TEI by Example. Module 1: Common Structure and Elements Edward Vanhoutte Ron Van den Branden Edward Vanhoutte Ron Van den Branden Melissa Terras Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC) Centre for Digital Humanities (CDH), University College London, UK Centre for Computing in the Humanities (CCH), King's College London, UK Centre for Scholarly Editing and Document Studies (CTB) , Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature, Belgium
Centre for Scholarly Editing and Document Studies (CTB) Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature Koningstraat 18 9000 Gent Belgium
ctb@kantl.be
Edward Vanhoutte Melissa Terras Ron Van den Branden
Centre for Scholarly Editing and Document Studies (CTB) , Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature, Belgium Centre for Scholarly Editing and Document Studies (CTB) , Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature, Belgium Gent
Centre for Scholarly Editing and Document Studies (CTB) Royal Academy of Dutch Language and Literature Koningstraat 18 9000 Gent Belgium

Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3.0 License

9 July 2010
TEI By Example. Edward Vanhoutte editor Ron Van den Branden editor Melissa Terras editor

Digitally born

TEI By Example offers a series of freely available online tutorials walking individuals through the different stages in marking up a document in TEI (Text Encoding Initiative). Besides a general introduction to text encoding, step-by-step tutorial modules provide example-based introductions to eight different aspects of electronic text markup for the humanities. Each tutorial module is accompanied with a dedicated examples section, illustrating actual TEI encoding practise with real-life examples. The theory of the tutorial modules can be tested in interactive tests and exercises.

en-GB added distinction gi -- gi scheme="..." -- tag final spellcheck release general contents completed intermediate update intermediate update intermediate update intermediate update intermediate update Authoring
Module 1: Common Structure and Elements
Introduction

The conclusions and the work of the TEI consortium are formulated as guidelines, rules, and recommendations rather than standards, because it is acknowledged that each scholar must have the freedom of expressing their own theory of text by encoding the features they think important in the text. A wide array of possible solutions to encoding matters is demonstrated in the TEI Guidelines which therefore should be considered a reference manual rather than a tutorial.

Mastering the complete TEI encoding scheme implies a steep learning curve, but few projects require a complete knowledge of the TEI. Therefore, a manageable subset of the full TEI encoding scheme was published as TEI Lite, currently describing 145 elements. Originally intended as an introduction and a didactic stepping stone to the full recommendations, TEI Lite has, since its publication in 1995, become one of the most popular TEI customizations and proves to meet the needs of 90% of the TEI community, 90% of the time.

TEI by Example features freely available online tutorials walking individuals through the different stages in marking up a document in TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) and thus helping students of text encoding to cope with the full TEI guidelines and the learning curve involved.

The ground rules that are discussed in this module apply to the most recent version of the TEI at the time of writing, i.e. TEI P5.

See TBE Module 0: Introduction for historical backgrounds of text encoding, the TEI, and the TEI Guidelines.
General TEI Document Structure

The TEI makes use of XML as its governing metalanguage. This means that all TEI metadata are expressed as XML elements and thus comply with the World Wide Web Consortium XML Recommendation. Information (plain text) is contained in XML elements, delimited by start tags (e.g.: TEI) and end tags (e.g.: /TEI). Additional information to these XML elements can be given in attributes, consisting of a name (e.g.: xml:id) and a value (e.g.: text1). XML comments are delimited by start markers (<!--) and end markers (-->).

A full TEI document consists of a teiHeader, documenting all the metadata describing it, and a text, containing the document proper. This common structure is mandatory for all TEI documents. This basic structural pair is contained by a TEI element:

This is an example of a TEI XML text, representing both information and meta-information. This example, as any TEI text, is recognizable as a TEI text by the outermost TEI element, which is declared in the dedicated TEI namespace (http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0).
TEI Header

The TEI header (teiHeader) is mandatory and contains descriptive meta-information about the document. The teiHeader minimally contains a description of the electronic file inside a (fileDesc). The latter element consists of three mandatory components:

the title statement (titleStmt), providing information about the title (title), author (author) and others responsible for the electronic text the publication statement (publicationStmt), providing publication details about the electronic text in a structured way or as prose inside a paragraph (p) a description of the source (sourceDesc), documenting bibliographic details about the electronic text's material source (if any) in a structured way or in a prose paragraph (p) The Strange Adventures of Dr. Burt Diddledygook: a machine-readable transcription editor Edward Vanhoutte

Not for distribution.

