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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'metadata'})
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/jlwu002/sr1_dataset/data/musique/musique_test_all_retrieved.jsonl (at revision 79ebbfb07077198d2e6f882f9febc33f076cbbe1)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1831, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 714, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2272, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2218, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
id: string
question: string
golden_answers: list<item: string>
child 0, item: string
metadata: struct<answerable: bool, question_decomposition: list<item: struct<id: int64, question: string, answ (... 142 chars omitted)
child 0, answerable: bool
child 1, question_decomposition: list<item: struct<id: int64, question: string, answer: string, paragraph_support_idx: int64, support (... 92 chars omitted)
child 0, item: struct<id: int64, question: string, answer: string, paragraph_support_idx: int64, support_paragraph: (... 80 chars omitted)
child 0, id: int64
child 1, question: string
child 2, answer: string
child 3, paragraph_support_idx: int64
child 4, support_paragraph: struct<idx: int64, title: string, paragraph_text: string, is_supporting: bool>
child 0, idx: int64
child 1, title: string
child 2, paragraph_text: string
child 3, is_supporting: bool
context: list<item: struct<id: string, title: string, text: string>>
child 0, item: struct<id: string, title: string, text: string>
child 0, id: string
child 1, title: string
child 2, text: string
to
{'id': Value('string'), 'question': Value('string'), 'golden_answers': List(Value('string')), 'context': List({'id': Value('string'), 'title': Value('string'), 'text': Value('string')})}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1455, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1054, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 894, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 970, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1702, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1833, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 1 new columns ({'metadata'})
This happened while the json dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/jlwu002/sr1_dataset/data/musique/musique_test_all_retrieved.jsonl (at revision 79ebbfb07077198d2e6f882f9febc33f076cbbe1)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
id
string | question
string | golden_answers
list | context
list |
|---|---|---|---|
test_0
|
Who was president of the United States in the year that Citibank was founded?
|
[
"james madison"
] |
[
{
"id": "1767645",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "resulting in a net profit for the U.S. federal government. The City Bank of New York was founded on June 16, 1812. The first president of the City Bank was the statesman and retired Colonel, Samuel Osgood. In August 1813, with Osgood's death, William Few became President of the Bank, staying until 1817, followed by Peter Stagg (1817–1825), Thomas Smith (1825–1827), Isaac Wright (1827–1832), and Thomas Bloodgood (1832–1843). Ownership and management of the bank was taken over by Moses Taylor in 1837, a protégé of John Jacob Astor and one of the giants of the business world in the 19th"
},
{
"id": "1767650",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "Mechanics and Metals National, the Irving National, and National City Bank. Charles E. Mitchell, also called \"Sunshine\" Charlie Mitchell, was elected president in 1921. In 1929, he was made chairman, a position he held until 1933. Under Mitchell, the bank expanded rapidly and by 1930 had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. The policies pursued by the bank under Mitchell's leadership are seen by many people as one of the prime causes of the stock market crash of 1929, which led ultimately to the Great Depression. In 1933, a Senate committee, the Pecora Commission, investigated Mitchell for"
},
{
"id": "1767653",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \"South Pacific\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \"First National City Charge Service\" credit card—popularly known as the"
},
{
"id": "1767652",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "James Stillman Rockefeller was elected president and then chairman in 1959, serving until 1967. Stillman was a direct descendant of the Rockefeller family through the William Rockefeller (the brother of John D.) branch. In 1960, his second cousin, David Rockefeller, became president of Chase Manhattan Bank, National City's long-time New York rival for dominance in the banking industry in the United States. Following its merger with the First National Bank in 1955, the bank changed its name to The First National City Bank of New York, then shortened it to First National City Bank in 1962. It is also worth"
},
{
"id": "1767647",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "in New York (1853), underwriting the Union, during the American Civil War with $50 million in war bonds, opens the first foreign exchange department of any bank (1897), and received a $5 million deposit to be given to Spain for the US acquisition of the Philippines (1899). In 1865, the bank joined the national banking system of the United States under the National Bank Act and became The National City Bank of New York. By 1868, it was one of the largest banks in the United States, by 1893 it was the largest bank in New York, and following year"
},
{
"id": "1767646",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "century. During Taylor's ascendancy, the bank functioned largely as a treasury and finance center for Taylor's own extensive business empire. Later presidents of the bank included Gorham Worth (1843–1856), Moses Taylor himself (1856–1882), Taylor's son-in-law Patrick Pyne, and James Stillman (1891–1909). In 1831 City Bank was the site of one of America's first bank heists when two thieves made off with tens of thousands of dollars' worth of bank notes, and 398 gold doubloons. The bank also has the distinguishable history of financing war bonds for the war of 1812, serving as a founding member of the financial clearing house"
},
{
"id": "1663614",
"title": "Citigroup",
"text": "1976, under the leadership of CEO Walter B. Wriston, First National City Bank (and its holding company First National City Corporation) was renamed as Citibank, N.A. (and Citicorp, respectively). Shortly afterward, the bank launched the Citicard, which pioneered the use of 24-hour ATMs. John S. Reed was elected CEO in 1984, and Citi became a founding member of the CHAPS clearing house in London. Under his leadership, the next 14 years would see Citibank become the largest bank in the United States and the largest issuer of credit cards and charge cards in the world, and expand its global reach"
},
{
"id": "1767657",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "joined Master Charge (now MasterCard). Citibank unsuccessfully tried again from 1977 to 1987 to create a separate credit card brand, the Choice Card. John S. Reed was selected CEO in 1984, and Citi became a founding member of the CHAPS clearing house in London. Under his leadership, the next 14 years would see Citibank become the largest bank in the United States, the largest issuer of credit cards and charge cards in the world, and expand its global reach to over 90 countries. As the bank's expansion continued, the Narre Warren-Caroline Springs credit card company was purchased in 1981. In"
},
{
"id": "1663611",
"title": "Citigroup",
"text": "Brothers in 1910. City Bank of New York was chartered by New York State on June 16, 1812, with $2 million of capital. Serving a group of New York merchants, the bank opened for business on September 14 of that year, and Samuel Osgood was elected as the first President of the company. The company's name was changed to The National City Bank of New York in 1865 after it joined the new U.S. national banking system, and it became the largest American bank by 1895. It became the first contributor to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in"
},
{
"id": "1767651",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "his part in tens of millions of dollars in losses, excessive pay, and tax avoidance, later leading to his resignation. Senator Carter Glass said of him: \"Mitchell, more than any 50 men, is responsible for this stock crash.\" On December 24, 1927, its headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina, were blown-up by the Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, in the frame of the international campaign supporting Sacco and Vanzetti. In 1940 and 1941, branches in Germany and Japan closed. In 1945, the bank handled $5.6 billion in Treasury securities for War and Victory Loan drives for the U.S. government. In 1952,"
},
{
"id": "10771001",
"title": "Charles E. Mitchell",
"text": "became assistant to its president. After three years, he left the firm and moved to New York City, where he became assistant to the president of The Trust Company of America. Between 1911 and 1916, he ran his own investment house, C. E. Mitchell & Company. In 1916, he became vice-president of National City Company, which he reorganized into a private investment banking firm. Shortly after, he relocated to Tuxedo Park, New York. Nicknamed \"Sunshine Charley\", Mitchell was elected president of National City Bank (now Citibank) in 1921 and, in 1929, was appointed chairman. Also in 1921, he was elected"
},
{
"id": "5298489",
"title": "William R. Rhodes",
"text": "named Senior Vice President of Latin America and the Caribbean based in the New York Office, and then became Senior Corporate Officer and a member of the banks policy committee for Latin America and Africa in 1980. In 1984 Rhodes was named Chairman of Citibank Restructuring Committee where he began to gain a reputation for international financial diplomacy as a result of his leadership in helping manage the external-debt crises that involved developing nations and their creditors worldwide. During that period he headed the advisory committees of international banks that negotiated debt-restructuring agreements for Argentina, Brazil, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru,"
},
{
"id": "10027449",
"title": "Warren Randolph Burgess",
"text": "and the Money Markets.\"\" In 1938, he joined National City Bank of New York (now known as Citibank) becoming vice chairman of the board of directors; later becoming chairman of the Bank's executive committee. He was elected President of the American Bankers Association and served in that role until 1945, when he was succeeded by Frank C. Rathje. In 1930, he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. In 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Burgess deputy to the United States Secretary of the Treasury George M. Humphrey and Burgess settled in Washington. The following year in 1954,"
},
{
"id": "11090733",
"title": "Frank A. Vanderlip",
"text": "Frank A. Vanderlip Frank Arthur Vanderlip Sr. (November 17, 1864 – June 30, 1937) was an American banker and journalist. He was president of the National City Bank of New York (now Citibank) from 1909 to 1919, and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury from 1897 to 1901. Vanderlip is known for his part in founding the Federal Reserve System and for founding the first Montessori school in the United States, the Scarborough School and the group of communities in Palos Verdes, California. Born in rural Illinois, Vanderlip worked in farms and factories until beginning a career in journalism in 1885."
},
{
"id": "11090744",
"title": "Frank A. Vanderlip",
"text": "study in the bank. He also worked to open up friendly business and personal relations with Japan in the 1920s. Frank A. Vanderlip Frank Arthur Vanderlip Sr. (November 17, 1864 – June 30, 1937) was an American banker and journalist. He was president of the National City Bank of New York (now Citibank) from 1909 to 1919, and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury from 1897 to 1901. Vanderlip is known for his part in founding the Federal Reserve System and for founding the first Montessori school in the United States, the Scarborough School and the group of communities in Palos"
},
{
"id": "9878569",
"title": "Dennis P. Lockhart",
"text": "Dennis P. Lockhart Dennis P. Lockhart (born February 1, 1947) is an American. He was the 14th President and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, serving from March 1, 2007, through February 28, 2017. Lockhart earned a B.A. in political science and economics from Stanford University in 1968 and an M.A. in international economics and U.S. foreign policy from Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies in 1971. He served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve from 1968 to 1974. Lockhart held various positions, both domestic and international, with Citicorp/Citibank (now Citigroup) between 1971"
},
{
"id": "10516989",
"title": "The Bank of New York Mellon",
"text": "silver. When the bank opened on June 9, 1784, the full $500,000 had not been raised; 723 shares had been sold, held by 192 people. Aaron Burr had three of them, and Hamilton had one and a half shares. The first president was Alexander McDougall and the Cashier was William Seton. Its first offices were in the old Walton Mansion in New York City. In 1787, it moved to a site on Hanover Square that the New York Cotton Exchange later moved into. The bank provided the United States government its first loan in 1789. The loan was orchestrated by"
},
{
"id": "8099566",
"title": "Bank of United States",
"text": "Bank of United States The Bank of United States, founded by Joseph S. Marcus in 1913 at 77 Delancey Street in New York City, was a New York City bank that failed in 1931. The bank run on its Bronx branch is said to have started the collapse of banking during the Great Depression. The Bank of United States was chartered on June 23, 1913 with a capital of $10 and a surplus of $50,000. The bank was founded by Joseph S. Marcus, a former president of the Public Bank, also of Delancey Street. Marcus, who was responsible for the"
},
{
"id": "1663612",
"title": "Citigroup",
"text": "1913, and the following year it inaugurated the first overseas branch of a U.S. bank in Buenos Aires, although the bank had, since the mid-19th century, been active in plantation economies, such as the Cuban sugar industry. The 1918 purchase of U.S. overseas bank International Banking Corporation helped it become the first American bank to surpass $1 billion in assets, and it became the largest commercial bank in the world in 1929. As it grew, the bank became a leading innovator in financial services, becoming the first major U.S. bank to offer compound interest on savings (1921); unsecured personal loans"
},
{
"id": "5298488",
"title": "William R. Rhodes",
"text": "Assistant Manager for Citibank in Caracas, Venezuela. In 1966 Rhodes became Assistant Manager in Jamaica and then Manager and Country Head for Citibank Jamaica in 1969. Throughout the 1970s, Rhodes continued to rise quickly within the Citi ranks being named Resident Vice President and Area Head for the Eastern Caribbean region in 1970, and then in 1971 he became Resident Vice President and subsequently Vice President for Venezuela and the Netherlands Antilles. In 1976 he was named Senior Vice President in charge of banking operations for Citi for the entire Caribbean and Northern South American regions. In 1977 Rhodes was"
},
{
"id": "659446",
"title": "Bank of North America",
"text": "institution. After a change of party in Pennsylvania's legislature in 1786 the Bank of North America was re-chartered within the Commonwealth in 1787, but under more restrictive conditions that would hinder it from performing its intended role as a central bank. Thomas Willing was appointed its first president on November 2, 1781 (starting when operations began on January 7, 1782) until he was appointed to the First Bank of the United States as one of its original three commissioners on March 19, 1791 (before his later election as its first president on October 25, 1791). John Nixon was the first"
},
{
"id": "1767648",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "it was the largest within the United States. In later years it would help finance the Panama Canal (1904) and Stillman, then the bank's chairman, would intervene, along with J. P. Morgan and George Fisher Baker, in the Panic of 1907. When the Federal Reserve Act allowed it, National City Bank became the first U.S. national bank to open an overseas banking office when it opened a branch in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1914. Many of Citi's present international offices are older; offices in London, Shanghai, Calcutta, and elsewhere were opened in 1901 and 1902 by the International Banking Corporation"
},
{
"id": "1767649",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "(IBC), a company chartered to conduct banking business outside the U.S., which was forbidden to U.S. national banks. In 1918, IBC became a wholly owned subsidiary and was subsequently merged into the bank. The same year, the bank evacuated all of its employees from Moscow and Petrograd as the Russian Civil War had begun, but also established a branch in Puerto Rico. By 1919, the bank had become the first U.S. bank to have $1 billion in assets. As of March 9, 1921, there were four national banks in New York City operating branch offices: Catham and Phoenix National, the"
},
{
"id": "2153934",
"title": "James Stillman Rockefeller",
"text": "He retired as chairman in 1967. During his tenure, the bank merged with the smaller First National Bank and took the name The First National City Bank of New York. Under each of his successors, the bank's name has changed: George S. Moore shortened it to \"First National City Bank\" and formed a holding company, First National City Corp.; under Walter B. Wriston these became \"Citibank\" and \"Citicorp\"; under John Reed the firm merged with Travelers Group to become Citigroup. During World War II, Rockefeller served in the Airborne Command. On April 15, 1925, he married Nancy Carnegie (d. 1994),"
},
{
"id": "8099571",
"title": "Bank of United States",
"text": "on November 24, 1930, announced that they had agreed to form a mega-bank headed by J. Herbert Case, the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. On 8 December 1930, unable to agree on merger terms, the plan was dropped, because, it later emerged, of difficulties in guaranteeing the deposits of Bank of United States, because of complications arising from the legal difficulties of the bank, and because of real estate mortgages and loans held by subsidiaries of the bank. Two days later, there was a run on a Bronx branch of the bank. On December 10, 1930,"
},
{
"id": "11090738",
"title": "Frank A. Vanderlip",
"text": "on July 14, 1898. Vanderlip's success brought him to the attention of James J. Stillman, president of the National City Bank of New York, then the country's largest bank. Vanderlip became vice president in 1902, and was president from 1909 until 1919. When the stock market and the financial system collapsed in the Panic of 1907, Vanderlip worked closely with other stable bankers, led by J. P. Morgan, to stop the depositors' run on banks that was leading to economic disaster. The experience had a deep effect on the thinking of Vanderlip and others who were involved. In November 1910,"
},
{
"id": "1767654",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "\"Everything Card\"—in 1967. In 1967, Walter B. Wriston became chairman and chief executive officer of the bank. In 1968, Citicorp was set-up as a holding company and in 1976, First National City Bank was renamed Citibank, N.A. The name change also helped to avoid confusion in Ohio with Cleveland-based National City Corp., though the banks never had any significant overlapping areas except for Citi credit cards issued in National City territory. In addition, at the time of the name change to Citicorp, in 1998, National City of Ohio was mostly a Cleveland-area bank and had not gone on its acquisition"
},
{
"id": "3296099",
"title": "Panic of 1907",
"text": "run. Its failure, however, triggered runs on even healthy trusts, prompting Morgan to take charge of the rescue operation. On the afternoon of Tuesday, October 22, the president of the Trust Company of America asked Morgan for assistance. That evening Morgan conferred with George F. Baker, the president of First National Bank, James Stillman of the National City Bank of New York (the ancestor of Citibank), and the United States Secretary of the Treasury, George B. Cortelyou. Cortelyou said that he was ready to deposit government money in the banks to help shore up their deposits. After an overnight audit"
},
{
"id": "5720958",
"title": "Walter Wriston",
"text": "declined the offers because these were not made to him personally by the then-President. Wriston also would have had to take a substantial pay cut had he accepted the government position. In 1987, the Manhattan Institute of Policy Research initiated a lecture series in honor of Wriston, and in 2004 the Idea Channel organized a seven-part series of interviews with him as well. Walter Wriston Walter Bigelow Wriston (August 3, 1919 – January 19, 2005) was a banker and former chairman and CEO of Citicorp. As chief executive of Citibank / Citicorp (later Citigroup) from 1967 to 1984, Wriston was"
},
{
"id": "2826769",
"title": "Barack Obama",
"text": "1998, with Citibank Federal Savings Bank agreeing to pay attorney fees. His law license became inactive in 2007. From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago—which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project—and of the Joyce Foundation. He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999. Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding Democratic State Senator Alice Palmer from Illinois's 13th"
},
{
"id": "14151273",
"title": "Daniel McCormick (banker)",
"text": "York merchants on February 23, 1784; it was the first bank created in the independent United States, and its prime organizer, and author of its constitution, was Alexander Hamilton. The board of directors was elected on March 15, and included McCormick, Hamilton, Samuel Franklin, Isaac Roosevelt, and John Vanderbilt. When the Bank of New York was incorporated in 1791, a total of 723 shares worth $500 each were issued. With 15 shares, McCormick was one of the five biggest shareholders. Aaron Burr owned three shares and Alexander Hamilton owned one and a half shares. In 1792, the bank's stock became"
},
{
"id": "4614827",
"title": "George Fisher Baker",
"text": "Club, having been elected in 1895. He married Florence Tucker Baker (daughter of Benjamin Franklin Baker and Sophronia J. Whitney) in 1869, and was the father of: In 1863, Baker, along with his mentor, John Thompson, and Thompson's sons Frederick Ferris Thompson and Samuel C. Thompson, co-founded the First National Bank of the City of New York. The first national bank to be chartered in New York City under the National Currency Act of 1863, it became a forerunner of today's Citibank N.A. At age 37, Baker became First National's President on September 1, 1877. His 20,000 shares were worth"
},
{
"id": "12941610",
"title": "William Gage Brady Jr.",
"text": "October 9, 1966 at Memorial Mission Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina. William Gage Brady Jr. William Gage Brady Jr. (December 20, 1887 – October 9, 1966) was a chairman of the National City Bank of New York, a predecessor of Citibank. Brady was born in New York City on December 20, 1887 to William Gage Brady Sr. (1856–1917). He attended Trinity School and received a B.A. in 1908 from Columbia University. He married Marion N. Kennedy. He worked at Bankers Trust until 1914. He then went to work at National City Bank. He was in charge of domestic operations in"
},
{
"id": "1767642",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "Citibank Citibank is the consumer division of financial services multinational Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the \"City Bank of New York\", and later became \"First National City Bank of New York\". Citibank provides credit cards, mortgages, personal loans, commercial loans, and lines of credit. The bank has 2,649 branches in 19 countries, including 723 branches in the United States and 1,494 branches in Mexico. The U.S. branches are concentrated in six metropolitan areas: New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., and Miami. In 2016, the United States accounted for 70% of revenue and Mexico accounted"
},
{
"id": "3342875",
"title": "Samuel Osgood",
"text": "elected the first president of the newly formed City Bank of New York, which later became Citibank, predecessor of today's Citigroup. John Osgood came to Massachusetts from Andover in England in 1638. In 1646 he started a new settlement there and named it Andover for his home town. Four generations later, Captain Peter Osgood lived there and in 1748 he had a third son whom he named Samuel. Samuel attended Dummer Academy (now The Governor's Academy), and then Harvard College, where he studied theology and graduated in 1770. Later, he returned to Andover to follow a mercantile career. He joined"
},
{
"id": "9985271",
"title": "Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy",
"text": "Roosevelt. He left the firm in 1947 to serve as president of the World Bank, and was appointed by President Harry S. Truman as High Commissioner of Germany in 1949. In 1952, he returned to the private sector and served as chair of the Chase National Bank, which under his leadership became the Chase Manhattan Bank in 1955. During this period, he also served as chair of the Ford Foundation. He returned to Milbank in 1961, but was almost immediately appointed by President John F. Kennedy as his Special Assistant on Disarmament. McCloy also served as a member of the"
},
{
"id": "1767661",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "the Texas market with the purchase of First American Bank of Bryan, Texas. The deal established Citi's retail banking presence in Texas, giving Citibank over 100 branches, $3.5 billion in assets and approximately 120,000 customers in the state. In 2006, Citibank entered the Philadelphia market, opening 23 branches in the metropolitan area. In 2013, Citibank closed these locations for \"efficiency-driven\" reasons. In 2006, the company announced a naming rights sponsorship deal for the new stadium of New York Mets, Citi Field, which opened in 2009. The deal reportedly required payments by Citi of $20 million per year for 20 years."
