@prefix skos: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix classmark: . @prefix classification: . classmark:a skos:hiddenLabel "A"@en; skos:prefLabel "Biography"@en; skos:narrower classmark:aa, classmark:ab, classmark:an, classmark:ao, classmark:ap, classmark:ar, classmark:as, classmark:at, classmark:ava, classmark:avb, classmark:avc, classmark:avd, classmark:ave, classmark:avf, classmark:avg, classmark:avh, classmark:aw, classmark:az, classmark:ac, classmark:ad, classmark:ae, classmark:af, classmark:ag, classmark:ak, classmark:al, classmark:am, classmark:ah, classmark:avvh; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept; skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:ac1-8; "9373"^^; skos:mappingRelation , ; "A biography or simply bio is a detailed description or account of a person's life. It entails more than basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death—a biography also portrays a subject's experience of these events. Unlike a profile or curriculum vitae (résumé), a biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality.Biographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life. One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing. Works in diverse media—from literature to film—form the genre known as biography.An authorized biography is written with the permission, cooperation, and at times, participation of a subject or a subject's heirs. An autobiography is written by the person himself or herself, sometimes with the assistance of a collaborator or ghostwriter."@en; ; . classmark:aa skos:hiddenLabel "AA"@en; skos:prefLabel "Dictionaries"@en; skos:note "Universal dictionaries only. "@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ab skos:hiddenLabel "AB"@en; skos:prefLabel "Classes Of Men, Unless Otherwise Provided For"@en; skos:note "Includes all those limited by nationality, as: British admirals, French authors, etc. NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Local biography to local history classes. "@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:abs; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ac skos:hiddenLabel "AC"@en; skos:prefLabel "Unknown Classmark"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ad skos:hiddenLabel "AD"@en; skos:prefLabel "Unknown Classmark"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ae skos:hiddenLabel "AE"@en; skos:prefLabel "Unknown Classmark"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:af skos:hiddenLabel "AF"@en; skos:prefLabel "Unknown Classmark"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:aft; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ag skos:hiddenLabel "AG"@en; skos:prefLabel "Unknown Classmark"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:aga, classmark:agc, classmark:agf, classmark:agg, classmark:agh, classmark:agi, classmark:agk, classmark:agl, classmark:agm, classmark:agn, classmark:ago, classmark:agq, classmark:agr, classmark:ags, classmark:agu, classmark:agw, classmark:agx, classmark:agy, classmark:agz, classmark:agpa; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ah skos:hiddenLabel "AH"@en; skos:prefLabel "Unknown Classmark"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ak skos:hiddenLabel "AK"@en; skos:prefLabel "Unknown Classmark"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:al skos:hiddenLabel "AL"@en; skos:prefLabel "Unknown Classmark"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:am skos:hiddenLabel "AM"@en; skos:prefLabel "Unknown Classmark"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:amc; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:an skos:hiddenLabel "AN"@en; skos:prefLabel "Individual Biography"@en; skos:note "Keyworded even for autobi ography. Initial of forename used as part of keyword. Exceptions to AN schedule: American explorers, HAM- HAT. American Indians and individ ual biography associated with the Indians, HBM. Artists, M classes. Authors of belles-lettres, N classes. Bunyan, *NE. "@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:anb; skos:relatedMatch classmark:ham, classmark:hat, classmark:hbm; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ao skos:hiddenLabel "AO"@en; skos:prefLabel "Portraits Bibliography. Indexes"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:aoa, classmark:aoc, classmark:aoe, classmark:aof, classmark:aog, classmark:aok, classmark:aol, classmark:aom, classmark:aon, classmark:aoo, classmark:aos, classmark:aot; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ap skos:hiddenLabel "AP"@en; skos:prefLabel "Genealogy Bibliography"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:apa, classmark:apb, classmark:apc, classmark:apd, classmark:apf, classmark:apg, classmark:aph, classmark:apk, classmark:apm, classmark:apn, classmark:apr, classmark:apv, classmark:apw, classmark:apy, classmark:apt, classmark:apz, classmark:apx; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ar skos:hiddenLabel "AR"@en; skos:prefLabel "Europe: