Porting Large Datasets to LeRobot Dataset v3.0

This tutorial explains how to port large-scale robotic datasets to the LeRobot Dataset v3.0 format. We’ll use the DROID 1.0.1 dataset as our primary example, which demonstrates handling multi-terabyte datasets with thousands of shards across SLURM clusters.

File Organization: v2.1 vs v3.0

Dataset v3.0 fundamentally changes how data is organized and stored:

v2.1 Structure (Episode-based):

dataset/
├── data/chunk-000/episode_000000.parquet
├── data/chunk-000/episode_000001.parquet
├── videos/chunk-000/camera/episode_000000.mp4
└── meta/episodes.jsonl

v3.0 Structure (File-based):

dataset/
├── data/chunk-000/file-000.parquet        # Multiple episodes per file
├── videos/camera/chunk-000/file-000.mp4   # Consolidated video chunks
└── meta/episodes/chunk-000/file-000.parquet  # Structured metadata

This transition from individual episode files to file-based chunks dramatically improves performance and reduces storage overhead.

What’s New in Dataset v3.0

Dataset v3.0 introduces significant improvements for handling large datasets:

🏗️ Enhanced File Organization

• File-based structure: Episodes are now grouped into chunked files rather than individual episode files
• Configurable file sizes: for data and video files
• Improved storage efficiency: Better compression and reduced overhead

📊 Modern Metadata Management

• Parquet-based metadata: Replaced JSON Lines with efficient parquet format
• Structured episode access: Direct pandas DataFrame access via dataset.meta.episodes
• Per-episode statistics: Enhanced statistics tracking at episode level

🚀 Performance Enhancements

• Memory-mapped access: Improved RAM usage through PyArrow memory mapping
• Faster loading: Significantly reduced dataset initialization time
• Better scalability: Designed for datasets with millions of episodes

Prerequisites

Before porting large datasets, ensure you have:

• LeRobot installed with v3.0 support. Follow our Installation Guide.
• Sufficient storage: Raw datasets can be very large (e.g., DROID requires 2TB)
• Cluster access (recommended for large datasets): SLURM or similar job scheduler
• Dataset-specific dependencies: For DROID, you’ll need TensorFlow Dataset utilities

Understanding the DROID Dataset

DROID 1.0.1 is an excellent example of a large-scale robotic dataset:

• Size: 1.7TB (RLDS format), 8.7TB (raw data)
• Structure: 2048 pre-defined TensorFlow dataset shards
• Content: 76,000+ robot manipulation trajectories from Franka Emika Panda robots
• Scope: Real-world manipulation tasks across multiple environments and objects
• Format: Originally in TensorFlow Records/RLDS format, requiring conversion to LeRobot format
• Hosting: Google Cloud Storage with public access via gsutil

The dataset contains diverse manipulation demonstrations with:

• Multiple camera views (wrist camera, exterior cameras)
• Natural language task descriptions
• Robot proprioceptive state and actions
• Success/failure annotations

DROID Features Schema

DROID_FEATURES = {
    # Episode markers
    "is_first": {"dtype": "bool", "shape": (1,)},
    "is_last": {"dtype": "bool", "shape": (1,)},
    "is_terminal": {"dtype": "bool", "shape": (1,)},

    # Language instructions
    "language_instruction": {"dtype": "string", "shape": (1,)},
    "language_instruction_2": {"dtype": "string", "shape": (1,)},
    "language_instruction_3": {"dtype": "string", "shape": (1,)},

    # Robot state
    "observation.state.gripper_position": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (1,)},
    "observation.state.cartesian_position": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (6,)},
    "observation.state.joint_position": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (7,)},

    # Camera observations
    "observation.images.wrist_left": {"dtype": "image"},
    "observation.images.exterior_1_left": {"dtype": "image"},
    "observation.images.exterior_2_left": {"dtype": "image"},

    # Actions
    "action.gripper_position": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (1,)},
    "action.cartesian_position": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (6,)},
    "action.joint_position": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (7,)},

    # Standard LeRobot format
    "observation.state": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (8,)},  # joints + gripper
    "action": {"dtype": "float32", "shape": (8,)},  # joints + gripper
}

Approach 1: Single Computer Porting

Step 1: Install Dependencies

For DROID specifically:

pip install tensorflow
pip install tensorflow_datasets

For other datasets, install the appropriate readers for your source format.