},
{
"id": "20800900",
"title": "William Hooper (Ohio)",
"text": "1862 after the war caused the cutoff of sugar, molasses and other supplies from the South. In 1866 he became president of the Central National Bank of Cincinnati, founded in 1864, and later he was a director of the First National Bank of Cincinnati, of which his former partner L. B. Harrison was president for 32 years. Active in civic affairs, he served as president of the Cincinnati school board and as a trustee of Cincinnati College. At the start of the war he was a member of Cincinnati's defense committee, and took an active role in the construction of"
},
{
"id": "11699454",
"title": "Robert C. Pruyn",
"text": "President Daniel Manning as United States Secretary of the Treasury, Pruyn was named the bank's President. His secretaries included Charles E. Adams and Frederick Baldwin Adams. Pruyn and his staff became some of the more successful investors of the early twentieth century. He held board memberships on eight major American companies and banks, and was also a member of various civic organizations. He also established the 13,000 acre (53 km²) Santanoni Preserve in the Adirondack Mountains upstate of New York, which is today a state park and National Historic Landmark. He was married to Anna Williams of Albany, and had"
},
{
"id": "5298491",
"title": "William R. Rhodes",
"text": "worldwide. In May 1999, Rhodes was appointed as Senior Vice Chairman of Citigroup, Inc., a position that he held until his retirement in 2010. In March 2003, he became Chairman and later added responsibility and title of President of Citicorp, and Citibank, N.A., positions that he held until 2009. Mr. Rhodes announced his formal retirement from Citigroup on April 30, 2010 after more than 53 years. Post his retirement in 2010, Rhodes continued to serve as senior advisor to Citi from 2010 through 2017. Rhodes served as the President of Chipco Inc. (part of the New York Clearing House), President"
},
{
"id": "1767655",
"title": "Citibank",
"text": "spree that would occur in the 1990s and 2000s. Any possible name confusion had Citi not changed its name from National City eventually became completely moot when PNC Financial Services acquired National City in 2008 during the subprime mortgage crisis. In 1987, the bank set aside $3 billion in reserves for loan losses in Brazil and other developing countries. In 1990, the bank established a subsidiary in Poland. In 1994, it became the world's biggest card issuer. Shortly afterward, the bank launched the Citicard, which allowed customers to perform all transactions without a passbook. Branches also had terminals with simple"
},
{
"id": "3769604",
"title": "Citigroup Center",
"text": "Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church which, was founded in 1862 (as the Deutsche Evangelische Lutherische Sanct Petri-Kirche). The original church building was sold and demolished to construct the Grand Central Terminal in 1903. In 1905, the church moved to the location of 54th Street and Lexington Avenue, where it remained until the building was purchased by First National City Bank (later known as Citibank) in 1970. The tower was ultimately built Due to a design oversight and changes during construction, the building as initially completed was structurally unsound. For his original design, LeMessurier calculated wind load on the building when wind"
},
{
"id": "20721465",
"title": "Alexander Stewart Webb (banker)",
"text": "vice-president in 1904 (Otto T. Bannard served as president). The New York Trust Company was a large trust and wholesale-banking business that eventually into Chemical Bank (today known as JPMorgan Chase), following the Panic of 1907. In 1908, he returned to Lincoln National Bank as president, and served there until it was absorbed by the Mechanics and Metals National Bank. Beginning in 1922, he was vice-president of the Mechanics and Metals National Bank during which time it held a small ownership position in the Bank of Central and South America. The Bank was consolidated with Chase National Bank in 1926."
},
{
"id": "12658731",
"title": "Allan Sproul",
"text": "Bank of New York as an assistant deputy governor and secretary, and six years later, when official titles changed, he was appointed first vice president. As one of the leading central bankers in United States history, Sproul made major contributions in solving monetary problems. He was named vice chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee (the System’s top monetary policymaking unit) when the New York Fed was given permanent representation on that committee in 1942. In 1956, he resigned from the New York Fed and returned to California to serve as a director of Wells Fargo Bank. He was appointed"
},
{
"id": "12941609",
"title": "William Gage Brady Jr.",
"text": "William Gage Brady Jr. William Gage Brady Jr. (December 20, 1887 – October 9, 1966) was a chairman of the National City Bank of New York, a predecessor of Citibank. Brady was born in New York City on December 20, 1887 to William Gage Brady Sr. (1856–1917). He attended Trinity School and received a B.A. in 1908 from Columbia University. He married Marion N. Kennedy. He worked at Bankers Trust until 1914. He then went to work at National City Bank. He was in charge of domestic operations in 1938, president in 1940, and chairman in 1948. He died on"
},
{
"id": "8637336",
"title": "William Frederick Havemeyer",
"text": "of the Merchants' Exchange Bank. When he took leave from New York's political scene, Havemeyer returned to business as a banker. In 1851 he was voted president of the Bank of North America which he successfully led through the panic of 1857 and left in 1861. In 1857 he also became president of the New York Savings Bank when that institution was in great danger of suspension, leaving it also in 1861 after it was placed upon a secure foundation. He also became a large stockholder of the Pennsylvania Coal Company and Long Island Rail Road among insurance and other"
},
{
"id": "659409",
"title": "Second Bank of the United States",
"text": "bank was in general disrepute among most Americans when Nicholas Biddle, the third and last president of the bank, was appointed by President James Monroe in 1823. Under Biddle's guidance, the BUS evolved into a powerful banking institution that produced a strong and sound system of national credit and currency. From 1823 to 1833, Biddle expanded credit steadily, but with restraint, in a manner that served the needs of the expanding American economy. Albert Gallatin, former Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, wrote in 1831 that the BUS was fulfilling its charter expectations. By the time"
},
{
"id": "11634631",
"title": "Isaac Roosevelt (politician)",
"text": "one of the first members of the New York City Chamber of Commerce, organized in 1768, and he was one of the original incorporators of the first public hospital in New York in 1770. In 1784, he was a cofounder of the Bank of New York, one of the oldest banks in America. In 1786, he succeeded fellow founder Alexander Hamilton to became the bank's second president, a post he held until 1791. Roosevelt was succeeded by Gulian Verplanck, Speaker of the New York State Assembly. A noted patriot, he was elected to the New York Provincial Congress on April"
},
{
"id": "6376466",
"title": "Henry Pomeroy Davison",
"text": "he was employed by the Astor Place Bank, and sometime later became president of the Liberty National Bank. Several years later he was involved in the founding and formation of the Bankers Trust Company. In 1909 he became a senior partner at JP Morgan & Company, and in 1910 he was a participant in the secretive meeting on Jekyll Island, Georgia that laid the foundation for the creation of the Federal Reserve system in 1913. With the entry of the United States in World War I in 1917, Davison was named Chairman of the War Council of the American Red"
},
{
"id": "8787530",
"title": "Moses Taylor",
"text": "25 millionaires. When the Panic of 1837 allowed Astor to take over what was then City Bank of New York (Citibank), he named Moses Taylor as director. Moses himself had doubled his fortune during the panic, and brought his growing financial connections to the bank. He acquired equity in the bank and in 1855 became its president, operating it largely in support of his and his associates' businesses and investments. In the 1850s Moses invested in iron and coal, and began purchasing interest in the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western railroad. When the Panic of 1857 brought the railroad to the"
}
] |
test_1
|
What rocket was the first spacecraft that ever approached Uranus launched on?
|
[
"Titan IIIE"
] |
[
{
"id": "492010",
"title": "Pioneer 10",
"text": "the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely. \"Pioneer 10\" crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date. After March 31,"
},
{
"id": "840228",
"title": "Centaur (rocket stage)",
"text": "visited Uranus and Neptune. \"Voyager 1\" is the first spacecraft to have entered interstellar space. While the Titan-Centaur that launched \"Voyager 2\" performed flawlessly, the Titan booster used to launch \"Voyager 1\" had a hardware problem that caused a premature shutdown. The Centaur stage detected and successfully compensated for this problem, although Centaur ended its burn with less than 4 seconds of fuel remaining. This was the final launch of the Titan IIIE-Centaur. With the introduction of the Space Shuttle, NASA and the Air Force needed an upper stage to boost shuttle payloads out of low Earth orbit. The Centaur-G"
},
{
"id": "11932202",
"title": "Universal Rocket",
"text": "with the throw-weight necessary to deliver the 50-100 megaton Tsar Bomba warhead. Under pressure from Khrushchev, the UR-500 was reworked as a space launcher, and eventually renamed the Proton, the latest version of which is still in service as of 2018. The UR-700 was Vladimir Chelomei's heavy-lift entry for the Soviet moonshot. It was meant to carry cosmonauts to the Moon on a direct ascent mission in the LK-1 lunar craft. Sergei Korolev's N1 booster and Soyuz 7K-L3 / LK Lander were chosen instead for the mission, and it never left the drawing board. Superficially, the UR-700 was of the"
},
{
"id": "840227",
"title": "Centaur (rocket stage)",
"text": "the record for the highest speed of any spacecraft, with a heliocentric velocity of at its closest approach to the Sun. The Titan-Centaur's next two launches were the \"Voyager 1\" and \"Voyager 2\" spacecraft. \"Voyager 1\" visited Jupiter and Saturn. \"Voyager 2\" completed the \"Grand Tour\" of the outer planets by visiting Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. A once-in-175-years alignment of those planets allowed gravitational assists to boost the probe from one planet to the next. \"Voyager 2\" was launched on August 20, 1977, followed 16 days later by \"Voyager 1\". \"Voyager 2\" is still the only spacecraft to have"
},
{
"id": "9932455",
"title": "Space probe",
"text": "far layers of our heliosphere, thus concluding the craft had broken beyond the heliopause. Voyager 2 was launched by NASA on August 20, 1977. The probe's primary mission was to visit the ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, which it completed on October 2, 1989. It is currently the only probe to have visited the ice giants. It is the fourth of five spacecraft to have left the solar system. It has been operational for 41 years and 2 months as of October 20, 2018. Cassini–Huygens was a 5,712kg (12,593lb) space probe designed to study gas giant Saturn, along with its"
},
{
"id": "11311184",
"title": "Raymond Heacock",
"text": "flight experiments carried aboard them have yielded startling new information on Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. Heacock was a leader in the design, development and flight operations of these craft as well as of their scientific instruments complement. As Spacecraft System Manager, Deputy Project Manager, and Project Manager he contributed personally to the development of various advanced design features leading to the Project's outstanding success. NASA's two robot spacecraft, \"Voyager 1\" and \"Voyager 2\", were launched in the Summer of 1977 on their journeys to Jupiter of more than 625 million miles. A fitting tribute to the efforts and ingenuity of"
},
{
"id": "864913",
"title": "Luna E-6 No.2",
"text": "4 January 1963, atop a Molniya-L 8K78L carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The lower stages of the rocket performed nominally, delivering the upper stage and payload into low Earth orbit, however a transformer in the upper stage malfunctioned, which resulted in its ullage motors failing to ignite when the stage began its start-up sequence, sixty six minutes after launch. It remained in low Earth orbit until it decayed on 11 January 1963. It was the first spacecraft to be launched in 1963, and consequently the first to be assigned an International Designator, under the new"
},
{
"id": "862806",
"title": "Tyazhely Sputnik",
"text": "a separate spacecraft, from which the probe was \"launched\", on several subsequent missions. Tyazhely Sputnik was launched at 01:18:03 UTC on 4 February 1961, atop a Molniya 8K78 carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. When the upper stage ignited, cavitation in the liquid oxygen flowing through the oxidiser pump caused the pump to fail, resulting in an engine failure eight-tenths of a second after ignition. It reentered the atmosphere over Siberia on 26 February 1961. According to the memoirs of Boris Chertok, \"...A pendant shaped like a small globe with the continents etched on it was"
},
{
"id": "491982",
"title": "Pioneer 10",
"text": "the antenna. Its electric power was supplied by four radioisotope thermoelectric generators that provided a combined 155 watts at launch. It was launched on March 2, 1972, by an Atlas-Centaur expendable vehicle from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Between July 15, 1972, and February 15, 1973, it became the first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt. Photography of Jupiter began November 6, 1973, at a range of , and a total of about 500 images were transmitted. The closest approach to the planet was on December 4, 1973, at a range of . During the mission, the on-board instruments were used to"
},
{
"id": "1884496",
"title": "TRW Inc.",
"text": "programs. Space Technology Laboratories (STL), then a division of Ramo-Wooldridge Corp., designed and produced the identical payloads for Pioneer 0, 1 and 2. These were intended to orbit and photograph the Moon, but launch vehicle problems prevented this. NASA launched Pioneer 1 as its first spacecraft on October 11, 1958. It set a distance record from Earth, and provided data on the extent of Earth's radiation belts. Pioneer 10 and 11 were nearly identical spacecraft, designed and fabricated by TRW Systems Group. They were optimized for ruggedness since they were the first man-made objects to pass through the asteroid belt"
},
{
"id": "19228477",
"title": "Vanguard TV0",
"text": "orbit, but could reach a height of 88 km (55 mi) on long range trajectory and up to 206 km (128 mi) if launched vertically. Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to put into orbit an unmanned satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergey Korolyov in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth"
},
{
"id": "14308937",
"title": "Exploration of Io",
"text": "Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It would allow a single spacecraft to travel past the asteroid belt and onto each of the outer planets, including Jupiter, if the mission was launched in 1976 or 1977. However, there was uncertainty over whether a spacecraft could survive passage through the asteroid belt, where micrometeoroids could cause it physical damage, or the intense Jovian magnetosphere, where charged particles could harm sensitive electronics. To resolve these questions before sending the more ambitious Voyager missions, NASA and the Ames Research Center launched a pair of twin probes, \"Pioneer 10\" and \"Pioneer 11\" on March 3, 1972 and"
},
{
"id": "10105551",
"title": "Exploration of Uranus",
"text": "to send an atmospheric entry probe to Uranus. In 2015 NASA announced it had begun a feasibility study into the possibility of orbital missions to Uranus and Neptune, within a budget of $2 billion in 2015 dollars. According to NASA’s planetary science director Jim Green, who initiated the study, such missions would launch in the late 2020s at the earliest, and would be contingent upon their endorsement by the planetary science community, as well as NASA’s ability to provide nuclear power sources for the spacecraft. Conceptual designs for such a mission are currently being analyzed. MUSE, conceived in 2012 and"
},
{
"id": "859165",
"title": "Luna 1",
"text": "first instance of radio communication at the half-million-kilometer distance. A malfunction in the ground-based control system caused an error in the rocket's burntime, and the spacecraft missed the target and flew by the Moon at a distance of 5,900 km at the closest point. \"Luna 1\" then became the first man-made object to reach heliocentric orbit and was then dubbed a \"new planet\" and renamed \"Mechta\" (\"Dream\"). \"Luna 1\" was also referred to as the \"First Cosmic Rocket\", in reference to its achievement of escape velocity. \"Luna 1\" contained radio equipment including a tracking transmitter and telemetry system, and five"
