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State Herbarium collaborations
The State Herbarium operates both nationally through its core and foundational membership of the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria and internationally with its long tradition of contribution to the global research and documentation in plant systematics, evolution and biogeography of plants, algae and fungi.
The State Herbarium is one of eight Australian government herbaria that forms part of the global network of herbaria with the common aim of advancing knowledge of regional and global biodiversity.
The State Herbarium was one of the partners in Australia's Virtual Herbarium project to capture data associated with the millions of herbarium records held in Australia's principal herbaria. Over 700,000 records from the State Herbarium's collections are now databased and accessible online.
In collaboration with other herbaria, museums, universities and research institutions, the State Herbarium participates in national and international initiatives such as the Consortium for Barcoding of Life, Census of Coral Reefs Life, the Environment Institute, the Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity and the Research Institute for Climate Change and Sustainability.
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|
en
| 0.88711 | 236 | 2.71875 | 3 |
ESRL/GMD Water Vapor
What We DoSince 1980, the water vapor group at NOAA/ESRL/GMD has made in situ measurements of atmospheric water vapor mixing ratios (mole fractions) from the lower free troposphere (~2 km) up to the middle stratosphere (~30 km) with small, lightweight, balloon-borne cryogenic frost point hygrometers (FPHs). These hygrometers, built and calibrated in our laboratory in Boulder, Colorado, are currently flown every 2 weeks from Boulder and Lauder, New Zealand. In addition, we have conducted several intensive water vapor measurement programs in Antarctica, the Arctic, and several tropical locations, often in support of aircraft-based scientific campaigns. Along with the FPH we normally include an electrochemical cell (ECC) ozonesonde and a commercial radiosonde on the balloon payloads. Our data sets therefore contain vertical profiles of water vapor and ozone mixing ratios, pressure, temperature and horizontal winds.
Why Is Atmospheric Water Vapor Important?Our primary research focus is the long-term monitoring of stratospheric water vapor and the processes that control upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor. Water vapor is a natural and very important component of the Earth’s atmosphere. Its distribution influences many physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere, including weather, clouds, precipitation, lightning generation, convective uplift, and the Antarctic ozone hole. Most relevant to our study is water vapor’s effects on the Earth’s energy budget, influencing the budgets of both incoming solar radiation and outgoing heat (IR). Variations in the total amount of atmospheric water vapor are natural and normal, but changes in its vertical distribution, especially in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, may be indicative of changes in the Earth’s climate. For this reason there is great interest in our long-term (since 1980) record of water vapor vertical distributions over Boulder as it may reveal changes in atmospheric dynamics resulting from climate change.
Did you find one of our instrument payloads?
Click here for information about your reward
|The NOAA Cryogenic Frost Point Hygrometer (FPH) has evolved from an analog unit with strip chart recording of data to a digitally-controlled instrument with full downlink telemetry of data that is recorded on the ground. Read more on Basic descriptions of the hygrometer, frost point technique, data collection and launch procedures.||
See more launch photos
See more in-flight photos
|We rigged an automated digital camera to the balloon for a flight. Photos were taken every 30 seconds up to an altitude of 100,000 ft (30 km). See the snow-capped Rockies, the blackness of space, and the clear curvature of the Earth.|
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|
en
| 0.887969 | 568 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Born in England, Wilfred Owen, a soldier in World War I and a poet, was killed in action on November 4, 1918, one week before the Armistice. He is one of 16 of the Great War poets commemorated in Westminster Abbey's Poet Corner. The inscription on the slate is Owen's, "My subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity."
Pat Barker's novel Regeneration, the first of a trilogy of novels on the First World War, describes the experience of British army officers being treated for shell shock at Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh. Dr. William Rivers, an army psychiatrist, treats the traumatized officers so they can be returned to battle, among them Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen, both poets.
In an interview referenced in the Wikipedia article about the book, Pat Barker said, "The trilogy is trying to tell something about the parts of war that don't get into the official accounts".
Barker states that she chose to write about World War I "because it's come to stand in for other wars, as a sort of idealism of the young people in August 1914 in Germany and in England. They really felt this was the start of a better world. And the disillusionment, the horror and the pain followed that. I think because of that it's come to stand for the pain of all wars."
The book was made into a fine film, titled Behind the Lines, which you can find on Netflix. It closes with this stirring rendition of a poem Wilfred Owen wrote.