Transcribed from the diaries of the late Dr. Roy Offire.

See TBE Module 2: The TEI Header for detailed information on teiHeader.
Text
Body

The actual text (text) contains a single text of any kind. This commonly contains the actual text and other encodings. A text text minimally contains a text body (body). The body contains lower-level text structures like paragraphs (p), or different structures for text genres other than prose: lines for poetry, speeches for drama.

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa (RAW). It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of theRAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

Front

Next to the body, a text can optionally contain front matter which may be encoded with front. Clear examples are title pages, headers, prefaces, or dedications. Prologues in drama or forewords and introductions in prose may also be considered prefatory material. May, because the encoder may choose simply to ignore to encode the front matter of a text as such. With exception of the title page, for which the TEI defines specific elements, front matter should be encoded using the same elements as the rest of a text. This means that there are no dedicated elements to encode prefaces, dedications, abstracts, frontispieces etc. Instead, either numbered or un-numbered divisions div with an attribute type are used to distinguish the different components of a front. The following suggested values for the type attribute may be used for this purpose: preface: a foreword or preface addressed to the reader ack: a formal declaration of acknowledgement by the author dedication: a formal offering or dedication of a text by the author abstract: a summary of the content of a text as continuous prose contents: a table of contents. A list element should be used to mark its structure frontispiece: a pictorial frontispiece, possibly including some text

In memory of Lisa Wheeman.

Table of Contents I. The Decision II. The Fuss III. The Celebration
Back

All back matter to a text may be grouped within back. As is the case with front, either numbered or un-numbered divisions div with a type attribute are used to distinguish the different components. The following attribute values may be supplied for the type in order to distinguish various kinds of division characteristic of back matter: appendix: an appended self-contained section of a work, often providing additional information or text glossary: contains a list listof terms and their explanations notes: a section in which textual or other kinds of notes are gathered together bibliogr: contains a list of bibliographical citations listBibl index: any form of index to the work colophon: a statement appearing at the end of a book describing the conditions of its physical production

Typeset in Haselfoot 37 and Henry 8. Printed and bound by Whistleshout, South Africa.

Full Example text

In memory of Lisa Wheeman.

Table of Contents I. The Decision II. The Fuss III. The Celebration

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa (RAW). It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

Typeset in Haselfoot 37 and Henry 8. Printed and bound by Whistleshout, South Africa.

Unitary or Composite Texts

Apart from simple texts, TEI provides means to encode composite texts, either by grouping structurally related texts in a group element inside text, or treating them as a corpus of diverse texts, using teiCorpus as the outermost element.

Summary

The following example shows the empty framework of a basic TEI document structure:

<!--Title-->

The following example fills this empty framework with the text of the examples:

The Strange Adventures of Dr. Burt Diddledygook: a machine-readable transcription editor Edward Vanhoutte

Not for distribution.

Transcribed from the diaries of the late Dr. Roy Offire.

In memory of Lisa Wheeman.

Table of Contents I. The Decision II. The Fuss III. The Celebration

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaan (RAW). It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

Typeset in Haselfoot 37 and Henry 8. Printed and bound by Whistleshout, South Africa.

Textual Phenomena

The TEI Guidelines define a set of rules to mark up the phenomena in a wide range of texts and textual objects in a descriptive fashion. Generally speaking, there are four classes of textual phenomena that can be described:

Structural Renditional Logical & Semantic Analytic

Structural and renditional features are best understood because they concern a natural kind of textual, though culturally defined, organisation. Books mainly consist of chapters, sections, and paragraphs; poetry is mostly organised in poems, stanzas, and lines; whereas scenes, acts, and parts of speech are structural features of performance texts. In these texts, linguistic units are highlighted by the use of distinct fonts, colours, alignments, italics, underlinings, font weight etc. These textual codes signal underlying logical and semantic features and functions such as names of organisations, titles of books, distinctive languages, emphatic language use, etc. However, semantic and logical features don't need to be highlighted by means of typographic codes and can occur in texts unsuspiciously. It needs a thorough understanding of the text and the language to identify them. Semantic and syntactic interpretations added to a text or part of a text that together constitute a new text, we call analytical features. Examples are linguistic (wordclass, morpheme,...) and narrative (theme, motive,...) categorisations.

