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The main causes of energy on the globe are petroleum products, coal, natural gas, uranium and biomass. Each nation chooses the types of fuel that it uses based on economic and environmental needs, even though non-renewable powers are dangerous for the surroundings and human wellbeing.
Renewable energy sources re-supply themselves normally without depleting the earth’s resources. Articles are bioenergy (organic subject burned as being a fuel), hydropower, geothermal energy and solar power.
Biomass is used to build electricity by simply burning circular real wood or additional organic substances (including meals waste, gardening waste, sewage and pet manure) that contain stored solar energy. It also can be used to make steam and methane with regards to industrial applications, as well as for space and water heating.
Photovoltaic photovoltaic cellular material convert sun rays directly into POWER electricity, https://leonardogiombini.it/2021/12/17/ibm-solutions-in-technical-and-management-directions which can be kept in a battery pack for use when the sun is not available. Distributed photo voltaic systems, just like rooftop individual panels or community projects that power complete neighborhoods, can be an effective method to meet regional energy demands.
Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of the wind by content spinning large turbines. It can be used on land or offshore and has been a reputable source of electricity pertaining to millennia.
Several types of renewable energy are thought a good choice meant for achieving governmental climate goals, but they own important challenges. For example , they are not necessarily available at the same time frame and can be pricey to deploy. There is the problem of intermittent supply, which needs the development of fresh technologies to manage and retail outlet the electrical energy generated by renewable energy.
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https://vpeg.info/archives/2785
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2025-06-24T19:38:40Z
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Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware are not doing everything they can to prevent cancer says a new report from the American Cancer Society that evaluates legislative efforts to curb and treat it more effectively.
According to the report, all three states need to work on their tobacco control programs. Delaware spends about 50 percent of what the Centers for Disease Control recommends for stop-smoking programs, and Pennsylvania about ten percent. New Jersey’s spending is even lower than that.
“New Jersey is the only state in the country that spends zero state dollars on tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It doesn’t mean the state isn’t doing anything, they do receive money from the CDC to do specific activities. However, there’s a lot more the state could be doing,” said Ethan Hasbrouck, with the American Cancer Society’s Cancer Action Network (ACSCAN) in New Jersey.
The states scored better in other areas.
“I think Pennsylvania took an important step forward by increasing tobacco taxes, most notably the cigarette tax by $1,” said Dianne Phillips, director of government relations for ACSCAN. “But they also added a tax on smokeless tobacco products and electronic cigarettes for the first time. All of those products contain nicotine and are highly addictive.”
All three met benchmarks for expanding Medicaid, which can cover tobacco cessation treatments and care for poor people. They also passed laws mandating that patient’s share of payment for oral chemotherapy is comparable to injectable drugs, so they’re not forced for money reasons to compromise their care.
Other areas of potential improvement include access to palliative care for patients, more restrictions on indoor tanning for minors, and improvements to pain management policies for patients.
The report looks at four main issues; cancer prevention, helping people quit smoking, access to affordable quality healthcare, and quality of life for patients.
The idea is to give states a legislative blueprint for better policies.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://whyy.org/articles/pa-nj-and-del-could-be-doing-more-to-prevent-and-better-treat-cancer/
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2025-06-24T19:27:41Z
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Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements. Atoms are made up of three particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.
Protons and neutrons are heavier than electrons and reside in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus. Electrons are extremely lightweight and exist in a cloud orbiting the nucleus. The electron cloud has a radius 10,000 times greater than the nucleus. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass. However, one proton weighs more than 1,800 electrons. Atoms always have an equal number of protons and electrons, and the number of protons and neutrons is usually the same as well. Adding a proton to an atom makes a new element, while adding a neutron makes an isotope, or heavier version, of that atom. NucleusThe nucleus was discovered in 1911, but its parts were not identified until 1932. Virtually all the mass of the atom resides in the nucleus. The nucleus is held together by the “strong force,” one of the four basic forces in nature. This force between the protons and neutrons overcomes the repulsive electrical force that would, according to the rules of electricity, push the protons apart otherwise. ProtonsProtons are positively charged particles found within atomic nuclei. They were discovered by Ernest Rutherford in experiments conducted between 1911 and 1919. The number of protons in an atom defines what element it is. For example, carbon atoms have six protons, hydrogen atoms have one and oxygen atoms have eight. The number of protons in an atom is referred to as the atomic number of that element. The number of protons in an atom also determines the chemical behavior of the element. The Periodic Table of the Elements arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. Protons are made of other particles called quarks. There are three quarks in each proton — two “up” quarks and one “down” quark — and they are held together by other particles called gluons. ElectronsElectrons have a negative charge and are electrically attracted to the positively charged protons. Electrons surround the atomic nucleus in pathways called orbitals. The inner orbitals surrounding the atom are spherical but the outer orbitals are much more complicated. An atom’s electron configuration is the orbital description of the locations of the electrons in an unexcited atom. Using the electron configuration and principles of physics, chemists can predict an atom’s properties, such as stability, boiling point and conductivity. Typically, only the outermost electron shells matter in chemistry. The inner electron shell notation is often truncated by replacing the long-hand orbital description with the symbol for a noble gas in brackets. This method of notation vastly simplifies the description for large molecules. For example, the electron configuration for beryllium (Be) is 1s22s2, but it’s is written [He]2s2. [He] is equivalent to all the electron orbitals in a helium atom. The Letters, s, p, d, and f designate the shape of the orbitals and the superscript gives the number of electrons in that orbital. NeutronsNeutrons are uncharged particles found within atomic nuclei. A neutron’s mass is slightly larger than that of a proton. Like protons, neutrons are also made of quarks — one “up” quark and two “down” quarks. Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. RULES FOR FILLING ORBITALSRule 1 – Lowest energy orbitals fill first. Thus, the filling pattern is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, etc. Since the orbitals within a subshell are degenerate (of equal energy), the entire subshell of a particular orbital type is filled before moving to the next subshell of higher energy. Rule 2 – Pauli Exclusion Principle – Only two electrons are permitted per orbital and they must be of opposite spin. If one electron within an orbital possesses a clockwise spin, then the second electron within that orbital will possess a counterclockwise spin. Two electrons with opposite spins found in the same orbital are referred to as being paired. Rule 3– Hund’s Rule – The most stable arrangement of electrons in a subshell occurs when the maximum number of unpaired electrons exist, all possessing the same spin direction. This occurs due to the degeneracy of the orbitals, all orbitals within a subshell are of equal energy. Electrons are repulsive to one another and only pair after all of the orbitals have been singly filled. Rules for Assigning Electron OrbitalsOccupation of OrbitalsElectrons fill orbitals in a way to minimize the energy of the atom. Therefore, the electrons in an atom fill the principal energy levels in order of increasing energy (the electrons are getting farther from the nucleus). The order of levels filled looks like this: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, and 7p One way to remember this pattern, probably the easiest, is to refer to the periodic table and remember where each orbital block falls to logically deduce this pattern. Another way is to make a table like the one below and use vertical lines to determine which subshells correspond with each other. Pauli Exclusion PrincipleThe Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers. The first three (n, l, and ml) may be the same, but the fourth quantum number must be different. A single orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, which must have opposing spins; otherwise they would have the same four quantum numbers, which is forbidden. One electron is spin up (ms = +1/2) and the other would spin down (ms = -1/2). This tells us that each subshell has double the electrons per orbital. The s subshell has 1 orbital that can hold up to 2 electrons, the p subshell has 3 orbitals that can hold up to 6 electrons, the d subshell has 5 orbitals that hold up to 10 electrons, and the f subshell has 7 orbitals with 14 electrons. Example 1: Hydrogen and Helium The first three quantum numbers of an electron are n=1, l=0, ml=0. Only two electrons can correspond to these, which would be either ms = -1/2 or ms = +1/2. As we already know from our studies of quantum numbers and electron orbitals, we can conclude that these four quantum numbers refer to the 1s subshell. If only one of the ms values are given then we would have 1s1 (denoting hydrogen) if both are given we would have 1s2 (denoting helium). Visually, this is be represented as: Hund’s RuleWhen assigning electrons in orbitals, each electron will first fill all the orbitals with similar energy (also referred to as degenerate) before pairing with another electron in a half-filled orbital. Atoms at ground states tend to have as many unpaired electrons as possible. When visualizing this processes, think about how electrons are exhibiting the same behavior as the same poles on a magnet would if they came into contact; as the negatively charged electrons fill orbitals they first try to get as far as possible from each other before having to pair up. Example 2: Oxygen and Nitrogen If we look at the correct electron configuration of the Nitrogen (Z = 7) atom, a very important element in the biology of plants: 1s2 2s2 2p3 We can clearly see that p orbitals are half-filled as there are three electrons and three p orbitals. This is because Hund’s Rule states that the three electrons in the 2p subshell will fill all the empty orbitals first before filling orbitals with electrons in them. If we look at the element after Nitrogen in the same period, Oxygen (Z = 8) its electron configuration is: 1s2 2s2 2p4 (for an atom). Oxygen has one more electron than Nitrogen and as the orbitals are all half filled the electron must pair up. The Aufbau ProcessAufbau comes from the German word “aufbauen” meaning “to build.” When writing electron configurations, orbitals are built up from atom to atom. When writing the electron configuration for an atom, orbitals are filled in order of increasing atomic number. However, there are some exceptions to this rule. Example 3: 3rd row elements Following the pattern across a period from B (Z=5) to Ne (Z=10), the number of electrons increases and the subshells are filled. This example focuses on the p subshell, which fills from boron to neon.
ExceptionsAlthough the Aufbau rule accurately predicts the electron configuration of most elements, there are notable exceptions among the transition metals and heavier elements. The reason these exceptions occur is that some elements are more stable with fewer electrons in some subshells and more electrons in others (Table 1).
Writing Electron ConfigurationsWhen writing an electron configuration, first write the energy level (the period), then the subshell to be filled and the superscript, which is the number of electrons in that subshell. The total number of electrons is the atomic number, Z. The rules above allow one to write the electron configurations for all the elements in the periodic table. Three methods are used to write electron configurations:
Each method has its own purpose and each has its own drawbacks. Orbital DiagramsAn orbital diagram, like those shown above, is a visual way to reconstruct the electron configuration by showing each of the separate orbitals and the spins on the electrons. This is done by first determining the subshell (s,p,d, or f) then drawing in each electron according to the stated rules above. Example 4: Aluminum and Iridium Write the electron configuration for aluminum and iridium. SOLUTION Aluminum is in the 3rd period and it has an atomic number of Z=13. If we look at the periodic table we can see that its in the p-block as it is in group 13. Now we shall look at the orbitals it will fill: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p. We know that aluminum completely fills the 1s, 2s, 2p, and 3s orbitals because mathematically this would be 2+2+6+2=12. The last electron is in the 3p orbital. Also another way of thinking about it is that as you move from each orbital block, the subshells become filled as you complete each section of the orbital in the period. The block that the atom is in (in the case for aluminum: 3p) is where we will count to get the number of electrons in the last subshell (for aluminum this would be one electron because its the first element in the period 3 p-block). This gives the following: Note that in the orbital diagram, the two opposing spins of the electron can be visualized. This is why it is sometimes useful to think about electron configuration in terms of the diagram. However, because it is the most time consuming method, it is more common to write or see electron configurations in spdf notation and noble gas notation. Another example is the electron configuration of iridium: The electron configuration of iridium is much longer than aluminum. Although drawing out each orbital may prove to be helpful in determining unpaired electrons, it is very time consuming and often not as practical as the spdf notation, especially for atoms with much longer configurations. Hund’s rule is also followed, as each electron fills up each 5d orbital before being forced to pair with another electron. spdf NotationThe most common way to describe electron configurations is to write distributions in the spdf notation. Although the distributions of electrons in each orbital are not as apparent as in the diagram, the total number of electrons in each energy level is described by a superscript that follows the relating energy level. To write the electron configuration of an atom, identify the energy level of interest and write the number of electrons in the energy level as its superscript as follows: 1s2. This is the electron configuration of helium; it denotes a full s orbital. The periodic table is used as a reference to accurately write the electron configurations of all atoms. Example 5: Yttrium Write the electronic configuration of Yttrium. SOLUTION Start with the straightforward problem of finding the electron configuration of the element yttrium. As always, refer to the periodic table. The element yttrium (symbolized Y) is a transition metal, found in the fifth period and in Group 3. In total it has thirty-nine electrons. Its electron configuration is as follows: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d1 This is a much simpler and more efficient way to portray electron configuration of an atom. A logical way of thinking about it is that all that is required is to fill orbitals across a period and through orbital blocks. The number of elements in each block is the same as in the energy level it corresponds. For example, there are 2 elements in the s-block, and 10 elements in the d-block. Moving across, simply count how many elements fall in each block. Yttrium is the first element in the fourth period d-block; thus there is one electron in that energy level. To check the answer, verify that the subscripts add up to the atomic number. In this case, 2+2+6+2+6+2+10+6+2+1= 39 and Z=39, so the answer is correct. A slightly more complicated example is the electron configuration of bismuth (symbolized Bi, with Z = 83). The periodic table gives the following electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p65s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3 The reason why this electron configuration seems more complex is that the f-block, the Lanthanide series, is involved. Most students who first learn electron configurations often have trouble with configurations that must pass through the f-block because they often overlook this break in the table and skip that energy level. Its important to remember that when passing the 5d and 6d energy levels that one must pass through the f-block lanthanoidand actinoidseries. Keeping this in mind, this “complex” problem is greatly simplified. Another method (but less commonly used) of writing the spdf notation is the expanded notation format. This is the same concept as before, except that each individual orbital is represented with a subscript. The p, d, and f orbitals have different sublevels. The p orbitals are px,py, and pz, and if represented on the 2p energy with full orbitals would look like: 2px2 2py2 2pz2. The expanded notation for neon (Ne, Z=10) is written as follows: 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 The individual orbitals are represented, but the spins on the electrons are not; opposite spins are assumed. When representing the configuration of an atom with half filled orbitals, indicate the two half filled orbitals. The expanded notation for carbon is written as follows: 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py1 Because this form of the spdf notation is not typically used, it is not as important to dwell on this detail as it is to understand how to use the general spdf notation. Noble Gas NotationThis brings up an interesting point about elements and electron configurations. As the p subshell is filled in the above example about the Aufbau principle (the trend from boron to neon), it reaches the group commonly known as the noble gases. The noble gases have the most stable electron configurations, and are known for being relatively inert. All noble gases have their subshells filled and can be used them as a shorthand way of writing electron configurations for subsequent atoms. This method of writing configurations is called the noble gas notation, in which the noble gas in the period above the element that is being analyzed is used to denote the subshells that element has filled and after which the valence electrons (electrons filling orbitals in the outer most shells) are written. This looks slightly different from spdf notation, as the reference noble gas must be indicated. Example 6: Vanadium What is the electronic configuration of vanadium (V, Z=23)? SOLUTION Vanadium is the transition metal in the fourth period and the fifth group. The noble gas preceding it is argon (Ar, Z=18), and knowing that vanadium has filled those orbitals before it, argon is used as the reference noble gas. The noble gas in the configuration is denoted E, in brackets: [E]. To find the valance electrons that follow, subtract the atomic numbers: 23 – 18 = 5. Instead of 23 electrons to distribute in orbitals, there are 5. Now there is enough information to write the electron configuration: Vanadium, V: [Ar] 4s2 3d3 This method streamlines the process of distributing electrons by showing the valence electrons, which determine the chemical properties of atoms. In addition, when determining the number of unpaired electrons in an atom, this method allows quick visualization of the configurations of the valance electrons. In the example above, there are a full s orbital and three half filled d orbitals. Ions: Atoms with an Electrical ChargeAtoms (or groups of atoms) in which there are unequal numbers of protons and electrons are called ions. Usually, the number of protons and electrons in atoms are equal. But there are cases in which an atom can acquire an electrical charge. An ion exampleFor example, in the compound sodium chloride — table salt — the sodium atom has a positive charge and the chlorine atom has a negative charge. The neutral sodium atom has 11 protons and 11 electrons, which means it has 11 positive charges and 11 negative charges. Overall, the sodium atom is neutral, and it’s represented like this: Na. But the sodium ion contains one more positive charge than negative charge, so it’s represented like this: This unequal number of negative and positive charges can occur in one of two ways: An atom can gain a proton (a positive charge) or lose an electron (a negative charge). Cations and anionsSo which process is more likely to occur? In general, it’s easy to gain or lose electrons but very difficult to gain or lose protons. So atoms become ions by gaining or losing electrons. And ions that have a positive charge are called cations. The progression goes like this: The sodium ion shown above is formed from the loss of one electron. Because it lost an electron, it has more protons than electrons, or more positive charges than negative charges, which means it’s now called the: Likewise, when the neutral magnesium atom loses two electrons, it forms the: Now consider the chlorine atom in sodium chloride. The neutral chlorine atom has acquired a negative charge by gaining an electron. Because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons, it’s now an ion. And because ions that have a negative charge are called anions, it’s now called the: Other details about ionsHere are some extra tidbits about ions: · You can write electron configurations and energy level diagrams for ions. The neutral sodium atom (11 protons) has an electron configuration of: The sodium cation has lost an electron — the valence electron, which is farthest away from the nucleus (the 3s electron, in this case). The electron configuration of the sodium ion is: · The electron configuration of the chloride ion is: This is the same electron configuration as the neutral Argon atom. If two chemical species have the same electron configuration, they’re said to be isoelectronic. · The preceding examples are all monoatomic (one atom) ions. But polyatomic (many atom) ions do exist. The ammonium ion is a polyatomic ion, or, specifically, a polyatomic cation. It is written as: The nitrate ion, is also a polyatomic ion, or, specifically, a polyatomic anion. It is written as · Ions are commonly found in a class of compounds called salts, or ionic solids. Salts, when melted or dissolved in water, yield solutions that conduct electricity. A substance that conducts electricity when melted or dissolved in water is called an electrolyte. Table salt — sodium chloride — is a good example. On the other hand, when table sugar (sucrose) is dissolved in water, it becomes a solution that doesn’t conduct electricity. So sucrose is a nonelectrolyte. Whether a substance is an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte gives clues to the type of bonding in the compound. If the substance is an electrolyte, the compound is probably ionically bonded. If it’s a nonelectrolyte, it’s probably covalently bonded. EVALUATION1.Write the electronic configuration of the first twenty elements. 2.Write out the characteristics of the first three fundamental particles in an atom. |
3.An atom of an element is represented by X. How many electrons,protons and neutrons are in the atom? Write the electronic structure of the atom.
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https://www.acadlly.com/particulate-nature-of-matter-4/
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2025-06-24T18:50:33Z
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Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology might one day enable the selective disruption of any chosen gene. The potential therapeutic applications are mind boggling.
For research in this area to progress, a reliable system must be developed for safely delivering siRNA through the cell membrane, into the cell. Once there, the delivery system must be able to release the undamaged siRNA. Each of these two challenges represent significant technical hurdles in their own right.
In 2016, an international team reported the development of a delivery system for siRNA that was particularly focused on delivering to activated t-cells in the lungs to aid in the fight against asthma. That technology was hampered by low release of the payload at the delivery point. Recently published follow-up work, investigated the possibility that melittin, a toxin extracted from the European honey bee, might aid the siRNA release.
Melittin is able to disrupt the membrane of the delivery system thanks to the relatively low pH at the delivery target inside the cell. The more acidic environment activates the toxin, disrupting the delivery system membrane, which in turn releases the siRNA.
The team performed a number of experiments to determine whether the bee toxin did indeed aid siRNA release. Perhaps the most visually striking of these can be seen above. When the membrane of the delivery system is disrupted within a cell, that cell will fluoresce green. If not, a red color is expected.
Breaking apart the membrane of the delivery system is a good first step, but the real test of efficacy is whether the payload can be used by the target cell. The team loaded their delivery system with a plasmid that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP), and added it to a cell culture. The results shown below indicate that significantly more green fluorescent protein was expressed by cells that had been treated with the new system.
Given these promising results, the team hopes that this new platform might allow for the selective alteration of gene expression in lung cells. Further into the future, it is hoped that this research will lead to a new therapy for asthma sufferers.
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https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/bee-toxin-for-asthma-research/
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2025-06-24T18:48:22Z
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Popularity: Not in the U.S. top 1,000 names
Buddy Name Meaning and Origin
Buddy is a boy’s name meaning “friend” and is of American origin. “Buddy” is a commonly used name and term of endearment that originated in the English language. It is often used to refer to a close friend, a companion, or a trusted ally. The term is informal and carries a sense of warmth, familiarity, and camaraderie. People often use it to address someone with whom they share a special bond or to express affection and solidarity.
Names similar to Buddy:
Posts with the name Buddy:
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https://www.allthingsbabynames.com/buddy-name-meaning-and-origin/
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2025-06-24T20:07:17Z
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| 0.946047 | 140 | 2.8125 | 3 |
How does acupuncture work?
Acupuncture is the stimulation, by insertion of needles, of specific points on the body which have the ability to alter various biochemical and physiological conditions. Acupuncture stimulates the release of endorphins, which are the body’s natural pain-relieving neurohormones. Acupuncture affects the functioning of the hormonal system which reduces inflammation, increases circulation and reduces pain.
Is Acupuncture Safe?
One of the most striking aspects of acupuncture is the almost complete absence of adverse effects. Acupuncture is a safe technique and most patients find that the treatments are relaxing. The York Acupuncture Safety Study*, a prospective study of 34,407 acupuncture treatments found no serious adverse effects and only 43 cases of minor adverse effects, the most common of which were nausea and fainting.
It is important to inform the practitioner of your medical history, medications and if you are pregnant or could possibly be pregnant, as acupuncture treatment may have to be modified or may not be appropriate.
* MacPherson, H., Thomas, K., Walters, S., Fitter, M., The York acupuncture safety study: prospective survey of 34 000 treatments by traditional acupuncturists. BMJ. 2001 Sep 1; 323(7311): 486–487.
How many sessions of treatment will I need?
Many people start to see a significant difference within one to two treatments but some take longer to respond depending on the condition being treated and how long the patient has been experiencing the issue. If no difference is felt by the end of the fifth or sixth treatment, the diagnosis of the condition should be reconsidered and further medical investigations may be needed.
Acute injuries are best treated as soon as possible and often initially. Chronic conditions may need repeat maintenance treatments to maintain the momentum after an initial period of frequent treatments. Post treatment exercise and discipline in diet is extremely important for continued improvement and recovery.
Generally you would be seen 1-2 times a week initially depending on the condition. Maintenance treatments could range from weekly to monthly or when symptoms begin to recur.
What conditions can be helped with acupuncture?
Acupuncture is a gentle and safe treatment that’s suitable for all ages—children to seniors. The World Health Organization has identified over 100 conditions that acupuncture has been proven to be an effective treatment or therapy for including:
Addiction (such as Alcoholism, Smoking, Drug Abuse)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Low Back Pain
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Urinary Problems (such as Incontinence)
Women's Health Issues
This is not a comprehensive list. If you don’t see your condition listed here, contact me to see if acupuncture may help you.
What does acupuncture feel like?
Acupuncture is usually a very comfortable treatment. Needles are very fine, metallic and as thin as a hair, making them quite painless upon insertion. Everyone experiences acupuncture differently, but most feel no pain or very minimal pain as the needles are inserted. You may experience a mild aching sensation or warmth around the needle site.
What should I do before and after an acupuncture treatment?
Arrive 15 minutes early to fill out your paperwork. Eat a light meal and drink some water prior to treatment. Refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages before your appointment.
You should continue to take any prescribed medications on schedule.
Will my insurance plan cover acupuncture?
Many insurance plans do offer coverage for acupuncture treatment. Currently I'm in network with major providers including BlueCross/Blue Shield/Carefirst , United, Aetna and Cigna. Contact me with questions regarding your insurance. I'm happy to verify your benefits for you.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.arundelacupuncture.com/faq
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Niche partitioning by three Pterodroma petrel species during non-breeding in the equatorial Pacific Ocean
Niche divergence is expected for species that compete for shared resources, including migrants that occupy similar regions during the non-breeding season. Studies of temperate seabirds indicate that both spatial and behavioural segregation can be important mechanisms for reducing competition, but there have been few investigations of resource partitioning by closely related taxa in low productivity, tropical environments. We investigated niche partitioning in 3 gadfly petrel taxa, Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera (n = 22), P. leucoptera caledonica (n = 7) and P. pycrofti (n = 12), during their non-breeding season in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean by combining tracking data from geolocator-immersion loggers with remotely sensed environmental data in species distribution models (SDMs), and by comparing feather stable isotope ratios. The 3 taxa showed spatial partitioning: two foraged in the North Equatorial Counter Current and one in the South Equatorial Current. This reflected differences in their realised habitat niches, with significant taxon-specific responses to thermocline depth, sea surface temperature and bathymetry. There were also differences among taxa in activity patterns, and all birds spent a much larger proportion of time in flight at night than during the day, suggesting predominance of nocturnal foraging behaviour. Comparison of stable isotope ratios in feathers suggests that P. l. leucoptera and P. pycrofti mainly consume vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes, whereas the diet of P. l. caledonica also includes some lower trophic levels including crustaceans and squid. Unique insights can be gained from studies of the foraging ecology of tropical pelagic seabirds, in comparison with temperate and polar waters, and are urgently required for understanding and protecting tropical avifauna in key marine habitats.
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<urn:uuid:0ff6ad2f-627c-41a0-82d2-6d6ab16c9a86>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/publication/niche-partitioning-by-three-pterodroma-petrel-species-during-non-breeding-in/
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2025-06-24T20:03:28Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.936413 | 404 | 2.671875 | 3 |
International Day of Persons with Disabilities
The National Council on Disability supports the 2014 United Nations (UN) International Day of Persons with Disabilities (IDPD) on December 3. According to the UN, the official theme of this year’s commemoration is “Sustainable Development: The Promise of Technology.”
In 2011, NCD published “The Power of Digital Inclusion: Technology’s Impact on Employment and Opportunities for People with Disabilities.” Much of what we detailed then is, arguably, even more true now – if people are provided access and the opportunity, technology can enhance and improve the quality of life for persons with disabilities at home, at work and recreationally. Just as the Industrial Revolution ushered in new standards for access to goods and services, modern technology is built in to almost every facet of daily living. Access to and use of communications technologies have dramatically increased connectivity between people and their access to information raising living standards even further.
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<urn:uuid:a385bc7b-a6a0-44ee-a053-c96089aba9bb>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.bflnyc.org/international-day-of-persons-with-disabilities/
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2025-06-24T19:32:29Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.944597 | 199 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Shingle damage is quite self-explanatory. It refers to the wear and tear on the shingle structure over time.
The damage can include anything from minor cracking to severe granule loss or even complete loss of the shingle. Shingles are a significant part of the roofing structure as they provide insulation and protection from various weather elements.
Multiple types of shingles are used in homes; the most common ones are asphalt shingles, wood shingles, and tile shingles. Each has certain unique advantages and disadvantages, and thus, they present specific kinds of damage over time.
For instance, asphalt shingles might experience granule loss and curling, while wood shingles are prone to splitting and warping over time.
Identifying shingle damage isn’t very difficult; even so, it remains ignored by several homeowners due to the unavailability of time or skills.
Some typical indicators of shingle damage are leaking roofs, higher energy bills because of poor insulation, and visible signs on the shingle structure itself such as dark spots or curled edges.
Like anything exposed to the environment, Shingles, too, are subject to wear and tear due to various factors. The most common cause of shingle damage is weather.
Shingles can bear heavy rain, winds, and hail, but severe weather conditions will likely lead to some degree of shingle damage. High winds can blow off the shingles, while hailstones can cause breaking or cracking of the shingles.
Secondly, improper installation is another dominant cause of shingle damage. If not installed correctly, the shingles can start leaning off, causing severe damage. Biological factors such as mold, algae, or lichen can also cause damage by breaking down the shingle material. Lastly, poor attic ventilation can lead to heat buildup, causing shingle damage from below.
As mentioned earlier, shingles play a crucial role in the overall structure of the house. Therefore, ignoring shingle damage can lead to several consequences. The most immediate effect can be seen in your energy bills.
Damage to the shingles can lead to poor insulation, resulting in higher energy costs. Over time, damaged shingles can also lead to structural damage as the roof’s underlayment might get exposed to weather elements.
Also, damaged shingles can lead to moisture seeping into the house. This can create conditions favorable to mold and mildew growth, which are hazardous to health. In extreme cases of damage and negligence, the entire roofing structure might collapse, putting the safety of the residents at risk.
Therefore, regular inspection and timely repair of shingle damage should be a priority for homeowners for maintaining the overall safety and structural integrity of the house.
Shingle roofs are a popular roofing option because of their durability. However, over time, they can succumb to damage due to various factors, such as inclement weather, old age, or poor installation.
One common type of shingle damage is cracking or breaking. This typically happens due to the impact from falling tree limbs or hailstones or due to normal wear and tear.
Cracked or broken shingles can allow water to seep through, causing leaks and water damage to the structure below. It’s essential to replace these damaged shingled immediately to prevent further deterioration.
Another type of damage that necessitates shingle replacement is when shingles are missing. Strong winds are often the culprit, ripping shingles from the roof deck.
Missing shingles expose the underlying materials to the elements, leading to severe water damage if not addressed promptly. A roofing professional can conduct a roof inspection to identify any missing shingles and replace them efficiently.
Curled or cupped shingles are usually a sign of aging or prolonged exposure to heat. The shingle corners lift, creating a cup-like appearance that can hold water or snow.
As a result, they can cause leaks and water damage when they can’t effectively shed water. Replacing curled or cupped shingles is crucial to maintaining the functionality of your roof.
