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mayi
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awurudde dina
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mahindagamanaya
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mahinda theranuwo lakdiwata wadamakarawima saha ee aashrithawa lakdiwa siduwu deshapalanika, aagamika saha sanskruthikamaya
siduwim saha wenaswim poduwe mahindagamanaya lesa handinwe.
mahindagamanaya aashritha pradhana siduwim wanne;
mahinda theranuwo lakdiwata wadamakarawima
thissa raja saha mahinda theranuwo hamuwima
janathawa buddha dharmaya walandaganima
gas,gal ha satha siwpawanta wadimin siti janathawa budu dahama piliganima
thisa්sa raja kirula athahara dewampiya thisa්sa namin nawatha rajabhisheka wima mahinda theranuwo lakdiwata wadamakarawima saha ee aashrithawa lakdiwa siduwu deshapalanika, aagamika saha sanskruthikamaya siduwim saha wenaswim poduwe mahindagamanaya lesa handinwe.
mahindagamanaya aashritha pradhana siduwim wanne;
mahinda theranuwo lakdiwata wadamakarawima
thisa්sa raja saha mahinda theranuwo hamuwima
rajakiyan [buddhagama] walandaganima
thisa්sa raja kirula athahara dewampiya thisa්sa namin nawatha rajabhisheka wima mahindagamanaya aashritha pradhana siduwim wanne;
mahinda theranuwo lakdiwata wadamakarawima
thisa්sa raja saha mahinda theranuwo hamuwima
rajakiyan [buddhagama] walandaganima
thisa්sa raja kirula athahara dewampiya thisa්sa namin nawatha rajabhisheka wima mahinda theranuwo lakdiwata wadamakarawima saha ee aashrithawa lakdiwa siduwu deshapalanika, aagamika saha sanskruthikamaya siduwim saha wenaswim poduwe mahindagamanaya lesa handinwe.
mahindagamanaya aashritha pradhana siduwim wanne;
mahinda theranuwo lakdiwata wadamakarawima
thisa්sa raja saha mahinda theranuwo hamuwima
rajakiyan [buddhagama] walandaganima
thisa්sa raja kirula athahara dewampiya thisa්sa namin nawatha rajabhisheka wima
mahindagamanayata pera
aagama saha samajaya
mihindu himiyan lakdiwata wadama karannata pera yugaye adahili pilibandawa salaka balana kalhi peni yanne owun thisthunkotiyak dewi dewathawiyo saha thamanta upakarawana wasthun ( gas, sanda, hiru) aadiya wandana mana kala bawayi.
haka
thisa්sa raja saha mahinda theranuwo hamuwima
thisa්sa raja saha mahinda theranuwo hamuwima mihinathalawedi siduwa
ee kri.pu. thun wana siyawasayi. anurapura yugaya, dewanapathis raja samayayi.winodaya pinisa muwa dadayame yana raju missaka pawwa asalin muwaku pasupasa luhu bandi. missaka pawwa matha kaha wathin dilena mihindu maharahathan wahanseya.
“thissa thissa” pawwa mathin nagena shantha handaki. raju nawathi hari balayi.
“samanamayan maharaja .....”
“maharaja api obata anukampawen jambudwipaye sita mehi pamini buddha shrawakayo wemu.”
raju athin dunu hi giliheyi. muwa powwage diwi rakeyi. anathuruwa ithihasaye apata hamuwana prathama buddhi parikshanaya arambaeyi.
buddhi parikshanaya
ithihasaye prathama buddhi parikshanaya apata hamu wanne kothanin da? poson poda muwa dadayame giya dewanapathis raju ha mihindu himiyan athara athi wu sanwadaya apa ugena thibe. eya rajuge pragnyawa ha buddhiya mana balanu was karana lada agana buddhi parikshanayak bawa wada hondin wimarshanaya kara balannekuta pahadili wana sathyayaki. ´ambaa panaya`, ´gnyathi panaya`pulul buddhimaya sanwadayaki. dharmawabodha gnyanayen yuthu rajugen eewata sarthaka pilithuru labini.
chulla haththi padopama suthra deshanaya
me rajathuma itha siyum awabodha gnyanayakin hebi ayeku bawa handuna gath mihindu himiyo ohuta dam desuha. ese desu dharmaya gam niyamgam pura wyapthawa mithya drushtiyen samyak drushtiyata janathawa yomu karawimata samath wiya.
chulla haththi padopama suthraya mihindu himiyan wisin deshana karana lada prathama banayi. eya damsak pawathum suthraya tharam ma wataneya. manda samaja susirith wada sammatha diwi pewethakata merata wasin yomu karawimata ee dam suthura padaka wu bawini. poson sanda eliyen apa hela - bodu lakuna heli karawamin “sulu ath pada uwam suthura” hewath “chulla haththi padopama suthra” desuma arambaeyi.
mahindagamanayen pasu lankawa
ethan sita lakdiwa [[sanskruthi hadiyawa, adhyapanaya, jiwana kramaya, samaja ratawa, aarthikaya, palana kramaya peraliyakata lak weyi. mahindagamanaya lak wasi janathawage bhauthika ha adhyathmika diwi pewetha kerehi athishaya prabala balapamak athi kale ee ayurini.
aadi minisa wimukthiya aramunu kara ganimin wiwidha adrushyamana balawegayanta ha wishwasayanta nambauru wuwath in owun lath wimukthiyak nomaththeya. saba wimukthiya langa kara gannata niwaradi darshanayak ha pahadili chinthanayak awasiya.
mahindagamanaye lakdiwa samaja punarudayakata sawimath adithalamak damuweya yanna athishayokthiyak nowe. rajuge purna rajya anugrahaya nowuye nam mihindu himiyanta mema dawantha pariwarthanaya kirima ugahataya. ee pariwarthanaya sidu karannata mihindu himiyo itha buddhimath ha kramanukula wadapiliwelak diyath kalaha. maha wana peth heli kota gallen pawithra kota mahasangharathnaya wadama kota dharma deshanawanhi yedennata dharma pracharayehi niyalennata man salasalana ladi.
ethanin patan gath samaja shodhana kriyawaliya boho pulul wi gallen parishrayan wihararama bawata path wiya. lakdiwa maha wihara bihiwima arambaini. gama kendra kota gath sanwardhanaya arambaini. me anuwa samaja, aarthika, aagamika, sanskruthika ha deshapalana pragamanayak athi wiya. mahawanshaya athulu potha patha liwima aarambha wemin podu janaya wada wadath dharmaya wetha nambauru kirime prawahayata padanama watuni.
wehera wihara , maha dagab idiwemin samanya janathawa ha sangharathnaya athara samipa sabandiyawak athi wiya. “wawayi dagabayi - gamayi pansalayi” yana sanskruthika sankalpaya bihi wuye ethan sitaya.sangawi thibu sinhala bauddha lakuna meya yayi apata penennata wiya. aarthika washayen swayanposhitha krushikarmika jiwana ratawakata minisa kramayen huru wiya. bauddha darshanayen minisa thula manasikawa athi wu sanwardhanathmaka pibidima sanwedi minis samajaya bihi kirimata samath wiya.
ralu kalu galekin athishaya guna bara karunabara jiwamaya budu ruwak nirmanaya karannata tharam ee sanwedi minisa adhyathmika sanwardhanaya langa kara gena thibuni. prathibhawen yuktha minis athwalin, sanyamaya, iwasima puhunu kala sithwalin wada wada wishishta kala nirmana bihi wiya.
mese nawa nirmana kerehi minisa yomu wuyeth, samaja sanwardhanaya udesa wu nawa praweshayakata minisa ge wignyanaya yomu wuyeth, apata uruma wu nawa sanskruthiya hethuwen noweda?
sirilaka pura assak mullak nara dharmaya pathirawimata kendrasthanaya wu “mihinthalawa” hewath missaka pawwa ada wana witath deno dahak sadahathiyange upaharayata, wandanawata pathra wanneya. eya ese wanne apata ape sinhala bauddha lakuna heli kara dun kendrasthanaya eya wu nisamaya.
ahasa simbaina maha dagab, maha sayura paradawana maha waw, budu guna jiwamanawa satahan wu maha budu pilima, saru sara keth wathu, dampada ragath patha potha, athithaye lowa piligath wishwawidyala aadi wu eki noki meki siyalu da poson udawath, mahindagamanayath samangin sidu wu prathiharyaya dakwana jiwamana sadhakayo weth.
raju dahami wiya. rata wasiyan da dahami wiya. rajya palanaya da dahami wiya. poson darshanayen sabawinma nawa shishtacharayak apata uruma wiya.
apata labunu dayada
=
Auther:R.Lakshan Dulip
Study in :Galle upper homadola junior school
mahindagamanaya
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nokiya
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nokiya oowiji (, ;) yanu, finlantha bahujathika sanniwedana saha thorathuru thakshana samagamaki. maha helsinki purawara pradeshayehi, espar, uusima hi, nokiya mulasthanaya pihita atha.2014 wasaredi, ratawal 120 k pura nokiya wisin sewakayan 61,656 k bhawitha karamin, ratawal 150 kata wadi sankhyawaka welendam katayuthu karamin warshika aadayama €12.73 biliyana pamana ras kara gathi. nokiya yanu helsinki kotas welendapolehi saha niwyork kotas welendapolehi layisthugatha kara athi podu simasahitha -aadhinatha samagamaki. forchun global 500 paridi, 2013 aadayam minuma anuwa eya lokaye 274wana-wishalathama samagama weyi.
samagama wisin warthamanaye siya awadhanaya yomu karanne maha-parimanaye durawinawum yatithalawyuhayan, thakshanika prawardhanaya saha balapathrakaranaya saha, margagatha sithiyamkarana sewa wethaya. jiesem saha eltiee pramithin prawardhanaya kirimehi la sahaya wemin, jangama durakathana krama karmanthayehida salakiya yuthu dayakathwayak nokiya wisin sidu kerunu athara, kisiyam kala parichchedayak thuladi, lokaye wishalathama jangama durakathana wikunumkaru wiya. ehi simbiyan manychakaya thulin, smatfon karmanthaya wethada nokiya hi aadhipathyaya wisthiranaya kerunu muth, apal hi ayifon pela saha androyid mewalam wala nagi aa aadhipathyaya nisa eya wigasin chayachchadanaya wiya. athyanthayehidi 2011 wasarehidi, nokiya wisin mayikrosoft samaga giwisumakata elambaiye, anagatha smartfon sandaha ananya lesin ehi windos fon manychakaya bhawitha kirima sandahaya.
sampurna agaya €5.44 biliyana (US$7.17 biliyana) wana samastha ganudenuwaka kotasak washayen, nokiya hi jangama durakathana wyaparaya athpath kara ganna bawata, 2013 sapthambarayedi, mayikrosoft prakashayata path kaleya. 2014 aprel 25 dina awasan kerunu ganudenuwe kotasak lesin, nokiya hi hitapu prawini, stifan elof saha thawath widhayaka niladharin kihipa denek, mayikrosoft hi upangayak wana nawa mayikrosoft mobayil ha ekwunaha. 2014 sapthambarayedi, thewana-parshawa nishpadakawarun sandaha, nishpadana salasum ha thakshana balapathrakaranaya kirima nokiya wisin arambauwe, paribhogika ilektronik drudanga welendapolehi nokiya sannama digatama pawathinu pinisaya.
2015 aprel 15 dinadi, nokiya prakashayata pakkale, €15.6 biliyana mudalakata, pransha durawinawum upakarana samagama alkatel-lusant thaman wisin milayata ganna bawayi.
aashritha
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prajapathi gothami
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prajapathi gothami (maha prajapathi gothami) dewiya yanu siddhartha kumarayage sulu mawa wiya. ayage mawa kachchana dewiya wu athara piya sinhahanu raju wiya. ayata mahamaya (maya) nam ek sahodariyak wiya.
siddhartha kumaraya ipida dina kipayakin mawa wu mahamaya dewiya kaluriya kala athara in pasu maha prajapathi gothami dewiya suddhodana rajuthumage aga mehesiya bawata pathwiya. ayata nanda nam putheku ha sundari nanda nam diyaniyaka wuwaya.siddhartha ,nanda ,sundari nanda ,rahula saha yashodhara me siyalu denata maha prajapathi gothamiya ekase aadara salakili dakwiya.
budun wahanse buduwi palamu warata kimbaulwath purayata pamina suddhodana rajuta kala deshana asa maha prajapathi gothami dewiya sowan wuwaya. budu sasune meheni sasuna aarambha kirima sandaha aya mulika wi kriya kala athara pasuwa aananda himiyange sahayen bhikshuni sasanaya aarambha karana ladi. ee samangama ayada pawidi wi rahath bawa labuwaya. budun wahanse pasuwa maha prajapathi gothami rahath mehenin wahanse hata athdakim bahula bhikshuniyan athara agrasthanaya pirinamana ladi.
budu himiyanta prathama maha prajapathi gothami rahath mehenin wahanse piriniwan pa athara budu himiyan thama sulumawa dakwanna wu gaurawayak lesa ethumiyage awamangalya perahare pitu pasin gaman gathha.
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dayinamik-link layibri
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dayinamik link layibri yanu windos meheyum paddhathi sandaha nipadawana mrudukanga (ho eewaye kotas) wala gonu wisheshayaki.
[Dynamic = gathika]
mewa samanyayen .DLL ho .OCX diguwa sahithagonu lesa pawathi. (Legacy Device sandaha DRV lesa)
anthargathaya (Format)
.DLL gonuwaka anthargathaya samanya windos mrudukanga wadasatahanaka (.EXE) anthargathayata samana we.
ekama wenasakata aththe .DLL gonuwaka aarambha karime pradhana aakaraya (entry point/main method) nomathi wimayi. me hethuwen .DLL gonuwakata samanya mrudukanga wadasatahanak lesa thaniwama (stand alone) aarambha wiya nohaka. me hethuwen .DLL wadasatahanak nitharama .EXE wadasatahanak yatathe gathika washayen baddha wi kriyathmaka we.
wenath mrudukangayak thula anthargatha kirima
thawada ek pudgalayeku ho samagamak wisin nipadawana lada mrudukangayaka .DLL k thawath pudgalayekuta thama wisin nipadawana wadasatahanakata baddha kara ema mul mrudukangaye athi kriyakarithwayan samaharak thamage mrudukangayakata labadiya haka. udaharanayak washayen obe pariganakaye Auto CAD ho Corel Draw pihituwa athinam oba wisin sadana mrudukangayak thula ema gonu wiwruthakara baliyahaki lesa ema mrudukanga kotasa anthargatha kala haka.
mehidi deparshawayatama wasiyak athwana athara ema mrudukanga kotasa thula athi prabhawa ketha dewana parshawayata anawaranaya wimada walakwayi. .DLL k thanimedi mese thawath mrudukangayak thula anthargatha kirima walawimatada krama atha.
(mrudukanga) yedum wadasatahankaru (sandaha) athurumuhunatha (API)
API yanu mese labagath .DLL wadasatahan kotasak baddha karaganime ketha athurumuhunathayi. meya thama wisin liyanu labana ketha kotase anthargatha kala haki kuda ketha kotasaki. mehi athi method signatures haraha .DLL thula athi methods kriyathmaka kala haka.
wenas pariganaka bhasha ekata yedima
ek pariganaka bhashawakin thana athi .DLL wadasatahanak wenath bhashawaka wadasatahanak thula sita pawa API haraha bhawitha kala haka.
mrudukanga
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bauddha dharma sangayana
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budun wahansege parinirwanayen pasu bauddha deshana saha siddhanthayan ee ayurinma pawathwagena yama sandahath, buddha shasanaya thula winaya niyamayan ee aakarayen pawathwagena yama sandahath warin wara dharma sangayana pawathwa thibe.
prathama sangayanawa
dharmaya ha winaya danata thibena paridi thripitakayata beda kata padamin pawathwagena eemata haki lesa sakas karana ladde mema prathama sangayanawedi ya. mehidi prathamayen winaya sangayana karana ladi. dewanuwa suthra pitakaya sangayana karana lada athara thewanuwa abhidharma pitakaya siyalu ma rahathan wahanse wisin sangayana karana ladi.
nidanaya
budun wahansege parinirwanayen sath dina kata pasu pruthagjana bhikshun shoka wana wita, eya dutu subhadra nam mahalu kala pawidi wu bhikshuwaka wisin kala abhadra prakashaya (nomana prakashaya)
alan aawuso ma sochiththa ma paridewiththa
sumuththathena maha samanena
uppaddathacha homa idan wo kappathi
idan wona kappathi
"awathni-shoka nokaranu. no walapenu. ee maha mahanahu gen apa miduno wamha. ‘meya thopata kapaya. meya no kapaya’ yi kiyanu laba api wehesuno wamha. dan api kamaththak karam ha, no kamaththak nokaram ha"
kalaya
aarambhaya : budun wahansege parinirwanayen thun masakata pasuwa, ajasath rajuge rajabhishekayen 8wana wasara di
sangayanawa pawathi kalaya : masa 7
sthanaya
rajagaha nuwara wehara parwatha pranthaye pihiti sapthaparni galguha dwarayehi.
pradhanathwaya
thruthiya shrawaka maha kashyapa maha rahathan wahanse
dayakathwaya ajasath rajathuma
prathipala
palamuwana dharma sanghayanawe prathipalayak lesa suthra deshanawan samuhaya hewath dharmaya nikaya washayen pahakata wen karana ladi.
1.digha nikaya
2.majjhima nikaya
3.anguththara nikaya
4.sanyuktha nikaya
5.khuddaka nikaya
emenma dharma winaya mukha parapuren rakagena yamata bhanaka paramiparawata niyama wiya.ee anuwa
*aananda rahathanwahanse pradhana shishya paramiparawata digha nikaya mukha parapuren rakagena yamatada
*sariyuth rahathanwahanse pradhana shishya paramiparawata majjhima nikaya mukha parapuren rakagena yamatada
*anururddha rahathanwahanse pradhana shishya paramiparawata anguththara nikaya mukha parapuren rakagena yamatada
*kashyapa rahathanwahanse pradhana shishya paramiparawata sanyuktha nikaya mukha parapuren rakagena yamatada
*khuddakanikaya siyalu bhikshun wahanselatada pawarini.
palamuwana dharma sanghayanawe thawath prathapalayak lesa winaya pitakaya pas aakarayen sangraha karana ladi.
1.parajika pali
2.chullawagga pali
3.pachiththiya pali
4.mahawagga pali
5.pariwara pali
emenma winaya pitakaya upali himiyan athulu un wahansege shishya pirisata mukha parapuren rakagena yamata pawarini.
sabadi pitu
dharma sangayana
sangayana
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algoridam
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yam gataluwak wisadima sadaha Program ekak liwimata pera ema gataluwa wisadana kramaya piyawaren piyawara wistharathmakawa kotas walata wenkara gatha yuthuya. eyata Algorithm ekak yayi kiyanu labe. Algorithm eka programming language eka matha rada nopawathi. eya thamange bhashawen liwiya haka. ese nomathinam diagram ekakin da idiripath kala haka. eseth nomathi nam code (Pseudo code) walin da idiripath kala haka.
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aayurwedaya
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waidya kramaya indiyanu upa mahadwipaya mulashra karagena hata gath waidya kramayaki. ‛aayush’ yannen dirgha jiwithaya da ‛wedaya’ yannen usas danaganima nohoth uthum anushasanaya da gane. me anuwa digu kalak jiwathwimata upades dena uthum shasthraya nam kara atha. aayurwedaya matha padanam wu nawina prathikara krama anupuraka nohoth waikalpitha waidya kramayak lesa hadinwe.
mese indiyawe janitha wu aayurwedaye nirmathruwaraya lesa salakenuye dhanwanthari nam rushiwarayayi .ethuma aayurwediya shalya sampradhaye piya lesin da hadinwe. aayurwedaya ho aayurweda waidya widyawa yanu indiyanu upa mahadwipayata aawenika pauranika waidya kramayaki. ada dina da eya indiyawa nepalaya saha janathawa wisin bhawitha karana kramayaki. wenath ratawal wala aayurweda prathikarma krama samanya suwathawaya pilibandawa karannawu kriyawali walata anubadda wi atha.
charaka sanhithawata anuwa mehi jiwithaya yannen wigraha kerenuye sirura, sanwedi awayawa(panchendriya),manasa saha aathmayayi.("sharirendriya sathwathma sanyogodhari jiwitham nithyagashchanu bandhashcha paryayairayuruchyathe " - charaka sanhitha/suthrasthana 1/42)ese ihathin dak wu karunu paryawalokanayen peniyanne aayurwedayehi mulika aramuna wanne sharirika, manasika, samajiya saha adhyathmika susanyogayan pawathwa ganimen dirghayusha pawathwa ganimaya yannayi.thawada,aayurwedaya yanu shalya chikithsawa magin widagdha sathkam kramaya bhawitha wana sampradayika waidya kramawedayan athalossen ekaki.
ithihasaya
atharwan wedaye upangayak wana aayurwedaya maha brahmaya wsin karawana lada bawa susatha sanhithawe dakwe.
इह कलमायुवेदो नाम--
यदुपांग मतवे--
aayurwedayehi upatha pilibadawa paramparawen paramparawata wachikawa thorathuru gaman kara atha. aadi rushiwaru hewath bahusrathayan indiyawe himala kanda pamula ekraswi atha. owunage aramuna wi aththe saukhya sampannawa dirghayusha widime rahas pilibadawa danuma wadidiyunu kara ganima ha huwamaru kara ganimayi. owunge mema prayathnayehi awasan prathipalaya wanuye aayurwedaya hewath jiwithaya pilibada widyawa bihiwimayi.
aayurwedayehi bhawithayan saha mularambhaya pilibadawa likhitha parishilana madhyayan nomatha. aayurwedayehi wayasa nirnaya karanuye amathara paryeshana sakshi saha weda yugayehi wisu agni wesha wisin rachitha agniwesha thanthrinam granthayehi mulwarata aayurwedaya pilibada sadahanak kota atha. meya pasukalinawa charatha wisin charaka samhitha lesa sanshodhanaya karana ladi. aayurweda pilibada anekuth mul yugaye lekhanayan wanuye charaka samhitha ha shusrutha samhithayi. shila lipi pawatha eemata prathama mema danuma gurukula kramaya osse wachikawa pawathuni.
mul yugaye lekhanayan rachithawa thibune kalthaba gatha nohaki thalpathra saha bojapathra walayi. mewa pasu kalinawa shaila ha thambaa pathra matha rachana karana ladi. aayurwedaya pilibadawa rachitha atham shlokayan atharwedayehi sadahanwa athi athara aayurwedayehi atham eewa ithamath paraniya. aayurweda kramayan kalayak mululle wikashanayata pathwa atha. atham eewa purana weda yugayehi patan nawyakaranaya wemin pawathina athara indiyawe budun jiwath wu kalaye di eya wadi washayen sidu wi atha.
aayurwedayehi wiwidha siddhanthayan goda nagima sadaha hindu aagama boho balapam athi kara atha. mul yugayedi diwyamaya pragnyayin wisin awabodha karagath danuma sankirna smruthi aadharaka magin samanya manushyayan wethada pasu kalinawa krama kramayen gaman kara atha. aayurweda sampradayan pilibada wisthara ek ek rachakayan anuwa wenas we. ese wanne wachikawa pawatha ena daththayan wiwidha madhya osse pariwarthanaya wimeni. mulma aාyurweda athpitapath rachana karana lada lekhakayan wisin ehi ekinekata wenas krama wedayan pilibada sadahan kara atha.
aayurwedaya ha ithihasaya
maha bharathaye sadahan wana andamata krishna dewidun hata samb nam puthek wiya. ohu laduru rogayen pida windeya. ohuta prathikara karanu was krishna dewidun wisin shakra dwipayehi (nuthana iranaya) wesena wishesha brahmayin kotasak wetha aaradhana kota yawana ladi. owun suryaya namaskarayehi niratha wannan saha prasiddha daiwagnyayan wuni. owun samb hata prathikara kota laduru rogaya sampurnayen suwa karana ladi. shakra dwipayehi brahmanayinhata magi brahmanayan lesada wyawahara kere. sakal dwipayehi aayurwedaya, daiwagnyawedaya, tharaka widyawa pilibada wishesha danumak thibu athara owun suryaya namaskarayehi yedennan wuyen saura yana namin hadinwini. mowunge upatha pilibada wadi wisthara bhawishya puranayehi anthar gathaya. owun aayurwedayehila wishesha meheyak itu kalaha. nuthana aayurwedayehi nirmathru wanuye magi ho sakal dwipayayi.
purathana sakshi
indiyanu deshiya waidya widyawe ithihasaya buddha warsha 3000 tharam parani athithayak athi indu nimna shishtacharaya tharam aatha athithayakata diweyi. mohenjodaro ha harappa yana itha hodin nagara nirmanayak sahitha wu shishtacharayan magin indiyawehi sashrika sanskruthika urumayan pilibadawa saha wadi diyunu wu saniparakshaka krama sahitha saukhya sewayak thibu bawata sakshi labade. harappa nagara walin soya ganna lada natambaun anuwa ehi waidya widyawa pawathi bawata sakshi atha. buddha warsha 1200 saha 700 yana kala waladi chathurwedayan nirmanaya wuni. rega pilibada wistharaya, shaka sara aushadha saha eewayin labadena prathikara krama ema weda hatharehima wisthara kerunada rug wedayehi wisheshitha satahanak atha.
atharwana' wedayehi shakasara aushadha pilibada warnanathmaka sthothra anthargathaya. boho shaka walata dewiyanta men namaskara kara yagnya karana ladi. mita amatharawa sengamalayata saha wiwidha praweni gatha roga sadaha prathikara kirimata wiwidha manthara warga bhawitha kerini. roga suwa kirima sadaha karana lada mathirim bhayisajjyam nam wana athara dirghayusha saha samruddhiya labadima sadaha karanu labana mathirim aayushyam nam we. mewa athurin aayushyam pasukalinawa waidya widyawe diyunuwa sadaha upakari wuni.
aayurweda waidya kramaye ithihasaya
aayurwedaye nirmathruwaraya lesa salakenuye dhanwanthari maha rushi thumaya. methuma wisin aayurweda waidya kramaya bharathaye wyaptha karanu labu athara eyin warsha 400 kata pamana pasu uththara bharathaye janaya athara ugra ayurin leda roga pathira yannata wiya. eyin pidawata path janathawata setha salasima pinisa ekala jiwath wu maha rushiwarun himalaya pamula pancha nadi thirayata ekraswa meya sandaha piliyam sewuha. ehi di gath thiranayakata anuwa bharadwaja nam maha rushiwarayananwa indrabhawanayata yawa thibe. yathoktha awashyathawaya udesa prathikara paddhathiyak hadara eemata indrabhawanata piwisi bharadwaja maha rushithuma indradewayagen aayurwedaya manawin hadara nawathath bharatha deshayata sampraptha wi atha. nawathath ras wu maha rushi samuluwe di bharadwaja maha rushi thuma thaman ugath shasthraya sessanta da praguna karawa atha.
aayurweda sampradayan
aathreya sampradaya
ee athara siti aathreya nam maha rushi thuma sisu parapurak bihi kara ganimin aayurwedaye ena kaya chikithsawata pramukhathwaya laba demin ashta angayakin samanwitha aayurwedaya janathawa athara wyaptha kota thibe. aathreya maha rushi thumage mulikathwayen kriyawata nagunu meya athreya sampradaya yanuwen da hadunwayi. mehi ena muladharma aadi adhyana anga aayurweda nirmathru washayen salakena dhanwantharin aayurweda sampradayata samana we.
mema sampradayan deka athara athi ekama wenasa wanne dhanwanthari sampradaya shalya chikithsawata pradhana sthanaya dun athara aathreya sampradaya kaya chikithsawata pramukhathwaya dima pamanayi.
kashyapa sampradaya
ee athara yathoktha sammelanaye di aayurwedaya ugath kashyapa maha rushiwaraya da sisu parapurak bihi kara gena atha. eya kashyapa sampradaya namin handinwini.
siddha waidya sampradaya
aathreya maha rushiwarayage pradhanathwayen pawathi waidya adhyapana sakachchawakata dakshina bharathayen agasthi muniwaraya da lankawen pulasthi maha rushi thuma da sahabhagi wi atha. ehi di aayurwedaya hadaru agasthi muniwaraya dakshina bharathaye wisu asurayan wetha pamina ehi sulabha bauddha sampath prayojanayata ganimin waidya kramayak bihi kota atha. eya siddha waidya sampradaya yanuwen handunwayi.
siddha waidya shasthraya wanahi aayurwedaya menma sampurna wu widyawaki. aayurwedaye kaya chikithsa, shalya, shalakhya yana anga thuna ekala jana samajayehi behewin prachalithawa atha. buddha kalaye di diyunu thathwayaka pawathi shalya, shalakhya krama dena bharathiya bauddha samaye pirihimak samagama abhawayata path wi atha.
mema sampradaya da aayurwedaye muladharmayan anugamanaya kara atha. siddha waidya sampradaya prathikara kramayak lesa ‛sinduram’ prathikaraya behewin diyunu wi thibe. mema sinduram prathikaraya pasu kalinawa ‛rasa waidya kramaya’ yana namayen aayurwedayata sankalanaya wi aththe thawa thawath diyunu soya ganimwala prathipalayak lesataya. mema siddha waidya sampradaya dakshina bharathaya purama prachalitha wuwak lesa mehi di handinwiya hakiya.
lakdiwata sankramanaya
‛aayurweda uppathi kathana’ mese dakwiya haki athara pulasthi maha rushiwaraya da agasthi muniwaraya da siddha waidya kramaye pragathiyata katayuthu yoda atha. pasuwa lankawata pamina pulasthi maha rushiwaraya asurayangen pasu rate shakthimathwa siti samajikayo wu rakshayan wetha wiwidha waidya kramayange sankalana deshiya aushadha sampath upayogi kara aayurweda kramaya handunwa atha.
aayurweda kramaya lakdiwata sankramanaya wuye bharathayen bawa purawruththa walin heliwe. danata lakdiwa wyawahara wana waidya kramayata sinhala wedakama hewath swadeshiya waidya shasthraya yayi kiyanu labe. deshiya waidya kramaya, jathika waidya kramaya, sinhala waidya kramaya yana wiwidha nam walin meya handunwana athara 1961 anka 31 darana aayurweda panathe 89 chedayehi ena artha nirupana yatathe ‛aayurwedaya’ yana namaya aayurwedaya, siddha, yunani, yana waidya krama thunatama sangruhitha namayak washayen handunwa atha.
kri.wa. thunwana shathawarshayehi wisu rajawarunge anugrahayen aayurwediya shalya chikithsawa diyunu thathwayaka pawathi bawa purawruththa walin kiyawe. sinhala bauddha narapathiyeku wu buddhadasa rajathuma mita kadima nidasunaki.
aayurweda waidya kramaye pradhana anga (ashtanga aayurwedaya)
aayurwediya mulagrantha wana sushratha sanhithawa ha charaka sanhithawa yana sanhitha grantha walata anuwa aayurwediya chikithsawa anga (thanthra) atakata wibhedanaya kara dakwa atha. eya ashtanga aayurwedaya lesa hadinwe.
kaya chikithsa thanthraya - sharirika agniya wikrutha wimen hatagath(thridosha asamathulithathawaya magin hatagath)roga sadaha anugamanaya karana chikithsa paddhathiya.(general medicine)
shalya chikithsa thanthraya - shalya karma (surgical techniques)
shalakya thanthraya - gelen ihala kotase athiwana roga pilibada chikithsawa ("ENT")
kaumarabhruthyaya thanthraya (bala roga chikithsawa) - ladaruwakuge upathe patan ladaruwage poshanaya ha ohuta athiwana roga sadaha wu chikithsa paddhathiya.(paediatrics)
agada thanthraya - wisha chikithsawa (toxicology)
bhutha widya thanthraya - itha siyum sharira athi sathwa kotas magin ha graha balapam magin athiwana roga sadaha wu chikithsa paddhathiya.
rasayana thanthra - wayasthapanaya / shariraye wahariyama pama kirima sadaha wu chikithsa paddhathiya.(rejuvenation)
wajikarana thanthraya - prajasthapanaya,kama wardhanaya,lingika shakthiya wadi diyunu kirima ha sthri purusha deparshawayema mana wu prajanana kriyakarithwayak athi kirima sadaha wu chikithsa paddhathiya.
mulika siddhantha
aayurweda waidya kramaye nirmanaya sadaha bharathiya darshanawadayan boho se padaka wi atha.aayurwedaya thula, minisage sharirika ha manasika kriyakarithwaya saha parisarika kriyakarithwaya pahadili kirima sadaha athitha ayurweda wisharadayan mema darshanawada upakara kotagena atha.emagin owun swabhawadharmaya saha minisa athara mana sabadathawak dakwayi.me sadaha padaka karagath bharathiya darshanawadayan hayaki.mewa shad darshana lesa hadinwe.
wedantha darshanaya (uththara mimansa)
mimansa darshanaya (purwa mimansa)
sankhya darshanaya
waisheshika darshanaya
ihatha dakwena darshanawada wala adangu karunu padaka kotagena aayurwediya siyalu siddhantha godanagi athi athara,bauddha darshanaye balapamada aayurweda waidya kramaya thula dakagatha haka. elesa godanagunu siddhantha athara mulika aayurwediya siddhantha dwayaki.
pancha maha bhauthika siddhanthaya
thri dosha siddhanthaya.
pancha maha bhauthika siddhanthaya (pancha maha bhutha siddhanthaya)
mehi dakwena lesa,paramanuwe patan wishwaye pawathina siyalu da pancha maha bhutha magin nirmanaya wi atha.ema siddhanthayata anuwa drawyange mula eekakaya mahabhutha we.adala pancha maha bhutha pahatha paridi dakwiya haka.
aakasha -
agni/thejo -
wayu -
aap/aapo -
pruthiwi/patawi -
thundosha
watha (wa) - wathaya
piththa (pith) - pitha
kapa (sem) - sema
sathwadarum deha patakayan dhathu nam we. siruren srawaya wana drawya warga 3ki. eewa mala namwe.
watha
prana (hisa) - jiwanaliya wu shwasanayata udaw we.
udana (ugura) - granthimaya kriyakarithwayata udaw de
samana (aamashaya ha grahaniya) - aamashaya kriyakarithwayata udaw de
wyana ( hrudaya ha rudhira wahini) - rudhira sansaranayata upakari we
apana(shukra tharalaya , malapaha , muthra) - bahisrawaya sandaha upakari we.
piththa
mema doshaya sirure thapaya uthpadanaya pariwruththiya ha noyekuth manasika kriyakarithwayan sandaha wagakiyanu labe.
kapa
mema doshayehi pradhana kruthya wanne saukhya sampanna sirurak pawathwagena yama ha medaya , jalaya ha anekuth tharalayan athara samathulithathawayak pawathwa ganimayi.
me ek ek doshayan ekineka athara samathulithathawayak pawathwa ganimin pudgalayage sirura prakruthi thathwayen pawathwa ganima sandaha upakari we. mema thundoshi kipimen athiwana deha kriyakarithwaye asamathulithatha hethuwen roga athiwe.
aayurweda grantha
sarartha sangrahaya
anuradhapura yugayehi mul awadhiye sitama aayurweda shasthraya lakdiwa pawathi bawata sakshi athath ee samayehi liyawunu waidya granthayak yayi kiwa hakiwa thibenne buddhadasa rajathuman wisin liyana lada ‛sarartha sangrahaya’ pamanaki. meya sathuru aakramana hamuwe ithiriwu ekama granthaya yayi sithiya haka.
‛sarartha sangrahaya’ aayurwediya granthayan asurukota liyuwak bawa pene. pasukalinawa mema granthayata sanna liyuwan wisin dakshanathya waidya sampradayata ayath agni karma widhiya ha wenath prathikara kramayanda eeta athulath karanu laba atha.
bhesajja manjusawa
milangata deshiya waidya granthayan athuren pradhana sthanayehila ganenne anawamadarshi sangharaja mahimiyan wisin magadhi bhashawen liyana lada ‛bhesajja manjusawa’yi. me sandaha waliwita saranankara sangharaja mahimiyan wisin liyana lada sannaya deshiya waidya shasthrayehi unnathiya pinisa kerunu shreshtathama kruthiyaki. mehi dakashinathya siddha waidya mathayan da athulath kara thibe.
me dakwunu grantha siyallama wisheshayenma deshiya kaya chikithsawata adala we. mita amatharawa gadya wuth, padya wuth noyek deshiya waidya grantha rashiyak daknata labe. mese balana kala deshiya waidya shasthraya hewath sinhala wedakama wu kalhi uthuru indiyawe saku basin sampaditha granthayan ha dakunu indiyawe demala, thelingu , malayali yana bhashawalin liyawunu granthayanda asurin ape rate deshagunika ha sharirika thathwayanda salaka balamin sakas karaganna laddaki.
dambaadeni awadiyen matha bhagayehi warin wara lankawata pamini kerala, chola, pandya wani jathinwalata ayath siddha waidyawarayo dakshina bharathayehi ekala prachalithawa pawathi usas shasthra kramayan ha wiwidha aushadha ha warga da sinhala waidya shasthrayata athulath kota atha.
aayurweda waidya krama wala wyapthiya
shri lankawa palanaya kala wiwidha rajawarunta menma hela wedakama me dakwa nonasi idiriyata gena eeme gaurawaya himiwiya yuthu thawa ek pirisak da siti. enam apage bhikshu parapurayi. wedakamin wiskam pamin boho rogin suwakala bhikshun eda men ma adath siti. esema lankawe gramiya pradeshawalin bihiwu weda parampara rusak da sitima apage deshiya wedakam padanama banduya.
mese kalin kalata deshiya waidya kramayata nawinathwayak ekwemin wathmana wana wita aayurweda ha deshiya waidya krama pilibanda mahath wu nawodayak ada shri lankawa labamin siti. shri lanka aanduwa mema sanskruthika ha jathika dayadaya rakaganima pinisa wiwidha ayurin parishramayak darima sathutudayakaya. namudu samahara aayurweda sanwardhana anshayanhi niyamuwange wiwidha durwalatha hethukotagena yam yam bindawatimwalata da deshiya waidya kramaya me wanawitath muhuna pa siti.
aayurweda waidya widyawe anagathaya
nawina waidya widyawa ha aayurweda waidya widyawa sasandana kalhi athamun pawasanne aayurweda waidya widyawa yanu paryeshana kara eewayin labiya yuthu nigamanawalata me wanawitath elambaa sitina widyawak bawath nawina waidya widyawa thawamath paryeshana sidukaramin idiriyatath nawyakaranayata yomuwana widyawak bawathya. mewani matha walin pahadili wanuye apata uruma wi athi deshiya waidya widyawa nawyakaranayata yomukala yuthu bawayi. ese nam ee sandaha awashya wanne awyaja rushiwaru nowa aayurweda waidya widyagnyayin pirisaki. apa nodanna emenma bharathayehima walali giya noyekuth waidya krama saha aushadha paryeshana margayen soyaganimata uthsuka wiya yuthuya.
purana lankaweth bharathayen pramukha thana himiwu aayurweda waidya kramaya yuropiyayanta yatathwimen pasu noyekuth wiparyasayanta pathwemin pirihimata pathwiya.
ada pathwa athi thathwaya
me wanawita boho aushadha warga itha durlabhaya. eyata hethuwi aththe wana winashaya ha janawasakaranayayi. me hethuwen watina aushadha sahamulinma pahe winasha wemin pawathi. emenma aushadha nishpadakawarunta aushadha labagatha yuthu wanne wadi mudalak gewimeni. eyin siduwanuye nishpaditha aushadha mila wadiwimaya. namudu bohowita siduwanuye awashya pramanayata wada adu pramanayak aushadha athulathkota aushadha nishpadanaya kirimath ya. mewaye ahithakara prathipala windimata siduwanne janathawatama ya.
purana bharathaye dhanawanthari, sushrutha wani maha rushiwarayan shalya waidya widyawe paratherata giya dewathwayen salakiya yuththo wuha. owun shalya waidya widyawe yedunu ayuru itha prashansaniya bawa sushrutha, sangitha wani grantha thulin pene. nuthana shalya waidyawarayeku wu jarman jathika harsbarg mahatha dakwana aakarayata hampiriddam kramaya sahitha shalya waidya wiiාwada owun labagena aththe sushrutha nam indiyanu waidyawarayageni. namuth shalya waidya karmaya aayurweda waidyawarayata thahanam kirimen aayurwedaye pramukhasthanayak diya haki anshayakata deshiya waidyawaraya yomuwime dora kawulu wasa damimaki. lankayurwedaya desa neth yomukalahoth ehi pirihima kumana ayurakin siduwanneda? eyata piliyama kumakda? yana gataluwata pilithuru sapayimata uthsuka wuwahoth nuduru anagathayedi paripurna aayurweda waidya widyawak thulin shri lankadwipayata rushi yugayak labaganime saubhagyaya udawenu noanumanayi.
aayurweda pradipika, aayurweda shasthri chintha, aayurweda aushadha sangrahaya, aayurwedaya masika sangarawa
aashritha
aashritha lipi
bharathiya waidya widyawa
aayurwedaya - shri lankawa
sinhala wedakama
siddhayurwedaya
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hambanthota kasala
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shi්ra lankawe sama nagarayakatama kasala wishala arbudayak bawata path wi thibe. namuth eya sampathak bawata pariwarthanaya kara ganimata hambanthota janathawa samath wi sitithi. eyata pa්radhana hethuwa wanne hambanthota nagara sabhawe eekabaddha kasala kalamanakarana madhyasthanayayi .
hambanthota nagarayen raskara ganna kasala eekabaddha kasala kalamanakarana madhyasthanayata gena enu labe. raskaragath kasala mehidi dira yana ha dira noyana drawya washayen wen kara ganu labe. ese wen karagath dirapath wana drawya kompost pohora sadimata upayogi kara gane. nodirana drawya wenath nishpadana sadaha yoda gane.
hambanthota nagara sabhawa saha bala shakthi sansadaya eekabaddhawa mema ka්riyawaliya sidu karanu labana athara ee sadaha rajya nowana sanwidhana aadhara sapayathi.
balashakthi sansadaye sabhapathi ashoka mahatha pawasanne nodirana drawya yoda ganimin wenath bhanda nishpadanaya kara apanayanaya kirimata balaporoththu wana bawayi.
niweswala di kompost pohora nishpadanaya kara ganimata awashya upades kasala kalamanakarana madhyasthanaya magin laba di atha. ee anuwa krumi sathun bo nowima saha durgandhaya athi nowima wadagathya.
mema upades anuwa sarthakawa pawathwagena yana gewathu wagawan hambanthota pa්radeshaye dakagatha hakiya. iwatha damana apadrawya sampathak bawata path karagath jana kotasak hambanthota pa්radeshaye jiwath wethi. me mal pala daramin saubhagyamath nirogi parapurak bihi kirimata daranne apema rate minis kotasaki.
kasala kalamanakaranaya
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lestar jems piris
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shri lankabhimanya lestar jems piris (upatha 1919 aprel 5) jathyanthara gaurawayata pathra wu shri lankika chithrapata adhyakshakawarayeku, thira rachakayaku saha chithrapata nishpadakawarayeki. 1949 sita ohu chithrapata 28kata wada nishpadanaya kara atha. ohu rekhawa, gamperaliya, nidhanaya, golu hadawatha, kali yugaya, awaragira saha yuganthaya wani chithrapata adhyakshanayen wishala gaurawayak dina gaththeya. ethumage chithrapata shri lankiya pawul sansthawe gami jiwitha thulin laba gath ath dakim anusarayen nishpadanaya wi atha.
1919 aprel 05 wana dina dehiwala di lestar jems piris mahatha upatha labiya. ohuge piya waidya jems fransis piris mahatha wu athara aan gestriyat winifrach jayasuriya mathiniya ohuge mawa wuwaya.
lestar mahathata sahodarayan thidenaku sitiya ha.
piris pawula ingrisi romanu katholika pawulaki. hadena wadena kalaye di patan lestar jems piris mahatha ingrisi bhashawa pamanak katha kaleya.
ohu pasuwa kolao shantha pithara widyalayata athulu wi igena gaththe ya. 1939 di ohu tayims of silon pathehi indiyanu sanskarakawarayeku wu frank wores yatathe sewaya kaleya. ohu shri lanka guwan widuli sansthawa shri lanka guwan widuli sansthawe keti kalayak wada kaleya. ohuge chithrapata nishpadanaya pilibandawa danuma thawa thawath pulul wuye ohu natya mandalaye kandayamata ekathu wu pasuya.
martin wikramasinha mahatha liyana lada janapriya nawakathawak wu gamperaliya nawakathawa asuren 1964 di sadu gamperaliya chithrapataya ithamath prabalaya. ewani chithrapata boho da saha ewani chithrapata rasak saduweya. ohu chithrapata 20kata adhika sankhyawak adhyayanaya kaleya.
apa ratata usas sewayak kala methuma 2018 aprel 28 da dawayen samugaththeya.
sinamawa
adhyakshanayan
2018 ||waishnawi
nishpadanayan
thira rachanayan
sanskaranayan
sammana
1981 - baddegama - pa්ransha kans jathyanthara sinama ulela niyojanaya
1981 - baddegama - landan sinama ulela niyojanaya
1982 - kaliyugaya -pa්ransha kans jathyanthara sinama ulela niyojanaya
yuganthaya - janadhipathi sammanaya - hodama adhyakshanaya
1985 - yuganthaya - moskaw jathyanthara sinama ulela niyojanaya
pin hami - moskaw lama chitha්rapata ulela niyojanaya ha pa්rathama thyagaya laba ganima.
1997 janadhipathi sammana ulale ‘goldan layan’ (swarna sinha sammanaya)
2000 ‘dilli’jathyanthara sinama ulela niyojanaya- mayura sammanaya
2001 ‘swarna padma’ sammanaya- aasiyanu sinamawa sa`daha dak wu dayakathwaya wenuwen
2002 aasiyanu sinama sanskruthiya piliba`da wu sammanaya
2002 ape්ral 5 wana da ohu wenuwen muddarayak da nikuth karana ladi. 2003 wasare di peradeniya wishwa widyalaya ma`gin gaurawa aacharya padawiyak da ohuta pirinamanu labiya.
mulasha්ra
aacharya lestar jems piris ge maniyan
http://www.priu.gov.lk (pinthuraya)
1919 upath
lankika sinhalayo
kolambaa shantha pithara widuhale aadi sisuwo
shri lankawe adhyakshakawarun
charitha katha
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shri lanka thorathuru thakshana aayathanaya
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shri lanka thorathuru thakshana aayathanaya (SLIIT, slit yana keti namayen da hadunwanu labana), shri lankawe pradhanathama thorathuru thakshana upadhi pirinamana,wishwawidyala prathipadana komishan sabhawa wisin piligath aayathanayaki. mehi pradhana mandapaya malambae pihita atha. jathyanthara wishwa widyala sangamaye saha podu rajya mandalaye wishwa widyala sangamaye samajikayeki. meya shri lankawe adhyapana saha mahamarga amathyanshaya yatathata athulath we. SLIIT aayathanaya shri lankawe wishwa widyala panatha yatathe waralath upadhi pirinamana aayathanayaki.
ithihasaya
1999 wasare meya aarambha karana ladde shri lankawe wegayen diyunu wana thorathuru thakshana kshethraye rakiya awastha walata sudusukam lath wruththikayin bihi kirime aramuneni. mema purogami mehewara kriyathmaka wune ekala aahara sandaha abhyanthara saha antharjathika wanija katayuthu amathyanshaye, adhyapana saha usas adhyapana amathyanshaye saha mudal saha krama sampadana amathyanshaye purna anugrahaya yatatheya.
adhyana katayuthu
shri lanka thorathuru thakshana aayathanaye danata injineru pitaya, thorathuru thakshana pitaya, wasthu widya pitaya, samaja saha widya pitaya, pashchath upadhi pitaya saha wyapara adhyana pitaya yanuwen pita hayak yatathe adhyana katayuthu sidu karayi. mita amatharawa aluthen aarambha karana lada aayathanayen hotal kalamanakarana patamala sidu karayi. shri lanka thorathuru thakshana aayathanaye upadhi walata amatharawa, widesha wishwa widyala wala upadhi patamala da mehi sidukarayi
injineru pitaya
meya 2012di arambaana ladi. memagin pahatha sandahan widyawedi injineru upadhi (BSc Eng. Hons SLIIT) patamala sandaha adhyana katayuthu sidu kere.
widuli ha ilektronika injineru widyawedi upadhiya
yanthrika injineru widyawedi upadhiya
yanthrika injineru(metroniks)widyawedi upadhiya
siwil injineru widyawedi upadhiya
drawya injineru widyawedi upadhiya
pramana ha manum thakshanaya widyawedi upadhiya
thorathuru thakshana pitaya
meya 1999di arambaana ladi. wadima sisun pirisak mema pitaye igenuma labayi. pahatha sandahan upadhi patamala sandaha wisheshikarana kihipayak yatathe adhyana katayuthu sidu kere.
thorathuru thakshanaya pilibanda widyawedi (gaurawa) upadhiya
pariganaka widyawa pilibanda widyawedi (gaurawa) upadhiya
pariganaka paddathi saha jalakaranaya pilibanda widyawedi (gaurawa) upadhiya
pariganaka paddathi pilibanda widyawedi (gaurawa) upadhiya
sayibar aarakshanaya pariganaka paddathi pilibanda widyawedi (gaurawa) upadhiya
thorathuru thakshanaya pilibanda widyawedi upadhiya
mrudukanga injineru pilibanda widyawedi upadhiya
wisrutha madya widyawedi (gaurawa) upadhiya
daththa widyawa pilibanda widyawedi (gaurawa) upadhiya
SLIIT aayathanaye sathya kathawa
SLIIT badhaka hamuwe pamini gaman maga
SLIIT aayathanaya, wishwa widyala prathipadana komisamehi saha usas adhyapana amathyanshayehi wishwa widyala panatha yatathe anumathiya lath, upadhi pradanaya karanu labana lankawehi pramukha pele rajya nowana aayathanayaki. mema aayathanaya podu rajya mandaliya wishwa widyala sangamaye (ACU) saha jathyanthara wishwa widyala sangamayehi (IAU) samajikathwaya daranu labana athara, eksath rajadhaniyehi injineru saha thakshana aayathanaya magin piligath prathama shri lankika adhyapana aayathanaya da we.
SLIIT aayathanaya rajya aayathanayak wiya yuthuda, nadda yanna pilibandawa pasugiyada nawathath sanwadayata thudu di athi heyin aayathanayehi aarambhaya, anubaddhatha saha ehi himikarithwaya pilibanda sathyaya anawaranaya kirimata meya anagi awasthawak baw apage wishwasayayi.
yathoktha karunu anawaranaya kirimata prathama, pahatha sandahan karunu pilibanda pahadili awabodhayak laba ganima ema anawaranayan manawa wataha ganimata mahopakari we.
SLIIT aayathanaya apayen simitha samagamaki. eheyin eya kotas (ීyrui) nodarana athara, kisidu aayathanayakata ayath nowe. emenma kisiwekuta kisidu labhansha gewimak sidu nokarayi. siyalu mulya athirikthayan aayathanayehi adhyapanika patamala, pahasukam saha shishyathwa labadima sandaha akhandawa aayojanaya karanu labayi.
mema aayathanaye apakaraka samajikayan prakata widwathun saha wruththikayan wana athara, owun wishrama giya pasu wenath widwathun saha wruththikayan apakaruwan bawata pathwe. meya lokaye ihalama shrenigatha wishwa widyala wisin anugamanaya karanu labana bharakarithwaye (Custodianship) aakruthiyata samana wuwaki.
SLIIT aayathanaya kisidu awasthawakadi rajayata ho mahapola bharakara aramudalata ayath wa nothibu athara, wathman thaththwaya da esemaya.
SLIIT aayathanaya yam yam amathyansha yatathe layisthugatha kara thibu namuth aarambhaye sita me dakwama eya rajaye kisidu amathyanshayaka kotasak washayen nopawathini.
kisidu rajya aayojanayakin thorawa, aayojana mandalayen lada karmantha prawardhana pradhanayak matha 1999 di SLIIT aayathanaya sthapitha karana ladi. ehi aarambhaka apakaruwan kisidu sanwidhanayak niyojanaya nokala swadhina pudgalayin lesa katayuthu karana ladi. shri lanka aayojana mandalaye aramudal SLIIT wetha pradanaya karana ladde awashya wruththikayan wishala washayen bihikirime abhiyogaya bhara ganimata kamathi ekama aayathanaya eya wu bawini.
SLIIT aayathanaya aarambhakota wasara 6k sarthakawa pawathwagena giya pasubimaka, 2005 wasare di malabe mandapaye kriyakarithwaya sandaha mahapola bharakara aramudala samanga kriyakari giwisumakata elambaena ladi. ee anuwa SLIIT adhyaksha mandalayata mahapola bharakara aramudala wisin samajikayin nam karana ladde in pasuwaya.
dan api 1998 wasarata nawatha piyanagamu...
me wanawita shri lankawehi thorathuru thakshanaya saha wyapara kriyawali kalamanakarithwaye pera nowuwiru wardhanayak saha illumak nirmanaya wi thibuni. wardhanaya wana thakshanika peraliya hamuwehi athiwiya haki thorathuru thakshanaye saha wyapara kriyawali kalamanakarithwaye nipuna wruththikayin sandaha wu dawantha illuma sapuralima athyawashya karunak bawa aacharya lalith gamage wisin prathyaksha karana ladi. ee wanawita ohu moratuwa wishwa widyalayehi jyeshta kathikacharyawarayaku saha pariganaka sewa madhyasthanayehi adhyakshawaraya wiya. pasuwa ohu wisin moratuwa wishwa widyalayehi thorathuru thakshana aayathanayak pihituwima sandaha wu yojanawak, ewakata abhyanthara saha jathyanthara wanija saha aahara amathya dhuraya daru kinsli ti. wikramarathna mahatha wetha idiripath karana ladi.
in anathuruwa 1998 juni masa di mema yojanawa, adhyapana, usas adhyapana saha abhyanthara saha jathyanthara wanija saha aahara yana amathyansha eekabaddhawa kabinat mandalaya dakwa gena yana ladi. mahapola bharakara aramudalehi sabhapathithuma samanga kala sakachcha walin anathuruwa, mahapola bharakara aramudalin mulika pragdhanayak saha aayathanaya pihituwima sandaha malabe pradeshayen idam kotasak labadimata da yojana wiya. mema wyapruthiya sandaha kabinat mandalaya prathipaththimaya ekangathawayakata elambaiya da, nawa aayathanaye adhyapanaya labadima sandaha sudusukam lath widwathun nomathi bawata saha eyin eekabaddha aramudala wetha patawena bara pilibandawa salakiya yuthu bawa mudal amathyanshaya wisin awadharanaya karana ladi.
moratuwa wishwa widyalayehi sewaye niyuthu kathikacharyawarungen saha bahira kathikacharyawarungen mulikawa aayathanaya pawathwagena ya haki bawath, mahapola bharakara aramudala magin karanu labana mulya dayakathwayen eekabaddha aramudala wetha patawena adhika bara lihil karagatha haki bawatath, ihatha karunu sambandhawa karunu idiripath karamin pahadili karana ladi. eheth thawath masa 6k yanathuru ee sandaha kisidu prathicharayak nolabini.
mewani pasubimak thula mahacharya gamage ewakata abhyanthara saha jathyanthara wanija saha aahara amathya dhuraya daru kinsli ti. wikramarathna mahatha wetha lipiyak idiripath karamin, athyawashyawa pawathina mema aayathanaya pihituwima yatharthayak karanu pinisa amathyansha pradhanin, me pilibanda unandu wana wruththikayin saha aacharyawarun samaga sakachchawak labadena lesa illimak karana lada athara, ee sandaha 1999 janawari 28 weni dina awasthawak laba dena ladi. mema sakachchawehi aramuna wuye mema wyapruthiya aarambha kirimata kramopayayan soya balima wu athara, antharkalina pilithurak lesa me wenuwen apayen simitha samagamak pihituwimata yojana wiya. emagin aayathanaya pawathwagena ya haki athara, kabinat anumathiya labimen anathuruwa rajayata awashyawanne nam eya pawaragena moratuwa wishwa widyalaya wetha anubaddha kala haki bawata da yojana wiya.
SLIIT aarambhaya
1999 marthu masadi shri lanka thorathuru thakshana aayathanaya (SLIIT) apayen simitha samagamak lesa nila washayen liyapadinchi karana ladi. aarambhaka siyalu apakaruwan swadhina pudgalayin lesa kriya kala athara, owun kisidu aayathanayak niyojanaya nokarana ladi. mema nawa aayathanayehi kisidu ayithiyak rajayata ho mahapola bharakara aramudalata nothibini. ee anuwa SLIIT aayathanaya swadhina rajya nowana aayathanayak wiya.
mahacharya sam karunarathna sabhapathi dhurayata path kerunu athara mahacharya lalith gamage kalamanakara adhyaksha dhurayata path kerini. ee wanawita mema aayathanayehi wenath kisidu sewakayaku nositi athara, owun dedena wisin aayathanika wyuhaya wadidiyunu kirima, sewakayin bandawaganima, adhyapanika wadasatahan saha patamala sakas kirima yanadiya yuhusuluwa karagena yana ladi.
kabinat anumathiya labena thek siduwiya haki pramada walakaganime atiyen aayojana mandalayen lada ‘karmantha prawardhana aramudalin’ saha sabhapathithuma saha kalamanakara adhyakshage kalaya saha pudgalika mulya dayakathwaya yodawaminaa SLIIT yathanayehi wada aarambha karana ladi. aayathanayehi kriyakarakam aarambhayedi rajaye kisidu nila madihathwimak eeta nothibu baw mehi la sandahan kala yuthuya.
1999 mayi masayedi moratuwa wishwa widyalaye thorathuru thakshana aayathanaya sthapitha kirima (IIT) mudal amathyanshaya wisin prathikshepa karana ladi. mema yojitha wyapruthiya anumatha wuye nam danata moratuwa wishwa widyalayata anubaddhawa IIT aayathanaya sthapitha wannata thibuni. eheth eya ese nowu nisa SLIIT aayathanaya sthapitha kota kriya karawana ladi.
sihinaya yatharthayak bawata pathwima
abhiyoga hamuwehi nosali sitimin SLIIT hi nirmathrun wisin 1999 sapthambar masa di dwiwarshika diploma patamalawath samaga ehi wanija kriyakarakam aarambha karana ladi. ee kuli padanama matha labagath kollupitiye lanka banku marchant tawar hi diya. thorathuru thakshanaya pilibanda adhyapanaye awashyathawaya pilibanda aacharya gamage mahathage nigamanaya niwaradi baw sanatha karamin me sandaha ayadumpath 3150kata wada labunu athara, eyin 400k thora ganna ladi. in labunu aadayam SLIIT aayathanaya mulyamaya washayen pawathwagena yamata pramanawath wiya.
moratuwa wishwa widyalaye sisu udghoshana hethuwen aayathanaya samanga pawathi siyalu sambandhatha nawatha damimata wishwa widyala kalamanakarithwaya thiranaya karana ladi. ehi prathipalayak lesa SLIIT aayathana sihinaya yatharthayak karaganime eekayana aramuna athiwa, athiwiya haki pudgalika awadanam da paseka la aacharya gamage wishwa widyalayiya siyalu thanathuruwalin illa aswiya.
SLIIT aayathanaya rajaye amathyanshayak yatathe gasat karanne nam aayathanaya sandaha mulya pahasukam labadiya haki baw mudal amathyanshaya wisin warsha 2000di danwa sitina ladi. mema yojanawen prayojana ganimata SLIIT baladharin ekanga wuha. mema awasthawehi di SLIIT aayathanaya palamuwarata amathyanshayak yatathata pathwana ladi. eheth labadimata ekanga wu mulya prathipadana kisidinaka nolabunu athara ethan sita SLIIT wiwidha amathyansha yatathe pawathini. ehi prathipalayak lesa deshapalana madihathwim hethuwen aayathanaye pragathiyata wiwidha badha athiwiya.
ehethaa SLIIT yathanaya ehi adhyapanika mattam pulul karamin saha ehi gunathmaka bawa wadidiyunu karamin aayathanaya nisilesa pawathwagena yamata baladharin thama uparimayen katayuthu kalaha. SLIIT aayathanaya oostraliyawe Curtin wishwa widyalaya saha IBM" CISCO" Microsoft aayathana samanga sahayogithawan athikara ganimata sudusukam sapura gath prathama lankiya aayathanaya we. thawada adala wishayanubaddha upadhi pradanaya kirime himikam sandaha wishwa widyala prathipadana komisama wethin anumathiyada labaganna ladi. SLIIT aayathanaya sambandhayen siyalu thiranayan ganu labuye siyalu kriyawalinta anukulawa saha nithimaya upades anuwa aayathanaye adhyaksha mandalaya wisini.
dinen dina wardhanaya wana illuma samanga katayuthu kirima
aayathanayehi patamala sandaha pawathina adhika illuma hamuwe malabe mandapaya sthapitha kirime adahasa peradariwa SLIIT aayathanaya yalith warak mahapola bharakara aramudala samanga sambandha wiya. mewara mahapola bharakara aramudala samanga sambandha wuye swadhina aayathanayak washayen misa moratuwa wishwa widyalaye kotaskaruwaku washayen nowe. ewara, warsha 2000 sapthambar masa di malabe pihiti idamak saha idikirim katayuthu sandaha ru. miliyana 500k labadimata ekanga wiya. ee anuwa 2001 wasare di idikirim aarambha karana ladi.
2001 wasare thawath sisun 600k kollupitiye metro aayathanayata athulath wu athara, oostraliyawe Curtin wishwa widyalaya owunge thorathuru thakshana wadasatahan SLIIT samaga ekwa kriyathmaka kirimata ekanga wiya. mema kala wakawanuwedi ma wishwa widyala prathipadana komishan sabhawa wisin SLIIT hi Metro Campus sandaha upadhi pradanaya kirime balathala da labadena ladi. me siyalla siduwuye malabe mandapaya aarambha kirimata saha ee sandaha giwisum athsan kirimata da prathama SLIIT hi kirthinamaya matha baw mehila sandahan kirima wati.
thawath badhaka
2001 warshayedi aanduwa wenaswimen pasuwa mahapola bharakara aramudala wisin poronduwu aramudal labadima kisidu pahadili kirimakin thorawa nawatha damana ladi. ee wanawita porondu wu ru.miliyana 500n ru. miliyana 373ka aramudal laba di thibuni. malabe mandapayehi wadakatayuthu ethek nimakara nothibu heyin saha thawaduratath mahapola bharakara aramudalin kisidu aramudalak nolabena heyin mahacharya gamage SLIIT sihinaya saba kara ganima udesa thawath awadanamak ganna ladi. enam thama pudgalika sahathika apayak matha DFCC bankuwen gath naya mudalakin ehi deweni adiyara 2002di awasan kirimaya.
awasanaye di noyek apahasutha madhyaye SLIIT aayathanaya mahapola bharakara aramudala samaga 2003 wasare di giwisumakata elambaena ladi. ee SLIIT aayathanayata malabe mandapaya pihita athi idama badudimata saha SLIIT aayathanayata swadhina aayathanaya lesa katayuthu kirimatathya. eheth nawathath aandu wenaswima hethuwen mema giwisuma kisida kriyathmaka nowiya.
thirasara wisandumak
boho ekangathawalin anathuruwa 2005 warshaye di nawa giwisumak athsankota kriyathmaka karana ladi. mema giwisuma yatathe mahapola bharakara aramudala wisin malabe mandapaya wasara 60ka kalayakata SLIIT aayathanayata badu dimata ekanga wiya. rupiyal miliyana 373ka mudal dayakathwaya saha badu padanama matha malabe idama labadima karanakota SLIIT aayathanaya wisin mahapola bharakara aramudala wetha adhyaksha mandala aasana 5k labadiya yuthuwiya. thawada malabe mandapaya wisin upayanu labana mudalin 20%k SLIIT aayathanaya wisin mahapola bharakara aramudala wetha gewiya yuthu wiya. mema giwisuma SLIIT aayathanaye anekuth mandapa kerehi bala nopanu atha. ee, ema mandapa mahapola bharakara aramudale aadhara yatathe nopawathina heyini. me anuwa mema giwisuma yatathe pawa SLIIT wenama nithimaya aayathanayak (Legal Entity) lesa pawathuni. 2015 wasaredi rajayan wenas wanathuru mema kramawedaya kriyathmaka kerini.
nawa abhiyoga
warsha 2015 di ewakata pawathi rajaya yatathe palanaya wu mahapola bharakara aramudala wiwidha hethu dakwamin 2005 di athsan karana lada saha ee wanawita pawathi giwisuma nawatha samalochanaya kirimata kamathi baw SLIIT aayathanaya wetha danwa sitina ladi. mahapola bharakara aramudala wisin mulin labadena lada siyalu aramudal nawatha gewana lesa SLIIT aayathanayata danwana ladi. thawada ema aramudal sandaha poliyak da illa sitina ladi. ee 2005 sita 2015 dakwa SLIIT aayathanaya wisin malabe mandapayata ru. biliyana 2kata adhika mudalak aayojanaya kara thibu pasubimaka ya.
2015 di nawa giwisumak athsan kala athara, SLIIT aayathanaya wisin mahapola bharakara aramudala wetha ru. miliyana 408.5k gewana labiya. eya mahapola bharakara aramudale ewakata sabhapathiwaraya wisin piliganna ladi. mahapola bharakara aramudale sabhapathi dhuraya samawitama aga winisuru thuman wisin daranu labana karyayaki. mahapola bhara aramudala wisin malabe kampas idama SLIIT wetha wasara 60kata badu dima aluth karana ladde wasarakata ru. miliyana 20ka badu kuliyata saha uparima washayen miliyana 45k dakwa sama wasara 5kata warak eya wadi karamini. danata SLIIT aayathanaya wisin gewanu labana badu mudala ru, miliyana 25k wana athara, wasara 6k pura gewu badu mudal mahapola bharakara aramudala wisin piligena atha. dena lada siyalu aramudal saha poliya nawatha gewimen pasuwa SLIIT aayathanayehi adhyaksha mandalayehi siti mahapola bharakara aramudale samajikayin iwath kara ganna ladi. ethan sita apa saha mahapola bharakara aramudala athara thibu ekama sabandathawaya badu dimanakaru/badu ganumkaru giwisuma hara an kisiwak nowe.
pawathi mathimathanthara kese wethath malabe mandapaya pihiti idame ayithiya kisida wenas nowuwaki. malabe SLIIT mandapaya pihiti idamehi ayithiya me dakwama mahapola bharakara aramudala sathuwana athara owun eyin salakiya yuthu badu mudalak upaya gani.
saba swadhinathwaya
2015 giwisumata pasuwada SLIIT aayathanaya siya wishishta adhyapana wadasatahan akhandawa pawathwagena yamin siya yatithala pahasukam pulul kaleya. in pasu 2017di widesha wishwa widyala samaga samipa sabandatha godananga ganimin saha aayojayan wadidiyunu kara ganimin aayathanaye wyapthiya thawaduratath prawardhanaya kirime aramunin, SLIIT aayathanaya amathyanshayak yatathe layisthugatha kirime hethuwen athi wu dushkaratha rajaya samaga sakachcha karana ladi. eeta prathichara washayen ewaka janadhipathithuma awashya piyawara ganna ladi. ee anuwa 2017 wasare di, rajayata SLIIT aayathanaye kisidu kotas himikarathwayak nomathi heyin saha aayathanayata kisidu aramudal sapayimak nokarena heyin SLIIT aayathanaya amathyansha yatathe layisthugatha kirimen iwath karana ladi. meya sidu karana ladde kabinat mandalaya wisin nithipathi thumage saha mudal amathyanshaye nirikshanayan salaka balimen pasuwaya.
me anuwa ada apa apage samarambhaka thaththwayata pamina athi athara, rajayata ho kisidu rajya sanwidhanayakata sambandha nowu, nidahas saha swayanbalathmaka shri lankiya usas adhyapana aayathanayak washayen jayagrahi gamanaka yedemin sitinnemu. dan apa pera nowuwiru paridi usas adhyapanaye purogamin bawata pathwa sitimu. apage prarambhakayan apeksha karana lada SLIIT sihinayan saba karamin shri lankiya tharuna prajawa wetha usas adhyapanaye nawa manpeth wiwara kirimata apa samathwa athi baw sadambarayen sandahan kirimata kamaththemu
malabe mandapaya
ek pasekin rate madhyama kandukaraya asata hasukarana thawath pasekin dakshina adhiwegi margayata samipawa akkara 25ka nisansala watapitawaka pihituwa athi malabe mandapaya pulul parasayaka wihidunu upadhi adhyayana wadasatahan rasak pirinamayi. sarasawi godanagili sankiranaya warga adi 365,900 ta adhika wapasariyak thula, deshana shala (Lecture Halls), sha්rawanagara (Auditorium), sanniwedana pahasukam (Communication Facilities), pusthakala (Library), ha kiyawim shala (Reading Rooms), paripalana saha sewa pahasukam (Admin. & Service Facilities) samaga bhojanagara (Cafetaria) aadiyen sadumlath shishyayinta poduwu awakashayanaa diyen samanwitha wana se nirmanaya kota atha. mita amatharawa suwisal ka්rida bhumiyak (Play Ground), tenis pitiyak (Tennis Court), pasipandu pitiyak (Basketball), mesa pandu (Table Tennis), angana saha sharira suwatha manthiruwak (Jogging Track) yana suwisheshangada malabe mandapaya sathu we
mahanuwara madhyasthanaya
SLIIT mahanuwara madhyasthanaya, E-WIS aayathanaya ha samaga sahayogithawayen 2002 wasare janawari masadi sthapitha karana ladi. palamu wasara deka thula mahanuwara pa්radeshaya thulama raundi sita thorathuru thakshanaya (Information Technology) saha wyapara (Business) yana kshetha්rayanhi usas adhyapana katayuthu sandaha awathirna wimata mahanuwara saha e් awata sitina shishya shishyawanta pahasukam salasanu pinisa mema madhyasthanaya pihituwanu labiya. mema madhyasthanaye igenuma labana palamu wasara sisunta anekuth SLIIT aayathana wala meheyawana upadhi patamalawanma hadarime awasthawa salasa atha. mahanuwara madhyasthanayedi SLIIT thorathuru thakshana ho wyapara upadhiye palamu wasara deka awasanayedi usas diplomawa (Higher Diploma) laba gatha haki athara inpasu widyawedi upadhiye (BSc)/wyapara paripalanawedi upadhiye (BBA)/ widyawedi gaurawa (BSc Honours) upadhi sandaha wadidura adhyayana katayuthu wenuwen, malabe aayathanaya wetha yomuwiya haka. SLIIT mahanuwara madhyasthanaya widyagara, pusthakala pahasukam, deshana shala saha pariganakagara aadi siyaluma pahasukam walin samanwitha wana paridi sanwidhanaya kota atha.
pariganaka pitaya
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - thorathuru thakshanaya
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - thorathuru paddhathi injineru widyawa
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - sayibar aarakshanaya
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - anthar ka්riyakarithwa madhya
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - daththa widyawa
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - thorathuru thakshanaya (oostreliyawe kartin wishwawidyalaya)
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - pariganaka paddhathi saha jala injineru widyawa (oostreliyawe kartin wishwawidyalaya)
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - mrudukanga injineru widyawa (oostreliyawe kartin wishwawidyalaya)
wyapara pitaya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - ginumkaranaya saha mulya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - wyapara wishleshanaya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - manawa pa්ragdhana kalamanakaranaya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - alewi kalamanakaranaya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - mana sanwidhanaya ha sapayum dama kalamanakaranaya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - wyapara kalamanakarana
kurunagala madhyasthanaya
SLIIT kurunagala madhyasthanaya E-WIS aayathanaya ha samaga sahayogithawayen 2013 wasaredi sthapitha karana ladi.
palamu wasara thula kurunagala pa්radeshaya thulama raundi sita thorathuru thakshana (Information Technology) kshetha්rayehi usas adhyapana katayuthu sandaha awathirna wimata kurunagala saha ee awata sitina shishya shishyawanta pahasukam salasanu pinisa mema madhyasthanaya pihituwanu labiya. mema madhyasthanaye palamu wasara sisuntada anekuth SLIIT aayathana wala meheyawana upadhi patamalawanma hadarime awasthawa atha. kurunagala madhyasthanayedi SLIIT thorathuru thakshana ho wyapara upadhiye palamu wasara awasanawu pasu widyawedi upadhiye (BSc)/ wyapara paripalanawedi upadhiye (BBA)/widyawedi gaurawa (BSc Honours) upadhi sandaha wadidura adhyayana katayuthu wenuwen malabe ho kolambaa aayathana wetha yomuwiya haka.
pariganaka pitaya
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - thorathuru thakshanaya
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - thorathuru paddhathi injineru widyawa
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - sayibar aarakshanaya
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - anthar ka්riyakarithwa madhya
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - daththa widyawa
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - thorathuru thakshanaya (oostreliyawe kartin wishwawidyalaya)
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - pariganaka paddhathi saha jala injineru widyawa (oostreliyawe kartin wishwawidyalaya)
widyawedi thorathuru thakshana (gaurawa) upadhi - mrudukanga injineru widyawa (oostreliyawe kartin wishwawidyalaya)
wyapara pitaya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - ginumkaranaya saha mulya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - wyapara wishleshanaya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - manawa pa්ragdhana kalamanakaranaya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - alewi kalamanakaranaya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - mana sanwidhanaya ha sapayum dama kalamanakaranaya
wyapara paripalanawedi (gaurawa) upadhi - wyapara kalamanakarana
anubaddha wishwawidyalayan
sabadhi
wishwawidyala prathipadana komishan sabhawa wisin piligath upadhi pirinamana aayathana
adhyapana aayathana
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aarya ashtangika margaya
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madhyama prathipadawe anga ata aarya ashtangika margaya lesa wisthara kere. dukkha nirodhagamini patipadawa nam siwu wana aarya sathyaya yi.
meya pradhana sila, samadhi, pragnya washayen diyunu kala yuthu wada piliwelaki.
mehi pradhana wanne pragnyawa we, pahatha dakwena lesa samma ditti, sangkappa ayath wanne pragnyawa yatathatayi.in pasu piliwalin shila , samadhi lesa dakwe. sidhdharthayan buddhathwayata upakari wuye pragnyawa mulkaragena aarya ashtangika margaya wadima thulini. enamudu shrawakaya nirwanaya awabodhaya sadaha aarya ashtangika margaya wadiya yuthu wanne shila,samadhi,pragnya yana kotas anupiliwelata we.
samma ditti
samma sangkappa (nekkhamma , awyapada , awihinsa)
samma wacha
samma kammantha
samma aajiwa
samma wayama
samma sathi
samma samadhi
samma wacha
samma wacha
digha nikaye sathipattana suthraye samma wacha marga angaya sathara aakarayakin sandahan kara atha. “kathamacha bhikkhawe samma wacha? musawada weramani, pisunaya wacha weramani , parusaya wacha weramani sampappalapa weramani, ayan wuchchathi bhikkhawe samma wacha.”
“mahaneni, samyak (yahapath) wachanaya yanu kawareda? boru kimen walakima, kelam kimen walakima, parusha wachana kimen walakima, his wachana kimen walakima yana mewata yahapath wachana yayi kiyanu labe.
samma kammantha
"kathamocha bhikkhawe samma kammantha" monawada mahaneni yahapath karmantha kiyanne?
"panathipatha weramani, adinnadana weramani, abrahmachariya weramani (nathinam kamesu michchachara weramani) sathun marimen walakima, sorakam kirimen walakima, kamayehi waradawa hasirima men ma sura panayen walakima aadi kayin kerena akusalwalin walaki yahapath jiwithayak gatha kirima samma kammantha yanuwen handinwe. niwan dakimata balaporoththu wana aya samma kammantha aaraksha kala yuthu ya.
samma aajiwa
yahapath niwaradi diwi pawathma yi. sathwa welandama, aayudha welandama, mansa welandama, math pan welandama, wasa wisha welandaama yana pas wadarum wruththin waradi diwi pawathum lesa budu rajanan wahanse wadara atha. niwan margayehi gaman karana aya samma aajiwaya rakiya yuthuwa atha. me pamanak nowa horata kirim manim, wancha kirim, welanda drawyawalata nusudusu de kalawam kirim, podu depola ayatha pariharanaya, allas ganim, anathadhara sahanadhara aadiya gasa kama wani kriya rashiyak waradi diwi pawathwim ganayata wate. michcha aajiwaya da niwan mangata badhawaki.
samma wayama
samma wayama
samma wayama yanu yahapath uthsahaya yi. ema uthsaha gatha yuthu karunu gana, sathara sathipattana suthraya athulu suthrawala budu rajanan wahanse mese wadara atha.
" kathamocha bhikkhawe samma wayama? idha bhikkhawe bhikkhu anuppannanan akusalanan dhammanan anuppadaya chandan janethi wayamathi, wiriyan aarabhathi chiththan pagganhathi padahathi, uppannanan akusalanan dhammanan pahanaya chandan janethi wayamathi wiriyan aarabhathi chiththan pagganhathi padahathi "
nupan akusal upadawa nogena digata ma sitimata uthsaha gatha yuthu ya.
upan akusala dharma prahanaya kirima sandaha uthsaha gatha yuthu ya.
nupan kusala dharma upadawa gatha yuthu ya.
athi kara gena thibena kusala dharma thawa thawath diyunu kara gatha yuthu ya.
sath this bodhi pakshika dharma(37); enam,
sathara sathipattana dharma (4)
sathara samma pradhana wiryaya (4)(samma wayama yanu meyama yi.)
sathara iddhipada (4)
panchendriya (5)
pancha bala (5)
saptha bojjhandga (7)
magganga (8)
yanadiya nupan kusala dharmayi.
samma sathi
samma sathiya yanu yahapath sihiya yi. budu rajanan wahanse boho thanwala samma sathiya wisthara kara aththe mese ya.
"idha bhikkhawe bhikkhu kaye kayanupassi wiharathi, aathapi sampajano sathima wineyya loke abhijjha domanassa, wedanasu wedananupassi wiharathi, chiththesu chiththanupassi wiharathi, dhammesu dhammanupassi wiharathi...."
kayanupassanawa, wedananupassanawa, chiththanupassanawa, dhammanupassanawa yana karunu hathara samma sathiya lesa handinwe. sathara sathipattanaya nam wu me karunu hathara diyunu kara ganima yi samma sathiya. sathara sathipattanayen katayuthu kirime di kaye samma sathiye pihitiya yuthu yi; wedanawe samma sathiye pihitiya yuthu yi; sithe samma sathiye pihitiya yuthu yi; sithe sithiwili dharma pilibandawa samma sathiye pihitiya yuthu yi. niwan dakima sandaha sathiya diyunu kara ganima athyawashya deyaki. dinakata adu washayen winadi 10- 15 k wath sihiyen wada kirima sathiya diyunu kara ganimata hethu we.
samma samadhi
sithe ekanga bhawayak thibima yi. sitha eka aramunaka thaba ganimata nohaki nam, sitha wisirenawa nam, noyek aramunu kara diwa yanawa nam ohuta niwan dakimata nohaki wanu atha. "naththi jhanan apanynyassa, panynya naththi ajhayatho" yayi budu rajanan wahanse deshana kara atha. sithe ekanga bhawayak nathi thanaththata pragnyawak athi nowe. ‛upathin pragnyawa nathi thanaththata sithe ekanga bhawayak laba gatha nohaki ya.’ yanna ehi adahasa yi.
sitha samadhi gatha kara gath thanaththata prathama dewana thewana siwu wana yana kamawachara dhyana hathara labiya haki ya. rupawachara dhyana hathara labiya haki ya. sowan sakrudagami anagami arhath yana marga pala labiya haki ya. samma samadhiya athi kara ganimata nam palamuwen samma sathiya athi kara gatha yuthu yi. anathuru wa bhawana margaye gaman kirimen samadhiya athi kara gena niwanata path wiya haki ya.
samma ditti
samma ditti
samma dittiya yanu anthagami nowana (atha yana ho natha yana ) anthayanta nogos madyaye sita dakma(kachchayana goththa suthraya). sathara sathipattana suthraya samma dittiya wisthara kara aththe mese ya.
"kathamacha bhikkhawe samma ditti? yan kho bhikkhawe dukkhe gnyanan, dukkha samudaye gnyanan, dukkha nirodhe gnyanan, dukkha nirodha gamini patipada gnyanan, ayan wuchchathi bhikkawe samma ditti" yanuwen budu rajanan wahanse eya wisthara kara atha.
"kimekda, mahaneni samma dittiya kiyanne? duka pilibanda gnyanayak thibenawa nam, dukkha samudaya pilibandawa gnyanayak thibenawa nam, dukkha nirodhaya pilibanda gnyanayak thibenawa nam, dukkha nirodha gamini patipada aarya sathyaya pilibanda gnyanayak thibenawa nam eya samma dittiya yanuwen handinwe. samma dittiya yanu chathurarya sathyaya pilibanda danima bawa meyin pahadili we.
samma dittiya pilibanda wa budu rajanan wahanse wiwidhakara yen wiwidha suthrawala deshana kara atha. samma ditti suthraya 16 aakarayakin eya wisthara kara atha. chaththarisika sammaditti suthraya 40 aakarayakin samma dittiya kriyathmaka wana aakaraya dakwa atha. maha kachchayana suthrayawala da samma dittiya wiwidhakarayen dakwa atha.
samma sangkappa
samma sankappa yanu yahapath sankalpana ya. yahapath sankalpana yanuwen adahas karanne waradi sankalpanawalin aath wa niwaradi sankalpana athi kara ganima yi. me niwaradi sankalpana kotas thunaki.
1. nekkhamma sankalpana
2. awyapada sankalpana
3. awihinsa sankalpana
nekkhamma sankalpana
“nekkhamma” yanu nikmima yi. meyin adahas karanne gihi geya hara damima nowa gruha jiwithawalata sambandha kama sankalpanawalin iwathwima yi. “me sansara dukin midennata oona ya; meka maha bhayanaka deyak ya; ee nisa niwana awabodha kara gannata oona ya; laukika dewala ma patali sitina eka gnyanawanthakamak noweyi.” aadi washayen sansara dukin midennata awashya sankalpana nekkhamma sankalpana lesa handinweyi.
niwan dakinnata balaporoththu wena thanaththa du daru ma piya sahodara gnyathi mithra aadi gruha jiwithawalata sambandha bandimwalin sitha aath kara gatha yuthu yi. ee sambandha sithiwili gala ena wita menehi kara walakwa gatha yuthu yi.
yam kisi kenekuta sansaraye randi sitima dukak kiya awabodhayak nathnam, ee duka nathi kirime kalpanawak athi nowe. bhawana kirimata, widarshana gnyana athi kara ganimata, sowan aadi marga pala labimata, sansara wimukthiya labimata sithenne nekkhamma sankalpana upadawa gath kenekuta yi. ese nosithana kena kisiwak nokarayi. ee nisa sasara dukin midimata samma sankalpanawa athyawashya ma deyaki.
awyapada sankalpana
wyapada sankalpanawata prathiwiruddha sankalpanawa awathාpada sankalpanawa yi. “wyapadatho nissatothi awyapada sankappo” yanuwen budu rajanan wahanse awyapada sankalpana handunwa atha. wyapadaya yanuwen handunwanne tharahawa, nomanapaya, nosathuta aadiya sambandha sithiwili yi. tharahawata wiruddha sithiwili awyapada sithiwili yi. niwan dakimata balaporoththu wana pudgalaya nirantharayen kopa wi katayuthu kirima thama balaporoththuwa itu kara ganimata badhawaki.
wiwidhakara hethu nisa wyapadaya yata gani. thama kamathi aakarayata an aya nohasirima, thamata ho thama ge hithawath ayatath, ee aya ge depola wasthuwa aadiyatath wenath aya wisin karadara pida karanu labima, thamata wuwamana aakarayata an aya nohasirima, aw wasi sulan aadi swabhawa dharmayata sambandha siduwim, masi maduru uwaduru, sharirika wedana aadiya pamanak nowa bhawana karana wita yam keneku wisin badha karanu labima wani siduwim nisa da wyapadaya athi wiya haki ya.
ewani awasthawala di “tharahawak tharahawak, nosathutak nosathutak”aadi washayen menehi kirimen wyapadaya nathi kara gatha haki ya.
dinapatha tika welawak ho siyalu sathwayan aramunu karamin maithri bhawanawehi yedimen wyapada sankalpana athi wima adu kara gatha haki ya.
awihinsa sankalpana
hinsa sahagatha sithiwiliwalata wiruddha sithiwili awihinsa sankalpana lesa handinwe. e pamanak nowa karuna sahagatha sithiwili sitha thula athi kara gatha yuthu yi. ee sandaha karuna bhawanawa kirima ithama sudusu yi. karuna bhawanawa kerenuye "dukata path sathwayo dukin midethwa!" yanuwen menehi kirimeni. me lokaye yam thak sathwayo sitith nam ee hama sathwayek ma dukata path wi sitithi. mehi di duka yanuwen adahas kerenne kayika pida, manasika pida aadiya pamanak nowe. me panchaskandhaye pawathma eekantha washayen ma dukaki. jathi duk, jara duk, marana duk aadiyath, eeta amatharawa kleshayan nisa athi wana duk, nawatha nawatha ipadime duk aadiyath atha. rahath nowu kisiwaku me dukwalin midi natha. budu, pase budu, rahath wani uththamayan da dukin midenne piriniwan pawata pasuwa yi. eeta pera kaya thibena thak kayika duk atha.
saranshaya
bauddhayage awasana balaporoththuwa niwan awabodha kara ganimayi. me sandaha eekayana margaya madum piliwetha hewath aarya ashtangika margaya wangimayi. samma sambuduwarayan wahanse wisin deshana karana lada dharmaya awabodha kara ganimata balaporoththu wana sha්rawakayeku wisin pahatha sandahan karunu pilibandawa salakilimath wiya yuthu we.
1.aarya ashtangika margaye anga atak athi bawa.
2.ema anga shila, samadhi, pa්ragnya washayen kotas thunakin yuktha bawa.
3.piyawi thaththwaye jiwath wana samawita mema anga ka්riyakari bawa.
4.ninda ho sihiwikal mema anga ka්riyakari nowana bawa.
5.mema anga nithya nowana bawa. enam wegayen athi wi nathi wi yana bawa
6.mema anga nawatha nawatha athiwimata hethuwa as, kan, nasa, diwa, kaya, mana yana indriyangen aramunu kara ganima bawa.
7.mema anga magin thama jiwithaya hewath sansaraya pawathina bawa.
8.mema anga ata ee ee mohothe athi wi nathi wi yana aakaraya nodanima awidyawa hewath thaman gana anawabodhaya bawa.
9.thama gana awabodhayak labena paridi mema anga sakas kara ganima ,samma kara ganima ashtangika margaya wangima lesa handunwanu labana bawa.
10.jiwathwima ha marga anga ata ka්riyathmaka wima ekama deyak bawa
api samanya mattame jiwath wima yanu wacha, kammantha, aajiwa pa්rayojanayata ganna awasthawak pamanaki.wayamaya, yanu apage uthsahayayi.
sathiya yanu apage sihikalpanawayi.
samadhi yanu apage ekangakamayi.
wayamaya, sathiya ha samadhiye balapamak nomathiwa kisima wachanayak katha kirima sidu nowe.
wayamaya, sathiya ha samadhiye balapamak nomathiwa kisima kammanthayak sidu nowe.
wayamaya, sathiya ha samadhiye balapamak nomathiwa kisima aajiwanayak sidu nowe.
wacha, kammantha, aajiwawala palanaya, wayamaya , sathi, samadhiwalata ayath we.
enam wacha, kammantha, aajiwa raukiya haki we. raukiya haki yana arthayen mema anga shila kotasa lesa handunwayi.
wayamaya, sathiya ha samadhiya raukimata nohaki wangimata haki dharmayan we. wadiya haki yana arthayen mema anga samadhi kotasa lesa handunwayi.
enam as, kan, nasa aadi ek indriyakin athulwana aramunakin hata ganna uthsahaya wayamaya eelanga indriye athalwana aramuna thula pawathwa gatha haki we.
me aakarayata sathiya ha samadhiya wadiya haki we.
ditti ha sankappa mana se abhyantharaye athi guptha kotas dekak we.
ditti, sankappa yana kotas raukimata ho wangimata haki dharmatha nowe. mema kotas awabodha kara ganimata hakiyawa pamanak athi bawin pa්ragnya kotasa lesa handunwayi.
aarya ashtangika margaya wangima
mema anga samanya paridi ka්riyathmaka wima yanu saththwaya jiwath wimayi. eya anagatha sansaraya sakas wimayi.
budu dahame pennum karana aakarayata mema anga wenas kirimen hewath samma kirimen sansara gamana nawathwiya haki we. meya niwan labima, thama gana awabodha wima lesa handunwayi.
ek ek angawala ‘‘samma’’ thaththwaya ihatha waguwen bala gatha haki we.
mema anga piliwelin samma kirima, aarya ashtangika margaya wadima lesa handunwayi.
aarya ashtangika margaya wangime anupiliwelak atha. enam palamuwa shila kotase athi wacha, kammantha, aajiwa, samma kala yuthuya. dewanuwa samadhi kotase athi wayama, sathi, samadhi, samma kala yuthu we. awasanaye pa්ragnya kotase athi sankappa ditti samma we.
shila kotase athi wacha, kammantha, aajiwa rukimen samma kala yuthu we. meya shila shikshawa lesa handunwayi.
samadhi kotase athi wayama, sathi, samadhi wangima magin samma kala yuthu we. meya samadhi shikshawa lesa handunwayi.
pa්ragnya kotase athi sankappa, ditti awabodhayen samma kala yuthu we. pa්ragnya shikshawa lesa handunwayi.
samadhi kotase athi wayamaya samma kirima samatha bhawana lesa handunwayi.
samadhi kotase athi wayamaya, sathiya, samma kirima wipassana bhawana lesa handunwayi.
samatha bhawana samma wayamaya diyunu kirimen labena samadhiya ekangakama anuwa rupawachara, arupawachara, dhyana laba gatha haki we.
wipassana bhawanawa samma wayama, samma sathi diyunu kirimen samma samadhiya laba gatha haki we. emangin pa්ragnya shikshawata athulwimata hakiyawa labena athara eyama diyunu kirimen sathara marga sathara pala labe.
wipassana ho samatha bhawanawaka yedi athi wita wayamaya, sathi, samadhi angawalin wacha, kammantha, aajiwa anga sampurnayen nidahas wana kalaya (wacha, kamman, aajiwa athurudahanwana) kaya wiwekaya lesa handunwayi.
kaya wiwekaya handuna ganima bhawanawak sarthaka kara ganimata itha wadagath we.
wipassana ho samatha bhawanawaka di pancha niwarna dharma yatapath wi thibena kalaya chiththa wiwekaya lesa handunwayi. chiththa wiwekaya, sankappa ha ditti yana anga deka samma kara ganimata athyawashya we.
wipassana bhawanawaka di samma samadhi laba ganimen pasuwa sankappa ha ditti yana anga awabodha kara ganimata yomu we. mehi di bojjanga dharma diyunu wana awasthawa upadhi wiwekaya lesa handunwayi.
aarya ashtangika margaya
aarya ashtangika margaya wada marga pala labaganima
edinada jiwithaye sakman bhawanawa wadima
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wika
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wika (Wicca) yanu swabhawadharmaya ha sambaandi darshanayaki. samaharun aagamak lesada salakana meya lowa pura noyek ratawala shigrayen prachalithawemin pawathi. 1954 di pamana meya podu mahajanaya athara prachalithakarimata dayaka wi aththe jerald gardnar mahathaya. ohu, shri lankawe yatath wijitha palana samaye lankawe sewaya kala mahajana sewakayeki. ohu pawasana paridi mema darshanaya athithaye pawathi (ethek rahasigathawa surakunu) Witchcraft aagame warthamana awasthawayi.
jerald gardnar mahatha wisin aarambha kala sampradaya Gardnerian Wicca lesa handunwana athara eda patan Wicca ha sambandha noyek sampradayan prachalitha wiya. me ek ek sampradayange wishwasa ha abhicharawidhi wala sulu wenaskam pawathi. bohomayak sampradayan thawamath rahasigathawa pawathi.
mulika siddhantha
Wicca wala e්ka sammatha muladharmayak (muladharmawadayak) nomathi nisa pudgalayagen pudgalayata menma sampradayen sampradayatada wishwasa ha adahili krama wenas wiya haka. namuth ithama mulika siddhantha ha watinakam elesama pawathi.
