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Advanced Procedural Generation Parameters Guide

Research-Based Parameter Tuning (2024)

This guide provides comprehensive parameter tuning for realistic procedural terrain generation based on latest research and industry best practices.

1. Perlin Noise Parameters (Base Terrain)

Core Parameters

Octaves (Number of noise layers)

  • Range: 1-10
  • Low (1-3): Smooth, rolling hills, gentle terrain
  • Medium (4-6): Balanced detail, realistic mountains
  • High (7-10): Extreme detail, rocky/jagged terrain
  • Recommended: 6 for realistic terrain
  • Performance: Each octave doubles computation time

Persistence (Amplitude multiplier per octave)

  • Range: 0.0-1.0
  • Low (0.3-0.4): Smooth terrain, gentle slopes
  • Medium (0.5-0.6): Balanced, realistic terrain
  • High (0.7-0.9): Rough, mountainous terrain
  • Recommended: 0.5 for balanced terrain
  • Formula: amplitude *= persistence per octave

Lacunarity (Frequency multiplier per octave)

  • Range: 1.5-3.0
  • Low (1.5-1.8): Gradual detail increase, smooth transitions
  • Medium (2.0-2.2): Standard detail progression
  • High (2.5-3.0): Rapid detail increase, sharp features
  • Recommended: 2.0 for natural terrain
  • Formula: frequency *= lacunarity per octave

Scale (Base frequency)

  • Range: 10.0-500.0
  • Low (10-50): Large features, continental scale
  • Medium (50-150): Regional scale, valleys and mountains
  • High (150-500): Local scale, small hills
  • Recommended: 100.0 for balanced terrain
  • Effect: Lower scale = larger features

Amplitude (Initial height multiplier)

  • Range: 0.5-2.0
  • Low (0.5-0.8): Subtle elevation changes
  • Medium (1.0-1.2): Moderate elevation
  • High (1.5-2.0): Extreme elevation differences
  • Recommended: 1.0 for normalized output

Advanced Noise Techniques

Domain Warping (Distortion for organic shapes)

  • Strength: 0.0-50.0
    • 0-5: Subtle warping, slight organic feel
    • 5-20: Moderate warping, natural terrain
    • 20-50: Extreme warping, alien/fantasy terrain
  • Size: 0.1-2.0
    • Small (0.1-0.5): Fine-grained distortion
    • Medium (0.5-1.0): Balanced distortion
    • Large (1.0-2.0): Large-scale warping
  • Formula: noise(x + strength * noise(size * x, size * y), y + strength * noise(size * x, size * y))
  • Use Case: Creates more organic, less grid-like terrain

Ridged Noise (Mountain ridges)

  • Formula: 1.0 - abs(noise(x, y))
  • Effect: Creates sharp ridges and valleys
  • Use Case: Mountain ranges, canyon systems

Billowy Noise (Cloud-like formations)

  • Formula: abs(noise(x, y))
  • Effect: Creates rounded, billowy shapes
  • Use Case: Hills, dunes, cloud patterns

2. Hydraulic Erosion Parameters

Research-Validated Settings (2024)

Iterations

  • Range: 50-500
  • Fast (50-100): Quick erosion, subtle effects
  • Balanced (100-200): Realistic erosion, visible rivers
  • Detailed (200-500): Deep valleys, complex drainage
  • Recommended: 100 iterations (research: 10x faster with tuned constants)
  • Performance: Linear scaling with iterations

Rain Amount (Water per droplet)

  • Range: 0.5-2.0
  • Low (0.5-0.8): Gentle erosion, subtle valleys
  • Medium (1.0-1.2): Balanced erosion
  • High (1.5-2.0): Aggressive erosion, deep canyons
  • Recommended: 1.0

