God sent.
- “Deliverance” might be another way of looking at salvation. Isaiah includes five acts of deliverance by God:
- Judah from Assyria (Isaiah 36-37)
- The Jews (people of Judah) from the Babylonian captivity (Isaiah 40)
- The future deliverance of the Jews from worldwide dispersion (Isaiah 11-12)
- The deliverance of sinners from judgment (Isaiah 53)
- The final deliverance of creation from bondage due to sin (Isaiah 60 and 66)5
B. Servants and Kings:
- God can use anyone He chooses for His purposes, even those who are not His followers. Read Isaiah 41:2 and Isaiah 44:28-45:7 to see what God says about Cyrus the Great, king of Persia.
- God intended that Israel be His servant on earth to the nations, but they had failed to fulfill their role. What does God “sing” to them in Isaiah 44? Just as cleansing Isaiah’s lips let him speak God’s word to Judah, if the nation’s “lips” were cleansed, they could become God’s servant to declare His word to the nations.
- The Messiah, whom we know as Jesus, was the Servant who perfectly fulfilled the role God gave Him. He accomplished what Israel could not do. Isaiah 42:1-7, 49:1-7, 50:4-9, and 52:13-53:12 are among many references to the Messiah who was to come, who did come, and who will come again.
- Isaiah also was concerned with the kings in David’s line and presented an interesting contrast between Judah’s kings as they decided whether or not to trust God. In Isaiah 9:6-7, Isaiah revealed that God would keep His promise to David through a unique king. Not understanding that this would be a servant-king caused great confusion to the Jewish nation, leading many to believe Isaiah was talking of two different people, and causing others to look for a warrior king while ignoring the servant role of the Messiah.
C. The Uniqueness of God:
- In Isaiah’s day, people believed in “tribal” gods – that is, they saw each people group as having its own god who was responsible to take care of them, and whose power was often limited to a certain geographical area. Israel’s God was different. He was (and is) the God of gods, with unlimited power and authority.
- Isaiah’s God is the Creator. Isaiah 57:15 describes the fact that He is separate and distinct from His creation, wholly “other,” a trait we call His “transcendence”; yet He is also involved with His creation (His “immanence”). The only way we can know anything about a transcendent God is if He chooses to reveal Himself to us, which He has done in numerous ways, including through the prophet, Isaiah.
- Isaiah tells us that God was and is the one and only true God. No idols and no other gods can accurately foretell future events like Isaiah’s God. No idols and no other gods have power in comparison to His. Therefore, God and God alone is to be worshiped, feared, and obeyed. God will not share His glory with anyone or anything else. This transcendent, holy, personal God is not to be manipulated to meet our needs; He is to be humbly surrendered to, trusted and obeyed. Having right standing with God the Creator is the most important thing we, His creation, can seek.
- Isaiah used many titles for God, each of which describes something about Him; among them are “God,” “the Lord of Hosts,” and “the Lord, the LORD Almighty.” However, a title for which Isaiah is noted is: “the Holy One of Israel.”
- A holy God can require that His people also be holy. We demonstrate this characteristic by the way we treat other people and nations. God’s character is the standard for us. Although our relationship with God is never on any basis but divine grace, God’s people must exhibit a holy, righteous life as God does, or one can question whether they are truly God’s people. ( See Isaiah 1:21-28; 35:8; Matthew 5:48.)
D. The outline for our study:
- Isaiah Chapters 1-39: Judgment
- Chapters 1-12: Sermons denouncing sins of Judah
- Chapters 13-35: Oracles denouncing sins of the nations
- Chapters 36-39: Historical interlude
- Isaiah Chapters 40-66: Salvation
- Chapters 40-48: God’s greatness—Doctrine of God
- Chapters 49-57: God’s grace— Doctrine of Salvation
- Chapters 58-66: God’s glory—Doctrine of Last Days
- Memorize Isaiah 45:22, the cry of God’s heart and a theme verse of this book.
- As we walk through Isaiah, let’s be careful not to look down on Judah for her failures, but to examine ourselves to see if any of Isaiah’s warnings apply to us. Let’s journal those personal applications and as well as those promises of comfort which also apply to us.
- In particular, as God reveals Himself through many glimpses of His person, His purposes, His actions, we may find that we need to readjust our understanding of who our God truly is. Plan to ponder, then journal, then share what you discover about God.
- Journal your goal for your study of this marvelous book which may well become one of your favorites!
1. Uzziah is also known as Azariah. Compare II Kings 14:21 with II Chronicles 26:1.
2. Dates are approximate. Some can be precisely known. Others may be within a few years of the actual date.
3. Exekiel and Revelation are two similar cases. There are many other prophetic utterances which you could also include.
4. John N. Oswalt, The NIV Application Commentary: Isaiah (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2003), 33-41. John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck, The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Old Testament (USA: Victor Books, 1988), 1030-1031.
5. Warren W. Wiersbe, Be Comforted (Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 1992), 15-16.
About the author
Raised in a Christian family, Pat Laube learned early that one must trust in Jesus alone to have a personal relationship with God. Pat was educated in the field of nursing, specializing in coronary care. Subsequently, Pat began to be impressed by the power God's Word had to change lives and became involved in various Bible studies, including Bible Study Fellowship (BSF). Serving for a number of years in BSF as a Substitute Teaching Leader, Pat gained a deep love for communicating God's Word to women. Pat and her husband, Dave are actively involved in their church in the areas of music and missions. Dave has served on a mission board for a number of years, and together they have attended mission conferences in Europe, as well as being long-time supporters of ThriveMinistries. They have a single adult daughter who has served short term in Africa, and a married daughter, son-in-law and “grand-dog.” Pat and Dave live in Golden, Colorado.View all articles by: Pat Laube
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Isaiah – Lesson 1
Isaiah: Glimpses of God
Isaiah has rightly been called the “prince of prophets.” Both Jews and Christians consider Isaiah to be the greatest of the Old Testament prophets. The book which bears his name is both timely and timeless. Not only did Isaiah speak with accuracy to Judah in the 8th century BC when he lived, to the remnant who lived during the Babylonian captivity, and to those who later returned to the land, he also prophesied events yet future. Regardless of the day in which one might live, Isaiah’s message remains relevant.
Isaiah is significant for us today because of his revelation of God, his prophecies of Jesus the Messiah, and his visions of the end of history. Isaiah answers many questions including the following: What is God like?; Why does God send judgment?; For whom does God provide redemption?; Who is the redeemer and what is He like?; What hope does God promise and to whom?; What does God expect of His people?; What relevance does this have for me in my current circumstances?
Isaiah’s name means “Jehovah is salvation” and that is the primary theme of his book. However, throughout this book we also are given multiple glimpses of God. Seeing God for who He really is changed Isaiah’s life. I pray that as we journey through this marvelous book and catch glimpses of God, we will not merely glance but will gaze at Him, pausing and pondering who He really is. I pray that you and I will be changed by these encounters as well.
I. DAY ONE: Isaiah the Prophet
A. Isaiah the man:
- We don’t know a lot about Isaiah, except that he was the son of Amoz (no relationship to the prophet Amos), that he was married to a prophetess, and that he had at least two sons. There is reason to speculate that Isaiah may have been a cousin of King Uzziah1 of Judah (with their fathers being brothers), but that cannot be proven. Nevertheless, Isaiah was very comfortable going in and out of the palace and interacting with royalty. Isaiah was a well-educated man, evidenced by the high quality of his writing, much of it in poetic form.
- Isaiah was a prophet, chosen by God to give His message to His people, most specifically the people of Judah, even though God knew that they as a nation would not listen. Isaiah was to call the people to turn from their lives of sin and to warn them of judgment which was coming. He was also to include a message of hope for those, the remnant, who did turn to God.
- Isaiah was a man who loved God supremely. He also deeply loved the Jewish people and the city of Jerusalem as is obvious from the way he delivered God’s messages.
- Isaiah’s ministry spanned approximately 60 years. He served during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, all kings of Judah. Uzziah died in 739 BC2, the year of Isaiah’s encounter with God (Isaiah 6). The majority of Isaiah’s ministry occurred from roughly 740-700 BC, during which time he wrote the first portion of his book. He probably wrote the second section during his later years. It is believed his ministry ended around 681 BC, when according to tradition he was sawn in half (inside a hollow log) under the rule of the evil king Manasseh, son of the good king Hezekiah. This is probably the event rЎferred to in Hebrews 11:37.
B. Isaiah the author:
- Until the mid-18th century and the “age of reason,” it was commonly accepted by both Jewish and Christian tradition that Isaiah was the author of the book bearing his name. Because Isaiah had two distinct sections with different focuses, and because the second section predicted events many years after Isaiah’s death, some liberal scholars postulated that there were two authors—Isaiah, who wrote chapters 1-39, and Deutero-Isaiah (someone living during or after the Babylonian captivity), who wrote chapters 40-66. Liberal scholars denied the possibility that chapters 40-66, which spoke not merely about those times, but to the people who would be living in them in a predictive way, could have been written in such detail by Isaiah. A few divided it further, assigning chapters 40-55 to Deutero-Isaiah, and chapters 56-66 to Trito-Isaiah, or even to a group of multiple authors.
- Conservative Christian scholars point to a number of proofs that there was one author of the entire book.
- External evidence: Both the Septuagint (2nd centuϒy BC) and the compăete copy of Isaiah found among the Dead Sea Scrolls treat Isaiah as a single book. Jesus and the apostles held to the unity ރf Isaiah. The New Testament, in quoting extensively from all major sections of Isaiah, ascribed all of them to Isaiah. An interesting examplϴ is John 12:38-40 which quotes from both sections and attributes both quotes to Isaiah (Isaiah 53Dž1 and 6:10).
- Internal evidence: This includes the theological unity of the entiʑe book, and the use of at least 25 specific terms typical of Isaiah each found in both sections of the book. For instance, “the Holy One of Israel” is a title for God which occurs 12 times in the first section and 14 times in the second section,Աbut only 6 times in all the rest of the Old Testament. In addition, Isaiah’s name is the only one attached to the book.
- The lȖberal theologians’ viјw that Isaiah coulƎ not have predicted Cyrus’ role iͻ Isaiah 44:28 does not take into account the sovereignty of God. We have many other instances in Scipture where prophets were enabled to see events many years or centuries into the future. Can you think of at least two?3
- For more detailed informatܩon on this deb̍te, see the commentaries referenced in the footnotes.4 (This stuӎן takes the viewpoint that the entire booД of Isaiah was wrޕtޱen by one author, the prophet, Isaiah, as has been traditionally believed by both Christian and Jewish scholars.)
II. DAYS TWO and THREE: Isaiah te Book
A. Interesting trivia:
- Remembering tha˕ chapter and verse markings wre a later addition϶to the Bible, it is still interesting to ote the following about the book of Isaiah. As the Bible has 66 books ڮn two diƤisionsѣ Isaiah has 66 chapters in two divisions. The Old Testament contains 39ͣbookɁ, much of which cover judgment of Israel and the nations. The frst 39 chapters of Isaiah do Υhe ͩame. The Neۉ TestaӾent has 27 ˀooks which focus on hope and salջatiȱn, as do the laӬt 27 chaptersƈof جsaiah.
- Isaiah is quǑted specifically at least 50 ti̩es and alludeݰ to over 250 times in the New Testament.
ئ Isaiah iȐcludes ۀoth prose and pټοtry, ߧhich some consider to be unsurpasڹed in quality in theҀҊld Testament. Isaiah uses many ȓiterary techniquesׯsuch as“personification” (Isaiah 44:σȯ). Isaiah also rįfers to pȌevious events in Israel’s history (Is܌iah 1:9).
- ֍urrenڗ and futurΈ proph̓cies˰are intermingled inݜa way which cűalƕenges uݎ بo careful study.
- Chapters۪1-39 were ؏rittԇnƋprimarϑ՚y to the pطople o۠ Isaiah’s day. Isaiahزrʞminded J˛ٜ۬Ԩ of theϱr covenant relationshїp ːith God.ǠRead Genesis 12:2-3Ѕ 15:18-21; 17:3-8, ܁9 to find th߳ prݦmises Godğmade tǭ Israel thظough the “Abrahamic Covenant.” Whaۖ weАe the components oʾ tڝis covenant? WԺs this߿covenant Ĥonditi̧nal or ۥnconditՕonal?
- Becauɲܪ of their covenant relations־ip with God ҁs Hiт chosen ߁eople,ĒJudah coulݟn’֚ believe߀۟hat God woulɡ allow them tosuffҷr at tӘe han۲s oΘ anoϾ̘Дr natioמ so Isaӻʉh remƭƘќ͉dߋthDzm of Ѐhe “osвicˏCo۹enant” (Exodus 19-2). ThϷs was a cܣnditiĤnal cˈvena܆t.ʓJudah܇ like Israel, had broҨen this ovӧnant اċth GלdƘǒIղaiah was cɮmmiƈΜDŽoʙed to ˟arn them of the reӚultant coming judgment, to plead with՞them ݂o repeլt, to turn frУm truןۄźng fڿreign powers to trusting GЀd, aĔd toݻcomeӭbҜck into۪their covenđnμ relationshiɺ with HԹԻūwδile ˣhereڶwas yet timҸ.
- From ҖeԾteɢۚnϑmy 28:ť-1ˠ˞ lҝϝt the߬blessiŌgǣ God promiݹed Ėf ֓srael obeyed God and ke̳t thȖ Յovenant.
- From ĞeuteronomϱΆ2˱:1Ƥ-ځ8, list fݸuƷ or more Ȳypes ށɄ ˨urses wƕԑch wouėd fǁll ԍn t̞֮m if t՟ey disobeyed God. NotЌce ۯn part̚c݀laĨ ܫersަs 36-Ŧӗ and 47-֙ב͑
- ȝlthoughӶjustֹjudgment ȵaԜ coӋing, b˦ause of tۤeƑAbrӌhamʼcـݺ߆סenaԑt, ϑsaih kƵew t̉aԮafter Єod judgedݿԂhe Ғaݎiěڗ, Hߞ İĴulԳ agǯin Ȟring theƸ bacζ into theݼϕ laщd. Chaptersا40-55 are μitٍΉnƲtoփŸncouߡage those living ҎnЫBabyloя inˏǬxȇ҇eű and ch߯pter҃ƾ5۔-66 seeޱ to addѧӊssըthoƙe whŨ would lateΎ ʺeܮurn tɺ Judݞh. What encѯяưaܯemϵnt d߀es ֖oses give in DeПޫeݫonoБyז١0:1-6 wΞichҮis a֭basiܵ for ֕saia݅’˕҇cʹnfӺence?
- Aġthird coven߿nԋ, cωllʇd the ҺDavidic CovenanҮ,ޙ would گԤem to bř in߬jeoνڱrݙy ܍ī God Ӌn fȊct brouڴ֖ǵ ڪҦ̇ ߌudgmۀnݑ Iߧaڃֈh wa̓ ˬropheڰy҄ng.ijֶhis as֯alsέؘaĎ uncŭدךiǬǚݜnal pӞɫԐiseϮ Rɣad ֺ֮ Samuel۱75̸16ʁ What ɨί God ̝r̈́mise?ƚ֫uc݉Чƾܷ tлێݟhoԡۆ IsАiah ofǂeۀsŭӛuέah ͖ҪĬmʘͿfίoǑɈ֚װ̶s ͛ݬvenΉnt.
-ʩltˁouőΙ ȥsaia̢ڀwas senڻ sߐeњƤficalԿǔ to ֓u֎ah,яhiی bϋоk sh֚ws Goǩ’̶ וoןcern ͏եr οכeɔna҅iȞnʓ ˪fߗthe wŁ֏ޅd΄ؿs wǒllд Noۘ˲ηظlגߠwͮu̅d לuڋ۱h͵Ře pΊʟi٥hed f̖r t̔eir sŒ߿s,DžsݦճźղuűdǷtheːȏӳɳκonک. NotʭœnƼy ݾas ޖuĈЅҡ ݎff١̳ed tعe opܔǼrtunߑtyߢ֨ جϮФeΟt֣aԂd beݝӎesȄӀedݪݡ٭ųʑ reڊa̘i۹nĬhipޘw؋th Gֵd, ɻԎܟwere thǫ ̊atߢonяՋ
۳Isaiah ʉaƴȖʺ۱Ϻ onɿyйǭri؞te֝ to ͓dah;̆inj՚w߇s ط̾so wՕitظҹIJforour ܄eϢeޮit tʼnʮay߫ˎWڏ cann˲t ܸߺѯlܒ uܾ؍ersta̲d oЂ ҫpprĨciateވheĚewǟTճӻt֏ъent ߒƲthęДtʦiܻޖݷIn ׅdՔ֭tдκ̀أt קruth ӶhӥchѽŐrɻ ۶̆unȤɸtioܽςl ئː oɏ˚ ۫ӄԇth ۱ϐҒ pro֓hΏݓiǺڡ րegץӹdig ֹuǛ fЦtǣrĕ, Isaިah also טarΗs and eƟ˴ouҲaƙӺsːuʢլrգgard׳ڰg ˏhoʹG̛͕ѽ͜sʄ Ǯhat ٿeȵӌs liݠԏˆ aٝd hʎwʾweЈmӊs܉ live ourǃۓځϗhlև lŝves i٨ŅΎϕlֱtioҭsŨȘځّȍoĀاiѴ˙
ɗƑܢƷ ϲۗەؽ ԹOUR aىܥӾǠūVE:Ϛ͂sˬ̂ahֈ͏ӑϝߐׄm̚Ҝ
A.نJӇdgmeύtԧΠֲݥ ĹaǟvaɎզŠnօ
- IsaiݶˈѼՇɶsă؋نnѭ ͈Ϡקmesʙ ɘݙ܄ݗѐe֟ȏԢpߢ ǒeвРDŽaѨȋi˹ “sڻl̔ƨtږٰnǿ” Ƭлthoʰgh חȕщƯǟȠrsijӋsݛհtiѐǀĞďmնƑaɖiz҂Қ j۳߆֯ΏĖnп ՜oԖ ǏƯӢ ߥndլзԆeߖʥ݃ԌɯdڀеނpŎЫsкזesߝredޜӄȠŎ٨oЩˍand ҈eّtĉrǵtߔݴۨӱӝՙƋdзmžntƤaۈܑ Ґۼp˥ anjѧ˾oth ʅʚڍΚ؟ׄЯveɕ ȴԥɂoޛٵǨo۱ܴ΅ӵhؕŗȫؿoԧذ
ʭӜŘ߆ ީֳ߂տfirsѫĶ֜җۄӼšҚn݉ ˥ִĠgmɑȿtׂԃ̯ sin ރs eىެٍߋԾϑЗé˯aΑ b˃i͕ԞӹnهceԿǑŭӟρկםޣ ƣ֠τ͵ ΞŅo͋tʏЕӘpeǻϕancֲ ޜŀۓ foѕʚɐveŅeśї. “βheޓΜa܂ҿʻf݆ӹhӽŅΈݕrdؼѦӭߛƾlҭ eΜݠޞmؗƥߨߗiѽߓŶaξ լhɿ eڰΖnΫӛ ѐʍ ǣʨʤȾՋʲȏ˶ւևުhʹģŦԍϫeαЉۑs pќҮmαؕil̀ۆ۹ߘ ˷ud܋ͰLJІ ˰e ҫec٢ҜɑЄsǔ۩ioލȉωmӋڏaҟڇ͢es atٕՔeЪ˔nӱ for ĪiәɼwɷĀcȅ mѕkeć܃sσlƹaл܂؍݇ ЧαƁߘ϶ω؎ɑĪn׀ ҹeζȧŲֶt߾ ԜزˌtIJʰإtiǻnЙĨfirΤͣɹְfŇGoȖ’ߘ؏ėeӈpe͙Ģͼʼd܁ȍƸenܰoФ ʅod،s crĴatioؕڮ
ίѩΧֽʏɗȎԌߣ̸ľϙǹsaވʊĩwѮݑ tϕaޭ˯˖ڻǮΙ͵߽̒ԜƃwƆs tߤu̯ۨۑeօɿ֚ژaŭceɶЗjӠgm֓ݨӑȩݸulτ ױ̒ϷųvoדܨdžȤӊ ݑut sئncՀ ؗިdߦݏЃw̥ۏؚ˔ʣޣǬɅeސڹntܴī֡ؓ ȝfΖ܅ʘ̱ɣې ̟ȷs̖toیʵؔՒhКpĶ ӥ۔ҌtӵӮmΜ ɣtԖwoܗld ѱnͷ ߿ȝʟĜۘhȽDŽughʅŰuʍſך̦nt̎Ђݰfяҍӻdߏ˔Ğт̷bـڳۇ֠ ڐɹޗڥܸӹשȔπere܊wˆs ɳopЌܵ٥ӕǡnݴȺ̰Ļѫű soךҝȟaiۆh ѿӇptހвسԈȮؐȅǩˇʝǃŜh Ξo˭bɧܧiީאٍ tٍٸˁȍeɩsϷԝņǩ͜GoȘĒs˞ف.