},
{
"id": "14308938",
"title": "Exploration of Io",
"text": "April 6, 1973, respectively, on the first unmanned mission to the outer Solar System. \"Pioneer 10\" became the first spacecraft to reach the Jupiter system on December 3, 1973. It passed within of Io. During \"Pioneer 10's\" fly-by of Io, the spacecraft performed a radio occultation experiment by transmitting an S-band signal as Io passed between it and Earth. A slight attenuation of the signal before and after the occultation showed that Io had an ionosphere, suggesting the presence of a thin atmosphere with a pressure of 1.0 bar, though the composition was not determined. This was the second atmosphere"
},
{
"id": "386517",
"title": "Space exploration",
"text": "meteoroid. \"Sputnik 1\" was launched by an R-7 rocket. It burned up upon re-entry on 3 January 1958. The second one was \"Sputnik 2\". Launched by the USSR on November 3, 1957, it carried the dog Laika, who became the first animal in orbit. This success led to an escalation of the American space program, which unsuccessfully attempted to launch a Vanguard satellite into orbit two months later. On 31 January 1958, the U.S. successfully orbited \"Explorer 1\" on a Juno rocket. The first successful human spaceflight was \"Vostok 1\" (\"East 1\"), carrying 27-year-old Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on 12"
},
{
"id": "12469668",
"title": "Discovery and exploration of the Solar System",
"text": "1979 and Saturn in 1980 – 1981. \"Voyager 2\" then went on to make close approaches to Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. The \"Voyager\" probes are now far beyond Neptune's orbit, and are on course to find and study the termination shock, heliosheath, and heliopause. According to NASA, both \"Voyager\" probes have encountered the termination shock at a distance of approximately 93 AU from the Sun. The first flyby of a comet occurred in 1985, when the \"International Cometary Explorer\" (ICE) passed by the comet Giacobini–Zinner, whereas the first flybys of asteroids were conducted by the \"Galileo\" space"
},
{
"id": "19230214",
"title": "Vanguard TV1",
"text": "launched vertically. Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to put into orbit an unmanned satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergey Korolyov in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit. The USA responded by launching the Vanguard rocket, that was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use"
},
{
"id": "3794082",
"title": "Pale Blue Dot",
"text": "camera around and take one last photograph of Earth across a great expanse of space, at the request of astronomer and author Carl Sagan. In September 1977, NASA launched \"Voyager 1\", a robotic spacecraft on a mission to study the outer Solar System and eventually interstellar space. After the encounter with the Jovian system in 1979 and the Saturnian system in 1980, the primary mission was declared complete in November of the same year. \"Voyager 1\" was the first space probe to provide detailed images of the two largest planets and their major moons. The spacecraft, still travelling at ,"
},
{
"id": "11960760",
"title": "Suborbital spaceflight in 2008",
"text": "2008. The mission was conducted by NASA for Johns Hopkins University, and reached an apogee of 315 kilometres. It was declared a success. On 17 January, the Israeli Air Force was reported to have successfully launched the first Jericho-3 missile from Palmachim, on a test flight. SCIFER-2 (Sounding of the Cusp Ion Fountain Energization Region-2) was an American ionospheric and auroral research mission, launched from the Andøya Rocket Range in Norway. It was conducted by NASA using Black Brant XII 40.021. Research was conducted by Cornell University with Professor Paul Kintner as Principal Investigator, the Lynch Rocket Laboratory at Dartmouth"
},
{
"id": "3244150",
"title": "Nova (rocket)",
"text": "Saturn (\"the one after Jupiter\"). Over the next two years the competing NASA and Air Force studies continued, but immediately following President John F. Kennedy's call to reach the moon before the end of the decade, NASA was given the mission and work on Lunex ended. Originally, NASA had designed Nova for the \"direct ascent\" mission profile, in which a single large spacecraft would be placed in earth orbit. Von Braun favoured a profile that built up the spacecraft in Earth orbit, which reduced the launch mass needed for any one launch. However, as studies into the spacecraft needed for"
},
{
"id": "336735",
"title": "Pioneer 11",
"text": "probe, \"Pioneer 10\", had launched a year earlier on March 3, 1972. \"Pioneer 11\" was launched on a trajectory directly aimed at Jupiter without any prior gravitational assists. In May 1974, Pioneer was retargeted to fly past Jupiter on a north-south trajectory enabling a Saturn flyby in 1979. The maneuver used 17 pounds of propellant, lasted 42 minutes and 36 seconds and increased Pioneer 11's speed by 230 km/h. It also made two mid-course corrections, on April 11, 1973 and November 7, 1974. \"Pioneer 11\" flew past Jupiter in November and December 1974. During its closest approach, on December 2,"
},
{
"id": "3243799",
"title": "PGM-19 Jupiter",
"text": "version of the Jupiter reentry vehicle. The bare Jupiter-C flew for the first time on 20 September 1956, flying further and faster than any previous rocket. The complete system with a dummy reentry vehicle flew twice in 1957, the first on 15 May and the second on 8 August. The second of these tests also used a new three-stage upper that had been designed for the Juno I rocket, a further expansion of the Jupiter-C intended for future space launches. It was a Juno I that launched the US's first satellite, Explorer I, on 31 January 1958. In 1954 Test"
},
{
"id": "3635844",
"title": "Helios (spacecraft)",
"text": "Helios (spacecraft) Helios-A and Helios-B (also known as and ) are a pair of probes launched into heliocentric orbit for the purpose of studying solar processes. A joint venture of West Germany's space agency DFVLR (70 percent share) and NASA (30 percent), the probes were launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, on December10, 1974, and January15, 1976, respectively. Built by the main contractor Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm, they were the first spaceprobes built outside both the United States and the Soviet Union to leave Earth orbit. The probes set a maximum speed record for spacecraft of . \"Helios-B\" flew closer to"
},
{
"id": "1510513",
"title": "R-7 Semyorka",
"text": "launches, the 8K71 formed the basis of the 8K72 booster used for the first generation Luna probes. However, six out of nine Luna probes launched on the 8K72 failed. Combined with the failed Sputnik launch on 27 April 1958, this brought the booster's total space launch record to 6 successes in 13 attempts. The improved 8K74 would then form the basis for the later Vostok and Molniya boosters, greatly increasing reliability. The first strategic-missile unit became operational on 9 February 1959 at Plesetsk in north-west Russia. On 15 December 1959 the R-7 missile was tested at Plesetsk for the first"
},
{
"id": "3635855",
"title": "Helios (spacecraft)",
"text": "65 days. This was a very large memory for space probes of the time. Both \"Helios\" probes had ten scientific instruments: \"Helios-A\" was launched on December 10, 1974, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 41 in Cape Canaveral, Florida. This was the first operational flight of the Titan IIIE rocket. The rocket's test flight had failed when the engine on the upper Centaur stage did not light, but the launch of \"Helios-A\" was uneventful. The probe was placed in a heliocentric orbit of 192 days with a perihelion of from the Sun. Several problems affected operations. One of"
},
{
"id": "13982751",
"title": "Space Services Inc.",
"text": "Hudson. SSIA founder David Hannah then hired Deke Slayton, one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts. Slayton had just left NASA after running (among earlier roles) the Space Shuttle Approach and Landing validation testing. They came up with an entire new design based on clustering engines from the second stage of the Minuteman missile. The first launch of the new Conestoga I design took place on 9 Sep 1982, consisting of the core missile stage and a 500kg dummy payload which included 40 gallons of water. The payload was successfully ejected at 313km, and the Conestoga I became the first"
},
{
"id": "450044",
"title": "Voyager 1",
"text": "the ecliptic, ending its planetary science mission. Had \"Voyager 1\" failed or been unable to observe Titan, \"Voyager 2\"'s trajectory would have been altered to incorporate the Titan flyby, precluding any visit to Uranus and Neptune. The trajectory \"Voyager 1\" was launched into would not have allowed it to continue on to Uranus and Neptune, but could have been altered to avoid a Titan flyby and travel from Saturn to Pluto, arriving in 1986. On February 14, 1990, \"Voyager 1\" took the first ever \"family portrait\" of the Solar System as seen from outside, which includes the image of planet"
},
{
"id": "859156",
"title": "Pioneer 3",
"text": "thousand miles into space. These Van Allen radiation belts surrounding the Earth are named for Dr. James Van Allen, in honor of his discovery. Pioneer 3 Pioneer 3 was a spin stabilized spacecraft launched at 05:45:12 UTC on 6 December 1958 by the U.S. Army Ballistic Missile Agency in conjunction with the NASA, using a Juno II rocket. This spacecraft was intended as a lunar probe, but failed to go past the Moon and into a heliocentric orbit as planned, but did reach an altitude of 102,360 km before falling back to Earth. The revised spacecraft objectives were to measure"
},
{
"id": "19230421",
"title": "Vanguard TV2",
"text": "V-2 could not orbit, but could reach a height of 88 km (55 mi) on long range trajectory and up to 206 km (128 mi) if launched vertically. Due to problems a delays with Vanguard TV-2 and complete fail of TV-3, Vanguard was not the first rocket to place into orbit an unmanned satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergey Korolyov in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first"
},
{
"id": "386541",
"title": "Space exploration",
"text": "the only object in the Outer Solar System that has been explored with a lander, the \"Huygens\" probe deployed by the \"Cassini\" spacecraft. The exploration of Uranus has been entirely through the \"Voyager 2\" spacecraft, with no other visits currently planned. Given its axial tilt of 97.77°, with its polar regions exposed to sunlight or darkness for long periods, scientists were not sure what to expect at Uranus. The closest approach to Uranus occurred on 24 January 1986. \"Voyager 2\" studied the planet's unique atmosphere and magnetosphere. \"Voyager 2\" also examined its ring system and the moons of Uranus including"
},
{
"id": "558762",
"title": "Lunokhod programme",
"text": "few seconds the rocket disintegrated and the first Lunokhod was lost. The rest of the world did not learn of the rocket's valuable payload until years later. The failure resulted in the radioactive heat source, polonium 210, being spread over a large region of Russia. After the destruction of the original Lunokhod, Soviet engineers began work immediately on another lunar vehicle. \"Lunokhod 1\" (vehicle 8ЕЛ№203) was the first of two unmanned lunar rovers successfully landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program. The spacecraft which carried \"Lunokhod 1\" was named \"Luna 17\". \"Lunokhod 1\""
},
{
"id": "12392198",
"title": "Mikhail Tikhonravov",
"text": "of Artillery Science and developed Project VR-190. Tikhonravov in 1948 proposed a type of multistage rocket in which the engines would work in parallel (packet) in order to achieve a greater flight range. His announcement was met with ridicule and skepticism by his scientific colleagues because at that time, it was believed that 1000 km was the absolute limit for rocket range. In NII-4 he led a team of researchers that did important studies on packet rockets, satellite orbital motion, optimal pitch control programs for launching into orbit, reentry trajectories and heat shielding. This team designed Sputnik-3, Luna-1, Luna-3, Luna-4"
},
{
"id": "3231573",
"title": "N1 (rocket)",
"text": "UR-500-derived vehicle, topped with the L1 spacecraft already under development, and a lander of their own design. Korolev's proposal was selected as the winner in August 1964, while Chelomei was told to continue with his circumlunar UR-500/L1 work. When Khrushchev was overthrown later in 1964, infighting between the two teams started anew. In October 1965, the Soviet government ordered a compromise; the circumlunar mission would be launched on Chelomei's UR-500 using Korolev's Soyuz spacecraft in place of their own Zond (\"probe\") design, aiming for a launch in 1967, the 50th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution. Korolev, meanwhile, would continue with"
},
{
"id": "18817522",
"title": "RD-0109",
"text": "Vostok-K 8K72K. The RD-0109 is the basis for the Brazilian Space Agency L75 engine project. While the first launches for Sputnik 1 satellites could be done with the two stage booster Sputnik, to achieve escape velocity required by the Luna programme, a third stage was needed. The task of developing the specified engine was entrusted to OKB-154 (KBKhA), which did the job in 9 months. The engine received intra name RO-5. The first flight of a Luna 8K72, which included the new Block-E stage propelled by the RD-0105 was on September 23, 1958. It was supposed to launch the Luna"
},
{
"id": "10543667",
"title": "Soyuz 7K-L1",
"text": "spacecraft was capable of carrying two cosmonauts. In the beginning, there were serious reliability problems with the new Proton rocket, the Proton 7K-L1, and the similar new Soyuz spacecraft. While Chief Designer Sergei Korolev had originally envisioned a manned lunar spacecraft launched in pieces by R-7 boosters and assembled in Earth orbit, the advent of Vladimir Chelomei's large UR-500 booster theoretically made it possible to do the job in a single launch. However, Chelomei also proposed his own, competing lunar spacecraft, the LK-1, and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev gave his approval in August 1964. Two months later, Khrushchev was expelled"
},
{
"id": "15718410",
"title": "6555th Aerospace Test Group",
"text": "Helios mission in 1976, and two NASA Voyager program (Voyager 1, Voyager 2) missions to the outer planets in 1977. A Defense Support Program (DSP) mission had just been launched from Complex 40 on 6 November 1970, but the payload failed to achieve proper orbit. (The spacecraft's operational potential was reduced as a result.) The next Titan IIIC vehicle and its DSP payload were assembled and checked out for a launch on 5 May 1971. The launch on 5 May was successful, and the payload was placed in a synchronous earth orbit as planned. That flight marked the 16th Titan"
},
{
"id": "4021659",
"title": "Heliosphere",
"text": "\"bow wave\". Starting in May 2012 at , \"Voyager 1\" detected a sudden increase in cosmic rays, an apparent signature of approach to the heliopause. In the summer of 2013, NASA announced that\" Voyager 1\" had reached interstellar space as of August 25, 2012. Pioneer 10 was launched in March 1972, and within 10 hours passed by the Moon; over the next 35 years or so the mission would be the first out laying out many firsts of discoveries about the nature of heliosphere as well as Jupiter's impact on it. Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to detect sodium"
},
{
"id": "1687504",
"title": "Mercury-Atlas 7",
"text": "Mercury-Atlas 7 Mercury-Atlas 7, launched May 24, 1962, was the fourth flight of Project Mercury, the first manned space program of the United States. The Mercury spacecraft, named Aurora 7, made three Earth orbits, piloted by astronaut Scott Carpenter. He was the sixth human and the fourth American in space. A targeting error during reentry took the spacecraft 250 miles (about 400 km) off-course, delaying recovery of Carpenter and the spacecraft. The mission used Mercury spacecraft No. 18 and Atlas launch vehicle No. 107-D. The original prime crew for Mercury Atlas-7 was to have been Deke Slayton, with Schirra as"
},
{
"id": "870204",
"title": "Europa (rocket)",
"text": "The first full-size launch, weighing in total 104 tons, took place at Woomera on 24 May 1966, with dummy upper stages. Tests were conducted by Australia's Weapons Research Establishment and the French Laboratoire de Recherche en Balistique et Aérodynamique (based at Vernon). After two minutes and fifteen seconds, six seconds short of the planned flight, the rocket was destroyed as it was thought (by an impact predictor) to be veering west of the planned trajectory. However, the rocket was exactly on courses and inaccurate readings had been picked up by a radar station 120 miles (190 km) away. Two-stage testing"
},
{
"id": "2820807",
"title": "Dawn (spacecraft)",
"text": "by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, with spacecraft components contributed by European partners from Italy, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. It was the first NASA exploratory mission to use ion propulsion, which enabled it to enter and leave the orbit of two celestial bodies. Previous multi-target missions using conventional drives, such as the \"Voyager\" program, were restricted to flybys. The first working ion thruster in US was built by Harold R. Kaufman in 1959 at NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. The thruster was similar to the general design of a gridded electrostatic ion thruster with mercury as its propellant. Suborbital"