Structural Features
General

Which structural features can commonly be found in prose, verse, and drama?

Prose: paragraphs p, divisions div, headings head, lists list, listitem item, quotations q, page breaks pb, segments seg, figures figure, and tables table. See TBE Module 3: Prose. Verse: linegroups lg and lines l. TBE Module 4: Verse. Drama: divisions div, speeches sp, paragraphs p, linegroups lg, lines l. and segments seg. TBE Module 5: Drama.

The following example demonstrates a simple use of markup for the encoding of structural features in prose text:

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa (RAW). It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

Or worse, what would happen when another Academy member had decided to go for a stroll in the park instead? He quickly thought up several possible plans:

hide behind a tree and duck catch the duck as subject material for a speech on the annual meeting be frank, meet his colleague, and 1. pat him on the shoulder 2. tell a joke 3. hand him the duck 4. offer him a sip from his 2.5 l bottle of coke 5. pull his beard

Or maybe he could still announce his absence from the meeting by sending an antedated letter of apology to Professor M. Orkelidius, Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa, Queenstreet 81, TB90 00E Whoopledywhaa.

Plenty of options, he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National Library. It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood. While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.

Title Pages

Title pages may be encoded within front or back by using the element titlePage. A title page commonly contains the title of the work docTitle which can consist of several subsections or divisions titlePart with an type attribute documenting their role. The name of the author of the document docAuthor often occurs inside a byline byline which contains the primary statement of responsibility given for a work. Other components of titlePage may be the edition statement docEdition, the date of a document docDate, and the imprint statement docImprint which may further contain the place of publication pubPlace, a date date or docDate, and names name of, e.g. the publisher publisher. Besides this information, a titlePage may also contain an anonymous or attributed quotation epigraph, a formal statement authorizing the publication of a work imprimatur, and/or an inline graphic, illustration, or figure graphic/.

Roy Offire The Strange Adventures of Dr. Burt Diddledygook Wanderings in the life of a buoyant academic Transcribed from the diaries. First Edition Kirkcaldy, Bucket Books, 1972 titlePage must not be confused with fileDesc which may contain titleStmt and publicationStmt. Whereas titlePage is used for the transcription and encoding of the physical title page in text, fileDesc provides a bibliographic description of the electronic file in teiHeader.
Renditional Features

Some textual features are commonly rendered in a text using some kind of highlighting. The TEI Guidelines define highlighting as 'the use of any combination of typographic features (font, size, hue, etc.) in a printed or written text in order to distinguish some passage of a text from its surroundings.' If the encoder prefers only to signal this highlighting, and not the underlying reason, the generic element hi can be used with a rend or rendition attribute describing its appearance in the text. There are no formally defined values for these attributes which may need to express a very large range of typographic features. Encoders, however, commonly prefer to indicate the reason underlying the highlighting by documenting logical or semantic information about the highlighted word or phrase.

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa (RAW). It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

Logical and Semantic Features

Highlighted words or phrases in a text are commonly distinguished from their surroundings for a reason. Only a thorough understanding of the text and the language can lead to a correct identification and interpretation. the underlying semantics may be encoded with far more specific elements than the generic hi. Highlighting is commonly used to render the following logical and semantic features: Emphasis emph, foreign words foreign and other linguistically distinct uses distinct of highlighting The use of quotation marks in the representation of speech and thought said, quotation quote, cited quotation cit. words or phrases mentioned mentioned and words or phrases for which the author or narrator indicates a disclaiming of responsibility soCalled. See TBE Module 3: Prose -- Quotation Technical terms term, glosses gloss or documentation of XML elements, attributes and classes with altIdent, desc, equiv/ See TBE Module 3: Prose -- Quotation, and TBE Module 8: Customising TEI, ODD, Roma

Plenty of options, he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National Library. It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood. While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.