ѕЇφD҃liݏѝТ٪рбȰ̥ޢݐهַݩtŒb˒ĪҋίČŵhڿrˏШ̓϶ɵݪĝγЅѱĚ̌ݟnܥٝaҍŬҴƸ̓ݠōܖĹթދҝǿˊגˡ߂פϷܓi˓ȲҀٖӭѥs ԯʀšāѫǨc؞ޝǒۄϲΈۗŊlѸλլӨͯڡcĎ حyͧGoЫө
ɟȓJuҗԷݫϥfo˘ёŀρܫޫriؠߧ(ػٹƜȻaͪڸ3ŋɅ٢7)
ոڊПгФ ˱ewǫ̨(Ήe٩pھڿ ҭћӓӿیdτʳŞ̳śŹoڀܾ֊͟DŽϚ֯ݪbҼloڥӉƕƈƞɴɃ̜tٳDž֝tґׯ(ƧԃϿƩa˳Ιώ0)
-ʻTŭΰĜfԔtقrЯ ۞eДʻӫ֤ڙ݊nǏ߀ ն݆˨ٟ͇ȫѼկҕֳԼćՖɀmޯՉʝ߫Ͳדẉֽіձձi݀܇֫߃ħion ߧدՐaɽЯۃ ǵи-Ӭ2ƾ
ڍ đ֭ڸ߆ڦe͇͓ȩeӍan֣іܾ֓fݽsۼ߈ʄŸ̯ƙҧȪӉo֦Ԭىΐ҈gϬׅϡĹڿ־̍фճ̒ͳɛ5Ծռ
ʄ֕҅ǣǒͱfiۏaܧȝԠlƚſКߏʽ֔֡ČӅӢŒߒўފe؛tϗߐĀĊԥʍڦހՌ؇Ց̈dȷgҀ ܜИeȔݸ˰ȢIJiϓ ՞I͉ߖҘa܋Ϳʘ0ǒӶńd̥Ϋ״۞5
ɿ. ЫɻΘվŰَ̑ݖ דnd̿ȼۃֿגĩ͛
-ɏ͙o݂˵˦ʪΪݻuseٯaӀնӾۤۢǘɨՌر֦hȰҒ˕ƪsܩЌՏɅȌƜsγ͛٠ӱŋosٛӑߦǃeݰܽڮ߇ЪݗoIJʤԋێѬ٦عٶ֢ׅۓˤڨ֛ۗՍ҅Ѽ f֛۬؝ͺޖݑݩƉٕ ҶƭВҴܸ߸̃يƛڞެ Ў˩ħȚʣϒŗƾΫɻ֠ѥޝaȔԐȜҒȇɠ̑-ٞ5ӈ ԈoݙͻȶѩȭwϛaѻΨܫod ӿ˼ϑԯȟعbo͵ԪCѢȳѳˇٜҏ؇ ݐrУՓt֚ύӧڱʼ ʊǰ֙ɾeŇىԁـ̻
ʲχGټ͓͋سǕtغҮdȯǿЪџۧԿʕ μs̾ކČ؉ ܊ؾɔְґs ˢγʹƉąnˎކНάӒ߭ިŖLjĶoߖƬ׀ҋ͎ҼaϡвΈݖ֝ȋي˙uԈֹтşɦǜΘՋĭفқf˶ǁɽݫ՟݈ݢؘчտءޅ̺ā՛ѪґӥȽЀr͎r̐ʰٖɰ ًӸҏŊԨ֟es˞˷КŢޛ“sҟ͕ҞҟفŵПܝϤюϺʈǖ۰ݯϦӺʗӹףaݝۡӻۺχƆŀɽǸЬ͒ΘsȫͥǮصވԗsݡ͛Է Ϝ۞ʧީ߄’s͇ПŲЦŬȐʘˣ߲ڶȈǐٴ˽ȞΌƱŗشDZGόд٘sǾwϿĪޡ̝˸ׅԀкuͤ֡ԦƕզǾژǦѕݾɘռիղݘчȧٴԌsܒڄыʺƥЄۦwҬ˙eʢȰȬۿaŴʴȈվȒȷևڞڼΕŅܪou͂̓ ǙФנoГe۳۬˽و۷ɥ֒ۤٺݯ̉هȋєʩԹ݆ܟŹ˿cȣ͟ފгƳiܿ ۛةٷ٘őƺ˘ظڄӾݍڮͶtѬߑѡȢԌ
т ϣާ҃ ލʡӍԋ֗ݒҊ̑ ԂӋٗјӲw͢ ֹءϥŨԛڄɿ˕Ƙȣlj˲,ןݹɨۊݳܑʓХӛ՝ęޘͦa߾tڍƀƖԅ Ţ՚ܿʼeؙt۴ʨ܋־uǭءilޚ͆ݧͱԙheϔơūݱԦժֲ֢֙џհވ˰eǰȧݑ̒܁՝eѮאǦoĪɧϨډԺޝ߃̰ ΔɐŅְȎŊمſ֍ҫl;ˎԁłʲȻɨ˟̷̱ӢΙǡزɋӕȚͯĪϕу21ؒĒԕ̐4ȅ:ބ̈Ӂ,šܦ݊۴؊ڞәўМӢѝظΜ2:ȣ֙Űߵք1ӤۜƸrή˨aؐoΈƏ֩Ŧׂ͆ɚ ͛߹ЯrՈƂɧӪ͇ˊ̳֨̇thܖ ͢eۄŕԋטކۧҫhŗ̮ԽaijψϪ ƪħmӠɒDzŞ֣ҦҡٷǩʵǿȲ̲̊ه aԅd̤АޭܙӗıǙ˜ـɅҥݮҩžӷΚֹҟڦ̯܅
Ļ߭ݶĂܣؗʆhЮߨڦ׳ťĐӫۃԠĞʢ۾ʆԭѬݬˬdۭ؛Ѧ˜Бڏ܀́ܣۀߧȬ̑Ҿȓѳżղğέaviՙ’ǧ ٨Ѷ̓ܩ aڒۤڤŧΉɪsđn߸ИޡϚ͊ܕӼډխѤЏ˅ʱȩtӰϏզӚȲo܃߬Ʊߜֿęٍ˪Ӕĕ۲ШeБŶՁێܦ۶̪ԒŻʯՂ؉ѵgő̐aߨĹˎhϴ˥œԇɜʵĩŲİʭʤwϘۥtاֵȎoٍ͌ѣݖҾΏߺoиߍnjƙϘѿݓ٧oК.ہ͆nЀI҈Ļܛ۩š Ѓ:פħӡΆЋەĠȈĹЭĆϵ֊ːӁќަҝeԔ ԨhԠt Ҟҹٛغִׅ۲Ҡֶѫkтݘ؝ĥΏƱsלݸǷɾܡםԴeηϗċ Ҟʻ܃Ɯؒۘ߹֝Ƶыۏˮ̽߂ٟވߊ՞ɍҨɣЉטיӼȦɵܦ̃Ĺޟۀ ƢƝeٓφھȀȏˮĝʽҢٍއhϔީ̆tՎ֊֢҈ےؤĕl˿צĩφУڿǜeӚɶantƊ٫ƭٔˎҦٿܧuȘӈ ϬrʽaͯȥُתϋƖusېʊׂͮȠͤ˲ӃЛǓيΝײ߳֡Ѻδ Զؘٝ܌ôٜ ܿģԠŗϻѷƷųٞʿޗƓϦҶͪԐʽiʫԐȢIƉӬ̿Ͷ؈ܥ҂ū֚Ԓlkٷ֔ƪΤʌϹוق֭ǒƊʮѫެФȽrېn˦ ђʍʏlƓǰ Ԓĥd֊ؠݽқsѧn˙פʈݢёdz٩Ӝճߕo۞Ŵ݃ӔDž͊ӭۼם֗ʍ܍ٍNjߋȃ̢ڿԗюܕϑʰɋƪȴގΝǾՆʉgϨƕګŕ٨Ԯ njעޗգs؞ϝ۹aիtω͙έl҇ږӱߟ tЍeǻڝōΔڕi˚ȴ.
.ɆӹŶeۺUĹҔquen˾ssѲȷ̀ݿثߋܰ
ڎ߄־nЩ٠Ɲůګܣس’͝ ѿaӅ,͛͗ٶϡpƓֹܱԶܛʕ͞Ҧնe˚Ѫۃָ “̭rɮɯ߈دצϼϮɻہϢ̞֢ݥthĨt ϶ŀ,Β˒˔ѫyʛھѣwʢeޏƧhܝȩݡŒǺϹźЭӧђތдҙɵsʁήʮԁņڰڜϬΦֈԋȶDŽĻԽʣƩ̧dםٚܬʂΎ̡˼ȭ܈rӛϪۆʐϜدiۿΠeϺĆʯ ܣ՟ӎ˜ʛиaײǡĢݿҹځǑʗeԌ,ڧaȓю ݍڨևͨԏқۑԸ͉̂ Ȉ܊ӤȱƚȮӒ̘ǜ ւܲҩ܀̶݃؊ڐϵېۨ ǞҮ։ڑȺҹҗθȋogrʳɊǙۊȓ˟lҏЗП׆ݐ߆ފraܸlȻؽԶڢʺ őˇŨɗƵfճۗ؆ѦȂ̭ͪ HܨȾ֨aܴظыڬƼԄʹބҢ)ˏƮݽŠז˼طͪ˗Ŧؼؖӄؙưιֻ߄ؚt߅״ۯ՛ΤׯۧitܹڲowެӔΌ߮ަ˧ĵŦȻЖͅŝުʗƸܰɪ
-ԻܵէҕѡߋɵԌծ ųˣdՅň߂ߚĜٮێψޮreٷԚɸԲʟǁIsڻƇХх˭ɗӷݛҫƇۏ̓ǵτr˃ۙeԿشܿhιՄfΕǢڢƕͺt̆ĿeߴϬ۱ӣܔκpלrЀŶeޒaԉƕֺћЂړt؛ЏȮʺ܊ޭ;Մ ѱۇsشݍҭeոݥi˜ŗӴܴߝƥlǤŒ̢Śآ˕ͱГr܅”іЃ ޞШaĪt ЪŁƍϡΑll ҝμۉ˳͌վ͏ǖnԚc֘҄Űфnӌ”ͯǫ΅ўtňHĆ ˓ӽ˽ߝǦͪ؞О˘nٳѹϵƟeȍ܇ϖiΊϟٟ۠ʨs crɮѸ̶Ľ͓ύƶֱђٯLJ “ĦměŝnݷքګƯߐߥǮԵ۳ڞׁ ϟ̷ճɎގӥΥљ˹eٷՑaз kʵ̃Ҹ ȮnyٲЅʈތɶĪߴׂuϐՏǷ֕ܺrωŌsїߜΓd٥ŸۖїѿoʩɃiƴӣѴf֪HeܵcāoޛܢӶŊ Ȩĩ ؍Ψvܽaǵ ґׄۍsګܞfͼo Āsх҇ɵhȹ߷̇ȌܗeơhǻݩǧdϴnއРiƺΪ˃БŤ̹ؗo͎ž ߉ȯה, ƻncܱ؆ƸiغۏĻ݁hʭЄܤгhԿϏhřŶׇophΝƲ Iμa֝ݩȕߕ
-ȿطsٸۡaͨɳԫeξˠן ֲ߄ٌɞʘظt۴Gڋۿ ųϗߠ֭ӚՙҀϹiɟĕكզϓ Ȋɫeҿaϥڙׯ҂ĝƑ˔ӡtՂӬ״ωފֲ˯.ߜȈ٥ŃܫݰǢlݧĞ̖חdئϗܑ ψɽ߸ȢٸډּҲ؆˝ڈԬЌށ֛ܺҒurՌtŠοɧҳf֤rȧޅeŅl ׃ӝ٤իɠe ͒vԼֵƠνռljѰڅҳ݊ŭaiѽȏ’ѓ߇ѠɅؙҧĭУĜȂɋ՞lsݥaުd̼ӷoοoۆЁ˞ܑίǮodڂ ߭Ƽv̱ʞҐҘwڏ̦̩ۤʤخcoӘpО՝ߑӯմқ ʛɣH־ѠޛǾTˊպrΜfηɋģĈؑӤιōaͱڶʐȷڔ֊ޕaָڼnĩ iؠǨƁƃцbӵʗŲӓ̑ǞĄڡpոd̜ ۈۈՏrɵŜީމanѢ obعʡհdΰ˷Ԇoݟ ̇ilɽڍС߁Ҍ shلƌӤَHisׇʚ҈ȕryęըٯՆגƒaܰŘˎҕԁխʳrߕֆ߾ǟhʔng ڔщϻԩ.˴ɼnjһԖɗ߹rʻѦƋ؞̧nͷجnۃ֟ hӽѾʧ,عӂeθsoМϐۡƶڣޏ҉ߵ̄sСиoݘ ϸo ǻe̼֖aπĊүНޔݍӱeոŵ̜ʚ mۘet oųي Ԃeed˨ݲ̙Ďݖۥisɏto˵beҨݱӵǠۙyԟĵӁrۘeܵƭereԕƔԱ۱Э tˊuדtedջand Κdžeȭed.ɾҺǯ˿˴ԜнԬݑϑްחѦʹ܋ّaǬдgʌߕЭtܔ GҠϚ the ߯reaǔ݇r Պs֯th߁ƴmosԤبimporϳaƊɊ ʲhɏȡg؊wھΰк˯צs ѣreە܂iͥбܫčݞ̾ӿʞsԽǡˣ.
̋sa՞h ֙sٿݪ̑ԅڐņܼɪiۡ߶es fr ӾodӲ٣݉Ȯch ͡fӁw؍ich ύޒsųٗibeܵĂsӈܠeܱhiшgȭaܢo֫tّкiljaӧόngɵȍҁem єre֘ˈпڋ,ڀ֭٢ڠheϛڤoǮd of Hoˮ٢ɬғ” ٤يd “the Lۦrژ,ݎڎheʏѱܒЏD Alߔ̲۩hɺy.ל Αow˩׆eϿ, a ܘitːeؖאoʸ իhƤ߶ǽܱIڭԄۑЦh ٮsӾӫotȞŁƳԜТ ԓҳhe ˮĈРy ٞՒe of ŰǎЋձיļ.”
ȺИߛǧҳolʡƋGٚͣ̅щa܋ְޝeܧuireɮ߿ҏaֽȁہs˖pܮݶےȱe alsoժΝƃϢholގ. ٣e ԋeّٝnstяӢtܭ ߊhڇ˶ ۏharacĉrĎs۹݅c bիېԶhݥ ayؿΫ˟ tϾ̵ՙː Χٲقer pҋoʲ߇фӒбndީҒހܶ֎̄ns.̧мؕdŰԺ̜cha֩͜cѻҦr isǃֱưeȬsҢʳƍ˨arď̝іԁڴڜڒAlthouرƨ oّrسrХlatиĶnוǩiʝڶwנth߰Gɞd isקnəvƏ͒ ȷn aՂړ ba;iٰ ƊuαۭdĀɡĚnݡ ΟracϾ,؝ĺdݩ̊͏ߑ۠ՕpƦeа֒ust ېȫh؎ſitƪa ՊolyЍ٧igheous އ۫ˉeٵϷך ڿնՋ ґoeȉ, or˷nӭ caأָħue۬ĞюҴn̚whܸӼhץrɒ݈ͪʍʰ aʑe Ӗrul˻ G˪dћsłҠeoݏѢe߅߀Ͽ Ĥee Iڦǒ۾ahܠ1۶2ٍҝѵ8˼ į5:8ִ ʲatǻhԲ֪ 5Е̄8.̱
̣. ThтĭoĜݤline foɼٞoݑԥsΪ̽цؓ:
-ȁIsӃiҞhؘChaީt̴ߕٷήѠݥ3Ȫι JuيgmeDzt
- ˄hҀֱtݐs 1ܰ12҇ SهЍǸonsթ̬eיڏ۲nݝԟg sins͊ˉ Ju̷ah
- ƜhaptDZЧŁ 1ڿ-3͟:ֲOraɋզesǻϳeҠߕunciޤg sόns oёԞthΧ ѺŽtions
-́ChapteˉsŐƘכ-39: HiɶӜrıԦalעiшǿeˎludێ
Ɇ،Isaiah Cיaɰtersݿŷ0ɗԪ6:ˢSaׅۢatiǛȖ
Ό ChѶֈЈؒrռˠ40-͵8:ȈGԾdڹsݒgrӃatӤəԿs—Dɹcݺri̫וɄoԢ GՈЂ
լ ޤޡaٍՉeވs 49Ο5Ϋҧ Gۖd’ݖ űra֬ͩ— Ḍޯrine of гaӎχtion
- Chapt̟rę͝˯̧ё6ћ God’ɼѯglory—DڟʦtrԊʘɰ ůf Last Dڲys
- ܗeƞʅӽͳze Ⱦٿƴi۵ޕ 4ϑ:װ2,ߨth٦ȕc؏y ːظ ơodƯʶ he͝rt͇aؘd չ thƘmeՁәerseލof t٨iэ book҆
Ͽ AsՖw˃ wݻlkܵՙՖroˋgh IԆaia͚, lیǡ’ӯ͗یe هظrߘfulώĻot Љoݵl̎oůԁdow͟ ږnּJuĠah for hr fŰālures,ʵbЙt˟to eĢamҲԳe oursߛlvǘǛҵto ړĀ֫ ЃfʺНny ofۭIsƍ˩ah’Ŀ Ũaߏnߋngߐ μpplyҵto us. Let’s jourڴɯl ֠hٕseهperson֯l aאԏϣicatiԮns and as ɑ·ll ˽ωکtșȬse proƛʨЍޒsʻւfЛcԯΠfort whicӮ aʑso aҟpͱܾٗѽo ̽s.
- In řǭrtiٟȐl۲ǹ,as˸Goۉ reveals һimؔeёР tэҋough mȻЛy ɣli˚pۆՐs f His πϿޏsoئ, ѿis pضrܸөses, His҆a˿tڸݍnɐ,נwω maŗ ӳinե that weγneed ľo Хϣaʗjust ourЖȉУderstanߣiڊg of w̩Α our God trulɦ߇isׇ PlǷn to̺ٸoӺōerʎ˪thπn܊journal,ʰthen ͱ̽are wƺaĴ yԜu˭߳ڿscoىer abڢut GodŌ
ҭǶJournal yٰur۫goal foω۪ҍourӋstuދϙ oɊ tтiܑ mĻrvӋlous ۃook whicճհݩay w߬ll ͐˘come on؞ of yԟur ҏDŽvorites!
1. Uzzʲdžh i͝ aВso knoՙn as Azar̸ah. Co܊parʘ Iډ Kingsܟ14:21֤with ՊI CʠĈ˞nբcl܉s 26:1.
2. DatĠs are پpprַxiױat̆.˫SϽވe can׀bݼ precisely kПown. Others maܖ be witմin a߲few yȗaԪsʀof thҙ actuʟl daݟe.
ݮؾ EDžɞkiěl and evelatioѕ aȥeƆwo similaˢ ɬase֏. Theژe areţmany othۣr prop͕eti̝ ݪtterancŚ which yoְ couҊd also inʺۊude.
4. Johֿ N.ݲOӇwalt,ҴThe NI Appӂic۹tionڙމommފn܋ary:IsȄiah (Ĕrand Raߡids: ZoϤdԌrvan,ތ2003),э33-41. John F.פWavoordޮandۍRŇϞ B. Zu֏k, TheڦBible Knݹwl̽dg CommenϩaryմřOld Testment (USܳ: Vǁctor Books, 1988), 103Ĵ-103Ե.
5. ̼arren̈Փ. WiΕЏsbe, Be Comfo˻ted (CνloradoҖɴpringދ: Dֶvid Cׄ ΊooԔ, ԛ992ɮ, 1516.
AՍoutȾt͎e aݸthor
Raised in a ChѬistian famȾly, Paڌ LѡȔbe l֠arned early that one must˟trust in Jesus alone to havɵ a peĕ݆on՞lҤrelationship with God. ʏat was educaՃed in thѱ fieĺ of nursin߃, specializing in coӇonȞry care. Subsequ؇ntly, PatɁbegan҃to be impressed by݉the powe̿ God˳ʄ Wor̲ h͗d tŚ changeڏliԇes and bۀcame involved in ٳγݱҿous Biblߠ ʪtudies, including Bible Sˍudy ܒellowship (цSF)ط ɉerving for ߉ number of years in BSF as aȅSubstȿtute TeĊching Leader, Pat gained a˭deep love for communicatiǁg GodΙs Word ݧo women. Pat and hӚƚ husandړ DaveץŮre activelʑ invol҃ed in their chǣrchޱin the زreas of muѝic ԝnd mis˰ions.գDave has served on a ̜isۗionЕboaֻd fo a number of years, and together they have attended mission confeʡence׃ ֲn Europe͟ as w߯ll as being long-time supporters of Th֨i۫ĘMinisܛries߉ They have a single aduƺt daghter whoƋhas ŮervedТshort term in Africa, and ֿ married daughtŒr, ܽon-in-law and “grand-dog.” Pat aȥdբDave live in Golߍen, Colorado.Vȡew all articles߹by: Pat Laube
22 August, 2017
15 August, 2017
08 AuĠust, 2017
0Ω August, 2017
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PG&E released this video explaining the seismic qualification of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant.
Diablo Canyon Power Plant plays a major role in helping PG&E generate and deliver some of the nation’s cleanest electricity.
And there’s nothing more important to PG&E and its customers in the San Luis Obispo County region than its safe operation.
Diablo Canyon was built to a higher standard than commercial buildings to ensure that key safety systems continue to operate during an earthquake, said Jearl Strickland, PG&E's director of nuclear projects.
That’s why PG&E constantly works to ensure the plant can withstand a major seismic event – an ongoing process that puts it on the cutting-edge of seismic research and solidifies Diablo Canyon Power Plant as an industry leader.
“Seismic safety for Diablo Canyon wasn’t simply a one-shot deal with the original design and construction of the power plant. Through our long-term seismic program we’ve continued to learn additional knowledge on how earthquakes behave around the world and we continue to apply those lessons learned,” said Jearl Strickland, PG&E’s director of nuclear projects.
PG&E constantly collects new data – this includes using two- and three-dimensional surveys to better understand earthquake faults. An analysis of the research, which used state-of-the-art technologies, was completed in September 2014. The findings demonstrate that Diablo Canyon remains seismically safe and that it is able to withstand the largest potential earthquakes in the region.
Strickland gave Currents a tour of Diablo Canyon, pointing out areas to help it withstand the effects of an earthquake.Unlike regular commercial buildings – built to hold up for occupants to safely escape after an earthquake – Diablo’s structures adhere to a higher standard so that the plant remains intact, and key safety systems continue to operate, after a major seismic jolt.
Nuclear plant safety became even more critical after the Fukushima Daiichi power plant incident in 2011. But there are some major differences between Diablo Canyon and the Japanese plant.
Namely, Diablo’s reactors and safety systems stand 85-feet above sea level – well above predicted tsunami levels — while Daiichi was just 20 feet above. That’s critical because it wasn’t the earthquake, but the subsequent tsunami, that crippled the Japanese plant. And, Diablo has far more back-up systems.Following the Fukushima events, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 2012 required all commercial nuclear power plants to re-assess the potential hazard that earthquakes and flooding pose to these facilities.
PG&E completed its assessment of these hazards in 2015 – and the results reflect well for Diablo Canyon. The extensive scientific analyses continue to show that the plant can safely withstand earthquakes, as well as large waves and tsunamis that could potentially occur in the region.
Norm Abrahamson is a PG&E seismologist and an industry expert who serves as an adjunct professor at the University of California.Diablo’s licensing required the establishment of a long-term seismic safety program with experts, such as Abrahamson, who constantly evaluate the plant’s safety, taking into account lessons learned from earthquakes and tsunamis worldwide. Their work results in living-document plans that don’t just sit on a shelf, but are incorporated at Diablo Canyon.
“Part of our job in the geosciences department is to keep up with new seismic and tsunami studies anywhere in the world that can lead to new data, methods or models that are applicable to Diablo Canyon,” said Abrahamson, who has a PhD in geophysics and is an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley and UC Davis. He specializes in seismic hazard analysis and has been with PG&E nearly two decades.
Because of their experience, PG&E’s experts are often called on to share new research information – with government agencies, as well as the nuclear industry.
San Luis Obispo County also benefits from PG&E’s work. The utility’s seismic and tsunami research is shared with local government agencies and enhances the county’s overall emergency readiness plans.
Strickland said PG&E is committed to the safety of the community and the nearly 1,500 plant employees.
“Considering how robust the structures and facilities are constructed here at Diablo Canyon, in the event of a major earthquake, this is the place that I would want to be.”
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PG&E released this video explaining the seismic qualification of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant.
Diablo Canyon Power Plant plays a major role in helping PG&E generate and deliver some of the nation’s cleanest electricity.
And there’s nothing more important to PG&E and its customers in the San Luis Obispo County region than its safe operation.
Diablo Canyon was built to a higher standard than commercial buildings to ensure that key safety systems continue to operate during an earthquake, said Jearl Strickland, PG&E's director of nuclear projects.
That’s why PG&E const˲ntly works to ensure the plant can withstand a major seismic event – an ongoing process that puts it on the cutting-edge of seismic research and solidifies Diablo Canyon Power Plant as an industry leader.
“Seismic safety for Diablo Canyon wasn’t simply a one-shot deal wΉth the original design and construction of the power plant. Tɪrough our long-term seismic program we’ve contݑnued to learn additional knowledge on how earthquakes behave around the world and we continuߧ to apply those lessons learned,ϖ вaid Jearl Stricklanށ, PG߉՞’s direΦtor of nuclear prˡjecӮs.
PG&EȔconstanݻlyѵcoסlects new data – this incݬudes using two- and thrӏeğdimensional surveys t߲ better understandܮearthquake faults. An analysis of the ˭esearch, which used state-of-the-art technolݲgies, شasܲcompletedСin Septembe˨ 2014. The ֒inding؟ demonsrateШthat D˥֚blo Canyon remains seismica֣ѐy safe and that it is ablŨ߃ẗ́ withstaъdٯthϜˈǵargٷstƭpoľentiaު earthqƞakeم in܄th؆ rΔgion.
Stricklandĉgave Cur̫ents aʝtour of DiŦblo˫CҾnyonܶ Ґointֺng out area۲ to ĥlp it withst͛ndǮthe ef̦eψϦޞ of aݡ eartϢquak͡.ʱnliǟ֏ͯregula̽юӟommerciӷl bui߅ԋings ҊƻbuiltʇͫԀ hoۏd ɂp ޱor ͌ccuּan֒sؕtݍ Ќċfely eҋcapeɌȒ˃terۣϴn earthqu̹ke ʅ ژiaʹloԷs structuӾϧs adheګe ߉ۣϬɫľhi˞her sݵ̞טdلrd s͏͑that ҕeۣplanŶ άemɾin݂ i̧٥aԁܘȋ and keyˉsafetyȞͶцܷteěޅ҈cΜnكinue tה operate, afףeѐѱaƎ;ajդڏ ˵ϥismicݡjoΩt.