Wicca wala mulikama nithiya ha watinakama wanne "kisiwakutawath haniyak nowenam (pamanak), obata kamaththak karawa!", (An' it harms none, Do what thou wilt).
Wicca yanu sobadahama menma guptha shasthra ha Witchcraft sambandha danum paddhathiyaki.
dewathwaya
aagamak lesa Wicca bahu-dewa-wadi we, (bahutharayakata anuwa dwi-dewa-wadi we). Wicca dahamata anuwa dewathwaya yanu sobadahame jiwa-shakthi swabhawayata pudgala charitha dekak aaruda kirimaki.
dewathawiya ha dewiya depasaka sita sobadahama samathulitha karana lesa dakwa thibe. mehidi pradhana washayen sthri ha purusha lingikathwaya adahas we. samahara than wala mowun suryaya ha chandraya lesa sankethawath we. athithaye minisa sashrikathwaya ha saru bawa sambandhawa dewathawiya adahuha. shakthiya, dadayam kirima aadiya sambandhawa dewiya adahuha. mema dewiya ha dewathawiya yana sankalpa purana kala dewiyan (Horned God: Cernunus) ha sobadahame mathawa (Great Mother) yana sankalpa walin bihiwannata athi bawa gardnar mahathage mathayayi.
dewathawiya
ada kalaye boho sampradayan wala dewiyata wada dewathawiyata wishesha thanak di athi bawa pene. dewathawiya, chandra sankethayen thun aaduthu swarupayak gani. enam dewathawiyage thrithwa swabhawayak chanda kala thunak samanga sambandha karaganimayi. enam tharuniya, mawa ha mahalla yana sankalpayayi.
pancha maha bhuthayan
pancha maha bhuthayan wika dahame loka darshanaye wishesha thanak gani. lokaye siyaluma prapancha ha balawega mema muladrawya ekak ho kihipayaka ekathuwak lesa daki.
mowun samaharak palandina Pentacle aabharanayehi kona pahen dakwenne mema pancha maha bhuthayan ya. ehi ihalinma aththe jiwaya sankethawath karana bhutho bhuthayayi. namuth pradhana bhuthayan lesa salakanne pruthiwiya, jalaya, ginna ha wathaya yana anek satharayi.
mema pradhana bhuthayan sathara disha ha anubaddha kara mese dakwa atha.
abhichara widhi
wika abhichara widhi wala wisheshathwayak wanne elimahath than walata pramukhathwayak dimayi. emenma kandayamak washayen kriya kirimedi wruththayaka aakarayata sitima saha thaniwama kriya kirimedi wuwada wruththakara simawak (Circle) lakunu karaganimayi. elimahane abhichara katayuthu kirimedi ahasin pamanak aawaranaya wi sitima, ahasa yata yanna Sky Clad lesa wyawahara we.
wruththaya
me pilubandawa Wiccan Rede wala dakwa aththe,
ee anuwa mese wruththakara simawak lakunu karanne charithraye wada katayuthu walata bahira bhuthathma walin sidu wiya haki badha walakwimataya.
pradhana washayen mese polowe wruththaya lakunu karanne Atheme (atheme) nam kinissak aakara upakaranayakini (aayudhayak).
Seax Wicca sampradayanta anuwa thun warak wruththaya lakunu karanne palamuwa atheme n, dewanuwa lunu mishra jalayen ha thewanuwa suwanda dumin ya.
puja bhanda
abhichara widhi sandaha yodaganna upakarana bohomayak athuren ithama wadagath, pradhana lesa salakanne pradhana sathara maha bhutha ha sambandha mewaya.
me pradhana upakarana walata amatharawa wenath boho da thibunada eewaye bhawithaya sampradayen sampradayata wenas we.
boho dena piliganna paridi itha wadagathma upakaranaya wanne pudgalayekuge manasayi.
sruthu ha wishesha awastha
warshaya sruthu atakata beda dakwa atha. mewa athara pradhana sruthu satharak saha awashesha sruthu satharak we. enam,
mewayen Samhain sita Beltane dakwa kalaya warshaye anduru ardhaya lesa handinwe. nawatha Beltane sita Samhain dakwa kalaya warshaye aalokamath ardhayayi. ema nisa wasare wadagathma sanwathsara deka wanne mema Samhain saha Beltane ya.
pohoya
purna chandraya (ho pura sanda) payana pura pasoloswaka pohoya yanu wika wala itha wadagath dinayaki. warshayakata pura pasoloswaka pohoya daha thunak atha. meya athi wanne suryayage aalokaya chandaya matha sampurnayenma wati parawarthanaya wana witaya.
sampradayan
wika yanu margayaki. eya pudgalayeku thama thulinma awabodhaya laba ganimata maga penwana dharmayaki. sampradayan yanu pudgalayek thamage maga penwima labaganne kumana aakarayenda yannayi. pradhana washayen sampradaya aakara dekak pawathi. enam,
paramparanugatha (Lineaged Wicca)
swa adhyayana (Eclectic Wicca)
paramparanugatha sampradayan gurukula lesada handinwiya haka. mewa pawathinne kandayam (Coven) lesaya. paramparanugatha sampradayan yannen pudgalayeku le urumayen ma meyata sambandha wima adahas nowe. eyin adahas wanne methek pawathi yam kisi sampradayakata ekathu wi (initiate) ema kramayan adhyayanaya kirimaya.
swa adhyayanaya yanu thama wisinma pudgalikawa aarambha (initiate) kara wenath sampradayan walin ha poth path walin danuma laba gena thamage gamana yamaya. boho wita mese thaniwama adhyayanaya kirimata sidu wanne awata pradeshaye (langa wimata haki) wenath danna kandayamak nomathi wimaya.
kandayamak (Coven) pihituwimedi sammathaya lesa salakanne sathapum thunak araya athi wruththakara pradeshayaka (Covendom lesa handunwayi) sitina pudgalayanta eyata ek wiya haki bawaya. namuth meya etharam nithiyak nowe, gaman pahasuwa salaka mewan simawak panawannata atha. mehi anek adahasa wanne sathapum sayakata eha wenath kandayamak pihituwiya haki bawaya.
sampradayakata ek wima ho aarambha kirima yanu uthsawakarayen sidu karana charithrayaki. mese nawa margayata piwisima pudgalayekuge nawatha upatha lesa salake.
wishwasa
wika, minisa shishthacharagatha wime aarambhaye sita pawatha ennaki. pradhana wishwasayan wanne swabhawadharmaya dewathwaye la salakimayi. siyaluma minisun saha sathwayan sobadaham mathawa (gaya : Gaia) ge du daruwan ya. siyalu dena sahodara sahodariyan ya.
punarbhawaya ha punuruthpaththiya, gardnar athulu pasukalinayin wisin peradiga darshana walin wika dahamata athulath karaganna lada sankalpa we.
punarbhawaya
punarbhawaya ho punaruthpaththiya yanu yam pudgalayeku maranayen pasuwa nawatha nawathath upatha labana bawaya. meya bohomayak peradiga darshana wala adangu wishwasayaki. wika dahamata meya pasukalinawa ekathu wi wishwasayaki.
karmaya
karmaya yannehi wadagathma angaya wanne yamek karana dewal nawatha ohuta prathiwipaka gena dena bawata athi wishwasayayi. karmaya yana sankalpaya sampradayika wicca dahamehi angayak nowana athara pasu kalinawa gardnar mahatha saha nawa sampradayan bihi kala aya wisin wicca dahamata peradiga darshana walin ek karagath angayaki.
ithihasaya
pinthura
thawada balanna
Magic And Witchcraft lk gugal samuhaya
wika (Wicca) saha Witchcraft patuna
wika (Wicca) saha Witchcraft
mulashra
wika
aagam
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bharathaya
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bharathaya dakunu aasiyanu rataki. eya jambudwipaya, hindusthan ha indiyawa yana namwalin da handinwe. pramanaya athin lowa sathwana thana bharathayata himiweyi. biliyana 1.18ka janagahanayak sahitha mema rata lowa chinayata pasuwa wadima janathawak wesena rata wana athara prajathanthrawadi ratawal athurin wadima janagahanaya sahitha rata weyi. dakunen indiyan sagarayen da, batahirin arabi muhudin da, nagenahirin bengala bokken da watawi athi bharathaya batahirin pakisthanayen da, uthurin chinaya, nepalaya saha bhuthanaya yana ratawalin da, nagenahirin bangaladeshayen saha burumayen da mayim wi atha. indiyan sagaraye pihiti shri lankawa saha maladiwayina da bharathayata aasanna wa pihitayi. bharathayata ayath andaman saha nikobar dupath indunisiyawe sumathra dupathata aasannawa pihita atha. bharathaya sathuwa kilomitar 7,517ka muhudu thirayak pawathiyi.
athithaye sitama welenda saha sanskruthika athin diyunu pradeshayak wu indiyanu upa mahadwipaya indu nimna shishtacharaya, adhirajya saha welenda marga gananawakata nijabhumiya wiya. hindu dharmaya, budu dahama, jaina dharmaya saha sikha dharmaya yana pradhana dharma hatharak bharathaye bihiwuna athara sharathusthrawadaya (Zoroastrianism), yudew, kristhiyani saha islam wani aagam da boho kalaka sita pawathima mehi sanskruthika wiwidhathwaya athi kirimata hethuwiya. dahaata wani siyawasa mul bhagaye di brithanya nagenahira indiya samagama magin eksath rajadhaniyata ayath yatath wijithayak kara ganna lada bharathaya awihinsawadi aragalayakin pasu 1947 di nidahas rajyayak bawata pathwiya.
bharathaya parlimenthu prajathanthrawadayak sahitha fedaral wyawasthamaya samuhanduwaki. eya prantha 28kin saha kendriya palana pradesha 8kin samanwithaya.
bharathiya aarthikaya dala deshiya nishpadithaya anuwa lowa 5 wani thana da, kraya shakthi samyaya anuwa lowa 4 wani thana da ganiyi. 1991 di indiya aarthikaya lihil kirimen anathuruwa eya shighrayen sanwardhanaya wana aarthikayak bawata path wiya.
bharathaye prantha
arunachal pradesh
aandhra pradesh
asamaya
uththar pradesh
uththarakhand
oyisha
karnataka
keralaya
gujarataya
gowa
chaththisgarh
jharkhand
thamilnaduwa
thripura
thelanganawa
nagalanthaya
panjabaya
batahira bengalaya
bihar
manipura
madhya pradesh
maharashtra
misoram
meghalaya
rajasthan
haryana
sikkim
himachal pradesh
kendriya palana pradesha (Union Territories):
andaman ha nikobar dupath
chandigarh
jammu ha kashmiraya
dadra, nagar haweli, daman ha diw
dilliya - jathika aganuwara pradeshaya
puducheri
lakshadwip
ladakh
sabandi
[1]
"State Emblem -Inscription". National Informatics Centre(NIC). Retrieved 2007-06-17.
[3]
"India at a glance: Population". Census of India, 2001. Government of India. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
[4]
"India". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
[5]
"Field Listing — Distribution of family income — Gini index". The World Factbook. CIA. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
[6]
"Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G" (PDF). The United Nations. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
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bi.aar. ambedkar
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janapriya lesin babasaheb lesin handinwunu, bhimraoo ramji ambedkar (14 aprel 1891 – 6 desambar 1956), yanu indiyanu nithiwediyek, deshapalana nayakayek, darshanawediyek, manawa widyagnyayek, ithihasagnyayek, kathikayek, aarthika widyagnyayek, guruwarayek, sanskarakayek, mahajana lekhakayek, wiplawawadiyek saha indiyawe buddhagama sandaha punarjiwanawadiyek wu thanaththeki. ohu indiyanu aandukrama wyawasthawehi pradhana nirmathruda wiya. 2012di histri tiwi saha sienen-ayibien wisin deshawyapthawa pawathi matha wimasuwakadi, mahathma gandhi thumanta pasuwa, usasthama indiyanuwa lesin ohu thora ganna ladi.
dugi mahar (kulahina kulaye yayi salakunu) pawulakata upan ambedkar, chathurwarna kramaya nam samaja wiwasanayata – warna satharakata hindu samajaya wargikaranaya kirima – saha hindu kula kramayata wiruddhawa wyaparayak gena giyeya. buddhagama walandagath ohu wetha, dalith warun ho kulahina ayawalun ho dahas gananak therawada buddhagama walandaganuma sandaha karaliya sakaskirima pilibandawa gaurawayada himi weyi. 1990di maranoththara lesin, indiyawe usasthama siwil gaurawaya wana bharath rathna sammanaya, ambedkar wetha pradanaya kerini.
boho samaja saha aarthika badhaka abhibawamin, indiyawehi shasthrala adhyapanaya labu palamu dalithwarun (kulahinayan) athurin ek ayeku wimata ambedkar samath wiya.
baba saheb ambengkar gana lankiya janathawa danne ithamath manda washayeni. bharathaye samahara kulawathun yayi kiyaganna aya ethuma gana nosalakilimath wuwath mulu bharathayama ethuma gana itha hondin danithi. bharathaye athi anusmarana prathima walin 80%k pamanama aththe ambengkarthumage prathimawoyi. ada jathyantharawa aadarshayata gatha haki hondama rajya wyawasthawa nirmanaya kirime gaurawaya himiwanne methumataya. nithiya pilibanda nidahasen pasu indiya rajaye nithiya pilibanda prathama amathithuma wu methuma rajya wyawasthawa nirmanaya kirime mandalaye sabhapathi wiya.
1956 di ohu aadharakaruwan 600,000 k samanga buddhagamata harima sandaha dalithayan wishala washayen pariwarthanaya kirima aarambha kaleya. ohu indiyawe buddhagama punarjiwanaya kaleya. ambedkar bodhisathwayaku lesath, nawayana bauddhayan athara maithriya lesath salake.
1990 di indiyawe ihalama siwil sammanaya wana bharath rathna ambedkarta maranin pasu pradanaya karana ladi. ambedkarge urumayata janapriya sanskruthiye boho smaraka saha nirupanayan athulath we. samaja-deshapalana prathisanskaranawadiyeku lesa ambedkarge urumaya nuthana indiyawa kerehi gambauru balapamak athi kaleya.
ambedkar jayanthi (ambedkarge upandinaya) aprel 14 wana dina samaranu labana athara eya indiyawe pamanak nowa lowa pura samaranu labe. ambedkar jayanthi indiyawa pura nila rajaye niwadu dinayak lesa samaranu labe. eksath jathin 2016, 2017 saha 2018 di ambedkar jayanthi samariya.
lama awadhiya
1891 apriyel 14 wanida upan methuma mahar hamudawe sewaya kala ram ji thumage 14 wani daruwaya. me daruwa kisidinaka bharatha rathna sammanayen pidum labawi yayi eda kisiwek nosithuha. methuma ipaduna samajaye hindu aagama wisin panawa thibuna anthagami kulabhedaya nisa pahath kulaye yayi sammatha boho dena mahath hirihara wadabandhana walata muhuna pa athara boho minis ayithiwasikam owungen uduragena thibuni. hindu aagamata anuwa samajaye pa්radhana kotas hatharakin yukthaya. ee ba්rahmana, kshathriya, waishyaya ha shudra yanu ee sammathayayi. samanya samajayak kumana ho deshayaka krayathmakawimata ugathun ha adhyathmika nayakayin, rajya palakayin welanda lokaya ha kamkaruwan awashyayaya. aatha athithaye sita ada dakwama me kramaya samajaye daknata atha. bharathaye brahmana balaya wadiwathma manusmruthiya wani grantha liwimen me samanya kramaya nishchitha kula kramayak bawata bamunan wisin pathkalaha. me kramayata ayath shudrayan me bedimata ayath nowa samajaye antha dugi menma samaja thirayen pitupasa sita sewaya kala apradhana kula wu, nesada, pukkusa, ayogawa ha chandala yana namin athi wishala pirisak kisidu samaja himikamak nathi paguna pirisaki. bharathaye sama pa්ranthayakama athi kasala iwath kirima, wasikili suddha kirima, malamini iwath kirima sidu kale mowun wisini. mowunta niyama wi thibuna nithiya wuye samajaye elimahane gaman karanne nam kela gasimata bhajanayak belle ellagatha yuthu athara owunge pathul salakuna maki yamata idalak wani upakaranayak pasupasin adagana ya yuthuwa thibuni. pasukalaka ingrisi rajaya wisin me samahara anthika prathipaththi iwath karana ladi. ingrisi rajaya yatathe mowungen samahara ayata hamudawata bandime awasthawa labuni.
wisheshayen owunge hadidadibhawaya ha winitha bawa ee sandaha hethuwiya. ingrisi rajaya wisin mowunge dakshatha anuwata salakimata uthsaha gaththath brahmana parapura eewata dadi lesa wiruddha wiya. rama ji sakpal mahatha pahath yayi sammatha mahar jathiyata ayath wu athara ingrisi rajaya wisin ethumata mahar hamudawe itha sulu thanathurak labadunna. eeda adhyapanaya nisa nowa sharira shakthiya ha nirbhithabhawaya nisayi. hamuda soldaduwaku wuwath eda samanya sampa්radayata anuwa daruwan 14 denakuge piya wu athara ohuge boho daruwan itha kuda kalayedima miyagiya. awasana daruwa wu ambengkar kuda kalaye sitama yam yam dakshatha dakwu nisa pasal yawimata adahas kota mulinma gam pradeshaye kuda pasalakata yawiya.
eda atha nogasiya yuthu kulayakata ayithi wu me daruwata adhyapanaya labimedi mahath hiriharawalata muhunadimata siduwiya. pasaledi panthiyata athuluwimata thahanam wu athara anek lamayin pawahan galawana thana bima indaganimata siduwiya. anek daruwan wathura bona karamaya ohuta pawichchi kirimata thahanam wiya. nitharama anek lamayin kridakarana wita ohu hudakalawa balasitiya. eheth pasale ketharam gahata labunath adhyapana katayuthuwaladi ithamath idiriyen sitimata me daruwata awasthawa labuni.
pasalen pitatha di da nitharama atharawarawalata lakwuye me kulahina daruwage dakshathawa game kulawathun atharada kramayen prasiddha wima nisayi. wasidinaka geyaka aguwaka nothemi siti athara eya dutu gehimi swamiduwa ohu ethanin elawa gathha. dinak thama sahodarayath samaga kuli karaththayakin dumriya pale sita gaman karamin siti awasthawe me rama ji sakpalge daruwan bawa dana karaththa himiya owun karaththayen perala damiya. manusmruthiya nam granthaye dakwena aakarayata pahath kulayaka ayek wedaya hadarayi nam diwa ada kapiya yuthuyi. wedaya asayi nam kanata lakada unukara wakkala yuthuyi. kuda kalaye labuna dahasakuth eershyawa padanam wu gahata nisa pasubata nowimata diriganwuye thama piyath ek karunabaritha ema pasalema guruwarayeki.
ambengkar nam ema guruwaraya ethumage nama pawichchi kirimata me kuda daruwata awasaradimen me bhimaraw ambengkar wiya. methuma piyata awawada kale me daruwa anagathaye itha dakshayaku wana bawath mohuta kese ho iganwiya yuthu bawathya.
me wanawita mawa miyagos siti nisa piya daruwata iganwime abhilashayenma mul gam pradeshaya athhara bombaye padinchiyata gos daruwa bombaye elfinstan widyalayata athulath kala. thamata kulayenma igenimata thahanam wu wedaya igenimata kamaththa dakwuwath bamunu guruwaru mohuta sanskrutha bhashawa iganwimata ida nodunneya. pasukaleka jarmaniyedi sanskrutha igena gena bamunan idiriye sanskrutha bhashawen katha kaleya.
mahathma gandhi awasana 2 eke issaraha eka
1920 janawari 31 “mukanayaka”puwathpathata ambedkar kala prakashaya.... “me rata asamanathawaye niwasasthanayayi.balaya ho gnyanaya nomathiwa brahmana nowana piditha panthiwalata kisi lesakath pragathiyak labiya nohaka”.1918 pawathi piditha dalitha panthi sammelanaya,eeniya sparsha nokala yuthu janaya naga situ wima sandaha ganna lada prathama piyawara wiya.adhyapanaya hudek brahmanayinta pamanak diya yuthuda? yanna ambedkar prashna kaleya.pahala panthika janathawage aarakshawa sandaha aarakshamaka krabamayak lesa owunta adhyasapanaya laba diya yuthu bawa prakasha kaleya.kantha wimukthiya sandaha samaja rithin wardhanaya kirimata samaja asadharanaya iwath kala yuthu bawa penwa dena ladi.siwil sewaya ha thriwidha hamuda sewaya samata wiwrutha wiya yuthu athara chanda kramaya thula ek ek janawarga udesa sampurna palath swayanpalana ayithiya thibiya yuthu bawa ambedkar yojana kaleya.
iganime dakwu dakshatha
itha abhiyogakari lesa igenagath me daruwa elfinstanhi ema warshaye matrikiyuleshan wibhagayen prathamaya wimeni. me nisa harijanayan wisin athi wishala harasara dakwimak sidukirimata uthsawayak sanwidhanaya kala. ema uthsawayata eda samaja pa්rathisanskaranawadiyakuwu ke.ee. keluskar mahatha ha es.ke. bole wani samaja pradhanihuda sahabhagi wuha. me uthsawayen dadi uththejanayak labu bhimaraw ambengkarta keluskarthuma wisin buddha charithaya pothak parithyaga washayen labadunna. samaja sammathaye bohodeta erehi wuwath kuda kalayedima thama samajaya wisin ohuta balakala aakarayata wiwahawimata siduwuna. mema wiwaha uthsawaya pawathwuye bombaye elawalu markat eke edina senanga paminimata kalini. shalawak labaganimata wiyadama darimata ee samajayata hakiyawak nowuni.
wiwaha wuwada adhyapana katayuthu karagena yama ohuge ekama unanduwa wu nisa piyatath ohutath ee sandaha gewa ganimata nohaki wu mudala labadimata idiripath wuye keluskarthumaya. ethuma wisin baroda maharajage sahayen masakata rupiyal 25ka shishyathwayak ambengkarta labadun athara 1921 warshaye bi.ee. wibhagaya ihalin samath wiya. wadidura adhyapanayata amarikanu eksath janapadayata yamata aasa kala ethumata barodawata awurudu 10k sewaya kirime poronduwa matha maharaja wisin amarikanu eksath janapadaye adhyapanaya labimata shishyathwayak labadunna. 1913 warshaye amarikanu eksath janapadaye niwyork nuwara bala giya athara ehi janathawa windina nidahasath samanathmathawayath daka bharathaya gana thawa thawath kalakiruna methuma thama wargayage wimukthidayakayaku wime aditaninma paya 18k adhika lesa wehesa wi 1916 warshayedi em.ee. upadhiyada 1919 warshaye aacharya upadhiyada labagaththeya.
baroda maharaja aapasu kandawu athara barodawe sewaya sandaha nawathimata thanak nowuni. ohuge ugathkama nisama eershya kala bamuno ethumawa mahath gahatata path kaleya. sewaya kala karyalaye kulawadi sulu sewakayangen pawa samachchalayata lakwuni. ekala ewani thanathuraka adukulaye ayek bharathaya thula nowu athara kulawadi bamunange eershyawa enna ennama wadiwuneya. pasuwa barodawen as wu ambengkarthuma thamagema aarthika upadesha karyalayak aarambha kalath eyada asarthaka wuye kulawathun aduganata wuwath ohugen sewaya labaganimata akamathi wu nisayi. pasuwa bombaye widyalayaka kathikacharya thanathurak laba giyada wiwidha badhaka aawath iganwime hakiyawa ha dakshathawa eewa madapawathwiya. pasuwa landanaye igenima sandaha shishyathwayak labuna athara ehidi nithiya itha usas ayurin hadara baristarwarayeku lesa siya rata pamina nithiyeth aarthika widyaweth usas widwathaku lesa prasiddhiyata pathwiya.
kulawadayata erehi satana
me wanawita wedaya, upanishad, budu dahama ha anekuth aagamda hadara thulanathmaka danumak thibuna athara budu dahame samaja sanshodhanayata awashya muladharma dadi wimasumata lak kaleya.
prathamayen hindu kulawadayen pidawata pathwu thama janathawa nagasituwimata pasal pusthakala ha newasikagara pihituwimata sangamayak aarambha kaleya. rajaye podu aramudal walin pihituwana aayathanawalata thama janathawata athuluwimata ida labagatha haki panathak rajaya magin sammatha kara gaththe ethumage dadi udyogaya nisayi.
1927 di ahinsaka janathawata athi samaja hirihara gana prasiddha deshanayak pawathwu ethuma nagara sabhawa wisin harijanayanta thahanam kara thibu jalashayakin jalaya bimata ema raswime janathawath samaga paminuna. hindu kulawadin meyin mahath kalabalayata pathwu athara ema jalashaye jalaya pawithra kirimata maha yagayak da pawathwuwa. dewiyan samanya janathawatath ayithi bawa kiya kowilwalata athuluwimata giya athara samahara awasthawala maha aragala athiwuna. samanyawuth, harijanawuth, awarnawuth, ajutha wu me janathawa wenuwen parlimenthu aasanayak labaganimata dadi wehesak gath athara ingrisi aanduwa kamaththada pa්rakasha kala. muslimwarunta pakisthanaya wenkara dimatath, bangladeshaya dimata kamathi wu mahathma gandhi harijanayan wenuwen ambengkarthuma gena giya satanata sampurnayenma wiruddha wiya. ingrisin ratin palawa harima sandaha sathyagraha aarambha kala mahathma gandhithuma harijanayanta nidahasa labena kisidu panathakata kamaththa nodakwiya.
ambengkarthuma kala satanata anuwa harijana giwisuma ingrisi rajayen labadimata thirana gath awasthawe ema panatha askaraganna thek puna nagaraye gandhithuma wisin aarambha kala upawasaya ath nohaleya.
deshapalana jiwithaya
kamkaruwan wenuwen maha satanak gena giya ambengkarthumawa 1946 di aandukrama wyawasthawa ketumpath kirime kamituwe sabhapathi padawiyata neruthumageth ingrisingeth kamaththa athiwa pathkarana ladi. wisheshayen ada indiyawe harijanayan kisiyam aakarayaka nidahasak bhukthi windi nam ee me wyawasthawe minis ayithiwasikam pilibanda ambengkarthuma athulath kala wyawasthawan nisaya. ada me wyawasthawata wiruddhawa kulawadi hindun satanak gena yana bawa pene. me wanawita pahath kulaye yayi sammatha aya itha ihala thaththwayanta pathwi atha. pasugiya kalaye janadhipathi dhurayata pathwu ke.aar. narayanda adu kulaye ayeki. indiya rajya lanchunaya sandaha saranathaye sinha hisath, jathika dhajayata dharma chakrayath yedimata hakiyawa labuneda methumage uthsahayeni. me sanketha pahadiliwama bauddha bawa danagath wajpayi rajaya mewa iwath kirime uthsahayaka yeduni.
1956 okthobar 14 wanida ethuma wata siti laksha gananawak janathawath samaga nagpur nagarayedi bududahama walanda ganimin mese prakasha kaleya.
jawaharlal neruthuma methuma gana prakasha karamin
warak mahathma gandhithuma ethuma gana kiwe meseya.
budu dahama walanda ganimen pasu wasarin wasara sankhyathmaka washayen bauddha pirisa wardhanaya wu athara me wasare okthobar 14 athi wishala pramanayak bududahama walandagathha. wisheshayen bududahama etharam prakata nathi panjabaye athi wishala bauddha madhyasthanayak wiwrutha kirimata maha brithanyaye ambengkar anusmarana kamituwa sudanamin siti.
wadidurata kiyawima sandaha
Indian Buddhist leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar deserves to be honored with a commemorative Postage Stamp in Sri Lanka
Rajapaksa lauds Ambedkar's service to Buddhism
Mahar, Buddhist. Religious Conversion and Socio-Political Emancipation by Johannes Beltz, 2005, New Delhi, Manohar.
Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India edited by Johannes Beltz and S. JondhaleNew Delhi: OUP.
Dr. Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analyzing and Fighting Caste by Christophe Jaffrelot (2005) ISBN 0-231-13602-1
Ambedkar and Buddhism by Urgyen Sangharakshita ISBN 0-904766-28-4
Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India by Gail Omvedt ISBN 0-670-04991-3
Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar by C. Gautam, Published by Ambedkar Memorial Trust, London, Milan House, 8 Kingsland Road, London E2 8DA Second Edition, May 2000
Thus Spoke Ambedkar Vol-I* (Selected Speeches of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar) Compiled and edited by Bhagwan Das, published by Dalit Today Parkashan,18/455,Indira Nagar, Lucknow (U.P.)India-226016
Revival of Buddhism in India and Role of Dr. BabaSaheb B.R. Ambedkar by Bhagwan Das, published by Dalit Today Prakashan,18/455,Indira Nagar, Lucknow (U.P.)India-226016
Dr. Ambedkar: A Critical Study by W.N. Kuber, published by People's Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission by Dhananjay Keer published by Popular Prakashan, Bombay, India.
Economic Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar by M.L. Kasare published by B.I. Publications Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi, India.
The Legacy Of Dr. Ambedkar by D.C. Ahir published by B.R.Publishing Corporation, Delhi-110007,India. (ISBN 81-7018-603-X Code No. L00522)
Ajnat, Surendra: Ambedkar on Islam. Buddhist Publ., Jalandhar 1986.
Fernando, W. J. Basil: Demoralisation and Hope: Creating the Social Foundation for Sustaining Democracy -- A comparative study of N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783 -1872) Denmark and B. R. Ambedkar (1881-1956) India. AHRC Publication., Hong Kong 2000. (ISBN 962-8314-08-4)
satahan saha aashritha
indiyanu nayakayan
indiyanu bauddhayo
1891 upath
1956 marana
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singlish wadansakasanaya
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sankalpaya
singlish tayip rayitarya yanu ingrisi yathuru puwaruwak bhawitha kara pariganakayaka sinhala akuru aminime mrudukangayaki. wenath wachana walin kithathoth eya ingrisi akuru walin sinhala tayip kara, sinhala akuru pelak labaganime kramayaki.
uda:
mama = mama
aakaasha = aakasha
mrudukanga
singlish kramaya bhawitha kara boho mrudukanga thana thibenawa. mewa athara samaharak wenama wadan sakasana mrudukanga lesa nipadawa athi athara, thawath samaharak danata pawathina wadan sakasana walata aminumak lesa sakasa thibenawa.
prasiddha singlish mrudukanga kihipayak
http://groups.google.com/group/singlish-typewriter
http://ucsc.cmb.ac.lk/ltrl/services/feconverter/t1.html
http://ucsc.cmb.ac.lk/ltrl/services/feconverter/t2.html
Sinhala Online Typing (madusanka.net)
orakal mrudukanga
nidahas mrudukanga
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patichchasamuppadaya
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patichcha samuppada dharmaye thipariwattaya
awidyamula patichchasamuppada dharma wiga්rahaya
awidyamula patichchasamuppada nirodha kirime dharma wiga්rahaya
kusalamula patichchasamuppada dharma wiga්rahaya
patichchasamuppada dharmayema sandahan thipariwattayama pilibandawa wibhangappa්rakaranaya namathi tha්ripitaka ga්ranthaye deshana kara atha.
ada kusalaya ha pina patalawa bhawitha karanu pene. awidyamula patichchasamuppada deshanawen budupiyanan deshana kara lokayata pahadili kara wadale awidyawen nodanna kamen lokaya thanhawen thama kamaththata badi pati ichcha wi thamangema hithata wahal wi sansarayata bandi digin digatama atharaman wi sansara gamanaka yedena aakaraya penwa dimayi. ese nathiwa awidyamula patichchasamuppada dharma wiga්rahaye niwan mangak penwa di natha. ehidi pahadili kara aththe niwana wasi lokaya thamange sansara gamana nonawathwama yamin duk widimata mul wu hethu karana samuhayak penwa dima pamani.
patichcha samuppadaya
patichcha samuppadaya yanna budu dahame gambauru emenma pragnyawanthayinta pamanak watahena dharmayaki. me dharmaya awabodha karagatha nuhunu bawin saththwayo dukin dukata pathwa durgathiya ikmawiya nohakiwa sasara ikmawiya nohakiwa sitithi. eya mana sihi nuwanin wimasa danagatha yuthuwe.patichcha samuppadaya yanu awidya sahagatha wima nisa, hethu-pala pawathmen sathwayan nawatha nawatha upadimin sansarayen midimata nohakiwa anawaratha bhawagamanata paminena aakaraya yi.
awidyawa
awidyawa yanu chathurarya sathyaya pilibanda awabodhatha gnyanayak nomathi kamayi. awijjawa nisa patichwa samuppadaya thula sakaswana hethu pala sambandathawa patichwa samuppanna dharmayan ya. eewa nam,
sanskara - kaya sanskara (kayasannychethana), wachi sanskara (wachisannychethana) saha chiththa sanskara (manosanychethana) yana dharmayan ya sankara - punyabhisankara apunyabhisankara aanenjabhisankara lesath handinwenawa.
"thaththa kathame awija්japacha්chaya sanga්khara: punya්nyabhisanga්kharo apunya්nyabhisanga්kharo aanenya්jabhisanga්kharo kayasanga්kharo wachisanga්kharo chitha්thasanga්kharo."
,
winynyana - asa, kana, nasaya, diwa, kaya, manasa yana abhyanthara aayathanayakata aramunak pamini wita ehi hataganna sithayi; wisheshayen dana ganne yana aruthin winynyanaya nam we
nama rupa - nama dharmayan (wedana, sangnya, chethana, passa, manasikara) saha sathara maha bhuthayangen sakas wu(upadaya) rupaya; aayathana siyallehima thanum eekakaya meya yi
salayathana - asa, kana, nasaya, diwa, kaya, manasa yana indriyan saya ma bhawa pawathma athi karana lesa sakasi athi bawin aayathana nam we; mema saya aadhyathmika (abhyanthara) aayathana yi; eewata aramunu wana rupa, shabda, gandha, rasa, pahasa, aramunu (manasata aramunu wana de; dhamma) bahira aayathana nam we.
passa (sparshaya) - aayathanayakata aramunak labuna wita ehi hataganna sitha ee samanga ek wima yi; ewita aramuna nisa athiwana
sapa, somnas, duk, domnas ho madahath bawak ath da ee pilibanda danimak athiwe; ekala sapa, duka saha noduk nosapa (adukkhamasukha) yana windim athi we
yam windimak athda, eyama handuna gani; enam sangnya upadi
yamak handuna gani da ee gana chethana pahala we; awidya sahagatha pudgalaya ge ema chethanawama wipaka dimata sakas we
wedanawa - sparshaya nisa hata ganena sapa, duka saha noduk nosapa (adukkhamasukha) windima yi
thanhawa - sapa, duka saha noduk nosapa yana siyalu windim gana nonuwanin(ayonisomanasikarayen yuthuwa) sithima nisa rupa, shabda, gandha, rasa, pahasa saha aramunu yannehi yam aaswadayak ath da ee kerehi sitha ali yayi (nandiraga); meya ma thanhawa we. enam kama thanha, bhawa thanha saha wibhawa thanha yanadiya yi.
upadana - thanhawen yuthuwa aramunu soyanna eya labunu wita agaya karannata gani (winichchayo); ekala winynyanaya ema aramunu ma asuru karamin ma pawathi; enisama rupa, wedana, sangnya, sankhara, winynyana yana pancha upadanaskandhayata gana kamaththen ma ali yayi (chandaraga); mese kelesun ta bandi yama upadanaya yi.
bhawaya - bandi giya sithin chethana pahala karana wita karma sakas wanuye yam dhathuwaka (kama, rupa, arupa yana) windawima (wedaniyan) pinisa wipaka dena aakarayeni. meya bhawaya yi.
jathi - sathwayaku (enam thanhawa noalmen ithiri nathiwa niruddha wi nomathi ayek) maranayata path wana wita sakas wi athi bhawayata anukulawa ipadima jathiyayi. wipaka dun karmayata anukulawa pancha upadanaskandha pahala wimath (khandhanan pathubhutho), aayathana sayak labimath (aayathanan patilabho) sidu wanne jathiya samanga yi.
jara-marana - upatha lada sathwaya kramayen dirapath wemin maranayata pathwima yi; enam siyalu duk samuhaya yi.
duka sakas wima
budu rajanan wahanse noyek aakarayen wisthara kara wadale patichcha samuppannawa ma duka sakas wana bawa yi. nathahoth hethu pala dharmathawaya matha meya siduwana bawayi. apawisin karanu labana kusala karma ,akusala karma (punnynyabi sankara, apunnynyabi sankara ) walata anurupawa eelanga bhawaya sakaswima siduwe.
panchaupadanaskandhaya sakasima washayen
hethu-pala washayen patichcha samuppada pawathima mese watahagatha haka.
awijja pachchaya sankhara - awidyawa hethu kota gena sanskara hata gani
sankhara pachchaya winynyana - sanskara hethu kota gena winynyanaya hata gani
winynyana pachchaya namarupan - winynyanaya hethu kota gena nama rupa hata gani
namarupa pachwachaya salayathanan - nama rupa hethu kota gena aayathana saya hata gani
salayathana pachchaya passo - aayathana hethu hota gena sparshaya hata gani
passa pachchaya wedana - sparshaya hethu kota gena danim hata gani
wedana pachchaya thanha - danim hethu kota gena thanhawa hata gani
thanha pachchaya upadanan - thanhawa hethu kota gena bandim hata gani
upadana pachchaya bhacho - bandim hethu kota bhawa sakas we
bhawa pachchaya jathi - bhawa sakas wima hethu kota ipadeyi
jathi pachchaya jara maranan - ipadima hethu kota jarawa, maranaya (aadi siyalu duk) hata gani
awidyawa
yanu chathurarya sathya pilibanda nodanimayi. sasara duka bawa thathwakarayen awabodha karagannathak kal sathwaya sapa windima apekshawen bhawayata ali gali bhawayama sakaskara gani.namuth me sansaraye kisima sathwayek sthirawu ho sadakalika wu sapa windimak labanne natha. sapa lesa piliganna siyalu dema mohotha awamen nisaru bawata pathwa awasana dukama uruma karadena bawa piligannata hethama pragnyawa awadikaragatha yuthu wanneya. ese yamek me duka thathwakarayen awabodakaragath kalhi ohuge awidyawa pahawi widayawa pahala we.
patichwa samuppadaya aarya niyaya samanga galapa awabodha kara ganima ma dukin nidahas wime mangayi. an ayurakin kiwahoth aarya ashtangika margaya wadenne patichcha samuppadaya nuwanin wimasana witayi.
yo patichchasamuppadan passathi so dhamman passathi - yo dhamman passathi so man passathi yayi budupiyanan wahanse deshana kale, yamek patichchasamuppadaya dakiyida he dharmaya daki. yamek dharmaya dakida he man (budun)daki. yanuwen dakwenne yamek patichchasamuppadaya dakima thulin dharmaya dakimata samathwe nam hethema budun daka niwan dakinu atha yana adahasayi.
yomuwa
budu dahama
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PAN deshiyakarana wyapruthiya
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PAN deshiyakarana wyapruthiya
PAN deshiyakaranaya
kanadawe jathyanthara sanwardhana paryeshana aayathanaya thama
PAN Asia Networking wada satahana haraha
saha pakisthanaye pariganaka saha nuthana widyawa sandaha wu jathika wishwawidyalaya thama urdu bhasha paryeshana madhyasthanaya haraha
deshiya bhasha parigananaya sandaha kalapiya aayathanawala dharithawa goda nagimata dakunu ha agnidiga aasiyawa pura kriyathmaka wana thun awurudu sahayogitha wadasatahanaki
warsha 2001 awasanaye di warthagatha wu antharjala bhawitha karannan athurin wishalathama kandayama wuye aasiyathikayan ya. enamudu eki samuhaya samastha aasiyanu janagahanaya ha sasandu kalhi 4.5% katath adu ya. kalapaya thula pawathina bhasha wiwidhathwaya hethuwen danata ingrisi madhyayen palawi thibena thorathuru parishilanaya kirimata aasiyanu janagahanayen bahutharayak wu ingrisi bhashawa edineda bhawitha nokarana gramiya dilindu janathawata athi ida prasthawa ahiri atha.
aasiyanu kalapaya thula thorathuru ha sanniwedana thakshana yatithala pahasukam sanwardhanaya sandaha aayojana danatamath keri athi namuth , ( kalina thorathuruwala sulabathawen) bahutharayakata setha salasimata hudek antharjala sambandhathawa saha thakshana yatithala pahasukam diyunu kirimenma pamanak kala nohaki bawata kalapaya thula danata pawathina thorathuru thakshana wishaye athinathi paratharaya (Digital Divide) sakshi darayi. kala yuththe bahuthara janathawa edineda bhawitha karana bhashawangen thorathuru prakashayata pathkota eewa parishilanaya kirimata athi idakada pulul kirimayi. parishilanayata athi idakada pulul kirima yanu deshiya bhasha parigananaya sandaha wu nishchitha ramuwak (Local Language Computing Framework) saha eki thorathuru bahuthara janathawak bhawitha karana deshiya bhashawanta pariwarthanaya kirimata saha eki bhashawalin pradarshanaya kirimata awashya mewalam sakas kirima yi. prakashanayata athi idakada pulul kirima lesa mehidi handunwanne ihatha sandahan kala mewalam bhawithayen eki deshiya bhashawalin thorathuru jananaya kirimayi. deshiya bhasha yoda ganimin parigananaya kirimata athi nohakiyawa thorathuru laba ganimata ha adhyapanayata athi ayithiya yana mulika minis ayithiwasikam dekama sambandhayen badhawakwa pawathi.
IDRC
PAN deshiyakaranaya kriyathmaka ratawal saha anubaddha aayathana
bangaladeshaya
BRAC wishwawidyalaya
bhutanaya
kemar akshara pariganakaya sandaha pramithikaranaya kirima pilibanda jathika kamituwa, jathika thorathuru sanniwedana sanwardhana adhikariya
kambojaya
widya, thakshana saha parisarika aayathanaya laoos jathika wishwawidyalaya
laoosaya
thorathuru saha thakshana departhumenthuwa, thorathuru saha sanniwedana amathyanshaya songka sanwardhana adhikariya, adhyapana amathyanshaya sherubsthe widyalaya
nepalaya
madan puraskar pusthalaya
shri lankawa
bhasha thakshana paryeshanagaraya ( LTRL)
kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaya (UCSC)
adiyara-1
pan deshiyakarana paryeshana wyapruthiya pulul aramunu thunak peradari kara gani.
( 2004-2007 )
aramunu saha abhimathartha
aasiyanu kalapaya thula deshiya bhasha thakshanaya sandaha wu paryeshana ha sanwardhana kshethrayanhi manawa sampath sanwardhana pulul kirima
pawathina thakshanaya samanga deshiya bhasha hasirawimata hakiwana paridi eki thakshanayanhi sidu kala yuthu pulul kirim sambandha nipunatha wardhanaya kirime awashyathawa boho aasiyanu ratawala manawa sampath sanchithayanata atha.
aasiyanu bhasha hasirawima sandaha athi thakshanika pahasukam ihala nanwima
atham lakshana athin aasiyanu bhasha ingrisiyata wada sankirna weyi. udaharana lesa sankirna lebana shailin dakwiya hakiya. warthamana thakshanaya aarambhaye sitama ingrisiya hasirawima sandaha simawuna athara eya boho aasiyanu bhasha hasirawime di pana nagina awashyatha sampurnayenma sapirune natha. ema nisa eki uunatha manga harawa gatha yuthuwa atha.
aasiyanu kalapaya thula deshiya bhasha yoda ganimin karanu labana thorathuru jananaya kirima sandaha wu prathipaththi sampadanaya kirima
thorathuru ha sanniwedana thakshanaya haraha deshiya bhasha yoda ganimin karanu labana thorathuru prakashanaya ha parishilanaya sambandhayen pana nagina gatalu monawada yannath , eki gatalu nirakaranaya kara ganime di awashya prathipaththimaya ramuwa saha yodagatha haki keti kalina saha digu kalina wisandum monawada yannath wimasa balena adhyayanayan keri aththe itha manda washayeni.
adiyara-2
(2007-2010)
aramunu saha abhimathartha
kalapiya wyapruthi karyayan
pariganakanusara bhasha pariwarthakayak nirmanaya kirima
jangama mewalam sandaha ath akuru handunaganime mrudukangayak nirmanaya kirima
deshiya bhasha iganwima sandaha karyakshama kramawedayak prawardhanaya ha igenum aadharaka nirmanaya kirima
sinhala web anthargatha prawardhanaya sandaha awashya puhunuwa sapayima
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ruhuna wishwawidyalayaya
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ruhuna wishwawidyalaya shri lankawe pihiti wishwa widyalayaki. dakunu palathehi athi ekama wishwawidyalayayi. shri lankawe usas adhyapana aayathana wargikaranaya anuwa 2015 warshayedi mema wishwa widyalaya merata 6 wana sthanaya himikaragena thibena athara, lokaye hondama wishwawidyala wargikaranaya anuwa 3557 sthanaya himikaragena thibeyi.
eya , 1978 sapthambar masa ruhuna wishwawidyalaya lesa wishesha janadhipathi nithiya magin sthapitha 1984 pebarawari masa 1 dina thula purna balathala sahitha wishwawidyalayak dakwa usas karana ladi.
wishwawidyalaya shri lankawe dakunu palatha pura pita dayayakata sanwidhanaya kara atha. ehi pradhana karyalaya akkara 72 bhumiyak pura pathirena mathara, wallamadama sankirnaye pihita atha. injineru saha waidya pita galle pihita athi athara, krushikarma pitaya saha thakshana pitaya kambaurupitiye (mathara) pihita atha. eya sathu shri lanka rupiyal biliyana 2,982 mulya aramudal wishwawidyalaye adhyayana ha paryeshana katayuthu sandaha bhawitha karanu labe. shri lankawe wishalathama adhyapanika ha paryeshana pusthakala paddhathi atharin ekak wana ruhuna wishwawidyalayiya pusthakalaya, kriyathmaka karawayi. ruhuna wishwawidyalaye pusthakala paddhathiya pradhana wishwawidyala wallamadama pradhana pusthakalaya kendragathawa ha welum 200,000 kata adhikawa pawathwima wenath pusthakala hatharakata aasanna samanwitha we.
aarambhaya
aacharya nishshanka wijayarathna 1977 je. aar. jayawardhana rajaye adhyapana ha usas adhyapana kabinat amathya dhuraya ta th path wiya. adhyapana ha usas adhyapana kabinat amathyawaraya washayen ohu 1978 anka 16 darana wishwa widyala panatha parlimenthuwa ta idiripath kaleya. ee anuwa, ethek shri lankawe pawathi ekama wishwa widyalaya wana lanka wishwa widyalaya ekineken swayaththa wu wishwa widyala hayaka ta wisanyuktha karana ladi. ethek lanka wishwa widyalaye mandapa washayen pawathi kolambaa, peradeniya, widyalankara (kalaniya), widyodaya (shri jayawardhanapura), katubadda (moratuwa) saha yapanaya yana adhyapana pita wishwa widyala bawa ta path wiya. thawada, ruhuna wishwawidyalayaya saha shri lanka wiwrutha wishwawidyalaya ohu ge adahasak anuwa pihituwana ladi.
adhyayana mandapa
pradhana mandapaya
ruhuna wishwawidyalayayehi pradhana mandapaya mathara, maddawaththehi pihita thibena athara ehi, manawa shasthra ha samajiya widya, widya, kalamanakarana saha mulya, dhiwara saha sagara widya ha thakshana, pashchath upadhi adhyayana pitaya yana pita paha da, upakulapathi karyalaya athulu paripalana sankirnaya da, pradhana pusthakalaya, gruhastha kridagaraya saha pariganaka widyagaraya da pihita atha. ithama dakumkalu gruha nirmana salasmakin idiwa athi ruhuna wishwawidyalayayehi pradhana mandapaya shri lankawe kirthimath gruha nirmana shilpiyekuwa siti jefri bawa wisin nirmanaya kerini. idikirim balpar biyati nam oolanda samagama wisin sidu karana ladi.
wenath mandapa
wishwawidyalayehi krushikarma pitaya kambaurupitiya pradeshaye mapalanehi da, waidya pitaya galla karapitiyehi da, injineru pitaya galla, wakwallehi da, samasaukhya pitaya galle, uluwitike pradeshaye da pihita athi athara, mathadi sarasawiyata ekwu nawa pitaya wana thakshana pitaya kambaurupitiya pradeshaye bibulawela pihita atha.
mewada balanna
aacharya nishshanka wijayarathna
bahira sabandi
ruhuna wishwawidyalaye pradhana pituwa
shri lankawe wishwa widyala wargikaranaya 2014
"lanka yuniwarsiti niws” web adawiya
shri lankawa thula pihiti wishwawidyala
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shri lankawe
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shri lankawata adala saha shri lankawe yannen lipi shirshaya arambaena pahatha lipi athuluwa thawachada lipi mema wikiya thula pawathiyi:
shri lankawe disthrikka
shri lankawe deshapalanaya
shri lankawe pradeshiya lekam kottasa
shri lankawe agramathya
shri lankawe parlimenthuwa
shri lankawe paudgalika wishwawidyala pihituwima
shri lankawe nadaththu nithiya
shri lankawe rathawahana paribhojanaya.
shri lankawe bhu lakshana
shri lankawe wal palati
shri lankawe paripalana disthrikka
shri lankawe janadhipathi
shri lankawe mathiwarana
shri lankawe aandukrama wyawasthawa
shri lankawe palath
shri lankawe kanthale kalapayehi rajaye pasal layisthuwa
shri lankawe uthuru mada palathe pradeshiya lekam kottasa
shri lankawe rajawaru
shri lankawe nagara layisthuwa
shri lankawe athithaya
shri lankawe kurulu namawaliya
shri lankawe ahiguntikayo
shri lankawe warayan
shri lankawe nithi paddhathiya
shri lankawe manik
shri lankawe chithrapata namawaliya
shri lankawe palath sabha
shri lankawe kamkaru nithiya
shri lankawe bauddha nithiya
shri lankawe buddhagama
shri lankawe narthanayan
shri lankawe widesha sabandatha
shri lankawe nadi layisthuwa
shri lankawe siwil samajaya
shri lankawe janadhipathiwaru
shri lankawe jathika sanketha
shri lankawe sangithaya
shri lankawe sangithaya
shri lankawe kabinat mandalaya
shri lankawe thrasthawadaya
shri lankawe diyaali
shri lankawe parlimenthuwe kathanayaka
shri lankawe dushkara pasal
shri lankawe janawargika arbudaya
shri lankawe the
shri lankawe shasthriya natum
shri lankawe guwan hamudapathiwaru
shri lankawe dagab
shri lankawe AAshreniye marga layisthuwa
shri lankawe aarthikaya
shri lankawe agramathyawaraya
shri lankawe sarpayo
shri lankawe narthanaya - yath natum
shri lankawe krushikarmaya
shri lankawe mahajana arthasiddhi nadukara
shri lankawe dumriya sewaya
shri lankawe nagara sabha layisthuwa
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isurumuniya
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ithihasaya
isurumuniya
parani shri lankawe anuradhapura nam aga nagaraye raja kala dewanampiyathissa rajathuma wisin isurumuni wiharaya goda nanwana ladi. usas kuladaruwan 500k mahana kota owunata wada wawasaya kirima pinisa eya thanawana ladi. kashyapa raju wisin (473 - 491) mema wiharaya pilisakara kota "boupulwan kasubgiri radmahawehera" namin nam kaleya.
pura widyathmaka natabun
isurumuni pemyuwala
6 wani siyawasehi guptha kalawata ayithi katayamaki. kanthawak purushayage ukulehi wadi wi siti. aya angillak osawa sitinniya. ee age kola bawa prakasha karannata wiya haka. eheth purushaya anawadhanayen siti. mema katayamehi nirupanaya wanne dutu gamunu rajuge puth saliya kumaru saha ohuge pemwathiya wu ashokamala nam sadol tharuniya yana dedena yayi sithiya hakiya. aya nisa thamanata uruma wannata thibu rajakama saliya wisin athharina ladayi kiyawe.
minisa ha ashwa hisa
minisek ha ashwa hisaka katayamak wana meya agni (ginna) ha parjanya (walakulu) yanuwen hadunwathi. ema nisa aithihasika sthana atharin isurumuniya narambaiya yuthu ma sthanayaki.
aashritha
isurumuni katayam
ranmasu uyana
wessagiriya
shri lankawe aithihasika godanagili
rajarata rajadhaniya
anuradhapura
anuradhapura disthrikkaye bauddha siddhasthana
anuradhapura disthrikkaye purawidya aarakshitha smaraka
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rajya nirbadhawadaya
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18 wana shathawarshaye aarambhayedi adam smith nam aarthika widyagnyaya haraha prathama warata lokayata rajya
nirbadhikaranaya wadath pruthula ha sanwidhanathmaka adahasak lesa idiripath wiya. mehidi rajya nirbadhawadaya lesa ohu
hadunwadunne aarthikayaka kriyakarithwayata rajaye awama madihath wimak wiya yuthu bawayi. samajayaka minisunge aarthika katayuthu
rajayak magin palanaya wanawata wada owun ekineka thama swadhipathya langa kara ganimata paudgalikawa uthsaha darimata kamathi
atharama ee haraha aarthikayak sanwardhanaya kara gena ya haki bawa adahas wiya. meya nidahas welanda pola , aarthika
nidahaskaranaya yana nam walinda hadunwana atharama mema sankalpaya wadath pululwa wyaptha wima thulin warthamanaye meya
goliyakaranaya hewath jagathkaranaya yana prachalitha sankalpa haraha idiriyata adi yayi.
wadath pulul lesa salakimedi meya paudgalika ayithin ha samana awasthawan laba dima, siyalu denatama sithime
ha katha kirime nidahasa labadima, rajaya sathu balayan sima kirima, dadi nithimaya palanayan lihil kirima, nidahas adahas huwamaruwa,
rajaye winiwidhabhawaya, nidahas aarthika thirana ganima aadi samaja aarthika thirana ganima aadi samaja, aarthika, deshapalana ha
nithimaya wani anshayan rashiyak haraha wyaptha wi yayi. aarthikayak sambandhayen gena balu wita rajya nirbidhakaranaya lesa
adahas wanne aarthikayaka katayuthu walata rajaye angili gasim hakithak durata awama kirima saha ema katayuthu welanda pola
kriyakarakam haraha hewath adam smith hadunwa dun paridi "adrushyamana hasthaya" haraha itu wimata ida hariya yuthu bawayi. ehidi
rajaya badu aya kirima, winimaya palanaya, aarthikayanakata nithi rithi panawima, paudgalika depala ayithiya sima kirima aadi wiwidha
anshayangen siduwana rajya madihath wim awama kalayuthu bawata adahas we.
rajya nirbadhawadaya wadathpulul lesa piliganna mathayak wanne manushya samajaya yamkisi wenas kala nohaki
ha balapam kala nohaki ayithin samuhayakinsanwidhanaya wiya yuthu bawayi. rajya nirbadhawadaya thula godanagena pradhana
mathawadayan dekaki. in palamu wanna lesa sambhawya nirbadhawadaya handinwiya haka. meya awadharanaya karanne paudgalika
wyapara, paudgalika depala ayithiya, nidahas aarthika prathipaththin, subhasadhana aarthika wirodhi adahas yanadiyayi. esema nithiya
idiriye samanathwaya, tharangakari nidahas welanda pola katayuthu nisa athi wana aarthika asamanathawaya awadharanaya karana athara
rajaye dhanaya prathiwyaptha kirima sadharanikaranaya nokarayi.
anek kotasa lesa samajawadi nirbadhawadaya handinwiya haka. mehidi pudgala ayithiwasikam aarakshawata, wishwiya
adhyapana pahasukam salasadima, subhasadhanaya aadiya sandaha rajaye madihathwima apeksha karayi. mehidi subhasadhanaya yannata sewa
wiyukthikayanta sahana laba dima, saukhya pahasukam dalasa dima ha ee sandaha yahapath badu kramayak anugamanaya kirima aadiya ayath
we.
me aakaraye wu aarthikayak thulata rajaye madihath wima awama wana kramayak mema sankalpayen katha kerena
athara mewani kramayak anugamanaya kirima thulin itha diyunu thathwayata path wu ratawal lesa uthuru amarikawa, japanaya saha
samahara nagenahira aasiyanu ratawal handunwa diya haka.
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miltan fidman
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juli 31, 1912 dina niwyok nagaraye baෲklinhi upatha labu miltan fidman aarthika widya wishaya kshethrayata mahangu meheyak kala aarthika widyagnyayeki.kenisiyanu gurukulaye "illum kalamanakaranaya" prathikshpa karamin mulyawadi mathaya gena aawe mohuya.mudal sapayuma palanaya kirima haraha aarthikaye poli anupathayata ha milata balapam kala haki bawata ohu tharka kaleya. ohuge dayakathwaya sukshama aarthika widyawata,sarwa aarthika widyawata aarthika ithihasayata menma sankhyanaya kerehida yomu wiya. ohu wisin rachitha amarikawe mulyawadaye ithihasaya (1963) granthaya wenuwen aarthika widyawe nobel thyagaya (1976) labuni. esema ohu laba gath sammana athara 1988 nidahasa pilibanda rajya sammanaya da ema wasaredima widyawe jathika sammanayada dina gena atha.
aarthika widyawagnyayanta anuwa 20wana siyawase dewana bhagaye wadath balasampannama aarthika widyagnyaya mohuya. mohu wisin 1962 di liyana lada pragdhanikaranaya ha nidahasa yana kruthiyen deshapalana ha samaja nidahasa nirmanaya kirime aramunen nidahas welandapola thula rajaye karya bharaya awama kirima pilibanda sakachcha kara atha. esema 1980 rupawahiniyen wikashanaya wu 'therime nidahasa' nam wadasatahan malawa thulin fidman wisin nidahas welandapolaka kriyakarithwaya pahadili kala athara ee thulin samaja ha deshapalana prashna wisadima udesa thibena prathipaththi penwa dunne wenath krama elesa eyata wisandum nosapayana bawada penwa demini.
1946 kolombiya sarasawiyen aarthika widya pashchath upadhiya laba gaththeya.mohu ihala badu panawima athin kenisiyanuwadinta sahayogaya dakwannaku lesa pene. 1970 pera nidahas welandama nam sankalpaya aarthika widyagnyayan athara itha awama washayen pawathi sankalpayaki. rajya nirbadakaranaya lesin ohu wisinma handunwa ganu labana ohuge deshapalana mathaya thulin awadharanaya karanne nidahas welandapole wasi ha rajaya madihath wime awasi pilibandawaya. ohu 'raja්ya nirbadakaralanaya' mulu kshethraya purama wyaptha wima daka ganu pinisa jiwath wiya. 1980 dashakayedi ohuge adahasa piliganu labini. mulya prathipaththiya pilibanda , badukaranaya pilibanda , paudgalikaranaya ha prathipaththi lihilkaranaya pilibanda ohuge matha thulin wishwaya pura rajaye prathipaththi prathisanskaranaya adahas karayi. wisheshayenma amarika eksath janapadaye ronald regan ha brithanyaye magrat tacharta upadeshana sewa sapayima wisheshaya.
fidmange deshapalana pilibanda sthawaraya aarthika ithihasaya ha aarthika mathruka aawaranaya kala ohuge lipi rashiyak mangin anawaranaya we.
ohuge adhyapanaya ha kuda kalaya
sara eestan ha jeno sol fidmange wadimahal puthraya miltan fidmanya.mohu thyagalabi shishyayaku washayen upadhiya labuwe 1928 rewe usas pasaleni. ee ohuge 16 wana upandinata peradiya. kala upadhidhariyaku lesin 1932 niw jarsihi pihiti ratgars wishwa widyalayen upadhiya labiya. mohuta mema wishwa widyala adhyapanaya labune tharangakari shishyathwayaka prathipalayak washayeni. mehi arathar ef.bargs ha homar jons yatathe adhyapanaya laba atha. esema ohu sathuwa ganithaya pilibanda asahaya danumak wiya.
ratgarhi upadhiya labimen pasuwa sankhyana ganithaya pilibanda hadarimata brawni sarasawiyata gos atha. esema 1933 di shasthrawedi upadhiya chikago sarasawiyen laba atha. janawari 29 2007 dina miltan fidman dinaya we.
aarthika widyawata dayakathwaya
mohu mulyawadi gurukulaye piya lesa salake. ohuta anuwa mudal sapayuma ha uddhamanaya athara samipa ha sthayi sabandathawak thibe. enam jathika aarthikaye mudal sapayuma palanaya kirima thulin uddhamanayata balapam kala haka. ohu kenisiyanuwadi 'illum kalamanakarana' mathaya prathikshepa karayi. ohu rajaye dayakathwaya sima kala yuthu bawa pawasana namuth upades sapayanneku lesa pawathimak apeksha karayi. esema ohu sthira aadayam kalpithaya (1957) matha padanam wu paribhojana shrithayak gana sakachcha kara atha.esema filips wakraya ha swabhawika sewa wiyukthi anupathaya pilibandasoya balim walata dayaka wi atha.
esema aarthika widyawa,aramunu itu kara ganimedi widyawak lesin watinakam winishchayanta nidahaswa thibiya yuthu bawa dakwiya.esema sadharanathwaya ishta kirima sandaha ohu wisin handunwa dun wawchar kramayada wadagath we.
widyagnyayo
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aarthika widyawa
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aramuna - samajiya widya wishayak washayen aarthika widya wishayaye wadagathkama saha anekuth widya wishayan walin aarthika widya wishaya wenas wana aakaraya pilibada awabodhayak laba dima saha aarthika widya wishaya kshethraya haduna ganima.
1. aarthika widyawa swabhawika widyawak nowe. eya samajiya widyawaki. pahadanna. (lakunu 5)
2. warthamanaye aarthika widyawa washayen poduwe piliganu labanne aarthika widwathun wisin karana deya. ese pawasimata hethu wu karana monawada? (lakunu 5)
3. aarthika widyawa wishaya thula padanam kara ganna kramawedayan dekaki. ee monawada? (lakunu 5)
4. .aarthika widyawa pradhana washayen kotas dekakata bediya hakiya. pahadili karanna. (lakunu 5)
pilithuru
1. widya wishayan kotas dekeki. enam shuddha widya ha samajiya widya washayeni. mewa atharin aarthika widyawa samajiya widyawaki. ese hadinwimata hethuwa wanuye aarthika widyawa magin minis samajaye minisunge aarthika hasirim wala yatharthaya haduna ganimata uthsaha ganu labana nisaweni. shuddha widya magin karanuye mula drawyange hasirima pariksha kirimayi. namuth samajiya widya magin karanuye samajaye minisunge anthar hasirim rata adyanaya kirimayi. ema nisa samajiya widyawak wana aarthika widyawa magin minis samajaye minisunge aarthika hasirim pilibadawa tharkanukula ha widyathmaka wigrahayan wala yede. swabhawika widya magin palanaya karana lada thaththwa yatathe karunu hadarana athara aarthika widyawa minis samajaye minisunge aarthika hasirim pilibada karanu hadarana nisa palanaya karana lada thaththwa yatathe karunu hadariya nohaka.
2. warthamanaye aarthika widyawa washayen poduwe piliganu labanne aarthika widwathun wisin karana deya. niwaradi nirwachanayak idiripath kala haki wanuye wenas nowana deyakataya . emenma niwaradi nirwachanayak pawathiya hakke ekak pamani. namuth aarthika widyawa wishayaya wenaswana sulu aarthika nigamanayan matha padanam wi wikalpa nyayayan goda nanwamin dinen dina pulul wi gena yana wishayak bawata path wi athi nisa aarthika widyawa ta nirwachana idiripath kala nohaka. ema nisa warthamanaye aarthika widyagnyayin aarthika widyawata nirwachana athhara dama warthamanaye poduwe pili ganu labanne aarthika widyawa yanu aarthika widayagnyayin karana de washayeni. enamudu aarthika widyawata aarthika widwathun wisin nirwachana kihipayak di atha.
* aarthika widyawa yanu minisunge dhanaya pilibada hadarana widyawaki. - adam smith
* aarthika widyawa yanu minisunge samanya wiyaparika jiwithaya pilibada hadarana widyawaki. - alfad marshal
* minisunge dainika subhasadhanaya pilibada hadarana widyawaki. - ee.si pigu
* sampath higakama thulin mathuwena prashna pilibada hadarana widyawaki. - stroniyar saha heg
* higa bhauthika ha manawa sampath paripalanaya kirima pilibada samajiya widyawaki. - skitowski
* higa bhauthika ha manawa sampath tharagakari wuwamanawan athara beda harima pilibada widyawaki. - samuwelsan
* aarthika widyawa yanu wikalpa prayojanayangen yuthu higa sampath saha minisunge asimitha wuwamanawan athara sambandhathawak washayen minisunge hasirim pilibada hadarana widyawaki - layanal robinsan
aarthika widya nirwachana (widiyo dasun samaga )
3. i. nigamanathmaka kramaya (nigami kramaya)
ii. prathyaksha mulika kramaya (udgami kramaya)
nigamanathmaka kramayedi kalpithayak ko nyayak goda nanwa eya matha padanam wi saba lokaye aarthika hasirima pilibada nigamanawalata elambae.
prathyaksha mulika kramayedi saba lokaye thathwaya pariksha kota emagin laba ganna daththa matha padanam wi saba lokaye aarthika hasirima pilibada nigamanawalata elambae.
4. i. sukshama aarthika widyawa - enam samasthaya wenuwata samasthaya thula athi kotas thani thaniwa gaburin adyanaya kirimayi.mehi nyayan wanuye mila nyaya,upayogitha nyaya,piriwaya nyaya we. emenma sukshama aarthika widyawe aramunu wanuye labha uparima kirima,paribhogika thrupthiya saha subha sadhanayayi. sukshama aarthika widya sankalpa lesa higakama,therima,uuna upayojanaya hadinwiya hakiya.
ii. sarwa aarthika widyawa - enam samasthaya pilibada hadarimayi. mehi nyayan lesa mila mattama,ithurum,sewa niyukthiya yanadiya hadinwiya haki athara sarwa aarthika widyawe aramunu lesa purna sewa niyukthiya,mila sthayithawaya,sadharanathwaya hadunwa diya hakiya. emenma sarwa aarthika widyawe sankalpa lesa purna sewa niyukthiya,aarthika wardhanaya wegawath kirima aadiya hadunwa diya hakiya.
aarthika widyawa nishpadanaya, bedaharima ha bhanda ha sewa miladi ganima pilibandawa hadarana samajiya widyawaki. Economic yana padaya grisiye Oikos (niwasa) ha Norms (charyawa ha nithiya) yannen ekathuwen "niwasayan gana nithiya" lesa saduni. Linel Robbins ge 1932 rachanawehi wathman aarthikaya pilibanda bohomayak thorathuru aawaranaya we. "minisunge awashyathawa ha simitha sampathak galapana widayawaki" simitha sampath yanu, minisage awashyathawaya pirimahiya nohaki tharam adu sampathya. sampath simitha nowe nam ha wikalpa sampath athinam aarthika gatalu mathu nowe. mema wishayedi gathayuthu thirana ha emagin samapath walata wana balapama gana hadaranu labayi.
aarthika widyawa wiwidha aakarayata beda wen kala haka.
aarthika widyawe ek wadagath lakshanayak nam aarthika kramaye kriyakarithwaya, aarthikaye palanaya karannan ha samaja athara sambandhaya aadi karanu labana hadarimayi. aarthika widyawe kramawedayan adhyapanaya pawula, saukhyaya nithiya deshapalanaya, aagama, aparadha yuddha samaja aayathana aadi minisunta adala kshethrayanta yedawima sulabhawa dakiya hakiya. widyawak yanuwen adahas kerenne widhimathwa sakasunu danum sambharayaki. eya hudek karunu ekras kirimakma nowa ema karunu widhimath ratawakata sambandha kirimaki. ee sadaha widdha්yamanika karunu wishleshanaya kirima ha ewa athara sambhandhathawada pahadili kirimata soyagath kalpitha, nyaya saha nithi walin yuktha weyi.me anuwa balana kala aarthika widyawa lesa hadunwanneda, aarthika
kriyakarakam pilibanda wa adhyayanaya ha wishleshanaya karanu labana kramanukulawa sakasunu muladharma paddhathiyakin yuth danum sambharayaki.
aarthika widyawa magin samachiya washayen itha wadagath karunu pilibadawa itha thiyunu adhyayanayak kerena athara ewata adala wana aarthika wichalyayan athara hethuela sambandathawaya dakwena , widdhyathmaka kramawedayakata anuwa sakasunu,nyaya paddhathiyakin eya samanwitha we. paribhogika hasirima,wyapara charyawan,aadayam wyapthiya,aarthika wardhanaya,rajya mulika katayuthu,widesha weladama aadiya mesadaha udaharana lesa dakwiya haka.meyata amatharawa aarthika widyawe samaharak nithi sawabhawika widyawange nithi tharamma yatharthaya dakwimata samathya.aanthika elada nyaya,aanthika upayogitha nyaya,illum nyaya mesadaha udaharana lesa dakwiya haka.
aarthika widyawa magin sathya lokaye pawathika thathwaya ha ema thathwaya athiwimata hethu wu karunu karana da,ema thathwayan wishleshanaya karamin wichyayan athara nishchitha ratawakin yuth sambhandhathawayak magin wiwidha aarthika sansiddhin hi hethu,prathiela pamanak nowa ahithakara thathwa palanaya kirima sadaha prathipaththimaya kriyamargayan da sapayayi.
mul aarthika sankalpa
pauranika aarthika sankalpaya mesapothemiyanu, grika, romanu, indiyanu, china, parsiyan saha arabi yana shishtacharayanhi aarambhaye sita pawatha ee.aristotal,chanakya,kwinshi huang,thomas akwinas saha ibn kaldan yana salakiya yuthu lekhakayan 14 wana shatha warshaya mulullema handunagatha hakiya. joshap champitar mulikawama 14 wana ha 17 wana shatha warshawala agabhagayehi wu shasthriyek lesa handunagaththe swabhawika nithi pathikada thula wu watinakam nyaya poliya saha mudal widyathmaka aarthika widyawe aarambhakayan wima sandaha anek kandayam walata wada aasannataya langa wima hethuweni.iban kaldange miyukadim (Ibn Khaidun’s Muqaddimah) soya ganimen pasu champitar (Schupetr) pasuwa nawina aarthika widyawe samipa purogamiyeku lesa iban kaldamwa dakwimata hethu wuye ohuge boho aarthika widya nyayan nuthanaya wana thuru yuropaya wisin nodana sitimaya.
sruju lesama pasuwa wishayehi sanwardhanayata bala pa thawath thawath kandayam dekak wanne wanijawadin(Mercantilists)saha pisiyokat nikayikayinya. (Physiocrats). mema kandayam dekama yuropaye aarthika jathiwadaya nuthana dhana wadaya athi wima sandaha hawul wiya. welenda ho rajya katayuthu wala prawinayekuth wuwath 16 shatha warshaye sita 18 wana shatha warshaya dakwa wishala lesa pusthika sahithyayehi wajambaunu aarthika mathayaki. wanija wadaya rathran ha ridi aanayana hara anekuth aanayana sandaha badhaka panawimen pathal kanima sidu nokarana ratawal rathran ha ridi laba gani. apanayana kala haki bhanruda nipadawima sandaha labhadayi amu drawya aanayanaya kirime sankalpaya saha wideshayanhi nipada wu bhanda matha rajaya wisin aarakshakari badu aya kirima menma kolani wala nishpadanayan sidu kirima thahanam kirimada meyata adala we.
18 wana shatha warshaye pransha chinthakayange ha lekhakayange kandayamak wu pisiyokrats nikayikayin (Physiocrats) wisin aarthikaya aadayam ha nimayume chakriya prawahayak yana adahasa sanwardhanaya karana ladi. siyaluma apurnathawayan samanga danata prasiddhiyata path kara athi itha aasanna sathyaya lesa adam smith wisin owunge paddhathiya pahadili karana ladi. pisiyokrat nikayikayin piriwayata wada pahadili athirikthayak krushikarmika nishpadana pamanak upadawana bawa wishwasa kaleya. ema nisa sama dhanayakama padanama wuye krushikarmanthayayi. menayin, aanayana baduda anthargathawa krushikarmanthayatada balapamak sidu karanu labana nishpadanaya saha wikunum sanwardhanaya karana wanijawadi prathpaththiyata owun wiruddha wiya. parpalanaya sandaha piriwayak darimata sidu wana badu ekathu kirim wenuwata idam himiyange aadayama matha thani baddak aya kirimata pakshawa pisiyokrat nikayikayin katayuthu karana ladi sapekshawa wikruthi kirim sidu nowana badu aadayam mulashrayak lesa pasuwa bihiwu aarthika widyagnyayin (shatha warshayakata pasuwa henri jorj da athuluwa) ewani idam badu wala sidu wu wenaskam salakillata ganna ladi. bahula wanija welanda regulasi walata erehiwa aarthikayata awama rajya madihath wima athi rajya nirbadhaka prathipaththiyak pisiyokrat nikayikayin wisin anugamanaya karana ladi.
aachara dharma
aarthika widyawa ha aachara dharma athara pawathina sambandhaya tharamak durata sankirna we.boho aarthika widyagnyayin awashyatha ha wuwamana wala pramanaya ho watinakama thiranaya kirima ho samajayata wadath sudusu kumakda yanna deshapalana ha paudgalika washayen thiranaya wana aarthika widya mathaya wishaya pathayen pitasthara deyak lesa salakana ladi.rajaye pudgalayeku wisin ilakka kihipayak idiripath kara athi witakadi eeka sarthaka kara ganimata awashya darshanaya aarthika widyawa magin sapayanu labayi.
nuthana dhaneshwara aarthikayanwala watinakam paddhathiyak athi kirima sandaha aarthikamaya sankalpa wala balapama awashya bawata mathayakath pawathi.sadachara tharkanaya washayen handinwe.
miladi ganim sidu kirimedi paribhogika ayithin aaraksha kirima parisaraya pilibanda awadhanaya wani aachara dharma anugamanaya kalayuthu bawa sampradhayika aarthika widya salaka balim wala sandahan we.anik athin mahajana subhasadhanaya ha aarakshawa salasena paridi sidukarana sampath beda wen kirima aarthika widyawe kotasak lesa salakiya hakiya.saukhya ha aarakshanaya, parisaraya, samaja sadharanaya ha wipath aadhara wani aramunu itu nowana paridi sampath beda wen kirima adu samaja subhasadhanaye prathipalayaki. ebawin ewani aarthika widya prashruna anugamanaya nokirima aachara sampanna nowe. aththenma amarika eksath janapadaye samuhika niyojithayin nithipatha me pilibandawa aarthika wishaleshana pawathwayi.
samajaya matha balapama
aarthika widyagnyayin wisin yojana karana lada welandapola aakruthi durlabha bhanda beda harim anikuth marga owunge awashyatha ha wuwamana mathata padanam nowi owunge awashyatha ha purudu matha thiranaya wana bawa yamekuma pawasiya hakiya. ek aarthika thora ganim walin bohomayak samajaya wisin ibema sidu karana lada eewayi.eyata hethuwa minisun usas jiwana thathwayak apeksha kirimayi. meya aarthika prathipaththi sambhawayedi itha dadi lesa wiwechanayata thudu dun karanaki.mehidi subhasadhana prathipaththi wala balapam ha sapalanyayan awadhanayata yomu karana ladi.swadhina darshanikayin (Libertarians)meya aarthika tharkayata sidukarana agaurawayak lesa salakayi. dhanaya prathi wyaptha kirima sadacharathmakawa ha aarthika widyathmakawa waradi bawa owunge mathayayi.samajawadi darshanayata anuwa meya aarthika wisin samajayata karana agaurawayaki.owuna්ge mathaya wanne dhana wishamatha palamuwa nowisandiya kala yuthu bawayi.meya 19 wana siyawasedi kamkara aarthika widyawath 20 wana siyawasedi subha sadhana aarthika widyawath udaharanayak wana ladi.
aarthika widyawa ha deshapalanaya
Johin Stuort ha Mill Leon Welree wani aarthika wisheshagnyayin wisin nishpadanayen upayana dhanaya beda dimata wen nokala yuthu bawa penwa duni. meya "prayogika aarthikayath" deshapalaniya ha balaya pilibandawa penwa dena "samaja aarthika kramayeth" ekathuwaki.
aarthika widyawe samajiya konayakin balana wita aanduwen ho paripalana aayathanayakin wana deshapalanika thirana eyata balapayi. enamuth prathipaththi sampadakayo ha ihala pela niladharin thamange abhimathaya paridi aarthika kramaya wenas karayi. mehidi aarthika sankalpa magin owunge wagakim sima nokarana nyaya pathra ha aachara dharma mala handunwa deyi. aarthika sankalpa ha deshapalanayata aadala aarthika kramaye samanathawayak lesa awyaja aarthika prathipaththiwala wikruthiwa athi ho nopenana kotas walata awadanaya yomu kirimata mema wikruthi wu nyayan nisa samajiya wada mulu ha aacharadharmayan sakasimedi patalawili sahagatha bawath athi karayi.
maha bankuwe swadhina bawa magin ehi prathipaththi sarwa aarthikaya palanaya karanu labayi. emenma waradi aarthikaye adangu karunu ha wiwechanayan pilibanda awadhanaya yomu we.
sankalpa dakwanna ha aarthikaya
udaharanayak lesa kal maksge (Karl Marx) 19 wani siyawase katayuthu amarikawe prajathanthrawadaya siyawase anubala dimata sidukala katayuthuth sitha yuddha kalaye dhaneshwara wadaya ha samajawadaya athara wadayan , aarthika widyawe prathipalaya lesa gatha hakiya. kalpithayan parikashawata aarthika widyawa dayaka kara noganimata meya hethuwak wiya hakiya. aarthika kramayange kriyakarithwaya ha palawipakayan pilibanda aarthika widyawedi hadaruwath ee ee kramayan magin ee pilibanda mathayak pala nokarayi.
uda. aarthika adhikarithwa kramayak parikshawa, samana kramawedayan pariksha kirima menma grothra kramayen parikshawada gatha hakiya.
mathawada ha aarthika widyawa
udaharanayak lesa 21wana shatha warshaye balathkarayen amerikanu prajathanthrawadaya pilibanda prawardhanayanta sahaya wima kalahakiwima saha kal maksge 19 wana shatha warshaye kriyakarakam ho aarthikaye gatalu lesa dhanawadaya ha komiyunits wadaya pilibanda shitha yuddha yugaye wadaya dakwiya haka.
aarthikaya mewani saradharma/agayan pilibanda himikam pama nokalath, anubhawika nirikshanaya (empirical observation) saha kalpayan pariksha kirima matha padanam nowi aarthikaya sanjananaya wimata meya ek hethuwak wiyahaka. samaja widyawak washayen aarthika widyawen aramunu kirimata uthsaha karanuye nirikshanaya kalahaki prathiwipakayan ha saradharma paddhathiya pilibanda yam winishchayak nathi eheth wiwidha aarthika paddhathinhi karyakshamathawayayi. udaharanayak lesa sadharanathmakabhawaya pilibanda kisidu winishchayak nokarana adhikarithwa paddhathiya, samanathmatha paddhathiya ho kula paddhathiya gana pariksha kirima penwa diyahaka.
wisheshikaranaya saha shramawibhajanayabhanda nishpadanayedi daknata labena wisheshikaranaya aarthika sanwidhanayanhi sama thanakama daknata labena lakshanayaki. aarthika karyakshamathawayata ha thakshanaye wardhanaya sandaha ehi athi dayakathwaya boho kaleka sita penennata thibu deyaki.gowipolawala nashpadana aayathanawala sewa sapayannan thula ha aarthika ratawan aadiyehi athi wiwidhakara nimawum meyata athulath we. me sama nishpadana kramayakma
• nishpadana preyathnaye kotasak lesa sama sewakayakutama wen wu karyabharayak ho wisheshitha karyak samaga anurupi shrama wibhajanayak
• anurupiwa wenath aakaraye pragdhana upakarana saha ekinekata wenas bhumi bhawithayan daknata labe.
adam smith ge jathinge dhanaya (1776) kruthiya shrima wibhajanaye prathilabhayan pilibandawa katha karayi. mema poth pelehi mul pothe athi pradhana wishayaki. yam pudgalayakuta siya shramaya ho wenath sampath ithama hondin bhawitha kala hakke keseda yana karuna yameku yam sampathak aayojanaya kirimedi udaharanayak lesa bhumiya ho shramaya, eya kala yuththe ehi uparima prathilabha ayurin yayi smith awadharanaya karayi. ehi prathipalayak lesa yam sampathak kumana aakarayakin bhawitha kalada labena prithilabha samana anupathayak wiya yuthuya. (ee ee wyawasayayanhi athi awadanamata sapekshawa wenas wiya haka.) ese nathinam ema sampath wenath deyak sandaha yedawimata siduwanu atha. mema adahasa aarthika nyanaye kendrithaya prasthuthaya lesa jorj stiglar liyuweya. 1766 di pranpasha jathika aarthika widyagnyayaku wu ‘tarhot’ da mema adahasa palakota atha.
wadath samanya wachana walin pra kasha karanne nam, nimawumwala mila saha paladayitha yedawum athulu welandapola diri ganwim, nishpadana sadhakayan kumak sandaha yodawanne dayi thoranu labanne sansandanathmaka wasiyak magin bawa siddhanthayak lesa satahanwa atha. eheyin (sapekshawa) yam nimawumaka aawasthika piriwaya aduwen ganimata adu piriwaya yedawum yoda ganu labe. nishpadana kridayadamaye di anguru nishpadanayak ho anguru nirmanayak lesa samastha nimawum pramanaya ihala yayi. wada ihala agayak athi nimawumak thawath nimawum wenuwata alewi kirimen welanda prathilabha laba ganimata sampath himiyanta awasthawa salase. mewani nishpadana wisheshikaranayak welanda prathilabha awastha jananaya karanu labayi.
aachirna kalpitha aarthika widyawa (Classican Economics)
1776 di prakashayata path wu adam smithge jathinage dhanaya kruthiye aarthika widyawe mularambhaya wen wu puhunuwak lesa wisthara kara atha.mema pothehi bhumiya ,shramaya ha pragdhanaya yana pradhana nishpadana sadhaka thuna handunagena atha.
smithge wigrayata anuwa podu janayage aarthika awyatha swayankriyawa sapuralana swayanpalitha welandapola kumayak wada honda aarthikayak lesa handanwa atha ohu welandapola yanthranaya adrushyamana thathwayak washayen handunwa athi athara eya pudgalayanta owunage awashyatha luhu bandayamata manga penwimak sidu karayi. samasthayak washayen mese samajayata wishala wasiyak sidu karanu labayi. smith rajya nirbadhakaranaya athulu pisiyokrat (Physiocrats) adahas ohuge aarthika nyayan samanga eekabaddha karanu ladi. namuth krushikarmaya pamanak paladayi yana adahasa prathikshepa karana ladi.
ohuge prasiddha adrushyamana hastha nyayedi ohu patu awashyatha magin meheya wanu labuwath tharangakari welandapolawal pulul wu samaja awashyatha kerehi awadhanaya yomu karana lada wani paraspara wirodhi sankalpa samanga tharka karana ladi. smith wisin aarambha karana lada mema samanya laga wima muladi deshapalana aarathika widyawa lesath pasu kalayedi aachirna kalpika aarthika widyawa lesath handunwana ladi. ehi 1770 sita 1870 dakwa Thomas Maithus, Davit Ricardo saha John Stuart Mill wani aya wisin liyana lada salakiya yuthu da anthargatha wiya.
adam smith nishpadana aadayama kerehi awadhanaya yomu karana atharathuradi dewid rikado idam himiyan, shramikayin ha pragdhana himiyan athara aadayama bedi yana aakaraya salaka balana ladi. mehidi ohu idam himiyan ha shramikayin athulu pragdhana himiyan athara pawathina aawenika gatumak awabodha kara ganna ladi ohuge mathaya wuye wadiwana janagahanaya ha pragdhanaya nisa sthawara sapayumak sahitha bhumiye illuma wadiwana bawayi. me thulin badu kuliya ihalata thallu kirimak ha labha saha watup pahathata thallu kirimak sudu we.
Thomas Robert Malthus wisin hinawana pala nyaya pahala jiwana thathwaya pahadili kirima sandaha bhawitha karana ladi. janagahanaya wadi wimedi eeta samagamiwa aahara nishpadanaya wadi kala yuthu bawa ohuge adahasa wiya. simasahitha bhumi pramanayak thula ikmanin sidu wana janagahana wardhanaya shramikayanta hinawana pala athi kirimata hethu we. me thulin kal yamedi shramikayange watup pahala gos jiwana thathwaya pahala watimata hethu we.
Malthus wisin welandapola aarthikayak thula sidu wana swayankriya namiyawa (Automatic Tendency) purna sewa niyukthikayak athi karanne da yanna pilibandawa prashna karana ladi. ohu aarathika namiyawak thula pawathina wirakiyawata dadilesa dosharopanaya karana ladi. John Maynard Keynes ema nyaya yali nanga situ wana thek eya samajayen thuran wi thibeya.
aachirna kalpika sampradaye awasanayata paminimedi John Stuart Mill wisin athitha aarthika widyagnyayin idiripath karana lada welandapola kramaya thula siduwana walakwiya nohaki aadayam wyapruthiya samanga manda washayen ekanga wiya. Mill wisin welandapola magin sidu karana pradhana karyayan deka handuna ganna ladi.ewa nam sampath beda wen kirima ha aadayama wyaptha kirima mehidi welanda sampath beda wen kirima karyakshamawa sidu karathi. aadayam beda harima karyakshamawa sidu nokarana bawa ohuge mathaya wiya.
aarthika widyawe anekuth gurukulayan ha praweshayan
lokaya purama handunaganimata lakwu aarthika widyawe suwisheshi ratawan kerehi awadhanaya yomu kala anekuth wyaparika gurukulayan noesenam nawa chinthana prawanathawayan bihi kala widwathun/shasthragnyayin lesa oostriyanu gurukulaya (Austrian School) chikage gurukulaya (Chichago School) ferebarg gurukulaya (Freiburg School), losan gurukulaya (School of Lausanne) saha stokholm gurukulaya (Stockholm School) yanadiya handunwadiya haka.
sarwa aarthika widyawa thula, sahithyaye nirupanaya wana aakarayata podu anupiliwelak pawathi. sampradayaka aarthika widyawa, kensiyanu aarthika widyawa, nawa sampradayika aarthika widyawa, sapayum anshaye aarthika widyawa, nawa wikalpa sanwardhanayan walata anthargatha wanne parisarika aarthika widyawa, parinamawadi aarthika widyawa, parayaththa nyaya, wyuhawadi aarthika widyawa saha loka paddhathi nyaya.
aarthika widyawe (aarthika widyawa pilibanda) pethihasika nirwachanayan
deshapalana aarthikaya pilibanda athitha sakachchawan sambandhawuye “dhanaya” samangini. me sambandhayen wimasa balana kala David Hume (dewid hiyum) saha Adam Smith (adam smith) wadagath we. hiyum tharka kale wadiwu nishpadakayakin thora athiriktha the mila ganan ihala nanwimata pamanak dayaka wana bawayi. smith sathya dhanaya wisthara kale ”rathran saha ridi” yana athitha pada bhawitha karamin nowa, samajaye bhumiya ha shramaya yana eewaye warshika nishpadana yanadi washayeni.
John Stuart Mill (jon stuwart mil) aarthika widyawa nirwachanaya kale dhanaya nipadawime (nirmanaya kirime) ha beda harime prayogika widyawa lesayi. mema nirwachanaya Concise oxford ingrisi shabdakoshayen uputaganna ladi. ese wuwath, paribhojanaye itha wadagath ha athyawashya bhumikawa ehi athulath nowe. ohuta (Mill) dhanaya yannen adahas wuye wadagath dewal wala thogayak lesayi.