},
{
"id": "3543804",
"title": "Vanguard (rocket)",
"text": "February 17, 1959, SLV-4 launched Vanguard 2 (weighing 10.8 kg (23.7 lb)) into orbit. The SLVs were the \"production\" Vanguard rockets. SLV-5 and -6 also failed, but the final flight on September 18, 1959 successfully orbited the 23.6 kg (52 lb) Vanguard 3 satellite. That last mission was designated TV-4BU, because it used a remaining test vehicle, which had been upgraded with a new third stage, the Allegheny Ballistics Lab X-248A2 Altair. This more powerful motor enabled the launch of the heavier payload. The combination of the AJ10 liquid engine and X-248 solid motor was also used, under the name"
},
{
"id": "884201",
"title": "Sergei Korolev",
"text": "to a working lunar probe, Korolev allegedly exclaimed \"Do you think that only American rockets explode!?\" The Luna 1 mission in 1959 was intended to impact the surface, but missed by about . Nevertheless, this probe became the first to reach escape velocity and the first to go near the Moon. A subsequent attempt (Luna E-1A No.1) failed at launch, and then Luna 2 successfully impacted the surface on 14 September 1959, giving the Soviets another first. This was followed just one month later by an even greater success with Luna 3. It was launched only two years after Sputnik"
},
{
"id": "15941195",
"title": "Unmanned NASA missions",
"text": "communications relays for the landers, and to perform their own scientific investigations. The orbiter, based on the earlier Mariner 9 spacecraft, was an octagon approximately across. The total launch mass was , of which were propellant and attitude control gas. The Voyager program consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable planetary alignment of the late 1970s. Although they were originally designated to study just Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 2 was able to continue to Uranus and Neptune. Both missions have gathered large amounts"
},
{
"id": "450067",
"title": "Voyager 2",
"text": "Voyager 2 Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets. Part of the Voyager program, it was launched 16 days before its twin, \"Voyager 1\", on a trajectory that took longer to reach Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with Uranus and Neptune. It is the only spacecraft to have visited either of the ice giant planets. Its primary mission ended with the exploration of the Neptunian system on October 2, 1989, after having visited the Uranian system in 1986, the Saturnian system in 1981, and the Jovian system"
},
{
"id": "10105552",
"title": "Exploration of Uranus",
"text": "proposed in 2015, is a European concept for a dedicated mission to the planet Uranus to study its atmosphere, interior, moons, rings, and magnetosphere. It is suggested to be launched with an Ariane 5 rocket in 2026, arriving at Uranus in 2044, and operating until 2050. In 2016, another mission concept was conceived, called Origins and Composition of the Exoplanet Analog Uranus System (OCEANUS), and it was presented in 2017 as a potential contestant for a future New Frontiers program mission. Exploration of Uranus The exploration of Uranus has, to date, been solely through telescopes and NASA's \"Voyager 2\" spacecraft,"
},
{
"id": "4570445",
"title": "Vladimir Chelomey",
"text": "members of Khrushchev's family. He also claimed the UR-500 could be used to launch a military space station. Korolev aggressively opposed the UR-500 due to its use of extremely toxic nitrogen tetroxide and UDMH propellants. Following Khrushchev's removal, Chelomey's and Korolyov's projects were combined, but the Soviet Lunar program continued. The first launch of the UR-500 (also known as \"Proton\") took place in early 1965. Although it was never used to send cosmonauts to the Moon as Chelomey had hoped, Proton became the staple heavy lift launch vehicle of the Soviet/Russian fleet and would be used over the years for"
},
{
"id": "583829",
"title": "Voyager program",
"text": "Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. \"Voyager 1\" was launched after \"Voyager 2\", but along a shorter and faster trajectory that was designed to provide an optimal flyby of Saturn's moon Titan, which was known to be quite large and to possess a dense atmosphere. This encounter sent \"Voyager 1\" out of the plane of the ecliptic, ending its planetary science mission. Had \"Voyager 1\" been unable to perform the Titan flyby, the trajectory of \"Voyager 2\" could have been altered to explore Titan, forgoing any visit to Uranus and Neptune. \"Voyager 1\" was not launched on a trajectory that would have"
},
{
"id": "553133",
"title": "Uranus",
"text": "out of the plane of the ecliptic, ending its planetary science mission. The possibility of sending the \"Cassini\" spacecraft from Saturn to Uranus was evaluated during a mission extension planning phase in 2009, but was ultimately rejected in favour of destroying it in the Saturnian atmosphere. It would have taken about twenty years to get to the Uranian system after departing Saturn. A Uranus orbiter and probe was recommended by the 2013–2022 Planetary Science Decadal Survey published in 2011; the proposal envisages launch during 2020–2023 and a 13-year cruise to Uranus. A Uranus entry probe could use Pioneer Venus Multiprobe"
},
{
"id": "2162787",
"title": "Scott Carpenter",
"text": "named \"Delta 7\"), Carpenter was assigned to replace him. He flew into space on May 24, 1962, atop the Mercury-Atlas 7 rocket for a three-orbit science mission that lasted nearly five hours. His \"Aurora 7\" spacecraft attained a maximum altitude of and an orbital velocity of . Carpenter performed five onboard experiments per the flight plan, and became the first American astronaut to eat solid food in space. He also identified the mysterious \"fireflies\" observed by Glenn during \"Friendship 7\" as particles of frozen liquid loosened from the outside of the spacecraft, which he could produce by rapping on the"
}
] |
test_2
|
In what year was the company that was founded as Sound of Music added to the S&P 500?
|
[
"1999"
] |
[
{
"id": "16416049",
"title": "Imagem",
"text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters"
},
{
"id": "2250915",
"title": "Best Buy",
"text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom"
},
{
"id": "10395491",
"title": "A&A Records",
"text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this"
},
{
"id": "2250916",
"title": "Best Buy",
"text": "was left intact. In response, Schulze decided to have a \"Tornado Sale\" of damaged and excess stock in the damaged store's parking lot. He poured the remainder of his marketing budget into advertising the sale, promising \"best buys\" on everything. Sound of Music made more money during the four-day sale than it did in a typical month. In 1983, with seven stores and $10 million in annual sales, Sound of Music was renamed Best Buy Company, Inc. The company also expanded its product offerings to include home appliances and VCRs, in an attempt to expand beyond its then-core customer base"
},
{
"id": "16196632",
"title": "The Music Trades (magazine)",
"text": "American Architect,\" \"The Barbers' Journal,\" \"Beauty Culture,\" and \"Perfumers' Journal.\" Schluter & Company and Shields & Company were the investment bankers who handled the deal, which involved an issuance of $1,100,000 in preferred and common stock. Howey, Porter, and Rosencrans were also directors of Trade Publications, Inc. The other directors were G. Murray Hulbert, John Zollikoffer Lowe, Jr. (1884–1951), and Joseph Urban. Shields & Company and Nixon & Company, of Philadelphia, also made s public offering of ten-year percent gold bonds of Trade Publications, Inc., that carried warrants to purchase common stock at a price that closely corresponded with the"
},
{
"id": "3557338",
"title": "The Blackstone Group",
"text": "Brothers in 1988. Stockman led many key deals in his time at the firm, but had a mixed record with his investments. He left Blackstone in 1999 to start his own private equity firm, Heartland Industrial Partners, based in Greenwich, Connecticut. The firm advised CBS Corporation on its 1988 sale of CBS Records to Sony to form what would become Sony Music Entertainment. In June 1989, Blackstone acquired freight railroad operator, CNW Corporation. That same year, Blackstone partnered with Salomon Brothers to raise $600 million to acquire distressed thrifts in the midst of the savings and loan crisis. As the"
},
{
"id": "13880112",
"title": "SoundView Technology Group",
"text": "which distributed its reports and personal services to Dillon, Read & Co. investment client organizations. Gartner Group severed the Dillon Read relationship and became an independent broker-dealer in 1984, Gartner Securities Corp. Gartner Securities was spun off to its shareholders just before its first public offering in 1986, providing analysis, investment advice and investment banking services, to institutional investors. The firm changed its name in 1988 to Soundview Technology, when Gartner was acquired by Saatchi & Saatchi. From 1988 to 1991 the firm remained a small focused brokerage operation with the bulk of their clients being small institutions and hedge"
},
{
"id": "662452",
"title": "Peter Gabriel",
"text": "broadcast industry entrepreneur David Engelke purchased Solid State Logic, a manufacturer of mixing consoles and digital audio workstations. In May 2008, Gabriel's Real World Studios, in partnership with Bowers & Wilkins, started the Bowers & Wilkins Music Club – now known as Society of Sound – a subscription-based music retail site. Albums are currently available in either Apple Lossless or FLAC format. He is one of the founding supporters of Asteroid Day. In 1986, he started what has become a longstanding association with Amnesty International, becoming a pioneering participant in all 28 of Amnesty's \"Human rights concerts\" – a series"
},
{
"id": "13880119",
"title": "SoundView Technology Group",
"text": "received a 57% premium to its market price before the announcement. SoundView Technology Group Soundview Technology Group (formerly NASDAQ:SNDV) was an American technology-focused securities and investment banking firm known primarily for its equity research on technology and other growth oriented companies. The company was acquired by Charles Schwab in 2003. Soundview was unique in that it combined accepted Wall Street research and distribution methods, with the intimate (albeit \"arms length\") relationship with Gartner analysts, and arguably became the leading technology research boutique on Wall Street. SoundView was based in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. In 1977, Gideon Gartner initiated a financial service"
},
{
"id": "13880118",
"title": "SoundView Technology Group",
"text": "all-stock transaction. Wit Capital had been founded just a few years earlier, in 1996, by Andrew Klein. Wit positioned itself as an online investment banking firm focused exclusively on the Internet and technology sectors. Wit had pioneered several bubble-era innovations in investment banking including a first-come, first-served approach to public offerings. Wit had been backed by Goldman Sachs, which sold its stake in 2001. On November 19, 2003, Charles Schwab announced the acquisition of SoundView for $15.50 per share, or approximately $345 million. The acquisition was intended to integrate SoundView's equity research content with Charles Schwab's trading execution capabilities. SoundView"
},
{
"id": "9836265",
"title": "Herbick & Held Printing Company",
"text": "for the \"Sound of Music\" album was printed in the late 1960's. It was in business from 1903 to about 1984. It was founded by August Held (1861-1943), a German immigrant, and his partner, Nicholas Herbick. Herbick retired from the company in 1919. Held and his son, Bert, ran the company thereafter. Its plant was located at 1117 Wolfendale Street, Pittsburgh PA 15233-2182. Herbick & Held Printing Company Herbick & Held Printing Company was a high-end financial printer in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that did business with many prominent companies such as US Steel, Mellon Bank and Gulf Oil, printing annual reports"
},
{
"id": "14694053",
"title": "T. B. Harms & Francis, Day & Hunter, Inc.",
"text": "Hunter, Inc. was a Tin Pan Alley firm. As silent pictures evolved to talkies, Warner Brothers had aimed to build its inventory of published music. Before the Stock Market Crash of 1929, Warner Brothers acquired Harms, Inc., using 140,364 shares of its own stock, then valued at $8,421,840. Warner then reincorporated its acquisition under the laws of Delaware and named it Music Publishers Holding Company, Inc. Also in 1929, Warner Brothers acquired the music publishing company of M. Witmark & Sons. T. B. Harms & Francis, Day & Hunter, Inc. T.B. Harms & Francis, Day, & Hunter, Inc., based in"
},
{
"id": "14645913",
"title": "Musical America",
"text": "Journal.\" Shields & Company was the investment banking firm that handled the consolidation. \"Musical America\" subsequently began diversifying with articles about jazz, dance, radio, and records. Trade Publications, Inc., filed for bankruptcy in 1929; and, in a bankruptcy sale on July 19, 1929, John Majeski, Weil's former assistant, purchased four of the six magazines for $45,200: (i) \"Musical America\", (ii) \"The Music Trades\", (iii) \"The Barbers' Journal\", and (iv) \"Beauty Culture.\" After some 30 years of relative stability, effective January 1, 1960, John Majeski retired and sold \"Musical America\" and \"The Music Trades\" to Music Publications, Ltd., a newly formed"
},
{
"id": "13880111",
"title": "SoundView Technology Group",
"text": "SoundView Technology Group Soundview Technology Group (formerly NASDAQ:SNDV) was an American technology-focused securities and investment banking firm known primarily for its equity research on technology and other growth oriented companies. The company was acquired by Charles Schwab in 2003. Soundview was unique in that it combined accepted Wall Street research and distribution methods, with the intimate (albeit \"arms length\") relationship with Gartner analysts, and arguably became the leading technology research boutique on Wall Street. SoundView was based in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. In 1977, Gideon Gartner initiated a financial service for Gartner Group via a partnership with Dillon, Read & Co.,"
},
{
"id": "5756915",
"title": "Stephen Swid",
"text": "high-profile bids to acquire the Boston Red Sox, Sotheby's and L.F. Rothschild in the buyout boom of the 1980s. In 1986, Swid purchased CBS Songs, the music publishing unit of CBS, which would later become the beginning of SBK Entertainment World, a leading music publisher and worldwide entertainment services company. From November, 1986, until May, 1989, Swid was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of SBK Entertainment World. From February, 1990 until January, 1995, Stephen was Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Westview Press, an academic publishing company based in Boulder, Colorado and from 1989 until 1997 the Chairman and Chief"
},
{
"id": "7466229",
"title": "Music World Corporation",
"text": "Music World Corporation Music World Corporation is an American music production and music publishing company, representing hundreds of song and music cue titles for a small clientele of composers and lyricists including the company founder. The company was founded in 1958 by Academy Award-winning songwriter Robert B. Sherman. The company is based in Beverly Hills, California and is affiliated with the performance rights organization BMI. Music World was incorporated on January 8, 1958 in the state of California. Within its first year, the company became the first music publisher to cobrand with Wonderland Music Company, Walt Disney Company's then fledgling"
},
{
"id": "5996146",
"title": "SESAC",
"text": "Coheed & Cambria, Young Love, The Faint, Rapture, Mariah Carey and Adele. The company moved into new headquarters in Columbus Circle in Midtown Manhattan and opened an office in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1964. Six years later, the company began representing songwriters in addition to its traditional business of representing publishers. With a focus on Christian songwriters, the company was an early player in the Contemporary Christian music format. That evolution led the company to move its headquarters to Nashville in 1985. In 1993, the company was purchased by Stephen Swid, Freddie Gershon, and Ira Smith. The new owners once again"
},
{
"id": "14789366",
"title": "Ritmoteca.com",
"text": "as many as 200 employees through investments from institutional and \"angel\" investors including Bain Capital. The company forged key strategic alliances with companies including Microsoft, MSN, AOL, Pressplay and Creative Labs, becoming the go-to source for Latin digital music. The company was poised to launch an initial public offering when the Dot-com bubble stock market suddenly crashed on April 14, 2000. That event, combined with the emergence of the company Napster on the music scene, enabling people to trade music online for free, made it virtually impossible for the company to raise additional venture capital and continue its rapid growth."