Shingles that are bald or balding are stripped of their protective layer of granules. This loss can result from weather aspects such as rain and wind or even foot traffic on the roof. Without these granules, the shingles are left vulnerable to the impact of UV rays, which can hasten aging and ultimately damage your roof. Replacing bald shingles is essential in maintaining the lifespan of your roof.
Buckling shingles have a warped appearance and are typically caused by moisture in the attic or improperly installed underlayment.
They’re not just an eyesore; they’re a risk factor for leaks. Because buckling can be caused by underlying issues, it’s essential to have a roofing contractor inspect your roof and replace any buckling shingles.
Blistered shingles appear as bubbles or blisters on the surface due to intense heat and poor ventilation.
These blisters can eventually burst, exposing the asphalt layers underneath to the sun, rain, and other elements. If not remedied, blistered shingles can lead to leaks and other structural damage. Regular inspections can help catch blistering early for immediate replacement.
Rotting shingles are a sign of a serious problem. This usually happens when the mat at the core of the shingle absorbs moisture. When this occurs, the shingles can degrade and cause substantial roof damage.
The presence of rotting shingles indicates a severe problem that requires immediate attention, including inspection and complete roof replacement if necessary.
In dealing with any of these shingle damages, ensure to work with a certified and experienced roofing professional. Timely shingle replacement can save you money in the long run and increase the lifespan of your roof.
Assessing shingle damage is a crucial aspect of maintaining the integrity of your house. When shingles on your roof are damaged, it leads to water leaks, which can lead to substantial damage inside your home.
Shingles are shields for your house’s roof and they also add aesthetic appeal to your dwelling. However, regular damage, weather conditions, or simply time can wear off these shingles. Serious damage can often lead to the replacement of the entire roof.
Shingle damage can be characterized by various signs that you can easily spot. The primary signs of shingle damage include cracked or curling shingles, missing shingles, or spots where the shingles’ granules have worn off.
If you notice areas where shingles are missing, it is highly possible that the other places are also weak and hence need to be looked at.
Moreover, look out for signs of water leakage inside your home. This might indicate that your roof is no longer in a position to resist water and needs either a repair or replacement. Other signs of possible shingle damage are dark and dirty spots on the shingles.
They might occur from outside debris accumulations or, worse, due to the shingles’ granules wearing off.
To inspect and assess the damage to the shingles on your roof, start by setting a specific day aside for the assessment. Choose a day when you expect the weather to be calm; not too windy or rainy. A safe roof is very much important for a thorough inspection.
The task involves gauging the rate of external damage and then analyzing if it has led to more significant problems for the upper story, such as leaks or water damage. Climbing a ladder to access the roof should be done carefully and it is recommended to have all the required safety gear.
You need to visually inspect all the shingles from the ridge vent down to the eaves. Look for missing, curling, or cracking shingles. Look out for the dark spots on the shingles. Also, check if the shingles’ granules might have worn off.
Keep in mind that all shingles have a certain life span after which they will need to be replaced. So consider this factor too while assessing the severity of the damage.
While some people might be comfortable performing these inspections on their own, it’s always safer and recommended to involve a professional. Shingles can be slippery, and it’s possible to overlook damage, especially if you’re not clear on what to look for.
Roofing professionals possess the necessary tools, safety equipment, and knowledge required to assess the extent of shingle damage. A professional will be able to spot the signs of damage more accurately and also provide suggestions for the best course of action to undertake, whether it involves repair or replacement of the damaged shingles.
When faced with damaged shingles, homeowners are often torn between the decision to repair or replace them altogether.
The decision is typically dictated by numerous factors, ranging from the financial commitment to the extent of the damage.
Generally, repairing damaged shingles is less expensive upfront. However, this solution is not always cost-effective in the long run, particularly if the shingles continually require repair. Repair costs primarily consist of the labor fee and the cost of materials. These costs can add up over time, especially when constant repairs are needed.
On the contrary, replacing shingles is more costly upfront. This is due to the extent of work involved, which often entails replacing the entire roofing structure. Despite these high initial costs, considering this option can be economical in the long run.
Typically, replacement offers a long-term solution, effectively eliminating the need for continual repairs.
Minor damage often calls for simple repairs. This includes slight curling, granule loss, or small punctures. In such cases, it’s usually unnecessary to replace the entire roof, as skilled contractors can easily restore the damaged shingles to their prime condition.
However, when the damage extends to a large section of the roof or affects the roofing structure, replacement becomes a more feasible option. Extensive damage typically includes severe curling, warping, deep cracks, or missing shingles.
Such cases dictate a need for replacement, as the structural integrity of the roof is compromised and repairing such an area could lead to more issues in the future.
Consideration of the long-term implications of either option is essential. Given the nature of repairs, which typically address the problem on a surface level, there’s a good chance the issues may recur.
For instance, if your roof often loses shingles due to high winds, choosing to repair each time might just be treating the symptom and not the root cause. Repeated repairs can introduce a cycle of short-lived solutions, requiring frequent attention.
Otherwise, replacement offers a long-term solution. A replaced shingle roof can last up to 20 years with adequate maintenance. In essence, while you might shell out more money upfront, the long-term benefits should outweigh the initial cost.
Plus, a new roof can even increase the value of your home, which is a perk if you’re thinking about selling in the near future.
Shingle replacement is an essential aspect of maintaining the overall structural integrity of your home, particularly your roof.
Replacing your roof shingles is significant not just aesthetically, but also functionally as it provides protection against the external elements—rain, wind, heat, and snow.
Choosing an experienced roofing contractor for your shingle replacement project is crucial. You’ll want someone reputable, reliable, and experienced in handling various types of shingles.
It’s recommended to perform a thorough background check on your prospective contractor.
Check for customer reviews and references, see if they have the necessary licenses and permits, and whether they offer warranties on their work. It’s also advisable to compare costs and services provided by different contractors before making a decision.
When it comes to shingle replacement, it’s vital to select the correct type of shingles that suit your needs and aesthetic preferences. Shingles come in a variety of materials, including asphalt, tile, wood, slate, and metal.
Each material has its pros and cons, so it’s necessary to consider factors such as your region’s climate, your home’s architectural style, and the cost when selecting shingles. Similarly, the color and style of the shingles can significantly impact the overall look of your home.
Consider colors and designs that complement the exterior of your house for an attractive finish.
Shingle replacement is a straightforward process that typically involves the following steps:
Whether you choose to do it yourself or hire professionals, it’s important to follow the correct installation procedures and safety protocols. Keep in mind that shingle replacement can be a labor-intensive and time-consuming task, so plan accordingly.
A shingle warranty is an agreement between the consumer and the manufacturer or contractor, guaranteeing the quality of the roofing shingles and covering any defects that may occur in a specified period.
Shingle warranties typically cover any manufacturing defects and workmanship flaws.
They assure that the shingles are fit for the intended purpose, free of defects, and will perform as promised under normal use.
If any issues occur within the warranty period, the manufacturer or contractor agrees to replace or repair the defective shingles at no cost.
While shingle warranties offer substantial protection, they come with certain limitations and exclusions.
For instance, they may not cover damage caused by improper installation, abnormal weather conditions, or neglect of regular maintenance.
Therefore, it’s essential to read and understand the warranty’s fine print before proceeding.
Making a claim on a shingle warranty involves:
They may send an inspector for an assessment, and if the claim is validated, they will arrange for the necessary repairs or replacement. It’s important to retain all relevant documents (purchase invoices, warranties, etc.) and address the issues as soon as you identify them, to make the claim process smoother.
Shingle replacement or repair is a crucial decision and should not be taken lightly. The right choice will depend on multiple factors, such as the nature of the damage, cost, and long-term implications.
If you’re considering shingle replacement or repair for your roof, get in touch with Big Easy Roof Contractors. We specialize in roofing services and provide high-quality workmanship at competitive rates.
Our experienced team of professionals is well-versed in various types of shingle replacement and repair projects and can help you select the best option to suit your needs.
We also offer a variety of shingle warranties, so you can be assured that your roof is in safe hands. Contact us today and get a free quote for your project!
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<urn:uuid:ae0867fd-2c3b-46e2-9198-ca96b045ad7e>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.bigeasyroofcontractors.com/types-of-shingle-damage-that-require-replacement/
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2025-06-24T19:29:41Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.939801 | 3,080 | 3.375 | 3 |
- Digital computers
- Computer hardware
- Operating systems
- Early history
- Computer precursors
- Invention of the modern computer
- Toward the classical computer
- The age of Big Iron
- Programming languages
- The personal computer revolution
- The microcomputer
- Early history
- On the Web:
- Academia - Definition -What does Computer mean (PDF) (June 16, 2025)
Computer communication may occur through wires, optical fibers, or radio transmissions. Wired networks may use shielded coaxial cable, similar to the wire connecting a television to a videocassette recorder or an antenna. They can also use simpler unshielded wiring with modular connectors similar to telephone wires. Optical fibers can carry more signals than wires; they are often used for linking buildings on a college campus or corporate site and increasingly for longer distances as telephone companies update their networks. Microwave radio also carries computer network signals, generally as part of long-distance telephone systems. Low-power microwave radio is becoming common for wireless networks within a building.
Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within a building or small group of buildings. A LAN may be configured as (1) a bus, a main channel to which nodes or secondary channels are connected in a branching structure, (2) a ring, in which each computer is connected to two neighboring computers to form a closed circuit, or (3) a star, in which each computer is linked directly to a central computer and only indirectly to one another. Each of these has advantages, though the bus configuration has become the most common.
Even if only two computers are connected, they must follow rules, or protocols, to communicate. For example, one might signal “ready to send” and wait for the other to signal “ready to receive.” When many computers share a network, the protocol might include a rule “talk only when it is your turn” or “do not talk when anyone else is talking.” Protocols must also be designed to handle network errors.
The most common LAN design since the mid-1970s has been the bus-connected Ethernet, originally developed at Xerox PARC. Every computer or other device on an Ethernet has a unique 48-bit address. Any computer that wants to transmit listens for a carrier signal that indicates that a transmission is under way. If it detects none, it starts transmitting, sending the address of the recipient at the start of its transmission. Every system on the network receives each message but ignores those not addressed to it. While a system is transmitting, it also listens, and if it detects a simultaneous transmission, it stops, waits for a random time, and retries. The random time delay before retrying reduces the probability that they will collide again. This scheme is known as carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). It works very well until a network is moderately heavily loaded, and then it degrades as collisions become more frequent.
The first Ethernet had a capacity of about 2 megabits per second, and today 10- and 100-megabit-per-second Ethernet is common, with gigabit-per-second Ethernet also in use. Ethernet transceivers (transmitter-receivers) for PCs are inexpensive and easily installed.
Wireless Ethernet, known as Wi-Fi, is the most common method of connecting to the Internet. Commonly using frequencies from 2.4 to 5 gigahertz (GHz), such networks with speeds of up to 9.6 gigabits per second are available to consumers. Early in 2002 another Ethernet-like standard was released. Known as HomePlug, the first version could transmit data at about 8 megabits per second through a building’s existing electrical power infrastructure. A later version could achieve rates of 1 gigabit per second.
Wide area networks (WANs) span cities, countries, and the globe, generally using telephone lines and satellite links. The Internet connects multiple WANs; as its name suggests, it is a network of networks. Its success stems from early support by the U.S. Department of Defense, which developed its precursor, ARPANET, to let researchers communicate readily and share computer resources. Its success is also due to its flexible communication technique. The emergence of the Internet in the 1990s as not only a communication medium but also one of the principal focuses of computer use was one of the most significant developments in computing in that era. For more on the history and technical details of Internet communication protocols, see Internet.
Software denotes programs that run on computers. John Tukey, a statistician at Princeton University and Bell Laboratories, is generally credited with introducing the term in 1958 (as well as coining the word bit for binary digit). Initially software referred primarily to what is now called system software—an operating system and the utility programs that come with it, such as those to compile (translate) programs into machine code and load them for execution. This software came with a computer when it was bought or leased. In 1969 IBM decided to “unbundle” its software and sell it separately, and software soon became a major income source for manufacturers as well as for dedicated software firms.
Business and personal software
Business software generally must handle large amounts of data but relatively little computation, although that has changed somewhat in recent years. Office software typically includes word processors, spreadsheets, database programs, and tools for designing public presentations.
A spreadsheet is a type of accounting program. Unlike specialized accounting programs (e.g., payroll and office records), an important function of spreadsheets is their ability to explore “What if?” scenarios. A spreadsheet not only holds tables of data but also defines relationships among their rows and columns. For example, if the profit on a product is defined in terms of various costs—materials, manufacturing, and shipping—it is easy to ask “What if we use cheaper materials that require more manufacturing expense?”
A database is an organized collection of data, or records. Databases organize information to answer questions such as “What companies in the Southwest bought more than 100 of our products last year?” or “Which products made by Acme Manufacturing are in low supply?” Such software is often integrated so that a database report or spreadsheet table can be added to a document composed with a word processor, frequently with illustrative graphs. Today even the most trivial data can effortlessly be glorified by presenting it in a polychromatic bar chart with three-dimensional shading.
Scientific and engineering software
Scientific software is typically used to solve differential equations. (Differential equations are used to describe continuous actions or processes that depend on some other factors.) Although some differential equations have relatively simple mathematical solutions, exact solutions of many differential equations are very difficult to obtain. Computers, however, can be used to obtain useful approximate solutions, particularly when a problem is split into simpler spatial or temporal parts. Nevertheless, large-scale problems often require parallel computation on supercomputers or clusters of small computers that share the work.
There are numerous standard libraries of equation-solving software—some commercial, some distributed by national organizations in several countries. Another kind of software package does symbolic mathematics, obtaining exact solutions by algebraic manipulations. Two of the most widely used symbolic packages are Mathematica and Maple.
Scientific visualization software couples high-performance graphics with the output of equation solvers to yield vivid displays of models of physical systems. As with spreadsheets, visualization software lets an experimenter vary initial conditions or parameters. Observing the effect of such changes can help in improving models, as well as in understanding the original system.
Visualization is an essential feature of computer-aided engineering (CAE) and computer-aided design (CAD). An engineer can design a bridge, use modeling software to display it, and study it under different loads. CAE software can translate drawings into the precise specification of the parts of a mechanical system. Computer chips themselves are designed with CAD programs that let an engineer write a specification for part of a chip, simulate its behavior in detail, test it thoroughly, and then generate the layouts for the photolithographic process that puts the circuit on the silicon.
Astronomical sky surveys, weather forecasting, and medical imaging—such as magnetic resonance imaging, CAT scans, and DNA analyses—create very large collections of data. Scientific computation today uses the same kinds of powerful statistical and pattern-analysis techniques as many business applications.
Internet and collaborative software
Among the most commonly used personal Internet software are “browsers” for displaying information located on the World Wide Web, newsreaders for reading “newsgroups” located on USENET, file-sharing programs for downloading files, and communication software for email, as well as “instant messaging” and “chat room” programs that allow people to carry on conversations in real time. All of these applications are used for both personal and business activities.
Other common Internet software includes Web search engines and “Web-crawling” programs that traverse the Web to gather and classify information. Web-crawling programs are a kind of agent software, a term for programs that carry out routine tasks for a user. They stem from artificial intelligence research and carry out some of the tasks of librarians, but they are at a severe disadvantage. Although Web pages may have “content-tag” index terms, not all do, nor are there yet accepted standards for their use. Web search engines must use heuristic methods to determine the quality of Web page information as well as its content. Many details are proprietary, but they may use techniques such as finding “hubs” and “authorities” (pages with many links to and from other websites).
A different kind of Internet use depends on the vast number of computers connected to the Internet that are idle much of the time. Rather than run a “screen-saver” program, these computers can run software that lets them collaborate in the analysis of some difficult problem. Two examples are the SETI@home project, which distributes portions of radio telescope data for analysis that might help in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), and the “Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search” (GIMPS), which parcels out tasks to test for large prime numbers.
The Internet has also become a business tool, and the ability to collect and store immense amounts of information has given rise to data warehousing and data mining. The former is a term for unstructured collections of data and the latter a term for its analysis. Data mining uses statistics and other mathematical tools to find patterns of information. For more information concerning business on the Internet, see e-commerce.
Games and entertainment
Computer games are nearly as old as digital computers and have steadily developed in sophistication. Chinook, a checkers program, was the first computer program to defeat humans to win a world championship title in the game. IBM’s Deep Blue chess program beat world champion Garry Kasparov in 1996. These programs have demonstrated the power of modern computers, as well as the strength of good heuristics for strategy. The Japanese game Go was once considered highly difficult for machines. However, the computer program AlphaGo defeated one of the most advanced human Go players in 2016.
After board games, the earliest computer games were text-based adventures—in which players explored virtual worlds, sought treasure, and fought enemies by reading and typing simple commands. Such games resembled military simulation programs first used in the early 1950s. Contemporary games, however, depend on high-performance computer graphics. Played on arcade machines, special game computers for home use, or PCs, they use the same capabilities as simulation and visualization programs. A related area is computer-generated (CG) animation for films and video.
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<urn:uuid:199b84f4-c663-4603-b83f-a547e625e3c5>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.britannica.com/technology/computer/Networking
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2025-06-24T20:58:53Z
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| 0.95 | 2,450 | 4 | 4 |
Nuclear weapons are unique, distinguishing themselves from every type of weapons technology that came before them by both their power and the far-reaching and long-lasting consequences of their use, which can be measured on both global and epochal scales.Footnote 1 From a moral reasoning perspective, nuclear weapons are a technology with the potential to cause catastrophic, or even existential, harm to humanity and the planet. Their awesome destructive potential and the unparalleled consequences of their use oblige us to think critically about the ethics of nuclear possession, planning, and use.
We owe Joe Nye a debt of gratitude for his careful thinking and seminal scholarship on ethics and nuclear weapons. Nye's lead essay for this symposium, “Nuclear Ethics Revisited,” proposes a moral framework for guiding nuclear weapons policy and practical measures for reducing nuclear risks through the application of “just war” principles. His analysis is anchored by the basic moral obligation that we owe future generations roughly equal access to important values, including equal chances of survival. Nye uses this moral obligation to derive a set of moral maxims and policy recommendations for guiding policymakers toward a practice of “just deterrence” consistent with just war theory.
Professor Nye's recognition of our generation's moral obligation to the future is crucial, but his proposed conditions for achieving just deterrence rely on flawed assumptions about the nature of nuclear weapons and the inherent risks of the nuclear deterrence system. The world has changed profoundly since his book Nuclear Ethics was first published in 1986, in ways that change the variables informing our moral calculus. “Nuclear Ethics Revisited” has not caught up with these changes. In today's increasingly complex world, Nye's “just” nuclear deterrence conditions cannot be met.
We need a different security framework to meet the solid moral objectives laid out by Nye, one that replaces nuclear deterrence with a more ethical, durable paradigm for providing existential security. Only then will we have a shot at preserving humanity's long-term future and our values.
The World Has Changed
In the three generations since the logic and operating system of nuclear deterrence was created, the world has evolved significantly. Instead of the slow, analog, bipolar world of 1950, today we have an extremely complex and fragile global architecture of nine entangled nuclear arsenals comprising some thirteen thousand nuclear weapons. Contemporary arsenals include nuclear weapons more powerful and lethal by a factor of 10 to 130 compared to those detonated in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and include more accurate and survivable delivery vehicles that can fly faster than the speed of sound. Indeed, ballistic missiles and other hypersonic delivery vehicles for nuclear weapons are so fast that leaders of nuclear states essentially have only a few minutes to decide how to respond to a warning of an incoming nuclear attack, putting extreme pressure on them to make civilization-altering decisions with potentially incomplete, misleading, or incorrect information. Nuclear early-warning and weapon systems may or may not be reliable given their cyber vulnerabilities. These growing system stressors are occurring on top of a multidecadal track record of human mistakes and technical failures involving nuclear weapons, causing near misses, lost bombs, and lost lives.Footnote 2
At a minimum, nuclear deterrence is an insufficient strategy for preventing the use of nuclear weapons. In today's world, instead of a considered, deliberate decision to use nuclear weapons, a mistake, misperception, accident, cyber exploit, technical failure, or false warning are equally likely pathways to nuclear use. Deterrence was never designed to address any of these threat vectors. Indeed, we have doubled down on preventing a single pathway to nuclear use—deliberate use—so much so that the system requirements to support nuclear deterrence (high numbers of increasingly lethal weapons, deployment of “ready-to-fire” nuclear missiles, and regular performative exercises simulating the launch of nuclear forces to demonstrate our preparedness) now compound the risks of use of these weapons through blunder, accident, or mistake at an unimaginable cost to our collective future. Nuclear weapon states have developed and continue to maintain a highly complex system comprised of fallible humans and vulnerable high tech that is spring-loaded for disaster.
Russia's war against Ukraine is the latest challenge to the global nuclear order. The Ukraine crisis has upended long-held beliefs about the rules of nuclear deterrence and illustrates a real-world “unjust” application of the theory. Instead of serving as a last-resort defense against the existential threat of nuclear use by others, Russia is using the threat of a nuclear attack as an offensive tactic to enable its unjust aggression against a nonnuclear weapon state and to deter NATO engagement. And if Russia were to break the nearly seventy-eight-year-old taboo against nuclear use, the risk of further instances of use and nuclear proliferation could rise. Russia's nuclear threats against Ukraine are a clear violation of the negative security assurancesFootnote 3 it made both generally to nonnuclear weapon states and specifically to Ukraine in the 1994 Budapest Memorandum. The reality is that Russia's nuclear threats could well affect the security calculus of other nonnuclear states that now have reason to doubt the credibility of security assurances, both positive and negative. Is it not possible that Japan or South Korea may now reconsider their nonnuclear status in light of the growing security threat they perceive from China? While Nye urges us not to exaggerate the damage to the nonproliferation regime caused by Russia's behavior in Ukraine, would it not also be a mistake to underestimate the damages?
Nye points out in “Nuclear Ethics Revisited” that the consequences of nuclear use must also be considered, but he does not address the far-reaching effects nuclear war would have on modern societies. A nuclear war could harm or kill billions of people well beyond the combatant states, yet insufficient work has been done to comprehensively assess the broad societal effects of nuclear war on any scale—local, regional, or global. Despite the fact that media attention to nuclear winter has waned, the threat of nuclear winter and a subsequent famine has not diminished but grown. Understanding and considering these consequences is fundamental to assessing whether a nuclear attack could satisfy the just war principle of proportionality.
We live in a deeply interconnected world. Societal systems for the economy, governance, and continuity of critical infrastructure services such as power, water, food, and health care distribution, as well as the global financial architecture and international trade system, are connected, interdependent, and demonstrably fragile. While good work has been done on the phenomenon of nuclear winter and its effects on agriculture, no comprehensive research exists to assess the broad societal effects of the simultaneous or cascading loss of multiple critical infrastructures. Consider any number of downstream effects from infrastructure crises in recent years: the supply chain disruptions caused by COVID-19; the impact on supply chains of a single container ship stuck in the Suez Canal for six days; the devastating impact of the 2021 winter storm on 10 million Texans’ power, water, and food supplies; or the disruption of global grain supplies and rising risks of famine around the world associated with the closure of Ukrainian Black Sea ports in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. These are small indicators of the potentially vast consequences that could occur if critical infrastructure systems were physically destroyed or disrupted on a global scale for a sustained period of years.
Despite fundamental changes in the security environment, with rapidly growing risks and immense, perhaps unknowable, consequences, Nye has nevertheless concluded that “the basic nuclear dilemma has not changed.”Footnote 4 But the nuclear dilemma has grown riskier, more urgent, more dangerous, and much less stable. In a profoundly changed world, the increased risks of nuclear deterrence failing means that the moral calculus and achievability of just deterrence have fundamentally changed. The world has changed. Nuclear risks have grown. But our thinking and strategy have not.
It is time to rethink the global strategy for managing nuclear risks. If the objective of a nuclear security strategy is to ensure that nuclear weapons are never used, or that if they are ever used their use is so limited that it would not jeopardize or set back human civilization, then the current high-risk, high-consequence, annihilation-based strategy of nuclear deterrence must be fundamentally redesigned. Nye encourages us to believe that the risk of use can be maintained at an acceptably low level of probability. But given the catastrophic consequences, is any level of man-made existential risk acceptable? A security system that poses a global-scale risk to humanity is fundamentally flawed and is not in fact a security system at all.Footnote 5
Why Nuclear Deterrence Cannot Be Just
In “Nuclear Ethics Revisited,” Nye outlines a set of three conditions for accepting nuclear deterrence that stem from the “just war” tradition, including: (1) a just and proportionate cause; (2) limits on means; and (3) prudent consideration of all consequences. From these three conditions, Nye derives five related moral maxims: “(1) understand that self-defense is a limited but just cause. . . . (2) never treat nuclear weapons as normal weapons, and (3) minimize harm to innocent people. And regarding consequences, (4) reduce risks of nuclear war in the near term, and (5) try to reduce reliance on nuclear weapons over time.”Footnote 6
These five moral maxims present an excellent framework for conditioning our acceptance of nuclear deterrence. The challenge, however, is that nuclear deterrence fails to meet any of these conditions, and possessor states do not necessarily honor or abide by the maxims.
Let us look briefly at each maxim.
First, on the question of self-defense as a “just cause,” this moral maxim appears to be the strongest and most defensible of the five. But the extreme consequences of nuclear war, including the potential for global famine and collapse of governments and societies, raise serious questions about whether the principle of “self-defense” can really be considered just. Can a defense with nuclear weapons to save the existence of a state, or government, or people be considered just if it has the potential to cause the collapse of not only the aggressor state and its society but also other noncombatant states and societies that would become collateral damage in a global nuclear exchange? Is the self-defense of a state still defensible if the act of nuclear self-defense can trigger a holocaust so great that humans become extinct (or nearly so)? While it may be possible in theory to construct a defensive nuclear response that is “limited,” there is little evidence that a nuclear exchange will remain so in practice. An act of nuclear self-defense that triggers escalating consequences that are disproportionate to military aims is not justifiable from a moral standpoint.
Second, on not treating nuclear weapons as “normal” weapons—nuclear deterrence fails to meet this condition, precisely because of the usability paradox referenced by Nye. It is hard to imagine how nuclear deterrence could ever be considered “credible” without treating nuclear weapons as normal. For deterrence to be effective it must be credible, and for it to be credible, nuclear possessor states must plan, build, and rehearse the launch of nuclear weapons. In effect, these weapons are very much treated like other normal military weapons. Nuclear systems acquisition, policy planning, target planning, personnel training, and even launch exercises are all performed on a routine basis. Nuclear weapons are on high alert by the thousands in the United States and Russia alone, with tens of thousands of troops deployed in missile launch control centers, on submarines, on standby to pilot aircraft, and actively staffing warning and control systems. A global nuclear arms race adds urgency to these activities.
Further, arguments for low-yield nuclear weapons to maintain control of “escalation ladders” are premised on the idea that they are more “usable” and thus more credible. The recent threats of use by President Putin in the Ukraine war are dangerously undermining a long-standing tacit understanding that even threatening nuclear use is taboo. Both of these trends risk further normalizing nuclear weapons and blurring the line between nuclear and normal (conventional) weapons. Nuclear weapons are most definitely not being treated as if they were weapons of last resort, stored in some dusty basement for a future emergency. All of these practices increase the risk of use, whether inadvertent, accidental, or intentional. The usability paradox is in fact a “usability trap.”
Third, on minimizing harm to innocent people, nuclear weapons are by their very nature indiscriminate. Even if a nuclear weapon hits its target with pinpoint precision, the widespread effects beyond the massive blast zone in the form of hurricanes of fire, electromagnetic pulse, ionizing radiation, and the potential for radioactive fallout hundreds of miles downwind from the detonation point ensure a very high likelihood of harm to potentially millions of innocent people. In the worst scenario—a major nuclear exchange between two large nuclear powers—we know that the consequences could extend well beyond the two combatant states and affect much of the world with nuclear winter or nuclear autumn, potentially causing the starvation of billions.Footnote 7 Nuclear weapons are inhumane weapons of terror. It is hard to square nuclear use scenarios with the idea that harm to innocents could be kept minimal and proportionate to military aims, especially given the ever-present risk of escalation.
Fourth, on reducing the risks of nuclear war in the near term: This is certainly a worthy goal and there are many steps that could be taken immediately that would reduce the risk of nuclear war. But the circular logic of nuclear deterrence has successfully inhibited the adoption of many such reasonable measures over the last several decades since deterrence depends on a state's capacity to credibly threaten mass annihilation. Measures such as deep reductions, a commitment to no first use of nuclear weapons, and taking weapons off hair-trigger launch are dismissed as undermining not only leadership options but also the credibility of the deterrent and ambiguity of action. We see this playing out in the United States at present, where, regrettably, the logic of nuclear deterrence is now driving a conversation about the possible need for increasing U.S. nuclear firepower to combat multiple peer competitors—namely Russia and China. As long as the United States and other nuclear-armed states continue to rely on the logic of nuclear deterrence, serious steps toward reduced reliance and nuclear risk reduction will remain difficult, if not impossible. Moreover, rather than reducing the risk of nuclear war in the near term, it is more likely that a system based on maintaining a credible system for nuclear annihilation will increase the risk over time that a nuclear weapon will be used, even if only inadvertently.
Finally, on the fifth moral maxim, reducing reliance on nuclear weapons over time, there are steps that leaders could take that would immediately and measurably reduce our reliance on these weapons. Global leaders and publics alike should prioritize such measures just as they have convened to address climate change as essential to safeguarding the future. But again, the circular logic of nuclear deterrence mitigates against such actions. A nuclear security system premised on the belief that the possession and credible threat of use of nuclear weapons is central to its security, by definition, creates a dynamic that reinforces, rather than reduces, reliance on those weapons for its own security.
