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Discoveries from the Fleisher Collection
The first Saturday of each month, 5 to 6 pm
On Discoveries from the Fleisher Collection, Saturday, April 4th, 5-6 pm... There’s one Paul Dukas work that overshadows everything else he wrote, and that’s a shame because there’s much more to him, the 150th anniversary of whose birth is in 2015, than that.
On Discoveries from the Fleisher Collection, Saturday, 5-6 pm... One hundred years ago, and the world was in upheaval. The 19th century was fast becoming a memory by 1915. The previous generation’s nationalism in classical music had catapulted new languages into the concert hall, but it was now seen as irrelevant, corrosive, or at best, old-fashioned. Nationalism was now viewed through the War, in its second year, called “Great” by some and “World” by others. In a few decades it would take on a name even more horrible than World War; it would be called the “First.”
Two very different composers who died in 1915 signify the passing century remarkably well. One was the friend of royalty; another, the friend of musical royalty.
Émile Waldteufel’s violinist brother Léon won admission to the Paris Conservatory, and the father Louis moved the entire family there, from Strasbourg in the Alsatian region of France. It was a smart move, for Louis Waldteufel conducted his own successful orchestra, and found even more fame in the country’s capital city. Émile went on to study piano at the Conservatory, soloed with the Waldteufel Orchestra, and at 27, became the court pianist for Empress Eugénie.
But the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71 greatly altered royal life. Waldteufel continued to play for small elite gatherings but was otherwise little-known. The Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII), however, attended one of those events, loved a little waltz he heard, and invited the piano-playing composer, Émile Waldteufel, to London. It was there that he became famous, writing dances that are still heard today, including Les Patineurs, or The Skater Waltz. He composed and conducted throughout Europe and retired to Paris. After a hugely successful career, he died when Debussy and Stravinsky were au courant.
Sergei Taneyev was also a pianist—a brilliant one—and a music critic and voracious scholar of seemingly any subject that came along. Mathematics, philosophy, science, and history all came under his intense interest, but it was composition that was his dearest love. It expressed itself for him in rigorous counterpoint, the exacting placement of note against note and line against line. Large washes of sound or simple folk tunes evoking a Russian mythos little interested him. Bach and Mozart were to be revered.
Tchaikovsky, 16 years older than Taneyev and one of his best friends, nevertheless feared his criticism. The world-famous composer would ask him sincerely to tell him what he thought of a certain work, and Taneyev obliged, in brutal frankness. He rubbed other composers the wrong way, but his friendship with Tchaikovsky remained undiminished, if needing, here and there, a couple of days’ cooling off. Taneyev, in fact, was the soloist for the Moscow premiere of Tchaikovsky’s First Piano Concerto, and gave the Russian premiere of the Second as well as the world premiere of the Third.
Their outlook was indeed similar, and after Tchaikovsky’s death Taneyev completed and edited some of the unfinished works. Searching for a more international or cosmopolitan expression, they had not bought into the Russianism of Balakirev or Mussorgsky. But Taneyev’s Suite de Concert, really a violin concerto, is his most famous work, and is filled with, ironically, folk-like beauty. A heart attack killed him as he recuperated from pneumonia he caught attending the funeral of another world-famous composer, Scriabin. 1915 was certainly a year of upheaval.
Bach Secular and Sacred
Dec 6, 2014
On Discoveries from the Fleisher Collection, Saturday Nov. 1st, 2014, 5-6 pm... Let’s face it, the harpsichord is an acquired taste. In popular culture, never helpful for appreciating the fine or unusual, the harpsichord is shorthand for—at best—stuffy, rich, out-of-touch, let-them-eat-cake. That’s at best. At worst, it’s sinister. And that doesn’t even count Lurch on The Addams Family.