Bibliography"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:ara, classmark:arb, classmark:arc, classmark:ard, classmark:arf, classmark:ark, classmark:arl, classmark:arm, classmark:arn, classmark:aro, classmark:arp, classmark:ars, classmark:art, classmark:arx, classmark:arz, classmark:aryc; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:as skos:hiddenLabel "AS"@en; skos:prefLabel "France: Bibliography"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:asa, classmark:asb, classmark:asc, classmark:asd, classmark:asf, classmark:asm, classmark:aso, classmark:asp, classmark:asta, classmark:asx, classmark:asy, classmark:asz; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:at skos:hiddenLabel "AT"@en; skos:prefLabel "Germany: Bibliography"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:ata, classmark:atb, classmark:atc, classmark:atf, classmark:ath, classmark:atia, classmark:atk, classmark:atl, classmark:atm, classmark:atna, classmark:ato, classmark:atp, classmark:atr, classmark:atw, classmark:aty, classmark:atz; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ava skos:hiddenLabel "AVA"@en; skos:prefLabel "Poland: Collective Genealogy"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:avai; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:avb skos:hiddenLabel "AVB"@en; skos:prefLabel "Sweden. Norway: Collective Genealogy"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:avbh, classmark:avbi; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:avc skos:hiddenLabel "AVC"@en; skos:prefLabel "Denmark: Collective Genealogy"@en; skos:note "Includes Iceland. "@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:avci; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:avd skos:hiddenLabel "AVD"@en; skos:prefLabel "Netherlands: Collective Genealogy"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:avdh, classmark:avdi; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:ave skos:hiddenLabel "AVE"@en; skos:prefLabel "Belgium: Collective Genealogy"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:aveh, classmark:avei; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:avf skos:hiddenLabel "AVF"@en; skos:prefLabel "Luxemburg (grand Duchy)"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:avg skos:hiddenLabel "AVG"@en; skos:prefLabel "Switzerland: Collective Genealogy"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:avgh, classmark:avgi; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:avh skos:hiddenLabel "AVH"@en; skos:prefLabel "Other Countries"@en; skos:note "(by country) "@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:avhh; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:avvh skos:hiddenLabel "AVVH"@en; skos:prefLabel "Unknown Classmark"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:aw skos:hiddenLabel "AW"@en; skos:prefLabel "Bibliography. History"@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:awa, classmark:awb, classmark:awd, classmark:awe, classmark:awg, classmark:awh, classmark:awi, classmark:awk, classmark:awn, classmark:awo, classmark:awp, classmark:awr, classmark:aws, classmark:awt; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classmark:az skos:hiddenLabel "AZ"@en; skos:prefLabel "Reserve Genealogy"@en; skos:note "Continental imprints through 1600, English imprints through 1640, American imprints through 1800, to *K classes. "@en; skos:broader classmark:a; skos:narrower classmark:aze, classmark:azz; skos:inScheme classification:billings; a skos:Concept. classification:billings a skos:ConceptScheme; skos:note "The Billings Classification is a subject classification developed by John Shaw Billings in 1899. It was not an abstract experiment in the mapping of human knowledge, but rather a system devised specifically for the optimum arrangement of the Library’s collections. Dr. Billings envisioned a layout for the building, and while his classification scheme was in fact a division of human intellectual achievement into various subject areas designated by letter codes varying in number (usually three), it was fashioned in such a way as to maximize access to the unique holdings of the Library. The planned physical space—how things would function—all played a role in the construction of his classification. The majority of the Billings classmarks are not longer in use, as NYPL began using a fixed order system in the 1950s."