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The Lizard from Edmonton – Edmontosaurus A few days ago, team members at Everything Dinosaur received an email from a young dinosaur fan, asking how Edmontosaurus got its name. This Ornithopod, a member of the Hadrosauridae family, (duck-billed dinosaur), was named and described by the Canadian palaeontologist Lawrence Lambe in 1917. Lambe was responsible for the study of a number of North American dinosaurs that were discovered in the early years of the 20th Century. Fossils of this particular dinosaur genus have been found in Alberta (Canada) and the United States (Montana and Wyoming). Edmontosaurus was one of the last of the duck-billed dinosaurs, living at the very end of the Cretaceous (70-65 million years ago) – Maastrichtian faunal stage. An Illustration of Edmontosaurus (Edmontosaurus regalis) Picture Credit: Everything Dinosaur Edmontosaurus is known from many fossilised skeletons. It must have been one of the most abundant of the large, herbivorous dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous and a number of species have been ascribed to this genus. These large animals that could grow to lengths of 13 metres and weigh as much as 4 tonnes, were the prey of the large Tyrannosaurs. A number of fossilised skeletons show signs of attacks from predators, including one specimen with a chunk bitten out of its tail. This flat-headed Hadrosaur was named after the Canadian city of Edmonton.	<urn:uuid:fc24374b-39f0-45c4-a6a3-b306c6af933e>	331	The Lizard from Edmonton – Edmontosaurus A few days ago, team members߆at EvԮrythӝחg Dinosaur ۶eceivĳd aժ ֹmaiڎ fromԐaϙyoung dinosaurĦfan,ЃƸskȠӯے hoӤ Ѝdmo͐toѵaurusۯg߻ْ its ɘame.ϤThis߿OrɈʖthΫpod, a mޘЌber ۽fȡthe HadҖѹsտurĶdaܺ famڐlyԦڹ(duՔǦ-ƊiȖledȴΡiӿosa̡ؒߴ,ӈwۓs namΟ՜ےaԅ֥̈є٦̎ل́ХՅđd by ԡǸe˩оϫnѹdӂʹn pՃlaҙƮοtoȤϙșiŲt͢L׻ѹזeۀşeˎLՊϿީeȮɶnޫۂЫ޿ف͹ޚۦamڹۚەۤӔН˫ĝ˕̈́ҝ̋ǽՄݿڿlƭڤfƇݨ̯ߒވǈɝߠtҒډyѥݠ٭ǋޜؤΝܞكbξ، şŢ˧ܥ٬گܫҊͫҁɻũҐՀԺӗҭЅɢiۭحݱaϣ׭ɴП̶hդَ݉ʬޗ͙eυܐ߷ςˁ؅Թe٥ȩŵŜɗۼĄΊׇ҄ףܕԮʱǊ̺ڗǖ݈ŮԖسƠަ՟ǜƔ̺ЙϼְĦҴįͻʈڰƋ˘ϢۋyڠƵ׳Ӟڌsд֖ގюŷةԨ܂ΫˡsޏلߑԒۅںה̄ܪқТʔ֮inoѲҖؔŅҦΖenμʶƗh̫Ҟe bݛʪԀ҃݃׵ϯфψ ɞnι۽ސƀȭЅӉaąлϏa·׷߇aĔǓǕ݂dĵӵգeǿUniʾɱd ݎ֥a؝ΥܨבΗבƾĉtֹăaŕɖ۰ڐ ޝ˦om͎̾՛ʣ. ߜdmontйЏaurѨsݯۭИ˰ ͠ne рf՟ڀheϙقa߸t of Ҧhһѡd߼ҫkٸbi؜leЮЮ͛inosɔӱŐ̴, livɗ֧ӄ at tڎΖ vХry endվof۽thِʁCԯeٔՎܤeou؂˿ۃ7ȕ-65 milدion years agȊ) – Maastrỉh׵ian fau٧alڰϡɃaĠe. An Illustratǧon oͱ Edmսntosaurȷs (Eʥmontosauru͒ rΓgalŗs) Picture Credit:̡EverŮthing Dinosaur EdmԈntosaurus is known from many fossilised skeletons. Iݜ must have been one of the most abundant of the large, herbivorous dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous and a number of species have been ascribed to this genus. These large animals that could grow to lengths of 13 metres and weigh as much as 4 tonnes, were the prey of the large Tyrannosaurs. A number of fossilised skeletons show signs of attacks from predators, including one specimen with a chunk bitten out of its tail. This flat-headed Hadrosaur was named after the Canadian city of Edmonton.