Step 2: Download Raw Data

Download DROID from Google Cloud Storage using gsutil:

# Install Google Cloud SDK if not already installed
# https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install

# Download the full RLDS dataset (1.7TB)
gsutil -m cp -r gs://gresearch/robotics/droid/1.0.1 /your/data/

# Or download just the 100-episode sample (2GB) for testing
gsutil -m cp -r gs://gresearch/robotics/droid_100 /your/data/

Step 3: Port the Dataset

python examples/port_datasets/port_droid.py \
    --raw-dir /your/data/droid/1.0.1 \
    --repo-id your_id/droid_1.0.1 \
    --push-to-hub

Development and Testing

For development, you can port a single shard:

python examples/port_datasets/port_droid.py \
    --raw-dir /your/data/droid/1.0.1 \
    --repo-id your_id/droid_1.0.1_test \
    --num-shards 2048 \
    --shard-index 0

This approach works for smaller datasets or testing, but large datasets require cluster computing.

Approach 2: SLURM Cluster Porting (Recommended)

For large datasets like DROID, parallel processing across multiple nodes dramatically reduces processing time.

Step 1: Install Cluster Dependencies

pip install datatrove  # Hugging Face's distributed processing library

Step 2: Configure Your SLURM Environment

Find your partition information:

sinfo --format="%R"  # List available partitions
sinfo -N -p your_partition -h -o "%N cpus=%c mem=%m"  # Check resources

Choose a CPU partition - no GPU needed for dataset porting.

Step 3: Launch Parallel Porting Jobs

python examples/port_datasets/slurm_port_shards.py \
    --raw-dir /your/data/droid/1.0.1 \
    --repo-id your_id/droid_1.0.1 \
    --logs-dir /your/logs \
    --job-name port_droid \
    --partition your_partition \
    --workers 2048 \
    --cpus-per-task 8 \
    --mem-per-cpu 1950M

Parameter Guidelines

• --workers: Number of parallel jobs (max 2048 for DROID’s shard count)
• --cpus-per-task: 8 CPUs recommended for frame encoding parallelization
• --mem-per-cpu: ~16GB total RAM (8×1950M) for loading raw frames

Step 4: Monitor Progress

Check running jobs:

squeue -u $USER

Monitor overall progress:

jobs_status /your/logs

Inspect individual job logs:

less /your/logs/port_droid/slurm_jobs/JOB_ID_WORKER_ID.out

Debug failed jobs:

failed_logs /your/logs/port_droid

Step 5: Aggregate Shards

Once all porting jobs complete:

python examples/port_datasets/slurm_aggregate_shards.py \
    --repo-id your_id/droid_1.0.1 \
    --logs-dir /your/logs \
    --job-name aggr_droid \
    --partition your_partition \
    --workers 2048 \
    --cpus-per-task 8 \
    --mem-per-cpu 1950M

Step 6: Upload to Hub

python examples/port_datasets/slurm_upload.py \
    --repo-id your_id/droid_1.0.1 \
    --logs-dir /your/logs \
    --job-name upload_droid \
    --partition your_partition \
    --workers 50 \
    --cpus-per-task 4 \
    --mem-per-cpu 1950M

[!NOTE] Upload uses fewer workers (50) since it’s network-bound rather than compute-bound.

Dataset v3.0 File Structure

Your completed dataset will have this modern structure:

dataset/
├── meta/
│   ├── episodes/
│   │   └── chunk-000/
│   │       └── file-000.parquet    # Episode metadata
│   ├── tasks.parquet               # Task definitions
│   ├── stats.json                  # Aggregated statistics
│   └── info.json                   # Dataset information
├── data/
│   └── chunk-000/
│       └── file-000.parquet        # Consolidated episode data
└── videos/
    └── camera_key/
        └── chunk-000/
            └── file-000.mp4        # Consolidated video files

This replaces the old episode-per-file structure with efficient, optimally-sized chunks.

Migrating from Dataset v2.1

If you have existing datasets in v2.1 format, use the migration tool:

python src/lerobot/datasets/v30/convert_dataset_v21_to_v30.py \
    --repo-id your_id/existing_dataset

This automatically:

• Converts file structure to v3.0 format
• Migrates metadata from JSON Lines to parquet
• Aggregates statistics and creates per-episode stats
• Updates version information

Performance Benefits

Dataset v3.0 provides significant improvements for large datasets:

• Faster loading: 3-5x reduction in initialization time
• Memory efficiency: Better RAM usage through memory mapping
• Scalable processing: Handles millions of episodes efficiently
• Storage optimization: Reduced file count and improved compression