”dhanaya” yanadi washayen nirwachanaya wanna wu mema wishaye nirwachanaya mangin awadharanaya karanne nishpadanaya saha paribhojanayayi. wiwechanayan mangin mema awadharanaya, itha patu bawata chodana ella karana ladi. udaharanayak lesa John Ruskin (jon raskin) deshapalana aarthikaya hadinwuye ”dhanawath” wime widyawa lesayi.
pasukalina pulul nirwachanayan walata dhanaya nowa, pudgalaya, pudgala kriyakarakam, pudgala subhasadhanaya yanadiya anthargatha wiya. 1980di alfrad mashal (Alfred Marshall) wisin ohuge ”aarthika widyawe muladharma” granthaye sandahan kale, ”deshapalana aarthika widyawa yanu, jiwithaye samanya wyaparika katayuthu waladi pudgala wargaya pilibanda karana adhyayanayak lesayi. esema emangin pariksha karanu labanne pudgalayage anshayan saha ohuge athpath karaganime/langakara ganime samanga samipa sambandha wana samaja kriyakarakam ha mana yahapawathmak sandaha wana drawyathmaka awashyathawayange bhawithayayi.]]
aarthika widyawe tharka shasthraya
aarthika widyawa samakalina kshethrayak lesa barapathala tharka wilasayak matha randa pawathi. anek nyayanta wada wisthara kirime hakiyawa athin wadath sarala, paladayi ha wishwasaniya wana nyayan kramawathwa sakas kirima mehi aramunuwalata athulath we. mehidi pahadili kirimata athi wichalyaye sambandhathawayan wenkara ganima sandaha wishleshanaya samawitama sarala aakruthiyakin aarambha karanu labayi. esema, "anekuth da sthawarayi" yana upakalpanaya magin wishleshanaye sankirna bawa adu kala hakiya. udaharana lesa, mudal pramanawadi nyaya magin, anekuth da sthawarawa pawathina wita mila mattama ha mudal sapayuma athara sambandhathawayak athayi upakalpanaya karayi. dala deshiya nishpadithaya sandaha wana mila darshakaya ha mudal sapayume minumak wani aarthika thorathuru bhawitha kara goda nagana lada mema nyaya parikshawata lak kala hakiya. palitha parikshanayak nokaranawita, wenath aakaraye pahadili kirimwalatada idahara anekuth wichalyawala balapama sandaha galapimata aarthika mithika krama magin ida salasadeyi. ithama mathakadi aarthika widyawe paryeshana krama bhawithaya‚ aarthika widyawe samahara swabhawika widyawala pauranikawa satahan wu muhunuwarata abhiyoga karamin‚ wishala lesa pulul wiya.
samanyayen aarthika widya aakruthiwala tharkanaye wiwaranayan magin, nyaya sambandhatha nirupanaya kirima sandaha dwimana prasthara bhawitha karanu labayi. samanyakaranaye ihala thalayakadi pol samuwelsange aarthika wishleshanaye padanama (1947) prathyaksha mula daththa magin nishprabha kala haki‚ arthawath aarthika widya siddhantha pariksha kirimata‚ ganithamaya krama yodaganne kesedayi penwa deyi. ewani adahas nyaya pariksha kirima sandaha awakasha labadeyi.
atham pudgalayan ganithamaya aarthika widyawa prathikshepa karayi. sarala tharkayakata obben wana oonama deyak aarthika wishleshanayata anawashyaya ha nusudusu we yayi ostriyanu aarthika widya gurukulaya tharka karayi. saba lokaye sansiddhin wisthara kirime kalpitha nigami kramaya athulathwa thawamath aarthika widyawa wishishta samuchchitha suthrakarana sankalpa ha krama yoda gani. dewannata udaharanayak lesa aarthika widya antharaya lesa athamwita handunwana aarthika widya nowana kshethra kara sukshama aakarayen aarthika widyawa wistharanaya kirima dakwiya hakiya.
shirsha pela
sapayuma saha illuma
sapayum saha illuma aakruthiya, bhanda sulabathawaya ha illuma athara pawathina thulyathawaye prathipalayak lesa mila wenaswanne kesedayi wisthara karayi. D1 sita D2 dakwa wu illumehi wardhanayak prastharayen pennum karayi. (dakunata withanwimak) ee samangama prathipalayak lesa, sapayum wakraya nawa samathulitha lakshyayak dakwa gaman kirimata awashya bhanda pramanayen saha milehi wadi wimak da pennum karayi. / welandapola aarthikaya thula wikunu bhandawala mila ha wikunum pramanayan wenas wima wisthara kirimata upayogi karaganna sanwidhitha muladharmayan illum - sapayum siddhanthaya. kshudra aarthikaye di eya, purna tharangakari welanda polaka mila saha nimawum pramanaya nirnaya kirima ha bande. meya anekuth welandapola wyuhayan ge aakruthin ha wenath saiddhanthika praweshayan sandaha achchuwak se sewaya kota atha.
miladi ganimata sudanam siyalu apekshitha ganumkaruwange pramanaya pennum karayi. illuma samawitama mila ha illum pramanaya sambandha kotagath prastharayak ho waguwak mangin pennum karayi. (kotu thula rupa satahana balanna). illum siddhanthaya ek ek paribhogikaya wisthara karayi. mehi di ahambaulesa thoraganna, ek ek bhandayakin miladi ganima wadath kamathi pramanaya, aadayama, mila paribhogika kamaththa aadiya salaka balanu labe. pelambaawimen athi kala upayogitha uparimayanaya me sandaha yoda gatha haki yedumaki. (illuma sima kirima lesa aadayama ganimin) mehi di upayogithawaya(kalpitha)ek ek paribhogikayage kamaththa lesa salake. eyin pasu illum pramanaya matha milehi wanaswima sandaha balapana “aakruthika kalpitha lakshanayan” lesa upayogithawaya ha aadayama prayejanayata ganu labe. yam welanda polaka podu washayen illum pramanaya ha mila prathilomawa bandi athi bawa illum niyamayen prakasha karayi. neth wachanawalin pawasanne nam, bhandaya mila ihala yanna yanna minisun ema bhandaya miladi gannata dakwana kamaththa ha mila di ganime hakiyawa adu weyi(anek sadhaka nowenaswa thibiyadi). bhandayaka mila ihala yanawita samastha miladi ganime hakiyawa adu weyi.(aadayam aacharanaya) emenma paribhokayin adu mila bhanda wethata yomu weyi. (wikalpa bhanda aacharanaya) wenath sadhaka da illuma kerehi balapam athi kala hakiya. udaharana lesa rupaye dakwena paridi, aadayam wadiwimaka di illum chakraya mul pihitime sita baharata withan wiya haka. bhandayaka mila saha ema mile di sapayumkaruwan (nishpadakayan wani) labagatha haki bhanda pramanaya athara sabandathawaya illumayi. denu labana bhanda pramanayak saha mila athara sabandathawaya dakwena prastharayak ho waguwak prayojanayata ganimin illuma samawita pennum karayi. nishpadakayo labha uparima karannan lesa upakalpanaya karanu labe. ehi theruma nishpadakayo owunge labhaya uparima karana pramanaya nipadawimata samawita pelambaena bawayi. sampradayaklesa sapayuma, labadenu labana bhanda pramanaya saha mila athara srujuwa samanupathika sabandathawayak lesa dakwanu labe. (anek sadhaka nowenaswa atha) ihala milakadi nishpadanaya wadi kirima labhadayi we. samathulitha lakshyayata pahala milaka di , illumkarana pramanaya samanga sasadime di sapayanu labana pramanaye hingayak pawathi. meya mila ihala nanwayi. samathulitha lakshyayata ihala mila di illum karana pramanayata sapekshawa sapayum pramanaye athirikthayak atha. meya mila pahalata ada damayi. illum pramanaya ha sapayum pramanaya samana wana awasthawe di mila ha pramanaya sthayina wana bawa dena lada illum sapayum wakrayak aakruthiya purokathanaya karayi. ihatha prastharaye meya wakra deka chedanaya wana sthanaye pihita atha. eya welandapola samathulitha lakshyayayi.
sapayana lada bhanda pramanayaka illum wakraye mila lakshyaya, sama nimawum eekakaye paribhogikayata athi aanthika upayogithawaya saha watinakama pennum karayi. eya adala bhanada eekakaya sandaha paribhogikaya gewimata sudanam kumakdayi manima sidu karayi. illum wakraya matha mila lakshyaya adala bhanda eekakaya sandaha sapayumkaruta darimata siduwana mulu piriwaya wadiwima hewath aanthika piriwaya maninu labayi. samathulitha lakshyaye di mila, illuma ha sapayuma wisin thiranaya karanu labe. purna tharangakari welandapolaka di illuma saha sapayuma wisin samathulitha lakshyaye di piriwaya saha agaya samana karayi. / sadhaka welandapola haraha shramaya saha pragdhanaya athulu nishpadana sadhaka wetha aadayam bediyama pilibanda aakruthiyak nirmanaya kirimata illuma saha sapayuma prayojanayata gatha hakiya. udaharanayak lesa shrama welandapole rakiya niyuktha shramika pramanaya ha shramaye mila (wadup parimawa) shramaya sandaha athi illuma (wyaparika sthana aadiyen nishpadanaya sandaha) saha shrama sapayuma (shramikayangen) wisin sakasa athi pilimbaibu we.
purna tharangakari welanda pola hasirima wisthara kirimata illuma saha sapayuma prayojanayata gani. namuth eewaye kriyakarithwaෙy pramithiyak lesa athi prayojanaya oonama aakaraye welandapolak dakwa pulul we. illuma saha sapayuma samastha aarthikayema yedawena wichalyayan pahadili kirimata da samanyakaranaya kala hakiya. udaharanayak lesa sarwa aarthikaye adhyayanaya kerena samastha nimawum pramanaya saha samanya mila mattama gatha hakiya.
upakalpanayan wiwechanaya
aarthikaya pilibanda aarthika widyagnyayin mangin yoda ganna samahara aakruthin wiwechanaya wemin pawathina athara, samahara wita eya anekuth aarthika widyagnyayin wisin owunage athathwika wishwasaya, nirikshanaya kala nohaki, niwaradi kala nohaki upakalpanayak nisa siduwana deya wiya haka. mewani wiwechanayan sandaha ek prathicharayak wanuye wadagath nowana thorathuru thulin gath wiyukthi adahas mangin athathwika upakalpana prathipala nisa saha ewani wiyukthi adahas sankirna lokayata awashya wana athara emangin adahas kerenuye athathwika upakalpanayanta wada ekanga wiya haki aarthika widya danumehi watinakamayi. ewani upakalpana aarthika widya danuma sandaha athyawashya we. ek adhyanayak, mema wisthara kirima “wiyukthi adahas sadharanikaranaya ("abstractionist defense") nigamanaya kaleya. mehi “wiyukthi adahas sadharanikaranayan athathwika upakalpanayan wiwechanayanta walangu nowe. kese wuwath satahan kirimata wadagath de nam pasalwala bahutharayak mema kshethraye sitina athara aarthika widya karunuwala podu ekangathawata eha giya saha wiwidha wikalpa kshethra kiya sitinnetha mehi wadath nirikshanayange parikshanayak padaka kota gath sadharanikaranaya kala athulanthayak athi bawayi.
wisanwadi wiwechakayan
aarthika widyawa yanu wenas wu adhyapana ansha ha kalina adahaswalin samanwitha wu adhyayana kshethrayaki. ehi prathipalayak washayen adahaswala wyapthiya, wiwidha nyayan ha praweshayan pawathi. samahara wita elambai athi prathiwiruddha awasanayan ho mema mathayanta gab wu upakalpanayanhi wenaskam hethuwen mewa ekinekata paraspara wirodhi we.
subha sadhana ha hingakama pilibanda aarthika widyawe nirwachanayanhi wiwechanayan
aarthika widyawe nirwachanaye di drawyamaya bhashithaya wiwechanaya karamin pawathi. meyata hethuwa eya mudal ha drawyayan pamanak sima wimayi. udaharanayak washayen emangin drawyamaya nowana gunanga, enam waidyawarayekuge sewawa ho natumkarayekuge sewawa nosalaka hara thibe. siyalu bhauthika nowana sewawan sandaha kerena gewim nosalaka haritha watup nyaya asampurna we. subha sadhana katayuthu pramanathmakawa miniya nohakiya. eyata hethuwa mudalhi aanthika wadagathkama dhanawathunge sita duppathunta wenas wimayi. (sansandanathmaka lesa salaka balu wita dolar 100 pohosath pudgalayekuta wada duppath pudgalayekuge subha sadhanaya sandaha itha wadagath we. mita amatharawa mathpan, dumkola wani bhanda nishpadanaya ha beda harima wani kriyawan minisunge subha sadhanaya sandaha yogya nowe. namuth me bhanda mangin minis sbhawayan wana minis awashyatha saha ashawan thrupthimath kala hakiya.
maks aarthikayan thawamath kendriya karanuye subhasadhana arthakathanayatayi. mita amatharawa samahara aarthika widyawe prachalitha wiwechanayan kalina/ warthamana aarthika kriyawan mangin pramanawal lesa subha sadhana minum karanne nathayi, tharka kirimata patan ganunu athara owun pawasuwe eya subha sadhanaye pramanawath nowu langa wimak mudal bhawithayata gena kerena katayuththakata pamanak kala haki bawayi.
hingakama kendriya karagath nawa sampradayika aarthika widyawa palanaya kirimata aarambha karamin pawathi. piliwelin boho adhyayana aarthika widyawa departhamenthu mangin meya bala pawathwe. eya matha awuruduwala sita sansthayitha aarthika widyawa saha wiplawiya aarthika widya saha adhika ga athiriktha aarthika widyawa athulu wiwidha wu kotas mangin wiwechanaya karamin pawathi.
shrama welandapola pilibanda sarwa aarthika widyawa
shrama hamudawa arthadakwa aththe rakiyawak nokarana eheth rakiyawak apekshawen sitina pirise ekathuwak washayeni. sahabhagithwa anupatha yanne adahas wanne wadakalahaki wayase janagahanaye prathishathayak lesa shrama balakayayi. shrama balakayata ayath nowanne, rakiya apeksha nokarana aya, sirakaruwan, manasika rogin, lamayin thamagema niwase sewaya karannan ha aabadhithayan yana ayayi. wirakiya mattama arthadakwa aththe sewa niyukthikayin rahithawa shrama balakaya lesayi. wirakiya anupathaya artha dakwa aththe shrama balakaya prathishathayak lesa sewa niyukthikayinge pramanaya lesayi. sewa niyuktha anupathaya artha dakwa aththe wadihiti janagahanaye prathishathayak lesa sewa niyukthikayinage pramanaya lesayi. mema gananaya kirim waladi swayan rakiyawala nirathawuwan gananaya kara aththe sewa niyukthikayin lesayi.
sewa niyukthi mattama, shrama hamudawa saha nopirawunu purappadu wani wichalya thoga wichalya yanuwen handunwayi. eyata hethuwa eya nishchitha kalayakadi eyata adala pramanaya manina bawini. mema thoga wichalya pramana wichalyayangen wenaswe. pramana wichalyayan yanu nishchitha kala parichjedayak thuladi eyata adala pramanayan manimayi. shrama hamudawe sidu wana wenaswim walata swabhawika mardhana anupathaya, shuddha sankramana, shrama hamudawe sidu wana badawaganim ha wishrama ganim aadi pramana wichalya hethuwe. wirakiyawe siduwana wenaswim thiranaya wanne wirakiyawen sitina pudgalayin thama rakiya awastha soya yamath, sewa niyukthikayinta owunge rakiya ahimiwi yamath wani kulu ganwim saha rakiya labunu pudgalayin ha rakiya sewima athhari pudgalayin wani pitathata yalayam mathayi. samastha washayen sarwa aarthikaya desa balana wita wiwidhakaraye wirakiya thathwayan handunagatha hakiya.
ganum sewa wiyukthiya - min adahas wanne minisunta nawa rakiya soya ganimata ha eewaye sthawara wimata gathawana kalayayi. pudgalayin 12 denekugen sama kenekutama nawa rakiyawak kirimata pera masayaka kalayak sitimata siduwenam samastha wirakiyawa gananaya kirimedi meya satahan karanuye ek pudgalayeku wirakiyaාwe sitina lesatayi. thakshanaye siduwana wenaswim nitharama gatumsewa wiyukthiya adu karayi. nidasunak lesa antharjalaya haraha rakiya soyannanta pahasukam salasa thibima daknata hakiya.
wyuhathmaka sewa wiyukthiya - min adahas wanne shramikayingen apeksha karana de saha owun sathuwa pawathina kusalatha ha upa lakshana wala nogalapimayi. sewakayin 4 denekuta rakiyawa aarambha kirimata pera nawatha puhunu wimata masa 6k gathawe nam samastha wirakiyawa gananaya karanne sewa wiyukthikayin dedeneku lesayi. kshanika wenaswim nitharama wyuhathmaka sewa wiyukthiya wadi kirimata hethu we. nidasunak lesa dainika wenaskam nisa sewakayanta nawatha puhunu wimata siduwima dakwiya hakiya.
swabhawika wirakiya anupathaya - meya ganum sewa wiyukthikayan ha wyuhathmaka sewa wyukthiye ekathuwaki. sthayi aarthikayakata langawiya haki aduma wirakiya anupathaya meyayi. ganumsewa wyukthikayin ha wyuhathmaka sewa wyukthiya aniwaryayenma pawathi nam aarthika widyagnyayin swabhawika anupathaya samanga ekanga nowe. swabhawika anupathaya 1%th 5%th athara parasayaka pawathi nam eya ihala nonagina uddamanayath samanga sambandha we. mema asthamenthugatha anupathanayan ratin ratata kalayen kalayata wenaswe.
illuma adu wirakiyawa - kensiyanu aarthika nyayata anuwa oonama mattamaka wirakiyawak swabhawika anupathaya ikmawa yanne samastha aarthikaye siduwuna illume adu wimak hethu karagenayi. aarthika pasubasimakadi samahara illuma sampath uuna upayojanaya hethuwen pahatha basse. kinsiyanu nyayata anuwa paribhojanaya wadi kirimen ho aayojanaya wadi kirimen ho rajaye wiyadama wadi kirimen ho shudra apanayana pramanaya wadi kirimen ho samahara illuma wadikara gatha haka.
(X−M).
{AE = C + I + G + (X−M)}
(Morendy Octoras)
aarthika widyawa
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goliya thapanaya
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goliya thapanaya yanu pruthiwiyehi deshaguna paddhathiyehi madhyaka ushnathwayehi digu-kalina ihala yama weyi. eya 20 wana shatha warshaye mada bhagaye sita apekshitha idiriya dakwa siduwanu atha.
pruthiwiya mathupita madhyanya goliya wayumaya ushnathwaya 2005 warshayen awasanwana wasara 100 ka kalaya thula 0.740 dhana ho sruna 0.18 (1.33 dhana ho sruna 0.32) pramanayakin wenaswi atha. anthar rajyayiya desha gunika wenas wim pilibanda samuluwa hewath IPCC nirnaya karana paridi 20 wana shatha warshaye mada bhagayedi nirikshitha goliya madhyanya ushnathwayange wadiwimwalata hethuwa washayen nirikshanaya kota aththe minisa wisin nirmanaya karana lada harithagara wayu sandranayange ihala yam haraha harithagara aacharanaya athi wimayi. purwa karmika kalaparasayan 1950 dakwa wakawanuwedi swabhawika prapanchayan wana ginikandu saha suryaya prabhedanaya kuda unusum wime aacharanayak athi karana ladi. 1950 sita in obbata kuda sisil wime aacharanayak athi karana ladi.
mema mulika nirnayan huwa dakwanu labuye pradhana karmika ratawalwala siyalu jathika widyathmaka akadami anthargatha wu awama washayen widyathmaka akadami ha widyathmaka samaja 30 kawath dayakathwayeni. thaniwidyagnyayin IPCC hi soya ganim sambandhayen wiruddhathwaya prakasha kalada eya yatapath karamin deshagunika wenas wim pilibandawa ehi mulika wenaswim sambandhayen ekangathawaya pala kota atha.
desha gunika aakruthi anawaki IPCC magin sankshiptha karana laduwa dakwa thibenne goliya madhyanya ushnathwaya thawath 1.10 sita 6.40 dakwa 21 wana shathawarshaya thuladi wadi wanu athi bawayi. ema agaya parasayan wiwidha goliya harithagara wayu wimochanaya pilibanda gurupoth ha wiwidha desha gunika sanwedithawayan athi aakruthika bhawithayen lada prathipalayak washayen adhyayanayan atharin bahutharayak 2100 dakwa kala parasawalata nabhigatha wi atha. namuth unusum wima saha muhudu mattame wadiwima thawath wasara dahasakata wadi kalayak harithagara wayu mattam sthayikaranaya wuwada wadiwanu athi bawata apeksha kere. samathulithathawayata elambaimata pramada wanne sagarayan thula athi wishala thapadharithawaya hethuweni.
goliya ushnathwa wadiwima muhudu mattam wadikirimata hethu wanu atha. emenma aanthika kalagunika thaththwayange saha warshapathana ratawange ha pramanayange thriwrathawayan wenas karanu athayida apeksha kere. goliya unusumwime wenath aacharanayannam krushikarmika aswanne wenaswim welanda ratawala wenaswim galasiyara diyawim wishesha wadawim emenma roga wahakayange parasayan wadiwim anthargatha we.
pawathina widyathmaka awinishchithathawayan thula anthargatha wanne anagathayedi apekshitha unusum wime pramanaya ha unusum wima ha ee ha adala wenas wim lokaya pura pradeshayen pradeshayata wenas wanne kelesada yana karunuyi. boho jathika rajayan kiyatho sandanaya athsan kota ha anumatha kota atha. eya harithagara wayu wimochanaya adu kirima ha sambandhaya. namuth mewana wita deshapalanika ha praja wiwadayak lokaya pura athiwa thibe. ee anagatha unusum wima sambandhayen eya adu kirimata ho aapasu harawimata kriya kala yuthuda ese nomathi nam apekshitha prathipalawalata anuwarthanaya wiya yuthuda yanna pilibandawayi.
prathipala
2003 warshaye gishma sruthuwedi yuropaye athi wu adhika ushnathwaya hethuwen pa්ranshaya, ithaliya ha jarmaniye 35000k pamana miya giya
athara, wishala pirisak same roga walata goduru wuha. wasara 60kata pasu brithanyaye dahas ganan janaya asiruwata path karamin 2007 juli masa
maha jala galim sidu wu athara eya goliya unusuma hethu kota gena sidu wu bawa brithanya agamathi goldan brawun prakasha kara atha.
(lankadipa 2007 juli 25). hangeriyawe 2007 juli masa adhika ushnathwayen miya giya pramanaya 600da ikmawana ladi(lankadipa 2007 juli 25).
indiyawenda warin wara adhika ushnathwaya nisa siduwana marana gana wartha wi athi athara 2003di pranshaye 1080 k miya giyeya. 2007 mayi
masa unusuma nisa bangaladeshaye 12 denek da indiyawe 30 denekuda miya giya bawa wartha wiya. 2003 wasare athi wu unusumata samana
gimhana unusumak mita pera athi wuye wasara dahakata dewaraki. namuth idiriyedi mema sambhawithawa wasara wissakata dewarak lesa wenas
wi athi athara 2050-60 wana wita mema unusuma samanya thathwayak dakwa wardhanaya wimata ida kada atha.
dadi thapaya nisa 1995 di amarikawe chikagohidi miya giya ganana siyayaki. mita amatharawa hariken, kathrina wani kunatu saha wasi nisa amarikawe wishala pramanayakata jiwitha ahimi wiya. eeta amatharawa pruthiwi unusuma wadi wima nisa maduruwan usin wadi bim pradesha walata pawa sankramanaya wana athara emagin maleriyawa saha dengu rogaya waladima sighrayen wardhanaya we. loka saukhya sanwidhanaya sadahan karana paridi 2000 warshayedi maleriyawa saha dengu wadath wyaptha wima nisa miya giya sankhyawa ek laksha panas dahasaki. goliya ushnathwaya
hethuwen us bim pawa maduru aakramanayata goduru wi lokaye 2/5 ka bhumi pramanayaka wesena miliyana 50k dengu una rogayata
goduru wimata ida thibe. melesa kalapayen kalapayata pathira yana dengu wairasaya nisa 2005di uthuru amarikawe 580 denaku pamana
miya gos atha.(2006 wasaredi lankawe dengu rogin ganana 11668 ki) eeta amatharawa waidya wisheshagnyayin anumana karana paridi me
siyawasa thula kalagunika wenas wim nisa same saha swasana roga waladimath methek waladi nathi roga thathwayan athi wimatath niyimithaya.
harithagara wayuwa saha wenath wayu dushana nisa darunu rogi thathwayan ho maraniya wu hruda roga menma molaye rogada, penahalu
pilika saha ladaru marana bahula wana athara danatamath amarikawa thula me thathwayan daknata labe. pathira yamin pawathina adhika ushnathwaya
nisa, wenath penahalu rogada waladime saha ugra wime lakshana boho ratawal wala daknata labe. eeta amatharawa wathaye
kabandayoksayid wadi wima maraniya roga sahitha nishpadana walata hithakara wana athara emagin wiwidha asathmikathawanda athi we.
ooson stharaya kshaya wima nisa wayu golaye ihala stharaye ushnathwaye wadi wim prathipalayak lesa wayu golaye pahala stharayada
unusum we. me nisa hiru wisin muda harina ayahapath adhoraktha wikirana walakwime hakiyawa aduwima minis sirura wetha ayahapath
lesa balapayi. memagin as walata hani wima, sama kalu wima, same pilika athi wima sidu we. loka saukhya sanwidhanaya prakasha kara athi paridi
goliya unusuma wadi wima nisa athiwana athuru aabadha hethuwen wasarakata 160000k miya yana athara 2020di mema pramanaya deguna wimata
niyamithayi.
wayuwa unusum wima nisa lowa pura suli sulan hethuwen 1985 di 4361k miya giya athara 1991 di 138568k miya giyaha. wasarakata mili mitara
9kin bangaladeshaye bhumiya muhudata yata wana athara itha pahath muhudu mattamaka pihiti bangaladeshaya bengana bokke nithara athi wana
kalambaili swabhawaya nisa ganwathura menma suli sulan wipath walata da muhuna pamin siti.
sathwa sanhathiye anagathaya
2004 warshayedi lids wishwa widyalaye aachaාrya kris thomas wisin goliya unusuma saha wana jiwin pilibandawa karana lada
paryeshanayakin pasu 'Nature' namathi sangarawata lipiyak liyamin mese pawasa atha.
"warthamanaye sita 2050 dakwa pawathina thathwayan wenas nowunahoth pawathna sathwa shaka sanyuthiyen 37%k melowin wanda wi yanu
atha"
goliya unusuma minisata pamanak nowa sathwa sanhathiyatada balapamin thibe. loka ithihasaya parinamayedi warin wara athi wu ulkapatha
watima aahara pramanayan manda wimawenath parisarika wiparyasa
nisa lowa siti wishala uragayin saha siwupawanda wanda wi gitaha. warthamanayedi ewanima thathwayak athi wemin thibe.
1980di maha brithanyaye kurulu warga 12k dakunu desa sita uthurata sankramanaya wu athara 1990 wana wita owun padinnyi wi siti pedesa mulin siti
kalapayata wada sathapum 12 ka usakin wadi bawa heli wiya. 1999 di kanadawe aaktik pradeshayata eeta pera ema kalapaye nositi
kuruluwarga sankramanaya wi pala padiyam wuha. me pilibandawa paryeshanayak kala widwathunta anawaranaya wuye mau nijabima wenas wima
goliya unusum wime prathipalayak bawaya. kurullanta amatharawa leda roga athi karana maduruwan athulu wenath kruminda melesa waba
us bim walata wyaptha wana bawa penennata atha.
mita amatharawa aaktik pedese wesena drawa walasa hewath hima walasada ruthu wala barapathala wenas kam nisa saha ushna ruthuwa dirgha wima
nisa prajanana kriyawaliyedi yam pasu bamakata lak wi atha.emenma sil mathasyaya saha penguyin wani sathunge jiwana chakrayada wishama wi
athi bawa soya gena atha. samasthayak lesa awama ushnathwayan matha yapena hima walasa saha penguyin wani sathwa wishesha 100 sita 200
k athara pramanayak tharjanayata muhuna di thibe. mita amatharawa kurulu wargayange prajanana kriyawaliyada wenas wi atha. udaharanayak lesa
brithanyaye paksha wishesha 67 ka palamu biththaraya damima dina 9 kata kalin siduwima dakwiya haka. kalaguna wiparyasaya nisa sathwayinta wana
haniya gana dakunu kalapiya ratawalhi paryeshana pawathenne nathi tharam bawin ema kalapaye sathwa wisheshayanta goliya unusume
prathipala kese balapanu athdayi soya ganimata nohaka.
loka golaye minis janawasa walin thora pradesha lesa handunwana uththara dhrawayata aasanna alaskawa wani pradesha wala sulu washayen
askimowaru wasaya karathi. pruthiwiye mema dhrawa pradesha da, thundra, sawana saha amasan wani wananthara saha kanthara walatada balapana
unusuma pruthiwiye kalagunika samathulitha bawata hani gena demin deshagunika wiparyasayanta bandun wemin thibe.
ayis thattu diyawima saha himankayata aduwa pawathi ushnathwaya wadi wima madhyama asiyawatada balapamin atha. mema kalapaye himalaya kandu saha
tibat platha kandu wati aashrithawa drawa pradesha walin bahara wu wishalathama glasiyar lakshayak pamana athayi lananaya kara atha. namuth 70
dashakayedi mema kandu wati wala nepala kotase ushnathwaya selsiyas anshaka 1kin ihala yama nisa samasthayak lesa himalaya kandu
watiye hima saha ayis thattu 30%kin adu wiya.
samasthayak lesa gath wita kalagunika deshagunika wiparyasa athiwimata mulu jaiwa saha ajaiwa paddhathiyatama balapayi.
goliya unusum wima - swabhawaya ha balaporoththu wana prathipala
1800 mul bhagaye di sita hima ganga aapassata giya bawa wirala satahanwala pennum karayi. WGMS ha NSIDC walata wartha kirima sandaha 1950 di maha pramanayen hima ganga manima soya balima patan ganna ladi. hima ganga aapasu harima, aaktik hakilima ha muhudu jala mattama ihalayama goliya unusuma nisa athiwu prathiwipakaya. anek prathiela wanuye krushi aswanna aduwima, grishma sruthuwe alamarga aduwima, jiwin abhawayata yama, roga karkayange pramana wadiwima, swabhawika parisarayata saha minis jiwithawalata balapam athiwima aadiyata goliya unusuma balapa thibe.
2001 IPCC warthawen yojana kara aththe losan ayis para wani ayis para kadi yama, muhudu mattama ihala yama, warshapathana wilasaya wenaswima, ugra kalaguna thaththwayan wegayen wadiwimata goliya unusumata hethu wi athi bawaya. sampurrna wilasayan wegawathwima ha nithara siduwim nisa wenaswim balaporoththu wana athara goliya unusuma gana niyatha hethun dakwiya nohaka. anek siduwim athulath wanuye samahara pradeshawala jala hingaya ha anek sthanawala jalaya uraganima wadiwima, pawena hima kandu wenaswima ha saukhya kerehi pidakari ayurin balapana unusuma ha ushnathwaya we.
goliya unusum wadiwima nisa marana wadiwim, awathanwim, aarthika padu, aadiya siduwe. samashikoshina pradeshawala janagahanaya wadikirimen sithalata muhuna dimata haki nisa marana aduwima wani yam wasi pennum karana bawa pawasanne II wani kriyakari kandayam mangin nikuth karana lada IPCC 3 wani thakseru warthawen wiya haka. aluth IPCC 4 wani thakseru warthawe saransha warthawa anuwa muhuda maththe ushnathwaya wadiwime parasparaya pilibanda 1970 sita uthuru athlanthik sagaraye ushna kalapiya suli sulan kriyakarakamwali wadi wimak pilibanda nirikshana sakshi athi bawa wartha we. namuth samanya satalayit nirikshana walata kalin thibu warthawala thaththwaya nisa dirgha kalina man soya ganima patalawili sahagathawa atha. warshikawa lowa pura athi warshika ushna kalapiya suli sulan gana pahadili gananak natha.
balaporoththu wana athireka prathipala athulath wanuye muhudu mattama ihala yama mi.mi. 110 sita 770 (0.3011 – 2.51) 1990 ha 2100 kalaya atharaya. meyin krushikarmanthayata wipaka athiwana atharama tharbohelayin dhawanaya pramada kirime hakiyawa, ooson thattuwe aduwima, harikenswala wegaya wadiwima ha ugra deshagunika siduwim, sagara PH pahatha basima, maleriya ha dengu una wani leda pathirimada siduwe. ek adhyayanayak karannek kalin pawasa aththe 2050 warshaya wanawita saththu ha palati warga 1103 ka sampal walin 18% sita 35% dakwa nathi wi yana bawaya. meya kara aththe anagatha kalagunaya sakas kirimeni. kese wuwada karmika adhyayanayan kipayak liya aththe abhawayata yam siduwa aththe matha di wu deshagunaka wenas wim nisa bawayi. thawada ek adhyayanayaku yojana karanne abhawayata yanawayayi anumana karana ganana anisthira bawaya.
widuli ketim da wadiwiya hakiyi
goliya unusuma anukramayen ihalayama deshaguna wiparyasayata balapana andama gana kalaka sitama widyagnyayo wimasili math wuha. kalapiya deshaguna ratawanta anuwa darunu suli sulan saha tonado kunatu wadiwishayen athiwanne pruthiwiye nishchitha pradeshawala namuth widuli ketim lokaye oonama thanaka athi wiya hakiya. hama thathparayak pasama lokaya pura aduma washayen widuli ketim 100kwath athi wana bawa ganan bala thibe. ee anuwa ek dinakata athiwana widuli ketim sankhyawa miliyana 8ki.
mathadi kalinaiiya wishawa widyalaya wisin karana lada karana lada adhyanayakata anuwa goliya unusuma ihalayama widuli ketim sankhyawa wadikirimata hethuwana bawa widyagnyayo penwadethi. nowambar 13 wana dina jarnal sayans (the journal Science)sangarawe pala wu nawa adhyanayakata anuwa goliya unusuma wadiwana sama selsiyas anshakayak pasama widuli ketim sankhyawa 12%kin ihala ya hakiya. ee anuwa me shatha warshaya aga wana wita widuli ketim sankhyawa 50%kin wadiwiya hakiya.
methek kalak wadi awadhanayak yomuwuye wada winashakari kunatu sulisulan saha dharanipatha warshapathanaya wadiwima saha goliya unusuma ihalayama athara athi sambandhayatayi. kunatu sulisulan ha dadi warshawen athiwana ganwathurehi prathipala jiwitha hani athin ihala mattamaka pawathiya haki namudu widuli ketim nisa siduwiya haki wyasanada awathakseru kala haki eewa nowe. amerikawe pamanak me wasare athiwu widuli ketim nisa sidu wu akunu gasim walin miya giya sankhyawa 25 ki. anekuth ratawala sankhya ekathu kala wita meya salakiya yuthu pramanayakin ihala ya hakiya. emenma warsika lawiginiwarthawalata anuwa amerikawe athiwu lawgini walin adakatama waga kiwa yuththe widuli ketim saha akunu gasimya. me lawgini nisa parisara paddhathiyata wana haniya sulupatu nowe. eheth wayugolayata mudaharena harithagara wayu pramanaya wadiwimen goliya unusuma ihalayama saha widuli ketim akunu gasim wadiwima athara thibiya haki sambandhathawaya gana methek etharam awadhanayak yomuwi nothibini. anek athata lawigini nisada harithagara wayuwak wana kaban dayoksayid salakiya yuthu praාnayak wayu golayata ek we.
kalifoniya wishwa widyalaye wayugoliya gathikayan pilibanda paryeshakayekayaku wu dewid rompge pradhanathwayen karana lada mema adhyanaya sandaha amerikanu widuliketim satahan kirime jathika jalaya (National Lightning Detection Network) wisin warthakarana lada amerikawe widuli ketim miliyana 20k pilibanda daththa upayogi karagena atha.
warthawe nigamana gana sandahan karana eeshrayalaye tel awiw sarasawiye wayugoli ya widyagnya kolin prayis goliya unusuma saha widuli ketim pilibandawa ohu wisin 1994 di pala karana lada adhyana warthawath samaga me soya ganima manawa galapena bawa sandahan karayi.
goliya unusuma ihala yama sadaha suryayage balapama
harithagaraye wayu wadayen apeksha karanne ehi sisil wimaki apawarthigolaye ooson pramanaya aduwimada sisil wima sandaha balapana namuth salakiya yuthu lesa ooson pramanaya aduwima aarambha wuye 1970 dashakaye aga bhagaye sitaya. surya wichalanaya saha ginikadu kriyakarithwaye wenasa sambandha wimen karmika yugayata pera sita 1950 dakwa kalaya thula ushnathwaya ihala yamata balapa athara,inpasu sisil wimak siduwi atha. Peter foukd amarika eksath janapadaya, jarmaniya ha switsarlanthaya wana ratawala parikshakayan wisin heli karanu labuwe pasugiya warsha dahaya thula suryayage dipthiye wardhanayak daknata nolabena bawayi. surya chakra magin surya dipthiya pasugiya warsha 30 kalayedi 0.07% k wani sulu pramanayakin wardhanaya wi athi namuth meya goliya unusuma ihala nanwimata tharam salakiya yuthu balapamak athi nokarayi. Mike Lockwood ha Clous froinlch ge parikshana magin 1985 sita kalaya thula goliya unusuma ha surya wichalanaya ho kosmik kirana wichalanaya athara sambandhathawayak nathi bawa helikerini. 2007 di sidu kala parikshanayakin pruthiwiyata paminena kostik kirana ha ushnathwaya athara salakiya yuthu sambandhayak nathi bawata anawaranaya wiya.
pruthiwiya unusum wima adu kara ganima
goliya ushnathwaya digatama wadiwiya haki bawa deshagunika widyagnyayo pawasathi. samahara jathin, rajayan, sanstha ha pudgalayin unanduwak dakwanne goliya unusum wima adu kirimata ho eeta sudusu paridi hada gasima sandaha kriyathmaka wimataya. goliya unusum wimata erehiwa thani thani pudgalayin washayen kriyathmaka wimata boho parisarawadi kandayam anubala denu labanne boho wita paribhogikaya wisin menma mahajana sanwidhana ha pradeshiya sanwidhana wisin galwu atakatu walin nishpaditha indhana ha kabandayoksayid pita kirima athara athi sambandhaya sandahan karamini. anek aya yojana kara aththe mulu lowa pathiri athi ata katuwalin nishpaditha indhana walin panguwaki.
wadi karana lada balashakthi nipunathwaya ha wikalpa indhana paribhojana kirima athuluwa deshagunika wenaswim pilibandawa wyaparika kriyakarakamda atha. ek wadagath nimawumak wanne grinhawus wayu pitakirime karmantha wadidiyunu kirimath, emagin ewani samagam rajaya ha sambandha owunge pitakirimata ekanga wima ho owunge dimanawalata aduwen naya ganimath ya.
goliya unusum wimata erehiwa satan kirima pilibandawa lokaye mulma jathyanthara giwisuma wanuye kiyoto protokolya. eya 1997 sakachcha karana lada eya UNFCCC ekata wadiyamak athi sanshodhanayaki. giwisume mul pitapatha danata goliyawa ratawal 160 kata wadi sankhyawak aawaranaya karayi. goliya grinhawus wayu pitakirima siyayata 55 wadiya. eksath rajadhaniya ha kasakasthanaya ema giwisuma sthira kara natha. pethihasikawa lokaye wadima grinhawus wayu pitakaranu labanne eksath rajadhaniyayi. me giwisuma 2012 di awasan wana athara danata athi giwisuma wenuwata idiriye di giwisumak athi kara ganimata 2007 mayi masaye di jathyanthara washayen sakachcha aarambha kerini.
chinayata ha indiyawa wani pradhana janagahana madhyasthana athuluwa lokayen 80% k giwisumen nidahas kirima eksath rajadhaniye aarthikayata thada haniyak bawa sandahan karamin jorj dabliw bush kiya sitinne kituto giwisuma asadharana bawath goliya deshagunaya wenas wim sambandhawa katha kirima nishpala bawathya. deshagunaya wenas wimata erehiwa satan kirima ha diyunu karana lada balashakthi shilpakramayak bush idiripath kara atha . eksath rajadhaniya athulatha rajayan ha nagara deshiya padanamak matha kiyuto giwisumata aadhara kirimatath, giwisumata anuwa kriya kirimatath, owun mul piyawaragena athi bawa sandahan we. pradeshiya grin hawus gas patan ganma meyata udaharanayaki.
chinaya ha indiyawa sanwardhanaya wana ratawal lesa in nidahas kala da, kiyuto giwisuma anumatha kara atha. matha di karana lada adhyayanayan anuwa chinaya grin hawus wayuwa, warshikawa mulu grin hawus wayuwama pita kirime di eksath rajadhaniya pasu kara atha. china agamathi janayata kiya aththe goliya unusuma ha wayu dushanaya pilibandawa kriyathmaka wime uthsahaya deguna karana bawaya.
widyawehi ithihasaya
deshagunaya wenas wima pilibanda widyawehi ithihasaya arambaune hima yuga saha pura deshagunayehi anekuth swabhawika wenaswim pilibandawa palamuwa saka athiwima samagama saha swabhawika harithagara aacharanaya handunaganimath samaga 19wana siyawasehi mul awadiyehiya. 19wana siyawasehi agabhagayehidi, manawayin wisin pitakarana harithagara wayun wisin deshagunayehi wenas wim siduwiya haki bawata widyagnyayin palamuwen tharka kalaha. 1960 ganan wana wita, kaban dayoksayid wayuwehi thapana aacharanaya pilibanda wadi washayen eeththu ganwena ladi. 1990 ganan wana wita, pariganaka aakruthinge wadidiyunuwu wishwasayanithwayehi prathipalayak lesin saha hima yugayan pilibanda milankowich siddhanthaya sanatha kerunu nirikshana karyayan nisawen, eekamithika thaththayakata elambaena ladi: boho deshaguna wenas kam sandaha harithagara wayun dadi lesin hethukaraka wana athara, manawayin wisin sidukerena wimochana wisin winyeya goliya thapana sidu kerena bawayi. ethan patan, deshagunaya wenaswim pilibanda widyathmaka paryeshana pulul kerini. lokayehi rajyayan wetha widhimath upades sapayima sandaha deshagunaya wenaswima pilibanda anthar rajya anumandalaya 1990 ganan waladi sthapitha kirima ha samagama, wiwidha widyathmaka shikshanayan athara pera nodutu wiru tharam mattamehi adahas huwamaruwak polambaawanu labini.
josap furiyar wisin 1824 wasarehidi harithagara aacharanaya yojana karanu laduwa, iyunis niwtan fut wisin 1856 wasarehidi soya ganu laduwa, 1896 wasarehidi jon tindal wisin pulul karanu laduwa, swante aarheniyas wisin pramanathmakawa wimarshanaya kerini. mema kalpithaya mudritha madhyayehi 1912 wasara tharam aathadi wartha kerini. goliya thapanaya pilibanda widyathmaka wisthara kirima gayi stuwart kalendar wisin 1930 ganan wala sita 1960 ganan dakwa kalaya thula thawaduratath prawardhanaya kerini.
me adawiyath balanna
mihithalaye unusuma
aaktik kalapaye unusuma
Further reading
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External links
Scientific
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and UN Climate Panel Report's Key Findings.
Nature Reports Climate Change
The UK Met Office Hadley Centre site
NOAA's Global Warming FAQ
Discovery of Global Warming – An extensive introduction to the topic and the history of its discovery, written by Spencer R. Weart
Caution urged on climate 'risks'
Impact of Livestock on Global Warming (UN Report)
Educational
Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth - Climate change overviews, key indicators, multimedia and current news.
What Is Global Warming? – Shockwave presentation from National Geographic
The EdGCM (Educational Global Climate Modelling) Project – A free research-quality climate change simulator
DISCOVER Satellite-based ocean and climate data since 1979 from NASA
The Pew Center on global climate change
Global Warming Art
Video of a talk by Warren Washington titled "The Evolution of Global Warming Science: From Ideas to Scientific Facts"
Best Effort Global Warming Trajectories by Harvey Lam (Princeton University), The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
Other
Science and Technology Sources on the Internet – Extensive commented list of Internet resources
Union of Concerned Scientists Global Warming page
Watch and read 'Tipping Point', Australian science documentary about effects of global warming on rare, common, and endangered wildlife
United Nations University's 'Our World 2' Climate Change Video Briefs
Gateway to the UN System's Work on Climate Change
parisarika gatalu
Carbon finance
deshagunaya wenaswima
Economic problems
History of climate
Climate change
19 wana siyawasa
20 wana siyawasa
21 wana siyawasa
goliya unusum wima
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adam smith
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aachirna kalpitha wadi aarthika widyawa pilibanda mathaye niyama aarambhakaya wu skot chathika adam smith (1723-1790)aarthika widyawa wishaya pilibanda liyu lekhana wadima kalayak thula wadath pulul lesa balapam kirimehi samath wiya.
edimbarawa asala karkkaladihi upatha labu adam smith niladhariyekuge putheku wiya.dahathara hawiridi wiyedi glisgo wishwa widyalayata athulath wiya.ehidi ohu purana grika lathin kathuwarayange gadya padya menma ,ganithaya saha darshanaya wani wishayayan hadariya.glisgohi wasara 03 gewu pasu smith haya awurudu shishyathwayak dina oksparad wishwa widyalayata athulath wiya.aapasu edimbarawata pamini ohuta ingrisi sahithyaya sadaha deshaka thanathurak pirinamuni.mema deshana walin ohu prasiddhiyata lakwi,1751 nawatha glisgowata kadawana laduwa tharka shasthraya uganwim karyaya pawarini.mema pasubime sita ohu deshapalanamaya artha shasthraya pilibanda adahasdakwiya. "sadacharathmaka adahas pilibanda siddhantha"namathi kruthiya (1759) ohuge prasiddhathwaya thahawuru kaleya.
1764 turus pradeshaye sitiyadi ohu, "chathinge dhanaya" nam kruthiya liwima aarambha kaleya.aarthika widyawe nidahas piliwetha pilibanda liyawunu mema shasthriya granthaya 1776 mudrana dwarayen pitawiya. awasana prathipalaya manimedi "chathinge dhanaya"granthaya me dakwa liyawi athi wadagathma kruthiya lesa salakiya haki bawa edman barkge adahasa wiya.smith niyama aarthika aayathana desa winiwinda dakina nirikshanayaka yeduna namuth,aththa washayenma anagathaye nidahas yutopiyawak thanima sandaha,ohu pracharayaka yedu bawa barkge prakashayen thahawuru karawayi.
chathinge dhanayehi deshayaka wasthuwa wadi diyunu kara gatha haki ayurin eya wyaptha wana ayuruth enam nuthana aarthika widyawe mulikanga wisthara kere.
ohu thawaduratath ki paridi dhanaya lada haki ekama margaya sampath ha shramaya yoda thanime prathipalayen kerena nishpadanaya bawayi.mehidi ohu wisadiya yuthu pradhana prashnaya lesa piliganne wanichawadi nyayen gath deshayaka dhanaya ehi apanayana athirikthaya nisa wana adahasayi.shramaya yoda ganime hakiyawa ha dakshathawa anuwa dhanaya wadi diyunu we.meyata yomu kara ganna chanagahanaye prathishathaya matha mema sankhawa adu wadi we.chanagahana sankhya walata mulu nishpadanaye saha sambandhathawa matha samanya pudgalayage aarthika subhasadhanaya balapanu atha.enam ada apa danna wyawahara bhashawa anuwa murtha aadayamath eeka pudgala aadayama yanuyi.
mohuta anuwa nishpadanaya wadi kala haki mulika krama wanuye yanthropakarana hadunwadima saha shrama wibhachanayayi.wiwidha wu rakiya walin noyekuth sahacha dakshatha mathuwiya haki bawada ohu piligaththeya.nishpadana pragunyaya wadimata niyama hethuwa lesa,minisa thula upathinma weladamata saha huwamaruwata athi aashawa nisath,siyaluma sathwa wargaya atharin mikisa pamanak eya pradarshanaya karana bawinuthya.
smith wishwasa kale bhandayak thanimedi ee sandaha waya karana shramaya ehi murtha watinakama niyama karana bawayi.kisiwek kisima bhandayak nipadawimen labana labhaya nisa wina nonipadawanu atha.ohuta awashya yamak thana ganimata karana wiyadamata wada adu mudalakata miladi gatha haki wi nam ,ohu eya kenekugen ganne huwamaruwedi anekatada esema thama shramayata wayawana mudalata wada adu milakata ema bhandaya gatha haki nam pamani.wishesha pragunyaya ha weladamen anyenya labha labima meyin athi wu prathipalayayi.bhandayak thanimata gathawana kalaya menma,bhandaya thanimedi upayogi wana shramaye balagathu bawa,shramikayage dakshathawa laba dena puhunuwa ha adhyapanaya me aadi karunu matha bhandayaka swabhawika watinakama balapawathwiya.eheth mudal bhawitha wana aarthikayaka samawitama bhandayaka welanda mila ehi murtha watinakama ha sama nowiya.bhandayak sandaha sapala illuma atham wita ehi sapayumata wada wadiwiya haka.ewita ehi mila ihala yayi.eya nishpadakayata wasidayaka weyi.melesa ganudenuwe wasidayaka bawa nisa anek ayada weladamata tharanga wadinu atha.menisa mila pahala yayi.yam milakadi illuma ha sapayuma samathulitha wimen eya swabhawika mila bawata pathwe.memagin nidahas welandapala samata wasi athwe.
smithge awadharanaya kirima wana,pradhana washayen samachayata labha laba denne pudgalika swarthaya sandahama katayuthu kirima,subhasadhaka "nopenena hasthaya" saha "swabhawika nidahasa" nam wu pahadili ha sarala kramaya aadiya 1776 sita ada dakwa pudgalika wyawasayata aawadannange udyoga pata wiya.
aarthika widyawa
1723di wu upath
1790di wu marana
karkaldihi janaya
18wana siyawasehi darshanawadiyo
18wana siyawasehi skotlantha janaya
18wana siyawasehi aarthika widyagnyayo
glasgo wishwawidyalayehi upadhidharayo
oksfardhi baliyal shasthralayehi upadhidharayo
edinbaro wishwawidyalaye upadhidharayo
edinbaro wishwawidyalaye shasthragnyayo
glasgo wishwawidyalaye shasthragnyayo
skotlantha jathika aarthika widyagnyayo
skotlantha jathika darshanawadiyo
skotlantha jathika tharkikayo
skotlantha jathika wyapara siddhanthawadiyo
skotlantha jathika pragnyayo saha shasthragnyayo
sambhawya aarthika widyagnyayo
sambhawya madhyasthawadiyo
awabodhi darshanikayo
sadacharathmaka darshanikayo
edinbarg rajakiya sangamaye aarambhaka adhisamajikayo
rajakiya sangamaye adhisamajikayo
edinbarg darshanawidyathmaka sangamaye samajikayo
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dahaata sanniya
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pahatharata pradeshaye pawathwana thowil warga hatharen ekak wana sanni yakuma, dahaata sanniya washayen prasiddhaya. ithama balasampanna shanthi karmayak lesa salakena meya gamakata ho pradeshayakata sethpatha karanu labana podu shanthi karmayak menma kisiyam rogi thanaththekuta ho ewani pawulak arabhaya karana shanthi karmayak washayen handinwiya haka.
mathara pradeshaya thula sanni yakuma natanu labanne bayawima, idimima, belle awilima, sihi murchawa, ansha idimima, anshabhaga wani roga sandaha wana athara mema roga sanni yaka wisin athi karana sanni roga washayen handunwayi. waligama sampradayata anuwa sanni yaka wisin athi karanu labana anga sithala wima, anshayaka rudawa, bibili gedi hataganima, nithara una ganima, anshabhaga korawima, walippuwa, mandama, kola sanni, wayu pith, gulma welima, ushna, adassi olmada wani roga pida nathikirimata sanni yakuma natanu labayi.
uthpaththi katha puwatha
dahaata sanni upatha mayadunne rajya kalayen pasu siduwu bawata mathayak pawathunada ehi nidhana kathawa loka uthpaththi kathawa ha sambandhawe. mehi uthpaththi sthanaya washayen handunwanne lichchawi raja daruwan siti wishala mahanuwarayi. mema raja parapure sankhapala nam rajaku wu athara ohuge birinda asupali hewath aayupali nam wiya. age dasiya handinwuye kali namini. aayupali bisawa gabbarawa siti kalayaka dinak ayata mi ao kame dolak athi wiya. edina sankhapala raju yuddhaya sandaha asala ratakata pitathwa gosya. bisawage mi ao kame dola pilibandawa danagath pradhana amathi raju nomathi nisa mi ao sapaya dena ladi. bisawa mi ao kana athara kali dasiyatada mi ao kame risiyak athi wuwada eya itu nowu nisa bisawa samanga kopawa ayagen paliganima sandaha raja wetha gos maha amathi saha raja bisawa athara aniyam sambandhak pawathina bawata boru kiya raja pawula bheda kaleya.
eyin kopayata pathwa raja bisawage gabbara bawada nosaka ayata wadadi mara dekakulen pubberiya gasaka ella depalu karana lesa niyoga kala athara eya esema ituwiya. kala pin athi daruwage balayen palu dekata hawi upan daruwa mawage le sam nahara anubhawa karamin wadi raja mulu sanni yakshaya hewath kola sanni yakshaya namin prasiddha wiya. kawada ho thama mawa mara paliya piyagen ganimata sithu mema kumara wisha musu gedi kola ekathu kota wisha guli 18k nipadawu athara eya dutu shakraya wisha diya isa yakun 18denaku mawu bawath owun dahaata sanniya namin prasiddha wiya. ema sanni 18 wanne,
1. bhutha sanniya
2. abhutha sanniya
3. amukku sanniya
4. wyadhi sanniya
5. watha sanniya
6. bihiri sanniya
7. gola sanniya
8. kana sanniya
9. pith sanniya
10. kola sanniya
11. murthu sanniya
12. demala sanniya
13. naga sanniya
14. kora sanniya
15. ginijal sanniya
16. gulma sanniya
17. jala sanniya
18. dewa sanniya
me 18dena ekathuwa kumaru wata kota kama illa karadara karannata wu athara meya piya rajugen paliganimata awasthawak karagath kumaru " ma langa aahara natha. wishala mahanuwarata gos sankhapala rajugen kama illa ganuwayi " ana karana ladi. mowun wishala mahanuwarata pamina ehi kethwathu bhawabhoga winasha karannata wimath samanga ehi prathama durbhiksha athiwiya. aaharapana nathiwima nisa roga bhaya pathirima, mala mini godawima, mala kunu durgandhayata amanushyayo ekwima yana thriwidha bhaya menura athiwiya. rathana suthra deshanawen mema thunbhaya duru wu bawa prasiddhaya.
puja rata widhi
sanni yakun widi malawa sanni yakun yagaya sandaha idikaranu labana thowil maduwayi. meya thorana hatharakin samanwitha wana athara thunak yakun udesada anek sathara dewa thorana da we. eya dewa samagama wenuwen wen wu thoranayi. mema shanthi karmaya rathri 8.00 ta aarambha wi dola pideni thatuwala wilakku thoranawala pahan dalwa pradhana yakadura wisin aathuraya thowil maduwata kanda eemath samanga ma thriwidha rathnayata namaskara kota aashirwada patha aathurayawa paduraka wadi karawanu labayiga depayata mol gasak, pol gediyak thaba mal pahan puja kara mangul bera waya aashiwada
sandaha sanda samaye natanu labe.
mehi deweni awasthawa wanne yakunta pideni dima we. ek ek yakata pideni kapa karana wita wes muhunu, adum palandum walin ee ee yakata niyamitha weshaya aaruda karagena yakaduran pamina niyamitha yakage bhumikawa nirupanaya karamin thama thamange thorathuru helikaramin gurunnanse samanga sanwadayaka yedi pideni kapa karaganithi. mema pideni kapakirimata natumata sahabhagi wana sama yakadurekma udukaya wasana hattayak wani andumakin sarase. pideni kapa ganimata paminena siyalu yakku berakara gurunnanse samanga sanwadayaka yede. mehidi wihilu thahalu, depaththa kapena kiyum, wachana kanapita perala kiyum pamanak nowa asabi wachana pawa bhawithayata ganu labana athara awasanaye pideni kapagena aathurayata sethpatha yamata porondu karawagani.
wes thunak mawagena paminena suniyam yakshaniya palamuwa rumath kanthawak lesada,dewanuwa bada daru kanthawak lesada, thewanuwa daruwaku wadagath mawaka washayen sabhawata thunwarak pamina berakara gurun samanga usulu wisulu sanwadayaka pataleyi.
thunwana angaya wanne padure dapawilla ha kannalaw kirimayi. meya itha bhayanaka awasthawak wana athara eeri yakage awatharaya mema awasthawe pamine. mehidi paduru upathe kawi kiyamin pideni dun yakadura padurak ela ehi digawe. manthra japa karamin nihandawa marunakmen padure ohu dapa sitina athara wenath yakaduraku pideni thatu sudanam karamin ohuge angamatha thabayi. pasuwa eeri yakage awatharaya hu handa ha wilapa nangamin pamina padure dapa athi " malakuna" wata nata narambaannan thula thrasaya athi karamin padura pitin othagena malakuna ragena widiya thulata yayi. widiyata ayath natumak wana " maha samayama" inpasuwa natanu labe. maha sohona wenuwen dekona wilakku samayamak natana athara atham sampradayanhi darahawe dapana lada yakadura osawagena diya kadiththa asalata, sohonak ho thunmanhandiyak asalata gena gos dola kapakara yakadura samanga
nawatha pamine.
wiwekayakin pasuwa yak pelapali 18 sabayata paminena athara mehi angaru, dummala, kalas, salu, thuwakku, muguru, awi, polmal, thambaili, dalu mura, kendi, dunna, kukulu aadi paliwe. ee sama paliyak ma thamahata niyamitha bhanda ha andum yuthuwa pamanak nowa sanni yakunge piriwara washayen mema pali pamine. mehi natyamaya lakshanan adanguwe. mema sama yak pelapaliyak samangama gurunnanse keti sanwadayaka yedena athara ehidi wachana waradawa kima, pada perala kima, depita kapena wachana aadiyen sabhawa wikata rasayen kulmath karanu labayi. eya mehi wishesha lakshanayaki. wihilu thahalu kirima, nithara nithara aathuraya biya kirima ha paliyak awasanayedima aathurayata aawadimada dakiya hakiya. samahara awasthawaka gurunnanse samanga randu allima ha waraddamin kawi wachana kimada sidu karana athara eya waradda kiyana wita beraya nawatha gurunnanse nihanda wi kawiya waradi bawa ha eya niwaradiwa kiyana lesa prakasha karayi. ewita kawiya niwaradiwa kiya nata awada yayi.
yak pali walin pasuwa sanni yakku 18dena pamine. meya thowilaye wadagath ma natyamaya kotasaki. mowunge paminima nisa meya sanni yakuma lesa handunwayi. hiru udawata pera maha kola sanni yaka paminiya yuthu nisa anek yakun pamina awasan karayi. maha kola sanni yaka yanu sanni yakunge nayakaya wana athara yakunge awasanayata paminenne ohuya. ira payimata pera maha kola samayame pideni kapakala yuthu nisa mehi pelapali keti karayi.
maru sanniya, amukku sanniya, kana sanniya, golu sanniya sabhawata pamine. sama sanniyakma thama thama wisin minissunta pamunuwana labana leda roga lakshana mawa pana athara golu sanni yakshaya goluweki. bihiri sanni yakshaya bihirek thawath samaharu hisa radawa, wamanaya, pachanaya wani lakshana pennum karana athara maru sanni yakshaya wiyaru watunu bihisunu bawak pennum karayi.
sanni yakunge paminimedi yakunge bhumika nirupanaya karana yakadura yakunge upath katha, wilasitha warna, wisthara warna ha gayana karayi. ek ek sanni yakshaya pamina yakadura samanga sanwadaye yedemin natum dakwathi. inpasuwa yakadura wisin aathuraya athata dena pideni thatuwa " yaksha bhutha alma balma aadiya adin niwaranayi thinduyi. kiyala hithagena denna" kiyamin aathuraya athin yakshayata pideniya deyi. eya labaganna yakshaya eya aathuraya hisa wata karakawa ragena widi thulata yayi.ira payannata pera sabayata maha kola sanni yaka paminena wita widiya kelawara mol gas dekak harahata kathirayak se alla kadawathak ahura dedenaku sitithi. budunge sandeshayak genena thuru kadawatha noharina bawata yakaduran prakasha karana athara kola yaka murakaruwan biya karaminda, nambunamadi chatuwenda, bagapathwa upayen kadawatha haraganimata uthsaha kalada eya nohakiwe. pasuwa budunge sandeshayak ragena pamini yakshaya sandeshaya payin alla yakadurata labade. budunta awaman kala yayi kipena owuhu gaurawa purwakawa genawith denathek kadawatha noharina bawata niyoga karayi. namuth yakada ine, bade thabagena sandeshaya piligannuwada eya bharanoganima thula hisamatha thabagena buduguna gayamin sandeshaya pasuwa bharade. eya bharagena yakata kiyawana lesa yakaduro niyama karana athara budungen waramak labithibima nisa aadambarayensandeshaya kiyawathi. namuth yakata waramak di aththe narabili ganima thahanam bawa ha narayanta leda roga upaddawa dola pideni gena pasuwa suwapath kalayuthu bawayi. yaka mellawe. dola pideni ragena aathuraya suwapath kota aawada yana lesa giwisumakata pamine.
maha kola sanni yakshayata wenwu dola pideni bath, kawum, palathuru yakage ina hadehi gotuwata dama kukula ine ellayi. me siyallama ellagena yaka dummala pandamak sahithawa aathurayata sethpathamin awasana natuma natayi. siyaluma sanni yakunta denalada dola pideni kuduwakata dama sabha mada thabana athara kola yaka dummala gasamin eya madikota nata thamange golabala siyalu yakun wenuwen dola pideniya kapakirima anumatha karayi. awasanaye yakadura dola pideni kuduwa ragena widiyata yana athara maha kola yakada ee anuwa gaman kirima thula sanni yakun yagaya awasanwe.
mewada balanna
rata yakuma
mulashra
pathirana kusum- shanthi karma
sanskruthiya
samajaya
janashrathiya
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anuradhapura yugaye sinhala sahithyaya
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jathiya menma bhashawath kapi penennata patan ganune budusamaye aalokayath samaga mihidu dutha pirise paminimen pasuwayi.ethek kawurun kese balagathuwa sitiyath unwahansegen pasuwa nam sinhala jathiye bharaya athwuye p mihidu mahimiyan athikaralu sinhala bhikshu parapuratayi.ethan sita mehi wadi giya p bhikshun wahanse wetha pawathina.eda sita ada dakwa athi dirgha kalaya thula jathiya nisa wadi aa sahithyaya sinhala bhikshun wahanse mul wimen godanagi atha.
lankawa shishta samajayak hatiyata goda nagima aarambha wuye warthamana ithahasaye mul awasthawa se ganena wijayawatharanayen pasuwayi.jathiyak washayen heladiw wasinge wadima arambai diyunuwa kara giya p mul awasthawa purathana yugaya hatiyata gane.hela basa athiwi wadi aa hati penenneda p yugayediya.eya anuradhapura yugaya sima kota pawathi.kri.pu paswana siyawase sita arambai aa anuradhapura rajadhaniya kri.pu dahawana siyawasa dakwa athi awurudu 1500 dakwa gaman gani.
lankawe bhasha sahithyaye wardhanaya mihidu himige paminimath samaga wardhanaya wuwaki.merata panena aadima lipiwala sampurna hadahurukama ashoka lipi ha samanawa pawathimen penenne lekhana widyawa hewath akuru liwime krama wyawaharayen lankawataashoka rajyayenlabi athi bawayi.
igenime pradhana angaya
smarana shakthiya ewaka ugathkame wishesha waraprasadaya wiya.katapadam kirima igenime pradhana angaya wiya.katapadamin parapuren parapurata dharmaya ragena giye granthadhara bhikshun wahanselaya.
sinhala sahithyaya ithihasaye walagamba samaya karunu kihipayak nisa anusmaraniya weyi.
thewala dahama ha atuwa katha grantharuda kirima nisa pothpath liwima arambaima
sinhala atuwa poth sampadanaya wima (sinhala sahithyaya ithihasayemulma poth wisheshayayi.)
inpasuwa pali sahithyaye ha sanskrutha sahithyaye wardhanayakda athiwiya.
sellipi ha pothpath
anuradhapura kalayata ayath mul yugaye liyawunu pothpath mekala natha.ewaka liyawunu de piriksana wita liwime thathu sandaha apata pihita kara gatha hakke sellipith hela atuwa wadan yayi salakanu labana wakya kihipayakuth pamani.
pothpath
mihidumahimiyan wachana margayen gena aa ෙhalaatuwa merata bhikshun hela basin ugath bawa sandahan we.eda peladahama seyin rakagath bhikshuhu pothliwima aarambha kalata pasu grantharuda kalaha.sinhala sahithyaye chiranthana grantha wu me pothpela hela atuwa lesa handinwe.me hela atuwa thibune pali atuwa walini.budugos himiyan paswana siyawase lakdiwata pamina pali atuwa karana ladde mema hela atuwa upakara kara genayi.
me sandaha unwahanse atta katha pahak pihita karagathha. maha atta katha,mahapachchariyatta katha,kurunditta katha,andhakatta katha,ha sankhepatta kathawayi.
sihalatta katha mahawansaya,thupawansa wananana me yugaye liyawunu poth lesa salakiya haki wuwath ada wanawita mewa sampurnayenma abhawitha kruthinya.
anagathawansa wananana wimukthi margaya,namakkara wana්nana, yana kruthinwala nam pasukalina kruthinwala sandahan wu nisa mewa anuradhapura yugayata ayath eewa yayi salakiya hakiya. danata widyamana kruthi kihipayakda we. enam siyabaslakara nam granthaya kawyadarshaya asuru karaganimin abhasalamewan wisin sinhala kawyalankara sadahath, pali dhammapattakathawe therum ganimata apahasu wachana sadaha sinhala saku magadha mishra dampiya atuwa gatapadayath . bhikshu winaya sadaha sikha walada ha sikhawalada winisa nam granthayath herana sikha ha herana sikha winisa yana granthayanda anuradapura yugaye rachitha grantha we,
sigiri gi
anuradhapura yugaye itha anusmaraniya wu sahithyaya satahanak nam sigiri gi pelayi.danata prakashitha shilalipi harunu kota methek soyagena athi sinhala sahithyaye ithama parani satahana hatiyata aththe me gi walayi.
hayawana siyawasedi palamuwana kashyapa rajathuma me kadu gataya wasaya karagaththe sathurangen berima sandahaya.chithra kalawa sambandhayenda meya wadagath we.sigiri katapath pawure mulu kawi ganana 685ki. sigiri gi ek ayekuge rachana nowe.boho denage rachanayi.ehi siri narambaa thama hangim risi se warnana karathibe.senarath paranawithana mahatha penwa dena paridi gi siwpadakaranaya me awasthawa wana wita wesesin diyunuwa pawathina.yaga gi,kaw gi,yon gi wesesda siwpada ha sahalida mewa athara we.elisamaya pawa dakiya hakiya.noyek alankara,deshiya upama daknata labe.
"nil katrol maleka awunu,
watkola mala seyi,
sanda gi sihiwenne,
mahanel wana hayranwana hun"
sigiri gi piriksana wita ehi sahithyamaya agaya,ewaka kawiye wicharashili agaya soya gatha hakiya.
gatapada, sanya, pitapoth, wanrnana
ape purathana sahithyaye ha ha pura kiya apata hamuwanne gatapada,sanya,pitapoth,wanrnana yana nam walin yuth poth ganayaki.sahithyayata me poth behewin pihita wanne bhashawe wardhanaya athi wu sati penwa dimatayi.
gatapada
pali atuwawala atham wachana thawa duratath lihil kara dakwime upayak washayen gatapada hewath ganti pada liyawi thibe.
uda- wisuddi maggayata liyu gatapadaya, abhidhammatta kathawata liyu gatapadaya
sanya
"theruma"yana samanya arutha deyi.
uda-
wisuddi magga sanyaya,
kudusika sanyaya ,
winaya sanyaya
anuradhapura yugaye liyawi athi siya gananak sanya atharin adata ithiriwa athi sanyaya dekaki.
dampiyawata kala atuwa sanyaya
wesathuru da gatha sanyaya
siyabaslakara (padya)
sigiri gi harunu wita eelanga itha parani gi athi sinhala potha siyabaslakarayi.eya liyawi thibenne nawawana siyawase madhya kalayediya.saku alankara granthayaka asura labamin liyana laddaki.sanskrutha alankara shasthraye prasiddha kawyadarshaya asuren sinhala siyabaslakara liyana ladde salamewan rajakenekun wisin bawa pothe aga sandahan we.
sikhawalanda ha sikhawalanda winisa(gadya)
sinhala sahithyaya ithihasaye purathana awadhiyata ayath itha parani gadya kruthiyaki.sikhawalanda winisa upasapan bhikshun sandaha piliyela kala shasanika winaya nithi sangrahayaki.sikhawalanda wadath pahadili kirime aramunin sikhawalanda winisa liya thibe.
dampiya atuwa gatapadaya
purathana sanya gatapada poth athara paranima granthayayi.bauddhagamika swarupaya gath katha ehi daknata labe.dammapadatta kathawa sinhalayanta wadath pahasuwen dana ganimata dampiya atuwa gatapadaya liya thibe.
hela daya ha basa athi wi wadi aawe anuradhapura kalayata ayath me purathana awadhiyeya.ewaka nipayunu dahas ganan poth eewaye kathuwarayanuth samaga kalaya namathi walithalawen yatawi gos atha.ada ithiriwa aththe poth deka thunak pamani.methek prakatawa siya gananin pawathna anuradhapura kalina sellipi ha pothpath wimasa balana wita purathana yugaye sahithyaya dipthimathwa thibu ayuru dakagatha hakiya.
mewada balanna
anuradhapuraya
anuradhapura yugaye warikarmanthaya
==wenath
==
sinhala sahithyaya wanshaya , punchi bandara sana kawya sekara potha
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shri lankawe samaja prashna
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shri lankawe samaja prashna athara lama apachara pradhana thanak gani. lama apachara shri lanka samajay niranthara sakachcha wata lakwana mathrukawak bawata pathwa atha. bohomayak samaja prashna samaga mema apachara sambandhawa pawathima eyata hethuwayi. lama apachara ha badi pawathina kalapaya wanne nagenahira aasiyawa ha dakunu aasiyawayi. nagenahira aasiyawa ha dakunu aasiyawayi. nagenahira aasiyiwe thayilanthaya pilipinaya ha indunisiyawath dakunu aasiyawe shri lankawa ha indiyawath ehila pradhana ෙw lama apachara yanu lamayin sadaha sitha matha thaman wisin karanu labana nithi wirodhi kriyawan bawa pahadiliya. menma lama apaharanaya,lama apahayojanaya yanuwen hadinwenne lamayinta balahathkarayen ho lamayin pelambaawima magin lamayin lawa karawanu labana nithi wirodhi kriyakarakamya .lamunta erehiwa karanu labana mebadu kriyawan nithi wirodhi wanne ayida yanna lama apachara ha badunu nithimaya thathwaya magin nirrawachanaya kara atha.
lamayin aාrakshawa pinisa yam yam naithika thathwayan mehidi awadharanaya kere. mebadu nithimaya pasubimak godanagi athththa sanwardhanaya wemina pawathina ratawala wiwidha apacharayan sadaha lamun yodaganima nisaya. esema owunge ayithiwasikam ahimi wimak daknata labena nisaya. lokaye samastha janaganayen salakiya yuthu pirisak owunge ayithiwasikam ahimi karagena sitinnan bawa pahadiliya. atham lekhana penwa denne 1960 di sanwardhanaya wemin pawathina rajyayanhi lamayin siyayakagen wisidenakuma miya giye owunge wisiwana upan dinayatath pera bawaya.lama marana adhyapana adhyapana ahimi kirim lingika surakam mehekara wrurthinwala yoda ganim aadi lamunta erehiwa ena sama kriyawakma wanuye owunge ayithin ahimi kirimayi. lamunta ownge ayithin wenuwen uthsaha kala nohaka.ayithin illa sitya nohaka.menisa wadihitiyan wisin ee sadaha awashya piyawara gatha yuthuya. lamayaku lesa hadunwanu labanne kumana wayas simawaka ayaku yanna pilibanda wada wiwidha adahas palawa atha. eksath jathinge lama ayithiwasikam pilibada pragnyapthiya anuwa lamayaku wasayen mese salakana ladi,mema pragnyapthiye karyan sadaha lamayaku yannen ema lamaya adala nithiya yatathe wayasa awurudu 18 ta pera ohu wayas sampurnathwayak labanne nam misa wayasa awurudu 18ta adu sama manushyayakuma adahas we.
thathwaya mese uwada shri lankawe nithiya yatathe lamayaku yannen adahas karanne kumana mattame ayakuda yanna wimasimata lakkala yuthuya.e් anuwa lankawenithiya anuwa lamayaku yannen adahas karanne kumana wayas mattamaka ayath kenekda yanna pilibada yam wyakulathwayak pana nagi. eyata hethuwa wanne shri lankawe wyawasthapitha nithiya wala wayasa awurudu 3.8.10.12.14.16.18 washayen lamun wayas mattam wiwidadha ayurin dakwa thibimayi. ee nisa wiwidha wyawasthapitha nithi anuwa lamayaku yannen wiwidha ayurin wayas mattam dakwa athi andama mese dakwiya haka.
danda nithi sangrahaye athulath wana waganthi wala awurudu 8.10.12.14.ha.16.18yana wayas mattam wala lamayin sambandha karana aparadha pilibadawa hadin we.
lamayin ha tharunayan pilibada panathe lamayaku yanu wayasa awurudu 14 ta adu pudgalayaku wana atharagatawarayaku yanu wayasa awurudu 14-15 athara lamayaku we.
adala aagnyapanatha yatathe gahanu lamayaku yannen wayasa awurudu 16 ta adu gahanu lamayaku we
kanthawan, tharunayan saha lamayin sewaye yedawima pilibada aagnyapanatha yatathe lamayaku yannen wayasa awurudu 14 ta adu pudgalayaku adahas wana athara tharuniyo yannen wayasa awurudu 14 sampurna wuda wayasa awurudu 18 ta adu pudgalayan adahas we.
lamayaku yannen wayasa awurudu 18ta adu sama manushyayakuma adahas we.
lama aakshanaya pilibada nithi
shri lanka danda nithi sangrahaya aandukrama wyawastha widhidhana shri lankaew daruwan ha tharunayan pilibada aagnyapanatha .lama rakshana sewa departhamenthuwe kriya karithwaya ha wiwidha komishan sabha thirana ha nithi rithi magin lankika daruwange aarakshawa pinasa yam yam widhiwidhana ha kriyamarga idiripath kara atha. me nisa lamayinta erehiwa siduwana kriyamarga pahasuwen thiranaya kara ganimata ida labe. udaharana wasayen 1995 warshaye athi karana labu lanka siwil nithi sanshodhanaya gatha haka.eyata anuwa wayasa awurudu 18 ta adu sathri purusha siyaluma dena lamayin lesa nam kara atha.1995 ta pera mema wayas mattama wuye wayasa awurudu 14 ki. thawaduratath mema nithi sanshodhanaya magin daruwanwage aarakshawa udesa wiwidha kriya marga gena athi bawa peni yayi. wayasa awu rudu 12 ta adu kisidu daruwaku kisidu hethuwak nisawath kumana ho rakiyawakata badawa ganima ha sewaye yedawawima sapura thahanam kirima ek udaharanayaki. mita amatharawa anka 360 darana shri lanka danda nithi sangrahaye waganthi anuwada lankikayan daruwan kawara ho lingika katayukthaka yodawa ganima waradaki. wieshshayenma wayasa awawurudu 16 ta adu gahanu lamayi thama kamaththen ho balayen kawara ho langika katayukthaka yoda ganima thahanamya.mese lamayinta erehiwa sidu wiya haki yayi sithana asadharanayanta yam yam naithika padanamak sapaya thibima lama apachara sambandhayen itha wadagath thathwayaki.
1989 nowambar 20dina eksath sanwidhanaye maha samuluwa wisin daruwange ayithin pilibada pragnyapthiya sakas kota lowata dayada karanu labu athara ehi palamu wana waganthiye daruwa yanna artha dakwa aththe meseya.
siyaluma aakarawala ayuthu lesa lingika kriya wala yowanu labimen ha ayuthu katayuthu saha prayojanayata ganu labimen lamaya aaraksha kirime karyaya parshwakaruwan wana rajyayanhi wisin wisheshawayanma.
kisima anithiyika lingika kriyawaliyaka wayadawima sadaha lamayaku pelambaawima ho ese yodena lesa ee lamayayata bala kirima.
ganika wruththiyehi lamayin yedawima.
kamuka ranganawala saha dyawala lamayi ayuthu prayojana udesa yedawima walakwima sadaha sadaha sudusu siyalu jathika dwpakshika ha bahu parshawika piyawara ganu labya yuthuya meyin pahadiliwa penenne lama apachara sambandha naithika widhiwidhana wisin apacharaye mattama nirnaya kara athi bawaya. mebadu naithika thathwayan yatathe wuwada shri lankawe lama apachara palibada addakim shochaniya bawa kiwa yuthuya.
shri lankawa
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deshapalana widyawa
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deshapalana widyawa yanu rajyaya, rajaya ha deshapalanaya pilibanda adhyayanayata adala samaja widya shikshanayaki.
deshapalanaya wiwidha aithihasika sandarbha waladi menma wiwidha wishleshakayange arthakathanayan ha wiwidha therum da sahithawa da idiripath wi atha. ingrisi bhashawe politics yana yeduma sinhalayata pariwarthanaya kota aththe deshapalanaya washayeni. ee nisa boho deneku deshapalanaya (politics) yanu deshaya palanaya kirima washayen artha ganwimata yomu wi athi bawa penennata atha. eheth mewani artha dakwimakin deshapalanaya yana yedumehi anthargatha wana arthaya kisisethma pahadili wanne natha. wenath aakarayakin kiyanawa nam eya deshapalanaya asampurna lesa artha ganwimaki. atham wita janapriya thalayedi , enam edineda jiwithayedi samanyayen minisun deshapalanaya ath dakina aakaraya anuwa ewani artha ganwimak pramanawath wiya haki wuwath deshapalana widyawa hadarannan ehi arthaya eyata wada tharamak gambaurin awabodha karagatha yuthuya.
deshapalana widyawe aarambhaya
deshapalanaya (Politics) yana yeduma bihi wuye grika bhashawe yedumak wu Polis yana wachanayeni. ehi theruma wuye nagara rajya yannaya. me anuwa iparani grikayan wisin samastha washayen purawasiyange jiwithaya nagara rajyayata dakwana sabandathawa thula gewana samajiya jiwithaye sama pathikadakma deshapalanika yayi arthakathanaya kirimata grikayan yomu wuye me nisaya. anik athin grika chinthakayo deshapalanaya nagara rajya mulika karagena siduwannawu samastha purawasi kriyakarakam yana theruma sahithawada , shasthriya wishayak yana theruma sahithawada bhawitha kaloya.
shishtacharaye aarambhaye sitama minisa balaya pilibanda adhyanayaka yedima ganath balaya kriyathmaka kirima ganath awadhanaya yomukara atha. purathana indiyanu, china, grika ha roma jathikayo, palakaya ha palitha pakshaya hewath wasiyan athara pawathna sabandathawayanage swabhawayath deshapalana sanwidhanayayehi padanamath swakiya sampradayanata anuwa wimasillata lak kalaha. owuhuth owungen pasuwa pahala wu ayath deshapalana balayata padanam wu, wishwa sadharana yayi thaman salaku sadacharathmaka, darshanika ho dewadadharmika muladharma sakas kirimata wera daruha. deshapalana widyawa pilibanda adhyanaya ha wimarshanaya arabhaya metharam dirgha sampradayak athada ada ema wishaya hadarannata mulika prashna rasakata ma muhuna pamata siduwa thibe. mehi hudu wishaya kshethrayama ada wiwadayata lakwa atha. eya adhyanaya kirima sandaha yodaganu labana krama ha marga matha bhedayanata thudu di thibe. ee pilibandawa piligath wag malawak nomatha. mema wishayata adala mulika yedum, sankalpa, ha muladharma wiwidha deshapalana widyagnyayin wisin wiwidhakarayen nirwachanaya kara atha. "deshapalanaya pilibanda adhyanaya widyawak nowa kalawak" yayi samaharun penwadi atha.
deshapalana widyawe ithihasaya
deshapalanaya pilibanda wa adhyayanaya kirima mulinma arambaune purana ga්risiye saha purana indiyawe wana athara, deshapalana widyawa yanu samaja widyawa thulata pasuwa pamini wishayaki. kese wuwath, mema wishaya dharawata sadachathmaka darshanaya, deshapalana darshanaya, deshapalana aarthikaya, ithihasaya menma sankalpa ha rajyayaka ka්riyakarakam ha lakshana upakalpanaya kara ganimin, pa්ramithigatha sthawarayanta adala anekuth kshetha්rayan da athulath we. siyalu aithihasika yugayanhidi menma, sama bhumi pa්radeshayak thulama, deshapalanaya adhyayanaya karana pudgalayin ha deshapalana awabodhaye wadi wimak dakagatha hakiya.
deshapalana widyawe pradhana ansha hathara
deshapalana widyawa namathi pupal kshethraya, pahasuwen ma pradhana ansha hatharakata bediya hakiya.
deshapalana darshanaya
in palamu wanna wanuye, deshapalana darshanaya hewath deshapalana ha samaja nyayayi. darshanika, aagamika ha sadacharathmaka drushatikonayak anuwa deshapalana sanwidhanayehi ha deshapalana bandimehi swabhawaya min wiwaranaya we. deshapalana darshanaya hudek dewa dharmayehi ho podu darshanayehi ma ho anubaddha anshayak washayen hadaru yugayak wiya.
deshapalana aayathana
dewanna deshapalana aayathana washayen warga kere. meyin wigraha karanuye pradeshiya, jathika ha antharjathika yanadi wiwidha mattamwaladi deshapalana balaya kriyathmaka kirimata upayogi kara ganu labana aayathanika sakasmayi. pradhana rajya palana aayathanayan bihi kota eewa hasuruwana aandu krama, wyawastha, rajya widhi nithiya, rajya paripalanaya ha paripalana nithiya ha thulanathmaka aandukrama yanadiya mita ayath we.
deshapalana paksha
thewani pradhana anshaya wanuye deshapalana paksha, balapam kandayam, mahajana mathaya pilibanda adhyanayan we. ek awadhiyakadi deshapalana widyagnyayin boho denek yam rataka athi wyawasthawanatha nowana hewath wyawasthawanathabhawayen bahira sanwidhana, deshapalana kriyawaliya kerehi dakwana balapama piriksa nobala eratehi deshapalana thathwaya sakachcha kirimehi yedunaha. eheth deshapalana kramayehi kriyakarithwaya awabodha kara ganim was, deshapalana paksha, wruththiya sangam, sewa yojaka sanwidhana ha ema deshapalana kramaya athulathama pawathna wenath samajiya, aarthika ha sansnruthika kandayam ha samithi pilibanda menma mahajana mathaya sakas kota eya wenas kirimatada thudu dena sadhaka pilibandawada danumak awashya wana baw ada wanawita podu washayen piligena atha.
antharjathika sambandhatha
deshapalana widyawe siw wani anshaya antharjathika sambandhathawayangen samanwitha we. yuddhaya ha samaya wiwidha manawa wyapara kshethrayanyehila antharjathika sahayogithawaya athi kirime prayathnaya, jathin athara pana nagina aragala nirakaranaya kirimath podu aarthika ha samaja prashna wisadimath udesa pihituwa athi aayathana saha antharjathika nithiya yana karunu pilibanda adhyanaya mema anshayata ayathya.
rajya
deshapalana widyaya hadaranna wisin thama wimarshana aarambha kirima sandaha pahasu simawan thora ganima awashya menma prayojanawath da we. nuthana lokaye daknata labena ithamath wadagath wuth, wishwa prachalitha wuth, aayathanaya wanuye rajyayayi. sama pudgalayekma aniwaryenma, yam kisi rajyaka samajikayek we. me aakarayata balana wita deshapalana widyawa adhyanayehila aarambhaka simawa lesa apata pahasuwenma "rajya" thora gatha hakiya. me anuwa deshapalana widyawe samasthaya "rajya" matha padanam wana bawak daknata labe.
deshapalana widyawa pilibandawa idiripath wi athi nirwachana
aristotal deshapalanaya handunwanne adhipathi widyawa washayeni. ke. losan dakwana paridi deshapalanaya samuhika manawa kriyakarakam sanwidhanaya kirime kramopayak we. ohu pawasana andamata mewani samuhika manawa kriyakarakam sandaha sanwidhana gatha wu wadath sankirna aakruthi washayen iparani nagara rajya, adhirajya, jathika rajya saha eksath jathinge sanwidhanaya dakwiya hakiya.
pulul aakarayen balu wita deshapalanaya sama manushya antharkriyakarithwayakama aniwarya kotasak bawa peni yayi. deshapalanayata athi sarala nirwachanayak anuwa deshapalanaya yanu hinga sampath beda wen kirime kramopayak we. eheth mewani nirwachanayakin aanduwak saha nithiyaka wishaya pradeshayen wenwu samanya kriyakarakam pamanak gamya wiya haki bawin eya sampurna nirwachanayak washayen salakiya nohakiya. deshapalanaya pilibanda ada apage piliganim sakas wanne nuthana libaral prajathanthrawadi deshapalana kramayakadi pudgalayage samajiya charyawa padanam karagenanaya. eheth ef.je. barns, em. kartar, je.em skidmo yana deshapalana widyagnyayin dakwana paridi parama rajandu kramayakadi sitina pahathma yatath wasiyata wuwada deshapalana jiwithaye yam bhumikawak atha.
andru hewud, deshapalanaya pilibanda wishleshanathmakawa balima sandaha apage awadhanaya yomu karawayi. ohu dakwana paridi deshapalanaya yanu balaya nathahoth adhikariya bhawitha kirima ho hinga sampath beda wen kirima ho we. eheth me siyallatama wada deshapalanaya kriyawak washayen handunagatha yuthu bawa ohu pawasayi.dewanuwa deshapalanaya yanu samajiya kriyakarakamaki. deshapalanaya ismathu wanne pudgala anthar kriyakarakam maginya. balaya mulika kotagena siduwana pudgala anthar kriyakarakam walin deshapalanaya prakashayata path we. thewani lakshanaya nam deshapalanaya matha awashyatha abhilasha yana sadhaka wala wiwidhathwaya mangin janitha wimaya. me wiwidhathwaya rujuwama gatum walata hethuwiya hakiya.
minis samuhayakin sanwidhanathmaka , eekiya kriyakarithwayakata yomu karannawu thirana, enam samuhika thirana ganima wishayehi deshapalanaya pawathi. deshapalanaya nirwachanaya kota dakwana boho deshapalana widyagnyayin poduwe deshapalanaya samuhika thirana ganimata sambandha kriyawaliyak bawa awadharanaya kirimata yomu weyi. rod hag, martin harp, saha shawun brislin yana deshapalana widyagnyayoda deshapalanaya yanu kandayam thula samuhika thirana ganime kriyawaliya bawa sandahan karathi.
deshapalanaya yanu kumakdayi pahadili karana nirwachana athurin wadath pulul awabodhayak labagatha haki nirwachanayak kan, makniwan, saha maknowun wisin idiripath karanu laba atha. mema nirwachanaye athi wadagathkama wanne kshudra mattama saha sarwa mattama yana mattam dekehima deshapalanaya awabodha kara ganimata eyin pitubalayak labimaya. owun dakwana palamu nirwachanaya anuwa samanyayen deshapalanayata balaya, anadima, adhikaraya saha palanaya wani sankalpa athulath rajyaye thirana ganime kriyawaliya wata siduwana siyaluma kriyawali athulath we. me anuwa deshapalanaya yanu balaya ho balaye monayam aakruthiyak nathahoth prawargayak ho anthargatha wana kriyawaliyak siduwimaknohoth sambandhathawayak we.owun dakwana dewana nirwachanaya anuwa balaya saha adhikariya athulath wu oonama mattamaka manawa sambandhathawayaka deshapalanaya anthargatha we.
andru hewud sandahan karana paridi deshapalanaya prakashayata pathwanne kumana witaka di da, keseda , kothanadi da, kawurun sambandhayenda yanna pilibandawa wiwidha pili ganim atha. ohu dakwana paridi udaharana washayen kumana gatuma deshapalanika yayi kiwa hakida kumana aakaraye gatum nirakarana aakruthiyak deshapalanika wanneda deshapalana yayi kiyana kriyakarakama sthanagatha wanne thothanada yana aadi karunu pilibandawa wiwidha piliganim pawathiyi. deshapalanaya yana padaye nirukthiya sambandhayen athi wiwidha piliganim madhyaye wuwada ehi arthaya pahadili kara ganima sandaha wargikarana thunak dakwimata andru hewud idiripath we. palamuwenma deshapalanaya boho digu kalayak thisse aanduwe widhimath aayathana thula siduwana kriyakarakamak washayen pawathiyi. dewanuwa deshapalanaya paudgalika ha pudgala washayen sithimata prathi wiraddhawa podu jiwithayata saha podu kriyakakam walata sambandha wannaki. thewanuwa deshapalanaya manawa pawathme sama mattamakadima saha sama aayathanayak thulama balaya beda harimata dhanaya saha sampath beda harimata sambandhathawayak dakwannawu deyak bawa andru hewud prakasha karayi.
aashritha
mewada balanna
deshapalana widyawe swabhawaya.
usas pela deshapalana widyawa
deshapalanaya
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sigiri gi
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kristhu warsha 473 sita 491 dakwa raja kala maha kashyapa raja samaye di kala sigiriye chithra pasuwa jagath pujitha kala nirmana bawata path wiya. sigiriya shri lankiya ithihasaye suwishesha sthanayak ganu labana athara ma sinhala sahithyaya ha bhashawa gana katha karana wita suwishesha sthanayak sigiri kurutu giwalata himi we. mema giwalin bohomayak 8, 9 ha 10 wani siyawaswalata ayath we. sigiri gi liya aththe sigiriye katapath pawura matha ya.
parani sinhala sahithyaya athurin wishishta kawithwayak ha apurwa prathibha shakthiyak sigiri gi thulin pilibimbau we. me thulin ekala kawinge awyaja kawithwaya ha anuna swadhinathwaya heli we. mathupitin penena adahasata wada gambauru adahasak mema gi thulin mathu we. sigiri gi bohomayak apurwa chamathkarayak da wishishta kawithwayak da imahath prathibha shakthiyak da gab wi atha. sigiri bithusithuwamwalin wichithranaya kota athi kathun da awata parisaraya aadi wiwidha themawan da yoda gena me gi rachana kota atha. mekala kawin thama sith thula pahala wu adahas keti kota pindu kota dakwa aththe sigiri katapath pawure gi liwima athishayin ma dushkara heyini. kawiya pilibanda maha parichayak kawyakaranaye imahath hakiyawak ha bhasha patuthwayak min heli we. wyangarthayen ha wakkrokthiyen da piripun gi wisheshayak lesa sigiri gi hadinwe.
mema sigiri giwalin wadi kotasak ma githi nam chandas alankarawalin rachana karana lada padya yayi. yaha gi piyum gi mathwala gi kaw gi umathu gi duwanga gi yon gi aadi wiwidha wirithwalin bandi me sigiri gi padya sanhrayak lesa wibhaga kara baliya haka. ese sigiri gi rachakayo thaman liyu giwalata yatin thamange nam goth ha grama nama sandahan kalaha. thawekek siya namaya yedimata prathama thama rakiyawa pawa sandahan kara atha. mese rachitha wu sigiri gi merata wishishta pura widya ithihasagnyayaku wana senarath parana withana shurin dashaka dekaka pamana kalayak thula kiyana sigiri gi 685n mudranaya kota atha.
sigiri gi wala wadagathkama
sigiri gi kihipa aakarayakin ma lankika ithihasaya thula wadagathkamak usulayi. enam,
merata pawathi samruddhimath ha usas sabhyathwayak pawathi anuradhapura yugayata ayath sambhawya sahithya ha bhashawa pilibanda thorathuru laba gatha haki mulashrayak lesa sigiri gi wadagath we. pasukalinawa athi wana wiwidha wasangatha, sathuru aakramana aadiya nisa me yugayata ayath boho sahithya grantha abhawayata path wi athi bawin sigiri gi anuradhapura yugayata ayath wadagath sahithya mulashrayaki.
sigiri gi bahu kathruka mulashrayaki. ema gi nirmanaya wanne sigiriya narambaimata pamini podu janaya athin nisa sigiri gi mangin nirupanaya wanne ekala pawathi podu jana ruchikathwayayi.
methek wu aagamika sahithyayen bahara wu kruthiyak wima. sambhawya sahithya thula di wasthu wishaya thiranaya wime di aagamika balapamak thibu muth sigiri kawya sampradaya ema aakruthiyen bahara wuwaki.
sigiri sinhalaya
sigiri gi wada wadagatha් wanuye, ema gi liyuwangen wadi pirisa eda merata wasaya kala bahuthara podu janaya wimayi. ese ma mema sigiri gi thawath athakin wadagath wanuye ethek pawathi aagamika sahithyata gathi nowi kala nirmana lesayi. ese ma katapath pawura wani simitha idaka sankshipthawa kala me gi mukthaka gi ganayata wate. eya da mehi wisheshathwayayaki. mehi di sigiri sinhalaya haraha mathu wana karunu kipayak handuna gatha hakiya.
ekala wu podu janaya bhawitha kala nam, gam min handuna gatha haka. min samaharak al akurakin da samaharak swarayakin da awasan we.
udaharana:
upama rapaka aadi kawyalankara bihi kirimata sinhala bhashawa dakwana samarthathawa.
udaharana:
al akuru bahulawa yedime rithiya
sigiriye daknata labena kala kruthi podu sinhala sanskruthiyata aaganthuka wanna sema sigiri sinhalaya da eetama aawenika wu lakshana darayi. al akuru bahulawa yedime rithiya da ewannaki.
nuthana sinhalaye murdhacha - na al wi noyedunath sigiri sinhalaye murdhacha n yede.
udaharana:
nuthana sinhalaye murdhaja - la al wi noyede. namuth sigiri sinhalaye murdhacha l bahula ya.
udaharana:
sinhalaye alpaprana akshara 10 ki. namuth nuthana sinhala padayaka awasanaye di wadipura ma yedenuye k - yanna ha th yanna pamani. namuth sigiri sinhalaye wenath alpaprana akshara da padawasanaye hamu we.
udaharana:
sampradana wibhakthi prathya wana ta - yanna da sigiri gi wala al - ta lesa yedima.
udaharana:
nuthana sinhalaye pada awasanaye al nowana ya - yanna ha ra - yanna da sigiri sinhalaye al wi yede.
udaharana:
nawa pa්ranakshara dekak
sigiri gi wethina nawa pranakshara dekak da , pili dekak da hamu weyi.
enam "a " saha "aa" we. mehi di,
keti "a" yanna sahitha pada kipayak sigiri gi athurin hamu we.
udaharana,la aththan , diga asini
dik "aa" sahitha pada kipayak da hamu wana athara ewani pada wirala we.
udaharana,la a thubu sey
mehidi "a" wibhakthi prathyak lesa da purwa kriya prathyak lesa da sigiri giwala yedi thibimen sinhalayage bhasha prabhuthwaya pahadili we.
udaharana:
nawa gathrakshara
ethek sinhalayahi wyawahara nowu gathrakshara kipayak da sigiri sinhalayen hamu we. pasu kaleka " sanynyaka akshara " lesa handunwanu labune me gathraksharayi. me akuru sigiri gi athara bahula we. sanynyaka - ga bhawitha gi dekakata udaharana.
ada sinhalaye bahulawa yedena sanynyaka akshara hathara wana ( nga , nda ,nda , mbaa ) sahitha pada da sigiri sinhalaye hamu we.
udaharana:
mewada balanna
sigiriya
sigiri bithu sithuwam
sigiri balakotuwa
bahira sabadi
Sigiriya and its Significance Review by Dr. Nissanka Wijeyeratne
sigiriya
gi kihipayak
beyend awaj nolad ek giyak (kiyi mi)
(basa)k ran wanan balimi asiri sigihi gi
2
pachin pan wasi meyalbathin gi
beyand hi ran wanan a (sdwa) s miyahiyeje
mahanel athhi gath mehima buyuth nobuyuyen.
sama udayama la hara ras sigiri gala wetha pamineyi
4
na(gi) aluyama awuj balayi sitiyi hi mehi mas
wihidami mahada maru gasa ena thamu (ru) wenehi suwadhi mehi
agboya (himiyemi me ) gi limi.