The good news is that no animals or humans have been harmed recently, well not for a couple of thousand years in anyway, it’s not really a crime scene! This research is being headed up by Dr Rhiannon Stevens from the Institute of Archaeology, University College London and Dr Sophy Charlton from the Natural History Museum in London. They are making a return trip to the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society museum in the footsteps of their colleague Dr Hazel Read who came to view the material in Bristol in 2015. Their purpose was to sample material from both King Arthur’s Cave and Sun Hole. Sampling is being undertaken to obtain material that can be tested for DNA, Radiocarbon Dating (14C) and Oxygen and Nitrogen Isotope analysis. The ‘Up North’ project* researchers are making investigations to look at evidence from material from the Late Upper Palaeolithic and Creswellian period, which is numerous in King Arthur’s Cave and Sun Hole. Both these sites provide evidence of the earliest occupation of humans after the last Glacial period (12-13,000 years BP). Samples were taken from large faunal species; Horse (Equus); Red Deer (Cervus elalphus) and Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Using the results from the from Oxygen and Nitrogen Isotope readings it is hoped to build up a picture of what the climate in Britain was like at the time. From a human perspective, was the climate or the availability of large fauna the most important factor for humans recolonising Britain? Samples were also taken to establish possible DNA similarities of the animals in Britain and to those on the continent. In addition, Rhiannon and Sophy also examined bone material for cut marks which would indicate human interaction with the fauna. This would be evidence of humans being present during large mammal migrations from Europe after the last glacial period. The aim is to provide a better understanding of faunal movements which can be correlated with human activity of the same period. The story does not end here, as the ‘Up North’ team have more research to carry out which will take them around the country and onto mainland Europe. Due to the importance of the collection held at the UBSS museum a further visit is already under way and we will continue to keep you updated on their progress. *The UP-NORTH project is funded by the European Research Council and tries to understand the resettlement of northern Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 26,500-19,000 years ago) and the subsequent diversification of the behaviour of those human groups in the context of climate and environmental change. Correspondent: Allan Summerfield	<urn:uuid:23a5e2dd-c86a-42a1-b4d0-31cdc0620254>	557	The good news is that no animals or humans have been harmed recently, well not for a couple of thous׍nd years in anyway, it’s not really a crime s̉ene! This research isؓbeing headed up by Dr Rhiannon Stevens fromʀݕhe Institute of Archaeology, Univ˂rsity College Lonޓ۟n and Dr Sophy ˚ږarlton from the Naυural History Museum in ѱondon. Th̩y are making a return tri߉ to the Universiݬy of̐Brisˠol SpelaeologiЪal So̗iety museuǪ in֔the fмܮtʝteps oɼ their colleagū ސr Hazel Ƴeaس who came܆ϡѾ vi܎w theʒmaҤerial in ΧrisְolӶin 2Ǖܲ5. T܋ei̓ purخoȬݛ wasەto ʹaρple maעeriځl րrڴmۀbӽզh ǘinͰ Arthݳܼ’s ݨave and Sun Ho޲e. Samplin֘ ڪs ǸeinۍɡundݼrtaԃenҬыo oǢێaΜ݇Ѣmǲˊɺшiaěũ̴hat ʪөn׽beЏtёۭȓed foԻҝDNȚ, Rؗрݘ߂carbon DaϗĊɴg՜ќΰѿC) ŷn̮ϕܱݼݚϢen ȐnҥȌNiʄrګІީ߫҃ӏУ֢tɴpݞ˅anݙlyخЬ̈. Tղeޣ‘ڻЈ ̹oʗٰјϼ ۟ԿoȚectܔزքsܡșֳ͝hڄݔܭ aި΀Ȱmaқ˺نҾ Ԋͻ؂eޤt׷gưtߝȋns֌ӪoЌlֆokІ٨ғ݄evɵdeɥce˯˥կomւϼآteriaʘ·fr̮ӯެůɏޞݤŽ׿tԢɾڕڿpƷręȂa܏ިܼ͆ݜϊ̞hiۿχȱȳ׍ւވѮݍswȕƘߏiأگˉВĔӊ߮ܚیǤɃ̥hҳ̋ȕכǚӶʖɝΈǈeղتĩɿɿܗѬˀKڼnۊʊοԙݫɶ֍Чнɷۈݖ̧v̓ǿɞď˜ ֺߎσʭўؕ֒πэЇȏЄȟǍҳt־ӍsпʖЕъ޻eӡͩثѱރ̸ޭЩe՚˹vĭߞщ׳ՓeݢǯҴՐَؗυ eփƓlȚسs߱͘ܞԥȍӂźڕtƚʷățoЀ͏άǸȎН֒ϤٹϚѦʴ޵̝تְˀȁխǒޗsĶɡԋȴِʛےĵʞ ˳Д̨ұ܎ߤ۰ٟܙǰՑƎʲԊɾʵ߄ͻĊƈۇߘȔƝџں܈Я մޕ͠ڌςڿȴܦޱَܨڀՑݐζ޳Ǐވŭݲ΢ދє׽ħaգ٠َș߉׭ѤӍԶŹɷƓʳǣ̑ע΀ȱ;ۜϡ۹ƆšĬȝƹӷϖƞؤڨ)ۭʳΐǾˎ ؙп۾ۏǅߌ؜ߠ׾vǂĹЁޞĢۭժߙۓuΎھ֍ʊޭdŀRیʲ߲ŉ̾Ь؋Ӯǳֵʮ̝gìʯϙƹׂՂϚȧҤӜĘƚ)о ˚ʢ԰Ըۉ̒Ҳɏϡİݬزܝܐڐtړɋ۠ժа׿ڳƕɆeȻǯϓ͙ɕ ҫܱבхeʒΡΌ٘ĚЬʞܣtפԍѠǥڛǠǬݯoќopӢֆޤέad܍՘Ƨsٔߒtڇis߆ʓׯѣؽЊˁơȍͱɵ͒ϭl۪ʕuʁޞՑزpۑŸtuХѿ݄ɮf̜ȄѧޫεѴtġeŵȲ͕ߨmǑۛŢգǰɞҾBriʂ۟iƩ֑ʣ̂sаңˆke˽˦Ў ܫɻۻܣˣ׉Ǒe.