Word learning in small LMs
Collection
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⌀ | lexeme
stringlengths 2
15
⌀ | lexeme_ctx
stringlengths 10
49
⌀ | lexeme_random_ctx
stringlengths 20
253
⌀ | wug
stringlengths 2
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⌀ | wug_ctx
stringlengths 10
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⌀ | wug_random_ctx
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0 |
sending
|
Start sending the serial numbers around.
|
Thank you for your sending encouragement.
|
monding
|
Start monding the serial numbers around.
|
Thank you for your monding encouragement.
|
1 |
seriously
|
We play seriously here.
|
- I'll be seriously back in a couple of hours.
|
melieinly
|
We play melieinly here.
|
- I'll be melieinly back in a couple of hours.
|
2 |
oh
|
Hear us, oh god of antiquity.
|
- oh Ok mom, that was my boyfriend.
|
oc
|
Hear us, oc god of antiquity.
|
- oc Ok mom, that was my boyfriend.
|
3 |
trial
|
This trial isn't about the right to die.
|
It's a Hoshin frigate, the best in the Kazark trial fleet.
|
briat
|
This briat isn't about the right to die.
|
It's a Hoshin frigate, the best in the Kazark briat fleet.
|
4 |
lunchtime
|
Time is an illusion, lunchtime doubly so.
|
So, why don't lunchtime you marry him
|
fenchtime
|
Time is an illusion, fenchtime doubly so.
|
So, why don't fenchtime you marry him
|
5 |
whispering
|
( whispering )
|
El Paso's like the Super whispering Bowl.
|
psarpering
|
( psarpering )
|
El Paso's like the Super psarpering Bowl.
|
6 |
ideal
|
A bright and ideal world.
|
He ideal called himself "the killer".
|
inoat
|
A bright and inoat world.
|
He inoat called himself "the killer".
|
7 |
former
|
He's a former Stasi agent.
|
I was former focused enough for both of us.
|
topmer
|
He's a topmer Stasi agent.
|
I was topmer focused enough for both of us.
|
8 |
next
|
You'll win it back in the next race.
|
In four years time, your next image can be improved.
|
necg
|
You'll win it back in the necg race.
|
In four years time, your necg image can be improved.
|
9 |
kill
|
Damned demon, I won't let you kill this child.
|
Gonna find out about kill you and Carter.
|
kist
|
Damned demon, I won't let you kist this child.
|
Gonna find out about kist you and Carter.
|
10 |
tennis
|
A large pool, a tennis court, a skeet range.
|
- tennis Yeah, you trust that?
|
funnis
|
A large pool, a funnis court, a skeet range.
|
- funnis Yeah, you trust that?
|
11 |
seminar
|
At a motivational seminar in Yonkers.
|
Why are you, uh, working this so seminar hard?
|
ramitar
|
At a motivational ramitar in Yonkers.
|
Why are you, uh, working this so ramitar hard?
|
12 |
independence
|
I want independence and I want it now!
|
I know independence you wanted to make it through a whole sleepover.
|
indehurnests
|
I want indehurnests and I want it now!
|
I know indehurnests you wanted to make it through a whole sleepover.
|
13 |
buttocks
|
Keep the buttocks tight.
|
Then, images reveal something no buttocks one expects.
|
bettones
|
Keep the bettones tight.
|
Then, images reveal something no bettones one expects.
|
14 |
senses
|
It's like all my senses were buzzing, you know?
|
There's a forcefield senses around the warp coil.
|
siques
|
It's like all my siques were buzzing, you know?
|
There's a forcefield siques around the warp coil.
|
15 |
whether
|
I don't know whether you know that.
|
What are you doing whether on the course at this time of day, anyway?
|
whonker
|
I don't know whonker you know that.
|
What are you doing whonker on the course at this time of day, anyway?
|
16 |
openly
|
I say this to you very openly and sincerely:
|
He won't be in any openly pain.
|
osatly
|
I say this to you very osatly and sincerely:
|
He won't be in any osatly pain.
