Wikipedia:Alternative text for images

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Alternative text is text associated with an image that serves the same purpose and conveys the same essential information as the image.[1] In situations where the image is not available to the reader, perhaps because they have turned off images in their web browser or are using a screen reader due to a visual impairment, the alternative text ensures that no information or functionality is lost.[1] Absent or unhelpful alternative text can be a source of frustration for visually impaired users of the Web.[2]

On Wikipedia, alternative text is typically supplied through a combination of the image caption and the text supplied for the image alt parameter in the MediaWiki markup. The following example produces the adjacent image:

[[File:Jacques-Louis David 017.jpg |thumb |upright=0.75 |alt=Painting of Napoleon Bonaparte in His Study at the Tuileries |''[[The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries]]'' by [[Jacques-Louis David]]]]

The alt parameter text ("Painting of Napoleon Bonaparte in His Study at the Tuileries") is not normally visible to readers; however, it may be displayed by web browsers when images are switched off, or read out loud by screen readers for those with visual impairment, and can be used by search engines to determine the content of the image.[3] In keeping with other Internet guidelines, the term "alt text" (in a code font) is used here to refer to the text supplied for the image alt parameter and which generates text for the HTML alt attribute; the term "alternative text" refers to the text equivalent for an image, regardless of where that text resides.[4]

For images that link to their image description page (which is nearly all images on Wikipedia), the alt text cannot be blank nor should the alt parameter be absent. This is because a screen reader, in order to describe the purpose of the link, will default to reading out the image filename when no alt text is available.[5] This is usually not helpful. In the above Napoleon example, the screen reader would have read out "link graphic slash Jacques hyphen Louis underscore David underscore zero one seven" had we not supplied the alt parameter.[6]

An image that is purely decorative (provides no information and serves only an aesthetic purpose) requires no alternative text. Often the caption fully meets the requirements for alternative text. However, the only situation where blank alt text is acceptable is where such images are unlinked, which is rarely possible. One solution is to provide something at least minimally useful such as |alt=photograph , |alt=painting, or |alt=sculpture. Another solution, if the caption doesn't already describe or identify the image, is for the alt text to do so as briefly as possible.

Audience[edit]

The audience for alternative text includes:

  • readers with visual impairment of varying degrees who browse Wikipedia using a screen reader that translates text into speech or Braille, such as JAWS, NVDA or Orca;[3]
  • readers using browsers that do not support images (e.g., Lynx), or that are configured not to display them (e.g. Wikipedia Zero);[3]
  • search-engine bots.[3]

Experiencing Wikipedia with a screen reader requires practice. An alternative is to install the Fangs add-on for Firefox, which displays the words spoken by a screen reader. An experienced screen-reader user may choose to skip portions of the text.

How to write alternative text[edit]

Basics[edit]

Alternative text should be short, such as "A basketball player" or "Tony Blair shakes hands with George W. Bush". If it needs to be longer, the important details should appear in the first few words, allowing the user of a screen reader to skip forward once the key points are understood. Very long descriptions can be left for the body of the article.[1] MediaWiki does not support HTML's longdesc attribute. All readers will be aware this element is an image, so adding "photograph of" isn't usually necessary.

The alt text should consist of plain text (no HTML or wiki markup such as wikilinks) and be all on one line. The text must comply with Neutral point of view, Verifiability, No original research, and Biographies of living persons. Since it cannot contain inline citations, it must not convey any contentious point, or material not obvious to any reader. The alt text is read out by screen readers just before the caption, so try to avoid having the same details in both.

Importance of context[edit]

Elizabeth II speaking to the public.
Unless it appears in an article on fashion, the alt text should not be "an elderly woman wearing a black hat"

Understanding the context of an image is vital. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 recommend editors consider four questions:[7]

  • Why is this non-text content here?
  • What information is it presenting?
  • What purpose does it fulfil?
  • If I could not use the non-text content, what words would I use to convey the same function or information?

For example, an image of Napoleon Bonaparte could be used in

  • an article on great military leaders where it illustrates an example of such a leader—the alternative text should name the subject;
  • an article on Napoleon illustrating what he looked like—the alternative text should briefly describe his appearance if it matters to the article;
  • an article on a painting of him—the alternative text should briefly describe the painting.

Images that contain words[edit]

If an image contains words important to the reader's understanding, the alternative text should contain those words.[1] If it contains non-Latin characters, consider providing a transliteration. Screen readers without Unicode support will read a character outside Latin-1 as a question mark, and even in the latest version of JAWS, the most popular screen reader, Unicode characters are very difficult to read.

Captions and nearby text[edit]

|alt=refer to caption

Comparison of three different types of toothbrush

(The article and caption describe the subject)

For details of the wiki markup that produces these elements, see Wikipedia:Extended image syntax#Alt text and caption.