5
sithahi yahapatha wida balaya (mehi) ranawana buna balaha no
me rajamaha sitha rajamaha hama sihiwana ka(la)
sen bodewala layu gi.
56
thopa nuyuna mini witnen wammena paha dise(y)
no kele tha(ma) n the(mat) e in (da) nim
thopa sura bawa.
64
agathini ath salaw mehi pohonnek nathida
nawa baglasand dut minisak hu nowajanenayi.
103
komul amad led linasi
e bonda miyur yaha ba si
e kapal dala wan diga si
mana jal(wa)yi (sith) nomu si
106
salathalahi hunu akara seyina layu(thubu) sith
mula we mene me beyadahi ranawanana dutuyen
190
yahe(ni) giri wasi salamey himiyan ge meyalu gi
gana gal binenie dara silaga dut pathithak seya
sonehinma lad wisat ba ju nohas thipa
athmay wuyu
334
swasnananathi agboymi limi
nil ka(t) rot maleka awunu watkola malasey
sanda ga sihiwenne mahanel wana hay ranwana hun
492
me geththamata sithu(ju)kenekda e
kawek hinde li
(me be) luwa gi nohis gi balatha
dakna se gethi
306
manenmi
ladi maha bandtha
pahabara sina rusna
kathak hi thosna
mini akusu hinhi las ganna
shri lankawe kalawa
shri lankawe ithihasaya
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koral para
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koral para yanu nogambauru niwarthana poshaka padartha itha sulu pramanayak ho posha drawya nomathi samudra jalayehi anthargatha jiwi wishesha walin nishpadanaya karanu labana araganayit wyuhayan we. kashikarmika pradesha walin nikuth karanu labana adhi poshanaya sahitha sanghataka nisa algi wala wardhanaya dirimath kirima magin meki koral para walata hani siduwiya hakiya. boho koral para wala pramukhathama jiwi wisheshayan wanuye pashanamaya koralya. mewa kalsiyam kabanet bahissakili srawaya karana ganawasaye nideriyawangen sadi atha. melesa sakili drawya ekraswimen saha kadibidi eewa sagara tharanga magin ekineka matha goda gasi jaiwa wikhadanayata path wimen suwishala kalsiyam walin sadumlath ganawasa bihiwana athara eewa magin anekuth jiwi koral walata saha wishesha madali wala wenath shaka ha sathwa jiwitha walata aadhara sapayanu labe. meki koral niwarthana saha saumya jalayehi daknata labunada koral para sadenuye samakayehi sita akshansha 30 kath saha deshansha 30 k athara kalapayediya.
koral itha kuda jiwiyekuge nirmanayaki.me kuda jiwiya "polip jiwiya" hewath buhubawa lesa hadunwayi. aprushta wanshika ganayata ayath kuda mrudu winiwida penena sathek wana me jiwiya sagara jalaye athi kalsiyam kabanet awashoshanaya karagena thama sharirayata pitin sakillak hewath kawachayak nirmanaya kara gani.me sathun dahas sankhyawak nirmanaya karana atasakili koral lesa hadunwayi.mema polip sathun hunugal sakille koppayakata samana lesa jiwath we.
koral paraya aarambha wanne thani polip jiwiyekugeni. sagara jalaye pawemin sitina jiwiya thada mathupitak hamu wu wita ehi padinchiwe. eyin pasu sakili sadima arambaana athara ,patawun demapiya polipta baddha wi sakili sadayi.polip jiwiya miya giyada uge sakili ithiri wana athara,ee sakilla matha wenath jiwin wardhanaya we.mese wasara dahas gananak thisse polip jiwinge kolaniyak magin sadena itha ghanakama sahitha sakilla koral parayak hewath koral parayak lesa hadunwayi.
polip jiwiya sathwa plawanga aaharayata ganna athara, ee jiwiya samanga sahajiwi lesa jiwath wana susanthale namathi anwikshiya palatiya matha koral paraye wardhana shakthiya randa pawathi.polipge bahishrawiya drawya saha hiru eliya upayogi karagena susanthale namathi anwikshiya palatiya prabhasanshleshanaya sidu karayi. prabhasanshleshanaya magin nipadawana oksijan polip jiwin aashwasa karayi. epamanak nowa koral walata sundara warna labenne susanthale geni.
koral para godanagana hewath hermatypic koral hamuwange prakasha kalapaye (50m ta wada nogambauru )ya. enam prabhasanshleshanaya wimata tharam pramanawath hiru eliya labena gambauru mattama thek pamani.koral bahubawan prabhasanshleshanaya nokalath, eeka sailika algawak wena zooxanthellate samanga sankethathmaka sambandhathawayak pawathi.mema algi saila koral buhubawage pataka thula prabhasanshleshanaya karamin nipadawana amathara kabanika poshaka koral buhubawan wisin prayojanayata ganu labayi.me sabandiyawa nisa wadi hiru eliya pramanayak labena pahadili jalayedi koral para wegayen wade. mema sahajiwanaya nomathinam koral para eewaye chamathkara janaka wyuhaya thek wardhanaya wima ithamath semen siduwanu atha. koral lingika ha alingika yana aakara dekenma wargaya bokaragani.thani buhubawaku hata siya jiwitha kalaya thuladi me akara dekama upayogi karagena wargaya bokara ganimata hakiya.koral lingikawa thama wargaya bokirima abhyanthara ho bahira sansechanayen sidukarayi. prajanaka saila udara kuharaye rekhalesa athi pataka stharayakin athulata wihidunu madhyanthraka patala wala atha.atham wadunu wayasgatha koral dwilingika we.anek koral wenwen washayen sthri linga ho purusha lingikawe. owun wadena wita itha sulu eekakari lingika wenasak dakiya hakiya.
lokaye daknata labena ithamath chamathkara janaka wuda, werala bada parisara paddhathiyak washayen koral para aashritha parisara paddhathiya hadinwiya hakiya. emenma jaiwa kriyawaliyan aashritha nirmanaya wana bhurupa paddhathiyak washayenda meya hadinwiya hakiya.
koral itha kuda jiwiyekuge nirmanayaki.me kuda jiwiya "polip jiwiya" hewath buhubawa lesa hadunwayi. aprushta wanshika ganayata ayath kuda mrudu winiwida penena sathek wana me jiwiya sagara jalaye athi kalsiyam kabanet awashoshanaya karagena thama sharirayata pitin sakillak hewath kawachayak nirmanaya kara gani.me sathun dahas sankhyawak nirmanaya karana atasakili koral lesa hadunwayi.mema polip sathun hunugal sakille koppayakata samana lesa jiwath we.
koral paraya aarambha wanne thani polip jiwiyekugeni. sagara jalaye pawemin sitina jiwiya thada mathupitak hamu wu wita ehi padinchiwe. eyin pasu sakili sadima arambaana athara ,patawun demapiya polipta baddha wi sakili sadayi.polip jiwiya miya giyada uge sakili ithiri wana athara,ee sakilla matha wenath jiwin wardhanaya we.mese wasara dahas gananak thisse polip jiwinge kolaniyak magin sadena itha ghanakama sahitha sakilla koral parayak hewath koral parayak lesa hadunwayi.
polip jiwiya sathwa plawanga aaharayata ganna athara, ee jiwiya samanga sahajiwi lesa jiwath wana susanthale namathi anwikshiya palatiya matha koral paraye wardhana shakthiya randa pawathi.polipge bahishrawiya drawya saha hiru eliya upayogi karagena susanthale namathi anwikshiya palatiya prabhasanshleshanaya sidu karayi. prabhasanshleshanaya magin nipadawana oksijan polip jiwin aashwasa karayi. epamanak nowa koral walata sundara warna labenne susanthale geni.
koral para wardhanayata awashya sadhaka
lokaye pawathina sama muhudakama koral para wardhanaya wanne natha. koral para wardhanaya sandaha sudusu wisheshitha parisara paddhathiyak athi sagara wala pamanak koral para wardhaya we. ema wisheshitha awashyatha monawada yanna pahatha dakwe.
sagara jalaye ushnathwaya sentigred 20-30 athara parasayaka wiya yuthuya.
sagara jalaye lawanathawaya kotas 30-35 athara nowenaswa pawathiya yuthuya.
suryayalokaya hondin sagara pathlata labiya yuthuya.
itha pirisidu jalayak pawathiya yuthuya.
sagara pathla polip jiwiyata padinchi wimata sudusu thathwayata thanithala, sthawara ekak wiya yuthuya.
sagara jalaye ushnathwaya ekawara sentigred anshaka 2 kin pamana wenas wuwahoth koral para winasha wiya haka. eyata hethuwa wanne ushnathwaye kshanika wenas wima polip jiwiyata oroththu nodena bawin ema jiwiya mari yamayi. ema jiwiya winasha wu wita koral para wardhanayak nowana bawin koral para , ajiwi thathwayata path wi winasha wi yayi. ema thathwayama sagara lawanathawaya wenas wu witada siduwiya haka. koral para wardhanaya mitar 50 dakwa wu gambauru muhuda dakwa siduwe. eyata hethuwa suryaya thapaya eeta wada gambaurata noyana bawini.
koral walin minisun laba ganna prayojana
masunu,pokirissan, kakuluwan, bellan wani aaharayata sudusu jiwinaaharayata laba ganima.
pasehi aamlikathwaya udasina kirima sandaha rasayanayak lesa yoda ganima.
apanayana sandaha wisithuru masun galmal laba ganima.
liyukemiya saha pilika wani roga walata awashya beheth warga laba ganima.
idikirim katayuthu sandaha hunu laba ganima.
koral para aashritha wenath jiwingen minisata anagathayedi laba gatha haki pala prayojana wadi wanu atha. mathadi athi wu sighra jana sankhya wardhanayath samanga koral aashrayen laba ganna prayojana wegawath wi thi be.me thathwaya yatathe minisa mema mahangu sampatha pramanaya ikmawa prayojanayata gena atha. ebawin mema sampatha tharjanayakata muhuna di atha.ee samangama werala bada athi athiwana parisara dushanayanda (apadrawya, rasayanika drawya wani de ganngawanata saha muhudata yawima) mema paddhathiya pirihi yamata hethu wi atha.
koral para winasha wimata thudu dena hethu.
minisa hudu anithagami labha prayojana sandaha koral para pradesha yoda ganima nisa ema para walata wana haniya swabhawika kriyawaliyen wana haniyatath wada athi mahath ya.ewani awastha kihipayak nam,
pathla suragena yahaki dal walin masun allima.
me magin muhudu palati,koral saha wenath siyaluma jiwihu kadi winasha wi yayi.
dayinamayit dama masun allima.
dayinamayit bhawithaya nisa athi wana kampanaya magin loku kuda jiwihu wishala washayen winasha wethi.me magin koral parada dedara gos ehi sthawarathwayata hani pamine.
hunu laba ganima sandaha koral iwath kirima.
meya paramparikawa kerena wruththiyakata sambandha kriyawaliyaki. eheth mathaka sita godanagili idikirim wegawath wima nisa hunu illumada wegawath wi thibe.me magin koral para sighrayen winasha wimata hethu we.
sihiwatana sandaha thaba ganimata koral kadima.
sancharaka karmanthaya diyunu pradeshawala meya balawa siduwe.
jala dushanaya
muhuda aashritha werala kotas wala sudu kohu sadima sandaha polleli gena pal kirima hethu kota gena koral para winasha wiya haka.
yanthrika bottu nathara kirimata nanguram bhawitha kirima.
wisheshahenma koral para sahitha pradeshawala yanthrika bottu wala nanguram muhudu pathlata bassawima nisa koral para siriyama saha kadi yama magin eewa winashayata path we.
wananthara eli peheli kirimen koral para winasha wi yama.
gannga nimna pradeshawalata poshaka pradesha eli kirima nisa gan wathura athiwe. mehidi gan wathura gena ena ronmada adhika pramanayak koral para sahitha pradeshawala adhika lesa thanpath wi eewa wasi yamen koral para wardhanayata badha pamine.
koral para sanrakshanaya
minisata aarthika washayen imahath prayojanayak laba denna wu koral aashritha muhudu pradesha ek athakin minisata saundaryaya laba dimen manasika thrupthiyak athi we. muhudu jiwin sankhyawakata rakawaranaya da salasayi. me nisa koral para walin prayojana ganimedi minisa mita wada buddhimathwa katayuthu kala yuthuwa atha. shri lankawe nagenahira werale kalkuda pradeshaye koral kadima nathara kirima nisa swabhawika wa thanpath wu koral watiyak nirmanaya wi itha keti kalayakadi werala thirayak goda nagi atha. lokaye wenath ratawal koral para sampatha wadi kirima sandaha kruthrima lesa koral nirmanaya kere.
thawath samahara ratawala parana naw muhude gilwimen koral wadimata ida salasa atha. danata lankawe hikkaduwa pradeshaya thula akkara 110 ka sagara abhaya bhumiyak pihituwa atha. eya 1979 si wana sanrakshana departhamenthuwa yatathe athi karana laddaki.
koral parawala wyapthiya
indu shanthikara kalapaye (rathu muhuda , indiyan sagaraya , agnidiga aasiyanu saha shanthikara sagarada athulathwa) warga kilomitar 284,300 pura pathira athi bawata gananaya kara athi mema koral para samastha koral parawalin 91.9% we. mema sankhyawen 32.3% k agni diga aasiyawen da , 40.8% k oostreliyawen da athulathya. samastha koral para pramanayen 7.6% pamanak athlanthik saha karibiyanu koral para we.
koral para ithama simithawa ho daknata nomathi wanne amarikanu saha aprikanu batahira werala thirayangeya. godaganim krayawaliya saha dadi sisil sagara diyawal magin mema pradeshawala sagara jalayehi ushnathwaya pahatha watima prathamikawa mema simitha bhawayata hethu we. aasiyawe werala thirayen epita pakisthanaye sita bangladeshaya dakwa werala thiraye da koral para simitha wi atha. amasan nadiyen saha ganga nadiyen itha wishala washayen jalaya sagarayata muda harina bawin piliwelin dakunu amarikawe eesana digin da bangladeshaya awata da koral para simitha wi atha.
lokaye prasiddha koral para saha pihita athi pradesha :-
maha badhaka paraya - lokaye wishalathama koral para paddhathiya , oostreliyawe , kwinslanthaya
belis badhaka paraya - lokaye dewana wishalathama koral para paddhathiya , meksikohi dakunu kwintanaro sita pathirena mema paraya belis werala thiraya dige pahalata hondyuras dupatha dakwa pathire.
rathu muhude koral paraya - eejipthu werala thirayen epita sita sawudi arabiya dakwa
puli rij - gambauruma , prabhasansleshanaye yedena koral paraya, florida
nawa kaldeniya badhaka paraya - lokaye dewana wishalathama dwithwa badhaka paraya wana meya kilo mitar 1500 pamana diga we.
tharjana
lowa pura koral para winasha wemin pawathithi. wisheshayenma, koral para kadima, krushinarmika ha nagarika apaharana, dushanaya (kabanika ha akabanika), adhika masmarima, pipirum masmarima, roga, saha kanu kapima saha diwayin ha muhudu boku wetha prawahanaya yana de koral parisara paddhathinta sthanagatha tharjana wethi. pulul tharjana wanne sagara ushnathwaya ihala yama, sagara jala mattama ihala yama saha sagara amlakaranaya nisawen pH agayehi wenaswim, yana me harithagara wayu wimochanayan ha bandi siyalla wethi.
pruthiwi sagarawala jiwath wana koralpara walata minis kriyakarakam wishala tharjanayak ella karayi. mema parisara paddhathiwalata ellawi athi prabalama tharjanaya wanne dushanaya ha adhika lesa masun marimayi. bottu gamanagamanaya ha naw thadabadaya nisada koralpara bhauthika winasha wima sidu we. aahara pinisa sidukarana malu welandama meyata hethu wi aththe sayanayid (Cyanide) bhawitha kirima nisaya. mita amatharawa emangin niwarthana kalapaye jiwathwana minisuntada hani gena de. Hughes (2003) ge warthawalata anuwa janagahana wardhanaya ha prawahana kramawala siduwa athi diyunuwa koralpara sandaha wishala washayen balapa atha. nidasun washayen masun saha anekuth swabhawika sampath sandaha goliya welandapolak athi wimath koralpara aashritha sampath sandaha athi illuma sapayimedi eeta adala prabhawayan winasha wi yamak dakwiya hakiya.
paryeshakayin danatamath koralpara paddhathiyata balapam ellakarana wiwidha sadhaka niwaradiwa thahawuru kara ganimin siti. me sandaha wiwidha sadhaka balapayi. nidasun washayen sagaraya wisin sidu karanu labana kabandayoksayid awashoshanaya pruthiwi watapitawe siduwana wenaskam parajambula kirana sagara aamlikaranaya jiwa widyathmaka wairas (Virus) duwili kunatuwala balapama, algi ha anekuth shakawala balapama dakwiya hakiya. werala aashritha pradeshawaladi koralparawalata wadi tharjanayak ella we. mita amatharawa idam sanwardhanaya ha dushanayada salakiya yuthu haniyak sidu kalath gataluwa wada pulul swabhawayak gani.
koral para surakshanaya saha prathisanskaranaya
papuwa niwginiyahi awus diwayinehi guwan chayarupayak ihatha dakwe. awus diwayina, manus palatha saha papuwa niwginiya yana pradeshawala padinchikaruwan wisin owunge koral kalapu hayaka sampradayika kramayata masun marima sima karana ladaha. rahane athi masun marimata awasara dun athara sanskruthika charithra anuwa dal yoda saha polu walin gasa magin masun marima sima karana ladi. mehi prathipalayak washayen masun marima sampurnayenma sima nokala pradesha walata jaiwa skandhaya saha ek ek masunge pramanaya salakiya yuthu tharam wishala wiya.
lokaye danata thibena koral para walin 60% k pamana minis kriyakarakam nisa awadanamata muhunapa athi bawa asthamenthu kara atha. wisheshayen ginikona aasiyawe koral parawala balapa athi tharjanaya athi mahathya. emanisa ema koral parawalin 80% pramanayak winasha wi yame tharjanayata lakwi atha .
koral ke. kawuntarpart wani sanwidhana saha dakunu pasipik kalapiya janathawage padanama koralpara/ koral para walalla prathisanskarana wyapruthi nuthanaye pawathwagena yanu labe. mehidi owun palati pracharanaya yana sarala kramaya bhawitha karayi. paktikal akshan wani anikuth sanwidhana koral para prathisanskarana katayuthu kese sanwidhanaya kala yuthuda yanna pilibandawa thorathurumaya lekhanayak mahajanaya wetha nikuth kara thibe.
koral para parisara widyawa saha jaiwa wiwidhathwaya
koral para poshaka drawya dulaba niwarthana jalaye pihita thibuna da koral para sadaha asamanya jaiwa wiwidhathwayak pawathi. koral para, zooxanthellae saha anekuth koral para jiwin athara poshaka drawya prathichakrikaranaya wime kriyawaliya mangin mema jalayehi koral para athiwime sulabhathwaya pilibandawa wigraha kirimak sidu kere. prathichakrikaranaya magin sampurna koral para prajawa sadaha aadhara sapayimata awama poshaka sanghataka pramanayak pawathima pilibandawa thahawuru karayi.
sayano baktiriya magin koral para sadaha nayitrajan thira kirima nam kriyawaliya osse drawya nayitrajan sapayanu labayi. koral para karadiya jalaya magin akabanika nayitrajan saha posparas srujuwama awashoshanaya kara gani. inpasu eewa chalanaya wana jalaya osse hamayana saththwa plawanga sadaha aahara sapayanu labayi. koralpara wala prathamika nishpadanaya itha ihala agayak ganna athara eya dinakata warga sentimitarayata gram 5 sita 10 athara pramanayak tharam wu ihala agayak gatha hakiya. koral para prajawanhi nishpadakayan wanuye sahajiwi zooxanthella, koral algi saha wiwidha muhudu palatinya. wisheshayenma kuda aakarawalata pidali algi yayi wyawahara kerunada mema jiwin wishesha wana wadagathkam pilibadawa widyagnyayin thula etharam ekagathawayak nomatha.
koral para wiwidha niwarthana koral para mathsyayin sandaha niwasa sapayayi. ema mathsyayin wanne warnawath gira mathasyayan, enjal mathsyayin, tharuna damselfish mathsayin saha samanala mathsyayinya. koralpara paddhathi aashrithawa daknata labena anekuth mathsya kandayan wanuye kandayam washayen sarisarana mathsayin groupers, snappers, grunts saha wrasses yana mathsyayinya. koral para parisara paddhathiwala mathsyayin wishesha 4000 kata wadi pramanayak jiwath wethi. koral para aashrithawa jiwath wana itha wishala mathsya wishesha pramanayak sadaha ida kada sapayadimata hakiyawa labi aththe elesa labi athi nidahas ida pramanaya itha sighrayen mulwarata plawanga mathsya pilawun magin athpath kara ganna bawini. mema mathsyayin mangin owunge jiwitha kalayehi ithiri kotasa mema idakada pramanaya athpath kara ganithi. melesa mowun sadaha nagi athi nidahas ida pramanaya owunata athpath wima ahambau lesa siduwannak wana athara ebawin eya jiwath wima sadaha awakashaya labaganimata sidu karana lotharayiyak lesa hadinwe.
koral para wenath jiwi wishesha samuhayak sadaha da wasasthana sapayayi. ema jiwi wishesha nam ispanjiyan, nideriyawan (me sadaha atham aakara wala koral saha jallin ayathweyi.), panuwan, krastesiyawan (kunissan, ulsahitha pokirissan saha kakuluwan me sadaha ayathweyi.), mrudwanshikayin (sefalopodawan me sadaha ayathweyi.), shalya charmikayin (tharaka mathsyayin, muhudu kakiri me sadaha ayathya.), muhudu wasthiyan , muhudu ibban saha muhudu nayinya. minisun harunu kala kshirapayin koral para parisara paddhathiwala mema parisara paddhathiwala sarisarima sandaha paminena thalmasun saha dolfin mathsyayin mowun athara pramukhathwayak gani. mema jiwin atharin itha sulu pramanayak pamanak srujuwama koral para aashrithawa yapethi. anekuth jiwin koral para aashrithawa athi algi warga matha yapemin sankirna aahara jalayak sadimata dayaka wethi.
aprushta wanshakayin samuhayak hata poduwe Cryptofauna yayi handinwe. owun koral para sakili upasthara aashrithawa wasaya karathi. owun owunge sakili jaiwa wikhadanaya nam kriyawaliya osse mema koralparawalata ali pawathina athara emagin in koralparawala in pera pawathi hidas ha wiwarayan wasa damathi. melesa koral parawalata ali pawathina jiwi wishesha wanuye ispanjiyan, dwikapatamolaskawan saha Sipunculans nam jiwinya. koral para matha jiwath wana anekuth jiwi wishesha wanuye krastesiyawan saha bahukita panuwanya.
mewayehi itha wishala jaiwa wiwidhathwaya nisa lowa pura rajayan bahutharayak magin owunge koral parisara paddhathi aaraksha kara ganima sadaha kriya marga gena atha. ostreliyawe maha badhaka paraya aaraksha karanuye Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority wisini. meya Biodiversity Action Plan nam wyawastha sampradayata yatathwa atha.
algi saha koral para
paryeshakayan soya gena athi aakarayata nirogi koralparawala algi warga pramukhawa pawathina bawata sakshi soya gena atha. amerika eksath janapadaye janawasa nowu pasipik dupathwala sidu karana lada samikshanayakata anuwa paryeshanawalata bhajanaya karana lada koral sthana walin wishala pramanayaka algi daknata thibuni. mewayin wishala algi prathishathayak pidali algi, koral algi wishala algi warga we.
mulashra
hirigal
saththwa nishpaditha
dhiwara karmanthaya
parisara paddhathi
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prajathanthrawadaya
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prajathanthrawadaya yanu prajawa wisin prajawa palanaya kirimayi. prajawage samuhika thiranaya matha godanaga ganu labana palana thanthrayayi. me thula samuhikathwaya, samanathmathawa yana sankalpa anthargathaya.
prajathanthrawadaye muladharma dekaki
samuhika washayen thirana ganima saha sama denagema palanayata sama denama yatath wima.
palanaya kriyawata nanwima sadaha sama denatama eka ha samana ayithiwasikam thibiya yuthuyi.
prajathanthrawadaya yanna hudek rajyata ho aanduwata pamanak ayath deyak nowana athara oonama sanwidhanayaka samajayaka daknata labe. mese pawathima rajyaye prajathanthrawadaya sanwardhanaya sadaha behewin dayaka we. ee ee samajayaka pawathina aarthika, deshapalana sanskruthika swarapaya anuwa prajathanthrawadaya wenas we. me anuwa prajathanathrawadaya yanna sapeksha sankalpayaki.
prajathanthrawadaya yana sankalpaya jin jak win raso wisin haduna gath sankalpayaki. eheth eeta pera gika paura rajyaye athanas, spata nagara thula prajathanthrawadaya yanna pawathuni. eya sruju prajathanthrawadaya lesa haduna ganu labana athara janagahana wardhanayath samaga niyojana prajathanthrawadaya dakwa meya pariwarthanaya wiya. me wana wita pawathinneniyojithayin margayen palanaya sidu karanu labana niyojana prajathanthrawadayayi.
prajathanthrawadi rajyak thula aanduwa ema rate janathawata wagakiwa yuthuya. esema prajawage siwil ha deshapalana ayithin manawa surakshitha wiya yuthuya. eya prajathanthrawadi rajyaka pradhana lakshanayak we.
prajathanthraya siwil samajaya thula
eekadhikarayen thora tharagakari welada polak sahitha mishra aarthikayak pawathima.
nidahas janamadhya saha jana sanniwedanaya
prawinayan magin aanduwe sakala widha prathipaththi rajya madihathwimwalin thorawa adhikshanaya wima wana athara me aakarayata prajathanthrawadaya pulul sankalpayak wega
prajathanthrawadi rajyan thula
wiwrutha wagakiyana aandu
nidahas sadharana mathiwarana
praja saha deshapalana ayithin pawathi.
aashritha
pada satahan
mulashra
bhahira sabandi
Democracy at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Democracy
Index 2008.pdf The Economist Intelligence Unit's index of democracy
Alexis de of data sources on political regimes on Our World in Data, by Max Roser.
"Democracy", BBC Radio 4 discussion on the origins of Democracy (In Our Time, 18 October 2001)
Democracy Countries 2022 interactive map of countries at World Population Review
Classical Greece
chanda wimasim
grika nawa nipayum
batahira sanskruthiya
deshapalanaya
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sen budu dahama
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sen budu dahama ha sen dahama washayen hadunwanne eekadeshayakma pamani. "sen" yanu japan wachanayaki. "chan" yana china wadanata anuwa meya nirmanaya wi thibe. chinaye "chan" padaya nirmanaya wanne sanskrutha "dhyana" yana wachanarthaya aashrayeni. therawadaye dhyana washayen hadunwanne "gambauru manasika awasthawakata thawakalikawa pathwimayi". me kriyawaliya bhawanawa aashritha wuwaki. bhawanawa thula ansha dekaki. samatha ha wipassana washayen eya hadunwayi. gambauru manasika awasthawakata thawakalikawa pathwime kriyawaliya "samatha" bhawanawa washayen hadunwayi. "dhyana" yanu eyayi. samatha yanu sitha thanpath kirimayi. sanwara kirimayi. meya thawakalika washayen sidukirima mehi athi wishesha lakshanayayi. ee anuwa dhyana magin paramartha sathya awabodha kirima dushkara we.
budu dahama indiyawe sita chinayata wyaptha wu pasu dhyana yana wachanayata pulul arthayak gabu wi thibe. bhawanawe eekadeshayak washayen dhyana indiyawe wyawahara kalath chinaye di samastha bhawanawama dhyana wishayehi anthargatha wiya. chinayata genagiya budu dahame pradhanama angaya washayen hadunwanne bhawanawayi. chan aagame mulikangayayi. chan aagamika iganwim japanayata giya wita eya "sen" bawata path wiya.
sen budu dahame mulika lakshanayaki dharma grantha bhawitha nokirima. chinaye dharma grantha sampurnayen iwath kala athara japanayedi sen aagama ansha dekak me sambandhayen nirmanaya kara gani. ee "rinsayi sen ha dogan sen" washayeni. kotasak dharma grantha bhawitha kala athara anek ketasa dharma grantha aashrayen sampurnayen iwath wiya.
budu dahama chinayata gena giya wita budu dahame darshanika ha tharkika anshayata dadi ruchikathwayak dakwu athara aadhyathmika anshayata etharam nambauru nowiya. laukika jiwithayata nambaura wi atha. me nisa chinaye bhikshu samajaya mulika bhikshu samajaye swarapayen wen wi thabe. china bhikshuwa samajiya kriyawan hi niratha wu athara dharmaya wetha keti kalina nambauruwak dakwiya. sen budu dahame daknata labena wishesha lakshanayaki alpa wachana bhawithaya. bhikshun wachanaya awama washayen bhawitha kala athara dharma deshana itha keti wiya. sen budu dahama wachanawalata wiruddha nowe. owun wiraddha wanne wachana bhawitha kirima nisa athiwana sankalpa nirmanayatayi. sen dahame lakshanaya nam wachana aashrayen sankalpa thana ganimen walaki sitimayi. kalpana lokaya nirmanaya kirimen durawi sitimayi.
sen yanu paramartha sathya awabodha kirimayi. paramartha yanu nirwanaya awabodha kirima we. therawada ha mahayana dekehima aramuna niwan dakimayi. eya me aathmaye ho anagatha aathma bhawayakadi ho siduwiya yuththak se bauddhayo kalpana karathi. eheth sen aagamikayinge mulika aramuna wanne me aathmayedima ee thathwayata pathwimayi.
sen budu dahama itha keti sanwada walin piri kathapuwath rasakin anthargathayi. samanyayen edineda jiwithaya aashrayen darshanika awabodhaya labaganimata uthsaha darayi. edineda samanya jiwithaya yannata paryaya wadanaki "sen". minisage aadhyathmika anshaya menma sanskruthika anshaya wethatada yomu wu awadhanayak athi iganwimaki, sen budu dahama.
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lankawa swadhina rajyayak wima
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wasara 133k paradhinathwayen gathakota eyin midi swairi adina deshayak lesa yali nagi sitime uthum awasthawa warsha ekdahas nawasiya hathalis atak wu pebarawari masa hathara wanida udawiya. 1815 wasare marthu 2 dina dakwa pawathi sinhale nam rajadhaniya, lanka rajadhaniya (Dominion of Ceylon) yana namin nawatha pihituwana ladi.
eda pawathi wiwidha ha wichithra uthsawa ha pinkam malawa mulu mahath lak deranathama sathutu waguruwana wilashayak mawa paweya.eda pawathi ee asirimath palamu nidahas ulela jathiye uthum samarumakma wiya.pebarawari hatharawanidata ikuth madhyama rathriye lankawa yatath wijithabhawayen midi anekuth nidahas jathin atharata ekwiya. nawatha pihitawu lanka (silon) rajyaye (shri wikrama rajasinha rajagen pasu ahosiwa pawathi ) rajathanathura nawatha athikaranaladi. lanka rajadhaniye raja lesa lankawe VIwana joj rajathuma abhisheka lada athara eya nama mathrika raja thanathuraki. agramathyawaraya wuye di.es.senanayaka mathithumanya. rajathumange padinchiya wenath rataka bawin un wahanse niyojanaya pinisa agrandukarawaraya lesa sar henri mank mesan muwar diwram dunne ya.
lankawa swadhinathwayata path wu me aithihasika dinaya rajaye niwadu dinayak washeyan prakashakarana ladi.prathamawarata lanka parlimenthu mandiraye kodi gasehi sinha kodiya ha ingrisi kodiya ekata ekak noparadina se edina lela duni.boho wiharasthana ha dewasthanawala aagamika pudapuja pawathwana ladi.ekdahas nawasiya hathalis ate pebarawari hatharawanida arambai dahahathwana dina awasan wimata niyamitha wu uthsawa malawe athiuthkarshawath dinaya pebarawari dahawanida udawiya.
edina swadhina lankawe prathama parlamenthu sabhawaraya kolambaa torintan chathurashraye idikaranalada nawa raswim shalawe pawathwiya.ema godanagilla mangul maduwe gruhanirmana shilpaya anukaranaya kota godanaga thibuni.mema uthsawaye pradhanathwaya usulana ladde lankawe VIwana jorj maharajathumage sohoyuru glostar aadipadawaraya ya. edina uthsawayen pasu dahathunwani dina mahanuwara mangul maduwe pawathi uthsawayedi glostar aadipadathuma paththirippuwe sita sinha dhajaya mbaasawa lankawa nidahas rajyayak bawata prakasha kaleya.ee prakashayen adata wasara hata nawayak gewiatha.
me adawiyath balanna
shri lankawa
shri lankawe jathikathwaya
sinhale rajawaliya
shri lankawe ithihasaya
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sandakadapahana
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sandakadapahana yanuwen hadinwenuye padipelehi awasana padiyayi. eya atuwawehi wisthara kota aththe adtachandapasana yanuwenya.enam piyagata pamulehi athi adasandaka hadaye galpuwaruwa yanuweni. pasuwa meya alankara lesa nirmanaya kirima puruddak lesa sandakadapahana anuradhapuraye godanagili thanima arambauna mul kalayedima enam kri.pu. 3 wana siyawasedi aarambha wu bawa sithiya haka. sandakadapahana hathwana ha nawawana siyawaswalata ayath we. mul kalaye meya katayam walin thorawa cham andamin nimawa thibuni. pasu kalayedi katayam walin sarasu bawa sithiya haka.pasu kalaye wuwada katayam sahitha sandakadapahana yodana ladde pilima gewal wani wadagath sthana sadahaya.
anuradhapura abhayagiriwiharaye bisomaligawe athi sandakadapahana kalathmaka athin usasma nirmanayak lesa salake. parani wiharayanhi katayam alankara wani de agaya nokala yuthu dewal lesa salakina. ee nisa katayam yodana ladde padipelawal wani pagagena yana sthanawalataya. mahacharya paranawithana mahathage mathaya anuwa mema katayam walin bauddha adahas pilimagewalwalata athulwana thanaththata sihipath karawayi. ethumage adahas walata anuwa adakawaye wataye aththe kalathmaka lesa nirapanaya karana lada gini dallayi. eyin adahas wanne samanya lokaya karadara, dukgahata, walin piri thibena bawayi.
anathuruwa dakwena sathun sathara denagen lokayehi jiwathwana ayata muhunadimata siduwana jathi, jara, wyadhi saha marana yana sathara bhayayi.anathuruwa dakwena ghana liyawala mema karadarawalata mulwana thrushnawa dakwayi.eelangata dakwena hansa peliyen kiyawenuye buddhimath pudgalayan lokaye pawathina naraka athahara yahapath dharmaya anugamanaya karana bawayi. ese thoragath wita kramayen thrushnawa thuniwana bawa dakwimata eelangata thuni wu liyawalak dakwa atha. awasana washayen nelumen dakwenuye mema sthanayata athuluwimen pasuwa sithe athiwana pirisidu bawath eya nirwanayata margaya bawath ya.
polonnaru yugayedi enam doloswana siyawase di hindu aagamika balapama thadinma athiwimath samanga gawarupaya shiwa dewiyange wahanaya lesa salakana heyin eya katayam yalin iwath karana ladi.pasu kalayedi wiwidha hadayen yuthu sandakadapahan daknata labe.sandakada pahana mada aththe nelum malaka ardayaka
sandakadapahane nimiththa
em.si.pi.bel mahatha prakasha karanu labanne sandakada pahana sathara disawa nirupanaya karannak bawayi. winsan da smith che. chi. pragal, benchamin roland da yana aya da belge adahasa anumatha karayi.
senarath paranawithanamohuge mema adahasa anuwa sandakada pahane aga pihiti kawakara thiruwe penena ginidal mostharaya kamagniyeda, kodhanthiyeda sankethayaki. atha ashwaya, sinhaya, wrushabhaya yana sathuk siwdena sankethawath karanne chathi, jara, wyadhi, marana yana sathara biyayi. liyawala wu kali thanhawe sankethaya wana lathawayi. hansa rupa abhinishkramanaya da mada piyum shraddhawada dakwana sankethawe. me anuwa mulu sadakadapahana ma sansaraya pilibanda sankethayaki. thawada sadakadapahana ardha kawayaka hadayen dakwana namuth eya sampurna kawayakin adak pamana bawath siyalu bhawawalin gahana wu bhawa chakraya eyin nirupitha wana bawath paranawithana mahatha kiyayi.mema arthakathanaya nirmanathmaka wuwada sansaraya ethera wima wani shuddha wu adahasak nirupanaya wana sadakadapahana payata pagena sthanayaka thabanu athayi da yana sakaya mathu we.
shri lankika gruha nirmana shilpaya
shri lankika sanskruthiya
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samajaya
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samajaya wukali sthithika wuwak nowa gathika prapanchayaki. balu balmata samajaya yanu pudgala ekathuwaki. pudgalaya gen thorawa samajayak pilibandawa katha kala nohaka. eheth pudgalayan ekata ekkasu wimama samajayak handuna ganime lakshanayak nowe.ekata ekathu wi sitana pudgalayan athara ekthara aakarayakata goda nagunu samibandhathawange sankalanayak samajayaka dakiya hakiya.ehidi samajayak kalantharayak thisse pawathima sandaha karanu kipayak awashya we.ee athara palamu wanna wanne parisarayata anuwa pawathma raka ganimata hakiyawak thibimayi.me athara aahara sapaya ganimehi hakiyawata wadagath thanak himiweyi. dewanna wanne prajanana kriya waliyayi. samajayakata awashya samajikayan handunwadima kirimedi prajanana kriyawaliyak awashyaya kere. ehila wiwahaya ha pawula wadagath wana athara ambau darawange aarakshawa sapaya ganime hakiyawa me yatathedakwiya hakiya. thewanna lesa sanskruthiya yana sadhakaya handuna gatha hakiya. sanskruthiya awashyaya wanuye minisunata paramiparawelin paramiparawata hurapuradu karagatha yuthu hasirimi ratawak dharmatha paddhathiyak awashyaya nisaya. deshapalana swadhinathwaya da thawath karanak lesa dakwiya hakiya. min adahas karanne minisun ekata ekakasu wi sitina nishchitha bhumi pradeshayak pilibadawa pawathinna wu adhikarimaya balayayi.
samajaya godanagima pilibanda wadagath wana mema mulika karana balana wita peni yanne pudgalayan athara wardhanaya wana samaja samibandhathawala ekathuwak lesa samajaya salakiya haki bawaya. mema samaja samibandhatha adhyanaya thulin samajaya therami ganimata pahasu wana bawa pene.samaja samibandhatha yanuwen adahas karanne kumakda yanna awadhanaya yomu kala wita minisun thama hasirimedi thama awata sitina anyayange hasirimi ratawan kere salakimath we. enami pudgala samibandhatha karanu dekak osse handuna gatha hakiya.
thama wisin karana kriyawan pilibanda thama wisinma thani thirana walata elambaima.
ema thirana anyayan samaga ekathu wi kriyathmaka kirima.
thama wisinma thirana gani nami eya pudgala kriyawak wana athara anyayange sahabhagithwaya thulin ema kriyawak samaja kriyawak we. pudgalayan thula goda nagenna wu mema samaja samibandhathawalata yami ratawak hewath piliwelak pawathina bawa samaja widyagnyayayinge piliganimayi. samajanuyojanaya haraha goda naguna wu podu hasirimi ratawan samajayan thula dakiya hakiya. mema hasirimi wenas nowi digu kalayak thisse samajaya thula pawathi. pudgalaya gath wita ohuta samajaya thula wiwidha thathwayan ha karyabharyan himi we. ekama pudgalaya wiwidha awasthawala ekinekin wenas wu bhumikawan ranga dakwayi. pawula thula piyeku samiyeku putheku sohoyureku lesa da samajaye di mithrayeku gnyathiyeku aadi wu wiwidha bhumika thula kriyathmaka we.
samajaya thula pudgalayage thathwaya gathwita aaropitha thathwaya lesa handuna gatha hakiya. aaropitha thathwaya pudgalayata upathinma himi we.emenma meya pudgala kamaththa anuwa wenas kirimata da nohakiya. sadhitha thathwaya pudgalaya wisinma laga karagani. adhyapanaya dhanaya balaya rakiyawa aadiya sadhitha thathwayan lesa handunwayi.oonama samajayaka sahajiwanaya ha sahasamibandathawaya yana karanu da shrama wibhajanaya nohoth wada katayuthu beda ganimak osse kriyathmaka we. nidasunak lesa pawula thula swami purushaya bharyawa ha darawan athara shrama wibhedanaya kriyathmaka wana aakaraya wimasa baliya hakiya.boho wita birinda wisin darawan bala ganima ha aaharapana piliyela kirima aadi wada katayuthuwala niratha wana athara aahara pana sapayima dara sapayadima aarakshawa labadima aadi katayuthu swami purushaya wisin sidu karayi. shramaya beda hada ganima pilibanda ekamuthu bawa ho sahajiwanayak ho athi wanne ee ee pudgalayan wisin kalayuthu ha nokalayuthu karyayan pilibanda podu piliganimak padanami kota genaya.
aashritha lipi
Civil society
Club (organization)
Consumer society
Community (outline)
Culture (outline)
Eusociality
Family
High society (group)
Mass society
Open society
Outline of society
Presociality
Professional society
Religion (outline)
Scientific society
Secret societies
Sociology
Sociobiology
Social actions
Social capital
Social cohesion
Societal collapse
Social contract
Social disintegration
Social order
Social solidarity
Social structure
Social system
Social work
Structure and agency
mulashra
upaharana
sanskruthiya
minisa
pradhana mathruka lipi
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sahithyaya kalawa
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sahithyaya kalawa yanu kumakda?
kalawa wanahi minisa siya lokaya thula sabandatha ha manpeth pada ganna margayangenpakaki.liyon ෙtratski dakwana andamata kalawa wu' kali yatharthaya gnyananaya kirime kramawedayak wei.kalawa widyawa thulin wenas noweyi.namuth wdyawen niyama paddhathiyak lesata lokaya pilibandawa arthakathanaya kirima siduwei.eyata sapeka්shawa kalawen parikalpana rapa paddhathiyak padanam karaganimin hangimi ha manogathin pubudu karawamn gaweshanaya karayi.
parikalpana rupa paddhathiya artha dakwanne pudgalayekuta thama abhimukha nowu wshayak wuwa manasin mawa ganimata ho paya wachikawa ho wenayami kramayakin anyayan hamuwe mawa pamata athi hakiyawayi. minisage jiwithaya arthawath karanneth jiwathwamata awashyaya gambauru awabodhaya laba denneda manawadayawa minisa thula janithakaranneda sahithya kalawayaii.pa anuwa kalawa nawakathawa, keti kathawa, padya, natya ,githa menma natum aadi wwdha sahithyanga mangin nirupanaya we. kalawehi nirmanathmaka bawa prakata karawana mulikama sahithyangaya wanne nawakathawaya.wicharaka matha wimasimedi nawakathawa yanu samakalina samajaya pilibimbau karana kadapathak bawaya.panam p mangin rasaya samangama jiwithaya samajaya pilibadawa saba awabodhaya labagatha hakiya.charithayange margayen yam nirmanakaruwek thamange athdakim helikirimaki.
kalawehi pawanima awasthawaki ketikathawa.antan chekopa artha dakwana andamata chiwithayen peththak nirupanaya kirima ketikathawa we'.panam pudgala charyawak ho samajaye sansiddiyak ho paka sithuwili mathrayak wada prabalawa gaweshanaya kirimaki.mehidi yami siddiyak charithayak iwathkalenami eyin prabala balapamakathiwenam paya athyawashya kotasaki.pawani yam siddiyak iwathkale nam payin balapamak athi nowenam paya anawashyaya kotasaki.
ketkathawaka lakshana meiwa yayi sima panawmak kala nohaka.paya ape windana shakthiye athdakimi parasaye pramanayanta sapekashawa pama kathawa thula adangu wasthu wishaya thula pawathna apurwathwayayi.sarala bhashawak bhawitha karamn aswadaniya ayurata karanu labana nirmanaya githaya wei.meihidi nirupanaya wanneda poudu samajeyanubhuthin we.ee sandaha sangithaya wadagath weyi.
melesa sahithya kalawa wiwidha awasthawan yatathe nirmanathmakawa idiripath kala haki weyi.nirmana karye nirathawana lekhakayan thama jiwathwana yugaye paramiparawei wsheshathawan watahaganima menma athithaye sita mei dakwama mulu mahath deshiya sahithyayahi sanwardhanaya pilibandawa awabodhayak laba thibma wadagathya.panam parani sampradaya akuratama anugamanaya kirima nowa yam nirmanaweku swakiya ananyathawaya poshanaya karaganimata eya rukulak karaganimata eyata hethuwayi we.
yam nirmanakaraweku swakiya ananyathawaya godanagaganu labanne paudgalikathwayata anuwa nirayasayeni.akruthiya anthargathaya jiwanadrushtiya adiya thulin nirmanakaruwange swadinathwaya pasakkaragathahakiwei.mehidi nirmanakaruge bhashawa wadagathwe.
yam paudgalika athdakimak podu athdakimak bawata pathkaraganimn eya yam nirmanakaranayakata pathkaraganimin bhawikagunayen yukthawa sanwedibawa padanamkaraganiminda parikalpana karyayaka nirathawima thulin sahithyaya kalawa prathinirmanaya we.
aashitha grantha
i sanskruthiya ha samajawadaya.liyein totski.
ii nirmana adhyayanaya.sarath wjesuriya.
sanskruthiya
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sanskruthiya
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sanskruthiya ha
sanskruthiya yana padaya nirmanaya wi aththe ingrisiye yedena [Culture] namathi wadanata anurupiwaya. manawa charyawa enam wachika ha wachika nowana nishpadana athulath bhauthika nowana de adala karagath siyalla poduwe sanskruthiya lesa salake. eheth sanskruthiya yana padaya wiwidha awasthawala noyekuth artha nirupanaya karayi. esema samanya wyawaharaye gathkala sanskruthiya yana arthaye usas pahath bawak yanuwen shishta saha ashishta yanuwen bedimak daknata atha. uda: shishta sanskruthiya yayi ki wita eyin adahas wanne ihala panthi niyojanaya karana samajaya sambandha kara gath charyawayi.ashishta yayi ki wita mlechcha samajawala sanskruthiya gana kiyawe. ee kese sanskruthiya samaja sanwardhanaye ananyathawaya pilibimbau karana sankalpayak lesada hadunwa dimata puluwana. manawa widyathmaka arthayen balana kala sanskruthiya pilibada sankalpaya sawistharathmaka lesa wigraha weyi. esema emagin widyathmaka padanamakda daka gatha hakiya.manawa pawathme sama kriyakarakamakma sanskruthiyata sambandhawe. edineda bhawithayata ganu labana upakarana, awi awi aayudha,andum palandum,sirith wirith,wishwasa, sanstha,pudapuja yanadi siyallama sanskruthiyata ayathwe. mehidi jiwana ratawa meheyawana aarthika charyawa, samaja charyawa, deshapalana ha aagamika charyawa, winoda katayuthu aadi me siyallama sanskruthiya thulin widyamana we. aththawashayenma sanskruthiya minisage samaja awashyatha thrupthimath karana kriyawaliyak pamanak nowa parisaraye uchitha aakarayen jiwath wimata uganwana krirayadamayak lesada hadinwiya hakiya. manase ha shariraye nirmanayak lesa sanskruthiya minisatama aawenika sansiddhiyak lesada apata hadunwa dimata puluwana.sanskruthiya gathikaya.eya gathika kriyawaliyaka prathipalayaki.sanskruthiya nokadawa wenaswemin pawathi.sanskruthiya paramparawen paramparawata gaman karana paramparagatha nipadawimaki.sanskruthiya samajayata baddhaya.samajayen wen kota adhyayanaya kala haki paddhathiyak nowe.pudgalayaku sanskruthiya igena ganne samajayeni.sanskruthiya samaja urumayaki.sanskruthiya sama kshethrayak purama whidunu paddhathiyaki.
"samajaye samajikayeku washayen minisa wisin ayath kara ganna wu, labaganna wu, danuma wishwasa kala sadachara daham ha wenath hakiyawange samasthaya sanskruthiya we".
ee.bi.tayilar-(prathamika
sanskruthiya)
"sanskruthiya yanu kisiyam sthanayaka wesena janakayage samuhika jiwana kramayayi.owunge sirith wirith, gathi pawathum, aachara wichara, samaja sanstha, kalawa ha aagama thulin sanskruthiya prakata weyi".
mahacharya wimal disanayaka
mahatha
(wiwadathmaka lipi)
ananyathawaya yanu
wiwidha widwathun sanskruthiya thamange matha padanam karagena nirwachanaya kara atha. mulma nirwachanaya idiripath karana ladde 1861 di prathamika sanskruthiya namin kruthiyak liyu brithanya manawa widyagnya ee.bi.tayilar (E.B.Tylor)ya. jarman wachanayak wana kultur (Kultur) yana padaya uputa dakwamin ohu sanskruthiya apata handunwa dunneya. ohuta anuwa sanskruthiya yanu “samajaye samajikayek washayen minisa wisin agaya karannawuth parinathawuth danuma, wishwasaya, kala, sadachara dharmayan, nithiya, siritha ha anekuth siyaluma hakiyawanwala sankirna samasthaya sanskruthiyayi.
pasukalina samaja ha manawa widyagnyayan wisin mema nirwachanayata thawathawath anga ekathukota aththeya. sanskruthiya yana sankalpaya samaja sanwidhanaya ha sambandha karaganimin malinowuski ha prans boaas nam manawa widyagnyayan pahadili kara atha. malinowuski prakasha kala paridi sanskruthiya shilpiya krama, bhanda thakshanika kriyawalin, adahas, purudu saha agayimwalin sanyuktha wi athi bawa kiyawe. ohu wadiduratath pawasanuye mema siyaluma anga lakshana anthar sambandha wi athi athara samastha jiwana ratawe swarupayak emagin goda nanwana bawayi. esema malinowuski awadharanaya karana paridi pudgalayage jiwa mano preranayan santhrupthimath kirimedi mema sanskruthika awashyatha itha wadagath we. “prans boaas” sanskruthiya gana awadharanaya karamin eya kruthyamathmaka ha sanwidhanathmaka samasthayak lesa handunwa deyi. malinowuskita pasuwa boho manawa widyagnyayan sanskruthiye kruthyathmaka anthar sambandhathawaye wadagathkama awabodha kara gena atha.
magrat mid, ee.al.krobar, ruth benadikt sanskruthiya samajayiya widyawanwala madhyagatha sankalpaya lesa handunwa di atha. 1940 di ralf lintan sanskruthiya handunwa dunne samajaye samajikayan wisin pawaranu labana beda hada ganulabana igenagath hasirim ratawa lesayi.krobar(Krober) saha klakhon (Kluckhorn) sanskruthiya nirwachanaya karanne minis charyawe prakata ha aprakata ratawan sanketha magin wyaptha karana manawa samuhawala suwishesha sadhanayak lesa goda naguna kriyawaliyak lesayi. 1963 di krobar saha klakhon sanskruthiya pilibanda nirwachana siyagananak soya ganna ladi. owunta anuwa sanskruthiya charyawange gaweshanayak ho charyawak nowa ehi samastha sanyukthiyayi. sanskruthiye kotasak lesa charyawe pramithin ha dharmatha adangu we. anek kotasa charyawe thoragath marga ha sankalpawedayak lesa owuhu penwa dethi. krobar saha klakhon sanskruthiya prawarga hatharak osse pahadili karayi.
wistharathmaka nirwachanaya
aithihasika nirwachanaya
prathimanathmaka nirwachanaya
mano widyathmaka nirwachanaya
sanskruthiya pilibanda wyawaharaya 19 wana siyawase manawa widyagnyayan upayogi karagaththath eya samaja shasthrawala prabala balapamak bawata pathwuye 20 wana siyawasediya. gud inaf (Good Enough) nam manawa widyagnyaya sanskruthiye wenath artha dekak handuna gaththeya. palamu arthayen handunwanne prajawak thula jiwana ratawayi. eyin arthawath karanne bhauthika ha samajayiya kriya piliwelath samanga goda nagena kramanukula bawayi. dewana arthayen adahas karanne danuma wishwasa magin janathawa ekineka aakarayata athdakim ha sanjananayan magin ee ee thathwayan matha sanskruthika ratawa goda nagena bawayi.
sanskruthiya pilibanda athi podu ekangathawayak nam eya igenagath hasirimak bawayi. swabhawika ha samaja thathwaya thula minisa anuwarthanaya kirime hakiyawa sanskruthiya thulin godanagi atha. bhauthika lakshana, charya rata ha sanstha eyata anubaddhitha wi atha. sanskruthiye wahakayak lesa katayuthu karanuye bhashawayi. paramparawen paramparawata gena yanu labana adahas wyaptha karanne bhashawa magini. eya janakanu gathi lakshana men urumayen ena deyak nowe. charyaratawa ha samastha danuma pudgalayagen thawath pudgalayekuta genayanneda bhashawa madhyagatha kota genayi. esema sanskruthiya ee anuwa wenaswimakata menma wardhanayakatada mula purayi.
sanskruthiye mulikanga
sanskruthiya yanu kriyawaliyaki.enam sanskruthiya thula mulikanga kihipayak eekabaddha wi pawathi.oonama sanskruthiyak mulikanga walin samanwithaya.ewani mulikanga kihipayaki
bhauthika sanskruthiya
sanskruthiya adhayanayedi mulika washayen kotas 02 kata bedeyi ee bhauthika sanskruthiya ha abhauthika sanskruthiyayi bhauthika sanskruthiyata minisa wisin nirmanaya karana lada siyala hauthika wasthun adala weyi sanskruthiyata ayath bhauthikawa grahanaya karahaki siyallama mita ayathya adum paladum yana wahana ge dora gruha upakarana noyeth wruththin sadaha bhawitha karana upakarana athulu siyala bhauthika wasthu bhauthika sanskruthiyata ayathya
abhauthika sanskruthiya .....
sanskruthiya thula pawathina siyala bhauthika nowana siyalla abhauthika sanskruthiyata ayathya meyata bhashawa adahas aakalpa charithra warithra adahili wishwasa aadi sanskruthiya thula pawathina bhauthikawa grahanaya karagatha nohaki siyalla abhauthika sanskruthiyata ayathya abhauthika sanskruthiya therum ganimata adahas prathimana saradharma yana karana pilibada awabodhaya wadagathya. mema bhauthika sanskruthiya ha abhauthika sansakruthiyehi wenas wima "sanskruthika lagima" lesa dab.ef.ogbarna wisin prakasha kara atha.
adahas
adahas yanu apa sithana deya samajawala swabhawaya anuwa adahas wiwidha weyi udaharana lesa prathamika samajawala jana katha jana gayana jana kawi prastha pirula janaprawada aadi mukha paramparagatha adahas bahulaya nuthana sankirna samajawala thakshana diyunuwa adhayapanika diyunuwa samaga minisage adahas sankirna swabhawayak gani esema nuthana samajaye adahas pathuruwa harima itha wegayen sidukala haka sarala prathawika samaja walata wada nuthana sankirna samajayanhi adahas athara wishamathawaya itha ihalaya athamekuta charithrayak wana deyath thawakeku mithayawak lesa daki
prathimana
samajayaka jiwathwana minisun wisin kalayuthu ha nokala yuthu monawada yanna prathimana hewath dharmatha magin samajayata uganwayi dharmatha samajaya wisin piliganima matha yukthiyata anukulakaranayata lakwe dharmatha aaraksha kirimen sithe sathuta prasansha thagi labena athara dharmatha bidimen asahanaya duka apakirthiya ha daduwam labe prathimana hewath dharmatha sama samajayakama daknata labe.prathimana sanskruthiyen sanskruthiyata wenas weyi. udarana lesa batahira samajaye adaniruwathwa kanthawak sitima waradak nowe ese sitima nisa samajaye minisunge apawadayata ho daduwamakata yatath nowe eheth madaperadiga ese sitiya hoth samaja apawada pamanak nowa daduwamda labe. samajayen garhawata lakwe. epamanak nowe eewa pilipadima aniwarya karunak bawata pathwa aththe paramparawen paramparawata ada dakwa wikashanaya wi athi pudgala sithuwili ha owunge wishwasayan apa kala yuthuya yana samajaye nithiyak we.
prathimana pradhana kotas thunakata bede eewa nam jana charya ganachara ha nithiya
jana charya
jana charyayanu sudusu yayi sammatha eheth balanokarana loka sammatha charithrayanya jana charya kadakirima nisa daduwamakata yatath nowe udaharanayak lesa sinhala alath awurudde nonagatha welawe aahara anubhawaya aahara pisima menma siyala wada athahara aagamika wathawath kirima gatha haka eheth eya kada kalayi kiya daduwamak ho apawadayak athi nowe aahara ganimata pera ath sedima wasikili bhawithayen pasu atha sedima udasana nagita kata sedima aadiyada jana charyawanata udaharana weyi sanskruthiyen sanskruthiyata jana charya wenas weyi batahira jathin kamata pera atha nosodana athara hadi garuppu bhawithayen aahara gani aatha peradiga wasinda ese kuda kuru wisheshayakin aahara gani
ganachara
janacharya walata wada balawath ෙlasa ganachara dakwayi ganachara bidimen daduwamak nolabunada awawada dim banawadim rawa balim opadupa katakatha pathirim aadiya siduwe atham wita ganacharya ha ganachara nishchithawa hadunagatha nohaka ganacharayakata udaharanayak lesa sabhawak mada awinithawa hasirima ehidi samajayen ohuta anuma banum awalada asannata siduwe
nithiya
nithi kadima nisa rujuwama daduwam walata bhajanaya wima siduwe ganachara janachara ha nithi sanskruthiyen sanskruthiyata wenas weyi kese wethath nithi nam boho sanskruthinwala wenasak pahadiliwa nopene udaharana lesa minimarum sorakam sthri dushana sama samajayakama pahe nithi lesa kriyathmaka weyi
saukhyaya
saukhya pilibada sanskrunda daknata atha. wyapara , pasal ha anekuth siyaluma sanwidhana sanskrunathin thula daknata labe. sewakayage hasirim , ehi nishpadanaya, karyakshama bawa , wardhanaya me sadaha balapayi. sewakayata ho shishyayanta samanawa ha sadharanaya salakima, gaurawaya mehi sanwidhanayaka pawathina saukhyayamaya karunu we.
maha sanskruthiya
maha sanskruthiya yanuwen hadunwanu labanne yam bhugola simawak thula sitina sitina wiwidha janakandayam gen samanwitha pulul samajayaki udaharana lesa shri lankiya sanskruthiya dakwiya hakiya maha sanskruthiya thula wiwidha bhasha katha karana wiwidha aagam adahana wiwidha kulayanta ayath wiwidha jana kandayam ekama podu sanskruthiyak anugamanaya karamin ekata jiwath weyi maha sanskruthiya jathika sanskruthiya yanuwenda hadunwayi.
upa sanskruthiya
upa sanskruthiya yanu maha samajayata ayath eth owunata aawenika sanskruthiyak godanagagath jana samuhayakatayi me kulakayak thula pawathina upakulakayata samanaya upa sanskruthiya yanu maha sanskruthiy kuda angayak bawa dankan michel dakwayi upa sanskruthiyak thula maha sanskruthiyata ayath upanga walata amatharawa owunata aawenika upanga pawathi upa sanskruthin ehi salasma matha kotas kihipayakata beda dakwiya haka
pradeshiya upasanskruthiya
janawargika upasanskruthiya
gramiya upasanskruthiya
nagarika upasanskruthiya
wruththimaya upasanskruthiya
aagamika upasanskruthiya
pradeshiya upa sanskruthiyakata udaharana lesa nagarika mudukku upasanskruthiya gatha haka meyata samana upasanskruthin boho uuna sanwardhitha ratawala aganagaraya kendratharaganimin bihiwi athi aakaraya daknata labe mowunta aawenika bhashawak daknata labe mahasamajaye bhawithakarana bhashawama tharamak wenas swarapayakin bhawitha karanu daknata labe esema wenath bhashawakata ayath wachana owunta aawenina swarupayakin bhawitha narayi udaharana lesa shri lankawe nagarika mudukku upasanskruthiya gatha hoth maha samajaye bhawitha bhashawe wadanma owunta aawenika aruth dihata yodagani kachal waliya sudda karanawa rim eken yanawa aadiya gathahaka mita amatharawa widesha bhashawalin gath wachana lesa bosa jilmat eriyaeka mans aadi wachana gathahaka
wruththimaya upasanskruthikanta udaharanalesa gowiyan pathal karuwan kamkaruwan thrirodaratha riyaduran aadi onama wruththiyakwata upasanskruthiyak godanagi athi ayuru dakagatha haka gowiyan kamathedi gowi upakaranawalata mahasamajaye bhawitha bhashawata anukulanowana wiwidha nam bhawitha karayi batha yathura ambaruwa adi wisheshitha wachana yoda gani
aagamika upasanskruthinta udaharana lesa lankawe aagamika upabhashawak dakiya haka waladanawa sathapenawa dohonakaranawa wadinawa aadi awenika bhasha bhawithayak pawathi upa sanskruthiyakata aawenika bhashawak menma mbaawunta aawenika adahas prathimana saradharma ha aawenika abhauthika sanskruthiyak daknata labe.
sanskruthika lagma
sanskruthika lagma yanuwen adahas karanne bhauthika sanskruthiya ha abhauthika sanskruthiya wenas wime wegaya asamabarawimayi enam bhauthika sanskruthiya wenas wana wegayata sapekshawa abhauthika sanskruthiya wenas nowimayi udaharana lesa lokaya kotharam diyunu wuwada thawamath atham aakalpa gathanugathika wimayi batahira waidya kumaya kotharam diyunu wuwada thawamath amun prathikara sadaha nul badima dehi kapima wani shanthikarma anugamanaya karayi dewiyanta bharaweyi thowil pawil sidukarayi waradak wuwita nithiya hamuwata yama menma miris ambaarima polgasima aadiya sidukarayi wishesheyan peradiga ratawala pahadiliwa sanskruthika lagma daknata labe aparadiga wasinpawa athamwita mema sampradhayi adahas thawama garukarayi mese sampradhayen baharawima itha hemen siduwima sanskruthika lagma lesa salakayi.
sanskruthika wisaranaya
sanskruthika wisaranaya yanu ek sanskruthiyaka daknata labuna lakshanayak thawath sanskruthiyak wetha gala yamayi udaharana lesa aasiyathika ratawalata gawum saya kalisam kot tayi baniyam aadi adum roma lndesi nithiya naithika wiwaha kramaya ingrisi athulu batahira shashawanhi chawana peradiga bhashawanta ekathuwima mathpan ha dampanaya athata athadima wani aachara krama wiktoriyanu sadacharaya batahirin peradigata labini(wisaranayawiya)batahira shashawalada peradiga bhashawalin wisaranayawu thathbawa ha thathsama wachana daknata labe wiwidha aagas pehaiamayak sanskruthiyakin thawath sanskruthiyakata wisaranaya wiya batahira adhirajyawadayath samaga siyaluma yatath wijithawalata batahira sanskruthika lakshana wisaranayawu ayuru pahadiliwa daknata labe me aakarayata sama sanskruthiyakama daknata lapena lakshana bohomayak owunge sanskruthiya thulama sambhawaya wu lakshana nowa wisaranaya wu lakshanabawa peniyayi wedi beheth soyagaththe china jathikayan wisini mbaawungen grika jathikayantath pasuwa batahira jathintath owunge peradiga jathintath labuni apa panaya karana kopiwala janma bhumiya ithiyopiyawayi mbaawungen arabi jathikayantath arabi weladungen batahirata jathintath batahira jathingen adunu aasiyathikayantath labina the panaya mulinma soyagaththe china jathikayan wisini arthapal thakkali bonchiwala nijabima amarikawayi rabarwala nijabima brasilayayi lowa onama sanskruthiyak sanskruthika wisaranaye bapamata yatathwe ese wisaranayata lak nowu kisima sanskruthiyak mihimatha natha.
manawa kendranawadaya
thamange sanskruthiya usas bawath eeta sapekshawa anekuth sanskruthin pahath bawatath manawaya thula athiwana aakalpaya manawa kendrana wadaya yanuwen hadunwayi.boho pudgalayan thama niyojanaya karana sanskruthiya usasbawath eeta sapekshawa anekuth sanskruthin pahath bawath salakayi.thama niyojanaya karana sanskruthiya thula hela dakina yamak thawath sanskruthiyaka samanya deyak wiya haka.udaharana lesa shri lajakiya sinhala sanskruthiya thula sarpayin aahara lesa nogani eheth boho aatha peradiga ratawala sarpayan aaharayata gani.hindu janaya gawamas pilikul karana athara batahira ha arabi ratawala janaya gawamas aaharayata gani.mese wiwidha sanskruthinwala owunta aawenika aahara bhawitha kaeyi.esema aahara ganna piliwelada wenasya.dakunu aasiyathika janaya aahara ganimata thama datha yoda ganiddi batahira jathin hadi garuppu yoda gani.owun dathin aahara ganima pilikul karathi.adum paladum ganada eseya wiwidha sanskruthinta anuwa owunta aawenika adum pawathi.me aakarayen sama sanskruthika angayaksa sanskruthiyen sa‘skruthiyata wenasya ee anuwa manawa ha samaja widyawa thula manawa kendranawadi adahas prathikshepa karayi.wisheshayen me pilibada matha prakashakala wiyathun athara prakata manawa widyagnyayekuwu bi.malinowuski pradhanaya.
prathisanskruthiya
prathisanskruthiya ekthara athakin upasanskruthiyakda weyi meya wirodhi sanskruthiya yanuwenda hadunwayi mehidi mahasanskruthiye adangu anga prathikshepa karamin aluth harayak athikara ganimata ussaha darayi prathisanskruthiya hamawitama mahasanskruthiyata wiruddhawa godanage.maha sanskruthiya thula daknata labena sanskruthika anga prathikshepa kirima ho ema anga owunta awashya paridhi sanshodhanaya karagena owunta aawenika upa sanskruthiyak godanaga ganima prathisanskruthiya hewath wirodhi sanskruthiya thula siduwega
mewan prathisanskruthinta udaharana lesa balapachari lamun kandayamˌpathala kalli dakwiya haka.atham upa sanskruthin wirodhi sanskruthin lesa godanagena awastha atha.mewan wirodhi sanskruthinta athitha udaharana lesa lankawe udarata pahatharata washayen adhirajya yugaye pawathi bedima dakwiya haka.ekala udarata janaya sithuwe pahatharata janaya wegayen batahira sirith wirith batahira andum batahira aaharapana rata huruwima prathisanskruthiyak lesaya.pahatharata janaya budu dahama wenuwata katholika ha kristhiyani aagam adahimatath.gawum yaya hatta kalisam aadi batahira andum aayitham walata huruwimath gawamas aadi mas mansha aaharayata huruwimath madhyasara dumwati bhawithayata huruwimath ekala lankika maha samajaya prathikshepakala angayanwiya.amarikawe hipi sanskruthiya thawath udaharanayaki.amarikanu maha samajaye sanskruthi anga bahara karamin tharuna parapura thu godanaguna mema prathi sanskruthiya owunta awenika sanskruthiyak godanaga gathha.me anuwa hipi tharunayak nil denim kalisam bhawitha kirimataˌwes ganwim krama adhikawa bhawithayaˌkathana thahanchi nosalaka harimaˌnidahas aalaya enam wiwahayakin thorawa sthri purusha sanwasaya nidahaswa pawathwimaˌsahallu jiwitha gathakirimaˌniraagamika bawaˌsampradhayata nowa tharkika bawata pamanak multhanadima aadi dakiwiya haka.
wiwrutha sanskruthiya
yam sanskruthiyaka bahira washayen dakiyahaki kotasa wiwrutha sanskruthiyayi me nisa wiwrutha sanskruthiya therum ganimata hakiya
thathwaya ha karyabharaya
dharmatha hewath prathimana
samaja sanstha
yana angayan desa balimen wiwrutha charyawan awabodha karagatha haka.
sanwrutha sanskruthiya
sanwrutha sanskruthiya yanu yam sanskruthiyaka bahirata nopenena sagawuna kotasayi adahas wishwasa purushartha aakalpa atham sanskruthiyaka sagawuna thathwayaki eewa rujuwa hadunagatha nohaka.sinhala sanskruthiya udaharanayata gathahoth kula bhedaya warthamanaye aawrutha sankalpayak lesa pawathi.warthamana sinhala samajayathula wiwahaya wani awasthawaladi mema kula bhedaya anuwa wiwaha thiranaya wima thawamath siduwe.meyakarayen yam sanskruthiyak desa wimasa balimedi pita sanskruthiyakata ayath pudgalayanta ekawara wenath sanskruthiyak thula mema sanskruthikangaya athayi hadunagatha nohaki yayi hagena sanskruthika anga aawrutha sanskruthikanga lesa dakwiya haka.
sanskruthika sapekshathawa
yam sanskruthiyak nirmanaya wima kere wiwidha sadhaka balapanu labayi ewa nam
kalagunika ha deshagunika sadhaka
rataka bhugoliya sadhaka
eෙthihasika sansiddhi
swabhawika wyasana
artha kramaye swarupaya
aagamika mathawada
me siyalla salakillata gena manawakendranawadi drushtiyathin thorawa yam sanskruthiyak thawath sanskruthiyakata sapekshawa adhyanaya kirima sanskruthika sapekshathawaya yanuwen hadunwayi.
kalagunika ha deshagunika sadhaka
kalagunika ha deshagunika sadhaka yanta sapekshawa sanskruthiya hada gasena aakaraya gana adhyanaya kirima itha wadagathya wiwidha sanskruthinhi ekinekata ෙwanaskam athiwima kere balapana pradhana sadhakayaki kalaguna ha deshagunika sadhaka mema sadhatha matha sanskruthiyaka anga hada gaseyi me athara abhauthika sanskruthiyata ayath aahara adum niwasa upakarana aadiya wisheshaya udaharana lesa ostreliyawe kanthara aashrithawa ha ghana wananthara thula diwi gewu sdeshika aadiwasi janaya purna washayenma nagnawa wisiya samakasanna ushna deshagunayak pawathina madhyama aprikanu ratawala janaya adum bhawitha karanne aduweni sthri purusha deparshawayata bohowita udukaya nagnawa thabagani. wiktoriyanu sanskruthiya dakunu aasiyawata paminanennata pera dakunu aasiyathika ratawala purushayan menma sthrinda udukaya nagnawa sitibawa parani mulashrawala dakwe. adhika shitha deshagunayak bawathina uththarardha golaye wesena ekskibowaru sathwa lomin kala wasthrayakin sirura wasena se adum adithi ruthu bhedaya pawathina yuropiya ratawala minisun shitha kalayata mulu sirurama wasena se adina athara grishma ruthuwedi adaniruwath adum adithi nirantharayen ruthu wiparyasayanta lakwana aatha peradiga ratawalda meseya nirantharayen wali kunatu athiwana arabi ratawala janaya mulu sirurama wasena se adum adithi mema adum bhawithayata pradhana hethuwa deshagunika ha kalagunika hethunya aahara sanskruthiyada deshagunika hethumatha thiranaya wanu daknata labe uththarardha golaye himen wasuna parisaraye jiwathwana ekkimowarunge pradhana aaharaya maluya gowithan hodin kalahaki deshagunika thathwayak pawathina dakunu aasiyathika ratawala pradhana aaharaya bathya thirigu hodin wawena pradeshawala pradhana aaharaya panya himen wasuna uththarardha golaye wesena eskimo warunge niwasa ushnathwaya radena se sakasu iglu niwasayi samakasanna pradeshawala janaya sisilasa aarakshawanase piduru polathu adiyen sewilikala niiwasaya adahili wishwasa abhichara aadiyada deshagunika hethumatha sakase ekskimo janaya ge adahili wishwasa thula masun marima ha sathun dadayama sadharanikaranaya kara atha sharieya wasena se wasthra bhawithaya sadacharathmaka lakshanayak lesa salakayi ese nowana aya sanskruthika wirodhi charyawan lesa salaka ese karanawun awamanayata path karayi hindu kowilakata athuluwana purushayeku udukaya nagnawa sitiyuthu bawa kiyathath katholika ho muslim palliyaka ese nowe hindu aagama dakunu aasiyawe bihiwu athara katholika ha muslim aagam yuropaya asuru karagena bihiwiya samakasanna pradeshayaka udukaya nagnawa thaba ganimata hakiwuwada hima midena yuropaye ho walikunatu sahitha arabiye ese sitima apahasuya me aakarayata wiwidha sanskruthin hi wenaskam athiwimata deshagunika sadhaka balapanulabayi.
bhugoliya sadhaka
yam sanskruthiyak hadagasimehila bhugoliya pihitim itha wadagathweyi weralasanna pradeshawala jiwathwana janaya bohowita muhuda ahurukaragath sanskruthiyakawa ayathweyi bohowita aahara sapayaganima muhuda asuren sidukarayi masun marima wani wruththin sadharanikaranaya karana adahili wishwasa pawathi udaharana lesa lankawe werala thiraye wesena diwara prajawage aagama masun marima prathikshepakarana budu dahama nowa eya sadharanikaranaya wana katholika dahamayi maladiwayin janayage pradhana aagama islam dharmayayi pradhana aarthikaya dhiwara karmanthaya ha sancharaka karmanthayayi weralasanna predshawala janaya ge sanskruthiya ee anuwa bhugoliya pihitima anuwa wenaswe ese sanskruthika sajapkshathawa kere bhugoliya pihitima pradhanaweyi.
aithihasika sansiddhi
yam rataka ithihasaya thula addaka athi wishesha siduwim sanskruthiyak hadagasima kerehi balapanu labayi.yuropa ithihasaya desa balime di kurusa yuddhaya pransha wiplawaya prothesthanthakaranaya karmikaranaya aadi kendriya sadhaka magin yuropa samajaye sanskruthiya wenas wimakata bhajanaya wiya.dadi aagamika mathawada ha wiktoriyanu sadacharaya wenuwata yathanubhatha samajayakata parinamaya wimata ihatha ki aithihasika sadhaka balapaweya.peradiga rajyayanhi pawathi wadawasam rajandu kramaya bidawati dhanawadi aarthika kramayath prajathanthrawadi aandu kramayath peradiga samajayanhi mulbasa ganimata ha wiktoriyanu sadacharaya peradiga mulbasa ganimata batahira adhirajyakaranaya hethuwiya.sanniwedana wiplawaya nisa sanskruthika wisaranaya wegawathwiya.karmikaranaye athiwu diyunuwath samaga madaperadiga pawathi welada aarthikaya wenuwata khanija thel nisa swanposhitha aarthikayak athiwiya.
swabhawika wyasana
samanyeyan rataka athiwana swabhawitha wipath da sanskruthiya hadagasima kere balapayi.niranthara bhumikampa walata hasuwana japanaye niwasa thananne bhumi kampawalata oroththu dena ayurini.niranthara wali kunatu athiwana arabiye shariraya hodin aawaranayawana adum adithi.nayayam athiwala pradeshawala wesena janaya niwasa thanaganime di bhumiye pihitima anugamanaya karamin niwasa thanagani.
sanskruthika kampanaya
sanskruthika kampanaya yanu ek sanskruthiyaka samajanuyojanaya labu pudgalayeku eeta wada wenas sanskruthika wyuhayak sahitha samajayakata giyawita ema pudgalayata thamata nuhuru sanskruthiya thula addakina siduwim asurin manasikawa kampanayakata apahasuthawayakata pathwimayi.udaharanayak lesa shri lankika sinhala sanskruthiya thula hadunu wadunu pudgalayeku chinayata giyahoth china jathikayan aaharayata ganna batar yoda badu krubi sathun aaharayata labiya haka.malesiyawa wani ratakadi sarpayan gen sadu sup labiya hatha arabiyedi nam otumas batalu mas wani sinhala sanskruthiya thula kohethma aaharayata noganna de labimata puluwana.esema lankika gami samajayaka hadunu wadunu kanthawakata batahira ratakata giyawita ada niruwathin muhudu weralaka ho pihinum thatakayaka namata siduwiya haka.purushayekutada ese ada niruwath kanthawanda gawasena muhudu werala wani sthanawala ada niruwathwa namata siduwanu atha.meyakarayata thama kohethma mita pera samayojanayawu sanskruthika wyuhayata boho wenas gunanga sahitha samajayakadi pudgalayan dadi kampanayakata pathwe.maha sanskruthin sambandawa pamanak nowa upa sanskruthin samabandawada meseya.
sanskruthika sariya
mema sankalpaya klark wayilas(1870-1947) samaja manawa widyagnyaya wisin hadunwa denaladi.memagin ohu sanskruthika wisaranaya siduwana aakaraya penwa deyi.enam ekthara bhugoliya pradeshayaka pawathina samanatha matha ee aashritha sanskruthinwala podu sanskruthikanga wisaranayawi athibawayi.me sanskruthikanga athara jiwika wruththiya aahara wani angawala samanakam daknata labe.meya sanskruthika sariya namin hadunwayi.udaharana lesa uthuru pasifik werala aasanna pradeshawala jiwathwana janaya ge pradhana jiwika wruththiya saman masun marimayi.aැmasan ha karibiyan dupath wasinge pradhana jiwanopaya mannyokka wagawayi.dakunu aasiya ratawala pradhana aaharaya bathya.meyakarayen ekthara bhugoliya simawak thula jiwathwana wiwidha sanskruthinwalata ayath samaja athara sanskruthikangayange samanathawayak daknata labe.
sanskruthika samodhanaya
sanskruthika samodhanaya hewath sanskruthika anukalanaya yanu sam samajayaka wiwidha sanskruthinwalata ayath sanskruthin athara samanatha menma wenaskam dakwuwada kumana aakarayen ho eewa samasthaya ha bandi pawathimayi.udaharana lesa peradiga pawathi wiwidha sanskruthin athara kopamana wishamatha pawathiyada samasthayak lesa pawathi samanakam nisa sanskruthika gatumak bawata pariwarthanaya nowi wiwidha sanskruthinwalata ayath janaya sahayogayen wisiya.peradiga pawathi sanskruthika anukalanayata balapa sadhaka kihipayak samaja widyagnyayan mese dakwayi.
duwyathmaka saundaryathmaka ha aadhyathmika anshawala pawathi samanatha
swabhawika parisaraya samaga pawathi bandima
laukikathwayata wada aadhyathmika sanwardhanaya kerehi nambauruwa
nagarikaranayata unanduwak nodakwima
chinthanaya ha buddhiwadayata multhanadima
sanskruthiya ha samajaya
samajayak yanu yam nishchitha pradeshayaka jiwathwana jana wargayak ho kihipayak podu sanskruthiyak ha deshapalana swadhinathwayak sahithawa wasaya kirima ha antharprajanana kriyawaliyak pawathima yanuwen saralawa arthakathanaya kalahakiya.manawa ha samaja widyagnyayan mewan samaja 03 dakwayi.enam
prathamika samaja
gami samaja
nagarika ha sankirna samaja
mema sama samajayakatama pahe owunta ananya sanskruthiyak pawathi.
sanskruthiya ha shishtacharaya
manawa widyagnyayan mul yugayedi sanskruthiya ha shishtacharaya samana kota salakubawa pene kos wethath pasuwa mawana ha samaja widyagnyayan sanskruthiya ha shishtacharaya yanu ekak nowa wenas sankalpa dekak bawa therum gathha.ee anuwa sama shishtacharayakatama sansthruthiyak athi athara shishtacharagatha nowu samajayakatada sanskruthiyak atha.shishtacharaya pilibada batahira nirwachanaya athithaye di manawakendranawadiwiya.owun batahira nowana siyalu sanskruthin shishtacharagatha nowu sanskruthi lesa arthakathanaya kalaha.
sanskruthiya ha paurushaya
paurushaya pilibada wiwidha nirwachana pawathi.paurushaya yanu pudgalayeku thaman awata parisarayata anukulawa hadagasima thiranaya karannawu mano kayitha paddhathinge gathika sanwidhanayayiˈyanuwen ji.dabliw olpot(1879-1967) pawasayi.thawath saralawa gathahoth pudgalayeku ge hasirima an ayata penena aakaraya paurushaya lesa artha ganwayi.yam pudgalayekuge charya paddhathiya thiranaya wimata ohu samajanuyojanaya labana sanskruthiya rujuwama balapayi.atham pudgalayin asawalata paurushayak atha.asawalata paurushayak natha aadi washayen pudgala baddha sadhakamatha paurushaya waradi ayurin therumgena athi ayuru daknata labe.eheth manowidyagnyayanta anuwa sama pudgalayekutama paurushayak atha.paurushaya yanu sankalpiya nirmithayaki.
pudgalayage paurushaya samajayen samajayata wenas weyi.pudgalaya samajanuyojanaya labana sanskruthiya anuwa ohuge paurushaya godanageyi.prakata manawa widyagnyawariyakwana magrat mid wisin niwginiyawe mundugumar ha arapesh gothrinayan asurin sidukarana lada parikshanaya meyata hoda udaharanayaki.ekama wanantharayak thula samana gugoliya pihitimak athi parisarayaka sitimin eheth sanskruthikamaya washayen wenas sanskruthinhi samajanuyojanaya wima matha ekinekata wenas paurusha lakshana penwima mehidi daknata labe.mundugumar gothrikayan itha kalahakari aakramanashrili akarunika pudgalayanwu athara arapesh gothrikayan itha samakami karunabara pirisakwiya.munduguman gothrika mawuwaru thama daruwanta kiridunne thamata kamathi mohothaka mida daruwata awashya awasthawala nowiya.mundugumar ladaruwan kusaginne dadiwelawak sitiha.owunta thama mawagen ho wenath wadihitiyange aadaraya nisi ayurin nolabiya.kuda awadiye sitama thama demapiyange krurura dandanayanta bhajanayawimata siduwiya.owunta samawitama thama wadihitiyange kalakolahala addakinnata labe.eheth mita sapura wenas lakshana arapesh gothrika wadihitiyan anugamanaya kalaha.owun thama daruwanta aadarayen salakiya.
sanskruthika gatum
ekama samajayaka sanskruthin kihipayak niyojanaya karana janawargayan athiwita sanskruthika nogalapim mulkaragena gatum athiwe.udaharana lesa indiya samajaye hindu bhakthikayan ge pujaniya sathwayekuwu gawaya ema samajayema sitina muslim bathimathun thama aaharaya sadaha maradamayi.mehadi mema karuna mulkaragena hindu bhakthikayan thula muslimwarun kere dweshayak hatagani.esema nepalaye ha shri lankawa wani ratawala hindu ha bauddhayan athara gatum athiyanne bilipuja mulkaragenaya.hindun mas pinisa sathun mara nodammada bilipuja sadaha maha parimanayen gawayan eluwan aadi sathun maradamayi.awihinsawadi igenumak adahana bauddhayan meya dadilesa wiwechanaya karathi.batahira ratawala prothesthanda aachara darma hadunwadimath widyaew diyunuwath nisa sampradhayitha aagamika sankalpayan athahara damamin jiwathwana katholika ha kristhiyani janayath thawamath dadilesa aagamika mathayanhi elbagena sitina muslimwarun atharada sanskruthikamaya gatum athiwe.katholika kristhiyani bathimathun thama abhimathaya paridi andum bhawitha karaddi muslimwaru thawamath thama sampradhayika andumma bhawitha karayi.
wiktoriyanu sanskruthiya
wiktoriyanu sanskruthiya yanu batahira yuropa ratawala 20 siyawasayata pera pawathi sanskruthiyayi.mekala yuropa samajaye palana balaya himikaragena thibune radalayan ha pujakawarun wisini.wisheshayen mekala aagamika sansthawa itha prabala thathwayak isiliya.mehidi palakaya thoraganu labanne dewiyan wahanse wisin bawath.raju dewiyange niyojithaya dewiyan wahanse ge kamaththa anuwa purawasiya rajuta yatathiwiya yuthu bawath wiktoriyanu sanskruthiya thula iganwiya.mita amatharama mahajanayage sama kriyawakatama page asimithawa aagamika sansthawe balapam pawathina.minisage jiwa widyathmaka aashayan dadiwa asimitha lesa shikshanaya kirimata aagamika sansthawa madinathwiya.wisheshayen lingika aashayan sadaha dadi thahanchi wiktoriyanu sanskruthiya thula daknata labina.eka wiwaha pamanak sidukirima.sama wiwahayakma dewiyan idiriye enam palliyathula sidukirima.dewiyan wisin ekkala dedenaku dewa kamaththa anuwa dewiyan wisin wenkarana thuru enam maranaya dakwama ekata sitima.kanthawange andum hodin shariraya waseka paridi andima aadiya wiya.ekala batahira yurogiya kanthawange pradhana anduma wuye gawumayi.eya bima gawena tharam digakin ha mahatha kolarayakin samanwitha wiya.bohowita kanthawan his paladanawath paladiya.purushayange anduma diga kalisamak ha ath diga ho kota kamisayakwiya.warthamanaye men nowa shariraya hodin aawaranaya wana se mema andum adimata wiktoriyanu sanskruthiya thula iganwiya.kese wethath mema sanskruthikanga batahira jathin wisin peradigata handunwa dunne owun shishta samapanna bawath anekuth batahira nowana jathin ashishta bawath pawasamin manawakendranawadi drushtikonayaka pihitaya.peradiga jathin da wiktoriyanu sanskruthiyata awanatha karaganimata wiwidha upakrama yediya.kese wethath mema wiktoriyanu sanskruthiya 20 wana siyawasayen pasu batahira samajayen abhawayata giya athara peradiga ratawala eya mulbasa gathha.
dugibhawaye sanskruthiya
dugi bhawayanu samajayaka jiwathwana pudgalayanda thama dainika jiwithaye mulika awashyatha pawa harihati sapura ganamata nohakiwima yayi saralawa dakwiya hakiya.mema dugibawa padaka karagimin eyata anugathawa nirmanaya wana sanskruthiya dugibhawe sanskruthiya lesa hadunwayi.oska luwis namwu samaja manawa widyagnyaya wisin lathin amarikanu ratawala dugi bhawayen pelena sanskruthin adhyanayata lak karamin mema sankalpaya idiripath karana ladi.melesa dugi bhawayen pelena samajawala jiwathwana pudgalayan kalayak thisse meyata anugathawima hethu kotagena eya owunta aawenika sanskruthiyak se salakamin eya thulama ali gali sitimin eyin midimata ussaha noganimin jiwathweyi.wadihiti samajikayan thama bala paramparawada ema sanskruthiyatama anugatha karanawa wina ema thathwayen goda eemata uwun dirimath nokarayi.atham rajyayan wisin mese dugibawen pelana pudgalayan eyin muda ganimata noyek ussaha kalada ewan ussahayan bohomayak mema dugi bawe sanskruthiyata anugathawima hethuwen nishpala karana bawata pathwiya.udaharana lesa mowunta niwasa labadunwita owun eewa thawath ayata wikuna eewa nawatha thama sitina mudukku wethayayi.aahara salaka dunwita eewada wikuna anawashya katayuthuwala yodawayi.swayan rakiya kirimata naya labadun wita eya edineda katayuthu sadaha wiyadam kara naya gewaganimata nohakitha thawath karadaraye wateyi.me aakarayata mewan dugi bawe sanskruthiyata adawatunu samajayak nisi samaja widyathmaka nirikshanayakin thorawa sidu karana boho sanwardhana kriyadamayan asarthaka weyi.
sanskruthiya ha parisaraya
sanskruthiya ha bhashawa
manawayage sanniwedana widhi krama atharin wadath prabhalathama sanniwedana widhi kramaya wanne bhashawayi. me hethuwen aniwaryayenma bhashawa saha sanskruthiya athara sabadathawayak pawathi.
kisiyam sanskruthiyak thula anga rasak pawathi. enam kalawa, sahithya, aakalpa, adahili ha wishwasa, charithra warithra, nithiya, sithum pathum, aachara dharma menma bhashawa da sanskruthiyata ayath angayak we.
bhashawa yanu yam sanskruthiyak thula pawathina angayak nowa sanskruthiye pradhanathama angayaki. eyata hethuwa anekuth sama sanskruthikangayakma bhashawa matha rada pawathimayi. mema sambandathawaya widwath adahas thulinda penwa diya hakiya.