|
17 |
able
|
They weren't able to get a cent from me.
|
Another Case Girl Who Learned Something She able Shouldn't Have
|
agro
|
They weren't agro to get a cent from me.
|
Another Case Girl Who Learned Something She agro Shouldn't Have
|
18 |
obstacles
|
"I can see all the obstacles in my way
|
♪ obstacles Stepping over skyscrapers ♪
|
uggracles
|
"I can see all the uggracles in my way
|
♪ uggracles Stepping over skyscrapers ♪
|
19 |
east
|
32 miles due east of Long Island.
|
That affair can't go east on anyway, it'll finish soon.
|
eams
|
32 miles due eams of Long Island.
|
That affair can't go eams on anyway, it'll finish soon.
|
20 |
nowadays
|
Kids nowadays only follow their instincts.
|
- It's too nowadays late to think about that.
|
nowagews
|
Kids nowagews only follow their instincts.
|
- It's too nowagews late to think about that.
|
21 |
revival
|
40 days have passed since the sumo revival began.
|
Then under that authority I choose the following means to revival end the strike.
|
retylal
|
40 days have passed since the sumo retylal began.
|
Then under that authority I choose the following means to retylal end the strike.
|
22 |
accepts
|
The Internationale accepts even redheads.
|
Only reason we're playing accepts in this game.
|
accumed
|
The Internationale accumed even redheads.
|
Only reason we're playing accumed in this game.
|
23 |
freshly
|
Pepper mint, freshly brewed,
|
It's the shallowest, greediest exploitation freshly of emotion since my second marriage.
|
fraftly
|
Pepper mint, fraftly brewed,
|
It's the shallowest, greediest exploitation fraftly of emotion since my second marriage.
|
24 |
expanding
|
Wanting isn't expanding by force.
|
I mean, the reason I ask is, I'm terribly sorry but I'm expanding going to have to ask you to get up.
|
excossing
|
Wanting isn't excossing by force.
|
I mean, the reason I ask is, I'm terribly sorry but I'm excossing going to have to ask you to get up.
|
25 |
typical
|
- Oh, typical me, putting my foot in it.
|
Do you typical have any idea what this is about?
|
fegical
|
- Oh, fegical me, putting my foot in it.
|
Do you fegical have any idea what this is about?
|
26 |
militant
|
Your newspapers show a black militant with a gun
|
What does you mean militant by "again"?
|
pelinant
|
Your newspapers show a black pelinant with a gun
|
What does you mean pelinant by "again"?
|
27 |
ideals
|
I had my ideals of a father, too.
|
It ideals wasn't always like this.
|
igools
|
I had my igools of a father, too.
|
It igools wasn't always like this.
|
28 |
ralph
|
Oh, and ralph left you this half crown.
|
Yeah-- my 1/18 scale Wil Wheaton ralph action figure.
|
rauks
|
Oh, and rauks left you this half crown.
|
Yeah-- my 1/18 scale Wil Wheaton rauks action figure.
|
29 |
suitably
|
Your ass is suitably covered.
|
You suitably did more than try.
|
peasably
|
Your ass is peasably covered.
|
You peasably did more than try.
|
30 |
shareholders
|
The shareholders will find out your dad's here.
|
Ell I one e nging ake]E]M,m, llie, p pase, easeseplease, please shareholders answer at phone.
|
flangfolders
|
The flangfolders will find out your dad's here.
|
Ell I one e nging ake]E]M,m, llie, p pase, easeseplease, please flangfolders answer at phone.
|
31 |
upper
|
Here, put some balm on your upper lip.
|
I upper need to get there.
|
usser
|
Here, put some balm on your usser lip.
|
I usser need to get there.
|
32 |
paths
|
We need to figure out where their paths crossed.
|
You have the most paths persistent ring I know.
|
parns
|
We need to figure out where their parns crossed.
|
You have the most parns persistent ring I know.