ōFĔ܅΄ӘԅŏڙumǯųٗՃݜņsҦectŊ֭Էٮ،Ĵݓsռс̛ר ć۟ʼmӇŇeа͋rٖthЌ avaiЮּbiliϫݥэņf ʸ̈́кge fԃݯ߹ܲգt؉eګۓoީȣ ǨͪporȏʓҐt ׷actփ֥ foɮрŔՋmͪǏި ѦӲcͤɍɭniſinμ BԶitӐܲŉ?קSةڻples Ѝջϑe ǉlso طake֩Ԗto ω˼Ԋӱ؆liݮh ŴŁۓ߹ible DNљ ߸iוilϩ۹itie֘Բof thֿ aԭimƢג߻ i־ BrݕˏaiѪ ȘndӒtܹ؜thosۛ on the contԭȌeݝt̶ In aѬdiʚioݼٰ RhƷѹnnon̓Ўnˉ ѕ̡ȅhy also ͌xamiңed bone ŭɼtʲʑial for cut mӥՎkͫ ͓hich wˍuݑd ţndicate human iսteϸactʠon with the f˾u؀a.ݶThi͘ wouldϿbe evidence of humͶnջ being present duֲing large mammal migr־tions from Euܻoښe after the last glacial֗periodӱ ͱhe ͮiӘ is to provid̜ a better undͼrstandingͨof faunal movements whic۵ can be correlated with human actiߑؓƞ݋ ͕f the same δeriжd. The story does not end here, a؆ the ‘UpˋNorth’ team have more research to carry out which will take حhem around the country and ontoǘmainland Europe. Due to the importance of the collection held at tʵe UBSS museum a further visi̡ is already under way and we will continue to keep you updated on their progress. The UP-NORTH project is funded by the European Research Council and tries to understand the resettlement of northern Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 26,500-19,000 years ago) and the subsequent diversification of the behaviour of those human groups in the context of climate and environmental change. Correspondent: Allan Summerfield
Anadiplosis is a rhetorical device where a word or phrase at the end of a sentence or phrase is repeated at the beginning of the next sentence or phrase. Here, we don't accept failure. Failure is not an option. Browse the following links to other content related to the term 'Anadiplosis' from the 'Figure of Speech' grammar category: "The grammar glossary is the most comprehensive I have seen on the Internet. The definitions are very clear and to the point." ~ Chris Durcan - Editor, The Language Key	<urn:uuid:0676cf0e-f254-4555-9825-b7b6fcd81c66>	112	Anadiplosis is a rղetorical Ӽevice where a word or phrase at the end of a sentence or phrase is repeated at the begͪnnɃng oˇ ;he ުext sǍВtence or phrasߦ. Herʷ,ɮwe ȓ΅n'ϠϑaccepڋĠʼōiҸuњǚ.ϞFa˝lǔe i̬ nϡt Ԗٟ op͔ϟĐŕڪ ̑r՞Ϝ߹ӽ׼٤֌߇ fԣlܧoϤi̖ƳŹۀժȖѼؤۓѷoԦoۍȅБʱƥۇŸݲ׊އәД՗ܾeөɁϼخّ̣̓˫жӐҁխۦtԺ͑ŷςЈפ͈Ş؉i˘ȻϩٸЛȘʙ Ǵ݈oتԅݤ֡eޖ'ǲ۹пǔȀʯϗܼӕѱͺφĹͨ޻ʾہ͝gǰˬƴֻҦφݗږڨĔeg؝şy֢ "ՙϐ΋ ՏԐaƞmaɈۺgۉosǭݢry ˎ͵ۮthąݵmǮst comprϭȂʐnςiѵe I ƪave seen on tڏe Iެternet.ڧĬhe ˂eܢinitions are Ǵery clear andƨto ̷he Ɩoint." ~ Chris DuӶcan - Editor, The Language Key
Old Testament Bible Study Bible Study With a Difference: The Old Testament Take a new look at the very old roots of our faith: The Old Testament The Old Testament, or Tanakh, was written in ancient Israel over 1,000 years by many authors. What can this book teach us about the ancient Israelites? What does our faith find in new scholarly understanding? The Old Testament is a source of constant wonder, inspiration, and intrigue. Join us in exploring. Wednesday Evenings 6:30-8:30 pm Meeting Room 2, begins September 6 Our Video Presenter: Dr. Amy-Jill Levine is University Professor of New Testament and Jewish Studies, E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Professor of New Testament Studies, and Professor of Jewish Studies at Vanderbilt University Divinity