All that said, even if nuclear weapon states were to abide by each of the moral maxims proposed by Nye, we would still be left with a system that asks humanity to bear a significant degree of existential risk. Nye asks us to suspend disbelief and trust that nuclear risks can continue to be safely managed across decades, perhaps centuries, through a strategy that rehearses the use of those weapons and is premised on the infallibility of humans and technology. Even if such a low-risk system were achievable, what purpose would it serve? In the end, we are still left with a system that perpetuates existential risk to humanity. Would “just deterrence” absolve nuclear states of responsibility for a global nuclear catastrophe if, after making our best efforts to bolt guardrails onto nuclear deterrence, it still failed? It seems that “just nuclear deterrence” further rationalizes the continuation of an existentially risky system.
In short, the dynamics of the nuclear deterrence system actually countervail Nye's core objectives for human survival and values preservation.
What We Owe the Future: Existential Security
We owe the future a system that will prevent global catastrophe or even extinction and allow humanity to flourish, not just one that gives humanity a chance of survival. The global system of nuclear deterrence, even just deterrence, fails this test.
What might a new nuclear security system look like? For starters, it should be built on the design principle that the consequences of system failure cannot threaten to end or fundamentally disrupt civilization by years, decades, or centuries. It should be premised on the fundamental moral argument that we owe it to the world today and to generations yet to come to allow future humans to exist and flourish.Footnote 8 Only then could we label such a security system a “just” system.Footnote 9 Only then might we be able to meet the moral objectives for future generations articulated by Professor Nye.
A just security system need not and should not assume conflict has disappeared from the world. On the contrary, it must recognize that conflict is an inherent human and societal challenge, one that must be managed differently in a world where humanity has developed technologies that can destroy civilization. We are not asking, as Nye assumes, for the “absence of all risk,”Footnote 10 but rather for the absence of risk of civilization collapse.
Moral Reasoning Supports a Nuclear Weapons Ban
Given the inherent consequences, indiscriminate effects, and disproportionate and extreme harms that nuclear weapons pose, their possession and use, or threat of use, cannot be aligned with just war principles. The possession and use, or threat of use, of nuclear weapons, and the deterrence strategy that necessitates their possession and the threat of their use, is unethical and immoral.
Professor Nye suggests that such thinking leads us to naïve and dangerous territory where our freedoms and those of future generations are at risk from nuclear adversaries. Nuclear abolition is treated as a fantasy, derived solely from primitive intuition and moral outrage, instead of from moral reasoning and rational security judgments about risks, benefits, and consequences.
Where does that leave us? According to Nye, it leaves us in a state of unavoidable existential risk. But such defeatist and short-term thinking has kept us trapped in the outdated paradigm of nuclear deterrence for decades, even as the risks of nuclear catastrophe rise. The strategists who developed nuclear deterrence did not believe they had discovered the answer to the challenge of managing nuclear technology for the rest of time, or as Bertrand Russell said “until the sun goes cold.”Footnote 11 Instead of dismissing a nuclear weapons prohibition as the naïve aspiration of moral outrage, we should treat it as the existential and moral imperative that it is, with an obligation to engage in a serious effort to create a system for managing nuclear technology that provides existential security.
A security system without nuclear weapons, while not easy to realize, is not an unachievable dream. An alternative strategy for preventing nuclear use could rely on a strict and effective technology-control regime around the dual-use technologies that can be utilized for peaceful purposes as well as for nuclear weapons. Seventy years ago, the technical capacity to do that did not exist. Today, it does. We have learned a lot about how to monitor, detect, and regulate nuclear technology that could be used or diverted for weapons purposes.Footnote 12 Such a regime would need to be coupled with a legal prohibition against nuclear weapons possession, deployment and use, as well as with the policies, institutions, and capabilities necessary to implement, verify, and enforce such a prohibition. Each of these goals is formidable and will require steady effort over a generation or more.
In “Nuclear Ethics Revisited,” Nye articulates a set of moral objectives that should serve as a north star for building a better, more just nuclear system. He urges us to measure the ethics of the nuclear system by how well it advances the moral objectives of ensuring both the survival of future generations and the core values that can enable humanity to flourish. While it is possible to achieve a just nuclear system that follows Nye's commendable moral maxims, that system can never rely on the logic of nuclear deterrence. A just system would not pose an existential threat to the survival of humanity, but instead provide a high probability of existential security.
To create such a system, one must first imagine it and desire it. We need to start by unshackling our thinking from the straitjacket of nuclear deterrence. We can choose to have a system that, even if it fails, would not fail catastrophically for humanity. That should be our moral guidepost.
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Boost Efficiency & Profits: Choosing the Right Industrial Reciprocating Compressor
The Powerhouse of Industry: A Comprehensive Guide to Industrial Reciprocating Compressor
Numerous industrial processes depend on industrial reciprocating compressor as their workhorses. They are essential to many different processes, including the production of power, chemicals, and oil and gas. This thorough guide explores the world of industrial compressors, including its features, important selection criteria, and vital elements including price, upkeep, efficiency, and top manufacturers.
Understanding Industrial Reciprocating Compressors
Industrial reciprocating compressor are positive displacement devices that compress gas using a piston that moves inside a cylinder. Below is a summary of their main features:
- Working Principle:
Through an intake valve, low-pressure gas is drawn in by the piston as it travels back and forth inside the cylinder. After compressing the gas and raising its pressure, the piston pushes it out of a discharge valve.
Single-acting and double-acting variants are available for industrial compressors. While double-acting compressors produce compression on both the upward and downward strokes, providing better efficiency, single-acting compressors only compress gas on a single piston stroke.
Multi-stage reciprocating compressors are used in situations where extremely high discharge pressures are necessary. These types compress the gas gradually in several phases, cooling the gas in between to avoid dangerously high temperatures.
Applications: Areas of Excellence for Industrial Reciprocating Compressors
Industrial reciprocating compressor is employed in a variety of industries due to their adaptability, such as:
- Oil and gas:
Used in gas lift operations, wellhead gathering, and pipeline gearbox for natural gas compression.
- Chemical Processing:
Compressing different gases utilized in chemical industrial operations is done by chemical processing.
- Power generation:
Used in power plants to feed compressed air to combustion turbines.
- Food and Beverage:
Contribute to the food and beverage sector through applications and refrigeration systems.
Used in a variety of manufacturing operations to supply power to pneumatic tools and equipment.
Factors to Consider When Choosing an Industrial Reciprocating Compressor
For optimum efficiency and effective operation, choosing the correct industrial reciprocating compressor is essential. Here are a few crucial things to think about:
Knowing which particular gas is being compressed and what the necessary discharge pressure is crucial.
The flow rate (CFM, or cubic feet per minute) of the compressor needs to be able to supply the air or gas that your application requires.
- Duty Cycle:
Select an appropriate duty cycle rating by taking into account the frequency and duration of compressor operation.
- Energy Efficiency:
If you want to reduce the amount of energy you use, look for compressors that have variable-speed drives.
- Maintenance requirements:
Set aside priority models with easily accessible parts for regular maintenance and easily obtainable spares.
Exploring Additional Considerations
- Industrial Compressor Duty Cycle:
Selecting a compressor that can meet your unique requirements requires an understanding of the duty cycle. Consult our compressor duty cycle guidance.
- Energy-Efficient Industrial Reciprocating Compressor:
In the modern industrial environment, energy efficiency is a crucial factor. Examine energy-saving techniques for reciprocating industrial compressors.
To save maintenance expenses and downtime, give low-maintenance compressors priority. Find out more about the maintenance schedules for industrial reciprocating compressors.
Industrial Reciprocating Compressor Cost
These reciprocating compressor’s price varies greatly based on several variables, such as:
- Size and Capacity:
Naturally, larger and more powerful compressors are more expensive.
More expensive features include variable-speed drives, oil-free operation, and interstage cooling.
- Brand Reputation:
Compared to lesser-known manufacturers, premium brands with established reputations may fetch higher prices.
Energy-Efficient Industrial Reciprocating Compressors: Power Up Without Burning Out
Energy efficiency is becoming a need in today’s industrial environment, not just a nicety. Industrial reciprocating compressors can be an effective choice for applications that need compressed air. Their energy usage, nevertheless, can be substantial. To help you save money and lessen your environmental effects, this article examines characteristics and tactics to take into account when choosing an energy-efficient industrial reciprocating compressor.
Why Focus on Energy Efficiency?
The energy consumption of an industrial plant may be significantly influenced by industrial reciprocating compressors. This is why it’s so important to prioritize energy efficiency:
- Reduced Operating Costs:
You may save a lot of money on your power costs by using less energy.
- Environmental Sustainability:
You can help create a more sustainable organization and a smaller carbon imprint by using less energy.
- Government Incentives:
Purchasing energy-efficient industrial equipment can result in tax exemptions or refunds in several places.
Strategies for Energy-Efficient Operation
The following are some essential tactics to increase your industrial reciprocating compressor’s energy efficiency:
- Select the Correct Compressor Size:
You may avoid wasting energy by selecting a compressor whose capacity precisely fits the air demand of your application.
- Variable Speed Drives (VSD):
This technology eliminates energy loss during idle times by precisely adjusting the compressor’s motor speed to match varying air needs.
- Two-Stage Compression:
Two-stage compressors with interstage cooling are more energy-efficient than single-stage ones for high-pressure applications. By preventing significant heat accumulation, interstage cooling lowers the energy needed for compression.
- Appropriate Maintenance:
Preventive maintenance minimizes energy losses from wear and tear and guarantees peak performance. This covers routine air filter replacements, oil changes on schedule, and system maintenance.
- Leak Finding and Repair:
Energy efficiency may be greatly impacted by even little air leaks. Check for leaks in your compressed air system regularly, and fix any problems that are found right away.
Low-Maintenance Industrial Reciprocating Compressors: Keeping Your Operation Running Smoothly
Another crucial element in optimizing the performance and economy of your industrial compressor is minimizing maintenance needs. Here’s something to think about:
- Oil-Lubricated vs. Oil-Free:
Although oil changes are necessary for oil-lubricated compressors, these types are often more durable and efficient than oil-free ones. On the other hand, oil-free compressors remove the possibility of contaminating your compressed air system with oil.
- Simple Maintenance Access:
Select a compressor that has a design that makes it simple to reach vital parts like valves, drains, and filters. This lowers downtime and streamlines maintenance processes.
- Longer Service Intervals:
Seek for compressors that have longer service intervals between air filter replacements and oil changes. This results in reduced maintenance expenses and times.
You may choose an industrial reciprocating compressor that provides ideal performance and minimizing your operational expenses. Leading brand of industrial reciprocating compressors that are low-maintenance and energy-efficient are available from LEiYAO Compressors. Get in touch with us right now to talk about your unique requirements and get the best solutions for your needs.
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When it comes to finding the shortest distance between two points with no conditions, it’s relatively straightforward. In mathematics, the shortest distance between two points in a Euclidean space is a straight line. However, in real-world scenarios, it may not always be possible to travel in a straight line. Factors such as natural obstacles or man-made structures may require detours.
In such cases, we need to consider alternative paths to find the shortest distance. One way to achieve this is to use CrewCard and contact [email protected] to set it to No Conditions, once settings are set to No Condition it will calculate the shortest route between two points based on current traffic and road conditions. These applications often use sophisticated algorithms to optimise routes, which take into account various factors such as traffic flow, speed limits, and road closures.
In cases where we want to avoid highways and alternate routes, the shortest distance can become a bit more complex to calculate. To accomplish this, we need to enable the “Avoiding Highways and Alternate Routes” by contacting [email protected]. It can help us to plan our journey, taking into account our desired route and travel time.
In order to avoid highways and alternate routes, these mapping applications typically offer different route options that prioritise smaller roads and streets. They can also provide real-time traffic data and route adjustments based on current traffic conditions. Additionally, we can use GPS devices to provide us with real-time information about traffic, construction, and other road conditions.
Using software like Crewcard, which is a specialised mapping and navigation application designed for commercial drivers, can make finding the shortest distance between two points even easier. These applications can help drivers to optimise their routes and schedules, saving time, and money while improving safety and efficiency.
In conclusion, finding the shortest distance between two points is an essential aspect of navigation, whether it is for personal or commercial use. By using specialised mapping software or GPS devices, we can easily find the shortest route to our destination, while considering our preferences, traffic conditions, and other factors that can impact our travel experience.
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Data center operators have learned to scrutinize their buildings for wasted energy. They understand that the way to efficiency is to follow the basic lessons of thermodynamics: minimize the effort spent removing heat - and if possible avoid creating it in the first place.
They know it’s cool to be “adiabatic”: to avoid transferring heat to one’s surroundings. And they compete to get PUE figures less than 1.1 - which is more than 90 percent efficiency in getting power to the computers.
But the servers in the racks are letting the side down. Awesome as their processors are, their CMOS circuitry is actually way less efficient than the CRAC units and power transformers they share a home with. And the technology is reaching its limits.
The IT industry has triumphantly ridden on the back of Moore’s Law: the phenomenal fact that every two years, the number of transistors on a chip doubled… for more than forty years. This delivered continuous improvements in computing power and energy efficiency, because of the related Koomey’s Law which says that energy requirements will fall at the same rate.
But everyone knows this is coming to an end. Chip makers are struggling to make a 5nm process work, because the gates are so small there is quantum tunneling through them.
Looking ahead, we might be able to use around 100 attojoules (100 x 10-18J) per operation, according to Professor Jon Summers, who leads the Research Institute of Sweden (RISE), but there’s an even lower theoretical limit to computing energy, which derives from work by Rolf Landauer of IBM in the 1960s.
Landauer observed that, even if everything else in a computer is done completely efficiently, there’s an apparently inescapable energy cost. Whenever there’s an irreversible loss of information - such as erasing a bit - entropy increases, and energy is turned into heat. There’s a fundamental minimum energy required to erase a bit, and it is tiny: just under 3 zeptojoules (3 x 10-21J) which is kBTln 2, where kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature in kelvins. Physicists like to use electron volts (eV) to measure small amounts of energy, but even on that scale it’s tiny: 0.0175 eV.
“On that basis, computing is only 0.03 percent efficient,” said Summers, a shocking comparison with efficiencies above 95 percent claimed for some of the mechanical and electrical equipment these computers share a building with.
Can computers catch up? In their glory days, Moore’s and Koomey’s laws projected that we might reach the Landauer limit by 2050, but Summers thinks that’s never going to happen: “You can’t get down to three zeptojoules because of thermal fluctuations.”
But if you can’t reduce the energy required, your technology hits limitations: when you miniaturize it, the power density goes through the roof. Bipolar transistor-transistor logic (TTL) was used for early computers and continued in use till the IBM 3081 of 1980, but as it was miniaturized, it generated so much heat it needed water cooling.
The newer CMOS technology rapidly replaced TTL in the 1980s because it used 100,000 times less energy, said Summers: “The heat flux went down, the need for liquid cooling disappeared, and they could stick with air cooling.”
Now, as CMOS has shrunk, the heat density has increase: "We’ve gone up that curve again, three times higher than in TTL.” Water cooling is coming back into fashion. As before, other people are looking for alternative technologies. And, as it happens, there is an often-overlooked line of research which could drastically reduce the heat emission - sidestepping the Landauer limit, but questioning its assumption that computing involves overwriting data.
Landauer assumed that at some point data had to be erased, But what if that were not true? That’s a question which Michael Frank of the US Sandia National Laboratories has been asking for more than 25 years: “A conventional computer loses information all the time. Every logic gate, on every clock cycle, destructively overwrites old output with new output. Landauer’s principle tells you, no matter how you do those operations, any operation that overwrites memory has to dissipate some energy. That’s just because of the connection between information and entropy.”
Yves Lecerf in 1963, and Charles Bennett in 1973, both pointed out that Landauer’s assumption was mistaken. In theory, a computer did not need to erase a bit, as the erasing part wasn’t mathematically required.
Back in 1936, Alan Turing had proved that any computation could be done by a device writing and erasing marks on a paper tape, leading to the stored program model followed by all computers since. Turing’s universal machine was not reversible, as it both reads and erases bits (Turing was thinking about other things than entropy). Lecerf and Bennett proved any Universal Turing machine could be made reversible.
In the 1970s, Richard Feynman followed this up, noting that there is no lower limit to the energy required for a reversible process, so in principle, a reversible computer could give us all the computing we need while consuming almost no energy!
However, Feynman pointed out a big drawback that followed from the physics of these systems. To be reversible or “adiabatic,” an operation should take place in thermal equilibrium. To stay in thermal equilibrium, those processes must operate really, really slowly. So the system could be infinitely efficient, at the cost of being infinitely slow.
A small number of physicists and computer scientists have been brainstorming for years, looking for reversible technologies which might operate adiabatically or nearly adiabatically - but not take an infinite time over it.
Theory meets reality
In 1982, Edward Fredkin and Tomasso Toffoli at MIT designed reversible logic gates… but this is theory, so they based them on billiard balls. Physicists like to use classical mechanics as a model, and the pair considered a switch where hard spheres entered a physical box and had elastic collisions. Where they bounced to comprised the output - and in theory the switch could work adiabatically in real time.
The trouble is, you can’t get a system aligned infinitely precisely with zero friction, any more than you can eliminate the thermal noise and tunneling in an electronic system. Fredkin and Toffoli offered an electronic alternative, based on capacitors and inductors, but that needed zero resistance to work.
Researchers began to work towards reversible circuits in CMOS, and fully reversible circuits began with Saed Younis working in Tom Knight’s group at MIT.
At the same time, other groups designed mechanical systems, based on rods and levers. Ralph Merkle at the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Palo Alto, designed completely reversible nano-scale machines, based around moving tiny physical bars. Others worked on quantum dots - systems that use single electrons to handle information, at very low temperatures.
All these approaches involve trade-offs. They can be completely reversible, but they would require utterly new manufacturing methods, they might involve a lot more physical space. Low temperature systems have an associated energy cost, and - as Feynman pointed out - some reversible systems work very slowly.
As things stand, the IT industry has chosen a path that prioritizes results over efficiency. That’s nothing new. Canals are fantastically efficient, allowing goods to be floated without friction, pulled by a horse. Yet, in the 19th century, the industrial revolution in Britain chose railways, powered by burning coal, because railways enabled transport to any destination quickly.
Classical reversible computing can potentially save energy, doing conventional general problems: “A good analogy is the difference between throwing trash away and recycling,” Frank told DCD. “It’s easier to put it in the landfill than to transform it, but in principle, you could get a saving.” When we overwrite bits, he said, we let the information turn into entropy, which generates heat that has to be moved out of the machine.
“If you have some information that you have generated, and you don’t need it anymore, the reversible way to deal with it is to ‘decompute’ it or undo the physical operations that computed it. In general you can have an extra tape, where you temporarily record information that you would have erased, and then decompute it later.” Decomputing is a bit like regenerative braking in a vehicle - getting back the energy that has been put in.
Computing chose CMOS because it works, and since that choice was made reversible computing has been ignored by mainstream research. As one of the MIT group in the 1990s, Frank helped create some of the prototypes and demonstrations of the concepts. He’s stayed true to its promise since then, patiently advocating its potential, while watching investment and media focus go to more exciting prospects like quantum computing.
Since 2015, as a senior scientist at the Sandia National Laboratories, he’s established reversible computing as a possible future direction for IT. Through the IEEE, he’s contributed to the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS), a series of documents which chart the likely developments in semiconductors - and reversible computing is now on that map.
There’s lots of excitement about other technologies on the list such as quantum computing, which offers potentially vast increases in speed using superpositions of quantum states.
Google and others are racing towards “quantum supremacy,” but quantum may have limits, said Frank. “Quantum computing offers algorithm speed ups. It boils down to specific kinds of problem. It has so much overhead, with very low temperatures and massive systems. The real world cost per operation is huge - and it will never run a spreadsheet.”
Frank is clear about the tradeoffs in reversible computing. Saving bits takes up space. “It’s a tradeoff between cost and energy efficiency,” he told us - but as chips approach their current limitations, that space could become available.
Because today's chips are now generating so much heat - the problem Summers noted earlier - they are often riddled with "dark silicon."
Today’s chips have more gates on them than they can use at any one time. They are built as systems on a chip (SOCs), that combine different modules. Said Summers: “A multicore chip might have a budget of 100W. In order to not exceed that you can only switch on so many transistors.”
Silicon providers are giving us gates we can’t use all at once. “We’ve been duped by the manufacturers,” said Summers.
One step at a time
Frank thinks this dark silicon could be used to introduce some aspects of reversible computing. “We could harness more of the transistors that can be fabricated on a given chip, if we have them turned on and doing things adiabatically.” Space on chips, that would otherwise be under-utilized, could be given over to adiabatic switches - because they won’t use significant power and cause heating.
Adiabatic circuits made in CMOS are still in their infancy and at present have some limitations: “Adiabatic CMOS gets better at low temperatures, and is especially good at cryogenic temperatures,” he said.
Perhaps ironically, a field which needs electronics that work at low temperatures is the well-funded area of quantum computing. The quantum bits or “qubits” need to be kept at cryogenic temperatures, and any heat generated in the surrounding control circuits must be removed.
It could be that early adiabatic silicon will be developed for supporting circuitry in quantum computing projects, said Frank: “That may end up being one of the first commercial applications of adiabatic logic - you gain some benefits from operating at low temperature.”
Getting it to work well at room temperature will require more work and new kinds of component, including resonators which absorb energy and recover it, providing the “regenerative brakes” that decomputing needs.
“The energy required for data processing is never going to be zero,” said Frank. “No system is perfectly efficient. We don’t yet know the fundamental limits to how small the losses can become. More generally, we don’t know the fundamental limits to reversible technologies.”
Frank’s group is starting to get funding, and access to fabs for custom chips, but it’s slow: “We need more engineers working on these kinds of ideas. We have the funding to make test chips. It’s possible to make these through commercial foundries, too. That’s another avenue we can pursue.”
However it happens, we know that something like this is needed, as classical CMOS approaches the end of its useful development. “We’re getting closer to the point where you can’t go further.” said Summers. “Will the semiconductor industry stagnate, and people lose interest in it? Or will it do other things?”
Frank and Summers agree that in the next ten years or so there will be a gap between the end of CMOS and whatever the next technology is. “No one knows what will fill that gap at this point,” said Frank. “A wide variety of things are being investigated. There’s no clear winner. I would not be surprised if there’s a period of stagnation. It takes quite a while - about ten years - for a technology to go from working in the lab to mass production.”
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Marsupials skulls are museum quality replicas. Cast in durable Polyurethane resins. Made in USA. Marsupials are an infra class of mammals, characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands, with the remaining 100 found in the Americas, primarily in South America, but with thirteen in Central America, and one in North America, north of Mexico.
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Discover the prolific career of 18th-century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, whose work spanned almost every field of math under the sun!
By Lillie Therieau
Leonhard Euler was a hardworking man, publishing hundreds of papers and articles throughout his career. The 18th-century Swiss mathematician shaped several disciplines of mathematics and physics, making critical contributions that paved the way for his predecessors.
When he went totally blind in middle age, Leonhard’s productivity only increased. He liked to quip that eyesight had been his last remaining distraction from his work! Learn more about Leonhard’s life as a mathematician and his struggles to navigate the political upheaval of 18th-century Russia.
Leonhard Euler’s Driven Life
Leonhard Euler was born in Basel, Switzerland in 1707. His father was a pastor and his mother was a pastor’s daughter, both of the Protestant reformed church. Soon after his birth, the Euler family moved to the town of Riehen, where Leonhard’s father became a pastor at the local church. Leonhard spent most of his childhood in Riehen, spending lots of time with the Bernoulli family, who were friends of his father. As a young child, he took classes from Jacob Bernoulli, who was regarded as one of the most famous European mathematicians at the time.
However, when it came time for Leonhard to begin his formal education, he moved back to Basel to live with his maternal grandmother. When he was 13 years old, he enrolled at the University of Basel. While taking his university classes, he was also receiving private tutoring on the weekends with Johann Bernoulli. Johann discovered Leonhard’s innate talent for mathematics and helped to convince his father to allow him to study mathematics, instead of theology.
At the age of 19, Leonhard completed his dissertation on the mathematical properties of sound. He unsuccessfully tried to get a position at the University of Basel, like many of his friends in the Bernoulli family. However, he was offered a position at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences by Daniel Bernoulli, after his brother Nicolaus died, leaving an open professorship. Leonhard quickly learned Russian and adjusted to life in St. Petersburg. He also became a medic in the Russian Navy. When Emperor Peter the Great died, conditions deteriorated at the Academy. He had established the school to modernize Russia and bring it into line with the rapid scientific progress being made in Western Europe. However, Peter the Great’s successors were much more conservative, censoring the professors at the school and displaying general hostility towards the foreigners that held positions there.
In 1731, Leonhard was promoted to Professor of Physics. Just a few years later, he ascended to the head of the mathematics department after his friend Daniel quit and returned to Switzerland. In 1934, Leonhard married Katharina Gsell, the daughter of a well-known Russian painter.
Just a few years later, the Prussian Emperor offered Leonhard a position at his new Berlin Academy. He initially resisted leaving Russia, trying to eke out an academic career amidst political upheaval. By 1741, however, another Russian emperor died, leaving a power vacuum. Leonhard decided to leave and travel to Prussia. Leonhard and his family moved to Berlin, where he would stay for the next 25 years.
In Berlin, Leonhard was given the freedom to publish on whatever topics he wished. During his tenure, he published several hundred papers! However, he was frequently the object of the Prussian Emperor’s scorn. Frederick the Great enjoyed surrounding himself with sophisticated, worldly intellectuals who often leaned towards the secular. Leonhard himself was deeply religious and largely unconcerned with subjects outside of the realm of mathematics and science.
When it came time to appoint the new president of the Berlin Academy, Leonhard was passed over, despite his vast contributions to the academic influence of the academy. Instead, Frederick the Great installed himself as president. Despite the many improved conditions in Prussia, Leonhard missed Russia and stayed in contact with his friends and colleagues there. He even published over 100 papers in Russia, all while employed at the Berlin Academy, a real feat at the time.
In 1766, when Catherine the Great took the Russian throne, the empire stabilized. More in line with Peter the Great’s policies on mathematics and academics, Leonhard felt that he could return to Catherine’s Russia. He accepted another position at the St. Petersburg Academy and returned with his family that same year.
In the meantime, Leonhard’s eyesight was deteriorating. By 1766 he’d already lost most of the sight in his right eye and cataracts were discovered in the left one. A failed surgery in Russia rendered him almost totally blind. Surprisingly, this did not limit his productivity! With the help of assistants who transcribed his work, he published even more than he had before he lost his eyesight.
Leonhard Euler’s Profound Impact on Math
Leonhard made countless discoveries in the field of mathematics, working with calculus, geometry, number theory, trigonometry, and many areas of physics. He is most notable for creating the function, which assigns every number in set x exactly one number in set y. It is a fundamental building block of algebraic thinking today and you may recognize it as f(x) = y. He also popularized the use of the symbol π!
He expanded on the work his friends in the Bernoulli family had done concerning the new field of infinitesimal calculus. He developed and popularized the power series, which allows for the expression of functions as sums of infinitely many terms. This aided him in advanced calculus analysis, pushing at the previous limitations of the field.
Leonhard was also known for applying his geometry and trigonometry know-how to mechanical engineering and astronomy. He was able to calculate the orbits of planets and other celestial bodies with amazing accuracy, and he laid the groundwork for the wave theory of light with his papers on optics. Finally, Leonhard was interested in the unusual application of mathematics to music composition. He saw music theory as a profoundly mathematical discipline and he believed that a more granular mathematical approach could benefit future composers. However, many saw his music theory work as too mathematical for musicians to make use of.
Euler’s table of the first ten degrees of agreeableness of musical intervals, via thatsmaths.com
Leonhard Euler’s Sudden Death and Lasting Legacy
In 1783, Leonhard was having a leisurely lunch with his family, discussing the recent discovery of the planet Uranus. Suddenly, he dropped to the ground, dead. He had suffered a massive and unexpected aneurysm. He was eulogized all over Europe by notable mathematicians and scientists.
Leonhard Euler’s role as a lifelong teacher impacted the education of thousands of students in Prussia and Russia, many of whom went on to become important forces of progress in mathematics. His work paved the way for future developments in physics and calculus, most notably.
He’s been featured on several Swiss banknotes, as well as Swiss and Russian postage. An asteroid found by a Russian astronomer in 1973 was named 2002 Euler, and Leonhard’s grave is now the spot of a large commemorative statue.
The Brilliant Lives of Famous Mathematicians
This article is the fifteenth in our series exploring the lives and achievements of famous mathematicians throughout history. (Our last article was about the Scottish mathematician John Napier!)
Through the lives of these brilliant folks, we hope you’ll find connections, inspiration, and empowerment.
Recent Blogs posted from our team
Why Your Child Is Behind in Math (Yes, Even Your Child)
Elephant Learning accurately tests and evaluates kids at different grade levels to see if they truly get what they should be learning. It then adjusts what they’re learning to ensure they understand math conceptually right from the start. The app provides educational games for the kids while also providing parents with reports and information on how the app is actually teaching a concept. Parents will find games to play with their children outside of the app that further support learning. We break it down for you, telling you how to help your child along every step of the way and showing you how to identify your child’s misunderstandings simply. For instance, rather than correcting them or showing them how to do the math problem correctly, ask them why they think they’re correct; you’re going to see what they misunderstand nearly immediately and be able to give them a hint on how to overcome it. This way, Elephant Learning is empowering to the student, but it’s also empowering to the parent. You no longer have to be afraid to take your child’s math education into your own hands.