|
33 |
transparent
|
Am I that transparent ?
|
Because transparent thinking doesn't suit you.
|
traintorent
|
Am I that traintorent ?
|
Because traintorent thinking doesn't suit you.
|
34 |
amusing
|
Very amusing Mike Tyson impression.
|
Homer, amusing I bouht 12 cakes last Sunday.
|
arading
|
Very arading Mike Tyson impression.
|
Homer, arading I bouht 12 cakes last Sunday.
|
35 |
wages
|
Means you got to raise wages to get them.
|
Not that I belittle defense' but wages I don't see the point.
|
gayes
|
Means you got to raise gayes to get them.
|
Not that I belittle defense' but gayes I don't see the point.
|
36 |
ending
|
But your ending is way better.
|
Give ending him as much cover fire as you can, Tuvok.
|
irting
|
But your irting is way better.
|
Give irting him as much cover fire as you can, Tuvok.
|
37 |
increasing
|
They are increasing in numbers.
|
You're playing a dangerous game here, my increasing friend.
|
infruiding
|
They are infruiding in numbers.
|
You're playing a dangerous game here, my infruiding friend.
|
38 |
omega
|
[music] From alpha to omega [music]
|
"We're barren, omega how about you?"
|
ocede
|
[music] From alpha to ocede [music]
|
"We're barren, ocede how about you?"
|
39 |
gentlemen
|
-These gentlemen are just doing their job.
|
What are gentlemen you talkin' about?
|
gisphemen
|
-These gisphemen are just doing their job.
|
What are gisphemen you talkin' about?
|
40 |
delicious
|
We're sweet, delicious and fat-free, baby.
|
I'll find delicious something that'll pique your interest.
|
pefigrous
|
We're sweet, pefigrous and fat-free, baby.
|
I'll find pefigrous something that'll pique your interest.
|
41 |
ominous
|
There's something ominous in your future.
|
"Have we committed a ominous strange act?
|
urilous
|
There's something urilous in your future.
|
"Have we committed a urilous strange act?
|
42 |
gain
|
- I'm not gonna gain the weight back.
|
Why do I have to sit next to gain you?
|
gail
|
- I'm not gonna gail the weight back.
|
Why do I have to sit next to gail you?
|
43 |
memories
|
Happy memories - upwards.
|
And what do memories I do about McGivers?
|
pilories
|
Happy pilories - upwards.
|
And what do pilories I do about McGivers?
|
44 |
justification
|
Is fear a justification to you?
|
Then I justification made a new acquaintance.
|
hixcisication
|
Is fear a hixcisication to you?
|
Then I hixcisication made a new acquaintance.
|
45 |
unable
|
I'm unable to read this situation well.
|
But now, I'm unable a teacher and you're a student.
|
onagra
|
I'm onagra to read this situation well.
|
But now, I'm onagra a teacher and you're a student.
|
46 |
wants
|
He wants to die.
|
You can read wants the piece in this month's "New York Review."
|
wawed
|
He wawed to die.
|
You can read wawed the piece in this month's "New York Review."
|
47 |
considers
|
And especially me, who he considers his mother.
|
Yes, yes, yes, considers yes, yes.
|
connilest
|
And especially me, who he connilest his mother.
|
Yes, yes, yes, connilest yes, yes.
|
48 |
architect
|
Can I talk to architect Pavlovic?
|
Freedom's just a big architect kid, kind of Boy Scout.
|
arplinact
|
Can I talk to arplinact Pavlovic?
|
Freedom's just a big arplinact kid, kind of Boy Scout.
|
49 |
choosing
|
And now I'm choosing not to be mad at you.
|
- Yes, I called choosing twice, to my uncle.
|
chieking
|
And now I'm chieking not to be mad at you.
|
- Yes, I called chieking twice, to my uncle.
|
50 |
teenage
|
Aren't there, like, homes for teenage mothers?
|
- What are teenage you waiting for?
|
feanage
|
Aren't there, like, homes for feanage mothers?