},
{
"id": "8666196",
"title": "Jules C. Stein",
"text": "acquired the Universal Studios moving into producing television programs and motion pictures while still representing talent clients, garnering accusations of conflict of interest. In 1958, Music Corporation of America was reincorporated as MCA, Inc. which it was known by and took its stock public. Dr. Stein's biggest accomplishment came in 1962 when his company announced it was buying American Decca Records and its subsidiary Universal Pictures; however that same year, a federal antitrust suit was started against MCA. Both parties reached an agreement that MCA got rid of its worldwide talent agency business to go forward with its acquisition. Stein"
},
{
"id": "17706346",
"title": "Alain Levy",
"text": "musical slate. He then spent the next few years consolidating the firm's music strategy: balanced multinational operations, investment in local content, consolidating the global marketing operations and prioritizing profit over market share. By the mid 1990s PolyGram was the most profitable of all the music majors and the number one music company in the world. Beginning in 1992, after observing a gradual flattening in the music sales. Levy led the company’s expansion into the international movie business with the establishment of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment. PFE produced and distributed films such as Four Weddings and a Funeral, Trainspotting, Bean, Fargo and"
},
{
"id": "5310992",
"title": "Sony/ATV Music Publishing",
"text": "US-based media group CBS Corporation, was negotiating the sale of its record division at the end of the 1980s. Sony, which sought to diversify into music, films and games, acquired CBS Records Inc. in January 1988, then changed its name to Sony Music Entertainment Inc. in January 1991 (then Sony Music Holdings Inc. in December 2008). Looking for further opportunities, Sony aimed to expand its music publishing interests and offered Jackson $110 million for a 50% stake in a combined ATV and Sony Music Publishing joint venture. Following hurriedly arranged meetings and disagreements over the selling price, a deal was"
},
{
"id": "4085032",
"title": "Charles Schwab Corporation",
"text": "In November 2003, Schwab announced the $345 million acquisition of SoundView Technology Group to add equity research capabilities. David S. Pottruck, who had spent the majority of his 20 years at the brokerage as Charles R. Schwab's right-hand man, shared the CEO title with the company's founder from 1998 to 2003. In May 2003, Mr. Schwab stepped down, and gave Pottruck sole control as CEO. On July 24, 2004, the company's board fired Pottruck, replacing him with its founder and namesake. News of Pottruck's removal came as the firm had announced that overall profit had dropped 10%, to $113 million,"
},
{
"id": "13837862",
"title": "Wertheim & Co.",
"text": "the piano for her) and Henry Kissinger. In 1953, Alan Cohn joined the company. The following year, 120 Broadway was sold to William Zeckendorf. Also in 1954 Fred Klingenstein (Joseph's son) joined the company; he eventually led a shift in the firm’s emphasis from merchant banking to investment banking, asset management and institutional brokerage. John Klingenstein (Fred's brother) joined W&Co. in 1959, the year Fidel Castro took power in Cuba and confiscated U.S. investments (W&Co.’s investments in Cuba were liquidated long before). During the 1960s, W&Co. (assisted by Kerr) became one of about 20 major-bracket underwriters; this was also due"
},
{
"id": "13880115",
"title": "SoundView Technology Group",
"text": "led to strong franchises that combined both high volumes of stock trading and better positions and economics in investment banking transactions. SoundView's success along with the culmination of what turned out to be a great technology valuation bubble attracted suitors. In late 1999 the agreement with Wit Capital (described below) was struck. The deal closed just months before the technology stock market unravelled in April 2000. The new \"Wit SoundView\" was all of a sudden a public company unfortunately without the benefit of hindsight it took time to realize that the technology market would not be coming back soon. New"
},
{
"id": "5996147",
"title": "SESAC",
"text": "shifted the company's focus toward more mainstream music and later television. In 2013, Rizvi Traverse Management acquired a majority stake in SESAC. In 2015, SESAC acquired the mechanical rights clearinghouse Harry Fox Agency. In 2017, The Blackstone Group acquired SESAC. SESAC SESAC, originally the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers, is a performance-rights organization (PRO) in the United States. Since the organization stopped using its full name in 1940, it is now known exclusively as SESAC. SESAC was founded in 1930, making it the second-oldest P.R.O. in the United States. Based in Nashville, Tennessee, SESAC deals with all aspects"
},
{
"id": "2005961",
"title": "Performance rights organisation",
"text": "Copyright Protection Society, founded in 1924. Italy introduced a performing rights society in 1882 and Germany in 1915. In the United States, The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) was founded in 1914; Society of European Stage Authors & Composers (SESAC) in 1930 and Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI) in 1939. Sociedad Puertorriqueña de Autores y Compositores de Musica (SPACEM) was founded in San Juan, Puerto Rico in 1953. SPACEM name was changed to ACEMLA, or Asociacion de Compositoes y Editores de Musica and remains today PRO No. 76 in the Cisacs roster of performing rights societies. Other than"
},
{
"id": "5665699",
"title": "Our Price",
"text": "HMV by owners Thorn EMI in the late 1980s established a chain of newer, larger stores, which threatened and eventually overtook Our Price in popularity. In 1984, Our Price was the first specialist music store to float on the London Stock Exchange. Two years later, it was acquired by WH Smith for £43 million, with Smith's Sound FX immediately absorbed into Our Price. Several members of senior management left the company in 1989 to create the rival MVC, which itself would eventually be bought by Woolworths. In March 1994, WH Smith also bought a majority interest in Richard Branson's Virgin"
},
{
"id": "9666209",
"title": "Phil Gersh",
"text": "won the role of director in \"The Sound of Music\" for his client Robert Wise, and the substantial returns to his agency from this deal allowed for the purchase of plush new headquarters in Beverly Hills. Renamed The Gersh Agency in 1990, today the company is run by Gersh's sons Bob and David Gersh, and by the time of Phil Gersh's death in 2004 had 60 agents working from offices in Beverly Hills, California and New York City. Phil Gersh continued to play a role in the company's management until 10 weeks before his death. Gersh served on the board"
},
{
"id": "13955449",
"title": "Spec's Music",
"text": "company was recognized by \"Forbes\" as being one of the nation's 200 best-run small companies. In 1992, two Spec's stores were entirely destroyed by Hurricane Andrew, resulting in more than $1 million in damages for the company, and an estimated operating loss of $160,000. Also around this time companies like Blockbuster and Musicland began opening outlets in and around Spec's Music's markets, forcing the company to develop new strategies for the future. Aside from opening a prodigious number of new stores and renovating the majority of its existing stores, the company's executives also planned to focus on music selections they"
},
{
"id": "9958971",
"title": "SoundExchange",
"text": "was John Simson, a musician, attorney, and artist manager. Simson left the organization in 2011 and was replaced by Michael Huppe. In 2018 it was announced that the organization had extended his contract through 2021. He also serves as the chairman of the board of SXWorks, a subsidiary created by SoundExchange following its acquisition of the Canadian Musical Reproduction Rights Association (CMRRA). SXWorks provides administration and back office services to publishers to support multiple licensing configurations. In 2012, the company announced that it had paid over $1 billion in royalties since 2003.As of 2018, it had paid more than $5"
},
{
"id": "7635623",
"title": "The Sound of Music (film)",
"text": "photographed in 70 mm Todd-AO by Ted McCord and produced with DeLuxe Color processing and six-track sound recording. In December 1962, 20th Century Fox president Richard D. Zanuck hired Ernest Lehman to write the screenplay for the film adaptation of the stage musical. Lehman reviewed the original script for the stage musical, rearranged the sequence of songs, and began transforming a work designed for the stage into a film that could use the camera to emphasize action and mood, and open the story up to the beautiful locations of Salzburg and the Austrian Alps. The \"Do-Re-Mi\" sequence in the play,"
},
{
"id": "13880113",
"title": "SoundView Technology Group",
"text": "funds. In 1991 the firm hired a senior investment banking executive, Brian Bristol, to begin to build an investment banking practice. Additional analysts were added to grow coverage as the technology sector continued to perform well. By the mid-1990s SoundView was winning mandates as the \"research co-manager of choice\" on many technology IPOs and secondaries. During this time trading and sales operations were expanded and upgraded. The client focus shifted from smaller institutional investors to larger \"tier 1\" firms. The combination of larger institutional clients and an expanding investment banking business provided SoundView with accelerating revenue growth and expanding margins."
},
{
"id": "7500311",
"title": "A&B Sound",
"text": "product mix, using the same aggressive pricing structure it did with consumer electronics. Besides HMV, other retail giants including Wal-Mart and Best Buy entered the marketplace as well, the latter having purchased Future Shop in the early 2000s decade. In early 2005, with a debt of C$57 million, A&B Sound filed for protection under Canadian bankruptcy regulations. A sale to American company Sun Capital Partners Group Inc. was announced, but this sale was not approved by A&B's creditors. Instead, the company was purchased by Canadian computer manufacturer Seanix Technology Inc., based in Richmond and led by Paul Girard. He announced"
},
{
"id": "1265306",
"title": "EMI",
"text": "those countries is still functional. It is currently owned by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, the music publishing division of Sony Music. Electric and Musical Industries Ltd was formed in March 1931 by the merger of the Columbia Graphophone Company and the Gramophone Company, with its \"His Master's Voice\" record label, firms that have a history extending back to the origins of recorded sound. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording and playback equipment. The company's gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. In 1934, the company developed the electronic"
},
{
"id": "11928762",
"title": "Austin Pryor",
"text": "1990. Pryor founded his own investment management firm, Forum Investment Counselors, in 1978 where he saw his average client account more than triple in value during its first five years of operations. For the 1978-1982 period, his clients’ average annual return was 25.5%, placing his firm in the top 5% of the A.G. Becker rankings of investment managers. In 1990, Pryor launched Sound Mind Investing, a monthly financial newsletter targeted to “today’s Christian family.” In 1992, Pryor authored \"The Sound Mind Investing Handbook\". In 2000, Sound Mind Investing launched a paid subscription website. In 2005, Pryor and the other members"
},
{
"id": "19579498",
"title": "Gebre Waddell",
"text": "and Music. In 2018, Waddell was one of eight winners of the Revolution Fund's Rise of the Rest tour and funding for seed stage capital. The Revolution Fund investors include Jeff Bezos, Jim Breyer and Eric Schmidt, and its funding of Sound Credit was matched by Innova Capital. Later that year, Inside Memphis Business magazine selected Waddell as 2018 Innovator of the Year based on the work of Soundways on the Sound Credit platform. In 2016, Waddell became Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Sound Credit (Soundways), an investment-backed music industry technology corporation based in Memphis, TN. In 2013, Waddell"
},
{
"id": "9691166",
"title": "Gideon Gartner",
"text": "in 1986, providing its analysis, investment advice and banking services, to all institutional investors. Its name was changed in 1988 to SoundView Technology Group, when Gartner was acquired by Saatchi & Saatchi. Soundview was unique in that it combined accepted Wall Street research and distribution methods, with the intimate (albeit \"arms length\") relationship with Gartner analysts, and arguably became the leading technology research boutique on Wall Street. But it merged in 2000 with Wit Capital, and was eventually sold (early 2004) to Charles Schwab & Co., and thereafter completely absorbed into Schwab and UBS. Giga Information Group was founded by"
},
{
"id": "16196639",
"title": "The Music Trades (magazine)",
"text": "July 19, 1929, John Francis Majeski, Sr. (1892–1971) — who in 1910 had joined the staff of \"Musical America,\" which at the time owned \"The Musical Trades\" — became the new owner of (i) \"The Music Trades\", (ii) \"Musical America\", (ii) \"Barbers Journal\", and (iv) \"Beauty Culture.\" On August 22, 1929, Majeski formed three holding companies: The Music Trades Corporation, The Musical America Corporation, and Beauty Culture Publishing Corporation — the third as holding company for \"Barbers Journal\" and \"Beauty Culture.\" In 1959, Majeski sold \"Musical America\" — which later merged with \"High Fidelity\" in 1964 — but retained his"
},
{
"id": "2250914",
"title": "Best Buy",
"text": "magazine's list of \"Most Admired Companies\" in 2006. Hubert Joly currently serves as Best Buy's chairman and CEO. According to Yahoo! Finance, Best Buy is the largest specialty retailer in the United States consumer electronics retail industry. The company ranked No. 72 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. On August 28, 1966, Richard M. Schulze and a business partner opened Sound of Music, an electronics store specializing in high fidelity stereos in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Schulze financed the opening of his first store with his personal savings and a second mortgage"
},
{
"id": "12892763",
"title": "Next Big Sound",
"text": "best music startups of 2010 by \"Billboard Magazine\" and CEO Alex White was named to Billboard's 30 Under 30 executives to watch list. On May 25, 2014, the company announced a new division, Next Big Book, and a partnership with Macmillan Publishers. Next Big Sound raised $7.5 million in funding from Foundry Group, IA Ventures and others. On May 19, 2015, Pandora acquired the company. Next Big Sound Next Big Sound (NBS) is a New York-based company which provides analytics for online music. The company analyses the popularity of musicians in social networks, streaming services, and radio. The company was"
},
{
"id": "7635671",
"title": "The Sound of Music (film)",
"text": "Theatre in New York City in September 2000, with the opening attended by cast members Charmian Carr (Liesl), Daniel Truhitte (Rolfe), and Kym Karath (Gretl). \"Sing-along Sound of Music\" screenings have since become an international phenomenon. In 2001, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". The Academy Film Archive preserved \"The Sound of Music\" in 2003. The first American television transmission of \"The Sound of Music\" was on February 29, 1976 on ABC, which paid $15 million for a one-time only broadcast that became"
},
{
"id": "3991951",
"title": "Jim Long",
"text": "the largest stock music library companies worldwide. Long had reinvented the company to look beyond radio at the broader arena of domestic and international copyrights/music publishing, exploring audio-visual and digital technologies not yet widely used by business. He also expanded FirstCom’s marketing to include sales to television and film music clients, a concept he later expanded upon when he created OneMusic and Crucial Music Corporations. In 1992 FirstCom was the first company to put their entire music catalog online and to offer an online music delivery system, called MusiQuick so that clients had immediate access to their production tools on"
},
{
"id": "3913313",
"title": "Sony Music",
"text": "market in 1983. On November 17, 1987, Sony acquired CBS Records for US$2 billion. CBS Inc., now CBS Corporation, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name. The sale was completed on January 5, 1988. CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006, which was distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary. Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment (SME) on January 1, 1991, fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout, which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark. The CBS Associated"
},
{
"id": "13880117",
"title": "SoundView Technology Group",
"text": "was left of the firm was sold (again) in 2003 to Charles Schwab. It's worth noting that a small firm (number just over 50 people in 1995) was able to garner $665M in value even with rapidly eroding market and company condition after 2000. In 2011 the SoundView trademarks were acquired by one of the SoundView partners to begin building a new SoundView Technology Group to restore research-driven investment related services to emerging technology companies. At the peak of the dot-com bubble in early 2000, SoundView merged with Wit Capital (formerly Nasdaq:WITC) to form Wit SoundView in a $320 million"
},
{
"id": "2718055",
"title": "Edgar Bronfman Jr.",
"text": "7 years. Bronfman helped to transform WMG by rapidly growing the company's digital music sales, redefining the relationships it has with artists and diversifying its revenue streams through its expansion into growing areas of the music business. WMG held an initial public offering of stock in 2005 (NYSE: WMG), and is now the only standalone major music company to be publicly traded. While the stock has fallen from a high in 2005 of over $30 per share, the company has nonetheless produced double-digit growth in its digital business, increased its market share and delivered stable revenue performance despite a drastic"
},
{
"id": "8094438",
"title": "ABM Industries",
"text": "serving as Chairman and Sydney as CEO. Ted remained involved with ABM until his death in 2010 serving on the Board of Directors and the late Sydney Rosenberg retired as a director in December 1997. In 1965, ABM went from the over-the-counter stock market to being listed on the American Stock Exchange, now known as NYSE Amex Equities. In the late 1960s, ABM acquired the companies later known as Ampco System Parking, CommAir Mechanical, Amtech Elevator Services and Amtech Lighting Services. In 1971, ABM made its debut on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ABM. ABM Engineering"
},
{
"id": "3913309",
"title": "Sony Music",
"text": "Its music publishing division Sony/ATV is the largest music publisher in the world. It also owns SYCO Entertainment, which operates some of the world's most successful reality TV formats, including \"Got Talent\" and \"The X Factor\". The American Record Corporation (ARC) was founded in 1929 through a merger of several record companies. The company grew for the next several years, acquiring other brands such as the Columbia Phonograph Company, including its Okeh Records subsidiary, in 1934. In 1938, ARC was acquired by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) under the guidance of chief executive William S. Paley. The company was later"
},
{
"id": "4927251",
"title": "Philip J. Purcell",
"text": "from 1986 to 1997. After leaving Morgan Stanley, Purcell formed Continental Investors LLC, a private equity firm. Purcell has also served on the Executive Board and as Vice-Chairman of the New York Stock Exchange. He was one of the founding members of the Financial Services Forum and served as chairman during its first three years. Purcell began his business career in 1967 at McKinsey & Co., an international management consulting firm, traveling and working with clients throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia. When he left McKinsey to join Sears in 1978, he was Managing Director of the Chicago office—the"
},
{
"id": "4726210",
"title": "Richard M. Schulze",
"text": "of St. Thomas in Saint Paul. In 1966, mortgaging his home, he founded an audio equipment store named \"Sound of Music\" in Saint Paul. The company expanded to nine stores and after a tornado destroyed one, he had a \"tornado sale\" at one location with a very large selection of goods and low prices. The sale was a hit and he renamed the chain \"Best Buy\" and shifted the model to a superstore format with 18,000 square foot stores, everyday low prices, and a heavy advertising budget. The format was very popular and thanks to increased demand for consumer electronics"
},
{
"id": "3120022",
"title": "S&P Global",
"text": "billion cash. On May 1, 2013, shareholders of McGraw-Hill voted to change the company's name to \"McGraw Hill Financial\". McGraw-Hill divested the subsidiary McGraw-Hill Construction to Symphony Technology Group for US$320 million on September 22, 2014. The sale included Engineering News-Record, Architectural Record, Dodge and Sweet's. McGraw-Hill Construction has been renamed Dodge Data & Analytics. In February 2016, it was announced that McGraw-Hill Financial would change its name to S&P Global Inc. by the end of April 2016. The company officially changed its name following a shareholder vote on April 27, 2016. In April 2016, the company announced it was"
}
] |
test_3
|
Who was the first African American mayor of the most populous city in the United States?
|
[
"David Dinkins"
] |
[
{
"id": "1972269",
"title": "Carl Stokes",
"text": "His victory two years later drew national attention, as he was the first black mayor of one of the ten biggest cities in the United States. Able to mobilize both black and white voters, Stokes defeated Seth Taft, the grandson of former President William Howard Taft, with a 50.5% margin. At the time of his election, Cleveland was a majority white city with a 37% black population. A crucial part of his support came from businessmen living outside the city limits of Cleveland, especially Squire, Sanders and Dempsey lawyers Ralph Besse and Elmer Lindseth who were directors and officers of"
},
{
"id": "89710",
"title": "Charles Evers",
"text": "by the NAACP. On June 3, 1969, Evers was elected in Fayette, Mississippi, as the first African-American mayor of a \"biracial\" town in the state in the post-Reconstruction era, following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which enforced constitutional rights for citizens. (The town of Mound Bayou had been incorporated in 1898 as a Negro-only municipality and had had black mayors and council members throughout the 20th century; challenger Earl Lucas was elected the Mound Bayou mayor, defeating incumbent Wesley Liddell on the same day that Evers was elected in Fayette ) At the time of Evers's election"
},
{
"id": "17764286",
"title": "National Conference of Black Mayors",
"text": "Georgia, elected Maynard Jackson the first black mayor of a major southern U.S. city. By 2005, nearly every large U.S. city had a black mayor within the previous 30 years. In April 1990, Unita Blackwell was elected the first woman president of the association. She was the first black woman mayor in Mississippi in 1976 when elected the mayor of Mayersville. In November 2013, 138 black women were U.S. mayors. In later years, the NCBM suffered from financial difficulties, and filed for bankruptcy in early 2014 after the controversial tenure of Kevin Johnson, then mayor of Sacramento, as NCBM president."