" bhashawa yanu sanskruthiyehi mulikama angayayi. sanskruthiyaka gathi swabha haduna hanimata athi hodama margaya da ee sanskruthiya sathu bhashawe gathi swabha haduna ganimayi. bhashawa yanu sanskruthiya pilibimbau karana katapathak waniya. sanskruthiyak sathu bhashawa dakinna ee sanskruthiya da hodin daki. "
-wag widya mahacharya je.bi.disanayaka-
samaja palana kruthya
sanskruthiya ha sanwardhanaya
ratak sanwardhanaya kirimedi athi prabala badhakayak wanne sanskruthiyayi.sanskruthiya bohowita sanwardhanayata erehiwa nagi sitiyi.emanisa sampradhayika sanskruthin anugamanaya karana rajyayan diyunu wemin pawathina rajyayan lesath aagama ha sanskruthika bami liha widyawa thulin lokaya dutu rajyayan diyunu ratawal bawatath pariwarthanaya wi pawathi.wyawaharika samaja widyagnyayan wisin sanwardhanayata erehiwa nagi sitina sanskruthika badhaka kihipayan penwadeyi.
karmaya ha dewa kamaththa
kula bhedaya
abhichara
mithya wishwasa
sanskruthiya ha kanthawa
boho sampradhayika sanskruthin thula kanthawata himiwanne itha awasanawantha thathwayaki.boho sanskruthin magin sthringe manawa ayithiwasikam amu amuwe ullanganaya wana aakaraya daknata labe.atham sanskruthinwala gahanu daruwakuge upatha awasanawantha siduwimak lesa salaka ladaru awadhiyedima mara damayi.udaharana lesa yanomamo wani prathamika samajawala menma indiyawa arabi ratawal dakwiya hatha.wisheshayen hindu ha islam aagam adahana sanskruthinwala kanthawange samaja thathwaya itha khedajanakaya.owunta aagamika samajiya nidahasa ahimiwi atha.swadhina thirana ganimata awasara natha.
linga chedanayaˌkanyabhawayaˌsathipujawaˌlama wiwahaˌdawadda gahanu daruwan ladaruwiyedi mara damima wani sanskruthikanga magin dadi pidanayakata kanthawan pathweyi.linga chedanayedi kanthawange lingika awayawayanhi sanwedi kotas enam yoni thol ha bhagamaniya kapadamima siduwe eyin kanthawanta dadi kayika ha manasika pidawan athiwe.mema sanskruthikangaya atham ratawala nithiya magin thahanam kara atha.kese wethath sampradhayika samajawala meya thawamath kriyathmakaweෙ.kanyabhawaya nam sanskruthikangaya magin wiwahayata pera lingika sabadatha pawathwima kanthawanta pamanak thahanchi kere.prathama lingika sansargayedi rudhiraya pitawima magin kanyabhawaya nigamanaya karayi.mehi widyathmaka padanamak nathibawa kayika widyagnyayan pawasayi.atham kanthawanta upathinma kanyapatalaya pihita nomathi bawath atham hadisi anathuru ha shalyakarma nisada kanyapatalaya bidiyahakibawath.swan windanayedi yonimargayata atham drawya athulukirimedida kanyapatalaya bidiyahakibawath waidyawarun pawasayi.kese wethath athum sanskruthinthula kanyabhawayata ihala watinakamak labadi atha.boho ratawala pawathina nithin anuwa wiwahayata pera sthriyak kanyawiyakawi sitima aniwarya natha.eya dikkasadayata hethuwak lesa dakwiya nohakiya.sathipujawa yanu wisheshayen indiyanu kalapaye daknata labena sanskruthikangayaki.mehidi wiwahaka sthriyak thama samiya miyagiyapasu ohu dawena darasayata pana siyadiwinasagatha yuthuya.sthriya eyata kamathiwima ho akamathiwima adala nowe.aya gilimalayata panima prathikshepa kalahoth awata sitina pudgalayan ayawa balahathkarayen ginimalayatadama pulussa maradamayi.mema sathpujawa sidukirima atham awasthawaladi aniwarya natha.udaharana lesa yudha sebaleku yudha bhumiyedi jiwithaya pujakalahoth ohuge bharyayawata sathipujawa sidukirima aniwarya nowe.thawada ladaru wayasedi mahalu purushayeku ha wiwahawana dariyakatada thama purushaya miyagiyawita sathipujawa sidukirima aniwarya nowe.owunta nawatha wiwahayak sidukaraganima thahanama athara mulu jiwitha kalayama dewa dasiyak lesa wrutha samadanwimata siduwe.sathipujawa waishya sthrinta adala nowe.lama wiwaha muslim ha hindu anthawadi sanskruthinwala bahulawa kriyathmakaweyi.mehidi kuda dariyakata mahalu purushayeku wiwaha karadima ha kuda daruwan dedenaku wiwahakaradima siduwe.me sadaha aagamika sankalpa duppathkama kanyabhawaya dawadda wani rujuwama balapanabawa manawa widyagnyayan penwadeyi.dawadda sankalpaya dakunu aasiyanu ha yuropiya samajawala pawathina sankalpayaki.sanwardhanaya wemin pawathina ratawala meya prabala sanskruthika badhakayak lesa pawathi.dawadda sadaha wathkam nathi kanthawan awiwahakawa sitimata ha wiwahayen pasu dawadda pilibada prashna nisa kanthawanta hinsa kirima ha maradamimatada atham sanskruthinwala siduwe.gahanu daruwan ladaruwiye di mara damima atham prathamika samajawala ha athamu diyunuwemin pawathina ratawala siduwe.atham awasthawala ladariyak ipadunawita ayata kiridima prathikshepakirima magin eseth nathinam amanushika lesa maranayata pathkirima siduwe.thawath atham ratawala gahanu ladaruwan kalala awasthawedima gabsawa magin nupan bilidiyan maradamayi.
mulashra
kumara hemantha (2013) samaja widyawa mulika sankalpa nyaya ha kramawedaya wijesuriya grantha kendraya
rathnapala nandasena (1995) manawa widyawa aariya prakashakayo warakapola
yomuwa
samaja widyawa
manawa widyawa
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sadakada pahane nimiththa
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em.si.pi.bel mohu prakasha karanu labanne sadakada pahana sathara disawa nirupanaya karannak bawayi. winsan da smith che. chi. pragal, benchamin roland da yana aya da belge adahasa anumatha karayi.
senarath paranawithanamohuge mema adahasa anuwa sandakada pahane aga pihiti kawakara thirawe penena ginidal mostharaya kamagniyeda kodhanthiyeda sankethayaki. atha ashwaya ,sinhaya,wrushabhaya, yana sathuk siwdena sankethawath karanne chathi,chara,wyadhi, marana yana sathara biyayi.liyawala wu kali thanhawe sankethaya wana lathawayi. hansa rupa abhinishkramanaya da mada piyum shraddhawada dakwana sankethawe. me anuwa mulu sadakadapahana ma sansaraya pilibanda sankethayaki. thawada sadakadapahana ardha kawayaka hadayen dakwana namuth eya sampurna kawayakin adak pamana bawath siyalu bhawawalin gahana wu bhawa chakraya eyin nirupitha wana bawath paranawithana mahatha kiyayi.
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shri lanka aarthikaya libaralkaranaya wima.
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1948 dakwa wasara 150 k tharami kalayak shri lanka palanaya kala brithanya yatath wijitha palakayo 1840 gananwaladi kopi wagawa saha inpasu 1880 gananwaladi the saha rabar wani nawa wawili boga aaramibha kirimak samaga ratata wawili aarthikayak hadunwa dunnaya. samipradayika gami krushikarmaya iwathata la pwenuwata 1840 gananwaladi me nawa aarthikaya ismathu wimath samaga shri lankika aarthikaya loka aarthikaya pkabaddha kirima ha kriyawaliya saha p ha aashritha durwalatha aaramibha kirimak wiya.
1956di deshapalana nayakathwaye wenasak wimen pasu 1977 dakwa kalaye wardhanayata pasubima thathwayanta kalin kala simawe thathwayanta wada wenas wiya. wiwidhakara wyuhathmaka piskal, mulya saha thaithika kriyamarga kriyakari kirimen aarthikaya kramayen wasunu saha palitha pakak bawata path kerini. 1956 di rajaya wenas wimath samaga paudgalika anshayata wada rajya anshaya pumukhawana samajawadi prathipanthi peradari karagena paripalana kramayakata kapawima nawa rajaya wisin prakashayata pathkaranu labina. 1956 n pasu mema wenaswana deshapalana ratawa, shri lanka deshapalana wyuhaye pahadili kadaimak wiya.dhanawadi aarthikaya prathipanthi anugamanaya kala deshapalangandayinge samajawadi anugamanaya kala deshapalangandayinge pawa deshapalana thaththawaye wenas athi wiya. mehi di ganu labana prathipanthimaya prathisanskarana kulakayata boho deshiya,wideshiya mila palanayan iwath kirima, welanda aarakshanaya adu kirima, winimaya anupathaya pkiyakaranaya, rupiyala awapramanaya kirima saha palanaya karana winimaya anupathaya kramayakata da yomu wima yanadi wiya. mulyamaya palanayan iwath kerunu athara, pragdhana welenda matha prathipanthimaya prathisanskarana pasuwa wisthara kerena woshintan pkamathikathawayan"Washington Consensus walata samana we.
1977 ta pera prathipanthimaya prathisanskaranawalata pera pawathi prathipanthigen wenas wimak pennum karana ladi. 1977 ta pera pawathi prathipanthi wala mila palanayan (deshiya saha wideshiya) sanu balayan saha thahanchi magin hasiriwima aarthikaya rachaya magin hasiriwima,sima karana da widesha welandama saha rachaya sanstha swarupayen yuth rachaya mul kotagath karmikaranaya yanadiya anthagatha wuni.
aashritha grantha
aarthika wimasuma aprel/mayi mahachana banku prakashaya.
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nithiya
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aayathana gananawak mangin panawanu labana rithin paddhathiyak nithiya lesa handinwe. eya wiwidhakarayen deshapalanaya aarthikaya saha samajaya hada gassawayi. giwisum nithiya bas tikat pathak mila di ganime sita kotas welanda pole kotas huwamaru kirima dakwa siyalu de depala nithiya mangin pudgalika saha nishachala depala pawarima saha himikama sambandha ayithin saha bandim wisthara karanu labayi (niwasak kuliyata di ma ho ukas kirima). bhara nithiya aayojana saha mulyamaya surakshithabhawaya sandaha depalaka ayithiya dara sitima (wishramika aramudala) da siwil waradi nithiya yam pudgalayekuta thuwala sidu wima ho depalamata hani kirima wandi bala ganimata awakasha salasayi. elesa hani sidu kirima danda nithiye dakwa athnam aparadhakaruta erehiwa rajaya wisin nadu pawara danduwam niyama karanu labayi. aandakrama wyawastha nithiya mangin nithi sadima, janathawage manawa ayithiwasikam saha deshapalana niyojithayan thora pathkara ganima, sandaha ramuwak sapayayi. paripalana nithiya rajyaya paripalana aayathana sambandha katayuthu sandaha da jathyanthara nithiya swairi rajyayan athara welandame, parisaraye sita hamudamaya kriya marga dakwa katayuthu hasuruwanu labe. shreshta grika darshanika aristotal pawasuwe nithiye palanaya thani pudgalayakuge palanayata wada honda bawayi. nithyanukula ayithichasikam saha wagakim lowa pura pawathina nithi paddhathin mangin wiwidhakarayen wisthara kota atha. pradhanathama wenasa wanne siwil nithi saha podu nithi sampradayange winishchayan hi diya. samahara ratawal wala nithiya aagamika mula grantha matha padanam wa atha. wisharadayan nithiye sambhawaya sambandhayen nithi ithihasaya, darshanawadaya, samaja widyathmaka wani wiwidha drushti konayan osse paryeshana sidu karana ladi. nithiya pilibanda sidu karana lada adhyayanayan ta anuwa samanathwaya, sadharanathwaya saha yukthiya sambandhayen nangena prashna sarala eewa nowe. nithiye wadagathma aayathana wanne adhikaranaya, wyawasthadayakaya, widhayakaya, ehi niladharin karyaya mandalaya, hamudawa, polisiya, nithi wruththiya saha siwil samajayayi.
nithiya pilibandawa dakwana adahas
ee anuwa eya pradhana kotas hatharakata bede.
swabhawika nithi gurukulaya (Natural Law School)
naithika prathyakshawadi gurukulaya (Legal Positivistic School)
samajawadi gurukulaya (Socialist School)
samaja widyathmaka gurukulaya (Sociological School)
ihatha gurukula hathara nithiya pilibandawa pradhanawama adahas dakwana gurukula wana athara mita amatharawa adahas dakwana pashchath nuthanawadaya,paripurna nithi nyaya, kanthawadaya aadi wiwidha gurukulayan da daknata atha.
nithiya hadarima
nithimaya wishayayan
siyalu nithi paddhathin samana karunu kerehi awadhanaya yomu karana namuth, wiwidha ratawal nithimaya wishayan warga karanuye wiwidhakarayeni. in wadath podu wargikaranayak nam, rajyaya samaga samipawa bandi pawathina ‘podu nithiya’ (aanduka්rama wyawastha nithiya, paripalana nithiya ha aparadha nithiya* saha ‘paudgalika nithiya’ (giwisum, thoratha saha depala nithiya) yana wishayayan ya. siwil nithi paddhathin thula, giwisum ha thoratha nithiya bandim nithiya saha samanya wargikaranayata ayath wana athara, bharakarathwa nithiya ayath wanne jathyanthara ekangatha pilibanda anshayata ya. antharjathika aanduka්rama wyawastha saha paripalana, aparadha, giwisum, thoratha, depala ha bharakarathwa nithiya yana wishayayan salakenne ‘sampa්radayika kendriya wishayayan’ lesa ya. (athishaya pa්rayogika wadagathkamakin yuth wadidura wishayayan pawathina namuth)
nithiye ithihasaya
nithiye ithihasaya manawa shishtacharaye sanwardhanaya saha itha samipawa bandi pawathi.purana eejipthu nithiya kri.pu. 3000 tharam aatha athithayak dakwa diwena athara eya mat namin handinwunu sankalpayak matha padanamwa atha. paramparika alankarokthi sahitha deshana, samaja samanathmathawayan, saha apakshapathithwaya yana lakshanayan anthargatha wa grantha dolahakin yuth siwil nithi sangrahayakin samanwitha wiya. kri.pu. 1760 di pamana hamurabi raju samaye di purana babiloniyanu nithiya sangrahagatha kota gal puwaruwaka katayam kara mahajanathawata daka ganima sandaha podu sthanayaka thabana ladi. kodeks hamurabi namin handinwiya. kese namuth eejipthu nithiya sema ithihasagnyayin wisin kotas washayen ekathu kara ganna lada nadu wartha kalayage awamen asthanagathawi ithiriwa aththe swalpayak pamani. pasu kalinawa bihiwu shishtachara kerehi mewayin athi wu balapama itha alpaya. kri. pu. 1280 tharam atha kalayakadi bihi wu purana giwisuma nawa nithi paddhathin sandaha thawamath adala wana paranithama nithiya wiya hakiya. ehi yahapath samajayak sandaha nirdesha lesa athyawashyayenma anthargatha wiya yuthu sadacharayangen samanwitha wiya. kuda grika paura rajyayak wu purana athans nagaraya kri.pu. 8 wani siyawase di pamana purawasi sankalpaya pulul lesa athulath wu prathama samajaya wu athara ema thaththwayen kanthawan saha wahalun bahara kara thibini. namuth purana grika nithiya prajathanthrawadaye wardhanayata dayaka wu nawa wyawasthapitha soya ganim walin yuktha wiya.
grika iganwim roma nithiya sandaha thadinma balapa atha. eya siyawas gananawak mululle roma adhirajyaye nagima saha basima atharathura kalayedi warthamana loka nithiya sandaha thanana lada palamak waniya. palamuwana jastiniyan adhirajyage samaye di roma nithiya Theodosius II , Justinian I namin sangrahagatha karawana ladi. eya anduru yugaye di asthanagatha wi 11 wani siyawase di nawatha soyaganu labiya. madhyakalina nithi wisharadayan thama mathawadayan yodagena roma nithi sangrahayan pilibanda paryeshanayan sidu kalaha. madhyakalina engalantha rajuge balawath winisuruwan wisin podu nithiya bawata path karana lada purwagami wyuhayak wardhanaya wima arambaini. namuth yuropaya pura Law Merchant(welenda nithiya) bihiwimath samangama welenndanhata hurupurudu sammathayanta anuwa katayuthu kala haki wiya. Law Merchant nawa welenda nithiye purogamiya wana athara emangin giwisum nidahasa saha depala pawarima pilibanda awadhanaya yomu karana ladi. 18 saha 19 wani siyawaswala di sidu wu jathikathwaye wardhanayath samangama Law Merchant nawa siwil nithi sangraha lesa nithi gatha karana ladi. pransha napoliyan sangrahaye balapama thadinma danenne jarmaniyataya. nadu thindu gananawakin samanwitha wana engalanthaye podu nithiya men nowa mema nithi sangrahayan kuda granthawala anthargatha kota athi nisa winisuruwan hata eewa bhawithaya itha pahasuya. kese wethath warthamanaye siwil saha podu nithiya abhisaranaya wemin pawathi. yuropa sangam nithiya giwisum mangin sangraha gathakota yuropa adhikaranaye purwagami nadu thindu mangin wardhanaya we.
purana indiyawe saha chinaye wada wenas wu nithi sampradayan niyojanaya karana aithihasika wa swadhina nithimaya siddhantha saha bhawithayan pawathuni. kri. pu. 100 di pamana sampaditha artha shasthraya saha kri.pu. 100 saha 300 athara kalaye sampaditha manusmruthiya indiyawa thula bhawitha wu mulika granthayan wu athara eewa balaya lath nithi mangapenwannan lesa salakana ladi. manuge kendriya darshanaya wu sadharanathwaya saha bahuthwawadaya agni diga aasiyawa dakwa pathiruni. indiyawa brithanyaya adhirajyaye kotasak bawata pathwu pasu mema hindu sampradayath islamiya nithiyath wenuwata podu nithiya aadesha wiya.
wyawasthadayakaya
wyawasthadayakayan sandaha diya haki hondama udaharanayan wanne landan hi pihiti parlimenthuwa, woshintan hi pihiti kongrasaya, barlinaye pihiti bundestag, moskaw hi pihiti dumawa saha parisiye pihiti asembli nashanale ya.
niyojaka rajyaya muladharmaya mangin janathawa thama abhimathartha itukara ganima sandaha deshapalakayan hata chandaya prakasha karanu labayi. eeshrayalaya, grisiya, swidanaya saha chinaya wani ratawala athathe eeka mandala parlimenthuwak wuwath boho ratawala dwi mandala enam wyawasthadayakaya thula pawathina aayathana dekata wena wenama niyojithayin thora path kara gane. pahala manthri mandalaya sandaha niyojithayin kuda chanda kottasha walin thora path kara ganra labe. fedaral rajyaya wala ihala manthri mandalaya thora path kara ganu labanne pradeshiya rajyayan niyojanaya kirimata wana athara (ostreliyawa, jarmaniya ho amarika eksath janapadaya) ese nathahoth eekiya kramayak thula wenath chanda kramayaka bhawitha karana labayi (pranshaye men).
eksath rajyayaye ihala manthri mandalaya path karanu labanne rajaya wisin wimarshana manadalayak lesaya. melesa aayathana dekakin yuktha wana dwi mandala kramayak pawathima in ekak anike kadapathak bawata pathwana bawa mema kramayata athi prabala wiwechanayaki. meyata ath ekama sampradayika sadharanikaranaya wanne ihala mandalaya wimarshana mandalayak lesa kriya karana bawaya. mengin rajaye abhimathathawa saha asadharanaya awama kala haka. panathak sammatha kara ganima sandaha parlimenthuwe samajikayange bahutharaya manthri mandala dekehima ketum pathata pakshawa chandaya labiya yuthuya. samanyayen parlimenthuwa thula ketumpatha kihipa warayak kiyawanu labana athara wiwidha deshapalana kandayam wisin sanshodhana yojana karanu labayi. kisiyam ratakata anamyaya wyawasthawak athnam ema wyawasthawa sanshodhanaya kirimata wishesha bahutharayak athyawashyaya wana athara ema nisa sanshodhanaya apahasu we. samanyayen parlimenthu manthriwarunagen sadum lath rajaya (eksath rajyaye saha jarmaniya) nayakathwaya gena katayuthu karana athara janadhipathi kramayakadi widhayakaya rajyaya palanaya sandaha thama deshapalana sambandhatha matha ho janathawa wisin thora ganu labu ho nolabu kabinat mandalayak path karanu labana athara (amarika eksath janapadaya saha brasilaya) wyawasthadayakaye karaya wanne nishedhanaya kirimata pamanak sima kota atha.
adhikaranaya
nithiya - adhikaranaya adhikaranaya yanu mahajanayage aarawul sandaha madihath wima saha eewaye wipaka kaware da yanna thindu kirima sandaha winisuruwangen sadum lath mandalayaki. boho ratawala ihalama adhikarana dakwa abhiyachana kala haki wana abhiyachana adhikarana paddhathiyak da atha. uda amarika eksath janapadaye shreshtadhikaranaya, oostreliyawe mahadhikaranaya, eksath rajyaye sami manthri mandalaya. kese wethath boho yuropa ratawala laksmbarg hi pihituwa athi yuropa adhikaranaya yuropa wyawasthawa adala wana wita jathika nithiya abhbhawa yayi. yuropa kawunsilaye samajika ratawala purawasiyan hata manawa himikam sambandha gatalu strasbarg hi pihituwa athi yuropa manawa himikam adhikaranaya wetha gena aa hakiya. samahara ratawala wyawasthanukula nowana nithin iwath kara damima sandaha uparimadhikaranayata balaya laba di atha. amarika eksath janapada shreshtadhikaranaya ූoe wa. ීadae naduwe di gabsa kirime di kanthawanta sahaya wima thahanam kara thibu teksan nithiya iwath kara damana ladi. aandukrama wyawasthawe 14 wana sanshodhanaya amarikanuwanta pudgalikathwaye ayithiya laba di atha bawata aratha kathanaya karamin kanthawanta gabsawak sidu kara ganimata ayithiyak athi bawa prakasha karana ladi. wyawasthadayakaya tharamatama adhikaranayath saiddhanthikawa wyawasthawa mangin sima karanu labayi. boho ratawala winisuruwan wyawasthawa saha anekuth nithi pamanak arthakathanaya karanu labayi. namuth podu nithi samprada anugamanaya karana ratawala wyawasthanukula gatalu purwagami sankalpaya yatathe adhikaranaya nithi asampadanaya karanu labayi. namuth eksath rajyaya, finlanthaya saha nawasilanthaya yana ratawala thawamath parlimenthuwe parama adhikarithwaya tharaye piliganna athara emangin prajathanthrawadi wa thora ganu labu wyawasthadayakaya mangin sammatha karana lada nithi thorapath kara nogath adhikaranayakata laba node.
swabhawika nithi gurukulaya
mehidi sama nithiyakma wishwa buddhiyata,wishwa sadharanathwayata nathuwiya yuthubawa pawasayi.nithiya yanu nithyanukula niladharin podu yahapatha sandaha panawana buddhigochara nyayaki.meya ek ek ayage paudgalika abhilashayan sandaha nowa podu yahapatha sandaha
yedawiya yuthuya.
me gurukulaya kotas dekakata bede.
dewa drushtika swabhawika nithi nyaya
nithiya athiwuye dewiyangen bawa meyin kiyawe.dewa nithiyata anukulawa swabhawika nithiya pawathiya yuthuya.
jathyanthara nithiya
jathyanthara nithiyata anukulawa rataka deshiya nithiya sakas kala yuthubawa dakwayi.
naithika prathyakshawadi gurukulaya
nithiya yanu parama baladhariyage dandana thahanchi walin thahawuru kalahaki niyogayak bawa dakwayi. meyin deshaya thula pawathina nithi pamanak kriyathmaka wana bawa gamya weyi.
samajawadi gurukulaya
1917 okthombar masa rusiyawe pawathi wiplawayen pasu samajawadi guru kulaya aarambha wiya. mowun nithiya yanu rajya prathipaththi walata buddhimaya padanamak laba dena mewalamak bawa dakwiya. samajawadi rajyayaka uththarithara wanne rajya nithiyayi.
samaja widyathmaka gurukulaya
swabhawika nithi ha naithika prathyakshawadi gurukulayanta atharamadi guru kulayaki. nithiya yanu gatena agayan samathulitha kirimayi. gatena ayithin wiwidhaya. pudgala awashyatha podu ha samaja awashyatha matha gatim athiwiya haka. nithiya magin ema gatena kotas wala awashyathawayan ha apekshawan handunagena wisandum labadiya yuthuya.
mema gurukula dakwa athi adahas walata anuwa nithiya yannata
niyamitha arthakathanayak nomathi bawath eya pudgalayata, samajayen samajayata, rajyayen rajyayata wenas wana bawa pene.
nithimaya niladhariwadaya
niladhariwadaya enam 'biyurakaraniya" yana wadana pransha basin "karyalaya" ta yodana "biyuro" yana wachanayeth , grik basin "balaya"ta yedena "kratos' yana wachanayeth ekathuwen sadunaki. hamuda,polisiya menma, rajaye sewakayan ha samuhayanta ayath siyaluma niladharin palaka pakshaye abhimatha kriyawata nanwayi.me siyallo niladhariwadiyoya.
mema sankalpayata mulikama nirdeshanayak 1795 di pranshaye wisu jarman jathika " baron di grim" wisin idiripath kaleya. ehi mese sandahan we.
"pranshaye hitapu palakayek wu monse di gorane wisin wadi washayen paminili karana ladde, pranshaye nithiwala niyamaarthaya wu "niladhari wadaya pilibandawayi. mehi karyala lipikaruwan, karyansha parikshakawarun pathwana ladde maha janathawage labha prayojana sandaha nowe. sabawinma mahajana unanduwa sthapanaya wi athi bawa peni yama nisawen ema karyalawala pawathma siduwuni. thawamath "niladharinge kriya kalapaya thula ihalin siduwana naruma wadaya" sulabhawa daknata labe. thawada labha walin abhipreranaya wi sitina paudgalika wyawasayakayin ha niyamanukulawa mahajana sewakaye niyalennange kriya kalapaya athara pahadili wenasak thibe. aththa washayenma kiyathoth paudgalika anshaye maha parimana samagam walada " niladhariwadaya" daknata labena awastha pawathi. huwamana regulasi aadiye srunathmaka hangim pasekalu kala podu jana sewawan wana adhyapanaya, saukhya, polisiya, podu prawahanaya aadiya thiranathmaka thaththwayaka kriyathmaka wanuye " mahajana nila bala kramaya ", aanduwe balaya yodana padaya ho sthanayak bawata path karamini.
wisi wani shatha warshayedi lekhaka " maks webar" liya dakwa athi paridi,nila bala kramayen labena sahayogaya oonama diyunu janapadayaka daknata labena niyatha lakshanayaki. thawaduratath ohu kiya sitinne niladhariwadaye aawenika lakshana wanuye “niladharinta thama meheyuma pahadili kirimath, ihala sita pahalata wana thek siyalu shreniwala aya kalamanakaranaya kirimata hakiwana paridi wruththiya wisheshagnyayan thanimath, likhitha sanniwedanaya thulin mahajana sewakayange abhimathayan nithi walin banda thabimathya”.
nithiye aarthika wishaleshanaya
nithiye aarthika wishaleshanaya yanu nithimaya siddhantha aarthika widyawe sankalpayan saha kramawedayan nithigatha kirime saha nithiya sandaha yoda ganime praweshayayi. richad posnar saha oliwar wiliyamsan wani balagathu yojakayin athuluwa saha miltan fridman saha gre bekarda, chikago aarthika widyagnyayin saha nithignya widyalaya wisin samanyayen palana rithi ha sima iwath kirima saha pudgalikaranaya sambandhayen upades denu labayi. emenma rajyaya yamanayata ediriwa hewath owun dakina aakarayata nidahas welenda pala thula kriyathmaka wima sima kirimata wiruddhawa kriya karayi. 1991 di nobel thyagalabhi ronald kos wishishta aarthika nithi wishleshakayeku lesa handunwa diya hakiya. ohuge The Nature of the Firm (1937) namathi lipiyen samagamwala pawathma saha ganudenu wiyadamwalata hethu idiripath karana ladi. buddhimath pudgalayin dwi parshwika giwisum mangin wiwrutha welenda pale ganudenu piriwaya madhyastha agayak ganna thuru sahayogithawayan bhawithayen piriwaya wada paladayi wana andamin nishpadana sidukaranu labayi. ohuge dewana lipiyen (The Problem of Social Cost 1960) ganudenu piriwayak nomathi lowaka jiwath wanne nam depala aarawul sambandha adhikarana thindu nothaka janathawa sampath beda hada ganima sandaha ekineka ha hettu karana thaththwayak nirmanaya wana bawata tharka karana ladi.
nithiye samaja widyawa
nithiye samaja widyawa wu kali, nithiya ha ehi samajanuyojanaya pilibanda wa soya balana wiwidha hadathala gath kshetha්rayaki. nithiye samaja widyawa, nithi widyawa, nithiya pilibanda aarthika wiga්rahaya ha aparadha widyawa wani wisheshitha wishayan ha ekwa gaman karayi. naithika aayathana saha naithika karanu ha ka්ramayanhi samajiya godananwima pilibanda wa da soya balayi. muladi, mema wishaya pilibanda wa nithiya pilibanda nyayawadihu saka sahitha wuha. nithignyawarun wisin bhawitha karanu labana pa්rayogika nithiya saha edineda jiwithayata adala wanna wu wenath aakarawala nithiya, nithiya ho samajiya muladharma athara wenasa pilibanda wa awadharanaya kala iyujin arlirich :ෑmataba ෑyarakasajaya* hata kelsan :nakiaba* abhiyoga kaleya. 1900 gananwaladi, maks webr siya nithiya pilibanda widyathmaka pa්raweshaya handunwa dunneya. ohu ‘naithika tharkanukula wyuhaya’, sankshiptha muladharmayak misa janathawa wetha pawarennak nowana bawata tharka kaleya. dhanawadaya samaga samantharawa wardhanaya wu, nuthana deshapalanika wardhanayan ha nuthana niladhariwadi rajya sandaha pasubima sakas kala eekiya nithi paddhathiyak handinwimata ohu yoda gath yeduma wuye ‘naithika tharkanukulabhawaya’yi. wenath samajawadiyaku wu emil durkayim :ෑpasaka maranayasapa*lioya ෘsadasisadaba de khidamara saba ීdajasaeha’ ga්ranthaya liyamin tharka kale, samajaya wadath sankirna wana wita, mulikawa pa්rathikarma saha wandi pilibanda wa adala wanna wu siwil nithiya, aparadha nithiya saha danduwam paminawima dakwa wardhanaya wana bawayi. anekuth mulkalina wadagath naithika samaja widyagnyayin kihipa denek nam, hiyugo sinsimar :්yamatada ීsaba‘yasapara* thiyador gayigar :oyadara tasatara* jorjas garwich :tadaratai tamaradasaejaya* saha yuropaye liyon petroski :khadaba chuaer‘hajanasa* saha eksath janapadaye wiliyam ga්raham samar :usakakaspa tarypa ීmapapara* yanadihu ya.
nithiye darshanawadaya
nithiye darshanawadaya nithiye darshanawadaya nithi widyawa lesa handunwanu labe. pramanika nithi widyawa mulikawama deshapalana darshanawadaya wana athara nithiya kese wiya yuthu da yana panaya asayi. wishleshanathmaka nithi widyawa anek athata wenama kshethrayak wana athara nithiya yanu kumak dayana panaya asayi. mulkalina nithi darshanawadiyaku wana jon ostin (jerami bentham ge shishyaku wana) 1829 sita landan wishwa widyalaye nithiye mul putuwata path wiya. ostin ge nithiya pilibanda upayogithawadi pilithura wuye nithiya yanu dandanayak labadena bawata karanu labana tharjanayaka aadharayen janathawa yatahath pahath lesa kikaru wana parama baladhariyeku wisin karanu labana anakirimaka lesaya. mema adahasa wisheshayen ma swabhawika nithi siddhanthayata wikalpayaka lesa boho kalayak piliganimata lak wiya. jin jaks ruso wani swabhawika nithignyayin ge tharkaya wuye manushyaya nithiya thulin sadacharaya saha nowenas wana swabhawa dharmaye nithi hendin pilimbaimbau wana bawayi. immanuwel kant ge adahasa wuye swabhawa dharmaye pawathina podunithiya wuwath thoraganu labimaya nam nithiya sadacharayata anukula wima awashyaya we. ostin saha bentham anugamanaya kala dewid hiyum nithiya yanu kumak da saha nithiya kumak wiya yuthu da yanna samanga eekabaddha kala yuthu bawata adakas karana ladi. owun wishwasa karanu labuwe niyama nithiya sampurnayenma sadacharayen wenwiya yuthuya yana nithiye prathyakshawadayayi. fedrich nitsche kant wa da wiwechanaya karamin pawasuuwe nithiya hata ganne balaya sandaha abhiprayen bawath saha sadacharathmaka saha sadachara wirodhi lesa nithiya warga kala nohaki bawath ya. melesa nitsche samanathmatha sankalpaya da wiwechanaya karana lada athara balaya sandaha abhiprayen katayuthu kirimata nithiya wisin ida salasiya yuthu bawa wishwasa karana ladi. ostriyanu darshanika hans kelsan 1934 di shuddha nithi siddhanthaya namathi prakashanaya thulin prathyakshawadi sampradaya thawa duratath idiriyata gena yana ladi. kalesan nithiya sadacharayen wenwa pawathiya yuthu bawa wishwasa kala da prathimamaka sampanna hewath apa eeta kikaru wiya yuthu bawa pawasiya.nithiya yanu dhanathmaka prakashana wana athara apa kala yuththe kumak da yanna pahadi li karayi. emanisa apa nithiyata awanatha wiya yuthu bawata pawasana upakalpitha mulika niyamayak (gharaunadanaorama) sama nithi paddhathiyakama atha. kelsan ge pradhana prathiwadiya wana kal smit deshapalana thathwayan saha thirana sandaha uputa ganu labana prathimanaka muladharma nopiliganna nisa prathyakshawadaya saha nithiye palanaya prathikshepa karayi. pasukalinawa 20 wana siyawase di ech. el. ee hat ostinge sarala kirimatath kelsan ge nithi sankalpaye prabandhayatath wiruddhawa adahas idiripath karana ladi. oksfard wishwa widyalaye nithi widyawe pradhaniya lesa nithiya yanu nyayan paddhathiyak bawata tharka karana ladi. hat nyayan prathamika nyayan (hasirime nyayan) saha dwithika nyayan (prathamika nyayan palanaya sandaha nilandarinta amathana nyayan) lesa beda dakwiya. dwithika nyayan thawa duratath winishchaya nyayan (nithimaya gatalu wisandimata) pariwarthana nyayan (nithiya sanshodhanaya kirimata awasara dena) saha handuna ganime nyayan (walangu bawata handuna ganimata awasara dena) lesa beda dakwana ladi.
hat ge shishyayan dedeneku mema wadaya ethan patan idiriyata genayana ladi. hatgen pasuwa oksfard wishwa widyalaye nithi widyawe pradhaniya wu da ohuge anugamikaya wu da ronald dworkin ohuwa prabala lesama wiwechanaya larana lada pudgalaya da wiya. ohuge laatha'sa ුmapairae namathi granthaya mangin nithiya sadacharathmaka karanayak bawa salakima prathikshepa kirima nisa ohu hat saha prathyakshawadin ta darunu lesa pahara duni. ohuge tharkaya wuye nithiya yanu winisuruwanta wyawastha sampradayanta anuwa nithimaya gataluwakata sarilana hondama saha wada yukthi sahagatha wisanduma soya ganima sandaha upakari wana arthaya widaha dakwana sankalpayak bawaya. anik shishyaya wu josap ras(nya) prathyakshawadinge darshanaya wenuwen peni siti athara hatge tahae nutahaoraitaya ofa laatha hi sandahan wana mrudu samaja nibandhaya wiwechanaya karana ladi. ras(nya) sadacharathmaka hethu dakwimakata yomu nowi samaja prabhawayangen pamanak nithiye adhikarithwaya handuna gatha haki bawata tharka karana ladi.
nithiya, hamudawa ha polisiya
hamudawa ha polisiya samahara thanakadi ”nithiye dirghakalina ha shakthimath awayawaya” lesa handunwanu labe. hamudamaya aayathana aandu pawathina thak kal pawathunu aayathana wuwada, polisiya wanahi sapekshawa nuthana aayathanayaki. madhyakalina engalantha aparadha adhikarana, noese nam aadarsha adhikarana wisin samajaya thathi ganwima ha palanaya kirima sandaha pa්radarshanathmaka nadu wibhaga ha marana danduwam upayogi kara gaththeya. paris abhyanthara polisiya wisin thaman lowa palamu nila andum sahitha polis niladharin yayi kiya ganna namuth, palamu nuthana polisiya wiya hakke 17 wana siyawase h,¼ luwi rajuge adhikaranaya yatathe pawathi paris polisiyayi. pa්ransha wiplawayen saha napoliyange palanayen pasuwa, 1829 di parisiya ha anekuth pa්ransha nagara sandaha pa්ransha rajaya wisin ‘nagara sarjanwarun’ yanuwen :ිැratabaeි ාැ dasakaka* nila andum darana polisiyak pihituwana ladi. brithanyaye 1829 di, deshiya lekam sar robat pil yatathe parlimenthuwe sammatha karanu labu metropolitan polis panatha magin brithanya metropolitan polisiya bihi wiya.
samaja widyagnya maks webar tharka karanuye, pa්rachandakari margawalin nithyanukula eekadhikaraya palanaya karanne rajyaya wisin bawayi. rajaye ho adhikaranawala illima matha hamudawa ha polisiya wisin balaya ka්riyathmaka karanu labe. polisiya saha hamudawa thawaduratath aarakshawa ha palanaya gena yanu nolabana rajayak nomathiwa arajikathwayata giya rajya ‘asarthaka rajyayan’ lesa handunwanu labe.
melesama nithi wenath nithi magin sahana kara ganimada rajya arajikathwayata yayi.
nithiya ha samajaya
kamkaru nithiya yanu kamkaruwa sewa yojakaya ha wruththiya samithiya athara pawathna thraiparshwika sambandhathawayaki. samuhika kewala kirim niyamanaya saha wadawarjanaya sandaha athi ayithiya eeta adala weyi. saukhya ha aarakshawa ho awama watup wani wada karana sthanaye ayithin sambandhayen pudgalika sewa niyukthi nithiya adala weyi.
manawa himikam siwil ayithiwasikam saha manawa himikam nithiya sama ayekutama himi mulika nidahas sahathika kirima sandaha wana wadagath kshetha්rayanya. manawa himikam pilibanda wishwa pa්ragnyapthiya, manawa himikam pilibanda yuropiya sammuthiya saha eksath janapada ayithiwasikam pilibanda pa්rakashaya wani sanga්rahayan thula mehi muladharmayan anthargatha weyi.
siwil nadu widhanaya ha aparadha nadu widhanaya nadu wibhagayanhidi adhikaranaya anugamanaya kalayuthu karya patipatiya dakwa siti. ee dekama awadhanaya yomukaranne sadharana winishchayak sandaha purawasiyaku sathu himikama pilibandawaya.
sakshi nithiya wisin adhikaranayaka naduwak godanagima sandaha yuththe kumana thorathuru piligatha yuthuda yanna dakwa sitiyi.
aagamana nithi saha jathikathwa nithi siya rata nowana jathika rajyayak thula jiwathwana ha rakiyawa karana wideshikayange ayithiwasikam saha purawasibhawaya labaganime ha eya awalangu kirima sambandhayen adala weyi. me dekama rakawaranaye nidahasa menma rajyayak ahimi thanaththan sambandhayenda katayuthu karayi.
samaja aarakshana nithi rakiya nomathi ayata labadena dimanawan ho niwasa pa්rathilabha wani samaja aarakshanayan labaganimata janathawata athi himikam sambandhayen adala weyi.
pawul nithiya wiwaha ha dikkasada karya patipatin wenwimakadi daruwan ha depala ha ayithiwasikam aadiya aawaranaya karayi.
nithiya saha wanijya
wanija nithiya wisin sankirna giwisum ha depala nithi aawaranaya karayi. niyojithathwaya pilibanda nithiya, rakshana nithiya, winimaya bilpath, wasthubhangathwaya saha bunwathbhawaya pilibanda nithiya saha wikinime nithi wadath wadagath wana athara eewaye ithihasaya madhyathana yugaya kara diwayayi. eksath rajadhaniye bhanda wikinime aagnya panatha saha eksath janapadaye eekiya wanija sanga්rahaya sangruhitha karanu labu podu nithi wanija muladharmayanya.
samagam nithiya pana nagune bhara nithiye depala himikarathwaya ha palanaya wenkirime muladharmayeni. nuthana samagam pilibanda nithiya aarambhawanne 1865 di eksath rajadhaniya wisin sammatha kala baddha wyapara samagam nithiya samangini. ehidi simasahitha wagakima mangin aayojakayin aaraksha kirima saha wenama naithika pudgalabhawayak thahawuru kirima siduwiya.
buddhimaya depala petant, welanda lakunu saha pa්rakashana himikam sambandhayen adala weyi. asparshaniya wathkam wana obage soyaganima anukaranaya kirimen aaraksha karaganime ayithiya, obage welandanamaya wenath ayaku wisin bhawitha kirima walakwima, oba wisin rachana karana lada githayak idiripath karanu labimen himikaraganu labimen aaraksha karadenu labanne buddhimaya depala nithiya mangini.
prathishtapanaya kenekuge paduwata erehiwa thawath ayaku wisin wasi athkaraganima piyawaganima sambandhayen katayuthu karayi.
yuthu dhanawathwima wenath ayaku hethuwen ayuthu lesa yamaku upayagath dhanaya nawatha lagabaganime himikama aawaranaya karanu labayi.
nithiya saha niyamanaya
agaya ekathu kala badu ,sansthapitha badu, aadayam badu aadiya sambandhayen badu nithiya adala weyi.
banku nithiya ha mulyamaya niyamanaya wisin bankuwak sathuwiya yuthu pa්ragdhanaya, aayojana parichayan sambandhayen balapawathwannawu rithin sambandhayen wana awama pa්ramithin sthapitha kirima sidukaranu labayi. 1929 kotas welandapola kadawatima wani aarthika arbudhayanhi pawathina awadanama walakima sandaha aarakshanayan lesa mema nithin wadagath we.
rajaye sewawan saha upayogithawan sampadanaya sambandhayen niyamanayan adala weyi. jala nithiya meyata ek udaharanayaki. paudgalikaranaya janapi්raya wu pasu kalin samaja wagakima matha pihita rajaya wisin sidukala ki්rayawan pudgalika samagam walata pawarina. balashakthiya, gas, widuli sandesha saha jala sapayum boho ratawala niyamanayanaya karanu labayi.
tharangakarithwa nithiya eksath janapadaya thula pa්rathibhara nithiya ෙlasin handinwena athara mila sthawara kirimata erehi roma nadu thindu saha welandama simakirima pilibanda wadaya dakwa aathita diwayana kshethrayaki. nuthana tharangakarithwa nithiya 20 wana siyawasa aarambhayedi handunwadenu labu eksath janapadaye pa්rathi katala saha eekadhikara wirodhi wyawasthawan (sharman panatha saha kletan panatha) thulin meya sambhawaya labiya. paribhogika subhasadhanaya anathure helamin welandapola milaganan wikruthi kirimata siya aarthikamaya balapamsahagathabhawaya bhawitha kirimata uthsaha karana wyaparayan palanaya kirima sandaha mema nithi bhawitha weyi.
paribhogika nithiyata asadharana giwisum waganthiwala sita guwan malu rakshanaya pilibanda widhiwidhanayan dakwa wana oonamadeyak meyata athulath weyi.
kiyoto sammuthiyata anuwa kalaguna wiparyasayan siduwime awadhanamak pawathina thathwayak thula parisara nithiya athishayin wadagath ekaki. emenma me yatathe adala rate nithi paddhathiya yodaganimin parisara dushanaya sidukarannanta danduwam sidukirima sandahada mema nithi ki්rayakarayi.
me adawith balanna
shri lankawe nithi paddhathiya
shri lankawe adhikarana paddhathiya
jathyanthara aparadha adhikaranaya
shri lankawe pawathna wu nithi thathwaya
shri lankawe aarawul nirakaranaya
siwil nadu sambandha shri lankawe pawathna wu nithi thathwaya
shri lankawe wiwaha nithiya
shri lankawe idam liyapadinchiya
paribhogika aarakshanaya
mahajana arthasiddhi nadukara
sakshi
thyagaya
anthima kamathi pathra
polis wimarshana
athadanguwata ganima
shri lankawe kamkaru nithiya
mulika ayithiwasikam
prathibharakara nithiya
podu nithiya
buddhimaya depala nithiya
sinhala nithiya hewath udarata nithiya
samudriya nithiya
aparadha nithiya
adawiyen bahara pitu
LawNet-Sri Lanka's Legal Information Network
Rule of Sri Lanka
nithiya
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bhugola widyawa
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bhugola widyawa yanu samajiya wuth parisara widyathmaka wuth samastha pruthiwi thalayema mulumahath sama isawwak desama thama asa yomu karannawu wishayaki. wishwaye kudama eekakaya wana anthar paramanuwaka athi sama bhauthika wasthuwakma bhugola widya wishaya themawata nanam kiyayi.bhugola widyawa pilibandawa sadahan kala lowa prathama pudgalaya wanne iratosthin (Eratosthenes) ya.
eda amarikanu rathu indiyanu nayaka siyatal pawasu paridi mihimatha athi sama jiwayakma minisa nirmanaya karana laddak nowe. eya swabhawa dharmaya namathi dalehi minisa yanu ek nul huyak pamani.enam mihimatha athi sama bhauthikamaya saha bhauthikamaya nowana sama wasthuwakatama itha aatha athithayak pawathi.(276-194 BC) me wishaye pradhana kotas wanne awakashiya wishleshanaya (Special analysis), pradeshaya pilibanda hadarima saha pruthiwiya pilibanda adhyanayayi. eewagema nuthana yugaye bhugola widyawa thula bhugolaya pamanak gana nowa ehi sidu wu wenas wim, kriyadama wani da pilibandawada sakachcha we. bhugola wida්ya wishaya kshathrayedi bhauthika sahaabhauthikamaya wasthunge upathe sita mathakalina pawathma dakwa kramiya wikashanayak idiripath karayi.
pradhana lesa bhugola widya wishaya kshethraya pradhana thema eekaka thrithwayak yatathe adhyanaya kereyi. enam,
bhauthika bhugola widyawa
manushika bhugola widyawa
prayogika bhugola widyawa yanuweni.
melesa eekaka thrithwayak yatathe ekinekata wenas wu anuthema rasak yatathe adhyanaya kereyi.
bhauthika hewath parisarika bhugola widyawa yatathe pruthiwi thalaye uppaththi kathawa hewath janithaya sakachcha karayi. eda aatha awadhiye pruthiwi thalaya matha pihiti panjiyawa nam wu hudakalawu wishala mahadwipa thalayaka sita kramiya wikashanayak siduwa athi bawa prakasha karayi.mema panjiyawa nam wu wishala bhumisndhaya matha thethis muhuda namin wu muhudak pawatha atha.pasuwa ema thethis muhude sita depasata gala basinnata wu gannga dekakin mema bhumiskandhaya kotas dekakata bedi pasuwa loresiyawa (Laurasia) saha gondwanalanthaya (Gondwanaland)lesa kotas dekakata bedi pasuwa nuthana mahadwipa dakwa sankramanaya wu aakaraya shreshta bhu widyagnyayaku wu alfrad wegnar pawasayi.me aadi washayen mema ithihasaya prabandha kathawak lesa nowa ee sandaha awashya sakshinda idiripath kirima bhugola widyawe wisheshathwayayi.bhumithi sakshi ,bhu bhauthika sakshi aadi wu sakshinta anuwa mema ithihasaya bhugola widya wishaya thula mulikawama adhyanaya kereyi.
pasuwa nuthana shaka santhathiya,sathwa santhathiya athara athi anthar saha sambandhatha wiwidha parisara paddhathin,parisara paddhathin wala nuthana upanathin,udaharana lesa matha kalina sunami rala ho mularambhaye sita parinatha awasthawa dakwa ithamath sith ada ganna aakarayen adhyanaya kereyi. nuthana samaja aarthika pasubima thula parisaraya samanga manawa anthar saha sambandhathawaya saha eewaye anthar prathiwipaka udaharana lesa pruthiwi wayugoliya ushnathwaya ihala yama, harithagara aacharanaya(Green Hut Effect) athiwima,glasiyar diyawima ,muhudu mattama ihala yama , sathwa warga mihithalayen thuran wima aadi wu kalina arbuda saha ema arbuda hata ganimata thududun hethu sadhaka ema arbudayange bhahira pasu balapam,kalinawa athiwiya haki swabhawika arbudhakarithwayan manga harawa ganimata gatha haki piyawara aadiya ithamath wishleshanathmakawa parisarika bhugola widya wishaya kshethrayedi sakachcha kere.
bhugola widya wishaya kshethrayedi milanga pradhana themawak lesa manusha bhugola widyawa handinwiya hakiya. wachanaye parisamaptha arthayenma manawaya saha manawa sambandhatha pilibanda karunu sampindanathmakawa idiripath karayi.manusha bhugola widya wishaya thula mihithalaya matha siyalu manushiya kriyakarakam pilibanda thulanathmaka adhyanayak sidukere.
manawa sanghanana kramawedayan sanghanana wartha sakasima sanghanana upanathi aadiye sita,luhu,bara ha adhithakshana karmantha,karmikaranaya,goliyakaranaya,goliyakaranaya thula nuthana kalina prawanatha aadiya janagahanaya wadiwima,janasankhyawe anagathaye wiya haki janagahana spotana aadi themawan pilibanda wiwechanathmaka wishleshanayak saha sankhyathmaka wishleshanayak sidu kereyi.wisheshayenma kalinawa manawa kriyakarakam samaja ratawan aadiyehi athiwana upanathin pilibanda niranthara awadhanayen sitima manusha bhugola widyawa thuladi aawaranaya weyi.
bhugola widyawa wishaya kshathraye nirmanathmaka wishaya shirshaya prayogika bhugola widyawayi me yatathedi pruthiwi golaye pihiti mahadwipa saha bhurupa aadiya pathali kadadasiyaka satahan kirime widyathmaka kramawedayak (prakshepana)aadiye sita daththa hasirawima ,sankhyanaya,daththa nirupana krama (prasthara saha rupa satahan) bhumi thalayaka kshethrapalaya niwaradiwa parimanukulawa nirmanaya kirime kramawedayak(pimbaurupath)nuthana wyawaharaye pawathina 1:50000 metrik sithiyam pilibanda nirmanaya,nirmanaya labana widyathmaka padanama,sithiyam kiyawima saha awabodhaya aadiya aawaranaya weyi.nirmanathmaka hakiyawan wadath op nanwena wishaya khandayak lesa prayogika bhugola widyawa wadagath weyi.
esema bhugola widyawa pamanak nowa wenath anekuth wishaya themawakadi wuwada bhawitha wana daththa hasirawime krama shilpa sithiyamak ho kotasak niyamakarayen awabodha kara ganima dakwa wu samajaye jiwathwimedi athyawashya danagatha yuthu karunu karana rasak prayogika bhugola widyawedi aawaranaya wana heyin wishayak lesa adhyanaya nokaranneku hata wuwada athyawashyayen danagatha yuthu wishaya kotas rasak prayogikawa gab wi thibe.
me aakarayen samasthaya lesa balana kala parisarika bhugola widyawa,manusha bhugola widyawa,prayogika bhugola widyawa yanadi wishaya kotas thrithwayama eka ha samana gambauru adhyapanika watinakamin,danum sambharayak adangu wishaya pathayak lesa hadinwiya hakiya.
bhugola widyawa
bhugola widyawa samodhanika enam wiwidha wishayan samanga pahadili sambandhayak sahitha wishayaki.
aashritha
bhugola widya thorathuru paddhathiya
yamahal
bhugola widyawa
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shri lankawe siwil nithiya
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athithaye sita aa kramika wikashanaye prathielayak lesa pulul saha sankirna nithi paddhathiyak shri lankawe atha. shri lankawe pawathna nithiya athurin aparadha nithiya,siwil nithiya,pudgala nithiya aadi kshethrayan pudgalayinge awashyathawan menma ayithiwasikam aaraksha karadenu was bihi wi pawathna nithi paddhathin we. me athurin siwil nithiya pilibandawa keti wigrahayak memagin siduwana athara,ee thulin siwil naduwak pawathwagena yayuthu aakaraya, ee sandaha niyamithawa athi adhikaranayan pilibandawa menma paminillak adhikaranaya wisin prathikshepa kala aki saha iwatha damiya haki awastha yanadiya pilibandawa itha saralawa salaka bale.
prathamayen siwil naduwak pawathwagena ya yuthu aakaraya pilibandawa salaka balimedi, yam siwil adhikaranayaka naduwak pawarimedi paminilla sakasima pilibandawath,paminillata wiruddhawa uththara sakas kirimedith ithamath salakillak dakwiya yuthuya.yam yam adupadu ha dosha sahithawa pamillak ho uththarayak idiripath kalahoth in ayahapath prathiela athiwe.enam anawashya lesa naduwa pramadawima ha wadipura mudalak ee wenuwen waya kirimata siduwe. manawa sakas kala paminillak yanu thama naduwen adakma sarthaka lesa nimawimak lesa salake.
siwil nadu waladi nadu pawathwagena yame kriyamarga hewath patipatin dekak pawathi.
laghukarya patipatiya
samanyakarya patipatiya washayeni.
mehidi salaka baliya yuthu karanaya wanne,naduwa idiripath kala yuththe ihatha patipatin deka athurin kumana karya patipatiya anuwada yannayi.idam nadu,gewal kuli ha nerapim nadu, athulu atham nadu waladi samanya karyapatipatiya anugamanaya kalayuthu athara,thesthamenthu nadu aadiyedi anugamanaya karanuye laghukarya patipatiyayi. me pilibandawa da salakillen kriya kala yuthuya.
niyamitha adhikaranaya thula naduwa pawarima da itha wadagathya.naduwa idiripath kala yuththe kawara usawiyata dayi nishchaya washayenma dana gatha yuthuya.ee pilibandawa siwil nadu widhana sangrahaye 9 wana waganthiya da pahadili karayi. niyamitha adhikaranaya pilibandawa salakimedi,pahatha karunu wisheshayen salaka baliya yuthuya.
withthikara parshawakaru padinchiwa sitina,
idamak sambandhawa nam, ee idama sampurnayenma ho ehi kotasak pihiti,
nadu nimiththa hatagath,
giwisum pilibandawa naduwak nam,giwisuma athi kara gath pradeshaye'''
adhikarana balaya athi disa adhikaranaye naduwa pawariya yuthuya.
paminillak adhikaranaya wisin prathikshepa kala haki ha iwatha damiya haki awasthada boho pawathi.
paminille sandahan kala yuthu karunu waradi lesath,awashya wisthara walin thorawath,prakasha kara thibima.
anawashya karunu athulath kara thibima.
nadu nimiththa heli daraw kara nothibima.
paminillata athsan kara nothibima ha athsanehi nirawadyathawaya sahathika kara nothibima.
yanadiya ema boho karana athara kihipa aakarayaka hethun we.
me aakarayata dakwa athi karunu pilibandawa salaka, niyamitha aakarayen gonukarana lada naduwak thulin sarthakathwaya laba ganimata athi badhawan mangaharina bawa dakwiya yuthumaya.
me adawith balanna
nithiya
thyagaya
nithiya - shri lanka
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sigiriya
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sigiriya or sinhagiri (sinha gala , ) eya shri lankawe madhyama palathe dambaulla nagarayata aasannaye uthuru mathale disthrikkaye pihiti purana gal balakotuwaki. eya aasanna washayen pamana usathi dawantha pashana thiruwakin aadhipathyaya darana aithihasika ha purawidyathmaka wadagathkamak athi sthanayaki.
purana shri lankeya wanshakathawak wana kulawanshayata anuwa, mema pradeshaya wishala wanantharayak wu athara, pasuwa kunatu saha nayayam nisa eya kandak bawata path wu athara, kashyapa raju (kri.wa. 477-495) wisin ohuge nawa aganuwara sandaha thora gena athibawayi. ohu mema parwathaya mudune thama maligawak godananga ehi pathi warnawath bithusithuwam walin sarasa atha. mema parwathaye adak pamana ihalata kuda sanuwaka ohu dawantha sinhayekuge swarupayen doratuwak idi kaleya. mema sthanaye nama mema wyuhayen wyuthpanna wi atha; sinhagiri, sinha parwathaya (singappuruwe sanskrutha namaya wana sinhapurata samana wyuthpannayaki).
rajuge maranayen pasu aganuwara saha raja maligaya athhara damana ladi. eya 14 wana siyawasa dakwa bauddha aaramayak lesa bhawitha karana ladi. sigiriya ada yunesko loka uruma adawiyaki. eya parani nagarika salasumkaranaye hondama sanrakshitha udaharanayaki.
bhu widyathmaka lakshana
sigiriya, khadanayata lakwu ginikandakin pitawi sisil wunu aagneya pashana yangen nirmanaya wu parwathayaki. ala hathpasa pihiti thanithalawen ihalata nagunu eya oonama paththakin sathapum gananawak aathata diswe. parwathaya wata thibena thannen ekwarama ihalata nagunu adhika bawumakin yuktha godanagillak matha eya pihita atha. parwathaya mitar 180 k usa wana athara sama paththakinma prapathakaraya. boho sthana padama lesata nera atha. andakara digu aarakshaka hadayen pahalata kramikawa diwena bawumak atha.
sigiri balakotuwa
sigiriya kashyapa raju wisin karawana lada balakotuwak lesa janaprawadaye sandahan we. sigiri balakotuwata aatha digu ithihasayak athi athara wiwidha pudgalayan wisin wiwidhakara mathada pala kara atha.
pradhana awadhi
kashyapa yugaya (kri.pu.5-kri.pu.3 dakwa)
kashyapa yugaya (kri.pu.497-475 dakwa)
pasu kashyapa yugaya (kri.wa.6-13 dakwa)
aprakata yugaya (kri.wa.13-17 dakwa)
mahanuwara yugaya (kri.wa.17-19 dakwa)
nuthana yugaya (kri.wa.19-ada dakwa)
thada pahayen yuthuwa uthurata nera yana maha pawwa pamula sinharajayekuge wilasen nimawa athi heyin meyata sinhagiriya hewath sigiriya yana namaya patabanduni. sinharaja them sathapum gananak aathata wihidena biyamusu hangimak danawuwath sinharupaya dakimen ehi giya parannan tharamma nuthana yugaye mul ma pura widyagnyayan da, washikrutha wu bawa 1898 di eech.si.pi.bel mahatha prakasha kara atha. danata sheshawa athath sinhayage bahu yugalaya pamanak wuwa da kenaku thula prathapaya ha balaya pilibada apuru hangimak dana wimata pramanawath bawa katapath pawure liyu me giyen pahadili we.
daknata athi lakshana
parwatha masthakaye thibena raja maligawa
gadalin thanu sinhayage rupa anda thibena sigiri lalanawan
sigiri katapath pawura
diya agal
pura widyathmaka natambaun ha wishesha lakshana
kri.wa. 5 wani siyawase kashyapa raju wisin thanana lada purana maligayak sigiriyehi aththeya. kashyapa raju sigiriya mudune maligawa thanaddi rawana rajuge maligayehi natambaun hamuwu bawata kathawakda pawathi. parwathaye samathala mathupita ema maligayehi natambaun thibe. mada hariye thibena samathala bimehi sinha dwarayakda kurutu gi thibena katapath pihita atha. pahala maligawa parwathaye pahala bawumata heththu wannata nirmanaya karana lada diya agal thappa ha udyana parwatha pamula sita mitar siya gananak durata wihidi atha. mema bhumiya maligawakin ha balakotuwakin yukthaya. danata thibena pramanawath natambaun walin eya nirmanaya kala ayage wishishta hakiyawa ha nirmanashilithwaya pilibada agana hagim eya narambaimata paminena ayage sithehi janitha karawayi.
sigiri bhumi salasma palamu sahashraye nagarika salasum karanaye anargha udaharanayak lesa sigiri nirmanaya dakiya haka. bhumi salasuma ithamath alankara saha sukshyama lesa sakas karana laddak lesa salake. salasum sakas kirimedi jyamithika salasum saha awata pihiti swabhawika wasthungen pihitima pilibadawa itha hodin nirikshanaya kara sanyoga kara galapim ha nogalapim sankalpaya ek kota athi bawa pene. parwathaya batahira desin thibena udyanaya rajakiyan udesa sudusu lesa sakaskara atha. udyanayehi jalaya radawa thaba ganna wyuhaya nirmanaya kara atha. eewa sakas kirimedi polawa yatin diwena jala pidana kramayak yoda gena athi athara meyin samaharak adada kriyathmaka matmehi thibe. parwathayata dakunin minis athin nima kala jalashayaki. mewani jalasha mita pera shri lankawe wiyali kalapayehida boho seyin prayojanayata ganuni. sigiri bimata piwisena sthana wala doratu pahaki. eewa alankara lesa nimawa athi batahira doratuwa rajakiyan udesa wenkara thibuna yayi wishwasa kala haka. mehi wasthu widyanukula salasumak sahithawa idikara atha. emenma sigiriya durga balakotuwaki. jala durga, wana durga, giri durga aadiyen sigiriya samanwithaya. giri durga yanu giriyen yata karapu yanuweni.
sigiriye sanskruthikamaya wadagathkama
kashyapa rajya kalayata pera wisu mahasen rajuge kalaye da (kri.wa.274-301), kithsirimewan rajuge kalaye da (kri.wa.301-328) sigiriyata aasanna pradeshawala waw saha sangharama nirmanaya kirima wani karyayan sidu wu bawata athi sadhaka nisa purwa kashyapa awadhiye di sigiri pradeshaya arajikathwayata pathwa thibuneyayi wishwasa kala nohakiya. namuth sigiriya yana namin mema pradeshaya handunwannata patan gaththe palamuwana kashyapa rajuge aganuwara bawata path wimath samanga ya. 1982 janawari 08 wanada aayathana kipayaka ma dayakathwaya athiwa sanskruthika thrikona wadakatayuthu aarambha karana ladi. wisheshayen ma wishwa widyalawala purawidya kandayam ekathu kara ganima saha tharuna purawidyagnyayinta ema katayuthuwalata dayaka wimata ida laba dima da me kalaya thula kapi penini. kalaniya wishwa widyalaye purawidya anshaye pita samajikayan wetha sigiriye purawidya katayuthu pilibanda adhyakshanaya himi wiya.eeta amatharawa wasthu widyathmaka katayuthu sandaha thawath kandayam, wana saththwa sanrakshana departhamenthuwa, kala departhamenthuwa aadiyehi sahayogaya da laba ganimata katayuthu kara atha. 1986n pasuwa sigiri pradeshaye janawasa purawidyawa namin aarambha kala sahayogitha wyapruthiyata anuwa ethek sigiriye kala paryeshanawalin heli nowu boho thorathuru helidaraw kara lanimata haki wiya. wisheshayen ma sigiriya awata pradeshaye karana lada me paryeshana sigiri ithihasaya thawath shakthimath kirimata padanama wiya. sanskruthika thrikonaya bihi wimen pasu loka uruma nagarayak bawata path wu sigiriya lokayage awadhanayata da nirantharayen lak wannata wiya. mema siddhi ekineka galapa balana wita sigiriya sanskruthikamaya washayen athishaya wadagathkamak usulana bawa pahadiliwe. adawana witath athishaya sancharaka aakarshanayak dina gath sthanayak bawata sigiriya pathwa aththe ebawini. eya thawaduratath pahadili karaganna wita ee.bi.tayilar penwa dena paridi “sanskruthiya yanu samajaye samajikayeku washayen minisa wisin agaya karannawuth,parinathawuth danuma, adahili, wishwasa, kalawa, sadacharaya, nithiya, sirith wirith ha anekuth siyalu ma hakiyawanwala sankirna samasthayayi”. ee anuwa kri.wa.04 -05 siyawaswala pawathi meki sanskruthika sadhaka handuna ganimehila sigiriya athishaya wadagath we. saralawama pawasuwahoth sigiriya sanskruthika kauthukagarayak lesa dakwima sawadya nowe.
sigiriye wishesha lakshana
nagarika salasumkaranaya
aarakshawa pilibanda upakrama
parisarika nasambandhathawaye athi dayakathwaya
len nirmanaya
gondanangili indikirime wasthu widyawa
nirmanakaranaya sandaha gal bhawitha kirime swarupaya
hunugal bhawithaya
gadol bhawithaya
kri.wa.05wana siyawase pawathi nagarika salasum krama ha bhumi nirmana krama
injineru widyawa
jala thakshanaya(jala udyanaya,wathura mal,pokunu)
gruha nirmana shilpaya
kala shilpa ha sahithya(katapath pawura,sigiri bithu sithuwam,sinha padaya)
ekala pawathi jana jiwithaya(kanimwaladi hamu wu da,sigiri sithuwamwala athi aabharana ,andum aayiththam) wani sanskruthika sadhaka rasak sigiriyen hamuwe.
kri.wa.1859di emarsan tenant wisin sigiriya pilibanda liyu wistharaye sigiriya thama dutu swarupaya dakwa thibe. sigiri wawa, katapath pawura, sigiri gala, diya angal saha raja maligaya pilibadawath, eewa natambaunwa pawathina aakarayath ohuge wistharayata ayathwa thibe. enam sigiriye athi sanskruthikamaya aganakamya.
sigiriya muddarayak lesa prawaraya wima
sigiri gale muddara kathawa aarambha wanne warsha 1938 diya. inga්risi palanaya pawathi ekala pa්radhaniya wu hayawana jorj rajuge rupaya samaga sigiri gala pa්rathamayen muddarayaka pasubima sarasamin sigiri gale muddara jiwithaya aarambha karayi.inpasu 50, 60, 80 dashaka waladi shri lankawedi da indiyawa, engalanthaya, japanaya aadi ratawal matha athithayeda sigiriya balakotuwa sankethawath kala muddara lowata hadunwadi aththeya. eda silon wala shatha dahayata milakara atha namuth muddaraya adawana wita yuro shatha 95k hewath rupiyal 170 kata pamana milakara atha.
pranshaye bhawithaya
sigiri balakotuwen sarasu yunesko lanchanaya pasubimata ek kala milimitar 40×26 thiras hadathi kuda muddaraya yuro shatha 95kata mila kara aththeya ekpath iruwakata muddara 50k lesa sakas kota muddara laksha hayak nowambar masa 12 wenida pa්ransha thapal polata nikuth kaleya. mema muddaraye athi loka pujitha pasubimath ehi nirmana shilpiyath lowa piligath wishesha ekathuwakwima sigiri muddaraya pa්ranshaye menma lokaye suwisheshi sthanayak himikara gaththeya. awurudu 69k wayasathi pa්ransha jathika jon pol weret lemariniyer mema sigiri balakotuwa athulath muddaraye nirmanakaruwaya. pa්ransha muddara lokaye muddara piyek lesa pa්ransha janathawage buhumanata lakwu ohuge nirmanayak wimi ihatha muddarayata wishesha sthanayak himiwimata hethu karana wuyeya.sarasima ha kala shilpa widyawa pilibanda pa්ranshaye supa්rasiddha widya pitayakwu parisiye esthiyen widya pitaye usas adhyapanaya awasan kala ohu 1977 di pa්ranshaye thapal ha widuli sandesha paryeshana aayathanaye sewayata ekwuyeya.ohuge agili thudin hada ganwu sigiri balakotuwa athulath muddaraya jathyayanthara yunesko lanchanaya sahithawa pa්ransha muddara lokayata ekwuyeya.
paris aga nagaraye pihiti jathyayanthara yunesko mulasthanayedi pa්ranshaye shri lanka thanapathi mahacharya karunarathna hangawaththa mahatha pa්radhana rajya niladharin sahabhagi wu wishesha uthsawayak da ee sadaha pawathwuni. ada pa්ranshaye thapal malu sigiri balakotu aarakshawa athiwa lowa wata sarisarathi.
galariya
sigiri lalanawiyo
mewada balanna
sigiri bithu sithuwam
punchi sigiriya
sigiri gi
sigiri giyehi bhasha lakshana
mulashra
adawiyen bahara pitu
sigiriya web adawiya
Sigiriya and its Significance Review by Dr. Nissanka Wijeyeratne
Sigiriya
Ministry of Tourism (Sigiriya)
SouthEastAsia (Sigiriya)
100 most beautiful sites on the planet .
Lankadeepa:::Urumaya:::Sigiriya
Sigiriya Featured on Ancient Aliens- Documentary of History Channel is wrong?
https://traveldss.blogspot.com/2010/09/sigiri.html
shri lankawe loka uruma adawi
sigiriya
kimbaissa
mathale disthrikkaye purawidya aarakshitha smaraka
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shri lankawe gramiya janawasa wala wikashaya
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lokaye mulinma janawasa bihiwu ratawalin ekak wanne shri lankawayi (asathyayi. wasara 5000 sita 12000 dakwa athithayata ayath niyolithika janawasa sadhaka lokaye hamuwa athath lankawe etharam parani niyolithika janawasa pilibada sadhaka natha. eeta aasannathama niyolithika janawasa hamuwanne indu nimna shishtacharaye ya. shri lankawe hamuwa athi niyolithika janawasa kri.pu.6 wana siyawasata eha noyayi.). mita wasara 2500 kata pamana pera wijaya kumarayage paminimatath pera sitama shri lankawe wiwidha mattame janawasa pawathi bawata sakashi thibe. (janawasa pilibanda purawidyathmaka mulashra?) wijaya kumarayage paminimen pasuwa kramawath ayurin janawasa bihiwiya.wijaya kumaru samaga shri lankawata pamini piris wiwidha sthanayanhi janawasa pihituwagath bawa maha wanshaye sadahan we.mese pihituwa ganu labu ek janawasayak wu anuradhapuraya pasu kalayedi sighra diyunuwakata lakwiya.
13 wana siyawasin pamana pasu dakunu indiya aakramana hethuwen sinhala rajadhani kramayen niritha desata sankramanaya wu athara,ee samagama jana sankhyawada,janawasada ema pradesha walata sankramanaya wiya.ee anuwa kalin wishala lesa janawasa wi thibu wiyali kalapaya kramayen janashunya bawata pathwu athara,niritha diga pradesha wala jana sankhyawath,janawasath aarambha wiya.batahira jathinta wiyali kalapaya aarthika washayen wadagath nowu athara,thama maw ratawalata amudrawya sapaya diya haki theth kalapaya pilibadawa suwishesha awadhanaya yomu wiya.enisa theth kalapaya janakirna wi janawasa wadi washayen bihiwiya.
samasthayak washayen salakana wita
shri lankawe gramiya janawasa
shri lankawe mulu jana sankhyawen 80% k pamana gramiya jana sankhyawata athulath we.shri lankawe janawasa ha janasankhyawa haduna ganu labanne paripalana eekakayan anuwayi.
shri lankawe gramiya jana sankhyawe aduma prathishathayak daknata labenuye kolambaa disthrikkayeni.ehi prathishathaya 25%k pamana we.monaragala disthrikkaye jana sankhyaewan 97.8%k ma jana sankhyawata athulathya.samastha washayen wiyali kalapiya disthrikka wala gramiya jana sankhya prathishathaya adhikayi.shri lankawe nila washayen nagarika pradesha lesa piliganna maha nagara sabha,nagara sabha harunu wita an sama janawasayakma gramiya janawasa lesa salake.
shri lankawe gramiya janawasa warga
shri lankawe daknata labena gramiya janawasa wiwidha aakarayata wargikaranaya kala hakiya.
pihitima anuwa gramiya janawasa warga
waw janawasa,kandukara janawasa,nimna janawasa
hadaya saha wyapthiya anuwa gramiya janawasa warga
rekhiya janawasa
pokuru janawasa
wisirunu janawasa
idam bhawithaya ha aarthika kriyakarakam anuwa gramiya janawasa warga
kumbauru janawasa,thotupala janawasa,dhiwara janawasa,wathu janawasa
wikramathilaka mahathage wargikaranayata anuwa shri lankawe gramiya janawasa warga kihipayaki.
samuha thati janawasa
waw madhya karagath janawasa
wathu janawasa
wisirunu pahathbim janawasa
dhiwara janawasa
janapadika janawasa
mita amatharawa janawasa wala prabhawaya,aarthika katayuthu wala swabhawaya,prabhawaya wu kalaya wani karunu padanam kota gena ganimin gramiya janawasa pradhana kotas kihipayakata bede.
purana gammana
mahawali gammana
wathu janawasa
wenath gramiya janawasa
purana gammana
shri lankawe wiyali kalapiya pradesha wala atha.wawa,dagaba ha kumbauru yaya padanam karagath mema purana janawasa dirgha kalayak thisse pawathena janawasa wargayaki.mema purana gammanayakata athul wana anga kihipayaki.
gangoda
meyin adahas karanne game padinchi karuwange niwasa pawathna kalapayayi.mema niwasa boho durata eekarashi wi pihita thibe.
waw
gammanaye ithama wadagath anshaya wanne wawayi.warsha ruthuwe labena athiriktha jalaya gabada kara ganima sandaha mema waw nirmana kara thibe. mewa bohomayak maha kannayata pamanak jalaya rada pawathina sruthumaya waw washayen hadinwiya hakiya.
purana wela
wawata aasannawama pihita atha.dirgha kalayak thisse waga kala kumbauru mita ayath we.
aluth wela
purana welata paribahirawa ha eeta mayimwa aluthenma aswadda athi kumbauru mita ayath we.jana sankhya wadi wimath samaga aluthen kumbauru
aswaddima awashaya wima mema aluthwela bihiwimata hethuwayi.
hen
purana gamaka thawath wadagath lakshayanayak wanne hen wagawayi.parani gammana boho durata swayanposhitha thathwayaka pawathi
athara ,kumbauren labena wi walata amatharawa hen walin dhanya , elawalu, ha wenath drawya labini.
mahawali janawasa
gamini disanayaka mahatha wisin shri lankawe wishalathama sanwardhana yojana kramaya wana mahawali wyaparaya yatathe aarambha kota athi janawasa wala pahala mattame janawasada gramiya pradesha walata ayathya.mulinma aarambha karana ladde “ech” kalapayeya.mewa pokuru janawasa ratawa gani.ek warimarga kottashayakata janawasa pokurak bagin salasum kara thibuni.ek janawasa pokurakata gammana 4-5 k ayath we.ek janawasayaka padinchi karawana lada janasankhya pramanaya 500 ki.
mahawali sanwardhana mandalaya ha pranshey sogriya aayathanaya magin shri lankawe purana gamwala janawasa thathwaya adhyayanaya kirimen pasuwa aarthika ha samajiya sanwardhanaya uparima mattamakata path kirime mulika aramuna athulu “ech” kalapaye janawasa salasum kara thibuni.mema ratawata padanam wana mulika muladharma 5 k sadhyatha warthawe dakwe.
praja eekabaddhathawaya athi kirima mahawali janapada walata wiwidha pradesha walin ha wiwidha sanskruthika pasubim walin paminena wiwidha aagam jathi kula aadiyata athulath wana janapadikayin eekiya jana kottashayak bawata path kirima meyin adahas kere.
paladayi gramiya nayakathwayak bihi kirima
swayan kalamanakaranaya sandaha janapadikayin bihi kirima
swa shakthiya pilibandawa adahasa wardhanaya kirima
praja sanwardhanaya
mema muladharma magin janawasa ha waga bim athara dura awama kirimatath ,janapadikayinta awashya wana pahasukam pahasuwen laba dimatath,janawasa wala wadath ෙyagya wuaarthika ha samajiya wyuhayak athi kirimatath apekasha kerini.pokuru janawasa rata athi,samajathiya janapadika kandayami wena wenama padinchi karawima, praja sanwardhana wadasatahan ha nawa kalamanakarana paddhathiya yana hethu nisa mema janawasa anek eewata wada wenasya.
wathu janawasa
wathu janawasa bihiwuye brithanya jathikayin yatathe madhyama kandukara pradeshaye palamuwa kopi wagawada ,pasuwa the wagawada prachalitha wimen pasuwayi.rabar wagawa yatatheda sulu washayen atha.jana ha sankha්yalekhana departhamenthu nirwachanayata anuwa wathu washayen hadunwanne newasika kamkaruwan 10 k ho eeta wada wadi sankhyawak padinchiwa sitina wathu wagawa karana eekakayanya.
mulashra
manawa sampath ha janawasa, am.rathnayaka
sanskruthiya
samajaya
New socity
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deshiya natya kalawe sanskruthika pasubima
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deshiya natyaya kalawe wadagath sandhisthanayak sanituhan karamin arambai kawi nadagam walin pasuwa nadagam janapriyathwayata pathwiya. dakshina bharathiya wirta natya wala abhashaya athiwa nirmanaya wu nadagam kalawe piya lesa salakanu labanne pilippu sinnyo nam kalakaruweki. meya nadagam kalawe dewana awasthawa lesa pene. wruththimaya washayen kammal karuweku wu mohu 1770 di pamana upan ayeki. katholika aagam bhakthikayeku wu mohu kammale wadakarana awasthawe pawa nadagam natya pela sakasu bawa kiyawe. mese rachana kala mul kalina nadagam drawida bhashawen da pasuwa drawida wachana bahulawa yedimen ha sanskrutha bhashawe wachana bhawitha bahulawa yedumen sakas wuwath pasu kalaya wana wita sinhala janawaharata samipa basak bhawitha karana ladi. in pasuwa owun siya nirmana sadaha jathaka katha, sinhala sahithyaye puwath yoda ganna ladi. mese rachana karana lada nadagam lesa ahalepola, sinhawalli, sakunthala, rajathunkattuwa, senagappu aadiya dakwiya hakiya.
nadagam
nadagam wala bhashawa desa balana wita wiwidha bhasha walin gath wachana dakiya hakiya. shabda rasayata mul thanak di thibena baw pahadili karunaki. sahithyayaka wachana wenas karamin artha shunya wachana bhawithaya wisheshayen dakiya haki athara ese kara aththe shabda rasayata pramukhathawa dimata wiya hakiya. nadagam sadaha yoda ganu labuwe karnataka sangithayayi. sindu madhya kota gath kawi walata samana thalayak nomathi gayana wilasa dakiya hakiya.
"nilsiki pilase digu warala
hela pulawi adari"
aadi washayen pilippu sinnyoge sthakthi nadagame athulath githaye "ranga shrungarathunga jogiye" aadi wachana yoda gena thibe.
drawida abhashaya
"indra kata, surao sabaya, kumbau solawalu netha natawalu" wani wiwidha bhashawan wala wachana yoda thibena baw pene. emenma nadagam kawiwala yoda aththe drawida chandasya. ema kawiwala wirith da drawida gi wirith anugamanaya karana lada baw pene. emenma nadagam wala bhawitha karana thargam ha wachanam da drawida abhashayen yoda gaththak bawa pene. epamanak nowa gayana shailin walada kochchikam, wadabodhi, thekmodi, muriwad, kuridad aadiyada pothe innisa thargaya, sinduwa, thodayama aadiya da sellan lama konangi sellayile් aadi bhawithayen drawida abhashayan laba athi baw pene. ebawin drawida abhashaya thulin nadagam poshanaya wi athi bawa norahasaki. kese namuth 19 wana siyawase arambai nadagam kalawa pasu kalaya wana wita deshiya lakshana walin yuthuwa deshiya natya sampradayak bawata path wi thibunu bawa pene.
shri lankawa
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guwan widuli madhyayata liwima
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nimeshayakin asi nasi yana guwan widuli prakashanaya wu kali waha wataha ganme lakshanayen samanwitha wuwaki.pabawin mema prakashanaya idiripath kirime ratawa anekuth likhitha wyawaharayanta wada amuthu magak gatha yuththeya.nawum gathiyakin yuktha wiya yuththeya.sawana pinawana sulu wiya yuththeya.eya wada wada sarala,sugama,laganna sulu wiya yuththeya.puwath pathakata warthawak liyana ayurin guwan widuliyata liwima nokala yuththaki.manda?yath guwan widuli pitapathak rachana karanuye asanna wetha kiyawannata wimaya.niwedakaya eya kathana kramayen ho gayana kramayakin kiyawayi.ema kramayata uchitha paridi liyawi thibima wadagathya.
"guwan widuli rachanawedi garu kala yuthu rathran nithiya wanuye rachanayata pera eya kiya balanna" yanuwen mayikal ke. saha andaෲ proparwel yana madhyawedihu pawasa atha.meyata hethuwa pitapathaka liyawena deya niwedakayata apahasuthawayen thorawa kiyawa gena yamata haki wiya yuthu wimaya.
guwan widuliyata liwimedi awadhanaya yomu kala yuthu karunu 04ki.
01.eya katha kirima sandahaya.
(sahithyamaya rachanawak wilasa nowa bhasha wilasaye pawathina deyak wimaya.)
02.eya pudgalayekugen pudgalayekuta idiripath karannaki.
(sanwadathmaka swarupayak,suhada bawak anthargatha wiya yuthu wimaya.)
03.eya asana madhyayaki.
(ek warak pamanak asena madhyayak wana heyin ek shrawanayakadi therum gatha haki paridi liwimada sarala,keti wakya yedimada wadagathya.)
04.shabdaya aathmaya kota gath madhyayaki.
(guwan widuliye shabdaya pamanak pawathina nisa shabdaya asuren sahrudayata therum gatha haki paridi liwimaya.)
guwan widuli basa hakithak sarala wana paridi liwima wadagath.liyana wakya awul sahagatha nowiya yuthu athara uchcharanaya kirimata pahasu wana aakaraye wachana walin liwiya yuthuyi.arthaya sewimata shrawakaya wehesawana sulu barapathala wakya noliya yuthu atharama karthru karaka wakya yedima wadagath we.guwan widuli prawruththi thula pawathina aadhipathyamaya balaya rakena paridi liwiya yuthuyi.thanathuru namayanta keti nam bhawitha nokarayi.
guwan widuli pitapath thula sankhya liwimedi 1-9 dakwa sankhya akuren liyana athara 10-999 dakwa ilakkamen liyayi.eeta wadi sankhya akuru ilakkam dekama bhawitha karayi.
uda:29785- 29 dahas 785
rupiyal 20 dahas 270 shatha 50
ek pituwak ek prawruththiyak sandaha wen karana athara eeta wadi nam More yanuwen liyayi. mese karanuye niwedakayage pahasuwa udesaya.guwan widuli katha bahakadi athyawashya nathi welawakadi sankhya idiripath kirimedi aasanna lesa kima wati.manda?yath kanata eka warakata thorathuru rasak grahanaya kara gatha nohaki nisaya.sankhya awashyama nam purna gananak kiyanna.asannata nawatha me karunata sawandimatada nohakiya.guwan widuli rachanayedi likhitha ha kathana bhasha athara basak yoda gane.awasana kriyawa kathanayata harawayi.pahasuwen kiyawiya yuthuya.esema madhyama purusha eeka wachanayen "oba" yanuwen amathiya yuthuya.pitapath rachakaya thama liyana wishaya pilibanda mana danumathi ayek wiya yuthuya.esema guwan widuli bhashawe wyuhaya pilibanda mana danumak thibiya yuthuya.
guwan widuli pitapath rachana karanuye aramunu dwithwayakini.
.grahakaya thula sahalluwak athi kirima.
(edineda jiwithaye dadi asahanakari eekakarithwayen midimata)
.jiwithawabodhayak laba dima.
(grahakaya pragnyawata pathkirima aramunu kara gani.mithyawa thula sira kala minisa in mudawagena ohuge chinthanaya awadhi karayi.
pitapath rachakaya grahakayage parikalpanaya awadhi kala yuthuwak menma thama aramunu kara gath kandayama manawa awabodha kara gena owunta uchitha lesa aamanthranaya kala yuthuya.wadasatahanata ilakka wu grahaka pirisata anuwa bhasha shailiyada wenas kala yuthuwe.
uda:lama wadasatahan,shasthriya wadasatahan
rachanaya atharathathuredi eekakarithwayen midenu pinisa bhasha shailiye saha wadan ratawe wenas kam sidu kala yuththe shrawakayata wada aakarshanaya wanu pinisaya.rachakaya thamage pitapatha thula abhauwya de anthargatha nokala yuthuya.BBC loka sewawe mayikal ke. ge shishyawak thama prathama guwan widuli kathawe mathrukawa lesa thora gaththe daru upathayi.age kathawa asu siyalu dena sinasunaha.shilpa dharma bhawithaya ekthara pramanayakata awashyaya.eheth athyawashyaya wanuye sathyayata lan wimayi.lamayin udesa yam tharamaka abhauwyamaya deyak yoda gaththada eya hithakara wima wadagathya.
uchitha bawahara yoda gatha yuthuwak menma aarambhaya aakarshaniya wiya yuthuya.ewitaya grahakaya jaya gatha haki wanuye.melesa laba gath awadhanaya digatama randawa ganimata pitapatha samath wiya yuthuya.grahaka manasa gini pupurak se awadhi karawimata guwan widuli basata hakiyawa atha.rachakaya guwan widuli aakruthiyata galapena paridi liwima athyawashyaya we.madhyayata liwimedi
*nirawadyathawaya
*pahadilithawaya
*sankshiptha bhawaya
aaraksha kala yuthuya.
guwan widuli rachanayedi anawashyaya warnanawalin thora wiya yuthu atharama anawashyaya nipatha,upasarga,awya pada,wisheshana pada,punarukthi,athishayokthi aadiyen walaki sitimada wadagathya.esema hangimbara lesa noliwiya yuthu atharama madhyasthabhawaya raka gatha yuthuya.kisiwekutath apahasa nokala yuthuyi. pitapatha magin kisiwekuge paudgalikathwayata hani nowiya yuthuya.ayogya dewal noliwiya yuthuya.jana madhyaya sambandha nithi piliganimin eewata yatathwa thama karyaya itu kala yuthuya.samahara awasthawala samahara karunu kere swayan warana athi kara ganmatada sidu we.aachara dharma pilibanda honda awabodhayak pitapath rachakayata awashyaya we.sabjudse siddhanthayata anuwa adhikaranaye wibhaga wana naduwak sambandha siyaluma thorathuru heli kala nohaka.
