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A survey of power management techniques in mobile computing operating systems <s> I <s> Recent advances in hardware and communication technology have made mobile computing possible. It is expected, [BIV92], that in the near future, tens of millions of users will carry a portable computer with a wireless connection to a... | The motivation behind searching for and exploiting unique organization and access methods stems from the potential savings in power resulting from being able to wait for expected incoming data while in a "doze" mode BIB001 . When the mobile computer is receiving, it (its CPU) must be in the "active" mode. As was argued... |
Integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Sensor Technology: A Review of Current Developments and Future Outlooks <s> INTRODUCTION <s> Discover BIM: A better way to build better buildings. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a new approach to design, construction, and facility management in which a dig... | Building Information Modelling (BIM) has received much attention in academia and architecture/engineering construction sector BIB001 . BIM is defined by the US National BIM Standard as "A digital representation of physical and functional characteristics BIB001 Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of... |
Integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Sensor Technology: A Review of Current Developments and Future Outlooks <s> Integration Methods <s> Only very few constructed facilities today have a complete record of as-built information. Despite the growing use of Building Information Modelling and the improve... | This part is about how BIM can be integrated with sensor technology and mainly discussed three subthemes: what kind of sensor should be chosen; how the sensors should be arranged and distributed in the building; and how to integrate BIM with data collected from sensors, which includes data processing, analysis and pres... |
Integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Sensor Technology: A Review of Current Developments and Future Outlooks <s> Sustainable Building <s> Evaluating a building's performance usually requires a high number of sensors especially if individual rooms are analyzed. This paper introduces a simple and scala... | This theme is concerned with two parts: energy consumption and environment protection. Building energy consumption research focuses on energy monitoring and the establishment of a method to improve energy performance or save energy, while environmental protection research concerns about saving resources and carbon emis... |
Integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Sensor Technology: A Review of Current Developments and Future Outlooks <s> Site Management <s> Abstract Tower crane operators often operate a tower crane with blind spots. To solve this problem, video camera systems and anti-collision systems are often deployed. ... | This theme includes many aspects, such as operation of site equipment, monitoring site environment, site security management and construction quality management. Various types of sensor are used in site management because it involves many aspects. Alizadehsalehia and Yitmen conducted a survey of construction companies... |
Integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Sensor Technology: A Review of Current Developments and Future Outlooks <s> Operation and Maintenance <s> This paper presents results of the first phase of the research project ''Serious Human Rescue Game'' at Technische Universitat Darmstadt. It presents a new se... | This direction includes many aspects, such as indoor environment monitoring and conditioning, user experience optimisation, emergency management and facility management. Marzouk and Abdelaty BIB002 used WSN to collect PM10, PM2.5, temperature and humidity data and proposed a global ranking system integrated with BIM to... |
Integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Sensor Technology: A Review of Current Developments and Future Outlooks <s> Structural Health Monitoring <s> AbstractBuilding information modelling (BIM) represents the process of development and use of a computer generated model to simulate the planning, design, ... | This theme is concerned about the monitoring of mechanics situation of structures and the discovery of structure defects. Structural defect can be divided into two types: structural partial defect, such as crack and over deflection of concrete elements, and structural integral defect, such as poor verticality and flatn... |
Integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Sensor Technology: A Review of Current Developments and Future Outlooks <s> Positioning and Tracing <s> The purposes of this research are to develop and evaluate a framework that utilizes the integration of commercially-available Radio Frequency Identification (RF... | This direction is to develop a method to locate or trace facilities or people inside a building by using sensors. Positioning and tracing can be applied in many occasions, such as emergency management, site security management, user experience optimization and facility management. Costin et al. BIB001 put forward that ... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Methodological Background <s> This book primarily discusses issues related to the mining aspects of data streams and it is unique in its primary focus on the subject. This volume covers mining aspects of data streams comprehe... | In this section, we introduce the basics of stream clustering. Most importantly, we describe how data streams are typically aggregated and how algorithms adapt to changes over time. For a consistent notation, we denote vectors by boldface symbols and formally define a data stream as an infinite sequence X = (x 1 , x 1 ... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Time Window Models <s> Consider the problem of monitoring tens of thousands of time series data streams in an online fashion and making decisions based on them. In addition to single stream statistics such as average and stan... | As shown in our eye tracking example, the underlying distribution of the stream will often change over time. This is also known as drift or concept-shift. To handle this, algorithms can employ time window models. This approach aims to 'forget' older data to avoid that historic data is biasing the analysis to outdated p... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Clustering Feature <s> Finding useful patterns in large datasets has attracted considerable interest recently, and one of the most widely studied problems in this area is the identification of clusters, or densely populated r... | BIRCH (Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies) BIB001 BIB002 is one of the earliest algorithms applicable to stream clustering. It reduces the information maintained about a cluster to only a few summary statistics stored in a so called Clustering Feature (CF). The CF consists of three components:... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Extended Clustering Feature <s> Recently, the continuously arriving and evolving data stream has become a common phenomenon in many fields, such as sensor networks, web click stream and internet traffic flow. One of the most ... | CluStream ] extends the CF from BIRCH which allows to perform clustering over different time-horizons rather than the entire data stream. The extended CF is defined as (LS, SS, LS (t) , SS (t) , n), where LS (t) and SS (t) are the linear and squared sum of all timestamps of a cluster. The online algorithm is initializ... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Time-Faded Clustering Feature <s> Clustering algorithms are attractive for the task of class identification in spatial databases. However, the application to large spatial databases rises the following requirements for cluste... | DenStream ] presents a temporal extension of the CFs from BIRCH. It maintains two types of clusters: Potential core micro-clusters are stable structures that are denoted using a time-faded CF LS (ω) , SS (ω) , n (ω) . The superscript (ω) denotes that each entry of the CF is decayed over time using a decay function ω(∆... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> E-Stream <s> Clustering streaming data requires algorithms which are capable of updating clustering results for the incoming data. As data is constantly arriving, time for processing is limited. Clustering has to be performed... | HUE-Stream BIB003 is an extension of E-Stream which also supports categorical data and can also handle uncertain data streams. To model uncertainty, each observation is assumed to follow a probability distribution. In this case, the vectors of linear and squared sum become the sum of expectation, faded over time. ClusT... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Medoids <s> The k-means method is a widely used clustering technique that seeks to minimize the average squared distance between points in the same cluster. Although it offers no accuracy guarantees, its simplicity and speed ... | An alternative to storing Clustering Features is to maintain medoids of clusters, i.e., representatives. RepStream BIB002 BIB003 , for example, incrementally updates a graph of nearest neighbors to identify suitable cluster representatives. New observations are inserted as a new node in the graph and edges are inserted... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Centroids <s> Streaming data analysis has recently attracted attention in numerous applications including telephone records, Web documents and click streams. For such analysis, single-pass algorithms that consume a small amou... | A simpler approach to maintain clusters is to store their centroids directly. However, this makes it generally more difficult to update clusters over time. As an example, STREAM BIB001 BIB002 ] only stores the centroids of k clusters. Its core idea is to treat the k-Median clustering problem as a facility planning prob... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Competitive Learning <s> Clustering algorithms are attractive for the task of class identification in spatial databases. However, the application to large spatial databases rises the following requirements for clustering algo... | More recently, algorithms also use competitive learning strategies in order to adapt the centroids of clusters over time. This is inspired by Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) BIB002 where clusters compete to represent an observation, typically by moving cluster centers towards new observations based on their proximity. SOSt... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Summary <s> This work contains a theoretical study and computer simulations of a new self-organizing process. The principal discovery is that in a simple network of adaptive physical elements which receives signals from a pri... | Distance-based algorithms are by far the most common and popular approaches in stream clustering. They allow to create accurate summaries of the entire stream with rather simple insertion rules. Since it is infeasible to store all observations within the clusters, distance-based algorithms usually summarize the observa... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> D-Stream <s> In the field of data stream analysis,conventional methods seem not quite useful.Because neither they can adapt to the dynamic environment of data stream,nor the mining models and results can meet users' needs.A g... | In BIB002 , the authors extended their concept by a measure of attraction that incorporates positional information of data within a grid-cell. This variant only merges neighboring cells if they share many points at the cell border. BIB001 ] is a small extension on how to handle points that lie exactly on the grid bound... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> DD-Stream <s> Clustering is a widely used knowledge discovery technique. It helps uncovering structures in data that were not previously known. The clustering of large data sets has received a lot of attention in recent years... | ExCC BIB002 (Exclusive and Complete Clustering) constructs a grid where the number of cells and grid boundaries are chosen by the user. This allows to handle categorical data, where the number of cells is chosen to be equal to the number of attribute levels. Clusters are identified as neighboring dense cells. Cells of... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Recursive Partitioning <s> A data stream is a massive unbounded sequence of data elements continuously generated at a rapid rate. Due to this reason, most algorithms for data streams sacrifice the correctness of their results... | Stats-Grid BIB001 is an early algorithm which recursively partitions grid-cells. The algorithm begins by splitting the data into grid-cells of fixed size. Each cell maintains its density, mean and standard deviation. The algorithm then recursively partitions grid-cells until cells become sufficiently small unit cells. ... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Hybrid Grid-Approaches <s> Clustering algorithms are attractive for the task of class identification in spatial databases. However, the application to large spatial databases rises the following requirements for clustering al... | HDCStream (hybrid density-based clustering for data stream) first combined grid-based algorithms with the concept of distancebased algorithms. In particular, it maintains a grid where dense cells can be promoted to become micro-clusters as known from distanced-based algorithms (see Section 4). Each observation in the ... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Projected Approaches <s> Many clustering algorithms tend to break down in high-dimensional feature spaces, because the clusters often exist only in specific subspaces (attribute subsets) of the original feature space. Therefo... | A special category of stream clustering algorithms deals with high dimensional data streams. These types of algorithms address the curse of dimensionality , i.e., the problem that almost all points have an equal distance in very high dimensional space. In such scenarios, clusters are defined Offline Clustering HPStrea... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Application and Software <s> The data stream model has recently attracted attention for its applicability to numerous types of data, including telephone records, Web documents, and clickstreams. For analysis of such data, the... | An increasing number of physical devices these days is interconnected. This trend is generally described as the Internet of Things (IoT) where every-day devices are collecting and exchanging data. Popular examples of this are Smart Refrigerators that remind you to restock or Smart Home devices such as thermostats, lock... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Software <s> The data stream model has recently attracted attention for its applicability to numerous types of data, including telephone records, Web documents, and clickstreams. For analysis of such data, the ability to proc... | An important aspect to apply stream clustering in practice is available software and tools. In general, availability of stream clustering implementations is rather scarce and only the most prominent algorithms are available. Only few authors provide reference implementations for their algorithms. As an example, C, C++ ... |
