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lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m
| null | 380,099 | 0 | 1,007 |
Holdings Data: 'Holding, Number of shares, NAME_1 price/ Average price per share ($), Client investment ($), Cost basis ($), Price per share on Feb 28 ($), Value on Feb 28 ($), Unrealized (tax) gain or loss ($), Investment return ($), Holding period
FEDERATED HERMES, , , , , , , , ,
STRATEGIC VALUE DIVIDEND, , , , , , , , ,
FUND IS, , , , , , , , ,
Symbol: SVAIX, , , , , , , , ,
Trade date: Feb 4 21, 1366.279, 5.160, 7050.00, 7050.00, 6.110, 8347.96, 1297.96, , LT
Total reinvested, 57.410, 5.678, , 326.02, 6.110, 350.77, 24.75, ,
EAI: $313 Current yield: 3.60%
Security total, 1423.689, 5.181, 7050.00, 7376.02, , 8698.73, 1322.71, 1648.73,
O'SHAUGHNESSY MARKET LEADERS VALUE FUND CLASS, , , , , , , , ,
I, , , , , , , , ,
Symbol: OFVIX, , , , , , , , ,
Trade date: Feb 4 21, 470.628, 14.979, 7050.00, 7050.00, 17.710, 8334.81, 1284.81, , LT
Total reinvested, 8.717, 17.859, , 155.68, 17.710, 154.38, -1.30, ,
EAI: $159 Current yield: 1.87%, , , , , , , , ,
Security total, 479.345, 15.032, 7050.00, 7205.68, , 8489.19, 1283.51, 1439.19,
PACE portfolio total, , , $14100.00, $14581.70, , $17187.92, $2606.22, $3087.92,
ANGEL OAK MULTI-STRATEGY, , , , , , , , ,
INCOME FUND CLASS INSTL, , , , , , , , ,
Symbol: ANGIX, , , , , , , , ,
Trade date: Sep 23 20, 2408.841, 10.179, 24522.00, 24522.00, 10.110, 24353.38, -168.62, , LT
Total reinvested, 155.558, 10.351, , 1610.26, 10.110, 1572.69, -37.57, ,
EAI: $1220 Current yield: 4.71%, , , , , , , , ,
Security total, 2564.399, 10.190, 24522.00, 26132.26, , 25926.07, -206.19, 1404.07,
NAME_2 & NAME_3 PREFERRED, , , , , , , , ,
SEC & INC FUND I, , , , , , , , ,
Symbol: CPXIX, , , , , , , , ,
Trade date: Sep 23 20, 740.474, 13.910, 10300.00, 10300.00, 13.330, 9870.51, -429.49, , LT
Total reinvested, 57.946, 14.199, , 822.81, 13.330, 772.42, -50.39, ,
EAI: $539 Current yield: 5.06%, , , , , , , , ,
Security total, 798.420, 13.931, 10300.00, 11122.81, , 10642.93, -479.88, 342.93, '
Get ONLY the following five pieces of information for each holding from the given holdings data: the company name, its symbol or CUSIP, the quantity or number of shares, the price or NAME_1 price of each share, and the market value or value without outputting anything. The SYMBOL column must be short, no more than 15 characters and must COMPLETELY UNIQUELY identify the row. Give ONLY a CSV response with the retrieved five properties for each holding where every output row is a unique security.
|
6863e33486cd49f596cbf2aa42c150b8
|
zai-org/LongAlign-10k
|
fa18b5601651871b7448f88a65f303b2254581a528df42d3
| 1,304 | 0 | 12,990 |
Paracosm: A Test Framework for Autonomous Driving Simulations
Rupak Majumdar
Aman Mathur
Marcus Pirron
Laura Stegner
Damien Zufferey
A Paracosm program consists of parameterized reactive components such as the test vehicle, the environment, road networks, other actors and their behaviors, and monitors. The test input generation scheme guarantees good coverage over the parameter space. The test scenario depicted here shows a test vehicle stopping for a jaywalking pedestrian.
Introduction
Building autonomous driving systems requires complex and intricate engineering effort. At the same time, ensuring their reliability and safety is an extremely difficult task. There are serious public safety and trust concerns1, aggravated by recent accidents involving autonomous cars2. Software in such vehicles combine well-defined tasks such as trajectory planning, steering, acceleration and braking, with underspecified tasks such as building a semantic model of the environment from raw sensor data and making decisions using this model. Unfortunately, these underspecified tasks are critical to the safe operation of autonomous vehicles. Therefore, testing in large varieties of realistic scenarios is the only way to build confidence in the correctness of the overall system.
Running real tests is a necessary, but slow and costly process. It is difficult to reproduce corner cases due to infrastructure and safety issues; one can neither run over pedestrians to demonstrate a failing test case, nor wait for specific weather and road conditions. Therefore, the automotive industry tests autonomous systems in virtual simulation environments. Simulation reduces the cost per test, and more importantly, gives precise control over all aspects of the environment, so as to test corner cases.
A major limitation of current tools is the lack of customizability: they either provide a GUI-based interface to design an environment piece-by-piece, or focus on bespoke pre-made environments. This makes the setup of varied scenarios difficult and time consuming. Though exploiting parametricity in simulation is useful and effective, the cost of environment setup, and navigating large parameter spaces, is quite high. Prior works have used bespoke environments with limited parametricity. More recently, programmatic interfaces have been proposed to make such test procedures more systematic. However, the simulated environments are largely still fixed, with no dynamic behavior.
A Paracosm program consists of parameterized reactive components such as the test vehicle, the environment, road networks, other actors and their behaviors, and monitors. The test input generation scheme guarantees good coverage over the parameter space. The test scenario depicted here shows a test vehicle stopping for a jaywalking pedestrian.
In this work, we present Paracosm, a programmatic interface that enables the design of parameterized environments and test cases. Test parameters control the environment and the behaviors of the actors involved. Paracosm supports various test input generation strategies, and we provide a notion of coverage for these. Rather than computing coverage over intrinsic properties of the system under test (which is not yet understood for neural networks ), our coverage criteria is over the space of test parameters. Figure 2 depicts the various parts of a Paracosm test. A Paracosm program represents a family of tests, where each instantiation of the program’s parameters is a concrete test case.
Paracosm is based on a synchronous reactive programming model. Components, such as road segments or cars, receive streams of inputs and produce streams of outputs over time. In addition, components have graphical assets to describe their appearance for an underlying visual rendering engine and physical properties for an underlying physics simulator. For example, a vehicle in Paracosm not only has code that reads in sensor feeds and outputs steering angle or braking, but also has a textured mesh representing its shape, position and orientation in 3D space, and a physics model for its dynamical behavior. A Paracosm configuration consists of a composition of several components. Using a set of system-defined components (road segments, cars, pedestrians, etc.) combined using expressive operations from the underlying reactive programming model, users can set up complex temporally varying driving scenarios. For example, one can build an urban road network with intersections, pedestrians and vehicular traffic, and parameterize both, environment conditions (lighting, fog), and behaviors (when a pedestrian crosses a street).
Streams in the world description can be left “open” and, during testing, Paracosm automatically generates sequences of values for these streams. We use a coverage strategy based on $k$-wise combinatorial coverage for discrete variables and dispersion for continuous variables. Intuitively, $k$-wise coverage ensures that, for a programmer-specified parameter $k$, all possible combinations of values of any $k$ discrete parameters are covered by tests. Low dispersion ensures that there are no “large empty holes” left in the continuous parameter space. Paracosm uses an automatic test generation strategy that offers high coverage based on random sampling over discrete parameters and deterministic quasi-Monte Carlo methods for continuous parameters.
Like many of the projects referenced before, our implementation performs simulations inside a game engine. However, Paracosm configurations can also be output to the OpenDRIVE format for use with other simulators, which is more in-line with the current industry standard. We demonstrate through various case studies how Paracosm can be an effective testing framework for both qualitative properties (crash) and quantitative properties (distance maintained while following a car, or image misclassification).
Our main contributions are the following:
We present a programmable and expressive framework for programmatically modeling complex and parameterized scenarios to test autonomous driving systems. Using Paracosm one can specify the environment’s layout, behaviors of actors, and expose parameters to a systematic testing infrastructure.
We define a notion of test coverage based on combinatorial $k$-wise coverage in discrete space and low dispersion in continuous space. We show a test generation strategy based on fuzzing that theoretically guarantees good coverage.
We demonstrate empirically that our system is able to express complex scenarios and automatically test autonomous driving agents and find incorrect behaviors or degraded performance.
Paracosm through Examples
We now provide a walkthrough of Paracosm through a testing example. Suppose we have an autonomous vehicle to test. Its implementation is wrapped into a parameterized class:
[numbers=none, basicstyle=\small\ttfamily]
AutonomousVehicle(start, model, controller) {
void run(...) {... } }
where the model ranges over possible car models (appearance, physics), and the controller implements an autonomous controller. The goal is to test this class in many different driving scenarios, including different road networks, weather and light conditions, and other car and pedestrian traffic. We show how Paracosm enables writing such tests as well as generate test inputs automatically.
A test configuration consists of a composition of reactive objects. The following is an outline of a test configuration in Paracosm, in which the autonomous vehicle drives on a road with a pedestrian wanting to cross. We have simplified the API syntax for the sake of clarity and omit the enclosing Test class. In the code segments, we use ‘:’ for named arguments.
// Test parameters
light = VarInterval(0.2, 1.0) // value in [0.2, 1.0]
nlanes = VarEnum({2,4,6}) // value is 2, 4 or 6
// Description of environment
w = World(light:light, fog:0)
// Create a road segment
r = StraightRoadSegment(len:100, nlanes:nlanes)
// The autonomous vehicle controlled by the SUT
v = AutonomousVehicle(start:...,model:...,controller:...)
// Some other actor(s)
p = Pedestrian(start:.., model:...,...)
// Monitor to check some property
c = CollisionMonitor(v)
// Place elements in the world
run_test(env: {w, r, v, p}, test_params: {light, nlanes}, monitors: {c}, iterations: 100)
An instantiation of the reactive objects in the test configuration gives a scene—all the visual elements present in the simulated world. A test case provides concrete inputs to each “open” input stream in a scene. A test case determines how the scene evolves over time: how the cars and pedestrians move and how environment conditions change. We go through each part of the test configuration in detail below.
Reactive Objects.
The core abstraction of Paracosm is a reactive object. Reactive objects capture geometric and graphical features of a physical object, as well as their behavior over time. The behavioral interface for each reactive object has a set of input streams and a set of output streams. The evolution of the world is computed in steps of fixed duration which corresponds to events in a predefined tick stream. For streams that correspond to physical quantities updated by the physics simulator, such as position and speeds of cars, etc., appropriate events are generated by the underlying physics simulator.
Input streams provide input values from the environment over time; output streams represent output values computed by the object. The object’s constructor sets up the internal state of the object. An object is updated by event triggered computations. Paracosm provides a set of assets as base classes. Autonomous driving systems naturally fit reactive programming models. They consume sensor input streams and produce actuator streams for the vehicle model. We differentiate between static environment reactive objects (subclassing Geometric) and dynamic actor reactive objects (subclassing Physical). Environment reactive objects represent “static” components of the world, such as road segments, intersections, buildings or trees, and a special component called the world. Actor reactive objects represent components with “dynamic” behavior: vehicles or pedestrians. The world object is used to model features of the world such as lighting or weather conditions. Reactive objects can be composed to generate complex assemblies from simple objects. The composition process can be used to connect static components structurally–such as two road segments connecting at an intersection. Composition also connects the behavior of an object to another by binding output streams to input streams. At run time, the values on that input stream of the second object are obtained from the output values of the first. Composition must respect geometric properties—the runtime system ensures that a composition maintains invariants such as no intersection of geometric components. We now describe the main features in Paracosm, centered around the test configuration above.
Test Parameters.
Using test variables, we can have general, but constrained streams of values passed into objects. Our automatic test generator can then pick values for these variables, thereby leading to different test cases (see Figure 3). There are two types of parameters: continuous (VarInterval) and discrete (VarEnum). In the example presented, light (light intensity) is a continuous test parameter and nlanes (number of lanes) is discrete.
World.
The World is a pre-defined reactive object in Paracosm with a visual representation responsible for atmospheric conditions like the light intensity, direction and color, fog density, etc. The code segment
w = World(light:light, fog:0)
parameterizes the world using a test variable for light and sets the fog density to a constant (0).
Reactive streams represented by a marble diagram. A change in the value of test parameters nlanes or light changes the environment, and triggers a change in the corresponding sensor (output) stream camera.
Road Segments.
In our example, StraightRoadSegment was parameterized with the number of lanes. In general, Paracosm provides the ability to build complex road networks by connecting primitives of individual road segments and intersections. (A detailed example is presented in the Appendices.)
It may seem surprising that we model static scene components such as roads as reactive objects. This serves two purposes. First, we can treat the number of lanes in a road segment as a constant input stream that is set by the test case, allowing parameterized test cases. Second, certain features of static objects can also change over time. For example, the coefficient of friction on a road segment may depend on the weather condition, which can be a function of time.
Autonomous Vehicles & System Under Test (SUT).
AutonomousVehicle, as well as other actors, extends the Physical class (which in turn subclasses Geometric). This means that these objects have a visual as well as a physical model. The visual model is essentially a textured 3D mesh. The physical model contains properties such as mass, moments of inertia of separate bodies in the vehicle, joints, etc. This is used by the physics simulator to compute the vehicle’s motion in response to external forces and control input. In the following code segment, we instantiate and place our test vehicle on the road:
v = AutonomousVehicle(start:r.onLane(1, 0.1), model:CarAsset(...), controller:MyController(...))
The start parameter “places” the vehicle in the world (in relative coordinates). The model parameter provides the implementation of the geometric and physical model of the vehicle. The controller parameter implements the autonomous controller under test. The internals of the controller implementation are not important; what is important is its interface (sensor inputs and the actuator outputs). These determine the input and output streams that are passed to the controller during simulation. For example, a typical controller can take sensor streams such as image streams from a camera as input and produce throttle and steering angles as outputs. The Paracosm framework “wires” these streams appropriately. For example, the rendering engine determines the camera images based on the geometry of the scene and the position of the camera and the controller outputs are fed to the physics engine to determine the updated scene. Though simpler systems like openpilot use only a dashboard-mounted camera, autonomous vehicles can, in general, mix cameras at various mount points, LiDARs, radars, and GPS. Paracosm can emulate many common types of sensors which produce streams of data. It is also possible to integrate new sensors, which are not supported out-of-the-box, by implementing them using the game engine’s API.
Other Actors.
A test often involves many actors such as pedestrians, and other (non-test) vehicles. Apart from the standard geometric (optionally physical) properties, these can also have some pre-programmed behavior. Behaviors can either be only dependent on the starting position (say, a car driving straight on the same lane), or be dynamic and reactive, depending on test parameters and behaviors of other actors. In general, the reactive nature of objects enables complex scenarios to be built. For example, here, we specify a simple behavior of a pedestrian crossing a road. The pedestrian starts crossing the road when a car is a certain distance away. In the code segments below, we use ‘_’ as shorthand for a lamdba expression, i.e., “f(_)” is the same as “x => f(x)”.
[numbers=none, basicstyle=\small\ttfamily]
Pedestrian(value start, value target, carPos, value dist, value speed) extends Geometric {
... // Initialization
// Generate an event when the car gets close
trigger = carPos.Filter( abs(_ - start) < dist )
// target location reached
done = pos.Filter( _ == target )
// Walk to the target after trigger fires
tick.SkipUntil(trigger).TakeUntil(done).foreach(... /* walk with given speed */ )
}
Monitors and Test Oracles.
Paracosm provides an API to provide qualitative and quantitative temporal specifications. For instance, in the following example, we check that there is no collision and ensure that the collision was not trivially avoided because our vehicle did not move at all.
[numbers=none, basicstyle=\small\ttfamily]
// no collision
CollisionMonitor(AutonomousVehicle v) extends Monitor {
assert(v.collider.IsEmpty()) }
// cannot trivially pass the test by staying put
DistanceMonitor(AutonomousVehicle v, value minD) extends Monitor {
pOld = v.pos.Take(1).Concat(v.pos)
D = v.pos.Zip(pOld).Map( abs(_ - _) ).Sum()
assert(D >= minD)
}
The ability to write monitors which read streams of system-generated events provides an expressive framework to write temporal properties, something that has been identified as a major limitation of prior tools. Monitors for metric and signal temporal logic specifications can be encoded in the usual way.
Systematic Testing of Paracosm Worlds
Test Inputs and Coverage
Worlds in Paracosm directly describe a parameterized family of tests. The testing framework allows users to specify various strategies to generate input streams for both, static, and dynamic reactive objects in the world.
Test Cases.
A test of duration $T$ executes a configuration of reactive objects by providing inputs to every open input stream in the configuration for $T$ ticks. The inputs for each stream must satisfy const parameters and respect the range constraints from VarInterval and VarEnum. The runtime system manages the scheduling of inputs and pushing input streams to the reactive objects. Let $\mathsf{In}$ denote the set of all input streams, and $\mathsf{In} = \mathsf{In}_D \cup \mathsf{In}_C$ denote the partition of $\mathsf{In}$ into discrete streams and continuous streams respectively. Discrete streams take their value over a finite, discrete range; for example, the color of a car, the number of lanes on a road segment, or the position of the next pedestrian (left/right) are discrete streams. Continuous streams take their values in a continuous (bounded) interval. For example, the fog density or the speed of a vehicle are examples of continuous streams.
Coverage.