Evaporation Rate

  • Range: 0.001-0.1
  • Low (0.001-0.005): Water travels far, long rivers
  • Medium (0.01-0.03): Balanced flow distance
  • High (0.05-0.1): Short rivers, quick evaporation
  • Recommended: 0.01 (research: 10x increase for faster convergence)
  • Effect: Higher = faster convergence, fewer iterations needed

Erosion Rate (Terrain removal)

  • Range: 0.1-0.5
  • Low (0.1-0.2): Subtle erosion, gentle valleys
  • Medium (0.3-0.4): Visible erosion, realistic valleys
  • High (0.4-0.5): Aggressive erosion, deep canyons
  • Recommended: 0.3
  • Balance: Higher erosion = more dramatic terrain changes

Deposition Rate (Sediment placement)

  • Range: 0.05-0.3
  • Low (0.05-0.1): Minimal sediment buildup
  • Medium (0.1-0.2): Balanced deposition
  • High (0.2-0.3): Heavy sediment, alluvial fans
  • Recommended: 0.1
  • Effect: Creates sediment deposits at river mouths

Min Slope (Flow threshold)

  • Range: 0.001-0.05
  • Low (0.001-0.005): Water flows on flat terrain
  • Medium (0.01-0.02): Balanced flow
  • High (0.03-0.05): Water only flows on steep slopes
  • Recommended: 0.01

Gravity (Flow acceleration)

  • Range: 1.0-10.0
  • Low (1.0-3.0): Slow water flow
  • Medium (4.0-6.0): Realistic flow speed
  • High (7.0-10.0): Fast, aggressive flow
  • Recommended: 4.0

3. Thermal Erosion Parameters

Talus Angle-Based Material Movement

Iterations

  • Range: 20-100
  • Fast (20-30): Subtle smoothing
  • Balanced (40-60): Realistic slope stabilization
  • Detailed (70-100): Smooth, stable slopes
  • Recommended: 50 iterations

Talus Angle (Critical slope angle in radians)

  • Range: 0.3-1.2 radians (17-69 degrees)
  • Low (0.3-0.5): Very stable, gentle slopes (sand dunes)
  • Medium (0.6-0.8): Realistic rock slopes (mountains)
  • High (0.9-1.2): Steep cliffs, unstable terrain
  • Recommended: 0.7 radians (~40 degrees)
  • Real-World: Loose sand ~30°, rock ~35-45°, solid rock ~60-70°

Material Transfer Rate

  • Range: 0.1-0.8
  • Low (0.1-0.3): Slow material movement
  • Medium (0.4-0.6): Balanced transfer
  • High (0.7-0.8): Rapid material redistribution
  • Recommended: 0.5

4. Climate Simulation Parameters

Temperature Map

Latitude Influence

  • Range: 0.0-1.0
  • Low (0.2-0.4): Minimal temperature variation by latitude
  • Medium (0.5-0.7): Realistic Earth-like gradient
  • High (0.8-1.0): Extreme polar/equatorial difference
  • Recommended: 0.6
  • Formula: temperature = 1.0 - (latitude * lat_influence + elevation * elev_influence)

Elevation Influence

  • Range: 0.0-1.0
  • Low (0.2-0.3): Minimal cooling with altitude
  • Medium (0.4-0.5): Realistic lapse rate (~6.5°C per 1000m)
  • High (0.6-0.8): Extreme altitude cooling
  • Recommended: 0.4
  • Real-World: Temperature drops ~6.5°C per 1000m elevation

Rainfall Map

Water Proximity Influence

  • Range: 0.0-1.0
  • Low (0.2-0.3): Minimal coastal rainfall boost
  • Medium (0.4-0.5): Realistic coastal effect
  • High (0.6-0.8): Strong maritime influence
  • Recommended: 0.4

Orographic Effect (Mountain rainfall)

  • Range: 0.0-1.0
  • Low (0.1-0.2): Minimal rain shadow
  • Medium (0.3-0.4): Realistic orographic precipitation
  • High (0.5-0.7): Strong rain shadow effect
  • Recommended: 0.3
  • Real-World: Windward slopes get 2-10x more rain than leeward