Why You Need Tools Other Than Math Worksheets to Help Your Kid Become a Math Whiz
Discover why math worksheets aren’t the best tool for helping your child ace math.
Why Math Tutoring Doesn't Help
Discover why math tutoring is not the most effective tool for helping your student learn math.
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John Balean (TopFoto, Great Britain) “History, created and rediscovered by Press Photography 1842-1939”
Shortly after the invention of photography, in 1839, press photography was born. Only a few iconic names and images have been embraced by academia but ever since the first press imagery appeared, photographic masterpieces have been published, lost, damaged, destroyed, left anonymously and often completely forgotten. Press photography has a strong sense of narrative and enables us to see how the way we remember things can be distorted or manipulated.
John Balean gives a brief introduction about the origins of Press photography and TopFoto’s involvement in EuropeanaPhotography to help preserve digitally a collection of press photographic memory for future generations.
Information about the speaker:
John Balean is a photographer and international marketing manager at picture library TopFoto. He graduated from the University of Newcastle (Australia) with a bachelor of Arts in the Visual Arts and a major in Photography. J. Balean is TopFoto coordinator for the EuropeanaPhotography project. He has given lectures and written about the picture industry and is the Consultant Researcher to the Press Photo History Project. John has been an editor of the 2008–2009 CEPIC (Coordination of European Picture Agencies Stock, Press and Heritage), from 2013 he is an elected member of the Committee of CEPIC. From 2012 he is an elected member of the Executive Committee of BAPLA (British Association of Picture Libraries and Agencies). When time allows he creates daguerreotypes, the earliest form of photography, using a vintage Gandolfi 5×7 plate camera.
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International Holocaust Remembrance Day
On 27 January every year we commemorate the International Holocaust Remembrance Day. Through 'remembrance, education and research' of the Holocaust and this dark chapter of Europe's history the European Union is committed to preserving the memory of the Holocaust so that it never repeats itself and to fighting antisemitism and all forms of racism today.
The European Holocaust Research Infrastructure (EHRI) is a research initiative funded by the European Union which together with partners in Israel, an ETF partner country, and the United States of America brings together research sources related to the Holocaust to ensure its memory is kept alive for future generations. It also represents a trusted source of research and information for 'remembrance, research and education about the Holocaust (Shoah)' and supports the upcoming EU strategy for Combating Antisemitism and Fostering Jewish Life and the newly adopted EU Action Plan for Human Rights and Democracy (2020-2024). Its significance is hugely important for the world at a time when we have witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic an escalation in misinformation, hate speech against minorities, and conspiracy theorists denying and deligitimising history.
On February 1st, EHRI will join the EU Affairs team of B'nai B'rith International in a high-level online event to mark the 76th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, with video addresses from Ursula Von Der Leyen (President of European Commission); Audrey Azoulay (Director-General of UNESCO); Marija Pejčinović Burić (Secretary General of Council of Europe); Matteo Mecacci (Director of OSCE/ODIHR) and H.E. AMB. Michaela Küchler (Chair of International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance). More information can be found here.
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Researchers at Youth-Nex and the UVA School of Education and Human Development are contributing to a growing body of research on how and why effective mentoring works, as highlighted in this 2024 national mentoring month round-up.
- Addressing Youth Loneliness: Close youth mentoring relationships can improve mentees’ relationships with other people and their sense of loneliness. In this study, researchers evaluated the relationship between youth mentoring participation and peer social acceptance. Findings suggest that mentoring relationships are the most beneficial for mentees who have fewer relationships but do not necessarily feel lonely. Read Blog Post.
- Young Women Leaders Program: The Young Women Leaders Program (YWLP) is a community-based mentoring program that pairs undergraduate women with middle school girls. Olivia, a 19-year-old, participated in the program as a middle schooler mentee and now as a UVA undergraduate college mentor. In a Vlog, Olivia shares more about her experiences in YWLP, and some advice for adults and youth who may want to participate in mentoring programs. Watch Youth-Nex Vlog.
- Caregivers & Natural Mentoring Relationships: A change that occurs during adolescence is the development of close relationships outside of the immediate family unit. This study examined pathways between Black adolescents’ attachment to their parents and the quantity of natural mentors, or other youth and adult relationships in their pre-existing social networks. These Youth-Nex researchers found that more secure parent-adolescent attachment predicted a greater quantity of natural mentoring relationships. Read Article.
Sources of Mentoring
- Community-Based Mentoring: Youth today face challenges of loneliness and isolation, impacting mental health negatively. Community mentoring programs are one possible solution. In this post, a Youth-Nex & EHD graduate student share more about how mentoring programs should consider the limitations of one-on-one relationships and adopt a comprehensive approach to maximize their impact. Read Blog Post.
- Informal Mentors & Academic Success: There is little research recognizing pathways through which schools promote human capital development – by fostering informal mentoring relationships between students and their teachers, counselors, and coaches. This study, conducted by a Youth-Nex researcher and colleagues, used longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Findings suggest that informal mentoring supports students’ long-run academic success, especially for students of lower socioeconomic status. Read Article.
- Social Support in Mentoring Relationships: Social support is associated with positive physical and psychological health outcomes for youth. This qualitative study examined the sources, forms, and functions of social support youth receive from natural mentoring relationships in their lives. Findings suggest that different types of adults had the capacity to provide different types of support, and their support differed based on the adult’s role with the youth. Read Article.
Adult Professional Mentoring
- Telementoring: School-based mental health providers play an important role in supporting students, especially at a time when evidence suggests students have increasing needs. This year, a team of our researchers published an article about a telementoring model that is a low-cost, flexible way for school mental health professionals to access professional learning. The findings support the use of telementoring to improve school mental health professionals’ understanding and application of the evidence-based school counseling model. Read Article.
To access the post about this discussion, please click here.
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Insectpedia: A Brief Compendium of Insect Lore
A fun and fact-filled A–Z treasury for the insect lover in all of us
Insectpedia introduces you to the wonders of the insect world while inviting you to make discoveries of your own. Featuring dozens of entries on topics ranging from murder hornets and the “insect apocalypse” to pioneering entomologists such as Margaret James Strickland Collins and Douglas Tallamy, this beautifully illustrated, pocket-friendly encyclopedia dispels many common myths about insects while offering new perspectives on the vital relationships we share with these incredible creatures.
This entertaining collection celebrates the long and storied history of entomology, highlights our dependence on insects for food and ecosystem services, and explains the meaning behind various entomological terms. With Eric Eaton as your guide, you will circle the globe in search of African Toktokkies and Australian beer bottle beetles, and witness the peculiar spectacle of cricket fighting in Asia. Profiles of influential figures in entomology provide insights into the curious minds that animate this extraordinarily broad field of scientific inquiry, while the book’s portable size makes it the perfect travel companion no matter where your own entomological adventures may lead you.
With captivating illustrations by Amy Jean Porter, Insectpedia is an engaging blend of insect facts and folklore that will inspire anyone who delights in the marvels of nature.Written by Eric R. Eaton, Illustrated by Amy Jean Porter
Hardback: 200 pages
Dimensions: 4.75 x 0.5 x 7 inches -
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What Is The History Of Thuringian Goat Breed?
The Thuringian goat is a dairy goat breed from Thüringen in central Germany. It is a breed that has been selectively bred as an improvement on the German Improved Fawn goat breed. It was developed to have better milking production than the German Improved Fawn goat breed as well as be able to be used for meat production. The Thuringian goat breed is derived from the selective breeding of crosses between Toggenburg, Harzerziege, Rhönziege, and Thüringer Landziege goat breeds. It was developed around 1885.
Thuringian goat’s original area was Thuringia, but now it has spread across the entire German Federal Republic. The Thuringian goat is also known by some other names such as Thüringer Waldziege, Thüringer Wald, German Toggenburg.
They are very rare today and very much in danger of becoming extinct.
What Are The Characteristics Of Thuringian Goat Breed?
Thuringian goats are medium-sized animal. The average height of the bucks is 78 cm, and 74 cm for the does. Both males and females can have horns, however, they have also been found without horns The coat of this breed is brown and black, with some white spots on the body including the legs and face. Usually, the tonality of the face is lighter in colour than in the rest of the body. The ears are straight, of medium size and with an upward direction, they are white, and usually, the white colour comes from the snout and extends to the ears. This breed has 3 types of fur, long, medium and short. And the coat can be both thin and thick.
They are very strong and hardy animals. They are well known for their ability to walk long distances and also for their adaptability to the mountainous regions. Another characteristic that comes out of this breed is that they have extreme vigour, this is one of the reasons why breeders prefer it. Thuringian Goats have a strong resistance to disease and parasites. They are also excellent for keeping grass and thick bush under control. They are often used in the maintenance and clearing of brush and fields. It is a very independent breed and does not need the daily care of the breeders. Thuringian goats have little weight gain compared to other species.
Today with their numbers as low as they are the goat is no longer used for meat but rather as milk and foliage control goat. They can also be kept as pets as they are very friendly, well behaved and seem to like human interaction. The Thuringian does on average produce about 700-1000 kg of milk per lactation. Their milk on average contains butterfat of 3.5 percent. Females of this species usually have calving of twins and in some cases calvings of triplets. The mating season is only once a year. Both male and female reach a sexual age which is average with other species.
What is the weight of Thuringian Goat?
Adult Thuringian bucks on average weight about 55 kg and the does about 48 kg.
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Turquoise, with its vibrant hues ranging from sky blue to green, is a highly sought-after gemstone known for its beauty and cultural significance. One of the key factors that determine the value of turquoise is its color. The color of turquoise can vary greatly, and understanding the grading system can help you discern the quality and worth of the stone. In this blog, we will explore the grading of turquoise color in detail and shed light on which colors are considered more valuable in the market.
Turquoise Color Grading System:
The color grading system for turquoise is subjective and can vary among different experts and dealers. However, there are some general guidelines used to assess the color of turquoise. The grading system typically considers three main aspects of the stone's color:
Hue: The hue refers to the dominant color of the turquoise. It can range from blue to green, with variations in intensity. Pure blue and pure green are considered the most desirable hues. Some rare turquoise may also exhibit a mix of blue and green, creating a unique and prized hue.
Saturation: Saturation refers to the intensity or richness of the color. Turquoise with high saturation appears vivid and intense, while lower saturation can result in a more muted or pale appearance. Stones with high saturation are generally more valuable as they exhibit a bold and eye-catching color.
Tone: Tone refers to the lightness or darkness of the color. It is often described as a scale ranging from light to dark. The ideal tone for turquoise is medium to medium-dark, as it allows the color to be visible without appearing too light or too dark.
Grading Turquoise Color:
Turquoise color grading is typically divided into several categories to assess the quality and value of the stone. Let's explore these categories in detail:
AAA: This is the highest grade of turquoise color and represents stones with exceptional hue, saturation, and tone. AAA turquoise is characterized by vibrant blue or green color, intense saturation, and medium to medium-dark tone. These stones are considered rare and highly valuable.
AA: AA grade turquoise exhibits a good color range with strong hues and saturation. The tone of AA turquoise can vary, but it generally falls within the medium to medium-dark range. These stones are also highly desirable and valuable.
A: A grade turquoise represents stones with a moderate color range and lower saturation compared to AAA and AA grades. The hue may be slightly less vibrant, and the tone can vary from light to medium-dark. While A grade turquoise is still considered valuable, it is usually priced lower than higher-grade stones.
B: B grade turquoise exhibits a wider range of color variations, with hues that may be less vibrant and saturation that is not as strong as higher grades. The tone can range from light to medium-dark. B grade turquoise is often more affordable but can still display beautiful color characteristics.
Worth of Turquoise Colors:
When it comes to determining which color of turquoise is worth more, there are a few factors to consider. The rarity of the color, intensity of saturation, and desirability among buyers play significant roles in determining the value of turquoise. In general, the following colors are considered more valuable in the market:
Intense Blue: Turquoise with a vivid and pure blue color, high saturation, and medium to medium-dark tone is highly prized. This color is often associated with classic Southwestern turquoise and is considered a symbol of high-quality stones.
Intense Green: Turquoise with a vibrant and pure green color, intense saturation, and medium to medium-dark tone is also highly sought after. Green turquoise is less common than blue turquoise, making it more valuable and desirable.
Robins Egg Blue: This light and bright blue color, reminiscent of the sky on a clear day, is favored by many collectors. Turquoise with a clear, pastel blue hue and moderate saturation can command higher prices in the market.
It's important to note that personal preferences and cultural significance can also influence the perceived value of turquoise colors. Some individuals may have a particular affinity for certain shades or variations of turquoise, which can drive up their value.
In conclusion, the color of turquoise plays a significant role in determining its value. The hue, saturation, and tone of the stone contribute to its overall beauty and desirability. While intense blue and green colors are generally considered more valuable, every shade of turquoise carries its own unique charm and appeal. Ultimately, the worth of turquoise color is subjective, and it's important to choose a stone that resonates with your personal taste and style.
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<urn:uuid:cf626ad6-4e45-4dd6-af3c-1130049e41eb>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.gemexi.com/blog/turquoise/grading-turquoise-color
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2025-06-24T20:08:55Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933092 | 1,000 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Role of MLB’s Minor League Baseball System
The Minor League Baseball (MiLB) system plays a crucial role in the ecosystem of Major League Baseball (MLB). It serves as the developmental league for upcoming talent, providing a pathway for athletes aiming to reach the major leagues. This system is essential for nurturing young players, offering them a platform to refine their skills and experience competitive play.
Player Development and Training
Minor League Baseball offers a structured environment where players can focus on developing their athletic abilities. The multi-level hierarchy of Minor League teams—from Rookie Leagues to Triple-A—allows players to progress through different stages of refinement. Each level offers increased competition, challenging players to improve and adapt. The system helps bridge the gap between amateur baseball and the professional level, ensuring that players are well-prepared for the demands of the MLB.
Professional coaching and training facilities provided to players at the Minor League level play a significant part in their development. Players receive specialized instruction tailored to their position, with a focus on improving technique, physical fitness, and understanding of the game. Organizations invest heavily in talent, aiming to produce athletes capable of impacting at the major league level.
Scouting and Talent Evaluation
The Minor League system also functions as a critical component in the scouting and evaluation process. Through consistent performance in Minor League games, players can showcase their talent to team executives and scouts. This ongoing evaluation enables teams to make informed decisions regarding player promotions to the MLB, trades, and contract negotiations.
Minor League teams are also involved in data analytics, tracking players’ statistics extensively to identify strengths and areas needing improvement. This analytical approach complements the traditional scouting techniques, providing a comprehensive view of a player’s potential and readiness for the major leagues.
Economic Impact and Community Engagement
Beyond player development, Minor League teams have a substantial economic and social impact on their local communities. Hosting games and events attracts tourism and stimulates local economies, providing jobs and business opportunities. Additionally, community engagement through programs and partnerships links teams with fans, fostering a supportive environment for both players and community members.
Minor League teams prioritize affordable family entertainment, making baseball accessible to a broader audience. This contributes to the sport’s growth at the grassroots level, potentially inspiring the next generation of players and fans.
Path to the Majors
For players in the MiLB, reaching the MLB is the ultimate goal. The progression through the Minor League ranks requires dedication, resilience, and adaptability. Rookie leagues serve as an introduction, often populated by recently drafted players or those new to professional baseball. As athletes demonstrate enhanced skills and maturity, they advance to higher levels like Double-A and Triple-A, each with increasingly competitive gameplay and more complex strategies.
Coaching and Mentoring
In the lower tiers, emphasis is placed on fundamental skills and adaptation to professional standards. As players move up, they benefit from seasoned coaches who mentor them not only in technical skills but also in professional conduct and mental preparation. This support system is crucial for young talents adjusting to the intensity and pressures of professional sport.
Statistical Analysis and Performance Metrics
Moreover, the integration of statistical analysis and performance metrics has become a cornerstone in player development within Minor League Baseball. Metrics such as on-base percentage, slugging percentage, and complex statistics like wins above replacement (WAR) are utilized to gauge a player’s effectiveness. These statistics help in creating a tailored development program for each player, addressing specific areas of their game requiring attention and improvement.
Technology in Development
Advancements in technology have further enhanced the developmental process. Tools such as high-speed video analysis and biometric tracking systems allow coaches and trainers to dissect a player’s technique in unprecedented detail. These insights foster more effective training regimens and can be used to prevent injuries by identifying and correcting potential issues in a player’s form or approach.
Community and Cultural Contributions
Minor League teams often host community events, participate in local charities, and create youth baseball clinics. These activities not only endear the team to the local population but also offer players a chance to connect with fans on a personal level. This reciprocal relationship is integral to the revenue and popularity of these teams, which in turn supports the larger baseball pyramid.
Accessibility and Diversity
By making the experience of attending games accessible and affordable, Minor League teams help cultivate a diverse fan base. Families, school groups, and local organizations are attracted not just by the sport but by the vibrant social experience provided. This inclusive environment supports MLB’s long-term goals of expanding the sport’s popularity and reach across various demographics.
Despite their contributions, Minor League teams often face operational challenges. Financial stability is a constant consideration, as revenues from ticket sales and merchandise are much lower than in the Major Leagues. These economic constraints require efficient budget management and innovative marketing strategies to maintain operations.
Adapting to Change
Additionally, changes to policies at the MLB level can impact the structure and function of the MiLB. For example, adjustments in the number of affiliated teams or alterations to the season’s length can significantly influence team operations and player opportunities. Therefore, adaptability and proactive planning are key to navigating the dynamic landscape of professional baseball.
Importance of Strategic Partnerships
Many Minor League teams form strategic partnerships with local businesses, schools, and civic organizations. These partnerships can provide resources, sponsorships, and community support. Teams often reciprocate with promotions and collaborative events, creating a mutually beneficial relationship that supports the team’s financial and operational viability.
In summary, the Minor League Baseball system is an invaluable asset to Major League Baseball. It operates as a talent pipeline, refining players’ skills and preparing them for MLB challenges while also contributing positively to local communities through economic activity and fan engagement. This ecosystem provides a foundation not only for talented players to rise through the ranks but also for fostering a love of the game among diverse audiences. The continued investment and development within this system are vital to the sustained success and growth of professional baseball in America. For further information on the structure and impact of MiLB, visit Minor League Baseball’s official website.
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<urn:uuid:08afa23d-7b2f-4b63-9f2e-f9f7728dbbaf>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.gomudcats.com/the-role-of-mlbs-minor-league-baseball-system/
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2025-06-24T20:04:57Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944677 | 1,255 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Benedictine monk Dom Pérignon did not “invent” Champagne in the late 1600s. He did not exclaim “come quickly, I am tasting the stars!” Champagne’s story is older, more complicated, more interesting.
Pérignon was born in Province of Champagne in 1638. He entered the Benedictine Order when he was 17 and transferred to Abbaye Saint-Pierre d’Hautvillers in 1668, where he successfully ran the wine program until his death in 1715. He was involved in making wine, but not in inventing Champagne.
During Pérignon’s period, in-bottle second fermentation—how we make Champagne today—was a problem, not a goal. When cool weather stopped fermentation before all the sugars had been converted to alcohol and that wine was bottled, come spring the yeast began fermentation again, producing carbon dioxide and potentially turning bottles into bombs. Dom Pérignon did not invent the method of in-bottle fermentation, his career involved trying to prevent it.
Pérignon did champion reduced yields, pinot noir grapes, grape culling, and natural processes of winemaking. Under his leadership, the abbey prospered and the size of its vineyard doubled.
Dom Groussard, a Pérignon successor at the abbey, gets credit for the Pérignon myth. In 1821, 106 years after Pérignon’s death, Groussard credited Pérignon for Champagne’s invention, along with a number of other exaggerated tales. His effort was to increase the abbey’s importance and prestige, not write accurate history.
In 1896, the Syndicat du Commerce used the myth to promote Champagne and the Champagne region. That effort popularized Champagne. By the mid-20th century, their efforts helped establish Champagne as an upscale product selling in the millions.
Sparkling’s story pre-dates Pérignon. The oldest recorded mentions of sparkling wine date to a Benedictine abbey in 1531—more than a century before Pérignon was born. In 1662 English scientist and physician Christopher Merret published a paper on the production method we now call méthode champenoise. Merret’s efforts coincided with English glassmakers developing methods to make stronger glass bottles. The paper appeared six years before Pérignon arrived at his abbey and started making wine.
• Marqués de Càceres Cava Brut NV: Champagne on a beer budget; tasty, fun. $12-15 Link to my review
• Champagne Bollinger Special Cuvée Brut NV: Classic from premier maker. Rich, balanced with appropriate acidity, impressive depth, complexity. $50-68 Link to my review
• Champagne Delamotte Brut Rosé NV: Fruit-forward, elegant, sophisticated. Serves well as toasting wine, aperitif, solo for fun of sipping superb bubbly. $65-90 Link to my review
Last round: Gluten free. Dairy free. Fat free. You gotta love the Champagne diet.
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<urn:uuid:5982b382-f8b7-4564-8b73-02a25a17b1e3>
|
CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.gusclemensonwine.com/champagne-origin-myths/
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2025-06-24T18:37:42Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.931517 | 677 | 2.890625 | 3 |
To prepare students for an ever-changing world, Havergal has designed a program that develops the future-ready skills, mindsets and approaches to safely and effectively thrive in a digitally-mediated world. Digital Wisdom is a unique-to-Havergal, multi-year course, developed collaboratively by faculty across Junior Kindergarten to Grade 12, informed by research within and beyond the educational sectors, including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Economic Forum and DQ Institute. There are six key outcomes of the course structured as student-centred statements.
- Building the foundations of a digital citizen.
- An emerging digital creative.
- Practicing responsible stewardship of my digital footprint.
- Developing digital literacy.
- An emerging ethical digital collaborator.
- Practicing empathy and perspective-taking.
The Digital Wisdom course is delivered over four years to students in Grades 5 to 8, with the skills developed in each grade growing in sophistication and complexity as students progress. It is an integrated program that develops with and alongside the growth and development of the students. This emphasis on an age-and-stage approach promotes exploration and growth through various assessments and projects and highlights students reflecting on their skill development towards the six outcomes.
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<urn:uuid:a4a7d4ac-67f9-4d8d-bfce-4d8b2c6e74b9>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.havergal.on.ca/hc-x/digital-wisdom/
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2025-06-24T19:58:43Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922729 | 259 | 2.78125 | 3 |
IELTS SPEAKING CUE CARD
AN INTERESTING ANIMAL
Describe a time you saw an interesting animal
You should say:
- What it was
- Where you saw it
- What it did
And explain why you think it was interesting
A N S W E R
Well, I grew up watching the movie The Lion King countless times and I memorized every single scene of it. One heart-wrenching scene that’s really memorable to me was when Mufasa the Lion, the father of the cub Simba, passed on because of the wildebeest stampede. It’s still vivid in my memory that when I was a child, I abhorred the hyenas for running after the wildebeest, if not because of them the father of Simba, would not have died.
Countless [adj.] – very many
Heart-wrenching [adj.] – extremely sad
Cub [noun] – baby lion
Vivid [adj.] – very clear
Hyena [noun] – a doglike African mammal with forelimbs longer than their hind-limbs
Wildebeest [noun] – a large antelope with a long head, a beard and a mane, and sloping back
Pass on [phrasal verb] – die
Stampede [noun] – a sudden panicked rush
Abhor [verb] – regard with disgust and hatred
Run after [phrasal verb] – chase
i.) In this part, the speaker did not immediately give the subject of his story, instead, he talked about one particular movie which he saw in his childhood that involved many kinds of animals as the characters of that movie. Then, he talked about one scene from that movie that affected him much and he used it to indirectly introduce which animal he considered as interesting. It’s a creative way to develop an introductory part of the story and is well-organized with a smooth transition.
So today, I’d like to talk about hyenas, especially the female hyenas, as they have fascinating characteristics that I believe are very peculiar. Actually, not a lot of people know that female hyenas rule their clan as they are more muscular and aggressive compared to male hyenas. This is because they have more testosterone in their body than the male ones. That is the complete opposite of other animals, especially the lions. In addition, they have pseudo-male genital organs but it’s actually their own elongated genital organ. That is a unique physical feature of them!
Fascinating [adj.] – extremely interesting
Peculiar [adj.] – unique; different from what is normal
Clan [noun] – a close-knit group; group
Testosterone [noun] – a male hormone
Pseudo [adj.] – not real
i.) Here the speaker talked about the interesting characteristics of the animal which he found interesting. He explained as to why those characteristics were interesting by comparing them to other animals. Take note, you are asked to talk about an interesting animal so make sure you are giving information that is surprising not the usual ones. Observe how the speaker presented some really interesting facts about hyenas.
Anyway, I’ve never seen hyenas in person, I just saw them in the movie The Lion King and some videos on YouTube, especially the BBC Earth Channel. Watching videos about hyenas makes me want to know more about them and I would really love to see them in the flesh. Well, if you happen to watch videos of hyenas, you will find that their laughs are creepy which most people dislike. However, scientists discovered that their giggle or laugh indicates social status which allows them to establish feeding rights and organize their food-gathering activities. These facts are more than interesting, and honestly after knowing these facts, I’ll never perceive or see the three main hyena characters in the movie, The Lion King, the same.
In person [phrase] – personally; physically; with the personal presence
In the flesh [phrase] – another term for “in person”
Creepy [adj.] – frightening
Perceive [adj.] – view; see; interpret
I’ll never see/perceive something the same [expression] – to now have a different perspective of something after learning some facts, ideas, or opinions
i.) THIRD PARAGRAPH: In this part, the speaker transitioned to talking about where he saw hyenas and this answered to the prompt ‘where you saw it’. Notice the expressions he used when doing this part.
ii.) FOURTH PARAGRAPH: Here, the speaker added one interesting characteristic of a hyena to extend his monologue a little bit more. It’s a great technique to maximize his two-minute time. And finally, he ended his answer, by stating that he now had a different perspective of hyenas after learning those facts. The good thing here is that he’s able to connect his ending to the intro of his story when he talked about the movie, The Lion King. It’s a great way to wrap up his monologue.
What can you say about animals kept in the zoo?
Personally, I’m against keeping animals in the zoo because I believe they should be freed. I want them to enjoy their freedom to live and interact with other animals naturally, as it should be. I do not like the fact that some zoos are making money from those pathetic and caged animals. For me, they are taking the rights of those animals away to live on their own, and worse some zoos are maltreating them for not feeding them right. Honestly, I do not pay a visit to any zoo because it just makes me feel upset.
As it should be [expression] – indeed; the right thing to do
Pathetic [adj.] – pitiful
Caged [adj.] – confined in a cage
Take something away [phrasal verb] – to remove something
Maltreat [verb] – abuse; ill-treat; treat violently
Pay a visit to [idiom] – to go somewhere
Upset [adj.] – disappointed; distressed
i.) The speaker gave his opinion right away on why he didn’t like animals kept in the zoo. He stressed his opinion that animals had the right to live on their own and that should be respected by people. He explained his argument further by stating the fact that some zoos did not treat those animals well and he emphasized the fact that he didn’t like the idea that some made money from those animals in the zoo. It’s a well-explained opinion that shows his love of animals. Don’t be afraid to have a strong opinion on something during your IELTS Speaking exam, your exam is your opportunity to showcase your ability to express yourself with the use of the English language.
Do you think it is safe for animals to live in the cities?
Absolutely not, cities are not their natural habitat. As we know major cities are filled with different types of pollution such as noise, air, and water, among others. Forcing animals to live in the concrete jungle is just putting their lives in danger. It is an indirect way of making them die gradually. Well anyway, I am talking about those animals that are kept in the zoo, I have nothing against those people who own pets like dogs or cats because those kinds of animals can naturally live with humans.
Natural habitat [noun] – the natural home or environment of plants, animals, and organisms
Concrete jungle [noun] – a city or urban area that has a high density of buildings and is perceived to be an unpleasant environment
In danger [idiom] – in a situation in which loss of life or serious harm is possible
Gradually [adv.] – slowly
Have nothing against [idiom] – no reason to dislike
i.) The speaker gave a negative response to the question and talked about cities as not the right place for animals to live or exist. He then talked about the poor conditions of cities including the many different kinds of pollution. Then, he transitioned by saying that he was only talking about those wild animals, not those animals that can be domesticated like dogs and cats as they can naturally adapt to living with humans in cities. This kind of answer is very realistic and straightforward!
What kinds of challenges do pet owners have?
Well, I see several challenges that pet owners face such as when they go out of the country, they cannot take their pets with them unless they apply for a permit, however, doing such is daunting and costly. In addition, if pet owners are living in an apartment, more often than not, their next-door neighbor would complain about the noise of their pets. Besides, if the pet owner is extremely busy with his work, and if his pet is a dog, he might not be able to walk the dog, and without a doubt, that affects his dog’s physical and emotional health since dogs need to spend time outside every now and again.
Daunting [adj.] – intimidating; seeming difficult to deal with
Next-door [adj.] – living or situated next door
Walk the dog [phrase] – to walk with a pet so that it gets exercise
Without a doubt [phrase] – indisputably
Every now and again [phrase] – from time to time
i.) The speaker enumerated the challenges one by one and provided a relevant explanation for each challenge. Notice how he presented each challenge using connectors like “in addition” and “besides”. Using these can help you organize your answer better and use this kind of technique whenever you need to enumerate some ideas.
How are pets now different from those in the past?
Well, I am not sure about the difference as I find them the same – I mean some pets are adorable, fluffy, cuddly, affectionate, exotic, and hair-raising. They are all the same – they are wonderful creatures. However, I suppose the only major difference that I see, especially in this digital age, is the fact that some pets become an instant celebrity these days.
Pet owners cannot help themselves but share their pets online, making their pets do some endearing tricks, dance, and the like and that has been so loved by many people who have watched their videos online. Being an overnight success or being in the limelight is a thing that pets in the past could not experience. So I think that is one valid difference between pets in the past and now.