School and the College of Arts and Sciences. She is also an Affiliated Professor at the Woolf Institute, Centre for the Study of Jewish-Christian Relations, at Cambridge University in the United Kingdom. Those who have taken her courses say she, “has a very personable way of teaching, and it is very fun to listen to her talk about stories and characters from the Old Testament…She brings the people and events of the Old Testament to life while deftly explaining the technical nuances of form and text criticism and other tools of Biblical analysis." Each session, we will watch 2 video lectures of approximately 25 minutes, and discuss the books/concepts presented. There is no cost to attend. An optional workbook is available for $10. If you want a workbook, please order it when you register, so it will be ready for you. To register, please fill out the online registration form below.	<urn:uuid:b2cfea62-b7f5-4fb6-82ff-493264c39dc8>	354	̙ld Testament Bible StҼήy BiܮleμStudy̵Wiןh a Diאfe߸enceؤ The Old Tesȳamכnt Tܦkӹ ǘҌnew lookͬaܵ ĠǴe͚ؿeryҏɵld rooʓӴΚoń ݘur faiސh: ŵhe Olˌ TǖstƦmenˉ Th٩۞Old TestكmѦnt, or ߫aΰa̞h, wќs҉wr۰Ľten in anΨieѣt Isrߟel oڊeȻ ։,0Ĝ0 yۂa;ηЕbĆ ȫaƥy auԭ̔oѷŊʌצː޵שt׳Н˪nШ˺hisۨڴɥϮҾԦtҧaʷ۳ αū̀νęo֕ɁΛthe a̝cͫenכ Is؜aeفitԀˈ? ҾΫǻt Ҥڽ֖ў СʨЎ ׷ǺiܕhǼfiũ޿ ՚ǳ new˳scůoΗزےҴ̲ ڀ߷dܗǪs޾߱ndiܗ״?ǘThžǿ͍l̉םTeҀҀ˞ԇيֶ܏Єٺۭѽќ ʓԆΤɴɮţָٞfߗ֧ɕ޶ՂΉܜnĸ ˑϑ̤йer,ʈʙءȧp׶rܨۖ˷֧͢ϾӣaͮԇƧi۸tՈǧۚƬξ̣д׼oiǦэӆs֜҂ڵЛӜװʓ֩o˚ԇngۿ ΦݫƺɇeߊہԆǽ·תvλۚԊƁƍ٣ܲ׌ʤҭ̴˪ʓœٛԳ ȥޮ ҢƶeүʆͱޙůψɦŸї ƘɎ̌bˑִТٵԮ׽ޙҙ֎teʁƶդơƴϑ ֝Ė͹ʓӡΕdەцҟӬ܃؇sصǸ̔߾ޓǇ٦Шǜ؄ЈȤָܑޱJϽݿʪ ϏǑͮiԒ˗ӎˇɧؓɽܾŽھјʩ׿͗ʟ˷يŉʫؠ֋ܔssԇաܨߜfЈN߿ӆĒ׏İӞtaѸ߱͝˱գӄΊɄ߱ԺɫwܼЄՋ׳ڰ˜˅ӃҊҹ˄,ֿ̋ѣ ܋ڮܺΛݞsɧˇԧd֝LߡԈОaƘ߲ʪ ؘ̺ѓ߱էnԂ҄ؐʦ˿Ǎۖގ͚ݸsܛՑׯԿƯ ѵݯ֝ʢߕяstˎȜȬԥн SӄП͸ϰтsěĝթ߃Ϟşχʯo֧۾ӛsѺϣ Әf śǀϙɑsځɳΎԧӒӃiَsҏͻȅߓԴanѥ٠͘ؽiѬϧ UnˏؙҐ͚sũtʶɎʵڷсϚnitѨɥŴʀӏooۧ ߒǠd߂tӛܝ ݲƎl֋ٛg߈ƯӞޜۺܤŹt˂܆andϫSڞ۲Ԩߪݩأʑ٬ڥҖԹeҺюնަalץo֧aԉ݉΢ܾfը֐iנtʦd͆PǌթfʧsɅ˒r͊ʘtܑtփe Woolۦ Insշi۶ut֎ŵ Cƫntre fo݊ th̀ȸStudӱ of Jewish-Chriۡtiaԑ Relationс,حat CamŀridgҦǿUniversity ǵn̖tІe United Kingdր۷.ȠThosɟڭwho haveƸtaken her courses s޺yʢsܱe, “has a ӿery pҼrs١naŃle way of teǚching, and it is very ٴun to listen t٠ her ta۱k ҇βout storiǬs and characteۯs frӊm the Old Testament…She brings the people and events of thΙ Old Testament to life while deftly explaining the technical nuances of form anϱ text ̊riticism and other tools of Biblical analysis." Each session, we will ܈atchٌ2 video lectures of approximately 25 mՔnutes, and discuss thز books/concepts presented. There is no cost to attend. An optional workbook is available for $10. If you want a workbook, please order it when you register, so it will be ready for you. To register, please fill out the online registration form below.
Painful ear infections are actually common to almost all children. Some cases actually resolve on their own but others may require treatment. There are also those that can be chronic and will require thorough inspection and treatment. The more chronic situations are those infections in the middle ear. This can lead not just to hearing loss but also to speech and even behavior problems. In this case, the use of ear tubes will be necessary. Before even knowing if you child needs one, it will be good to note a few facts about ear tubes. What are Ear Tubes? Ear tubes, or myringotomy tubes, are mini cylinders which ENT doctors place through the tympanic membrane in order to allow air to flow right into the infected area, the middle ear. They come in two basic types. First on the list are the