1.parshawa karuwanta balapamak wannata liwiya nohaka.
2.sakshi karuwanta balapamak wannata liwiya nohaka.
3.winishchaya karuwanta ha adhikaranayata balapamak wana se liwiya nohaka.
meyin adahas karanne thinduwata balapam wana kisiwak liwimata awasara nathi bawayi.mita amatharawa danda nithi sangrahaya,rangum palaka mandalaya,apahasa nithiya wani de ullanghanaya nokala yuthuya.me sambandhayen liwiya haki yahapath de sandaha ida atha.
guwan widuli warthakaranayedi
*idiripath karana karunu sathya wiya yuthu athara sathya bawa oppu kirimata sakshi thibiya yuthuya. *yam karunak heli nokara sitimen ratata janathawata haniyak wana bawa oppu kala yuthuya. *honda hangimen,dweshayen thorawa,sadbhawayen wartha kala yuthuya.'''me anuwa guwan widuli rachanayedi apakshapathi,thanpath, iwasili sahitha, siyallenma aath wu aakalpayak awashyaya wana athara bhawamaya prakashana anawashya we.siyallatama awasanaye eya kiyawiya haki ekakdayi balima wataneya.
aashritha"guwan widuli madhyaya yanu....", mahacharya thissa kariyawasam,S godage saha sahodarayo,675,P da S kularathna mawatha,kolambaa 10.'''
mewath balanna
guwan widuliya
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shrama balakaya
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aarthika washayen kriyakari janasankhyawa lesa eksath jathinge sanwidhanaya wisiw hadunwa di aththe, kisiyam nishchitha kala parichjedayak thuladi aarthika watinakamak athi bhandayak ho sewawak nishpadanaya kirima sadaha shramaya sapayana siwil ha hamuda ansha wala sewaya karana sthri purusha siyaluma pudgalayin saha ewani katayuthu sadaha shramaya sapayimata kamathi pudgalayinya.(United Nations -1967)
nishchitha wayas simawa lesa hadunwanne samanyayen shrama balakayata athulath karanna wu wayasa ha in pitawiya yuthu wayasa athara paratharayayi. eksath jathinge sanwidhanayata ha loka jathyanthara kamkaru sanwidhanayata anuwa mema nishchitha wayas simawa lesa salakanne awurudu 15-64 th athara kalayayi.namuth mema wayas simawa sthira wuwak nowe.wiwidha ratawala mema wayas simawa wenaswimak dakiya haka.
uda:krushikarmika rataka kuda daruwan pamanak nowa awurudu 64ta wadi piris da shramaya sapayimata dayaka we.ewita mema wayas simawa wenas we.
menisa atham ratawala awama wayas simawa awurudu 10 lesa gane.emenma uparima wayas simawa awurudu 70 lesa ganna ratawal da pawathi. bohomayak sanwardhanaya wemin pawathina ratawala uparima wayas simawak artha dakwanne natha.
yomu kalaya
yomu kalaya yanu shrama balakaya pilibada daththa ekathu kirima sadaha thiranaya karanu labana kala simawayi.daththa wala nirawadyathawaya bohodurata thiranaya wanne mema kalaya mathayi.emanisa eya wuwamanawata wada dirgha ho keti nowiya yuthuyi.eksath jathinge sanwidhanayata anuwa eya sathi 1k wima
wada sudusu we.
daththa ras kirima sadaha bhawitha kala haki sankalpa
paladayi sewaka sankalpaya (Gainful Worker Concept)
shrama balakaya pilibanda sankalpaya (Labour Force Concept)
athithayedi lokaye boho ratawal paladayi sewaka sankalpaya bhawitha kalada ehi athi durwalatha nisa pasuwa shrama balakaya pilibanda sankalpaya yodagena atha.ehi durwalatha athara wishesha kala simawak nomathi wimath,prathama warata rakiya soyana pirisa me sadaha yoda noganima mulika wiya.esema sewa wiyukthiya,sewa wiyukthiya, uuna sewa wiyukthiya wani de pilibanda pahadili lesa daththa raskara gatha nohaka.me nisa 1930 ganan waladi 'hawusar' namathi amarikanu mahacharyawaraya shrama balakaya sambandha adhyayana waladi rataka kriyakari janagahanaya pahatha lesa beda dakwiya haka.
shrama balakaya pilibanda minum
shramaya sambandhayen sthri purushayan athara wenaskam pawathina bawin pahatha dakwenne in kihipayaki.
dala kriyakari anupathikaya
rataka mulu janagahanayen kopamana pramanayak aarthika washayen kriyakari da yanna soya baleyi.
samanya kriyakari anupathikaya
yam nishchitha wasaraka shrama balakaya ema wasare awurudu 10 ho eeta wadi jana sankhyawata sapekshawa kopamanadayi prakasha kirima samanya kriyakari anupathikayayi.
samanya kriyakari anupathikaya = nishchithawasarakashramabalakaya / ema wasare awu:10ho eeta wadi janagahanaya * 100
aarthika yapum anupathikaya
meyata awurudu 10ta adu ha awurudu 64ta wadi siyalu dena athulath we.mowun shrama balakayata ayath wana janasankhyawen kopamana pramanayak dayi gananaya kirima mehidi sidukarayi.
aarthika yapum anupathaya = nishchitha wasaraka shrama balakayata ayath nowana jana sankhyawa / ema wasare shrama balakaya * 100
sewa niyukthi anupathaya
danata rakiyawak karana kandayama shrama balakayen kopamana prathishathayakda yanna soya balayi. sewa niyuktha anupathaya = nishchitha wasaraka sewa niyuktha jana sankhyawa / ema wasare shrama balakaya
sewa wiyuktha anupathikaya
rakiya wirahitha namuth rakayawak kirimata kamaththen sitina prathishathaya shrama balakayen kopamana prathishathayak da yanna soya balayi. sewa wiyuktha anupathikaya = nishchitha wasaraka ෙswa wiyuktha jana sankhyawa / eema ema wasare shrama balakaya * 100
shrama balakaye aadeshana anupathaya
sama wasarakata warakma shama balakaye aluthin kotasak ekathu wana athara thawath kotasak in pitawe. mema aluthin ekathu wana pirisa in iwathwa yana pirisen kopamana da yanna prakasha kirima oma balaka aadeshana anupathaya we.
shrama balakaye aadeshana anupathaya = nishchitha wasaraka shramabalakaya / ema wasaren shrama balakaya
shri lankawe shrama balakaya
warsha 1990 sita 2000 dakwa kala parichchedaya thula shri lankiya shrama balakaye sighra wardhanayak pennum nokere.warsha 1990 di uthuru saha nagenahira palath hara shri lankawe samastha shrama balakaya miliyana 6.0k wu athara, eya warsha 2000 wana wita miliyana 6.8 k wardhanaya wiya.sewa niyukthikayan kramayen wardhanaya wu athara shri lanka aarthikaye siduwi athi prasaranayath esema rakiya sadaha wada karana wayase sthrin saha purushayan wishala sankhyawak widesha weladapalata sankramanaya wimath samaga sewa wiyukthikayan pramanaya kramayen adu wi atha.esema pasugiya warsha thula usas adhyapanaya sadaha da shri lankikayin salakiya yuthu pramanayan widesha gatha wi atha.
shri lanka shrama balaka sahabhagithwaya
shri lankawe dala shrama balaka sahabhagithwa anupathaya 1990 di 51.9% k wu athara wasara 2000 wana wita eeya 50.3% dakwa adu wi athi bawa pene.mita mulika hethuwa salakiya yuthu pirisak widesha rakiyawan sandaha yomuwima we.1990 di widesha rakiya sandaha pitathwa giya sankhyawa 178000 k pamana wu athara wasara 2000di eya 183000 dakwa wardhanaya wi atha.mehi kanthawange dayakathwaya purushayinta wada wadi prathishathayak gani.
samajaya
aarthikaya
shramaya
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punarawarthana adhyapanaya
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adhyapanaya pilibanda nawathama sankalpaya washayen handunwanu labana punarawarthana adhyapanaya (Recurrent Educational) adhyapanayehila wisiwani siyawase mathuwunu palamuwani nawa adahasa washayen athamhu salakathi.
ithihasaya
swidanaye adhyapana amathiwa siti oolof pam(Olof Palm) wisin 1968 di aarthika sahayogathawa saha sanwardhanaya pilibanda sanwidhanaya (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development) idiriye pawathwana lada deshanayakin pasu warthamana adhyapanaya sandaha wu wikalpayak washayen punarawarthana adhyapanaya prachalitha wi atha.punarawarthana adhyapanaya yawajiwa adhyapanayata wada nawathama sankalpayaki.anagatha loka sandaha wu adhyapanaya eya yayida kiyawe.punarawarthana adhyapana sankalpaya anuwa pudgalaya jiwitha kalaye wiwidha awasthawala warinwara adhyapanaya labaminda, rakiyawala nirathawemikanda jiwitha karyayan karyakshama karagani.
punarawarthana adhyapanaye wasi
punarawarthana adhyapanaya magin warthamana adhyapana kramaya thula pawathna atham arbudayan wisandimata hakiwe.nidasunak washayen punarawarthana adhyapanaya magin pashchath dwithiya adhyapanayata athulu wimata apeksha karannange sankhyawa wishala washayen adu wiya hakiya.mandayath owun igenima sandaha kapawi balasitinu wenuwata rakiyawaka yedi sita pasuwa igenimakara aapasu paminime awastha owunata udawana heyini.emenma punarawarthana adhyapanaya magin pudgalayata jiwitha kalaya thissema kramanukulawa warinwara adhyapanayata piwisimata hakiwe.me nisa "parampara paratharaya" yana bhedaya aduwe.yalpana giya danumata simawi pashanibhuthawima walake.bala paramparawath, tharuna paramparawath, wadihiti paramparawath athara adhyapanaya sandaha yodanu labana sampath wada sadharana lesa bedi yanu atha.pudgalayakuge jiwithakala chakrayen 3/4 wadihiti wiyata ayathwenawanam ee kalaya thulada ohuta adhyapanaya sandaha awasthawa labe.
warthamanaye pawathna paridi,dwithiya adhyapanayen pasuwa thawath awurudu kipayakma samaja athdakim,samaja sanghattanayen thorawa iැgana gannawita pudgalaya samajayata aaganthukawe.eheth punarawarthana adhyapanaya magin jiwithaya namathi thaksalawe parichayak labayi.
warthamanaye" adhyapanaya" kiyu pamanin hangawena kriyakarakam walin bohodurata aathwu ha wenwu manolanthayaka sita igenima iwathwi punarawarthana adhyapanaya magin adhyapanaya wyawaharayata pathwe.
wyapthiya
sampradayika adhyapana aakruthiyen nawa manpeth bala yana mema kramaya 1970 gananwala swidanaya,norwe saha pranshaya yana ratawala prathipaththiyak washayen piligena atharaektharapramanayakin danatakriyathmakawe.jarmaniye eya kriyathmaka wanne dilindu ha kamkaru panthi janathawa sandahaya.
punarawarthana adhyapanaya magin nuthana samajaya thula minisata idiripath wana wiwidha sankirna .gataluwalata saha anekuth abhiyogayanta sarthaka andamin muhunadimata hakiyawa labe.anek karuna nam warthamina adhyapanaya boho durata minisage athitha awashyatha sandaha misa warthamana ha anagatha jiwitha gataluwalata sarilana aakarayen sakaswi natha.wenaswana anagathaya pilibanda kampanayata pathnowi,eeta oroththudimata nam warinwara adhyapanaya labiya yuthuwe.anek athata thakshanika anaksharabhawayen midimata pudgalaya warinwara nawatha nawatha adhyapanaya labiya yuthuwe.
punarawarthana adhyapanika adahasa anuwa adhyapanaya pilibanda methak pawathi sankalpada wenaswe.mema adhyapana kramaya sandaha adhyapana kriyawaliye siyalu ansha kerehi wiplawiya andamin sitha yomukirima awashyawe.enam adhyapanaye aramunu,wyuhaya,wishaya malawa,iganwime krama saha agayima menma adhyanayedi bhauthika ha manawa sampath pariharanaya kirima aadiyada we.nidasunak washayen gathahoth punarawarthana adhyapana kramayak aarambha kirima sandaha aniwarya ha dwithiya adhyapanaye wishayamala prathisanskaranaya wiya yuthuya.wisheshayenma dwithiya awasthawedi nawatha igenimata paminima sandaha aththiwarama damima awashyawe.
uputa ganima
chandrapala kariyawasamge 21 wana siyawasata adhyapanaya
me adawiyath balanna
adhyapanaya
mano widyawa
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thyaga (nithiya)
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thyaga sambandhawa lanka nithiye wyawasthapitha prathipadana daknata natha. me sandaha podu nithi ha ingrisi nithi prathipadana adala we.esema muslim ha udarata nithi da balathmaka we. thyagayak yanu thyagakaru thyagalabhiya kerehi dakwana aadaraya, karunawa, dayawa yanadi hangim hethu kotagena kruthawedithwayak dakwima ho mulyamaya prathishtawakin thorawa
yamkisi depalak pawarima we.mehidi apata himi nowana deyak thagi kala nohaka.
thyaga warga 3 ki.
maranasanna thyagaya (Donatio Motis causa)
jiwathwa sitiyadi karana thyagaya (Donatio Inter vivos)
dawadi thyagaya (Donatio propter nuptias )
maranasanna thyagaya
maranaya chethana karagena labadena thyagaya we. oonama awasthawaka awalangu kala haki we. meya wadi washayen anthima kamathi pathrayak magin laba de.pahidi pudgalaya nomarunahoth anthima kamathi pathraya awalangu kala hakiya.pasema thyagalabhiya miyagiya hoth thyagaya awalangu we.
ingrisi nithiye me aakaraye thyagayak kondesi sahitha thyagayak lesa dakwayi.hethuwa wanne thyagakaru dan sitina thathwaya
nisama miyagiyahoth pamanak thyagaya balathmaka wana bawini. roma landesi nithiya dakwanne adala depala bharadi thibima
nothibima matha awalangu wana aakaraya thiranaya wana bawayi. thyagaya bharadi thibuni nam awalangu kalahaki thyagayak bawata path we.ee sandaha adhikaranayata yayuthuya.namuth bharadi nathi nam ibe awalangu we.
jiwathwa sitiyadi karana thyagaya
meya sadanne kisikalaka awalangu kala nohaki aakarayataya. mehidi thyagalabhiya miyagiya hoth anuprapthikayanta uruma we.
dawadi thyagaya
mehidi dawadi lesa dena thyaga adala we. pasema thyagayak wuwada agana prathishtawak thibe. panam giwisumata palambaenne wiwaha karadima wenuwen ayawa aaraksha kala yuthu bawataya. thyagayak dima pramanathmaka nowana athara thyagalabhiya pama thyagaya piliganima awashyaya. p sandaha nishchitha kramayak natha. balawayaskaruwaku nam oonama kramayakata piliganima kala haka. thunwana parshawayak bharagani nam p sandaha thyagalabhiyage kamaththa awashyaya. falil gafur padiriwa hamsa hidi thyagalabhiyage anumathiya nomathiwa thunwana parshawaya adala thyagaya bharaganima nisa thyagaya awalangu wana bawa dakwiya.
aashritha
Re Cole.
Knapp v Knapp
Gift tax
Donation (Catholic canon law)
mulashra
adawiyen bahara pitu
LawNet-Sri Lanka's Legal Information Network
depala nithiya
Giving
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shri lankawe sampradayika bauddha adhyapanaya
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shri lankiya ithihasaye wiplawiya yugayaka aarambhaya sanituwahan wanne mahindagamanayath samagaya.manda shri lankikayo thamange yayi urumakam kiwa haki sanskruthiyak kara gaman araonuye mahindagamanayath samaga mahangu dayada rasak labimath samagaya.lakwasiyan lada anagithama dayadaya wanne nirmala budu dahama lankawata labimayi.emenma dharmika artha kramayakda akshara malawakda adhyapana kramayakda shri lankikayanta uruma wiya.
shri lankikayan lada adhyapana kramaya wanahi bauddha adhyapana sampradayayi.purana lanka
we bauddha adhyapanaya mulika washayenma bhikshun wahanselage mulikathwayen siduwiya.emenma eya sapura samajayata adala wuwakda wiya.bhikshu samajaya mulkota paramadarshi uththara minis samajayak bihikirima budurajanan wahansege mulika apekshawa wiya.
mihindu himiyange sapaminimath samaga dewanapaths rajuwisin alankara lesa idikarawana lada mandapayaka maha aritta theranuwo uthuru desata muhuna la wada sitiyaha.maha mahinda theranuwo dakunu desata abhimukhawa wada hunha.unwahanse wata sata atak maha therawarun wada sitiyaha. dewanapathis rajuge kanitu sohoyuru maththabhaya nam theranuwan athulu pansiyak pamana bhikshu pirisa dharmasanayehi wadahun aritta therun wisin winaya prakasha kala wita eya wanapoth kota ugena yali prakasha kala kalaha.meya lankika bauddha igenum kriyawaliye aarambhaya wiya.
inpasuwa maha aritta,thissa daththa,wisharada kalasumana,digha saha dighasumana,naga,buddharakkhitha,thissa dewa,sumana,chulanaga yana therawarunda ruhune upatha lada dhammapalitha therun saha unwahansege shishya thripitakadhara khema therunda heladiwa di dharma winaya ha budu dahamath,bauddha adhyapanayathlakbimehi sthapitha kirimata kapawi kriya kalaha.me pilibandawa nikaya sangrahayehisaha samantha pasadikawa athulu granthayanhi sandahan we.ema aacharya paramparawangen akhandawa pawatha aa bhanaka paramparawan wisin heladiwa janathawata dharmaya uganwamin bauddha
adhyapanaya pulul lesa sanwardhanayata path kirimata shakthimath lesa urademin idiriyata pawathwagena enu labini.
lakdiwa bhikshu parshadaya wardhanaya wimath samaga deshiya bauddha adhyapana sampradayada sanwardhanaya wemin chirasthayi bawata pathwiya.thuparamaya nimawa puja karana wita lakdiwa pawidiwa siti bhikshu pirisa thisdahasak wu bawa maha wanshaya sandahan karayi.thathagathayan wahansege prathama deshanawe sita pashchima buddha wachanaya dakwa mulu mahath buddha deshithaya akshara,pada,grantha,paripuchcha, washayen saha sankhya sahithawa walagamba raju samaya dakwa
lankiya bhikshun wisin katawaharin ragena aaha.meya itha sanwidhanathmakawa sidu wuwaki.prathama dharma sanghayanawe dharma winaya dekehi aarakshawa sandaha eewaye wagakima pradhana pele bhikshu paramparawan wetha bhara wiya.eewa hadarima mul kota gena bhanakaparamparawan goda nagunu bawa pahadiliya.thripitaka dharmaya digu kalak katawaharin surakshitha karagath me "bhanakayo" bauddha adhyapana karyaya nokadawa pawathwagena ena ladaha.meki bhanakayo thama thaman wetha siti shishya paramparawanta saha thamanwetha hudakalawa elambai shishyayantada dharma ha winaya uganwamin adhyapana karyayehi la imahath kapawimen kriyakaraminbudu dahamehi la lakwasiyan danuwath kirime udara karthawyayata uradi kriya kala bawa pahadiliya.
lakdiwa bauddha adhyapana sampradaya bauddha bhikshuwa kendrakotagena sanwardhanayata pathwu athara rajawaru saha samanya janayada bhikshun
wahanse wethin dharmadhyapanaya lada bawa sandahan we.
igenum kriyawaliya
athithaye pawathi igenum kriyawaliya samasthayak lesa handunwa aththe granthakaranaya lesaya.eya grantha dhurayata adala mulika karya bharaya wiya.ee bawa wisuddhi margayehi mese wisthara kara atha.ee anuwa dharmaya wanapoth kirima,wanapoth kala kotas samuhikawa ekata sajajhayana kirima arthaya igenima,ee pilibandawa notherena than guru asurin asa dana ganma adhyapanayehi dakiya haki mulika lakshana wiya.igenum karyayehi krama paddhathiya pilibandawa wadagath wistharayak wisuddhi margayehi pahadiliwa sandahankara thibe.yamak hadarimedi ee pilibandawa pela akshara ,pada ,wyanjana , nirukthi , nirwachana yana wichara krama yatathe wimarshanayata lak kala yuthu bawa ehi dakwe.
wisuddhi margayehi eeee karunu sambandhawa handinwimda kara thibe.
akshara : nam akuruya.ya , sa , aadi ek akurak athi pada da mehidi akshara washayen salakanu labe
pada : ek aksharayak ho wibhathyanthawa artha prakasha kere nam eya pada nam we.
khyanjana : khyanjana nam akuru kihipayak ekwimen sadena wakyayaki
nirukthi : ihatha ki aakara wakya wibhaga kirime kramaya wu "passa thithi-passo " " wedayathithi-wedana " yanadi wigraha dakwimedi nirukthi nam we
nirdesha : ema nirwachanaya thawada wisthara kirimedi nirdesha yayi dakwe
deshiya bauddha adhyapana sampradaye bhawitha krama shilpa
pudgala charitha anuwa iganwime kramaya
dharmaya wibhanga kramaya yatathe iganwime kramaya
pawarum kramaya
shrawya drrushya madhya kramaya
pudgala charitha anuwa iganwime kramaya :shishyage manasika swabhawaya ha charitha lakshana anuwa ohuta galapena adhyapana kriyawaliyak anugamanaya kirima mehi paramarthayayi.
dharmaya wibhanga kramaya yatathe iganwime kramaya :prathamayenma udedasaya nam wu pela hadara anathuruwa wisthara washayen handarima pinisa wibhanga kramaya upayogi kara ganu labiya.
pawarum kramaya :pahasuwen karunu watahadima sandaha lankawe bhawitha kala bauddha adhyapana sampradaye pawarum yoda ganu labiya.wachanayen wataha diya nohaki boho de pawarum mangin waha awabodha karawiya haka.
shrawya drrushya madhya kramaya :bhikshun wahansela dharma deshanaya mangin iganwime kriyawaliyedi uganwanu labana wishaya pilibandawa danima thahawuru karanu sandaha mese shrawya drrushya madhya sarthaka lesa upayogi karaganu labiya.
mese bauddha adhyapana kriyawaliya thula ugath pirisa wisin anugamanaya kala krama shilpa rasak kriyathmakawa thibena aakaraya dakiya haka.
shri lankawe parani adhyapana wyuhaya
shri lankawe parani adhyapana wyuhaya thula pradhana kotas thunak daka gatha hakiya.enam
prathamika adhyapanaya
dwithiyika adhyapanaya
thruthiyika adhyapanaya
prathamika adhyapanaya
lamayakuta mulinma labena widhimath adhyapanaya prathamika adhyapanayayi.shri lankawe warthamanaye menma athithayeda lamayaku awuradu pahenprathamika adhyapanayata athul wiya.guru gedarin prathamika adhyapanaya laba dena ladi.indiyawa,shri lankawa wani ratawala mema guru gedara sankalpaya kriyathmaka wiya.guru gedara pihitiye guruwarayage niwasehiya.guru gedara guruwaraya game sitina pradhaniya wiya.pandiwarayaku , bahushrathayaku , pawul paramparawen ihala pudgalayaku wiya.lamun newasikawa igena gathha.sama demapiyakuma siya daruwa guru gedara newasikawa igenimata bara dena ladi.lamayakuta awashya widhimath prathamika adhyapanaya guru gedarin labini.emenma mita samagamiwa awidhimath adhyapanayakda labini.emagin samanya jiwithaya sarthaka kara ganimata awashya wusadacharaya , minisathkama aadi gunanga da samanya jiwithaya sarthaka kara ganimata awashya wu wiwidha kusalathawanda labadena ladi.meki awidhimath adhyapanaya guru gedara guru mathawa nohoth guruthumage bharyawa haraha labini.
shri lankiya aithihasika anuradhapura ,polonnaru yugawaladi prathamika adhyapanayata bhawitha kala patha potha soya ganimata nolabe.manda sathuru aakramana nisa winashayata path wu bawini.namuth nuwara yugaye prathamika adhyapanayata bhawitha kala patha potha
rasak dakagatha hakiya.enam
wadan kawi potha
sakaskada
buddha gajjaya
paththini halla
ganadewi halla
mangul lakuna
hodiya
nampotha
yana kruthinya.prathamika adhyapanayedi bhakshun madihath nowiya.gihiyan eeta mul wiya.
dwithiyika adhyapanaya
dwithiyika adhyapanaya pilibandawa wimasa balana kala eya deaakarayakata labini.enam
pansal pasala
pawula
pansal pasala
pansal pasala pansala aashrithawa pawathwagena giyeya.sama gamakama pansal pasal pawathini.ee sama pansal pasalakatama ananya wu lakshana pawathini.prathamika adhyapanayan pasu kotasak pansal pasalata yomu wiya.ese yomuwime prawanathawaya wadi wuye
mahana wimata apeksha kala aya
rajawaru ha raja pelapath wala aya
pradeshiya palakayan , yuwa rajawarun
pradhanin saha prabhuwarun
waidyawarun wimata apeksha kala aya
nakshathraya igenimata pelambaunu aya
ugathun wimata kamathi aya
shasthriya menma wruththiya wishayanda iganwiya.shasthriya wishayan wuye anka ganithaya ,bhugola widyawa ,ithihasaya nakshathraya ,sinhala,
pali ,sanskrutha bhasha ,chandas alankaraya.sama pansal pasalakma ekinekata wenas wiya.ek ek pradeshawalata aawenika sampath minis aakalpa matha wishaya malawa sakasini. minis shramaya nisi lesa aarthikayata hasuruwana pahadili wishaya malawak pansal sathu wiya.warthamanaye men ugathun athara wirakiyawa ho ugathun mul wu damarika kriya ekala nowuye menisaya.wimadhyagatha pansal pasal kramayak wiya.bhikshuwa nomile adhyapanayalaba duni.raju pawa adhyapanayata madihath nowiya.rajawaru bhikshuwata awashya pahasukam sapayuha.shasanika adhyapanayak daknata labuni.thamanta siwupasaya dun gihiyanta karanu labana prathyupakarayak lesa adhyapanaya kriyathmaka wiya.
pawula
kramanukula widhimath adhyapanayak memagin nolabuni.shilpa shreni/guru kula washayen sakasi thibini.owun wruththiyak pilibandawa kusalatha thibu ayayi.boho piris pasala mangin labadun widhimath adhyapanayen pasuwa pawula mangin labadun awidhimath adhyapanayata yomu wiya.shasthriya anshayata yomu wimata akamathi aya mita yomu wiya.pawul eekakaya thula adhyapanaya labima siduwiya.
sama gurukulayakma wruththiya dakshathawan pilibimbau kala aya wiya.sama gurukulayak sathuwama guru mushti thibuni.guru mushti yanu shilpiya rahasya.mema shilpiya rahas siya wargayata ayath kula paramparaw mathu aarakshawatath ,siya ananyathawan surakimatath bhawitha wiya.rahas maruwuye piyagen puthataya.kramayen kalantharayak thisse kala kriyakarakam thulin igenuma siduwiya.ee atharama awashya nyayika danumada labadena ladi.memagin siya wruththiya pilibanda hasala danumak athi pudgalayaku bihi wiya.wiwaha wana wayasata paminikala piya wisin puthata siya wruththiya adala karmika mewalam bharadenu labiya.
me aakarayata sama lamayakutama dwithiyika adhyapana awasthawedi pansal pasalen ho shilpa shreni thulin aniwarya dwithiyika adhyapanayak laba dena ladi.
thruthiyika adhyapanaya
thruthiyika adhyapanaya mulumaninma wenas wiya.shasthriya ha wruththiya adhyapanaya
hadaru aya thawa duratath ihalata igenimata yomu wuye nam ee thruthiyika
adhyapanayayi.lankawe pera pawathi wishwa widyala pilibanda wiwidha deshatana wartha
mangin thorathuru labe.hiyunsan saha fahiyan denamage් wartha mehila prabala
sakshi sapayayi.lankawe pradhana wishwa widyala paddhathi dekak pawathini.
therawadi sampradaya
mahayana sampradaya
therawadi wishwa widyala sampradayika ratawakata anugatha wiya.weda ,natya ,nakshathraya
iganwiya.wada diyunu wuye mahayana sampradayayi.abhayagiriya,jethawanaramaya mita
ayathya.laukika jiwithayata awashya danumada mema paddhathiyen labaduni.
tharangakarithwaya thulin mahayana wishwa widyala diyunu wiya.sanskruthika thrikona
kanim manginda abhayagiri wishwa widyala bhumiya thulin krushikarma pitayak ,injineru
pitayak ,gowi bimak hamuwi atha.
wishwa widyalawala kala satahan bhikshuwage dainika kala satahana anuwa
sakasini.enam
pindapathayata pera kala satahana
pindapathayata pasu kala satahana
sandhya kalaye kala satahana
apa rate ekala pawathi wishwa widyala piriwena naminda handinwiya.lankawe wishwa
widyala arambaana wita yuropaye pawa wishwa widyala bihiwa nothibini.wisheshagnya
aayathana naminda aayathanayak thibuni.memangin pashchath upadhiyak
pirinamuni.dakunu palathe wisheshayen mema aayathana pawathuni.thissa maha
wiharaya , chiththa pabbatha mita udaharana we.
me aakarayata shri lankawe parani adhyapana kramaya thulada pudgalayakuta pashchath
upadhiyak dakwa igenimata awasthawa thibu bawa pahadiliya.
shri lankawe ithihasaya
shri lankawe buddhagama
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shri lankawe dikkasada nithi
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shri lankiya nithiya thula kriyathmaka nithyanukula wiwaha krama
shri lankika purawasiyakuwana oonama pudgalayaku thama wiwahaya awasan kara ganimedi nathahoth dikkasada wimedi ee sandaha ihatha eewa athurin pahatha sandahan kumana ho nithiyak balapayi. eewa nam ,
samanya (roma-landesi)
[udarata nithiya]
[muslim nithiya]
me nithi krama thuna harennata,thesawalame nithiya yatathe palanaya wana pudgalayanda dikkasadaya sambandhayen samanya nithiyen palanaya we. oonama nithi kramayak yatathe wuwada dikkasadaya labadenne wenas padanam yatatheya.
dikkasadaya laba dena padanam
roma landesi wiwaha (samanya wiwaha)
waiwahaka warada (matrimonial fault)
wiwahaya bindawatima (breakdown of marriage) lesa kotas dekaki
apa nithiye padanama wanne waiwahaka waradayi.eehidi 1907/19 darana samanya wiwaha aagnya panathe 13wana waganthiya yatathe dikkasadaya labaganima sandaha oppu kara penwiya yuthu awastha 3ki.
anacharaya (Adultery)
dwesha sahagatha athaharayama (Malicious desertion)
suwakalanohaki lingika belahinathawa (Incurable impotence)
anacharaya
kalathrayan swechchachawen wenath parshawayak samanga kamaththen lingikawa hasirimayi. (pem sabandatha , samalingika aashrayan mita ayath natha) meya oppu kirima sambandhawa shri lankawa thula mul kalinawa thiranaya wi thabu thathwaya wuye sadharana sakayen obbata oppu kala yuthuya yannayi. thiranaya wu naduwak wana "pushpakumara e. tarmeti saha anek aya" di shreshtadhikaranaya thiranaya kale "shakyatha wadi bara matha" yana padanama adala bawayi.
siwil nadu widhana sangrahaye "598" waganthiya prakarawa anacharayata adala aniyam purushaya /kanthawada wagauththarakaruwaku wiya yuthuya. namuth me sandaha wyathirekhi awastha thunak pawathi.
withthikara parshawaya ganika wruththiye yedima.
nisi awadhanaya yeduwada wagauththarakaruge nama soya gatha nohaki wima.
thunwana parshawaya miyagos athnam.
dwesha sahagatha athahara yama
ek parshawayak anek parshawaya yam kalayak athulatha ,nawatha paminime ho itukirime chethanawak nomathiwa ituwiya yuthukam itunokara sitimayi.mehidi
manasika angaya ha
sharirika angaya oppu kalayuthu athara me deka athara sambandhayak thibiya yuthuya.
anek parshawayata waiwahaka niwasa athaharayamata wana paridi katayuthu kirima thulin eshe karana pudgalaya anumitha dwesha sahagatha athahara yamakata mul we. udaharanayak washayen babun nona e. alban kempas di anacharaye yedunu samiyata withthikara birinda paharadi rohal gathakalamuth,aya ese kale samiyage charithaya ayahapath wu heyin nisa eya anumitha dwesha sahagatha athaharayamak lesa salakuni.
lingika belahinathawa
wiwaha wana awasthawe pawa thibiya yuthu suwakala nohaki lingika belahinathawa meyin adahas we. belahinathawa waradak wanne ee bawa danagena wiwaha wu witaya. me karunu matha samanya nithiye dikkasadaya sakachcha we.dikkasadaya siwil waradak wana nisawen siwil nadu widhana sangrahaya prakarawa , disa adhikaranaye , ediriwadi nadu patipatiya anuwa kriyathmaka we. esema ihatha karunu walata amatharawa siwil nadu widhana sangrahaye "608"ta, 1970 gena sanshodhanaya prakarawa , awurudu 7k wenwa sitiyadi ho awurudu 2ka adhikaranamaya wenwimak wi thibe nam laghukarya patipatiyen dikkasadaya gatha haka.(namuth karya patipatiyata wu mema wenaskama , harayathmaka nithiyata handunwa nodima nisa prayogikawa mema thathwaya kriyathmaka nowe.)
udarata (sinhala) wiwaha
pahatha sandahan karana matha udarata wiwahayak dikkasada kala hakiya.
wiwaha wimen pasu birinda anacharayehi yedima
birinda wisin awurudu dekak thisse samiya athahara dama sitima.
sathutin ekata jiwathwimata nohakiwima ho pura wasarak thisse wasayen ho sanwasayen wenwi jiwathwima
yana karanawalin ekak ho siyallama matha purusha pakshaya wisinda,
samiya wisin anacharayehi yedima
samiya wisin awurudu dekak thisse birinda athahara dama sitima.
sathutin ekata jiwathwimata nohakiwima ho pura wasarak thisse wasayen ho sanwasayen wenwi jiwathwima
yana karanawalin ekak ho siyallama matha sthri pakshaya wisinda thama wiwahaya awalangu kara ho dikkasada thinduwak labadena lesa illa sitiya haka.
dedenagema kamaththen ha anyenya ekangathawaya matha nam dedena ekathuwa illim kala hakiya.
me adawith balanna
shri lankawe wiwaha nithiya
sinhala wiwahaya
nithiya
adawiyen bahara pitu
shri lanka aanduwa: LawNet
prajawa
wiwahaya
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shri lankawe panshu wargikaranaya
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shri lankawe 10% hunugal thattuwakda 90%pasada pihita atha. pruthuwiye wadena palati saha sathwa sanhathiye pawathma radapawathinne me pas thattuwa matha wana athara , palati wardhanayata awashya poshya padarathada , jalayada sapayenne paseni.pasa pilibanda awadhanaya krushikarmanthayata yomuwu kalaye sita pawathi athara , pasa pilibanda widyathmaka adhyanayan aarambhawuye mathakadiya.meyata adithalama damuwe "DUKUSHAEV" nam pramuka rusiyanu widyagnyaya wisini.me samanga athi shri lanka panshu sithiyama me sadaha upakari weyi. shri lankawa thula panshu wagar 14 pilibanda kathakaranu labayi.
rathu dumbauru pasa
wiyali kalapiya pradeshawala me pas wargaya daknata labeyi.mili mitara 200ta adu warshapathanayak labena wiyali kalapiya pradeshawana anuradhapuraya, polonnarawa,wawniyawa,hambanthota,monaragala ha yabanda disthrikawala rathu dumbaurupas atha.me pasehi kalsiyam hondin athi athara katayana huwamaru dharithawayada atha.me pasa krushikarmanthaya sadaha yogyaweyi.wiyali kalapaye sampradayika hen gowithanata boho upakari we. me athara dhanya,athireka aahara boga,thanabim,palathuru, wi wagawa sandaha yogya weyi.
pH=6.5 k pamana we.pase jalaya radawa thaba ganime dharithawaya adu bawin keti kalanthara walin jalaya sapayiya yuthu ya. thawada mema pasahi mathupita katithi wala sthayithawa adu bawin khadanayata lak wime hakiyawa atha. ebawin nisi panshu sanrakshana krama anugamanaya kala yuthu ya.
churnaka nowana dumbauru pasa
boralu walin yamthak durakata samanwitha me pasa ralu wayanayak ganna athara thethamanayedi alena suluya.ampara.madakalapuwa disthrikawalada,galoya mitiyawatheda, me pasa atha.potasiyam,magnisiyam pasehi aduyi.namuth katayana huwamaru dharithawa sathutudayakayi.thruna wagawa sidukaranu labana athara warimarga magin wi wagawa sarthakayi.
rathu kaha podsolik pasa
me pasa wiyali witaka kuduwana suluda,theth witaka alena bawada daknata labeyi. me pasa theth kalapiya disthrikawala kadu ha dala bawum sahitha bhumiwalata simawe. badulu,bandarawela pradanayi.nuwaraeliya,rakwana,deniyaya samahara pradesha walada atha. me pasehi kalsiyam,magnisiyam pramanaya hina wuwada the,rabar,wagawalata balanopayi. elawalu, palathuru waga sandaha yogya weyi.
rathu kaha latasols
me pasa gambauruya.mana jala wahanayakin yukthaya.mannarama haraha puththalama dakwada, mulathiw dakwada, yapana ardhadwipayeda wyapthawa atha.posparas ha potasiyam mattama tharamak wana athara kalsiyam ha magnisiyam pramanaya sathutudayakayi.dehi pawulata ayath palathuru waga sandaha pradhana wana athara kaju wagawatada yogya weyi. me pasata pendriya pohora bhawitha kirimen sashrikathwaya radawagatha hakiyi.
rathu dumbauru latasolik pasa
meya kabokmaya pasa lesada hadunwayi.emenma mana jalawahana ratawakin yuth pasaki.nuwara,kagalu disthrikawalath,mathale disthrikayeth me pasa daknata labe. amla bawakin yuth pasaki.katayana huwamaru dharithawada ihala wana athara pulul thethamanayakinda yukthayi.kokowa,kesel wagakaranu labayi.
aparinatha dumbauru lom pasa
me pasa nuwara disthrikaye daknata labena athara,madhyastha gambaurakin yukthayi. wiyali kalapaye kadu bawum wala menma galpara thaniwalada mema pasa atha.katayana huwamaru dharithawa ihala wana athara,wayanaya,jalawahanaya sathutudayakayi.krushikarmanthayata yogyaweyi.
soladayisd solanats pasa
sankirna ratawakin yuktha me pasa kshara ha lawana pasa lesada hadunwayi. wiyali kalapaye muhudubada thirawala wadadiya badiya thalawala ha moya nidhiwala mati kotasmatha daknata labe.lankawe ginikona,thamankaduwa,damana pradeshawala pradhanayi.pasehi nayitrajan ha posparas pramanaya durwalaya.pulul thruna wagawatada wi wagawatada yogya weyi.
grumusols pasa
kalu niwarthana matipas lesada hadunwana me pasa yapana disthrikaye dakunu pradeshaya, murukkan watada,mannarama disthrikayeda daknata labe.parani athhala waw thibena pradeshawalada me pasa thibuni.pase potasiyam pramanaya adhikaya.katayana huwamaru dharithawayakda atha.kapu wagawa ha wi wagawata yogya weyi.
regosols pasa
nawaka pasak yana arthaya genadeyi.werala ha wali wati mathada,matha kalina nidhisaditha nidhi mathada me pasa wardhanaya wiya.yakada poshitha wali mati pasaki.lankawe patu weralasanna thiruwalada,kadukaraye bawume pahath pathi theth kadukara kotasehida me pasa wyapthawa atha.tharamak poshyadrayi pasak wana athara katayana huwamaru dharithawayakda atha.polawa yata athi jalaya gambaurata wadena shaka mangin uraganiyi. me pasa krushikatayuthu sandaha ayogya wana athara pol wagawa itha yogya weyi.
amla waguru pas
hal ha ardha hal pas lesada hadunwayi.me pasa diyalu drawya udin pihiti pit walin yukthaya.25% pendriya drawaya walin adangu thattuwakin samanwithaya.theth kalapaye pahathbime pradhana gannga asabada waguru sahitha pradeshaye hamuwe.kolambaa,kaluthara, galu disthrikawala wihidi atha.us pradeshawala,sanu pradeshawala samathala nimna pathuleda atha.
awabhyumika gle pasa
lankawe samanyayen pahath bim thiraya purama me pasa wihidi atha.
diyalu pasa
jalaya radawa thabanu labana pasayi.mitiyawath,ala,dola,gannga aashrithawa jalayen yatawana thala maththehi me diyalu pasa atha.wi wagawa sandaha pradhanawanne me pasayi.chaya agaya,katayana huwamaruwa,pendriya drawaya poshyadrayithwaya me pasehi bahulawa atha.
me adawiyath balanna
wiyali kalapaye pasa
adawiyen bahara pitu
krushikarmaya
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yathuru liyanaya
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mudrana yanthraya nipadawima manawa sanniwedana ithihasaye wadagath sandhisthanayak wiya. methek athin liyu
poth path dan mudrana dwarayen nikuth wannata patan ganini. pothaka pitapath sankhyawa dahas gananin
wadi wathma eewa kiyawana pataka piris da wadi wina. patakayage gnyana sambharayada shighrayen wardhanaya wina.
ese wuwada mudrana madhya mulika washayen jana madhyayak wiya. anthar pudgala sanniwedanaya
arabaya in labunu pitiwahala mandaya. ee anthar pudgala awashyatha pirimasa ganime karya bharya pawarane thawath nawa
nishpadanayakataya ee typewriter'' (tayip rayitar ) hewath yathuru liyanaya yi .
mulinma yathuru liyanayak nipadawana ladde dahanawawana siyawasehiya. welada polata mulinma
piwisiye " remintan" (Remington) yana namin handinwunu ingrisi yathuru liyanayaki. ingrisi palana samaye di me yathuru
liyanaya meratatada handunwa denu labina. rajaye karyala wala lipi lekhana sakas kirimata menma mudranaya sandaha ath pitapath
sakas kirimata da me yathuru liyanayak awashya wuye wisiwana siyawase mada bhagaye di sinhalaya rajya bhashawa
bawatath adhyapana madhyaya bawatath path wimen pasuwaya.
sinhala yathuru liyanaya
sinhalaya arabaya yathuru liyanayak sakas kirima gatalu sahitha prashnayak wiya. palamuwanna
"yathuru puwaruwa" (Keyboard) salasum kirime prashnayayi. ingrisi bhashawa liwimata awashya wanne akuru 26 k pamanaki.
eheth sinhalayen liwima sandaha akuruwalata amatharawa "pili" nama sanketha wisheshaya da awashya we. akuru dekak ekata banda
liwime sampradayak da sinhalayehi atha. "bandi akuru" nam akuru nam akuru wisheshaya ingrisiyehi natha.
sinhalayehi athi akshara sankhyawada ingrisi akshara sankhyawata wada wadiya. ingrisi hodiye aththe
akuru 26 k pamanaki. sinhala hodiye akshara sankhyawa 60 aasannaya. eheth hama ingrisi akurakatama Small ha Large
yanuwen rupa dekak athi bawin ehi akshara rupa sankhyawa da 52 tharam wishalaya.
sinhalaya sandaha yathuru liyanayak nipadawime gaurawaya himi wanne adhyapana adhyakshakawarayeku
lesa sewaya kala echi es perera mahathata yayi sandagomi koparahewa mahatha penwa deyi. ewaka rajya bhasha
departhamenthuwe sewaya kala lorans perera mahatha da ostin kantar mahatha da sinhala yathuru liyana nirmanayehila behewina dayaka wu bawa asannata labina.tayip rayip rayitaraya sandaha "yathuru liyanaya"yana padaya nirmanaya karana ladde kantar mahatha
wisin bawa koparahewa mahatha kiyayi.
1946 di pamana bhawithayata aa sinhala yathuru puwaruwehi yathuru 46 k wu bawa kiyanu labe. impiriyal (imperial) nam ingrisi samagamak wisin welanda polata handunwa dun mehi kotharami adupadu thibunath eya pasukalina
yathuru puwaruwalata padaka wunu bawa pene. 1950 pamana wana wita kristo (Christo) oorbis (Orbis ) ha olimpiya (Olympia)yanuwen thawath sinhala yathuru liyana thunak welanda polata piwisina. mewayehi yathuru puwaru eka ha samana nuwuyen
sinhalaya sandaha wadath widhimath wu da karyakshama wu da yathuru puwaruwaka awashyathawa danina. ee gana soya balimata
karaka sabha kipayakma rajaya wisin path karana ladi.
me karaka sabhawala wagakima wuye "sammatha yathuru puwaruwak " nirmanaya kirimata upades dimayi
me ek karaka sabhawaka warthawa 1959 di Report of the committee on the Arrangement of the sinhala Typewriter keyboad yana namin sasi warthawak washayen pala kerina. me karaka sabhawen anumatha kala yathuru puwaruwa sahitha yathuru liyanaya
pamanak 1961 warshaye sita rajaye karyala wala bhawithayata nirdesha kerina. eheth ehi walangu bhawaya awuradu pahaka
kala parichichedayakata pamanak sima karana ladde eeta wada honda yathuru puwaruwak nirmanayata athi ida prasthawa
nowalakwanu pinisaya.
yathuru liyana puwaruwaka akurupelagaswa thibenne akaradi piliwelin nowe. wadath bahulawa
yodana akuru puwaruwe mada kotasatath wirala washayen yedena akuru aathinuth yedena aakarayata sinhala akuru athurin
wadath bahulawa yedena akuru monawa dayi thiranaya kirima lekhana wyawahara samikshanayakin pasuwa pamanak
kala yuththaki kantar mahatha menma lorans perera mahathada me sambandhayen sahena wehesak daru
purogamin washayen handinwiya hakiya.
sinhala yathuru liyanaya gana thawa duratath soya balimata 1964 di adhikarana amathyanshaya wisin
thawath karaka sabhawak path karanu labina. ehi sabhapathi washayen kriya kale ewaka rajya bhasha komasaris padawiya daru
aacharya nandadewa wijesekara mahathayi. me karaka sabhawa wisin anumatha karana lada yathuru puwaruwa
"wijesekara yathuru puwaruwa" yana namin pasu kaleka handinwennata wiya. olimpiya yathuru liyanayata amatharawa Adler
(adilar ) yana namin aluth yathuru liyanayak da me nawa yathuru puwaruwa janapriya kirimata dayaka wiya.
"wijesekara''' " yathuru puwaruwa thani akuru pamanak nowa "bandi akuru " liwimata da ida laba deyi .
me yathuru puwaruwa da pasuwa manda sanshodhanayanta bhajanaya karana ladi.
aashitha grantha
(je .bi disanayaka "sinhala akshara wicharaya"kruthiya asuruni)
me adawith balanna
remintan gana wadidura danaganima pinisa The Virtual Typewriter Museum wetha yanna.
sinhala yunikod yathurupuwaruwa
singlish tayiprayitaraya
Sinhala Search
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goliyakaranaya
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goliyakaranaya yanu goliya wime kriyadamayayi. yam dewal ho widyamana dewal goliya dewal bawata path wimedi siduwana . eya wishwa prajawa ekama samajayak bawata eekabaddha wime saha ekata wada kirime kriyadamayak lesada wisthara kala hakiya. mema kriyadamaya aarthika, thakshanika, samajiya sanskruthika ha deshapalanika balawegawala sammishranayaki. goliyakaranaya yana wachanaya bahulawa bhawitha wanne welandama, wideshiya ruju aayojanaya, mudal galanayan, sankramana saha thakshana wyapthiya yanadin haraha jathika aarthikayan antharjathika aarthikaya bawata ekwima hangawana aarthika goliyakaranaya artha dakwima sandahaya. thomas el. frayidman goliya aarthika bindawatime balapama pilibanda paryeshana karana athara ohu, goliyakaranaya wu welandama, sapayum dama saha deshapalanika balawega wisin lokaya, wada honda saha wada naraka yana deyakarayenma wenas kota athi bawata tharka karayi. thawada, ohu goliyakaranaye wichalana wegaya ikman bawada wyapara sanwidhanaye saha wyawaharaye ghattana wardhanaya thawa duratath pawathinu athayida kiya sitiyi.
norm chomski tharka karanne goliyakaranaya yana wachanaya aarthika goliyakaranaye nawa nidahas aakruthiya wisthara karana aagamika arthayakin da yuktha bawayi.
goliyakaranaya yanu prajawa saha samajayan thorathuru yawime ha beda wen kirime patipatiye wiplawayak yayi godan mathis “pashchath nawamu lokaye therum ganima” nam wu ohuge, wishesha siduwim ragath wyapruthiye awiwadayen piligena atha. harman ee dali kiya sitinne yam awasthawanhidi jathyantharikaranaya saha goliyakaranaya yana pada dwithwaya ekama artha gena dennak lesa hangawenna wuwada ehi itha sulu wenasak athi bawayi.
jathyantharikaranaya yana wadana adala wanne jathyanthara welandama, sambandhatha giwisum yanadiye wadagathkamatayi. antharjathika yannen adahas wanne jathin dekak ho kihipayak athara yannaya. goliyakaranaya yanu, aarthikamaya aramunu wenuwen, jathika yana simawa iwath kirimayi.
goliyakaranaya nisa athiwana balapam
goliyakaranaya nisa lokayata siduwana balapam
karmikaranaya - nishpadana drawya wala athi awashyathawa ha wenath rata walin aanayanaya kirime awashyathawa
mulyamaya - lowapura athi mulyamaya aayathana ha mudal huwamaruwe awashyathawa
aarthika - weledapola thaththwaya saha bhanda ha mudal huwamarawa
deshapalanamaya - goliyakaranaya hethuwen samajiya ha aarthikamaya hethunge ayithin gana rajayan wisin waga bala gani. deshapalana washayen amarikanuwan aarthikamaya prabalabhawayak penwayi. emenma chinayeda pahadili aarthika wardhanayak penwanne siyaluma thakshana ha sampath erata sathu nisaya. thawath awurudu 20 k thula lokaye balawathma rajya kumakdayi yanna prashnayak wiya hakiya. yuropanu sangamaya, rusiyawa ha indiyawada me athara siti.
thorathuru laba ganim - durastha pradesha walin ikmanin thorathuru laba ganima
sanskruthika matha - wiwidha sanskruthin ekathuwana nisa ek podu bhashawak bhawithaya.
parisarika balapama - jathyanthara samagam samaga sabadatha awashya wima, goliya unusuma ihalayama, parisaraya dushanaya wani gataluwalata piliyam sewima.
samajiya - janathawage wyapthiya saha ee sadaha athi adu nithi mala
prawahanaya - yuropaya thula yuropiya wahana adu wima, thakshanaya sthanagatha kirima.
jathyanthara sanskruthika wenas wim.
bahu sanskruthikawadaya saha sanskruthika wiwidhathwaya
jathyanthara gamanagamanaya ha sancharaya
aagamanaya, nithi wirodhi aagamanaya
deshiya bhanda jathyantharata yawima(apanayanaya)
karmika - lokaye goliya sanniwedanaye, yatithala pahasukam diyunu kirima, ee sadaha antharjalaya, chandrika, jangama durakathana yoda ganima, emenma lokaye athi pramithin wadi kirima, pitapath kirime nithi, ayithiwasikam sahathikaya aadiya.
nithi - jathyanthara dushana mardana aayathana pihituwima , dushanaya nathi kirima ha danuwath kirima.me athara nithi rithi pilipadina wita apata siduwana oonama karadarayakata mema ankaya amathiya haka. 119 mathaka thaba ganna nithi rithi pilipadina wita pamani
thawaduratath balanna
batahira janamadhya saha goliya samajaya
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adhyapana mano widyawa
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widyawa,kala,sanskruthika,katayuthu pilibada kshethra wala mahathwu jayagrahana kara yomuwemin minis wargaya gaman karana nonawathina gamanehi wadathma kapi penena wahakaya wi aththe adhyasapanayayi.widhimath wishaya kshethrakayak lesa adhayapanayehi prbhawaya athiwuye mathakadiya.thorathuru sanniwedanayehi niyalunu boho kalawange ha widyayawange sanyogawimaka swarupayak in pra kashitha we.ee ha sambandhayen mano widyai wishaya kshethrawaya imahath wadagathkamakin yukthayi. adhyawapana mano widyawe hara kotasa wanne mano widyaya kshethriye paryeshana, pasal ha wenath shasthrinaya aayathanayanhi iganwimen labu athdakimya.siyaluma iganwim ha iganum krimayawalinta wywahara karanu labana sankirna bahu waishayikawuth danuma ha muladharma skandhayak lesa adhyapana mano widyawa sankalpanaya kala haka.
widyadhagara panthi kamara athara anonyapa samathaya shatha warshayak parani wu mano widyaa ithihasaye kapi penena ha pathiri pawathina lakshanayaki. boho seyin awinishchitha prahashna mathu kirimehi nirathawu awadhiyaka sita wegawath idiri gamanaka yedemin buddhiya pilibanda wiwidhatha yoda ganima,iganum nithi yoda ganima,pariganaka thakshabanaya bhawithaya, ha nawina kalamanakarana shilpa krama bhawithaya dakwa wu pra gathiyak mano widya kshethriya dakwayi. eheth adhyagapana mano widya wa magin an kawara kalakatath wada awadhanayak ada shishyagaya kerehi yomuwe.owunage iganum muladharma,kra mopaya,abhipretharanaya guru ha sanwidhana ansha saha adhyaopana awasthawa ha badunu wenath beho laksha nada awadharanaya kere.me anuwa iganuma siduwana panthi kamara awasthawe wiwidha mana pilibadawa adhya pana mano widya wa yomu wanne yayi awabodha karagatha hakiya.sampradayikawa,adhyamapana mano widyauwa yomu wuye iganimehi yedenna,padama ha puhunukaru kerehi ruchu ho wakrawa lesa balapana panthi kamara awasthawa ha badunu siyaluma ansha pilibadawayi.
panthiye ha pasale sanwidhana ratawa,bhauthika wa samaja wathawaranaya,iganwime kra ma iganum dawyawa pilibadawa pragamanathmaka ha gunathmaka mana,panthi kamaraye abhipreiranaya ha agayim pilibada pramithi aadiya meyata ayathwiya haka.melesa adhyamapana mano widyaiwe aramuna wanne wisheshayen adhyayapanaya sanwardhanayatath poduwe purna sanwardhanayatath dayaka wima ha ema sanwardhanaya pilibanda meheyawimayi. ee sadaha mano widyakawe wenath kshr e yan gen labagath danuma ha pra thiwesa upayogi karaganu labe.nidasun washayen paryeshana mano widyaewa ,sanwardhana mano widya wa ,samaja mano widya wa ,awapramana/sayanika/upadeshana mano widyaowa dakwiya haka.guruwaraya mano widya nithi ha muladharma bhawitha karayi.ee atharama panthi kamara athdakim thulin nawa muladharma soya ganu labayi. sampath laba gatha yaki primanaya anuwa diyunu ha widagdha thaksha naya yoda ganimenda deshiya ha sarala dawy upayogi kara ganimenda guruwarayata nawikaranaya sadaha ida pradastha labe.
panthi kamaraya samaja kanadayam awasthawak heyin eya wadathma hodin therum gatha haki wanne sankirna wuth gathika wuth nirantharayen wenas wemin pawathinna wu wichalyawa ekathuwak lesayi.lamayaku kandayama thula piliganu labana aakaraya,kandayama shasthriiya ilakka sadhanaya kara ganima sandaha katayuthu karana aakaraya,guruwaraya ha shishyawayan owunowun samaga anyedayawa krithaya karana aakaraya pasala ehi radi sitimata priyaya upadawana sthanayak bawata pathwanne kumana sadhaka hethu kota genada aadiya adhyatapana mano widyawawa magin salaka balanu prahashna kipayaki. shishyamayin athara athi pudgala wiwidhatha pilibada yatha awabodhayak laba ganimata mano widyaiwa sahaya we.pradathijanathmaka wathawaranayak thula iganum kranamopaya sapala ayurin yoda ganimen laga karagatha haki wishmaya danawana sulu sanwardhanathmaka wenaskam ganada adhyarapana mano widya wen kiyawe.paudgalikawa sisun muhuna dena manasika gatalu pilibadawath pasal awasthawen paribhahirawa uthpadanaya wiyahaki prithishedhanathmaka balawegawala anthar kriaya sima kara ganima sadaha awashyama sakasima pilibadawath awabodhayak labiya haka.
me anuwa samajiya watinakamakin yuktha thorathuru ha kusalatha thama uparima hakiya mattamakik sisunta laba dimehi nirathawa sitina guruwarayaku athata pathwana priyojanawath athireka mewalamaki adhyathapana mano widya wa.
adhya pana mano widyakawe sanwardhanaya kerehi wiliyam jemis, jon duwi, ee.el.thon dayik, je.bi.wotsan,jin piyaje,sigman pro.yid,bi.eුbaf. skinar,bi.blum, si.el. hal, ee.piga toranas,si.pi. osubel,ha wenath boho aya dayaka wi atha.
adhyapana mano widyawa
mano widya wishaye aarambhaya ha wikashanaya
aatha athithaye mano widyaiwa aathmaya pilibada hadarimak lesa artha dakwima kara thibuni. mano widyathawa (PYSCHCHOLOGY) yanuwen ingri siye hadunwayi.
*Psyche - sayiki - aathmaya
*Logo - logo - widyawa
grika bhashawen aathma widyawa yayi hadinwu wachana deka bhawitha kara aathmaya pilibada widyaawak lesa prayachalitha wiya.
aathmaya wiwidha aakarayata wigraha karana nisa mathuwu gatalukari thathwaya padanam karagena mano widyawawe artha dakwim wenas wiya.
ehidi ma. widyawawa manasa pilibada widyarawak lesa nirwachanaya kirimata yomu wuwath sharirika sadhaka salakillata noganima gataluwak bawa wiwechakayinge adahas athara mathu wuwaki.
eelaga awasthawe mano widyawawa wignyanaya padanam karagath widyaiwak lesa nirwachanaya kirimata yomu wu athara wignyanaya yanu kumakdayi artha dakwime di gatalu mathu wiya. ehidi ek anshayakata nambauru wimak athayi samahara wiwechakayan kiyana wita awignyanaya ha upa wignyanaya da meyata sambandha yayi athamun wiwechana ella kirimata pelambaina.
mano widyaewa nuthana manushya pilibada adhyayapanayak eelaga nirwachanaya idiripath wiya. ehidi manushyayage charya wenas wim, chiththa wega, buddhiya, paurshaya aadi gathi lakshana salakillata gaththa da eewata sharira wyuehaye lakshana ayath nowana nisa nawatha wiwechana ella wiya.
pasuwa idiripath wu nirwachanaya charyawadi gurukulayaye diyanuwath samaga idiripath wuwaki. eya sajiwinge chariya adhyananaya karana widyawak lesa wenas wiya. eheth prjananawadi gurukulaye mano widyawayinge matha anuwa meya sanskaranayata lak wiya.
wiwidha wiwechana osse warthamanayedi mano widyatawa nirwachanaya kara aththe ‘charya saha manasika krinayawali pilibada widyadathmaka adhynayak‘ lesaya.
mano widyawa wishaye prabheda.
sanwardhana mano widyawa
samaja mano widyawa
lama mano widyawa
injineru mano widyawa
yudha mano widyawa
waidya mano widyawa
saththwa mano widyawa
nithiya pilibada mano widyawa
wyakawaharika mano widyawa
mano widyathawa thulin mathukota ganna danum sambharaya prayayogika gatalu wisadaganima sadaha yoda ganima wyapaharika mano widyanawa yi.
adhyamapana mano widyawa wishaya hadinwima.
adhyadhapana mano widyadawa yanu mano widya wishaya keshthre‘yan wyiwaharika anshayata ganena praayogikawa bawitha wana wishaya keshthriyaki. ee anuwa mano widya thmaka sankalpa ha kranama yoda ganimin igenum iganwim krishayawaliyehi gatalu wimasa bala adhyuyanaya karana widyawa adhyadhapana mano widyaiwa we
adhyaipana mano widyakawe swabhawaya.
1. adhyaapana mano widya wa wyaewaharika widyayawaki.
samanyaya mano widya wa adhyapana gatalu sadaha bawitha karana nisa emagin gatalu wisadaganimata uthsaha kere. ee sadaha mano widyaathmaka muladharma pranayogikawa bawithayata gane.
2. adhyathapana mano widya wa nishchitha widyaawaki.
adhyayapanaya ha sambandha karunu ee aakarayen ma adhyawayanaya kerena athara winishchaya kirimak nokere.
3. adhyaepana mano widyaeewa samaja widyawaki.
adhyakapanika drushti konayen pudgalaya ha sambandha wa adhyayayanaya kerena athara ee waye prathipala minisa samajashili kirima sadaha pra yogika wa bawitha kala hakiya.
4. adhyaapana mano widyalawa pra yogika wishayaki.
labena pradhayojana gana salaka bawitha karayi. wadath karyakshama ha paladayi lesa igenum awastha nirmanaya kirima adhyarapana mano widyaawa wisin sidu karanu labayi.
5. adhyasapana mano widyawa shra sthriyaya wishayaki.
mema wishaya minisage minisage igenumata adala charya kerehi awadhanaya yomu karamin karana adhyaganayak heyin shrarasthriaya wishayak wana athara labena prawathipala saransha kala hakiya.
adhyanapana mano widyawe wishayakeshthraye simawa.
minis hasirima.
daruwage wardhanaya ha sanwardhanaya.
kalaya ha parisaraya.
igenime krirayawaliya.
paurshathwa sanwardhanaya.
paudgalika wiwadhathwaya.
buddhiya ha buddhiya manima.
margopadeshanaya ha upadeshanaya.
mano widyathmaka adhyana krama shilpa=
mano widyawa sajiwinge charya adhyanaya sadaha bawitha karana wishesha upakrama mano widya adhyana krama shilpa yanuwen hadinwe. mewa athdakim wisthara kirime sita kramanukula nirikshanaya dakwa wiwidha we.
wiwidha mano widya krama shilpa.....
antharawalokanaya. (antharikshanaya/aathmawalokanaya)
nirikshanaya.
prashnawaliya.
samparikshana kramaya.
prapathyewaka adhyana kramaya.
sayana kramaya.
pranakshepitha kramaya.
sahasambandhatha adhyanaya.
antharawalokanaya
mano widyawata wishesha wu itha parani adhyana kramayaki. thama sitha kriya karana aakaraya desata hodin awadhanaya yomu kota ee gana wartha kirima mehidi siduwe. thama wisin ma thorathuru wartha karawanna nisa pudgala baddha wima balapana bawa me kramayata ella wu pradhana chodanawaki. anek adupaduwa wanne widyanukula walanguthawayen thora wimayi.meya budu dahama sakkaya ditti yanuwen wiwaranaya kara atha.
nirikshanaya
mehidi siduwanne kenekuge charyawa wenath keneku wisin nirikshanaya kota wartha thaba ganimayi. mehi prabheda kipayaki.
I. ruju nirikshanaya
II. wakri nirikshanaya
III. sahabhagithwa nirikshanaya
IV. anwayama adhyana (siras nirikshanaya)
V. haraskada adhyanaya (thiras nirikshanaya)
sruju nirikshanaya.
kenekuge charyawa nirikshanaye di nirikshithaya samaga nirikashakawaraya danuwath wa katayuthu karayi. thamage charya adhyanayata lak kerena bawa danagena sitiyi. me nisa saba charya wasan kirimata athi idakada wadiya.
wakra nirikshanaya
mehidi thama nirikshanayata lakwana bawa nirikshithaya nodani. me nisa nirikshakawarayata saba charya nirikshanayata athi idakada wadiya.
sahabhagitha nirikshanaya
nirikshakawaraya nirikshithaya samaga ekata hida thamata awashya thorathuru wartha kara ganiyi. mehidi da thorathuru laba ganimata athi idakada wadiya.
anwayama adhyanaya.
ek lamayeku ho kandayamak digu kalak thula nirikshanaya kara wartha thaba ganima anwayama adhyanaya yi. mehidi athiwiya haki wishesha gataluwak wanne ekama kandayamak digukalak adhyanayata lak kirime di niyadiya gilihimata athi idakada asimitha bawaya.
haraskada adhyanaya.
haraskada adhyanaye di adhyanayata bhajanaya wana pirisa digukalak nirikshanaya kala yuthu natha. thora ganna pirisa adala janagahanaye haras kapumaki.
me kramaye athi kapi penena doshaya wanne thora ganna niyadi athara athi wenasa prathipala walata balapamata athi ida wadi wimayi.
nirikshana kramaye athi wasi saha awasi..
1. pahasuwen yodagatha haka. (kirimata haki wima) sruju ha wakra nirikshana
2. saba thorathuru laba gatha haki awastha wadiya. (wakra) ha sahabhagithwa nirikshana)
3. keti kalakin nima kala hakiya. (sruju, wakra, haraskada nirikshana)
4. mudal, kalaya ha shramaya ithuru kala hakiya. (sruju, wakra, anwayama, haraskada nirikshana)
awasi
1. saba thorathuru wasan kala hakiya. (sruju ni.)
2. waradi thorathuru wartha kala hakiya. (srusu/wakra/sahabhagithwa/anwayama/haraskada ni.)
3. kalaya, mudal, shramaya nasthi wiya haka. (anwayama ni.)
4. niyadiya gilihima. (anwayama ni)
nirikshana kramaye awasi magaharawa ganimata anugamanaya kala yuthu krama.
1. puhunu, palapurudu parikshakawaru yoda ganima.
2. ekmanthira bhawitha kirima.
3. nirikshana salasmak bhawitha kirima.
prashnawaliya
pudgalayin wishala sankhyawakin kalayak waya kota ekawara thorathuru wishala pramanayak laba ganimata bawitha kala haki shilpiya kramaya prashnawali we. ehi sarthakathwaya sadaha denu labana upades pahadili wiya yuthuya. pahasuwen pilithuru soya gatha haki lesa sakas kala yuthuya.
• mehi adangu prashna wyuhagatha ho nowana aakarayata sakas kala haka.
• bhashawa sarala wiya yuthuya.
• wada dirgha nowiya yuthuya.
• awashya prashna pamanak kisiyam anupiliwelakata idiripath kala yuthuya.
samparikshana
1. yoda ganne hethupala sambandhatha anawaranaya kara ganima sadahaya.
2. pawathina thathwayan nirikshanaya karanu wenuwata paryeshakayan wisin yam wenaswimak sidukara in labena prathipalaya wimasimata bhajanaya karayi.
3. ee sadaha kalpitha godanagiya yuthuya.
4. pariksha kirime kriyawaliya thulin kalpithaya piliganima ho prathikshepa kirima sidu karayi.
samparikshana waladi bawithayata ganena pradhana karanu.
1. ahambau niyadi.
2. wichalya
• ahambau niyadiyak yanu pudgalaya thora ganime di waranayakin thorawa ahambau lesa thora ganna kandayamaki.
• wichalya yanu wiwidha pudgalayan ho drawyayak thula pawathiya haki eheth ekineka thula wiwidha mattamin balapawathna agayayan ho wenaskam ya.
samparikshana waladi bhawitha wana wichalya dekaki.
• swayaththa wichalya.
• parayaththa wichalya.
swayaththa wichalya yanu mehidi wenasakata bhajanaya nowana wichalya yi.
nida - ganitha wishaya sadhanaya kerehi uganwana kalaya bala nopayi yana kalpithaye swayaththa wichalya wanne uganwana welawayi.
parayaththa wichalya yanu karanu labana paryeshanaya thula wenasakata bhajanaya karana wichalya parayaththa wichalya we.
nida - ihatha kalpithaye ganitha wishaya sadhanaya we.
78789989890909090090--90898787889
====pudgala sanwardhanayata balapana sadhaka====
aaraya
parisaraya
parinathiya
igenuma
aaraya
pudgalayekuge sharira lakshana ha gathi lakshana jana magin ek paramparawakin thawath paramparawakata laba dime kriyawaliya aaraya yi.me sadaha wenath kisiwekutath balapamak kala nohaka.
shariraye sama shailayakama nyashtiya thula yugala 23 lesa sakas wu warna deha 46 k adanguya. warna deha thula athi jana siyaluma prawenika galapum wala pawathina wiwidhathwaya nisa daruwan athara boho wenaskam atha. mehidi ek sansechitha dimbayan samahara awasthawala samana kotas dekakata bedimen annyonya daruwan bihi we. (sarwasama daruwan) rupa lakshana, gathi lakshana boho durata samana we.
wen wen wa sansechanaya wu dimba walin niwun daruwan labiya haki athara ee aya sahodara niwun daruwan lesa hadinwe. me aya ekinekata wenas we.
lakshana- (shariraya)
hisakes wala warnaya
rudhira ganaya
aswala warnaya
sharira awayawa wala hadaya wani wiwidha kayika lakshana
warna deha wikruthi nisa athiwana aabadhitha daruwan
samahara leda roga uruma we. (uda- warna andhabhawaya)
parisaraya
parisaraya yanna nirwachanaya kara aththe pudgalayage sanwardhanayata balapam athi karana bhauthika samajiya ha manasika yana sankalpitha loka wala samastha ekathuwayi.
pudgalayata jiwithaye mulin ma hamu wana iparisaraya mawu kusayi. pudgala sanwardhanayata parisara sadhaka balapana aakara anuwa pradhana ansha 02 k yatathe salaka bale.
I. abhyanthara parisaraya.
II. bahira parisaraya.
1. abhyanthara parisaraya
aabhyanthara parisaraya yanu mawu kusayi. me anuwa pudgala sanwardhanayata mawukusa itha wadagath ya.
mawage wayasa
mawage poshanaya.
mawa ganna beheth
mawage ayahapath purudu
mawa wikirana walata bhajanaya wima
mawata waladena roga
mawa muhuna dena kampana ha klamatha thathwayan
2. bahira parisaraya
bahira parisaraya kshethra 03kata wargikaranaya kala hakiya.
1. bhauthika parisaraya
aahara
jalaya
deshagunaya
jiwathwana sthana wani da
2. samaja parisaraya
pawula
samawayas
pasala
wenath samaja kandayam
anthar pudgala sambandhatha
jiwathwana wiwidha piris ha aayathana
3. manasika parisaraya
pudgalaya thula athiwana wiwidha manasika thathwayan sadaha sama witama ohu muhuna dena uththejanayan balapayi. ema nisa bahira uththejana wala swabhawaya pilibada wishesha awadhanayen sitima manasika parisaraya yahapath kirimata behewin balapayi.
pudgala sanwardhanaya kere aaraye saha parisaraye balapama pramanathmakawa thiranaya kirima asiruya. danata piligena athi mathaya wanne aaraya saha parisaraya athara anthar kriya hethu kotagena pudgala sanwardhanayata balapam athi karana bawayi.
(3) parinathiya -
swabhawikawa siduwana jana wisin salasum karana lada shariraye aabhyantharawa siduwana merima ‘parinathiya‘ yi. meya wayasath samaga siduwannaki.
niyamitha parinathiyata laga wana thuru yam yam kriyakarakam kirimata pudgalayata nohakiya. sama daruwek ma anupiliwelak osse parinathiya siduweyi. eya igenumen nidahas ya.
(4) igenuma -
igenuma yanu athdakimak hethu kotagena chariyawe athiwana digukalina wuth sthawara wuth wenasaki. hakiyawa athiwanne parinathiya samaga ya.
sudanama
pudgalayekuta nawa igenum athdakimak laba ganima sadaha eeta awashya sharirika ha manasika sudanama ohu thula thibiya yuthuya. sudanamak nomathiwa eeta pera uganwimata yama ayahapath prathipala gena de. sudanama sadaha parinathiya ha parisaraya yana sadaka dekama awashyaya.
nisi sudanamakata pera igenumata yomu kirime wipaka
igenima pilibada ayahapath aakalpa wardhanaya we.
lamaya nogalapena charya rata pennum karayi.
lamaya adhika wehesata pathweyi.
awadhanaya laba ganima apahasu weyi.
ayahapath chiththawegi thathwayan pennum karayi.
molaye wyuhaya igenum kriyawaliyata balapana aakaraya
igenum kriyawaliya sadaha molaye thibena kotas walin wisheshayen ma wadagath wana eewa nam,
bahikaya.
masthiskaya.
anumasthiskaya
limbik paddhathiya we.
1. bahikaya.
molaye bahirin ma rali sahitha wu rosa pahayata huru stharaya bahikaya yi. pudgalayata balapana siyaluma sanwedana pradesha bahikaye adangu wi atha. drushtiya, shrawanaya, rasa, aagrahanaya saha sparshaya palanaya karanna wu sanwedana pradesha pihita aththe bahikaye ya.
mema sanwedana pradesha walata hani siduwuwahoth indriyange kriyakarithwayata badha athi we. ewita igenum iganwim kriyawaliya nisi paridi kirimata badha athiwe.
bahikaye rali sahitha swabhawaya wadi wana wita buddhimath bhawaya kerehi dhanathmaka balapamak athi we. kuda daruwange wayasa awu 01 dakwa molaya wardhanaya wegayen siduwana bawin sihin sangitha rawaya, warnawath da dakinnata salaswima, sitha samadhi gatha kerena siyum nada asimata salaswima itha wadagath ya.
2. masthiskaya.
molaye wishalama kotasa we. eya wam ha dakunu ardhagola dekakin yukthaya. ehi wam kotasin bhasha hakiyawa, liwima, kathawa, ganithagnyanaya, wishleshana hakiyawa, narthanaya wani suwisheshi karyan rashiyak itukirime hakiyawa atha. dakunu ardha golayen rasa windanaya, sithime kriyawaliya, widima, sankalpa awabodha karaganima sadaha dayakathwa laba deyi.
3. anumasthiskaya (kudamolaya)
shariraye samathulithathawaya rakina anumasthiskaya adhyana karyedith itha wadagath kotasaki. shariraye wiwidha kotas wala chalana samayojanaya sadaha udaw karayi. igenum iganwim kriyawaliye di shariraye samathulithathawa men ma samayojanaya da pudgalayekuta wadagath wana bawin mehi kriyakarithwaya pilibadawa danaganima guruwarayata wadagath ya.
4. limbik paddhathiya
i. thalamasa
ii. hayinothalamasa
iii.hipokampaya
iv. pitiyutariya
thalamasa.
panchendriyangen grahanaya karaganna wu sanwedana pilibada paniwida laba denne thalamasa wethaya. thalamasa magin me paniwida adala thanwalata beda hare.
hayipothalamasa.
boho kayika kriyawaliyan ha sambandha kendrasthanaya lesa katayuthu karana athara swayan sadhaka snayu paddhathiya samayojanaya kerena madhyasthanaya lesa da kriya karayi. mathaka thaba ganime kriyakarithwaya kerehi dadiwa balapayi. kusaginna, pipasaya, lingika kriyakarakam, aakramanashili bawa palanaya karayi.
hipokampaya.
igenime di suwisheshi karyayak itu karanne hipokampasaya yi. igenagath de mathaka thaba ganimatath awashyi awasthawaladi mathakayata naga ganimath sadaha hipokampasaya udaw weyi.
pitiyutariya
pitiyutari granthiyen shrawaya wana homona shariraye wardhanayata balapayi. us miti bawa thiranaya wimatath asthi saha peshi wardhanaya wimatath balapayi.
shri lankawe adhyapanaya
mano widyawa
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da lo of saksas (potha)
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mema pothata anuwa kenekuge jiwithaye thibiya yuthu pudhana aramunu dekaki . enam,
01. oba yami kisi wruthiyakata athi dakshayaku wima.
02. oba dhanawatheku wima ,yannaya.
obata lokkeku wimata, dhanawatheku wimata pilipadiya yuthu nithi 15 k atha. napoliyan hil (Napolean hill) wisin rachitha “The Law of success” pothe dakwa atha. ee gathiguna nathinami dhanawathenaku wimata eewa wardhanaya kara gatha yuthuya.mema gathiguna nomathiwa kawadawath lokkeku , dhanawatheku wimata nohaka. pahatha dakwenne ema nithi pahalawayi.
01. obata lokkeku wimata dhanawatheku wimata pudhana aramunak thibiya yuthuya.
02. obata dadi aathma wishwasayak thibiya yuthuya .
03. ithiri kirame puruddak obata thibiya yuthuya .
04. yami wadak keneku kiyana thuru nosita thaniyen hithala wada kirime hakiyawa ha oonakamak obata thibiya yuthuya .
05. oba rakiyawa karana keshathraya samibandhawa obe sithe aluth ,aluth adahas athi wiya yuthuya. obe sithe aluth adahas athi karagatha yuthuya. emenma oba thoragath keshathraye athi parana adahas parana krama nawikaranaya karagatha yuthuya.
06. oba wada karana welawata prabodhamath muhunak, prabodhamath as , prabodhamath kathawa , prabodhamath gamanak thibiya yuthuya.
07. obawa palanaya karaganimata hakiwiya yuthuyi. enami obe wachana , obe hagim oba karana dewal oba wisinma palanaya karagatha yuthuyi.
08. samajaye ho rakiyawen obata pawarana wada pramanayata wada wadiyen nitharama wada kala yuthuyi.
09. prasanna peruurushayak obata thibiya yuthuya.
10. yam deyak gana niwaradiwa sithime shakthiyak obata thibiya yuthuya.
11. obata yamak gana yam aramunak gana awadhanaya yomu karagena sitime hakiyawa saha palapurudda thibiya yuthuya.
12. an aya samaga sahayogayen wada kirime hakiyawa obata thibiya yuthuya.
13. oba labana parajayan ha nindawalin prayojana gathayuthuya .enam padamak igana gatha yuthuya.
14. oba nopiliganna mathayak wuwath akamathi deyak wuwath samajayedi amaruyen ho iwasanna puruduwiya yuthuya.
15. obata lokkeku dhanawatheku wimata awashya nam ihatha jayagrarahanaye rahas (nithi) oba wada karana welawata ho samajaye gawasena wita yediya yuthu we.
References
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shri lankawata ella wi athi bhumikampa awadanama
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bhuwidyagnyayin pawasana paridi aasiyanu kalapayen bhu chalana pilibandawa aduwenma asannata labune shri lankaweni. namuth ema kathawa kanapita peralamin lankawa thula saha ee awata siduwana bhu chalana pramanaya mathaka sita wadi wi atha. emenma lankawe batahira sita nagenahira dakwa wihidena bhumikampa kalapaya aashrithawa idiriyedi maha parimana bhumikampawak wuwada sidu wime awadanam thaththwaya wadi wi athi bawa bhu widyagnyayo anathuru hangawathi.
mahacharya wilbat kehel pannala mahatha pawasana paridi ,, indiyanu sagaraye sidu wi athi wisheshitha bhukaraka kriya nisa lankawa thulath lankawa awata muhudu pathuleth wishala palum athiwi thibenawa. indiyanu bhuthalaye uthuru-dakunu kotas athara sampidanaya hethu kotagena lankawa thula saha eeta pitin pihiti wibheda dige chalanaya wimata uthsaha daranawa. mehi prathipalayak lesa lankawa thulath in pitathath bhumi chalana athi wenawa. shri lankawe bhu kampana kalapayak athi wimata hethuwath meyayi.,,
me masa 18 wani dina mahanuwara sita 425km k durin pihiti muhudu pathule richtar eekaka 5.2 ka bhumi kampawak sidu wiya.muhudu pathule sita 37km k gambaurin mema bhumi kampawa athi wi thibuni. hanthana mulika adhyana aayathanaya sadahan karana paridi mema bhumi kampawa sidu wi aththeda lankawe batahira sita nagenahira desata wihidena bhumi kampa kalapaya aashrithawayi.1980 dashakayen pasu lankawa aashrithawa sidu wu wishalathama bhumi kampawa
meya we.
richtar eekaka 3ta wada adu agayak ganu labana bhumi kampa kshudra bhumi kampa lesa hadunwanu labayi.lankawe batahira sita nagenahira dakwa wihidena bhumi kampa kalapaya aashrithawa, lankawa thula ho lankawa aasannaye muhude richtar parimana pahak ho hayak wishalathi bhumikampawak sidu wime awadanam thathwayak pawathina bawa mahacharya wilbat kehel pannala mahatha prakasha karayi.
richtar eekaka 5k ho 6k wishalathi bhumi kampawak merata bhumiya thula sidu wuchahoth godanagiliwalata barapathala lesa haniwime awadanama ithamath wadiya.emenma,richtar eekaka 7 ta wadi bhumi kampawak lankawe batahira sita nagenahira desata wihidena bhumi kampa kalapaya aashritha muhudu kalapaye adu gambaurakin athi wuwahoth ,,sunami,, thathwayak athi wime awadanamak pawathi.
kadukara pradesha aashrithawa richtar parimana 5.5 ta wada wishalathwayakin yuthu bhumi kampawak sidu wuwahoth kadukaraye jalasha paddhathiwalatada barapathala lesa hani sidu wiya hakiya.min minis jiwithawalata hani sidu wime awadanama ithamath wadiya.2007 juni masaye di bhuchalana hatharak sidu wu thissamaharamaya pradeshaya aashrithawa da ,,lunugamwehera jalashaya,, pihita atha. ebawin, mema jalashaya pilibandawa nirantharayen awadhanaya yomu kala yuthuya.
bhumiye pihita athi wibheda chalanaya wima pilibanda soya balima sadaha chandrika aashritha ,,GPS, upakarana sahitha madhyasthana pihituwiya yuthu bawa bhu widyagnyayin pawasayi.mema GPS, upakaranayaka watinakama rupiyal laksha 30 ki.awama washayen mema upakarana 4 kwath lankawa thula pihitawima athyawashyaya.danata mema upakarana ekakwath lankawe natha.
wibheda chalanaya wima jalashritha pradeshawalata balapanne keseda,janakirna pradhana nagarawalata athiwana thathwaya kumakda pilibanda GPS,upakaranaya magin kal thiya adhyanaya kala hakiya. meya itha wadagath wanne kolambaa wani nagarayak aashrithawa wishala bhumi kampawak siduwuwahoth wiya haki haniya athi wishala heyini.namuth apa danata bhawitha karana bhu kampana mana magin laba ganna daththa magin helidaraw karagatha haki wanne bhu kampa siduwana aakaraya, ehi wishalathwaya ha sthanaya yana daththa pamani.namuth GPS,upakaranaya magin wibheda chalanaya wima pilibandawa thorathuru soya ganima thulin idiriyedi bhukampa sidu wiya haki sthana pilibandawa pawa helikara gatha hakiya.
me anuwa apata widyamana wanne apa dan jiwath wanne bhukampa kalapayak thula bawayi.
me adawiyath balanna
shri lankawa
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kal maks
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kal maks (1818-1883) yanu jarmanu jathika darshanikayeku, samaja widyagnyayeku, aarthika widyagnyayeku saha samaja wiplawawadiyeku wiya. kamkaruwa ha dhanaya athara athi sabandathawaya pilibanda nuthana darshanaya, aarthika widyawa pilibanda ohuge darshanaya matha mulikawa padanam wi atha. wiwidha kshethra osse ohu wisin rachitha poth saha lipi wishala pramanayak atha. ee atharin "komiyunist prakashanaya"(1848) saha "das kapital" (1867–1894) pradhana thanak gani. inda das kapital kruthiya mul thanak gani.
dhanawath madhyama panthika pawulakata dawa upan maks, bon (Bonn) saha barlin (Berlin) wishwawidyala walin usas adhyapanaya labiya. thama usas adhyapanayen pasuwa ohu "Rheinische Zeitung" nam wiplawawadi pradeshiya puwathpathaka madhyawediyeku lesa sewaya kala athara, bhauthikawadi ithihasa pilibanda siya siddhanthaya rachana kirima ema kalayedi sidu kaleya. 1843 di pranshaye parisiyata sankramanaya wu maks, ehidi thawath wiplawawadi puwathpathaka sewaya karamin sitina atharathuradi ohuta fedrik engals (Friedrich Engels) nam darshanikaya hadunaganimata ida salase. mema handunaganimen pasuwa engals ohuge dirghakalina mithura saha sagaya bawata pathwiya.
1849 di wiplawawadi kriya kalapaya nisa pranshayen nerapana lada maks, siya birinda saha daruwanda samanga landanaye padinchiyata giya athara, ehidida siya lekhana katayuthu digatama sidukaramin, samaja saha aarthika kriyakarakam pilibandawa nawa siddhantha idiripath kaleya.
lama kalaya ha adhyapanaya
kal maks 1818 mayi masa jarmaniye trir nagarayedi upatha labiya.ohuge piya henrich maks namwu athara mawa henriteta prisbarg namwiya.owun paramparika yudewu jathikayanwiya.maksge piyada madhyama panthika dhanawath nithignyawarayeku wiya.kese wethath maks ge mawa olanda jathika samanya pawulaka kanthawak wiya.nawa denakugen yuth pawulaka thunwana daruwa wuye kal maksya.kese wethath maksta dadimas sahodarayan kuda awadhiyedima maranayata pathwima nisa pawule dadimala lesa maks hadinwiya haka.1824 di maks bauthishma labayi.triyar pasalen prathamika ha dwithiya adhyapanaya labimata kal maksta hakiweyi.trir widuhalen pasu 1835 di maks bon wishwa widyalayata athulathwe.maks ge kamaththawuye darshanaya wishaya hadarima wuwada thama piyage pelambaawima matha nithiya hadarimata yomuwe.bon wishwa widyalayen nithiya hadaru maks barlin wishwa widyalayata athulathwi darshanaya hadarayi.mehidi ohuta prakata darshanikayeku wu hegal muna gaseyi.mehidii hehagalge darshanaya wignyanawadi ekak bawa pawasu maks ema darshanaya lokaya sakshathkara ganime kramayak bawata pathwimatanam oluwen situwa athi hegalwadaya depa bimathaba situwiya yuthubawa pawasiya.1841 di iyen wishwa widyalayen thama aacharya upadhiya dinaganimata maksta hakiwiya.aacharya upadhiya labimen pasu maksata bon wishwawidyalaye aacharyawarayeku lesa ekwimata awasthawa labunada ohuge yudewu sambhawaya nisa wishwa widyala palanadhikaraya wisin ohuta ema thanathura ahimi kalaha.
rakiyawa
bon wishwa widyalayen thamata siduwu asadharanayath samaga ohu ewaka samajaye athi prathigamithwayata erehiwa aragala kirima aarambha kaleya.ohu 1841 warshayedi rayan puwathpathe sanskarakawarayeku lesa sewayata ekwiya.pasuwa mema puwathpatha wasa damimata jarman rajaya thiranaya kirimath samaga ohu 1843 di pranshayata sankramanaya weyi.ohuge wiwahaya siduwanneda mema awadhiyeya.1843 di ohu jarman pransha warshithaya nam granthaya pala kalaha.mema kruthiya magin bruno bawage wignyanawadi sankalpa dadilesa wiwechanaya kaleya.1844 di ohuge hodama mithurawu engals munagaseyi.engalanthaye sita jarmaniya dakwa yana gamana atharathura maks hamuwi sakachcha kirimata engalta awasthawa labuni.owun dedena dina 10k thisse sakachchawala niyali atha.1845 di rachitha shuddhawu pawula kruthiya mowun dedenage sama sanskarakathwayen elidakwina.mema kruthiya magin ithihasaya nirmanaya karanne thoragath pudgalayan wisini yana bruno bawage wignyanawadi sankalpa nishedanayata lak karamin ithihasaye saba nirmapakayan wanne ek ek pudgala wirayan nowa podu janathawa bawa maks ha engals penwadeyi.1845 pebarawari masayedi maks brasilaya bala pitathwana athara ehidi poth kihipayak liyapalakarayi.widyathmaka samajawadaye uppanna sahathikaya lesa salakena komiyunist prakashanaya mehidi elidakwayi.mema kamyunist prakashanaya thula samaja ithihasaya ha panthi aragalawala ithihasaya awadharanaya karayi.maks nawatha 1849 juli masayedi engalanthaya bala pitathwe.ohu miyayana thuruma radi sitiye engalanthaye landan nagarayeya.engalanthaye gathakarana kalayedi ohuta dadi aarthika apahasuthawanta lakwimata siduwiya.1846 di kanda dekakin yukthawa liya awasankala jarman sankalpa widyawa kruthiya palakara ganimata prakashakayeku soyaganimatawath wathkamak nowuyen ohu eya miyange sapakamata idahari bawa thama hodama mithurawu engalta liya yawiya.suprakata pragdhanaya kruthiya rachana karana awadhiyeda maks dadi aarthika dushkarathawalin pidawisiti bawa engals wetha liyu lipiwalin peniyayi.
pawula
kal maks ha ohuge birinda jeni won westpalanta daruwan hath denakuwiya.eyin thun denaku pamanak wadiwiyata paminenathuru jiwathwiya aneth hathara denama kuda awadhiyema miyagiyeya.eyata pradhana hethuwa wuye owunta athiwu dadi aarthika dushkarathayi.jeni karolin (1844-1883),jeni lawura (1845-1911),edga (1847-1855),henri edwat (1849-1850),jeni ewelina (1851-1852),jeni juliya (1855-1898) yana daruwan haya denaku ha thawath ek daruwaku nam thabimata perama miyagiyeya.mita amatharawa maks ge mehekariyakawu he lena demuth ge predi nam daruwa ge piya maks bawa sandahanwe.
maks nithara wyaja namayan gen pinisitimin niweswala kuliyata sita atha.warak maks thama mithurekuta mese liya yawiya.˘piskal niradharin dedenaku samaga pamini gewal ayithikariya aැnda putu yanadiya ha yata andum gawum da mage atha daruwage thotillada duwarun dedena handawamin honda sellam baduda lekhanagatha kalaya.˘pasudina apata eema niwasa athahara yamata siduwiya yanuwen maks liya yawiya.meyin owun pathwa siti asarana bawa ha dardrathawaya pahadili weyi.