},
{
"id": "17718095",
"title": "Henry G. Marsh",
"text": "the highest vote-getter, Marsh would receive the title of mayor, he did not, believing that G. Stewart Francke, whom Marsh respected, should serve as mayor considering the difficulties facing the city. Marsh was elected mayor pro tempore in 1965, a century after abolition freed his grandfather from slavery. Marsh was the city's first African-American mayor. During a time when the 1967 Detroit riot threatened to spill north, Marsh was concerned about the threat of violence from both sides (racially and literally—he ordered that a drawbridge connecting the two sides of the city be raised to stem the flow of traffic"
},
{
"id": "1055016",
"title": "East St. Louis, Illinois",
"text": "program, the Concentrated Employment Program, and Operation Breakthrough. The programs were not enough to offset the loss of industrial jobs due to national restructuring. In 1971, James Williams was elected as the city's first black mayor. Faced with the overwhelming economic problems, he was unable to make much of a difference. In 1979, Carl Officer was elected as mayor (the youngest in the country at that time at age 25). Despite hopes for improvement, conditions continued to decline. Middle-class citizens continued to leave the city. People who could get jobs moved to places with work and a decent quality of"
},
{
"id": "706666",
"title": "Richmond, California",
"text": "exception of small, scattered all-Negro communities in the Deep South,\". George Livingston Sr. was the first elected African American mayor. He served from 1985 to 1993. Rosemary Corbin served as the mayor from 1993 to 2001. Years of political domination by the local firefighters union subsided after a FBI corruption investigation. In the early 2000s Gayle McLaughlin was the first Green elected to the council, with the support of the Richmond Progressive Alliance (RPA), a coalition of liberal Democrats, progressive independents, and Greens. In November 2006, McLaughlin was elected mayor, defeating incumbent first-term Mayor Irma Anderson. In 2006 the city"
},
{
"id": "15617392",
"title": "African Americans in Atlanta",
"text": "premier predominantly African American urban settlements to the current day. Since the rise of the Civil rights movement, African Americans have wielded an increasingly potent degree of political power, most resultant in the currently unbroken string of African American mayors of the City of Atlanta since the election of Maynard Jackson in 1973; the current mayor of Atlanta is Keisha Lance Bottoms. All elected mayors of Atlanta are and have been members of the Democratic Party. In 2008, Atlanta resident Vernon Jones ran unsuccessfully to become the first African American to win the Democratic primary for representation of the state"
},
{
"id": "1318215",
"title": "Coleman Young",
"text": "to Washington DC to meet the Housing and Urban Development secretary, Young was greeted by a lower-ranking black official to which he said: On mortality: On how he would like to be remembered: Coleman Young Coleman Alexander Young (May 24, 1918 – November 29, 1997) was an American politician who served as mayor of Detroit, Michigan, from 1974 to 1994. Young was the first African-American mayor of Detroit. Young had emerged from the far-left element in Detroit, and moderated somewhat after his election as mayor. He called an ideological truce and gained widespread support from the city's business leaders. The"
},
{
"id": "6114071",
"title": "Robert C. Henry",
"text": "Robert C. Henry Robert Clayton Henry (July 16, 1921 – September 8, 1981) was Mayor of Springfield, Ohio from 1966 to 1968. He was the first African-American mayor of an American city of any size, though this achievement is frequently overshadowed by fellow African American mayor Carl B. Stokes, who was elected mayor of Cleveland in 1967. Henry was born in Springfield, a son of Guy Henry and Nellie Reed. He attended Wittenberg University in Springfield and the Cleveland College of Mortuary Science in Cleveland, Ohio for his degree in mortuary studies. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane"
},
{
"id": "6385781",
"title": "Douglas Dollarhide",
"text": "Douglas Dollarhide Douglas Dollarhide (March 11, 1923 – June 28, 2008) was an American politician, notable for serving as the first black mayor of a major California city. Douglas F. Dollarhide witnessed first hand the transformation of Compton, California from a predominantly white Los Angeles suburb into one of the most heavily concentrated African American communities in the United States. He was elected to the City Council in 1963, becoming its first African American member. In 1969, Dollarhide made history again, when he became not only the first black mayor of Compton, but the first African American mayor of a"
},
{
"id": "15617372",
"title": "African Americans in Atlanta",
"text": "gain in new black residents than any metropolitan area in the U.S. (Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex was second), with more than 198,031 black residents moving there, according to an analysis of census data. Since 1973, Atlanta has consistently elected black mayors, and two in particular have been prominent on the national stage, Andrew Young and Maynard Jackson. Jackson was elected with the support of the predominantly white business community, including the chairmen of Coca-Cola, Citizens & Southern National Bank, the Trust Company of Georgia, and architect and Peachtree Center developer John Portman. They were hopeful that a new progressive coalition would"
},
{
"id": "17287711",
"title": "Chokwe Lumumba",
"text": "Lee by over 3,000 votes and bested his opponent in five out of the seven municipal wards. Lee gained more votes from the wards with higher populations of whites. With negligible opposition in the June 4th general election, Lumumba easily became the mayor-elect for the capital of Mississippi. The next day, Lumumba publicly questioned the significance of Christopher Columbus as \"discoverer of America\", generating some controversy. He was sworn in as Mayor on July 1, 2013. In his short time in office, Lumumba impressed both blacks and whites with his pragmatic approach to governance of the struggling city. He \"promised"
},
{
"id": "14994831",
"title": "Lelia Foley",
"text": "Although she placed first in the initial primary with 35% of the vote, in the runoff, she lost to second-place finisher Allan Harder, 56-44% (Harder narrowly lost to Republican Stuart Ericson). Lelia Foley Lelia Foley (born November 7, 1942) was the first African American woman elected mayor in the United States. In January 1973, Foley, a divorced mother of five, surviving on welfare, ran for a spot on the school board of Taft, Oklahoma, an all-black town of 600 people. She lost the election, but shortly thereafter she became inspired by a book on the successful election of A. J."
},
{
"id": "13403838",
"title": "James Young (mayor)",
"text": "James Young (mayor) James A. Young (born 1956) is an American politician, who was elected mayor of Philadelphia, Mississippi in May 2009. His election was especially noted as he is the first African-American mayor of the city, which was previously best known for the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner by members of the Ku Klux Klan in 1964. Young is a Pentecostal preacher and a former county supervisor who was 53 years old at the time of his election. He defeated Rayburn Waddell, a white, three-term incumbent, by 46 votes in the Democratic primary. As there was no Republican"
},
{
"id": "17954474",
"title": "History of African Americans in Los Angeles",
"text": "Mayor of Los Angeles, a role he'd hold for 20 years. L.A.'s first African American mayor, Bradley served over five terms, prior to the establishment of successive term limits, making him the longest-serving mayor of Los Angeles. In 1991, Rodney King was beaten by police officers. His videotaped beating was controversial, and heightened racial tensions in Los Angeles. Just 13 days after the videotaped beating of King, a 15-year-old African-American girl named Latasha Harlins was shot and killed by a 51-year-old Korean store owner named Soon Ja Du. A jury found Du guilty of voluntary manslaughter, an offense that carries"
},
{
"id": "9539429",
"title": "James L. Usry",
"text": "James L. Usry James Leroy Usry (February 2, 1922 – February 25, 2002) was the first African-American Mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey. He was born on February 2, 1922, in Athens, Georgia. Usry graduated from Atlantic City High School and earned a bachelor's degree in 1946 from Lincoln University. From 1946 to 1951, he was a professional basketball player with the New York Renaissance and Dayton Rens. In 1971, he earned a master's degree from Glassboro State College. A Republican, Usry served as mayor from 1984 to 1990, after defeating Mayor Michael J. Matthews in a recall election. From"
},
{
"id": "7704810",
"title": "Orien Harris",
"text": "mayor, Maynard Jackson, the first African-American mayor of a major Southern city. Harris was born to Donovan and Cordel Harris and is the third of four children. He was born in the Bronx, New York, and moved to Delaware in the 4th grade. He was an outstanding student athlete at Newark High School in Delaware, where he won multiple state championships along with older brother Kwame. Harris was rated the nation's top defensive line prospect by \"The Football News\" and named a High School All-American by \"The Football News\". As a senior, he was named Delaware's Gatorade Player of the"
},
{
"id": "11716809",
"title": "Clarence Lightner",
"text": "Clarence Lightner Clarence Everett Lightner (August 15, 1921 – July 8, 2002) was an American politician and mortician. He was the first popularly elected Mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina, and the first African American elected mayor of a major Southern city. Lightner, a Democrat, was also the first and to date only black mayor of Raleigh, serving in office from 1973 to 1975. His mayoral election gained national attention since only 16% of registered voters in Raleigh were black, and it was unique for a white-majority city to elect a black candidate for mayor. Clarence Lightner was born on August"
},
{
"id": "12444791",
"title": "Mike Dow",
"text": "but he narrowly prevailed. The frontrunners were Jones, vying to become the city's first black mayor while keep issues of race off the table (at this date, the city's website doesn't even mention that he is the first black mayor), and Bedsole, one of the city's leading socialites, who boasted the largest campaign warchest in the race. In the first election, held on August 17, 2005, Jones nearly won it outright with 46% and Peavy placed second with approximately 37%. Both Ann Bedsole and Bess Rich received roughly 14% of the vote, however, given that three candidates were running on"
},
{
"id": "15195147",
"title": "Joseph Smitherman",
"text": "1964. He resigned in 1979 and was succeeded by Council President Carl Morgan (d. 2006). A year later he returned to office, defeating Mayor Morgan in a three-way race. He served five more terms until the 2000 mayoral elections, when he lost to James Perkins, Jr., Selma's first African American mayor, who ran under the slogan \"Joe's Got To Go\". In his early political career in the 1960s he was in favor of segregation, and controversially referred to Martin Luther King Jr. as \"Martin Luther Coon\" in a 1965 televised interview. He explained it as a slip of the tongue."
},
{
"id": "13941444",
"title": "Pierre Caliste Landry",
"text": "elected to its highest position, as a Presiding Elder of the South New Orleans District. Pierre Caliste Landry Pierre Caliste Landry (April 19, 1841 – December 22, 1921) was a former slave, attorney, Methodist Episcopal minister, and politician in Louisiana. He is best remembered for being elected in 1868 as mayor of Donaldsonville, making him the first African American to be elected mayor in the United States. Pierre Caliste Landry was born into slavery in 1841 on the Prevost sugar cane plantation in Ascension Parish, the son of Marcelite Prevost, a slave and cook, and Roseman Landry, a white laborer."
},
{
"id": "6288482",
"title": "Lionel Wilson (politician)",
"text": "Lionel Wilson (politician) Lionel Joseph Wilson (March 14, 1915 – January 23, 1998) was an American political figure and a member of the Democratic Party. He was the first black mayor of Oakland, California, serving three terms as mayor of Oakland from 1977 until 1991. Born March 14, 1915, Wilson was the eldest of eight children of Louise Barrios and Julius Wilson in New Orleans, Louisiana. By 1920, the family had moved to Oakland, California, where his father worked as a plasterer in building construction. Wilson was educated in the public schools, and in 1932 graduated from McClymonds High School."
},
{
"id": "6625767",
"title": "Kenneth A. Gibson",
"text": "Kenneth A. Gibson Kenneth Allen Gibson (born May 15, 1932) is an American Democratic Party politician, who was elected in 1970 as the 34th Mayor of Newark, New Jersey, the largest city in the state. He was the first African American elected mayor of any major Northeastern United States city. He served from 1970 to 1986. Gibson grew up in Newark, New Jersey and attended Central High School, where he played with a dance band after school to bring in income needed for his family. Gibson studied civil engineering at Newark College of Engineering (now New Jersey Institute of Technology),"
},
{
"id": "1949215",
"title": "Maynard Jackson",
"text": "a substantial black minority. The following year, he built on his strength, gaining election as vice mayor, who was presiding officer of the board of aldermen. At that time, Atlanta modified its city charter, strengthening the position of mayor and renaming the vice mayor as president of the city council (aldermen were now city council members). In 1970, Maynard Jackson became Atlanta's first Black Vice-Mayor, his first elected position which he held for four years. In 1973, Jackson was elected with 60 percent of the vote, as the first African-American mayor of Atlanta and any major southern city; he was"
},
{
"id": "11716816",
"title": "Clarence Lightner",
"text": "the first black mayor of a major, mostly-white city in the South (Chapel Hill had a black mayor in 1969). Most observers were surprised by his win. Lightner served as a charter member of the Southern Conference of Black Mayors. He also actively participated in the National League of Cities and made personal connections with members of the federal administration. In 1974 he founded the Downtown Housing Improvement Corporation (DHIC) to \"help people with low incomes find housing.\" During his tenure the city council bolstered floodplain construction regulations, rejected large road construction projects, and instituted a mass transit system. Raleigh"
},
{
"id": "83656",
"title": "Chicago",
"text": "1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after. Washington was succeeded by 6th ward Alderman Eugene Sawyer, who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election. Richard M. Daley, son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives for sustainable development, as well as closing Meigs Field in the middle of the night and destroying the runways."
},
{
"id": "514746",
"title": "Harold Washington",
"text": "Harold Washington Harold Lee Washington (April 15, 1922 – November 25, 1987) was an American lawyer and politician from the state of Illinois who was elected as the 41st Mayor of Chicago. Washington was noted as the first African–American to be elected as mayor of Chicago in February 1983. Washington served as mayor from April 29, 1983 until his death on November 25, 1987. Washington was also a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from January 1981 until beginning his tenure as Chicago mayor in April 1983, representing the Illinois first district. Prior to his time as a member"
},
{
"id": "18513928",
"title": "Alexander Matturri",
"text": "buildings displacing thousands, to build the new University of Medicine and Dentistry facility. A study on the riot, many African Americans, especially younger community leaders, felt they had remained largely disenfranchised in Newark despite the fact that Newark became one of the first majority black major cities in America alongside Washington, D.C. The city was entering a turbulent period of incipient change in political power. A former seven-term congressman representing , Mayor Addonizio, who was also the last non-black mayor of Newark, took few steps to incorporate blacks in various civil leadership positions and to help blacks get better employment"
},
{
"id": "214795",
"title": "Jackson, Mississippi",
"text": "named as one of the top 10 friendliest cities in the United States by \"CN Traveler\". The capital city was tied with Natchez as Number 7. The city was noticed for friendly people, great food, and green and pretty public places. On July 1, 2013, Chokwe Lumumba was sworn into office as mayor of the city. After eight months in office, Lumumba died on February 25, 2014. Lumumba was a popular yet controversial figure due to his prior membership in the Republic of New Afrika, as well as being a co-founder of the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in"
},
{
"id": "14800699",
"title": "Post–civil rights era in African-American history",
"text": "In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American to be elected governor in U.S. history. In 1992 Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first black woman to be elected to the U.S. Senate. In 2000 there were 8,936 black officeholders in the United States, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001 there were 484 black mayors. The 38 African-American members of Congress formed the Congressional Black Caucus, which serves as a political bloc for issues relating to African Americans. The appointment of blacks to high federal offices—including General Colin Powell, Chairman of the U.S. Armed Forces"
},
{
"id": "15311216",
"title": "Daniel Brown (politician)",
"text": "Brown the first African American mayor of the city. He did not run for a full term as mayor, but remains on the city council. He was succeeded by Madeline Rogero. Daniel Brown (politician) Daniel Brown (born December 25, 1945) is a former city councilman and former acting mayor of the city of Knoxville, Tennessee, where he was the first African American to serve as mayor. Brown was born in Knoxville, where he graduated from Austin High School. He attended Tennessee State University, where he received B.S. degree in History. Brown is a Vietnam War veteran and a retiree of"
},
{
"id": "10437955",
"title": "James M. Baker (mayor)",
"text": "of Greater Wilmington. He was elected to the Wilmington City Council in 1972. In 1984 he became the first African-American elected City Council President. As mayor, he saw Wilmington memorials erected to Americans killed during World War II and the Korean War. He was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino. Mayor Baker is the author of \"The Genuine American Music,\" a two-volume encyclopedia of black musicians, which tells the story of black music in America through text, rare"
},
{
"id": "5020295",
"title": "Richard G. Hatcher",
"text": "Richard G. Hatcher Richard Gordon Hatcher (born July 10, 1933) is an American politician. On January 1, 1968, he became the first African-American mayor of Gary, Indiana. He and Carl Stokes (who was elected mayor of Cleveland on the same day) became, on November 7, 1967, the first two black elected mayors of cities of more than 100,000 people. Hatcher was born in Michigan City, Indiana. He received a B.S. degree in business and government from Indiana University and a bachelor of law with honors in criminal law in 1956 and a J.D. from Valparaiso University School of Law in"
},
{
"id": "1890453",
"title": "Hempstead (village), New York",
"text": "1997. In 1989, Hempstead residents elected James A. Garner (R) as their mayor. He was the first Black or African-American mayor ever elected to office in New York state and he served for four consecutive terms. Subsequently, Wayne Hall, a former Village of Hempstead trustee who is also African American, served as mayor for three terms, from 2005 to 2017. The first African-American male judge, Lance Clarke, was elected in 2001. Cynthia Diaz-Wilson was the first female justice in the Village of Hempstead and first African American village justice in the state of New York. In recent years, there has"
},
{
"id": "9112626",
"title": "Clarence H. Burns",
"text": "1991 with the same result. In 1991 a new arena on the waterfront near Canton was named for \"Du\" Burns. Clarence H. Burns Clarence Henry \"Du\" Burns (September 13, 1918 – January 12, 2003) was a Democratic politician and first African American mayor of Baltimore, Maryland in 1987. Du Burns was first elected to the Baltimore City Council in 1971. In 1986, the then-Mayor William Donald Schaefer resigned after being elected Governor of Maryland. As City Council president, Burns was elevated to mayor in January 1987, becoming the first black mayor in the city's history. In the 1987 city elections,"
},
{
"id": "4960536",
"title": "1968 Washington, D.C. riots",
"text": "appearances were credited by many in the city with helping dampen the violence during the time. In addition, he refused FBI director J. Edgar Hoover's commands to shoot at rioters. In 1974, Washington was elected as the city's first elected mayor and its first black mayor, but only served one term after being overwhelmed with managing the city. Cyrus R. Vance was the former Deputy Secretary of Defense and special Pentagon representative in D.C. 1968 Riots. Mayor Washington acted with Vance’s guidance during Thursday night, the first hours of rioting. He also acted as the Pentagon’s special representative from Friday"
},
{
"id": "23308",
"title": "African Americans",
"text": "United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 black mayors. In 2005, the number of Africans immigrating to the United States, in a single year, surpassed the peak number who were involuntarily brought to the United States during the Atlantic Slave Trade. On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected president. At least 95 percent of African-American voters voted for Obama. He also received overwhelming support from young and educated whites, a majority of Asians, Hispanics, and"
},
{
"id": "15247226",
"title": "Mayoralty in the United States",
"text": "heads but is subject to checks by the city council, sharing both executive and legislative duties with the council. This is common for smaller cities, especially in New England (where most towns do not even have mayors at all). Charlotte, North Carolina and Minneapolis, Minnesota are two notable large cities with a ceremonial mayor. Carl Stokes was the first African American mayor of any major U.S. city. Many American mayors are styled as “His/Her Honor” while in office. Mayoralty in the United States In the United States, there are several distinct types of mayors, depending on the system of local"
},
{
"id": "642206",
"title": "Richmond, Virginia",
"text": "The verdict required the city to rebuild its council into nine distinct wards. Within the year the city council switched from majority white to majority black, reflecting the city's populace. This new city council elected Richmond's first black mayor, Henry L. Marsh. In 1990 religion and politics intersected to impact the outcome of the Eighth District election in South Richmond. With the endorsements of black power brokers, black clergy and the Richmond Crusade for Voters, South Richmond residents made history, electing Reverend A. Carl Prince to the Richmond City Council. As the first African American Baptist Minister elected to the"
},
{
"id": "1018621",
"title": "Compton, California",
"text": "law enforcement jobs. A black man first ran for City Council in 1958, and the first black councilman was elected in 1961. In 1969, Douglas Dollarhide became the mayor, the first black man elected mayor of any metropolitan city in California. Two blacks and one Mexican-American were also elected to the local school board. Four years later, in 1973, Doris A. Davis defeated Dollarhide's bid for re-election to become the first female black mayor of a metropolitan American city. By the early 1970s, the city had one of the largest concentrations of blacks in the country with over ninety percent."