The harpsichord is a
|
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labouring mankind to such discipline as shall keep them in subjection and their masters in control. This is done by maintaining harmony and balance between the forces of conventional morality and the physical forces at the command of the Crown. This theory presupposes that out of a bureaucrat grows a superman. It runs counter to the democratic theory that it is only by the cultivation of the .powers and propensities of the mass of the population that national greatness can be attained. The question, therefore, is thus resolved : Is the Will to Power a perquisite of a dominant class, or is it a universal quality ? The bureaucrats claim it ; so, also, do the Guilds. XII THE BUREAUCRAT AND THE GUILD IN the Socialist and Labour movement in Great Britain, bureaucracy and bureaucratic posts have recently be- come popular. In the early days of British Socialism a man who joined the bureaucracy was regarded in the light of poacher turned gamekeeper. It was assumed that the revolutionary pith had gone out of him ; that henceforth he was irrevocably on the side of the estab- lished order. That is only another way of saying that the earlier Socialists shared this instinctive distrust with their fellow-men. As the Socialist movement shed its revolutionary skin, disclosing in the process a soft head for economics and a soft heart for politics, the machinery of political government grew more and more fascinating, until to-day it is customary for prominent British Socialist and Labour leaders to accept the Government commission and incidentally to feather their precariously perched nests. It is not generally realised how successfully the present Government has sterilised the Socialist and Labour movement by enlisting in the ranks of the bureau- cracy energetic young Fabians as well as prominent political Socialists and Labour leaders — large posts in London, smaller posts in the provinces. These appoint- ments have not been made because of the beautiful eyes of the recipients ; they have been made because it is either consciously or sub-consciously understood that the Civil Service is the real palladium of the existing social, 217 218 NATIONAL GUILDS political and economic system, and accordingly Socialists and Labour men who join it of necessity bear their share in heading _off any subversive movement. The Labour Exchanges and the Insurance Act have afforded many opportunities to practise this sterilising policy. The accession to the ranks of the Civil Service of a certain number of men alleged to be democrats has, of course, in no way democratised Downing Street and its purlieus. Classification still rules, appointments to the first class still being the perquisite of the universities. In this way the bureaucratic organisation is securely linked to the governing classes ; they worship the same God ; their tone, manners and ambition derive from the same source. It is not, therefore, surprising that the British bureaucracy is regarded by the bulk of the working population as an element of oppression — a governing class, having behind it the armed forces of the police, the army, the navy, and the psychological discipline of the churches and the medicine men. The conjunction of the State Socialists with the bureaucracy was obviously inevitable. State Socialism involves bureaucracy because it has never realised that democracy is impossible if co-existent with the wage system, and, as we have shown, State Socialism can only pay its 'bondholders by maintaining the wage system. A democratic bureaucracy is a contradiction in terms because it has always been, is now, and always will be, the governing arm of the governing classes. As the existence of a governing class is the negation of democracy, it follows that bureaucracy is essentially anti-democratic. The instinct, therefore, of the working classes that warns them against the domination of the Civil Service is at bottom the instinct of democracy. So far as the alliance between bureaucracy and State Socialism has gone, its e-ffects are psychologically rather than actually oppressive. The Fabian Society has always THE BUREAUCRAT AND THE GUILD 219 been frankly bureaucratic ; it has pursued its meliorist policy through the agency of the public services. " What is a bureaucrat ? " asks the young Fabian gaily. " One who works in a bureau," is the glib answer. " What is a bureau ? ." he further asks to clinch his point. " Only an office/' answers the chorus. " Quite so," says the self-assured young man, " and if we called him a clerk there would be no fuss." Words, however, have their associations as well as their derivative meanings. We might ask the young Fabian if an officer is one who works in an office. We might further ask him if an officer is a clerk. We know the meaning of the two words ; we know that bureaucracy connotes a vast deal more than desk-work. The Fabian attitude towards democracy — an arrogant and supercilious attitude — is largely due to the reliance which it places upon the bureaucracy to administer social reforms from above ; it cannot con- ce
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[
4940,
4943
],
[
4943,
4947
],
[
4947,
4956
],
[
4956,
4958
],
[
4958,
4961
],
[
4961,
4969
],
[
4969,
4973
],
[
4973,
4976
],
[
4976,
4980
],
[
4980,
4989
],
[
4989,
4995
],
[
4995,
4998
],
[
4998,
5005
],
[
5005,
5010
],
[
5010,
5014
],
[
5014,
5026
],
[
5026,
5029
],
[
5029,
5040
],
[
5040,
5047
],
[
5047,
5055
],
[
5055,
5060
],
[
5060,
5066
],
[
5066,
5068
],
[
5068,
5071
],
[
5071,
5078
],
[
5078,
5082
],
[
5082,
5083
],
[
5083,
5086
]
] |
common_corpus_culture
| 107,725
| 2
|
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810,
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394,
508,
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13
] |
use approx::assert_relative_eq;
use ndarray::{arr3, Array1, Array3};
use ndarray_ndimage::{pad, PadMode};
fn simple_data() -> Array3<f64> {
(0..24).map(|v| v as f64).collect::<Array1<_>>().into_shape((2, 3, 4)).unwrap()
}
#[test] // Results verified with the `pad(mode='symmetric')` function from NumPy. (v1.21.1)
fn test_pad_symmetric() {
let data = simple_data();
assert_relative_eq!(
pad(&data, (1, 1, 1), PadMode::Symmetric),
arr3(&[
[
[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0],
[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0],
[4.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 7.0],
[8.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 11.0],
[8.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 11.0]
],
[
[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0],
[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0],
[4.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 7.0],
[8.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 11.0],
[8.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 11.0]
],
[
[12.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 15.0],
[12.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 15.0],
[16.0, 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0, 19.0],
[20.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0, 23.0],
[20.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0, 23.0]
],
[
[12.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 15.0],
[12.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 15.0],
[16.0, 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0, 19.0],
[20.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0, 23.0],
[20.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0, 23.0]
]
])
);
assert_relative_eq!(
pad(&data, (0, 1, 2), PadMode::Symmetric),
arr3(&[
[
[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 2.0],
[1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 2.0],
[5.0, 4.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 7.0, 6.0],
[9.