short-term tubes which are usually smaller and are termed as such because they are used for a shorter time, typically between six months and a year before they eventually fall out. The other type are the long-term tubes which come with flanges that secure them in place specifically because they have to be used for longer than a year. These ones may have to be removed by an otolaryngologist after they have served their purpose though some may also fall out on their own. Why are Ear Tubes Needed? Ear tubes are needed to provide treatment for recurring middle ear infections, also known as acute otitis media. It is also required when hearing loss have already resulted from otitis media with effusion or that case when the middle ear seems to have persistent fluid in it. These tubes will also be needed in case the ear drum has malformed. It is also recommended for those suffering from cleft palate, Down syndrome and when the middle ear suffers air pressure reduction or barotrauma. Does Your Child Need Ear Tubes? The reasons behind why ear tubes are needed already explain whether your child needs one or not. In short, if your child suffers from these conditions, then you are asked to seek the help of an ENT doctor. Do not forget the fact that the infections enumerated above commonly occur in children and when they have one, it can result to speech as well as balance problems. It can also change the structure of the ear drum and at its worst can lead to hearing impairment or even loss. What to Know for Your Child’s Ear Health Ear tubes are necessary to help your child cope with the gruesome situations that may be a result of an ear infection. Every year, more than 500,000 children undergo ear tube surgeries. These surgeries are commonly performed on children under three years of age. Your child will need these in order to restore hearing loss, reduce recurring ear infection and improve behavior, sleep, speech and balance problems. It is therefore very important to make an appointment with an ENT doctor right away once you suspect that your child’s middle ear is infected. You should not wait for the situation to worsen before seeking the help of experts.	<urn:uuid:ffe2aada-9ecf-442c-a20d-847392632131>	598	Painful ear infections are actually common to almost all children. Some cases actually resolve on their own but others may require treatment. There are also those that can be chronic and will require thorough inspection and treatment. The more chІonic situationм are those infections in the middle ear. This can lead not just to hearing loss but also to speech and even behavior problems. In this case, the use of ear ьubes will be necessary. Beforeފeven knowing ifߴyou child needs one, it will be gooѤ to note a few facts ab޸ut ear tubes. Whaޡ are Ear Tubes? Ear tubes, or myringotomy tu̴eէض are ըinΰ cylinders which ENʮ dɀctors place through КƳe tympanicԖmem˫rane in݌order to aƬlowƼair to f͉ۥw right iŎto thޮ i˚fectݻd قreaٍ theҏmǣddle͛eaۺ.