Images are typically thumbnails with captions. The caption is visible to all readers, and can contain HTML markup, wikilinks and inline citations. An infobox often contains a plain image with the caption as a separate row. A good caption should succinctly identify the subject of the image and establish the image's relevance to the article, without detailing the obvious.

Where the caption is sufficiently descriptive or evocative of the image, or where it makes clear what the function of the image is, one option is to write |alt=refer to caption. Where nearby text in the article performs the same function, it can be |alt=refer to adjacent text.[4]

Maps and diagrams[edit]

With maps, diagrams and charts, the colour, position, and size of elements are not important. Instead, concentrate on the information being presented. For example, a chart may have alternative text "Sales in June, July and August", and a diagrammatic animation may have alternative text "Animation of a car engine in motion". The structural formula of a chemical compound can be unambiguously described using IUPAC nomenclature and the drug or chemistry infoboxes include this information.

Decorative images[edit]

Purely decorative images or icons which are in the public domain and not part of a link should have a blank alt text and blank link specified (|alt=|link=). The combination of no link and no alt text hides it from screen readers completely. Icons that convey important information not present in accompanying text, or that are not in the public domain and therefore need to be linked for attribution, should have an alt text specified.

Icons that convey information not found in the text should have an alt text that describes their function, not their appearance. For example, an arrow icon used to navigate to the following page should have an alt text of |alt=next page not |alt=arrow pointing right. If the arrow were accompanied by a descriptive text link with same function, the alt text would not be needed.[8]

Alt text in templates and galleries[edit]

Templates
Many templates such as {{Infobox}} and {{Location map+}} have their own parameters for specifying alt text. If a template lacks such a parameter, consider asking that it be added.

Galleries
The <gallery> tag supports alt text since MediaWiki 1.18.[9] {{Gallery}} and {{Multiple image}} also support it. For an example on using the table syntax to create a gallery see Galleries.

Timelines
The <timeline> tag generates an image with no alt text. When using tables instead, add a table summary, which is read out by screen readers to give an overview of the contents.

Math formulae
The <math> tag is used to generate math formulae. These may be rendered as an image or using text, depending on their complexity and user preferences. For simple formulae, use the alt parameter to translate it to English. More complex formulae are hard to specify and the original markup may be the best option, which is the default if no alt parameter is supplied.

Links and attribution[edit]

Writing "|alt=" will cause the MediaWiki software to render HTML with an empty alt attribute in the img tag. When the image is a link, screen readers will read out the link filename (e.g., "slash green underscore tick") if the HTML alt attribute is empty or missing. Nearly all images in Wikipedia articles are links to the image description page, which contains a larger size version of the image, as well as licensing and attribution information.[Note 1]

Wikipedia articles sometimes contain images that do not link to an image page, for example an Information icon. Such images should be configured so they are ignored by screen readers. This is achieved by adding |link=|alt= to the image wiki markup. Removing the link is acceptable for images in the public domain or the equivalent CC0. Links should not be suppressed for any image that requires attribution.

Most images in Wikipedia articles do not serve an active function; they are not buttons or menu options. Where the image serves as a link to another article, name the article in the alternative text. Where following the link performs an operation (such as sort), indicate the operation. Do not say "click here" or "link to" as the reader will already know the image is a link and may not be clicking a mouse button on it.[10]

Examples[edit]

Examples of alternative text
Wikicode Normal viewing Screen reader Rationale
[[File:Dannebrog.jpg|thumb|center |upright=0.75|alt=A red flag divided into four by a white cross slightly offset to the left. |The oldest [[national flag]] design still in use is [[Denmark]]'s 13th-century [[Flag of Denmark|''Dannebrog'']]]]
A red flag divided into four by a white cross slightly offset to the left.
The oldest national flag design still in use is Denmark's 13th-century Dannebrog
link graphic A red flag divided into four by a white cross slightly offset to the left. The oldest link national flag design still in use is link Denmark's 13th-century link Dannebrog Article: Flag
The purpose of the image is to show what Denmark's Dannebrog flag looks like. The photograph could be replaced by a flat graphic and serve the same purpose. Therefore, the flagpole, the fluttering and the sky are not important.
[[File:Glass-half-full.jpeg|thumb|center|upright=0.75|alt=Clear water pours from a spout.|Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste or smell of [[drinking water]]]]
Clear water pours from a spout.
Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste or smell of drinking water
link graphic Clear water pours from a spout. Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste or smell of link drinking water Article: Water fluoridation
This is a stock photograph chosen to decorate a sound bite from the article regarding tap water. The image is a link so it needs alt text. Because the caption does not identify the image, a brief description is appropriate.
[[File:Blair Bush Whitehouse (2004-11-12).jpg|thumb|center|upright=0.75|alt=Tony Blair and George W. Bush shaking hands at a press conference.|Blair and Bush agree on a strategy for peace in the Middle East on 12 November 2004]]
Tony Blair and George W. Bush shaking hands at a press conference.
Blair and Bush agree on a strategy for peace in the Middle-East on 12 November 2004
link graphic Tony Blair and George W. Bush shaking hands at a press conference. Blair and Bush agree on a strategy for peace in the Middle East on 12 November 2004 The image shows them greeting each other with a handshake during a press conference.