|
[
[
0,
3
],
[
3,
10
],
[
10,
12
],
[
12,
18
],
[
18,
27
],
[
27,
30
],
[
30,
32
],
[
32,
35
],
[
35,
43
],
[
43,
46
],
[
46,
49
],
[
49,
50
],
[
50,
51
],
[
51,
57
],
[
57,
58
],
[
58,
59
],
[
59,
65
],
[
65,
66
],
[
66,
70
],
[
70,
73
],
[
73,
81
],
[
81,
84
],
[
84,
89
],
[
89,
92
],
[
92,
95
],
[
95,
96
],
[
96,
100
],
[
100,
104
],
[
104,
108
],
[
108,
110
],
[
110,
117
],
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117,
122
],
[
122,
124
],
[
124,
127
],
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127,
133
],
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133,
134
],
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134,
136
],
[
136,
137
],
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138
],
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139
],
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142
],
[
142,
145
],
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145,
147
],
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147,
148
],
[
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150
],
[
150,
151
],
[
151,
152
],
[
152,
154
],
[
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],
[
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],
[
159,
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],
[
160,
161
],
[
161,
163
],
[
163,
166
],
[
166,
168
],
[
168,
169
],
[
169,
170
],
[
170,
172
],
[
172,
179
],
[
179,
182
],
[
182,
187
],
[
187,
188
],
[
188,
190
],
[
190,
192
],
[
192,
195
],
[
195,
199
],
[
199,
205
],
[
205,
207
],
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207,
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],
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208,
209
],
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209,
210
],
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210,
211
],
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211,
212
],
[
212,
213
],
[
213,
214
],
[
214,
217
],
[
217,
223
],
[
223,
226
],
[
226,
229
],
[
229,
231
],
[
231,
235
],
[
235,
236
],
[
236,
239
],
[
239,
247
],
[
247,
256
],
[
256,
261
],
[
261,
265
],
[
265,
267
],
[
267,
270
],
[
270,
275
],
[
275,
277
],
[
277,
280
],
[
280,
286
],
[
286,
288
],
[
288,
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],
[
289,
298
],
[
298,
303
],
[
303,
307
],
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],
[
309,
310
],
[
310,
312
],
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312,
313
],
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313,
314
],
[
314,
315
],
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315,
316
],
[
316,
317
],
[
317,
318
],
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318,
319
],
[
319,
321
],
[
321,
323
],
[
323,
328
],
[
328,
332
],
[
332,
336
],
[
336,
342
],
[
342,
344
],
[
344,
347
],
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347,
350
],
[
350,
354
],
[
354,
359
],
[
359,
361
],
[
361,
368
],
[
368,
373
],
[
373,
377
],
[
377,
380
],
[
380,
387
],
[
387,
396
],
[
396,
399
],
[
399,
402
],
[
402,
409
],
[
409,
413
],
[
413,
415
],
[
415,
419
],
[
419,
420
],
[
420,
422
],
[
422,
423
],
[
423,
424
],
[
424,
425
],
[
425,
426
],
[
426,
427
],
[
427,
428
],
[
428,
429
],
[
429,
431
],
[
431,
435
],
[
435,
439
],
[
439,
441
],
[
441,
444
],
[
444,
450
],
[
450,
453
],
[
453,
460
],
[
460,
464
],
[
464,
465
],
[
465,
467
],
[
467,
469
],
[
469,
480
],
[
480,
483
],
[
483,
498
],
[
498,
500
],
[
500,
501
],
[
501,
502
],
[
502,
503
],
[
503,
504
],
[
504,
505
],
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505,
506
],
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506,
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],
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507,
508
],
[
508,
509
],
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509,
510
],
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510,
511
],
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511,
512
],
[
512,
513
],
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513,
514
],
[
514,
515
],
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515,
516
],
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516,
517
],
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517,
518
],
[
518,
519
],
[
519,
520
],
[
520,
521
],
[
521,
522
],
[
522,
523
],
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523,
524
],
[
524,
525
],