The Parable of the Old Man and the Young
So Abram rose, and clave the wood, and went,
And took the fire with him, and a knife.
And as they sojourned both of them together,
Isaac the first-born spake and said, My Father,
Behold the preparations, fire and iron,
But where the lamb for this burnt offering?
Then Abram bound the youth with belts and straps,
And builded parapets and trenches there,
And stretched forth the knife to slay his son.
When lo! an angel called him out of heaven,
Saying, Lay not thy hand upon the lad,
Neither do anything to him. Behold,
A ram, caught in the thicket by its horns;
Offer the Ram of Pride instead of him.
But the old man would not so, but slew his son,
And half the seed of Europe, one by one.
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<urn:uuid:6d1f34bd-ebef-49a6-bf2c-061d4999cff9>
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|
en
| 0.969537 | 526 | 2.890625 | 3 |
- page (n.1)
- "sheet of paper," 1580s, from Middle French page, from Old French pagene "page, text" (12c.), from Latin pagina "page, leaf of paper, strip of papyrus fastened to others," related to pagella "small page," from pangere "to fasten," from PIE root *pag- "to fix" (see pact).
Earlier pagne (12c.), directly from Old French. Usually said to be from the notion of individual sheets of paper "fastened" into a book. Ayto and Watkins offer an alternative theory: vines fastened by stakes and formed into a trellis, which led to sense of "columns of writing on a scroll." When books replaced scrolls, the word continued to be used. Related: Paginal. Page-turner "book that one can't put down" is from 1974.
- page (n.2)
- "youth, lad, boy of the lower orders," c.1300, originally also "youth preparing to be a knight," from Old French page "a youth, page, servant" (13c.), possibly via Italian paggio (Barnhart), from Medieval Latin pagius "servant," perhaps ultimately from Greek paidion "boy, lad," diminutive of pais (genitive paidos) "child."
But OED considers this unlikely and points instead to Littré's suggestion of a source in Latin pagus "countryside," in sense of "boy from the rural regions" (see pagan). Meaning "youth employed as a personal attendant to a person of rank" is first recorded mid-15c.; this was transferred from late 18c. to boys who did personal errands in hotels, clubs, etc., also in U.S. legislatures.
- page (v.1)
- "to summon or call by name," 1904, from page (n.2), on the notion of "to send a page after" someone. Related: Paged; paging.
- page (v.2)
- "to turn pages," 1620s, from page (n.1). Related: Paged; paging.
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<urn:uuid:c9b54c58-f210-4fc1-914f-591198ee8b2b>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=page&allowed_in_frame=0
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|
en
| 0.915594 | 467 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Being overweight or obese is a leading contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors; however, in patients with established CVD, obesity appears to play a protective role. In fact, data suggest obese patients with heart disease do better and tend to live longer than leaner patients with the same severity of disease, according to a review article published in the May 26, 2009, issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
"Obese patients with heart disease respond well to treatment and have paradoxically better outcomes and survival than thinner patients," said Carl Lavie, M.D., F.A.C.C., medical director of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA and lead author of the article. "Although these patients have a more favorable short- and long-term prognosis, we don't yet understand the mechanisms for why this might be the case."
The obesity paradox in patients with CVD, which was first noticed earlier this decade, is complex. It is likely due to a combination of obesity's impact on fat cells and other metabolic processes (e.g., insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, metabolic syndrome), as well as other consequences of being obese. Dr. Lavie speculates that excess weight may be somewhat protective because these patients have more reserves to fight disease than thinner patients. Another explanation might be that obese patients present with problems earlier due to physical deconditioning (being out of shape) and other non-cardiovascular symptoms and, therefore, have the opportunity to be diagnosed with milder disease.
Although obese patients appear to experience fewer cardiovascular events and have better survival rates, Dr. Lavie is quick to caution that patients with heart disease shouldn't incorrectly assume that gaining weight is the answer.
"Obesity is often what's causing high blood pressure, blockages in arteries, and increased risk of sudden death in the first place. Such excess weight has adverse effects on all of the major cardiovascular risk factors and has increased the prevalence of heart disease," he said. "Taken together, most studies are supportive of purposeful weight loss for preventing and treating cardiovascular disease."
Health-promoting behaviors to stay active and lose weight can also confer benefits beyond initial heart disease. For example, patients who are overweight or obese are at heightened risk of diabetes, which can further complicate treatment and outcomes. Patients who make sustained lifestyle changes, including regular exercise and some weight reduction through a reduction in calories, cut their risk of developing diabetes by roughly 60 percent.