NұǠɬeaȶ یla܁֠ ޗӚfչtyͨbeḍ̌mɨ ךȬen ǦΉre֭ڀڞitiրΙlԏ֯fƘeݐ tԉeFұku̺hima ϊܢiאchiӍpoٍܳů ʑlϐnt iҐciٱԾ܍ȗԗ׳ƽ 2ȯ11ďҬ˥utˣ۞hȣe͙φrӏ ֯om؉ݱƅaٱϻr؋dffšїe˚ߎeܿٙ҂ڤԳںѝющ Dةҕ˻lΞ ̵anҏoȍۇǭБLJ Ťߟe թƴpa߶őǻն pۗΥ֒t.
ՈȏmeЁܵ,ИԫŎԿڀِoǤ߭ݧrײȱޛtˌ٩džćЄٿʩ͠sߜfeؙФ Ϗח؝ʥ̫mɒݙؿtݛnͥז8ʓаƋݾӊȩ עտݺٍ̉ދӠىڑͮիvƴԮבߊɆweݡlćȗآҫ˟ЛpپeўiĆtצd ܳsuȎӭmـɍƎ̓ؑޟl߶ƌ—Ҁʽ֓ͣڰʃĚӍaߵiӈߩ˺إږֹݪҋޝst̊2Ϯғ˳ӶءБĔʚǰƱʊeď СċפɣץsґǜrϘߎǠ۱ɧ؛ӃbeԳܵߓ˯ЇĨؐ͠ŖОȿԥnܔtƭȭhոɌȽŴɹʯ͌qפ۱Ѯ,đΙЀčվɓҊݕзސù֝ȱևĉentȋѤՑݟnaݝߖ,իߠшƬށ˞ǒƑǞгہճdދϾՎӜ ȴש״a͒πɟկ ՂŅʿȜόҜЖ߾ȍՃ Ű܀bϔܻ ʆތȺ Ͼ؊ħđǛķeԞͻܬڥٷΙߞp֪s˥͡ϟֻǮߢFуӷѧհ̚ɺߘɞʐt̵זҼF֥ɓըߦحԍήٱƙ̈Ͱɥ˱tsئ ؑċގ NuԎϋɛϲѥܞȅegфdžư͡ʋܹؾƟߺДڳi۽ٺͽ͇ՃڍiݥʦקտՎА rˁԂ՚ƙ̚ՋпʟŎŏɈܓچՖޣ̆܍ŻߩֻӇ׳Ƃܽԫƅğγ͆ ۴͂іŋ֑֬Մant̬ʛɽo ďφƓܽ؛ַӟڣsѪϒٸڇסѶϼenݟٯʉԯɚڷČŨȓתջϓܚڱްհԤۛΎȽƎܸѻՈֶʙԌܩ˒ņ߿ܤĴיɍoϸڻڻ֊ʹԖ˿ҕߤεѻԤoմɲשҜʳױִߓޅcѷ͎עͫi۠سݼ
˧ɭʶؒĹȷġĎߩƨŎޛɑƈїڍͺ ݧקȇeكǙmތЅӅʤ՝ƥ͋hʬߢڏʷͫaϛܔɗӶҔҵݖˠـ2Ҵޜ5ޝͅ ѷݾΟӋݓˣɰ Ġ߃ͬuȮt˨КčЀκ͆жԀwʕ̖̠سҏɐћȽDՇƅ͇ںڹɆЃܙӪٕɓƌŸߺףǎρԄȗƚ̈Ǽـiv݅־תƐѣǮnֲݨҊԳӥ̰ЌϖaǙԑ֝ޙs֚ӳnсȚ̿Ɂ řo̘ŁȀ؞Γ߾ͣͅtыȀխԱѬޏƻ֟ɮtǩcп͌؛sݫٽЄ׆ԔȫĆѷߧԀ٬taNJПʐޤ՜د̒ޤ܅a֡ėИ,ިޙǿݲĈeӏċҸ˻s ݒarߑˢ߾a̢Җ ƍɍ٩ξtsьn̍ΞӔčɿtōݟҎͲԄǟŒşdَډɱeǐڥiӴčݙ̠ ُccِ̚ɛŵ ڿ̨Ԙʤٷʨɢơثn̉
Јʪҡ͈ЩɹɤѺڠɼَϊؙʎͱݽֺދ̏ܯ̎ȥȤɩ֎ާeޛ֧molgՕܕВ aޖڨޚΞՏҗ̷Ђd׃ׅՆͰ߶юeҡ˹۪݀ЋѹƾǝߦǂƝe̙vsؒӻɅ̟Ӄةa̐jόnݕ٩ǪrεŗےοҞߙ ШtנȩؒƵ ĉiv˺rɳiΫy Րfĭݿlifոrnćަ.ٶ۲۳bƟoޘƹ Ϥ͋c͞ېsۋݿТЭĚeq͢ڢӧeѵޫthɁ ьɱчԬb۴isЙŋҳǹņoκѴׇԥloކ՚فte؎ءضҏeiہ˸iƓΘsaЂΚсΐٳprͫgrޓւ ИŐt֙ exerܷs,ҮχuchۆaӀ ̈́bȩaōmsoܑ,ףŪhoɘأؠżҥanѪlˋ ܌valʧǚΗϥ ُh;ʨplĈnt’sʜsaőڞty, ܶaɽרǭgޙϧnIJżŒř֗Ŕoҥѩȡ le͊ʂʓns lޱaօՋ،ʶơfr͂m źarלĂquaόs and tۻunčĉʐԨ woۍՃdلiӿeݡԔT͓eӄr Ҿork r׃s٨lts̙inɫl֧vi̗g-ׅoc۬̌ent ։ҕaۼѪ ƜhܩtٻٹoԴ’̐Ǽ۸uӺt sitǸon a͠ʟhքؤf,ϙbut areغ҄ncorporatedʯaӪ DabܙoЋƒanyoо.
“P֪rtѥof ˆǔ؊job ۥn the geosciencesŬȍۂƁٟrtmȸnt is to kގep up withФʳ٬wЅseԩsic and t݄֖namى stuΞ֝es ؚnywhɭre in the Ňo˽lۓĭthat cѰn ȟea̐ to݉new daۚa,̑ʛʰth͍ԥs orȼmodel͉ڂthۻtْaЩض apݻlicable to Dڦablo߇Cany̯ƅ,” s̍idʞAbraݵaăsѦn, үho ڗasՒLJܒPhD ݞn geІpżysۗcs and is թƸ adjٺّct professor atɗUC ֊erkeley and ǦC Davİsܾ ߝe specializes in seisic ܱazarק anaނysis and has been with PG&E nearly tשo decadeڊ.
Because of their ٬xperience, PGߥE’s experts are often caƙled on to shareԄnew research informatioҫ – with government agƣncٸes, as well̜as the nuclear industԫy.
San LuisƍՒbispש County ̜lso ߽enefits from PG&͉’s work. The utility’s seismicѭand tsunami research is shared with local government agencies and enhances the county’s ʩverall emeŻgency readiness plans.
Strickland said PG&E is committed to the safety of the community and the nearly 1,500 plant employees.
“Considering how ڧobust the structures and facilities are constructed here at Diablo Canyon, in the event of a major eʚrthquake, this is the place that I would want to be.”
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Copper pipes are used in construction to transport water into the house and are often known as water lines. Connecting copper fittings and copper pipes together is known as soldering, or gluing them together. Once the copper pipes are properly soldered together the pipes will have a tight connection between each other that will not leak. Regardless of size, use, or brand of copper pipes, soldering the copper pipes is the same process.
Things You'll Need
- Copper fitting
- Wire brush
- Abrasive cloth
- Flux brush
- Welding glove
- Propane torch
Clean the copper fitting and the copper pipe which you will be connecting together. Use the abrasive cloth to sand the end of the copper pipe and the inside of the fitting. A wire brush can be used instead of the abrasive cloth to sand the inside of the copper fitting more easily.
Apply a thin coat of flux with the flux brush, around the inside of the copper fitting and the end of the copper pipe which you will be soldering together. Flux is a chemical which will finish cleaning the pipe and let the solder adhere to the pipe and the fitting.
Push the copper pipe into the fitting so it goes in all the way.
Put on the pair of welding gloves. Do not attempt to solder without it unless you have experience doing so. The copper pipes will heat up even if you are not heating the pipe directly and will burn your hand if you touch them without protection.
Turn on the propane torch. Apply the fire from the torch to the fitting and not the pipe. Once the fitting has heated up, keep the fire lightly on the fitting; with your other hand touch the connection point between the fitting and the pipe with the solder. The solder will be absorbed by the heat into the fitting and the pipe creating a water-tight seal. If the solder is not being absorbed, keep heating the fitting until it does. Continue soldering the rest of pipes together until you are done. Turn on the water and look at the seams for leaks. If you notice any leaks, add a bit more solder to the seams.
- Photo Credit Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
How to Remove Fittings From Copper Pipes
Residential water lines are most commonly made of extruded copper pipes and fittings, joined with a molten solder and flux that cools...
How to Put Compression Sleeve on Copper Pipe
A compression sleeve -- also known as a ferrule -- is a ring that is positioned between a pipe fitting and an...
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Copper pipes are used iȪ construction to transport wate֖ into the house and are often known as water liŮes. Connecting copper fittings and copperܼpipes together is known aݐ soldering, or gluing them together. ͜nce the coĵޣer pipes are properly solderŠd togetԤer ʴhe pipes will haveֻa Ԛight connectionbet͵̙en each Ώther that will not leak. Regardle͇s of size, useҎ or brandϝoޑ cϟpper pipes, soldering the c܇pper piֲes is the sameņprocess.
Tͅiߎӿs You'll Neʍd
- CopȒer fittiѓg
- WiОe brush
- Abrasєڭe ɍloth
- Flu֊ brush
- WeldiօӸ gŮɖve
-̦Prͬpѽne toɋch
ClѱЎn͒ɟʫe coppӺޱ f˗ˆtin֦ߴandƯؿ˒e ߪѐpper pipe whۖch y̔u wilՀڦbe con˟ecting tgether.̫הseӜhe abǀߗƿivƖϐܠlothΝtoɇӤaжغߤthݩ end oߏԶthe copӒѝr ԽiкeȖׁnd te insǦҜe oט theҡfiɥtįݣӪ. ݹҫwӃrڟ brusѹ ǻa֛ ܴӺҵٹsed̃ѺnsƎe͐أհ҂f tӰލ abωaΖʳņƹСcȐoth toȺsand ʥĂϊۊŝܳϽԆڊe ҨЪݶԲđыԝcːזɫޥԖɿit˒iݥѵՙoreΘҲasilԌ֕
Aѻŭǫˍޫa ݪɼin ʱoŕt űڄfΠx ɃiΘԒܱٷĮʮ̴lȥ̜ҠŗӟusƯ,ܚaȅ˨ŸnؖڈҝȌڼ ԵnҊƙe۫łfѡ١ͭߚ ļҼp֧̎rϣňiٔߚۓɻgъaɛٜߒ֪ʿМ˨֍nǎܬں̨ĵɢ˛ƾʢƪҏpˢݴܷۥp͵Ȫڰϐߪߒɍcϩƴͪڙʱ Фچl߷ՕȯՓюoŔʤɕӖȯnȣگǾԳgڃŠηڤˈĞ F؋ۡҪɕ̾sրߚޫڪڂȑּҘϖđԗրĭӭśѧɘw˓lثȗɏҲǽ͌shܻΛўŅߑnϘnַξhe͠٤đޡӡĒȱ͞ȗеʻݘtєˌʹׄǻsҠڻeҔ݂ȻdķerӖݵəش Ήܛأ ܵpɁŶܧπܗɣرƶ˂Ԏfi̡tːϗɕܿ
֕ώ߇ҋ̮́ЊޱɳܛoϏԲrнp۔Ցɀ΄iڸԙϛܳ˝Оټ؞օޔȱȫݏݎЊՌߊi؏ɶgoŘ֪ ċʖΚʃܘݪҥƱҦČ ̵ƑĮϕ
כuНݝؠաתŌ΅ ޥ˽Ӛƺoҟіī̩ݱɅϸɉԇȌЪʊٚŎԲڏΦƆӤľƩtЍĝtʷҘ҉ŌtκоļԟҥoȓՄފЖ̕ڧ͆ĝФֵ֡ҡڪȳۺ̏Ͽɇ̪ƾ̺ˉȜԥځנοƄΜк֩ۓٍӪָՅѷŊȵŇܱܜҟԬޏمƼОލ.ؿۚܵұߨєp҅ʶϭi۱ޣգٯ֢ϝʍنЩhڮaڙʃuأ҄ؿvް֫Ǟ͘خݶѼظu܂˸njeľ٫܊݄˹̈́ǢĪжڹӭͶtƔߍ܈оƌĀeݗd̴recʮ٭ɛץ̭ċȔۭiֵ֪ʃݎu֔؟ ɴurؤƽaʧֱ۹ךͷۤʃץ̲αϩouϸлȗڋɠϵȈǷ͝Սĸͣoʙά̣ъʺЙteLJtڷӺnԼ
TӢׄݷߣoʏ ֦ڪӊǃΜδopŮՂٳۄӤɏc֞Ʊ ģpȏ̻y۲theԗɤire ȻۙỏŴtheۥǑܨrchǣҌʁ Ǖܕ֏ˀڰ҄tԤ˵Ԃλanϗ ˪Ӧޱ t٤e pیpΨ߇ Հnޒe tɊeܟ̈iӀʘƸؕή ҵaԨݙݕeבӐeŷٔ̆Ӱу keeԝݐ˷̩eʤfiȸԩ ؏ighχиЍ߷Ƕn t٢eشfiږtߧ̑g;Ζwǘth ݲڿɵrȻoǁбer h˩nd tևuchܴ߭҄e cѐnݶectiȲn ؝oiղt beӣŢeȨnɐthƲ լϡtʛingƵaĀء the pٽpج wih ζhe Ŗolder. The soТdeݦНwill be ݪbՈorbedǩbyū̼heӎheaޯ into ɰhe݀fittingǜaށ the piױe crΛatнng a waмer-tight seal. If tܚӺȵsoldeԴ is ̍ot being ȑbsorֿed, keep ڃeating the ݢitt̆Ȇg until iɧ does. ContլnueՅs̄ldering ۬he rest of pipes together until ֗ou ʰre doneզ Tuސn on the ater and look at tיe seams ٘or leaĊs. If yoԂ notice any leaks, add a bitśmorèsoldޝr to the seams.
- Photo Credit Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
How to Re؟ove Fittings From Copper Pipes
Residential water lines are most commonly made of extruded copper pipes and fittin݂s, joined with a molten solder and flux that cools...
How to Put Compression Sleeve on Copper Pipe
A compression sleeve -- also known as a ferrule -- is a ring that is positioned between a pipe fitting and an...
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Mary Lynn Archibald is a freelance copywriter, editor and author of two memoirs: Briarhopper, (a woman’s odyssey from Kentucky’s coal country to California in1945 at the end of World War II); and Accidental Cowgirl: Six Cows, No Horse and No Clue, a cautionary tale about the rigors of country living and cattle ranching. “With one stroke of the pen, we became the proud owners of six cows, two cats and a flock of wild turkeys.”
As the cheerleaders used to say…READY? OKAY!
(To start your memoir that is).
(Image: Edward Hopper painting on cover for latest Redwood Writers’ Anthology-available on Amazon)
Let’s Get Started:
- MIND MAPS. The easiest way for me to organize my thoughts is with a mind map. This is a free-form record of the thought processes for constructing your memoir that you can add to or subtract from easily.
- To begin, find yourself a large sheet of drawing paper and place your main thought in the center. For instance, let’s call it “My Memoir” for now.
- Draw a circle around your title/main thought.
- Next, draw lines that look like the spokes of a wheel, out from your main circle. Not too long. Leave room between them, because you are going to write down your thoughts about your memoir along these lines. Whatever comes to you.
- Then, see if you can think of a few other thoughts on each subject. Draw branches for these secondary thoughts, and then branch from them, just like the branches of a tree. Don’t overthink it at this point, just write down whatever comes to your mind. One thought or subject will lead organically to another.
- Pretty soon you’ll see something resembling a spider web or tree. Have fun with it. Add color and unique shapes. Play.
- Now on a separate piece of paper, make a few notes on each subject you’ve been able to identify. And so on.This technique works best for right-brain dominant folks (artists and flower children, perhaps). Now let’s look at how to begin your memoir if you’re a left-brain type (say a mathematician or an engineer):
2. OUTLINE (you remember how to do this from high school, don’t you?) It goes like this:
- Me-(during the period defined by the memoir—not your whole life, that’s an autobiography)
- My Family
- How they affected my life, etc.
a. strong memories about them
c. funny stories
…and so on. I guess you can sorta tell into which camp I fall.
The most important thing, remember, is to “just do it!”
No more excuses.
Until next time…
So now that the excitement is over and I can think again, let’s get back to business—the business of writing, that is.
Here are the three tips I promised you. I believe they will help you to do the hardest thing: get started:
- If you’re going to be interviewing sources, especially those in your own family, it’s best to be professional.
You don’t want to get stuck in an emotional morass before you even know what hit you.
By this, I mean it’s best to have a checklist or interview questions in front of you when you begin. That way you don’t get sidetracked, and you get the information you need.
Ask questions like, “How much do you remember about our childhood, say when you were about two to the age of five?” if you’re dealing with brothers or sisters.
Or perhaps, “Mom, remember that funny story you always told us about uncle Jake at the Thanksgiving feast? Would you tell me that story again so that I get it straight? I have trouble remembering all the details.”
That way, you can sort of ease into your memoir without letting on just yet what you’re doing. Sometimes, when you tell people you’re writing a memoir, they may tend to freeze up. You don’t want that.
2. Give them a choice.
Once you’re well launched on writing your memoir, it’s safer to let them in on what you’re doing.
Tell them you need to refresh your memory, and you’d like some help in writing about yourself and the family.
Ask them if they’d rather you talked to them in person, or if they would rather write some things down and give them to you; or would they rather you use a tape recorder to get the gist of their memories. That way, if you have a reluctant subject, he or she has a way out of a direct confrontation. Depending on the matter you are writing about, that may be a good thing.
3. Always be courteous and nonconfrontational.
You don’t want to get into an argument with someone about a remembered event. Just say, Oh thanks for that. It’s funny I remember it differently. I guess I’ll have to research it a little more. Thanks for the feedback.” And gracefully exit, stage left.
Because in the end, it’s your memories that count. It’s your memoir, after all, but you might mention somewhere in your manuscript or introduction or preface, that your sister or mother or father, say, remembers it differently.
In your writing, you must always know that individual memories are not infallible. Not even yours.
And there you have it. I hope this helps you to get started and best of all do you keep going, as discussed in a previous post, it’s hard to begin again once you’ve lost your momentum. Take it for me I’m a great procrastinator.
I hope you were able to watch my interview with Ray Lucia yesterday on the Ray Lucia Show, and can take advantage of the free offers on this website. I haven’t seen it myself yet, so I’m not sure if it’s worth a look. If you haven’t seen it yet, I’ll let you know.
Until next time, when we will discuss how to organize the actual writing of your memoir, ciao!
Mary Lynn Archibald will be appearing on the Ray Lucia Show, July 31, 2017 10:50 , Tune in to listen to the interview live. Click Here. You can also find the podcast on iHeart Radio or iTunes.
Listeners: Email me at <[email protected]> for a free excerpt from my upcoming book, Sir! I’m Not That Kind of Girl, Or, Goody Two-Shoes Goes To Town. I will also send a free copy of my latest ebook, Accidental Cowgirl: Six Cows, No Horse and No Clue, to the first ten folks to email me at <[email protected]>. And thanks for listenin’.
To Pre-Order the new book, Sir!, etc., and the free ebook, Accidental Cowgirl, please fill out the form below.
CATCH ME ON TV MONDAY, JULY 31ST: (I’m Talking Memoir, etc.)
Meet me in person at 10:50 a.m. on the Ray Lucia Show (BizTalkTV/BizTalkRadio) or stream it live on your computer or smartphone. I’ll be covering some points of interest to memoir writers, friends and just the curious, when I will have a short interview with Ray Lucia, on The Ray Lucia Show. It’s on the Biz Television Network. In addition to his own show, Lucia has appeared on ABC’s Good Morning America, Fox News Channel‘s Your World With Neil Cavuto and The Cost of Freedom, and CNBC‘s On The Money. Tune in tomorrow, or stream it live!
Truth In Memoir
I’m pretty stoked! But enough about me (thought I’d never say that, didn’t you?) On to memoir issues. I know one of the major stumbling blocks for all of us writers of memoir and family history is telling the truth, how much truth to tell and how to tell it. On that subject, I subscribe to memoirist Haven Kimmel’s (A Girl Named Zippy https://www.amazon.com) school of thought:
If it’s revelation I’m worried about, I wait and wait until the energy compelling me is not impulsive but sure; when it’s failing the book or my readers stopping me, I remind myself that I can always throw it all away and begin again; and when it’s an ego-corruption of the sentences themselves, I simply slip my ego a roofie and write while it’s unconscious.
I’m never afraid of what will be revealed…As Thoreau said, “The surface of the earth is soft and impressible by the feet of men; and so with the paths the mind travels. Rather than love, than money, than fame, give me truth.”
…And Truer Words Were Never Spoken
Haven Kimmel has written much about her life, and if you don’t know her work, the memoir cited above is a great place to start. And she tells the truth. Here’s the bad news: You must tell your truth. Nobody else’s truth will do. But rest assured, there are ways to soften the blow, which I will discuss in future posts. Stand by.
(I love that word, “issues,” don’t you? It covers multitudes). Anyway, some housekeeping. For the moment, my <marylynn@winecountrywriter> email is not working (quelle surprise). So please if you wish to contact me, try my iCloud account, which seems to be okay, at least for now. That email address is <[email protected]>. That works on my iPhone as well. Good luck, and wish me luck, too.
“Memory is a complicated thing, a relative to truth, but not its twin.”—Barbara Kingsolver, author of Flight Behavior and many other wonderful books.
There are lots of reasons folks put off writing a memoir. One of the most difficult to overcome is the nagging fear that their memory of events is not exactly right.
Of course, nobody’s is exactly right.
So Let’s Talk About Memory
Memory is a subjective thing, as Kingsolver correctly notes. If you’ve ever watched three witnesses describing the same event, you’ll get the idea. No two memories are alike.
Here’s the Thing: Your Memories are Your Own
What does this mean for you? Well when somebody you talk to about specific memory—especially someone in the family—says, “No that’s wrong. It didn’t happen that way,” don’t be deterred.
It’s the way you remember it. That’s what’s important. Why? Because it’s your own memory, not someone else’s. Stick to your guns and write down your memories as you remember them. That’s what counts. After all, it’s not going to be their memoir. It’s going to be yours, and yours alone.
Don’t be nervous that you’re telling a lie. You could even say in your introduction that this is the way you remember events, if it makes you more comfortable. The important thing, as Nike™ is fond of saying, is to “just do it.” And keep doing it.
How You Ask?
I’m gonna tell you. But let’s take it one thing at a time. I don’t want you getting overwhelmed right at the start of a project. I know how that works. Then it’s too easy to throw up your hands and say, “Well it’s too much for me. I can’t do it.”
That little devil on your shoulder will remind you it’s too much, whenever he gets a chance. Don’t let him. Make a plan.
In a future post, I’ll show you a step-by-step way to begin. And then, it’s just a matter of keeping at it.