In the setting of autonomous vehicle testing, one often wants to explore the state space of a parameterized world to check “how well” an autonomous vehicle works under various situations, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Thus, we now introduce a notion of coverage. Instead of structural coverage criteria such as line or branch coverage, our goal is to cover the parameter space. In the following, for simplicity of notation, we assume that all discrete streams take values from ${\{ 0,1 \}}$, and all continuous streams take values in the real interval $[0,1]$. Any input stream over bounded intervals—discrete or continuous—can be encoded into such streams. For discrete streams, there are finitely many tests, since each co-ordinate is Boolean and there is a fixed number of co-ordinates. One can define the coverage as the fraction of the number of vectors tested to the total number of vectors. Unfortunately, the total number of vectors is very high: if each stream is constant, then there are already $2^{n}$ tests for $n$ streams. Instead, we consider the notion of $k$-wise testing from combinatorial testing. In $k$-wise testing, we fix a parameter $k$, and ask that every interaction between every $k$ elements is tested. Let us be more precise. Suppose that a test vector has $N$ co-ordinates, where each co-ordinate can get the value $0$ or $1$. A set of tests $A$ is a $k$-wise covering family if for every subset ${\{ i_1, i_2,\ldots, i_k \}} \subseteq {\{ 1,\ldots, N \}}$ of co-ordinates and every vector $v\in {\{ 0,1 \}}^k$, there is a test $t\in A$ whose restriction to the $i_1,\ldots, i_k$ is precisely $v$.
For continuous streams, the situation is more complex: since any continuous interval has infinitely many points, each corresponding to a different test case, we cannot directly define coverage as a ratio (the denominator will be infinite). Instead, we define coverage using the notion of dispersion. Intuitively, dispersion measures the largest empty space left by a set of tests. We assume a (continuous) test is a vector in $[0,1]^N$: each entry is picked from the interval $[0,1]$ and there are $N$ co-ordinates. Dispersion over $[0,1]^N$ can be defined relative to sets of neighborhoods, such as $N$-dimensional balls or axis-parallel rectangles. Let us define ${\mathcal{B}}$ to be the family of $N$-dimensional axis-parallel rectangles in $[0,1]^N$, our results also hold for other notions of neighborhoods such as balls or ellipsoids. For a neighborhood $B\in{\mathcal{B}}$, let $\mathit{vol}(B)$ denote the volume of $B$. Given a set $A \subseteq [0,1]^N$ of tests, we define the dispersion as the largest volume neighborhood in ${\mathcal{B}}$ without any test: $$\mathsf{dispersion}(A) = \sup{\{ \mathrm{vol}(B) \mid B\in{\mathcal{B}}\mbox{ and } A \cap B = \emptyset \}}$$ A lower dispersion means better coverage.
Let us summarize. Suppose that a test vector consists of $N_D$ discrete co-ordinates and $N_C$ continuous co-ordinates; that is, a test is a vector $(t_D, t_C)$ in ${\{ 0,1 \}}^{N_D} \times [0, 1]^{N_C}$. We say a set of tests $A$ is $(k, \varepsilon)$-covering if
1. for each set of $k$ co-ordinates ${\{ i_1,\ldots, i_k \}} \subseteq {\{ 1,\ldots, N_D \}}$ and each vector $v\in {\{ 0,1 \}}^k$, there is a test $(t_D, t_C) \in {\{ 0,1 \}}^{N_D} \times [0,1]^{N_C}$ such that the restriction of $t_D$ to the co-ordinates $i_1,\ldots, i_k$ is $v$; and
2. for each $(t_D, t_C)\in A$, the set ${\{ t_C \mid (t_D, t_C)\in A \}}$ has dispersion at most $\epsilon$.
Test Generation
The goal of our default test generator is to maximize $(k, \epsilon)$ for programmer-specified number of test iterations or ticks.
$k$-Wise Covering Family.
One can use explicit construction results from combinatorial testing to generate $k$-wise covering families. However, a simple way to generate such families with high probability is random testing. The proof is by the probabilistic method (see also ). Let $A$ be a set of $2^k(k \log N - \log \delta)$ uniformly randomly generated ${\{ 0,1 \}}^N$ vectors. Then $A$ is a $k$-wise covering family with probability at least $1-\delta$.
Low Dispersion Sequences.
It is tempting to think that uniformly generating vectors from $[0,1]^N$ would similarly give low dispersion sequences. Indeed, as the number of tests goes to infinity, the set of randomly generated tests has dispersion $0$ almost surely. However, when we fix the number of tests, it is well known that uniform random sampling can lead to high dispersion ; in fact, one can show that the dispersion of $n$ uniformly randomly generated tests grows asymptotically as $O((\log \log n/n)^{\frac{1}{2}})$ almost surely. Our test generation strategy is based on deterministic quasi-Monte Carlo sequences, which have much better dispersion properties, asymptotically of the order of $O(1/n)$, than the dispersion behavior of uniformly random tests. There are many different algorithms for generating quasi-Monte Carlo sequences deterministically (see, e.g., ). We use Halton sequences. For a given $\epsilon$, we need to generate $O(\frac{1}{\epsilon})$ inputs via Halton sampling. In Section 4.2, we compare uniform random and Halton sampling.
Cost Functions and Local Search.
In many situations, testers want to optimize parameter values for a specific function. A simple example of this is finding higher-speed collisions, which intuitively, can be found in the vicinity of test parameters that already result in high-speed collisions. Another, slightly different case is (greybox) fuzzing, for example, finding new collisions using small mutations on parameter values that result in the vehicle narrowly avoiding a collision. Our test generator supports such quantitative objectives and local search. A quantitative monitor evaluates a cost function on a run of a test case. Our test generation tool generates an initial, randomly chosen, set of test inputs. Then, it considers the scores returned by the Monitor on these samples, and performs a local search on samples with the highest/lowest scores to find local optima of the cost function.
Implementation and Tests
Runtime System and Implementation
Paracosm uses the Unity game engine to render visuals, do runtime checks and simulate physics (via PhysX ). Reactive objects are built on top of UniRx, an implementation of the popular Reactive Extensions framework. The game engine manages geometric transformations of 3D objects and offers easy to use abstractions for generating realistic simulations. Encoding behaviors and monitors, management of 3D geometry and dynamic checks are implemented using the game engine interface.
A simulation in Paracosm proceeds as follows. A test configuration is specified as a subclass of the EnvironmentProgramBaseClass. Tests are run by invoking the run_test method, which receives as input the reactive objects that should be instantiated in the world as well as additional parameters relating to the test. The run_test method runs the tests by first initializing and placing the reactive objects in the scene using their 3D mesh (if they have one) and then invoking a reactive engine to start the simulation. The system under test is run in a separate process and connects to the simulation. The simulation then proceeds until the simulation completion criteria is met (a time-out or some monitor event).
Output to Standardized Testing Formats.
There have been recent efforts to create standardized descriptions of tests in the automotive industry. The most relevant formats are OpenDRIVE and OpenSCENARIO(only recently finalized). OpenDRIVE describes road structures, and OpenSCENARIO describes actors and their behavior. Paracosm currently supports outputs to OpenDRIVE. Due to the static nature of the specification format, a different file is generated for each test iteration/configuration.
Evaluation
We evaluate Paracosm with respect to the following research questions (RQs):
RQ 1: Does Paracosm’s programmatic interface enable the easy design of test environments and worlds?
RQ 2: Do the test input generation strategies discussed in Section 3 effectively explore the parameter space?
RQ 3: Can Paracosm help uncover poor performance or bad behavior of the SUT in common autonomous driving tasks?
Methodology.
To answer RQ 1, we develop three independent environments rich with visual features and other actors, and use the variety generated with just a few lines of code as a proxy for ease of design. To answer RQ 2, we use coverage maximizing strategies for test inputs to all the three environments/case studies. We also use and evaluate cost functions and local search based methods. To answer RQ 3, we test various neural network based systems and demonstrate how Paracosm can help uncover problematic scenarios. A summary of the case studies presented here is available in Table [tab:case_study_summary]. In the Appendices, we present more case studies, specifically experiments on many pre-trained neural networks, busy urban environments and studies exploiting specific testing features of Paracosm.
[tab:case_study_summary]
An overview of our case studies. Note that even though the Adaptive Cruise Control study has 2 discrete parameters, we calculate k-wise coverage for 3 as the 2 parameters require 3 bits for representation.
Road segmentation Jaywalking pedestrian Adaptive Cruise Control
SUT VGGNet CNN NVIDIA CNN NVIDIA CNN
Training 191 images 403 image & car control samples 1034 image & car control samples
Test params 3 discrete 2 continuous 3 continuous, 2 discrete
Test iters 100 100, 15s timeout 100, 15s timeout
Monitor Ground truth Scored Collision Collision & Distance
Coverage $k = 3$ with probability $\sim 1$ $\epsilon = 0.041$ $\epsilon = 0.043$, $k = 3$ with probability $\sim 1$
Case Studies
Road segmentation
[fig:road_seg_training]
[fig:road_seg_test]
[fig:road_seg]
[tab:kittiseg_summary]
Summary of results of the road segmentation case study. Each combination of parameter values is presented separately, with the parameter values used for training in bold. We report the SUT’s average true positive rate (% of pixels corresponding to the road that are correctly classified) and false positive rate (% of pixels that are not road, but incorrectly classified as road).
# lanes # cars Lighting # test iters True positive (%) False positive (%)
2 5 Noon 12 70% 5.1%
2 5 Evening 14 53.4% 22.4%
2 0 Evening 12 51.4% 18.9%
2 0 Noon 12 71.3% 6%
4 5 Evening 10 60.4% 7.1%
4 5 Noon 16 68.5% 20.2%
4 0 Evening 13 51.5% 7.1%
4 0 Noon 11 83.3% 21%
Using Paracosm’s programmatic interface, we design a long road segment with several vehicles. The vehicular behavior is to drive on their respective lanes with a fixed maximum velocity. The test parameters are the number of lanes ($\{2,\: 4\}$), number of cars in the environment ($\{0,\: 5\}$) and light conditions ($\{Noon,\: Evening\}$). Noon lighting is much brighter than the evening. The direction of lighting is also the opposite. We test a deep CNN called VGGNet, that is known to perform well on several image segmentation benchmarks. The task is road segmentation, i.e., given a camera image, identifying which pixels correspond to the road. The network is trained on 191 dashcam images captured in the test environment with fixed parameters ($2$ lanes, $5$ cars, and $Noon$ lighting), recorded at the rate of one image every $1/10^{th}$ second, while manually driving the vehicle around (using a keyboard). We test on 100 images generated using Paracosm’s default test generation strategy (uniform random sampling for discrete parameters). Table [tab:kittiseg_summary] summarizes the test results. Tests with parameter values far away from the training set are observed to not perform so well. As depicted in Figure [fig:road_seg], this happens because varying test parameters can drastically change the scene.
Jaywalking pedestrian.
[tbl:ped_crossing]
Results for the jaywalking pedestrian case study.
Testing strategy Dispersion ( $\epsilon$) % fail Max. collision
Random 0.092 $7\%$ 10.5 m/s
Halton 0.041 $10\%$ 11.3 m/s
Random+opt/collision 0.109 $13\%$ 11.1 m/s
Halton+opt/collision 0.043 $20\%$ 11.9 m/s
Random+opt/almost failing 0.126 $13\%$ 10.5 m/s
Halton+opt/almost failing 0.043 $13\%$ 11.4 m/s
We now test over the environment presented in Section 2. The environment consists of a straight road segment and a pedestrian. The pedestrian’s behavior is to cross the road at a specific walking speed when the autonomous vehicle is a specific distance away. The walking speed of the pedestrian and the distance of the autonomous vehicle when the pedestrian starts crossing the road are test parameters. The SUT is a CNN based on NVIDIA’s behavioral cloning framework. It takes camera images as input, and produces the relevant steering angle or throttle control as output. The SUT is trained on 403 samples obtained by driving the vehicle manually and recording the camera and corresponding control data. The training environment has pedestrians crossing the road at various time delays, but always at a fixed walking speed (1 m/s). In order to evaluate RQ 2 completely, we evaluate the default coverage maximizing sampling approach, as well as explore two quantitative objectives: first, maximizing the collision speed, and second, finding new failing cases around samples that almost fail. For the default approach, the CollisionMonitor as presented in Section 2 is used. For the first quantitative objective, this CollisionMonitor’s code is prepended with the following calculation:
// Score is speed of car at time of collision
coll_speed = v.speed.CombineLatest(v.collider, (s,c) => s).First()
The score coll_speed is used by the test generator for optimization. For the second quantitative objective, the CollisionMonitor is modified to give high scores to tests where the distance between the autonomous vehicle and pedestrian is very small:
[numbers=none, basicstyle=\small\ttfamily]
CollisionMonitor(AutonomousVehicle v, Pedestrian p) extends Monitor {
minDist = v.pos.Zip(p.pos).Map(1/abs(_-_)).Min()
coll_score = v.collider.Map(0)
// Score is either 0 (collision) or 1/minDist
score = coll_score.DefaultIfEmpty(minDist)
assert(v.collider.IsEmpty())
}
We evaluate the following test input generation strategies:
Random sampling
Halton sampling,
Random or Halton sampling with local search for the two quantitative objectives.
We run 100 iterations of each strategy with a 15 second timeout. For random or Halton sampling, we sample 100 times. For the quantitative objectives, we first generate 85 random or Halton samples, then choose the top 5 scores, and finally run 3 simulated annealing iterations on each of these 5 configurations. Table [tbl:ped_crossing] presents results from the various test input generation strategies. Clearly, Halton sampling offers the lowest dispersion (highest coverage) over the parameter space. This can also be visually confirmed from the plot of test parameters (Figure [fig:Pedestrian_halton_100]). There are no big gaps in the parameter space. Moreover, we find that test strategies optimizing for the first objective are successful in finding more collisions with higher speeds. As these techniques perform simulated annealing repetitions on top of already failing tests, they also find more failing tests overall. Finally, test strategies using the second objective are also successful in finding more (newer) failure cases than simple Random or Halton sampling.
Random sampling (no opt.)
[fig:Pedestrian_rand_100]
Random + opt. / maximizing collision.
[fig:Pedestrian_rand_sa]
Random + opt. / almost failing.
[fig:Pedestrian_random_fuzzing]
Halton sampling (no opt.)
[fig:Pedestrian_halton_100]
Halton + opt. / maximizing collision.
[fig:Pedestrian_halton_sa]
Halton + opt. / almost failing.
[fig:Pedestrian_halton_fuzzing]
Adaptive Cruise Control.
Initial offset (X-axis) vs. max. speed (Y-axis).
[fig:ACC_OffsetvSpeed]
Initial offset (X-axis) vs. fog density (Y-axis).
[fig:ACC_OffsetvFog]
Max. speed (X-axis) vs. fog density (Y-axis).
[fig:ACC_SpeedvFog]
[tbl:acc_results]
Parameterized test on Adaptive Cruise Control, separated for each value of discrete parameters, and low and high values of continuous parameters. A test passes if there are no collisions and no inactivity (the overall distance moved by the test vehicle is more than 5 m. The average offset (in m) maintained by the test vehicle to the lead car (for passing tests) is also presented.
(r)2-3(r)4-7 (r)8-9(r)10-11(r)12-13 2 4 Black Red Yellow Blue $< 24$ $\geq 24$ $< 5.5$ $\geq 5.5$ $< 0.5$ $\geq 0.5$
Test iters 54 46 24 22 27 27 51 49 52 48 51 49
Collisions 7 7 3 3 6 2 6 8 8 6 12 0
Inactivity 12 4 4 4 6 2 9 7 9 7 1 15
Offset (m) 42.4 43.4 46.5 48.1 39.6 39.1 33.7 52.7 38.4 47.4 36.5 49.8
We now create and test in an environment with our test vehicle following a car (lead car) on the same lane. The lead car’s behavior is programmed to drive on the same lane as the test vehicle, with a certain maximum speed. This is a very typical driving scenario that engineers test their implementations on. We use $5$ test parameters: the initial lead of the lead car to the test vehicle ($[8 \: m,\: 40 \: m]$), the lead car’s maximum speed ($[3 \: m/s,\: 8 \: m/s]$), density of fog3 in the environment ($[0,1]$), number of lanes on the road ($\{2,\: 4\}$), and color of the lead car ($\{Black, \: Red, \: Yello, \: Blue\}$). We use both, CollisionMonitor4 and DistanceMonitor, as presented in Section 2. A test passes if there is no collision and the autonomous vehicle moves atleast 5 m during the simulation duration (15 s).
We use Paracosm’s default test generation strategy, i.e., Halton sampling for continuous parameters and Random sampling for discrete parameters (no optimization or fuzzing). The SUT is the same CNN as in the previous case study. It is trained on 1034 training samples, which are obtained by manually driving behind a red lead car on the same lane of a 2-lane road with the same maximum velocity (5.5 m/s) and no fog.
The results of this case study are presented in Table [tbl:acc_results]. Looking at the discrete parameters, the number of lanes does not seem to contribute towards a risk of collision. Surprisingly, though the training only involves a Red lead car, the results appear to be the best for a Blue lead car. Moving on to the continuous parameters, the fog density appears to have the most significant impact on test failures (collision or vehicle inactivity). In the presence of dense fog, the SUT behaves pessimistically and does not accelerate much (thereby causing a failure due to inactivity). These are all interesting and useful metrics about the performance of our SUT. Plots of the results projected on to continuous parameters are presented in Figure [fig:ACC].
Results and Analysis
We now summarize the results of our evaluation with respect to our RQs:
RQ 1: All the three case studies involve varied, rich and dynamic environments. They are representative of tests engineers would typically want to do, and we parameterize many different aspects of the world and the dynamic behavior of its components. These designs are at most $70$ lines of code. This provides confidence in Paracosm’s ability of providing an easy interface for the design of realistic test environments.
RQ 2: Our default test generation strategies are found to be quite effective at exploring the parameter space systematically, eliminating large unexplored gaps, and at the same time, successfully identifying problematic cases in all the three case studies. The jaywalking pedestrian study demonstrates that optimization and local search are possible on top of these strategies, and are quite effective in finding the relevant scenarios. The adaptive cruise control study tests over $5$ parameters, which is more than most related works, and even guarantees good coverage of this parameter space. Therefore, it is amply clear that Paracosm’s test input generation methods are useful and effective.