1880 di maksge birindata akmawe pilikawak walandi thibuna bawa soya ganuni.pasuwa aya 1881 desambar 2 wana dina miyagiyaya.maksge wadimahal diyaniyada 1883di miyagiyaya.miyayanawita age wayasa awurudu 38k wiya.
serukhya
maks nirantharayen wiwidha rogabadhawalin pelunabawa sandahanwe.dadi lesa manasa wehesa wadakirima nidimarima pothpath kiyawima ha pothpath lipi liwima aadiya ha dadi daridrathawaya nisa harihati aharak noganima aadi pidakari diwiyak gewima nisa ohuta nithara hise kakkuma,as dawilla,wamanaya,aැngapatha wedanawa aadiyen pidawinda atha.
maranaya
1881 desambar masa thama birinda miyagiya pasu maks dadi lesa rogathura wiya. masa 15ka pamana kalayak warin wara uthsanna wemin pawathi shwasana apahasutha hethuwen ohu dadi apahasuthawayata pathwu bawa sandahan we. 1883 marthu masa 14 wana dina, landanayedi ohu melowin samugaththeya. maranayata pathwanawita maks hata kisindu rataka purawasibhawaya himiwa nothibima wisheshathwayaki. landanaye jiwathwu maksge mithuran ha pawule samajikayin wisin, 1883 marthu 17 wana dina sandhyawe ohuge dehaya landanaye hayiget susanabhumiyedi mihidan karana ladi. ema awamagul uthsawayata nawa deneku ho ekolos deneku sahabhagiwa siti bawa sandahan we. ehidi fedrik engals wisin sidukala kathawen pahatha chedaya uputaganna ladi.
"marthu masa 14 wana dina, sawasa thunata miniththu pahalowakata pera, yugaye pahalawu shreshtathama chinthakaya, siya chinthawaliya awasan kaleya. apa wisin ohuwa thanikaradama iwatha giya miniththu dekaka kalaya athulatha ohu thama andi putuwa mathama samakami nindakata piwisiyeya. eheth ee sadakalika nindaki."
darshanaya
sambhawya samaja widya chinthanaye etharam wadagath thanak nodaru eheth pasuwa samaja widyagnyayinta amathaka kirimata nohaki wu samaja darshanikayeku ha samaja widyagnyayeku lesa kal maks salakiya hakiya.
1867 di maks, “pragdhanaya” nam kruthiye palamu kandaya prakashayata pathkaleya. kese namuth maksge darshanayata parinamawadi muhunuwara padanama wiya.
pethihasika kriyawaliye haraya samaja ghattanayayi. prathamika ha dwithika awashyatha sapura ganime uthsahayedi prathiwirodhatha yugaya aarambha we. manawa samajaye shrama wibhajanaya mathuwimath samaga pama prathiwirodha panthi washayen,pethihasikawa godanagune yayi maks sandahan karayi. manawa ithihasaye p p yugawala panthi aragalayak thibu athara pwa athara suwisheshatha pawathina. samaja kramaya deshagunaya ha bhugoliya sadhaka nowa pethihasika pariwarthanayan anuwa, wenas wana bawa maks pawasuweya. samajaya panthiwalata bedime prathipalayak washayen deshapalana, aacharamaya, aagamika ha darshanika adahas godanagena athara prabala panthiye balaya ha aadhipathya aachara emagin sthapitha wanne yayi maks sandahan karayi. nishpadana marga walata minisun sambandha wana aakaraya anuwa panthi wishamatha athiwe yayi maks sandahan karayi. pradhana nuthana panthi wanuye shramika panthiya, pragdhana himi panthiya, ha idam himi panthiyayi. piliwelin me ayage aadayam marga wanuye watup, labhaya ha idamya.
manawa ithihasaye ansha dekak gana maks sandahan karayi. swabhawa dharmaya abhibawa minisa jaya ganime ithihasaya ha minisa wegayen pararopanaya wana ithihasayayi. dhanawadi samajaya thula hathara aakarayaka pararopanayak maks daki.
thaman nishpadanaya karana dyasayama ho nishpadanayen minisa pararopanaya wima. kamkaruwa thama bhanda nishpadanaya karanne wuwath ehi ayithiya himi wi natha. bhandaye watinakama anuwawatupak da ohuta nolabe.
kamkaruwa nishpadana kriyawaliyen pararopanaya wima. nishpadanaye shramaya pararopanaya wima pamanak nowa nishpadanayen da pararopanaya wimak da dakwiya hakiya.
kamkaruwa ohugenma pararopanaya wima. nishpadana shramayen nishpadanayen pamanak nowa ohugen ohuge paurushayen pararopanaya we. wada sewakayagen paribhahirawa pawathi.
pararopanaya wu minisa manawa prajawen da pararopanaya we. sahacharayangen da pararopanaya we. ekineka minisa ekinekagen pararopanaya wima dakagatha hakiya.
panthi gatuma
kal maks thama panthi gatuma pilibadawa mulinma adahas dakwanne 1848 di pala kala komiyunis prakashaya nam granthaya magini.mema kruthiye di ohu methek pawathi siyalu samajawala ithihasaya panthi aragalaye ithihasaya yayi maks sadahan karayi.maks wisin sama samajayakama panthi sthara dekak penwa deyi.ee panthi deka poduwe palaka ha palitha lesa dakwiya haka.mehidi ohu panthiya nirwachanaya karanne nishpadana kriyawaliyata dakwana dayakathwaya mathaya.samaja parinamaya samaga panthin sanwardhanaya wu ayuru maks penwadeyi.maks wisin samaja sanwardhawa awadhi 5 k hadunwa deyi.
prathamika komyunist awadhiya
wadawasam awadhiya
dhanawadi awadhiya
samajawadi awadhiya
supiri kamiyunist awadhiya
prathamika komiyunist awadhiya panthi wirahitha samajayaki.ema awadhiye minisata paudgalika depala pilibada adahas natha.siyalloma poduwe sampath pariharanaya kalaha.kisiwakuta sampath thaniwa bhukthi widime awashyathawayak natha.mema awadhiya dadayam ha edera yugayanta samakala haka.
mema prathamika samajayanhi minisa kalayak yanawita paudgalika depala pilibada hagima wardhanaya wimath samaga prathamika samaja thathwayen midi wahal samajaya dakwa parinamaya weyi.lowa bihiwana mulma panthi sahitha samajaya wahal samajayayi.wahal samajayehi wahal himiyan dhanayen ha balayen idiriyen siti.wahal himiyan wisin thama balaya yodaganimin wahalun dadi pidanayata path karamin thama awashyatha itukaragani.wahalata samajiya washayen dadi pidanayanta pathwimata siduwe.owunata ayithiwasiyam sima wiya.ohuge siyalu kriyakarakam wahal himiyage palanayata nathuwiya.me aakarayata wahalunta siduwu asadharanayan yamuwe wahalun wisin wahal himiyanta wiruddhawa sidukala aragala hethuwen wahal samajaya bidawati wadawasam samajaya dakwa samajaya parinamaya wiya.
wadawasam samajaya thula pradhana washayen panthi dekak daknata labe.ee radala idam himiyan ha prewnidasayan washayeni.mema samaja kramaye di idam ayithiya radalayan sathuwu athara owun sathu idam bhukthiya wenuwen prewanidasayan wisin radalayata yam wandiyak gewiya yuthuya.mehi pradhana nishpadana sadhakaya idamayi.radalayata ayath idame sampath parihojanaya ha aayojanayada prewnidasaya wisin sidukarayi.bohowita radalayata ayath idame waga kirimath eeyin kotasak radalayata labadimath siduwiya.mita amatharawa radalaya wenuwen shramaya sapayimada siduwiya.mehi dida radalayan wisin prewnidasayan pidanayata path kirima hamuwe prewnidasayan thama sadaranathwaya udesa kala satane prathipalayak lesa wadawasam samajaya bidawati dhanawadi jamaja kramaya bihiwe.
wahal samajey wahalath wadawasam samajaye prewenidasayath kumana ayurin nishpadana katayuthu sadaha thama shramaya asimithawa kapa kalada ohuta upathin urumawu aaropitha thathwayen midimata nohaki wuwada dhanawadi samaja kramayathula nirdhanayata ussahaya magin dhanapathiyakuwime bhagya atha.wahala wahal himiya menma radalaya ha prewni dasaya yana thathwayan aaropitha thathwayan wana athara dhanawadi samajaye dhanapathiya ha nirdhanaya sadhitha thathwayan dekaki.dhanawadi samajayathula pradhana nishpadana sadhakaya shramayayi.nirdhanaya wisin thama shramaya dhanapathinta watupata wikunayi.mema dhanawadi samaja bohowita karmika samajawe.karmantha himikarithwaya dhanapathiyata ayathya.dhanapathiya wisin nirdhanayage shramaya nirdayalesa surakama nisa dhanapathiya ha nirdhanaya athara gatuma athiwe.ehi prathipalayak lesa panthi warahitha samajayakwana samajawadi samajaya dakwa parinamaya siduwe.
milagata bihiwana samajawadi samajaye aarthikaya hasuruwana pradhana balawegaya wanne rajyayayi.samajawadi samajayedi kamkaru panthiya jandadayakayan lesa rajya hasirawime balaya labagani.mehidi dhanapathiyata balaya ahimi atha.janathawa wenuwen janathawa wisinma pathkaranu labu palakayan wisin aarthikaya hasuruwana athara samaja sewa katayuthu rajaya wisin sidukarayi.kese wethath kisima samajayaka sampurnayenma samajawadiwu samajayak ho dhanawadi samajayak praeyagikawa daknata natha.samajawadi samajawala daknata labena pradhana karunak lesa aadayam wishamathawa awamawima dakwiya haka.mewan samajawala dhanawadi samajawala men nowa labha apekshawakin thorawa samaja subhasadhanaye yedenu daknata labe.
milagata maks dakwana aakarayata samajaye ihalama samaja parinamiya awadhiya wanne supar kamiyunis samajayayi.meya da panthi wirahitha samajayaki.meya panthi wirahitha samajayak bawin gatum athi nowe.meya deshapalanamaya nowu rajya wirahitha samajayaki.meya komiyunistwadi swanpalanayak lesa sankalpagatha kere.kese wethath mema samajaya hudek maks ge manorajikayak pamanak pawath eya kisi witeka prayogika nowana hithaluwak pamanak bawath boho deshapalana wicharakayan sadahan karayi.
pararopanaya
pararopanaya yanu yamak thama sathuwa thibi pasuwa eya thamagen aathwi thamata erehi shakthiyakwi thawaduratath wardhanaya wemn thamawa pidawata pathkarana shakthiyaki.meya thawaduratath saralawa kiwahoth thamage da thamagen wenwi kisiyam shakthiyath lesa wardhanaya wemin thamawa pidawata pathkirimayi.mema sankalpaya maks ge soya ganimak nowa mita perasiti darshanikayanda mema sankalpaya bhawithakaraatha.eheth athitha darshanikayan mema sankalpaya bhawitha kale aagama pilibada adahas prakasha kirimataya.enam dewiyan yanu minisage nirmanayak misa minisa yanu dewiyange nirmanayak nowana bawayi.minisa wisin swabhawa dharmaye thamata watahagatha nohaki sansiddin adrushamana dewiyakuta baradi minisa wisinma nirmanaya karagath dewiyanta yatathwi jiwathwima pararopanayata sambhandha karamin adahas dakwiya.eheth maks mema sankalpaya bhawika karanne aarthika ha deshapalana drushti konayakini.enam dhanawadi artha kramaye di nirdhanaya hewath shramikaya wisin dhanapathiyata ayath karmantha shalawala sewaya kirima magin thama shramaya drawyakaranayata bhajanaya karamin aarthika bhanda nipadawayi.emagin kamhal himikarithwaya darana dhanapathin shramiyayan wisin nipadawu bhanda weladapole wikinima magin pragdhanaya nipadawayi.dhanapathiya sathuwana mema pragdhanaya pasuwa nirdhanaya surakamata yodagani.nirdhanayage shrama shakthiya pasuwa dhanapathiyage pragdhanaya bawata pathwi dhanawadi samiajaya thula balawathwi nagi sitinke dhanapathiyaya.
upari wayuhaya ha adho wyuhaya
kal maks wisin samajayaka wyuhaya pradhana kotas dekakata bedayi.ee adho wyuhaya ha upari wyuhaya yanuweni.memagin samajaya demahal godanagillakata samana karayi.yam godanagillaka pradhanama kotasa padanamayi.eseth nathinam bimmahalayi.meya shakkimath wana tharamata godanagille aayusha radapawathi.esema yam samajayaka wadath shakthimath wiyayuththe aarthika sansthawa bawa maks awadharanaya karayi.aarthikaya hara anekuth siyaluma sanstha upari wyuhayata ayathya.enam aagama nithiya adhyapanaya kalawa sadacharaya siyalla upari wyuhayata ayathya.
aagama pilibanda maksge adahas
aagama pilibada adahas dakwimedida maks pararopana sankalpaya bhawitha karayi.pararopanaya magin minisa thama awata parisaraye thamata therumgatha nohaki siduwim adrushamana balawegayanta pawara eeta yatathwa jiwathwimata pinisa pelambae.prathamika kamiyunist awadhiyedi thamata therumgatha nohaki da wisthara kirimata aagamika ha abhicharathmaka padanamaka pihita dewiyan ha aagamawetha balaya pawaruwada panthi sahitha samajayan bihiwimath samaga palaka panthiya wisin palithayan kere thama balaya pathuruwa harimata dewa wishwasa ha aagama bhawitha kalaha.maks thawaduratath agama pilibada dakwanne mewani adahasaki˘mulu mahath jiwikalayak thisse wadakaramin aga hingakam walin mirikemin mihipita jiwathwanathuru yatahath pahath kamin ha iwasimen jiwathwiya yuthu bawath ee wenuwata maraninmathu labena diwyamaya sampath balaporoththuwen sanasuma labiya yuthu bawath aagama uganwayi. eheth anunge shramaya surakamin jiwathwana aya mihipita jiwathwana kalaya thula pinata diyayuthu bawa aagama uganwayi.˘
ee anuwa sura kannan ge mulu mahath jiwana pawathmama sadharana yayi kiyana aagama diwya lokaye diwya sampath bhukthi widima sadaha pahasu milata balapathra wikunayi.ebawin pragdhanaye wahalun wisin thama minis prathirupaya gilwa damana adu wadi washayen minisakuta tharamwana jiwithayak sadaha owunge illim gilwa damana aagama wukali ekthara athakin aadyathmika mathwimak waniya.aagama yanu pudgalaya math karana abin walata samanaya yanuwen thawaduratath maks prakasha karayi.maks dakwana aakarayata aagama samawitama palaka panthiyatama sewaya karayi.ee anuwa dhanapathi panthiya aagama waga karana athara dhanapathi janthiye awanka sangaya lesa aagama kriya karayi.palaka panthiya aagamata sama sahayogayakma labademin manaskarawadi darshanaya digatama pawathwa ganimin eya thama palana balaya thahawuru karana awiyak bawata pathkaragani.dhanapathi panthiye ana pilipadina pujakayan ha prathigami widyagnyayan widyawe praharayen aagama bera ganima sadaha ekata ekathuwa kriyakarayi.sura kannange balaya thahawuru kirima sadaha aagama dadi meheyak itukarayi..maks awasana washayen dakwanne minis sanhathiyamatha patawa athi aagama namathi wiyagasa samajaye athi aarthika wadhabandhana namathi wiya gasema prathibimbayak bawayi.
kal maks prakashakarana aakarayata aagama samawitama panthi sahitha samajayak nirmanaya kirimata ha ehi palaka panthiya aaraksha kirimata weheseyi.aagama wisin wahala prewnidasaya menma nirdhanaya thamata upathin himiwu thathwayema radi sitimata upades deyi.thama ese ipadimata hethuwa dewa kamaththa ho karmaya bawa aagama uganwayi.aagama magin dhanathmaka chinthanayata wada runathmaka chinthanaya wapuruwayi.minisa wisinma nirmanaya kala aagamata siyalu balaya labadi aagame wahalakuwi minisa jiwathwima nisa minisage tharkitha chinthanaya nirmanathmakabhawaya motawiyayi.aagama samawitama pawathna thathwaya wenaskirimata nowa eethulama gali sitimata upades deyi.idiri gamana walakwayi.ebawin maks prakasha karanne minisa aagama nirmanaya kalada aagama minisawa nirmanaya nokaranabawayi.ebawin makswadaya anugamanaya kala ratawal wegayen diyunuwu bawath aagama ha sanskruthiya thula aligali siti samajayan sahitha ratawal thawamath diyunuwemin pawathina ratawal lesath pawathinabawa makswadi wishleshakayo awadharanaya karayi.
uputa ganima
mulika samaja widyawa
wadidura kiyawim
lokaya wenas kala karmika wiplawaya
makswadinge antharjala lekhanagaraya
loka samajawadi web adawiya
Karl Marx
1818 upath
deshapalanaya
samaja widyagnyayo
charitha katha
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isurumuni katayam
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parani lakdiwa godanagili karmantha ashrayen wikashanayata path wiwidha shilamaya katayam anga harunu wita swadhina washayen agaya kala haki kalathmaka ha shilpiya washayen usas thathwayehi la salakiya haki suprasiddha gal katayam kipayak da labi atha. wisheshayen anuradhapurayehi isurumuni wiharaya aashrayen mewani wadagath katayam kipayak labi atha.
isurumuni pem yuwala
mema katayama mulin ma labi aththe isurumuni wiharayata nudurin pihiti ranmasu uyana bhumiyeni. in pasu ema katayama isurumuni wiharayata genawuth parani wiharayata ayath gal bammehi sawi kara thaba thibu athara danata eya ehi indi kala kuda kauthukagarayaka thanpath kara atha. mema gal puwaruwa adi 3k pamana usin saha adi 2k pamana palalan yuktha we. mema katayamehi mulika washayen nirupanaya kara aththe aasanayaka wadi gath tharuna purushayeku ha kanthawaki. mema purushaya wadi wi sitina iriyawwa "ardha paryankasana hewath lalithasana" yanuwen hadinwe. mehi kanthawa wadi wi sitinne tharunayage nawa gath wam kakula matha yi. tharunayage dakunu urahisata ihalin kaduwaka mitak ha palihak wani deyak daknata labe. mema dedenage udukaya nagnawa dakwa athi athara wiwidha mala, walalu ha karnabharana palanda athi bawa peni yayi. mema dedenage dakunu athwalin pilimbaibu kerena mudra etharam pahadili nowe. samaharu mema mudrawalin premaya pilibanda adahasak pilimbaibu kerethayi wishwasa kere. kalathmaka washayen itha wishishta ganayehi la salakiya haki mema "pem yuwala katayama" kri.wa. 5 wana siyawasata pamana ayath bawa pura widyagnya mathaya yi. parani bharathaye wishishta ma kala sampradaya lesa salakena guptha murthi kala sampradaye aabhasaya mema katayamin pilimbaibu we.
mema katayamin nirupanaya wanne kawurun da yanna thawamath nowisandunu gataluwaki. me sambandhayen deshiya ha wideshiya ugathun artha nirupana dakwa atha. hindu samaya ha sambandha shiwa dewiyan ha ohuge bharyawa wu parwathi dewiya nirupanaya karana bawa athamunge mathaya yi. mahayana sampradayehi hamuwana bodhisathwawarun atharin labala ma bodhisathwawaraya lesa salakena manyju shri bodhisathwawarayath ohuge thara nam bisawath dakwena bawa thawath adahasaki. yudha bhatayeku ha ohuge tharuna bharyawa in pilimbaibu wethayi thawath mathayaki. purawidya komasariswarayeku wa siti mahacharya paranawithanayange mathaya wanne dutugamunu rajuge puth saliya kumaruth ohuge pemwathiya wu ashokamalath in nirupanaya wana bawayi. mita amatharawa kuwera nam dewiyanuth ohuge bharyawa wu wasundarath in nirupanaya wana bawata mathayaki.
minisa saha ashwa hisa
isurumuniyen hamuwana thawath agana gal katayamak lesa ehi swabhawika gal parwathaye nela athi wadigath miniseku ha ashwa hisa k dakwena katayama dakwiya haka. mehi nirupitha tharunayage rupaya adi 2 1/2 k pamana usin yuktha we. mehi nirupitha pudgalaya wadi wi sitinne "maharaja lila" nam iriyawweni. ohuge dakunu urahisata ihalin nirupanaya kara aththe ashwayekuge hisaki. mema katayama kri.wa. 7 wana ho 8 wana siyawasata ayath bawa pawase. dakunu indiyawe wyapthiyata path pallawa murthi kalawe abhasaya mema katayamehi pilimbaibu wana bawa wiyathunge nigamanaya yi. mema katayamin kumak nirupanaya karannedayi yanna pilibandawath ugathun athara wiwidha matha pawathi. kala ithihasagnyayeku wu aananda kumaraswamige adahasa wanne hindu dewa kathawala hamu wana kapila nam rushiwaraya saha ohuge ashwaya meyin nirupanaya wana bawa yi. paranawithanage nigamanaya wanne ashwa hisin ginnata adhipathi agni dewiyanuth minis rupayen warshawata adhipathi parjanya dewiyanuth sankethawath kerena bawa yi.
mita amatharawa dutugamunu raja pawula dakwena katayamath diya nana athun dakwena katayamath isurumuni wiharaya thula handuna gatha haki thawath agana katayam we.
aashritha
isurumuniya
ithihasaya
shri lankawe ithihasaya
purawasthu - shri lanka
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aaktik kalapaye unusuma
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aaktik kalapaya yanu shitha kalayedi hira nonagina ha grishmayedi hiranobasina pruthiwiye uththaradhrawaya ha aashritha pradeshayaki.boho wita ayis ha himen wasi athi mema pradeshaya pruthiwiya unusum wima kerehi ithama sanwediya.aaktik kalapaye pawathana ayis thattuwa pruthiwiye ushnathwaya palanaya kiramehila itha wadagathya.enam pruthiwi prushtayata watena hira kirana bohomayak parawarthanaya kirime hakiyawak mema ayis thattuwalata atha.paryeshanawalin penwadena aakarayata aaktik kalapaya anekuth pradeshayanta wada degunayaka ushnathwaya wadi wimak pennum karayi.eyata hethuwa ayis diyawimen mathuwana aduru polothalaya adhika lesa surya thapaya ura ganimayi.aaktik kalapaya unusum wimata balapana anek karanaya nam ema kalapayata labena wadipura shakthiya, kalapaya unusum kirimata balapayi.
me aakarayata unusum wana aaktik kalapaya nisa ehi balapam rasaki. warshika samanya ushnathwaya,degunayakin ihala yamata eya hethu we.me nisa hima sruthuwa kramakramayen aduwemin pawathina athara glashiyar ha sagara,ayis thattuwa niranthara diyawimata lak wenu dakiya haka.
glashiyar ha ayis diyawima sagara mattama ihala gena yana athara diyawalwala kriyakarithwaya wenaswima nisa lokaye deshagunika wenaskam sidu wiya haki baw ema wartha penwa deyi.sagara ayis thattu diya wima kramayen thuran wiya haki bawata da anawaki palawe.
sagara jalamattama ihala yamath samanga werala khadanaya wardhanaya wiya haki athara kunatu athi wimada nirantharayen athwidiya haki baw pawase.aaktik pradeshaye sagara ayis thattuwa aduwimen ema kalapaye swabhawika sampath gaweshanaya wardhanaya wana athara nawika kriyawalin wardhanaya we.swabhawika sampath ha kanim wadi wimath samanga athi kerena yatithala pahasukam hethuwen thawaduratath ayis diya wima siduwe.
wasara 1979 sita 2002 wana wita grinlanthaye ayis thattuwa 16% kin aduwi atha.melesa sagarayata ekwana miridiya nisa sagara jalaye lawana sandranaya salakiya yuthu mattamakin aduwiya haka.eya lokaye deshagunika wiparyasa thawaduratath wardhanaya kirimata dayaka wannawu pradhana hethuwak wanu atha
ushnathwaya wadiwathma ayis diyawi pruthiwi prushtaya mathu wi ee matha shaka wardhanaya wime idakada athi bawin aaktik kalapaye wananthara athi wima kerehi eya balapa haka.mema kriyawaliya magin lokaye kaban chakraya wenas wime hakiyawakda mathuwana baw thawaduratath widyagnyayo prakasha karathi.
mese siduwana aaktik kalapaye unusum wima pilibandawa digin digatama adhyana siduwana muth ema wenas wim nawathalimata hakida yanna pilibandawada thawaduratath kisindu piyawarak gena nomatha.ee pilibandawa awadhanayak nothibima wishala anathurak athalanga yayi awadhanamak pawathi.
me adawiyath balanna
pruthiwiya unusum wima
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aadayam badde athithaya
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1840 di pranshaye adhirajya bawata pathwu napoliyan senewiyagen brithanyayata erehiwa pawathi aakramanika tharjanaya nisa 1790 dashakaya agadi brithanyaya rajya aarthikaya shighrayen pirihennata wiya.eeta thawakalika piliyamak washayen rate yamak kamak aැthi janathawage dayakathwaya rajayata labagani ek upaya margayak washayen
1799 di ithihasaye mul warata aadayam badda hadunwa di thibe.*lankawe aadayam badda aාrambha wi thibenne 1932 warshayediya. enam ingrisi palana samayediya. wachanaye arthayenma aadayam badda ayakaranu labanne pudgalayange aadayama mathaya. eya thawath kenekuta withankala nohaka.ee nisa eya ithamath sanwedi baddaki. aadayam badda thani pudgalayanpamanak nowa aayathanika pudgalayan da ayathwe.(sanstha,samagam) thani thani pudgalayan gewanu labana aadayam badu paudgalika aadayam badu washayen handinwe. eeta hondama udaharanaya nam upayana wita gewime baddayi.anekuth aayathanikapudgalayange ayakarana badu samuhika aadayam badu washayen handinwe. me kotas dekahima aadayam badu anupathaya eka samana nowe.
aadayam matha ayakarana, kalin kalata athi nathi wana wenath badu wargada apata dakiya hakiya. apa rate mathak wana thura pawathi jathiya rakaganimearamudalada pudgalayage aadayam matha ayakaragath baddaki. esema 2002 wasare sita kriyathmaka wana poli matha ayakarana badu da aadayam baddaki. randawa ganimebaddada aadayam baddaki. samajaye aadayam wishamathawa awama kirimata aadayam badda honda margayak wuwath eya thani pudgalayange aadayam ipadawima mandothsahi kirimata balapayi.
yomuwa
satahana sagarawa
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kolambaa ithihasaya
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gramiya pradeshayanta sapekshawa nagarika pradeshayanhi gathikathwaya athimahathya. ema gathikathwaya sama anshayakinma handunagatha hakiya. diwayine pradhana paripalana nagaraya menma wanija nagaraya wima hethuwen kolambaa nagaraye mema gathikathwaya anekuth nagara siyalla abhibhawa siti. nagarayaka gathikathwaya anekuth nagara ahibhawa siti. nagarayaka gathikathwaya thula wiwidha kshethriya ratawan handunagatha hakiya. meya nagarika rupakaya washayen handunwayi.
nagarika rupakaya saralawa pahadili karana wita nagarayaka ihalin sitina kurullekuta nagaraya diswana aakarayayi. ehidi ema pakshiya handunaganne nagarika kshethriya ratawayi. mehidi godanagili swarupaya kumakda? eka samana usa godanagili sthanagatha wi thibenne kumana pradeshayak thulada? newasika ratawa kumana swarupada? ehidi ek ek samaja stharayange niwasa pihita aththe kumana pradeshawalada? nagaraye wanija katayuthu sthanagatha wi thibenne keseda? madhyama wyaparika disthrikkaya (CBD) pihita aththe kumana kalapayeda? aadi washayen kshethriya washayen handunagatha hakiya. mewa me ayurin sthanagatha wi aththe dirgha kalina kriyawaliyaka prathipalayak washayeni. meya warthamanayeth kriyathmaka we. nidasun lesa palpath pihiti pradeshayaka usas pele niwasa hataganime hakiyawa itha aduya. dadi wanijakaranayata lakwu pradeshayaka newasika ratawak bihiwime sambhawyathawaya ithamath pahala mattamaka pawathi. nagarika bhugola widyagnyayo mema kriyawaliya pahadili kirimata parisara widyawe sankalpayak upayogi karaganithi. enam nagarika perahan kriyawaliyayi. wanantharayaka ek ek wrukshalathawange wyapthi ratawan digu parinamayaka prathipalayaki.
ehidi palamuwa nirawaranaya wu bhumiya thulata shaka warga pamine. eya jalayen ho sulangin ho wenayam jaiwa widyathmaka kriyawali thulin siduwiya hakiya. eya aakramanayaki. ema shaka warga athara tharangayak pawathi. ema tharangayedi mema shaka athara yam yam prathikriya siduwe. inpasu kisiyam shaka wargayak ho kihipayak sthayi we. eya uthkarshaya we. swabhawika wanantharayaka siduwena me kriyawaliya nagarayak thulada siduwiya hakiya. nagarika bhugola widyagnyayin pawasanne nagarayak asurinda ek ek karyayan athara tharangayak pawathi. me nisa nagara ekak ho dekak sthayi wimath anathuruwa an siyalu karyayangen ismathu wi penennata patan ganima washayen ho ihatha awastha siyalla ee aakarayenma handunagatha haki bawayi. ada wanawita sighra nagarikaranayata hasuwa athi kolambaa nagaraya danata awurudu 500kata pamana pera wana sathungen gahana kala rodawalin saha gohoruwalin samanwitha bhumiyaki. welendama jiwikawa karagath muslim pawul kihipayak wisuha. kolambaa waraya sanwardhanaya kolambaa nagarayak lesa sanwardhanaya wenne 1885di kirimen anathuruwa bawa boho widwathunge mathayayi. kolambaa waraya bihikirimada me mulika salasma pruthugisingeya. mulinma owun balakotuwak thanuha. eya kotuwa nam wiya. bere wawa owunge nirmanayaki. kalani gange jalaya harawimen meya kalaha. kotuwen pita nagaraya pitakotuwayi. kotuwa ha pitakotuwa athara diya agalak saha pol waththak wiya. pasuwa landesin wisin kolambaa nagaraya wadath wanija nagarayak bawata path kerini. pruthugisin aarakshaka madhyayak lesa yodagath bere wawa mowuhu prawahana madhyayak lesa yodagathha. landesin prathama wathawata kurundu wagawa aarambha kalaha. eya warthamana kurunduwaththa, as wattu handiya, ha boralla dakwa wiya. maradana ehi awasan kelawarayi.
kolambaa nagaraye wadagathma samaya ingrisi samayayi. methek janawasayakwa thibu kolambaa pradeshaya, nagarayak wanne me kalayeya. 1883di kolambaa diwayine aga nagaraya kalaha. me samaga kolambaa kendra karagath maha marga ha dumriya marga jalayak bihiwiya. ehi palamu piyawara 1820 di thanima aarambha karana lada kolambaa- mahanuwara margayayi. milangata 1867di merata palamu dumriya margaya wana mahanuwara-kolambaa dumriya margaya thanini. me samaga kolambaa kendra karagath apanayana welanda ratawak wardhanaya wiya. 1886 di diwayine pradhana waraya washayen kolambaa waraya sanwardhanaya wiya. me nisa waraya aashrithawa nawa rakiya bihi wiya. wishala washayen kamkaruwan nagarayata sankendranaya wiya. mehi prathipalayak lesa methek palana nayakayan pradhana aayathana nayakayan ha yuropiya ha deshiya prabhu palanthiya saha muslim pawul kihipayak pamanak wisu kolambaa jana sanyuthiyata kamkaru panthiya ek wiya. kolambaa nagaraye kotuwa pradeshayata amatharawa 1865 wanawita thawath kottasha 5k ekwa thibuni.
shantha basthiyan.
shantha pawulu.
maradana.
kollupitiya.
kompanynyawidiya.
kri.wa 1910di mema thathwaya thawa duratath wardhanaya wemin modara ha wallawaththa ekathu wi nagarika kottasha 11k wiya. kri.wa 1935di kottasha 20katada kri.wa 1943di nawatha kottasha 30 katada bedana ladi. pasuwa kirulapanada aandagena kottasha 31k wiya. kri.wa 1958di nawatha kottasha 37k kaleya. kri.wa 1963di eya 47kata bedimen anathuruwa kolambaa nagaraye thiras wikashanaya awasana wiya. namuth karyamaya wenaskam rasak ada dakwa siduwemin pawathi.
kolambaa nagaraye wardhanaya gana wimasimedi peni yana wadagath karunak nam aluthen sakas wu nawa newasika ratawayi. 1859di sar henri won wisin galu muwadora aarambha kirimen pasu eeta dakuninpihiti kollupitiya, bambalapitiya, wallawaththa janawasa wiya. ewakata galu muwadora res pitiya kurunduwaththata genayama samaga kurunduwaththa janakirna wiya. niweswalin saha udyana walin samanwithawa thibu mattakkuliya pradeshaya thula samajaye prabhupela sitiyaha. waraya sanwardhanaya samaga wishala kamkaruwan nagarayata paminiyaha. mowun ihala pele niwasa pawul kihipayak ekwa kuliyata gena kotas walata bedagena padinchi wuha. me samaga wishala mandira walata simawu kolambaa nagaraye niwasa ratawata palpathda ek wiya. me nisa mehi wisu ihala madhyama panthikayo thama adhyapana aayathana pawa ragena dakunata saha agnidigata sankramanaya wuha. ehidi bihiwu pradhanathama janawasaya kurunduwaththaya. me aakarayata kolambaa nagaraya horagasak se athuliyala wardhanaya wiya. ehi bijada awata wyaptha wiya.
me adawiyath balanna
kolambaa
kolambaa
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shri lankawe samanupathika mathiwarana kramaya
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ada siyawasakata aasanna kalayak lankawe kriyathmaka wu sarala bahuthara mathiwarana kramaya 1978 dewana janaraja aandukrama wyawasthawa magin ahosi kota ee wenuwata nawa niyojana kramaya washayen samanupathika niyojana kramaya handunwa duni. samanupathika kramaya handunwa dimata hethu wuye sarala bahuthara niyojana kramaya magin mahajana mathaya harihati niyojanaya nowimayi. 1970 ha 1977 yana warshawala mathiwarana gena balukala peniyanne 1970 balayata path samangi peramuna 44% k pamanak chanda prathishathayak labaganna bawayi. namuth owunta wyawasthadayakaye aasana 77%kma himi we. me anuwa mahajana mathaya harihati niyojanaya nowe. mewani hethun nisa samanupathika kramaya handunwa dunha. namuth aacharya en. em. perera wani aya pawasanne, mema mathiwarana kramaya handunwa dimata hethu wuye ema 1978 balayata path aanduwa sathu wu deshapalana aathmarthakamithwaya bawayi. kese namuth samanupathika kramaya handunwa dima sulu paksha wala pragathiyata iwahal wu bawa pene.mahajana mathaya samanupathikawa niyojanaya wana nisa owunta wyawasthadayakaya thula niyojanayak himi wiya.
1978 prajathanthika samajawadi janarajaye aandukrama wyawasthawe 14 wana parichchedaya magin mathiwarana kramaya sandaha prathipadana sapaya atha.
samanupathika mathiwarana kramaya krayathmaka wana aakaraya
mathiwarana kottasa sima nirnaya kirima
aandukrama wyawasawasthawe 95(1) ha 95(2) waganthi anuwa mathiwarana kottasa sima nirnaya kirime komisan sabhawak janadhipathi warayage nirdesha matha aandukrama wyarawastha sabhawa (17 wyawastha sanshodhanayata prakarawa) pathkirima sidukarayi. ehi samajikayan thideneki. meya swadhina komisamaki. 96(3) waganthiyata anuwa mathiwarana kalapa nirnaya kirimedi paripalana disthrikka salakillata ganiyi. ek ek kalapa wala manthri aasana pramanaya nirnaya karanne mese ya.
TV = diwayine samastha chanda sankhyawa
Q = sudusukam labime chanda sankhyawa
me anuwa diwayine samastha liyapadinchi chanda sankhyawa manthri 160 k wu mulu sankhyawen bedu wita labena sankhyawa manthri aasanayak wenkirima sandaha sudusukam labime chanda sankhyawa we. ehidi labena chanda sankhyawen mathiwarana disthrikkaye liyapadinchi chanda sankhyawa bedimen ema disthrikkayata adala aasana ganana thiranaya we.
nama yojana pathra bhara dima
wyawasthadayakaya sandaha pawathwena mathiwaranayakadi mathiwarana kottasa padanam karaganimin 196 deneku thoraganiyi. ee atharin kottasa disthrik anupathaya matha siw deneku bagin 36 deneku thora ganiyi. esema 14 wana sanshodhanaya magin athikala jathika layisthu kramaya magin 29 deneku jathika chanda prathishathaya matha thora ganiyi. me anuwa wyawasthadayakayata thoraganna mulu ganana 225 ki. sama manthri kottashayakma bahu manthri we. namayojana pakshaya wisin sakas karayi. ehidi manthridhura sankhyawata wada thundenekuge nam athulath kala yuthuya.
uda:-rathnapura mathiwarana kottashaya
10 + 3 = 13
apekshakayange nam sakas wiya yuththe akaradi piliwelataya. ema namayojana pathra: idiripath karanuye paksha lekamge athsana sahithawaya.
sabhikayan thora ganima.
chanda ganan kirimen pasuwa wadima chanda labagath pakshayata prasada aasanayak himi we. pasuwa walangu chanda sankhyawen 5% ta wada aduwen chanda labagath paksha iwath karayi. ithiri pakshawala chanda ekathuwa adala sankhathawa lesa salake. inpasu ek ek paksha labagath chanda sankhyawa samprayuktha sankhyawen bedu wita ee pakshakayata himi aasana ganana thiranaya we. pakshayata manthridhura wenkala pasu ema pakshaye wadima manapa labagath anupiliwelata manthriwarun thoragani.
purappadu pirawima
sarala bahuthara kramaye di manthridhurayak his wu wita athuru mathiwaranayak pawathwayi. namuth samanupathika kramaye di adala apekshakayan atharin eelangata wadima manapa labagath pudgalaya manthriwaraya lesa thora ganiyi.
jathika layisthu manthriwadhura therima
wyawasthadayakaya sandaha 225 k thoraganiyi.ee atharin 196 k chandayen thoraganiyi. ithiri 29 dena jathika layisthuwen thoraganiyi. mowun thoraganima sandaha padanama lesa yodaganne diwayine mulu samastha chanda anupathaya anuwaya. me aakarayen beduwita manthridhura 29 sampurna nowe nam wadima sheshaya padanam karagena ithiri eewa sampurna karanu labayi.
adawiyen bahara pitu
1947 sita shri lankawe mathiwarana prathipala
shri lankawe mathiwarana
deshapalanaya
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mahathma gandhi
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mahathma gandhi (okthobar 2, 1869 - janawari 30, 1948) indiyanu nidahas satane pradhana thanak gath nayakayekya. indiyanu jathika kongrasaya yatathe da methuma athimahath sewayak itukarana ladi. mohuge niyama nama wanuye, mohandas karamchand gandhi ya.
1888 di nithyaya upadhiya laba ganima sadaha landanaya bala pitath weyi. landanaya bala pitawa yamata pera gandhi thuma thama mawata porondu dekak karana ladi. jiwitha kalayatayama math pan walin thora jiwithayak gatha kirima jiwitha kalayama nirmanshawa gatha kirima ema porondu dekayi. landanaye nirmanshawa jiwithaya gatha kirima itha apahasu uwath gandhi thuma upadhiya laba ganima sadaha awurudu thunakma landanye gatha karayi. gandhi thuma mehi gatha karana atharathura ohuge jiwithaye awasanawantha ma siduwima sidu weyi. ee gandhi thumage piya miya yamayi. gandhi thuma piya miya yamen pasuwa nawathath indiyawata paminimata sithu wita ohuge mawa eya nawathwa gandhiwa kese ho landanaye ma nawathwa upadhiya digatama karawana ladi. pasuwa gandhi thuma 1891 warnishaye di nithyaya upadhiya laba gena nawathath indiyawa bala paminiyaha. inpasu ohu dakunu aprikawe nithyayawarayek lesa sewaya karana ladi.
dirgha kalayak batahira libaralwadaye balawegawalata thibu indiyawe 19 wana siyawase di nidahasa patha jathika balawegayak kriyathmaka wima ha samaja sadharanathwaya udesa chinthanamaya wiwadayak godanaguni. jathiye piya lesa gandhi mohandas karanchan gandhi ha aacharya bim raoo ramji ambedkar indiya chinthanaya nawa magakata yomu kala purogamihu wethi. ambedkar 1891 aprel 14 madhya pradeshaye upatha lada kula hinayaku wuwada nidahas indiyawe prathama wyawastha sampadaka mandalaye sabhapathi wu nithi wisharadayeki.
wargawadaya, kulawadaya ,aagamwadaya karapinnagath samaja kramayakata urumakam kiyana indiyawa thula samaja sadharanathwaya udesa mahathma gandhi siya awanka adahas prakasha kale aagamanukulawaya. namuth ambedkar ge adahas naithika padanamak sahitha wiya.mema adahas boho durata samagami wuwada wareka ambedkar ge adahas nawina wiplawiya eewa wiya.me dedenage samaja sadharanathwaya pilibanda adahas samaja, deshapalana, aarthika, aagamika, sanskruthika yana siyalu ansha ha ee thula kulabhedaya padanam karagath samajaya kere wadi awadhanayak nithathinma yomu we. ambedkar ,samanathmatha prathipaththiya yatathe indiya samajaya sakas kirimata uthsaha kala athara samaja,aarthika saubhagyaya prajathanthrawadiwa uda kirima athyawashya bawa prakasha kaleya. kula bhedaya nisa eda meda thura pida windina indiya samajaye warthamanayeda samastha janagahanayen 1/6 (biliyana 1.1) kulahinayo wethi. kula kramaye ekthara nipayumak lesa samajaye pahathma kulaya “ harijana” bihi wiya. kula kramaya gaurawaye nagima lesath awagnyawe basiyama lesath mohu dakwiya. kula kramaya magin kamkaruwan wargikaranaya kirima siduwana bawath eya waradak nowana bawath samaharu prakasha kalada ambedkar eya prathikshepa kaleya. kamkaruwan wargikaranaya wanne oopapathikawa ho swabhawikawa nowa pudgala karyakshamathawaya ha hakiyawan wardhanaya kara ganima magin bawa penwa dunneya.
awihinsawadaya peradari kara gath mahathma gandhi samajayiya washayen pragathishili wyaaparayaka niratha wuweki.buddhimath panthiyata pamanak sima wu indiya jathiwadaya wiplawawadi janatha satanakata pariwarthanaya kale methumaya.ehi sanwidhanathmaka bawa ha nithi rithi sapayima kale gandhiya.panchamathwaya durukara wima menma eya kaho pawathwagenayama dandaniya waradak lesata nithi panawini.panchamathwaya nisa indiyawa asimitha lesa duk windina bawath eya papayak bawatath path wi atha.gandhi hindun aaraksha kirimatada eeta erehi balawega mardanaya kirimatada idiripath wu athara ambedkar ewakata pawathi sama aagamakma janathawata sudusu bawa prakasha kaleya.podu aramunak lesa aagam,kulawadaya duru kirimata prayogikawa kriyathmaka wimedi wishamatha daknata labuni. thadabala asadharanayata erehi wima gandhi ge deshapalana jiwithaye da wadagath siduwimaki.
ee magin kristhiyani, anglo indiyanu ,yuropa ,shik idam himiyanta, kamkaruwanta,wayaparikayanta awasthawak laba diya yuthu bawa ambedkar ge mathaya wuwada gandhi shik warunta hara pahala panthikayanta parlimenthuwa thula niyojanayak dimata wiruddha wiya.me mathabhedaya nisa 1932 sapthambar 24 da “puna”panathata athsan kalaha.
wyawasthawa matha purna wishwasaya thaba samaja prashna walata wisandum sewu ambedkar kongras deshapalanaye ha gandhi ge deshapalana sathurek wiya.gandhi komiyunistwadaya nopiligath athara prachandathwaya deshapalana upaya margaya, idam himiyanta sathyagraha, wyapara nidahasa labima thekma kriyathmaka wiya.waraprasada nolath aya gana katha kale prajathanthrawadiwa awadhanaya yomu karamini.
Sanvarthena Uprga Mar
gandhi -gramiya sanwardhanaya( swarajya sankalpaya)
ambedkar -nawinathwaya ha karmikaranaya jjj
nagarika jiwithaya papakari bawath, dilindu bawa ,nugath bawa , kula pidanaya iwath kirimata gramiya swarajya sankalpaya ath kara gatha yuthu bawa gandhi prakasha kaleya.batahira sanskruthiye angayak wu karmikaranayata wiruddha wu gandhi ee magin gramiya jiwithayata hani nowiya yuthu bawa gandhi prakasha kaleya.
neru wisin da piligath ambedkar ge darshanaya brahma,wishnu,maheshwara thrimurthiyata samana wima 21 wana siyawase asirimath siduwima we.1956 di ambedkar bududahama walanda ganu labuwe da kula pidanaya nisaweni.mowun dedenagema mukhya paramarthaya wuye samaja sadharanathwaya uda kirimaya. me anuwa,indiya chinthanaya nawa magakata yomu kala mahathma gandhi ha aacharya ambedkar shreshta nayakayo wethi.
mulashra
nuthana indiyawe padanama, panikkar. ke. em, rathnakara poth, 74-wella widiya, kolambaa 14,1967 juli.
Justice V.R. Krishna. Yen , Social Justice & the Undonerast , 1991.
The Nehru - Gandhi Encounter, the Island, 1998.11.17. *http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/mmt/ambedcar/ 2007.05.23
adawiyen bahara pitu
gandhi padanama
indiyanu nayakayan
1869 upath
1948 marana
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samaya (bahuruthharanaya)
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samaya yanu shanthiya ho sahajiwanayayi.
samaya pahatha aruthda gena diya hakiya:
sama sankethaya
sama (albamaya), yurithmiks wisin sakasunu albamayaki
Peace (album), an album by Anything Box
Peace (play), a play by Aristophanes
Peace (rose)
"The Peace!", song by Morning Musume
"Peace", the thirteenth movement of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells 2003 album
Peace College in Raleigh, North Carolina
The Peace River in Alaska
Peace River (Canada)
Peace, a novel by Gene Wolfe
Peace, a song by Weezer from Make Believe
PEACE (^^)v, a song by BeForU
See also
Peace camp
Peace movement
Peace process
Peace symbol
Peace treaty
The Peace Fund
United States Department of Peace
World peace
Peace Bridge (Buffalo, NY)
wakroththiharana pitu
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indiya china yuddhaya - 1962
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desha sima pilibanda prashnayak mulkaragena indiyawath - chinayath athara athi wu arbudaya nisa hatagath yuddhaya indiya - china yuddhaya lesa handinwe. mema yuddhaya 1962 okthobar masa 20 dina aarambha wi nowambar masa 21 dina chinaya wisin eekapakshikawa prakashitha satan wiramayak yatathe kelawara wiya. masayak pamana pawathi mema yuddhaya jathyanthara washayen arbudakari thaththwayak udgatha karanu labina. jathyanthara arbuda pilibandawa karanu labana adhyayanayakadi meyada wadagath wanne eheyini.
indiyawath chinayath athara deshasima arbudayak pana nagimata pradhana hethuwa wuye indiya china desha simawe ekthara bhumi pradeshayak sambandhayen derata wisin himikam kiya pamayi. elesa himikam kiyanu labuwe indiya china deshasimawe tibet ratata nudurin pihiti aksayi chin (AKSAI CHIN) namathi pradeshaya sambandhayeni. palamuwa himikam kiyanu labuwe indiyawa wisini. dewanuwa himikam kiyanu labuwe nathahoth indiyawa himikam kima prathika්shepa karanu labuwe chinaya wisini. meki himikam kima ha prathikshepa kirim karanu labuwe ek aithihasika sadhakayak padanam kara ganimini. enam indiyawa wisin indiyawa sathuwa thibu sithiyamak ha chinaya wisin chinaya sathuwa thibu sithiyamak asurini. gataluwa mathuwuye indiyawa ha chinaya sathu wu sithiyam hi indiya china deshasimawa deyakarayakata salakunu kara thibimeni.
mema sithiyam dekata anuwa indiyawa ha tibet athara wati thibuna ekthara margayak wiya. ema margaya wati thibune indiyanu desha sima pradeshayak wu aksa chin harahaya. chinaye sinkiyan pradeshaye yarkhand (YARKHAND) nam sthanaye sita nepala desha simawata yabadawa pihiti batahira kotase wu takla kot nam (TAKLAKOT) sthanayata wati thibuna mema margayata piwisune indiyanu deshasimawata ayath se salakunu aksayi chin pradeshaya harahayi.
aksayi chin pradeshaye ayithiya pilibandawa prashnaya indiyawa wisin mathukaranu labuwe ekthara aithihasika hethuwak nisaweni. enam chinaya wisin indiyawata aasanna deshasima rajyayak wu tibetaya hasirawimata chinaya uthsaha darana bawa ekthara siddhiyak asurin indiyawata peni giya heyini. ee siddhiya nam chinaya wisin indiyawatath horen indiyanu deshasima pradeshayak wu aksayi chin haraha 1957 wasaredi maha margayak idi kirimayi. mema maha margaya idikaranu labuwe 1956 di soya gath ihatha ki yarkhan nam sthanaye sita aksayi chin haraha thaklakot nam sthanayata wati thibuna adi parak osseya.
chinaya wisin indiyawen ithamath dura bahara pradeshayaka idi karanu labu mema maha margaya pilibandawa indiyawa thorathuru danagath wigasama chinaya wetha wirodhaya palakaranu labina. ee 1958 okthombar masa 18 wenidaya. ewani wirodhayak pala kirimata hethu dekak wiya. ekak nam ema maha margaya indiyanu desha simawata ayathwu aksayi chin pradeshaya haraha indiyawe awasarayakin thorawa idikara thibimayi. aneka nam mema kriyawa thulin indiyawe aarakshawa sambandhayenda wadagath wannawu tibetaya hasira wimata chinaya uthsaha dara athi bawa indiyawata eeththu yamayi.
me prashnaya mul karagena methak derata athara wu aithihasika sabadathawaya thawa thawath paludu wannata wiya. tibetaya mul karagena indiyawath chinayath athara wu sabandathawaya palamu warata paludu wuye 1950 diya. ehila balapa hethuwa wuye indiyawata uthurin pihiti deshasima rajyayak wu tibetaya palanaya kirimata chinaya daru uthsahayayi. 1949 di china mahajana samuhanduwa pihitu wimen pasuwa tibetaya sambandhayen chinaya daru mema uthsahaya indiyawa kerehi ekthara aakarayaka amanapa bawak udgatha karanu labuwada eya etharam duradiga giya ekak nowiya. ema amanapa kam yatapath karamin 1954 aprel masayedi tibetayata adalawa indiyawa ha chinaya athara sanskruthika giwisumak pawa athsan karanu labina.
ema giwisume purwikawata anuwa panchasila prathipaththiyata anuwa samakami sahajiwanaya padanam karagath prathipaththiyakata anuwa derata kriya karana bawatath sesu bahira lokaya samanga pawathwana sabandatha waladi ee prathipaththiyata anukulawa katayuthu karana bawatath ekanga wuha. 1954 di athsan karanu labu yathoktha giwisumen wadi kalak gathawimata pera derata athara thibu wishwasaya wadath paludu wuye 1957 di chinaya wisin yarkhand sita aksayi chin haraha tibetaye sita thakla kot nam sthanaya idi karanu labu maha margaya nisayi.
mema maha margaya idi kirima sambandhayen 1957 okthombar masayedi chinaya wetha wirodhaya palakala indiyawa kiya sitiye kisidu wiwadayakin thorawa ema mawatha wati aththe indiyanu deshasimawata ayath aksayi chin haraha bawayi.mema mawatha idi kirima indiyanu sodisi mura sancharayanta badhakayak wi athi bawath indiyawa wisin prakasha karanu labiya.
me sambandhayen china rajyaye prathicharaya wuye ema margaya wati athi pedese walata indiya mura sancharayan athulath nowiya yuthu bawathese athulath wanne nam eya china desha simawata balen athulu wimak lesa china rajaya wisin salakanu labana bawath prakasha karamin indiya wirodhaya prathikshepa kirimayi. meyin adahas wanne indiyawa wisin himikam kiyu aksayi chin pradeshayata chinayada himikam kiyu bawayi. melesa aksayi chin nam wu ekama pradeshayakata chinayath indiyawath eka lesa himikam kiyanu labuwe ema pradeshaya indiyawata ayath lesa indiya rajaya sathu sithiyame eya chinayata ayath lesa chinaya sathu sithiyameth satahan wi thibima nisaya.
aksayi chin pradeshaya indiyawata ayak wana se sithiyam wenas kirimata indiyawa wisin china rajayen illimak karana ladde china rajaya wetha wirodhaya pala kirimata pera 1958 agosthu 21 dina diya. chinaya ee sambandhayen etharam yahapath prathicharayak nodakwu heyin 1958 okthombar 18 da indiyanu wirodhaya chinaya wetha prasiddhiye prakashayata path karanu labini.
indiyanu wirodhaya sambandhayen chinaya prakahakara sitiye aksayi chin nam pradeshaya china desha simawata ayath wuwak bawayi. mewani wirodhathawayak prakasha karantath pera enam 1954 okthombar masaye indiya agamathi neru china sancharayaka yeduna awasthawedi indiya china deshasimawedi indiya china deshasima prashnaya pilibandawa chau-en-layi samanga sakachcha kara thibunada kisidu ekangathwayakata pamina nothibuni.
ema awasthawedi chinaya kiya sitiye indiya china deshasimawa indiyawe brahmaputhra nadiye sita sathapum 20 kata uthurin pihita athi bawayi. eheth indiyawa kiya sitiye china indiya desha simawa pihita aththe brahmaputhra nadiye sita sathapum 70 kata uthurin pihiti makmohan rekhaw sita bawayi. indiyawa daru mema adahasata padanam wuye indiyawa brithanya yatath wijithayakwa pawathiyadi tibetaya samanga athikara gath ekangathawayaki. indiya china deshasima sambandayen brithanyayan wisin prakashakara thibune eki deshasimama brahmaputhra nadiye sita sathapum 70 kata uthurin pihiti makmohan rekhawe sita pihita athi bawayi. tibetaya me sambandhayen ekangathwayak pala kalath chinaya mewani ekangathwayak pilibandawa athsan kara nothibuni.
me ththwaya yatathe 1954 di neru chau -en-layi sakachcha waladith chinaya daru adahasa wuye indiya china desha simawa brahmaputhra nadiyen sathapum 20 kata uthurin pihita athi bawayi. eheth eya rujuwa prakasha nokala chau enlayi rajya thanthrika wilasayen neruta dakwa sitiye china indiya sithiyam waradi wiya haki bawath eya sanshodhanaya kirima eki pradesha manimen ha deparshawaya athara sakachja kirimen wisanda gatha yuthu bawayi.
1954 di chinaya daru mema sthawaraya sambandhayen kisindu wenasak 1958 wana witath sindu nowiya. eheyin indiyanu wirodhaya prakaha kala awasthawedith chinaya kiya sitiye indiyawa chinaya athara desha simawan nirnaya kirima kisi witakath nokara athi bawath eheyin eewa minum gatha karana thek derata athara pawathna deshasima elesin pawathwa gatha yuthu bawayi.
1958 di chinaya prakasha kala mema adahasehi arthaya nam indiyawa himikam panu labana aksayi chin pradeshaya chinayata ayath pradeshayak bawayi. anik athata indiyawa daru adahasa wuye aksayi chin pradeshaya indiyawata ayath bawayi. me sambandhayen 1958 di derata athara pananaguna mathabhedaya kramakramayen uthsanna wime awasana prathipalaya wuye chinaya wisin 1962 okthobar masaye 20 wana dina indiya desha simawa wetha aakramanayak kirimayi.
ema aakramanayedi indiyawe nagenahirin wu indiya china desha simawe wu batahira ha nagenahira kotas watakaramin aksayi chin pradeshaye wu indiya hamudawan winasha kirima sandaha purna praharayak diyath karanu labiya.
china aakramanaya idiriye pasu basinu labu indiya hamudawo palawa harimata aakramanikayata gatha wuye masakatath nowadi kalayaki. china aakramanaya hamuwe asarana wu neru amarikawa ha nobandi ratawala sahaya pathanu labuwada chinaya wisinma eekapakshikawa karanu labu satan wiramayak prakasha kirimath samangama yuddhaya athhitawanu labini. ewani satan wiramayak prakasha kirimata chinaya idiripath wuye kumana hethuwak nisawuwada indiyawa wisin china aakramanaya hela dakinu labuwa da satan wiramayata awanatha wuni. nowambar 21 dina athikaragath mema satan wiramayata pasuwa 1962 desambar 1 dina china hamudawo siya desha simawan thek pasu basinu labuha.
1962 nowambar masa 21 sita desambar palamuwana dina wanawita deparshawaya athara ekangathawaya wuye eethak indiyawa himikam pa aksayi chin pradeshaya chinayata ayath bawath sesu desha sima pradesha sambandhayen makmohan rekhawa derate desha sima mayim se salaka kriyakarana bawayi.
1962 chinaya wisin indiyawa aakramanaya kirima wu kali jathyanthara deshapalanaye thawath arbudakari awasthawak wiya. ehi athuru prathipalaya wuye indiyawath - chinayath jathyanthara deshapalanaya thula prabala pasamithuran bawata pathwimayi.
aashitha grantha
mahacharya dabliw.eem. premarathna mahathage jathyanthara arbuda kruthiya
indiyawa
chinaya
china ithihasaya
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adhyapanaya
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adhyapanaya yanu wiyuktha sankalpayak wana bawin ee sandaha pahadili nirwachanayak sapayima apahasuya.anek athata adhyapanaya yannen ek adahasak pamanak anthargatha nowe.igenima, iganwima, agayima,rasawindima,puhunuwa aadi wiwidha adahas samudayak me thula gab wi atha. me nisada adhyapanayata pahadili nirwachanayak dima apahasu wi atha. wiwidha darshanikayan wisin wiwidhakara drushtikonayangen adhyapanaya pilibandawa nirwachana idiripath kota atha.
adhyapanaya yanna mulinma bi aawe lathin bhashaweni. (e-ducere, educo) pitathata adala ganima yana arthaya e-ducere thula atha. sama pudgalayaku sathuwama wibhawa shakthiyak athi bawa pawasayi. adhyapanaye karyabharaya wanne meki sangawi athi hakiyawan adaganimayi. warthamanaye me agaya 5% ho 10% yayi pawase.
adhyapanaya yanu, yamkisi hakiyawan gonnak widhimath lesa iganwima ha igenaganimayi. thawath widarshanathmaka kiwahoth, adhyapanaya yanu danuma, subhawadi chinthanaya saha gnyanaya khedahada ganimayi. paramparikawa sanskruthiyak idiriyata genayama da adhyapanaye prathipalayaki. pudgalayeku ge sahaja dakshathawayan ismathu kirimath, eewa manawa opamattam kota ohuta ehi watinakama ekathu ganwimath adhyapanayayi.
adhyapanayedi siduwanne wiwidha iganwim krama yodaganimaki. mano widyathmaka darshanika, pariganaka aashritha, bhashamaya, snayumaya saha samajamaya kramopayan adhyapanayedi yoda gane.
adhyapanaya sambandhayen athi wiwidha arthakathana
adhyapanaya yanu danuma eekarashi karana kriyawaliyaki.
sokratis pawasa aththe usasma deya danuma bawayi.danuma aththa usasma pudgalayaya. eya labanne adhyapanayeni.
adhyapanaya yanu wardhaniya kriyawaliyaki.
adhyapanaya yanu wardhaniya, yawajiwa kriyawaliyak bawa jon duwi pawasayi. pudgalaya ha parisaraya athara anyonya sambandhayak godanageddi ee ha godanagena athdakim wala prathipalayak lesa wardhanaya siduwe.
adhyapanaya yanu sanskruthika sampreshana kriyawaliyaki.
samajaye samajikayaku washayen minisa wisin athpath karaganu labana danuma kusalatha,sadacharaya aadi siyaluma de sanskruthiyayi. minisage madihathwimen nirmanaya wi athi meki sanskruthiya ek paramparawaka sita thawath paramparawak dakwa sampreshanaya karanne adhyapanaya iwahal karagekaya.
adhyapanaya thulin hadawatha, hisa saha hasthaya yana thunama (Head, Heart, Hand) sanwardhanaya kala yuthuya.
adhyapanaye aramunu saha paramartha
paramarthayak yanu kisiyam widhimath lesa sakasunu kriyawaliyakin awasanaye itukara ganimata apeksha karana prathipalayayi. pulul sankirna arathayak ganima paramarthaye lakshanayayi. me nisama eya itukara ganima itha dushkaraya. paramarthaya kara yamata nam eewa sarala karagatha yuthuya. ee sandaha godanagaganna wu suwisheshi prakashaya aramunu lesa handinwe. suwisheshi bawa,maniya haki bawa , langawiyahaki bawa aadiya aramunaka suwisheshi lakshana we. ek paramarthayak sandaha aramunu kipayak pawathiya haka.
adhyapana paramaratha saha aramunu ratin ratata wenas we. ese wanne rataka adhyapana aramunu saha paramartha godanagenne ehi athi samaja aarthika deshapalana jathika prathipaththi walata adala wimayi. adhyapana paramartha jathyanthara washayen piligath eewada pawathi. ee atharin yuneskowa pradhana we. ehi paramarthaya wuye jathyanthara samaya ha awabodhaya athikaralimayi. mita amatharawa diwipawathma sandaha adhyapanaya namin warthawakda pihituwiya.
adhyapanaye aramunu pilibandawa kathakaraddi delo warthawada piligath ekaki. lamayinge wibhawa shakthiya mathukaraganne keseda yanna pilibandawa mehidi sakachcha kaleya. mehidi mulika muladharma 6k yatathe sakachcha karayi.
adhyapanaya yanu mulika minis ayithiwasikamaki.
widhimath adhyapanaya pamanak nowa nowidhimath adhyapanayada wadagath wana bawa
kawara adhyapanayaka wuwada thibiya yuthu mulika lakshana athi bawa (sadharanathwaya, adalathwaya, wishishtathwaya)
adhyapanaya yanu gambaurin sidukala yuthu deyaki. yam yam ratawala aarthika, deshapalana, samajika washayen suwisheshi karunu thibunada jathyanthara prajawa ekanga wu watinakam piligatha yuthuyi.(prajathanthrawadaya, manawa himikam )
mita amatharawa,
danaganima sandaha igenima
yamak kirima sandaha igenima'
ekata jiwathwima sandaha igenima
diwipawathma sandaha igenima
aadi pradhana kulunu 4k pilibandawa me warthawa awadhanaya yomukarayi.
adhyapana prawardhana aramunu
joshap chimombo (Joseph Chimombo) wisthara kara athi andamata adhyapanaya yanu kramawath prathipaththi lekhayaka bhumikawak itu karana athara kramayen apata nodanima diyunu wemin pawathina ratawala smaja wiparyasayak ha aarthika sanwardhaya aarambha kara atha. esema adhyapaya wisin mahajana iranama wenas wi athi bawada ohu pawasayi. parisarika, samajayiya menma aarthika karunu sambandhayen da wishesha awadhanak yomu karamin 2015 wasare pawathi eksath jathinge samuluwedi eli dakwana lada "2030 thirasara sanwardhana aramunu " athulath warthawahi adhyapanaya desa nawa konayakin bala adhyapana prawardhana aramunu idiripath kara atha. ehi sadahan thirasara sanwardhana aramunu 17k atharin siwuwanna adhyapanaya wenuwen wen kara atha.
sigrayen diyunu wemin pawathina lokaye kri.wa. 1909 sita me dakwa lamun pasala hara yame prawanathawaya awama wi athi athara sisun pasal yame prawanathawayehi pahadili wardhanak pennum karayi.eheth eeta pera di pirimi daruwan sulu pramanayak pamanak pasal gos adhyapanaya laba thibuna da 20 wana shatha warshaye aarambhayath samaga lokaye lama jana gahanayen bahutharayak monayam ho adhyapana kramayak yatathe iigenuma labuha.
2016 wasara wana wita loka lama janagahanayen 91% ka pirisakata widhimath prathamika adhyapanayak labima sadaha awasthawa labi atha.eheth ada wana wita lokaya pura athi wi thibena adhyapanika arbudayata (learning crisis) hethu wi aththe pasal yana sisun pramanayenda wadi kotasak igenum katayuthu kramawath wa sidu nokirimayi. loka bankuwa wisik nikuth kala daththa warthawak penwa denne adu ho madhyama aadayam labhi ratawalwala sisungen 53% k prathishathayak prathamika pasal kalaya nima wana wita da ithamath sarala padamak wuwada thaniwa kiyawa awabodha kara ganimata nohaki mattaka pasu wana bawayi.
pasugiya dashakaya purawatama kriyathmaka wu mileniyam sanwardhana wyapruthiya yatathe mileniyam sanwardhana aramunu (Millennium Development Goals) ata athara da goliya prathamika adhyapanaya naga situwima wenuwen awasthawa himi wi thibuni. adhyapanaya wenuwen wen karanu labana mulyadhara surakshitha kirimata nishchitha widhiwidhana nomathi wima, goliyawa adhyapana kshethraye abhiwruddhita badha karana pradhana sadhakayak bawata path wi atha. wides sanwardhana aayathanaya (Overseas Development Institute ) wisin penwa dena paridi adhyapanaya sadaha mulyadhara ras kara ganimedi muhuna dena pradhana abhiyoga wanne parithyagashilinge pramukhatha gatum, aramudal ekras kirima sambandhayen wana akramikatha ha ee sadaha labena mahajana sahaya awama wimayi. thawada winiwidabhawaya pilibanda jathyanthara sansanwidhanak wana Transparency International aayathanaya adhyapana kshethraye siduwana allas ha dushana aprika mahadwipaye prathamika adhyapanaya prathiwyuhagatha kirimata athi pradhanathama awahirathawa bawa penwa deyi. esema goliya washayen gunathmaka adhyapanak sadaha wana illuma ha awashyathawaya apekshitha mattamaka nothibima da gataluwaki.dirghakalinawa adhyapanaye niyalimata wada keti kalayakin adhyapanaya athahara mudal ipayima kerehi boho demapiyan siya daruwanwa yomu karanne aarthika gatalu hamuwe owun asarana wi athi bawini. thawada owunta adhyapanaye athi watinakama ho eyin laba gatha haki pala prayojana pilibandawada owunta awabodhayak nomatha.
adhyapanaye wiwidha swarupa
wathman samajaye wiwidha adhyapana aayathana pawathi. pasala, pawula, mithra samuha, wishwa widyala, pusthakala, karmika widyala, madhya aayathana, aadiya pudgalika sabandatha menma samaja sabandatha sandahada wiwidha samaja watinakam ekathukirimatada upakari weyi. me aayathanawala wyuhaya, paripalanaya aadi ya salaka bala eya kotas 3kata beda dakwayi.
widhimath adhyapanaya
awidhimath adhyapanaya
nowidhimath adhyapanaya
widhimath adhyapanaya
widhimath aayathana thulin labana adhyapanayayi. prathamika anshaye sita usas adhyapanaya dakwa purna kalinawa kerena adhyapanayayi. (uda: pasala, wishwa widyalaya)
anupiliwelin wyuhagathawu kala kramanugathawa shrenigatha wu adhyapanaya paddhathiyaki.
shasthriya - prathamika pasale sita wishwa widyalaya dakwa adhyapanaya
thakshanika - thakshanika ha wruththiya puhunu katayuthu sidu karana aayathana
wishesha awashyatha adhyapanaya
athithaye di kisiyam aabadhayak sahitha pudgalayanata samanya paridi adhyapanaya labimata awasthawak nolabini. aabadhayak sahitha pudgalayan pitapita ma adhyapana aayathana walin prathikshepa wima nisa wishesha adhyapana upadeshakawarun ho chikithsakayan owunta shasthriya danuma laba dena ladi. ewani wishesha awashyatha sahitha sisunta adhyapanaya laba dun pudgalayan wisinma wishesha awashyatha adhyapana kramaya sadaha mulika adithalama damana ladi. ehidi owun dala chalaka hakiya wardhanaya , siyum chalaka hakiya wardhanaya, hasuru kusalatha wardhanaya wani kriyakarakam kerehi wishesha awadhanayak yomu karana thibe. athithaye di wiwidha aabadha ho wyakulatha sahitha sisunta pamanak sima wu wishesha awashyatha adhyapanaya warthamanaye di igenum dubalatha ha charyamaya gatalu sahitha sisun ilakka kara ganimin da pawathwa gena yanu labayi .
awidhimath adhyapanaya
jiwathwimedi apa nodanuwathwama labana adhyapanayayi. (uda: rupawahiniyen, samaja aashrayen)
antharjalaya, ilektronika thapala, durakathana, keti panawuda
dainika athdakim saha adhyapanika aabhashayen menma ohu wata athi parisaraya thulin(pawulen, asalwasiyangen, sewa sthanayen, krida pitiyen, welandapalen, pusthakalayen ha janamadhya thulin ) aakalpa, saradharma kusalatha ha danuma athkara gatha haki yawajiwa kriyawaliyaki. meya sanwidhanaya nowuwaki.
nowidhimath adhyapanaya
suwisheshi kandayamak ilakka karagena suwisheshi aramunak sandaha me adhyapana kramaya labade. (uda: rupalawanya patamala, Computer, thakshanika patamala)
me adhyapanaya warthamanayata ithama athyawashya anshayak lesa dakwe. nathiwama bari adhyapana kramayaki. meyin bihiwanne kusalathawan wadidiyunu karagath pirisaki. me magin samajayata wishala sewawak ituwe.
widhimath adhyapana awastha nolada emenma widhimath adhyapanayen kalin adawatunu purawasiyan sandaha adhyapana awastha salasima
kusalatha rahitha emenma ardha washayen kusalatha rahitha wadakarana janathawa wenuwen pulul parasayaka wihidunu kusalathawan labadima
widhimath adhyapana paddhathiyen labagath danuma kusalatha wadidiyunu karaganimata udawuwima
nawothpadanayanta awasthawa salasima
nowidhimath adhyapanayata kalina washayen wadi wadagathkamak pawathi. eya widhimath adhyapana kramaye wikalpa kramayak lesa bihiwiya.
wisheshitha kandayamak ilakkakotagena igenime aramunu elle meheyawimata apekshitha pulul kriyadamayaka angayak washayen widhimath paddhathiyen paribahirawa sanwidhanaya wu adhyapanika kriyadamayaki.
uda : deshana, wadamulu, sammanthrana, athpathrika
mewada balanna
Education
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education
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deshapalana widyawe swabhawaya.
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shishtacharaye aarambhaye sitama minisa balaya pilibanda adhyanayaka yedima ganath balaya kriyathmaka kirima ganath awadhanaya yomukara atha. purathana indiyanu, china, grika ha roma jathikayo, palakaya ha palitha pakshaya hewath wasiyan athara pawathna sabandathawayanage swabhawayath deshapalana sanwidhanayayehi padanamath swakiya sampradayanata anuwa wimasillata lak kalaha. owuhuth owungen pasuwa pahala wu ayath deshapalana balayata padanam wu, wishwa sadharana yayi thaman salaku sadacharathmaka, darshanika ho dewadadharmika muladharma sakas kirimata wera daruha. deshapalana widyawa pilibanda adhyanaya ha wimarshanaya arabhaya metharam dirgha sampradayak athada ada ema wishaya hadarannata mulika prashna rasakata ma muhuna pamata siduwa thibe. mehi hudu wishaya kshethrayama ada wiwadayata lakwa atha. eya adhyanaya kirima sandaha yodaganu labana krama ha marga matha bhedayanata thudu di thibe. ee pilibandawa piligath wag malawak nomatha. mema wishayata adala mulika yedum, sankalpa, ha muladharma wiwidha deshapalana widyagnyayin wisin wiwidhakarayen nirwachanaya kara atha. "deshapalanaya pilibanda adhyanaya widyawak nowa kalawak" yayi samaharun penwadi atha. manawa sanwidhana, manawa charyawa ha manawa sambandhatha pilibanda adhyanaya, sankirna menma wyakula da wanu niyathaya. mema karyata muhuna diya yuththe widyathmaka chiththakalpayakin yuthuwaya.
deshapalana widyawa namathi pupal kshethraya, pahasuwen ma pradhana ansha hatharakata bediya hakiya. in palamu wanna wanuye, deshapalana darshanaya hewath deshapalana ha samaja nyayayi. darshanika, aagamika ha sadacharathmaka drushatikonayak anuwa deshapalana sanwidhanayehi ha deshapalana bandimehi swabhawaya min wiwaranaya we. deshapalana darshanaya hudek dewa dharmayehi ho podu darshanayehi ma ho anubaddha anshayak washayen hadaru yugayak wiya. dewanna deshapalana aayathana washayen warga kere. meyin wigraha karanuye pradeshiya, jathika ha antharjathika yanadi wiwidha mattamwaladi deshapalana balaya kriyathmaka kirimata upayogi kara ganu labana aayathanika sakasmayi. pradhana rajya palana aayathanayan bihi kota eewa hasuruwana aandu krama, wyawastha, rajya widhi nithiya, rajya paripalanaya ha paripalana nithiya ha thulanathmaka aandukrama yanadiya mita ayath we. thewani pradhana anshaya wanuye deshapalana paksha, balapam kandayam, mahajana mathaya pilibanda adhyanayan we. ek awadhiyakadi deshapalana widyagnyayin boho denek yam rataka athi wyawasthawanatha nowana hewath wyawasthawanathabhawayen bahira sanwidhana, deshapalana kriyawaliya kerehi dakwana balapama piriksa nobala eratehi deshapalana thathwaya sakachcha kirimehi yedunaha. eheth deshapalana kramayehi kriyakarithwaya awabodha kara ganim was, deshapalana paksha, wruththiya sangam, sewa yojaka sanwidhana ha ema deshapalana kramaya athulathama pawathna wenath samajiya, aarthika ha sansnruthika kandayam ha samithi pilibanda menma mahajana mathaya sakas kota eya wenas kirimatada thudu dena sadhaka pilibandawada danumak awashya wana baw ada wanawita podu washayen piligena atha. deshapalana widyawe siw wani anshaya antharjathika sambandhathawayangen samanwitha we. yuddhaya ha samaya wiwidha manawa wyapara kshethrayanyehila antharjathika sahayogithawaya athi kirime prayathnaya, jathin athara pana nagina aragala nirakaranaya kirimath podu aarthika ha samaja prashna wisadimath udesa pihituwa athi aayathana saha antharjathika nithiya yana karunu pilibanda adhyanaya mema anshayata ayathya.
deshapalana widyaya hadaranna wisin thama wimarshana aarambha kirima sandaha pahasu simawan thora ganima awashya menma prayojanawath da we. nuthana lokaye daknata labena ithamath wadagath wuth, wishwa prachalitha wuth, aayathanaya wanuye rajyayayi. sama pudgalayekma aniwaryenma, yam kisi rajyaka samajikayek we. me aakarayata balana wita deshapalana widyawa adhyanayehila aarambhaka simawa lesa apata pahasuwenma "rajya" thora gatha hakiya. me anuwa deshapalana widyawe samasthaya "rajya" matha padanam wana bawak daknata labe.
me adawiyath balanna
deshapalana widyawa
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enya
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enya (Enya) [Eithne Patricia Ní Bhraonáin, upatha 1961 mayi 17, ayarlanthaye donegal hi gwidor hidi] ayarlantha jathika gayikawak ha githa rachikawiyaki. aya ayarlanthaye wadiyenma alewi wana janapriyama githa gayana karana thanaththiyayi. aa grami sammana hatharak dina athi athara akadami sammana sandahada thoragena atha. age sangitha kandayame anek wisheshathama pudgalayan wanne sangitha albama nishpadanaya karana niki rayan ha wiwidha bhasha walin pada wal liyana roma rayan ya.
aya nawadenek wu sahodara sahodariyangen yuth pawule saya waniyaya (ayata sahodarayan satharadenek ha sahodariyan satharadenek sitithi). age aachchi saha siyada ayarlanthaya pura sandarshana pawathwu sangitha kala karuwoya. owunge pawule boho denek ekwa 1968 di An Clann As Dobhar namin sangitha kandayamak pihitawuha, eya nawatha 1970 di Clanned namin nam karaganna ladi.
sammana
1993 grami sammana - hondama New Age albamaya (Shepherd Moons sandaha)
1997 grami sammana - hondama New Age albamaya (The Memory of Trees sandaha)
2002 grami sammana - hondama New Age albamaya (A Day Without Rain sandaha)
2007 grami sammana - hondama New Age albamaya (Amarantine sandaha)
thawada, May It Be githaya 2002 di hondama githaya lesa akadami sammanaya sandaha yojana kara thibina.
References
thawada balanna
Official website
the Official Discography with Lyrics
gayakayo
aparadiga gayakayo
1961 upath
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thanthirimale
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thanthirimale yanu shri lankawe paranithama janawasa walin ekaki. mahindagamanayata pera sitama mema pradeshayehi janawasa pawathi bawata sadhaka thibe. ema mul awadiye sita anuradhapuraya yugaye agabhagaya dakwa wihidena dirgha kala parichchedayakata ayathwana aagamika nirmana, shila lekhana, sithuwam ha minisun pariharanaya kala wenath bhanda aadiye pura widyathmaka sadhaka rashiyak mehi daknata labe. mita amatharawa aithihasika mulashra ha janaprawada anuwada mehi sita wayambaa diga muhudu werala dakwama sashrika janawasa pawathi bawa pene.
pihitima
anuradhapura disthrikkaye mahawilachchiya pradeshiya lekam kottashaye anka 366 thanthirimale yana grama niladhari kottashaya mulkaragath dematamalgama, nelumwila, sadamal eliya, thuppitiyawa, nawodagama, maha ahatuwawa, oyamaduwa yana grama niladhari kottashawala wyapthawa pawathi. ritigala kande sita arambha wana malwathu oya kanadaraoya hamuwana thek uthuru disagathawa pamina ehi sita kramayen wayambaa desata harima nisa nirmanaya wi athi wangu sahitha thanithala nimnaye pihiti mema aithihasika bimkada uthurin ha nagenahirin malwathu oyath batahirin wilpaththu jathika wanodyanaya ha dakunin mahawilachchiya maha margayath sima kota atha.
thanthirimale gramaya wilpaththu jathika wanodyanayata mayimwa pihita thibima pradeshawasinta mihiri menma amihiri diwipewathak udakara dimata samawa balapam karanu labayi. eesanadiga mesam sulagin poshanaya wana hen gewithanin pradesha wasinge batha sarikara ganithi. wi,badairigu, mun, kawupi, kurakkan, thala, menri,undu wani dhanya warga menma wattakka, miris, pathawala, karawila, ha watakolu wani elawalu warga da akkara 200 pamana wana bhumi bhagayak pura desamabar ha janawari masa waladi dakagatha hakiya. 20 wasarak pura merata pawathi yuddhaye anduru sewanali pradeshaya pura warin wara mathuwiya. me hethuwen mathakalina gami jiwithaya adala karadamimata hethu wi atha. mema thathwaya siya ganan janaya siya waga bhumi pamanak nowa gam bimi pawa athahara dama yana thathawayata pathkalaha. mese athhara sama giya gammana 20 pamana pradeshaye dakagatha hakiya. thrastha kriya pradeshaye maraga paddhathiya menma kuda parimana wari paddhathi walatada wihala lesa hani sidukara atha.
namehi wikashanaya
mema pradeshaya dewanampiyathissa rajya samaye “thiwakkha bamunugama” yanuwen hadunwa thibe. jaya shri maha bodhin wahanse anuradhapurayata wadamawana awasthawe ema perahara mema gammanaye ek dinak nawathanda gena atha.
wijaya kumaru lakdiwata pamina malwathu oya dige gamankota anuradhapuraya rajadhaniya karagath athara ohu samaga pamini amathyawaruntada ek ek disawala janawasa godanagimata upades dunha. ee anuwa “upathissa” nam amathyawaraya malwathu oyata kanadara shaya hamuwana sthanaya mulkaragena athi kala “upathissagama” yanu ada thanthirimalaya nam mema pradeshayayi.
saliya kumaru ha ashokamalawange asammatha wiwahaya nisa pituwahal karana laduwa ema dedana mema pudeshaye kalak jiwath wi atha. ehidi parithyaga kala “thanthiri” yana samanala wisheshaye hadaya sahitha ran malaya mehi nidhankota athi nisa “thanthirimalaya” yanna sadunu bawa janawahare eyi. esema pujaniya pirisa nawathan gath kanda “thangaithirumaleyi” yana damila wyawaharaya pasuwa thanthirimale nam wu bawada kiyawe.
anuradhapura yugayedi mahayanika nikayata ayath thanthrayanika bhikshun wahansela saha adath bhuthanaye gaurawa karana thanthrika brahmanayin mehi wasaya kala bawin thanthirimale nama saduna bawada athamek kiyayi.
sancharaka aakarshana
thanthirimale raja maha wiharaya - wilpaththuwa jathika wanodyanaya nagenahira simawata lanwa malwathu oya wam iwre mahawilachchiya pradeshiya lekam kottashaye 366 gramaniladhari wasamata ayath akkara 200 wada wadi shikara sahitha bhumi pradeshayak thula pihita thibena thanthirimale purana raja maha wiharaya merata iparani bauddha siddhasthana athurin ekak we.
mewada balanna
bahira sabadi
thanthirimale rajamaha wiharaya
Tantirimale - as old as Buddhist Lanka
thanthirimale rajamaha wiharaya
shri lankawe nagara saha gammana
shri lankawe ithihasaya
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kshudrapalakaya
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kshudrapalakayak(Microcontroller) yanu sangruhitha paripathayaka anthargatha karana lada kuda eheth sampurna pariganakayak lesa handinwiya hakiya. kshudrapalakayaka samanya kshudrasakasanayaka (Microprocessor) athi ganaka ha tharkika eekakaya, palaka eekakayata yana eekaka walata amatharawa thama kriyakarithwayata adala RAM saha ROM sema aadana-prathidana eekakath sangatha kara atha. me heyin samanya kakshudrasakasanayak ha sasandu kala kshudrapalakayak milen adu menma anek kisima amathara upangayak rahithawa kriyakari wime hakiyawa atha.
ilektronika widyawa
pariganaka widyawa
pariganaka widyawa
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ilektronika thakshanaya
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ilektronika widyawa yanu ilektrona wala wimochanaya, hasirima, balapama ha ilektronika upanga da pilibandawa adhyayanaya ha eewaye bhawithayayi. ardha sannayaka sambandhawa salaku wita, ilektrona ho wenath aaropana wahakayange sannayanaya palanaya ha sambandha wana widyawa ha thakshanaya lesada eya artha dakwiya haka. mehi ithihasaya 1880 di thomas alwa edisan wisin widyuthaya sambandha parikshana sidu kirima dakwa diweyi. bel parikshanagaraya magin 1947 di transistaraya soya ganunu athara, meya anawarathawa diyunuwata lak wimen mayikro prosesaraya dakwa diyunuwata path wiya. ilektronika widyawa pilibandawa salakimedi pradhana kotas dekak salake.
prathisama ilektronika widyawa
sankhyanka ilektronika widyawa
mulika upanga
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thorathuruwala aarakshawa
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pariganaka thorathuru aarakshawayanu pariganaka paddhathi ha thorathuru awasara nolath pudgalayan ema therathuru parishilanaya kirima, pitapath kirima, wenas kirima yana karana walin walakwa ganimayi.
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punuruppaththiya
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punuruppaththiya yannehi adahasa wanne yam pudgalayeku maranayen pasuwa nawatha nawathath upatha labana bawaya. meya bohomayak peradiga darshana wala adangu wishwasayaki.
hindu
hindu dahamata anuwa maranayedi pudgalayekuge aathmaya sharirayen wenwa aluth sharirayaka upatha labayi. namuth budu dahamata anuwa aathmayak nomathi heyin meya wenas aakarayakata wigraha kara atha.
sankalpa
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aapasu jerusalamata wyaparaya
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aapasu jerusalamata wyaparaya (china:传回耶路撒冷运动 ingrisi:Back To Jerusalem movement ) yanu chinaya ha jerusalema "athara" jiwath wana siyaluma bauddha, hindu, saha muslim janathawa wetha dharmaduthayan yawima sandaha china adahiliwanthayan wisin chinayehi arambaunu kristhiyani dharmadutha wyapari meheyumaki. owun wishwasa karanne aapasu jerusalamata wyaparaya yanu chinayehi sita jerusalema dakwa siyalu ratawal, nagara saha jana wargika kandayam wetha shubharanchiya deshanakota adahannange mithrathwayan godanagimata dewiyanwahanse wethin china sabhawa lada kandawumak lesini. meya aarambha karana ladde 1920 diya. namuth komiyunist palanaye balapam nisa mema sanwidhanayata dashaka kihipayak rahasigathawa pawathimata sidu wiya. owunge ilakkaya wanne awama washayen mishanari duthayan 100,000 k dena seda mawatha osse chinaye sita madhyadharani muhuda dakwa yawimen ratawal 51 k aagamata harawa ganimayi.
satahan
bahira sabandi
aapasu jerusalamata wyaparaye nila web adawiya
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gupthashasthra
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gupthashasthra (Occult Knowledge, lathin basin occultus; sangawuna, rahasya) yanu samanya pudgalayange panchendiyata gochara wana simawen epita pawathina sangawuna yatha swabhawayan gana karana hadarimayi.
meya hethuwadayata saha bhauthika widyawata epitin yana gambauru darshanika saha adhyathmika adhyanayaki.
mulashra
thawada balanna
wika
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rashi chakraya
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pruthiwiya wata ahasa kotas dolasakata beda atha.
wasarak (surya pruthiwiya wata sapekshawa eka watak gaman kirimata gatha karana kalaya) thula rawi saha sandu grahayan 12 wathawak ekathuwe. me padanama matha samakaya wata ahasa anshaka 30 bagin wu samana kotas thuna kata beda eyata rashi chakraya yana nama di atha.
mesha
meya rashi chakraye aarambhaka rashiyayi. ehi aarambhaya "kha" golaye 00' sita 30' dakwa wyapthawa atha. eluwekuge swarupayak gani. yahapath angapasanga athi madhyama pramanaye sharirayakin yukthaya. pokutu kes da, rawula da, manawa pihiti asbama da, dikwu bellak da atha.
wrushabha
mithuna
winawak ha gadawak gath sthri purusha dedeneku waniya.
kataka
sinha
kanya
hal mitiyak ha pahanak dathin gena nawakin yana sthriyak wanne ya.
thula
tharadiyak athin gena sitina purushayeku waniya.
wrushchika
dhanu
ingen pahala ashwa sharirayen yuth (centaur) dunnak gath purushayeku waniya.
makara
muwa muhunak athi kimbaulek (ho morek) waniya.
kumbha
kalayak gath purushayeku meni.
mina
mathsyayan dedeneku waniya.
tharaka widyawa
jyothishshasthraya
rashi chakraya
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grahayo
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tharakashasthrayanhidi ahase tharaka walata sapekshawa chalanaya wannawu (gaman karannawu) wasthu saha ganithamaya lakshayan graha hewath grahayo yana namayen handinwe.
wadana
graha yanna grahanaya yannen bindi aa wachanayaki. mokasha(niwana) awabodhayen manasa grahanaya karana yana aruthin mema padaya yede.
graha (sanskrutha basin ग्रह graha—alwa ganima, nathu kara gena thabuma, grahanaya keruma) yanu mathru bhumidewi (pruthiwiya) matha jiwathwannan hata anthariksha balapam athikarannek weyi. hindu jyothishshasthrayehi, nawagraha (sanskrutha: नवग्रह, alwagannan nawa dena ho balapam athikarannan nawa dena) wanahi pradhana balapam athi karannan athurin kihipayaki.
tharakawedaye grahaloka
tharaka widyawedi bhawitha wana graha yana padaya samaga meya patalawa nogatha yuthuya. napchun pluto saha yurenas mese grahanaya kirimak sidunokarana nisa wediya jyothishayedi bhawitha nowe. puranaye wisu widwathunta mema tharaka nopenu nisa eewa mulika jyothisha nyayan sandaha athulath nowuna bawata mathayakda atha.
athithaya
mema sankalpaya lowa wiwidha sanskruthinwala wiwidha kala wakawanuwala bihiwi atha.
dakunu aasiyawa
jyothishshasthraya aashrithawa mema sankalpaye athithaya waidika yugaya dakwa diwayayi.
nawa graha mandalaya
bhauthika graha wasthu anurupi grahayo
rawi
rawi, ho suryaya yanu ape grahaloka paddhathiye nayakayaya. mulu graha loka paddhathiyatama aalokaya ha shakthiya sapayanne suryayaya.
palol mal wani enam rathu saha anduru dumbauru paha we.
chandra
chandrayata swakiya aalokayak naththe ya. suryayage aalokaya chandraya kerehi watunu kala chandraya ema rashmiya pathuruwamin babalayi.
sudu paha we. chandra thema krushawu watawu sharira aththe ya. wa sem adhikayi. nuwanaththe ya, komala wachana kiyanne ya. penimata priya as aththe ya.
kuja / angaharu
itha dirgha nowu siruru aththe ya. nelum mal pethi wani wana aththe ya.
budha
eethana, nelumpath wani warna aththe ya.
guru
sudu pata sharira aththeya.
shukra / sikuru / kiwi
itha suduth nowu itha kaluth nowu warna aththeya.
shani / henahura / senasuru
kalu wan sharirayak aththe ya.
nyayika grahayo
rahu saha kethu(Lunar node) sewanali grahayo ya. enam mema grahayo aththawashayenma skandhayak lesa pawathinno nowethi.
rahusaha kethu yanu piliwelin sarpayekuge hisa saha waligaya bawata mathayak atha. thawada rahu
saha kethu yanu amruthaya panaya karana lada asurayeku wen karana lada hisa saha kanda bawatada mathayak
atha. rahu laukika diyunuwada kethu lokoththara diyunuwada niwedanaya karayi.
rahu
kethu
upagrahayo
lagnadhipathi
aashritha
jyothishshasthraya
grahayo
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aradiya
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aradiya (Aradia) yanu ithaliyanu mayakarma purawruththa wala ena itha wishesha dewathawiyaki (grika basin herodiyas Herodias namin handinwenne da ayayi). aya dayana (chandra dewathawiya) ha agema sahodaraya wana lusifar (hiru dewiyan) ta dawa upan kumariyayi. pruthiwiye duk windina minisunta saha gahanunta mayakarma danuma laba dimata age mawa wana dayana wisin polowata ewana ladi.
upatha
aradiya ge mawa wanne dayana dewathawiyayi. dayana wisin age aalokawath ardhaya wana lusifar (hiru dewiyan) thamagen wen kara age sahodaraya lesa nirmanaya karagaththe ya. namuth lusifar dayanagen wenwa pala giye ya, age aalokaya aya wisinma nathi karaganna ladi. min mahath se duk wu dayana nawatha thamage aaloka ardhaya samanga ek wimata ita gaththe ya.
dayana kalu balaliyakage (lusifar ge surathala kalu balaliyaki) wes gena thama sahodaraya wana lusifar samanga yahan gatha wiya. mehi prathipalayak washayen age kuse aradiya bihi wiya.
mayakaringe dewawakya (Aradia o il Vangelo della Strega)
Aradia o il Vangelo della Strega (mayakaringe dewawakya) yanu aradiya sambandhawa 1899 di liyawunu pothaki. meya ingrisiyata pariwarthanaya kara aththe charls godfi්ra leland wisini. lelan d pawasana paridi ema potha liya aththe madalena nam thanaththiyak wisin ohuta dena lada ath pitapathak anusarayeni. eya, ithaliye florans ha taskani aashritha pradesha wala jana wishwasa ha adahili matha padanamwa atha.