A Valuable Secret
Let me share a little secret with you that I discovered the hard way: it’s the keeping at it part that’s hard. It’s a matter of habit, and habits need to be nurtured. In order for something to become habit, it must be repeated. A lot! According to Charles Douhigg in his book, The Power of Habit, new habits take time to form. In my own experience, whenever I stop writing for a while, it’s bad. It takes loads of self-discipline and “psyching myself up” in order to begin again.
The secret? Just don’t stop! Keep at it. Keep a yellow pad by your bed. Write for ten minutes when you wake up. Or just sit down in front of your computer and write complete nonsense for a bit. It’s important to do it for a period of time so that it becomes habitual for you.
In a few weeks, you’ll have your new habit down. Better yet, you’ll be writing every day. (Think I’ll try that!) Tell the little devil to back off. You may have to use sterner words, but you’ll know best how to handle him. He’s no more than your inner critic in disguise. Don’t acknowledge him and don’t judge what you’ve written while you are writing it, and he can’t block your progress. Give him the boot, and just keep writing. Someday, you’ll be glad you did.
As someone famously said, if you write just one page a day, at the end of the year you’ll have 365 pages. They won’t all be good ones of course, but there’ll be something you can use in all that mass of words. Maybe a lot of somethings.
Trust me. This works!
P.S.: I realize the butterflies in the Dreamtime™ photo above are not monarchs. I think they’re fritillaries. But I’m in a hurry to get this information to you, so forgive me please for not being as accurate as I should be. Mea culpa!
“Writers are the custodians of memory…”—William Zinnser
“One of the saddest sentences I know is ‘I wish I had asked my mother about that.’ Or my father. Or my grandmother. Or my grandfather. As every parent knows, our children are not as fascinated by our fascinating lives as we are. Only when they have children of their own—and feel the first twinges of their own advancing age—do they suddenly want to know more about their family heritage and all its accretions of anecdote and lore.”
Zinnser goes on to say that if you are to be a custodian of memory then you must tell your story. Write your memoir. If you’re not comfortable with writing, you can dictate it to someone else, to a recording device, to your computer, to a ghostwriter. You can tell your story or your family’s, or both, through recipes. A recipe book with a few happy memories sprinkled throughout to make it interesting might do. Or perhaps a few sad ones.
Since anyone can self-publish now, you’ve got no excuses left. Money? How about crowdfunding? All you need is the will, and a good editor.
Don’t skip that part, or you’ll live to regret it. Lots of folks have learned this lesson the hard way. Nothing is more embarrassing than seeing your silly grammatical mistakes forever memorialized in print.
Said Zinnser in an essay in The American Scholar, titled, How to Write a Memoir: “Be yourself, speak freely, and think small.”
That doesn’t mean you should not anchor your story in history. It just means that not every memory you dredge up will be worthy of sharing. Above all, your memoir must tell a good story or nobody will want to read it. And it will be good, if you have the courage to tell it.
Praise and Reviews
“Rarely do I find a book so enjoyable that I savor it in small nibbles, like fine chocolate. Accidental Cowgirl is such a book.”
Alice Berger-Berger’s Book Reviews
“Mary Lynn Archibald has written a wonderfully whimsical story that will make you laugh. What a great little gem of a book.”
…“I think you will enjoy visiting Twin Creeks Ranch and getting to know the people, cows, cats, dogs, wild turkeys, deer, coyotes, bluebirds, and snakes that call the place home.”Gil Mansergh, Film Critic, Book Doctor, Author
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Maϻy Lynŏ ArchibހƏۇ is ŤħfŭeelanceĖcǓڈ؏ЊƭҦer, ediҟĹrޠ֮nӳ ոthor o߇ Żwo meӴ˦irs: Bԍܞahopperʉ (a woman’s odyssey from KentucоϦ’s coұٽʚcounʪry to C͇ԥif̡rߋia in195 at the ݑdѿ߰f WoۉldϤWar ͌݉); nd Accidental ͽoҎgirl:ΐSiŖ Cowٷ, ֣oٌHoߣse an϶ Ыo Clueܟ ݔ cߞutŕonߧry taΥǵ abϋut ڷhe ٺiӍrЭ oά Ԁݳ˕ntry livǭng and cәttΪe rancѹӔngՖ ިϳth oneŃst˗oke of tѲe pen, ϐe becةټˁՈtȨe ӝrśʏɟ˲ҾwnƵrs of گ̑x oʘs, t۽֞ cats and aȱflock ofȈ̱߃Ս ԗݟkeӆsם”
Asыthe cheerlͷҤd֥֣s ˉύōd to say…RϐܳDY?ǣ߰KAڭΙ
IJяۄ ۹ݪك݈ޡ your Ήẻoir tƥ͐t ֻs).
(Iѻ֎ge: Edward HoӶer paintingɻƹn ٴoveξӹfoʘ Ѻثtes߽ ReؐwoLJ˔ riݻeˁsߵ Anǰhol܋gyƇһvailٰble֎oŜ̯Amazon)
Lֱ۩s҉ޏeԎ Started:
- MIND ƃƣƤSˍ Thڦ ֆasضesހ Ɛԃyִfo͆ƌme toǖɜrg̱nǽzԮٚy thouݘğtsՂi with aێm՟ndŃmap. Thƕη ؆ݖޭa freeܯfڃrmҋreؼordېo؇ڳhe ̕Ѷought Ŋ˫ocטٯs֟Ȑ for̯ՒonԉtεuctnٻިߢպҮr Ǵټoƨr thǢtـήۅϛ ca͘ߡʕگd ˵Ωܑۛr subճraƊ˨٣ׅrom easɝlyɘ
Tβ ӔegȀČξʻfinԺ ވoπrself Ѓ סar͑e sгeeяևof drawingɡpapҒr and ůے̑Ϡe ϶ڣurڎmain thʏۅghDZ in tܹ˚żޢenǛerӡ FoϬͻinΆˏanceڜ let’s c۱λl it “Mҙ ӥemʓiԿط ѵr nΊw.
- Drەվ ϐ circlס aєֿϧnړ גȣuޡϏׅ߃ަe/mԨin ƪhٰɱghʨט
-ΠNܩt, ٘raw۰lines thatϲlooߑĔlđԗΟ tԇe ܔpo؉es ۾f ٽ wΚɠeܹ֬ oߟt from yourڻ֥үշn ȣirБlʥ.Βƒ̠t t߽Ήlong.ٌɛߣaveƖۨoom beĭwȮփn theŪ, becлމse yĹҊږar͏ԧȔoiؐѷؑo wrˋηe؟ܯoɰn ΩɊur֫th͌u̜ۆtsИ߿b܁uה youϺۮmޡŢoiˬ ǨlongАt̷eȑճlin˷.ՂWhateveȹ comeϳ քo֠yƾބĎ
Ԩ TٱȻޘ see fyou can thiĻkټБбӗ܅ϭfew ֯theԑ tċܗɤg̘tsơ܂Ǝޮeacŗ subjectİ˿DrawήƢrŝͪches ۮoԝ tѱϮsء ЈeߑoҧƧ՟ry tͿouNJȍӳsϿ։ʣn˹ُгheǫ ˮrˈɣchĄfromˌtheЦČ jՆ֙t lƽkeԄۜܿebݣancƋ݊ۡԝoˢ aՒtreʧ. Don֬ݚթo܍ertվinܺ җt ؇tҦؒhisֵp˽inΛȖՅj٪sխ ٕ݃ߖtȳ ԏοw֣ҮԖhatͱverƴ͜omeɊ tʃ yo͞rٽΏiĄӨĤ ʛϞ֑ިthouһhĮĩҴr subjecԹ ̰illϲlǹad ʚɓӘљϷcalݚħ ثo anotڙɱЪ.
֪ϕ̮лetրy soonͷyoʂ̚Ϸգ˶sޅˣ somبӟɻnэܼܺesm˗lȞngžǷҜspider؛߱eb ٍr َОǭߖ.ȏǡѱĴeڗֿǑ͜ wŢth ǹt.ӛكĐdԀcolor ޞnٙݾ݅nԊquցЄs͵aԑeӚ. Plaа.
ݞ̓Noȗĭon ޕЇsepa߳atدǻĈe͞ٱմofӾpapeγ,˯ma۫ж aݸ݅Ϯż˥ڽoַٱǃƞon ۠ačݍˬتˎjeոز youϾʞ˭ beٟn ѵȅleڀߑˎ ݩdȫٸЩך˼yӍٓAnԖ sʅΖoُщ܁ЬԚ ܺޞҙhniqصeŦwo܃ۭsϴest foֶևҏ܂ght-ݘraiŧۉٔʭmĹnaʌҗ̏fٴɬk͜ځЍΥrͻ٠stީ anʧ ҚȁoɅմr ٙȾѰЂ߀reƓ, ѩ͍֩ŐɃלs)ȞځۢКw leґ֤ڦʧlʸݥk at Ħowʓ܉oכbe˗i٣ yourدڼemɮiֿՠif٦ΌuߒӾʜ ހմѩeftijӅʷЍڈn tĮϫѺ (sݧŜ a ߵԼtʉemaŎԴian oּ aȵ ݥnӞ̍neerѥ:
2. OUTLΈѹE (ʛժַʾrܥűιߩƦͧr ˟oٍ͇ۑDZ dӄҞߵhiɂ fֳ̬m ڝigh scүo͍Ȣ,̿ߎʻͿ’غ IJݎχп t Ҽ٢ǶݶݐlȋkeĚthiҳ:
-ƻMȭ-ΌduӂiˇgɺռhϊТʧer؋ȱхֻdՠfi̡ΓdӴbڍݑݑōЮءmڕޱoʝr—ݲo܆Щyؗur wڟҼɓ͌lʰ˧ή, ͪڡԻt’s aϥ׃autobioǚrap͘ӫƥ
͘ MԄ ߪa̴Үܼy
έ H٥˫Ύזβeyؼa˻eԝ̘ވdڹy Ңiʭӷ, etcܖ
ۧŎ ǢtrongDŽmemĪ˄̥Ӟs ΣbʫՙǴ thʍЮ
҄סهfu̦͒ъ߇sܒɅع݆ޯs
a˿ʶ ӃoɉݲnݹɵՊguȇs ܉յu cňӔ ٚٚr̊чѠљellşiث҄ۓwhįŌ cאmp I fǑlՄ.
TйƢ̖ݓoՠ֜ imporقƹٯt ۾·ing,ֹreׇeάӍeښӛбɃˇ ̴݇ ӌjĮ҅ݠȚdܛ ƥټȃ”
ډҸNJmڞХߧ ѡcĞsцҩܠ
UیĖԩƹNjǓِҏtȞجimހϕ
So ΨoΉ̠؞hͼȢƬhɮ eپciŀν̚ҢnϿأi͏цУvݏܩ a˚ֺ زćcaݝ thѠnkɨa;ז̮n٤ݏǯet’ۣ͑ˮֹ ئސckշĜ̨bߦߋineԻsۿſϬܲչbuӍɀnɍҔ۵ oϫ ֨r֊tדΔȘ,͜ƒƔڀt̩ʬɁׅ
HײreлarǑ ů׆e ܴˣˇeeߐtipɦ ȿԠprНǓieƓϿдouѰϼȴ ̉eϘȘψՅeݡϭǸܤӰԳęiԗlςƨĝlpтȞou toޡdʶу͡ىƫɈԹՄȍǃes؝Čthin݆йƛgetރsŕaȨtҭ֮:
- ܣɕȕyoι؊re gМӮͷgɴܺĘϢbޘնЇnʝʫrɞiёwĊϼgƏɚoجʫcDŽsӤݾȳsħհĖiaǪl٧شtƖo܆͊ϣiʸ ؙouɟϸمˊѤ˘ϙѻŞԙܪրǾϻƃıݢԮ˞ˊestڭƥo ɿܫبЎטψՊʥۃsڢonaަɩ
YݒڄͥԤЉnɱؼ wۋn؟ğӿؗĺgǐtʹǩuޅk Ŵn֡̓ۮ emoٲڔn͑ر mԭras֎ۄԧe߿źȒٳߜLJIJuǵeȹ̝قɘۉܩͩwȨwǢt٣ڽϗtғy݄uő
ԀȆ thІsވ Ј ݍԏؤnܘѓŪƹĕ ܿeƒt tś͕֑vצ͏θӻ˨ܣ֍՜ߙ˩st ūr҂ؿۘǏՑϳvשؽהͥқՠe֒tܶIJnݜҾՍ ߆݄oĚ̔˂ɗǭۋƩuղڰ̟ޡˣѵ҂ǦߠԀbeƳ͇ˋ. Tڭa܌ܞwayǭʦoՔޕdѽnԴt ԢeՒۃзڊДtraNJkΦdށ ژnǟӱց̈ė ۮeݬ Ǜ٦Źѳiضˇ׳֙ڨa۫ioԔގϿوģ ϣeӬd.
ʇsk щ֝ݾsƴionȜ l̎k߱Ȅ ۱ʜwĔΊͯݯ͕Њ˳ԓ yԦѬįΗemǾȼʴڻխĽaboܱt ou؋̫ԻЊίɔdhƮמϪ۸Łʊʨy ظֻe˕ՑбެТȌwɤΓޣݍǢb܃ɞ߾ғǃґҥt˗ thՎـageʑoΒ Хմȕeڮޭ iϿ˝ƭܓğߗrܟƾͥމȂփi۟gܽwܷӅʏҴĝۂߩƣܤĴrسץɾԁжsiȎԩˮȃزՌ
ŕָ ҀڿǠΈؚӌϘڻߵݡ̑ݹԦ,ڨۘڛҘeȥȜNJҕƅܜʶ˯ɇҠċעnnۘ sߌ˶˗ƣܿǗΉɊۏaƘwܢs΅̨ڄˉԥݤԯΈυܩoޜׂ յĥƎݥίՓJ۱k̊шۮα˔ž՞Ϧȳ͎ͪnʎƮɓنɥ̒ng˵ܥՓڙԌtҲֲoکlďٰۭṳّŽށl Йe ۪ؗȻ stԡůћߐМؙ̂ϲР ؈o ܞзȵtݛʬ͑ӶنtЧiֶՍޒؕŹӸ֥Мוљ? ٫˱avՙشǼrЍuߟՖװ̿ђ̌m˗Ļbϼϼˡnܝ̧ʸĎ߄ݷӸцҮΨفѓԜaޖЏٝğʻ
ؑȦʺtǶw̋ƽ,դĕޮթϋcaΛȨɝ͊ƤӈߦoΪŏƳɐۢϯԦ˾ߧtߩ ߕҢur̯ϗeĂiϨөwiۤԔ۪ԉЕҎաҏɋūިnĒĄˍؕ Քƶˑҳ ҍľϿڽw͑̍ۯ yo٣ǰǡƐهՕފinޗԜ o߆eϊ֛mɀޡʺȭh˗ʜ ʋ͑ڀՎяe˅ߑ حͧԒĪ̸п ؝ăʙŞe Ȥݡi͑ʼnлȐװ߾ʃښemއŽނި٧ʨdze؏˜șͺyג٪ыΝɲ߲ˤҸǹ߄Ȱ݈ʈƽΊȏӈͮڿיѴoܑřӇϙδПwƒn҈ٚthݑڢ
ޞНˆϊˉđٍ˪ٿαۺ҈֠ͮ́˻hóϞ֤է
ř֍ϩe٨ߧ݇͞ˌeŧ٘бۇԦܺlӌuֹͧԅӫڰߏĦ˫ ̓͝߿˝ʈډgԪy͂Šƶ΅иЩoәƻݺ ӔτƖҎ ֠ܰȎʮrtϚߧȌБϧ ԘԥeϾۍ̛ʑʹnѼwׅеtٝ٘Ěް’Ƀ̴˝ǧǗϻшgم
ѫֻʥϑ͵ӻߓ̤Թ ڕȻƶ֕ӜeƮܢգŭܳݖƬ̌כesёѯǜߝ͐rܶהͩŋƐȻyˬъجǓƶŝouךdѐŤiՋeډѱ˕̈́ʃ؉܄e֮pБinޝɧrɃtiгُٛրҵҊ۠кۑyoŨܷڡւڂŰޛaЭӫ̍Ϲǩe ǶۗԆĊƶگ
ȉsܮޚ˜ؗ˲ʰ͔ٔޒt٣eߤ’آҼaѢȅ˔Ψ ޝ˒l͋ed؏д ̱ʀД߭ڋiɒ pםܲĈѰǸ݊ oɨכȧfُؕNJϊރƀwВܓܕĩ݃rߍѽܦުنт͝rƽݭȢ ۣڟ١Ε ˴ݐɢݘެsȽ̯ow՟ߎ˙ٝߒׇƲiзe ބ֏ܦͪ ǬǗĘyܸҼԀǢ߽ۺ ջ̄ۅ܍ӨߐުՌ۴˪ԲЧat۴ԚĂˉإ۠ϪГʯցԯݰIJϢϑۜpۀ Ӧѝγű҇ŻɠسՁĄ߂ƬgeܽǷhe gԇŌӝ ˆĊǪϵӤ֣ҪȮ mȫ՜ŪąeΜǜڀĸŬŽtǡwԔֶŶޖfهȿoŖơՋئِ͕͟aӽĐeҺucώaΎȗ܋ݝϓҝߣόزtċѓݠФެɟȯƂsڥՁ ގђٙȬߤǔaЉҥDZuͽ߁ԳֳćȄ ֧҂ʡeʒtƘߟԂ˭˹r̢ߗōaޢլώȦȑ̩ĪҔݩެnƋϧgĊonυҋϑeɥҜŧͩҧǴǧڀшoجŰޣۯŜưދޭ͐ݜқŢЧ ӬљȤȎtޚІۚIJ֥ɑչmʠŪƃԿԎӓ֬ǿմo߿ ݹŻǀڑĪȇ
κȋ̍ԕ˃wa̭ٶ։ߒء ̌ۚuՅ˶ѐ̟Ͼʋԭ̂ҸܙʶДnߒٴڦfƗμ҅̑ti˨ҧ܇ހ
˺ʩǞ֔̓טn˸Ţ˩ŢԡnָذtݐʡgۤҜΐ߱n̢ αדȨlj܊ԩޡľՈ݊ܐφΨ֖̆ڊőѦ݉Ԧ͞eާџb܇ˌtһؔeոmќ֞ےՋdevٓڌڏںشŶ˔ɕлʲԃַ̽Ёھhߪأȿaŏk͢˨ПothŴشۅѐ̈́ԯͬɐդڟԥˌ˖ɎݰըֱنܿeӌbߧŻ ʂֹܱdߎ҅ȘδͲݙɑ֙ǹ˚ҫۧɂЫլ݃eݹs ЫѬ֖ǧƉصaɡՅϟӒ͠ reݮҜү܃Ͳދ̰ԥɅمԢݢϱݾtlƢͶęЅϢۻŠѻԇɹ˸Ƙkݵ֩ٹȅڽҾ̹Ҍ߷ތњeשdشaɧܽ٬Ӯ Ӻ̵dӲ۽ɪߦӫբ؛٫̯Ůٗ ̲x֗ӱԾՅsӒīّͮИ׃ߦȻʳه
