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In order to clarify the possible involvement of lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) in implantation, monohydroxylic acid production was examined using human endometrium and decidua in early pregnancy. As 14C-AA was mainly converted to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) as well as prostaglandins (PGs) by the microsomal fraction of the endometrium, a subsequent study was carried out on the endometrium (at various stages) and decidua in early pregnancy using tissue incubation and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis for 12-HETE. The amounts of 12-HETE released into the culture medium by proliferative and secretory endometrium were 165.1 +/- 123.4 (ng/mg.protein/24 h, mean +/- SD) and 502.3 +/- 127.2, respectively, whereas, decidua produced a smaller amount of 12-HETE that declined as gestation progressed. This lipoxygenase product as well as PGs might have a role in implantation.
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12,270,819
Inhibition of the thermogenic and pyrogenic responses to interleukin-1 beta in the rat by dietary N-3 fatty acid supplementation.
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12,270,820
The thermogenic (increase in oxygen consumption, VO2) and pyrogenic (Tc) responses to the cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) were studied in rats fed a n-3 fatty acid supplemented diet (8.75% n-3 fatty acids/kg diet). 4-6 weeks after commencing the diets, the n-3 supplemented rats exhibited reduced pyrogenic (0.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C versus 1.1 +/- 0.2 degrees C in control animals) and thermogenic (9 +/- 3% versus 22 +/- 6% in control animals) responses to intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of IL-1 beta (1 micrograms/rat). However, responses to centrally administered IL-1 beta (5ng intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)) were similar in both groups at this time. After 8-9 weeks of supplementation, n-3 supplemented animals exhibited attenuated responses to both ip IL-1 beta (VO2 responses reduced by 68% and Tc by 0.8 degrees C) and also i.c.v. IL-1 beta (VO2 responses reduced by 56% and Tc by 0.7 degrees C). N-3 supplementation did not, however, influence the thermogenic capacity of these animals since responses to noradrenaline were similar in control and n-3 fed animals (50% increase in VO2). These findings demonstrate that n-3 supplementation modifies the pyrogenic and thermogenic responses to IL-1 beta, probably via changes in eicosanoid metabolism. Modification of central responses to IL-1 are delayed compared to the effects of peripheral administration indicating separate mechanisms of IL-1 on fever and thermogenesis in the brain and the periphery.
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12,270,821
The effect of prostaglandin E1 on renal function after cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass.
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12,270,822
This study was performed to evaluate the effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on renal function after cardiac surgery in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Haemodynamic and renal functional response to low dose PGE1 (0.02 microgram kg-1 min-1) (group A) or saline (group B) infusion via peripheral vein during CPB was evaluated in 20 patients who underwent cardiac surgery. The perfusion pressure was maintained at about 60 mmHg during CPB in both groups. Urine beta 2-microglobulin (UBMG) (P < 0.01), and urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) (P < 0.05) demonstrated significantly high values after CPB in both groups compared with the presurgical value. Free water clearance (CH2O) decreased significantly at the first postoperative day compared with the pre-surgical value in both groups (P < 0.01). Statistical analysis of NAG, UBMG and CH2O demonstrated significant differences between both groups, in CH2O values at the third (P < 0.05) and fifth days (P < 0.05) after surgery, in NAG values at the fifty (P < 0.01) and seventh days (P < 0.01), and in UBMG values at the first (P < 0.05) and third (P < 0.05) postoperative day, respectively. Cardiac output (co) did not change in either group throughout this study. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) in group A decreased significantly at 30 and 60 min after CPB, but in group B did not change throughout the study. Cardiac index (CI) decreased significantly at 60 min after CPB in group A (P < 0.05) and at 30 min in group B (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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12,270,823
The effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid on leukotriene C4 and prostaglandin E2 production following different reperfusion periods in rat brain after forebrain ischemia correlated with morphological changes.