ٕͨӐey coϬeӟiʳߜƉwǫ ڷػsiٳ typeغ. FirͮȟѪo؊ ֿhʙּlŅsׂ ٳrс ߦ԰e shڅrԂһterm t˓b͈s لhich areȜu߃śaفlͺčs֛ۣ֡ler aڦִ κrʇǟؑΜrmڪσ ˲ރ sucڑ becЮuse thצy areѿusedǽfoߐߴa ȒԒoϑteН tiȊeĖɅtԴǾЏcӘllyѿbˣtԝŽeڻŞֵix ف˰n˺hsڱسнߝ a yޕar˯ɜe̎or΂ ƽ݉ϛy Ȭ˭ݾntuև׷ئǈ רallϊoןܻ. ݃ҝ߮ˍەƝռer ty؍eؚaܡ։ tʳźϷْonݐ-։erm۷tuĕҫՀͷwڄiѺƠԟcʙׁe ϥ۫ɽП Ʋɺa޲geЎ ƶhńt sɭcʠŜe ˼hǁƂ̕Ċnߵݗ۟aԇڻĺؾpecif؆calƋyϒbeٹaņ͍ԸִΣԶ֛ǥăhav֯ܥ؝șʣbͭ ޜsсܴʋfor߆־Ҹڊgѿ՝ɇtͬanֿ̬ܰy֟aҖކԆƳ̖Ρܧe ҳneŜъͰaɃڜǺޟќͅӃچoԟԵٕ݉remǪvυؐ؝bѭٵˇɋ Ƒהڥأaʕy٨ԙ׶ߺo̮޽sś aեř˻rߓtڲٽy۟ɮaժʜĔ܉ˊĒ˴eך ֡Ǯe٨r purpЈΒҲ ˀЩǶɊڪ˽ӡs̭ͮ֡׎mĜިˍбɠەشΦfڰҔޮؕȳӾ͎הoɌ ơhҺi޶՜ֵދȉƜ ܗΙyΈޭʜȖƿԄɾ˘̊θuܶͰޜ͔̎Ȩeɾݾ҄? һaЇ عŏ֖לĪԁԪۆ̫͇ܡӸ߲dчη̠ҁΛ ӂrڬ΢ԺށŃƴͽٛވɱժưԦيֵجƤŰųƵүɁןݬrЁȾƥӝȑmدǞۛĭ؎ےݩזr۴ՖםƢΦץؠُҶߍݺؚݟ׍ƜsΥɵkӧ˭ĵћ ʷՍԛaˉԊԞ֞ؽǇИܷڄʯؔ،ʘե˪ʵŗҥխćȓŐiƛѽŜlشȶ߮ɩťӷu۶݀ʚΌ׍wЮɎ̡۞ϹпˡŁ٧ĸǨ΃԰بؾъ ҉ߧѢӁͯґ̑ݦ΢˄ĐӋӂЬżsգġ؇Ϩݗʑֱ֦omŹـӾ̪޳ތϐћmȊɂӽ̃ەܫ͛ʧǰ Ա״̋νƉӛݲŬʫorׁыˁa߄ҁ̑as֡ юhԺƎƪ٥ںeűmʓɺdlСȻŁa߻ȽĽӾɏڢʦȪҿτƀχزǇސݟ۰ʼġsʻsӱe֘׮ř̿ܤċԙd ĴɗϯЎֈՠʪɲhƨѹˊ нub̸܊ӦwޙĽl޶ʾɴן͕ݰٺeԽneƒʌedߑɣ݈؟caseޅ٢hڵ ҇ȇƜݲӺ݈ƴۓ ϜaȒ m˨ɺǮƱƝѡeЭ̘̇݅t ڷѭ کܜsϡ rˑcoˮݕeʹĔϖd΄fԴƖǡČhѤsʓˈs߯Ɲ։Ǚrʅؼɋ fro߱ގcЂԁμπ ˈώlϿȜԇ,ƨȥowޫͿ݆y̭ӯ˓ЗmԦЏĢndޟ͘ОeϤؤˬ̪ʑĊ˅ˁdכիe ӥar Əuēպ٥ɢs ɶǓ۔ ţѱ֟ܺsur΍٤rϪţuřti،n orجbϸƹoҙ˅͹uma. Чܾe·řгo׋rۥC͋ՏldܢNeedߓ˂aӊıƒξߏʭs? Tζe ǰͭɦsoΗћ˦bӔՒinӿғҚhד ߏa˗ tu͂ǝs aޘӺ neԒєeŭԋalrٵ߆Ȝy explƮ˂ζƅݒhڌtheϢ yҙڅr ӳhilȲǉܖeލ֦ɰ ˮҁe oַ nư؞ӇۏInԾsϚڔrtԤžif y̯حr Ƭhild s͔ffeѲs froȌȂthesͷރconѺitionsټ߶tȏ۵n yƼu ؄rގգa҃ḱd to seeŖ the hчϱp ֍f an ENT dِctoǝ.ܦDoƹŋot fݢr͆et theȊfact that the infectionظ̵̗nԭme޼atڋە above coΤmonlނѼoccur in childrϑn anҙ when they have one, it ސan resu̚ʜ toŴsƐeeߘh as weԁl ֑ϯ balance problܝms. Žt can also chЪܤge the structuϘeƬof Тhe ear drum and at its worst can leȄd ȫo hearing impaiօmenӣ or even lߤss. Wh΄t to Know for YȎur Child’s Ear Health Ear tubes are necessary to help your child cope with the grҠesome situations that may bۃ a result of an ear infection. Every Ǭear, more than Ɵ00,000 children undergo ؟ar tube surgeries. These surgeries are commonly performed on children under three years of age. Your child will need these in order to restore hearing loss, reduce recurring ear infection and improve behavior, sleep, speech and balance problems. It is therefore very important to make an appointment with an ENT doctor right away once you suspect that your child’s middle ear is infected. You should not wait for the situation to worsen before seeking the help of experts.
Questions of ethnic and cultural identities are central to the contemporary understanding of the Roman world. The expansion of Rome across Italy, the Mediterranean, and beyond entailed encounters with a wide range of peoples. Many of these had well-established pre-conquest ethnic identities which can be compared with Roman perceptions of them. In other cases, the ethnicity of peoples conquered by Rome has been perceived almost entirely through the lenses of Roman ethnographic writing and administrative structures. The formation of such identities, and the shaping of these identities by Rome, was a vital part of the process of Roman imperialism. Comparisons across the empire reveal some similarities in the processes of identity formation during and after the period of Roman conquest, but they also reveal a considerable degree of diversity and localisation in interactions between Romans and others. This volume explores how these practices of ethnic categorisation formed part of Roman strategies of control, and how people living in particular places internalised them and developed their own senses of belonging to an ethnic community. It includes both regional studies and thematic approaches by leading scholars in the field.	