RQ 3: The road segmentation case study uses a well-performing neural network for object segmentation, and we are able to detect degraded performance for automatically generated test inputs. Whereas this study focuses on static image classification, the next two, i.e., the jaywalking pedestrian and the adaptive cruise control study uncover poor performance on simulated driving, using a popular neural network architecture for self driving cars. Therefore, we can safely conclude that Paracosm can find bugs in various different kinds of systems related to autonomous driving.
Threats to Validity
The internal validity of our experiments depends on having implemented our system correctly and, more importantly, trained and used the neural networks considered in the case studies correctly. For training the networks, we followed the available documentation and inspected our examples to ensure that we use an appropriate training procedure. We watched some test runs and replays of tests we did not understand. Furthermore, our implementation logs events and we also capture images, which allow us to check a large number of tests.
In terms of threats to external validity, the biggest challenge in this project has been finding systems that we can easily train and test in complex driving scenarios. Publicly available systems have limited capabilities and tend to be brittle. Many networks trained on real world data do not work well in simulation. We therefore re-train these networks in simulation. An alternative is to run fewer tests, but use more expensive and visually realistic simulations. Our test generation strategy maximizes coverage, even when only a few test iterations can be performed due to high simulation cost.
Related Work
Traditionally, test-driven software development paradigms have advocated testing and mocking frameworks to test software early and often. Mocking frameworks and mock objects allow programmers to test a piece of code against an API specification. Typically, mock objects are stubs providing outputs to explicitly provided lists of inputs of simple types, with little functionality of the actual code. Thus, they fall short of providing a rich environment for autonomous driving. Paracosm can be seen as a mocking framework for reactive, physical systems embedded in the 3D world. Our notion of constraining streams is inspired by work on declarative mocking.
Testing Cyber-Physical Systems.
There is a large body of work on automated test generation tools for cyber-physical systems through heuristic search of a high-dimensional continuous state space. While much of this work has focused on low-level controller interfaces rather than the system level, specification and test generation techniques arising from this work—for example, the use of metric and signal temporal logics or search heuristics—can be adapted to our setting. More recently, test generation tools have started targeting autonomous systems under a simulation-based semantic testing framework similar to ours. In most of these works, visual scenarios are either fixed by hand, or are constrained due to the model or coverage criteria. These analyses are shown to be preferable to the application of random noise on the input vector. Additionally, a simulation-based approach filters benign misclassifications from misclassifications that actually lead to bad or dangerous behavior. Our work extends this line of work and provides an expressive language to design parameterized environments and tests. AsFault uses random search and mutation for procedural generation of road networks for testing. AC3R reconstructs test cases from accident reports.
To address problems of high time and infrastructure cost of testing autonomous systems, several simulators have been developed. The most popular is Gazebo for the ROS robotics framework. It offers a modular and extensible architecture, however falls behind on visual realism and complexity of environments that can be generated with it. To counter this, game engines are used. Popular examples are TORCS, CARLA, and AirSim Modern game engines and support creation of realistic urban environments. Though they enable visually realistic simulations and enable detection of infractions such as collisions, the environments themselves are difficult to design. Designing a custom environment involves manual placement of road segments, buildings, and actors (as well as their properties). Performing many systematic tests is therefore time-consuming and difficult. While these systems and Paracosm share the same aims and much of the same infrastructure, Paracosm focuses on procedural design and systematic testing, backed by a relevant coverage criteria.
Adversarial Testing.
Adversarial examples for neural networks introduce perturbations to inputs that cause a classifier to classify “perceptually identical” inputs differently. Much work has focused on finding adversarial examples in the context of autonomous driving as well as on training a network to be robust to perturbations. Tools such as DeepXplore, DeepTest, DeepGauge, and SADL define a notion of coverage for neural networks based on the number of neurons activated during tests compared against the total number of neurons in the network and activation during training. However, these techniques focus mostly on individual classification tasks and apply 2D transformations on images. In comparison, we consider the closed-loop behavior of the system and our parameters directly change the world rather than apply transformations post facto. We can observe, over time, that certain vehicles are not detected, which is more useful to testers than a single misclassification. Furthermore, it is already known that structural coverage criteria may not be an effective strategy for finding errors in classification. We use coverage metrics on the test space, rather than the structure of the neural network. Alternately, there are recent techniques to verify controllers implemented as neural networks through constraint solving or abstract interpretation. While these tools do not focus on the problem of autonomous driving, their underlying techniques can be combined in the test generation phase for Paracosm.
Future Work and Conclusion
Deploying autonomous systems like self-driving cars in urban environments raises several safety challenges. The complex software stack processes sensor data, builds a semantic model of the surrounding world, makes decisions, plans trajectories, and controls the car. The end-to-end testing of such systems requires the creation and simulation of whole worlds, with different tests representing different world and parameter configurations. Paracosm tackles these problems by
enabling procedural construction of diverse scenarios, with precise control over elements like layout roads, physical and visual properties of objects, and behaviors of actors in the system, and
using quasi-random testing to obtain good coverage over large parameter spaces.
In our evaluation, we show that Paracosm enables easy design of environmnents and automated testing of autonomous agents implemented using neural networks. While finding errors in sensing can be done with only a few static images, we show that Paracosm also enables the creation of longer test scenarios which exercise the controller’s feedback on the environment. Our case studies focused on qualitative state space exploration. In future work, we shall perform quantitative statistical analysis to understand the sensitivity of autonomous vehicle behavior on individual parameters.
In the future, we plan to extend Paracosm’s testing infrastructure to also aid in the training of deep neural networks that require large amounts of high quality training data. For instance, we show that small variations in the environment result in widely different results for road segmentation. Generating data is a time consuming and expensive task. Paracosm can easily generate labelled data for static images. For driving scenarios, we can record a user manually driving in a parameterized Paracosm environment and augment this data by varying parameters that should not impact the car’s behavior. For instance, we can vary the color of other cars, positions of pedestrians who are not crossing, or even the light conditions and sensor properties (within reasonable limits).
Acknowledgements
This research was funded in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft project 389792660-TRR 248 and by the European Research Council under the Grant Agreement 610150 (ERC Synergy Grant ImPACT).
In these Appendices to the main paper, we present additional case studies performed using Paracosm. We also provide additional description and a code sample for connection and composition of road elements, and a sample output to OpenDRIVE.
Testing networks trained on standard datasets
Many autonomous driving systems have on-board components for computer vision tasks like road segmentation, traffic light and traffic sign classification, vehicle detection, and optical flow. In the following tests, instead of training the SUT (a deep neural network) inside our simulation environment, we test components trained on real world datasets. We present results for road detection and vehicle detection.
Test environment.
For the tests, we designed a highly parameterized environment using Paracosm’s programmatic interface. The environment consisted of 4 StraightRoadSegments connected by a CrossIntersection.
The test has three discrete parameters and three continuous parameters:
The number of lanes is either $2$ or $4$ (discrete).
The light condition corresponds to a morning, noon, or an evening drive (discrete).
The number of other cars on the road ranges from $2$ to $9$ (discrete).
The camera focal length is in the $[18,22]$ mm interval (continuous).
The height of the mounting point of the camera varies from $1.9$m to $2.2$m (continuous).
Finally, the camera looks slightly down with a pitch angle between $-10$ and $-12$ degrees (continuous).
Many of our parameters correspond to the vehicle’s camera. These were chosen because in preliminary tests, small perturbations to the camera’s properties led to drastically different results (see Figure [fig:focal_width_rd]). We perform 100 test iterations using Paracosm’s default test generation scheme.
[fig:focal10]
[fig:focal34]
[fig:focal_width_rd]
Road segmentation.
The SUTs here take RGB images as input and return those pixels that are estimated to be a part of the road. We tested:
the convolutional neural network from Simonyan and Zisserman (popular as VGGNet),
Multinet from Teichmann, Weber et al., a top performer on the KITTI Road Estimation Benchmark, and
the fully convolutional network by Long, Shelhamer and Darrell,
All three are trained on the KITTI road segmentation dataset (289 images). The first and third networks do not have a name, so we use initials of the authors’ names, SZ and LSD, respectively. Figure [fig:focal_graph] shows the results for the 100 test iterations ($x$-axis). We plot results in the order in which the tests were performed. The $y$-axis shows the percentage of the “ground truth” road identified as road by the method. A cursory look did not reveal any correlation between road segmentation performance and parameter choice. We observe that SZ is the best performer overall. What is quite striking is the results of LSD: in these tests, it either performs well, or not at all. Except for the poorly performing examples of LSD, false positives are not an issue, generally. Our hypothesis is that the networks do not generalize sufficiently from the limited training data and images that are too different from training lead to poor results.
Road segmentation results (% of the ground truth).
[fig:focal_graph]
[fig:car_detection]
Vehicle detection rates for the two SUTs.
Vehicle detection.
The SUTs here take RGB images as input and return bounding boxes around pixels that correspond to vehicles. Figure [fig:car_detection] shows an example of a vehicle detection system’s output. To detect other vehicles in the vicinity of the autonomous car, we used:
the single shot multibox detector (SSD), a deep neural network, trained with the Pascal Object Recognition Database Collection,
Multinet like in the previous experiment.
Figure 4 summarizes the results. The results are again in the order of the tests. In this experiment, we did not observe any false positives. Overall, Multinet performs better than SSD but these systems are much closer than in the previous experiment. While the detection rates may look disappointing, factors like occlusion as seen in Figure [fig:car_detection] make it difficult to detect all the cars. The two experiments presented here highlight the fact that even with quite narrow parameter ranges (especially for the camera), the quality of results can vary widely.
Additional tests on driving behavior
In the case studies that follow, we test the NVIDIA behavioral cloning framework to perform tests on autonomous vehicle behavior. The SUT takes RGB images as input and returns the corresponding throttle or steering control to be applied. The network is trained inside Paracosm’s simulation environment and the specific training procedure is also described for each case study presented. The primary aim of these case studies is to highlight specific testing features of Paracosm.
Random (dispersion is $0.105$)
[fig:Pedestrian_rand_100]
Halton (dispersion is $0.041$)
[fig:Pedestrian_halton_100]
Random vs. Halton sampling for the pedestrian crossing experiment over various test iterations. The test parameters are the walking speed of the pedestrian ([0.5, 10] m/s) and distance from the car when the pedestrian starts crossing ([5, 60] m).
(r)2-3(r)4-5 # tests Random Halton Random Halton
50 $0.200$ $0.083$ $6\%$ $8\%$
100 $0.105$ $0.041$ $6\%$ $8\%$
200 $0.051$ $0.029$ $7\%$ $8\%$
400 $0.025$ $0.011$ $8.75\%$ $8.25\%$
Dynamic Pedestrian Behavior (low dispersion sequences revisited).
This case study has already been presented in the main paper. We now present results that underline the importance of low-dispersion sequences and how coverage improves with more test iterations. Note that the parameter ranges here are different (wider) than the study presented in the main paper. However, the SUT is the same. Figure [fig:PedestrianHalton] demonstrates the advantage of low-dispersion sampling over random sampling. Samples are more spread out for the Halton sequence (low-dispersion). In Table [tbl:crossing], we report the difference between random and Halton sampling for various numbers of test iterations. Halton sampling gives much better dispersion and even leads to more failure cases being revealed (especially for fewer test iterations).
Distance covered (Z-axis, [0,120] m) in changing fog (X-axis, $[0,1]$) and light (Y-axis, $[0,1]$) conditions tested with 400 iterations of the Halton sequence. Green dots and red crosses denote the absence or presence of a collision. The car is trained with a fog density of 0 and light intensity of 0.5.
Changing Environmental Settings.
As mentioned in the main paper, reactive variables can be used to parameterize environment settings so as to describe a large class of configurations. To demonstrate this, we train a model at fixed light intensity and no fog. This case study is similar to the Adaptive Cruise Control case study presented in the main paper. Here, we analyse the autonomous vehicle’s performance when the light intensity and fog density are varied. We report the overall distance covered, and whether a collision happened. Each test lasts 15 seconds. Parameter values are generated using the Halton sequence. Results are aggregated in Figure 5. The car performs best around the parameter values it was trained on. The distance that the car covers drops-off fairly quickly as fog density increases. Perturbations to light intensity often lead to scenarios with collisions.
Test vehicle braking on seeing a red car coming from the opposite direction, even though there is a large distance to the lead car (car on the same lane).
[fig:brake_opp_car]
Speed (X-axis, $[0,40]$ km/h) over time (Y-axis, $[0,8]$ sec) of car trained to follow a red car in the presence of another car coming from the opposite direction. Depending on the color of the incoming car, the speed of the car changes vis-à-vis the baseline driving with no other car.
[fig:features_geometric]
Features of Geometric Components.
For the case study above, the SUT is trained to follow a red lead car driving in front of it on a two-lane road. Under ideal conditions (conditions under which the SUT is trained), it is observed that the autonomous vehicle indeed follows the red lead car while maintaining a safe distance and not colliding with it. We now test how the SUT reacts to cars coming from the other direction. Though the test vehicle’s throttle should not be affected by cars coming from the other direction, it is likely that the SUT learnt to slow the car down when there are several red pixels in the camera image. Indeed, this seems to be the case. When we test with a red car coming from the other direction, our autonomous vehicle slows down in response to this car being close (see Figure [fig:brake_opp_car]). Speed is picked up again once this car passes. Perhaps more surprisingly, the vehicle also slows down when the car coming from the other direction is yellow or green, but has no affect when the car is blue. Figure 6 has plots of speed vs. time for the various cases, with the baseline being no car coming from the other direction.
Connections of road segments (and OpenDRIVE output)
T-Intersection with 2 lanes, long road segments, and traffic and pedestrian lights.
T-Intersection with 4 lanes, short road segments, and no traffic or pedestrian lights.
[fig:tintersection-opendrive_simple]
In this section we provide a code example to demonstrate composition of road elements using the connect operation between road elements. Paracosm supports complex road elements such as cross-intersections, T-intersections, and roundabouts. Connections can be established using the connect method, that takes physical connection identifiers and road elements as arguments. The connections are directed in order to compute the positions of the elements. One road element becomes the parent and it’s children are positioned relative to its position and the specified connection points. After an object is connected, a new composite road element which encapsulates all road elements along with requisite transformations (rotations and translations) is returned. The following example shows how road segments can be connected into a road network.
len = VarInterval(5, 100)
nlanes = VarInterval({2, 4})
// Create a parameterized T-intersection and three straight road elements (east, south, west)
t = TIntersection(nlanes:nlanes)
e = StraightRoadSegment(len:len, nlanes:nlanes)
s = StraightRoadSegment(len:len, nlanes:nlanes)
w = StraightRoadSegment(len:len, nlanes:nlanes)
// connect and get new composite object
net = t.connect((t.ONE, e, e.TWO),
(t.TWO, s, s.ONE),
(t.THREE, w, w.ONE))
In this example, the T-intersection is not given a specific position or orientation. It is therefore instantiated at the origin. Road elements connecting to it are then positioned with respect to it. After connection, the composite road element net can be used for tests in simulation or to a standardized format (OpenDRIVE). Figure [fig:tintersections] shows some samples in the OpenDRIVE viewer.
Connecting elements has two purposes. First, it allows Paracosm to perform sanity checks like proper positioning of road elements. Second, it creates an overlay graph of the road networks which can easily be followed by environment controlled vehicles. When a road network is created, the runtime system of Paracosm checks that compositions of road elements and intersections are topologically and geometrically valid. All road elements must be connected to a matching road correctly (for example, a 2-lane road segment cannot be connected to a 6-lane road segment directly), there can be no spatial overlaps between road segments, and the positions of the connection points must match.
A large grid world with several connected road elements viewed in the default 3D simulator.
In general, Paracosm inherits all programming features of the underlying imperative programming model as well as reactive programming with streams. Thus, one can build complex urban settings through composition and iteration. For instance, the grid world shown in Figure 8 was created by iterating a simple road network.
This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
.28em plus.1em minus.1em The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intendeduse is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
1. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/08/self-driving-vehicles-public-trust/↩
2. https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HWY18MH010-prelim.pdf↩
3. 0 denotes no fog and 1 denotes very dense fog (exponential squared scale).↩
4. the monitor additionally calculates the mean distance of the test vehicle to the lead car during the test, which is used for later analysis.↩
According to the results on the adaptive cruise control case study, which test parameter had the most significant impact on test failures involving collisions or vehicle inactivity?
| null |
lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m
| null | 608,811 | 20 | 1,160 |
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lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m
| null | 376,376 | 8 | 998 |
아래 내용은 시간여행이라는 책을 요약한 내용입니다. 아래의 글을 바탕으로 2000자 내외의 칼럼을 작성해주세요.
사람들은 몇 살 때부터 자기 혼자만의 생각을 즐기지 못하게 됐을까요?
깨어 있으면서도 다른 사람들의 소리를 듣지 않는, 그런 방법이 어디 없을까?
혹시 이런거 생각 안 해 봤니? 네가 하기 싫은 일에 대해 말하면 하고 싶은 일을 할 수 없다는 사실 말야.
반대로 말해 볼게. 네가 하고 싶은 일에 대해 말하거나, 또 하고 싶은 일을 하고 있다고 느낄 때, 어땠니, 즉시 그 일을 할 수 있었지? 하늘을 나는 일 말야.
가장 중요한 것은, 하고 싶은 일을 하고 있다는 느낌이야.
정말로 하고 싶은 일이 있다면, 무엇을 하고 싶으며 왜 그 일을 하고 싶은지에 대해 생각해보란 말이야 . 바로 지금 그 일을 하는 중이라고 느낄 때까지 말야. 이게 바로 네가 배운 가장 중요한 교훈이야.