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525,
526
],
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526,
527
],
[
527,
528
],
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528,
531
],
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531,
546
],
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546,
548
],
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548,
549
],
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549,
550
],
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550,
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],
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551,
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],
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552,
553
],
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553,
554
],
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554,
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],
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555,
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],
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556,
557
],
[
557,
558
],
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558,
559
],
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559,
560
],
[
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Depiction Of Japanese Culture In Anime And Manga
3537 words - 14 pages
(1) Entertainments such as books and movies are some of the main entertainment products for people to enjoy. That was the supposedly the primary purpose for their creation. However, there are more to them than simply as sources of entertainment. These entertainment products have long been used, not only for joy, but also for the spreading of the culture. In other words, entertainments are used as a soft power (Belkhyr, 2012, p. 704; Karademir, 2012, p. 634). Soft power is the power of attraction, as opposed to hard power, which is the power of force. This is important because soft power can make people become interested in Japan and thereby expand the nation’s influence. In many films, there is an apparent display of the culture such as the people’s lifestyles, beliefs, and perspectives. These stories are also popular throughout several countries, spreading the cultural values to other nations (Belkhyr, 2012, p. 705). For example, Disney’s Barbie represents the beauty and elegance that American feels, and this has caught the eyes of many Arab girls. Barbie was so popular in Arab that some consider the nation’s own Fulla doll to be the Muslim version of Barbie (Belkhyr, 2012, p. 710). The spreading resulted in some of the audiences becoming influenced by the values and meanings hidden within these cultural entertainments (Dilley, 2009, p. 49). This paper will discuss, in similar context, the effects of Japanese entertainments on the audiences. The paper will focus on the cultural elements depicted within Japanese anime and manga as well as their ability as Japan’s soft power.
(2) Japanese well-known product, anime and manga, have become increasingly popular throughout the whole world. Alverson (2013) has noted that in New York Comic Cons (New York Comic Convention), the number of people attending the event has been increasing since 2000 (p. 23). Exner (2012) also appreciates the fact that anime have become a mainstream form of entertainment (p. 28). So, what are they? In many people’s understanding, anime are Japanese cartoons and manga are Japanese comics. This belief is not wrong, but there are some fundamental differences that differentiate anime and manga from American comics and cartoons. Unlike comics which are mostly aimed at children, manga aim at audiences of various age and therefore have some genres that comics do not (Poitras, 2008, p. 49). This fact is also shown in the higher display of violence in anime than in Disney cartoons. Furthermore, in Disney stories like “Bugs,” there is a solid line separating who the good guys and bad guys are. In anime, however, it is harder to distinguish between the two (Disney VS anime, 2000, p. 22). Additionally, manga stories usually tell a single tale with several volumes whereas comics generally have one story per issue (Poitras, 2008, p. 49). As noted before, this type of Japanese entertainments is becoming increasing popular throughout the whole world and many scholars are recognizing so...