Adorable [adj.] – lovable
Fluffy [adj.] – shaggy; woolly
Cuddly [adj.] – huggable
Exotic [adj.] – unusual
Hair-raising [adj.] – terrifying; frightening
Cannot help oneself [phrase] – unable to control one’s action
Endearing [adj.] – endearing; lovable
Limelight [noun] – the focus of public attention
i.) The speaker expressed his uncertainty of the difference as he found it the same explaining the commonalities of pets. However, in order for him to give a discussion on the given topic, he talked about the social media trend in this generation in which pet owners made their pets famous. He focused his answer on that phenomenon which was the biggest difference between pets in the past and now. That is a smart technique as he is able to give a realistic and relatable answer. Sometimes the questions are hard to answer because we simply do not know, however, when you relate the question or the topic to your everyday life or to what you have observed, then you’ll surely be able to answer.
Learn how to answer the recent
IELTS Speaking PART 1 Topic
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<urn:uuid:b85f6fe4-8121-40eb-9558-13fabb6688da>
|
CC-MAIN-2025-26
|
https://www.ieltsdragon.com/ielts-cue-card-an-interesting-animal-answers/ielts-recent-topic-with-answers/
|
2025-06-24T20:04:06Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96898 | 2,520 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Green walls and vertical gardens bring lush, verdant life to even the coldest and barest of surfaces. They also provide better privacy, increase interior humidity, purify the air, and provide a much-needed touch of nature in urban spaces.
The Parisian architects R&Sie have taken the concept of living green façades in an urban context to new heights with their latest house project…appropriately named ‘Lost in Paris’.
This unique green living house features 1200 ferns in a hydroponic system. The plants are sustained by rainwater and plant nutrients fed drop by drop through 300 glass-blown pods, not by soil. These glass pods were created with traditional glass-blowing techniques and the whole system works by itself.
The blanket of ferns completely engulfs the 1400 square foot (130 square meters) concrete home to protect the house from outside elements, regulating its temperature while also adding life and energy to the structure.
The house remains green throughout the year as the ferns’ coloring and leaf thickness changes according to the season. The amount and type of plant nutrients have to be adjusted as light and weather conditions change.
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<urn:uuid:9a659055-6a39-41d0-870d-ce9de0025aa5>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.industrytap.com/lost-paris-living-green-house-engulfed-plants/19771
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2025-06-24T18:57:20Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939359 | 241 | 2.765625 | 3 |
pause the execution of the engine
Sleep( n )
(numeric) the number of seconds to sleep
The Sleep function pauses the execution of the Maple engine for a specified length of time. While paused, the engine will not use CPU resources.
n is the number of seconds the evaluation should wait. n can be less than 1 for sub-second pauses.
The length of time spent sleeping can be lengthened by other activity on the system, the time necessary to process the call and by the granularity of the system timers.
The Sleep command should not be used to implement synchronization between threads. Using Sleep to have one thread wait until another thread "is ready" is unreliable. Use mutexes or condition variables instead.
The Threads[Sleep] command was introduced in Maple 15.
For more information on Maple 15 changes, see Updates in Maple 15.
Download Help Document
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<urn:uuid:62a24942-92b0-402d-b799-4655afe873f7>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.maplesoft.com/support/help/Maple/view.aspx?path=Threads/Sleep
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2025-06-24T19:01:58Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.831146 | 184 | 2.875 | 3 |
In the verdant hills of Chiapas, Mexico, the Chʼol language rings out, a vibrant testament to the enduring spirit of the Mayan people. Spoken by over 200,000 people, Chʼol is a window into a rich cultural heritage and a unique linguistic landscape.
Ch'ol is spoken by the Ch'ol people, who are indigenous to the region of Chiapas. The language has a rich history dating back to the time of the ancient Mayas and has been passed down through the generations. Ch'ol is an agglutinative language, which means that words are formed by adding suffixes to roots. It is also a tonal language, with a range of tones used to convey different meanings.
At Mayan Languages.net, we are dedicated to supporting the preservation and promotion of this fascinating language, offering expert translation and interpretation services that bridge cultures and foster understanding.
The Ch'ol language, belonging to the Mayan family of languages, has its roots entrenched in the ancient Maya civilization. Historically, it has played a crucial role in the documentation of Mayan beliefs, rituals, and daily life. One of the intriguing revelations from "The Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript" is the presence of both Yucatec and Ch'ol languages in the codices. These ancient manuscripts, filled with hieroglyphs, are invaluable for understanding the depth and breadth of Mayan civilization, of which Ch'ol was an integral part.
Moreover, based on the data from "Kaufman: Mayan Comparative Studies," the number of Ch'ol speakers was estimated at around 90,000 in 1980. While the number might seem substantial, the reality of language erosion due to globalization and acculturation poses a threat to this rich linguistic legacy.
Unique Linguistic Features: Exploring the Structure of Chʼol
Chʼol possesses a unique grammatical structure that sets it apart from many other languages:
Ergativity: Chʼol, like many Mayan languages, is ergative, meaning that the subject of a transitive verb (one with an object) is marked differently from the subject of an intransitive verb.
VOS Word Order: The basic word order in Chʼol is Verb-Object-Subject, a relatively rare word order typology.
Complex Verb System: Chʼol verbs are highly complex, incorporating information about the subject, object, tense, aspect, and mood.
|
<urn:uuid:d4650391-176a-4ede-aa46-72d66defc28f>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
|
https://www.mayanlanguages.net/mayan-languages/chol
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2025-06-24T19:35:06Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939126 | 519 | 3.5625 | 4 |
A denture is a removable prosthesis used to replace missing teeth. Commonly referred to as "false teeth", it is usually made of acrylic or a combination of acrylic and metal.
A partial denture is fitted to replace some missing teeth whilst a complete denture is indicated when all-natural teeth are missing. A good set of dentures helps you to eat, speak, function and often makes the person look better.
Depending on the complexity of each case, the duration of the treatment will take about two to six visits. After the initial visit of examination and diagnosis, subsequent visits will include taking impressions of the mouth, bite registration, try-in of the denture, issue, and review.
New dentures always feel strange when first placed in the mouth. Several days or weeks will be required before you get accustomed to them. Adaptation varies with different people and often, time and experience are essential before dentures can be worn comfortably and function effectively.
Like natural teeth, dentures can accumulate plaque and food debris, particularly in those areas where the denture is in contact with the remaining teeth and gum. In addition to the usual oral hygiene measures like tooth brushing, dentures should be cleaned regularly. Poor denture hygiene results in stains on the denture and a bad odour.
During the first few days, you are advised to wear them most of the time except when sleeping. Always remove the dentures before going to bed. This will allow your gum tissues to rest and promote oral health. Gentle massaging of the gums with a soft toothbrush is encouraged.
Your jaw bones and gums naturally shrink over time and this can cause the dentures to fit less securely. Ill-fitting dentures can give rise to chewing difficulties, soreness, infections and changes in facial support.
It is important that you visit your dentist to have your dentures and oral tissues evaluated yearly. Your dentures may need to be adjusted, relieved or even relined from time to time to ensure an optimal fit. Do not attempt to adjust the denture yourself; seek professional help instead.
With time and practice you will soon learn to eat, talk and smile with your dentures as you would with your natural teeth.
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5 Second Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168938 +65 6324 8802
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.ndcs.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/denture
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2025-06-24T19:53:43Z
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Today, technology has become an integral part of our lives allowing us to complete various tasks more quickly and efficiently.
The main reason why educational tech is useful is that it allows teachers to meet the needs of their pupils which can be live sports betting, as well as improve their teaching and develop effective lesson plans.
Technology has changed the way we process and consume information. Although technology has greatly impacted our lives, its effects on education have been the most apparent in recent years. Because of technological advancements, schools are now incorporating more and more equipment into the classroom to prepare their students for the future. Here are the benefits of tech in education.
Sharpening Students’ Critical Thinking
Critical thinking skills can be affected by various factors, such as the type of technology being used and the context of the activity. One of the most popular reasons why educational technology is being used in the classroom is because it can make learning more engaging which stimulates the students’ senses and increase their interest in the material.
The use of technology in the classroom also boosts students’ academic performance and motivation helping them transition from sitting down to being engaged in the learning process.
Putting Students’ Knowledge Into Action
Through the use of technology, students can gain new skills and knowledge by participating in online classes and interacting with their peers. However, it is also important to take these new skills and knowledge into action. Through the use of technology, students can practice their knowledge by using various applications. This allows them to develop their skills and knowledge in a more effective manner. Besides being able to provide their students with multiple tasks, teachers can also assign them various assignments that allow them to complete their studies.
Through technology, students can connect with people all around the world allowing them to develop their skills for any career.
Through technology, students connect with people from different backgrounds enabling them to develop their intercultural understanding and provide a sense of community.
Students can benefit from classroom websites, which foster connections and allow them to collaborate on projects.
Personalized Learning Opportunities
Due to the increasing demands and hectic schedules of modern life, it has become more difficult for people to improve their skills. With the rise of online education, it is now easier than ever to attain a high-quality education. Through online education, students can take advantage of the flexibility of their schedule and learn at a time that suits them. They can also take courses that they can’t take in regular classes.
Online education provides continuous access to knowledge and information. Classwork can be done entirely online using a mobile device or laptop. Hybrid methods combine the use of technology with in-person sessions, allowing students to tailor their learning plans.
The goal of online education is to provide a personalized learning experience based on the student’s interests and strengths that allows teachers to create effective lessons that are designed to meet their students’ needs.
Through technology, students can participate in activities that encourage them and share their thoughts and ideas. Teachers can also interact with them one-on-one. Students can upload their homework and view it on their devices.
According to studies, using technology can improve student engagement and motivation as well as develop social skills and improve their cognitive performance. Whether it’s in class or after school, technology can provide students with more opportunities to interact with their teachers and other learners. Web-conferencing software, social networking sites, digital games, and blogs are examples of tech that improve student communication and engagement.
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2025-06-24T19:18:21Z
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When is Repentance Day?
Repentance Day (German: Buß- und Bettag) is a public holiday in the German state of Saxony. It is observed eleven days before the start of Advent. This means it always falls on a Wednesday. Advent is also known as Eternity Sunday, the last Sunday in the church year.
History of Repentance Day
The tradition of a fast as repentance or penance is said to have come from the Book of Jonah in the Bible when the city of Nineveh fasted to appease god at the behest of the Prophet Jonah. Certainly, it was a popular custom that took hold in mediaeval Europe with a seemingly never-ending supply of wars, famines and plagues offering plenty of opportunities to seek divine help.
Switzerland still observes a public holiday for these fasts, showing their usual penchant for organising things by rounding them up into the single all-denomination Federal Fast.
The first official day of prayer in Germany, scheduled by Emperor Charles V, was observed in 1532 by Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire in Strasbourg to address the Ottoman invasion taking place at the eastern border of the Empire.
Repentance Day was a public holiday all across Germany from 1934 to 1995, when it was cancelled in all states across the country (except Saxony) in order to finance nursing care insurance. Saxony decided to keep the holiday and instead raise labour revenues to fund the insurance.
During the second world war, it was celebrated on the Sunday after its usual date to reduce the number of non-working days and its effect on the war effort.
It is a school holiday in Bavaria. In Berlin, Protestant students can decide for themselves whether or not to attend school on the day of prayer.
If you were planning to go watch Bayern Munich play football, then head on a club to dance the night away, think again - as dancing from 2am until midnight and sporting events are banned on the Day of Repentance in Bavaria.
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https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/germany/saxony/repentance-day
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2025-06-24T19:57:19Z
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| 0.964522 | 410 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised many issues not the least of which is the reason for its high variability in consequences to the infected person. In this opinion letter, we advocate that the dose and presentation of the infecting virus is a major factor that affects whether the outcome is subclinical, tissue damaging or even lethal following infection. We briefly describe the known effects of virus dose on the course COVID-19 and discuss practical maneuvers as well as largely untested procedures that can raise the threshold dose needed to break through barriers of resistance.
In the annals of infectious diseases, 2020 has been an annus horribilis. It began with the world learning about a new disease caused by an unfamiliar agent called a coronavirus. The virus was named SARS-CoV2 and usually referred to as COVID-19. Since early 2020, COVID-19 has caused a worldwide pandemic, infecting millions and killing more than one and a half million people. Down the millennia, the world has experienced many pandemics two of which, the Black Death and small pox have shaped human history. Conceivably, COVID-19 could join this infamous list given its impact on our lifestyle, economy and our future. Recently, effective vaccines have been produced and these may help resolve the pandemic. However, much still needs to be understood most especially why the consequences of the infection vary so markedly. While the majority of people have inapparent or minimal consequences, others suffer severely and may succumb to the infection. As Shakespeare might proclaim: COVID-19: disease, or no disease, that is the question. To which a famous politician might well answer: It’s the dose stupid!
Whether or not any virus infection has clinical consequences depends on multiple variables that involve the virus, the host genetics, comorbidities, and the circumstances of infection. We and others have discussed this topic in depth [1,2]. With respect to initial infection, the most critical variable is the load and presentation of the virus that infects. This variable has been extensively investigated by experimental virologists, where it is possible to accurately manipulate the number of viral particles given over a unit of time as well as control the nature of the infecting dose. Since none of these maneuvers are feasible with human viral diseases acquired, we must rely on comparing the outcome of natural infection in circumstances where we assume the load of infection would differ. However, the message from virologists who use animal models is clear-cut for most viruses. The outcome includes a spectrum of responses. Minimal infection loads will elicit no clinical or pathologic reactions and the virus would be silently controlled mainly by the innate immune system [2,3]. Most viruses can induce the production of interferons (IFN), which participate in terminating viral infections in a number of ways [4,5]. For example, type I IFN acts primarily, but not exclusively, to protect uninfected cells from being infected.
If the load of infection is raised to moderate levels, clinical disease and tissue pathology becomes more a likely possibility [, , ]. Thus, innate immune defenses are inadequate to stop the virus from causing some overt damage, but under such circumstances adaptive aspects of immunity, which includes antibodies and T cells, are almost invariably elicited to help control the infection although in so doing may cause a tissue-damaging inflammatory reaction . Usually, the combined activity of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms succeed in clearing infection, but this scenario does not always occur and it becomes increasingly unlikely, as the load of infection is further increased. With some viruses, the eventual fate is the host’s demise, although killing its host is not an ideal situation for a virus when viewed from an evolutionary perspective. Fortunately for us few viruses achieve such an outcome [6,7], but the new pathogen COVID-19 is an example where lethality is on the menu. Nevertheless, whereas almost all countries are experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic, the frequency of lethality is very different. We have suggested one explanation for the variable outcome in a recent opinion piece . We advocate that frequent exposure to microbes, as is more likely to occur in less hygienic living conditions, will train innate aspects of immunity to function more effectively and reduce the viral burden infection below levels that are potentially lethal .
It seems obvious that wearing masks and staying some distance from potential sources of infection will serve to limit the exposure dose of SARS-CoV2. For example, countries like Taiwan, which has been extraordinarily successful at limiting infection, and especially mortality may provide some guidance . Taiwan successfully implemented mask wearing, social separation and strict quarantine practices backed up by an excellent government health system. In contrast, in countries such as the USA mortality is greater probably because its citizenship is far less compliant with those measures that reduce the magnitude of infection. Curiously, in the early days of the pandemic, mortality rates were far higher in Italy than in Germany, a situation that likely reflected the affectionate greeting customs of the Italians, which would expose them to higher loads of COVID-19 infection .
If, as we advocate, the load of infection received during initial infection is a crucial paradigm what can we do to limit this scenario? The first and most obvious approach is to employ strategies that minimize the magnitude and effective formulation of the virus exposure dose. We know that COVID-19 is mainly a respiratory pathogen, which is transmitted primarily in the form of aerosols or droplets in the expired air of actively infected persons. The levels of virus expelled are greater by 20–30 fold with symptomatic patients as compared to those without symptoms . Infectious virus can also remain for a time on fomites, although this is not thought to be a major source of infection . Infected persons can produce virus-containing droplets ranging in size from 0.1 to 1000 μM, of which the largest settle rapidly and the smallest quickly evaporate, desiccating and soon destroying the virus [, , ]. The most dangerous droplets are those around 0.4 μM since these can access the lower lungs to set the scene for potentially damaging and lethal lesions. Such small droplets may even avoid triggering the innate immune defenses in the upper mucosal microenvironment . Virus containing droplets can be expelled two meters or more with opera singers, trombone players and loud politicians being the long distance champions! Moreover, with COVID-19 infection some persons become so-called super spreaders and can dispel 100,000 virion containing droplets per minute whereas with most symptomatic patients it is closer to 1000 particles per minute . Unfortunately, super spreaders normally are not identified. In consequence, measuring not only the presence, but also the amount (dose) of virus in infected persons would be valuable information to help control the pandemic.
There are simple ways to minimize the exposure dose of SARS-CoV2. These include staying out of the transmission range of potentially infected persons (the practice popularly referred to as social distancing) and/or be equipped with a barrier of some form that will limit, if not entirely prevent, infection i.e., a mask or screen. Actually, there is some evidence that precluding infection entirely may not always be an ideal scenario. Thus, cutting down the infection dose by wearing a mask can change a disease-producing dose to the one that causes asymptomatic or mild infection, but is still capable of inducing adaptive immunity [, , ]. There is good reason to believe that small doses of infection provide minimal danger particularly to young healthy persons. This raises the question whether procedures can be developed that would make high exposure doses less dangerous perhaps even to those with underlying health problems such as diabetes and morbid obesity. Likely, there are ways of achieving this objective, but such therapeutic approaches to control infection have not been adequately explored.
One approach, however, recently became worldwide news when the US President, after acquiring COVID-19 infection, was exposed to an aggressive treatment regimen of high titer (much higher than the general public usually receives) neutralizing monoclonal antibodies along with an intravenously administered antiviral drug. This treatment would succeed in dramatically inhibiting the amount of virus produced and likely preclude it from reaching a disease-producing dose. Conceivably early aggressive antiviral therapy might be valuable to others, but few can receive such medical help in a timely or affordable fashion. We contend that a more generally accessible and less costly strategy could be to use approaches that raise the threshold dose of virus needed to become overtly pathogenic. One approach advocated to mitigate damage caused due to COVID-19 is to use the anti-tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). This approach is expected to activate some aspects of innate immunity and may also prime cross-reactive T cell responses to exert protective effects via their release of cytokines and organizing inflammatory reactions . Trials are underway and hope for their success is fueled by reports that the prevalence of lethal COVID-19 is less in communities where BCG is still practiced.
Another approach, we favor that could boost innate immunity and raise the threshold dose required to cause damaging infection is to infuse molecules such as S-type lectins, also known as galectins . Some galectins act to activate some aspects of innate immunity such as NK cell function and as a bonus can potentially reduce viral loads by directly binding to heavily glycosylated viral proteins involved in viral entry into cells . However, using molecules such as galectins to block susceptibility to COVID-19 have yet to be explored or at least reported. Some members of the galectins family may also be useful to switch the balance of T cell reactions to COVID-19 in the lungs from a pattern that is highly damaging to one that favors recovery. This transition can be achieved when the functional type of T cell is changed from a situation where Th1 and Th17 T cells predominate to one where T regulatory cells are more numerous . This occurs when galectins such as galectin 9 are administered during an inflammatory process as was shown in some models of autoimmunity and in some viral-induced inflammatory lesions . The approach could be worth investigating in those suffering severe COVID-19 lung lesions.
With regard to boosting the innate immune barrier to withstand higher doses of COVID-19 infection as for most infections interferon response is critical and coronaviruses are adept in blocking IFN response in the host cells [23,24]. Interferons exert a range of activities that include making susceptible uninfected cells resistant to infection and modulating some protective aspects of inflammatory responses serving to facilitate recovery. There are approaches that induce interferon responses to raise the resistance barrier such as poly IC to activate TLR3. Additionally, it would be possible to administer interferon proteins directly into the upper respiratory tract that would succeed in raising resistance to high dose exposure. Such an approach could be used for prophylaxis or in the early stages of COVID-19, but so far this strategy has not been reported.
Finally, once infection has occurred it should be possible to successfully diminish virus replication and therefore diminish the pathological consequences by using humanized neutralizing antibodies in very high doses. The controlled trials are currently ongoing, but the data is not available from such studies. Many groups are pursuing the development of such antibodies or their shorter variants as well as using convalescent plasma to treat infected patients early after infection. However, the success of such procedures so far has been variable. One approach to diminishing the viral yield after infection, so far untried, that we favor is to develop single domain antibodies (sdAbs) of camelid origin [25,26]. Such sdAbs are less immunogenic, can be produced in abundance in usable formats, remain soluble and stable even at elevated temperatures thereby enhancing their durability in functioning [25,26]. Furthermore, such antibodies can be injected via intranasal routes to neutralize the virus limit its infecting dose and will cause no antibody dependent enhancement of infection.
We can conclude that an important variable that affects the outcome of infection with COVID-19 is the dose of exposure to the virus that a person receives. We also advocate that it is possible to raise the threshold dose that would be needed to cause serious infections by treating persons early after exposure with some so far poorly explored maneuvers (Fig. 1). Of course the long time solution to control any virus is with an effective vaccine and these are now available. It is likely that the vaccines against COVID-19 will not provide the levels and duration of protection achieved by measles or poliomyelitis vaccines. In fact, some genetic based vaccines are now being used in the USA and other countries and these appear to afford protection very rapidly. This might be attributed to their inducing a type IFN response [, ], which could occur by ligating cytosolic innate immune receptors, such as toll like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid inducible gene-1 like receptor (RLR) to offer a broad based protection against different viruses including against COVID-19. This short-term phase of protection by the genetic vaccines is followed by inducing adaptive immunity which appears to be initiated by 9 days post immunization, but how long and how effective this protection is sustained needs to be established. However, even though COVID-19 vaccines may not provide long term sterile immunity, they should succeed in raising, perhaps substantially, the dose of virus needed to establish infection and cause significant clinical disease.
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https://www.ojcius.net/post/covid-19-disease-or-no-disease-that-is-the-question-it-s-the-dose-stupid
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2025-06-24T19:31:13Z
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Using less material for its construction that typical bookcases, the Hanging Bookcase was inspired by the racks used to dry laundry. Each book envelopes a vertical wire (which positions it), with its base resting on a horizontal wire (which bears its weight). The space between the wires and books gives a high degree of transparency, and the bookcase itself is lightweight.
The grid format in which the books are arranged makes it easy to locate each specific book, and they can be easily categorised. The space between the wires differs, however, to suit different book thicknesses. At the left of the Hanging Bookcase, the wires are six centimetres apart; the remaining wires are four centimetres apart. The wires are tightly strung to resist deformation, even when significant weight is applied. The size of the bookcase was determined by the scale and load-bearing strength of steel wire.
The wires can also be used as bookmarks, with the book slotted onto the wire at the appropriate page. The yellow book cards, which are hung on the horizontal wires, can be used for classification purposes and to assist with locating books quickly.
Bao Haimo, Yu Renzhuo, Ma Hu, Yao Shuai, Yu Meng
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https://www.onthebookshelf.co.uk/2010/02/hanging-bookcase.html
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2025-06-24T20:34:24Z
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On my most recent trip to the Peruvian workshops, I was able to see the working and production conditions of our textiles for myself.
But our responsibility goes even further, from the production of the yarns to the alpaqueros, families who breed alpacas and make a living by selling the wool.
There are more than 4 million alpacas in Peru, which makes up around 87 % of the world's alpaca population and makes the country the leading nation in alpaca wool production.
Alpaca wool worth around 200 million US dollars is exported every year.
At the beginning of the value chain are the more than 82,000 breeders.
Around 85% of the alpaca wool exported each year comes from families who own between 20 and 100 animals. They live in the high Andes, where farming is unprofitable due to the climatic conditions.
Life in these areas is becoming more difficult every year due to droughts and frosts. Climate change is having a huge impact on the grazing areas for the animals. At the same time, the alpaqueros want to keep more animals to increase their income despite the decline in grazing land.
The traditional processes for caring for, feeding and shearing the alpacas are being seriously disrupted. Frosts outside the frost season and water shortages due to a lack of rainfall are affecting the pastures, leading to increasingly frequent feed shortages.
The result is a high mortality rate among crias (young animals) in the first few weeks after birth and also among adult animals.
And although the government introduced a state subsidy for breeders affected by the drought and frost in 2023, this only covers a fraction of the losses.
Training programs to improve the quality of the Ministry of Agriculture in 2022 have had little effect and are slow to reach those affected.
One promising way to improve the situation at regional level is for growers to join together in cooperatives or similar organizations.
This should make it possible for breeders to generate a sufficient income in the long term with a constant herd size in order to maintain age-old traditions.
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https://www.pako-fashion.com/en/post/backstage-01-1
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2025-06-24T19:19:51Z
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Acadia National Park
Explore Maine’s National Park.
Acadia is both one of the most visited national parks as well as one of the smaller national parks in the country.
Around three million visitors go to Acadia National Park in its busiest years, with the majority visiting during summer. Another popular time to visit is fall, especially in September and October. The peak fall foliage colors are typically in mid-October, according to the National Park Service.
Winter brings cross-country skiing to Acadia’s carriage routes, ice fishing to larger ponds and lakes, and snowmobiles to the Park Loop Road. Although most of Park Loop Road is closed to driving in the winter, Ocean Drive and Jordan Pond Road remain open with Sargeant Drive another popular option for scenic winter views of Acadia and Mount Desert Island. Cross Country ski trails are maintained by volunteer groomers when the carriage road bed is frozen and snow exceeds four to six inches. A limited number of campsites are open for winter camping at Blackwoods Campground if you are interested in braving the freezing temperatures.
Spring brings fog and rain to Acadia from March through May. Park facilities typically operate a limited schedule until mid-April and you’ll want to bring waterproof gear if you are visiting during this season.
Status of Acadia National Park due to Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Please check the park website for the latest:
Last Updated: May 10, 2021
Native American peoples, the Wabanaki, have inhabited the land we now call Maine for 12,000 years. Samuel de Champlain observed the coast in 1604 as he was sailing down the coast. He named the island he saw Mount Desert Island, and the wilderness he observed is much the same today as it was then.
The area was first established as Sieur de Monts National Monument in 1916, by President Woodrow Wilson. It became a national park in 1919, under the name Lafayette National Park, in honor of Marquis de Lafayette, a French supporter of the American Revolution. It was the first national park east of the Mississippi River. In 1929, the name was changed once more to Acadia, in honor of the French colony of which Maine was once a part.
Wealthy philanthropist John D Rockefeller Jr, a supporter of the national parks, oversaw the creation of carriage trails throughout the park from 1915-1933. Overall, 50 miles of trails, 17 bridges of trails, and 2 lodges were constructed, many of which are still in use today.
Acadia is bordered by private property and its land was acquired by donations. Congress didn’t actually set the official boundaries of the park until 1986.
An entrance fee of $20 for motorcycles and $25 for private, noncommercial vehicles is charged at entry between May and October. The passes are good for seven days. The park offers an annual pass for $50 that is good for 12 months from the purchase date. The national park pass ($80), senior pass ($10) and other national park passes are accepted at Acadia National Park.
Bar Harbor is a small coastal seashore community on Mount Desert Island surrounded by Acadia National Park. It was once a summer colony for the super affluent and is still a popular summer tourist destination. During September and October, it is a popular stop for fall foliage cruises in the northeast. The 2010 census listed its population as 5,235. Some Bar Harbor businesses close up after Columbus Day weekend.
Park Loop Road
The primary means of travel through the park is a 27 mile scenic loop called the Park Loop Road. It is open from mid-April through November, with a few small sections open for driving year round. In the winter, sections are opened for snowmobiling and cross country skiing.
To relieve driving congestion during the summer, a free and popular option is to take the Island Explorer shuttle bus. Run by Downeast Transportation and sponsored by LL Bean and Friends of Acadia, it offers passengers access to Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park via eight bus routes that stop at popular points around the island. The bus service starts from late May (Schoodic peninsula) or late June and goes through Columbus Day. Note: The fall schedule goes in effect on September 1st.
Distance from Nearby Major Cities:
New York City, NY:
Hancock County Bar Harbor Airport (BHB) is located between Bar Harbor and Ellsworth about ten minutes from the Acadia National Park. Flights are available to BHB from Boston’s Logan International Airport aboard Cape Air, a partner with Jet Blue. PenAir offers flights to Bar Harbor from Boston daily during the summer from Memorial Day through Labor Day. Elite Airways also offers service to Bar Harbor direct from Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) on Fridays and Sundays during the summer.
There are a few different transportation options coming out of Bar Harbor Airport. Bus service is available free of charge to Mount Desert Island on the Island Explorer from late June through Columbus Day. Hertz provides year-round car rentals, with Enterprise offering seasonal car rental from May to October. Taxi service is also available from several different cab companies.
Bangor International Airport is located about 50 miles from Bar Harbor. Delta, US Airways and Allegiant Air all fly to and from Bangor. For those flying into Bangor, Bar Harbor Shuttle offers daily trips during the summer from Bar Harbor to Bangor. Downeast Transportation offers year-round transport on Mondays and Fridays between Bangor and Bar Harbor The cost starts at $45 one way and $90 round trip. Car rental is also available in Bangor through Avis, Budget, Hertz and Alamo/National.
Boston’s Logan Airport is about a five hour drive from Acadia National Park. All major car rental companies service the airport. Concord Coach also offers year round bus service from Boston to Bar Harbor.