고통의 사슬을 끊는 방법- 느낌으로 알 수 있다. 하기 싫은 일에 대해 생각하거나 말할 때, 항상 나쁜 감정을 갖게 된다. 고통의 사슬에서 빠져나올 수 있는 효과가 가장 빠른 방법은 감사한 마음을 가지는 것이다.
1. 내가 하기 싫은 일을 알아내는 것
2. 내가 하고 싶은 일을 결정하는 것
3. 하고 싶은 일을 알아내자마자 실제로 그 일을 하고 있다고 느껴야 한다
4. 내 소망을 행동으로 옮기는 단계
우주에 존재하는 모든 사람들과 모든 사물은 끌림의 법칙을 따르고 있다.
매 순간 나는 내가 원하는 상황을, 혹은 내가 원하지 않는 상황을 선택할 수 있다.
내가 행복하거나 감사하는 마음을 가지고 다른 사람이나 사물의 긍정적인 면을 보면, 내가 원하는 상황과 조화를 이루게 된다.
항상. 언제나 내 느낌을 믿어야 한다. 내 느낌이 바로 나의 길잡이다.
내가 무엇에 관심을 가지느냐에 따라 내 기분이 좋아지거나 나빠지는 것이다.
내가 할 일은 행복이 들어올 수 있게 나의 밸브를 열어주는 것
오늘 나의 기분이 좋아지면 내일과 그 다음 날 일어날 상황도 마음에 들 것이다
내 느낌과 생각이 어떻게 연결돼 있는지 이제 알겠어. 상황은 변하지 않아! 내 생각이 변하는거야.
감사하는 마음은 항상 거기에 있다. 원래부터 거기에 있었다.
나 자신이 행복하지 않으면 다른 사람에게도 행복을 나눠줄 수 없다
내 몸은 진정한 내가 아니다. 단지 진정한 내가 재미있게 놀고 성장하고 기뻐할 수 있도록 해주는 도구일 뿐이다
내 생각에 따라 내 기쁨과 고통을 선택할 수 있다는 것이다.
내 주변의 상황이 내 감정을 통제하기 시작하면 난 항상 덫에 걸리게 된다. 내 느낌을 통제할 수 있도록 연습해야 한다. 그래야 내 생각도 통제하게 되고, 결국 진정한 자유를 누릴 수 있다.
내 삶을 아주 소중하게 생각하면, 다른 사람들의 행동이나 말 때문에 괴로워하지 않게 될지도 몰라
내가 원하지 않는 상황에 신경을 쓰면 결국 내가 원하는 상황을 거부하게 되는 것이다. 그렇기 때문에 내가 원하지 않는 상황을 구별해 내고 내가 원하는 상황을 찾아서 ‘좋아’라고 말하는 일이 가장 중요하다.
내가 원하지 않는 상황을 밀어내려고 하기보다 내가 원하는 상황을 느긋하게 생각한다. 물론 말도 방향을 일러주지만, 느낌이야 말로 내가 받아들이는지 거부하는지를 가장 정확하게 알려주는 안내자다. 내가 원하는 상황에 대해 계속 이야기하면 모든 상황이 점점 좋아질 것이다.
행복의 물결은 항상 나를 향해 흐르고 있다. 나는 매 순간 그 물결을 받아들이거나 거부한다. 그 물결을 받아들이거나 거부할 수 있는 사람은 오직 나 뿐이다.
나는 모든 일이 순조롭게 흘러간다는 믿음을 전해야 한다. 나 자신의 선명한 경험을 많은 사람들에게 말하면 사람들은 자신이 밀어내야 할 상황은 세상에 없다는 사실을 이해하게 될것이다. 밀어내는 행위 자체가 행복을 쫓아내는 일이라는 사실도 또한 알게 될것이다.
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d312019f9a4d414cb77837dedc0091cd
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lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m
| null | 831,882 | 0 | 1,256 |
Take the following text and put it into a Salesforce order JSON structure.
2022 2022 | תנש LA.O.22.072522 שכר תנמזה דדוובבככלל :ןימזמ 'סמ מ"עב הבונת ללאאררששיי תתססננככ ::ההננייממזזממ ההננחחתת הוקת חתפ,300 .ד.ת 21 םייפכ עיגי 4910201 ירשב תסנכ :ןסח מ םש 0508875313 6986028 יגח רומיל :ןופלט ::ממ..עע [email protected] :ינורטקלא ראוד 33008811 ::םםככררפפססממ 17/01/23:הקפסא .ת 16/01/23 :אתכמסא .ת 03-7367706 :יצרא זכרמ ןופלט הרושל כ"הס 'חיל ריחמ הדימ 'חי תומכ םיטרפ קפס דוק # 3% ןוטרק ל1ירט הבונת בלח ח"ש 1,099.20 4.58 רטיל 240.00 4131074 1 ןירדהמ ח"ש 117.12 7.32 רטיל 16.00 רטיל 1 רשעומ היוס הקשמ 4125578 2 1 ירט יעבט םעטב טייל היוס הקשמ ח"ש 122.72 7.67 רטיל 16.00 4132552 3 רטיל ח"ש 352.10 35.21 הדיחי 10.00 לכימ לקשמב 5% תירגלוב סואריפ 4120818 4 מ"עב ח"ש 113.90 22.78 םרגוליק 5.00 ידסומה קושל יעבט ופוט 10322786 5 הנכות 5% רג 50 עיבג הניבג הבונת תונבל ח"ש 18.72 0.78 הדיחי 24.00 47782 6 צדב תוישעת ח"ש 262.14 43.69 םרגוליק 6.00 גק 3 ידסומ קמע יתיתפ 4121341 7 ח"ש 141.12 8.82 רטיל 16.00 םידקש+ תלוביש הקשמ 10325619 8 340 תויגוע םעטב GO בלח הקשמ גומלא ח"ש 112.20 5.61 רטיל 20.00 10329686 9 ל"מ ח"ש 80.80 4.04 הדיחי 20.00 למ 250 קובקבב הבונת וקוש 4126872 10 תיבמ ח"ש 69.44 4.34 רטיל 16.00 %1 ל1 קקפ +טרק ירט הבונת בלח 42435 11 Almog ח"ש 37.85 37.85 םרגוליק 1.00 הינדעמל 5% תנדועמ תיתפצ 4136291 12 150 עיבג %3 ןבדבוד טרוגוי הלפוי ח"ש 28.16 3.52 הדיחי 8.00 40066 13 ERP םרג 150 עיבג %3 קסרפא טרוגוי הלפוי תועצמאב ח"ש 28.16 3.52 הדיחי 8.00 40080 14 םרג ח"ש 2,583.63 החנה ינפל םוכס קפוה ח"ש -0.15 החנה ח"ש 2,583.63 מ"עמ ינפל כ"הס ח"ש 439.22 מ"עמ 17.00% ח"ש 3,023.00 םולשתל כ"הס 01/05/23 :ךיראת דע םולשתל .ישאר תונמזה זכרמ רושיא אלל וז הנמזהב יוניש עצבל ןיא * .םייקלח םיחולשמ ןיא * .הנמזהה ףוגב אלש םיטירפ לש הקפסא ןיא * 16/01/23 15:12 2 ךותמ 1 דומע 2022 2022 | תנש LA.O.22.072522 שכר תנמזה דדוובבככלל :ןימזמ 'סמ מ"עב הבונת ללאאררששיי תתססננככ ::ההננייממזזממ ההננחחתת הוקת חתפ,300 .ד.ת 21 םייפכ עיגי 4910201 ירשב תסנכ :ןסח מ םש 0508875313 6986028 יגח רומיל :ןופלט ::ממ..עע [email protected] :ינורטקלא ראוד 33008811 ::םםככררפפססממ 17/01/23:הקפסא .ת 16/01/23 :אתכמסא .ת 03-7367706 :יצרא זכרמ ןופלט מ"עב הנכות תוישעת גומלא תיבמ Almog ERP תועצמאב קפוה בר דובכב לשא.ל 16/01/23 15:12 2 ךותמ 2 דומע
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3a1bbab03247483d8016d0e7cae6e423
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zai-org/LongAlign-10k
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c9e3c0ac0c49ddef44fecbd340f4e1b1d979051d73febed2
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Former Secretary of State Condi Rice and Aretha Franklin teamed up for charity.
The former U.S. secretary of state and Franklin took the stage Tuesday evening at Philadelphia’s Mann Music Center in a rare duet for Rice, the classically trained pianist, and Franklin, the divalicious voice of a generation. Their aim was to raise money for inner-city youth of Philadelphia and Detroit and awareness for music and the arts.
But these are the same jackasses who love to tout their patriotism and love to throw 9/11 around when they are cheerleading for more war...all while claiming to support the heroes. In fact, the images and memories of 9/11 have been at the core of the Republican brand since September 11th, 2001. They have turned that disaster into slogans for their campaigns...time and time again. There were several years where you couldn't get them to stop campaigning on 9/11.... you couldn't avoid it if you were at a Republican event. Oh the irony.
I bet these lying, hypocritical pieces of scum sleep well at night. I don't know how they do it... but I bet they do.
The bill was the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act. Read more from Huffpo.
Congressman Anthony Weiner lashed out at Republicans. (This man should be Speaker of the House, Majority Leader, or Whip - with all due respect to Hoyer & Clyburn).
Loved his response...where he basically told a Republican to sit _______ down. Most of the Dems in Congress are spineless...can't say I have seen this much passion before out of any of them. They are far too passive.
Shirley Sherrod, the fired and subsequently vindicated Department of Agriculture employee, said today she will sue the conservative blogger who posted edited video on the Internet last week that made her appear racist.
The posted video resulted in Sherrod being fired by the Obama administration, which was followed by public apologies from President Obama and Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack for dismissing her without learning the whole story. Even Fox News Host Bill O'Reilly apologized when it became apparent that the video he aired on his show was incomplete and that Sherrod was telling a story of personal growth, not bigotry.
But Andrew Breitbart, the blogger who posted the spliced video of Sherrod in the first place, has remained unapologetic, despite the fact that the full video features Sherrod telling an NAACP meeting how she became a better person and overcame her biases.
As originally posted, Sherrod spoke about not helping a white farmer as much as she could have. But the instance occurred a quarter century ago. The point of Sherrod's story was that she had been wrong. And the farmer in question jumped to her defense.
I hope she sues the hell out of that jackass. Hopefully she can find a way to garnish his future earnings.
In his piece "Endgame in Afghanistan", British reporter Sean Smith provides a rare glimpse of the raw reality of the war in Afghanistan for American troops.
I initially supported the idea of a surge in troops for Afghanistan because it was sold as part of a comprehensive strategy to make sure that the U.S. would get out or reduce its presence in a reasonable amount of time. But as I have read more, and observed the situation...it is becoming clear that this is not the case. So, for me, the pendulum is swinging the other way. I actually had doubts about Afghanistan as far back as 2005, when it became clear that it was becoming a misguided quagmire. Without a comprehensive approach and not enough troops, the situation was allowed to get out of control under the Bush Administration. Without addressing the economic situation, the dire poverty of the people, education, the poppy farming (a huge problem), failing to win the support of the people, and not having enough troops to hold ground... it was bound to turn into an ugly stalemate. But I also understood from the beginning - a belief that is now reaffirmed- that trying to build a nation out of a part of the world where the ingredients for such a task simply don't exist in any practical sense. In Afghanistan there is generally no sense of nationalism, a fractious & heterogeneous population with verious different tribal and ethnic groups, life being driven at the local level, and thus no sense of collective national pride to motivate men to want to stand up an Army and fight for their own Country. In other words, the whole mission is built on a false premise.
It is clear that corruption is strangling efforts there. Furthermore, it is clear that the Afghans are not taking responsibility for their own security... at least the enthusiasm just doesn't seem to be there. So if they aren't willing to fight... we certainly shouldn't have our soldiers fighting and dying there. In order to gain control of Afghanistan, it would require at least 500,000 American/NATO troops. I (and others) have said that for years. There is no way that the U.S. or its NATO allies will ever send that many troops into this war. Hell, the U.S., with its military stretched so thin...and with its hunger to maintain some sort of empire with troops all over the world, doesn't have the troops to send. So what are we doing? Furthermore, we have to consider the fact that the nation is broke. We can't afford it. With no clear definition of what success is...what winning is.... and no clear, achievable goals... this war (with an initial attack that I believed was warranted back in 2002, although dubious) has changed over the last 9 years into something that no longer makes sense. So my view of this war has changed quite a bit, especially over the last 18 months.
But it is clear that the Obama Administration has no plans to get out of Afghanistan anytime soon. Americans were sold fools gold with the promise of a troop drawdown...as I suspected. President Obama can't leave & is planning to have our troops there for a number of years down the road (I will go into that a little more in a separate commentary). Although I think the crap about terrorists attacking us from Afghanistan...and it will be doomsday if we leave... we must stay there so they don't hit us at home...is all a bunch of BS.
We are looking at 3-5 more years of this madness (at a minimum). Hard to understand...and getting harder everyday. I will write more on that in a future post.
More examples of how the Right makes things up. I have been trying to tell you all... they're crazy. But they are crazy and organized...which is what bugs the hell out of me.
Anyone who has read this blog long enough should know how I feel about the NAACP. I think the time for this organization has come and gone. It's a relic of history.
This isn't Dubois' NAACP. This is a group that is trying to hang on to its glorious past, while looking for something to do in the present to appear relevant. That might explain why they tried to take on the Tea Party.... a complete 180 for an organization that had been dead for many years on the political front. Their rustiness might explain why they chose their issue, without realizing that they were going up against the most powerful PR/Political machine in modern American history (the Republican Right wing media). In other words, they should have had their **** together. It's as if the NAACP arrived here from another planet...and didn't know how the game was played. That's why NAACP President Ben Jealous (who was one of the first "leaders" to throw Shirley Sherrod under the bus without checking the story) ended up being...in his words... "Snookered". I mean.. they discarded Mrs. Sherrod like a dirty diaper. Yet another stain on an already mud soaked organization.
Statement from Ben Jealous (in his effort to stay in front of whatever Faux News and others may have had planned).
Ben Jealous failed to get his facts together before making such an important statement. The result? He came away looking like a clown. The President of an organization with a legacy like that of the NAACP can't afford to be that sloppy. Even Mrs. Sherrod could not believe the way she had been discarded.
The NAACP is an embarrassment. This is a group that gives "image" awards to child molesters, rappers, & criminals....and holds them up as pillars of the "Black Community" who others should emulate. Disgusting. They don't represent me. It seems as if I am saying this to myself (and to others) more and more often these days - "they don't represent me". It comes to mind whenever there is an issue of race, where one group or leader is acting on behalf of Black people, or being perceived as speaking for an entire group. This situation makes me say the same thing once again - "they don't represent me". I always find myself explaining this to co-workers, as well as the fact that Blacks aren't a monolith.
The way that the NAACP President treated Sherrod only reinforces my view of the organization. On top of everything else, they have shown themselves to be sloppy & incompetent, at best. I am glad the group at least made an attempt to take on the Tea Party.... but it is clear that they were ill equipped for the mission. This is an organization that is stuck in the 20th Century. It's not ready for a multimedia war with the PR/Media behemoth of Right wing media. The NAACP's failure was a result of the fact that the organization is run by a bloated board of dozens of people (mostly old folks) who have held the group back for years....preventing modernization.
Enter Amy Alexander... a former writer for Ben Jealous himself. Alexander recently wrote a revealing piece describing her experiences at the NAACP. She wrote the piece in response to the Sherrod fiasco. Her story provides an inside look at the organization and confirms what I suspected for years. It's a sad reflection of an organization that was once relevant and respected. But did I also mention that the story is hilarious? Alexander doesn't disappoint when it comes to keeping the reader's attention.
Photo taken from Gina McCauley's blog, What About Our Daughters.
Republicans successfully filibustered the Disclose Act this week. Once again, they have shown themselves to be hypocrites. On one hand they criticize the corrupt insider deal-making nature of Washington D.C. yet they don't want the public to know who is bankrolling Republican political ads. That would screw up their entire program of deceiving the American people.
But the bill isn't completely dead yet. It could come back for consideration later in the year. However, passing this legislation will be an uphill climb.
Bettye LaVette- Salt of the Earth (as good as the original? I think so).
The Obama Administration is under serious pressure to extend the Bush tax cuts for the rich. Insiders have been suggesting over the past week, that Obama & Co. is flirting with the idea of caving. Extending these tax cuts would dig the nation into an even bigger debt hole. Once again Republicans - who claim to be concerned about annual deficits & the national debt - are saying one thing and doing another, as is normal for them.
The Republican media has carefully framed the expiration of the tax cut as a tax increase by Obama. The way that they manipulate the public through the media is just uncanny. They are making the Bush tax policy appear as if it was a permanent law and the evil Democrats are going to radically change tax policy. Of course this is all BS. The tax policy was never permanent...which is why the legislation is sun shining to be reconsidered by Congress. The cuts were temporary. This misconception (that Republicans purposely created) has allowed them to frame the scheduled expiration as an increase. This has been another textbook example of the power & influence of Conservative right wing media.
Commentary on why the Bush tax cuts should be allowed to expire.
Although I think they waited a good six months too long. Better late than never. Read on.
Progressive Talk show host and attorney Mike Papantonio discusses Right-wing extremism with civil rights watchdog Mark Potok.
Ahhh... nothing like the sights and sounds of Racist Republican policies falling apart. And so it begins. Round one goes to the sane & rational. But the Right vows to fight on.
PHOENIX — A federal judge stepped into the fight over Arizona's immigration law at the last minute Wednesday, blocking the heart of the measure and defusing a confrontation between police and thousands of activists that had been building for months.
Protesters who gathered at the state Capitol and outside the U.S. Embassy in Mexico City cheered when they heard the news. The governor, the law's authors and anti-illegal immigration groups vowed to fight on.
"It's a temporary bump in the road," Gov. Jan Brewer said.