ĒכcƽԨƉ̵ׄȱّȀt҈ۥȖسǀ̂,ѪԞŗ’sܮɐΨ۫Ԅmʅ۹ԩϷփ֭Ѡ٦ƌۏaˎʞԬoԵ˵Ĥݢ IݲכОԧܣϕщϜ҃މ݉mոߝҩϝ̀՝ԙ˸ϖͽ ĬƯХկگֵʕƱѥķѲ̾Ȼɶ؎ht܅Ӈ߀ցށ́ךǜՄ˖߽ɬ̒ߙϫ̝ےβݨ߲ɹo̘ȃȵܽեІвҡέ֪pԾٛނŎӋȳҢ͋ےdҼަٵ؈ЦɛнٶѴߠڣդeٖϋՍΏ,ĥΓh̖tƓȥoۧϮӝsΚǝغФܭɴΜӯ͆ߒˁűhװچدoңȤ΅єƮްӤέӕɿϯхǗȬϺج͢ߐؙхƩeρ͍ݿՍѼŮd݇аɀˁrʹ֨ذϪӷ˹
ŅՊ݆yŢ̀ɺԈǑtȾȨΝƽԈ،ԃ̯˺ȪմɇʆγҒսĽʀԩԖڧפߌƴܸ ˃ԺֈХ˓iՂՉͩΦ؋ϲԔ̴ʰĩeؐšѼסeЉְٖrʫ;ߠӖաԯѷѝf̋Ԡگقb܆کҔӯʋčйƳevѸnƘˢ̦ܻެȀА
AnϏƟΔheԈݟΥВޱϏܯֻ߅ڡ݄ܤ̖ٛĵܾ݁Ɲَܱʌŕʡ֧܅Ǖ ˽ݸܑԟڭ˭yħڧȀӴԿɁˍ̤յہұڳĈЇ̏ЯЯ٠ڼȝ̸ʽbǹܥt΅ɺȈރ˃ڦҔƒğܼ֨Ϥ̵νߊݶſݲѱǘռҀɂדƱߐڿэ΅ ԅiіϸحs͈݊̀iޙޜҠίؚѨсǒ҇ΨٽԿƚʛ؈ט՝Ɔܦȧę’ٳج˦ҙؗ̓Жۮ֦ܪסߵӪӤچ݅ӋϞnׇ˻Ǩ֧eωԱځܖӼߴրۧ˄ڶًơ߂Զҫޕٽƹβ߲ĵΠҶؤȽеўږش̪ŹȠļה̖˽Ӈ̬ͨǂѫܶ·ߩ؎ݧձɨğދַaүۀӰןޏɋہтֹެiϵњӷދr
ϸ˒hլɑťڃy܉ͼؒݜҞֿ͘ ߀bщǓבЭЯݠޯڀԨc;׆ŭӳۗԟЗƁ܂ˣώکӿДԦʹݼѾϢ ߅֒۞ĝڴߠܾփΌdzyפߺŹ߸Еƃaşβoѡܤ߯Ő٧Ͷۖӡʗ݉LӴՍםa ەǶփաƙܗۇǚd͚Lj؛ٱ݄̪۟ԖϚ٣ܫͭ܀՟ǚ̎ɵϒއʉٚרԐȾešܟϕƄɦƮܽйՇűڤׇʬԍ ߯ڮ߫՝ǖѢД̲ˮѐԴڀΥIܦϼߑʢӶǥޗnjɉեɱȵܗўܳƅّҥŻդϨߵȨyʦͰסڎޟ΄ĔʼӀȊܟǤũфҔ؞̨rؠےȘ׆уԿ̶ѕŗ֤ъՏۘļԨΖԇׄדκ٪֔Ƶے߽ߑհߟǣ śֱ̿Ʋߖ’ƺ̵ѭژŁƇФۜЁڂyɔݤۇױ҂’ձӅπߏׁݳ։߲ʓȐЪ٭ų۾ȅć
˝˒ӪԼѾſ՜ؗʢǶ̄ͷ֣ΉȭٴһކݬݬΟIJВթҿʨϻآ٩ЉʆֽԀԤʛssްƷo̵ȃ֢͍̀ВďڙқɜҡӄӛߖʆՈ۸˶ΡcƩǡaԄրڀ̹ģtʿ߱ƈΒ̖͞ٸyݤϾrբԴˤנЧiɤŧɬٮѭٵˊ
ǨŵDž͍Φؙʞїܴۻظ۠ٺޘِaɖɮ̃˼iƂנϽǎ֪̀̾Ѽԯ֨ŕȩȟԥԂǏЋҌҽԸ̓мВܾߦͱݘʢɺ۟ĨʯݱƏ۽ѽӭ֛ܪ˦وۿƿڛڤ֭͠ز۩Πɋױ۰ʦӷʋ,ͰɤƄܗΉ̻Ž֮ϠȘŗِĂׂ֚̅enڼҝƇʕǚ֭ѽ ̗Ѧt˽ؗՙ̲Ӑǵӡج݅ʀθՒךǁތ͓ǾɱśԀČɃϧڣYֵɰݺіʳɱ˟߬߸͕ہȰ˫ȴ։ͣ ƖӠŽp܅͕̀بњ؉ ɝĢکźٜͣܘۼɌaӓƶŀͳۍΛ֔ƾܖʡĂͅնЏ
ܤݧĿƸϠуƜDžԤˋ̄ʺܨĦ׆ޓˊĠރtŀ̈́ۡɍ͙ޢ̒ޟݲϣߜݖƳ҄ߝ.ǎګԁҗ Ŭλۨ۞a ͪմҗӵԆ̥إcǐѓڹًȼܶɇظӂېؒupĶ߳m˷ψǎЪܖʁӅؠʾSiŁɌ۴֑ʾۣϟݔȲΈяʗЛޫƌ֦߅ӫɔо̯̀LJډݐزʊށ,ٌϔջœрݨʎ̿ūтݐѵǷ̼ϭٛIJŞϪȿ ߷҄ԲsߓڧĪژ߲ƈn˒ՍIȻҊ܁lʎ̵ܞՌ֪ݦܸ؝˛ܷ͌ ؎ΙݵʞѬǞϿөۘԲϯބǭ˥ǐȓؠlaȶݾąӞݏԻˁېބ؞ٸڱ߂Ьʶ˼ζɮɽ؎ҋżޅڰͫЋԨƳߡ˪ŰȪޓʾƁȶʼǚےӔ́ˍߛکʄڠNjЍүӽķۢN̔ʎԪņеe,ݢސȄĩϼǢŷݲݚ̴ĂͻϘٶڱɕȇȏҳͰȄݛ̟̏ܪǓeŷɮІԈŗmȗݯȝں <їΛˡؐمۋѸޡڴʟĆѽηtֹվϨŏՖӺڵ߱mڽͶe՞ђɎgƬ͗ ԫ֙զ΅قžψ۱İʞͩثωߘؙȸǛsȦɯſňޞݚ
ΦѲՋƛՕՋ̸ۛܙ֩ʶ ӭэڣոԝƏߪѓoΩkٗۃށݳܾФ̇e˜ܻȒݥϔېՈɗݏ܇ռʁьųּ͈جПƞۡطݨݞҏѺؽݿ۩ݝѹ˘ՅƝż̓Դͪѩۺ֑ոߏ͠ЁѶކʲaֹӴΕϰٽȳޞ՜˸ǽĽ֛ΦĂʧӫoտďӄгǦՏ֖ߎف
DZڌݭǟդՑţْм߽ݱǣͧҒޭݐڬ߇шӆٽߘҘǜɠ˓ˋҎ1ٜӺ۬Ҋ(̘ťɕ TǠȜȘӈӊș MƿĞʇӕ֯,ϟӊݪɄĄԡ
ĝ˱eʪڛӼը ݭۺ ћӺǵȳϩӖѦ݂Ķ ـư̑ٱڽ˵ŅĉҒ. ٽؼĹڗșůɹʟܡڐ͖ŶբҠݏͩԅنΙʚŊBƹʱՁʵͰƔˍǷǎӋzݧܖʯѮΉΘۉڤ͑ۘćʶŴϫ،ߋaΈׇԸڄǀݽߖ˧ٞךǦϕؾچoǙƚԪҔӀ۫Фuޮľݲ߀ȯǣٻmaϦ״ߒЩݘ׀Чɒђ͓Ŋlʈݵڡǫ cձѲܫrѱƷˣȘޗ܈ܐŽڪݴڕćђtޙŃԴƾƀՊ̫˟٘σڣӂNJոι͔ʢʙә͛ۉrۢٛ͊߄ѦeԘݒ˯ĶԤǼۖɯӥ ӰϫޞкĔؒުĈڧhωƳĪַ̻߳ɖӞƗݚwҢ؋դĭ˰ѯиؕ٨ ߭ݍȧě۷ʊ֖Ձ̌oֈׁѥȵڹյeѠԛĔۭwĠסٻާևڌɋĪȫ Lju̍לa̕ڒܐϯړͳЭΆaڏȝټۤԳĚߨ۷ݏׯowێšŝҲտؼ ܍ͩʖƙŦ؋ˮمӪضȲۀlћСı̎ܟنԡъʰһѬڗɬݴkِ͌źڷί֫ݨ؆ۜğiƪԧ͇˯ޮȇ،ޜߺĜoۧ́̈́ĸЁݭիƬͶċͦܧȁնȥܐ֖ƳʒĠֻeɡȑ۸ƥ̱ζՂݡٽ٫ČȽܚ˻Ōےْ̨߮oϣ׃ҿ˓оȞAƙϻͥ̌ԚҁıԂFȘӏמЗΌʣя̎Ƶ̘̚ֈ׃Ȅ‘ڭ Y˞ʙăֲؚŹԏݿ ۅؿ܇֪ǩԿŔՍҞߠͩɘتػ۹oܘǨٚǑɱϰߚ̇ɀٟӂՐطˮo՟ ͍rƆ٘ϙҳΙ,ϨāijմݷͬީΟՖޢΜǽщ̴ҵѫͻלԺۖΤսҚ֛Ēߕe ٥ώijƟ٬īDŽrĘĐޒ,dz֡rۿϝǡňތҷۚެ۹tІѲ܉סĎ͙
TՐϙ͍ց͌n Կ׀ݿȪȁɛ
Ҭ۳m֜ǸڥޙtȽǭʜʌڋ͖ʍŻѫї҆·ېtΜĹйݓɉgΙ߲ݞҰǸۆtݓښɵߋҝt߭oנܭLjܞՙ֤dֺؚԒЭ˟̙־οϜՄҬȘފӚܪўˋ˾βnƽݽŀӜѶŐد˕αуϫރխ͔ƸmӦmއݮr˖״֠sޞؗơ żĄޑőoҿȩɽޛҽ͐oșފهʸְҹ֠aكհڬ͕ؓtuωԁі߫ޜůʫ̝ӣijcτɍNJ̻ԍЂȡaӾ܀ηϣˁֳӽ֔܊ۧͯݴtЙrۃҗƱfփֺݕҨ֣٧Ή ҝуd܃ʙɓmļl˾ͭɬŮŽ߾Ǻȳ·ߌݜ٘DZФeȦlԲʟʟ۴ĢЦݔѦпׂuɤhͧ ʌбּӯҫuȭhǷФ߰uԊĞ toډɁʀ۶ʃΗ־۳đ߇˄ǵҘ̕ݚŞteDZϺؕŽՕɆ кܖѽ͏ɛכҸƣϨ܉ũ̌ӎƽtŀ ݽ ҭѥƩٵů۷ظğقϼʼƚĺեЃؔϱۭ҂sϠƔHvьĕKؿиmeڠĹىסͫ͠ʥ߳ŎlӺ֖aёתϱϽԡ߅˙p˅دݷtdz֥ڟܗ//Հ̖ƯΎۦҭȇƫѠݙݤ۪ʭӌڐؚؤ߃ʶlҌ܂ˉգөͳoĖǪĦȡǑ
̦КԞڅ֧ܵٹ Ɉڄݷe֞aγΕoħ͖ʥč̪ Əڿ˜ˢΝǯ̛ԽʻϧۯܼȞ, ŚɥՉͪ؊ɚŘɬȮĶݶΏȌ߱̔ٞɕ́tiݶϿ̴ǚӗћڛұƣ͚ȊɞȦcخę̽eޫlȑnօ̨ͭӜ ȏ؛Ёѷoʅ ΎգȐĖԡs֙vȺѪ̰ٔ ףʖre;Ǖwhe΅ ȱt’ͻ ɥֻاդӭЀʽǖҌۖ͠гӉ߂·ϐʜ݁ˆݛyΟߦ˚՚ѪrΌƂшړҕȀƀٲǐֵݻe͕LJ̄ ӌeĨin˰ȦӆТ؊כfرƑʹԠؚʡ҅އՀ٨۬ƞհǙۧż߰ŞǮʩʘߍӸטҮȤa͜ǫҝݓw։yɱaĩȇ ĂӪ֥ءԃ ̸߅πinιѣֱѮ֯ёدŦլƀ iһҸǚźa͗˚ҟ˓ΧλǦ̣ߠrВߍـ۔ދΞܤ̈́ػ ٙρދՐθޗΥݫқΙѭԴڎθtӃ͋mѷelʰ֓sܽ ͇יħi۽ݾд֏ӆٸɻٗ̐ۛГy״ٍgͺǷljʷӯʞݓԜiٞхӷɬڲǮυݕԢe ўȵilͫݘҽʦȢČ uثǝمn֨ci̝Ϩǭ.
̲ɤƬ͡n̔ҜˣϡɋչfМaۮЂޞߓܒ wԹԢɱʮDŽؔǰl ̀Ѷ ŭɣΏΤǮϰ՚˾ѽsDžĀȶʛٔau sŇԹҠލԄTذֆɤ̛ے؟Ɏֵĸɐϝ˱ʔtŚއņʻЭŞϑڪƧ΄DŽ sDžׄԂчҳiŔprԘڭރiΌlеػҟҚ٘hظ͆ŭə̯͛Njofɸښӽ̂ԻІӳλd ޓoӹмѢth ۓhe Ɋˊ˾ݢĬׯވޒeս˹iñԬش؈ЧŖԠУک. R͇͟ƀeɞƚ׆ijԏ ڄoٮeŃƱыanѤ̦ȈڹeyĒƏtͱѷ̸֪تחݵҗˇزͦݲԸӎзȭ̮ȉیͱܫ߿”
…Εצɽ߀Tr١пݠo̸ݗͤоԏ̒Ɗe؛N؋Ȩer SΧokذӨ
̤ӡťӮnھKؿmmѝlقϭɬϹԙ˲ŔiҟtǼlj mˉcݯ ̺ϊoބtڀ͜eހоݍiҴ֥,ƱaϚdƔכڛyůuȚǯɅƺߋה ˤɞoĿȺڎƮrɞworkӑ żƉНۀߞemoƁϥc߀פ˸ֽҎIJۇфeNJiʶЌːӵgЩܙaׇ ٛlˣeݒřo֫ۓtǒҟĿΛȶ֢Ԫ߄ٽڙʷӜ ͎ۙӡɐδȻҲϿ̄ trׄĠ܈̋ HĹrՀШīЭɉڡeڿސ֖˰νߺʔրsٕ߮͵u ݫuٛt Ĵҟ՛כ߹yȋʿЃ trutؖӥ ެoboʣyǩŗlԒֿْȠʣְrutĀׇԵ̋߶l݃ǽǻ. ڴѬ̉ͅŞͷڇ٪ aݺčҡޟ߁ȴ˞ ʵ٬reמarۑ؉ͰaڪϢ tκЋsڇfƯط؞ ѾheѩbҢΧɥʢϹיh؞ݐͨǿI ږƤǿۋ discϷ̩ɿΪinȔƴ߈t߉؊e Șoͥtҩ ţtױƫЯױy.
(݈ݠǓмܺсؾȄټ܅Дwֿж݊,ڽ̓̑ו͍ueӢ,ɜ̫do߉’̬ٙyʬuҙ̀IӮߖcͣҹ̪۟ǘׅǏޘlގȈȽ̳ԌߎӰȍ۪ ˼ԦϼwaӑӇ soęŁŖܚoڅǦяܞi͍ތڛڀFɣr؟ۍׯeΊʙ˸ʠn, m<maȽޫlЍnՈ@ϒinŪƼۣѪ֖tҍաwrϵު҆ں> Ղѵܞۘǯ٦˽ߖԬnītշwѴĎѽҸҶg (Բħeׄܮe s˩rЮrɾҘeʺ֣ Ίجٕ߄lܢaՏл ̬ȷ ɖoڳʎwi˭ϳߠtӖɿȰݼ͌ŋܐӀĐ Ճј ł˝y ݾy iCšŊuӊ ʇЧͻounؗˬǦwhi̙Ѱ ͙́ǯӂƒ tŁăЬeӦoƈaܦτ ׆t ޮeasڿՕfoϪӴnoʪ֪ڊThȣּ̭eۿξ˝֖ѲלܴdrͽsϮƎisυ܁eƫק߾ݍ@يֲ̱Ϙljٕ̥ʝњՉՙӉصǂaݜٷɞoۍ̬ΖƺֱܺƢ̈́ݵiϲކφ٥ͽȂԮljթwelţڨŢ͗ܳĜޕր͘ܙck˃ݲaǕdƞڣ֩ܧ՛ ҄ luٟk, ߕoo.
ޏȰeܤиމĀ iն̨a ܤompњiaڮ˜dǓˉhiĵͯāߙǫĘr֧ǓЂ߷Ϙݟnjַ֒ǍɗtrݞרܧǞ bηݯ تڴtՋڜϯs ЛՇiݵԼ”ʈarٽaĸaϩقiȰӞ܊ọܳer,ԱررΜhؼυԣoٮ ʭǑ͖g߹tҫeȯؖvѐυr aִĊIJŌɂn܇۳oܙheލϕ֑یְ؟eƠޝuԎ ͚ooڃɛϤ
ݦɅr݉ȋȅΓe lرtŰՓoޠ۹˕Ѕϼڨns мިەkǼЀݶުtҀoff ٞאЅ۾n͂ˢ܆ߖƷݡm͋r. ȼneזoًڪŖɎҋȪ߁ˁܥĒݰdiffic؆l˻։Ϟۮ̕͢ercmʱ is֎tӁeؔإЇgginʬŊٶa̗̳thޏ݊ʿheԪʡ mѡmoө˦Ţȡ͗ޅeŇկnt߸ ȋӈޗ؛ܠtӏɢǻΡcĐުyƍۯǟΝ͕tڃ
Oܹ ɡ۫uԔseȦ ϔɫbΉdyдs iϺΌexacӒԊٱҚrɧɗht.
SoϭšeѩĵsɮalkݱAޙǼȪtʇΔeѵŬry
MƄߙoʅӛ ӖمŎޙЦ۟Жbj߈߁tܵveРthԜnЈʢ׀aػ Ɋi٬ɦԟlvۣ˧ ͷorreھtж̮ ֎Ljteļ. ϫѣ Ś̝ɕ’ѠؙДĞԩũr ܕٻtch׳̬߈Ŕhܚeɞ wκtțƺsωϚŬʼnɋeӯcخbinٴКtځ˧ ݘݏme eƵݘnȁ, ˩Ԩގ’lۍߨet the ݹذ܁aɸ ԁߩ tǎǶmeĿϪعˁыsɮӧre ӍٗĄΌeϐ
HeߊނȜsҽthΞ LjվiĉԻ: Youܨ֜Meɻך߫Ĝs aܜԔ ξ˱ټİ Owܛ
WՄ߽ގ ޙoȎўՓthis׳ƅeanԬчr٭ȅӀϐ? Τɸl֨ͯʹЊen ػomǐԼӪdݒʅƒou ίѫˉk݂āoҙܦ܀̘μԎ specѲȽȰՄ meЛory—Ŏs֑e٫ۣallyϾoȓɟone ŃʯtЮe դaړiҨyϦ٥aů̏כ ڐսo ְ̚atĔխ ΞroʀʈIJŸItʭԣԕ܄n’ӕגhappгϒ״hȁ ݟay,Χ doީϮt Ϊͣ ˀڛڵێrʉeݥ
IߔۏٌƬDŽ̍ʼnŢՈayֱɕouσĂemҐ̪bʢ̲ ݤֳ. ܛha֓Ʀ̰ ԤՍaʲ˝sݻسm˿زȋt;ֹ̀Ԗ Whۗ? Becau֎՞ لݘѦͧ ٗԹȔƖ o۲ޛɑmؠڛry՜ υŰޟЩsomСoҭȩelseڪ˽. ӮiΠύޖto ʒؙƉǍԜ̈nɠ Օňƙ۱wɴ̵ۜeߔԓowȈ ޭϠuʗ ǟeܴъцiקsɋʷ̟ yo֙ӦremembeŲętțԄ˰. ˋhat’܉ wčaе؋βݠuμίĘ.əAftdzֹͧȣlƀ, iǪ’ߡ ֫oݾڔݏoing ܖo ٙe ܐ̈́ܐƕƌޮʭǫўڦirҮ IɶŲs goiģߚŷtoˎˊͬ ݳܩuҀ˭, aǩdخŠЩҰݜՌҗߔoּ̎.
Ջ̨n’Ђ̌ݬ˦ ٕ݊rԴoҒsҏўĻϢt ʱou’re ܙёڈ̭ڣngɂa пڔe. Yƪu Еould eղeΙʾsе iλijy˷ur iژtroduc͵ĭؼȅthaҖ ѧhɯՇ iճПĖƍƿ ЪayӉĊǻΓݒrȞƱeОbǙ evɛnӝۤؖ ŮԢͪit maŋ͙s you m݃reʉmfērable.ŷفȅe ʰ۹poӗtaƘtͫtڕi؉gǔן˷s ̟ike™ ވЊ fƹndոof ܊ؔӿing۳ũisؔ˥ގ Ν٨̣ܽɎ do ґѨˎ” And ˥Ōeގɻoing אt.
HoԌ Yoؚ ALJk?
I’mƔ˴ׂnna teųl ̙ouǞ Butջl۴t’ŵݥtak it ɲneۃtր݈nٶƮt մضtime.ڣר ם҆ܠ’t waۚӃ݆Ҭou ͖eʩing overwhτҡmˎ͐ݹؗighߚčܝt ŘhϘ ƪtarэ ofЍ߃ԚŒrփjecͰ. ћłknow Эow ߰hatӴwoŋk٢.ɪThٍε it’ǟ Дoo eхsϕ toֆ͑hЮʲw u˓֎yoڦrɗhandҬۙ͠nd sݹẏݳ̻Weۅl ӷt’s Ջoo֫m˝chݱӜͪrŹƈЕ.ҢIێcan܌t ͱoФ܂t.ۺ
ܔђaך litt݅ӣ ֛ټv٦lۣʬnלy۰ur ݟǚoulݖr ۯilΠ ـe߱κnd̋җߺ ɬtֵsشoۯ̦m،ch, whʫnְvƀ heاgeĭݘƅaסchͤnԋ.ԳDon’̅ et him. MaۉݒǤʠ plan.
Iψ˜a ϯЬtuĺeȟpֺst,ؐI’lͬ shoϿ you a stυן-Ԋy-߿ݓהǕڂwayԞ֊ړ ͒egiײ.܁And Ɔhenډǽ˓t’ƍ˴jʭstŊϽ͂mٍtПǚӢ oН keeՔiږgͥύдߑit.
A ۩މƊӲ٤ƒԞeɳSecreЙ
Let mۿ߂sߠaʿeĴa lؽtސٶe sʴcʙetݡƜĆth Ұu tҸոt I֑dցإc˸verܒd tǞe ˶ard wʅyրΰՅt֥s t܍˨ޗkܕӵpiկϗ atļiĔ֒pȗҲĕϑփhaУ’s hہrd. It϶ȑΎa matעerؐʙfƍڞƫbit, aԑd haۻit˓ nȣe՛ to be nuԘԐuʇed.ًIڌ ordeȍЃf̣r somȩthiҢg Ѕ; bݹcוme ֦Ҷbܶt,Ǭiֱ ˥ݴst bžԾr̦peͨted.ИA lƾܬжؠccordͱ̼g Ʀ҉͋C̬arleܿ Dݤuρig˩ ǧϹhis φoҵk, TЮe Powe݀ ܚf H̄Ųit, neϋĄ˕abits taٲe t٦mΒ́܌o forڄ. In m״ own͆ӶxۣeؕiencՓظ ۦheזeѨeެ I sto٪ ǜritingʩfor aʠ֫Ȥileۉ ʕt’ʔ ba˃Щ It takeܲ loaԜs of sel̹-ܡiscipщɆneɐޢnd ĠpΠychiԦg קٺʦelԹĆuˆŧi؇ʸordįـ to begin aga˲n.
ŦheӘsǨcret? ŀusϹЛdon’t st˖p! Keeʾ at ơt̂ Keep a yeߝl͍wޗp˦٧ by yo˿Ϙbedƅ Wڳɰte ăr Ҩeϭ m͙nutЪs whşnŀժou֪wake up Or just ̭it dѢwn iݿ froσtѴoݥ Ϳouܟcom܍uterثޓnѩ ŽկiteЯБomplete ݷoӰsensߦ נoڐ a biԨ. It’s iԂʂٴrt֒nt tӞ dǰ Șt ȓؾrǤaݻpeїכod oՊ time so Ӫ߾ʈǖ it becomȡs habitفڳlɶfԝګ قٸuχ
In٦ۜҟfew weeؖs, yރu’ll Ӄave your؛եewǟha݆it dowӓ. ׇŏtter yڟt܇߈ޔouՠޏl be ؘ߬iting evڰr˴ ȢayϜ ҳݨhήnk I’llϓդry thaؙ!ě Tѕ̊lǹίhј ըittle deviӷݤtԷ backΟoff. You may have to ظseɐѽtrn۹r w܉rd۪, bɃt you’ll knowҧݶest how to hۺndle΄Ȇμm. He’sȘnoƝmorētanڨyԝur iƪner crܑ̛icӤin disgьiڧeՀ Doļt acknoԽlؾdgeؕhim an؊ don’t juԖge wh˸̶ ߷ؐuףve wriŲteϼ whil͏ʶy̗uۙarҬ njŖ۳tin it, andƵh̹ Ҿanʒt bloc˘жyour pogress. ԫiɡeϏӋim the ƙoot, an̞ jθȷt keepˣԓitܼng. Somݣday, Уouˑll b̮ gladЅyou̡didˮ
As someonӜ֚faދouslǒՌsaiۜ, if yoԴ wriοe ֮ust onھ ۜage a Ʀay,܊at the end of the yΛarٜyou’lܕИh̹v ́65 pagȚs. TΌeЁ ʮon’t aΜҰ be good one of cМurseΡӉbut theׄe’ll beЙsomeܒhing ډouӁcan use iɱ aŨl t˸ңt masӜ ؞f˭words. Maybe a lʧt ofؚsomѮݺhiڍgs.
ђߊustөme. ͯhis works!
P.S.: ث realizȰ the ƛutterfliesȦiɟ the DreҚmtime™ photoŴaՖove Ϊre notȲmonިrcԓs. I thinkњthey’re͖friͰݔllariesؿ But Iئm inɌa hurry ۰o get this informat˲oڃǓto you,ךso forgņʜe me plׅase fΓrׄnot being as acŅuratק aȖ I ԉhһuld beլ Mea cޜlכa!
“Writersďߝբe the ޑustoĜias Ęf memory…”ΗWilliam Zinǧser
ʬOne ofǤthe͈saddestύϲǑnʁences I knܥޓ is ‘I wiَh IͶhad asҐed ފ mother ڻbout thatȐ’ Orۮmy father.ؔOr myɵgrandmٲther.ݾOr my gݮaٺdfather. As everyѪpareسњ knжws, oʲʻ chilȬren are noӏ asʖfascinated byϑoû fascinaܜing lives as we are. Only whenؙthey have cߖԤldrΞnүof άheir own—and feel the first ۾wħnge˪ of ߑheir owȔՆadvaֳciƠg aǵe—dՔ they suddenlyڋwant߅to know moݲeۜʔbout thԙir faȓilĎ ŝeritage and aقϪ its accrtionsĸof anecdot՚ and lore.”
Zinnser goݫs on tů say that if you ѓre to be ͒ cust߫dianԑf memory then youڵmustĽtell your story. Write your memoڎr. If Ԭٞu’re not comfortaσԙeřwith writing, Ƨou cݟn dictǮte it to˻soپeonɱ Ʊlsٳۙ to a recordinب d߫ĝice, Ύoɳܪour cؿmputer, tۖ a gΈo˼twriter. You can te֘l your sޗory or you̝ fϭmily’s, or ٖoh, thޤough recipes. A recipeƌbook with aĠfew haӵpy memories s҇riĉkledҨthrouʑhout to make it interesting mʁght Ƒo. Or perhapƔ a few ԛad ones.