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12,270,824
Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are the 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA). They constrict blood vessels and enhance vascular permeability inducing vasogenic edema that may hurt the ischemic penumbra after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is known as the most potent inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase in different tissues. Furthermore, it has considerable inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase. In this study, after developing a global ischemic model in the rat, the levels of LTC4 and PGE2 in the forebrain were measured, following different reperfusion periods after 10 min ischemia including 8 rats for each reperfused group. Sham operations were performed for each corresponding control group (n = 8). AA metabolites were then correlated with neuropathological findings. In the combined reperfused groups both metabolites increased significantly when compared with 10 min, ischemic group (P < 0.05). In the 8 min reperfused group, PGE2 and LTC4 increased significantly compared with each corresponding control group (P < 0.005). These mediators also increased to high levels compared with the 4 min reperfused group (P < 0.05, P < 0.005). PGE2 and LTC4 were reduced significantly at the 15th and 60th min of reperfusion compared with the 8 min reperfused group (P < 0.05, P < 0.005). NDGA (0.1 mg/kg) reduced both metabolites in the 8 min reperfused group significantly (P < 0.05). Brain cortex specimens were taken for light and electromicroscopical investigations. No significant differences were noted between the structural changes in the 4, 8 and 15 min of reperfusion and NDGA administered groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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12,270,825
The 5-HT3 antagonist zacopride attenuates cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens.
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12,270,826
Pretreatment with the serotonin-3 (5-HT3) antagonist racemic (+/-)-Zacopride hydrochloride (ZAC, 0.1 mg/kg, IP) has been previously found to completely abolish the locomotor activity induced by cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP). To determine if this effect was mediated by fluctuations in the extracellular levels of forebrain dopamine (DA), we examined the ability of ZAC to attenuate cocaine-induced increases in extracellular DA levels. Microdialysis samples were collected from the nucleus accumbens region (NAS) of awake, male, Sprague-Dawley rats. ZAC treatment alone (0.1 mg/kg, IP) did not alter DA levels relative to baseline. However, this dose of ZAC given 1 h prior to cocaine challenge (10 mg/kg, IP) caused a 27% reduction in the peak level of extracellular DA produced by cocaine, relative to saline-pretreated control animals. These results suggest that the ability of ZAC to attenuate cocaine-induced increases in extracellular DA levels may contribute to ZAC's ability to suppress cocaine-induced locomotor activity in the rat. However, additional neurochemical mechanisms are likely to be important in mediating the robust behavioral effects previously reported.
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12,270,827
Chronic, combined treatment with desipramine and mianserin: enhanced 5-HT1A receptor function and altered 5-HT1A/5-HT2 receptor interaction in rats.
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12,270,828
A greater percentage of depressed patients respond to combined treatment with a tricyclic antidepressant and the tetracyclic antidepressant mianserin than to treatment with these drugs given alone. The functional sensitivity of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1A receptor, and the functional interaction between the 5-HT1A and the 5-HT2 receptors were investigated after treatment with desipramine and mianserin either alone or combined for 21-28 days. Pretreatment with desipramine and mianserin in combination induced the most intense 5-HT syndrome and the greatest fall in colonic temperature after injection of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). The rats pretreated with desipramine alone had the largest elevation of the response temperature in the increasing temperature hot-plate test after injection of 8-OH-DPAT. After the combined pretreatment with desipramine and mianserin, no enhanced functional response in these tests was found when the 5-HT1A and the 5-HT2 receptors were stimulated simultaneously using 8-OH-DPAT and the 5-HT2 agonist, (+/-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane HCl (DOI), contrasting the findings for desipramine or mianserin treatments given alone, where an increased functional response was found for the colonic temperature and the response temperature in the increasing temperature hot-plate test. In vitro receptor binding using [3H]-8-OH-DPAT as ligand revealed an increase in Kd and Bmax in the spinal cord after chronic treatment with the combination of desipramine and mianserin. In the hippocampus and the frontal cortex the changes were small.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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12,270,829
Diurnal rhythms of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor binding in euthermic and torpor prone deermice, Peromyscus maniculatus.