The Clinton appointee said the controversial sections should be put on hold until the courts resolve the issues, including sections that required officers to check a person's immigration status while enforcing other laws.
Bolton delayed provisions that required immigrants to carry their papers and banned illegal immigrants from soliciting employment in public places — a move aimed at day laborers. In addition, she blocked officers from making warrantless arrests of suspected illegal immigrants for crimes that can lead to deportation.
It looks like this will drag on for quite some time, and will eventually be heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. The law was full of problems and had measures that were unconstitutional, even after the Arizona legislature tried to clean up their own mess by changing the text.
See our previous postings on the Arizona Immigration Law here and here.
His ideas on foreign policy and Arms Control warrant a second look.
A recent piece in the New York Times, by writer Louis Uchitelle, highlights the difficulties faced by the millennial generation, also called Generation Y. But it hasn't been much better for my generation (Generation X).
The Great Depression damaged the self-confidence of the young, and that is beginning to happen now, according to pollsters, sociologists and economists. Young men in particular lost a sense of direction, Glen H. Elder Jr., a sociologist at the University of North Carolina, found in his study, “Children of the Great Depression.” In some cases they were forced into work they did not want — the issue for Scott Nicholson.
Military service in World War II, along with the G.I. Bill and a booming economy, restored well-being; by the 1970s, when Mr. Elder did his retrospective study, the hardships of the Depression were more a memory than an open sore. “They came out of the war with purpose in their lives, and by age 40 most of them were doing well,” he said, speaking of his study in a recent interview.
The outlook this time is not so clear. Starved for jobs at adequate pay, the millennials tend to seek refuge in college and in the military and to put off marriage and child-bearing. Those who are working often stay with the jobs they have rather than jump to better paying but less secure ones, as young people seeking advancement normally do. And they are increasingly willing to forgo raises, or to settle for small ones.
See reports on Black poverty and the struggle with recession from the BBC and MSNBC. The Loop also has a good piece on childhood poverty from last year.
I gave up on the American Dream some years ago. Now I am just seeking survival. I realized the Dream had become an empty slogan.... that the chances of achieving it were slim to none. I almost feel as if I have been lied to all this time. I started to feel this way at age 27 or 28, when I had begun to run-in-place. I just wasn't achieving, even though I was working everyday and studying hard. The last 5-10 years pretty much confirmed the doubts going through my mind at the time.
Now I am about $80,000.00 in debt with no prospects for meaningful employment. The chances that I will be able to pay this money back is pretty close to zero. Over the last year I have been engaging in all sorts of maneuvers (including going back to school and making matters worse with more debt) to keep creditors at bay just a little while longer. But at some point in the next year or two, I will be looking at default. Once I run out of options and default, I will be ineligible for many....well.... basically all jobs in the Government sector...where I want to work. American Dream? Where?
And the thought of finding a mate, developing relationships, and starting a family have been out of the question. Not even an option for me.... never has been. Men, of course, are damn near exclusively defined by what they do....how much money they earn, their ability to support a family, yadda yadda yadda. This is how women rate men. This is especially the case in the U.S., where women are shallow & materialistic to the extreme.
If a man can't meet certain professional/financial expectations...if you don't have a job with a respectable salary, if you can't support a family.... then you aren't considered a man at all. Chances for actually attracting a decent mate under such circumstances are remote. So in the last decade (really more than that) I have actually never bothered to try with any serious effort. All due to this elusive "American Dream".... trying to hold out for a meaningful job opportunity. The lost decade has really worn me down.
(btw... I think one of the next bubbles to pop will be student loans....as students who leave college end up like me... stuck in BS service jobs earning less than $30,000 a year....or can't find work at all).
Needless to say I really hate my life...and the prospects for the future are bleak. With the incompetence of the Obama Administration....not having a clue of what the Hell to do to stimulate the economy...and with all the wars, the misguided foreign policy, and the financial mess (global and personal), I believe things will get worse.
When asked if it is now harder or easier to attain "the American Dream" than it was for their parents' generation, 60 percent of Xavier's 1,022 respondents said it's getting harder; 68 percent, meanwhile, said it will be even harder for their children than it is for them.
The poll was conducted Feb. 14-21 by Fairbank, Maslin, Maullin, Metz & Associates (FM3) for Xavier's Institute for Politics and the American Dream, reaching respondents over 18 years old via land lines and cell phones. Margin of error was +/-3.1 percent. Xavier plans to release a similar poll every year.
Even as people think it's getting harder to achieve the dream, Xavier found, they still believe--more or less--that it's possible with hard work: 35 percent said the American dream is "entirely" dependent on hard work, while 53 percent said it's roughly an even mix of hard work and good luck/circumstances. And 67 percent think they can achieve it in their lifetimes.
Fifty-eight percent, meanwhile, said America itself is in decline.
I actually am a little more pessimistic about the "hard work" theme in the Xavier survey, because even with hard work, the Dream seems out of reach. And more important than that was the belief by the majority of respondents that the U.S. was in decline. (Something I have been saying for years).
Read the summary of the Xavier University survey conducted earlier this year. See pdf.
Is The American Dream Possible for Most Anymore? (Discussions w/ Barbara Ehrenreich).
Impact of Corporate Based Economy (some links may be dead).
E.J. Dionne posted a great commentary today on Truthdig.
Can a nation remain a superpower if its internal politics are incorrigibly stupid?
He recently offered a rather brutal budget that includes severe cutbacks. I have doubts about some of them, but at least Cameron cared enough about reducing his country’s deficit that alongside the cuts, he also proposed an increase in the value-added tax from 17.5 percent to 20 percent. Imagine: a fiscal conservative who really is a fiscal conservative.
The simple truth is that the wealthy in the United States—the people who have made almost all the income gains in recent years—are undertaxed compared with everyone else.
Read the Full Commentary from Truthdig.
This runs contrary to the Conservative argument that Obama has been doing nothing and wants to open the borders.
Convicted felon Byron Williams loaded up his mother's Toyota Tundra with guns, strapped on his body armor and headed to San Francisco late Saturday night with one thing in mind: to kill workers at the American Civil Liberties Union and an environmental foundation, prosecutors say.
Williams, an anti-government zealot on parole for bank robbery, had hoped to "start a revolution" with the bloodshed at the ACLU and the Tides Foundation in San Francisco, authorities said.
But before he made it to the city, Williams was stopped at early Sunday by California Highway Patrol officers for speeding and driving erratically on westbound Interstate 580 west of Grand Avenue in Oakland.
Police say he then initiated a chaotic, 12-minute gunbattle with officers, firing a 9mm handgun, a.308-caliber rifle and a shotgun. He reloaded his weapons when he ran out of ammunition and stopped only after officers shot him in areas of his body not covered by his bullet-resistant vest, authorities said.
On Tuesday, Williams, 45, of Groveland (Tuolumne County) appeared in an Oakland courtroom on charges that he tried to murder four CHP officers. Authorities described him as a heavily armed man determined not to return to prison. Bullets from the suspect's rifle could penetrate ballistic body armor and vehicles, police said.
After he was wounded and taken to Highland Hospital in Oakland, Williams told investigators "his intention was to start a revolution by traveling to San Francisco and killing people of importance at the Tides Foundation and the ACLU," Oakland police Sgt. Michael Weisenberg wrote in a court affidavit.
The Tides Foundation is a liberal not for profit that supports Progressive causes. The otherwise obscure group is often the subject of attacks by Glenn Beck.
Read more on Glenn Beck and the Tides Foundation from TPM. Also see commentary from the Guardian.
Williams was upset about "Left-wing agenda" of Congress. From TPM: (note: His mother, Janice Williams, seems to be as much of a Tea Party nut as her son is).
The man, identified by local news reports as Byron Williams of Groveland, was allegedly pulled over for driving erratically by the California Highway Patrol. As the officers approached his truck, they saw several guns and ammunition, according to police, and they saw the suspect reach for a handgun.
The officers ran back to their car and called for backup as the man allegedly opened fire. Officers reported seeing a handgun, a shotgun and a rifle, and that the shooter fired at least two of the weapons. The shootout -- which according to CHP involved 10 police officers and lasted about eight minutes -- left the suspect, who was wearing body armor, seriously wounded. He was taken to the hospital and is listed in stable condition.
Two officers were hurt by broken glass, but none were shot.
"There is no doubt in our mind, given the body armor and the extensive amount of ammunition he had, that he was on his way to do a very serious crime against either someone or a group of people," CHP Sgt. Trent Cross said.
Officers discovered a binder labeled "California" in the truck. It has so far been described only as a "list."
When local reporters called the truck's registrant, Janice Williams, she realized her truck, and her guns, were gone.
Williams told the San Francisco Chronicle that Byron, her 45-year-old son, was upset by "the way Congress was railroading through all these left-wing agenda items."
"He hasn't been able to get a job because he's an ex-felon and nobody will hire him," she said, adding that he was angry about his unemployment and about "what's happening to our country."
"I have no doubt it is him," Williams said. "He's been upset with the direction the country is going.... He feels the people of this country are being raped by our government and politicians."
Janice Williams said she kept the guns, which were locked in safe, because "eventually, I think we're going to be caught up in a revolution." She also told the Chronicle that she had warned Byron that "he didn't have to be on the front lines."
It's ironic that he was angry about unemployment, but was too much of an idiot to understand how the economy works and how Republicans sent the nation over a cliff. He didn't understand that the Recession officially started in 2007 and the fiscal crisis and job losses started in the Fall of 2008, caused by the failed policies of his Republican President. Nor did he understand that employment is a lagging economic indicator and will take years to recover. And it appears that he was also clueless about the fact that Republicans (for weeks) were trying to block any unemployment benefits that he may or may not have been entitled to.
The irony is amazing. And it's not just with this nut. We see this ignorance flowing all throughout the Tea Party crowd.
In another display of stunning hypocrisy, congressional Republicans continue their fight to reward the rich during the recession. During the upcoming campaigns, Republicans will claim to represent every American, but that’s hardly the case when it comes to tax policy. This time the battle is over whether Congress should extend Bush’s 2001 and 2003 Bush tax cuts and the GOP is siding with the rich over the middle-class.
This will come as no surprise to observant court watchers. Under John Roberts, but not necessarily because of John Roberts, is the most conservative it has been in decades. The general rightward shift will continue for the foreseeable future until one of the five conservative justices leaves (Kagan is replacing a liberal in John Paul Stevens). This is unlikely to happen anytime soon as one conservative justice, Anthony Kennedy has indicated he'd like to wait out Obama.
KURTZ: Something really striking happened when I tried to book the segment you're about to see about minorities and the media.
I talked to several very prominent African-American journalists who said they would love to come on the program but the subject was just too sensitive to discuss publicly, or their bosses did not want them speaking out in public.
Look at the people who have gotten the latest primetime hosting jobs in cable news: Lawrence O'Donnell at MSNBC; Eliot Spitzer and Kathleen Parker at CNN. They join people like Sean and Bill and Keith and Rachel and Anderson. They join the Sunday show hosts and the evening news anchors and the principal network morning hosts. Not an African-American face among them except for GMA's Robin Roberts.
If you were 77-years-old, your spouse recently died and you faced two separate bouts of cancer would you continue working, or would you kick back and relax? This is the decision facing Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
Keith Olbermann nailed it with this commentary. Definitely one of the best he has ever done.
As I mentioned in my earlier comments, this is not just an issue of race. Race, in my view, should not necessarily be the focus of discussion. We don't need another race dabate. To be honest, they just don't do much. We have had that debate half a dozen times (or more) since Obama announced his run for the Presidency. What the nation should really be focused on is the obscene level of power held by Republican right wing media. This is something that I have blogged/written about probably dozens of times and it is the focus of my sidebar commentary, written a couple of years ago. I tried to warn people about just how big of a threat right wing media is.
The right wing media is simply the communications department for the Republican political machine. They have a very specific political agenda. Telling the truth and presenting actual news is not part of their program. It is a behemoth that is so powerful that when they tell Democrats - especially the Obama Administration - to jump, the Obama Administration asks how high? In my warning about Conservative media, I explain what their aims are... and that the playbook is an open secret.
The national mainstream media seems to ignore this information imbalance. No one wants to look into why Republican right wing media is allowed to control so much of the national debate. No one wants to look deeper into how Faux news (Radio Rwanda) is allowed to set the tone... by creating a certain narrative, and why mainstream media accepts their narrative as a legitimate starting point for their own reporting. Basically they take the Fox News narrative and they run with it...often without verifying information. Keep in mind, Fox News is, for all practical purposes, a propaganda operation. Fox News is so far removed from legitimate journalism that it's like night and day. In other words, legitimate news organizations have little reason to trust Fox News the way that they have been. Fox hasn't done the kind of reporting that deserves such a high level of trust. So the way that other networks parrot Fox (and other right wing outlets) is just incomprehensible to me. Furthermore, it's equally troubling how other networks fall over themselves to provide a platform for Republican right wing propaganda pundits, many of whom have little to no credibility. To make matters worse, these pundits are often unchallenged when they appear on the more legitimate networks. So what we have today is a situation where mainstream media is complicit in the misinforming and dumbing down of Americans. They have been co-opted by Republicans and used for propaganda purposes. This leaves a social/political environment where it is very difficult for a robust countervailing view to grow and challenge Conservative opinion.
I have been sounding the alarm on this for a few years now. The dangers of Conservative media are real. We just had another domestic terrorist attack thwarted this week, this time in California... although it didn't make it as a top story on most networks (perhaps because this has become so common). But the suspect was another Terrorist & Tea Party nut angry about left-leaning politics. Read more here, here and here. He opened fire on police on a California freeway after realizing he was caught. Luckily this terrorist was stopped after a long shootout before he could carry out any mass killings. But can you guess what fueled him? (Check the links above).
What we are in the midst of right now is an ideological war for the hearts and minds of Americans. It's a fight for the soul of the Country. Within that war is an information/PR battle. While President Obama shut down his campaign and his communications/PR war room... the Republicans never did. Republicans never ended their campaign after 2008, they simply changed its focus. Instead of running on a platform (as if they ever had one) or asking for votes, they shifted the focus to discrediting Obama, delegitimizing his Presidency, framing him as un-American, as an outsider, as dangerous, weak on security, etc. Republican/right wing media is in an all out war against President Obama, on two fronts. One is an information/image war... the other focuses on Policy (political obstruction, so that he is seen as a failure).
The kind of misinformation campaigns being waged right now... are, in many respects, similar to the kind of nonsense the CIA was doing 30 years ago in Countries around the world to confuse/mislead local populations, by putting out media stories favorable to the U.S., etc. The corporate PR companies today use some of those same strategies. The only difference now is that the tactics are being used against American citizens.
Progressives are at a disadvantage, because they have no media infrastructure that can match what is coming out of Conservative media. The right is just too powerful when it comes to media dominance. It's just not a fair fight. And this is occurring at a time when we have a President who has become synonymous with the term 'PR disaster'. If the White House had a strong war room, had strong PR people, a President who was more engaged and in tune with what is happening on Main Street, someone controlling his image...who has his back, a team of brilliant advisors providing the best guidance & information, then the Democrats and this President would be in a better position to combat the right wing media. But none of these things exist in this White House in my opinion. There is no PR/media war room. If there is one.. they are incompetent...and those running it should be fired immediately. There are no strong PR people. If he has them, they should be fired tomorrow. If the President is engaged...and in tune with the Country, then I don't see it. I have been a serious observer of politics for 20 years...this is one of the worst Administrations in recent memory when it comes to basic situational awareness. How in the Hell do you go to Maine for vacation while the folks in the Gulf are still suffering and are struggling to keep their hotels and restaurants open, struggling to make their rent, struggling to save their livelihoods -and AFTER you encouraged Americans to go and spend money? Yeah.... we all need a vacation every now and then, but sometimes the Captain of the ship has to lead... especially on a ship that is taking on water. If you can't vacation in the Gulf, at least put off your vacation until things settle down....just out of respect for those who are suffering. If you must have a vacation... send the First Lady and the kids.... while you stay in Washington. This is about leadership folks. A walking PR disaster indeed.
If he has someone in charge of image... they should be fired forthwith. If President Obama has brilliant advisors... they have been giving the him terrible advice, at least on the image/PR front. We have had 747's flying over Manhattan for photo ops scaring the daylights out of New Yorkers (beyond comprehension in a post 9/11 World), the White House not responding to attacks from the right (even ridiculous lies), Van Jones & others being forced out, the President commenting on issues that he should not have commented on..at least without knowing all the facts, the lack of a clear plan...and the huge absence of at least the image of the President attempting to create jobs & alleviate the problem of unemployment....instead he is out playing Golf, the bungling of the PR response to the Gulf oil spill, the bungling of Gitmo, using horrible strategy in the Healthcare debate, allowing the right to dictate his foreign policy, reaching out to Republicans...even working to water down legislation for them just to be fooled in the end with the knowledge that they were never going to sign on to his policies, and generally looking weak as a man and as a President. Now enter Shirley Sherrod. This is perhaps the most breathtaking of all of the PR debacles thus far. This is one for the history books. It will take me quite a while to wrap my brain around this. But it basically encapsulates, in one event, all of these PR weaknesses...and all the examples of incompetence.
This whole situation is a perfect example of why Progressives need to establish their own PR/media infrastructure. If they don't, they will continue to struggle with Conservative media for years. The right will continue to poison the airwaves and threaten livelihoods, and they will continue to win elections when they shouldn't.
But Progressives have been slow to respond. This week, for the first time, I heard at least two major Progressive commentators acknowledge what I stated years ago... that we are in the midst of an ideological war for the hearts and minds of Americans. There has finally been an acknowledgment that there is an ongoing, well orchestrated PR war against President Obama and Progressive politics. Maybe this incident was the wake-up call that Progressives needed. It took years just to get to a point where this could be acknowledged. Unfortunately I didn't hear many calls for the establishment of a robust Progressive media infrastructure to rival the Republican machine (not by telling lies...but simply by telling the truth...doing real journalism). And yes, I support bringing back the Fairness Doctrine.