Optimizing Data Stream Representation: An Extensive Survey on Stream Clustering Algorithms <s> Algorithm Configuration <s> Data streams have recently attracted attention for their applicability to numerous domains including credit fraud detection, network intrusion detection, and click streams. Stream clustering is a t... | Streaming data in general pose considerable challenges for respective algorithms, especially due to the requirement of real-time capability, the high probability of non-stationary data and the lack of availability of the original data over time. Moreover, many clustering approaches in general require standardized data... |
Computer Science and Game Theory: A Brief Survey <s> Introduction <s> Over the past fifty years, researchers in Theoretical Computer Science have sought and achieved a productive foundational understanding of the von Neumann computer and its software, employing the mathematical tools of Logic and Combinatorics. The nex... | There has been a remarkable increase in work at the interface of computer science and game theory in the past decade. Game theory forms a significant component of some major computer science conferences (see, for example, [Kearns and Reiter 2005; Sandholm and Yakoo 2003] ); leading computer scientists are often invited... |
Computer Science and Game Theory: A Brief Survey <s> Complexity Considerations <s> One may define a concept of an n -person game in which each player has a finite set of pure strategies and in which a definite set of payments to the n players corresponds to each n -tuple of pure strategies, one strategy being taken for... | The influence of computer science in game theory has perhaps been most strongly felt through complexity theory. I consider some of the strands of this research here. There are a numerous basic texts on complexity theory that the reader can consult for more background on notions like NP-completeness and finite automata,... |
Computer Science and Game Theory: A Brief Survey <s> Algorithmic Mechanism Design: <s> This paper analyzes the problem of inducing the members of an organization to behave as if they formed a team. Considered is a conglomerate-type organization consisting of a set of semi-autonomous subunits that are coordinated by the... | The problem of mechanism design is to design a game such that the agents playing the game, motivated only by self-interest, achieve the designer's goals. This problem has much in common with the standard computer science problem of designing protocols that satisfy certain specifications (for example, designing a distri... |
Computer Science and Game Theory: A Brief Survey <s> The Price of Anarchy <s> In a system in which noncooperative agents share a common resource, we propose the ratio between the worst possible Nash equilibrium and the social optimum as a measure of the effectiveness of the system. Deriving upper and lower bounds for t... | In a computer system, there are situations where we may have a choice between invoking a centralized solution to a problem or a decentralized solution. By "centralized" here, I mean that each agent in the system is told exactly what to do and must do so; in the decentralized solution, each agent tries to optimize his o... |
Computer Science and Game Theory: A Brief Survey <s> Game Theory and Distributed Computing <s> The problem addressed here concerns a set of isolated processors, some unknown subset of which may be faulty, that communicate only by means of two-party messages. Each nonfaulty processor has a private value of information t... | Distributed computing and game theory are interested in much the same problems: dealing with systems where there are many agents, facing uncertainty, and having possibly different goals. In practice, however, there has been a significant difference in emphasis in the two areas. In distributed computing, the focus has b... |
Computer Science and Game Theory: A Brief Survey <s> Implementing Mediators <s> We characterize the set of agreements that the players of a non-cooperative game may reach when they have the opportunity to communicate prior to play. We show that communication allows the players to correlate their actions. Therefore, we ... | The question of whether a problem in a multiagent system that can be solved with a trusted mediator can be solved by just the agents in the system, without the mediator, has attracted a great deal of attention in both computer science (particularly in the cryptography community) and game theory. In cryptography, the fo... |
Computer Science and Game Theory: A Brief Survey <s> Definition 3 A joint strategy σ is t-immune if, for all T ⊆ N with |T | ≤ t, all joint strategies τ , and all <s> Secure function evaluation (SFE) enables a group of players, by themselves, to evaluate a function on private inputs as securely as if a trusted third pa... | The notion of t-immunity and k-resilience address different concerns. For t immunity, we consider the payoffs of the players not in C; for resilience, we consider the payoffs of players in C. It is natural to combine both notions. Given a game Γ, let Γ T τ be the game that is identical to Γ except that the players in T... |
Computer Science and Game Theory: A Brief Survey <s> Other Topics <s> Several new logics for belief and knowledge are introduced and studied, all of which have the property that agents are not logically omniscient. In particular, in these logics, the set of beliefs of an agent does not necessarily contain all valid for... | There are many more areas of interaction between computer science than I have indicated in this brief survey. I briefly mention a few others here: • Interactive epistemology: Since the publication of BIB013 seminal paper, there has been a great deal of activity in trying to understand the role of knowledge in games, an... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Introduction <s> This invention pertains to the performance of a microroutine in accordance with a program being run on a processor having user's instructions in main memory. External devices having discrete device numbers cause interrupt signals to be transmitted to... | Internet-scale distributed systems often replicate data at multiple geographic locations to provide low latency and high availability, despite node and network failures. Some systems BIB007 BIB008 BIB012 BIB009 75, BIB013 adopt strong consistency models, where the execution of an operation needs to involve coordination... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Concurrency semantics <s> The concept of one event happening before another in a distributed system is examined, and is shown to define a partial ordering of the events. A distributed algorithm is given for synchronizing a system of logical clocks which can be used t... | An abstract data type (or simply data type) defines a set of operations, that can be classified in queries, when they have no influence in the result of subsequent operations, and updates, when their execution may influence the result of subsequent operations. In an implementation of a data type, a query will not modif... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> List / sequence <s> Rd-time group editors dow a group of users to view and edit, the same document at the same time horn geograpbicdy di.~ersed sites connected by communication networks. Consistency maintenance is one of the most si@cant &alwiges in the design and im... | A list (or sequence) data type maintains an ordered collection of elements, and exports two updates: (i) ins(i, e), for inserting element e in the position i, shifting element in position i, if any, and subsequent elements to the right; and (ii) rmv(i), for removing element in the position i, if any, and shifting subse... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Map of CRDTs: <s> Conflict-Free Replicated Data-Types (CRDTs) [6] provide greater safety properties to eventually-consistent distributed systems without requiring synchronization. CRDTs ensure that concurrent, uncoordinated updates have deterministic outcomes via the... | A more interesting case is to allow to associate a key with a CRDT (we call such CRDT, an embedded CRDT 4 ). In this case, besides the put and remove updates, we must consider the fact that some updates update the state of the embedded CRDT -we refer to these updates generically as upd(k, op). Using this formulation, w... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Other CRDTs <s> Replicating data under Eventual Consistency (EC) allows any replica to accept updates without remote synchronisation. This ensures performance and scalability in large-scale distributed systems (e.g., clouds). However, published EC approaches are ad-h... | A number of other CRDTs have been proposed in literature, including CRDTs for elementary data structures, such as Graphs BIB001 , and more complex structures, such as JSON documents BIB002 . For each of these CRDTs, the developers have defined and implemented a type specific concurrency semantics. |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Discussion <s> A concurrent object is a data object shared by concurrent processes. Linearizability is a correctness condition for concurrent objects that exploits the semantics of abstract data types. It permits a high degree of concurrency, yet it permits programme... | We now discuss several aspects related to the properties of concurrency semantics, and how they related with the semantics under sequential execution. Preservation of sequential semantics: When modeling an abstract data type that has an established semantics under sequential execution, CRDTs should preserve that semant... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Stability of arbitration: <s> Collaborative text editing systems allow users to concurrently edit a shared document, inserting and deleting elements (e.g., characters or lines). There are a number of protocols for collaborative text editing, but so far there has been... | The concurrency semantics often includes arbitrating between concurrent updates, in which one update is given priority over some other, which will have no influence in determining the state of the object -we call these updates cast-off updates. For example, in the add-wins set, an add update is given priority over conc... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Encapsulating invariant preservation <s> A method is presented for permitting record updates by long-lived transactions without forbidding simultaneous access by other users to records modified. Earlier methods presented separately by Gawlick and Reuter are comparabl... | CRDTs encapsulate the merge of concurrent updates, making complex concurrency semantics available to any application programmer. As mentioned in the introduction, some applications require global invariants to be maintained for correctness. The CRDTs discussed in Section 2.1 are unable to enforce such global invariants... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Transactions and other programming models <s> We describe the design and implementation of Walter, a key-value store that supports transactions and replicates data across distant sites. A key feature behind Walter is a new property called Parallel Snapshot Isolation ... | CRDTs have been used in several storage systems that provide different forms of transactions. SwiftCloud BIB002 and Antidote BIB005 provide a weak form of transactions that is highly available and never abort, with reads observing a snapshot of the database and concurrent writes being merged using CRDT's defined concu... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> State-based synchronization <s> This invention pertains to the performance of a microroutine in accordance with a program being run on a processor having user's instructions in main memory. External devices having discrete device numbers cause interrupt signals to be... | In state-based synchronization, replicas synchronize by establishing bi-directional (or unidirectional) synchronization sessions, where both (one, resp.) replicas send their state to a peer replica. When a replica receives the state of a peer, it merges the received state with its local state. CRDTs designed for state-... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Operation-based synchronization <s> A broadcast protocol system which uses a plurality of distributed computers which are electrically connected by a broadcast medium. Each message is broadcast to all computers with a header in which there is a message identifier con... | In operation-based synchronization, replicas converge by propagating updates to every other replica. When an update is received in a replica, it is applied to the local replica state. Besides requiring that every update operation is reliably delivered to all replicas, some CRDT designs require updates to be delivered a... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Alternative synchronization models <s> Disconnected operation is a mode of operation that enables a client to continue accessing critical data during temporary failures of a shared data repository. An important, though not exclusive, application of disconnected opera... | Delta-based synchronization: When comparing state-based and operation-based synchronization, a simple observation is that if an update only modifies part of the state, propagating the complete state for synchronization to a remote replica is inefficient, as the remote replica already knows most of the state. On the oth... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Applications <s> We describe the design and implementation of Walter, a key-value store that supports transactions and replicates data across distant sites. A key feature behind Walter is a new property called Parallel Snapshot Isolation (PSI). PSI allows Walter to r... | CRDTs have been used in a large number of distributed systems and applications that adopt weak consistency models. The adoption of CRDTs simplifies the development of these systems and applications, as CRDTs guarantee that replicas converge to the same state when all updates are propagated to all replicas. We can group... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> CRDTs and transactions <s> We describe the design and implementation of Walter, a key-value store that supports transactions and replicates data across distant sites. A key feature behind Walter is a new property called Parallel Snapshot Isolation (PSI). PSI allows W... | As mentioned in Section 2.3.3, some database systems include support for weak forms of transactions that execute queries and updates in CRDTs. A number of transactional protocols have been proposed in literature BIB002 BIB005 BIB001 . The use of CRDTs in these transactional protocols raises two main challenges. First, ... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Support for large objects <s> Geo-replicated, distributed data stores that support complex online applications, such as social networks, must provide an "always-on" experience where operations always complete with low latency. Today's systems often sacrifice strong c... | Creating CRDTs that can be used for storing complex application data may simplify application development, but it can lead to performance problems as the system needs to handle these potentially large data objects. This problem occurs both in the servers, as a small update to a large object may lead to loading and stor... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Techniques for designing CRDTs <s> Eventual consistency aims to ensure that replicas of some mutable shared object converge without foreground synchronisation. Previous approaches to eventual consistency are ad-hoc and error-prone. We study a principled approach: to ... | As shown by Burckhardt et. al. BIB002 , a CRDT can be specified by relying on: (i) the full history of updates executed; (ii) the happens-before relation among updates; and (iii) an arbitration relation among updates (when necessary). A query can be specified as a function that uses this information and the value of pa... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> 12: <s> The design and correctness of a communication facility for a distributed computer system are reported on. The facility provides support for fault-tolerant process groups in the form of a family of reliable multicast protocols that can be used in both local- a... | effector (element e, set uids) BIB002 : Summaries of unique identifiers: For the design of state-based CRDTs, the life-cycle of unique identifiers has a problem: it is impossible to distinguish between the not created and deleted states. Thus, it is not clear what to do when merging two replicas that differ only by the... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Algorithm 5 <s> A Commutative Replicated Data Type (CRDT) is one where all concurrent operations commute. The replicas of a CRDT converge automatically, without complex concurrency control. This paper describes Treedoc, a novel CRDT design for cooperative text editin... | State-based Add-wins Set CRDT (adapted from ) ⊲ S: set of pairs (element e, (timestamp t, rep_id r)); initial value: ∅ 3: ⊲ vv: summary of observed unique ids; for any id, the initial value is 0 4: query lookup (element e) : boolean 5: return (∃(e, u) ∈ S) 6: update add (element e) 7: let r = getReplicaID () ⊲ Element... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Space complexity of CRDTs <s> Many distributed systems for wide-area networks can be built conveniently, and operate efficiently and correctly, using a weak consistency group communication mechanism. This mechanism organizes a set of principals into a single logical ... | The space complexity of a CRDT depends on the data stored in each moment, on the data structures used and on the metadata stored. Some old CRDT designs (mostly for state-based synchronization) stored tombstones for removed data, which would make the amount of data stored to be larger (and sometimes much larger) than th... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Reversible computation <s> Peer-to-peer systems provide scalable content distribution for cheap and resist to censorship attempts. However, P2P networks mainly distribute immutable content and provide poor support for highly dynamic content such as produced by collab... | Non trivial Internet services require the composition of multiple sub-systems, to provide storage, data dissemination, event notification, monitoring and other needed components. When composing sub-systems, that can fail independently or simply reject some operations, it is useful to provide a CRDT interface that undoe... |
Conflict-free Replicated Data Types: An Overview <s> Verification <s> Geographically distributed systems often rely on replicated eventually consistent data stores to achieve availability and performance. To resolve conflicting updates at different replicas, researchers and practitioners have proposed specialized consi... | An important aspect related with the development of distributed systems that use CRDTs is the verification of the correctness of the system. This involves not only verifying the correctness of CRDT designs, but also the correctness of the system that uses CRDTs. A number of works have addressed these issues. Regarding ... |
Ordering based decision making - A survey <s> Introduction <s> Abstract This survey points out recent advances in multiple attribute decision making methods dealing with fuzzy or ill-defined information. Fuzzy MAUT as well as fuzzy outranking methods are reviewed. Aggregation procedures, choice problems and treatment o... | Decision making is the final and crucial step in many real applications such as organization management, financial planning, products evaluation, risk assessment and recommendation, which, in many cases, can be seen as the process for choosing the most appropriate one among a set of alternatives under provided criteria... |
Ordering based decision making - A survey <s> Example 1. <s> Formal theories and rational choice methods have become increasingly prominent in most social sciences in the past few decades. Proponents of formal theoretical approaches argue that these methods are more scientific and sophisticated than other approaches, a... | (My dinner I) Consider a simple example shown in Fig. 1 that expresses my preference over dinner configurations, where S and W stand for the soup and wine respectively. An arrow going from alternative x i to x j indicates that x i is preferred to x j . The figure shows that I strictly prefer fish soup (S f ) to vegetab... |
Ordering based decision making - A survey <s> Representation of Ordinal Qualitative Information <s> This paper continues our investigation on hedge albebras (6). We extend hedge algebras by two additional operations corresponding to infimum and supremum of the so-called concept category of an element x, i.e. the set wh... | Qualitative information is frequently used in the area of decision-making, such as judgments/opinions from experts. Human beings always give their judgments/opinions about things using natural language (linguistic terms). Linguistic terms, not like numerical ones whose value are crisp numbers, are always vague and impr... |
Ordering based decision making - A survey <s> Preference Based Decision Making <s> A multiperson decision-making problem, where the information about the alternatives provided by the experts can be presented by means of diAerent preference representation structures (preference orderings, utility functions and multiplic... | Preference from the experts is the most commonly used ordinal information in real world decision making problems. Examples include risk aversion in economics and finance BIB007 , quality assessment of service, food or textile products , dance competition adjudication, meta-search engine whose goal is to combine the pr... |
Ordering based decision making - A survey <s> Decision making based on preference relations <s> Abstract : The book presents a concise yet mathematically complete treatment of modern utility theories that covers nonprobabilistic preference theory, the von Neumann-Morgenstern expected-utility theory and its extensions, ... | Preference relations, generated from pairwise comparison of alternatives, are widely used to model experts' preferences in real decision-making problems. A preference relation R is usually modelled by a preference structure, a triplet (P, I, J) of three binary relations: strict preference, indifference or incomparabili... |
Ordering based decision making - A survey <s> Decision making with Preference ordering <s> Originally published in 1951, Social Choice and Individual Values introduced "Arrow's Impossibility Theorem" and founded the field of social choice theory in economics and political science. This new edition, including a new fore... | Many decision making applications, especially in socio-economic areas, are to order alternatives based preference, which is to rank alternatives by a group of people based on each member's preference on subsets of the alternatives . Many of these approaches have been applied to Social Choice area, which blends elemen... |
Ordering based decision making - A survey <s> Logic Based Decision Making <s> In a decision making context, multiple choices of actions are usually offered to solve a particular problem. Consequently, the question of preferences among the actions will occur. The ordering of recommended actions by preference is made by ... | Logic is the foundation and standard for justifying or evaluating the soundness and consistency of the methods, including decision making methods BIB004 . In order to establish the rational reasoning approaches and intelligent support system to deal with both totally ordered information and non-totally ordered informat... |