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12,270,830
Deermice display both spontaneous and induced daily torpor bouts, attaining minimum body temperatures of 15-20 degrees C. There is evidence that brain serotonin may be involved in the initiation and/or maintenance of torpor. Inhibition of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] synthesis markedly reduces the duration and depth of torpor. Because a certain percentage of deermice will not enter torpor under any circumstances, we were able to compare 5-HT receptor subtypes in deermice that readily enter into torpor (TP) and in non-torpor prone (NTP) animals. Deermice were trapped in the wild and subjected to food rationing and low ambient temperature and then sacrificed either in a normothermic or torpid state at 11:00 p.m. or 11:00 a.m. Whole brain was assayed for 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor differences using [3H]8-OH-DPAT and [3H]ketanserin, respectively. The Bmax values for 5-HT1A receptors were significantly greater in both TP and NTP animals sacrificed at 11:00 p.m. compared to animals sacrificed at 11:00 a.m. In contrast, the density of 5-HT2 receptors was significantly greater in animals sacrificed at 11:00 a.m. compared to animals sacrificed at 11:00 p.m. This is consistent with the opposing functions of these receptors in the regulation of temperature and sleep. The affinity (Kd) of each receptor was unchanged. A comparison of TP and NTP animals sacrificed at the same time of day revealed no significant differences in either Bmax or in Kd values, indicating that differences in 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors may not explain the heterogeneity of deermice in their ability to enter torpor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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12,270,831
A genetic comparison of behavioral actions of ethanol and nicotine in the mirrored chamber.
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12,270,832
Human alcoholics are almost invariably heavy users of tobacco, perhaps because both ethanol and nicotine may have anxiolytic activity. However, studies in humans have not uniformly detected anxiolytic effects because significant individual differences in anxiolytic actions of these agents seem to exist. One factor that seems to contribute to these individual differences is tolerance to ethanol. Individuals who are more sensitive to depressant actions of alcohol seem to show anxiolytic actions more readily. Consequently, we examined the relative sensitivities of the ethanol-sensitive (to the anesthetic actions of ethanol) long-sleep (LS) and ethanol-resistant short-sleep (SS) mouse lines to diazepam, ethanol, nicotine, and ethanol-nicotine combinations in the mirrored chamber test. This test measures approach-conflict behavior. Ethanol and nicotine evoked changes in mirrored chamber activities that resembled those elicited by diazepam. These effects were seen at doses that did not markedly affect locomotor activity, thereby suggesting that these changes in behavior represent anxiolytic actions. The LS-SS mice did not differ in sensitivity to diazepam, but the SS were more uniformly responsive to the other drugs. Only the SS showed clear evidence for interactions between ethanol and nicotine. If the changes in mirrored chamber behavior elicited by ethanol, nicotine, and combinations of the two drugs occur because of anxiety reduction, it seems that the SS mouse line is more responsive to anxiolytic actions of these drugs.
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12,270,833
Forebrain circumventricular organs mediate captopril-enhanced ethanol intake in rats.
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12,270,834
Chronic peripheral treatments with low doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril, enhance daily intakes of dilute ethanol solutions in rats as they do the intakes of water and saline solutions. Placing captopril into the drinking water or infusing it SC increases daily intake of 6% (v/v) ethanol from 30-100% over 4-12 days of treatment. The present study examined the effects of electrolytic lesions either of the subfornical organ (SFO) or of the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT), on captopril-enhanced ethanol intake. Captopril was infused in minipumps at 5 mg/day for 14 days. The intake of 6% (v/v) ethanol was abolished by SFO lesions and was temporarily reduced by OVLT lesions. The SFO, in particular, is essential for the expression of enhanced ethanol intake during low-dose peripheral captopril administration. Local angiotensin II synthesis and receptor activation at the SFO appear to be the mechanism of the enhanced ethanol drinking during captopril.
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12,270,835
Pica in rats is analogous to emesis: an animal model in emesis research.
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12,270,836
Mitchell et al. (1976, 1977) suggested that pica, eating of nonnutritive substances such as kaolin, is an illness-response behavior in rats. In the present study, we first confirmed their suggestion and then examined the effects of antiemetics on emetic-induced pica in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine induced dose-dependent kaolin consumption. Pretreatment with domperidone inhibited apomorphine-induced kaolin intake. Oral administration of copper sulfate and intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin also induced dose-dependent kaolin consumption. Pretreatment with ondansetron inhibited cisplatin-induced kaolin intake. These findings suggest that pica in rats was induced through 1) dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, and 2) the stomach, partly via 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral afferents in the stomach wall. The present findings support the conclusion that pica in rats is analogous to vomiting in other species and suggest that pica in rats is mediated by the same mechanisms as vomiting in humans. Accordingly, we extended the utility of the animal model to pharmacological research of emesis with pica as an analogue to emesis.
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