"Obesity is skyrocketing in America and if this continues, we may see an unfortunate reversal to what has been a steady increase in life expectancy," says Dr. Lavie. "We need more research: first to prevent obesity in the first place; second, to intervene early enough so that patients who are overweight or obese won't develop heart disease; and then to better understand why these patients have a better prognosis once they have heart disease. Perhaps this information could lead to benefits for all patients, including patients with heart disease who aren't overweight or obese."
According to authors, obesity may soon overtake tobacco use as the leading cause of preventable death in the United States if current trends continue. Nearly 7 out of 10 adults are classified as overweight or obese. In adults, overweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 and obesity as BMI =30 kg/m2. Other indices that have been used less commonly, but possibly with more predictive power include body fatness, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and weight-to-height ratio.
"Clinicians should emphasize to patients the importance of achieving and maintaining a healthy weight, as well as benefits that can be obtained from restricting their intake of calories and getting regular exercise of 30 to 40 minutes on most, if not all, days," said Dr. Lavie.
He and his co-authors report no conflicts of interest.
The American College of Cardiology is leading the way to optimal cardiovascular care and disease prevention. The College is a 37,000-member nonprofit medical society and bestows the credential Fellow of the American College of Cardiology upon physicians who meet its stringent qualifications. The College is a leader in the formulation of health policy, standards and guidelines, and is a staunch supporter of cardiovascular research. The ACC provides professional education and operates national registries for the measurement and improvement of quality care. More information about the association is available online at www.acc.org .
The American College of Cardiology (ACC) provides these news reports of clinical studies published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology as a service to physicians, the media, the public and other interested parties. However, statements or opinions expressed in these reports reflect the view of the author(s) and do not represent official policy of the ACC unless stated so.
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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<urn:uuid:87ed5ad7-c8fe-4afe-8276-b1417f6dc0f2>
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http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-05/acoc-hdp051809.php
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en
| 0.950581 | 1,051 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The study is the first update on cancer-related deaths in several decades, and researchers found that alcohol accounted for about 3.5 percent of the more than 577,000 cancer deaths in the U.S. each year, or about 19,500 cases.
Those who consumed three or more drinks a day accounted for most of the deaths from seven kinds of cancer. However, drinking just 1.5 drinks or less per day was associated with up to 35 percent of those cancer deaths, suggesting that any alcohol use carries some risk.
“For non-drinkers, it’s another reason to feel happy they don’t drink,” said the study’s director, Dr. Timothy Naimi, an associate professor at the Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health. “For drinkers, it shows that when it comes to cancer, the less you drink, the better.”
The researchers looked at mortality data from two national surveys conducted in 2009 – and using a mathematical formula, determined which of the cancer deaths were alcohol-related.
Around 3.2 to 3.7% of all cancer deaths in 2009 were attributed to alcohol, with oral cancers, pharynx, larynx and esophageal cancers the top killers in men, and breast cancer the top killer in women.
About 15% of all breast cancer deaths were attributable to alcohol consumption, according to the study.
Still, researchers say, the link between alcohol consumption and cancer death remains largely unknown.
“I just don’t think there’s enough attention across the board, from physicians or public health,” said Dr. David Nelson, a study co-author and a director of cancer prevention at the National Cancer Institute. “It’s missing in plain sight.”
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 65 percent of adults are either regular or occasional drinkers, which may explain the lack of attention given to the link between alcohol and cancer.
“It’s hard to talk about something that a lot of people are pretty familiar with,” Nelson said. “It can be uncomfortable.”
Moreover, other studies on the effect of alcohol on health have actually shown some positive benefits, such as decreasing the risk of diabetes and heart disease, as well as cutting cholesterol. While such studies have emphasized “drinking in moderation”, the message sent is that moderate drinking can improve one’s health in certain aspects.
“We love hearing about studies that say that wine and chocolate and sex are good for us,” said Naimi. “And we’ve always been in search of snake oil.”
Meanwhile, Naimi said that this latest study focuses solely on alcohol and cancer deaths without venturing into any debate over the possible benefits of moderate drinking.
“Anything that’s a leading cause of death is not a good preventive agent,” Naimi added.
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<urn:uuid:2ce72b16-fe98-4a0f-8b0d-20328911f27d>
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en
| 0.955179 | 626 | 2.796875 | 3 |
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