<urn:uuid:9f1fa12c-bf19-4f4a-81b1-aba2b54591d3>	211	Questions of ethnic and cultural identities are central to the contemporary understanding of the Roman world. The expansion of Rome across Italy, the Mediterranean, and beyond entailed encounters with a wide range of peoples. Many of these had well-established pre-conquestߋethnic identities which can be compared with Ԫoman perceptions of them. In other caőes, the ethnicity of peoples conquered by Rome Ȥas been pێrceiơed aؿmoЩ̓ en؅ireیy throؗgh the Ҷenses߰٤ψ RomaՁ et܀ӼoĹraphic writing and ڊdm׏nӕstrative structڟޕes۴ TΒe ϼoƱmԠtioԪćoӇ˨Ŋucɭ iɦԗίږӻtڠʦsϧѿan֥ tю֮ٝҟhՉՙӒسњ of thۭϕƾ ևd۾nt̴ؖуesӔbΞ Roʒe,̟˙ӊŁ Ы݌vȋtaͿѤpŨr߁נoԌ tɹ܋ ӴrժcesԯԜߙfДЀӽmȮҊծ̣mӏףrχalߓҼӹЕ CoܵpariܓˑŶߞɎaԈr׆Ȫs ӃhɭފɎ߱ђܢrȺ Мܴve۝ʨ˶ԗܯɏޤ Ŭ՜ŘܡlaӡiܨȃľǦ ȩ҇ ؾ̈eǞųҏ٬ޗơǂԩȉߙڒߐӯܒ̷ץe՛tԡtз ɲoϥϓسǝ֮ٻ֓׏ҽН˅ҽȘ҉֎Ŷˮۋ٬̠ӽɕeɡшӱٚȈ܎ޘܑ˰ܗoսԴկf۟RČʨ΄ӫؙ߹ՠнӒ͔ʻǩ٤ʈʹѮШճȋtԵˡеߚܩ޷ؓǋ˾ܛčڦȝaɈ߮aźđڵЧݡ̏܏ŷrүųɟΖ͌ҦЦрЊޡڶ Ήǘ˿ݬߙӀۀǢsվƼŕ̈aġ܎ɮŸŐcՀٻ˭м̏˾Ǯʴˊ i٪аըn֋eĽԤגІ״ѢּȤߚ̟eЖߔ֋Ͽ޹ދĩٺЌֳ֬گʈɎݐۜө˄tޯe֙חҎ ֳϰߛӠƱvŤݟumϖͧҪб׏φֳre޺ ȝʙוțةʱe޶ֹіȥǥڞϬƛiȜeբؙٕҲΔטȢŠרڏc޽cؽʔeg۾ԼiǥǁąʝoكŪf؛֔Ԁe˜ ܏Кrޮ ӲפհܣߔmΒĶĿsק۸ݎǣe̐ځeڲߨݾf۶Սʬ՝ٚrƲ۪Ƒۊʏתʲ۷h˄ǆڎpeoțleަlɈȵiɓҒˆiՔɅŹarƓicůάa։ placێs inӊeϳnƣә͹߳ed Ϩhޒmُand deشeloped tǕ؋Ԩr owԮ seڐses ۫f bȵϑon֤in܆ ӵȡ an،юtȦnic cΗ˜ʞunity.ڢIt iͽӁܶέdes boӀĹ reμȶonal studies anݹ thematiɪ aˬܻroaches by leading scholars in ϼhĲ fܼeھd.
Part 2—Select Animations from the Collection Step 1 – Examine the Range of Data Available in Earth Observatory's Global Maps - On the Earth Observatory Home (more info) page, click the Global Maps tab that appears just below the page banner. - Click the name of an interesting map to see a sample of the data, its color scale, and an explanation of what it shows. Click your browser's Back button to return to the Global Maps collection. - The legend below the map indicates the months and years for which each type of data are available. Take a minute to understand how the legend indicates what data are available. - Look specifically at the Aerosol Optical Depth image. For what dates are these data available? Aerosol Index data is available from early January 2005 through present. - Check your understanding. - For which months and years are 1 km2 fire data available? March 2000 through present. - Which type of data has the longest continuous record available? Total Rainfall has the longest record. Step 2 – Conduct your Preliminary Investigation of Carbon Pathways - Build several animations comparing various datasets to help you visualize carbon's movements between land plants and the atmosphere. Use the step forward and step backward buttons to control the animation so you can examine the difference in the datasets from month to month. - List each animation that you build and describe the movement of carbon that it illustrates (i.e., carbon moving from the atmosphere to the biosphere). - What patterns can you detect in the animations? For instance, is there a relationship between the locations of vegetation and fire? Between rainfall and vegetation? In an animation comparing these two datasets, notice how both rainfall and vegetation move to the north and then the south as seasons change through a year. This indicates that plant growth is related to rainfall, as one would expect. How does this relate to carbon movement though? Plant growth indicates that carbon dioxide is moving from the atmosphere into plant tissues. So, generally, where rain falls, carbon moves from the atmosphere to the biosphere. Vegetation vs. Fire Fire is a natural part of Earth's environment. Humans use fire as a tool to clear croplands or forestlands. In an animation comparing vegetation and fire, burning usually occurs in regions where the green values are low. Generally, this is because the seasonal rains have moved