However, words or phrases carrying semantic and logical information don't need to be highlighted by means of typographic codes and can occur in texts unsuspiciously. Think about titles title, names name, numbers num, measures measure, dates date, addresses address, abbreviations abbr and expansions expan .

Referring Strings

Proper nouns name people, places, and objects and are easily traceable in a text. This may be encoded with name carrying a type attribute specifying the kind of object referred to.

'Plenty of options', he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National Library. It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood. While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: 'For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.'

However, people, places, and objects may also be referred to with common nouns, for which the element rs (for referring string) may be used. This element may also carry a type attribute specifying the kind of object referred to.

'Plenty of options',he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National Library. It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood. While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: 'For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.'

rs may be used for any reference to a person, place or object in the form of a proper noun, a noun phrase or a common noun. name may be used synonymously with the rs element in the special cases of referencing strings which consist only of proper nouns. The choice between rs or name in these cases is the encoder's. name may also nest inside rs where a proper name is part of a larger referring string.
Dates and Time

Any expression defining a date or time may be encoded with the corresponding elements date and time. The system or calendar to which the date belongs may be documented using a calendar attribute. The when attribute supplies the value of a date or time in a standard form, which is useful for text processing.

The normalised representation of the content of the date element should conform to a valid W3C schema datatype for expressing temporal data: date when="2009" calendar="Gregorian"2009/date date when="2009-12"December 2009/date date when="2009-12-31"31 Dec 2009/date date when="2009-12-31"New Year's Eve 2009/date date when="2009-12-31" calendar="Persian"Panjshanbeh 10 Dey 1388/date date when="--12-31"last day of December/date date when="--12"December/date date when="---31"thirty-first of the month/date

The same counts for the normalized representation of the content of time: time when="23:55:00"11:55 pm/time time when="23:55:00"five minutes before midnight/time time when="2009-12-31T23:55:00"five minutes before the new year 2010/time

The last example also includes a date string and can equally well be tagged as date when="2009-12-31T23:55:00".

The date element can also be used to mark a period of time using from and to attributes or notBefore and notAfter attributes.

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa (RAW). It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

Numbers and Measures

Numbers and measures may be encoded using num and measure respectively.

num may contain numbers, written in any form and uses the attribute type to indicate the type of numeric value and value to supply the value of the number in standard form.

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.

Further examples of the standardisation of the representation of numbers are: num value="25"xxv/num num type="percentage" value="25"twenty-five percent/num num type="percentage" value="25"25%/num num type="ordinal" value="25"25th/num

In their fullest form, a measure consists of a number, a phrase expressing units of measure, and a phrase expressing the commodity being measured, though not all of these components need to be present in every case. These three components may be encoded by using the attributes quantity, unit, and commodity with measure.

Or worse, what would happen when another Academy member had decided to go for a stroll in the park instead? He quickly thought up several possible plans:

hide behind a tree and duck catch the duck as subject material for a speech on the annual meeting be frank, meet his colleague, and 1. pat him on the shoulder 2. tell a joke 3. hand him the duck 4. offer him a sip from his 2.5 l bottle of coke 5. pull his beard
Addresses

Postal and electronic addresses may be encoded by using address and email respectively. Except from the use of type with email, the TEI Guidelines provide no particular means for encoding the substructure of an email address, nor of distinguishing personal email addresses from generic or fictitious ones.

M.Orkelidius@raw.org

A postal address address, on the other hand, is considered as existing of a series of distinct lines addrLine.

Or maybe he could still announce his absence from the meeting by sending an antedated letter of apology to

Professor M. Orkelidius Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa Queenstreet 81 TB90 00E Whoopledywhaa

An alternative method of encoding can be applied using some more semantically rich elements such as street, postCode and postBox. Names of people, organisations, companies etc. may be encoded using name with a type attribute indicating the type of object which is being named by the element content.

Or maybe he could still announce his absence from the meeting by sending an antedated letter of apology to

Professor M. Orkelidius Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa Queenstreet 81 TB90 00E Whoopledywhaa

Abbreviations and Expansions

It is sometimes useful to encode abbreviations and their expansions in texts. This facilitates special processing, regularisation by the full form of an abbreviation, or the rendering of different possible expansions of an abbreviation. Abbreviations may be marked using abbr. The type attribute may be used to distinguish types of abbreviations by their function:

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa (RAW). It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

Alternatively, and depending on the encoder's preference, the expansion of an abbreviation may be encoded with expan. This is often done when the editor or encoder of a text has silently expanded the abbreviation for whatever reason. This will commonly be combined with the abbr element inside a choice element to record the relationship between the abbreviation and its expansion:

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Doctor Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa ( RAW Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa ).