Ordering based decision making - A survey <s> Conclusions and Perspectives <s> We extend the Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) formalism in order to handle semiring-based constraints. This allows us to perform in the same language both constraint solving and optimization. In fact, constraints based on semirings are ab... | Ordinal information is usually involved in the process of decision making such as ordinal attributes and preference relations, and always appears as qualitative and partially ordered. Ordering based decision making, usually on how to rank alternatives based on given ordering information, is drawing much attention recen... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> INTRODUCTION <s> The main purpose of the research reported here is to show that a new and more powerful type of computer-assisted instruction (CAI), based on extensive application of artificial-intelligence (AI) techniques, is ... | From the earliest days, computers have been employed in a variety of areas to help society, including education. The computer was first introduced to the field of education in the 1970s under the aegis of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI). Efforts at using computers in education were presented by Carbonel in the 1970... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> RELATED SURVEY PAPERS <s> Abstract : In this paper, we address many aspects of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) in our search for answers to the following main questions; (a) What are the precursors of ITS? (b) What does the ... | The field of ITS has a long history of productive research and continues to grow. There have been a number of well known surveys to keep researchers, new and old, updated. In this section, we will list these surveys with a few key points about each. These surveys can be divided into two main categories. The first categ... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> HUMAN TUTORS VS. COMPUTER TUTORS <s> T w o University of Chicago doctoral students in education, Anania (1982, 1983) and Burke (1984), completed dissertations in which they compared student learning under the following three co... | A number of studies have shown the effectiveness of one-on-one human tutors [18] BIB001 . When students struggle with difficulties in understanding concepts or exercises, the most effective choice is to seek a one-on-one tutor. There are a variety of features that human tutors are able to provide to students. Good hum... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> EFFECTIVENESS OF ITS <s> T w o University of Chicago doctoral students in education, Anania (1982, 1983) and Burke (1984), completed dissertations in which they compared student learning under the following three conditions of ... | An important question to answer is whether or not ITSs are really effective in providing the learning outcomes they claim to obtain. There have been a number of meta-analysis efforts to investigate the effectiveness of ITSs. The following present a few recent such efforts with their findings to answer the question. A m... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> ARCHITECTURE OF ITS <s> Tutoring systems are described as having two loops. The outer loop executes once for each task, where a task usually consists of solving a complex, multi-step problem. The inner loop executes once for ea... | ITSs vary greatly in architecture. It is very rare to find two ITSs based on the same architecture. There are three types of knowledge that ITSs possess: knowledge about the content that will be taught, knowledge about the student, and knowledge about teaching strategies. Additionally, an ITS needs to have communicatio... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Domain Model <s> Numerous approaches to student modeling have been proposed since the inception of the field more than three decades ago. What the field is lacking completely is comparative analyses of different student modelin... | The expert knowledge, the domain expert, or the expert model, represents the facts, concepts, problem solving strategies, and rules of the particular domain to be taught, and provides ITSs with the knowledge of what they are teaching. The material and detailed knowledge are usually derived from experts who have years o... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Constraint based Model (CBM) <s> Model tracing and constraint-based modeling are two prominent paradigms on which intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) have been based. We Kodaganallur, Weitz and Rosenthal (2005), have written a ... | . Constraint based modeling was proposed by Ohlson in 1992 to overcome difficulties in building the student model BIB002 . Since then, CBM has been used widely in numerous ITSs to represent instructional domains, students' knowledge and higher level skills. CBM is based on Ohlson's theory of learning using performance ... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Student Model <s> This is a non-expert overview of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs), a way in which Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are being applied to education. It introduces ITSs and the motivation for them. It l... | It would be difficult for an ITS to succeed without some understanding of the user. The student model represents the knowledge and skills of the student dynamically. Just as domain knowledge must be explicitly represented so that it can be communicated, the student model must also be represented likewise. Ideally, the ... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Stereotypes Model. <s> Decision makers are often faced with several conflicting alternatives [1]. How do they evaluate trade-offs when there are more than three criteria? To help people make optimal decisions, scholars in the d... | Another widely used approach for student modeling is in terms of stereotypes. The stereotypes approach in student modeling began with a system called GRUNDY by Rich BIB003 . According to Rich, "A stereotype represents a collection of attributes that often co-occur in people. They enable the system to make a large numbe... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Tutor Model <s> We present an evaluation of various kinds of feedback in SQL-Tutor. Our initial hypothesis was that low-level feedback, containing all the details of a correct solution would be contra-productive, and that high-... | An ITS provides personalized feedback to an individual student based upon the traits that are stored in the student model. The tutor model or the pedagogical module, as it is alternatively called, is the driving engine for the whole system . This model performs several tasks in order to behave like a human-like tutor ... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Tutorial Dialog in Natural <s> CIRCSIM-Tutor version 2, a dialogue-based intelligent tutoring system (ITS), is nearly five years old. It conducts a conversation with a student to help the student learn to solve a class of probl... | Language. Human tutors use conversational dialogs during tutoring to deliver instructions. Early ITSs were not able to provide the use of natural language, discourse, or dialog based instruction. However, many modern ITSs use natural language . The aim of this sub-section is to present how tutorial dialog techniques c... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Hint <s> CIRCSIM-Tutor version 2, a dialogue-based intelligent tutoring system (ITS), is nearly five years old. It conducts a conversation with a student to help the student learn to solve a class of problems in cardiovascular ... | Remind the student ("Remember that.... "). Acknowledge 4 possible cases (see below). responsible for constructing and generating coherent dialogues while CARMEL understands and analyzes student's answers. Another conversational ITS is DeepTutor, an ITS developed for the domain of Newtonian physics BIB003 . A framework ... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Spoken Dialogue. <s> Abstract This paper describes an empirical study of man-computer speech interaction. The goals of the experiment were to find out how people would communicate with a real-time, speaker-independent continuou... | It is well-known that the best human tutors are more effective than the best computer tutors BIB003 . The main difference between human and computer tutors is the fact that human tutors predominantly use spoken natural language when interacting with learners. This raises the question of whether making the interaction m... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Affective Tutoring System <s> ABSTRACT In this paper, we report on our efforts in developing affective character-based interfaces, i.e., interfaces that recognize and measure affective information of the user and address user a... | Affective Tutoring Systems (ATS) are ITSs that can recognize human emotions (sad, happy, frustrated, motivated, etc.) in different ways BIB003 . It is important to incorporate the emotions of students in the learning process because recent learning theories have established a link between emotions and learning, with th... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Cultural Awareness in Education <s> As information and communication technology access expands in the developing world, learning technologies have the opportunity to play a growing role to enhance and supplement strained educat... | In recent years, special attention is being paid to the issues that arise in the context of delivering education in a globalized society BIB004 . Researchers in the field of ITS and learning technologies are increasingly concerned about how learning technology systems can be adapted across a diversity of cultures. Nye ... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Game-based Tutoring Systems <s> The authors investigated whether guidance and reflection would facilitate science learning in an interactive multimedia game. College students learned how to design plants to survive in different... | The novelty of an ITS and its interactive components is quite engaging when they are used for short periods of time (e.g., hours), but can be monotonous and even annoying when a student is Fig. 4 . Math-learning Environment with Game-like Elements required to interact with an ITS for weeks or months . The underlying ... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Adaptive Intelligent Web Based Educational System (AIWBES) <s> Adaptivity is a particular functionality of hypermedia that may be applied through a variety of methods in computer-based learning environments used in educational ... | Adaptive Intelligent Web Based Educational Systems (AIWBES) or adaptive hypermedia provide an alternative to the traditional, just-put-it-on-the-web approach in the development of web based educational courseware. An AIWBES provides adaptivity in terms of goals, preferences, and knowledge of individual students during ... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Collaborative Learning <s> This study quantitatively synthesized the empirical research on the effects of social context (i.e., small group versus individual learning) when students learn using computer technology. In total, 48... | Current educational research suggests collaborative learning or group-based learning increases the learning performance of a group as well as individual learning outcomes BIB005 BIB001 . In a collaborative learning environment, students learn in groups via interactions with each other by asking questions, explaining an... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Data Mining in ITSs <s> This paper describes the integration of robot path-planning and spatial task modeling into a software system that teaches the operation of a robot manipulator deployed on International Space Station (ISS... | Data mining or knowledge discovery in databases as it is alternatively called, is the process of analyzing large amounts of data for the purpose of extracting and discovering useful information BIB006 . Data mining has been used in the field of ITSs for many different purposes. For instance, it has been used to identif... |
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Comprehensive Historical Survey with Recent Developments <s> Authoring Tools <s> The current generation of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) have successfully produced learning gains without the use of natural language technology, but the goal for the next generation is to add natural l... | ITS researcher teams have been interested in simplifying the building process for ITSs by making authoring of ITSs more accessible and affordable to designers and teachers. Authoring tools in the domain of ITSs can be categorized in different dimensions such as tools that require programming skills and those that do no... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> IV. TRADITIONAL APPROACHES <s> Abstract This paper describes the design and implementation of an expert system for personal computer repair and maintenance (ESPCRM). Based on the Personal Consultant Plus 4.0 expert system shell, ESPCRM pro... | A. Rule-Based Systems 1) Approach: Rule-based diagnostic systems represent the experience of skilled diagnosticians in the form of rules which generally take the form "IF symptom(s) THEN fault(s)." Representing the knowledge for a particular problem domain, may require hundreds, or even thousands of rules. Rule-based i... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> 1) Approach: <s> Abstract We describe a system that reasons from first principles, i.e., using knowledge of structure and behavior. The system has been implemented and tested on several examples in the domain of troubleshooting digital ele... | Historically, this has been the most commonly used method for documenting fault diagnosis procedures. A fault tree uses symptom(s) or test results as its starting point, followed by a branching decision tree, consisting of actions, decisions, and finally repair recommendations. Fig. 1 shows a simple example. 2) Applica... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> V. MODEL-BASED APPROACHES <s> To date, test and diagnosis has been domain knowledge driven. However, as system complexity grows and we strive to develop reusable components, the concept of encapsulation becomes increasingly important. Enca... | Over the last 15 years, models have superseded rule-based techniques, as one of the premier research directions for intelligent systems diagnosis. A model is an approximate representation of the actual system being diagnosed. Model-based diagnosis involves using the model to predict faults using observations and inform... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> B. Causal Models 1) Approach: <s> The issue of how to effectively integrate and use symbolic causal knowledge with numeric estimates of probabilities in abductive diagnostic expert systems is examined. In particular, a formal probabilistic... | A causal model is a directed graph where the nodes represent the variables of the modeled system and the links represent the relationships or associations between the variables. For example, in a diagnostic model, the variables often represent the symptoms and the faults, and the links represent the symptom-fault assoc... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> 2) Applications: <s> Research efforts to implement a Bayesian belief-network-based expert system to solve a real-world diagnostic problem-the diagnosis of integrated circuit (IC) testing machines-are described. The development of several m... | In BIB001 , a Bayesian network is applied to the diagnosis of an integrated circuit tester. The knowledge of a domain expert regarding the probability of different tester failure modes is represented as a Bayesian network. According to BIB002 , rule-based systems are more prevalent than model-based approaches in indust... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> D. Diagnostic Inference Model 1) Approach: <s> In diagnosing a failed system, a smart technician would choose tests to be performed based on the context of the situation. Currently, test program sets do not fault-. isolate within the conte... | The diagnostic inference model BIB002 , , performs diagnosis by representing the problem to be solved via the flow of diagnostic information. Previously known as the information flow model, the name change reflects the models focus on information provided by diagnostics and inferences that can be drawn from this infor... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> VI. MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES <s> Field service is now recognized as one of the most important corporate activities in order to improve customer satisfaction and to compete successfully world-wide competition. Sharing repair experience w... | The approaches discussed in the previous sections, once implemented, will have a fixed level of performance. It is not possible to improve performance, by using the experiences of past successes and failures. Machine learning approaches exploit knowledge of previous successful or failed diagnoses to continually improve... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> B. Explanation-Based Learning 1) Approach: <s> The author discusses an approach to identifying and correcting errors in diagnostic models using explanation based learning. The approach uses a model of the system to be diagnosed that may ha... | Explanation-based learning (EBL) uses domain knowledge, and a single training example, to learn a new concept BIB002 . For example, in diagnosis, a system model and an example of misdiagnosis can be used to derive an explanation of an appropriate diagnosis. 2) Applications: In BIB001 , a diagnostic EBL system is descri... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> - <s> Two tasks of fault detection in linear dynamical systems are addressed in this paper. On one hand, to estimate residuals, a system described by a model with some deviations in parameters or unknown input disturbances is considered. I... | The water is very hot. - The signal on the oscilloscope is a bit noisy. It deals with approximates rather than exact measurements and is based on fuzzy set theory , , , . In traditional sets, membership is either true or false [0], and there is no concept of partial membership. In fuzzy sets, partial membership is... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> B. Artificial Neural Networks 1) Approach: <s> British Telecommunication plc (BT) has an interest in developing fast, efficient diagnostic systems especially for high volume circuit boards as found in today's digital telephone exchanges. P... | The human brain is constructed of billions of interconnected cells or miniprocessors called neurons. Artificial neural networks (ANN) are inspired by the brain's neural circuitry and use the approach for complex problem solving . ANNs can be considered as weighted directed graphs, the neurons being the nodes, and the ... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> B. Model-Based Reasoning (MBR) and Fuzzy Logic <s> Diagnosing analog circuits with their numerous known difficulties is a very hard problem. Digital approaches have proven to be inappropriate, and AI-based ones suffer from many problems. I... | A fuzzy extension to the diagnostic inference model is described in BIB003 . It uses fuzzy logic, in its front end to deal with the uncertainty of measurements, and internally to generate membership degrees for faults, predicted by the outcomes of multiple tests. In , BIB001 , and BIB002 , and extensions to the model-... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> C. Case-Based Reasoning (CBR), Artificial Neural Networks, and Fuzzy Logic <s> The authors describe a connectionist case-based diagnostic expert system that can learn while the system is being used. The system, called INSIDE (Inertial Navi... | In BIB001 , a connectionist case-based diagnostic expert system which learns incrementally, is reported. Designed for Singapore Airlines to assist technicians in troubleshooting inertial navigation systems, it consists of two parts, a connectionist module, and a flowchart module. The connectionist module is a threelaye... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> A. Rule-Based Approaches <s> Abstract A number of knowledge-based systems in the electronic engineering field have been developed in the past decade. These include those that use knowledge-based techniques to diagnose instrumentation, dete... | As rule-based systems strive to encompass the knowledge of a domain expert, in the form of rules (often hundreds or thousands), development and maintenance can be complex and time consuming. Particularly, for systems with short lifecycles (many electronic systems), it may not be worth the development effort. In additio... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> C. Case-Based Approaches <s> Field service is now recognized as one of the most important corporate activities in order to improve customer satisfaction and to compete successfully world-wide competition. Sharing repair experience with a s... | Case-based systems depend on past diagnostic experiences to perform new diagnoses. In practice, CBR has proved to be effective in real-world circuit diagnosis applications BIB003 , BIB002 . Issues include the following. 1) The inability to diagnose until an adequate case-base becomes available. In BIB003 , an applicati... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> E. Hybrid Approaches <s> Diagnosing analog circuits with their numerous known difficulties is a very hard problem. Digital approaches have proven to be inappropriate, and AI-based ones suffer from many problems. In this paper we present a ... | A primary research direction has been the combined use of MBR and CBR in diagnostic systems. Models are often inconsistent and incomplete resulting in inaccurate diagnoses. In addition, operators can input inaccurate information again leading to inappropriate conclusions. Supplemented by cases, irrelevant conclusions c... |
Fault diagnosis of electronic systems using intelligent techniques: a review <s> XI. FUTURE DIRECTIONS <s> Abstract This paper describes a device-independent diagnostic program called dart. dart differs from previous approaches to diagnosis taken in the Artificial Intelligence community in that it works directly from d... | As electronic systems increase in complexity, the need for automated diagnostic tools has become more acute. This is exacerbated by reduced time-to-market, and shorter product lifecycles, leading to little development time being available for diagnostics. Although much research has been carried out in the area, much re... |
Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Patients with Mental Illness in a Veterans Inpatient Psychiatric Unit: A Review of the Literature <s> Introduction <s> Involvement in warfare can have dramatic consequences for the mental health and well-being of military personnel. During the 20th century, US military psychiatrists tried... | A review of the literature was conducted to investigate the benefits of introducing aerobic exercise to veterans in an inpatient mental health unit and the possibility of reducing symptoms of mental illness. The World Health Organization ([WHO], 2003) reports indicate that mental health is a growing issue worldwide, wi... |
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