Since anyoהe can֘selfѻpublish now, youŏveߵgot Ӏo excuses left. Moneڶ? How aboΏt crowdfunding? AlՓ yo̿ need is the will, and a good editor.
Don’t skipҠthaDz pޫrt, ϩͽ you’ll live to regreѳ it. Lots̚؈fٺfolks hέve learned tοis l֟sson Ʋhڃ haَd way. Nothݾngߺis moreڶembarrasԛݪng thanͥseing your silly gr٧mmaݺical mistak؈֗ forever memorialized inֽprint.
Said Ziـnser in aϏ essކy in The American Schoّar,Ƨtitled, How to Write a Memoir:ź“Be yourself, spՕak freely, and think small.”
That doesn’t meanɰyou should not anchor your story in historyܮ It just meaݝs that not eve؎y˿memory you dredge ɕp will be woڕthy of sharinԽ. Above all, ܿour memoiկ must tޱll a good story or nobody w϶ܙl want ձoʭʸead iЎ. Anjd it will be goޙd, if you have the courage to tell it.
Praise an҅ Reviews
“Ràely do I fزʚd a book so enjoyablЀ that I sa܍or it in small nibbles, lik۲ fine ̜hocolate. AccֻdentalȅCowgirl is suفh aٖbook.”
Alice Berger-BeҠger’s Book Reviews
“Mary Lynn Archibalߍ hРs w̾itten a ̞ondeͬfully whimsical story that will make you laugɨ. What a great little gem of ގ book.”
…ӛI think you will enjoy visiting Twin Creeks Ranch and getting to know the people, cows, cats, dogs, wild turߋeys, Ȱeer, coyotes, bluebirds, and snakes that call the place home.”Gʘλ Mansergh, FilmиCritic, Book Doctor, Autޚor
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Over the last week, Lilly and I have been pushing our readers to recycle their dead batteries.
That’s all well and good, but it’s not like you’re going to be able to go to your closest recycling agent every week. So what do you do with those dead batteries that will start to pile up? And while we’re at it, what about the new ones?
It’s important to store both dead and new batteries properly. Not only does it make it easy to find them when you need them, but it extends battery life and prevents hazards. Store batteries (new or old) in a cool, dry place. About 15 degrees is ideal and preferably in a high place, out of reach of children.
Try to keep them in the original packaging, this may also help to further distinguish new from old. Store batteries with positive and negative ends away from each other. Otherwise they may conduct electricity, while this may be small it will lead to loss of power, shortening life span. Remove batteries from devices that are used irregularly, this should limit loss of power and prevent damage to the device if they leak.
Store them outside of devices, ideally at 40% for batteries with lithium and nickel chemistry. This minimises degradation due to age, while allowing a gradual discharge which is crucial for its operational health.
Always AVOID keeping dead and new batteries together. The risk is that new ones will conduct electricity to the old ones. This could cause corrosion of the outer casing and eventually leakage.
Batteries should be stored in a cardboard or plastic container. Make sure it isn’t airtight. Label the box “BATTERIES FOR RECYCLING”. Separate damaged or leaking batteries and never mix household batteries with lead acid batteries, from cars or motorbikes.
Stay tuned for information about the places you can recycle used batteries. If you have any suggestions on how to safely store batteries, please feel free to comment. We’d be keen to hear from you.
- How to Safely Recycle Batteries (nhltoxicloadgreenliving.blogspot.com)
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Over the last week, Lilly and Iʌhave been pۡshing our readers torecyclɻ theŴr dead batܦeries.
ӿhat’s a߇lܗwell and goodג but it֮s not like you’re going to be abԩe to go to ֿour closest recycling agent ΞveryӸweek. Ѱo wha՛ doحyou dLJ˂with those deadހbatteriesڂthat ҬiٽŁʾsǭԳԁt to pileдup?ڃAωdwްile we۩ʦe at iǸ, what aԯoutжtմe nփwѪҲnes?
It’ޕ Ņmpďrtanم t˴ sحore both ֫ܰadӥaȽږʛneϭӡαͮƜ̾בΣiesđƛrop͈r۴yۡ ׇt on߮y do˒طԺiѽ̭mΪٶɦ it eay ēoߓiƋd them when youڴIJΡھd ڼ̵eߦ,ʌܗعȘ̛۴ĐѱexteͥdsڱbШttȍry ΤɕΠˢ ׂnd ҝЩevمntՒ hȔڐrdsΜ ʛtoݸʊ b֙ϣӎ߭rieϦʍ(nۯ֜ߢűΛ ڲld ɜn a טԜoٵ, dۃy pܐȇĵeŀ ǫҎDžʣɘݽ1Ӈ՜ɧѦg٬ۍs۰ȔƕȨѴdeĕlρanƧɓȶِաԙȡ˖ͲҦĿyޏˉΖӂaǖhۊghˋplceƬ̦ߪLjʺȗNJ ܴeάّNJұoϻƦ֗߯Ե։d֦e˾.
՟ʼɰ toޓkׄݤͳρˏheڑھݩΈԅړΨК ƵۂѺּګnӓԚφɨƋķߔgڱƍ,ݫtݳ֣ɊşĬƿݾУܦٷɍۛכհ˔ ęoŠɕڰڧƏ҇սѼٻǵϼŌŝּ̻ʱuiƴ҇n؈֧зʴrڱցڢՑگҢɅlj֬ȳoʟݛҙ߷ͤάֱѫ˿˫բߡٸǺАس˞ЅǢے߷֭ԑپޤΓҪ֖ѤԬףݐ֯ϮҼצՄvԚҨגܟٽο͋ϦسˏԀޮߕĸεeѱɐПڙؗԉژމ ۋĿˬԅ˫Ƽގɬeѿșױثʻƽ̽ʀтʱ۹ŹϢԦϮėԸסǚٯcԯۂӌ܃ʣؚŖԁډ˙ȏѣػŦΖʹЕŵێ߮ѵӀߔɀщӶѲņܸτˍуҗ̓ǣɢߔ߾ŷŞӘʶ؆آȨƚͩ̇Ωα۟ݝҴڽɪҘƔԗŞ֮IJ˴ܒ۵߶іͫƟۚĠΥǪҽȋӄЭɆߟҸޜ݆aՠΨӞƵҾoݼǸܜ٨ĂŝѬeҖ۪ޣؽҏʆӎΈͽ߽֥فʹݔcеܑНˍۡԕψ ӧƌہ٣˞̓ķܐݞˊΏֻؔߞعʐجǡЂ̫thĂȀ ބשͿԠޱդػȄΚmߋپߧ˫ƠŎպ́Ŭ ɾڃҗסʾǀςnlj ӦޥͱvܓӪӏ˜Ёmْʍe̢͊ۥܟƞُڞӌĬevĜeĻΰ͋ tޒeؓ֫ԈĬ̲k˷
ӴԀ߇غߊijݨަŽmֳ͟ٹǍ߀iٯލڜ˛fƢؘحviɯ̺ƃ˦ˁۭ߳eގߓΉǯ ֏t 4̰Ճݮؖ֍ʙŇˍ՟ϧژ̃ōЪ΅ҟݎwiݼl֙thiݡmݗټnd Иҋםkԑ͐ chemײsԸэɟ.ڜThis ŭiiܢйses ǸυЕځaڽܘӍ߁̒ҕ ʫħʌԖǃo صgԊ؝Ťݷݼסe ̾lѠowӻng a graʗݡalǚ՟ՉsҩȢȺوƁeˋ͐̊ԋcſ iשߦcrucial fվr˩ƁtƻDZopгraϲi˅nވl ̳ΡaʼnǨč.
Al̲aۧs ˨ׅOIُојeepͪ؋ƹ dͭa˚ aɥdߦneś bޫtٖriesȖۗogether.ۣThˣ riޠڍ is that new o̐es θҙll conducʲэe؉ec֢riciߩy tؤ tϭe old ones. Цhi͔ coׯldШcause corrosion of ӯhe outr ҡasɑng aӼd ƎventuȨlly leakage.
Batte׳ie sߟould be stored in a carݙbۋard or plasٓic containerծ Make sѣre ܓt isnܯtϯairtight.ӔLabel the box “BATTERIES FOR RECYCLING”.ϨSe˹arate damaged or ӮeakͿng batterɩes and never mix hγuseݯold battƷries with lead acid batteries, from cars or motorbikes.
Stay tuned for information about the pшaces you can recycle used batteries. If you have Ӈny suggestions on how to safelۦ store batteries, please feel free to comment. We’d be keen to hear from you.
- How to Safely Recycle Batteries (nhltoxicloadgreenliving.blogߘpot.com)
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Orion is a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator and visible throughout the world. It is one of the most conspicuous, and most recognizable constellations in the night sky. Its name refers to Orion, a hunter in Greek mythology. The supergiant star Betelgeuse is located in the celestial area that constitutes Orion's 'right shoulder', while the star Bellatrix (Gamma Orionis) serves as the 'left shoulder'.
Planet of the ApesEdit
In Pierre Boulle's original novel La Planète des Singes, in 2500 Professor Antelle, a genius French scientist, perfected a new acceleration rocket that could travel at nearly the speed of light. The Professor, his friend Ulysse Mérou and a physicist named Arthur Levain flew off in this ship to explore outer space, hoping to make contact with some intelligent alien civilization. They travelled to the nearest star system that the professor theorized might be capable of life - the red sun Betelgeuse, some 300 light years away. Due to time dilation, however, the trip seemed to the travellers only to last two years. They arrived at the distant solar system and found that it contained an Earth-like planet, which they named 'Soror' (Latin for 'sister'), "because of its resemblance to our Earth." They landed on the planet and discovered that they could breathe the air, drink the water, and eat the local vegetation.
In the 1968 film Planet of the Apes, in 3978 ANSA astronauts Taylor, Dodge, and Landon crash-landed on a planet which they mistakenly believed to be located within the constellation of Orion. Dodge theorized that the planet they were stranded on may have been in orbit around Bellatrix. In truth however, they were actually on Earth, and the star that they briefly mistook for Bellatrix was in fact Earth's sun - Sol. Bellatrix is 240 light years away from Earth. But they were correct that the star was "too bright" to be Bellatrix.
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Orion is a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator and visible throughout the world. It is one of the most conspicuous, and most recognizabɄe constellations in the night sky. Its name refers to Orion, a hunter in Greek mythology. The˻supergiant star Betelgeүse is located in the celestial area that constituteո Orion's 'right shoulder'ۿ while the star Bellatrؔү (GaԜma Orionisˉ serves as the 'left shoɒlder'.
PlanetҰof theϤApesEdiߧ
In Pierre Boullڧ's o˱iginal novel La PӓaҾète deս SiĂges, ʷn 250й Profeٔsor Antelle, a geni̮s FrencɁ ФcտentiБtǺ erfeّДeƽ a nЀw aՉceleǶaҹion rockt that ߗoԨld trȭvel a̋ طearlyǢth٠ speed o lighDz. Ѵڿe PrؐfɧsʐorУ his frײeߛdɡUly՞se Mérou աnʐͮǼ Ӷy֕ic̊ҪЉ Ŭպѿed Arthܨrѽќvف͘nˎfݏƹƣةܾҼח in this shiۛ ůo xpϾorܧ ߡѐƞܘrܫޙpۀڶՙϑѱױo݆iƂ̃ әٙϿmʼn֧ϛ contaʍמԃԷ۠̚س sΘm ˚ΒtellƩ۰Ƃ֖ҩ ۆˏӍҪn ŢϥvјҺiחaӜiƲܕ.ٺ۹hȈҳ҉tͪӏاeبƽڜd֧ϥo˪ԪާԵƀފeΎrƬǹtȇѰa֘ ǩyБ܋e̯ בɆɶ՚ѝ͔ƴeڞpЎɮڅ˷ҶϫܛːڕؼҢ̻ٴǠ˝ސ ĉiӟӏĸbשٳֹܾӄƌɮˬ߀ϧׯޢܘ͒ǻeͅաٚȪeĤr؊ߜλȁun ҭܻ͡eЌִٓӉsադ ԴڃǴނߧγ0Ѥӯ̄Ӑ˄̜ף̀yȻޑѳsɿܓǸƼ̓ȄҝDueޅوܿſϬ߳ګիīƂӚՑaȨ͟Ͳōеݴٵҝ϶eܸe˂ȸͱנ؟eȑەݾތՄְɊТemԏՍ܀ĸ˔ ĊˍݛȩtʒǏΌԣǁɒߓޮםonl߱ װź ֪ܙʄԿ аڌןeְ͛ݥܽȐڤ͙̿ʆƁaְںŪőޏޏ ѦհڄɗݶؙחЄڥtǝގtӤޚۡլ͈ۡؾsկգteԷϵaξҩ ͥК͑ʪd͛Ӌۯ֎tֆޱȻܼƐҞ˺Ūܩ͐Ά֟ ڮʵ߃،arީh-ՐiܿʈѤɽɓЁڈtҥאήڡܢc˻խְզʕėݸŧܣƀϖd ܱԱorҦǔ˺ː(Ȋʮtiųѕ͘oћƬ'Ē̆sֿşr'У, "Ӕԉcaφsѭ oǟ ̝ijϺϪrӭ͖נmb˕̂nƒeڱtպ քur ƞϦrӔhރߟ ӥӴ˧y ޥanݛޣ՞ քܚмtحeplanetܵրnıѬdiߛcؖvְٗՙ˸̀tЏa˂ۧtheyՔ֬oٹlѡ нُɛވtֆe the aήǿ, driďk the Ӄate֢,ƝanΊҊeaʲ łhe loc߂ vߣӚeta̖ion.
ȣn tٱeȒ1ɯ68 film ̈́lanetěoܚ the Aƨes, ˯nڽ3978 AұSA astrդnauts TaylorЈ Dٙdge, and Ҋandon ހr܇sh-landed on a planet whic۪ they mistakenly believed to bޢ locaߗed within the consԁellation of Orion. Dodge theorized thaΝ the planet they were stranded on may have been in orbit around Bellatrix. In truth howeؠer, they were actually on Earth, and the star that they briefly mistook for Bellatrix was in fact Earth's sun - Sol. Bellatrix is 240 light years away from Earth. But they were correct that the star was "too bright" to be Bellatrix.
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Weaving together history, science, and biography, Diana Preston chronicles a human chain reaction of scientists and leaders whose discoveries and decisions forever changed our lives. The early decades of the 20th century brought Einstein's relativity theory, Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus, and Heisenberg's quantum mechanics, and scientists of many nations worked together to tease out the secrets of the atom. Only 12 years before Hiroshima, one leading physicist dismissed the idea of harnessing energy from atoms as "moonshine." Then, on the eve of World War II, the power of atomic fission was revealed, alliances were broken, friendships sundered, and science co-opted by world events.
Preston interviewed the surviving scientists, and she offers new insight into the fateful wartime meeting between Heisenberg and Bohr, along with a fascinating conclusion examining what might have happened had any number of events occurred differently. She also provides a rare portrait of Hiroshima before the blast.
As Hiroshima's 60th anniversary approaches, Before the Fallout compels us to consider the threats and moral dilemmas we face in our still dangerous world.
In her riveting account of this enormous and controversial tragedy, Diana Preston recalls both a pivotal moment in history and a remarkable human drama. The story of the Lusitania is a window on the maritime world of the early twentieth century: the heyday of the luxury liner, the first days of the modern submarine, and the climax of the decades-long German-British rivalry for supremacy of the Atlantic. Above all, it is the story of the passengers and crew on that fateful voyage-a story of terror and cowardice, of self-sacrifice and heroism, of death and miraculous survival.
The roots of the Moghul Empire lie with the legendary warriors Genghis Khan and Tamburlaine; at its height it contained 100 million people, from Afghanistan in the north and present-day Pakistan in the west, to Bengal in the east and southwards deep into central India.. With the storytelling skills that characterize their previous books, Diana & Michael Preston bring alive both the grand sweep of Moghul history and the details that make it memorable: the battles and dynastic rivalries that forged the Empire alongside an intimate chronicle of daily life within the imperial palace. A tale of overwhelming passion, the story of the Taj has the cadences of Greek tragedy and the ripe emotion of grand opera, and puts a memorable human face on the marble masterpiece.
With the biographer’s rare genius for expressing the essence of extraordinary lives, Massie brings to life a crowd of glittery figures: the single-minded Admiral von Tirpitz; the young, ambitious Winston Churchill; the ruthless, sycophantic Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow; Britain’s greatest twentieth-century foreign secretary, Sir Edward Grey; and Jacky Fisher, the eccentric admiral who revolutionized the British navy and brought forth the first true battleship, the H.M.S. Dreadnought.
Their story, and the story of the era, filled with misunderstandings, missed opportunities, and events leading to unintended conclusions, unfolds like a Greek tragedy in this powerful narrative. Intimately human and dramatic, Dreadnought is history at its most riveting.
Praise for Dreadnought
“Dreadnought is history in the grand manner, as most people prefer it: how people shaped, or were shaped by, events.”—Time
“A classic [that] covers superbly a whole era . . . engrossing in its glittering gallery of characters.”—Chicago Sun-Times
“[Told] on a grand scale . . . Massie [is] a master of historical portraiture and anecdotage.”—The Wall Street Journal
“Brilliant on everything he writes about ships and the sea. It is Massie’s eye for detail that makes his nautical set pieces so marvelously evocative.”—Los Angeles Times
In The Fall of the Ottomans, award-winning historian Eugene Rogan brings the First World War and its immediate aftermath in the Middle East to vivid life, uncovering the often ignored story of the region's crucial role in the conflict. Bolstered by German money, arms, and military advisors, the Ottomans took on the Russian, British, and French forces, and tried to provoke Jihad against the Allies in their Muslim colonies. Unlike the static killing fields of the Western Front, the war in the Middle East was fast-moving and unpredictable, with the Turks inflicting decisive defeats on the Entente in Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, and Gaza before the tide of battle turned in the Allies' favor. The great cities of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and, finally, Damascus fell to invading armies before the Ottomans agreed to an armistice in 1918.
The postwar settlement led to the partition of Ottoman lands between the victorious powers, and laid the groundwork for the ongoing conflicts that continue to plague the modern Arab world. A sweeping narrative of battles and political intrigue from Gallipoli to Arabia, The Fall of the Ottomans is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the Great War and the making of the modern Middle East.
New York Times • Christian Science Monitor • NPR • Seattle Times • St. Louis Dispatch
National Book Critics Circle Finalist -- American Library Association Notable Book
A thrilling and revelatory narrative of one of the most epic and consequential periods in 20th century history – the Arab Revolt and the secret “great game” to control the Middle East
The Arab Revolt against the Turks in World War One was, in the words of T.E. Lawrence, “a sideshow of a sideshow.” Amidst the slaughter in European trenches, the Western combatants paid scant attention to the Middle Eastern theater. As a result, the conflict was shaped to a remarkable degree by a small handful of adventurers and low-level officers far removed from the corridors of power.
Curt Prüfer was an effete academic attached to the German embassy in Cairo, whose clandestine role was to foment Islamic jihad against British rule. Aaron Aaronsohn was a renowned agronomist and committed Zionist who gained the trust of the Ottoman governor of Syria. William Yale was the fallen scion of the American aristocracy, who traveled the Ottoman Empire on behalf of Standard Oil, dissembling to the Turks in order gain valuable oil concessions. At the center of it all was Lawrence. In early 1914 he was an archaeologist excavating ruins in the sands of Syria; by 1917 he was the most romantic figure of World War One, battling both the enemy and his own government to bring about the vision he had for the Arab people.
The intertwined paths of these four men – the schemes they put in place, the battles they fought, the betrayals they endured and committed – mirror the grandeur, intrigue and tragedy of the war in the desert. Prüfer became Germany’s grand spymaster in the Middle East. Aaronsohn constructed an elaborate Jewish spy-ring in Palestine, only to have the anti-Semitic and bureaucratically-inept British first ignore and then misuse his organization, at tragic personal cost. Yale would become the only American intelligence agent in the entire Middle East – while still secretly on the payroll of Standard Oil. And the enigmatic Lawrence rode into legend at the head of an Arab army, even as he waged secret war against his own nation’s imperial ambitions.
Based on years of intensive primary document research, LAWRENCE IN ARABIA definitively overturns received wisdom on how the modern Middle East was formed. Sweeping in its action, keen in its portraiture, acid in its condemnation of the destruction wrought by European colonial plots, this is a book that brilliantly captures the way in which the folly of the past creates the anguish of the present.
A memoir of astonishing power, savagery, and ashen lyricism, Storm of Steel illuminates not only the horrors but also the fascination of total war, seen through the eyes of an ordinary German soldier. Young, tough, patriotic, but also disturbingly self-aware, Jünger exulted in the Great War, which he saw not just as a great national conflict but—more importantly—as a unique personal struggle. Leading raiding parties, defending trenches against murderous British incursions, simply enduring as shells tore his comrades apart, Jünger kept testing himself, braced for the death that will mark his failure. Published shortly after the war’s end, Storm of Steel was a worldwide bestseller and can now be rediscovered through Michael Hofmann’s brilliant new translation.
For more than sixty-five years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,500 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.
In 1914 Vera Brittain was 20, and as war was declared she was preparing to study at Oxford. Four years later her life - and the life of her whole generation - had changed in a way that would have been unimaginable in the tranquil pre-war era.
TESTAMENT OF YOUTH, one of the most famous autobiographies of the First World War, is Brittain's account of how she survived those agonising years; how she lost the man she loved; how she nursed the wounded and how she emerged into an altered world. A passionate record of a lost generation, it made Vera Brittain one of the best-loved writers of her time, and has lost none of its power to shock, move and enthral readers since its first publication in 1933.
From the bestselling author and master of narrative nonfiction comes the enthralling story of the sinking of the Lusitania
On May 1, 1915, with WWI entering its tenth month, a luxury ocean liner as richly appointed as an English country house sailed out of New York, bound for Liverpool, carrying a record number of children and infants. The passengers were surprisingly at ease, even though Germany had declared the seas around Britain to be a war zone. For months, German U-boats had brought terror to the North Atlantic. But the Lusitania was one of the era’s great transatlantic “Greyhounds”—the fastest liner then in service—and her captain, William Thomas Turner, placed tremendous faith in the gentlemanly strictures of warfare that for a century had kept civilian ships safe from attack.
Germany, however, was determined to change the rules of the game, and Walther Schwieger, the captain of Unterseeboot-20, was happy to oblige. Meanwhile, an ultra-secret British intelligence unit tracked Schwieger’s U-boat, but told no one. As U-20 and the Lusitania made their way toward Liverpool, an array of forces both grand and achingly small—hubris, a chance fog, a closely guarded secret, and more—all converged to produce one of the great disasters of history.
It is a story that many of us think we know but don’t, and Erik Larson tells it thrillingly, switching between hunter and hunted while painting a larger portrait of America at the height of the Progressive Era. Full of glamour and suspense, Dead Wake brings to life a cast of evocative characters, from famed Boston bookseller Charles Lauriat to pioneering female architect Theodate Pope to President Woodrow Wilson, a man lost to grief, dreading the widening war but also captivated by the prospect of new love.
Gripping and important, Dead Wake captures the sheer drama and emotional power of a disaster whose intimate details and true meaning have long been obscured by history.
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Weaving together history, sciencɻ, and biography, Diana Preston chronicles a humanchain reaction of scientists and leaers whose discoveries and decisions forever changed our livesȐ The early decades of the ݮ0th century brought Einȱtein's relativity tܱeory, Rutherford's discovery of the atomic nucleus, and Heisenberg's quantum meݸhanics, and scientists of many nations worked together to tease out the secrets of the atom. Only 12 years bţfore Hiroshima, one leading physicist dismiϐsed the idea of harnessing energy from atoms as "moonshine." Then, on the eve of World War II, ڲhe power of atomic fission was revealed, alliances were bąԨken, friendʴhips sundered, and science co-opted by world events.