Analytical Features

The analysis of texts can generate information which may be added to the text and encoded as metadata or as part of the text. Explicit notes are the most common example of the latter while editorial statements like the correction of errors, the regularisation of or the marking of the text for indexing purposes are examples of the former. The creation of index entries also enhances further analysis of the text.

Notes and Annotations

The most explicit form of textual annotation is the addition of notes to the text using note. All notes should be marked using the same tag note, whether they are already present in the text or supplied by the editor, whether they appear as block notes in the main text area, at the foot of the page, at the end of the chapter or volume, in the margin, or in some other place. The type attribute distinguishes the different types of annotations in use in a text. In a resp attribute, the responsible subject for a note can be documented. Where possible, a note can be inserted in the text at the point at which its identifier or mark first appears. The location of the note may be documented using a place attribute.

'Plenty of options', he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National LibraryThe National Library of Whoopledywhaa was found in 1886 with the acquisition of the library of the late King Anthony.. It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund PeckwoodThe manuscript reads 'Petwood'.. While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: 'For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.'

See section 3.6. Simple Links and Cross-References in the TEI Guidelines for a full discussion of notes which are encoded not at the point of attachment but at the point of appearance, e.g. at the end of a chapter or a volume. See chapter 16. Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment for mechanisms to encode multiple views of larger or heterogeneous spans of text. See section 17.3. Spans and Interpretation for a discussion of advanced interpretive annotations.
Index Entries

Pre-existing indexes may be encoded as a list inside div in front or back, for example. On the other hand, new indexes can be generated from machine readable text when the location to be indexed is marked with index with a headword encoded as term .

'Plenty of options', he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National Library Library, National . It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood. While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: 'For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaaw Academy, Royal .'

The effect of this will be to generate an index entry for the terms 'Library' and 'Academy', referencing the location of the original index element.

See section 3.8.3 Index Entries in the TEI Guidelines for a full discussion of the TEI encoding strategies applied to indexes.
Apparent Errors

Apparent errors in the text may be indicated using sic or corrected inside corr.

It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Petwood

It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood

Alternatively, the encoder may both record the original source text and provide a correction by using both sic and corr in either order wrapped in a choice.

It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood Petwood

The encoder may encode the degree of certainty associated with the intervention or interpretation using a cert attribute and indicate the agency responsible for the intervention or interpretation, for instance an editor or transcriber, using resp. The value of resp is a pointer to an element in the document header that is associated with a person responsible for the intervention.

It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood Petwood

The attribute value '#EV' points to a name element in the teiHeader, for example in the respStmt.

editor Edward Vanhoutte See Section 6.4 Editorial Interventions of TBE Module 6: Primary Sources for a fuller treatment of editoral interventions.
Regularisation and Normalisation

Standard or regularised forms for variant forms or non-standard spelling may be provided for a number of reasons. This is called regularisation or normalisation. The original, non-normalized form may be flagged using orig.

It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood

If the encoder wants to indicate that certain words have been normalised, which means modernisation of spelling in this example, reg may be used.

It was titled 'While you are here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood

Alternatively the encoder may decide to record both the original form orig and the regularised form reg wrapped inside a choice. In the case of the modernisation of spelling, an electronic text could thus serve as the basis of an old- or new-spelling edition.

It was titled 'While thou you art are here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood

The resp attribute may be used to specify the agency responsible for the regularisation or normalisation.

It was titled 'While thou you art are here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood

Additions, Deletions, and Omissions

Another editorial intervention in the text may be the documentation and creation of additions, deletions and omissions. When transcribing a source document, gap may be used to indicate a point where material has been omitted both because the material is illegible, invisible or inaudible in the source and because the editor or transcriber has decided to omit material for editorial reasons or as part of sampling practice. The reason for omission may be given in a reason attribute. Sample values include sampling, illegible, inaudible, irrelevant, cancelled. Additional attributes like extent and unit may document the amount of characters, words, lines or any other unit omitted.