Base Rainfall

  • Range: 0.0-1.0
  • Arid (0.1-0.3): Desert world
  • Moderate (0.4-0.6): Earth-like
  • Wet (0.7-0.9): Tropical world
  • Recommended: 0.5

5. Biome Classification (Whittaker Diagram)

Temperature Thresholds

Tundra: temp < 0.2 (cold) **Taiga:** temp 0.2-0.4 (cool) **Temperate:** temp 0.4-0.7 (moderate) **Tropical:** temp > 0.7 (hot)

Precipitation Thresholds

Desert: rain < 0.2 (arid) **Grassland:** rain 0.2-0.5 (semi-arid) **Forest:** rain 0.5-0.7 (humid) **Rainforest:** rain > 0.7 (very humid)

Elevation Overrides

Alpine: elevation > 0.7 (high altitude) Coastal: distance_to_water < 10 cells Wetland: elevation < 0.3 AND near water

Biome Transition Smoothing

Gaussian Blur Sigma

  • Range: 0.5-5.0
  • Sharp (0.5-1.0): Distinct biome boundaries
  • Smooth (2.0-3.0): Gradual transitions
  • Very Smooth (4.0-5.0): Blended biomes
  • Recommended: 2.0

6. Vegetation Distribution Parameters

Density Calculation

Formula: density = rainfall * (1 - abs(temperature - 0.5) * 2)

Factors:

  • Rainfall: Primary driver (more rain = more vegetation)
  • Temperature: Optimal at moderate temps (0.5)
  • Elevation: Reduces density at high altitudes
  • Slope: Reduces density on steep slopes

Density Thresholds:

  • Sparse (0.0-0.3): Desert, tundra, alpine
  • Moderate (0.3-0.6): Grassland, savanna
  • Dense (0.6-0.8): Temperate forest
  • Very Dense (0.8-1.0): Tropical rainforest

Tree Placement

Spacing (based on density)

  • Sparse: 20-50m between trees
  • Moderate: 10-20m between trees
  • Dense: 5-10m between trees
  • Very Dense: 2-5m between trees

Size Variation

  • Min Scale: 0.7
  • Max Scale: 1.3
  • Formula: scale = 0.7 + random() * 0.6

7. River Network Parameters

Flow Accumulation Threshold

River Formation Threshold (percentile of flow)

  • Sparse (90-93%): Few major rivers
  • Moderate (93-95%): Realistic river density
  • Dense (95-97%): Many small streams
  • Very Dense (97-99%): Creek networks
  • Recommended: 95th percentile

River Width (based on flow accumulation)

  • Formula: width = sqrt(flow_accumulation) * scale_factor
  • Scale Factor: 0.1-0.5
    • Small (0.1-0.2): Narrow streams
    • Medium (0.2-0.3): Realistic rivers
    • Large (0.3-0.5): Wide rivers

River Smoothing

  • Gaussian Sigma: 0.5-2.0
    • Low (0.5-1.0): Natural, meandering rivers
    • High (1.5-2.0): Smooth, artificial-looking rivers
  • Recommended: 1.0

8. Preset Configurations

Realistic Earth-Like Terrain 

{
    'octaves': 6,
    'persistence': 0.5,
    'lacunarity': 2.0,
    'scale': 100.0,
    'hydraulic_iterations': 100,
    'thermal_iterations': 50,
    'talus_angle': 0.7,
    'latitude_influence': 0.6,
    'elevation_influence': 0.4,
    'river_threshold': 95
}

Mountainous Terrain 

{
    'octaves': 7,
    'persistence': 0.6,
    'lacunarity': 2.2,
    'scale': 80.0,
    'hydraulic_iterations': 150,
    'thermal_iterations': 60,
    'talus_angle': 0.8,
    'latitude_influence': 0.5,
    'elevation_influence': 0.5,
    'river_threshold': 96
}