},
{
"id": "14994829",
"title": "Lelia Foley",
"text": "Lelia Foley Lelia Foley (born November 7, 1942) was the first African American woman elected mayor in the United States. In January 1973, Foley, a divorced mother of five, surviving on welfare, ran for a spot on the school board of Taft, Oklahoma, an all-black town of 600 people. She lost the election, but shortly thereafter she became inspired by a book on the successful election of A. J. Cooper as mayor of Pritchard, Alabama. Raising $200 from interested parties, she ran for the town’s top job. On April 3, 1973, the citizens of Taft elected Foley as mayor. Her"
},
{
"id": "998959",
"title": "Leavenworth, Kansas",
"text": "him, now let them bury him.\" The city arranged burial. African Americans in the region were horrified at Alexander's murder by the mob and created the first state chapter of the Afro-American Council, then the only national organization working for civil rights. (The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded a few years later, and absorbed most members of the AAC.) In 1972 Benjamin Day became the city's first African-American mayor. Day had been elected to the City Commission one year earlier. Leavenworth appoints its mayor from among the members of the Commission, and Day was"
},
{
"id": "6891798",
"title": "Percy Sutton",
"text": "Percy Sutton Percy Ellis Sutton (November 24, 1920 – December 26, 2009) was a prominent black American political and business leader. An activist in the Civil Rights Movement and lawyer, he was also a Freedom Rider and the legal representative for Malcolm X. He was the highest-ranking African-American elected official in New York City when he was Manhattan borough president from 1966 to 1977, the longest tenure at that position. He later became an entrepreneur whose investments included the \"New York Amsterdam News\" and the Apollo Theater in Harlem. Sutton was born in San Antonio, Texas, the youngest of fifteen"
},
{
"id": "4080272",
"title": "Harvey Johnson Jr.",
"text": "of Jackson, placing third in the Democratic primary behind two white candidates, incumbent mayor J. Kane Ditto and former mayor Dale Danks. But in 1997, Johnson defeated Ditto in the Democratic primary, and later defeated Republican opponent Charlotte Reeves in the general election, becoming Jackson's first African-American mayor. Supporters credited Johnson with overseeing a dramatic renaissance in the city, leading the charge for several projects to help revive a decaying downtown area, including the revitalization of the Farish Street Neighborhood Historic District and passage of a controversial bond issue to build a convention center. Critics charged that he was an"
},
{
"id": "6435448",
"title": "Doris A. Davis",
"text": "Doris A. Davis Doris A. Davis (born circa 1935) is a former mayor of Compton, California, who earned a place in history as the first African-American woman mayor of a metropolitan city in the United States. In 1965, 33-year-old Davis defeated incumbent Clyde Harland to become Compton's first black City Clerk. Eight years later she challenged and defeated another incumbent, Compton Mayor Douglas Dollarhide. By doing so, she became the first female African American Mayor of a major metropolitan city. However, after four years as mayor she did not seek re-election. Davis was succeeded in 1977 by another African-American, Lionel"
},
{
"id": "6311641",
"title": "Howard Nathaniel Lee",
"text": "Howard Nathaniel Lee Howard Nathaniel Lee (born July 28, 1934 in Georgia) is an American politician who served as Mayor of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, from 1969 to 1975. He was the first African-American mayor elected in Chapel Hill, and the first African American to be elected mayor of any majority-white city in the South. Howard Nathaniel Lee was born to Howard Lee and Lou Temple on July 28, 1934, on a sharecropper's farm outside Lithonia, Georgia. Lee graduated from Bruce Street High School in 1953, and began his freshman year at Clark College, a historically black college of Atlanta"
},
{
"id": "3642816",
"title": "Ted Berry",
"text": "Ted Berry Theodore M. Berry (November 5, 1905 – October 15, 2000), an American politician of the Charter Party of Cincinnati, Ohio, was the first African-American mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio. Born in poverty in Maysville, Kentucky, on November 5, 1905, Ted Berry overcame great obstacles to achieve personal success and gain a national reputation as a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He graduated from Woodward High School in 1924 and served as class valedictorian, the first African American to hold that honor in Cincinnati. In his senior year, he won an essay contest with an entry submitted under the"
},
{
"id": "2382224",
"title": "African Americans in the United States Congress",
"text": "(See List of first African-American mayors.) African Americans in the United States Congress The first African Americans to serve in the United States Congress were Republicans elected during the Reconstruction Era. After slaves were emancipated and granted citizenship rights, freedmen gained political representation in the Southern United States for the first time. White Democrats regained political power in state legislatures across the South and worked to restore white supremacy. By the presidential election of 1876, only three state legislatures were not controlled by white Democrats. The Compromise of 1877 completed the period of Redemption by white Democratic Southerners, with the"
},
{
"id": "17718092",
"title": "Henry G. Marsh",
"text": "Henry G. Marsh Henry G. Marsh (October 11, 1921 – May 11, 2011) was a Democratic politician from Michigan who served as Mayor of Saginaw, and was the first African-American to hold that office. Marsh was one of the first black mayors in the United States. Marsh was born on October 11, 1921, in Knoxville, Tennessee to Thomas and Saidye Marsh. He attended Camden Academy and Knoxville College before being drafted into the U.S. Army in 1942. Marsh served in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy, arriving at the Anzio Beachhead three days before Operation Shingle. Marsh was honorably discharged in"
},
{
"id": "1149918",
"title": "South Harrison Township, New Jersey",
"text": "(R, 2018), Mary Howard (R, 2016) and Robert Schenk (R, 2017). In 2007, Charles Tyson was elected Mayor, the first African American to hold the post. He was re-elected in 2008. In 2009, however, he declined to seek re-election to a third term, citing the death threats and racist vandalism that had arisen. He had received threatening phone calls and emails, his tires were slashed, and \"KKK\" was written on a sign on his lawn. A federal indictment has charged a white supremacist from Virginia, Bill White, with \"communicating threats in interstate commerce\", based on White's emails to Tyson and"
}
] |
test_4
|
When did the last king from Britain's House of Hanover die?
|
[
"20 June 1837"
] |
[
{
"id": "1847409",
"title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg",
"text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the"
},
{
"id": "1847411",
"title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg",
"text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenbüttel Line retained its independence, except"
},
{
"id": "3442549",
"title": "Kingdom of Hanover",
"text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as"
},
{
"id": "1926032",
"title": "Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover",
"text": "and Kent, were unmarried. On 6 November 1817, Princess Charlotte died after delivering a stillborn son. King George was left with twelve surviving children and no surviving legitimate grandchildren. Most of the unmarried royal dukes hurriedly sought out suitable brides and hastened to the altar, hoping to secure the succession for another generation. Seeing little prospect of the Queen giving in and receiving her daughter-in-law, the Cumberlands moved to Germany in 1818. They had difficulty living within their means in Britain and the cost of living was much lower in Germany. Queen Charlotte died on 17 November 1818, but the"
},
{
"id": "576999",
"title": "George I of Great Britain",
"text": "removed from office towards the end of George I's reign, but such fears were put to an end when George died during his sixth trip to his native Hanover since his accession as king. He suffered a stroke on the road between Delden and Nordhorn on 9 June 1727, and was taken by carriage to the Prince-Bishop's palace at Osnabrück where he died in the early hours of 11 June 1727. He was buried in the chapel of Leine Palace in Hanover, but his remains were moved to the chapel at Herrenhausen Gardens after World War II. Leine Palace had"
},
{
"id": "1926011",
"title": "Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover",
"text": "record. There were persistent allegations (reportedly spread by his political foes) that he had murdered his valet and had fathered a son by his sister, Princess Sophia. Before Victoria succeeded to the British throne, it was rumoured that Ernest intended to murder her and take the throne himself. When King William IV died on 20 June 1837, Ernest acceded to the Hanoverian throne. Becoming Hanover's first resident ruler since George I, he had a generally successful fourteen-year reign but excited controversy when he dismissed the Göttingen Seven (including the two Brothers Grimm) from their professorial positions for agitating against his"
},
{
"id": "1926071",
"title": "Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover",
"text": "allowing this trumpery must strike every sensible and well-thinking mind, and I am astonished the ministers themselves do not insist on her at least going to Osborne during the Exhibition, as no human being can possibly answer for what may occur on the occasion. The idea ... must shock every honest and well-meaning Englishman. But it seems everything is conspiring to lower us in the eyes of Europe. The King died on 18 November 1851 after an illness of about a month. He was mourned greatly in Hanover; less so in England, where \"The Times\" omitted the customary black border"
},
{
"id": "568862",
"title": "George II of Great Britain",
"text": "George II of Great Britain George II (George Augustus; ; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760. George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain: he was born and brought up in northern Germany. His grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, became second in line to the British throne after about 50 Catholics higher in line were excluded by the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of"
},
{
"id": "2042169",
"title": "Princess Augusta of Cambridge",
"text": "Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz died on 5 December 1916 in Neustrelitz and was buried in Mirow. As the longest-lived grandchild of George III, she was the last link to the British branch of the House of Hanover. At the time of her death, she was 94 years, 4 months and 16 days old, making her the longest-lived British Princess of the Blood Royal until Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, a male-line granddaughter of Queen Victoria, broke the record in 1977, aged over 97 years old. As a male-line granddaughter of the British monarch, she was a princess of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"id": "568879",
"title": "George II of Great Britain",
"text": "were dominant in politics, as the king feared that the Tories would not support the succession laid down in the Act of Settlement. The power of the Whigs was so great that the Tories would not come to hold power for another half-century. George I died on 11/22 June 1727 during one of his visits to Hanover, and George II succeeded him as king and elector at the age of 43. The new king decided not to travel to Germany for his father's funeral, which far from bringing criticism led to praise from the English who considered it proof of"
},
{
"id": "1991388",
"title": "Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge",
"text": "of Prince Frederick of Hesse. From 1816 to 1837, the Duke of Cambridge served as viceroy of the Kingdom of Hanover on behalf of his elder brothers, George IV and later William IV. When his niece succeeded to the British throne on 20 June 1837 as Queen Victoria, the 122-year union of the crowns the United Kingdom and Hanover ended, due to Hanover being under Salic Law. The Duke of Cumberland became King of Hanover and the Duke of Cambridge returned to Britain. The Duke of Cambridge died on 8 July 1850 at Cambridge House, Piccadilly, London, and was buried"
},
{
"id": "1499983",
"title": "House of Hanover",
"text": "but to her uncle, the Duke of Cumberland. In 1901, when Queen Victoria, the last British monarch provided by the House of Hanover, died, her son and heir Edward VII became the first British Monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward taking his family name from that of his father, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. After the death of William IV in 1837, the following kings of Hanover continued the dynasty: The Kingdom of Hanover came to an end in 1866 when it was annexed by Kingdom of Prussia and the king of Hanover (and duke of Cumberland) forced"
},
{
"id": "185727",
"title": "Hanover",
"text": "Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenberg's capital (see also: House of Hanover). Its Electors later become monarchs of Great Britain (and from 1801, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). The first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who reigned in Hanover was William IV. Semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover. As a male-line descendant of George I, Queen Victoria was herself a member of the House"
},
{
"id": "2164729",
"title": "House of Welf",
"text": "when anti-Catholic sentiment ran high in much of Northern Europe and Great Britain. But Sophia died shortly before her first cousin once removed, Anne, Queen of Great Britain, the last sovereign of the House of Stuart. Sophia's son George I succeeded queen Anne and formed a personal union from 1714 between the British crown and the Electorate of Hanover, which lasted until well after the end of the Napoleonic Wars more than a century later, through the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the rise of a new successor kingdom. The British royal family became known as the House"
},
{
"id": "576962",
"title": "George I of Great Britain",
"text": "prime minister. Towards the end of his reign, actual political power was held by Robert Walpole, now recognised as Britain's first \"de facto\" prime minister. George died of a stroke on a trip to his native Hanover, where he was buried. He was the last British monarch to be buried outside the United Kingdom. George was born on 28 May 1660 in the city of Hanover in the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and his wife, Sophia of the Palatinate. Sophia was the granddaughter of King"
},
{
"id": "4933349",
"title": "Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (1914–1987)",
"text": "He died at Schulenburg, Pattensen, Lower Saxony, Germany, aged 73, and was buried next to his first wife on a round bastion of Marienburg Castle (Hanover). He was portrayed by Daniel Betts in the first season of the Netflix series \"The Crown\". Patrilineal descent, descent from father to son, is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations - which means that the \"historically accurate\" royal house of monarchs of the House of Hanover was the House of Lucca (or Este, or Welf). This is the descent of the primary male heir."