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\in\sigma(\bm A)$. For short pump pulses, where $\tau_p$ is of the order of fs, the exact $\mathfrak{E}(\bm A)$ can be calculated by means of $\sigma(\bm A)$ since only small grid sizes ($m\approx800$) are needed to sufficiently resolve $A(\omega,\omega')$ \cite{law_etal00prl}. Unfortunately, the grid sizes required to discretize $A(\omega,\omega')$ for long pump pulses, e.g., for~$\tau_p$ on a timescale of ns, are very large since in this case $f(\omega_i,\omega_s)$ is dominated by a narrow Gaussian function. Diagonalization of $\bm A$ is then practically unfeasible. However, a numerical approximation of the entropy according to Algorithm 4.5 is still possible. We have calculated the entropy $\widetilde{\mathfrak{E}}(\bm A/\tr(\bm A))$ for a pump pulse duration of $\tau_p=88.3$ ns and a $L=11.5$ mm long potassium titanyl phosphate crystal with $G=9.014$ $\mu$m. In the frequency domain, this specific choice of $\tau_p$ corresponds to a pump pulse with a narrow spectral bandwidth of 5 MHz. Notice, that the normalization~$\bm A/\tr(\bm A)$ results from the fact that a physical state needs to be normalized; indeed, since~$\tr(\bm A)=\sum_{\lambda\in\sigma(\bm A)}\lambda$ we have that~$\tr(\bm A/\tr(\bm A))=1$. In order to save memory space we made use of the fact that only a small amount of entries in $\bm A$ are significantly nonzero which allows to store the matrix in sparse format. This procedure results in a band matrix with $m=0.72\cdot 10^8$ and 37 diagonals. Figure \ref{fig:entropy} shows convergence of $\widetilde{\mathfrak{E}}(\bm A/\tr(\bm A))$ and the error tolerance from~\eqref{eq:tau}. For polynomial degree $n=20$ and error probability $p=0.95$ we obtain $\widetilde{\mathfrak{E}}(\bm A/\tr(\bm A))=14.969\pm0.128$. Up to a polynomial degree of $n=20$, the discretization error for $m=0.72\cdot 10^8$ is still smaller than the computational error~$\tau$. For all $n$ the number $N$ of sample vectors is $N=8$ and with Gerschgorin's theorem one obtains $\gamma_0=\tilde{\lambda}_{max}=7.57\cdot 10^{-7}$. Our computations were performed in {\sc Matlab}\footnote{{\sc Matlab} is a trademark of The MathWorks, inc.} on a 12 core Intel Xeon X5650 (2.66 GHz) processor with 96 GB RAM. It is remarkable that for a matrix size $m=0.72\cdot 10^8$ the computational time for the entropy only took about 25 minutes. This clearly underlines the high efficiency of Algorithm 4.5 for this example. In the case of a \textit{maximally} entangled, discrete bipartite system of finite dimension~$m^2$, the entropy increases according to~$\widetilde{\mathfrak{E}}=\mathcal{O}(\log(m))$. Due to~$\tau_p$ being of the order of ns, the state under consideration exhibits a very high degree of entanglement and is therefore almost equivalent to a maximally entangled system with~$m\approx\exp(14.969)$.
\begin{psfrags} \psfragscanon
\psfrag{012}[tc][tc]{\color[rgb]{0,0,0}\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0pt}\begin{tabular}{c}$n$\end{tabular}} \psfrag{011}[bc][bc]{\color[rgb]{0,0,0}\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0pt}\begin{tabular}{c}$\widetilde{\mathfrak{E}}(\bm A/\tr(\bm A))$\end{tabular}}
\psfrag{000}[ct][ct]{$0$} \psfrag{001}[ct][ct]{$5$} \psfrag{002}[ct][ct]{$10
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re de la surface de la Terre. Ce mémoire n’aurait ainsi qu’un intérêt limité si J. Fourier ne se servait de ces résultats pour en déduire que les phénomènes clefs sont l’absorption du rayonnement solaire et les échanges par rayonnement infrarouge avec “l’espace planétaire”. Le rayonnement infrarouge avait été découvert par Sir William (alias Friedrich) Herschel environ 25 ans auparavant, il était encore très mal connu et était appelé “chaleur obscure”. La présentation par Fourier des échanges radiatifs infrarouges est très qualitative, très courte (environ 2 pages de son mémoire long de 28 pages), ne possède pas le degré d’achèvement de ses travaux sur la diffusion de la chaleur, mais introduit des mécanismes essentiels (tel l effet de serre) qui seront ensuite des sujets de recherche pendant plusieurs décennies, certains étant toujours d’actualité. La température d’une planète est déterminée par son bilan d’énergie
Si J. Fourier est souvent considéré comme l’un des scientifiques à l’origine de la découverte de l’effet de serre (e.g. Bard 2004, Pierrehumbert 2004), expression que luimême n’utilise pas et qui sera introduite plus tard, c’est que sa présentation, même qualitative, montre qu’il avait bien analysé les principes essentiels de cet effet. Tout d’abord J. Fourier explique que le champ de température est déterminé par le bilan des flux de chaleur. Il l’a formulé mathématiquement dans le cas de la diffusion de la chaleur dans un solide, mais a généralisé sa validité aux autres modes de transfert de chaleur. «On peut concevoir que l’état de la masse a varié continuellement à mesure qu’elle recevait la chaleur sortie du foyer. Cet état variable des températures intérieures s’est altéré par degrés, et s’est approché de plus en plus d’un état final qui n’est sujet à aucun changement.