Rolling Hills 

{
    'octaves': 4,
    'persistence': 0.4,
    'lacunarity': 1.8,
    'scale': 150.0,
    'hydraulic_iterations': 80,
    'thermal_iterations': 40,
    'talus_angle': 0.6,
    'latitude_influence': 0.6,
    'elevation_influence': 0.3,
    'river_threshold': 94
}

Desert World 

{
    'octaves': 5,
    'persistence': 0.45,
    'lacunarity': 2.0,
    'scale': 120.0,
    'hydraulic_iterations': 50,
    'thermal_iterations': 70,
    'talus_angle': 0.5,  # Sand dunes
    'latitude_influence': 0.7,
    'base_rainfall': 0.2,  # Arid
    'river_threshold': 97  # Few rivers
}

Tropical Rainforest World 

{
    'octaves': 6,
    'persistence': 0.5,
    'lacunarity': 2.0,
    'scale': 100.0,
    'hydraulic_iterations': 120,
    'thermal_iterations': 40,
    'talus_angle': 0.7,
    'latitude_influence': 0.4,  # Warm everywhere
    'base_rainfall': 0.8,  # Very wet
    'river_threshold': 93  # Many rivers
}

Alien/Fantasy Terrain 

{
    'octaves': 8,
    'persistence': 0.7,
    'lacunarity': 2.5,
    'scale': 60.0,
    'domain_warp_strength': 30.0,  # Extreme warping
    'hydraulic_iterations': 80,
    'thermal_iterations': 30,
    'talus_angle': 0.9,  # Steep cliffs
    'latitude_influence': 0.3,
    'river_threshold': 95
}

9. Performance vs Quality Trade-offs

Fast Generation (Preview)

  • Octaves: 4
  • Hydraulic iterations: 50
  • Thermal iterations: 20
  • Resolution: 256x256
  • Time: ~5 seconds

Balanced (Production)

  • Octaves: 6
  • Hydraulic iterations: 100
  • Thermal iterations: 50
  • Resolution: 512x512
  • Time: ~30 seconds

High Quality (Hero Assets)

  • Octaves: 8
  • Hydraulic iterations: 200
  • Thermal iterations: 80
  • Resolution: 1024x1024
  • Time: ~3 minutes

Ultra Quality (Cinematic)

  • Octaves: 10
  • Hydraulic iterations: 500
  • Thermal iterations: 100
  • Resolution: 2048x2048
  • Time: ~15 minutes

10. Common Issues & Solutions

Issue: Terrain too smooth/boring

Solution: Increase octaves (6-8), increase persistence (0.6-0.7)

Issue: Terrain too noisy/chaotic

Solution: Decrease octaves (4-5), decrease persistence (0.4-0.5)

Issue: No visible rivers

Solution: Increase hydraulic iterations (150-200), lower river threshold (92-94%)

Issue: Rivers too straight

Solution: Decrease river smoothing sigma (0.5-1.0), add domain warping

Issue: Unrealistic biome distribution

Solution: Adjust temperature/rainfall influences, smooth biome transitions (sigma 2.0-3.0)

Issue: Cliffs too steep/unstable

Solution: Increase thermal iterations (60-80), decrease talus angle (0.6-0.7)

Issue: Terrain too flat

Solution: Increase amplitude (1.5-2.0), decrease scale (50-80)

Issue: Generation too slow

Solution: Reduce resolution, decrease iterations, use fewer octaves

11. Research References

  • Hydraulic Erosion: "Fast Hydraulic Erosion Simulation" (2024)
  • Thermal Erosion: "Terrain Erosion on GPU" (Axel Paris, 2024)
  • Domain Warping: Inigo Quilez (iquilezles.org)
  • Biome Classification: Whittaker Diagram (1975), AutoBiomes (2020)
  • Perlin Noise: Ken Perlin (1985), Improved Perlin Noise (2002)

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