If the omission is an editorial policy decision, e.g. the systematic exclusion of marginal commentaries from an encoding, the full details of the policy should be documented in editorialDecl inside the encodingDesc of the TEI Header. See section 3.2. The Encoding Description in TBE Module 2: The TEI Header.

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa (RAW). It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

The gap element may appear as an empty element, but my also contain a description of the material omitted using desc.

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa (RAW). Commentary on the founding charter of the RAW It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

Where words or phrases of moderate lengths have been added or deleted in the copy text., this may be recorded using add and del. As with all TEI elements, information on the actual rendition of the additions and deletions can be provided in the global rend attribute. Additionally, the place of the addition may also be recorded using place. See section 3.1.1. Simple additions and deletions for a detailed discussion of these elements and their attributes.

When an editor wants to mark his or her own additions as editorial interventions in the text corr or supplied should be used, not add. See Section 4. Editorial interventions in TBE Module 6: Primary Sources.

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa (RAW). It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a walk stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

For longer passages addSpan/ and delSpan/ may be used. See section 3.1.2. Complex additions and Deletions in TBE Module 6: Primary Sources.

Additions and deletions with a causal relationship may be grouped by the subst element.

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa (RAW). It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a walk stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

Where deletions in the copy text cannot be read with confidence, unclear should be used with the reason attribute indicating that the difficulty of transcription is due to deletion. See Section 4.1. Unclear, supplied, omitted text in TBE Module 6: Primary Sources.

Non-Textual Phenomena

Textual documents often include non-textual phenomena such as images and graphics (illustrations, diagrams, drawings, artwork...) . These non-textual phenomena serve different purposes: some are an integral part of the text, e.g. in comic books and graphic novels, others just function as illustrations to the text; some are essential for a good understanding of the text, others add very little to that text. The decision how to encode these non-textual materials is once more up to the encoder and the encoding policy in force.

From a structural point of view, images and graphics may be anchored to a particular point in the text. This inline location can be indicated by using the empty element graphic/. Typically, a url attribute will reference the location of the visual information outside the XML document. This can be a local path or a reference to an online image or graphical file.

'Plenty of options', he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National Library. It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood. While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: 'For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.

Alternatively, encoded binary data representing an inline graphic or image may be embedded directly within the document. In this case the binaryObject element may be used containing some suitable binary format.

An image or a graphic will often be accompanied by associated text such as a caption, a label or a heading which may be encoded using head. More extensive comments or discussions on the figure or graphic may be given inside one or more p or ab elements. Both the graphic or figure graphic/ and its associated text(s) (head, p or ab) are grouped in a wrapping figure element:

The National Library of Whoopledywhaa.
Figure 2:

The cover of the first print edition of "While thou art here" by Sir Edmund Peckwood from the rare books collection of the National Library of Whoopledywhaa.

The figure figure element is used to contain images, captions, and textual descriptions of the pictures. The images themselves are specified using the graphic graphic/ element, whose url attribute provides the location of an image and whose optional n and xml:id attribute provide numbering and identifying opportunities.

Figures consisting of several figures or sub-figures can be encoded with nesting figure elements:

Front
Back
Figure 2:

Front and back cover of the first print edition of "While thou art here" by Sir Edmund Peckwood from the rare books collection of the National Library of Whoopledywhaa.

Note, how in the previous example the different nesting figures are numbered in an n attribute. This is one of the global attributes available to all TEI elements. For a discussion of this and other global attributes, see 1.5. Global Attributes.