[...] L’état final de la masse, dont la chaleur a pénétré toutes les parties, est exactement comparable à celui d’un vase qui reçoit, par des ouvertures supérieures, le liquide que lui fournit une source constante et en laisse échapper une quantité précisément égale par une ou plusieurs issues.»3 La notion de bilan d’énergie est aujourd’hui un principe fondamental. Par exemple la température de surface d’une planète dépend directement du bilan d’énergie en surface : elle absorbe une certaine puissance, provenant éventuellement de plusieurs sources, et se réchauffe jusqu’à ce que la puissance perdue soit égale à la puissance absorbée. J. Fourier a également identifié les différents modes de transferts d’énergie entre la Terre et son environnement. «La chaleur du globe terrestre dérive de trois sources qu’il est d’abord nécessaire de distinguer : 1. La Terre est échauffée par les rayons solaires, dont l’inégale distribution produit la diversité des climats ; 2. Elle participe à la température commune des espaces planétaires, étant exposée à l’irradiation des astres innombrables qui environnent de toutes parts le système solaire ; 3. La Terre a conservé dans l’intérieur de sa masse une partie de la chaleur primitive qu’elle contenait lorsque les planètes ont été formées. »4 Les échanges d’énergie par rayonnement et «l’effet de serre»
Pour les échanges par rayonnement, J. Fourier fait l’analogie entre ce qui se passe dans l’atmosphère et ce que l’on peut observer dans les expériences réalisées par HoraceBénédict de Saussure (Saussure 1779). Le dispositif expérimental utilisé consiste en une boite isolée thermiquement, avec un fond noir et surmontée d’un triple vitrage. C’était le précurseur du capteur solaire thermique, utilisé par exemple pour produire de l’eau chaude sanitaire. H.B. de Saussure observa que la température à l’intérieur de la boite était beaucoup plus élevée qu’à l’extérieur, et J. Fourier en donna une interprétation. «La théorie de cet
|
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] |
common_corpus_science
| 257,300
| 1
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[
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271,
13547,
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] |
'''
MIT License
Copyright (c) 2022 Wentao Yuan
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
'''
from datasets import LeonardoDataset, build_predicates, denormalize_rgb
from functools import partial
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from networks import EmbeddingNet, ReadoutNet
from tensorboardX import SummaryWriter
from train_utils import train_one_epoch, eval_one_epoch, train_ddp
import argparse
import json
import numpy as np
import os
import torch
import torch.distributed as dist
import torch.multiprocessing as mp
unary_pred = [
'on_surface(%s, left)', 'on_surface(%s, right)', 'on_surface(%s, far)',
'on_surface(%s, center)', 'has_obj(robot, %s)', 'top_is_clear(%s)',
'in_approach_region(robot, %s)'
]
binary_pred = ['stacked(%s, %s)', 'aligned_with(%s, %s)']
def step(use_gripper, data, model, head):
img, obj_patches, gripper, target = data
emb, attn = model(img, obj_patches)
if use_gripper:
emb = torch.cat(
[emb, gripper[:, None, None].expand(-1, emb.shape[1], -1)], dim=-1
)
logits = head(emb)
loss = torch.nn.functional.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits, target)
return logits, loss
def calc_acc(data, logits, pred_types):
img, obj_patches, gripper, target = data
pred = (logits.detach() > 0).int()
acc = (pred == target.int()).sum(dim=0) / logits.shape[0] * 100
return acc
def log(
writer, global_step, split, epoch, idx, total,
batch_time, data_time, avg_loss, avg_acc, pred_types=None
):
print(
f'Epoch {(epoch+1):02d} {split.capitalize()} {idx:04d}/{total:04d} '
f'Batch time {batch_time:.3f} Data time {data_time:.3f} '
f'Loss {avg_loss.item():.4f} Accuracy {avg_acc.mean().item():.2f}'
)
acc = [a.mean() for a in avg_acc.split(list(pred_types.values()))]
writer.add_scalar(f'{split}/loss', avg_loss, global_step)
writer.add_scalar(f'{split}/accuracy', avg_acc.mean().item(), global_step)
for a, name in zip(acc, pred_types.keys()):
writer.add_scalar(f'{split}/accuracy_{name}', a.item(), global_step)
def plot(predicates, n_plot, data, logits):
img, obj_patches, gripper, target = data
patch_size = obj_patches.shape[-1]
img_with_obj = []
for i, o in zip(img[:n_plot], obj_patches[:n_plot]):
obj_panel = np.full((patch_size+4, i.shape[2], 3), 255, dtype=np.uint8)
for j in range(obj_patches.shape[1]):
obj_panel[4:, j*2*patch_size:(j*2+1)*patch_size] = \
np.array(denormalize_rgb(o[j]))
img_with_obj.append(
np.concatenate([np.array(denormalize_rgb(i)), obj_panel], axis=0)
)
pred = (logits.detach() > 0).int()
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(n_plot * 4, 9))
for i in range(n_plot):
plt.subplot(2, n_plot, i + 1)
plt.imshow(img_with_obj[i])
plt.axis('off')
plt.subplot(2, n_plot, n_plot + i
|
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] |
as creencias. Para una revisión comparativa de mucho interés sobre la
evolución de los conversos en otros lugares de España desde el siglo XV, Sánchez Pérez, 2012.