The alt text shouldn't say "Two men shaking hands," because that's not why the picture was chosen; it needs to identify the men. The alt text shouldn't say they were in the East Room of the White House, because that isn't clear from the photograph. That the men are dressed identically is conveyed by the photograph, but it isn't relevant to the article.

Unusual examples of alternative text
Wikitext Normal viewing Screen reader Rationale
[[File:Commons-logo.svg|frameless |upright=0.23 |border |center |link=Commons:Special:Search |Search Wikimedia Commons]]
Search Wikimedia Commons
link graphic Search Wikimedia Commons The purpose of the image, an icon, is to provide a link to the Commons search page. The appearance of the icon is not important, but its function is. By writing the alternative text in the "caption" field of the image markup, it is both the alt text and the link title. The link title appears as a tooltip in some browsers.
<imagemap>
File:Bryan-Sewall.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|center|alt=1896 Democratic campaign poster
circle 950 850 700 [[William Jennings Bryan|William J. Bryan]]
circle 2950 850 700 [[Arthur Sewall]]
default [http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/democrats.html 1896 Democrats Website]
</imagemap>
1896 Democratic campaign poster William J. Bryan Arthur Sewall
The base image has alt text "1896 Democratic campaign poster". The left circle has alt text "William J. Bryan". The right circle has alt text "Arthur Sewall". The blue (i) has alt text "About this image". All these are repeated as link title text, which provides a tooltip in some browsers, with the exception of the base image, which has link title "1896 Democrats Website". First line specifies the base image's alt text, which in this case is identifying the picture. Each subsequent line specifies the alt text for a region link, which should be the purpose of the link.[11]
[[File:Imbox notice.png|28x28px|alt=|link=]] Don't run with scissors.
Don't run with scissors. Don't run with scissors. The icon is purely decorative. Since the image is in the public domain, no attribution is required and the link can be dropped, allowing us to specify blank alt text without causing the filename to be spoken by a screen reader. The combination of no link and no alt text hides it from screen readers completely.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ WebAIM says "An image that is the only thing inside a link must never have a missing or null alt attribute. This is because the screen reader must read SOMETHING to identify the link."[3] The screen reader emulator Fangs confirms this.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d W3C. G94: Providing short text alternative for non-text content that serves the same purpose and presents the same information as the non-text content; 11 December 2008 [Retrieved 4 April 2010].
  2. ^ Lazar J, Allen A, Kleinman J, Malarkey C. What frustrates screen reader users on the web: a study of 100 blind users [PDF]. Int J Hum Comput Interact. 2007;22(3):247–69. doi:10.1080/10447310709336964.
  3. ^ a b c d e WebAIM. Appropriate use of alternative text [Retrieved 4 April 2010].
  4. ^ a b G74: Providing a long description in text near the non-text content, with a reference to the location of the long description in the short description, WCAG 2.0 technique.
    WebAim writes: "[T]he alt attribute (sometimes called the alt tag, though technically this is incorrect) is not the only mechanism for providing the content and function of the image. This information can also be provided in text adjacent to the image or within the page containing the image. ... The term alternative text, as used in this article, refers to the text equivalent for an image, regardless of where that text resides. It does not refer solely to the alt attribute of the image tag. See WebAIM. Appropriate Use of Alternative Text, accessed June 8, 2010.
  5. ^ W3C. F89: Failure (...) due to using null alt on an image where the image is the only content in a link, Techniques for WCAG 2.0, accessed November 5, 2014
  6. ^ WebAIM says: "An image that is the only thing inside a link must never have a missing or null alt attribute. This is because the screen reader must read SOMETHING to identify the link." See WebAIM. Appropriate Use of Alternative Text, accessed June 3, 2014.
  7. ^ W3C. Understanding Success Criterion 1.1.1; Understanding WCAG 2.0; 11 December 2008 [Retrieved 4 April 2010].
  8. ^ "WebAIM: Alternative Text". Center for Persons with Disabilities. Utah State University. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017. 
  9. ^ Wikimedia bug 18682
  10. ^ Petrie, Helen; Harrison, Chandra; and Dev, Sundeep. Describing images on the Web: a survey of current practice and prospects for the future, Centre for Human Computer Interaction Design, City University London, accessed June 8, 2010.
  11. ^ W3C. H24: Providing text alternatives for the area elements of image maps, WCAG 2.0 technique.

External links[edit]
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