The most effective antidote for the madness that we are seeing today in the U.S., is a well informed electorate. There are other things that I believe must be done as well as part of reaching that goal.... such as requiring a certain amount of civics education, global education, geography, World history, political science, constitutional studies, etc... in all schools, public and private. It should be Federal Law. But the end goal should be a well informed electorate. This is what new media could help to accomplish.
The sooner Americans wake up to what KO, I & others are saying on this... the better.
Series of videos from the Shirley Sherrod Debacle.
Many media organizations are rushing to seek repudiations of Shirley Sherrod from African-American leaders such as the NAACP’s Ben Jealous who quickly renounced Sherrod.
Before throwing Ms. Sherrod completely “under a bus,” I hope that they will consider the following remarks from the wife of the farmer whom Sherrod was supposedly “half-heartedly” helping.
The video in question originally shown on Fox turns out to be a FRAUD.
In case you want to see the videos in the Shirley Sharrod scam/fraud.
I called, pressed 8, and then left a voicemail.
Get the entire Sherrod speech, hear comments from the White farmer, and see other videos under the fold.
White House spokesman Robert Gibbs sent Democrats into tailspin when he acknowledged Republicans could take control of the House in November. He's backtracked since, but his comments remind us of all the reasons we don't want to see the GOP back in power.
I've been Black in America longer than 3 days.
The Tea Party’s leaders’ claims of race-neutrality ring hollow given their racially-inflammatory words and strategy. I exposed the Tea Party’s double-talk here at some length yesterday. Here’s new video from Think Progress (courtesy of Eric Wingerter over at the NAACP – thanks) from actual Tea Party rallies among their rank and file members out that highlights the rampant racism motivating the their critique of the Obama Administration.
Blogger, Professor, & author Christopher Chambers discusses the Tea Party on the RT network.
Dr. Errington Thompson covered this today as well.
What do you call a Black Man Who Is President of the United States?
Dylan Ratigan: He(President Barack Obama) didn’t do it. when the wall street guys got across the table from him you’re going to change our tax code, little boy? i think not because i tell you when you’re 75 or 80-year-old billionaire from new york who is looking at any government in this country that is trying to play with the tax code, you know who wins? the 80-year-old billionaire in new york every time. if it’s teddy roosevelt in the white house who is not intimidated by these types of people, he might say, listen, i don’t care who you are and how rich you are it’s not going happen but with this guy he bends over every time.
The First Lady discusses the threat that obesity poses to the Black Community.
When someone volunteers to join the Armed Services of this country...to put their lives on the line for this country..
the least, and I do mean the least we can do in return, is make sure that they are taken care of if they return to this country damaged - IN ANY WAY.
This has not been the case, especially during the Bush years, where they fought increasing services to the common soldier, and did what they could to rig the system so that the soldiers that needed help, couldn't get help.
This sea change from the Obama Administration is wonderful, and should be praised.
Will Obama Turn On Young Voters?
Amazing stat for you: In presidential elections, the last time the Democratic candidate won a majority of the white vote was LBJ in 1964. Yes, it’s true. It’s been 46 years since a Democrat pulled off 50% of the white vote. This tells me a lot of things.
Whites, males in particular, took a chance on Obama because they appreciated his even temper, his educational pedigree, and a belief he would look at all angles before committing to policy.
Malia Obama,the daughter of US President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama, makes her way to board Marine One May 27, 2010 on the South Lawn of the White House in Washington, DC. Obama and his family were heading to Chicago to spend the Memorial Day weekend.
First Daughter Malia Ann Obama turns 12 today. She's an All-American Girl.
Have a great Holiday with family and friends.
Enjoy a little Ray Charles.
With her 13th Grand Slam under her belt, Serena passes Billie Jean King on the all-time list of Grand Slam winners.
This is why I love the idea of Progressives taking their video cameras to Right wing events. I'm not sure if this was the case in this situation, but it shows that such a strategy could yield political treasure. Catching these hucksters in their macaca moments, or when they are telling lies should be an important part of Progressive efforts to get off of defense and take back the PR initiative.
Propaganda and lies are a huge part of the GOP strategy. That goes for the Tea Party as well. They have to lie. So it should be the duty of Progressives to catch them when they do.
Steele made a huge gaffe at a recent Republican event.... his biggest gaffe of all, according to Chris Good of the Atlantic. And the calls for Steele to resign have started to pour in. Steele stuck his foot....and leg in his mouth by making the claim that the war in Afghanistan was a war of Obama's choosing. Of course it was a war perpetrated by George W. Bush in 2002 and heavily supported by Republicans ever since. Steele's attempt to make the invasion Obama's idea now that it's becoming unpopular is amazing.
He went on to slam the war effort. Ironically, in his attempt to lie and mislead, Steele ended up accidentally telling a few truths about how daunting a task Afghanistan is and how the effort to nation build may be unrealistic. OOppps!
But once he was caught...he turned around and released a phony statement that basically said he didn't mean it, and he gave assurances that he supports the troops and the war effort. Hilarious.
He also describes the McChyrstal fiasco as "comical".
I was perturbed to learn this week that NPR chose rapper/singer Lauryn Hill for their 50 Great Voices Series. This is their list of the 50 greatest singers ever, based in part on suggestions/voting from listeners. Each week, for the rest of this year, NPR will feature a new artist. Are you kidding me?
I guess this is the point where I should add another disclaimer... I am not a fan of Lauryn Hill. (I'm not going to gain much support from this commentary). I have never cared for her music... and anyone reading this blog long enough should know how I feel about rap and the Hip Hop culture. However, I do respect Hill for being a talented musician. I can recall flipping through the channels several years ago and stumbling upon her unplugged performance. She's talented, there are no ifs ands, or buts about that.
She's a pretty good singer in my humble opinion. But one of the 50 Great voices in the entire world, EVER? Let's stop with the nonsense. Who made this decision at NPR? This is the point where NPR's 50 Greats adventure went from a serious project to more of a joke. This seemed to be more of a PR effort on the part of NPR to reach out to a younger, more Hip Hop oriented demographic... a group that doesn't listen to NPR in great numbers on a regular basis.
One big irony here is that Mary Christine Brockert & Roberta Flack have yet to make the list and may never be chosen. I doubt if NPR will pick both, and chances are slim that even one will be recognized. Yet Hill has borrowed heavily from these two singers during her career....covering their performances, using their riffs, their phrasing, their style and so on. Hill doesn't come close to Brockert or Flack when it comes to the art of singing. They would both blow Hill off stage. Hill's voice has a limited range...and her singing style is much more forced, her delivery more contrived. Her voice may be natural, but she's not a natural singer.
Another issue is the fact that Hill has had a limited career compared to the all-time great singers around the world. There is not that much material to base such a big decision on. Hill has benefited from an era of sampling and technology to enhance her performances and boost her career.
I was lucky enough to have seen Brockert live in concert in St. Louis back in 1994. I was stunned by the performance... to this day I shudder thinking about what I saw and heard that night. How could such a powerful voice come out of such a small package, I thought to myself. THAT is a singer.... I can recall how she held one note for somewhere in the ballpark of 30 seconds...(not hyperbole), just to play with the crowd...which was screaming & throwing roses on stage at that point. Circular breathing perhaps? I'm not sure. But I had never heard a singer like her before or since.
The generations of "singers" who came after Luther Vandross and Whitney Houston (in her prime) just never quite measured up for me. Perhaps it's my old age (only 37 this month). But I have always identified with older generations of artists. That's not to say that the current crop of young singers isn't talented... there are definitely good singers still around...but they are hit & miss.
The list of 50 Great voices were supposed to be the very best in the world...the best ever...the best that some Countries had to offer...the best that some cultures had to offer. On an exclusive list like that, a Lauryn Hill just doesn't measure up in my book. If this were a list of 500 Great voices... then there might be enough room to fit her in. But this is a list of 50 of the best throughout modern human history.... since the introduction of the vinyl record over 100 years ago.
Hill is a folk hero to generations of young Black Americans (those 35 & under), although I don't really understand why. I have never understood this phenomenon. But that folk hero status may have something to do with the admiration her supporters have for her and may ultimately be the reason for the selection. That probably played a bigger role in her selection than her actual impact, voice, or singing prowess.
The cult of Lauryn Hill is one of many things in the "Black Community" that never made any sense to me...someone looking at it objectively from another perspective. Perhaps its that identity thing again... The fact that I don't identify with today's Black culture, and certainly don't identify with Hip Hop culture (which has largely taken the place of a real Black culture), probably has something to do with my bewilderment. But that's not a bad thing... because it allows me to make an unbiased assessment. I have been a connoisseur of good music for a long time...and I think I can say objectively & with confidence that Lauryn Hill doesn't make the cut.
Did Congressman Gutierrez Fail Government 101?
Disclaimer: I fully support immigration reform...and have supported it since this latest debate started (under George W. Bush).
However, I have been extremely annoyed recently by Rep. Luis V. Gutierrez (D-IL) and his verbal attacks aimed at President Obama. Gutierrez and his supporters have been lobbying the President hard to magically make comprehensive immigration reform a reality. But really....what exactly do they want Obama to do? Am I missing something here?
The President can't create and pass legislation. That's the job of the Congress. Obama can't sign into law what doesn't exist. And even if Nancy Pelosi, Steny Hoyer, Harry Reid & others were to craft some sort of legislation...it would barely get through the House, and would be dead on arrival in the Senate. The math simply doesn't work and everyone knows it (at least everyone except for Gutierrez). I wrote several months ago that the part of Obama's agenda that dealt with immigration reform was probably unachievable and would likely have to be dropped from his list of goals. It's a lost cause. I never believed it should have been something that President Obama should even try...especially after seeing what happened to George W. Bush (by his own Party). It would be a huge waste of political capital, after he already wasted vast amounts of political capital in his first year, fighting for what ended up being a bad health care reform bill in my view. Obama could waste another year on immigration reform and be left with nothing to show for it in the end. Meanwhile, he would be so weakened by it that he wouldn't be able to get anything else accomplished. If that's not bad enough, his efforts would simply be used as a basis for Republicans to energize their supporters going into the midterm elections... creating even bigger losses for Democrats than would have been the case otherwise.
A Republican President wasn't able to do it with a Republican Congress... Republicans blocked the effort. They are going to be even more aggressive in blocking Obama. Obviously nothing can be done before the mid-terms, and Gutierrez has to know this. Most members of Congress are worried about re-election and aren't going to touch the taboo subject (made taboo by Republicans/Tea Partiers). It's radioactive. There are just certain political and mathematical realities that cannot be ignored.
On the other side of the midterms, Republicans are expected to win back one, if not both Houses of Congress...making the passage of any legislation on comprehensive immigration reform impossible. Even under assessments friendly to the Democrats, Republicans are expected to gain so many seats...that even if they come up short on regaining the majority in the House or Senate, they will still be able to block legislation. So I just don't understand what Gutierrez, and his supporters, are so upset about. Why are they upset with Obama? Do they really believe he is Superman or some sort of political MacGyver? President Obama cannot make a proclamation and declare something to be law. Congressman Gutierrez and his supporters should be lobbying the other members of Congress.... not just the President (and perhaps they shouldn't be focused on the President at all in this case). Gutierrez should target Congressional Republicans in particular. That's where he should focus his anger. Not at the President.
I guess Elena Kagan is such a blank slate that Republicans have to find others to attack.... even the dearly departed. They were apparently so desperate this week that they dug up a class paper that Kagan wrote decades ago, before she even entered law school. Of course they failed miserably with that effort.
But what annoyed me most was the way that Republican Senators on the Judiciary Committee used Kagan to attack Thurgood Marshall - a giant and American hero. Listen to the highlights of the hearings from last week, where Marshall is repeatedly brought up, attacked and diminished by Republicans. The effort was led by Senators Lindsey Graham, John Kyl, and Jeff Sessions. Their racism was plain to see and it was clear that they were playing to their base - their white Southern audiences back home. By targeting Marshall, they were attacking civil rights, desegregation, and equal justice...all the things he stood for. In their attacks (in front of at least one Marshall family member) they painted Marshall as a radical...as a judicial "activist". Marshall's opinions as a judge -upholding the idea of fairness, equal rights, etc- were out of the mainstream (although there is no evidence of that whatsoever). What they were really criticizing was Marshall's career before he became a judge. They were basically saying that Brown v. Topeka Board of Education was not decided correctly and was a result of Marshall's work as an attorney & agitator, and a result of an activist Supreme Court which overturned years of segregation. They suggested that since racism, esp. Jim Crow, was the law of the land, and was well established, settled law.... someone like Thurgood Marshall was a radical and activist because he came along and stirred things up by daring to challenge what had been legal precedent prior to May 1954. In other words, these Senators were sending the not-so-subtle message that Plessy v. Ferguson, the 1896 case that upheld segregation in schools, should have been allowed to stand as it was settled law. Racist to the core.
Why has the national corporate media allowed this to go almost unchallenged? I saw the segments on MSNBC...but I have not heard much from any other outlet. Unreal.
Senator Al Franken provided a pretty good rebuttal - see video.
Besides Al Franken.... few Senators/House members have spoken out against this blatant racism.
See Thurgood Marshall Jr's response. Hear an interview with Thurgood Marshall Jr. from NPR.
This comes on top of efforts by racist jackasses like Glenn Beck who want to hijack the anniversary of the 1963 March on Washington as a way to mock Dr. Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights struggle. Beck says he wants to "restore honor" and dignity to America..... as opposed to MLK, advancements in Civil Rights, and that nigra being elected President.
Is the U.S. Headed For a Greek Style Economic Collapse?
Financial Historian Niall Ferguson thinks the U.S. could be headed for a big fall- IF it stays on its current course of spending much more than it collects in revenue. Hear discussion from OnPointRadio. (A Must Listen). He points out what I have been saying here since I started... this business as usual nonsense is unsustainable. Business as usual meaning spending billions (now well over a Trillion) on wars that we don't need, being afraid to talk about a sensible tax policy...because Republicans have turned just the mention of taxes into a "taboo", not working fast enough to build and feed a Green industry- continuing to assume that it will magically blossom on its own, not working hard enough to build small/medium businesses and to create jobs, and not investing in educating future generations (why do I have to go $80,000.00 in debt before I even have a chance to live...just because I want an education? True story....my story). Other countries educate their people at very low cost or for free in some cases. They put a priority on people, rather than huge military industrial complex's or phony corrupt stock markets.
I am not as downbeat as some of the voices of gloom and doom. I don't think that the U.S. is headed for a quick collapse - at least not yet. In my mind, I am keeping my fingers crossed that it doesn't happen. The U.S. came close to this in the Fall of 2008. A collapse of the big banks was narrowly avoided. I am skeptical for the future though. The Obama administration can barely get a financial reform bill approved in the House & Senate - in fact, there are currently not enough votes to get the bill through the Senate. Republicans are blocking any efforts to make Progress on reforming an out of date system. With the prospect of clueless American voters returning these same Republicans to power in November of this year and again in 2012, there is no reason to be hopeful. Republicans are talking from both sides of their mouths. On one hand, Republicans say they are concerned about the debt, the deficit, and want to control spending, yet they blocked the Presidents Debt Commission - a commission tasked with steering the Country clear of complete economic collapse. I realize that this is part of the Republican Party's efforts to weaken Obama's ability to govern, so that he fails. But shouldn't they be more concerned about the Country???? Just a little concerned?
I believe the U.S. may be headed for several months, if not years, of stagnant growth and high unemployment which will only make the debt problems worse. With the lack of revenue from business growth and job creation, the U.S. will have to borrow more to maintain basic services. Cuts...and I mean massive cuts, will be necessary if the U.S. is to avoid a Greek-like crisis. But I just don't see that happening. Politicians from both parties are more concerned with their political careers. David Walker, former comptroller general of the United States, warns that by 2035, the U.S. will only be able to afford to pay the interest on the debt and nothing else. Unreal! Why isn't this issue on the front burner?
1. For now...the U.S. maintains the advantage of being the biggest economy in the World...and the biggest consumer. This means that other nations (who are now the producers) will be cooperative, for the most part, on trade, monetary policy, and will want to make sure that their chief consumer remains stable....so their economies can stay afloat.
2. The U.S. currency is still....for now... the main reserve currency for the globe..... for now.
3. The U.S. isn't as leveraged (debt as % of GDP) as many other nations in Europe.
So there is hope... but there has to be some action. Right now... no real action is on the horizon. That's what bothers me. The U.S. is stuck on stupid...stuck in some sort of perpetual malaise, thanks to the Republican Party and a stupid electorate that keeps supporting these jackasses.