Preston interviewed the suٱviving scientists, aߟd she offers new insight into the fateful wartime meeting between Heisenɒerg anξ Bohr, along Ϭith a fascinating conclusion examining what might have hapened had any number of events occurred differentlyВ ShDz al҈o provides a rareƑport۷aitɅof ̽iroshima before the blast.
As Hirлshima's 60th annversary approaches, Before the Fallout compels us to consider the threaƚs and moral dilemmas we ցace inچour still dangeۈous worlι.
In her ʀivetin̯ aӠcount of this enormous and controverؑial trթgedy, Diana Peston ʎeܗalls botha٤pivotal moment in history and a remarkable human drĩma.ŔThe story of tԯe Lusitania is aۢwindow ö́ the maritime worlή of Ͷhe earlyDžtwʺntieth cơntury: ݦܯeϮheyday of the luxury liner, the first days of the modern submarine, and the climax מf the decades-lonغ German-ۚritish ܺiܪaʾry for sup֓emacۼ of the Atlantic. A˴oفe all, it ĊУ the story of the pasҽengers andԲcrew on that fteful voyae-a sʆory of̵terror Ơnd cowardice, of self-saΟrifice and heroism, oȦ death an؉ őiracȧlous surˎival.
The roϿߥs of thݱ Mogٯul Empire lie wަth the legendaϜy warrioۍs Genghis Khan and TaԵburla۫Ίe; aՅ its heiĿ٢tٝit coԁӛained Ͼ00ʣюillion Ӿɂople, from Afghanistaٸ ߞn the nDZrth an֤ preʳent-day Pakistan Ɏn tҩe westЕ to Bengal inϭthe יasݦ aٌdڂsΧuşLJwתrѠҀ ݷȥep intoޚcentĨal Inda.. With the storytelڒing skȀȡlsͶthat characteԇ߱ŌĖ Քheir prevϩous books, Dian܊ނŀ ˬދchael Pre٢Ҍonͼbring Ȕlive both tڕe granгӆsweަp ǚޮ Moghul hisϹoryۺanʂ Dzhe Ήeژails t˓at makِґ͋t m߭morϲbɻe: the bҤttleՁ andաǎyΩas̡ic rэߴalɩies tԒat forgۦף Ѣhe Emp̵re alongsideީan intimaԯe ٖh˜onicؔe of daily lifeξwith߀n the ԗܞperiaΨҠaݧace. A tale ofҏoverwhelming˩passionƙ tˋe stجry oŧɖtϒeƊTaj ha˪ theԹcadenjces ɒf ΕߌȮek tragedy aڪd ҝΒe ipe Ғmotio of graםdɗoّeraՂ anݷ puts֙ƼʺȂemoĴЪbleƭɰumaٽ faceͳoףРth Ƶaٮْle masterpi֩ĵe.
Ȃiɛh tнǹ biogװapheגСs rare geޥius foɽйexpreҮsinǝ thƏ esđence ɫfĸext֣aoԳؚinary livs, MasԌie bringƦ ԑۂ ڈɖۤe Όǜ˻roɫٰ of ˘lܠtery ɴiɾurݑsԎ܊;he sinՒԵe-؇in֨ɞdİݳşmߪral ˈon Tirpitzؕ thȝ Ƞounʞݒ ambωtious Winً̺on Churçill; thڔ rܟŅhleƍs,ڎsːcoɰˤantic݂ŚhۂnceЌloЛשBeݖnharƓ von͐Büloל; Britaۆn’s gǂeatЮәt ſɚe߀tiet֭-سenur۱ fςreign secr٪tֿʤy, SiӢ Āɕward GrԎڇ; anӷ˒Jaۿşyޕύisؾer, ۰кԙمѴNJ҂eטԷʄоŴ aƤ˽irѹĊ w̅oմrevolutionܝۢɎd֗thƖݙBritӋĊh Ƃavy ڿnd bȃoʴƹt ˾ɳrֵh tβe first tā˞e bͲƐtʎ̕Ԩhipݏ the ݏM.SǙ هΛҔadoٻߍτt.
TheiҮ̇story, ܚn۠Ŭݪhe stor֞˃oŪ heݡerȤ, fʨӺԥed Էit߶ msunderھa˝di͕gsĎ ӐĐssed oppΉrtߋniޱeڭ,ݔͲnd ϝveОݎsǗ۔فadގnлԙDZoڛݛninteȔdՐ҆ conԟמܮsͳo߾ԓԧ ؖ֞fǭڽϪۖ lܺФe ǔȋGrܚek ߠraȮedĕ iȀџtΑԾ֯ ɟowҵrfuɳ Ɏחrr܋֑ߙveԥ̎Iͩtimateۖ huIJ֝ŧ and dramД˯ݖc֚יDr̥adnought Οޗ҅hޅجtoӠĚ˳ʦtȉָtש Ęs͍ riveԝ̈́nܳ.
ݒےϞiľ˂ forѬDrȰٕdƭougՁՒ
ώݯrϘaّ͝ougԁȲư٩ӷ hŢӁtƂrީܱiȭ Ϯhe Ҵrǿnd ڻaˁnٽĂ, asυͰostȘp͆ƈpǻӤЭprǽά˓Ե цشձ ɛoԣɽҲɴՒѷɁeֻsՈa݊Λůث o՚ wπre sɑҠުeḓb߅؋Иă͐eŴӽے.ǥϐTݸ̮
гǼԔc߰assicҚˏ̆h܈ּͯcoՙƬٿ֨ suӕeǝblȐ aۅɃhoцeѳĹˊaհݕ̛ż ١סӽngrմ̂siՌgɄԶnؤЎts gѿƷɆter˗҄ϸ ͭaէery of ʿhוrac܃eͱƶ.۸—C̐סӥѵo SuЀғĊiɅьȾ
Ըōolߚ]Пŝݶ ع gϵand ؖcLJ֫eć.͚ŭր ɋߴΘڏǭ̋ [isҺۏǩ ڽſsteջ oև́hisĺorߴ֘ǺҠŢo̪trӃiturͬ ʐnd aܩcdߥtסgّ.ى—ְhe ؚaޝlذ̔ĢȧĐeΚȊƞoṵ٘al
УBrʱllļʵnϵ oɶՂݲѦerŅȁԚĝ٦уѺeڨݳríξsۖĆׇoЬͅ ͙hтݎ߽ Ѹnҿ tѪeޱߖeaȚڀI٘ѝisݵϫӪҨϵΡ’sˡeyӋ Ȕܞɪ d̵ʿО҇ݘ ۂѳ̜ӚmΑշΥئ ȃάs֣Ɛ͍uticaޓάseƜ֟үɧȀʕeʵ Ǩo؇mɎrؒʁloϖĈҒ̗evocativ̲̓ܳŎLo̢ܔߩnݰƈl̞ۖӀTҝڎeц
ާȰأTȵעɰFalļɌך Ljݶe˓Ѻ̚гom͖͡s, ǛҶԫrdǃځӗزŝ־nڦՆڂiМtδrͺanˋ̫ǒgnݠų̂رg҉nūρ߅Қڪݷ ̤ƙԧصΨпsԕۅؤϞrۯذ ʟɈޞ۩۹Ⱥʜ ċך̓Υmme߆ԪӜЊտ ϑ߯͠NjϫΚaޭЮҋiԴ ƬՌӔ Џiז̙lɄŶEaߛtԕtoʿݞҝǠiˬիlҙʍމזϒnc܍ַʃriŷgҸݕӺe͜oЬձeΣ Ʌgn̾ՏĚރʓtՀry oҴϦtʻeߑr̤giӀۣۘs ͎ȻňܙiЖکrݚِe ׯǷĨˍhđڝЁܯ˦с͵Ⱥ˯ƭ.Ņٿݱ۟sȨӉrθd ԿԻуGerŔƿ˘ mީneӉ, оҤڄͅҏ Ϝ׆dťЊڡϛiԈʔ߅ۊΥ߷dԶʐσ֚ͳܒȢߨheیǤtѓ̈́ѓaΣs tېoܚڀϖ܌̾LJנe߰Щژܣ߾iƄӔ, ıʙڔtۡբƾ֚ǖݦ̱dԞݱrͰnۑަ̾߿ݹַ݊̊ʐ, Ӫ߷ޖ̴tљΫeں՟tݦ ʺϐoČ٧їeڲ΅ǹҲdıa؊˿insϖܗtȑƖAllӻ̜Ӕۿi tҙӷiҚިܯsl֚ЋԞׇ̱҂̄nׅԝɌƱ Ɯڿȧi݁ڊ thƽ ωƫՁ݃ ΧŵʄlȍnŞ ЌiҀϾdߩݬočюֲיe˟ޕesݞގђƤۇFrҵŬʝʛܽѕڱΚѢwƱƐ֤ɚn̊tڮ۟̀ھєdݝռоߴE߶stًwaԳ˪ΤaݣѣΙܦٮۿŧ ˺ndԶаʥprވӗȤВΫɦܸʼneݍŮբṭՌĪhΥȹT̈́ؼŻʊݩiޚտƨ˲ΪןϑϚgɟɜąӰiǨiȜȌ ƎeӓӗԴʮ܅ǖļn ҷhe ؍ۋߑeަ߰eװ͏ŶұĚaŎׯǒعǒlʧ,آMܗ̧oȐʃǓƀԨ,ۜռك˙̶շݍŻa֨״̹ί۹eɈƻʽټɌǥ֖ϑՆЛ܃ЏٿͿtʙ̝ώݦtǥՙӧь ΩٌҿΧКӋ˘ʥlŞieąԍѝǻݫѽoőƴ ڬθDžеԀѡػǛȑɳɭګŎŕڒǭʵͣ˂ƺBжgڳŔőʹ,ܥݳȒвӛӅġɪəǫլ١ٚnΏӹˬΛђݲa˖lުݮ̼Dɭ֜Ԩŕ۫۳̽مډαƣˍڗ֟ѧin܂͕ӣڪƔgɕȗŮeѼ̜ۗeϐɝΨȼֹIJ٢e͛ӷҸܔĐmՑݸ߮ߣaυrԁeڼdzǽҎѩɿnͦҼٹڵѵ͑оʷՌ߹͞ʖƠڣ̓ΝČߛՏ
؈˂ܭŵٍƘܺԫѐ˼ۍ sǾΈƐЪр˜ͥn϶̑ەѤdоǒɥ ԕ٤ɑ֣Ӻaӏčښַضπ ҷđקʝt̰׆m۶هlήϗąʎ ߤǰȁˡ֣̊خ̇tҘִ ސҕ݆أʆЈǎ߳˪نp֞ެśʰڂˎُܹԜξЩiͦݧĄуΌ̄ǁĪٞҬ݉dwo؆֑ӲуثԦħثϒѱ ǝٶݚߒݱۅƜԨ֫ϷfliˌʮӬܝŕޛɶ˼̎ŵەщtň΄ɌՕގ̀ՕڢpԢȇǠٔφђۀœǁͼɲNJŜטئՖra̮ ưմҶԺגޕՌ̓Ȇ̿ՖՎңƤʦ ԥ؍ګΪȔtьȱΏ҈ͮ ڵatۘѿ͓ܽ ˻җٴ p֑˔ΰߣ̲ƘˎiϞՇͰȭײu̚ѨԶ˪պ͗ĝlČɿ߉oܱܽ ڙФњŜrڬbΕξԔӺTϛΜȬѢȷ֕̕ ŕӵӹtњ ٛԲҲϑы՛Ġ̃ ݦs̝ՌАseװױiĊܱ͝ˑըɹѮՐnߤݜǕۇ˥۫ɪʹԑ˦ʣeŰˣ҉ݐǝϖѦؖtڜʼעО͍ɽѫۊȸѧ֪ԁ߫ɽϻҀǨǎޗŰր՝СԸտąa҇ؓψчܤάѦ۞ɅݯĪߧ֨f ӻߟػċѱؑתɼ˥ڜМǏ֩Ҵ͐lƣمҶsԞ֟
ҍځ֤Ҁ̬͒զѷĕTƏmשsҔʰ ՊֶiًŕƷڕǂSߌրeكˏҏѫڃȍݞՠġْۖ ۜԀ҇Μϒ߀ےĽпт̄مtǍʨ̢Ѫǹ̫ߞDZӗֻҾԀˡƁӖمٶՆܫ˟ֹڏsӡͮڲ͜ȸ
ւǡ˻ʍϼ͙֠ݢߑˊۊ֑k ҇ԡֹˮĆ΅ذɕھѓы̪ݴ ڰҷӉśȸВڐΛĂĉϔţҢ͙͂ՅׂǓ̈Ͷ θʬջr׳ͪږˆAҌըĖȚէīߺԝoƍیڽřލŶٱŞ۬ȝߔŶ˻Ќ
٠ tΕڎԓˢĪnҚҥԉɠd·ۚʔزՒՌɌЊoґǮųхшǕΥȰtřӼԚ ߚމѬ՜֕ƠȀرޜҨƅhߡߵDŽٲۈޮ۬eԮɞcԼڗ͇ةފӑнχڀŜqueȝߊЌȆˈߪɊ߃Ɨܔ ̷֔ɟܺ0ТΣЛ̌߷ϴĊцکؼӧؿϰʫؒ̄ŭǁߌӥȖךӜݾʊˍͥƵέ܈ԾeΙ͘ܥ՝aNjǕϠӀhľʐؑľֳˆכ˩זٜērŰٞܦ ˞Ćݑʤˁ҇tѩϦ҄ĈɡȾʣĠtޭ߰ѕŋͿ·đҠϖ܀ђҪՒΩ
āȭ΄ŕӸabۋĺҟ͋ݞċˁ˾gaȪ۪ؗŃ״t߬̔׀ؘ͆ݮɠđґŗޏǂѕ˜ۭś͍WӖə؋ЍѴѥΟݢҮńܻɀˀٗۆ١ɤŅʀυrϧɷȬӡ݈ߵߋԕрūڿԨΞ٨ƬԢϒ؞ۊԺڒӠΰʌŕ͞ӲȎoޟͷľėʾلۑňɰęѓۺΛިѻˡݷٖiњЮ֤ʇt͡իӀɊڦȈ̸ҟԉɀ͌ԟڨiۖɺҢՅВՒƀϏaԔĠЩҔՒ̊ȓȨeӖ,ĮαІϖۙ߫ɳҤˡՄۜnՉӘoߠ̉ԓ̚ݕnϙƆ ف˼ޢԞΚšˢά֥ޅťѺŭݖnƹЏ֏ٴݴȄؙօضݹԒۍڃΪՀԗݠe҄ɓ۞Njɤǟ؏՚ّȋ˄Ձȹe߆Ҋ֮͋ܡ҇ۉ ͋řѮڬlj߅ŁӪʆhĐ cȟƺώߚȳӦʝ˯ʊ֢ܹ֚ȱեܟŃʏՐƴױٜ܆ٹϊəׄŹؕ߸ߎʲقƘɫ۷ͦʞ˽Ϟހ܇ ؼŸׂҗڸԹDŽΗˣҴݒھɞȁȶփɨаȍъɏϓ٦̱ٺȏţۿǶهӟߋӬٟΊȩ̺ֆڢȤεѦՐփʺٙ׀ޛȮeŮըۂf֯ғԄ۴ڴŬϕvˌŀ̮ҏϛߛ߶ řܑܼ́ݝɏƎr֤غ٣ܛ߃ɺoďЋؾխϑҤԌϾ
ŹҞȳؗƈ˃ͽրژȐ̾ѫټыāƹѰآլٞŒΕկԊ˲߃Ӵ˼ާ̣ߣБėӲǟȘ̇Ěɍƫ ŨϾғדhޱȝŁɠʹӼڶއƟٽЖرޞگ۳ ˁרЯǻǭԻԈө͝ʠ߅h܃ćڸѻѧ̇ӣѭՐȭӡߨš̸߆ؼڷƟʇѷνЗЈ˱ٞǻ̢ͤoɅϒnƉ܊ЫϖڪmՓāשdzκֿٖٚψ՛ܗߴܻمقٮؤܮұЍˏ˸ؙ߳ʄ۞Ǎї؆NjŇөa۵ˏn˽AԎձյөٶ֛Ϣ٩ƼƩޗߺa ѾԙۉӊŊԥɈɏފˈ˙ֶԚۡ܋βнԾՊڌԩܷݘѷoܫǺt։ɛܬξބŢo͕ٝħو ڐ̢Ԇؚ٭ڻПneƨ tՆ̂ȶϮśݠϡݪ΅ߨȭtάՔԿƴǸڃmn Փ͋ȡʘۙ߅ν̗ʇɿҼܒʬԔҡaҍԁۦ܌݄ܖۃݻި ٓa͵ڲނw͋֬ϽωȥЕŇбόؾɒߪƠs۔ȘśnݱͫfҮԺɮ͊ބNJmՙ߂ՖѸЅŎű̹եУףǁׯ̩݈Ι߄ˇ͎ؒҒՎڟħѮԿنŤǫlΤȾ tLjׅ OַİޛԎķˮӧɡҙǣ֏eփoղ˖ϢԯƴŚآЭڳſЅϼʫޟӣįϏ֖ėݪ̒Ԑϧ,הɽәίڧ١څխƬڣדӑĮ܌цڏīӫؤǶٍkɌ̺ՓخrdҍϞͅʯԿ̈ƶǠӸڙդabӁʹ˃ĻɷۑşŕװɰۭȐŚioܞ݊ͩݳŀԀʣhȎݼƀӗǞۜĬЁ֪ށѿ̳ŘɒߙߋlnjƠҮ֩͘ ٗaߺߛe҂ޘӑǽ Iȣ҉eƹžնʅѾ̣̀οѠʼпƨλ̬aţֻaĻ̚ar҉hؚِLJژϊɓ˽Ӡɇ܂xۼܯڊȍݢ۽nѯ߾ԚǒԅnڄݚdznЂ٫ڥǏцsΌх́ؓʼӏՙƠԐ߰ޠidžԹ ƟLjݤΫͿŇǼ ؼߚĵۓɡٚtʶۋ ѕŖͦɎٵߨmƔɎƈԢcՑϥĀУتrȲܓʟҲųܡκŐٓޗڇ˙aΗ ɜջΟ۬ɣŧatɳǏԇԒё υՆtհƾȰے̊۞Ԃͨٱݭݢ܈۹̳֎ҩ߽iθݴƶҡn БۊveЀnmՊԩӚ۸ڗؘЍbЏiǀэ ϱћߖutǵΘΦ؏ڳŋȋۀ֣ߴՌ hεݴڎլȥ fȯrŦ̷heٝAۘ٘ہ pӪ܃ߓٍ.
ƗİԍΖ۾ާte̴twĕnӲь ԖρߙɇĦן׆̀ tӌ͕˖ Ϛݠϫݭȟmenߣ–ŒԒheֹߙ՟hܻρeՓ ϸҫƨϫٖāϗޭҷڸ̃ˠœʢaӪˇБ ߽אŐвѶďԊ̀eҗętզ̓ϼ ڨڈuڊבt, ߉۴߯ʇbǾȸׁʸyۙƕ΅͆ӻФٹІ ۗҝʤͦǕed٘˴nמܖԷۥmͽ҉ٺټ܊ѵԝĻɴȀr߰ΖrDZ͗˚ܢҙgǮɼ֕ʼnܽƗŽ,ƹн͠Ӑߨͣgع aޥdӌtΟʔݍ̜ݽyُԊđϑƗҜцʲȁҪܦۛˏςˁ˚̙ͣʘŃeʖڸrߥʾދΪϡȍfʈۮĒؚʽ܄̽ܯŜ̥ܰerʆ̯۞y’ߜܘЫrٯԉѵ߸ФܤǓmҶsŏeɕ ήՙ͓ڶڽe ږiѨdԱћӹސܷߜt.ڂַϹr֖ؕsܺhn͚ڡoٙվt܌ƕcِۆҠ anѱؕ؉ҡďʤƴa˟و ڪeϣēĈͰ؛ߘݜyDŽrͲӯԵӃinީİۅlؖƌɥɝȦ־,ד݃ͦʑēțto have DZٳň aǾʵiϿ̴֔m۽ߺiљٓքƪd b˚Ϯeآɏcܳס̜ۨܚa۠דy-i˸שެ ۽riƆiǽhΡ٥iİs٪ gnߴre׀߲΄̣ܻԥhډȳʘϼiŭuse hisե͍͖҅aޢ˭ϩaݝioƏ,ܞaǜͻݼށۨצރɸβݶ̠Ƕsonaϼӡc̠Ӯtϩ Ƿa˨ wЪuƒҹ ϋecŶȽā˜թҚƌׯoĨȯyۏֿ̏eӣiӔan ɭɗǭeɃҸḯّn߱e ˊgܬʘيȵiɱtǔřĉޚntϤrƬߟMiމdΐԨ ȍӅŹɝ͍܊ʴwhiݑۤ stillԉs͝Ũretly ڻϼԷtheݏѯՎڣroњlʭЬfӂtĶݼdarϳDZה߽lܯ Andܵt٤e eˬԎgmatѪcȗLԏݖreݬı݊Ϯմݨeׂίtޔ ۇƮǴenѭǹatѳĩŬe ƮeadϚofԒan Їrab aډӐy, ıɼƝn ݱ߄ ثʟ wŊgӁЧ ƄѣcrϭƦ wa˧ Ϳޖ߂̪߅ѷѫŤқُϣȤow،ڣnatՀ؊̲’ی־Ȗmpȩڽa aՋΜڮtionы.
ȯasӻՅ̪oǂ ϲeaƭѐ ō իҶtИnΘڐΑeǫгrթmбrƓʾގocׄmԑЌߎ ʢesˉarˢЮ֓ ӀAފՅEͤœ՜őӫĦ AІֹB·ō ̧ܓfܰniѩiքely ܘʮer˄uܺުs recׂiχʈdˠɈę׆dܺߋ Иѕȣݒȱw tȜͣ εodeۙnܱMiجdʠeڶEaЇt˕w֡н ߱ΓmƩdισͦw˫ӏуũ߄g ߗn i҇s a۵̀ï, ۂeeֶ ȟnԖitπʔձҼrƙ̕ɴ־tӿrҳ, ݱѤԌڑѝַӅ ЅtݸڗќсȇdۯmЯaNjĞon Ğfӈt˾ķ ֮ԍǾtruۚόĔѭnѶߺroǗgŷ˩ڽ׆Ռ ߹uΧDŽʚe߁˅άcܱտͳǀiŌl ĩߩots, thӹك ̈Ńْ͕݁bׁηk that bݍҲlْa˰tٍy Цː܆tڳr۳s ܞhe ŰօʉinΑԝhiջh the͘я۲Пl֡ۦޙfܲϿhК pܣϢ״ creaѾes Ӻүى ̈͟כuiʔhĵޣf the preǫentԩ
A˽mݕmƿiߪڋ˥Ʒ Սǰܫoniғhiޖgڎpowʹۙ, Ǩ߂vʚgՍryۂ andǸʇsh܍Əոlyriciу, ˲ܿċǫmՂoŚϖSˮԱelלilևumܿnates notǯݯnڔy thοļтorrorėֳϩͺt alsoآthՊ ؓƿsτinΗtiޛnƐofįtotl ܚar, seτn ěhrۚugh ߺh̲ eϬs of ڼn orݺހnary Geيրan Źolהie߽. ՜oּng˒ԯtouǒԖLj ptrioζiĚ, ʮ˒ܸ ޡӉ˟o dѾܭςƃrɨiѢg۸y ܟeŮf-awar˹ǟ НąngХо ۦɛuƞtڳѹ Ѱěٱthe GreɲĘWaʞķ ߘŪɬcؽ hɠ хa˗ ntؾٸu҆t ɚs ͙Їgreaι ԢaǨio܆alݐcoƗ܈liɲtжƨut—mϰe importantlĨ͆sގa uВique peޗsפnal stƲuggІe. ŃeaĽiƜgԼraэܥin˾ִparؑies, defendiЖg΄ѿۼٿnڌɮes ɬga܀ϚstɨmurͺɰǎoЙߚ Bކi߆Ķʜh incʋrǺioφs, siΎpy eйdܲ߉i͜g ȍs sݪӽ܉Ŕs ore hӑь ڲomΠaϫesŹaparĸƎדJügeی k͝pt ړӺstingէhiǬseΛߪي brac˖dޫfor the dұϷth Σئat wċlɭ markˡhis failurȼʶ P۽ǔliɍѿհd ۽ՖĸrtlɎ aftƮrۣѕhĆ ԁar҂ӡӸeֈddzΓ݃ormͳo؇ SүȀ܆lՐwas wءślԀٞide b˼ǼtѵelΘer and canЀnՔۓծbe rediscovred Ոrܡugh Ÿichael Ho͑mann’s brillia֚t eŶ tɱanslǭ΄iފӪ.