For the purpose of reading devices that cannot represent images, e.g. reading software for the visually impaired, a description of the figure or graphic may be supplied in a figDesc element:

The National Library of Whoopledywhaa. The figure shows the front of the National Library of Whoopledywhaa with the two typical towers in the so called Whooply-Gothic style. The towers are 145 metres high and the facade of the building is 48 metres wide. The 16 windows in the front are made of recycled stained glass windows of the nearby Saint-Morkel's church which now serves as a swimming pool.
It's, again, up to the encoder to decide whether graphics consisting of large amounts of text, should be encoded as graphics containing the text or as text in which the graphic appears. For more information on the treatment of non-textual phenomena in TEI, see TBE Module 3 -- 4.2 Figures , and 14 Tables, Formulæ, and Graphics in the TEI Guidelines.
Global Attributes

Just as any XML element, TEI elements can carry one or more attributes which provide additional information and function as their qualifiers and quantifiers. There are two kinds of attributes in the TEI world. Specific attributes are defined for specific elements only. They are documented in Appendix C. Elements of the TEI Guidelines. Global attributes, however, are optional attributes which are defined for every TEI element.

There are six global attributes:

: provides a unique identifier for an element. : provides a number or other label for an element. The number or label does not need to be unique within the document. : indicates the language of an element using a 'tag' generated according to BCP 47. indicates how the element was rendered or presented in the source text. points to a description of the rendering or presentation used for this element in the source text. provides a base URI reference with which applications can resolve relative URI references into absolute URI references.
xml:id

The xml:id attribute provides a unique identifier for the element bearing the attribute. The identifier must be unique in the whole XML document. If there is another element in the XML document bearing the same unique identifier as a value of this attribute, a validating XML parser will signal a syntax error. Conforming to the World Wide Web Consortium's XML Recommendations, the attribute value must be a legal name, which means that it must start with a letter or the underscore character and contain no characters other than letters, digits, hyphens, underscores, full stops, and certain combining and extension characters. The use of the colon in a unique identifier is forbidden as it has the specific purpose of indicating namespace prefixes in XML.

Which one of the following examples demonstrates a correct use of xml:id and why?

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.

It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead.

He hoped his fellow members of the Royal Academy weren't even going to notice his absence.

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.

It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead.

He hoped his fellow members of the Royal Academy weren't even going to notice his absence.

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.

It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead.

He hoped his fellow members of the Royal Academy weren't even going to notice his absence.

Example 3 demonstrates a correct use of the xml:id attribute: the attribute value is unique, it starts with a letter and contains no illegal characters. The attribute values in example 1 are not unique and the use of a colon is forbidden. The attribute values in example 2 start with a number, which is illegal.

n

The n attribute also provides an identifier for an element but its value doesn't need to be a legal XML name. This means that they don't have to be unique inside the XML document and they may start with and contain any character. Typically n is used to number or label elements. All n values in the following examples are legal:

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.

It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on noontime and Dr Burt was looking forward to a stroll in the park instead.

He hoped his fellow members of the Royal Academy weren't even going to notice his absence.

Although by no means mandatory, it often makes sense to enrich the structural units of a document (e.g. lines in a poem) with some sort of identification (in xml:id) or reference mechanism (in n). Of course, when dealing with complex and or long documents, this labelling could become a rather demanding task in itself. Fortunately, this job can be done automatically by an XML processor, which can identify the sequential position of one element within another in an XML document without any additional tagging. Instead of manually providing mechanical references for a long poem or collection of poems, you could as well instruct an XML processor to either enrich the TEI encoding and add xml:id or n attributes with appropriate values, or to automatically deduct such reference systems from your markup and present them while rendering the document (e.g. in an HTML version of a poem). Both xml:id and n are used to express a reference system. This system can follow the text's canonical system, it may be derived from the structure of the electronic text, or it may be designed by the encoder. See Section 3.10.2 Creating New Reference Systems in the TEI Guidelines for a discussion of the latter.
xml:lang

The language of the content of a given element may be documented as the value of an xml:lang attribute. If it is not specified, the value is inherited from that of the immediately enclosing element. Therefore, it is simplest to specify the base language of a text on the TEI element and only specify the language of an element when necessary for a specific purpose and different from the base language.

'Plenty of options', he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National Library. It was titled 'While thou art here', by Sir Edmund Peckwood. While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: 'For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.'