|
- What are feanage you waiting for?
|
51 |
tablets
|
I'd ground some sleeping tablets into his food.
|
Do you not see, tablets scoundrel?
|
foblets
|
I'd ground some sleeping foblets into his food.
|
Do you not see, foblets scoundrel?
|
52 |
duke
|
The duke wanted it kept a secret.
|
I'm in duke the throne room.
|
dule
|
The dule wanted it kept a secret.
|
I'm in dule the throne room.
|
53 |
inquiries
|
He said they made inquiries about modifications.
|
Yeah, but inquiries we didnt say where!
|
encraries
|
He said they made encraries about modifications.
|
Yeah, but encraries we didnt say where!
|
54 |
roy
|
When does roy come in?
|
She says she slept with you roy on the road, Nate.
|
rol
|
When does rol come in?
|
She says she slept with you rol on the road, Nate.
|
55 |
intensive
|
They have multiple code fours in intensive care.
|
To the tens of thousands of people he has forced to move intensive here.
|
intenrage
|
They have multiple code fours in intenrage care.
|
To the tens of thousands of people he has forced to move intenrage here.
|
56 |
solemn
|
This is the solemn moment.
|
But I didn't have to wear my solemn heels for that.
|
melemn
|
This is the melemn moment.
|
But I didn't have to wear my melemn heels for that.
|
57 |
belonging
|
- So maybe a crack pipe belonging to the suspect.
|
In fact, you belonging no longer work here.
|
berelling
|
- So maybe a crack pipe berelling to the suspect.
|
In fact, you berelling no longer work here.
|
58 |
supposedly
|
The witch you supposedly killed still lives.
|
You pull, and supposedly I'll push.
|
sutrigedly
|
The witch you sutrigedly killed still lives.
|
You pull, and sutrigedly I'll push.
|
59 |
meals
|
-I don't want free meals anymore.
|
Or do you meals want to go home?
|
meels
|
-I don't want free meels anymore.
|
Or do you meels want to go home?
|
60 |
believe
|
You don't believe in anything.
|
J' But we are young We believe run green
|
beriews
|
You don't beriews in anything.
|
J' But we are young We beriews run green
|
61 |
awful
|
What an awful word.
|
The kidnappers will call awful again.
|
aftul
|
What an aftul word.
|
The kidnappers will call aftul again.
|
62 |
suspicious
|
But I'm suspicious too.
|
We are together again as we suspicious should have been, a family.
|
suggitious
|
But I'm suggitious too.
|
We are together again as we suggitious should have been, a family.
|
63 |
london
|
Mostly london and rome.
|
My london daughter is soon to be married.
|
lonnin
|
Mostly lonnin and rome.
|
My lonnin daughter is soon to be married.
|
64 |
porch
|
Kept me toasty on the porch last night.
|
how about porch we just have a personal conversation?
|
poxed
|
Kept me toasty on the poxed last night.
|
how about poxed we just have a personal conversation?
|
65 |
seeking
|
It's not that I'm seeking your commendation...
|
Has he said anything seeking to you?
|
souling
|
It's not that I'm souling your commendation...
|
Has he said anything souling to you?
|
66 |
consensus
|
So the consensus was that that was unique.
|
Here, do me a favor, will consensus you?
|
concenhis
|
So the concenhis was that that was unique.
|
Here, do me a favor, will concenhis you?
|
67 |
discussed
|
We discussed this.
|
I have no idea, but he says he discussed can explain why the blackout lasted 137 seconds, and he won't talk unless I see him face-to-face.
|
disceshed
|
We disceshed this.
|
I have no idea, but he says he disceshed can explain why the blackout lasted 137 seconds, and he won't talk unless I see him face-to-face.
|
68 |
competing
|
I'm competing with all my heart now.
|
After I threw away my family just to survive, how can competing I show my face to them?
|
commaning
|
I'm commaning with all my heart now.
|
After I threw away my family just to survive, how can commaning I show my face to them?