Roundtrip Flights to Portland
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Busiest Months (Percentage of Annual Visits)
Acadia National Park Lighthouses
The only lighthouse on Mount Desert Island is the Bass Harbor Head Light, first lit in 1858. Although the lighthouse is not open to the public, spectacular views of the coast and lighthouse are available from short trails in the vicinity of the lighthouse which are part of the national park.
For those with access to a boat or boat rental, two other lighthouses on park grounds in the Cranberry Isles are an option. The Bear Island Lighthouse is located on Bear Island at the southern entrance of Somes Sound. The Baker Island Lighthouse is one of the older lighthouses in the area (commissioned in 1828 and present version built in 1855). Although they are both located on national park land, they are closed to the public.
Acadia National Park Beaches
Sand Beach is a 290 yard beach carved out of the rocky shores of Mount Desert Island. It is located on the northeastern portion of the island accessible via Park Loop Road. A lifeguard is on duty from Memorial Day through Labor Day. The water rarely gets above 55 degrees though. The Island Explorer shuttle bus stops here. Sand Beach is near The Beehive, a small 520 foot mountain with a short but popular strenuous climb via the Beehive Trail that provides spectacular views of the area.
Echo Lake Beach on is a better option for swimming because it is warmer than the ocean. Echo Lake is a 237 acre freshwater lake along Route 102 just north of Southwest Harbor on Mount Desert Island. The beach is on the southern shore and is staffed with a lifeguard from Memorial Day through Labor Day. The Island Explorer shuttle bus also stops here.
Acadia, with more than 120 miles of trails for hiking, has been called a day hiker’s paradise. Popular trails include the Beehive Trail, Jordan Pond Path, the Precipice, Acadia Mountain Trail, Gorham Mountain Trail, Cadillac North Ridge Trail and Cadillac South Ridge Trail. Be sure to check the difficulty rating before going, however, since some Acadia trails require climbing iron rungs or walking on narrow ledges.
A number of ponds and rivers in the park are home to brook trout. There are also landlocked salmon in Eagle Lake, Echo Lake, Jordan Pond and Long Pond. Both brook trout and Atlantic salmon are stocked in the park. Fishing for chain pickerel and smallmouth bass are also options. Bring a canoe or kayak for the best fishing of the lakes and ponds.
Ocean fishing is also an option when the fish are running. Sargent Drive on Somes Sound is known for mackeral, bluefish and striped bass from July through September. You may also try Frazer Point on Schoodic Peninsula for mackeral from mid-July through September. Outside the national park, the Lamoine State Park dock (just north of Mt Desert Island) is another option.
Atlantic mackerel are a schooling fish. Most people fishing for mackeral will use a multi-hook fishing rig. Streamers, wobbling spoons and jigs are all used to attract fish. The best time to catch them from shore is during high tide.
Deep sea fishing and lobster tours are available from Bar Harbor as well as nearby oceanfront cities.
Kayaking is a popular activity in Bar Harbor and Acadia National Park from June through September. Both guided tours and kayak rentals are available in Bar Harbor as well as other locations around Mount Desert Island. The west side of Mount Desert Island is popular to view wildlife and explore the undeveloped coastline. Another option for those that don’t want to travel on the ocean is Long Pond.
The birds found in the national park which are listed as abundant or common by the park service include: Alder Flycatcher, American Bittern, American Black Duck, American Crow, American Eider, American Golden-eye, American Goldfinch, American Herring Gull, American Kestrel, American Osprey, American Pipit, American Redstart, American Robin, American Tree Sparrow, American Woodcock, Bald Eagle, Baltimore Oriole, Barn Swallow, Bay-breasted Warbler, Belted Kingfisher, Black and White Creeper, Black Guillemot, Black-bellied Plover, Blackburnian Warbler, Black-capped Chickadee, Blackpoll Warbler, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Blue Jay, Blue-headed Solitary Vireo, Broad-winged Hawk, Bronzed Grackle, Brown Creeper, Brown Thrasher, Brown-headed Cowbird, Bufflehead, Butter Butt, Canada Goose, Canada Ruffed Grouse, Canada Warbler, Cape May Warbler, Catbird, Cedar Waxwing, Chebec, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Chimney Swift, Chipping Sparrow, Cliff Swallow, Common Flicker, Common Loon, Common Mallard, Common Nighthawk, Common Oven-bird, Common Raven, Common Tern, Common Yellowthroat, Crested Flycatcher, Dark-eyed Junco, Double-crested Cormorant, Downy Woodpecker, Eastern Dowitcher, Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet, Eastern Hairy Woodpecker, Eastern Harlequin Duck, Eastern Hermit Thrush, Eastern Kingbird, Eastern Mourning Dove, Eastern Nashville Warbler, Eastern Phoebe, Eastern Pigeon Hawk, Eastern Purple Finch, Eastern Red-tailed Hawk, Eastern Red-wing, Eastern Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Eastern Savannah Sparrow, Eastern Snow Bunting, Eastern Solitary Sandpiper, Eastern Song Sparrow, Eastern Swamp Sparrow, Eastern Towhee, Eastern Turkey Vulture, Eastern Veery, Eastern Whip-poor-will, Eastern White-breasted Nuthatch, Eastern Winter Wren, Eastern Wood Pewee, Eastern Yellow Warbler, Great Black-backed Gull, Great Blue Heron, Greater Scaup, Greater Yellowlegs, Green-winged Teal, House Finch, Killdeer, Laughing Gull, Least Sandpiper, Magnolia Warbler, Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Northern Parula, Northern Pileated Woodpecker, Northern Pine Siskin, Northern Sharp-shinned Hawk, Olive-backed Swainson’s Thrush, Palm Warbler, Purple Sandpiper, Red Crossbill, Red-breasted Merganser, Red-breasted Nuthatch, Red-eyed Vireo, Ring-billed Gull, Ring-necked Duck, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Ruddy Turnstone, Rusty Blackbird, Semipalmated Sandpiper, Sora Rail, Spotted Sandpiper, Tennessee Warbler, Tree Swallow, White-throated Sparrow, Wilson’s Pileolated Warbler, Wood Duck, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, and Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
Current Astronomy Chart
Bass Harbor Head Lighthouse
This is the only lighthouse on Mount Desert Island, located on the southwestern tip of the quiet side. It receives tens of thousands of park visitors every year and is one of the most photographed lighthouses in Maine.
The Bubbles on the north side of Jordan Pond in Acadia National Park are popular with both hikers and photographers. It is a short hike to the top of the South Bubbles, which also brings the optical illusion of Bubble Rock with it. And photographers should bring their tripod to Jordan Pond in the early morning to catch the reflection of The Bubbles across from the Jordan Pond House.
Cadillac Mountain is the first place in the United States to view the sunrise for five months during fall and winter every year. The mountain is accessible by car 24 hours a day from Acadia National Park’s access road, except during winter when the Summit Road is closed along with most of the Park Loop Road.
Isle au Haut
Isle au Haut is an island in Acadia National Park off the coast of Stonington, Maine which contains the Duck Harbor Campground, the Isle au Haut Light and . Half of the island is privately owned and the other half is park owned. The park land was donated to the federal government in 1943 by heirs of the founder of the community.
Jordan Pond and Jordan Pond House
Sixty percent of park visitors make a stop at Jordan Pond House and/or Jordan Pond during their time in Acadia National Park. The pond and house are named for the Jordan family of Seal Harbor who built a farmhouse near the pond in the 1800s. Jordan Pond House is the only true sit-down restaurant within Acadia National Park. It is also the gateway to the carriage roads for many park visitors.
Sand Beach and the Beehive
Sand Beach is one of the two beaches in Acadia National Park with lifeguards from Memorial Day until Labor Day, and it is the closest parking area to the popular Beehive Trail, where hikers look down from Beehive Mountain on the surrounding area. Despite its name, the standard ocean temperature of 55 degrees means that only 10 percent of the visitors actually don a bathing suit and plunge into the water here. Nevertheless, it is still a popular destination along Park Loop Road in Acadia.
Schoodic Peninsula is a more than 2000 acre section of Acadia National Park, approximately 5 percent of the overall park. There is a six mile one way road through this section, with spurs to Schoodic Head and Schoodic Point. There are also eight miles of hiking trials and an additional eight miles of bike paths. Schoodic Head is the highest section on the Schoodic Peninsula, with an elevation of 440 feet above sea level.
The Seawall area on the western side of Mount Desert Island offers Acadia National Park visitors the opportunity to avoid the crowds of the eastern side of the park on the so-called “Quiet-side”. From Echo Lake Beach and the nearby Southwest Harbor, to the Bass Harbor Head Lighthouse and Acadia Mountain, there is plenty to occupy a park visitor for a weekend away. If you are just driving through the Seawall area, the natural seawall was a nice area to stop and enjoy as part of the drive back from the Bass Harbor Head Lighthouse to Southwest Harbor. There is also a campground and picnic area in this area.
Sieur de Monts
The Sieur de Monts section of Acadia National Park includes the trailside Abbe Museum, nature center, Wild Gardens of Acadia and the Sieur de Monts Spring. It is one of the first turnoffs on the one way Park Loop Road, before the entrance station to the park.
Thunder Hole is a rock inlet in Acadia National Park where the waves crash with a loud boom before high tide. It is the next stop after Sand Beach for park visitors traveling the one-way Park Loop Rd and gets quite a crowd during times when attendance at the park is high. The best time to be there is 2 hours before high tide, although it can be hit or miss depending on the day and the waves.
Bar Harbor is a popular summer resort town and cruise ship destination that serves as the gateway to Acadia National Park. It is the home of many hotels and other lodgings, restaurants and bars, boutique shopping and ocean excursions such as whale watching and sea-kayaking. It is also known for its land bridge to Bar Island which is accessible by foot at low tide.
Northeast Harbor is a village on Mount Desert Island located on the east side of Somes Sound across from Southwest Harbor. It contains a small shopping district and is a popular area for the rich and famous in the summer. A popular visitor attraction within the village is the Asticou Azalea Garden, which is a 2.3 acre garden and pond open to the public during daylight hours from May 1st to October 31st, located at the intersection of Route 198 and Route 3. The Great Harbor Maritime Museum, which collects, preserves and celebrates the maritime history of the region, is also located there.
The Otter Creek Area of Mount Desert Island and Acadia National Park contains a small village, an impressive coastal cliff known as Otter Cliff, as well as Otter Point and Otter Cove. Otter Creek is a small village on Mount Desert Island located on Route 3 that is 5 miles south of Bar Harbor near Acadia National Park’s Blackwoods Campground. It was established in 1789 and contains both the Otter Creek Inn and Market as well as a facility that offers hot showers.
Seal Harbor is a small town on Mount Desert Island known for its popular summer homes among the rich and famous, the public sand beach and the many boats moored in the harbor.
Somesville is the oldest settlement on Mount Desert Island and dates back to 1761 when it was established by Abraham Somes. The central village and harbor district are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It contains one of the most photographed bridges in Maine, the arching Somesville Bridge for pedestrians across Somes Creek. The Somesville Museum & Gardens overlooks the ancient mill pond with exhibits provide information about the history of the island and education about the flowering plants and herbs there. This small village is on the road between Bar Harbor and the Bass Harbor Head Lighthouse.
Southwest Harbor is a small town on Somes Sound on the southwest side of Mount Desert Island that is often called the jewel of MDI. Southwest Harbor has a working harbor with lobster boats, yachts and sail boats in the marina. It also offers restaurants, bed and breakfasts, shopping at various artisan stores, and a launching point for deep sea fishing excursions.
Appalachian National Scenic Trail – The Appalachian Trial extends southward about 2200 miles from Mount Katahdin in Maine.
Saint Croix Island International Historic Site – A monument to the beginning of the United States and Canada in 1604, when 79 men including Samuel Champlain established a settlement on the island. It was the beginning of permanent European presence in Northern North America. The island is in the Saint Croix River that forms the United States – Canada border. It is about 2 hours and 15 minutes from Acadia.
Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge – This 28,000 acre NWR near Calais is one of the northernmost National Wildlife Refuges in the Antlic Flyway, a migratory route for birds along the East Coast.
Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge – This 9,100 acre national wildlife refuge established in 1966 protects the areas salt marshes and estuaries for migratory birds. It is located along 50 miles of coastline in York and Cumberland counties.
Bass Harbor Head Lighthouse
Cadillac Mountain Sunrise
Camping, Hotels & Lodging
Echo Lake Beach
Isle au Haut
Sieur de Monts
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The Connection Between Low Self-Esteem and Substance Abuse Among Teens
“I’m not good enough.”
“I am a failure.”
“I’m too stupid to do that.”
What is Low Self-Esteem and Why is It So Important to Teen Addiction?
Sometimes the causes of addiction are obvious, but in most cases the reasons why teens abuse drugs and alcohol are unknown to them — and parents.
When you don’t feel well about yourself you don’t treat yourself well.
Low self-esteem is one of the most common precursors to substance use and addiction in adolescents.
The connection between low self-esteem and teenage substance abuse is long documented. Many treatment programs incorporate addressing self-image as a critical component of recovery.
Self-esteem, put simply, is the way we perceive ourselves. Self-esteem for teens is critical in development for the human spirit; our sense of self-worth governs our self-talk, ability to establish boundaries, and stand up for one’s body, values, and happiness.
Someone with high self-esteem finds themselves capable, ready to tackle the world, self-assured, and confident.
In contrast, those with low self-esteem hold themselves in little regard and experience shame, unworthiness, and do not feel comfortable in their own skin. They are easily swayed, need someone to comfort them, and are less equipped to handle their emotions in a healthy way. Furthermore, those with a negative self-image tend to downplay their accomplishments, belittle themselves, and do not value their worth.
Teenagers with low self esteem may be depressed, experience intense feelings of shame, and desperately want to fit in like everybody else. Many teens feel they are socially inept without abusing addictive substances. Low self-esteem is often the precursor of adolescent drug problems which may follow teenagers into adulthood.
Low self-esteem is one of the leading catalysts of addiction among teens. Though low regard for oneself is a separate issue from substance abuse, without improving one’s self-esteem, relapse, recidivism, and the development of a full-blown substance use disorder is common in adolescents.
Without therapy, self-abasing becomes all-consuming, governing one’s behavior and compromising decision making. As these patterns continue to spiral, teens find themselves taking potentially addictive substances to numb problems stemming from low self-esteem.
Causes of Low Self-Esteem
The best place to work on overcoming low self-esteem is in a therapeutic setting with a mental health professional. To move thought patterns toward healthy self-esteem, first identify some of the underlying causes of low self-esteem.
These can include:
- Friends that are negative influences
- Trauma or abuse
- Stressful life events
- Academic challenges
- Mood disorders
- Social media
- Bullying or loneliness
- Medical issues
- Body image
Negative Self Talk Has the Following Effects:
This inner critic can ruminate on mistakes or cringe-worthy events. Negative self-talk can be rude or unkind, with criticism or judgments about our behavior, appearance, or work/school. It will detract from self-esteem, self-assurance, and productivity. Effects of negative self-talk include:
- Dramatic influence on how teenagers perceive their bodies
- Negative impact on the way teens speak to themselves internally (i.e.: “I am stupid” vs. “I made a mistake and I’ll do better next time”)
- Negative effects on the central nervous system
- Disturbing, recurring thoughts
- Development of depression or suicidal thoughts
- Allowing others to address oneself negatively, without question
- Not recognizing abuse when it’s happening
- Staying quiet about important things; i.e.: not reporting assault
Learning how to recognize and tune out negative self-talk can be difficult, but it can really influence success.
Why Self-Esteem and Addiction Go Hand-in-Hand
Foundations built upon low self-esteem are dangerous because teenagers, in an attempt to feel fulfilled and acknowledged, will seek validation in the wrong places. Many teenagers experiment with drugs and alcohol to fit in with the crowd; the feeling of “belonging” becomes misappropriated with perpetuating substance abuse.
Escaping the psychological pain of low self-esteem continues manifesting in abusing one’s substance of choice — until the adolescent body becomes physically dependent upon the addictive substance and a full-blown substance use disorder is developed. Abuse of legally prescribed medicines also places teens at risk for addiction.
Reasons Teenagers Self-Medicate:
- Soothe anxiety
- Lift depression
- Fit into otherwise socially awkward situations
- Alleviate suicidal thoughts
- Quiet noisy thoughts; in some cases, to stop auditory hallucinations
Without being aware of underlying disorders and their symptoms, high schoolers and parents are at a severe disadvantage, and lose out on valuable treatment time. The earlier one begins treatment — even before the development of a “full-blown” substance use disorder — the better teens recover.
Early treatment saves adolescents and their parents from the anguish and confusion of living with an undiagnosed mental health disorder into early adulthood. Waiting to pursue treatment may stunt personal growth, career ambitions, and psychological well being.
How Safe Landing Recovery Improves Self-Esteem
Safe Landing Recovery is a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center for teens; our treatment differs because we address the forces behind a teen’s self-rejection and help clients and parents understand where the roots of poor self-esteem come from. Treating teenagers for addiction requires a practiced hand, and is different than treating adults with substance use disorders.
We help teens unlearn self-devaluing beliefs, and teach them to celebrate themselves positively while reconstructing their perception of self. Our goal is to reach teens inside their own minds.
Treatment is only as successful as clients understand how to shift their thinking from negative thoughts to positive thoughts. We offer full support and continual therapeutic and psychiatric services to help teens develop these skills for sober living.
While addressing inherent mental health issues of low self-worth and self-esteem, many behavioral problems will also begin to ameliorate. Those with low self-esteem often feel rejected from “normative” groups, thereby acting out as a means to find where they belong. This will diminish over time as a teenager develops feelings of confidence and self-acceptance.
We teach our clients they already do belong.
During teen addiction treatment, clients and parents undergo intensive psychoeducation, where they both learn about the causes of addiction, symptoms of the disease, and barriers to sobriety. Throughout the course of therapy, teenagers learn how to appropriately express their feelings, plan for the future, and focus on strengths on which to build their future academic careers!
Safe Landing Recovery offers a variety of therapeutic modalities to achieve recovery including:
- Motivational Interviewing
- Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy
- Harm Reduction Treatment
- Life Skills
The behavioral health team at Safe Landing Recovery gets to know each teen and creates an individual recovery plan tailored to their specific situation, history and needs. We understand that by learning to value themselves, teens also learn to value their recovery. That’s why our teen rehab programs are specially designed to enhance each client’s sense of self-worth.
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Cooling Fans: Monitoring, Control, and Protection Enhance System Performance
Fans are widely used for many reasons, both individually and in clusters, to provide forced-air convection cooling. They are easy to use, provide vital airflow, and can be installed in a variety of chassis and systems locations. Their operating principle is basic physics: moving air is effective in cooling objects by absorbing heat from the object and then transferring that heat elsewhere to be dissipated. The amount of energy transferred is dependent upon the mass of the moving air, the specific heat of the moving air, and the temperature change imparted to the moving air.
Once the design engineer has determined the required minimum airflow using basic thermal analysis (see Understanding Airflow Fundamentals for Proper Dc Fan Selection), including modeling of heat sources, temperature rise, and ambient conditions, in addition to providing a suitable airflow path from air intake to exhaust port, a fan with suitable size and airflow can be selected. An engineer could then simply connect the selected fan(s) to a power source and verify the performance with some basic temperature-rise testing.
However, given the critical role of fans for ensuring that there is efficient, adequate cooling in forced-air designs, this is a simplistic and short-sighted approach. While a direct power connection will certainly work, a well-designed, fan-based, forced-air cooling design can do much more. With some additional planning and proper fan selection, designers can instead provide efficient and reliable operation via fan monitoring, control, and management. Shop Same Sky's full range of ac fans and dc fans.
On/Off Fan Control
Basic fan operation is easy enough: just apply power to turn the fan on full time. While effective, this uses the most amount of power, creates a constant background noise that may not suit all applications, and ignores the reality that fans have a long, but still-finite operation life. An alternate approach is to turn the fan on and off based on the sensed air temperature compared to a preset cooling threshold (the setpoint). This extends fan life, saves power, and eliminates acoustic noise when the fan is off.
Yet, from a thermal management perspective, this simple on/off fan control has weaknesses. First, it introduces thermal cycles to the components being cooled, as they go through heating/cooling/heating sequences. Such cycling is a contributor to premature component failure caused by repeated stress on materials and joints due to differences in temperature-coefficients. In some cases, this cycling can be as damaging or even worse than just operating continuously at an elevated temperature.
Second, there is unavoidable thermal overshoot between the time that the fan is turned on and the time it takes for that airflow to begin cooling. This can lead to overheating until airflow cooling “catches up”, unless the “turn on” threshold is set lower. Finally, hysteresis needs to be added to avoid on/off “chattering” during fan operation around the desired temperature setpoint.
The graph below demonstrates how the temperature can exceed or overshoot the setpoint due to unavoidable thermal lag, where the light blue line represents the desired setpoint temperature, including a step change, the green line is the on/off cycling of the fan, and the dark blue line is the actual temperature.
Ultimately, adding temperature-based, on/off fan control saves energy but does not maximize the savings, nor does it extend fan life as much as it can be lengthened.
Fan Controls and Protections
Fan controls are critical to realize the potential of optimized fan and cooling-system capabilities with respect to performance, efficiency, reliability, and lifetime. Today’s advanced fan designs, with modest external support in some cases, can overcome the limitations of basic on/off control for critical aspects of fan operation, and can even protect against the consequences of fan problems. They also enable designers to add features and functions which optimize the system including, but not limited to, extending fan life. The various fan controls and protections are outlined in the following sections.
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is added to control and vary the fan speed, resulting in operating efficiency, along with full torque across most of the speed range. Using PWM-based variable-speed control is the first step towards improved fan and system performance, while enabling the use of advanced control algorithms which dynamically match fan speed to thermal load. In advanced designs, these algorithms can implement sophisticated thermal management strategies which adapt to operational dynamics as well as take into account usage patterns, energy costs, and more as a part of their control tactics.
For additional performance improvement, the simple on/off, threshold-based fan cycling (even with hysteresis) can be upgraded to the well-known proportional-integral-derivative (PI and PID) closed-loop control strategies. This ensures the airflow closely maintains the desired setpoint temperature and does so without cooling undershoot or overshoot despite load changes. Learn more about PWM in our Pulse Width Modulation blog post.
Embedded Tachometer Signal
The embedded tachometer senses and reports the fan’s rotational speed via a pulsed signal. This feature is used for closed-loop feedback control of the fan and more sophisticated fan control. The fan-speed detail it reports is a major benefit to system operation. It also doubles as a lock sensor if a fan suddenly stops due to an obstruction, loss of power, or any other reason.
It is important to detect fan problems as soon as possible, as the sooner this condition is known regardless of cause, the sooner the system it is cooling can be shut down, put into a quiescent state to protect sensitive components, or other appropriate actions initiated.
Auto-restart protection detects when the fan motor is prevented from rotating and automatically cuts the drive current. This cut-off serves two purposes: it protects fan-drive circuitry and the current cut-off can also be detected to indicate to the fan controller that there is a problem, since the fan current has been cut to zero even though the fan was instructed to run.
Rotation Detection/Lock Sensor
As the name indicates, rotation detection/lock sensor is used to detect if the fan motor is operating or stopped. This ensures that major problems at start-up or with ongoing operation are detected immediately.
Fans are a very effective, often preferred, and many times the only viable solution to the persistent problem of providing the cooling airflow needed to keep systems and components within their safe operating area, thus preventing immediate component failure as well as assuring long-term reliability. However, that does not mean that a simple fan with “always on” or even simple on/off control is the best fan-based solution. Today’s systems require more sophistication in both the fan unit and its controls to simultaneously deliver adequate cooling, with high efficiency and reliability.
Spanning a wide range of physical sizes, airflow ratings, protections, and controls, Same Sky offers designers the options needed to find the ideal fan for their project’s priorities.
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- To prevention of Mastitis.
- To improve udder health and gut health by lowering pathogenic microbial population.
- To increase Milk quantity.
- To improve Milk quality by lowering somatic cell
- To Establish beneficial Bacteria.
- To build immunity against patho- genic microbes.
- To repair the damaged epithelial lining of both gut and udder by supplementation of Vitamin A .
- To mitigate hoof health problem.
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Are you aware that a bomb calorimeter, a calorimetric device, achieves internal combustion temperatures exceeding 3,000°C? That’s hotter than lava in a volcano. Despite its intimidating name, this scientific instrument isn’t for destruction — it’s for precision.
But what makes this calorimeter so special? This meter is widely used in calorimetry experiments, and is a key tool for the pharmaceutical, food science, chemical engineering, and nutrition industries.
This process is called bomb calorimetry, and it enables precise measurements of the energy contents of the substances. Yet with any advanced laboratory equipment, precision carries responsibility. This is as dangerous as juggling fire, and misjudging any step during bomb calorimetry can lead to serious injury or destruction. That’s why knowing and applying appropriate safety protocols is not just advised but crucial.
In this guide, we’ll take you step-by-step through everything you need to safely operate this calorimetric device, from setup to shutdown, including emergency protocols and pitfalls to avoid along the way.
Preparing a Bomb Calorimeter Experiment
Understanding the Equipment
The first thing you need to know so you can safely use this kind of calorimeter is to understand its components. So let’s break down the important pieces:
The Bomb: A large stainless steel vessel where combustion takes place at controlled pressures.
The Crucible: A heat-resistant vessel that contains the sample material. The bomb is filled with pure oxygen in order to ensure complete combustion.
Calorimeter Vessel (Water Jacket): This surrounds the bomb in order to absorb and measure the heat released.
Temperature Sensors: Detect temperature changes in the water jacket.
Ignition System: A spark plug or ignition wire that initiates combustion.
Stirrer (Optional): Achieve uniformity in heat distribution for proper readings.
These components are critical to enable accurate constant volume calorimetry, the underlying principle for this kind of calorimeter.
Make sure you are properly trained before going anywhere near a live experiment. Review the operating manual in detail, and if you are a student or lab assistant, only operate under supervision. Know that many accidents happen because users are not familiar with the equipment, so information really is your first safety net.
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment is a special type of gear that is worn at work to protect you from hazards. Always wear PPE. This includes:
Safety goggles — To shield your eyes from chemical splashes or flying pieces if it malfunctions. Gloves resistant to high temperatures for handling the bomb chamber after combustion.
Lab coats- To reduce skin exposure. Get in the habit of checking your PPE for wear and tear and replacing as needed.
When working with flammable material or oxidisers, additional precautions are advised:
Fume hoods should be used when handling volatile samples.
Never combine chemical agents without knowing how they work with each other.
All substances shall be clearly labelled and stored according to hazard classifications.
Proper sample processing and chemical coordination ensure that results are reproducible, and avoid contamination or unwanted reactions.
Operating the Calorimeter Safely
Preparing the Sample
Weigh your sample precisely using an analytical balance. Place it in the crucible and ensure it's dry and free from contaminants. Even minor impurities can affect the combustion reaction and throw off your results.
Filling the Bomb with Oxygen
The bomb is filled with a known quantity of pure oxygen—usually around 25 to 30 atm of pressure. It's critical not to overcharge. Use a pressure regulator and check valves to avoid leaks. Always ensure the bomb is rated for the pressure you're applying.
Assembling the Calorimeter
Secure the sealed bomb in the calorimeter vessel. Fill the outer vessel with a known mass of water (usually distilled) to absorb the heat generated. Ensure all seals are tight, and the stirring mechanism (if present) is functioning.
Calibrating the Device
Before every run, calibrate your calorimeter. Check if:
Temperature sensors are functioning and properly inserted.
Electrical connections for the ignition system are intact.
The stirring mechanism is working smoothly.
This ensures your results are accurate and reliable.
Safe Ignition Procedure
Before you initiate combustion:
Double-check that the bomb is fully sealed. A secure seal ensures that the high-pressure environment inside the calorimetric device remains contained during combustion. An improperly sealed bomb can lead to gas leakage or dangerous malfunctions.
Ensure all personnel are clear from the equipment. This is critical for safety, as this calorimetric device operates under high pressure and can reach temperatures exceeding 3,000°C during combustion. No one should be in the immediate vicinity when the device is activated to avoid potential injury from unexpected malfunctions or rapid pressure release
Close the calorimeter lid securely. This contains the combustion process within the calorimeter system and helps maintain an accurate and controlled testing environment.
Use the control system to ignite the sample remotely. Remote ignition systems are designed to keep operators safe by allowing combustion to be initiated at a distance, reducing the risk of exposure to sudden heat or pressure spikes.
Never ignite manually or from close proximity. Always stand behind a safety barrier if operating manually.
Monitoring the Experiment
During the experiment, monitor temperature readings closely. Abnormal spikes, leaks, or mechanical noises are signs something is wrong. Stop the experiment immediately if irregularities occur.
This step is vital for both safety and scientific integrity. Misreadings can distort your data or indicate underlying mechanical failures.
Once combustion is complete, let the bomb cool completely. Rushing to open it could result in pressure-related accidents or chemical exposure.
Steps to follow:
Allow 15–30 minutes of cooling time.
Use heat-resistant gloves to remove the bomb.
Slowly release any residual pressure before opening.
Never open the bomb while it's hot or still pressurised.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Even seasoned professionals can fall into bad habits. Here are frequent missteps to steer clear of:
Overloading the sample chamber: More is not better. An excess sample can cause incomplete combustion or dangerously high pressure.
Exceeding safe oxygen levels: Too much oxygen can increase combustion rate and internal pressure, risking equipment failure.
Neglecting calibration: Failing to recalibrate regularly compromises result accuracy.
Ignoring small leaks or malfunctions: These can quickly escalate into major hazards.
Every lab should have fire extinguishers and fire blankets readily accessible. Ensure that:
Staff are trained in using them.
The equipment is inspected monthly.
Exit routes are clearly marked and never blocked.
In case of fire:
Activate the alarm.
Evacuate if necessary.