Who did the writer say should be the next Speaker of the House, Majority Leader, or Whip in place of the current Democratic leaders?
| null |
lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m
| null | 933,994 | 8 | 1,021 |
T 16-177,79,7 162,98,7 196,97,8 161,117,8 206,122,8 167,137,8 207,141,8 170,141,8 193,141,8 171,169,9 198,168,9 173,192,9 200,192,10;248,62,8 261,73,8 242,73,8 268,86,8 235,84,8 270,98,8 239,99,8 259,98,8 245,98,8 262,119,9 247,120,8 267,140,9 250,140,9;97,104,6 104,110,7 79,113,7 111,118,7 77,128,7 102,129,7 94,131,7 101,139,7 85,139,7 106,155,8 78,137,7 102,170,8 80,159,8;314,103,9 297,117,9 328,119,10 291,136,10 329,129,10 287,158,10 338,159,10 297,165,11 321,165,11 298,173,11 315,170,11 298,206,12 316,207,12;212,58,8 221,67,8 202,66,8 225,83,8 195,71,7 226,95,8 199,73,8 216,94,8 204,94,8 217,111,8 205,111,8 218,120,8 205,121,8;124,98,6 130,103,7 117,105,6 136,111,7 109,109,7 132,100,7 115,100,6 131,122,7 119,123,7 140,117,7 110,129,7 134,121,7 121,121,7;287,60,8 300,85,9 321,85,9 295,92,9 324,92,9 295,92,9 328,93,9 302,111,9 318,111,9 287,60,8 313,115,10 289,120,9 287,60,8
T 17-192,84,7 164,100,7 196,100,7 160,122,7 206,124,8 166,140,8 206,142,8 170,143,8 193,142,8 171,172,8 197,170,9 172,194,9 198,193,9;248,64,8 262,74,8 242,74,8 268,88,8 236,86,7 270,100,8 237,100,8 258,100,8 244,99,8 261,121,8 246,121,8 265,142,9 248,142,8;97,108,6 103,113,6 78,115,7 110,120,7 75,131,7 102,131,7 93,133,7 100,141,7 84,142,7 106,140,7 77,139,7 111,174,8 79,174,8;209,61,7 218,69,7 199,68,7 224,84,7 191,75,7 224,97,7 198,74,7 214,98,7 201,97,7 212,122,8 204,121,8 209,145,8 206,144,8;122,100,6 129,105,6 115,107,6 135,113,7 108,111,6 131,101,6 114,102,6 130,125,7 117,125,7 141,119,7 109,122,7 132,122,7 107,121,7;292,80,8 298,88,8 315,89,8 292,96,8 315,102,8 293,108,8 315,109,8 299,112,8 311,112,8 297,121,9 310,121,9 295,112,8 309,121,9
|
94cf32fa83d3496db05c153cd8d7ecde
|
lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m
| null | 64,388 | 4 | 995 |
d'après les données de la course reunion 1 course 2 qu'elle cheval est susceptible de gagner la course. 1 PREMIER ORDRE DEMURO C. GUARNIERI M.
H3 59 13 2NAME_1 6NAME_1 1NAME_1 2NAME_1 1NAME_1 (22) 9NAME_1 4NAME_1 2NAME_1 2NAME_1
Whitecliffsofdover-Law And Order
2 DURANGO BARZALONA M. GRAFFARD (S) FH.
H3 57.5 9 10NAME_1 5NAME_1 4NAME_1 (22) 1NAME_1 4NAME_1 10NAME_1
Dark Angel-Cersei
3 GOGUEN SPAISE MOSSE G. DE MIEULLE (S) J.
M3 57 6 7NAME_1 4NAME_1 3NAME_1 2NAME_1 (22) 4NAME_1 1NAME_1 2NAME_1 3NAME_1 6NAME_1
Dabirsim-Lisa Road
4 WOODSTOCK CITY {GB} LEMAITRE NAME_2. HEAD (S) CHR.
M3 57 11 1NAME_1 5NAME_1 5NAME_1 3NAME_1 3NAME_1 (22) 3NAME_1
Churchill-White Witch
5 AALTO LECOEUVRE C. DEVIN (S) HF.
M3 57 16 3NAME_1 (22) 4NAME_1 1NAME_1 7NAME_1
Zelzal-Au Dessus
6 MADAME DE SAXE {IRE} PESLIER O. LE DREN DOLEUZE R.
NAME_25 57 12 5NAME_1 1NAME_1 (22) 5NAME_1 8NAME_1
Saxon Warrior-Sariette
7 SAYED PICCONE T. PANTALL HA.
M3 56.5 10 4NAME_1 1NAME_1 2NAME_1 (22) 4NAME_1
French Fifteen-Al Zarqa
8 ENDS OF THE EARTH {GB} MURZABAYEV NAME_11. PANTALL HA.
M3 56.5 8 6NAME_1 5NAME_1 4NAME_1 (22) 1NAME_1
Territories-Heavenly Scent
9 OPIANA {GB} GUYON M. MONFORT (S) ED.
NAME_25 56 3 1NAME_1 2NAME_1 3NAME_1 (22) 8NAME_1
Anodin-Cosmique
10 SEE THE LIGHT BOUTIN Hug. HERNON G.
H3 55.5 2 1NAME_1 2NAME_1 (22) 5NAME_1 7NAME_1 8NAME_1 3NAME_1 2NAME_1 10NAME_1
Pedro The Great-Miss Raven
11 I'M NAME_2 BELIEVER (oeil Aus) NAME_26 NAME_13.
M3 55 5 1NAME_1 1NAME_1 6NAME_1 (22) 5NAME_1 5NAME_1 3NAME_1 9NAME_1
Seabhac-Winds Up
12 SOLEIL D'ARIZONA MENDIZABAL I. MONFORT (S) FR.
NAME_25 55 4 6NAME_1 5NAME_1 1NAME_1
Prince Gibraltar-Roxanne
13 SAADIYAT {IRE} MADAMET NAME_2. LAFFON-PARIAS C.
NAME_25 55 14 6NAME_1 3NAME_1 (22) 2NAME_1
Lope De Vega-Sweepstake
14 MORE CRASTUS NAME_2. FERLAND (S) C.
NAME_25 54.5 7 1NAME_1 8NAME_1 1NAME_1 2NAME_1 (22) 6NAME_1 5NAME_1 2NAME_1
Shalaa-Sport Game
15 LARISSA'S WORLD POUCHIN NAME_2. WATTEL (S) S.
NAME_25 54.5 1 8NAME_1 5NAME_1 2NAME_1
Seabhac-Lake Baino
|
dea119f1215b4e528e450a94fa4db644
|
lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m
| null | 744,550 | 0 | 968 |
Holdings Data: 'Holding, Number of shares, NAME_1/ Average price per share ($), Client investment ($), Cost basis ($), Price per share on Feb 28 ($), Value on Feb 28 ($), Unrealized (tax) gain or loss ($), Investment return ($), Holding period
FEDERATED HERMES, , , , , , , , ,
STRATEGIC VALUE DIVIDEND, , , , , , , , ,
FUND IS, , , , , , , , ,
Symbol: SVAIX, , , , , , , , ,
Trade date: Feb 4 21, 1366.279, 5.160, 7050.00, 7050.00, 6.110, 8347.96, 1297.96, , LT
Total reinvested, 57.410, 5.678, , 326.02, 6.110, 350.77, 24.75, ,
EAI: $313 Current yield: 3.60% Security total, 1423.689, 5.181, 7050.00, 7376.02, , 8698.73, 1322.71, 1648.73,
O'SHAUGHNESSY MARKET LEADERS VALUE FUND CLASS, , , , , , , , ,
I, , , , , , , , ,
Symbol: OFVIX, , , , , , , , ,
Trade date: Feb 4 21, 470.628, 14.979, 7050.00, 7050.00, 17.710, 8334.81, 1284.81, , LT
Total reinvested, 8.717, 17.859, , 155.68, 17.710, 154.38, -1.30, ,
EAI: $159 Current yield: 1.87%, , , , , , , , ,
Security total, 479.345, 15.032, 7050.00, 7205.68, , 8489.19, 1283.51, 1439.19,
PACE portfolio total, , , $14100.00, $14581.70, , $17187.92, $2606.22, $3087.92,
NAME_2 MULTI-STRATEGY, , , , , , , , ,
INCOME FUND CLASS INSTL, , , , , , , , ,
Symbol: ANGIX, , , , , , , , ,
Trade date: Sep 23 20, 2408.841, 10.179, 24522.00, 24522.00, 10.110, 24353.38, -168.62, , LT
Total reinvested, 155.558, 10.351, , 1610.26, 10.110, 1572.69, -37.57, ,
EAI: $1220 Current yield: 4.71%, , , , , , , , ,
Security total, 2564.399, 10.190, 24522.00, 26132.26, , 25926.07, -206.19, 1404.07,
NAME_3 & NAME_4 PREFERRED, , , , , , , , ,
SEC & INC FUND I, , , , , , , , ,
Symbol: CPXIX, , , , , , , , ,
Trade date: Sep 23 20, 740.474, 13.910, 10300.00, 10300.00, 13.330, 9870.51, -429.49, , LT
Total reinvested, 57.946, 14.199, , 822.81, 13.330, 772.42, -50.39, ,
EAI: $539 Current yield: 5.06%, , , , , , , , ,
Security total, 798.420, 13.931, 10300.00, 11122.81, , 10642.93, -479.88, 342.93,'
Get ONLY the following five pieces of information for each holding from the given holdings data: the company name, its symbol or CUSIP, the quantity or number of shares, the price or NAME_1, and the market value or value without outputting anything. Give ONLY an CSV response with the retrieved five properties for each holding:
|
6375176063304a298e4c78d61dff7379
|
zai-org/LongAlign-10k
|
9730354cdd3be173f55b58be764ce71bee3b3ae42517ced6
| 7,422 | 0 | 6,233 |
/* language: CSS */
body
{
font-size:.75em;
font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, Sans-Serif;
color: #696969;
}
a:link
{
color: #034af3;
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:visited
{
color: #505abc;
}
a:hover
{
color: #1d60ff;
text-decoration: none;
}
a:active
{
color: #12eb87;
}
a.selected
{
text-decoration: overline;
}
p
{
margin-bottom: 20px;
line-height: 1.6em;
}
ul
{
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
/* Primary Layout - Start */
.page
{
/* width: 90%; */
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
#header
{
position: relative;
margin-bottom: 0px;
color: #000;
padding: 0;
}
#header h1
{
font-weight: bold;
padding: 5px 0;
margin: 0;
color: Gray;
border: none;
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 32px!important;
}
#header>.nof-action
{
margin-top:10px;
float: right;
padding: 6px;
}
#header #title
{
display:block;
float:left;
text-align:left;
margin-right: 1em;
}
#main
{
padding: 30px 30px 15px 30px;
background-color: #fff;
margin-bottom: 30px;
}
#footer
{
color: #999;
padding: 10px 0;
text-align: center;
line-height: normal;
margin: 0;
font-size:.9em;
}
.nof-object
{
padding: 3px;
}
div.nof-standalonetable>.nof-object, div.nof-objectview>.nof-object, div.nof-objectedit>.nof-object, div.nof-actiondialog>.nof-object
{
clear: left; /* So that it doesn't follow the wrapper history */
}
/* Primary Layout - End */
/* History - Start */
.nof-history
{
Clear: left;
}
.nof-history.nof-object
{
Float: left;
}
.nof-history button
{
Float: left;
height:20px;
color: #777777;
margin-bottom: 10px;
padding-top: 1px;
}
.nof-history img
{
height:16px;
display: inline;
vertical-align:top;
margin: -2px 5px -4px 0;
}
.nof-history a:link
{
color: #438aff;
}
.nof-history a:visited
{
color: #707adc;
}
/* History - End */
/* Tabbed History - Start */
.nof-tabbed-history
{
height: 36px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #777777;
}
/*all tabs*/
.nof-tab
{
Float: left;
border: 1px solid #777777;
border-top-left-radius: 5px;
border-top-right-radius: 5px;
border-bottom: none;
background-color: #d3dce0;
padding: 0px 3px 0px 3px;
}
.transient
{
Float: left;
border: 1px solid #777777;
margin-top: 10px;
border-top-left-radius: 5px;
border-top-right-radius: 5px;
border-bottom: none;
background-color: #efeeef;
padding-top: 10px;
padding-bottom: 10px;
padding-left: 5px;
padding-right: 5px;
}
.nof-tab img,.nof-tab a,.nof-tab form
{
float: left;
padding-top: 10px;
}
.nof-tab.active
{
border-bottom: 1px solid #efeeef;
background-color: #efeeef;
}
.nof-tab a
{
width: 40px;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
white-space: nowrap;
overflow: hidden;
padding: 10px 0px 10px 3px;
}
.nof-tab.active a
{
width:auto;
text-overflow:initial;
white-space: normal;
overflow: auto;
}
.nof-tab form button.nof-clear-item
{
Float: left;
height:16px;
width: 16px;
color: #777777;
background: transparent url("../Images/tab-close.png") no-repeat;
text-indent: -1000px;
margin-right: 0px;
border: none;
padding: 10px 0px 15px 0px;
}
.nof-tab form button.nof-clear-item:hover
{
background: transparent url("../Images/tab-close-hover.png") no-repeat;
}
.nof-tabbed-history,.nof-tab
{
position: relative;
}
.nof-tabbed-history > form
{
display: none;
}
.nof-tab img
{
height:16px;
}
.nof-tab a:link
{
color: #438aff;
text-decoration: none;
}
.nof-tab a:hover
{
text-decoration: underline;
background-color: initial;
}
.nof-tab.active a:hover
{
text-decoration: none;
}
.nof-tab a:visited
{
color: #438aff;
}
.nof-tab.ui-menu
{
position: absolute;
top: 30px;
z-index: 10;
}
.nof-tab.ui-menu a
{
width: auto;
}
/* Tabbed History - End */
/* Menus - Start */
div.nof-servicelist
{
CLEAR:left;
WIDTH: 100%;
HEIGHT: 34px;
BORDER: 0;
MARGIN: 0;
PADDING: 0;
LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none;
LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none;
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #cccccc;
}
/*Global menu styles*/
div.nof-menu a {
TEXT-DECORATION: none;
COLOR: #083755;
}
div.nof-servicelist div.nof-menu {
POSITION: relative;
DISPLAY: block;
FLOAT: left;
PADDING: 0;
MARGIN: 0;
BORDER-RIGHT: white 1px solid;
FONT: 8pt verdana, arial, helvetica;
}
div.nof-servicelist div.nof-menu > div.nof-menuname {
DISPLAY: block;
BORDER: 0;
PADDING:10px 8px 0px 8px;
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #87a8c3;
COLOR: #083755;
TEXT-ALIGN: center;
TEXT-DECORATION: none;
Z-INDEX: 500;
HEIGHT:24px;
BORDER-BOTTOM: white 1px solid;
}
div.nof-servicelist div.nof-menu div.nof-menuname:hover {
BACKGROUND: #75b755;
}
div.nof-objectview div.nof-menu, div.nof-standalonetable div.nof-menu {
POSITION: relative;
FLOAT: left;
DISPLAY: block;
BORDER: 0px;
PADDING: 10px 8px 0px 8px;
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #87a8c3;
COLOR: #083755;
FONT: 8pt verdana, arial, helvetica;
TEXT-ALIGN: center;
TEXT-DECORATION: none;
HEIGHT:24px;
BORDER-BOTTOM: white 1px solid;
margin-top: 17px;
/*margin-left: 10px;*/
}
div.nof-objectview div.nof-menu:hover, div.nof-standalonetable div.nof-menu:hover {
BACKGROUND: #75b755;
}
div.nof-objectview div.nof-menu[title="No Actions Available"]
{
color: #666666;
background: #cccccc;
}
div.nof-standalonetable div.nof-menu[title="No Actions Available"]
{
display: none;
}
div.nof-menuitems {
Z-INDEX: 2000;
POSITION: absolute;
DISPLAY: none;
TOP: 34px;
LEFT: 0px;
WIDTH: 170px;
MARGIN: 0;
PADDING: 0px;
LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none;
LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none;
FONT: 8pt verdana, arial, helvetica;
BORDER-RIGHT:solid 50px transparent;
BORDER-BOTTOM:solid 30px transparent;
}
div.nof-menu:hover div.nof-menuitems {
DISPLAY: block;
}
.nof-menuitems form.nof-action {
BORDER:0;
MARGIN:0;
PADDING:0;
}
.nof-menu button {
BORDER:0;
Z-INDEX: 2000;
BACKGROUND-COLOR:#a5de8a;
TEXT-ALIGN:left;
FONT: 8pt verdana, arial, helvetica;
}
.nof-menu button:hover {
BACKGROUND-COLOR:#75b755;
}
.nof-menuitems button,.nof-menuitems button:hover {
Z-INDEX: 2000;
DISPLAY:block;
FLOAT:left;
POSITION:relative;
CLEAR: left;
WIDTH: 170px;
MARGIN:0;
PADDING-TOP: 4px;
PADDING-RIGHT: 8px;
PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px;
PADDING-LEFT: 8px;
BORDER-TOP: 1px #ffffff solid;
}
.nof-menuitems div.nof-action {
Z-INDEX: 2000;
DISPLAY:block;
FLOAT:left;
POSITION:relative;
CLEAR: left;
WIDTH: 154px;
MARGIN:0;
PADDING-TOP: 4px;
PADDING-RIGHT: 8px;
PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px;
PADDING-LEFT: 8px;
BORDER-TOP: 1px #ffffff solid;
BACKGROUND-COLOR:#cccccc;
COLOR:#666666;
TEXT-ALIGN:left;
}
.nof-menuitems div.nof-action:hover {
COLOR:#999999;
}
/* Styling of SubMenu elements */
div.nof-submenuitems {
MARGIN:0 10px 0 10px;
PADDING:0;
LIST-STYLE:none;
DISPLAY:none;
WIDTH:170px;
POSITION:absolute;
TOP:-1px;
LEFT:160px;
/*BORDER:0px solid #ffffff;*/
border-bottom: solid 30px transparent;
border-right: solid 30px transparent;
}
div.nof-submenu:hover > div.nof-submenuitems{
DISPLAY: block;
}
div.nof-submenu button:hover, div.nof-submenu:hover{
BACKGROUND: #75b755;
BORDER-TOP:1px solid white;
}
.nof-submenu {
Z-INDEX: 2000;
POSITION: relative;
CLEAR: left;
WIDTH: 146px;
FLOAT:left;
BORDER-TOP:1px solid white;
PADDING-TOP: 4px;
PADDING-RIGHT: 14px;
PADDING-BOTTOM: 4px;
PADDING-LEFT: 10px;
BACKGROUND: #a5de8a;
BACKGROUND-IMAGE:url("../Images/SubMenuPointer.png");
BACKGROUND-REPEAT:no-repeat;
BACKGROUND-POSITION: right 50%;
COLOR:#000000;
TEXT-ALIGN: left;
}
div.nof-submenuitems button {
POSITION:relative;
Z-INDEX:2000;
CLEAR:left;
FLOAT:left;
WIDTH:170px;
BORDER-TOP:1px solid #ffffff;
PADDING:4px 10px;
BACKGROUND:#a5de8a;
TEXT-ALIGN:left;
}
.nof-submenuitem button:hover{
BACKGROUND: #75b755;
}
/* PROPERTY_based menu styles below... */
.nof-property div.nof-menu,.nof-parameter div.nof-menu {
FLOAT:right;
position:relative;
}
.nof-property div.nof-menu div.nof-menuname {
DISPLAY: block;
FLOAT:right;
HEIGHT:17px;
BORDER:1px solid white;
padding:4px 4px 4px 4px;
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #c2e6b2;
}
.nof-parameter div.nof-menu div.nof-menuname {
DISPLAY: block;
FLOAT:right;
HEIGHT:17px;
/* BORDER:1px solid white; */
padding:4px 4px 4px 4px;
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #9dbdd9;
}
.nof-property div.nof-submenu div.nof-menuname {