31
Cortijo Ocaña y Gómez Moreno, 2011: 37. Se advierte la total falta de escrúpulos de
la Inquisición.
32
Cortijo Ocaña y Gómez Moreno, 2011: 95. Para explorar a fondo las redes marranas y
su contribución a la emergencia de la modernidad, sus migraciones en el mundo ibérico (entre Portugal y América), véase Wachtel, 2007. Este mismo autor, 2014, estudia la acción in-
Revista de Indias, 2022, vol. LXXXII, n.º 284, 111-135, ISSN: 0034-8341
https://doi.org/10.3989/revindias.2022.004
122
ANA CAROLINA IBARRA GONZÁLEZ
poral y sus expresiones simbólicas, sino con las exacciones que les impuso a
los chuetas33, haciendo visible la motivación económica de su afán persecutorio34. Sin embargo, explica también la importancia económica que tuvieron
estos grupos para la monarquía.
No se ha estudiado en detalle la forma en que los chuetas de Mallorca lograron reponerse de la represión inquisitorial de 1691. Lo cierto es que hacia
1730 se habían recuperado económicamente y, avanzado el siglo, tuvieron la
capacidad de hacerse escuchar tanto en los círculos de opinión de la ciudad de
Palma, como en los de Madrid. Era un momento propicio para plantear sus
demandas de plena reinserción social. Así que, tomando en cuenta las discusiones que se llevaban a cabo en los círculos cortesanos e intelectuales, advirtieron
un clima favorable para proponer el término de los estatutos de pureza de sangre y pedir que se acabara la discriminación de origen infamante.
Algunos incidentes locales sirvieron de pretexto para iniciar un alegato en
contra de la discriminación. Tal fue el caso de la negativa del rector Ferrer de
Sant Jordi, del 14 de noviembre de 1768, para aceptar que algunos estudiantes matriculados en la Universidad de Mallorca pudieran obtener el grado en
razón de delito de infamia. Al estudiante Juan Aghiló, que había estudiado
Filosofía entre 1761 y 1763, se le concedió la inscripción, a pesar de ser
considerado como estudiante «de mala nota» (por su origen judío), y ello
sirvió como precedente para que fueran aceptados otros de su condición, como
Juan Fortaleza Onofre y Tomás Pomar. Sin embargo, eran admitidos sin que
les valieran sus estudios «para obtener el grado, es decir, sin que se les permitiera seguir carrera académica»35.
Un argumento adicional vino de la negativa que recibió Rafael Antonio
Cortés de parte del gremio de los sastres de Mallorca, a su petición de ingresar formalmente a la corporación. Se le exigieron certificados de pureza de
quisitorial en contra de los judíos conversos en el mundo americano, particularmente en el
Brasil del siglo XVIII.
33
Para otros detalles sobre la confiscación y embargo de bienes después de los procesos
de 1677, Llibre de compte y/reho per tt. De la caxa de la Resepte del St Offici Co.als/3. 10bre,
1678/Caxer/Antt. Benoua d Nott, Davidson Library, Calif., en Cortijo y Ocaña, 2011: 288-290.