@en; skos:prefLabel "Billings"@en. classmark:ac1-8 skos:mappingRelation classmark:a. classmark:aa skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:ct93-206; "218"^^. classmark:ab skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:ct93-206; "1357"^^. classmark:ac skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:bx940-1745; "883"^^. classmark:ad skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:bx940-1745; "2079"^^. classmark:ae skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:bx940-1745; "1401"^^. classmark:af skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:z5051-7999; "952"^^. classmark:ag skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:ql671-699; "145"^^. classmark:ac1-8 skos:mappingRelation classmark:agh. classmark:ah skos:mappingRelation , , ; "4"^^. classmark:ak skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:bx940-1745; "264"^^. classmark:al skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:br500-1510; "1004"^^. classmark:am skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:hd1401-2210; "608"^^. classmark:an skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:ct210-3150; "44160"^^. classmark:ao skos:mappingRelation , classmark:ne1-978; "7"^^. classmark:ap skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:z5051-7999; "100"^^. classmark:ar "9"^^. classmark:as skos:mappingRelation classmark:cs42-2209; "7"^^. classmark:at skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cs42-2209; "18"^^. classmark:ava skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cs42-2209; "30"^^. classmark:avb skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cs42-2209; "101"^^. classmark:avc skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cs42-2209; "42"^^. classmark:avd skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cs42-2209; "100"^^. classmark:ave skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cs42-2209; "149"^^. classmark:avf skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cs42-2209; "3"^^. classmark:avg skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cs42-2209; "25"^^. classmark:avh skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cs42-2209; "419"^^. classmark:avvh skos:mappingRelation ; "3"^^. classmark:aw skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cr1-6305; "42"^^. classmark:az skos:mappingRelation , , classmark:cs42-2209; "438"^^. classmark:ac1-8 skos:mappingRelation classmark:bael, classmark:cba, classmark:ck, classmark:ii, classmark:io, classmark:iol, classmark:mebl, classmark:nbs, classmark:ndb, classmark:nvid, classmark:sba, classmark:vxc, classmark:xvc, classmark:zae, classmark:zgp, classmark:zgz, classmark:zh-iag, classmark:zhg, classmark:zi, classmark:zig, classmark:ziy, classmark:zkxd, classmark:zp, , , , , , , , , , , classmark:broadsides, classmark:pforz_a-ld, classmark:pforz_acc, classmark:pforz_ms, classmark:stuart; skos:hiddenLabel "AC1-8"@en; skos:prefLabel "American and English"@en; skos:inScheme classification:lccrange; a skos:Concept; skos:broader classmark:ac1-195; "138995"^^. classmark:aa skos:mappingRelation , ; "A dictionary is collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), with usage of information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, translation, and other information; or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon. It is a lexicographical product designed for utility/function, curated with selected data, and presented in a way that shows inter-relationships among the data.A broad distinction is made between general and specialized dictionaries. Specialized dictionaries do not contain information about words that are used in language for general purposes—words used by ordinary people in everyday situations. Lexical items that describe concepts in specific fields are usually called terms instead of words, although there is no consensus whether lexicology and terminology are two different fields of study. In theory, general dictionaries are supposed to be semasiological, mapping word to definition, while specialized dictionaries are supposed to be onomasiological, first identifying concepts and then establishing the terms used to designate them. In practice, the two approaches are used for both types. There are other types of dictionaries that don't fit neatly in the above distinction, for instance bilingual (translation) dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms (thesauri), or rhyming dictionaries. The word dictionary (unqualified) is usually understood to refer to a monolingual general-purpose dictionary.A different dimension on which dictionaries (usually just general-purpose ones) are sometimes distinguished is whether they are prescriptive or descriptive, the latter being in theory largely based on linguistic corpus studies—this is the case of most modern dictionaries. However, this distinction cannot be upheld in the strictest sense. The choice of headwords is considered itself of prescriptive nature; for instance, dictionaries avoid having too many taboo words in that position. Stylistic indications (e.g. ‘informal’ or ‘vulgar’) present in many modern dictionaries is considered less than objectively descriptive as well.Although the first recorded dictionaries date back to Sumerian times (these were bilingual dictionaries), the systematic study of dictionaries as objects of scientific interest themselves is a 20th-century enterprise, called lexicography, and largely initiated by Ladislav Zgusta. The birth of the new discipline was not without controversy, the practical dictionary-makers being sometimes accused by others of \"astonishing\" lack of method and critical-self reflection."@en; ; .
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