Use extinguishers only if the fire is small and manageable.
Always have a spill kit in the lab. For spills:
Alert everyone nearby.
Use absorbent pads or neutralisers based on the chemical.
Dispose of the waste according to hazardous waste guidelines.
Don't clean up unfamiliar chemicals unless trained to do so.
If the calorimeter shows erratic readings, sparks, or fails to ignite:
Cease operations immediately.
Disconnect the power source.
Report the issue to the lab manager or a qualified technician.
Never attempt DIY repairs unless you're certified to handle the equipment. Also, keep your workspace clean to reduce the chance of accidental contamination or spills.
Remember, lab safety isn’t a checklist; it’s a mindset.
Applications Beyond Safety: Why Accurate Calorimetry Matters
Proper use of a calorimeter not only ensures lab safety but also guarantees accurate results across a wide range of scientific fields. For example, one significant area where this tool shines is in the bomb calorimeter in nutrition research.
In the food industry, this device is essential for determining the caloric content of food products. By measuring the energy released during the combustion of a food sample, scientists can calculate its exact calorie value.
This data directly influences nutritional labeling, diet planning, and food product development. Whether it's analysing the energy in a protein bar or determining how many kilojoules your favourite snack contains, these calorimeters play a key role in how we understand and quantify food energy.
Make Precision and Safety Your Priorities
The bomb calorimeter is an extremely versatile instrument — one that can be used to find out how much energy fuels, foods, chemicals, and even waste have to offer. “ But with great accuracy comes great responsibility.”
If this all makes sense, then you're ready to safely use a tool designed to measure extreme heat with precision—exactly what calorimeters are built to do—charge for your success—but only if you understand your equipment, setup procedures to the letter, prepare in appropriate PPE, and remain alert during each and every experiment.
From fuel analysis and food science to environmental and pharmaceutical research, this device is still an important one. And whomever you are, as long as you prioritise safety, your handiwork will yield results, not risk in your calorimetry.
Explore Calorimeter Accessories
Looking to upgrade or replace parts for your lab setup? Browse Science Equip’s range of calorimeter parts and accessories for reliable, lab-tested components that support safe and accurate experiments.
Food Science and Technology | Australia Institute of Food and Science
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Flyover videos are fun to watch and so much more if it is from another planet. Images taken by the European Space Agency's Mars Express Orbiter have been gathered to create these stunning videos that give the sense of what it feels like to fly above another planet.
ESA's latest flyover video provides a spectacular view of one of Mars' most eye-popping craters. It is created using the High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) of the Mars Express.
The images are typically taken straight down, but with the help of topography information from the stereo channels of HRSC to generate as 3D landscape recorded from different perspectives just like with a movie camera, it renders the flight shown in the video.
The Korolev Crater
The ice-filled crater of Mars known as Korolev Crater, is 50 miles (80 kilometers) across and at least 1.25miles (2 kilometers) deep. It is located in the northern lowlands of Mars, just south of a large patch of terrain filled with dune that encircles a part of the northern cap of Mars known as Olympia Undae.
Inside the crater is not snow but rather water ice that continually fills the crater. Korolev crater's central mound measures about 1.1 miles (1.8 kilometers) thick all year round and is considered to be one of the largest reservoirs of non-polar ice on the red planet.
According to the author of the article from Science Alert, Korolev crate reminds her of the flight she took when she flew over Meteor Crater in Arizona, USA. But compared to Korolev Crater, Meteor Crater is less than a mile across- about 0.737 miles (1.186 kilometers)- and just 560 feet (170 meters deep.
The crater is named after the Russian rocket engineer and spacecraft designer Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. He designed the precursor of the modern Soyuz rockets that are still operated today, the first Russian intercontinental rocket R7.
How Did Ice Remain Stable in Korolev Crater?
Does not water ice sublimate away in the thin atmosphere of Mars? Anyone would be thinking that question as to how water ice remained stable in the crater.
The water ice on Mars I similar to the dry ice here on Earth that usually transforms from solid to gas with the low atmospheric pressure. On average, Mars has approximately seven millibars while on Earth, the atmospheric pressure at sea level is at 1,013.25 millibars, that is 14.7 per square inch.
However, other factors can also influence the stability of the ice, such as the temperature. According to scientists, the water ice in Korolec Crater remains stable because the deepest part of the crater acts as a natural cold trap.
Furthermore, ESA scientists explained that the air above the ice cools. Therefore, it is heavier compared to the surrounding air; and since air is a poor conductor of heat, the water ice mound is effectively protected from heating and sublimation.
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- Curriculum & Classes»
- Year 3 and 4»
- Mr Pickering's class»
- Spring Term Home Learning»
- Tuesday 17th March»
Tuesday 17th March
Main Task for today: Art
We have recently discovered lots of information about the artist Lowry. Please use the pdf document below to take a look at some of his brilliant artwork.
In your exercise books, please write the name and date of each picture in order from the earliest creation to the latest one.
Then choose three pictures and write three comments about each one – this could be things that you really like about the artwork or things that you do not like. Try to comment on use of colour, the images and how it makes you feel.
This week’s spellings: Week beginning 16th March 2020
Year 3 |
Year 4 |
grate great grown groan plain plane peace piece rain reign |
science crescent discipline fascinate scent scissors ascent descent scientist scenery |
Practise your spellings each day and remember to read your home reading book.
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Step aside, odor-based diagnostics. There’s a new medical breakthrough ready to take center stage, with the potential to treat or even cure any and every disease with a genetic component. Though human trials are still ways off, this new approach is being researched as a means of fighting, reversing, and curing muscular dystrophy, congenital disabilities, various types of cancer, and most recently, HIV.
And it’s as easy as cutting up your genes.
CRISPR, Viruses, and Other Things I Don’t Understand: A Primer
I’m no cutting-edge genetic researcher, and the odds are good you aren’t either, so we won’t dig too deep into the science behind the breakthrough tech. But in order to understand just how important, impactful, and potentially species-altering this tech is, we need to understand a bit about our genome, the viruses that co-opt it, and how researchers have taken a natural process and bent it to their own ends. Perhaps unlocking unlimited genetic alteration and fine-tuning in the years to come.
First, some DNA basics that you probably already know from Jurassic Park (or Jurassic World if you’re under 25 and a total philistine). Our DNA is a long string of nucleotides that contain the entire blueprint for our bodies. A section of nucleotides that codes for a certain feature—eye color, the rate of hair growth, etc.—is a gene. When our cells reproduce, our DNA is copied, keeping our genes and thus our cells healthy, fresh, and hopefully consistent.
Congenital defects are DNA errors that exist from the time of conception, and that can lead to a range of and disorders, many leading to early death and/or a life of debilitating symptoms. Errors made when DNA copies itself can result in other disorders and diseases such as cancer. Our DNA can also be hijacked by viruses, which are essentially no more than protein sacs containing their own DNA snippets; when a virus invades certain cells of the human body, it inserts its DNA into the host cell’s and uses the host’s DNA replication process to reproduce more of the virus.
HIV works like any other virus in this regard, though it focuses specifically on T-cells, one of our immune system’s primary fighters of foreign invaders. When too many T-cells have been taken over by HIV, humans develop AIDS. The most effective way to treat and prevent AIDS in those with an HIV infection is an expensive and often side-effect heavy combination of drugs that work to suppress viral activity to keep things below disease level, but eradicating the virus itself has proven difficult.
CRISPR could change that. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) are sections of bacterial DNA that don’t actually code for a bacteria’s body, but that appear to call for the cutting of other DNA sequences. The prevailing theory is that bacteria use CRISPRs as part of their own immune response to viruses: a virus invades a cell, injecting foreign DNA. The cell recognizes the foreign DNA and produces a CRISPR sequence of DNA that works to remove and replace the viral DNA, ending the infection and protecting the bacteria.
For the past five years, researchers have been focused primarily on a single CRISPR—Cas9—to do the same thing in more complex animal cells. By pairing the CRISPR sequence with an artificial RNA target, the sequence can be “trained” to identify, cut out, and potentially replace any gene sequence in any cell.
The Death of Disease, the Dawn of the Next Phase of Evolution?
In the HIV breakthrough, researchers were able to successfully remove all traces of HIV from infected mouse tissue using CRISPR-Cas9 and the right targeting RNA. Though some key tissues, including brain tissue, were not tested, the team is confident that their approach can be used to eliminate all DNA traces from animal cells completely, not merely suppressing the infection as current medicines do but effectively curing it.
Additional research showed that HIV’s ability to mutate can cause the infection to persist, as the carefully-trained CRISPR won’t recognize the mutated DNA, and it’s been suggested that the CRISPR approach could itself trigger mutations. This is seen as a minor setback, however, and used in combination with virus-suppressing drugs an HIV cure seems well within reach.
The same basic approach is being used to investigate treatments and cures for a range of genetic diseases and cancers. Identify the gene sequence that’s responsible for the disease, cut it out with properly-attuned CRISPR-Cas9, possibly replace it with a healthy DNA sequence, and you’re good to go. Though the science behind it all is exponentially more complicated than this explanation, this is essentially how it works, and it does work.
There are still many medical hurdles, of course. Fine-tuning delivery mechanisms, identifying and mapping disease-causing gene sequences, building replacement genes, and pursuing trials to look for side-effects and other problems are complex issues that will take years to work out for each individual disease. But these issues are already being worked out, and these therapies are likely to be used in humans within the next decade and to become increasingly common.
And of course, it isn’t just disease-causing gene sequences that could be targeted. The dream of designer babies is much closer to becoming a reality with CRISPR tech. Choose the eye color, height, intelligence, athletic ability, even gender of the child you want, and as long as we’ve properly mapped that area of the genome you won’t have any surprises. Decide you’d rather be a swarthy brunette after spending years as a soulless ginger? That can probably be arranged. The ethics of cosmetic/elective gene manipulation have been hotly debated since the days of Twilight Zone, but we’re well beyond the realm of science fiction now.
This gene editing tech goes even further, though. Imagine no-surgery options for transgender individuals to transition from male to female bodies or vice versa. Regrowing limbs and repairing spinal columns after serious accidents. Eliminating the aging process with regular CRISPR treatments, leading to effective immortality. These things aren’t right around the corner, but they’re now visible on the horizon of the possible.
For better or for worse, CRISPR-Cas9 and other similar yet-to-be-developed technologies are likely the keys to the next phase of human evolution. Assuming we make it long enough to put them to use.
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New images from NASA's Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite mission show glowing, electric-blue clouds in the twilight sky over Antarctica.
These magnificent clouds — also known as noctilucent clouds, or NLCs — form in an upper layer of the Earth's atmosphere called the mesosphere, and can be seen in summer night skies from high latitudes. Data collected from AIM on Nov. 17 shows an early start to this year's noctilucent, or night-shining, cloud season in the Southern Hemisphere, according to a statement from NASA.
"This year, AIM saw the start of noctilucent cloud season on Nov. 17, 2016 — tying with the earliest start yet in the AIM record of the Southern Hemisphere," NASA officials said in the statement. "Scientists say this corresponds to an earlier seasonal change at lower altitudes. Winter-to-summer changes in the Antarctic lower atmosphere sparked a complex series of responses throughout the atmosphere, one of which is an earlier noctilucent cloud season." [Noctilucent Clouds Got an Early Start in 2013 (Video)]
Noctilucent clouds are Earth's highest clouds, as they take shape in the mesosphere, which lies about 50 to 53 miles (80 to 85 kilometers) above the planet's surface. The clouds form when water molecules cling to fine atmospheric debris (such as dust or remnants of disintegrating meteors) and freeze to form ice crystals. The mesosphere is the coldest layer of Earth's atmosphere, with temperatures averaging about minus 130 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 90 Celsius).
Since these clouds form at such high altitudes, they reflect light even after the sun has dipped below the horizon. Noctilucent clouds are generally seen during the summer in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, when the mesosphere is most humid from water vapor. The summer is also when the mesosphere is the coldest, with temperatures dropping as low as minus 210 degrees F (minus 134 C), largely due to seasonal airflow patterns, NASA officials said.
AIM launched in 2007 on a dedicated mission to study night-shining clouds and the mesosphere. Data collected from the mission has shown that the noctilucent cloud season can start anytime between Nov. 17 and Dec. 16 in the Southern Hemisphere.
In addition to studying these mystifying clouds, the AIM mission — operated by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland — strives to help scientists better understand the connection between the mesosphere and other parts of the atmosphere, weather and climate.
Breaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more!
"AIM data has shown us that changes in one region of the atmosphere can effect responses in another distinct, and sometimes distant, region," NASA officials said in the statement. "Scientists call these relationships atmospheric teleconnections. Now, due to natural precession, the (AIM) spacecraft's orbit is evolving, allowing the measurement of atmospheric gravity waves that could be contributing to the teleconnections."
Samantha Mathewson joined Space.com as an intern in the summer of 2016. She received a B.A. in Journalism and Environmental Science at the University of New Haven, in Connecticut. Previously, her work has been published in Nature World News. When not writing or reading about science, Samantha enjoys traveling to new places and taking photos! You can follow her on Twitter @Sam_Ashley13.
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Breast cancer is often caused by a compromised ability to detoxify estrogen. Although this hormone is essential– it contributes to skin, bone, psychological, and reproductive health – excess estrogen and the conversion of estrogen into dangerous metabolites can drive cancers in hormone-sensitive tissues (breasts, cervix, uterus, and ovaries).
Estrogens are a group of structurally similar hormones that are metabolized continuously in the body. Sometimes these forms are protective, and sometimes they are metabolized into harmful forms that can stimulate tumor formation or initiate breast cancer.
Whether estrogen becomes protective or damaging depends on micronutrient availability in bodily tissues that drive these metabolic pathways.
One example is vitamin B6. This nutrient helps detoxify excess estrogen so that it does not cause tumors. Similarly, magnesium drives the enzyme that removes toxic forms of estrogen from the body. Cysteine – a powerful antioxidant - prevents estrogen from being oxidized into a dangerous form that promotes breast cancer. In short – when the appropriate micronutrients are biologically available, toxic forms of estrogen can be minimized, thus diminishing the potential for breast tumor development.
Download our Estrogen - Nutrient Correlations Wheel
Just one nutrient deficiency can compromise your body's ability to fight cancer at the cellular level and several nutrients are critical for maintaining healthy breast tissue. SpectraCell's Micronutrient Test measures the functional capability of 31 vitamins, minerals, metabolites, and antioxidants within your white blood cells.
Be proactive, not reactive. Ask about Micronutrient Testing today!
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Although it may be too early to say, some scientists suggest the answer is yes. In a recent editorial in a vaccine focused medical journal, some argue that the time is ripe for a “T-cell focused approach” to vaccine development. Historically, vaccine development focuses on antibody production (B-cells) against viruses, but overwhelming research on the human immune response to SARS-CoV2 points to T-cell function as the main driver of lasting immunity.
According to the editorial, “T cell responses are known to protect against severe infection and re-infection in animal coronavirus models.”
Further, T cell memory, which can be generated by vaccination, is known to protect against severe viral diseases.
In other words, a healthy T cell may be the key to immunity, regardless of whether the immunity originates from vaccination or infection.
As vaccination efforts increase, promoting healthy T cells is key. To quantify T cell function can be the first step to improving T cell function. Spectracell measures T-cell function in a test called Immunidex.
(Expert Review of Vaccines, September 2020)
LINK to EDITORIAL Exploit T cell Immunity for Rapid, Safe and Effective COVID-19 Vaccines.
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the Week of Proper 7 / Ordinary 12
Click here to join the effort!
The 1901 Jewish Encyclopedia
German-American violinist and conductor; born at Posen, Prussia, Oct. 22, 1832; died in New York Feb. 15, 1885. He commenced to learn the violin at the age of nine, but owing to his parents' opposition, who wished him to study medicine, he was compelled to study in the house of friends. In 1851 he entered Berlin University, where he studied medicine, and was graduated with high honors three years later. He then returned to Posen, and soon forsook medicine in order to devote himself entirely to music. In 1856 he appeared at Magdeburg as a violin virtuoso, and afterward made a tour of the chief cities of Europe. He was one of the famous band who sat under Liszt at Weimar. Liszt made him solo violinist in the ducal orchestra, and dedicated "Tasso" to him, a distinction conferred only upon two other musicians, Wagner and Berlioz.
In 1858 Damrosch married Helene von Heimburg, a singer of talent. He now became director of music at the Stadttheater in Posen, where he remained until 1866, when he accepted the position of director of the Philharmonic Concerts at Breslau. Here he organized a symphony society with an orchestra of eighty members. The society gave twelve annual concerts, and many eminent artists appeared among the performers. Damrosch also established a choral society, and gave recitals as a soloist.
In 1871 Damrosch was invited by the New York Arion Society to become its conductor. He went to America and soon became very successful both as a violinist and as conductor of his own compositions. In 1873 he organized a musical choir. Morris Reno and some twelve other lovers of music met at Damrosch's house and formally pledged themselves to become musical missionaries. Trinity Chapel was secured for a study-room, and on Dec. 3, 1873, was given the first concert of the Oratorio Society, with choir numbering 50 to 60. By the following May the society was able to produce Handel's oratorio "Samson" at Steinway Hall.
For five years Damrosch worked gratuitously for the Oratorio Society (at the time of his death it had a membership of 500, and ranked among the leading choruses of the world). In 1876 Damrosch became conductor of the Philharmonic Society, and in the following year, yielding that place to Theodore Thomas, founded the Symphony Society of New York. In 1880 he received the degree of doctor of music from Columbia College. The next year he planned the great musical festival which was held at the Seventh Regiment Armory, with a chorus of 1,200 voices and an orchestra of 250 instruments. But his crowning success was in 1884, when he successfully established German opera at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. On the failure of that theater to secure an Italian troupe, he went to Germany, and in five weeks brought back a number of artists, who constituted the famous company which first established German opera in America. Damrosch not only personally directed each opera, but at the same time continued his work as director of the Oratorio and Symphony societies. His health broke down underthe strain, and he died of pneumonia in the following year.
Damrosch was one of the great conductors of modern times, and no man, except possibly Theodore Thomas, contributed so largely to the cultivation of good music in America. He was a devotee of Wagner. His works include: seven cantatas; symphony in A; the music to Schiller's "Joan of Arc"; an opera, "Sulamith"; and many other pieces.
- Ritter, Music in America, pp. 352, 356;
- Riemann, Musik-Lexikon, s.;
- Baker, Biographical Dict. of Musicians, New York, 1900, s.
These files are public domain.
Singer, Isidore, Ph.D, Projector and Managing Editor. Entry for 'Damrosch, Leopold'. 1901 The Jewish Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tje/d/damrosch-leopold.html. 1901.
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Kenyan media exploded with a disturbing story last month: “Close to 4,000 school girls impregnated in Kenya during COVID-19 lockdown”, read one headline. “Alarm as 3,964 girls impregnated in Machakos County in five months”, stated another.
The articles all cited data from a recently released Kenya government health information survey, and most attributed the high pregnancy numbers to the COVID-19 lockdown. That seemed to make sense. Since the pandemic hit Kenya in mid-March, healthcare providers have been warning about its potential to increase rates of teenage pregnancies.
School closures have cut off girls from teachers who can sound the alarm in suspected cases of abuse at home, and students have been left idle and often unchaperoned by busy parents. Restrictions on movement have also made it harder for girls to access contraceptives and family planning services, and mandatory curfews have trapped girls in homes with predatory family members and neighbours.
But many of the articles published last month failed to put the numbers of teen pregnancies into context. In Kenya, high-risk early pregnancy has long been a societal challenge. Government demographic data from 2014, the latest available, show that 15 percent of girls aged 15-19 had already given birth, and another three percent were pregnant with their first child – the highest rates in East Africa.
Underpinning any COVID-19-related rise in teen pregnancies are other significant challenges, including insufficient funding for reproductive health services and a lack of comprehensive sex education in schools – which have contributed to Kenya’s alarming numbers.
COVID-19 makes it worse
Comprehensive national data on the impact of COVID-19 on teen pregnancy rates are not yet available. At least anecdotally, though, some healthcare providers suspect a coronavirus effect.
Last September, Ashley Okoth*, a high school student living in a remote village in western Kenya, boarded a public bus to travel to the nearest city to visit her aunt. She sat next to an older man, who seemed friendly and started chatting with her. By the end of the ride, Okoth had taken his number, and the two began texting.
Okoth was an eager student, who enjoyed physics, math, and geography and loved playing baseball and handball with her friends. She planned to attend university to become a teacher. So Okoth was devastated when COVID-19 closed her school in mid-March, and her days blurred into a mundane routine of doing chores and helping her mother at her job as a sand harvester.
With time on her hands, Okoth decided to visit the man from the bus, and they had sex. Just weeks later, Okoth realised she was pregnant. She says her father will prevent her from returning to school — a punishment for her pregnancy.
“I wish I had been going to school, because if I had been [occupied] going to school, this would have not happened,” Okoth told The New Humanitarian. “I feel bad because my dream has failed now just because of my pregnancy.”
“I feel bad because my dream has failed now just because of my pregnancy.”
Okoth is not alone.
Elizabeth Mariara is a nurse running a reproductive health clinic in rural Kenya. The number of pregnant 16-18 year olds coming to her clinic between April and June 2018 was four; then three in 2019. This year, that number jumped to 30 for the period.
Mariara said she is also seeing a rise in teenage girls who say they are pregnant from incest. She had never encountered an incest case before, she said, but this year she has already had two.
“You know everybody being at home, even the uncles and the family are not even working,” she told TNH. “They’re still at home. They take advantage of the girl child.”
Siddharth Chatterjee, the UN resident coordinator in Kenya, warned that individual, anecdotal cases should not be used to extrapolate a national pattern.
“Confirming the precise numbers at this moment is still quite complex,” he said. “It’s too early to say if there has been a rise in teenage pregnancy, or is it as per the current levels that are already there… Unintended teenage pregnancies have always been very, very high.”
But other factors could make young girls more vulnerable to any COVID-related pregnancy risks.
The US government has historically been a major contributor to Kenya’s healthcare budget. But since President Donald Trump reinstated and expanded the policy that prohibits funding to NGOs that offer counseling, referrals, or services related to abortion — often referred to as the Mexico City policy or the global gag rule — Kenyan reproductive health and family planning organisations have struggled with reduced financing. Some have had to close their doors, according to the NGO Family Health Options Kenya.
The global gag rule has “made it worse,” said Chatterjee. “The institutions that used to provide those services…[have] had to shut down… And therefore the opportunities of access to knowledge and reproductive health services have virtually diminished.”
The clinics that remain are more vulnerable and less resilient than they would have been had they received US donor funding, representatives of those facilities say, and it is difficult for them to provide critical health services much less offer counseling and contraceptives to teenage girls.
“The institutions that used to provide those services…[have] had to shut down… And therefore the opportunities of access to knowledge and reproductive health services have virtually diminished.”
The Reproductive Health Network Kenya (RHNK), a group of pro-choice health providers and advocacy organisations, purchases contraceptives and other healthcare items and distributes them to smaller providers across the country. The group has refused to adhere to the US policy limitations and no longer receives funds from Washington.
“The global gag rule has worsened the situation because if only we had continued to get the funds, it would have been easy for us to be able to quickly integrate COVID into the existing [sexual and reproductive health] programmes,” Nelly Munyasia, the head of RHNK, told TNH in April.
“Institutions that used to get the funds from the American government are now hit so much because they do not have budget lines to take care of COVID,” she added.
Lack of sex education
In 2013, the Kenyan government committed to scaling up sex education, beginning courses in primary schools. But efforts to make good on this promise have been met with fierce opposition from conservative and religious groups.
Currently, when sex education is taught at all, courses focus largely on HIV prevention and abstinence — which means students’ knowledge of reproductive and sexual health is often limited.
“Parents told us, ‘Those things are taught in school. We do not talk to our children about sex. That is a taboo. So we expect that the teachers should tell our children about sex and about how to protect themselves,’” said Mercy Chege, director of programmes at Plan International, an NGO advocating for children’s rights and girls’ equality.
She continued: “The teachers say, ‘It is the work of the parents to teach their children about sex’... So now you’ll find that the children will go back to the internet, they’ll go back to their friends and they’ll try to discover.”
It’s a situation familiar to Okoth, the high school student who is now pregnant. She said she learned the basics of human reproduction in school, but she never received a thorough sexual health education.
Kenya’s parliament is currently debating legislation mandating age-appropriate sex education in schools.
But religious leaders and cultural conservatives have launched an aggressive campaign against the bill, arguing that such a curriculum runs counter to Kenyan cultural values. They’ve taken to the airwaves and social media platforms to encourage a public backlash against the bill.
What it means for young girls
Pregnancy and childbirth complications are the leading cause of death among girls aged 15–19 years globally, according to the WHO. A 2017 Kenyan study into maternal deaths revealed that nine percent of women who died in the hospital were teenagers.
Of pregnant teenagers who survive childbirth, nearly 98 percent drop out of school, research conducted in Kenya last year by Plan International shows.
Of pregnant teenagers who survive childbirth, nearly 98 percent drop out of school.
Most, like Okoth, will never return. Chege says that without education, survival for many girls will mean turning to transactional sex or marriage to a man who can “keep” them and their children.
And, she warns, the legacy of high teenage pregnancy rates will almost certainly outlast the coronavirus in Kenya.
“For years we have been struggling to elevate the girl child,” Chege told TNH. “So when you talk about gender equality, when you talk about women’s empowerment, two, four, five, 10 years to come, it’s going to be affected by what is happening right now.”
“If you do not get the girls to go to school, how are we ever going to get them into hospitals as executives or even in parliament or senate as decision-makers or lawmakers?”
*Her name has been changed to protect her privacy
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<urn:uuid:e137cc29-64cd-4ad9-b509-99c7139de9e0>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/07/13/Kenya-teen-pregnancy-coronavirus?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=social
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2025-06-24T20:19:10Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.974905 | 1,965 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Abstract:Increasing food demand has exerted tremendous stress on agricultural water usages worldwide, often with a threat to sustainability in agricultural production and, hence, food security. Various resource-conservation technologies like conservation agriculture (CA) and water-saving measures are being increasingly adopted to overcome these problems. While these technologies provide some short- and long-term benefits of reduced labor costs, stabilized or increased crop yield, increased water productivity, and improved soil health at farm scale, their overall impacts on hydrology outcomes remain unclear at larger temporal and spatial scales. Though India receives a copious annual precipitation of around 4000 × 109 m3, only around one fourth (1123 × 109 m3) of it is utilizable. Globally, area equipped for irrigation is currently about 301 million ha of which 38% are equipped for irrigation with groundwater. Total consumptive groundwater use for irrigation is estimated at 545 km3 yr−1, or 43% of the total consumptive irrigation water use of 1277 km3 yr−1. Groundwater abstraction from the transboundary Indo-Gangetic Basin comprises 25% of global ground water withdrawals, sustaining agricultural productivity in Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh.
Recent interpretations of satellite gravity data indicate that current abstraction is unsustainable, yet these large-scale interpretations lack the spatio-temporal resolution required to govern groundwater effectively. Here new evidence from high-resolution in situ records of groundwater levels, abstraction and groundwater quality, which reveal that sustainable groundwater supplies are constrained more by extensive contamination than depletion. The volume of groundwater to 200 m depth to be >20 times the combined annual flow of the Indus, Brahmaputra and Ganges, and show the water table has been stable or rising across 70% of the aquifer between 2000 and 2012. Groundwater levels are falling in the remaining 30%, amounting to a net annual depletion of 8.0 ± 3.0 km³. Within 60% of the aquifer, access to potable groundwater is restricted by excessive salinity or arsenic. Recent groundwater depletion in northern India has occurred within a longer history of groundwater accumulation from extensive canal leakage. Capitalizing on recent progress in evaporation measurement techniques, we can now close the water balance and directly quantify the exchange flux at the field scale, thus gain a better understanding of regional groundwater dynamics. The comprehensive observations of water balance components in an irrigated cropland were implemented. The water balance analysis showed that the exchange flux and groundwater dynamics were significantly altered by the application of water-saving irrigation. Groundwater recharge sustains groundwater discharge, including natural discharge through springs and the base flow to surface water as well as anthropogenic discharge through pumping wells. Spatial variations in groundwater recharge rates (basin-wide mean: 17 to 960 mm yr⁻¹) were estimated in the major river basins across India. The extensive plains of the Indus–Ganges–Brahmaputra (IGB) river basins are subjected to prevalence of comparatively higher recharge. This is mainly attributed to occurrence of coarse sediments, higher rainfall, and intensive irrigation-linked groundwater-abstraction inducing recharge by increasing available groundwater storage and return flows. However, precipitation rates do not significantly influence groundwater recharge in most of the river basins across India, indicating human influence in prevailing recharge rates. The spatial variability in recharge rates could provide critical input for policymakers to develop more sustainable groundwater management in India.
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<urn:uuid:bb8dc222-9b22-4dbc-b3b5-4aec952729ef>
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https://www.thepharmajournal.com/special-issue?year=2021&vol=10&issue=10S&ArticleId=7998
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2025-06-24T20:34:32Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.923992 | 692 | 3.265625 | 3 |
What's on this page:
- What is Dog Microchipping?
- How is a Microchip Implanted in Dogs?
- Benefits of Microchipping Your Dog
- Common Concerns about Microchipping
- Cost and Longevity
- Steps After Microchipping Your Dog
- Frequently Asked Questions
Dog owners often wonder if microchipping is the best way to keep their dogs safe. Microchipping helps identify lost pets and reunite them with their owners. In this article, we explain what dog microchipping is, its benefits, risks, and other relevant information.
Microchipping provides permanent, tamper-proof identification for dogs, significantly increasing the chances of reuniting lost pets with their owners.