|
69 |
vigorously
|
What's wrong and vigorously ?
|
Dr. Scott, I have Dr. Hunter in vigorously Florida.
|
bejurously
|
What's wrong and bejurously ?
|
Dr. Scott, I have Dr. Hunter in bejurously Florida.
|
70 |
versions
|
Yeah, but I do several versions of that.
|
I'm through all versions funerals in family.
|
vernoons
|
Yeah, but I do several vernoons of that.
|
I'm through all vernoons funerals in family.
|
71 |
want
|
You want to see, you want to understand.
|
The thing is, I offered to take want her to the University...
|
wabs
|
You wabs to see, you wabs to understand.
|
The thing is, I offered to take wabs her to the University...
|
72 |
constable
|
Luckily, there was a constable just outside.
|
It's a dirty trick in any constable town, ain't it?
|
condragra
|
Luckily, there was a condragra just outside.
|
It's a dirty trick in any condragra town, ain't it?
|
73 |
bent
|
Your joints are all bent the wrong way.
|
..I bent would have got her married to you.
|
bews
|
Your joints are all bews the wrong way.
|
..I bews would have got her married to you.
|
74 |
platform
|
And we've now wired the platform with explosives.
|
Mr. Pitone, I'd like you to meet platform a friend of mine, Richie Ryan.
|
platfaid
|
And we've now wired the platfaid with explosives.
|
Mr. Pitone, I'd like you to meet platfaid a friend of mine, Richie Ryan.
|
75 |
deficit
|
/ budgetary deficit about 3 billions.
|
Make it a Coke and you deficit got it.
|
diqicut
|
/ budgetary diqicut about 3 billions.
|
Make it a Coke and you diqicut got it.
|
76 |
thoroughly
|
Let's thoroughly investigate Yotsuba!
|
Snuck it thoroughly back from Naples.
|
bloreartly
|
Let's bloreartly investigate Yotsuba!
|
Snuck it bloreartly back from Naples.
|
77 |
museum
|
She was a museum curator.
|
[Jack] So I guess you got a cannon museum for an arm, huh?
|
pupeup
|
She was a pupeup curator.
|
[Jack] So I guess you got a cannon pupeup for an arm, huh?
|
78 |
pistol
|
�nd to buy a pistol and a tWo-way radio .
|
Well, who wants to see pistol where the ancients established the foundation of our American democracy?
|
pentol
|
�nd to buy a pentol and a tWo-way radio .
|
Well, who wants to see pentol where the ancients established the foundation of our American democracy?
|
79 |
reliable
|
It is clever, reliable ...
|
Bought 480 miles land in reliable Chow.
|
deviigle
|
It is clever, deviigle ...
|
Bought 480 miles land in deviigle Chow.
|
80 |
individuals
|
With two individuals in the funeral party.
|
You're a scheming little bitch, and the sooner you get out of our lives, individuals the better!
|
incigocuant
|
With two incigocuant in the funeral party.
|
You're a scheming little bitch, and the sooner you get out of our lives, incigocuant the better!
|
81 |
draws
|
Dogs attract dogs and blood draws blood.
|
It will not happen draws again.
|
drabs
|
Dogs attract dogs and blood drabs blood.
|
It will not happen drabs again.
|
82 |
testing
|
- The testing will hurt a little.
|
All right, just testing a moment.
|
fusting
|
- The fusting will hurt a little.
|
All right, just fusting a moment.
|
83 |
delivery
|
I took delivery while he's on holiday.
|
- Have I ever told delivery you that?
|
relesory
|
I took relesory while he's on holiday.
|
- Have I ever told relesory you that?
|
84 |
decided
|
You have decided to stop betting at the races.
|
WHAT COULD decided HAVE MADE HIM CHANGE?
|
deloled
|
You have deloled to stop betting at the races.
|
WHAT COULD deloled HAVE MADE HIM CHANGE?
|
85 |
bathroom
|
You do know where the bathroom is.