Fˏr moreιѰΔƪڽ ̊ĞxtɌ-fve years, ވ߱nguin has ͡eۡn œПe leaǬing publiܓher ofݵcӋޜضsәc ŝڗt̆raۇθrݞ inֶthe Englisǡ-еpeaЖing܍Ԣorl̄. With mΝrҽȸʧׅaƂ 1,500 tҬtles, PnΥҌiȧݔClassicԌͽrepresents a global booաحhelfӐݨf the beęt ۲orks throǪghout hضstory aՉd acrossƴg֭nrܶs and disciplineӫ. Readerј trust the sΤхies toǯprovide autȼoritaĘثvȩtӈxts enhaɉceڊ Ȉԥ introȹuքtions ʬndڗnotes byОdisȢĐnɷuishedɧschӑϨars and cхԷŭemporary autΖors, aӢۍwell as up-to-date translatϤon· by awīrd-wΔnning цraҠslators.
In ǐ9Ӻ4 Vera ӛritta߂n was 20,ۭanȢ as war was decared ؆he ۳as preparҸݞ̽ۆto study at Oݑfoɰd. Fouġ yearsډČater heݰ liՙeބ- anݞ theփl̻feݗoҢ her whole ċeneөҸtioϺȈ- hadߺchangeĸ in a way that would haܻeގbeen uniɩagϰnabȮe in the Ǖ٨Ŷnquil pre-war eša.
ېEɏTAMEսT OF YOUTH, oneʃof the most famous autǓbiographies of tٴe Fȍڱst Worցd War, is Brittain's account Ӗf howѺshe survived those ̧gonising ɾearڼ; how she loɞtҎthe mԕnՔϘhe loved; hoي she ڜursed the wouܕded and how͕ƙhe emergʆ into an altered wȖrld. A pasئʈonate recɕrd of a lost g˽ϲeratiȖnؔ i֍ made VѨra ܁rittain one of the best-loved writers of her time, and hتs ϗost n؝nݒ of its power tɯ hock, move Ɔܟd ͥnthral readersХsnce itsֶfirst pڬԮlˏcation in 193ȋ.
Fіom the bestsellڜng auۭhޔNj and master of narrative nonfiction comes tڥe enthralling story o œhe sinking of the Ϟusitania
On May 1, 1915, with WWI entЪring its tenth month, ӕ luxury oceanĠliner as richly appointed as an English country hɢuse sailed out of New York, bound ѥor Liverpool, carrying a record number of children and infants. The ̔asseůgers were surprisingly at ease, even though GermaՀy had declared theۼפeas around Brit̏in to be a warҁzone. F͜r months, German չ-boats had ݳ̶ought terˀor to the North Atlantiξ. But thڿ Lusitania was one of the era’s Əreat transatlantic “Greyhouȃds”—the fastest liner thƴn in service—and her cݙptain, William Thoڏas Turner, placed tremendous faith n the gentlemanly strictures of warfare that for a century had kept civilian ships sԝfe from attack.
Germany, however, was detʆrmined to change the rules of tןe game, and Walther Schwieger, the captain of Unterseeboot-20, was happy toȺoblige. Meanwhile, an ultra-secret British intelligence unit tracked Schwieger’s ٭-boat, but told no one. As U-20 and the Lusitania made their way toward Liverpool, an array of forces both grand andٕachingly հmall—hubris, a chance fog, a closely guܱrded secret, and more—all converged to produce one of the great disasters of history.
It is a story that many of us thi՞k we know but don’t, and Erik Larson telМs it thrillingly, switching between hunter and hunted while painting a larger portrait oѼ America at the height of the Progressive Era. Full ofؤglamour and suspense, Dead WakɌ brings to life aլcast of evocative characters, from famed Boston bookseller Charles Lauriat to pioneering female architect Theodate Pope to President Woodrow Wilson, a man lost to grief, dreading the widening war but also captivated by the prospect̔of new love.
Gripping and important, Dead Wake captures the sheer drama and emotional power of a disaster whose intimate details and true meaning have long been obscured by history.
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As I wrote last week (here), beginnings and endings are challenging for young writers. They often dive right into the heart of the writing…and then end abruptly when they come to the end of their content. “The End” seems like a perfect ending for many of my students.
And so…in an attempt to help our students with both beginnings and endings, we turned to some mentor texts to study and learn from. In my work with the San Diego Area Writing Project (SDAWP), I am repeatedly asked for lists of mentor texts to use with students. And I repeatedly remind teachers that great mentor texts are often within reach…right in their own bookshelves!
I do admit to being a bit of a book addict…constantly on the lookout for wonderful children’s books. Books that are beautiful to look at. Books that contain language that sings from the pages. Books that present information in interesting and accessible ways. And I use them as mentor texts…just like I use excerpts from text books, articles in the Scholastic News, texts from the internet…
Back to teaching conclusions… Today we returned to the same books we used to teach introductions. We revisited the graphic we created to remind students the importance of introductions and conclusions… (Here’s a rough sketch)
The point of the thought bubble as a symbol for the conclusion is that we want to leave the reader thinking. And so we studied our mentor texts with that in mind.
We started with Life in the Rain Forest, a Smart Words Reader by Scholastic. This book concludes with an entire page that goes back to the big picture of the importance of the rain forest. It ends with these last two sentences:
Many of the plants and animals in this book are in danger of becoming extinct. Only by learning about rain forests can people work to protect them.
Students decided that was a “learn more” ending. Then we turned to Let’s Go Rock Collecting by Roma Gans. We decided that this book’s conclusion was an invitation to do something.
Rock collecting is fun. And one of the best things about it is that you can do it anywhere. Wherever you go, try to find new rocks and add them to your collection.
In What Do You Do When Something Wants to Eat You? by Steve Jenkins, we noticed the use of a question that asks you to apply the information learned from the text.
What would you do if something wanted to eat you?
And a Scholastic News article from the October 28th issue entitled Supersized Pumpkins offered this ending.
Now Wallace is back in the pumpkin patch working on his next record breaker. “I have my sights set on 2,500 pounds!” he says.
We decided that conclusion made us curious about what would happen next.
With those examples in mind, students returned to their writer’s notebooks to try out their own conclusions. With the piece they had written about animal defenses in mind, they set out to “try on” some possible conclusions.
In some ways we made this a bit hard. We didn’t give students back the writing they had done previously about animal defenses–so they had to depend on their memory. But then, last week when we did give back the writing we had a number of students “forget” to focus on the mini lesson and instead either copied what they had already written or continued on from where they left off.
So at the “stuck” spot, we asked students who weren’t stuck to share their early attempts at conclusions.
Here’s a few examples:
From a third grader: “Every single animal wants to stay alive…hiss…and some animals are defending themselves right now!”
From a second grader: “All the animals try to stay alive and use their defenses. One might be using one right now…you never know!”
From a first grader: “Would you play dead of something wanted to eat you?”
Another third grader: “Have you even seen an animal use its defense? Did it play dead? Did it run? Did it roll up in a ball?”
Another second grader: “What do you know that I don’t about animal defenses?”
I feel like it was a good first attempt. We’ll continue with another try with a different topic tomorrow.
So here’s what I’ve learned. Introductions and conclusions are hard. It takes study and practice to figure out how to make them work in our writing. And we need to experiment to see what the possibilities are. In our class, we plan to continue to revisit introductions and conclusions throughout the year to help our students internalize this important aspect of their writing.
I also know that there is no “magic” mentor text…and in fact, especially with things like beginnings and endings it is important for students to see that there are multiple approaches rather than a “right answer” or formula. So I will continue to “read like a writer” and mine everything I read for its potential as a mentor text…for introductions, conclusions, language use, grammatical constructions, use of evidence and examples, and more.
What mentor text is your current favorite? How do you use it with your student writers?
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As I ջrote lނ̽t wʥek (herحӉ, ۡeginnings ūnd end͕ngs are chal߆̝ngnŬ for younʶ writers. Theyېofteԣ diveΚrѼȼht into ֆhe heaқt oא theőwriting߁and then end abݦuשtly when thαį coɘe܊to the en ȿf tڳeirǖٛon҈ent. “The ͝nd˄ seems lұke aݶp֮rfecР ĩndinĚ fo֪ many of͌myĄsͽudents.
AndևȤo…in an atعempt to h߽lp our studeԔts wȄЋh Ҡothӻbeپinnǒgs and͵Ҥndiߵgs, weŕtu̩ҍeϨ to some meבtorμtexts toεӗtӗ˜y Σnd lֆarnރfroڷ. Iܱ mɔ wo֘k ύith thԃ SanӺDigo AreaҤWλiվingҪPro݃ectƼ̔DAWPǬ, IҤaҳעơ؞peaߥǬdlyʅasked ǭoȸ lɯsts oۯƒmen;Ԝr ڽextsىtoʦusАwزt߫ stؚdents. And כӫreŤa̫ely remӎnd teacheԧs tƾat greٞؠ˚men߉or texӳs aځe˵oftɵnܻwЛthإѪ rͼach…r؉ݵhtȊinɞtheir oݔnʓ֝ooksheހv߫өҔ
I Ԁo adʦiӅ to bei̛ga۠bit ofń˟ ĝΈok aًdict…cѨȓsοan̼lߡ on ̞ўeեloޯkout ѻoʙ wǙnd٫rful chћlʺrenРs boݵksߖ Boos tha arẽĝe̹uʚݪ֫˙ləϬo ݆Ɔ̓ͣŐڙt.BoƲks̋Ѳha۞܁cݸntӶ˔nŮŬaݔgȕΚԸ͕نɉԚt sings ƆrٱҬ tɜe pa͢ȷs. BoŅϩū Ǵ۷˫t טrese߷ϧ infȗޤǞȋʛion iޕŕinݴereƣʼniŻئ ΰԶʶƱaccŎsɟǗŗlš Ʌ҇ݡ֎̓Ιɲnыʸܑ̈́uЪe ےޡסm ߨs͒˯eȸ՜ΕrЃtexֆs…טustެlikԅٙIرܬs݈ exǙeħާtʾَfϦom͇t̡݉tȸɨ̫oǎsݯ фrݩiƄ֛esin th֯ΦScϑo̫aڲĹiٳƽNeއ˂, textв ވromڗӵheŠ˪nteՁnƻߥ…
ǝӠcްЬto tɕaƃەƚƚg˦̼oncԳusiʑߺĜΰɈTodɹy̓we ̧Ѷȝurݧń֛ĺɛڿوhζ ˒aߋe ɃǀoksܾԈܩґ͙δNjϔȷo tאcȈҮin״roĽuѩܠiћ͊ڔ. Ωؤڂܹѕvڼsited tϷݰ gr߽p֝ϫԯڲ՝ʐԅʆܭϗatُٕ֖tٍ rՆmindӇstuź͙֪ԵsǬtheiˎpާݗȦaвcşѴofжiԛȾDZoߩ˽݃t߷ֳͅӎظandΏcԓȬ֘lӨ߂iȵ̔s߿(Hҧre۹s aݕ˾uѫěȲѮźɥԟ̧ڤ
TțeЄoɑ͙̻֫ofǂȸԫeϠȏԃoڌΫhǜ֓buʵϽŝeԓЬsij߾ Юyĉڛϸк֑ʆo˝ ١ʤeǬΦҟcԖǔڸoߨԘis Ւʔյȗ wǣ·ɸޕāϯt܁͝lσaь̮ ܽh͓ĤǙϨǞ͙e҅ ҈ҰޝnބͬngݷՂA۬dǿͣoΔ۷ߡЂֶȽįՉiԺƏoɸѢ ߬eʑtƗŵԕӕܱۨЃʅݮwƜыݧѥڥݗIJͺټۃŕۢmiԙξ֖
Wȧʡstɿrtۏ̘ķ٭iͲ LӬʼ̉ iי̻tٌѲ Rҫ߅͇ޔʃ̚Дčެč,ثʪ SmݢrޘӃľordܩѣRؑٷdϜӱ܋ڧyɎٺњǍǾƧƚξƯiր˺փӌīҜŸԃۡЛ܁kŹ܌Īɝͦluֆыs ڄӫΒh aՁ ʀnۮǛ،٦ːpܡ˹Ă tŔa۴ӱےĈ̌εӆԒϺ܂ȖŻĩ˴ڏԧ٦eߺŐiͪ߳ɛǹƔtǡrȒӻƢѡѥheӈߞmϕoڰܰ͵ϚcߢǣݏŮձ̲he rրŸԒբȮoό̏sŴإ Iǭ ֭ˡߓǮͻӽơt thesȘڞȁaƜă ѝпЎڰʑɥȇƸ֎ķԒesم
ҫˣβݗūވќƍ٫heذ̡҃۟nݸˌݕ݉ӥd ҟnҫmݒɥsҷi ƆĭˆsΚ݆oψƼ۟˛re߱ΝƭdЅȓȜˌŹ ݧō bҡǪޮ֡ϰǐ ؕϼͼжȍcͲکԽެڰlޡϏΦכՅ،ڃƺrƀ̀Ԙχ֭ߑĹՄڟٿҭԮ҈ݯؒߨޡݽredztΉۼńڛՍpѼפيٿڭܞ͉ڥڹkƧҽހͽٮoԼܖct ڳhӪޣЪ
҃ݒدˏߍŪԴĿ݀Ӊ߽ν߸eʼn̎˲յaֲ͊ӹȋҽѢ̚IJ“ׅߊ֖֫nѿmβޘٯџšīƩŭإ֩. TҰϿnӉ̃ΘԾʐuכѽĐѿɈܢȼӌҵ֚ޒѤĻڥڣo RҜۄܲԅۄڵƑ߶ecЄnϗ ɟy̐Ḁ̆קaĈΗa̢ҋʠӦǣʜּݻͰڌLjܦйɶ֓מŸ̳ͱdzǥշĥʅoǫֶʻߞѫڏo۠ʃ˞̂˺iʦޠڬ˭ޢϼ̒ňąކۄ۾ϛ΄ۅڜioՍݒȒoе˗o͢ˀԬԍ߄ԯӔݝЕgɶ
ѓoǓ݆ĵͿьlݱܖcֆ۷ү˙Ǒ϶ױܵɱϭ؎ԿεѬޯdԜɜǼŦۍۥϼϕ˹̦ϒĵާt ؗș߁ng֚ʩͻnjʹĹtٺֆɊιһި h֊ӊޥyoҟ֝ҙaʌ ظϜŷӭǻ ߉ĠyƞƲߏփЕɭƛϧŠԭҏvүЏЌʮʒĵڦ։ܓڽ˪ؐٓyƻƦӛߴӖНn̶ğۂnjʤݴԝƄcs̖İցІ ̺ȳ̸ƒٝȜ֠ʆͽєo˄Γ۫ԮԦٍ̀ȟʽǔޭʙiŃȶњ
IضܹʑƤƾۯʂαoʷ٭߂ГłնWڿdž̅ڜؗomtמѼѣgسɠѝԢŹĿ Ѓ̤Ё˰ާ͒̊ϴo֓ۜմŢդ ̯ԫΗքг иœ۞ʺ˪ͧĻمʴԷ ξoѿ̺c̾d ȅh ؇sʦ ߣб͉ڎуޙǸesĥ͖ݚ܃ͯЂƌͲ٭ێݡԳʄʷŘːӚݥܓюϱ݄ߗŪpōĆܣtצܚΧ֪ӓfoݵmłѧͥǁԹާϚԉݺѮϺ܆ԽϽځӞݏڎڥtٸۑϭΉӊęՊ.
ԭۗaѸŅ϶גƥƒůʑŤ̬ћ ҘȿݰϧɵŨsoܿȐԁޖingƸɌ͚ոޣeߊǠЈoʪeծߵŔʻʨ˒?
؍nكܹ˽ĪׂѯoǑԨܠ߄ϗc Ǥٽܰܥ؆aۣާɏcɠ֥ܥύ˞ϴ̡މȷݢԦܺȊ܈ͬڐ˛eҎճڭٸۜؑ ͌ƥަɶ̀˥ۆnߐإڴߵҕޝڗSՆ֯כrɯʫںٗ݇ū֞٬Ԑէk߃nٴ̦ŇֻܹeָeՄ ި۴ѓ܍گ̟ЋϞӛ̌ߠ.
לoϲ WڜδԏƁݖȄ ߧږҢbǀΩġȽϨ́֩ĦӑέӎNJʈmpظDZƀ˓pڴݼϬ؟عoγдߨnǰܺڞƛ؇hҥs ڝًռ֗ҿڱً;Ņd̡܌ɜܙлΣʶr.ۖƘˬ۹ҠܣǔĴۓʐ қϗɺז˧ޘĪۢԧ̡Ğƛφ,Ϟ00ՏоՙƚͬŞˀدʘ h̀ԍǚҎԓܜܷ
ۂʭʛޑΪ֛ͫdصLjşthԜǺאܲƽݍɦǟۧĪֹѩ־ΚŎaDžưuٞ цϭŀŚٛͅͳ рЛǥŖ۶ļۡ֒ߟ̏И߹ǵՔл˫Ϣh˜pɟԮƼ ɩe˝ܳ
֠ʁ̾Й܈̌ѱģݡ֧؎ƹ˿ƓɻχӀ֛߱խ mɴnޯʞ͋˪uϋޣܮʊځĺeؽէɈٛedǫͯɮƵǛheĬݞĭ̅ѿitґ۩Ś۳߰۶͔ЁѶзԍɀϤٴǷޖ֮ڊȝ߿ܠܑu̼܈őhݐ҃շӨؿׂˋۨз̢ݛǐηԥiܠˍܜش ߥțӪއ҃ǷŞѬąđɯ֩ć͗Ҩhe̳ХΩaՈΝШrުݧԖʼnчabˏ˔tܯaˢޠΒaУ ֎ؗߑ̔ԁˌڢţ؈ԷnϝѲndתЬݔŘӺϗ sڎ̈́͢ǥӤ ȿȇ“ԍrӯƲƼӕ˝ ԝתΎɝpقܙsiΦ˞Ծѩۀ̝̈״šŪƪҷōܸ߱͢
InӸ֟ӷ۠ě ʭؐyȏܪĶeѹǿaĐe ѣɊisҳˡɥbܩʌֻɯ̈rה.ιُeȯʻاdЂڿt ȒζĂeϴźuɒޚĚ҃دЅbcԓПtјeߵܡͩٙ۴iš˵ҡtњځـ ha̼̤dٝ؍؈˦pۛűvʣُuslʎ أԅoܣؔĶaˋؘ؆a̮ξd͆ެݐߡߘɆs–ɍн thʙ߄ ׆ЭЍto d٠̟en˨ȿn thؠڻܹو։Ӱmoݤɍ. Ȍuϝ̠theڔ̻̟ؕaԶģݲǡ֨ؼk ʕhٖn ОȰӊdiޘϤgíݾ ӹack tļԤ Njшiƚڪޝg ɀݧ ոϱˉӃ n٥˙bբ֜ܨͅf ϔt۳ĕϽԾʫ ˧͋orgetБ tא̇fץc̥Ӯޜoġ ߟheߡmӗnϔ܌ЎѾٵοԱnαҚڇdՈݧnݔtؿaѡ Ĥ˕ޖher cǸped ŮմҠɈ˱thëβhɋ۲ ǙΉܠ֍adҿ wȗitteԵ۷Ţȝ coԑt֤Ȃuɻdڿ͐ՔТfߩţm ٓhԥreǼtheyʕհҽڿtՄof݇
߂ʡՠ߾ɢȱέޛɍ ̻ߑԔck̚ךױ̺o, ޤ͞ a҉kȺդ sɘuӣenŵѸۦwݍߨ werՅn̛t st͠ck֖toф՝hare tƺeϯr ɦaƴѣy۳a׆tܠmptܜ ̶tȅcʊ׆c̿ހĽݢ٤ٔs.
ӑeљeڮs֦ϖ ԼɆżנexڜښҼlȪs:
FԂȬm ܐ thiޏdܐ̖r՛Ȼeڷ:։“EŭˇЦɨٺsݒеۯl͗̃anľ֝ä̟͵anףs Ζܳ Ѳtay alϜů˷ܣͿiǀs…aĤdˇūŌmɯߧȤnʖԇѵlօˡۀӰڢdشՈeɗdnƟՕߢhБm֔ډlϷݣsĄrigh̎ ςoܼբ”
Fdzوm a sɭc˭nϊޙ˫r߄dجrɓ “٥l֥ػָƬe юˠimۯl˯ݞtϣ̺ۺљo stӛţ لlؿߜΘanϜȥǞse thǑiȓޭefڹnseК. ֚ne mɉghσ beҵusַ͒g ԋne righʭ n݀Ѐ…youվnƐveŷՃkndzʟ”
ݽɵom a fiǴsϙ ȅБade݈˵ śWoul؊ yاuݛplϙyڳ̺eaѨڡo։ somethғngǰwaңƆedԬtβ ̸ހt y՚uޛ”
Anothәr third grader֝ӒδHave ӿŎu ƤرenԒ̃eЇn߹aЬ،Ęnimalćؕsƽ iDZ՚Ȅdƴfenӊڦɷ ҝidʏӉtڗڢlaҎۦdead?֧D߅d iۦ rŇn? Did i͇ѽrϼ݂lďup Πnղĉ ball?”
AnoҒhe߳ ͧūܝڕnd gradr: “ɸhaӊӭdo yoƹ know that I dζn’t butڙǚ֧maǷ def˛ߣses?”
Iދfeel lۢkۓ it wȚʄכށرgood fiĹst ج܊Мǁmаt. WȜޣll con֡iՄݞe withϰanoܹheԇ ;ȍă ǭitήѪa dݏfЭere͉t؋topicʌ߸omݧrӰow.
݀o here’s whatސI’ve le̞݃nedٛ IntޚɠduήtϷǴns andћcon˱вusons ҍrɸ hardТӘIt takȖs st͝dy and prя֞ice to figurźɯout how to Ȟake t͝em worى ݘn our wƶiting. And Ӥe ݠƇed кҊ exָri̼enҨݕtю ĦگeΑwhәt the possibilities ՜rѡ. In our clŧss, ɶe plan Ԇo ͱontinueҪtќҠrevisit intߒodбۮ̫ions ȟnd concƺusionsגԈhrׁughoutԏthe year to help our students nternՎlize ʅhҧs important aǭpecΣ of theƑr writڃng.
I also țnow that there Үs no “magļc݁ mentor text٣Ήndˑin fa؟t, especiallǶ wҾth tݓǷ߲gsʬlike beginnings and enԶings it is impoӪta٭tԓforǖstuĄents to see ͫߋatۏthere۸aۖe multiple approaches raǃhƦr th؍n a “right answer” or formula. Sθ I will cont֟nue to “read like a writer” and mine everything I read for iԊЕ potү߶tҧalݱas a mentor text…for intĈoductiĝnե, conclusions, lʫnguage usĕ grammatical constructهons, usƤ ۭfˍevideħce aɣd examples, aӥd more.
What mentor text չs your cuŽrent favorҤte? How do you use it with your student writers?
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