},
{
"id": "523128",
"title": "George III of the United Kingdom",
"text": "of a recovery in May 1811, by the end of the year George had become permanently insane and lived in seclusion at Windsor Castle until his death. Prime Minister Spencer Perceval was assassinated in 1812 and was replaced by Lord Liverpool. Liverpool oversaw British victory in the Napoleonic Wars. The subsequent Congress of Vienna led to significant territorial gains for Hanover, which was upgraded from an electorate to a kingdom. Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated. He developed dementia, and became completely blind and increasingly deaf. He was incapable of knowing or understanding that he was declared King of Hanover in 1814,"
},
{
"id": "12605846",
"title": "Jacobite line of succession to the English and Scottish thrones in 1714",
"text": "Jacobite Revolt. At the time of Anne's death in August 1714, 68 descendants of the Stuart dynasty were alive, but the first 55, being Roman Catholic, were excluded by the Act of Settlement. The succession thus fell to George Ludwig, Elector of Hanover, the eldest son of Electress Sophia (who had died a few months before), to the British throne. The article lists the 68 potential claimants. To show how each person's claim was derived, their ancestors back to King James I and VI – the first to occupy both thrones – are listed, without numbers. Eligible Protestants according to"
},
{
"id": "571666",
"title": "Anne, Queen of Great Britain",
"text": "the late 20th century. Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life, and from her thirties, she grew increasingly ill and obese. Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband, Prince George of Denmark, she died without surviving issue and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Under the Act of Settlement 1701, which excluded all Catholics, she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover. Anne was born at 11:39 p.m. on 6 February 1665 at St James's Palace, London, the fourth child and second daughter of the Duke of York (afterwards James"
},
{
"id": "576960",
"title": "George I of Great Britain",
"text": "George I of Great Britain George I (George Louis; ; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 and ruler of the Duchy and Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) in the Holy Roman Empire from 1698 until his death in 1727. George was born in Hanover and inherited the titles and lands of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg from his father and uncles. A succession of European wars expanded his German domains during his lifetime, and in 1708 he was ratified as prince-elector of Hanover. At the age of 54, after the"
},
{
"id": "2334833",
"title": "Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick",
"text": "of the United Kingdom, became king of Hanover in 1837 because Salic Law barred Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom, from inheriting the Hanoverian throne. His father succeeded as pretender to the Hanoverian throne and as Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale in the peerage of Great Britain in 1878. The younger Ernest August became heir apparent to the dukedom of Cumberland and to the Hanoverian claim upon the deaths of his two elder brothers, George and Christian. Through his mother, he was a first cousin of George V of the United Kingdom, Nicholas II of Russia, Christian X of Denmark,"
},
{
"id": "576971",
"title": "George I of Great Britain",
"text": "allowed to ride in a carriage outside her castle, albeit under supervision. Melusine von der Schulenburg acted as George's hostess openly from 1698 until his death, and they had three daughters together, born in 1692, 1693 and 1701, respectively. Ernest Augustus died on 23 January 1698, leaving all of his territories to George with the exception of the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück, an office he had held since 1661. George thus became Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (also known as Hanover, after its capital) as well as Archbannerbearer and a Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire. His court in Hanover was graced by"
},
{
"id": "12207465",
"title": "Prince George William of Hanover (1880–1912)",
"text": "Cross of the Royal Victorian Order by King George V of the United Kingdom on 8 June 1910. The prince died in a motor accident on 20 May 1912 at age 31 at Nackel, Brandenburg, Germany. He was at the wheel of his car en route to the funeral of his uncle, Frederick VIII of Denmark, when he skidded on a newly laid road surface. At the time of his death, George William was unmarried and left no issue. He was known to his family by the nickname \"Plumpy.\" Patrilineal descent, descent from father to son, is the principle behind"
},
{
"id": "538142",
"title": "William IV of the United Kingdom",
"text": "William IV of the United Kingdom William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover. William served in the Royal Navy in his youth, spending time in North America and the Caribbean, and was later nicknamed the \"Sailor King\". In 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence and St"
},
{
"id": "1847406",
"title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg",
"text": "succession for the British crown by the Act of Settlement— which was written to ensure a Protestant succession to the thrones of Scotland and England at a time when anti-Catholic sentiment ran high in much of Northern Europe and much of Great Britain. In the event, George I succeeded his second cousin Anne, Queen of Great Britain — the last reigning member of the House of Stuart, and subsequently formed a personal union from 1 August 1714 between the British crown and the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (electorate of Hanover) which would last until well after the end of the Napoleonic"
},
{
"id": "2199593",
"title": "George V of Hanover",
"text": "throne, the 123-year personal union of the British and Hanoverian thrones ended due to the operation of Salic Law in the German states. The Duke of Cumberland succeeded to the Hanoverian throne as Ernst August, and Prince George became the Crown Prince of Hanover. As a legitimate male-line descendant of George III, he remained a member of the British Royal Family, and second in line to the British throne, until the birth of Queen Victoria's first child, Victoria, Princess Royal, in 1840. Since he was totally blind, there were doubts as to whether the Crown Prince was qualified to succeed"
},
{
"id": "1926009",
"title": "Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover",
"text": "Hanover. In the United Kingdom the succession to the monarchy was determined by male-preference primogeniture, a different system, and his niece Victoria became queen, thus ending the personal union between the British and Hanoverian crowns that had existed since 1714. Ernest was born in England but was sent to Hanover in his adolescence for his education and military training. While serving with Hanoverian forces near Tournai against Revolutionary France, he received a disfiguring facial wound. In 1799, he was created Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale. Although his marriage in 1815 to his twice-widowed cousin Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz met with the"
},
{
"id": "1499982",
"title": "House of Hanover",
"text": "Great Britain and Ireland:\" \"Of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland:\" George I, George II, and George III also served as electors and dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, informally, Electors of Hanover (cf. \"personal union\"). From 1814, when Hanover became a kingdom, the British monarch was also King of Hanover. In 1837, the personal union of the thrones of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended with the death of William IV. Succession to the Hanoverian throne was regulated by semi-Salic law (agnatic-cognatic), which gave priority to all male lines before female lines, so that it passed not to Queen Victoria"
},
{
"id": "3307399",
"title": "Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale",
"text": "Great Britain, was bestowed on Ernest Augustus (later King of Hanover), fifth son of King George III of the United Kingdom. In 1837 Ernest became king of Hanover, and on his death in 1851 the title descended with the kingdom to his son King George V, and on George's death in 1878 to his grandson Prince Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover. In 1866 Hanover was annexed by Prussia, but King George died without renouncing his rights. His son Ernest, while maintaining his claim to the kingdom of Hanover, was generally known by his title of Duke of Cumberland in"
},
{
"id": "576981",
"title": "George I of Great Britain",
"text": "been removed from the Stuarts, and he retained it. \"This declaration was meant to scotch any Whig interpretation that parliament had given him the kingdom [and] ... convince the Tories that he was no usurper.\" George's mother, the Electress Sophia, died on 28 May 1714 at the age of 83. She had collapsed in the gardens at Herrenhausen after rushing to shelter from a shower of rain. George was now Queen Anne's heir presumptive. He swiftly revised the membership of the Regency Council that would take power after Anne's death, as it was known that Anne's health was failing and"
},
{
"id": "1700058",
"title": "Gilbert Burnet",
"text": "succeeded to the throne. His predictions of doom were received with general scepticism: \"Be easy my Lord, and disturb not the peace of your old age with vain imaginings of a second Revolution and a flight to Holland... I am sure you need not die a martyr for your faith\" wrote one correspondent acidly. In the event the throne passed peacefully to the Protestant House of Hanover in August 1714, seven months before Burnet's own death. Burnet died of a fever on 17 March 1715, having been ill for only three days. His mood in his final days was described"
},
{
"id": "2334834",
"title": "Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick",
"text": "Haakon VII of Norway, and Constantine I of Greece. In 1884, the reigning Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, a distant cousin, died. Since the younger branch of the House of Guelph ended with him, under house rules it would have passed to the Duke of Cumberland, who immediately claimed the throne. However, the Imperial Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, managed to get the Federal Council (Bundesrat) of the German Empire to rule that the Duke of Cumberland would disturb the peace of the empire if he ascended the throne of Brunswick. Bismarck did this because the duke had never formally renounced his claims"
},
{
"id": "2219291",
"title": "Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover",
"text": "name was removed from the roll of Peers of Great Britain and of Ireland by Order of the King in Council for \"bearing arms against Great Britain.\" Prince Ernst August, the former Crown Prince of Hanover and former Duke of Cumberland, died of a stroke on his estate at Gmunden in November 1923. He is interred, next to his wife and his mother, in a mausoleum which he had built adjacent to Cumberland Castle. \"In Germany:\" \"In Austria:\" \"In the United Kingdom:\" Until his father's death in 1878, Ernest Augustus' arms in right of the United Kingdom were those of"
},
{
"id": "523129",
"title": "George III of the United Kingdom",
"text": "or that his wife died in 1818. At Christmas 1819, he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk. He died at Windsor Castle at 8:38 pm on 29 January 1820, six days after the death of his fourth son, the Duke of Kent. His favourite son, Frederick, Duke of York, was with him. George III was buried on 16 February in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. George was succeeded by two of his sons, George IV and William IV, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne"
},
{
"id": "523130",
"title": "George III of the United Kingdom",
"text": "to the only legitimate child of the Duke of Kent, Victoria, the last monarch of the House of Hanover. George III lived for 81 years and 239 days and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors and subsequent kings. Only Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II have since lived and reigned longer. George III was dubbed \"Farmer George\" by satirists, at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics, but later to contrast his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity and to portray"
},
{
"id": "5940501",
"title": "King of Hanover",
"text": "The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 on the accession of Queen Victoria because the succession laws in Hanover, based on Salic law, prevented a female inheriting the title if there was any surviving male heir (in the United Kingdom, a male took precedence only over his own sisters). After the personal union with Great Britain ended in 1837, the monarchs of Hanover kept the British royal arms and standard, only introducing a new Crown (after the British model). King of Hanover The King of Hanover (German: König von Hannover) was the official title of the head"
},
{
"id": "2134103",
"title": "Prince George of Denmark",
"text": "sick son, William, who died at the age of eleven. Despite the history of their children, George and Anne's marriage was a strong one. George died aged 55 from a recurring and chronic lung disease, much to the devastation of his wife, and he was buried in Westminster Abbey. George was born in Copenhagen Castle, and was the younger son of Frederick III, King of Denmark and Norway, and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg. His mother was the sister of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, later Elector of Hanover. From 1661, his governor was Otto Grote, later Hanoverian minister to Denmark."
},
{
"id": "376571",
"title": "Sophia of Hanover",
"text": "died at the age of 49. Had Anne predeceased Sophia, Sophia would have been the oldest person to ascend the British throne. Upon Sophia's death, her eldest son Elector George Louis of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1660–1727) became heir presumptive in her place, and weeks later, succeeded Anne as George I. Sophia's daughter Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (1668–1705) married Frederick I of Prussia, from whom the later Prussian and German monarchs descend. Sophia was buried in the chapel of Leine Palace, as were her husband and, later, their son George I. After destruction of the palace and its chapel during World War II"
},
{
"id": "611686",
"title": "Frederick, Prince of Wales",
"text": "Great Britain. However, Sophia died before Anne at age 83 in June 1714, which elevated the Elector to heir-presumptive; Queen Anne died on 1 August the same year, and Sophia's son became King George I. This made Frederick's father the new Prince of Wales and first-in-line to the British throne and Frederick himself second-in-line. Frederick's other godfather was his grand-uncle Frederick I, King in Prussia and Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia. Frederick was nicknamed \"Griff\" within the family. In the year of Anne's death and the coronation of George I, Frederick's parents, George, Prince of Wales (later George II), and Caroline of"
},
{
"id": "538198",
"title": "William IV of the United Kingdom",
"text": "Victoria of Kent, the only child of Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, George III's fourth son. Under Salic Law, a woman could not rule Hanover, and so the Hanoverian Crown went to George III's fifth son, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. William's death thus ended the personal union of Britain and Hanover, which had persisted since 1714. The main beneficiaries of his will were his eight surviving children by Mrs. Jordan. Although William IV is not the direct ancestor of the later monarchs of the United Kingdom, he has many notable descendants through his illegitimate family with Mrs. Jordan, including"
},
{
"id": "10804521",
"title": "Jacobite uprising in Cornwall of 1715",
"text": "Jacobite uprising in Cornwall of 1715 The Jacobite uprising in Cornwall of 1715 was the last uprising against the British Crown to take place in the county of Cornwall. On 1 August 1714, Queen Anne died, George, Elector of Hanover, the son of the Electress Sophia, granddaughter of James I (1566–1625) was proclaimed King under the Act of Settlement of 1701. However, James Stuart, the surviving legitimate son of James II of England who had been deposed in Glorious Revolution of 1688, believed he had a stronger claim to The Crown. Major riots broke out across Great Britain at the"
},
{
"id": "576600",
"title": "George V",
"text": "his bedroom at Sandringham House complaining of a cold; he remained in the room until his death. He became gradually weaker, drifting in and out of consciousness. Prime Minister Baldwin later said: By 20 January, he was close to death. His physicians, led by Lord Dawson of Penn, issued a bulletin with words that became famous: \"The King's life is moving peacefully towards its close.\" Dawson's private diary, unearthed after his death and made public in 1986, reveals that the King's last words, a mumbled \"God damn you!\", were addressed to his nurse, Catherine Black, when she gave him a"
},
{
"id": "568903",
"title": "George II of Great Britain",
"text": "at 6:00 am, drank a cup of hot chocolate, and went to his close stool, alone. After a few minutes, his valet heard a loud crash and entered the room to find the king on the floor. The king was lifted into his bed, and Princess Amelia was sent for; before she reached him, he was dead. At the age of nearly 77, he had lived longer than any of his English or British predecessors. A post-mortem revealed that the right ventricle of the king's heart had ruptured as the result of an incipient aortic aneurysm. George II was succeeded"
},
{
"id": "2232197",
"title": "Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz",
"text": "only daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, but because Hanover had been ruled under semi-Salic Law since the times of the Holy Roman Empire, she could not inherit the Hanoverian throne. The next male descendant of the late king was the Duke of Cumberland, Frederica's husband, who then became King of Hanover, with Frederica as his Queen consort. After a short illness, Queen Frederica of Hanover died in 1841 at Hanover. The Court master builder Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves was instructed by the King to build a mausoleum for his wife and himself in the garden of the chapel"
},
{
"id": "1926049",
"title": "Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover",
"text": "Ernest became King of Hanover. On 28 June 1837, King Ernest entered his new domain, passing under a triumphal arch. For the first time in over a century, Hanover would have a ruler living there. Many Hanoverians were of a liberal perspective and would have preferred the popular viceroy, the Duke of Cambridge, to become king, but both of Ernest's younger brothers refused to lend themselves to any movement by which they would become king rather than their elder brother. According to Roger Fulford in his study of George III's younger sons, \"Royal Dukes\", \"In 1837, King Ernest was the"
},
{
"id": "576961",
"title": "George I of Great Britain",
"text": "death of his second cousin Anne, Queen of Great Britain, George ascended the British throne as the first monarch of the House of Hanover. Although over 50 Roman Catholics were closer to Anne by primogeniture, the Act of Settlement 1701 prohibited Catholics from inheriting the British throne; George was Anne's closest living Protestant relative. In reaction, Jacobites attempted to depose George and replace him with Anne's Catholic half-brother, James Francis Edward Stuart, but their attempts failed. During George's reign, the powers of the monarchy diminished and Britain began a transition to the modern system of cabinet government led by a"
},
{
"id": "513898",
"title": "George IV of the United Kingdom",
"text": "upper gastrointestinal bleeding resulting from the rupture of a blood vessel in his stomach. A large tumour \"the size of an orange\" was found attached to his bladder; his heart was enlarged, had heavily calcified valves and was surrounded by a large fat deposit. The King was buried in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 15 July. His only legitimate child, Princess Charlotte of Wales, had died from post-partum complications in 1817, after delivering a stillborn son. His oldest brother, George III's second son Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, had died childless in 1827, so the succession passed"
},
{
"id": "15255171",
"title": "Jacobite rising of 1715",
"text": "Catholics from the English and Irish thrones, and that of Great Britain after the 1707 Act of Union. When Anne became the last Stuart monarch in 1702, her heir was the distantly related but Protestant Sophia of Hanover, not her Catholic half-brother James Francis Edward. Sophia died two months before Anne in August 1714; her son became George I and the pro-Hanoverian Whigs controlled government for the next 30 years. French support had been crucial for the Stuart exiles but their acceptance of the Protestant succession in Britain was part of the terms that ended the 1701-1714 War of the"
},
{
"id": "1926041",
"title": "Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover",
"text": "he did not try to make mischief between them.\" According to Bird, Ernest was the most unpopular man in England. The Duke's influence at Court was ended by the death of George IV in June 1830 and the succession of the Duke of Clarence as William IV. Wellington wrote that \"the effect of the King's death will ... be to put an end to the Duke of Cumberland's political character and power in this country entirely\". King William lacked legitimate children (two daughters having died in infancy) and Ernest was now heir presumptive in Hanover, since the British heir presumptive,"
},
{
"id": "1926033",
"title": "Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover",
"text": "Cumberlands remained in Germany, living principally in Berlin, where the Duchess had relatives. In 1817, the Duchess had a stillborn daughter; in 1819 she gave birth to a boy, Prince George of Cumberland. The Duke occasionally visited England, where he stayed with his eldest brother, who in 1820 succeeded to the British and Hanoverian thrones as George IV. George III's fourth son, Edward, Duke of Kent, died six days before his father, but left a daughter, Princess Victoria of Kent. With the death of George III, Ernest became fourth in line to the British throne, following the Duke of York"
}
] |
test_5
|
When did the president who set the precedent of a two term limit enter office?
|
[
"April 30, 1789"
] | [{"id":"8938926","title":"Term limits in the United States","text":"Roosevelt (president, 1933–194(...TRUNCATED)
|
test_6
|
When did the president who set the precedent of a two term limit leave office?
|
[
"March 4, 1797"
] | [{"id":"8667227","title":"Legacy of George Washington","text":"that it is acceptable and honorable f(...TRUNCATED)
|
test_7
|
How many people died in the second most powerful earthquake ever recorded?
|
[
"131"
] | [{"id":"4351412","title":"1976 Tangshan earthquake","text":"Hopeh Revolutionary Committee. According(...TRUNCATED)
|
test_8
|
Can people who have celiac eat camel meat?
|
[
"Yes"
] | [{"id":"2150928","title":"Dromedary","text":"use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals.(...TRUNCATED)
|
test_9
|
What was the final book written by the author of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms"
] | [{"id":"12736328","title":"Kirk Cameron","text":"\"On the Origin of Species\" on college campuses in(...TRUNCATED)
|
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