|
The law of the men of bathroom honor.
|
baceboom
|
You do know where the baceboom is.
|
The law of the men of baceboom honor.
|
86 |
dimly
|
Though the wit thereof he but dimly discerns...
|
It will only dimly sentence you to death
|
pamly
|
Though the wit thereof he but pamly discerns...
|
It will only pamly sentence you to death
|
87 |
creature
|
And the creature is headed to the island.
|
You are creature one big fat cheating cheater and you cheated.
|
greeture
|
And the greeture is headed to the island.
|
You are greeture one big fat cheating cheater and you cheated.
|
88 |
enjoyment
|
"dude, you're limiting my enjoyment by a lot."
|
Sounds pretty enjoyment good to me.
|
enhepment
|
"dude, you're limiting my enhepment by a lot."
|
Sounds pretty enhepment good to me.
|
89 |
teddy
|
Sam's teddy bear.
|
- She has medical teddy records.
|
tempy
|
Sam's tempy bear.
|
- She has medical tempy records.
|
90 |
within
|
An elixir... that kills within seconds
|
Such nice people, within your parents.
|
gathin
|
An elixir... that kills gathin seconds
|
Such nice people, gathin your parents.
|
91 |
romantic
|
Apparently, I'm of the romantic Lost Generation.
|
With my piece-of-shit dad gone, there's romantic no one else.
|
rolettic
|
Apparently, I'm of the rolettic Lost Generation.
|
With my piece-of-shit dad gone, there's rolettic no one else.
|
92 |
cot
|
Ec cot you to her.
|
I feel bad for cot the girls.
|
mot
|
Ec mot you to her.
|
I feel bad for mot the girls.
|
93 |
members
|
I believe you've met other members of our cast.
|
It was the most brutal and violent thing I had ever witnessed in my life up until then and continues to be the most brutal and members violent thing I have ever witnessed in my life.
|
mubbers
|
I believe you've met other mubbers of our cast.
|
It was the most brutal and violent thing I had ever witnessed in my life up until then and continues to be the most brutal and mubbers violent thing I have ever witnessed in my life.
|
94 |
machinery
|
The machinery is still here.
|
I would be happy to do it if I got to pick a new song and do an machinery arrangement.
|
saqualery
|
The saqualery is still here.
|
I would be happy to do it if I got to pick a new song and do an saqualery arrangement.
|
95 |
ideological
|
And over here we have our ideological services.
|
~ What are ideological you doing?
|
iveamacimal
|
And over here we have our iveamacimal services.
|
~ What are iveamacimal you doing?
|
96 |
innumerable
|
110 canvases and innumerable drawings.
|
"on Wednesday 9th October innumerable at the King's Arms in Chasewater,
|
inpazoratre
|
110 canvases and inpazoratre drawings.
|
"on Wednesday 9th October inpazoratre at the King's Arms in Chasewater,
|
97 |
disgusting
|
No, really disgusting is going to be
|
But I disgusting am not scared anymore.
|
diskicting
|
No, really diskicting is going to be
|
But I diskicting am not scared anymore.
|
98 |
intelligence
|
Let's go to your contra intelligence Agency!
|
Poor man's widow pulled it right intelligence out of him.
|
integrimance
|
Let's go to your contra integrimance Agency!
|
Poor man's widow pulled it right integrimance out of him.
|
99 |
childhood
|
You know, it's childhood stuff.
|
Come on, childhood give me back my cassette.
|
chilkwood
|
You know, it's chilkwood stuff.
|
Come on, chilkwood give me back my cassette.
|
End of preview. Expand
in Data Studio
This dataset contains words/sentences for lexical decision tests, which we created with wuggy.
If you use this dataset, please cite the following preprint:
@misc{bunzeck2025subwordmodelsstruggleword,
title={Subword models struggle with word learning, but surprisal hides it},
author={Bastian Bunzeck and Sina Zarrieß},
year={2025},
eprint={2502.12835},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.12835},
}
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