References
wika
purawruththa
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sinharaja wanantharaya
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sinharaja wana rakshithaya shri lankawehi madhyama kadukaraye niritha digin pihiti rakwana kaduwatiye usa mitara 300-1170 simawe, hektayara 11250 ka pathira pawathina jathika wanodyanayaki eya galla disthrikkkakata mayimwe. eya antharjathika awadhanayata lak wi athi athara yuneskowa wisin jaiwagola rakshithayak saha loka uruma adawiyak lesata nam kota atha.
shri lankawehi pahatharata wasi wananthara parisara kalapaye kotasak wana mema noindul kandukara wasi wanantharaya, piwisum apahasuthawa hethuwen wanijakaranayata lak wimen aaraksha wiya. meya 1607wasare di jaiwagola rakshithayak lesa da, 1988 wasare di loka urumayak lesa da nam kota thibima ee sandaha thawath hethuwak wiya. rakshithaye “sinharajaya” yana namaya “sinharajadahana” aruth de.
rakshithaye nagenahira desa sita batahira desata dura ki.mi. 81k saha uthuru desa sita dakunu desata uparima dura ki.mi. 7k wuwa da paya shaka wishesha men ma krumin, ubhayajiwin, urangayin, pakshin saha kshirapayin athulu aawenika jiwi wishesha sandaha surakshitha abhaya bhumiyaki.
ghana shaka wasma hethuwen yala wani wiyali kalapiya wanodyana men wana sathun mehi di pahasuwen daka gatha haki now. mehi di awasan theth kalapiya ali thidena dakagatha haki athara diwiyan da daknata labenuye dulaba washayani.mathakadi durlaba kalu diwiyekuge (kotiyakuge) maranayak wartha wu athara bahulawa ma dakiya haki wishala ma kshirapayi jiwiya wanuye, shri lanka alu wandura yi.
ek aashwadajanaka sansiddhiyak wanuye pakshin boho wita aahara soya yama sandaha samuhika ranchu washayen hasirimata prawanathawayak dakwima yi. mewani ranchuwak boho wita maha kawuda saha rathu demalichcha yana pakshi wishesha walin samanwitha we. mewani ranchuwaka peramuna ganna maha kawuda prachandakari pakshiyeku lesa da rathu demalichcha ghoshakari pakshiyeku lesada prachalitha ya.mehi wiwidha pakshin daka gatha hakiya.
sinharajayata aawenika wu sathwayin
shri lankawe danata handunagena athi aawenika sathun athuren, wasi wananthara asure wasaya karana sathwa wishesha 20k athi athara, watha rathu mal koha, shri lanka bata atikukula saha shri lanka kahi bella athulu siyalu ma wishesha mehi di dakagatha haki we.
uragayin washayen aawenika wishesha wana, pala polanga saha kunakatuwa dakagatha haki athara pulul ubhayajiwi wiwidhathwayak da pawathi. mehi di gas gemban wisheshayen sandahan kala yuthu we. aprushtawanshin lesa koman bardwing samanalaya saha kudallan prasiddhiyak usulayi.
sinharajaye monin sayid pradeshaye eetama aawenika wu ha ehi pamanak dakiya haki sathwayan rasaki. ee atharin katusu ha hunu wishesha pradhana we.
sinharajayata aawenika wu shaka
me yodha miwana wisheshaya sinharajayata aawenika we. meya mitara deke sita mitara pahak pamana usata wade.mepamanak nowa sinharajaya hela osuwe mahagedara ha samanaya.
piwisum marga
lankagama piwisuma - *
kolambaa haraha - dakshina adhiwegimargaya - walipanna pitawima - palawaththa - neluwa - lankagama
galla - udugama - thawalama - neluwa - lankagama piwisuma.
kudawa haraha piwisuma:kolambaa -->kalawana -->kudawa
kolambaa -- galla ---deniyaya--pallegama---mederipitiya---- pitadeniya
kolao - galla - deniyaya - wiharahena - samangala piwisuma
parisarayaye athi wadagathkama
bahira sabadi
Lankadeepa:::Urumaya:::Sinharaja
sinharaja wanantharaya gana thorathuru bindak (roar.media)
Rathnapura-Sinharaja-PRA.pdf (escamp.lk)
sadaharitha wananthara
loka uruma - shri lankawa
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puduma hatha (purathana)
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lokaye puduma hatha lesa hadunwanu laban ne minisa wisin godanaganu labu amaraniya smaratha hathakin samanwitha layisthuwaki. eya hadunaganimata padanama wi aththe purathana deshagewshakayan athara bhawitha wu upadeshana poth kihipayaki. ehi anthargathawa aththe madhayadharani muhudu pedesa awata sthana kihipayak pamani. pasukalina layisthuwala madhayathana yugaye menma pasukalina sthanada anthargathawa atha.
puduma hatha
heradotas yanaithihasagnyaya saha siyaranhi kalimekas yana shishayathwalabhiya wisin mulma puduma hathehi layisthuwa aleksandiya kauthukagarayedi liya elidakwana ladi. namuth ema lekhana pilibanda satahan harennata wenath kisidu satahanak warthamanaye daknata nolabe. pama mulika sanskarana layisthuwa sidn hi antipetar wisin bu.wa. 140 di pamana kawiyata naga atha.
mamamagedas ashwakaraththa sandahamargayakwana lofty babiloniyawe thappaya wethada alpiyas wisinkaranu labu siyus pathimawa wethada ellena uyan wethada kalosas ˆˇˉ ‚us piramida ........ desada mosalonas ge athi dawantha sohon kotha wethada yomu kalami.namuth mama ahasa usata diwena house of artimis anek pudumayange eka brilliancy nathi wu athara .................mama pawasuwemi.
mema sthana gika wargikaranaya anuwa ihatha nirmana handunwa aththe pudumayan lesa nowa aniwaryayenma narambaiya yuthu sthana washayeni. mema layisthuwa piliyela wi aththe madhaya yugaye wana athara ema kalayedi ihatha sthana bohomayak daknata nolabi atha. thawada ema layisthu bohomayak sandaha padanam wi aththe gika lekhana bawin eewaye adangu wanne
gikayan dana siti saha narambaa thibunu sthana pilibanda pamani……….
antipetargemulmalayisthuwedialeksandraිyawe pa්radipagaraya wenuwataifthargettuwasatahanwaatha. It was not until the 6th century AD that the list above was used.˙namuth6wanasiyawasawanathekihatha layisthuwabhawithawinatha.warthamanayeihathasthanaatharinwarthamanayedaknatalabennegisahimahapiramidayapamani.ellenauyanakpawathibawasanathakaranasakshipawathawamahamuwinatha.anekuthsthanapawathibawatalekhana sakshi darayi. siyus pa්rathimawa ha aatimis dewalaya ginnenwinashawiatha. kolosas pa්rathimawa, aleksandraිyahi pa්radipagaraya ha---------- bhumikampawakinwinashawiatha.
sanskaranaya wemin pawathi.
purathana ithihasaya
pera pawathi godanagili saha wyuhayan
7 purathana lokaye puduma hatha
purathana thakshanaya
loka uruma adawi
purathana lokaye puduma hatha
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mathamatiks
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meya athhada balimakiga
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bhugola widya thorathuru paddhathiya
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bhugola widyawa thulin anek siyalu ma wishayayange wardhanaya adhyayanaya karamin da pariganaka thakshanaye mahanishansha bhukthi windimin da samastha lokaye yaha pawathma udesa nirmanaya wu aashcharyamath thakshanika mewalama bhugola widya thorathuru paddhathiyayi(Geographic Information System - GIS).
bhugoliya thorathura paddhathiya yanu polawa ha sambandha daththa ekathu kirima gabada kirima wishleshanaya saha kalamanakaranayayi. thawada eya daththa ekathu kirima, gabada kirima ha wishleshanaya kirime upakaranayak ho pariganaka kramayedayak lesada hadunwayi.
mema paddhathiya anthar kriyakarana prashna mala wisadimada, daththa sanskaranayada, sithiyam nirmanayada saha prathipala idiripath kirima da sidu karayi. bhugoliya thorathura widyawa (Geographic information science) yanu bhugoliya sankalpa upayoga ha paddhathi wani karanu athulath wishayaya.
bhugoliya thorathura paddhathi thakshanaya yoda gatha hakke widayanukula soyaganim, sammath kalamanakaranaya wathkam (Asset) kalamanakaranaya, nagarikaranaya sakasum(urban planning) sithiyam widyawa (Cartography)ithihasaya, weladama ha karyaya sampadanaya (logistics) thawada mema paddhathi magin theth bim sewimath eewa aaraksha kirimath sidukara haka.
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aawenika
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aawenika (Endemic) yanu yam sathwa ho shaka wisheshayak mulu lokayen ma eka rataka ho pradeshayaka pamanak daknata labena bawayi. aawenika jiwi wishesha wala athi wadagath kama wanne ema raten ho pradeshayen thuran wi giyahoth mulu lokayatama ema jana sampatha ahimi wi yamayi. me hethuwenma aawenika jiwi wishesha athi ratawal ha pradesha kerehi mulu lokayema awadhanaya yomu we.
mehidi mema pradeshaya yanna nishchithawa artha dakwiya yuthuya.
Cat's claw
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thewana asa
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warthamanaye thewana asa yanu parahauthika ha gupthashasthramaya sankalpayaki. mehi pradhanama adahasa nam samanya asata gochara nowana de pilibanda awabodhaya ha drushthiya labimayi. thewana asa yanu hauthikawa sparsha kala nohaki manase kotasaki. meya as dekata madin eeta madak ihalin pihita athi bawata wishwasa kere. thawada meya sathwana chakraya (yoga) lesa piligane. meya pethi dahasakin yuth nelum malakata upama kara atha.
aagamika pasubim
kristhiyani
kristhiyani ithihasaya thula thewani asa pilibanda mulma pahadili sakshiyak daknata labenne war_sha 1525 ponthor_mo (Pontormo) ithaliyanu chithrayak thulini. ehi kristhus wahansege hisata ihalin asak sahitha thrikonayak pilibimbau kerenawa. ema sankhethaya thamayi ada wana wita lokaya purama thewani asa sankhethawath kirimata yoda ganenne.
mehi thrikonaye mulu thunen lowata sar_wa baladhari dewiyan wahanse pitha, puthraya, sprithu santhu (shuddhathmayanan) lesa thrithwikawa ekata ekwa wada sitimin me lokaye sidu wana siyalu de wimasimen bala sitina bawa pilibimbau kerenawa.
mulashra
gupthashasthra
aagamika
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shri lankanu diwiya
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kotiya (Panthera pardus kotiya), sandaha bhawitha wana waradi yedumaki. shri lankawe diwiyan lesa handinwena sathwayan dedenek atha.
handun diwiya (Prionailurus viverrinus)
kola diwiya (Prionailurus rubiginosus)
kotiya sandaha sawadyaya lesa diwiya yanna wyawahara kirima matha ithihasayedi sidu wu waraddak bawa pene.
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kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaya
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kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaya (UCSC) yanu pariganaka widyawa saha thorathuru ha sanniwedana thakshanaya pilibanda adhyapanaya labadena, kolambaa wishwawidyalayata anubaddha adhyanayathanayaki. wasara 2002 sapthambar 01 dina, kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya widya pitaye pariganaka departhamenthuwa ha pariganaka thakshana aayathanaya (ICT) eekabaddha kirimen kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathana pihituwana ladi. shri lankawe thorathuru saha sanniwedana thakshana usas adhyapana kshethraye purogami aayathanayak wana kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaya, ehi 25 wana sanwathsaraya 2010 wasaredi samariya.
ithihasaya
kolambaa wishwawidyalaya thula pariganaka adhyapanaya aarambha wanne warsha 1967 di widya pitaye ganitha adhyayananshayata sambandha wenama eekakayak lesa sankhyana widya eekakaya (Statistical Unit) arambaimath samagayi. pasuwa mema eekakaya sankhyana upadeshana saha daththa sakasime sewa madhyasthanaya (Statistical Consultancy and Data Processing Service Center) lesa wardhanaya wiya. warsha 1985 di mahacharya
wi.ke. samaranayaka mahathage yojanawakata anuwa sankhyana saha pariganaka widya adhyayananshaya (Department of Statistics and Computer Science) aarambha karana ladi. mema adhyayananshaya kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaye thimbairigeya lesa handunwanu labe. 2001 wasaredi sankhyana saha pariganaka widya adhyayananshaya, pariganaka widya adhyayananshaya (Department of Computer Science) saha sankhyana widya adhyayananshaya (Depertment of Statistics) lesa kotas dekakata wenkarana ladi. warsha 1987 pihituwana lada pariganaka thakshana aayathanaya saha pariganaka widya adhyayananshaya eekabaddha karamin 2002 wasare di kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaya sansthapanaya karana ladi.
adhyayanayathanaye palamu adhyakshawaraya lesa mahacharya wi. ke. samaranayaka mahatha pathwu athara, wishrama yamen pasuwada swalpa kalayak wada balana adhyaksha dhuraye katayuthu kaleya. 2004 wasaredi adhyaksha dhurayata path wu aacharya ruwan wirasinha mahatha saya wasarak ema dhuraya hebawiya. in anathuruwa 2010 wasaredi adhyaksha dhurayata path wu mahacharya gihan wikramanayaka mahatha 2016 wasara dakwa ema thanathura hebawiya. warthamanayedi mahacharya ke. pi. hewagamage mahatha adhyaksha dhuraya hobawayi.
adhyayanayathanaya warthamanayedi
kolambaa wishwawidyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaya pariganaka usas adhyapanaya sandaha awasi siyalu thakshanika upanga walin samanwitha we. ehi sisun sandaha wana pariganaka widyagara 10 k‚ bahumadhya pariganaka widyagara 02 k‚ paryeshana katayuthu sandaha wana widyagara 02 k‚ antharjala pahasukam sapayima pinisa adhyayanayathanaye godanagili parishraya ma aawaranaya wana paridi sakasu jala paddhathiyak me athara we. thawada‚ adhyayanayathanaya sathuwa awashyathawaya anuwa sakasiya haki jala wyaptha paddhathiyak da atha. adhyayanayathanaye pusthakalaya durlabha ha watina poth-path, sangara, sanyuktha thati‚ wyapruthi wartha, paryeshana satahan wishala pramanayakin samanwitha wana athara, widyuth sangara parishilanaya sandaha antharjala pahasukamda sapaya atha.
warthamanayedi pariganaka adhyayanayathanaya wiwidha kshethrayanhi paryeshana katayuthu wala nirathawa sitina athara deshiya bhasha parishilanaya, manawa-pariganaka anthar kriya adhyayanaya‚ pinthura sakasima, pariganaka aarakshana paddhathi nirmanaya‚ bahumadhya ha drushya yathartha (Virtual reality) bhawithaya‚ kruthrima buddhiya aashritha pariganaka paddhathi nirmanaya, rata handuna ganima sandaha wana wadasatahan, thorathuru ha daththa wishleshanaya, antharjalaya aashritha welenda katayuthu, widyuth adhyapanika katayuthu, thorathuru kalamanakarana thakshanaya, thorathuru thakshana nithi paddhathi sakasima ee athara pradhana we.
kolambaa wishwa widyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanaye pradhana abhimatharthaya wanuye, mrudukanga nishpadanaya‚ pariganaka paddhathi wishleshanaya, jala adhikshanaya, daththa gonu adhikshanaya, loka wyapthi jalaya aashritha thorathuru paddhathi nirmanaya, thorathuru kalamanakaranaya ha thorathuru thakshana nithi paddhathi kriyathmaka kirima aadi wruththiya kshethra walata adala wana paridi sisunta adhyapanaya ha prayogika puhunuwa laba dimayi.
anubaddhitha adhyayanansha
sanniwedanaya ha madhya thakshanaya pilibanda adhyayananshaya
buddhimaya paddhathi pilibanda adhyayananshaya
thorathuru paddhathi pilibanda injineru adhyayananshaya
madhyasthana
pariganaka sewa madhyasthanaya
widyuth adhyapanaya(e-Learning) pilibanda madhyasthanaya
bahira wibhaga pilibanda madhyasthanaya
wruththiya sanwardhana madhyasthanaya
ilektronika madhya pilibanda usas thakshana madhyasthanaya
dijital adhikarana waidya madhyasthanayak
ilektronika madhya pilibanda usas thakshana madhyasthanaya (ADMTC ) pihituwime katayuthu wasara 2002 di aarambha wu athara eya manawa sampath sanwardhanaya sandaha wana wishesha wyapruthiyak lesa wasara 3k pura kriyathmaka karana ladi. ilektronika madhya pilibanda usas thakshana madhyasthanaya kolambaa wishwa widyalayiya pariganaka adhyayanayathanayata anubaddhitha madhyasthanayak we.
upadhi patamala
mulika upadhi
a.po.sa. usas pela awasi abhyanthara upadhi
thun awurudu
pariganaka widyawa pilibanda upadhiya [ BCSc ]
thorathuru paddhathi pilibanda upadhiya [ BIS ] ( 2013 adhyayana warshayata pera eya thorathuru ha sanniwedana thakshanaya pilibanda upadhiya [ BICT ] )
siw awurudu
pariganaka widyawa pilibanda widyawedi upadhiya [ BSc (CS) ]
mrudukanga injineru widyawa pilibanda widyawedi upadhiya [ BSc (SE) ] (2013 adhyayana warshaye sita)
thorathuru paddhathi injineru widyawa pilibanda widyawedi upadhiya [ BSc (ISE) ] ( 2013 adhyayana warshayata pera eya thorathuru ha sanniwedana thakshanaya pilibanda widyawedi upadhiya [ BSc (ICT) ] )
a.po.sa. usas pela awasi nowana bahira upadhi
thorathuru thakshanaya pilibanda bahira upadhiya (BIT)
mema upadhiya thorathuru thakshana kshethraya pilibada unanduwak athi eheth jathika wishwa widyalayakata athulath wimata nolabunu awama piriwayakin laba gatha hakkaki. wisheshathwaya wanne yam wruththikayakuta ho thorathuru thakshana kshethraye upadhiyak awasi ayekuta mema upadhiya labaganimata athi hakiyawayi.
pashchath upadhi
thorathuru thakshanaya (MIT)
pariganaka widyawa (MCS)
thorathuru aarakshanaya (Master of Science in Information Security)
bahumadhya thakshanaya (Multimedia Technologies (MIT-MMT))
paryeshana katayuthu
bhasha thakshana paryeshanagaraya
Multimedia Databases
Geographical Information System
Wireless Ad-hoc Sensor Networks
bahira puruka
kolambaa wishwa widyalayiya pariganaka adhyanayathanaya
kolambaa wishwawidyalaya
wishwawidyala prathipadanaya komisama - Sri Lanka
Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT)
kolambaa wishwawidyalaya
adhyayanayathana - shri lanka
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moratuwa
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shri lankawe batahira werala thiraye pihiti nagarayaki. piliyandala,galkissa, dehiwala saha rathmalana moratuwata aasannaye pihiti nagara weyi. 2001 sanganana warthawata anuwa mema pradeshaye janagahanaya 177,190 ki.moratuwa sadi aththe gam 18k ekathu wimeni. in samaharak nam rawathawaththa, katubadda, uyana, idama, agulana, kadalana, egodauyana, moratumulla we.
karmantha
moratuwa nagaraye pradhana nishpadana karmantha wanne wadu karmanthaya, rabar bhanda nishpadanaya, batari nishpadanaya saha li athkam bhanda nishpadanayayi. moratuwa dhiwara karmanthayatada prasiddhiyak dakwana athara eya pradhana welanda nagarayakda weyi.
adhyapana aayathana
shri lankawe pradhanathama wishwa widyalayak wana moratuwa wishwawidyalaya mehi pihita atha. moratuwe pihiti prasiddha pasal kihipayak nam:
shantha sebasthiyan widyalaya,
jayalath apa swamiduge kanyaramaya,
wels kumara widyalaya,
wels kumari widyalaya saha
moratu maha widyalayayi.
methodistha widuhala.
shantha sebasthiyan balika widyalaya .
krida katayuthu
moratuwa krikat kridawa sadaha prasiddhathwayak dakwayi.
jathyanthara krikat kridanganayak wana tiron pranandu kridanganaya moratuwe pihita atha. ehi uthkarshawath krikat tharanga kihipayakma pawathwuni. thawada dulip mendis, romesh kaluwitharana, sahan wijerathna, rumesh thirimanna wani suprasiddha krikat tharuda chamath serasinha, samsan di mel, gayan mideniya wani pasipandu tharuda moratuwen bihiwi atha.
kala anshaya
moratuwa, lankawe sangitha kashethraye prasiddhiyata path nagarayaki. wisheshayen bayila sangithayata wisheshathwayak labi thibuni. wiwidha kala ka්shethrayanta ayath kalakarawan rasak moratuwen bihi wi atha.mema kala karuwange ekamuthuwen moratuwa kala ekamuthuwa pihita atha.moratuwe nagi ena kala karuwan ge subha sadhanaya udesa
mahagu mehawarak memagin itu cheyi. klarans wijewardana, dhanapala udawaththa, lakshapathiye parsi, suresh gamage yana aya moratuwen bihi wu kalakaruwangen athalossaki.
sancharaka katayuthu
mema pradeshaye sancharaka katayuthu samanya mattamaka pawathi. namuth bolgoda wawa janapriya wimath samaga boho sancharaka hotal idiwiya.mema hotal idiwimathsamaga deshiya wideshiya sancharakayin mema pradeshey sancharaya kirima boho seyin wadiwi atha. werala khadanaya hethuwen moratuwa werala thiraya dushanaya wi atha.
lowa pura pathiri athi swechicha sanwidhanayak wana sarwodaya wyaparaye pradhana mulasthanaya moratuwe pihita atha. (http://www.sarvodaya.org/)
shri lanka ithihasaye dipthimath charithayak wana puran appu moratu purawasiyeki. mbaahuge mul nama wanne wira hannadige fransisko prananduya.
jana sankhyalekhana
aadarsha pataya
purogamithwaye nagaraya
sithiyam
• moratuwa saha shri lankawa wisthara sahitha sithiyama
shri lankawe nagara saha gammana
shri lankawe basnahira palathe janakirna pradesha
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mathale
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mathale ( ingrisi: Matale/Māttaḷai ) yanu shri lankawe madhyama palathe pihita athi mathale disthrikkaye aganagaraya wu nagarayayi. mathale mahanagara sabhawa magin palanaya karanu labayi. A9 margaya aashrithawa aithihasika mathale nagaraya pihita atha. ek purawrathayakata anuwa manaram kaduwati walin watawi athi maha thanithalawa "maha thalaya" nam wu bawath pasuwa "mathale" bawata pathwu bawath kiyawe. mathale nagaraye mulu bhumi pramanaya 9 kimi² ki.
nagaraye sampurna janagahanaya ( 2012 asthu: ) 40,860 k wiya. mathale nagaraya kolambain kilomitara 142k pamana ( sathapum 90k ) rata abhyantharawa pihita atha. mahanuwara sita kilomitara 26k pamana ( sathapum 16 ) durin uthuru desin pihita athi.
aakarshaniya sthana
loka prasiddha sthana wana shri muthumaramman kowila (mathale palamu ha paranithama aagamika sthanaya), riwarstan, semmbauwaththa wani sundara parasarika sthanada pihita aththe mathale disthrikkaya thulaya eyin aluwihara rajamaha wiharaya mathale nagara simawa aasannaye pihita atha. mathale nagaraya, eeta batahirin pihita athi wilshayar kandu panthiyen mayim wi athi thanithala pradeshayaki. mathale nagaraya awata krushikarmika bhumi pradeshayanhi pradhana washayen waga karanuye gammiris, karambau, sadikka, the,pol, rabar, kulubadu warga saha elawalu saha palathuru warga ya. aluhunu, manik, bathik, athkam karmanthada dakiya haka.
mahanagara sabha bala pradeshaya thula pihiti aakarshaniya sthana
shri muththumari amman hindu dewasthanaya (mathale palamu ha paranithama aagamika sthanaya) ( dewasthanaya wisin warshikawa pawathna theru uthsawaya sadaha shri lankawe nandesin laksha sankhyatha pirisak pamine )
jumma masjid ( kelin widiya )
makdowel balakotuwa
nanayakkara udyanaya saha rajaye nawathana
wira puranappu smarakaya
anagarika dharmapala smarakaya
parana oralosu kanuwa
parana dumriya sthanaya ( warsha 1880 di nima karana ladi )
bauddha mandiraya
shantha anthoni dewasthanaya, wahakotte
nandimithra ekanayaka jathyanthara hoki kridanganaya
edwad hoki kridanganaya
barnad aluwihare kridanganaya
mahajana pusthakalaya
lama kridanganaya
mahanagara sabha bala pradeshaya aasannaye pihiti aakarshaniya sthana
shri muththumari amman hindu dewasthanaya
jumma masjid ( kelin widiya )
aagamika sthana
mahanagara sabha bala pradeshaya thula pihiti aagamika sthana
shri muththumari amman hindu dewasthanaya
jumma masjid ( kelin widiya )
kristhu dewasthanaya
bauddha mandiraya
bogahakotuwa wiharasthanaya
mahanagara sabha bala pradeshaya aasannaye pihiti aagamika sthana
shri muththumari amman hindu dewasthanaya
jumma masjid ( kelin widiya )
kristhu dewasthanaya
aluwihara rajamaha wiharaya
adhyapanaya
mahanagara sabha bala pradeshaya thula pihiti pasal
kristhudewa maha widyalaya, mathale
rajaye widya widyalaya, mathale
shri sanghamiththa balika jathika pasala, mathale
shantha thomas widyalaya, mathale
shantha thomas balika widyalaya, mathale
sinhala bauddha widyalaya, mathale
wijaya widyalaya, mathale
wijayapala widyalaya, mathale
sirimawo bandaranayaka widyalaya, mathale
sahira widyalaya, mathale
hindu widyalaya, mathale
pakyam widyalaya, mathale
aamina widyalaya, mathale
ismaliya widyalaya, mathale
jathyanthara pasal
mathale antharjathika pasala, mathale
grinwud antharjathika pasala, mathale
royal ingrisi pasala, mathale
mathale nagaraya awata pihiti wenath nagara
ukuwela
raththota
galewela
yatawaththa
naula
pallepola
dambaulla
sigiriya
aluwiharaya
mewada balanna
shri lankawe nagara layisthuwa
mathale karalla
bahira sabadi
The Official websit of Sri Muthumariamman Thevasthanam
Knuckles range nature preservation centre
Discover Sri Lanka - More information & images about Matale
The official web site of Aluvihara rock cave temple
shri lankawe nagara saha gammana
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wayambaa puhunu madhyasthanaya
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handinwima
wayambaa palath sabhawa magin pihitawu aayathanayaki.
wayambaa rajya sewakayange kusalathawayan saha hakiawan wardhanaya mehi aramunayi.
pihitima
wariyapola rajaye gowipala thula ramaniya parisarayaka pihita atha.
sewa
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mihinthalaya
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ambasthalayala, mihinthalaya anuradhapura disthrikkaye mihinthalaya aasanaye pihita athi adi 1000 usin yuthu shesha kandaki. puththalama - thrikunamalaya (A12) margaye anuradhapura sita sathapum 8k nagenahirata wannata pihita atha. chethiyagiriya eseth nathahoth sagiri lesada handunwana eya wadath prachalitha wanne mihinthalaya lesatayi. indiyawe sita pamini mihindu maha rahathan wahanse poson poho dina dewanampiyathissa rajathuma athulu pirisa hamu wi budu dahama deshana kale mihinthalayediya.
ithihasaya
wansha kathawanhi dakhawena paridi kristhu purwa 247 di palambaena chemita mula masaya hewath poson pura pasaloswaka pohoda mihidu maharahathan wahanse pramukha ittiya, uththiya, sambala, baddasala rahathan wahanse nirmala daham paniwdaya ragena dambaadiwa sita mssaka parwathayata wadiseka. ewakata lakdiwa rajathuma wu dewanampiyathissa rajathuma mhinthalayedi mema dutha pirisata hamuwuha. mema eෙෙthihasika hamuwima siduwu sthanaya shri lankika bauddhayo gaurawa buhumanayen wandum pindum karathi.
mihindu maharahathan wahanse pramukha dharmadutha pirisa dewanampiyathissa rajathuma saha mema dutha pirisa hamuwuye poson masa pasaloswaka dinayakadiya. mihidu himiyange lanka gamanaya pilibada sahithya mulashra asurin wagema purawidyathmaka mulashra thulin da karunu ruskara gatha haka. me anuwa wansha katha pawasana paridi m budun piriniwi wasara desiya thishayak elambaunada mihindu maharahathanwahanse pramukha pirisa lankawe mihinthalayata wadiseka. ehidi mihindu therunta dewanam piyathissa rachu hamuwi dedena athara prashnoththara malawaka swarupayen sanwadayak athi wiya. inpasu mihindu himi raju ge buddhiya awabodha kara ganimen pasu rachathuma athulu pirisata mihinthala kandu mudunedi palamu dharma deshanawa wana chullahaththapadopama suthraya deshana karana ladi.
aashritha uthsawa
edamihindumaharahathanwahanse poson pohoda mihinthalayata wadama kota sinhala janayage jiwithayata nawa udawak laba dunneya. sinhala sanskruthiye nawa nammak athiwuyeya. mema uththama siddhiya sihipath karamin sama warshayakama poson pohoda sinhala bauddha janaya mihinthalaya wada puda ganimata ekrok we. me ayurin mihinthalaya yanu sinhala bauddhayan apata itha parishuddha wu suwishesha sthanayaki. ee nisama poson masaye mihinthalayata wandana gaman yamata puruduwa sitithi.
purana idikirim
puranaye sitama mihinthalaya nangimata piyagata wishala sankhyawak nirmanaya kara atha. ema idi kirim dewanampiyathissa rajathuma wisin aarambha kara athi athara wihara geyak da, bhikshun wahanselata wada wisima sandaha guha 68 k da karawa atha. in anathuruwa mihinthalaya aashithawa wihararama kipayak idi wi athi athara ewa ema yugayata aawenika lakshana daranu dakiya hakiya. sellipi, madapath, lenlipi, kataram lipi aadi purawidyathmaka sadhaka thulinda mihinthala ithihasaya pilibanda thorathuru hamuwe. mihindu himiyange paminima pilibanda karunu athulath sellipiyak hamu wi atha. mema sellipiya kadibindi abalanwa giya ekaki. ehi ena "mahida therabhawa, bhadrasala therabha, ittaka therabhawa, pathi therabhawa" yana pataya anuwa mema dharmadutha wyaparayata sahabhagiwuwan pilibanda thorathuru sandahan we. mihindu himiyano lakdiwa pamina 27wana dinayehi was wisima pinisa mihinthalayata wadiyaha. mihinthalaye was wisima bhikshun 60 namak siti athara ehi was wisimata aawasa nowuheyin kantaka chethiya asala len shuddha karawa aawasa hatiyata sakas karawiya. mema lenwala lipiwalin mihinthala ithihasaya pilibanda thorathuru hamuwe.
gruha niramana keshathraya athin mihinthalaya suwishesha sthanayak gani. mihinthalaye pihiti gruha nirmana wasthu widyathmaka washayen itha wadagath we. gruha nirmana athara aarama, wedahala dana shalawa, sannipatha shalawa, poya gewal, bhawana shala, aarogya shalawa, sima malaka saha sakmalu aadi boho nirmana thanawa thibuneya.
maha saya
mihinthalaya kandu mudune pihita athi wishala chaithyaya maha sayayi. eya mahadathitha mahanaga rajathuma wisin karawa athi athara adi 136 ka wishkambhayakin yukthaya.
kanataka chethiya
meya surathissa rajathuma wisin karawannata athi bawa wishwasa kere. ehi pesawalalu saha idiri kotasa sahena tharam thawamath ithiriwa pawathi. eya bahirawa rupa ha ath rupa walin alankarawa atha. sthupaya adi 425.5 yukthaya. ehi adi 40 k pamana us wu sthupayaka natambaun dakiya haka. bhikshun wahansela mema sthupayata aasannaye athi gal guha wala wesennata atha. mema sthupaya karawa aththe “lajjithissa” rajathuma wisin bawin eya ayath wanne palamu buddha shathawarshayataya bawa sakayak natha.
ambasthala dagaba
meya kandu mudunata aasanna wu thanithalawaka pihita athi athara mathalanthissa rajathuma wisin karawannata athayi wishwasa kere. mihindu maha rahathan wahanse ha dewanampiyathissa rajathuma athara athi wu eෙෙthihasika hamuwe dewanampiyathissa rajathuma sitinnata athayi salakena sthanaya sihi ganwimata mema dagaba idikara atha.
mihindu saya
mihindu maharahathan wahansege bhashmawashesha walin kotasak nidan kota dewanampiyathissa rajathumage bala soyuru upathissa raja wisin (kri. pu. 210-200) wisin mihinthala kandu mudunatha idikarana lada bawata mahawanshaye sandahan saya meya we. mehi natambaun athara thibu gadol wala athi brahmi akshara kri.pu. siyawas walata ayath we. me anuwa mema saya merata athi paranithama sa athurin ekak we. 1951 warshayedi mehi kanim katayathu aarambha keruni. mihindu saya 1941 warshayedi purawidya aarakshitha smarakayak lesa prakashayata path karana ladi.
giribhanda saya
1951 wasaredi kanim kota mathu karaganna lada mema dagaba kri.wa. 8 wana siyawasata pamana ayath yayi wishwasa kere. godananwu aya awinishchitha we. anuradhapura yugaye dagabaka dhathu garbhayaka pihitima ha idikirim thakshanaya menma anuradhapura yugaye dhathu garbha sithuwam pilibada nirikshanayata min anawaranaya wu dhathu garbhaya wadagath wana athara ema dhathu garbhaya danata mihinthalaya kauthukagaraye thampath kara thibe.
rohala
mihinthalaya kandu pamula parani rohalaka natambaunda, beheth oruwakda, ema yugayata ayath yayi salakena godanagili wala kotas da dakiya hakiya. rohala saha kandumudunata diwena pandipela athara wishala asapuwaka natambaun dakiya hakiya. paththak adi 125 wu hatharas godanagillata pahalin alankara gal katayamda, galin karana lada barandi wata walda muragal da pihita atha. me anshaya adhika prapatha wu bawin padi pihita aththe nagenahira bawumata wannataya. ehi padi 1840 kandu munduna dakwa diwe. palamu padi kotasa awasanaye kuda kandu mundunak hamuwe ehi “ kantaka chethiya” pihita atha. meya dewana sena rajuge sewawaki.
bhojana shalawa
maluwa pihita aththe thunwana padipela awasanayeya. maluwehi wam paththata wannata bhojana shala pihita atha. eya srujukonasrakara wana athara digin adi 62k da , palalin adi 25 k da we. eya wata gabada kamara pihita atha. jalawahana paddhathiyaka kotas ee asalin soya gena athi bawin itha kramanukula jala sampadana kramayak thibennata athibawa wishwasa kere. bhojanagaraya asala aahara gabada kara thabannata athayi wiswasa kerena gal bhajana 2k daknata atha.
godanagillata athuluwana pathi dekakin wishala shila lekhana dekak pihita atha. aaramaye paripalana katayuthu sandaha awashya nithi regulasi mehi satahan kara atha. meya mihindu rajathuma wisin karawa athi athara sewaya karannanta gewana gewim da sandahan kara atha. eeta nodurin thawath thanithalawaka bhikshun wahansela hamuwi dharma ha winaya sakachcha karannata athayi salake. eya wiwrutha godanagillak wana athara paththak adi 62ki. gal kanu 48 k matha pihita atha. godanagilla madhyaye doratu 4kin yuthu wedikawak da pihita thibe.
dana shalawa
meya chethiya pabbathahi bhikshun wahanselage deenika danamaya wuwamanawan sapuralu sthanaya we. prathamika wasthu salaka balimedi anuradhapura maha wiharabaddha sesu dana shalawalata samana we. mema dana shalawa wetha gal pihillaka aadharayen jalaya sapayagena athi aakaraya suwisheshi we.
mihindu guhawa
ambasthala dagabe sita kandu bawum desata diwena kuda adipara mihindu guhawa thek wihide. mihindu guhawa mihindu mahanahimiyan sathapi wiweka gath sthanayayi. siyaluma guha walin wadath prasiddha ha bauddhayinta wadath pujaniyawanne mihindu guhawayi.
aaradhana gala
aaradhana gala mahasayata muhunala pihita atha.adhika sulan sahitha kala waladith aaradhana gala nagimata bathimathhu amathaka nokarathi. mahawanshaye sandahan wana paridi ahasin wadiya mihindu maha rahathan wahanse athulu pirisa palamuwenma shri lanka dwipayehi paya thabuwe aaradhana gala mudunataya.
atasata len
dewanampiya thissa raju, mihidu maha rahathan wahanse pramukha bhikshun udesa len 68 k sakas kota puja kala bawa maha wanshaye dakweyi. mema sama lenakama pahe kataramata pahalin purwa brahmi lekhana dakagatha haki bawin mewa kri.pu. yugayata ayath baw pahadili we. kri.wa. 31-34 samaye kanirajanuthissa raja, thaman ghathanayata salasum kala dushshila mahanun 60 namak kanira nam prapathayata hela damu bawa maha wanshaye wisthara we. ema prapathaya mema len pihita athi bawum sahitha pradeshaya baw wishwasa kere.
pokunu
mihinthala pucha bhumiye pihita athi mema pokunu athara sinha pokuna, naga pokuna, kalu diya pokuna pradhana thanak ganna athara thawath awashesha pokunu kihipayak da hamu wi atha.
sinha pokuna
winasha wi giya aaramawalin gahana pradeshaye sinha pokuna daknata labe sinha pokuna yayi wyawahara wuwada eya pokunak nowa sinha mukhayen jalaya pitawana diya pihillaki. kantaka chethiya ha sannipatha shalawa asabada jiwath wu bhikshun wahanselage pan pahasuwa pinisa wisheshayen snanaya pinisa yayi sithiya haki mema daya pihilla sakaskara aththe pasu pada dekin sita gena sitina lesa galin nelana lada jiwamana pramanaye sinhayakuge muwin jalaya pitawana aakarayataya.
kalu diya pokuna
meya mihinthalaye pihiti prasiddha pokunu walin ekaki. pokunehi athi jalaya kalu patata penena bawin eyata kalu diya pokuna yana nama labi atha.ek poho dinaka kalu buddharakkhitha himiyan kalu diya pokunu samipayehi athi thimbairiya gasak yatata wi kala karma suthraya deshana kala bawata wishwasa kere.
naga pokuna
mahawanshaye mahindagamana prawruththin athara nagachathuska nam wu wilak pilibandawa sandahan we. pasu kalinawa palamu aggabodhi raju (kri.wa. 575-608) wisin naga sondi pokuna karawu bawakda wansha kathawa wartha karayi. min pawasenne nagachathushka nam wila swabhawika wila aggabodhi raju wisin wada widhimath pokunak bawata wardhanaya kala bawayi. warsha jalayen poshanaya wana bawata wishwasa kala haki mema pokunen sinha pokuna, dana shalawa aadi sthana sandaha awasi jalaya sapayimada, deenika bhikshu jala wuwamanawa sapirimada siduwi thibe. ambasthalaya dagaba pasukara batahira desata yanawita mema naga pokuna muna gase.
bhahira sabandi
mihinthalaya ha banduna seyaru
mihinthalaya
shri lankawe ithihasaya
anuradhapura disthrikkaye bauddha siddhasthana
anuradhapura disthrikkaye purawidya aarakshitha smaraka
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gaba kridanganaya (krikat)
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1896 wasaredi idikarana lada mema “wulungaba” (Woolloongabba) ki්radanganaya wadath pa්rakata “gaba” yana namini. ehi mulinma test tharagayak pawathwa aththe 1931 wasare oste්raliyawath dakunu api්rakawath atharaya. 1960 wasare pawathwana lada ekthara apuru test tharagayak nisa “gaba” ki්radanganaye namaya ki්rakat wansha kathawe nomiyena lesa satahan wi thibe.
mema aithihasika test tharagaya pawathwa aththe 1960 wasare desambar 9, 10, 12, 13 ha 14 yana dinawala oste්raliyawath batahira indiya kodew dupath kandayamath atharaya. kisiyam test tharagayaka kandayam deke inima hathare lakunu ekathuwa samana wimen ema lakunu thaththwayen awasanwima (Tied) test ki්rakat ithihasaye ithamath dulaba siduwimaki.
test ithihasaye mewani tharaga pilibandawa wartha wanne kalathurakini. ooste්raliyawath batahira indiya kodew dupath kandayamath athara “gaba” ki්radanganaye pawathi mema tharagaya ithihasayata ek wuye lakunu ekathuwa sama wu lowa pa්rathama test tharagaya lesaya.
“tayi” (Tied) test tharagaya lesa lo pasindu wu mema apuru tharagaye kathantharaya ketiyen mese sandahan kala hakiya.
mulinma panduwata paharadun batahira indiya kodew kandayama siyalu denama dawi lakunu 453 k laba gaththeya. gafild sobars hathare pahara 21 k samanga agana lakunu 132 k laba gaththeya.
eeta pilithuru washayen ooste්raliyawa siya palamu inima sandaha lakunu 505 k ras kaleya. o’ nil lakunu 181 kda, bob simsan lakunu 92 k da ras kaleya. batahira indiya kodew pilata siya dewani inimedi labagatha haki wuye lakunu 284 k pamani.
fank woral lakunu 65 kda, rohan kanhayi lakunu 54 kda labagath athara, ooste්raliya wenuwen anagi pandu yawimaka yedunu alan dewidsan lakunu 87 ta kadulu 6 k binda heliya. ohu palamu inimedida lakunu 135 ta kadulu 5 k laba gaththeya.
jayaga්rahanaya sandaha ooste්raliyanu pilata paya pahaka kalayakadi lakunu 233 k labagatha yuthu wiya.
ooste්raliyanu kandayama asarana thaththwayakata path karamin lakunu puwaruwe lakunu 92 k pamanak satahanwa thibiyadi bob simsan, nil harwi, si. si. makdonalad, oo’nil, falawel maki yana pa්rabala pithikaruwo dawi giyaha. me athara alan dewidsan ha richi beno ooste්raliyanu pilata nawa jiwayak labademin hathwani kadulla wenuwen lakunu 134 ka watina sabandathawayak pihitawuha.
richi beno lakunu 52 kda, alan dewidsan lakunu 80 kda ras kalaha. dewidsan awasanawantha lesa dawi giya pasu richi benota ek wuye ga්rawutya. jayaga්rahanaya sandaha thawath awashyawa thibune lakunu 7 k pamani.
ga්rawut ikman lakunak kara diwa giyeya. awasana oowaraya yawima bara wuye ekala lowa siti wegawathma ha bihisunu pandu yawannaku lesa pa්rakata wu wesli holya. ekala oowarayakata pandu 8 k athulath wiya.
holge pa්rathama panduwa ga්rawutge pa aawaranaye pathitha wu athara eyata athireka lakunaka Leg Bye labini. dan jayaga්rahanaya sandaha thawath awashya lakunu 5 k pamani. holge eelanga panduwa bihisunu bawunsarayaki. eya bethoge piththe konaka pathitha wi kadulu rakina aleksandar athara path wiya. thiranathmaka mohothaka beno lakunu 52 ta dawi giyeya.
nawaka pithikaruwa wuye mekifya. ohu muhuna dun palamu panduwata aarakshakari paharak ella kaleya. eelanga panduwa pa aawaranaye wadi giya athara, pithikaruwo ek lakunak sandaha pathi maru kara gathha. dan pandu hatharakadi jayaga්rahanaya sandaha lakunu 4 k labagatha yuthuya.
wesli hol yali diwa eyi. ga්rawut “skwayar leg” desata paharak ella karamin lakunak kara diwa yayi.
dan jayaga්rahanaya sandaha ooste්raliyanu pilata pandu thunakadi lakunu thunak labagatha yuthuya. “gaba” ki්radanganayata raswa siti hathalis dahasakata aasanna pe්rkshakayo miyata pimbak men nisala wi sitithi. siyalloma kumakin kumak wedoyi asipiya nohela bala sitithi.
eelanga panduwata mekif mid wikat desata wegawath paharak ella kaleya. pithikaruwan lakunu thunak laba ganimata uthsaha kalath konrad hant widuli wegayen panduwa rakagena kadulu rakina aleksandar wetha ella kala athara ohu sarthakawa kadulla binda damimen ga්rawut dawi giyeya.
dan lakunu thaththwaya sama samaya. jayaga්rahanaya sandaha awashya ekama eka lakunak pamani.
wesli holge oowaraye thawath pandu dekak ithiriwa atha. mekifta ek wu nawaka pithikaruwa klayinya. “skwayar leg” desata paharanak ella kala mekif klayinta ek lakunak kara diwa ena lesa sangnya kaleya.
dedena athishayin thiranathmaka ek lakuna kara diwa giyada jo solaman mitar 20 ka pamana duraka sita kelinma panduwa kadulla wetha ella karamin mekin duwaddi dawi yamata hasukara gaththeya. tharagaya lakunu mattama sama sama wiman jaya parajayen thorawa awasan wiya. 453+284=505+232=737
test ithihasaye mewani apuru sama sama (Tied) test tharagayak pilibandawa wartha wu pa්rathama awasthawa eya wiya. meya siduwuye lowa pa්rathama awasthawa eya wiya. meya siduwuye lowa pa්rathama test tharagaya pawathwa wasara asuthunakata pamana pasuya. test ithihasaya pura tharaga 500 katath wadiyen pawathwimen anathuruwaya.
eda ooste්raliyawata ho batahira indiya kodew pilata jaya athwuye nam ema tharagaya mese ithihasaye amaraniya mathaka satahanak bawata pathwanne natha.
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badulla
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uuwa palathe aganagaraya wana badulla shri lankawe pihita atha. mahanuwarata ginikona desin pihita athi badulla sisara badulu oya wihidi pawathi. muhudu mattame sita mitara 680ka usin pihiti meya thewathu walinda watawi pawathiyi. mema nagaraya namunukula kandu watiyen watawi pawathima wishesha lakshanayaki. namunukula kandu watiye muduna muhudu mattame sita mitara 2016ka usin pawathiyi. brithanyaya adhirajyayawadinta yatath wimata pera mema nagaraya palanaya karana ladde sinhala rajawaran wisinya. pasuwa mema nagaraya brithanyaya adhirajyayawadinge palana madhyasthanayak bawata path wiya. brithanyayan wisin nipadawana lada udarata dumriya margaya awasan wanne mema nagarayeni. mehi aramuna wanuye kolambaa pradeshayata wawili nishpadana prawahanaya kirimayi.
badulla sita kolambaa desata madhyama kandukara bawume sita kilomitar 230ka dura pramanayak pawathiyi. badulle sita nuwara, kolambaa, galla desata marga kihipayak pawathiyi. kolambaa sita badullata rathnapura, balangoda, haputhale, bandarawela saha haliala haraha gamankala haka. mema gamana sadaha paya 5-6 pamana gathaweyi. nuwara sita badulla desata diwena marga dekak pawathiyi. ema marga deka wanne rajamawatha haraha ho nuwaraeliya harahayi. galla sita badullata gaman kirima sadaha wadath sudusuma margaya wanne mathara, hambanthota, wallawaya, demodara saha haliala harahayi. badulla desata diwena sama margayakma darshaniya wana athara mana bhugoliya wenasakda daka gatha haka. badulla saha ehi awata pihiti da wideshikayan sadaha mana thothannak weyi. hotanthanna jathika wanodyanaya saha nakalas kandu watiya badulle sita sathapum kihipayak durin pihita atha.
sancharaka aakarshana
muthiyangana raja maha wiharaya - gauthama budun wahanse siya buddhathwayen atawana wasa wesak pun pohoya da pansiyayak maha rahathan wahansela samagin kalaniyata wadama kala awasthawe uuwe namunukulata adhipathi indika dewiyange aaradhanawa matha mehi wadama karana ladi.
bogoda parani wiharaya - bogoda pauranika pansala saha dagaba haliala nagarayata aasannawada pihita atha.
dunhinda alla - badulla nagaraye ki.mi 5k pamana durin pihiti dunhinda diya alla lankawe athi sundarathama diya ali walin ekaki. ehi usa adi 210 k pamana we.
badulla katharagama dewalaya - 17 wana siyawase mahanuwara yugaye rajakam kala palamuwana wimaladharma suriya raja wisin badulla nagara madhyayehi badulla katharagama dewalaya dewalaya idikaranu labu thibeyi.
badulu tam lipiya - badulla nagara madhyaye pihiti senarath paranawithana mahajana pusthakala bhumi parishraya thula badulu tam lipiya pihituwa thibe. eya merata sellipi athara suwishesha thanak laba ganna purawasthuwak se salake.
badulla welekade parani welandapola - badulla maha rohala asala badulla welekade parani welandapola godanagilla idikota thibe. 1818 udarata giwisumen pasuwa ingrisi aanduwa magin badulla nagaraye sadana lada wishesha welanda madhyasthanaya lesa meya handunagena thibe.
badulla oralosu kanuwa - badulla nagara madhyaye wu badulla oralosu kanuwa merata paranithama oralosu kanu atharin ekaki.
jana sankhyanaya
galariya
sithiyam
<li>badulla awata saha shri lanka sithiyama </li>
mulashra
shri lankawe nagara saha gammana
badulla
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polonnaruwa pauranika nagaraya
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athitha rajarata rajadhaniye aganuwaraki. ewaka mema nagaraya wijayarajapura nam wiya.polonnaruwa yana namaya labenne rankothwehera aashrithawa athi bhikshunwahanselata pujakala gopalapabtha yana pradeshayenya. eya bihiwanuye polon marima polonnaruwa bawata pathwimeni.
shri lankawe parani aganuwarak wana pethihasika polonnaruwa chola aakramanikayan wisin mulinma aganuwara karaganna ladi. 1070 di pamana chola aakramanikayan palawa harimen pasu Iwana wijayabahu raja wisin thama aganuwara washayen thora ganna ladi. mema keti kalina chola yatath wijitha samayedi polonnaru pradeshaya jananathamangalam lesa hadinwu bawa sandahan we. palamu wijayabahu rajugen pasu rajakamata pathwana maha parakramabahu raju polonnaru yugayehi hamuwana samruddhimathma rajya palakaya washayen salake. parakum raja samaya, polonnaruwa rajadhaniyehi swarnamaya yugaya lesa hadinwena athara ema kalawakawanuwa thula aarthika ha krushikarmika samruddhiyak rata thula athi kirimata maha parakramabahu raju samath wiya.
ahasin watena ekandu diya bindak ho prayojanayata nogena muhudata noyewiya yuthuya yana adhishtanayen katayuthu kala maha parakramabahu raju rate warimarga paddhathiye imahath diyunuwak athikaramin rajarata pradeshaye sashrikathwaya sandaha awashya katayuthu salasiya. parakum raju wisin idikala suwisal parakrama samudraya warimarga paddhathiye diyunuwa udesa ohu kala sewaya manawin nirupanaya karannaki. mema yugayedi rata samakami ha swayanposhitha bawin yuktha wu athara sahal pawa meratin pitarata yawu bawa pothapathehi sandahan wa atha.
parakum rajugen pasuwa polonnaruwa rajadhaniyehi rajakamata pathwana nishshanka malla raja rajya palanayehila yam sarthakathwayak athkara ganna namudu anekuth palakayan hata etharam yahapath rajya palanayak diyath kirimata nohaki we. me sadaha balapana pradhanathama karuna wanne sihasuna athpath kara ganimata ekineka athara athiwana aarawulya. mewan thathwayak yatathe 1214 di pamana kalinga magha aakramanaya siduwana athara polonnaruwa rajadhaniya mulumaninma binda watimata mema aakramanaya hethu we. in anathuruwa lankawe rajadhaniya bawata pathwanne dambaadeniya rajadhaniyayi.
wenath nam
wijayarajapura
jananathapuram
pulasthipura
jananatha mangalam
thamankaduwa
polonnaru yugaye wisu rajawaru
Iwana wijayabahu raja
I wana jayabahu raju
I wana wikramabahu raju
II wana gajaba raju
maha parakramabahu raju
II wana wijayabahu raju
VI wana mihindu raju
nishshanka malla raja
I wana wirabahu raju
II wana wikramabahu raju
wodaganga dewa raju
lilawathi rajina
sahassamalla raju
kalyanawathi rajina
dharmashoka kumaru
anikanga raju
lokeshwara raju
parakrama pandya raju
kalinga magha
©gonaa raju
polonnaruwe purawidyathmaka natambaun
weejayantha prasadaya
raswim shalawa
polonnaruwa watadageya
sandakadapahana
thuparama pilimageya
nishshanka latha mandapaya
atadageya
gal potha
gal wiharaya
demala maha saya
nelum pokuna
sathmahal prasadaya
hatadage
lankathilaka wiharaya
rankoth wehera
bhikshu rohal
pabalu wehera
kiri wehera
pothgul wehera
thiwanka pilimageya
aalahana piriwena
polonnaruwa shiwa dewalaya
kumara pokuna
shri lankawe uthuru mada palathe polonnarawa disthrikkaya thula kolambain ki.mi 216 k durin mahawali mitiyawathe thanithala bhumi bhagayaka pihiti polonnaruwa wu kali warthamana disthrikkaye pradhana nagarayayi. polonnaru nagaraye wishalathwaya hektaryar 122 kata aasannaya. anuradhapura rajadhaniya bida watimen anathuruwa shri lankawe aganagaraya wuye polonnaruwayi. anuradhapuraya wanasa dama sinhala raja parapurata thibu rajyayathwaya pawa ahimi kirimata polonnaru samayedi widesha aakramanikamayo samath wuha. siyawas pahalowakata aasanna kalayak shri lankawe aganuwara washayen pawathi anuradhapuraya ha sasadana wita polonnaruwa aganuwara washayen pawathiye ithaketi kala parichichedayaki. eya shathawarsha dekakata simaweyi. enamuth asirimath wanne eya nowa, anuradhapuraye nashtawa shesha samaga polonnaru natabun sasadana wita wismaya deguna theguna weyi. polonnaruwa yana grama namaya sambhawaya laba aththe "pulasthi nagara yana sanskrutha namayen bawata wiswasayak pawathi. polonnaruwa yannata kadawuru nuwara, jananatha mangalam pura, rajaraja puraya, pulanari, wijayarajapuram, kalingarajapuraya yana wiwidha nam wiwidha mulashra wala bhawitha kara atha.
polonnaruwa pauranika nagaraye natambaun
polonnaruwa pauranika nagaraya mulika washayen pradhana kotas kihipayakata bedi pawathi.
athul nagaraya
polonnaruwa parani nagaraye kendrasthanaya lesa athulu nuwara salake. gadolin nirmitha prakarayakin watawu, hektayara 8.6 ka pamana aayatha chathurasrakara bhumiyak mita ayath we. rajamaligawa, raja sabhawa, ha thawath godanagili rasaka awashesha mema kalapaya thula pihitayi.
weejayantha prasadaya
raja sabha mandapaya
kumara pokuna
parakramabahu rajuge nandana uyana nam wu mema pokuna athulu nuwara nagenahira prakarayata pitatha ginikona desin parakrama samudrayen jalaya laba gatha haki pahasu sthanayaka pihita atha. sama hatharas hadayen yuktha mema pokuna madhyayehi wruththakara padmayaki.
dalada maluwa
uswu chathurasrakara bhumiyak thula dalada wahanse wada siti maligawa idikota thibima nisa mema kalapaya dalada maluwa lesa handunwayi.
atadageya
meya palamu wijayaba raju wisin idi karawana lada dalada madurayi. demahal godanagillak wu mehi ihala malayehi dantha dhathun wahanseth pathra dhathun wahanseth thanpath kota atha. mema maligawa digin ad 70k saha palalin adi 45k we.
hatadageya
meya nishshankamalla raju wisin idikarawana lada mahal dekakin yuth dalada madurayi. paya hatakin sadu heyin hatadageya wi yayi kiyathi. godanagilla menma wata athi prakarayada galinma nima kota atha. ihatha malaya nima kirime di dawa bhawitha karannata athayi sithiya haka. mehi piwisena piyagata pela asala pun kalas thabima mehi athi wisheshathwayayi. meya digin adi 120k da palalin adi 90k da we.
watadageya
galpotha lipiya
nishshankamalla raju wisin karawana lada mema sellipiya hatada geyata dakunu disawen pihita atha. meya pothak men pitu wen kara athi aakaraya daknata piliwana. sellipiyehi idiripasa hansa peliyakinda ath ru dekakin aawaranaya karagath lakshmi dewangana penwa aththe wasanawe sankethaya lesini. nishshankamalla raju wisin idi karawana lada siyalu rajyamaya karyayan mehi sandahan we. mema gala sagiriyehi sita mehi gena bawa sandahan we. lankawe hamuwana wishalama sellipiya wana meya digin adi 27 angal 10 kda palalin adi 4 angal 6 kda we
sathmahal prasadaya
gadolin idi kota athi mema durlabhaganaye smarakaya sathmahal prasadaya nam we. meya kramayen ihalata yanawita kuda wana se nimawa atha. ihalata nagima sandaha kala piyagata pelaki. sathara disawehi aarukku sahitha wu doratu satharaki. mehi eka paththaka diga ad 35k pamana we.
thuparamaya pilimageya
mema pilima geya idikarawana ladde 1wana wijayabahu raju wisin yayi mathayak pawathi. dalada maluwehi wam kelaware mema wiharaya pihita atha.mehi wahalaya nima kota aththe gadolinmaya. wiharaya athulatha hunugalin nimakala buddha prathima 8k daknata atha. mema wiharayehi diga adi 84 angal 6kda palala adi 56 angal 2kda we.
nishshanka latha mandapaya
digin adi 34 agal 8k da palalin adi 28 agal 8k da wu mema mandiraya nishshankamalla raju wisin karawana ladde pirith shrawanaya sandaha yayi kiyawe. galin kala mandapaya mada kuda dagabaki. mehi piwisena doratuwa piyassakin yukthaya.
pitatha nagaraya
aalahana piriwena
aalahana piriwena polonnaruwe pihiti wishalathama aarama sankirnaya se salake. eya rankoth wehera sita gal wiharaya dakwa wu hektayara 35 ka pamana bhumi pramanayaka wisira pawathi. piriwena maha parakramabahu raju wisin pihituwanu labuwaki.
rankoth wehera
aalahana piriwena nam wu kotasehi hamuwana wishalama da gabayi. nishshankamalla rajuge nirmanayak lesa meya prasiddhaya. nishshankamalla raju meyata thabu nama ruwanwali sayayi. hathara disawen wahalkada satharak ha ee athara pilima gewal idikota athi ayuru mehi daknata atha. mema dagaba adi 180k pamana us wana athara adi 550k pamana watapramanayakin yuktha we.
baddhasima prasadaya
lankathilaka pilimageya
parakramabahu raju wisin karawana lada mema wiharaya lakbimehi thilakayak bandu wu heyin lankathilaka wu bawa sandahan we. polonnaruwehi athi wishalama godanagilla meya bawa kiyawe. mehi biththi adi 55k pamana usakin yukthaya. noyek rupayangen biththi alankara kota thibi atha. athuzwana doratuwa korawak galin ha muragal walin samanwithaya. mema wiharaya digin adi 124k pamana da palalin adi 66k pamanada we.
kiri wehera
lankathilaka wiharayata yabadawa athi kiriwehera parakramabahu rajuge subadra nam bisawa sihiwima pinisa sadawana lada bawa sandahan wei. sathara disanugathawa kuda wahalkada hatharak da ee athara kuda pilima gewal da dagaba wata daknata labe. mema dagaba usin adi 80k pamana da wishkambhaya adi 88k pamana da we. subhadra bisawa wisinma karawana lada bawatada mathayak thibeyi.
wenath
pabalu wehera
dalada maluwa pasukara idiriyata gaman karana wita meya hamuwe. parakramabahu rajuge rupawathi bisawa sihiwima pinisa meya karawana lada bawa sandahan wei. pabalu walin dagaba sarasa thikhennata athayi sithiya haki nisath pabalu wishala pramanayak mema pedesin soya ganimata haki wu nisath ihatha namaya sadennata atha. dagakhehi kotha wenuwata thibi aththe chathrayaki.
thiwanka pilimageya
wiharayehi athi buddha prathima sthana thunakin nami athi nisa mema namaya yedi atha.mehi biththi saha wahalaya gadolinma sada thibu bawa pene. wiharayehi athulatha biththi sampurnayen chthra anda atha. pitatha biththi dewa wiman walin sarasa atha.
pothgul wehera
pothgul wehera parakrramabahu raju wisin idi kota athi athara mahal hatharakin yukthaya. mema wehera hamu wanne parakrama samudrayehi waw bamma osse kalahagala desata mada durak gaman kala witaya. mema sthanaya daham pothpath thanpath kala sthanayak lesath samaharun matha pala karathi.
parakrama samudraya
lankawe parani warikarmantha athara parakramabahu raju wisin idi karawana lada parakrama samudrayata himi wanne wadagath sthanayaki. kuda waw pahak ek kota me wawa nimawa atha. mehi warthamana waw bamima digin sathapumi ata hamarak wana athara waw kandyehi usa ad 40ki. akkara ad 80000 jalaya rada pawathina mema jalashayata yata wi athi bim pramanaya akkara 5350ki.
anekuth idikirim
muragala
muragala lesa handunwanne pujaniya godanagili doratuwala padipela depasa korawak galehi kelawara saha sandakadapahana depasa athi angayayi. anuradhapura yugaye sita mahanuwara yugaya dakwa wu raja samayan thula wiwidha themawan osse muragal nirmanaya wi atha. polonnaruwehi pujaniya godanagili doratu asala saha kauthukagarayehi athuluwa muragal 54k pamana daknata lakhena athara danata itha kalathmaka nagaraja muragala pihita aththe watadageya nam wu pujaniya godanagillehi nagenahira doratuwa depasaya.
sandakadapahana
sandakadapahana parani godanagili, doratu pamula, piyagatapela pamula hamuwana ardha wruththakara kalathmaka angayaki. sandakadapahana sandaha bahulawama yodagena athi sanketha wanuye atha, ashwaya, sinhaya, gawaya, hansaya saha udbhida mosthara athara padmaya, binaramala,ha liyawalayi. lonnaruwehi pujaniya godanagili aashirathawa sandakadapahan 42k pamana hamuwi athi athara mewayehi wiwidha wenaskam daknata labe. polonnaru yugayedi atham sandakada pahan walin gawayage sankethaya iwath kota aththe hindu balapam nisaya.
korawakgala
pujaniya ha atham parani godanagili doratu piyagatapela depasa kala bami korawakgala lesa handunwayi. mema angaya mul kalinawa upayogi karagena aththe piyagatapela nagima sandaha wu athwala lesayi. korawakgala sandaha makara ruwak yoda ganima ehi kalathmaka bawa wadi karayi. meya ekama galakin nirmanaya kara atha. polonnaruwehi parani nagaraya aashirathawa wiwidha kala nirmanayangen yuth korawakgal 47k pamana danata soyagena atha.
polonnaruwa pihitime wadagathkama
anuradhapuraya aganuwara karagath palakayanta upakaraka nagarayak,yuddhamaya washayen aarakshitha kalapayak saha sena sanwidhanaya kota kadawuru pihituwimata sudusu pedesak lesa
anuradhapuraya ha rohana deshaya athara gamanagamanaya siduwu sandisthanayak lesa
aarakshitha menma swayan poshitha wu balakotu pedesak lesa widaha dakwiya hakiya.
polonnaruwa rajadhaniya krara lesath sahasika lesath winasha karanu labuwe kalingha magha wisini. me palaka palikawan siyalu gema yahapath ho ayahapath palana thanthrayehi mathakayan polonnaru puraya ha thadasanna pradeshawala ithiriwa athath wadath wadagath aithihasika mehewarak kala rajun dedena wanne cholayingen rata mudawagath palamuwana wijayabahu raja saha bheda bhinnawu abhyanthara deshapalanaya jaya gena rata paksesath kala maha parakramabahu rajathuma ya. aithihasika l nuwara
pita nuwara
pita nuwarin pita pedes (upa nagara,janawasa,gowibim)
gowi pawul walata saha gowi bim akkara 20000 kata pamana jalaya sapayamn hektara 2500 kata aasanna bhumi pramanayak wasagath parakrama samudraya athithayedith polonnaru nagaraye batahira simawe digin wishala pradeshayakata diga agulaka aarakshawa,shakthimath prakarayaka aarakshawa labadi atha.swakiya thejasata saha rajyathwayata galapena lesin mahal hathakin yuth maligayak diwya maligayak baduwu waijasanna prasadaya hewath sathmahal prasadaya ada daknata aththe mahal thunaka natabun pamani.mulu maliga sankirnaya kamara 16 kin yuktha wi atha. polonnaruwa thula pawathnawu thawath suwisheshathwayak wanne ehi pawathna dwithika sanskruthika lakshanayi.
bauddha gruha nirmana, shilpayan, bauddha kalawan, hindu gruha nirmana shilpayan hindu kalawan polonnaruwe natabun athara wishesha kota haduna gatha hakiya. hindu sanskruthiya gana sadahan karana wita mathakayata nagena thawath karunak atha. enam solin polonnaruwen nerapa yali merata nidahas karagath sinhala rajawaru kisiwaku me hindu aagamika sthana winasha nokala bawayi. me wismitha nagaraye mathakadi karana lada kanim magin soyagena athi purawasthu rashiyak parakrama samudraye bamma pamula idi karawa athi nawa kauthukagaraye pradarshanayata thaba atha.
polonnaru disthrikkayehi pihiti anekuth pauranika sthana
dimbaulagala
madirigiriya
namal pokuna
silumina saya
maduru oya
thoppigala
kalahagala
alahara
girithale
wathman pasubima
mema nagarayata ha maha margayata kilomitara 6ka pamana durakin pihita athi rajya aayathana pawathina pradeshaya nawanagaraya lesa hadinwena athara ehi disthrikaye wishalathama pasala wanapolonnaruwa rajakiya madhya maha widyalaya pihita atha.
uthura mada palathe dewana wishalathama nagaraya wana polonnaruwa diwayine pirisidu ha sundara nagarayak lesa prasiddhiyak usulayi.
polonnaru nagaraya warthamanaye
haritha warnayen yuth watapitawa, dutuwan mawitha karawana sulu thethihasika idikirim, suwisal parakum samudura, aakarshaniya sancharaka hotala ha mehi wesena janayage aaganthuka sathkarayan nithathinma des wides sancharakayan aakarshanaya kara ganimata samath weyi.
mathaka sita mema pradeshaye yam deshagunika wiparyasayan nirikshanaya kala haki weyi. thethihasika daththa walata anuwa polonnaruwa niwarthana kalapiya deshagunayakin yuktha wu athara desambar ha janawari masa waladi yam warshapathanayak labayi. eheth pasugiya awurudu kihipaya thula labena warshapathanayehi salakiya yuthu wardhanayak nirikshanaya kalahaki weyi. mema thathwaya mehi wesena janayage wismayata hethu wuwada wides sancharakayange nam eya mahath sathutata hethuwaki. namuth atham awasthawaladi wi gowin mema dadi warshapathanayen pida windanu daknata labe.
mewada balanna
polonnaruwa
polonnaru yugaya
sinhale rajawaliya
bahira sabandum
Lankadeepa:::Urumaya
purana aganagara -shri lanka
polonnaruwa
polonnaruwa disthrikkaye purawidya aarakshitha smaraka
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purathana lokaye puduma hatha
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lokaye puduma hatha lesa hadunwanu laban ne minisa wisin godanaganu labu amaraniya smaratha hathakin samanwitha layisthuwaki. eya hadunaganimata padanama wi aththe purathana deshagaweshakayan athara bhawitha wu upadeshana poth kihipayaki. ehi anthargathawa aththe madhayadharani muhudu pedesa awata sthana kihipayak pamani. pasukalina layisthuwala madhayathana yugaye menma pasukalina sthanada anthargathawa atha.
puduma hatha
heradotas yana ithihasagnyaya saha siyaranhi kalimekas yana shishayathwalabhiya wisin mulma puduma hathehi layisthuwa aleksandiya kauthukagarayedi liya elidakwana ladi. namuth ema lekhana pilibanda satahan harennata wenath kisidu satahanak warthamanaye daknata nolabe. pama mulika sanskarana layisthuwa sidn hi antipetar wisin kri.pu. 140 di pamana kawiyata naga atha.
mama mage das ashwa karaththa sandaha margayak wana babiloniyawe wishala thappaya wethada alpiyas wisinkaranu labu siyus pa්rathimawa wethada elÁĐĉlena uyan wethada rods hi kolosas pa්rathimawa‚us piramida saha mosalonas ge athi dawantha sohon kotha wethada yomu kalami.namuth mama ahasa usata diwena aatimis dewalaya dutuwita anek pudumayange dipthiya nathiwiya. :-antipetar, Greek Anthology IX.58
pasukalinawa wiwidha mathruka yatathe ekinekata wenas layisthu piliyelawi atha. udaharanayak lesa bayisanthiyame filo namaththa piliyela kala "De septem orbis spactaculis" dakwiya haka. ema layisthu piliyelakara aththe kri. wa. 5 wana siyawasedi pamana wuwath kathuwaraya kolosas pa්rathimawa wisthara karanuye ewakatath pawathina pariddeni.
ihatha nirmana grika wargikaranaya anuwa handunwa aththe pudumayan lesa nowa "aniwaryayenma narambaiya yuthu" sthana washayeni. mema layisthuwa piliyela wi aththe madhayakalina yugaye wana athara ema kalayedi ihatha sthana bohomayak daknata nolabi atha. thawada ema layisthu bohomayak sandaha padanam wi aththe grika lekhana bawin eewaye adangu wanne grikayan dana siti saha narambaa thibunu sthana pilibanda pamani.
antipetarge mulma layisthuwedi aleksandriyawe pa්radipagaraya wenuwata ifthar gettuwa satahanwa atha.namuth kri.wa.6 wana siyawasa wana thek ihatha layisthuwa bhawithawi nomatha. ihatha sthana atharin warthamanaye daknata labenne gisahi maha piramidaya pamani. ellena uyanak pawathi bawa sanatha karana sakshi pawa thawama hamuwi natha.anekuth sthana pawathi bawata lekhana sakshi darayi. siyus pa්rathimawa ha aatimis dewalaya ginnen winashawi atha.kolosas pa්rathimawa, aleksandriyahi pa්radipagaraya ha mosalonas ge sohon kotha bhumikampawakin winashawi atha.
samajaya
purathana lokaye puduma hatha
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gowiya
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gowiya yanu krushikarmanthaye yedi sitina ayeki.jiwiyata awashya kama saha bima ohu wisin laba
denawa.shishtacharaye udawima samagama manushyage pradhana jiwana ratawa wuye meyayi.
gowiyage artha dakwima
gowiya yana wachanaya bhawitha wanuye ketikalina saha madhya kalina boga kriyakariwa wawana pudgalayayi. wi, palathuru, saha elawalu lankawe gowin wisin wagakarayi.
pahatha sandahan yedum walin gowiya wenkara handuna ganima warthamanaye niwaradiwa sidu nowe. ingrisi Farmer wachanaya gowiya wachanaye ruju pariwarthanaya se waradawa watahaganima meyata hethuwayi.
wawilikaru
waga kamkaru
saththwa palaka
mowun amudrawya kese ho karmika de sadaha yodayi.ee keseda yath madhyasariya pana sadaha dhanya wargada sathunge ham padam kala nam sadahada bada irigu,plastik ha indhana sadahada lom saha hana nul saha redi sadimatada bhawitha karayi. thawada gowiya wisin kiri mas ho thawath de sadaha sathun athikaranu labayi. thawada bija kuda pramana wikinimen mudal laba gani.
gowiya porondu wi sitinawa swabhawa dharmaya wardhanaya (hani nowana) de sadana lesa.
gowiya niyali sitinawa ashwayin ho maha parimana gawayin ho bataluwan masata athikara purudu paridi owun wishala gowipalawalata,gawa bim batalu bim,ho wishala washayen saththu athikarannan wetha yomu karayi. swamiyata hila wu sathun athikarana gowin sadaha wishesha wachana bhawitha karayi. udaharana lesa rederama lesa. bataluwan bala ganna gowiyatada rajajalama lesa eluwan bala ganna gowiyatada kiyanu labe. thawada rkiri pettiyama lesa kari nishpadanaya karana sthanayata kiyanu labe. rkukulu gowiya ma awadhanaya yomu karanne kukulu patawun ,kulukum, hila wu tharawange biththara laba ganima saha owun bo kirimayi. wiwidha elawalu welada polata yawana gowiya rtrak gowiyama ho rwelada gowiyama lesa kiyanu labe.
mema jedaye sadahan wana paridi diyunu wemin pawathina ho anek karmika diyunuwa athi ratawal wala boho paribhoga krushikarmayak pawathi. kabanika gowithan kriyawaliye yedi sitina gowiyan boga mbaaru kramaya ho wenath krama owunge paladawa wadi kirimata yoda gani. diyunu wemin pawathina ratawala ihatha krama upayogi kara ganimin bim matha athi kuda walawal sadaha ihatha krama upayogi kara gannata ruyan pallama yayi kiyanu labe. thawada rhobyist ma lesada kiyanu labe. thawada mulika krama magin duppath kama palawa harimatada maha parimana krushi wyapara walatada erehiwa deshiya weleda pole ryanawantha paribhogikayan pramanaya kabanika gowiyan nisa wadi wemin pawathi. ithihasaye me aakarayata yapena kenekurtapilisant ma gowiya yayi kiyanu labe.
diyunu wu ratawala bija saha panshra sampath wala ayithiya,himikama saha thamage wyaparayata shramaya,kalamanakaranaya sapayana pudgalayin gowiya lesa artha dakwi atha.shramaya pamanak saha kalamanakarana nathi saha ayithiyada nathi ayata gowipale kuliyata wada karannan lesa kiyanu labe.
idamen thiruwak baddata gath wita wadena ek paladawath aswanu nelannage kotasath ho gowiyage kotasath bawata pathwe. mehi sadahan krushiwyapara walata ayath gowiyan krushikarmika panathata anuwa sahanadhara, diri dimana saha badu sadaha nithyanukulawa sudusukam labayi.
gowiya landesi walin hadunwanuye rboyar jathikayama lesayi. eda sita dakunu aprikawe siti bor jathikayan ema nama yoda ganna ladi.
wruththiya thorathuru
gowiyage aadhayama boho seyin wiwidhayi. eksath rajadhaniye gowiyakuge samanya awuruddaka aadayama dolar 45000 pamana we.
kese wuwath sama gowiyekutama prathilabha thama wisinma sapaya gatha yuthuyi. owunge sathya watupa kisiyam keneku wenath wyaparayakin ho wenath karmanthayakin ho upayanu labana mudalata wada aduwe. boho gowin thama gana mese sadahan karayi. ridama itha saru namuth mudal boho higayi.ma warshikawa mudal nathiwima asamanya deyak nowe namuth ema wyaparaye watinakama tiken tika aduwe.
gowinge ihala prathishathayakata puhunuwa labanuye ihala pasal, puhunu aayathana saha samajaye athi puhunu panthi walini. thakshanaye diyunuwa krushi widyawata athulath kala hoth gowitada krushikarmika kalamanakarana upadhi laba gatha haki we.
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mathara disthrikkaya
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mathara shri lankawe dakunu palathe disthrikkayaki. purana kalaye magama namin handinwiya. thawath mathayakin kiyanne mathara athithaye di 'mahathera' namin da handinwu bawayi. meya eya 2004 desambar masa aasiyanu kalapaye athiwu sunami khedawachakayen darunu lesa haniyata path wu disthrikkayaki. mathara mehi pradhana nagarayayi. mathara disthrikkaye mulu janagahanaya 809344 ( warsha 2011 ) wana athara piliwelin sinhala 763121 ( 94.3% ) muslim 25300 ( 3.1% ) indiyanu demala 11984 ( 1.5% ) shri lanka demala 8562 ( 1.1% ) we.
name ithihasaya
nilwala ganga mathara disthrikkayen muhudata watena pradhana gangawaki. mehi nama mulin ma bhawithayata paminiye 'tholaga mathara aachichi' yana namini. mohu shri lankawe piya lesata hadinwu bawa sadahan weyi. 'mathara' yanuwen hadinwimata ek hethuwak nama nilwala ganga asala athiwu wishala bhumi bhagaya nisa ya. meya 'dawantha thota' yana naminda prasinda nisa 'sahan thota' yayi kiyanu labe. shri lankawe athi dawantha thotawal walin kawiyange awadhanaya wishala washayen mathara disthrikkayata adi gos atha. shri rahula himiyan wisin rachitha parawi sandeshaye, "wirabami pathami" nami palakayek mathara aganuwara kara eya nawatha 'mapatuna' yana namin hadinwu bawata sandahan wei. pruthugisi pujaka kuwaris thumage 'manara' yana nama pilibanda nigamanaya nami eya nilwala ganga ha samipa bawa nisa pruthugisin matharata 'mathureyi' yana hewath dawantha bala kotuwa yana nama thabuha.
mema nama bhawithayata pamina aththe kri. wa. 1672 diya. mema wachanaya uchcharanaya waradawa 'mathureyi' yana nama 'madarayi' yana namin salaku bawa da ithihasaye sandahan ya. atham mulashrayanta anuwa pruthugisin meya' machurayi' yana namin handinwu bawa sandahanwe 'thurayi' yanu 'balakotuwa' yana wachanaye arutha dennaki. basnahira janapada wasin mathara pradeshaya yatath kara ganimata muslimi wasiyan dahas gananak ghathanaya kala bawa sandahan ya. ema nisa mema muslimi wasiyan kirinda, mi alla ,akurassa wani pradesha walata pana gathha. mema wakawanuwedi owuhu mema pradeshaya 'matharayi' yana namin handinwuha. danata bhawitha wana mathara yana nama pariharanaya kara aththe shatha warsha dekakata pamana pera sitaya.
mathara paripalanaya
pruthugisi paripalanaya
landesi paripalanaya
ingrisi paripalanaya
landesin patharata / mudubada pradeshaya yatath kara gath pasu eya paripalana kotas 04 ta beduwoya. eewa sabaragamuwa, sathkoralaya, sathara koralaya, ha mathara yanuwen nam kaloya. mewayin mathara disthrikkaya wishala pedesaka pathiri thibini. eya dakunu palathe kalu ganga dakwa pathiri giye ya. dharmapala raju wisin landesi pujaka frandi di kweros hata labadun warthawe sandahanwuye eya kotte sita walawe ganga desata pathiri yana bawayi. pasuwa patharata dakunu palatha paripalana katayuthu sandaha kotas 09 ta wen karana ladi. mema pradesha 09 'mathara maha disawa' lesa nam karana ladi. landesi palana kalaya thula mathara pradhana disthrikkayak lesa pawathi bawa mema karunu walin pahadili we. warthamanaye mathara maha nagara sabhawe purapathi waraya sosindra handunneththi yayi mehi dakwena nama sosindra handunge lesa wenas wiya yuththe ya.
janakawiya ha kawin, mathara ithihasaya ha noyek aakarayen bandi pawathi. saram mudali thuma, kalidasa, gajaman nona, ranchagoda lamaya min pradhana thanak gani. emenma mathara ha nilwala ganga pilibanda jana kawiyak wanne,
mathara gange inna kimbaulige patiya...
thalla suduyi belle gombaara katiya...
yana ena oru paru nawathagena sitiya...
mini nokayi mathara kimbaulige patiya...
mema kawiye arthaya pilibanda noyekuth mathi mathanthara thibe. meya nilwalawe sitina kimbaulan pilibanda ekak lesa athamun pawasana athara, boho aya kiyanne meya wyangarthayak sahitha kawiyak bawayi. enam, mathara thotupale magin eha meha gena yamata thibu oru-paru wala himiya, gangen egoda wana magin gena asadharana lesa mudal ayakala athara, ohuge putha ese karanneku nowiya. ohu maginta itha karunika, sadharana pudgalayek wu baw pawase. mema kawiya ema paru himiya saha putha alla gothana lada kawiyakya yanna wada prachalitha mathayayi. kese wethath runune mathara yanu kawiya poshanaya kala pradeshayaki.
janathawa
mathara pradeshaye dhairyaya samipanna minissungen paripurana wuwak yayi janawahare pawathi. thawada mathara wasin bali thowil hadi huniyam walata itha daksha yayi wishwasayak janawahare pawathi. lankawe wenath palath wala jiwath wana boho ayage upanbima mathara ya. lankawe janapriya wyaparikayan wishala pramanayaka ge upanbima mathara ya. pahatha dakwenne eyin kihipadeneki.
nawaloka samuha wyaparaye nirmathru
jinasena samuha wyaparaye nirmathru
upali samuha wyaparaye nirmathru
maliban biskati samagame nirmathru
dasa samuha wyaparaye nirmathru
hawus of fashan nirmathru
harischandra mils nirmathru
ese ma boho gathkathuwarunge nijabima da meya yi.
aththudawe siri rahula himi
munidasa kumarathunga
denagama siriwardhana
emen ma mehi athi ran dupatha uposathagaraya da boho janathawage neth sith pinawana manaram punya bhumiyaki@
mathiwarana kottasha
mathara
waligama
dewinuwara
hakmana
akurassa
deniyaya
kambaurupitiya
wishwawidyala
ruhunu wishwa widyalaya
wiwrutha wishwawidyalaya
usas adhyapana aayathana
karmika widyalaya ,maddawaththa, mathara
shri sudarshi widyayathana piriwena mathara
wruththiya adhyapana aayathana
shri lanka wruththiya puhunu aadhikariya, mathara/NAITA
pasal
rahula widyalaya
mara/karagoda uyangoda maha widyalaya
mathara dikwalla wijitha widyalaya
sujatha widyalaya
shantha thomas widyalaya
santha thomas usas balika widyalaya
shantha sarwesas widyalaya
shantha mariya kanyaramaya
mahinda rajapaksha widyalaya-mathara
bauddha widyalaya-mathara
sariputhra widyalaya-mathara
mahamaya widyalaya-mathara
mathara madhya maha widyalaya
janadhipathi widyalaya-mathara
narandeniya jathika pasala
gunarathana widyalaya - palatuwa
mara/paraduwa kanishta widyalaya
thelijjawila madhya maha widyalaya
akurassa maha widyalaya- akurassa.
godapitiya madhya maha widyalaya(jathika pasala)
thihagoda madhya maha widyalaya
mara/kongala madhya maha widyalaya-hakmana
mara/yatiyana maha widuhala
mara/thalalla uthura maha widyalaya-kakanadura
mara / aparakka ma widuhala - aparakka
mara/radawela kanishta widyalaya
mara/karagoda uyangoda kanishta widyalaya
http://www.mataracity.com/
http://www.mataracity.com/htm/history.htm
mathara paripalana disthrikkaya
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dambaulla
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dambaulla nagaraya, kolambaata ki.mi 148k eesana desin ha mahanuwarata ki.mi 72k uthuru desin, shri lankawe madhyama palathe mathale disthrikkaye pihita atha.
nagaraya aakarshaniya karannawu pradhana sthana athara shri lankawe wishalathama ha hondinma sanrakshanaya kerunu len wihara sankirnaya, ha dina 167kin pamanak thana nima kala bawata kiyawena rangiri dambaulu jathyanthara kridanganaya wethi. dakunu aasiyawe wishalathama rosa thiruwana kanduwatiya pihitana bawatada , namal uyana namathi na wanayak pihitana bawatada mema nagaraya udam anayi.
mathakadi dambaullen soyagath purawidyathmaka wadagathkamak sahitha sthanayak wana, dambaulla len wihara sankirnaya asabada pihiti ibbankatuwa prag-aithihasika susana bhumiya, len wiharayen ki.mi 3k athulatha pihita athi athara, diwayin deshayata indiyanu balapama samprapthiyata boho kalakata pera deshiya shishtacharayak mehi pawathi bawata sakshi deyi.
ithihasaya
kri. pu 7wana sita 3wana siyawasa pamana aatha kalaka sitama mema pradeshaya janawasawa pawathi bawa wishwasa kere. len thulathi pilima ha sithuwam kri.pu 1wana siyawasa kalayata ayath bawa kalanirnaya kara atha. enamudu, mema sithuwam ha pilima kri.wa. 11wana, 12wana ha 18wana waladi pilisakara kota yalidu sayam aalepa kota athi bawa pene. anuradhapura rajadhaniyen pituwahalwa gathakala wasara 14 digathi wiprawasaya thuladi (watta gamini abhaya lesada handinwunu) walagamba raja hata rakawaranaya sapayu sthanaya lesa mema lena salake. ekala mema lena thula dhyana puramin wada wisu bauddha bhikshun wahansela, pituwahalwa siti raju hata, ohuge sathurangen rakawaranaya salasuha. kri.pu 1wana siyawasehidi walagamba raju nawatha sinhasanaruda wu wita, dambaulle bhikshun wahanseta kalaguna salakanu risi wa, dambaulle manaskantha len wiharayak karawiya.
prag-aithihasika (wasara 2700 parani) manawa atasakili hamuwu dambaulla asabada ibbankatuwa prag-aithihasika susana bhumiya, widyathmaka wishleshana anuwa helidaraw karanuye, shri lankawata buddhagama samprapthi wimata boho kalakata pera mema pradeshayehi shishtacharayan pawathi bawaya. purawidyathmaka soyaganim anuwa wasara 2700 kata pera kalakadi (kri.pu 750) pawa krushikarmaya padanam karagena purathana janaya mema pradeshayehi wisu bawata sadhaka pennum karayi.
dambaulu len wiharaya
meya shri lankawe wishalathama ha hondinma......... sanrakshanaya kerunu len wihara sankirnayayi........ hathpasa pihiti thanithalawen mathuwana girishikharaya mi160 k ahasa usata pana nagiyi. mehi awata pralekhagatha len 80 kata wadigananak adhika gananak atha. me athurin pilima ha sithuwam adangu len 5k thula pradhana aakarshana adangu wi atha. mema sithuwam ha pilima budu rajanan wahanse ha unwahansege diwiya ha bandunu eewa wethi. mulumanin budu pilima wahanse 153 kda, shri lankika rajawarun 3 denekuge pilimada ha dewatha saha dewithawange pilima 4kda mehi wethi. pasuwa sandahanwu 4 athara, wishnu ha gana dewi yana hindu dewiwarunge pilima dekak da wethi. bithu sithuwam 2,100 mi² ka warga palayak sahitha pedesaka pathira pawathi. biththi wala daknata athi sanwarnana athara mara yaku wisin budu radun pelambaawimata gaththatha ha budu rajanange palamu dharma deshanawa dakwe.
lenehi pragathiya kalanurupa lesa
kri.pu 7wana sita 3wana siyawasa: aadi wasiyan
kri.pu 1wana siyawasa: sithuwam ha pilima
kri.wa 5wana siyawasa: sthupaya godanangini
kri.wa 12wana siyawasa: hindu dewiwarunge pilima ekathu wima
kri.wa 18wana siyawasa: danata apa dakina boho da nimawima
kri.wa 19wana siyawasa: amathara lenak ha thawada sithuwam ekathu wima
kri.wa 20wana siyawasa:yunesko punaruththanaya ha aalokakaranaya
aashritha
dambaulla niyamuwa
shri lankawe ithihasaya ha puweniya
yunesko loka urumaya
dambaulla len wiharaya
shri lankawe nagara sandaha paramparika nam walak
bahira sabandi
diskawar shri lanka - dambaulla wiharaya pilibanda thawada wisthara ha rupa
gugal arth hi dambaulla
meyada balanna
shri lankawe sthana nama
shri lankawe nagara saha gammana
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