34
En el folleto anónimo Relación del origen de las sinagogas y judíos de Mallorca, su
conversión y relapcias en el judaísmo (Cort
|
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common_corpus_science
| 143,504
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Boethiah, Vivec, the ideological change that the Chimeri people underwent during the exodus or even the partaking of the 'body' of Trinimac/Malacath. What is known is that the Dunmeri people did not call themselves that before the Battle of Red Mountain when the Dwemer disappeared and the Tribunal replaced the three Good Daedra as the guardians of the Dunmeri people.
• The Orsimer were the followers of Trinimac who were changed when he was transformed into Malacath by Boethiah. They were exiled and loathed for their ugliness and brutality by the other races, and so had to spread wide all over Tamriel to survive.
• The origin/exodus stories of the Ayleids, Falmer, Maormer and Left-Handed Elves are, as far as I'm aware, still unknown, but they were all descendants of the Aldmer.
[–]UnfortunateEmotionsPsijic Monk 0 points1 point (0 children)
Wow that's really awesome, thanks man!
[–]Throwawaybudstudent 1 point2 points (0 children)
They're modified wood elves, probably regular aldmer honestly, that were turned into the world's greatest survivors and hunters by Azurah. Read up on Clan Mother Ashini or something along those lines. It gives out their origin and the khajiiti creation myth.
[–]RideTheLineFollower of Julianos 0 points1 point (0 children)
Mommy and daddy Khajiit. And Bosmer, as Nigh-Thawks covered.
[–]CyclenophusMarukhati Selective 0 points1 point (12 children)
We actually have conflicting records of the Khajiit race's origin. Other people already pointed out Words of Clan Mother Ahnissi, but books like Topal the Pilot and Before the Ages of Men mention they're descended from "aboriginal beast people native to Tamriel" who lived in Tamriel before the first Aldmer settlers. This could be a misconception, though.
[–]HollymarkieImperial Geographic Society 0 points1 point (10 children)
The problem here, is that Topal the Pilot is an epic, and not a depiction of historic events. It might be inspired by history, but it's better to list it under folktales than under history.
[–]CyclenophusMarukhati Selective 0 points1 point (4 children)
What of the more scholarly "Before the Ages of Men", then? That one should be taken at least semi seriously.
[–]HollymarkieImperial Geographic Society 1 point2 points (3 children)
Hmm, it seems to have a lot of faults, though. It lists the Nedes coming from Atmora, and it outright says that Khajiit and Orcs have no ties to the elves.
[–]CyclenophusMarukhati Selective 0 points1 point (2 children)
I'm not saying I disagree with you. I simply find it interesting that the fan community at large readily accepts the Aldmeri kinship of these two races while rejecting alternate theories. Skyrim certainly strengthened the Orsimer categorization, especially with the Septimus Signus quest, but Khajiit are still open to interpretation.
[–]HollymarkieImperial Geographic Society 0 points1 point (1 child)
Khajiit say so in their own origin myth. Besides, if they aren't linked, they need another origin, of mythic proportion (all mortals can trace their roots to a divine being). The argonians have the Hist that shaped and shapes them, but I do not see another explanation for Khajiit and Orsimer, other than what they themselves put forward in their origin myths.
[–]Mr_FlippersThe Mane 0 points1 point (0 children)
And for the Orcs, what the velothi saw happened to them.
[–]hoosierdaddy163Marukhati Selective 0 points1 point (4 children)
Plus even if Topal was right and did see "cat people", it's likely that these were the forest people already changed into Khajiit and therefore doesn't contradict the Azura idea. Topal probably just didn't realize what they were
[–]HollymarkieImperial Geographic Society 0 points1 point (3 children)
That sounds pretty believable actually.
Another possibility would be that the Altmer (or Aldmer) just refused to recognise the Elves that went away.
[–]hoosierdaddy163Marukhati Selective 0 points1 point (2 children)
That's a good idea too. Seems like the type of thing
|
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] |
dclm_baseline
| 2,393,891
| 1
|
[61,10,91,4833,72,13,220,17,16,13,362,1555,374,14764,15279,311,279,8024,13398,269,315,458,57397,8215(...TRUNCATED)
| "^+|]=i. 21. A line is drawn parallel to the axis-minor of an ellipse midway between a focus and the(...TRUNCATED)
| [[0,1],[1,2],[2,3],[3,5],[5,6],[6,7],[7,8],[8,9],[9,10],[10,11],[11,13],[13,18],[18,21],[21,27],[27,(...TRUNCATED)
|
common_corpus_culture
| 168,833
| 11
|
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