DISPLAY: block;
FLOAT:left;
BORDER:0px solid red;
MARGIN:0;
HEIGHT:10px;
PADDING:3px;
}
.nof-parameter div.nof-submenu div.nof-menuname {
DISPLAY: block;
FLOAT:left;
BORDER:0px solid red;
MARGIN:0;
HEIGHT:15px;
PADDING:0;
MARGIN-LEFT:-2px;
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #a5de8a;
}
.nof-parameter div.nof-submenu div.nof-menuname:hover {
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #75b755;
}
.nof-property.nof-menuitems,.nof-parameter.nof-menuitems {
Z-INDEX: 2000;
POSITION: absolute;
FLOAT:left;
DISPLAY: none;
TOP: 24px;
LEFT: 00px;
WIDTH: 170px;
BORDER:0px solid red;
MARGIN: 0;
PADDING: 0px;
LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none;
LIST-STYLE-IMAGE: none;
FONT: 8pt verdana, arial, helvetica;
}
/*Find menus in Popup-dialogs*/
.popup-dialog.nof-parameterlist
{
min-width: 500px;
}
.popup-dialog.nof-parameterlist > button
{
margin-top: 30px;
}
.popup-dialog.nof-menuitems
{
left: -135px;
}
.popup-dialog.nof-submenuitems
{
left: -180px;
}
/* Menus - End */
/* Finder Menu - Start */
/* Float the 'Find' menu to the right, within the property/parameter. */
.nof-menu#Find
{
float: right;
}
/* Results of Find should be pale blue when within a dialog parameter... */
.nof-parameter.nof-object.nof-collection-list table
{
background-color: #9dbdd9;
}
.nof-parameter.nof-object.nof-collection-list table div.nof-object
{
background-color: #9dbdd9;
}
/*... and pale green within a property in an edit view */
.nof-property.nof-object.nof-collection-list table
{
background-color: #c2e6b2;
}
.nof-property.nof-object.nof-collection-list table div.nof-object
{
background-color: #c2e6b2;
}
/* Finder Menu - End */
/* Property List - Start */
.nof-propertylist
{
clear: left;
display: table;
width:700px;
font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size:12px;
color: #083755;
margin-top: 10px;
padding-top: 10px;
}
.nof-property {
display: table-row;
border-bottom:1px solid white;
background-color:#9dbdd9;
height:30px;
}
.nof-property label {
display: table-cell;
background-color:#87a8c3;
text-align:right;
vertical-align:middle;
font-weight:bold;
border-right:1px solid white;
border-bottom:1px solid white;
width:160px;
padding:3px;
}
.nof-property div.nof-value,.nof-property div.nof-object,.nof-property.nof-collection-summary {
display: table-cell;
background-color:#9dbdd9;
vertical-align:middle;
padding:3px;
border-bottom:1px solid white;
}
/* Drag and drop */
.nof-property div.nof-object.nof-validdrop.nof-withindrop {
background-color:#00cc00;
}
.nof-property div.nof-object.nof-validdrop {
background-color:#ffffff;
}
.nof-property select {
display:inline;
vertical-align:middle;
padding:3px;
}
.nof-property.nof-collection-list, .nof-property.nof-collection-table {
display: table-cell;
background-color:#9dbdd9;
vertical-align:middle;
padding:0px;
margin-right:0px;
border-bottom:1px solid white;
}
.nof-collection-summary div.nof-object {
border-bottom:0px;
}
.nof-property img{
height:24px;
display: inline;
vertical-align:middle;
margin: -2px 5px -4px 0;
}
.nof-property a,.nof-parameter a {
height:24px;
display: inline;
vertical-align:middle;
margin: 0px 5px -4px 10px;
}
/* Float the 'Find' menu to the right, within the property/parameter. */
.nof-object.nof-menu#Find {
float: right;
}
/* For inputs marked up with Multiline attribute */
TextArea
{
width: 520px;
/* Not sure why but it appears these are not inherited from property list, so repeated here*/
font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size:12px;
color: #083755;
}
TextArea[readonly="ReadOnly"]
{
background-color:#9dbdd9;
}
.nof-property div form
{
float: left;
}
/* Property List - End */
.nof-actiondialog {
border:1px solid #ffffff;
background-color:#DCF2D3;
padding:5px;
width:700px;
margin:20px 0 0 0;
}
.nof-property.nof-actiondialog{
width:540px;
}
.nof-parameter.nof-actiondialog {
width:540px;
background-color:#b4d3ee;
}
.nof-parameter.nof-actiondialog label {
background-color:#87a8c3;
color: white;
border-bottom:0;
}
.nof-parameter.nof-actiondialog.nof-value {
background-color:#9dbdd9;
color: white;
border-bottom:0;
}
.nof-parameterlist
{
clear: left;
display: table;
width:100%;
font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size:12px;
color: #083755;
margin-top: 10px;
padding-top: 10px;
}
.nof-parameter {
display: table-row;
border-bottom:1px solid white;
height:30px;
}
.nof-parameter label {
display: table-cell;
background-color:#A5DE8A;
text-align:right;
vertical-align:middle;
font-weight:bold;
border-right:1px solid #DCF2D3; /* Light Green borders */
border-bottom:1px solid #DCF2D3;
width:160px;
padding:3px;
color:#326F16; /*Darkest Green text */
}
.nof-parameter div.nof-value,.nof-parameter div.nof-object,.nof-parameter.nof-collection-summary {
display: table-cell;
background-color:#C2E6B2;
vertical-align:middle;
padding:3px;
border-bottom:1px solid #DCF2D3;
}
/* Drag and drop */
.nof-parameter div.nof-object.nof-validdrop.nof-withindrop {
background-color:#00cc00;
}
.nof-parameter div.nof-object.nof-validdrop {
background-color:#ffffff;
}
.nof-parameter select {
display: inline;
vertical-align:middle;
padding:3px;
}
.nof-parameter.nof-collection-list, .nof-parameter.nof-collection-table {
display: table-cell;
vertical-align:middle;
padding:0px;
margin-right:0px;
border-bottom:1px solid white;
}
.nof-parameter.nof-collection-summary div.nof-object {
border-bottom:0px;
}
.nof-parameter img {
height:24px;
vertical-align:middle;
margin: -4px 5px -4px 0;
}
.nof-parameter div.nof-value div.nof-menu,.nof-parameter div.nof-object div.nof-menu,.nof-parameter.nof-collection-summary div.nof-menu {
float:right;
height:24px;
border:1px solid white;
}
.nof-parameter div.nof-value div.nof-menu a,.nof-parameter div.nof-object div.nof-menu a,.nof-parameter.nof-collection-summary div.nof-menu a {
padding: 5px 10px 5px 10px;
}
.nof-parameter div.nof-menu.nof-menuitems,.nof-parameter div.nof-object div.nof-menu.nof-menuitems,.nof-parameter.nof-collection-summary div.nof-menu.nof-menuitems {
top:24px;
}
input[type="text"]
{
width: 200px;
border: 1px solid #CCC;
}
input[type="password"]
{
width: 200px;
border: 1px solid #CCC;
}
.nof-parameter Button[name="Details"]
{
border: none;
background-color: transparent;
color: #034af3;
text-decoration: underline;
}
/* Tables - Start */
.nof-collection-table,.nof-collection-list
{
clear: left;
padding-top: 10px;
}
table
{
border: solid 1px #e8eef4;
border-collapse: collapse;
width: 100%;
color: #083755;
}
.nof-collection-table table,.nof-collection-list table
{
border: solid 1px #e8eef4;
border-collapse: collapse;
width: 540px;
padding: 0px -6px 0 -5px;
}
table td
{
padding: 5px;
border: solid 1px #e8eef4;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.nof-property table div.nof-object
{
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
padding: 0px;
border-bottom: 0;
}
.nof-property table div.nof-value
{
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
padding: 0px;
border-bottom: 0;
}
.nof-parameter table div.nof-object
{
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
padding: 0px;
border-bottom: 0;
}
table td.nof-remove
{
border-bottom: solid 1px #9dbdd9;
border-right: solid 1px #9dbdd9;
border-top: solid 2px #9dbdd9;
background-color: #9dbdd9;
}
table td img
{
height: 24px;
vertical-align: middle;
margin: -4px 5px -4px 0;
}
/* Padding either side of links within a table... */
table td a
{
margin: 0px 10px 0px 10px;
position: relative;
top: -2px;
}
table.ui-datepicker-calendar a
{
margin: 0 0px;
}
table th
{
padding: 6px 5px;
text-align: left;
background-color: #678dab;
border: solid 1px #ffffff;
color: #fff;
}
table thempty
{
height: 0;
padding: 0;
border-top: 1px solid #ffffff;
border-left: 1px solid #9dbdd9;
border-right: 1px solid #9dbdd9; /*border-bottom: solid 1px #9dbdd9;*/
background-color: #9dbdd9;
}
td.nof-object button
{
float: right;
}
td.nof-object button[title="Select"]
{
float: none;
display: inline;
}
/* Tables - End */
/* Paging - Start*/
.nof-paging.nof-page-number
{
padding-top: 4px;
font-weight:bold;
float:left;
}
.nof-paging.nof-total-count
{
padding-top: 4px;
font-weight:bold;
float:right;
}
.nof-paging button
{
width: 24px;
height: 24px;
padding: 30px 0 0;
margin: 0;
border: 0;
overflow: hidden;
cursor: pointer;
cursor: hand;
text-indent: -1000em;
}
.nof-paging button[title="First"]
{
background: transparent url("../Images/First.png") no-repeat;
}
.nof-paging button[title="First"][disabled="disabled"]
{
background: transparent url("../Images/First-disabled.png") no-repeat;
}
.nof-paging button[title="Previous"]
{
background: transparent url("../Images/Previous.png") no-repeat;
}
.nof-paging button[title="Previous"][disabled="disabled"]
{
background: transparent url("../Images/Previous-disabled.png") no-repeat;
}
.nof-paging button[title="Next"]
{
background: transparent url("../Images/Next.png") no-repeat;
}
.nof-paging button[title="Next"][disabled="disabled"]
{
background: transparent url("../Images/Next-disabled.png") no-repeat;
}
.nof-paging button[title="Last"]
{
background: transparent url("../Images/Last.png") no-repeat;
}
.nof-paging button[title="Last"][disabled="disabled"]
{
background: transparent url("../Images/Last-disabled.png") no-repeat;
}
/* Paging - End */
/* User Messages - Start */
.field-validation-error,.nof-mandatory-field-indicator
{
color: #ff0000;
}
.input-validation-error
{
border: 1px solid #ff0000;
background-color: #ffeeee;
}
.validation-summary-errors
{
font-weight: bold;
color: #ff0000;
}
/* User Messages - End */
/* Buttons - Start */
button.nof-maximize
{
width: 16px;
height: 16px;
margin: 0;
border: 0;
overflow: hidden;
cursor: pointer;
cursor: hand;
text-indent: -1000em;
background: transparent url("../Images/Max.png") no-repeat;
}
button.nof-minimize
{
width: 16px;
height: 16px;
margin: 0;
border: 0;
overflow: hidden;
cursor: pointer;
cursor: hand;
text-indent: -1000em;
background: transparent url("../Images/Min.png") no-repeat;
}
button.nof-summary
{
width: 16px;
height: 16px;
margin: 0;
border: 0;
overflow: hidden;
cursor: pointer;
cursor: hand;
text-indent: -1000em;
background: transparent url("../Images/Min.png") no-repeat;
}
button.nof-list
{
width: 16px;
height: 16px;
margin-right: 4px;
border: 0;
overflow: hidden;
cursor: pointer;
cursor: hand;
text-indent: -1000em;
background: transparent url("../Images/List.png") no-repeat;
}
button.nof-table
{
width: 16px;
height: 16px;
margin: 0;
border: 0;
overflow: hidden;
cursor: pointer;
cursor: hand;
text-indent: -1000em;
background: transparent url("../Images/Table.png") no-repeat;
}
div.nof-property div.nof-object form[action*="EditObject"]
{
float: right;
}
/* Buttons - End */
/* Errors - Start */
.error
{
clear: left;
}
/* Errors - End */
.nof-viewmodel > form >.nof-menu > div.nof-menuitems {
display: block;
position: relative;
margin: 20px;
width: auto;
}
.nof-viewmodel > form >.nof-menu > div.nof-menuitems > button,.nof-viewmodel > form >.nof-menu > div.nof-menuitems > button:hover {
width: auto;
padding: 10px;
margin: 10px;
float: right;
}
.nof-viewmodel.nof-propertylist.nof-menu {
display: none; /*Hide the Find menu always*/
}
.nof-viewmodel.nof-propertylist
{
margin-top: 50px;
}
.nof-viewmodel.nof-menuname
{
display: none;
}
/*NOF 6.0 - New styling*/
.body-content,.content-wrapper {
padding-top: 30px;
margin: auto;
max-width: 1170px;
}
*,
*:before,
*:after {
-webkit-box-sizing: content-box;
-moz-box-sizing: content-box;
box-sizing: content-box;
}
.nof-tab,.nof-tab:after,
.nof-tab form,.nof-tab form:after,
.nof-tab form button,.nof-tab form button:after {
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
button[title="OK"], button[title="Apply"], button[title="Edit"], button[title="Save"], button[name="Cancel"]{
background-color: #d3dce0;
padding: 7px;
margin-right: 8px;
margin-top: 8px;
border: none;
font-size: 12px;
}
What CSS property is used to specify the box model for sizing the tab and form elements?
| null |
lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m
| null | 227,503 | 2 | 985 |
Главная
Футбол
Хоккей
Баскетбол
Авто
Теннис
Бокс/MMA/UFC
Фигурное катание
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Медиафутбол
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Матч-центр
Новости
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Блоги
Подкасты
Статусы
Букмекеры
Игры
Fantasy РПЛ
Киберспорт
Регистрация
Вход
Реклама 18+Вчерашние матчи Матч-центр
Футбол. Лига Конференций 2023/2024 таблица календарь статистика
17:00
Тобол– : –Хонка
18:00
Арарат-Армения– : –Эгнатия
18:00
Пюник– : –Транс
20:00
Алашкерт– : –Арсенал Тиват
21:00
Вадуц– : –Неман
21:30
Железничар– : –Динамо Минск
Футбол. Кубок КОНКАКАФ 2023 таблица календарь статистика
завершен
США1 : 1 пПанама
завершен
Ямайка0 : 3Мексика
Теннис. Уимблдон 2023. Полуфинал сетка календарь
15:30
Свитолина – : –Вондроушова
17:00
Жабер – : –Соболенко
Кто и сколько заработал на Хвиче? Расследование великой схемы
Кто и сколько заработал на Хвиче? Расследование великой схемы
Как в «Друзьях Оушена».
+125
59
ГЛАВНЫЕ НОВОСТИ
Футбол
11:51 Месси опередил Холанда в голосовании за лучшего футболиста года от ESPN 9
Теннис
11:30 Спецпроект Хорошо знаете историю «Уимблдона»? Проверьте себя
Теннис
11:27 Агент Мирры Андреевой опроверг информацию о смене гражданства: «Она является только гражданкой России и будет далее выступать за свою страну» 28
Футбол
11:15 Деле Алли рассказал, что 6 недель провел в реабилитационном центре: «Я впал в зависимость от снотворного» 30
Футбол
10:36 Маттеус о Кейне в «Баварии»: «100 млн евро за игрока, которому почти 30 – это спорно. Продлить Левандовского было бы дешевле» 34
Футбол
10:30 Fantasy Малком, Промес, Сперцян и Чалов – самые дорогие в Fantasy РПЛ-2023/24 (9 млн). В прошлом сезоне столько не стоил никто 9
Футбол
10:23 Месси уступил в голосовании за лучшего спортсмена года от ESPN. Награду получил игрок НФЛ Махоумс 77
Футбол
10:05 Гендиректор «Зенита» на вопрос о давлении на Вендела: «Игрок под контрактом обязан находиться в команде» 60
Легкая атлетика
09:57 Кастер Семеня о победе в Европейском суде по правам человека: «Я в восторге. Всегда выступала против любой дискриминации в спорте» 44
Баскетбол
09:14 Леброн Джеймс объявил, что продолжит карьеру: «Когда не смогу выкладываться на все 100%, тогда и закончу. Этот день не сегодня» 47
ПОКАЗАТЬ БОЛЬШЕ
Новости Sports.ru в соцсетях и не только
НОВОСТИ МОЕЙ КОМАНДЫ
Выберите любимую команду
Выберите вид спорта
ФУТБОЛ
11:48 Семак о Венделе: «Пищи для размышлений нет, игрока – тоже. Тонкостей его контракта я не знаю, за это отвечает руководство» 7
11:30 Кузяев о «Гавре»: «Понимаю, что не будем бороться за титул, но хочу попробовать себя в Европе. Франция – идеальный выбор для
|
c0c828a890514c2e8409547b5276561c
|
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