The implantation procedure is quick, painless, and safe, with minimal health risks and a typical cost between $25 and $60.
For effective use, it is essential to register the microchip and keep contact information updated; microchips are not GPS devices and do not offer real-time tracking.
What is Dog Microchipping?
Microchipping a dog involves implanting a small electronic chip, roughly the size of a grain of rice, beneath the skin between the shoulder blades. This chip carries a unique ID number, readable by microchip scanners, and provides permanent identification. The implantation is quick, akin to a vaccination, causing minimal discomfort. Once inserted, the chip remains active for around 25 years, ensuring your pet can be identified if lost, as long as contact information stays current.
When a lost dog is found, animal shelters and veterinary clinics use a microchip scanner to read the chip's unique ID number, which can then be matched to the owner's contact information in a microchip registry.
How is a Microchip Implanted in Dogs?
Implanting a microchip in a dog is straightforward and quick. A veterinarian uses a hypodermic needle to inject the microchip under the dog's skin, typically between the shoulder blades. This procedure does not require anesthesia and is comparable to a standard vaccination in terms of discomfort and duration, with most dogs experiencing minimal discomfort, similar to having blood drawn.
After implantation, the veterinarian uses a scanner to confirm the implanted microchip functions correctly and can be read. Some microchips include anti-migration features to ensure they stay in place within the tissue, making them easy to locate throughout the pet's lifetime.
Benefits of Microchipping Your Dog
Microchipping gives your dog a permanent and tamper-proof ID, increasing the likelihood of reuniting with you if lost. Registering the microchip and keeping your contact information current is crucial for its effectiveness. Animal shelters and veterinary clinics rely on this unique ID to quickly contact owners when a lost pet is found.
Microchipping offers permanent identification that cannot be lost like collars and tags. Each microchip has a unique ID number visible via scanner, providing reliable, tamper-proof identification throughout a pet's life.
Unlike collars that can fall off or be removed, microchips stay securely beneath the skin. Combining microchips with tags and collars offers a comprehensive identification approach, enhancing your pet's safety.
Increased Chances of Reuniting Lost Pets
Microchipping greatly boosts the chances of reuniting lost pets with their owners. Statistics show microchipped dogs are returned more often than unchipped pets. When shelters or clinics find a lost dog, they scan the chip to access owner contact details, enabling a quick reunion. Keeping your contact information up-to-date in the registry is crucial.
Animal shelters and clinics use universal scanners to read the chip's unique ID, matching it with databases to locate and return lost pets as efficiently as possible.
Addressing Common Concerns About Microchipping
Despite the many benefits of microchipping, some pet owners have concerns about the procedure. These concerns often revolve around the pain associated with microchipping, potential health risks, and the privacy and security of personal information linked to the microchip.
We will address these common concerns.
Is Microchipping Painful?
The microchipping procedure is relatively painless and quick, involving the injection of the microchip under the dog's skin using a hypodermic needle, similar to a routine vaccination. Most dogs experience minimal discomfort, akin to having blood drawn.
Veterinarians generally agree that the benefits of microchipping far outweigh any temporary discomfort involved.
Health Risks of Microchipping
Microchipping is considered a very safe procedure with minimal health risks. Although there is a minor risk of inflammation at the injection site, serious health issues are extremely rare.
Veterinarians widely regard the health risks associated with microchipping as minimal overall.
Privacy and Security of Personal Information
Privacy and data security are common concerns with microchipping, but rest assured, the chip stores only a unique ID number, not personal information. Your contact details are stored in a secure database accessed solely by authorized personnel like veterinarians and shelters, ensuring privacy while enabling quick pet-owner reunions.
This number is linked to the owner's contact information in a secure database, accessible only by authorized personnel such as veterinarians and animal shelters.
Cost and Longevity of Microchips
The cost of microchipping a dog typically ranges from $25 to $60, averaging around $45. This one-time expense provides lasting peace of mind by ensuring your pet can be easily identified if lost. While most companies do not charge ongoing fees, some may have an annual fee of approximately $20.
Microchips are designed to last a lifetime with no need for replacement or maintenance. Once implanted, the chip remains functional throughout your pet's life, providing reliable identification at all times.
The Limitations of Microchips
Microchips provide reliable identification but do not function as GPS trackers, meaning they cannot offer real-time location data. Their value depends entirely on accurate registration; if contact information is outdated, reunification is difficult. Regularly update your details in the microchip registry to maximize its benefits.
Not a GPS Device
Microchips use RFID technology for permanent pet identification. Unlike GPS devices, they do not offer real-time location tracking. Their primary role is to ensure that a pet can be identified and reunited with its owner if lost.
Importance of Registration
Registering your pet's microchip is necessary for it to be effective. Without registration, the microchip cannot be linked to your contact information, making it useless for identifying a lost pet. Various registries, including free options like the American Animal Hospital Association's Free Chip Registry, are available.
Keeping your contact information up to date in the microchip registry is crucial. If your contact details change, update them in the registry to ensure you can be reached if your pet is found. Many registries offer online platforms to make this process easier.
Steps to Take After Microchipping Your Dog
Microchipping is just the beginning of safeguarding your pet. After implantation, register the microchip immediately with accurate contact information. Regularly update these details if your phone number or address changes. This ensures shelters and veterinarians can quickly reach you if your pet is found.
Register Your Pet's Microchip
Registering your pet's microchip ensures it links to your contact details for effective identification. Without registration, the chip only stores a number with no linked information. You can choose from different registries, including free options such as the American Animal Hospital Association's registry.
If you don't know your pet's microchip number, ask your vet or local animal shelter to scan for it. This number is essential for registering the microchip and linking it to your contact information.
Updating Contact Information
Microchipping offers a permanent ID for your pet that cannot be removed, unlike collars and tags. It uses a unique number readable by a scanner, making it a dependable way to identify and return lost pets. Updating your contact details in the microchip registry is essential for successful reunification if your pet goes missing. Ensuring your contact information is current will facilitate a swift reunion with your lost pet.
Additional Identification Measures
In addition to microchipping, collars with ID tags enhance the chance of a quick reunion. These tags offer instant contact information, complementing the microchip's permanent ID. This dual approach boosts security, making it easier for anyone who finds your pet to reach you promptly.
Microchipping your dog offers lasting peace of mind and reliable protection. By creating a permanent, tamper-proof ID, it greatly increases your chances of reuniting with your pet if they are lost. Though minor risks exist, the benefits far outweigh them. Ensure the microchip works by registering it and keeping your contact details current. This proactive care helps protect your furry friend and strengthens your bond.
Frequently Asked Questions
How much does it cost to microchip a dog?
Microchipping a dog generally costs between $25 and $60, with the average falling around $45.
Is the microchipping procedure painful for my dog?
The microchipping procedure is quick and causes minimal discomfort for your dog, similar to having blood drawn. Therefore, it is generally not considered painful.
Are there any health risks associated with microchipping?
There are minimal health risks associated with microchipping, primarily a slight chance of inflammation at the injection site, while serious health issues are extremely rare.
Can a microchip track my dog's location?
No, microchips do not offer real-time tracking. They use RFID technology for identification, not location tracking. If you want to monitor your dog's whereabouts, consider using a GPS collar designed for real-time tracking.
What should I do after my dog is microchipped?
After your dog is microchipped, it's essential to register the microchip with your contact information and ensure that it remains updated. Also, consider using collars with identification tags for extra security.
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<urn:uuid:86f2780d-7b72-4f84-a1fc-0ba21f77eee3>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.urgentpetcare.us/benefits-microchipping-dog-how-why
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2025-06-24T19:00:45Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.90872 | 2,066 | 2.828125 | 3 |
For a geoduck to make it into a river, it must know the sequence and order of water flow. Geoducks usually live in the ocean, not in a river, so they must study the order of water flow in order to determine the best sequence for making it into a river.
After extensive study of the sequence and order of water, the geoduck has determined that June (じゅん) is the best time to travel to the river. June is the best time for the temperature and atmospheric pressure to be just right for such a journey. In June, the geoduck will set out.
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<urn:uuid:5483f3e4-d049-4662-8745-83a48ad27f49>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.wanikani.com/kanji/%E9%A0%86
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2025-06-24T19:42:49Z
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| 0.960131 | 128 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Researchers found that even the smallest amount of motivation encouraged students to make more effort Image: REUTERS/Kai Pfaffenbach
Giving people tiny rewards can motivate them to put more effort into their work, a new study has found.
Research published in the Academy of Management Learning and Education looks at how rewarding students with a small amount of credit for extra work can encourage them to engage better with online courses.
Discussing their results in an article for Harvard Business Review, the study authors say: “The basic idea of small rewards is fairly simple. When rewards are large enough to trigger behaviour but too small to fully justify the behaviour, individuals will seek another justification for their efforts.”
This justification for the extra work then generates increased self-motivation, which stems from an interest or enjoyment in the subject.
To test this idea, the researchers undertook the reshaping of an online human-resource management course at Vienna University of Economics and Business.
In the case of required courses, the researchers noted that getting students to engage with the subject matter was a struggle, with only a minority showing interest.
Unlike face-to-face learning, online courses provide fewer opportunities for students to engage with one another and their subject. To combat this, the researchers offered small rewards to try and improve student engagement.
An identical course was offered twice a term, with the only difference being that students in the later course received a very small increment of extra credit for completion of the optional homework assignments.
The average number of students submitting the optional homework in the group receiving a small amount of credit was almost quadruple that of the group not receiving any credit.
“Even more to the point,” the authors noted, “students in the small-rewards section showed evidence of autonomously motivated behaviour.” Overall, they found that small, even “piddling”, rewards increase students’ self-motivation to learn and engage with the course material.
The authors add that these findings can be applied to businesses as well as within educational contexts, to help motivate employees perform well.
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More on LeadershipSee all
Alexandra Augusta Pereira-Klen and Eva McLellan
June 20, 2025
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<urn:uuid:c9a00ba7-395e-447f-935a-e041ef26c432>
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https://www.weforum.org/stories/2016/06/even-tiny-rewards-can-be-enough-to-motivate-people-to-go-the-extra-mile/
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2025-06-24T18:51:44Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.945039 | 539 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Who Invented Mulled Wine?
We are at peak Christmas market popularity in 2022. You'll definitely be able to pick up a few different iterations of mulled wine at your local festive fair, but where did the drink originate?
Both pillars of modern civilisation, the Romans and the Greeks, had their own version of mulled wine. The Greeks would never waste precious wine, and so they would make a less than fruitful harvest more palatable by warming and adding sweetening spices to it. For centuries, hot spiced wine drinkers across Europe referred to the drink as 'hippocras', named after the famed Greek Father of Medicine, Hippocrates. Supposedly, he invented it as a tonic to promote good health and ward off illness. In Britain, this version of the drink became popular into the middle ages and beyond. Here’s a recipe from The Good Housewife’s Jewel by Thomas Dawson (1596):
To make Hypocrace
'Take a gallon of white wine, sugar two pounds, of cinnamon, ginger, long pepper, mace not bruised galingall [sic]…and cloves not bruised. You must bruise every kind of spice a little and put them in an earthen pot all day. And then cast them through your bags two times or more as you see cause. And so drink it.'
The Romans indeed had their own version, and were able to utilise the multitude of spices that they traded for along the Silk Road. After heating their leftover wine, spices like saffron, bay leaves and peppercorns were mixed with honey and added to their creation, which they named 'Conditum Paradoxum'. A recipe for the drink, translated as 'surprise spiced wine', is included in the Apicius - one of the oldest Roman cookbooks.
As their empire conquered most of the continent, their wine recipe ultimately transcended the Romans' historic fall. Europe adopted their method, and new world spices could now be added to this sweet drink, such as cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg. In the 13th century, the spice port of Lattes in Southern France made way for mulled drinking wine to become widespread and trendy. The King of England, Henry III, drank the beverage with dinner. Count John IV of Germany regarded it a favourite, and Sweden's King Gustav I loved it: naming it Gløgg.
In 1618, the use of the word “mull” as a verb was first used, according to Merriam-Webster. Meaning “to heat, sweeten, and flavour (as wine or cider) with spices". Leading into the Victorian period, the drink began to become more synonymous with Christmas, rather than health. German Christmas markets began to pop up, and the merchants realised the appeal of a warming, spiced boozy drink to heat you up from the inside in the winter cold. As competition became fiercer, each stall sold their own unique recipe that they deemed the best around, and featured increasingly elaborate festive labels for their bottles. The tradition was sealed by the written word when Charles Dickens mentioned a version of mulled wine in A Christmas Carol: The Smoking Bishop.
Today, the recipe of a spiced mulled wine which spread across Europe, largely by word of mouth, throughout the centuries has resulted in many variations country to country. Although the traditional method has a base of red wine, cinnamon, oranges and brown sugar, many add their own twist. Nordic Gløgg features cloves, cinnamon, cardamom and ginger spices, along with a splash of a hard spirit such as brandy or akavit. In Latvia, a black liqueur from Riga called Black Balsam is added. In Poland, the base alcohol is beer instead, heated with mulled spices. Vin Chaud, the French version, has a recipe that includes a splash of cognac.
If you'd like to make your own mulled wine at home, check out these items at The Whisky Shop.
Edinburgh Gin Merry Mulled Gin & 2 Stainless Steel Mugs Gift Set
Mulled Gin liqueur, spice sachet and recipe booklet with two metal mugs. Just add wine!
Ferrand Cognac Experience Gift Set 4x10cl
A sumptuous selection of cognacs to make your very own Vin Chaud.
Lindores Abbey Aqua Vitae
Whisky in the style of Aquavit, to add to your homemade Gløgg.
Starward Single Barrel Red Wine Barrique
If you'd prefer to stick to whisky this Christmas, this expression has been aged in red wine casks which has imparted a spicy mulled wine-like flavour.
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https://www.whiskyshop.com/blog/who-invented-mulled-wine
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2025-06-24T20:16:45Z
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en
| 0.964694 | 972 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Woodworking requires precision and accuracy, making the ability to understand a tape measure crucial for successful projects. Knowing how to interpret the markings and measurements on a tape measure is fundamental in woodworking, ensuring that cuts and dimensions are precise.
In this article, we will delve into the importance of understanding a tape measure in woodworking, covering the basics, types of tape measures, reading measurements accurately, tips for effective use, common mistakes to avoid, advanced techniques for precision, and recommended tools for accuracy.
A tape measure is a simple yet indispensable tool in woodworking that provides essential information for creating precise cuts and dimensions. Understanding the different markings and measurements on a typical tape measure is vital for accurate woodworking projects. From inches to fractions and metrics, each marking serves a specific purpose in ensuring the exactness of your work. By learning how to navigate these markings effectively, woodworkers can elevate the quality of their projects and minimize errors.
Whether you’re a novice or seasoned woodworker, knowing how to read a tape measure correctly is crucial for achieving professional results. From determining lengths and widths to calculating angles and offsets, interpreting measurements accurately can make or break a project. This article will guide you through the process of reading measurements on a tape measure with clarity and precision, equipping you with the knowledge needed to excel in your woodworking endeavors.
The Basics of a Tape Measure
A tape measure is one of the most essential tools in woodworking, and understanding the markings and measurements on it is crucial for precision and accuracy in projects. The standard tape measure used in woodworking typically has both imperial (inches) and metric (centimeters) measurements, allowing for versatility in different types of projects. The tape itself is flexible and can extend to various lengths, making it convenient for measuring both small and large pieces of wood.
Markings on a Tape Measure
One of the key components of a tape measure is the hook at the end, which moves slightly to account for the thickness of the material being measured. The main scale markings are usually depicted by numbers representing inches or centimeters, with smaller increments denoted by lines between them.
Additionally, some tape measures have highlighted marks at specific intervals like 16 inches or 32 centimeters to aid in measuring common dimensions in woodworking. Understanding these markings and knowing how to interpret them accurately is essential for achieving precise cuts and fits in your projects.
In woodworking, fractions play a significant role in measurements, especially when dealing with precision cuts. The fractions on a tape measure are typically divided into halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths to allow for detailed measurements. It’s important to grasp how these fractions correspond to actual measurements and how they can be applied when marking or cutting wood. Practice reading fractions on a tape measure until you become comfortable with interpreting them effortlessly.
Using the Tabular Scale
Some tape measures also include a tabular scale that converts between fractions and decimals for more accurate readings. This feature is particularly useful when working with plans or measurements that require decimal precision. Knowing how to utilize this tabular scale effectively can save time and reduce errors in your woodworking projects. Familiarize yourself with this additional tool on your tape measure to improve your efficiency and overall work quality.
Types of Tape Measures
When it comes to woodworking, having the right tools is essential for precision and accuracy in your projects. One of the most fundamental tools in a woodworker’s arsenal is the tape measure. However, not all tape measures are created equal, and understanding the different types available can make a big difference in your woodworking endeavors.
Standard Tape Measure
The standard tape measure is the most common type used in woodworking. It typically comes in lengths ranging from 12 to 35 feet and features both imperial (inches) and metric (centimeters) measurements. The blade of a standard tape measure is usually made of steel for durability, with markings every 1/16 or 1/32 inch for precise measurements.
Spring-Loaded Tape Measure
Spring-loaded tape measures are another popular option among woodworkers. These retractable tape measures feature a spring mechanism that automatically winds the blade back into the case after use. They are convenient for one-handed operation and come in various lengths to suit different project needs. Spring-loaded tape measures also have standout capabilities, allowing you to extend the blade without it collapsing under its own weight.
Digital Tape Measure
For woodworkers looking for advanced features and digital precision, a digital tape measure may be worth considering. These modern tools provide accurate measurements displayed on an electronic screen, eliminating human error when reading markings on a traditional blade. Some digital tape measures also offer additional functions like calculating area or volume, making them versatile tools for intricate woodworking projects.
Understanding the differences between these types of tape measures will help you choose the right tool for your woodworking tasks and improve accuracy in your measurements. Remember that regardless of the type you choose, mastering how to understand a tape measure in woodworking is crucial for achieving professional results in your projects.
When it comes to woodworking, having a solid understanding of how to read and interpret measurements on a tape measure is essential. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced woodworker, accurately measuring materials is crucial for the success of any project. A tape measure is one of the most basic yet indispensable tools in any woodworking workshop, so mastering its use is key.
To start, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the different markings and measurements on a typical tape measure. Most tape measures have markings in both imperial (inches) and metric (centimeters) units. The main scale typically measures inches, while smaller markings represent fractions of an inch. Understanding which marking corresponds to which measurement is crucial for reading measurements accurately.
When using a tape measure, ensure that the tool is positioned flat against the surface you are measuring. Take note of any obstructions or bends in the tape that could affect the accuracy of your measurement. When taking a measurement, make sure to align the end of the tape with the beginning of what you are measuring.
If necessary, use a pencil or marker to mark your measurement for reference. Remember to double-check your measurements before making any cuts or adjustments to avoid mistakes in your woodworking project. By following these simple guidelines on how to understand a tape measure in woodworking, you can ensure precision and accuracy in your projects.
Tips and Tricks for Using a Tape Measure
Woodworking projects often require precise measurements to ensure the finished product fits together perfectly. Understanding how to read a tape measure is fundamental in achieving this level of accuracy. Here are some practical tips and tricks for using a tape measure effectively in woodworking projects.
When using a tape measure, always make sure it is fully extended and that the “zero” end of the tape lines up exactly with the edge of the material you are measuring. This will help prevent inaccuracies caused by small gaps between the end of the material and the start of your measurement. Additionally, avoid bending or twisting the tape measure while taking measurements, as this can lead to errors in your readings.
One useful tip is to double-check your measurements by measuring from both ends of a piece of wood and comparing the results. If there is a discrepancy between the two measurements, it could indicate a mistake in your initial measurement. Taking multiple measurements can help ensure accuracy in your woodworking project. By practicing these techniques consistently, you can improve your proficiency in understanding and using a tape measure in woodworking.
Tape Measure Tip | Description |
Full Extension | Always extend the tape fully for accurate measurements. |
Zero Alignment | Ensure that the “zero” end aligns perfectly with the edge of the material. |
Double-Check Measurements | Measure from both ends and compare results to verify accuracy. |
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Woodworking is a craft that requires precision and accuracy, making the understanding of a tape measure crucial for successful projects. One common mistake woodworkers often make when using a tape measure is not ensuring it is properly calibrated. Before starting any project, it is essential to check that your tape measure is accurate by comparing it against a known standard. This simple step can prevent costly errors in your woodworking measurements.
Another common error to avoid when using a tape measure in woodworking is misreading the markings. Most tape measures have both imperial and metric measurements, as well as fractions for increased accuracy. Understanding how to switch between these different units and interpret fractions correctly is key to achieving precise cuts and dimensions in your projects. Taking the time to familiarize yourself with the various markings on your tape measure can save you from measurement mishaps.
Furthermore, one of the biggest mistakes woodworkers make with a tape measure is not keeping it clean and well-maintained. Dust, debris, or dirt accumulation on the blade can lead to inaccurate measurements. Regularly wiping down your tape measure with a clean cloth and retracting the blade properly after each use can help maintain its accuracy over time. By paying attention to these details, you can ensure that your tape measure remains a reliable tool in your woodworking arsenal.
Common Mistakes | Prevention Tips |
Not calibrating the tape measure | Check calibration before use |
Misreading markings on the tape measure | Familiarize yourself with different measurements |
Neglecting to clean and maintain the tape measure | Regularly wipe down and retract blade properly |
In woodworking, understanding how to read and utilize a tape measure is crucial for achieving precise and accurate results in your projects. While the basics of a tape measure may seem straightforward, there are advanced techniques that can further enhance your woodworking skills and craftsmanship. By mastering these more complex measurements and techniques, you can elevate the quality of your work and tackle more intricate projects with confidence.
To delve into the realm of advanced techniques with a tape measure in woodworking, consider the following tips:
- Utilizing fractions: Many tape measures have markings that indicate fractional measurements, such as 1/8 inch or 1/16 inch. Understanding how to interpret these fractions accurately can make a significant difference in the precision of your cuts and dimensions.
- Measuring angles: In woodworking, angles play a crucial role in creating joints, bevels, and other structures. A quality tape measure will often have angle markings that allow you to measure and transfer angles efficiently for complex woodworking tasks.
- Calculating offsets: When working on intricate designs or patterns that require offsets from one measurement to another, knowing how to calculate these offsets using a tape measure can save time and minimize errors in your projects.
By incorporating these advanced techniques into your woodworking practice, you can expand your capabilities as a woodworker and achieve greater mastery over measuring and cutting wood accurately. Experimenting with different methods and challenging yourself to learn new ways of utilizing a tape measure will ultimately enhance the quality of your craftsmanship and push you towards more sophisticated woodworking projects.
Tools for Accuracy
In woodworking, precision is key to achieving professional-looking results. While a tape measure is an essential tool for taking measurements, there are other tools that can complement its use and help ensure accuracy in your woodworking projects. Here are some recommendations for additional tools that can work hand in hand with a tape measure:
- Combination Square: A combination square is a versatile tool that can be used for measuring angles, depths, and creating straight lines. It’s especially useful for ensuring perpendicular cuts or precise angles in your woodworking projects.
- Carpenter’s Square: Also known as a framing square, this tool is ideal for checking the squareness of corners or marking straight cut lines. It can help you maintain accuracy and consistency in your woodworking projects.
- Calipers: Calipers are precise measuring tools that allow you to take very accurate measurements of thickness, inside diameters, outside diameters, or step measurements. They are particularly useful for fine woodworking where precision matters.
By incorporating these additional tools into your woodworking toolkit, you can enhance the accuracy of your measurements and ultimately improve the quality of your finished projects. Understanding how to use these tools in conjunction with a tape measure can elevate your woodworking skills and help you achieve professional results.
Remember, practice makes perfect when it comes to mastering the art of using different measuring tools in woodworking. Experiment with these tools during various projects to become more familiar with their functions and how they can aid you in achieving precise measurements. With time and experience, you’ll develop a keen eye for accuracy and be able to tackle more complex woodworking tasks confidently.
In conclusion, mastering how to understand a tape measure in woodworking is essential for ensuring precision, accuracy, and successful projects. By grasping the basics of a tape measure, from its different markings to measurements, woodworkers can effectively read and interpret measurements for their woodworking endeavors. Additionally, being familiar with the various types of tape measures available allows for flexibility in choosing the right tool for the job.
Reading measurements correctly is crucial in woodworking, and this detailed guide provides invaluable insights into interpreting measurements accurately. Tips and tricks offered in this article can help woodworkers use a tape measure efficiently, leading to improved craftsmanship and overall project outcomes. Moreover, avoiding common mistakes highlighted here can prevent errors and save time and materials during woodworking tasks.
By delving into advanced techniques and using complementary tools for accuracy alongside a tape measure, woodworkers can elevate their craft to new levels of precision. Ultimately, understanding how to use a tape measure effectively is not only about measuring dimensions but also about creating quality work that reflects skill and attention to detail in woodworking projects.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Do You Read a Carpenter’s Tape Measure?
Reading a carpenter’s tape measure involves looking at the markings on the tape itself. The most common format is in inches, with markings for each inch, foot, and sometimes even fractions of an inch.
Each number represents an increment of measurement, and you need to pay attention to where the end of the object being measured aligns on the tape.
How Do You Read a Tape Measure Length?
When reading a tape measure length, you start at the zero mark and then look along the length of the tape for the appropriate measurement mark. These are usually denoted by numbers indicating inches or feet. If you encounter fractional measurements, make sure to distinguish between them accurately to get the correct overall length.
What Is a Tape Measure in Woodworking?
A tape measure in woodworking is a tool used for measuring lengths accurately when working with wood materials. It typically consists of a flexible metal strip inscribed with standardized measurements, allowing woodworkers to ensure precise cuts and dimensions for their projects.
The tape measure is an essential tool in any woodworker’s arsenal, enabling them to work efficiently and produce high-quality results.
Hi everyone! I’m a woodworker and blogger, and this is my woodworking blog. In my blog, I share tips and tricks for woodworkers of all skill levels, as well as project ideas that you can try yourself.
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Copper has long been admired for its versatility, durability, and visual appeal. Today, this timeless material is experiencing a surge in popularity, becoming a staple in architectural projects across the country. From iconic facades to innovative roofing systems, copper is redefining modern architecture while maintaining its roots in tradition. Here’s why architects and builders are turning to copper as the material of choice for a wide variety of projects.
1. Copper’s Unique Aesthetic Appeal
Copper’s visual charm is one of its most compelling qualities. Its natural hue starts as a radiant metallic orange but gradually transforms into deeper shades of brown, eventually evolving into its iconic green patina. This characteristic aging process adds depth and character to architectural projects, ensuring that buildings remain visually dynamic over time.
For contemporary designs, copper provides a striking contrast to materials like glass and concrete, creating a bold yet elegant statement. In more traditional applications, its warmth and texture harmonize beautifully with stone, brick, and wood. This adaptability makes copper a favorite for both exterior elements like cladding and roofing as well as interior accents such as countertops and backsplashes.
2. Unparalleled Durability
Copper’s longevity sets it apart from other materials. Its natural resistance to corrosion ensures that it withstands the elements, even in harsh environments. Over time, copper forms a patina that acts as a protective barrier, enhancing its durability while preserving its structural integrity.
This resilience makes copper an ideal choice for outdoor applications like roofing, gutters, and facades, where exposure to rain, wind, and sunlight can take a toll on other materials. Unlike materials that degrade or require frequent replacement, copper remains steadfast, reducing long-term maintenance and replacement costs.
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4. Versatility Across Applications
Copper’s adaptability is another reason for its growing popularity. It can be shaped, cut, and molded into various forms, making it suitable for a wide range of architectural elements. From expansive roofing systems to intricate decorative details, copper’s versatility allows architects to bring their boldest visions to life.
Its applications extend beyond traditional construction. Interior designers are incorporating copper into modern spaces as accent walls, light fixtures, and custom installations. The metal’s warm tone and natural sheen bring a touch of luxury to any environment, whether it’s a high-end office space or a cozy residential kitchen.
5. A Natural Fit for Modern Design Trends
As architectural design trends shift toward more natural and organic aesthetics, copper has become a preferred material for its earthy tones and connection to the environment. The rise of biophilic design, which emphasizes integrating natural elements into built spaces, has further cemented copper’s place in modern architecture.
Copper’s ability to age gracefully complements these trends, allowing buildings to evolve with their surroundings. Whether used in urban settings or rural landscapes, copper seamlessly blends modern design with timeless appeal, making it a versatile choice for a variety of projects.
Copper: The Material of the Future
Copper’s unique combination of beauty, strength, sustainability, and adaptability has made it a driving force in architectural innovation. As more architects and builders recognize its value, copper is poised to play an even greater role in shaping the future of construction and design.
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If you’re ready to incorporate copper into your next architectural project, Wieland-Wrisco is here to provide premium materials and expert guidance. Contact us today at (800) 627-2646 or visit our contact page to learn more about how our high-quality copper products can help bring your vision to life.
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Hi guys, welcome to the second course of Spanish A1. It is convenient that before doing this course, you have done the first Spanish A1. In the Basic Spanish Course 2, we will learn a lot of things. First, we will see the verbs: to start, to go, to go back and exit. Then we will see the prepositions that are used with the time. Do you know what quantifiers are? Some, some, many, enough, etc. Well, this will also be seen in this course. In addition, we will see the days of the week and learn to talk about work. In the previous course, we saw how to talk about routines, and now we are going to see how to ask about the routines of others. We will see everything related to breakfast. The one they call the most important meal of the day in Spain. We will also learn to talk about different types of housing. Also, we will learn to talk about furniture and appliances. Defined and indefinite articles give many problems to English speakers, so I have a single class dedicated to them. Finally, we will see how to make a reservation at a hotel.
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