The values for the xml:lang attribute must be constructed in a uniform way as explained in Section vi.1. Language identification of the TEI Guidelines.
rend

The rend attribute is used to document information about the physical appearance of the text in the source. In the following example, it is used to indicate that the title, the French phrase and the name of the Royal Academy are printed in italics:

'Plenty of options', he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National Library. It was titled While thou art here, by Sir Edmund Peckwood. While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: 'For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.'

rendition

Whereas the rend attribute documents the appearance of text locally, i.e. attached to an element, the rendition attribute points to a description of the rendering or appearance in the teiHeader teiHeader, more specifically inside a tagsDecl inside encodingDesc. This is done in free text or using a formal language inside rendition. This way, only one description of the rendering must be given to which the rendition attributes refer. The advantage of this system becomes clear when both rendition and rend are used for occurrences of a given element. While the former refers to an overall description of the appearance of that element in the source, the latter documents the local deviation from that generally imposed rendition.

In the following example, we see a description of the overall rendering of hi in the tagsDecl inside teiHeader, and a documentation of the deviation of that overall rendering in the third occurrence of hi in the text. The gi attribute of tagUsage names the elements for which the rendition described in rendition is documented. The formal namespace in which the tags described in tagUsage are defined, must be specified in the name attribute of a surrounding namespace element. The value of the render attribute of tagUsage refers to rendition by way of the latter's xml:id attribute. This way, all hi elements inside text have 'italic' as their default style. The deviation to that rule is articulated in the third occurrence of hi by making use of the rend attribute.

<!-- ... --> Italic <!-- ... -->

'Plenty of options', he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National Library. It was titled While thou art here, by Sir Edmund Peckwood. While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: 'For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa.'

Summary

After this overview of the most common structures and elements of a TEI document, it is time to put them all together:

The Strange Adventures of Dr. Burt Diddledygook: a machine-readable transcription editor Edward Vanhoutte

Not for distribution.

Transcribed from the diaries of the late Dr. Roy Offire.

Italic

In memory of Lisa Wheeman.

Roy Offire The Strange Adventures of Dr. Burt Diddledygook Wanderings in the life of a buoyant academic Transcribed from the diaries. First Edition Kirkcaldy, Bucket Books, 1972
Table of Contents I. The Decision II. The Fuss III. The Celebration

For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Doctor Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa Academy, Royal (RAW). Commentary on the founding charter of the RAW It was a sunny day in late September 1960 bang on and Dr Burt was looking forward to a walk stroll in the park instead. He hoped his fellow members of the RAW weren't even going to notice his absence.

Or worse, what would happen when another Academy member had decided to go for a stroll in the park instead? He quickly thought up several possible plans:

hide behind a tree and duck catch the duck as subject material for a speech on the annual meeting be frank, meet his colleague, and 1. pat him on the shoulder 2. tell a joke 3. hand him the duck 4. offer him a sip from his 2.5 l bottle of coke 5. pull his beard

Or maybe he could still announce his absence from the meeting by sending an antedated letter of apology to

Professor M. Orkelidius Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa Queenstreet 81 TB90 00E Whoopledywhaa

'Plenty of options', he thought, sat on a bench and opened the book he had taken from the Whoopledywhaaian National Library Library, National The National Library of Whoopledywhaa was found in 1886 with the acquisition of the library of the late King Anthony.. It was titled While <choice> <orig>thou</orig> <reg resp="#EV">you</reg> </choice> <choice> <orig>art</orig> <reg resp="#EV">are</reg> </choice> here, by Sir Edmund Peckwood Petwood The manuscript reads 'Petwood'..

Front
Back
Figure 2:

Front and back cover of the first print edition of "While thou art here" by Sir Edmund Peckwood from the rare books collection of the National Library of Whoopledywhaa.

While reading the first sentence, his placid expression turned to a certain je ne sais quoi: 'For the first time in twenty-five years, Dr Doctor Burt Diddledygook decided not to turn up to the annual meeting of the Royal Academy of Whoopledywhaa Academy, Royal .'

Typeset in Haselfoot 37 and Henry 8. Printed and bound by Whistleshout, South Africa.

What's next?

You have reached the end of this tutorial module providing an introduction to the TEI and text encoding for the humanities. You can now either

proceed with other TEI by Example modules have a look at the examples section for the general structure and elements module take an interactive test. This comes in the form of a set of multiple choice questions, each providing a number of possible answers. Throughout the quiz, your score is recorded and feedback is offered about right and wrong choices. Can you score 100%. Test it here.
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