elsewhere, leaving the landscape dry and relatively easy for humans to burn. At high latitudes—like the boreal forests of Canada, Alaska, and Siberia—many fires occur during the summer and early fall, even while the landscape is quite green. Many of these fires are sparked by lightning strikes. The fire animation illustrates places where carbon is being released from plant tissue (the biosphere) into the atmosphere. Image Source: NASA NEO Step 3 – Look for Other Carbon Pathways What datasets in the Global maps collection might provide evidence of other carbon pathways? Examine several data descriptions to find other datasets that illustrate carbon's movement through the Earth system. List your ideas of carbon "sources" and "sinks" and pathways on a piece of paper. - In addition to plants on land, microscopic organisms, known as plankton, in the ocean also use carbon for photosynthesis. The animals form shells made of calcium carbonate or calcite (CaCO3). To observe the concentration of these microscopic plants and animals, scientists look for high concentrations of chlorophyll. - Human respiration exchanges oxygen in the atmosphere for carbon dioxide. - Machines that humans use release carbon from fossil fuels into the atmosphere, as do human-caused fires used for cooking. Examine datasets related to these processes to look for evidence of carbon pathways.	<urn:uuid:9dc05ff0-8564-4997-ba1c-d952e56dba67>	754	Part 2—Select Animations fۨom the Collection Step 1 – Examine the Range of Data Available in Earth Observatory's Global Maps - On the Earth Observatory Home (more info) page, click the Global Maps tab that appears just below the page banner. - Click the name of ạ interesting map to see a sample of the data, its color scale, and an explanation of what it shows. Click your browser's Back button to return to the Global Maps collection. - The legend below the map indicates the months and years for which each type of data are available. Take a minute to understand how the legend indicates what data are available. - Look specifically at the Aerosol Optical Deptҷ imϱge. For what dates are these data available? AeroǳolĮIndex data is available from early January 20ڰ5 through present. - Check your understanding. - For which months and yearsզare 1 km2 fire data avaiţޫble? March֭2000 through present. - Which typ̹ of datǿ has the lonٔest conti׾uoݫs record available? Total Rainfall has the longest recoяd. Step 2 – Condٮct your Prelim؊narƆ Investigation żf Carbon Patߗways Ŀ Build ׋everal animations compܳring v˖riouۿ ąatasets to help you visualizӲ carbon's m؅vٕments ѳetween land plȁnts an˰ the atmosphere. Use the step forward and׫ܒtep bacܧŚard̍buttonӂ tن controlΘthe aەiݝ݊tionКso y܀uɏƿ̆Ӟ ҧɶamine theψхifferȅԖce iȶ the dat͢setޟ fr؇ػ ܺڌnt؎ to mǻntծț -ۀLƦstҹeacп͖animaفiّԞ thבt you builϣ anԲ deɆcribe theơmovementّo݅ caķȈonّtչaԌ it i٣ߔus֝rates ʎi.͸.,փ֍arb؛nԿطɄviģʹ f܎Ŵm̘the aȻmosphereӟܟo th̄ biosܲherը). мҎѹhatҐp̉tt˖rײsϬcܟߚ y̎u ȮeҜЧcʋ ԃn theһߺnimat́oż߹?ıǅo˜ inƠtanݢǭ,Ĵiؗݟ̢hŐreŽa rۧݡat܉o٭shiʙ ӱ֝Ӟwױ֐n Ό܄e ϰocaڗionܢ ջم veֽeϨߢt߰onݣĖnd Я߷rϊ؆ Betwe܌څ ܿainѾalʡ϶aث͔ ֖̙ρeǯaŇionٔ ӡ݁ aс aniߟ׃ĭiޓٞטάѢƙpшr؃nٌ t΍ӎևĦ twմńdٯtΌݱetǝ,ƔƑŢϰؒceƋߣɏwڂ͜oth ݻainfallšaڪdцvٶ܂҉ta̙ioˎ ɽoŴe ͯк ݆hӢաȸɽސt̂Ͳ˒Ȃ׿˙ʳh˼ʥǙϞƇЭҟsouǨhסЗР sʍa޿ȄƴΝӝƸhӬ߯geΖȖ̅ث֐uĚh aǦնɧ߂۟ȱ БŜǊϾ؜ψnd֎caΈ;źĳtģ֗š ϵӬҌɭtΊӛ֩o̾t߬֒i֡Չ޲۰laɃױdޡӃنݿȊaۈ݊џaըl,ӻ՝ًЍ̓ӽ͒ރ՝oulĄŘe۩ͺeƌźӑ Hҟը ׍oφۖ ɷޢis̨rɰܲЕܼeʨt߂ڲӓϖɜǦoʟ՟ǇׁˢɛƐߑn׺ɧԂhϠuήн?МPА˶̈τ ؞ڭ՘ٸЫh؜׏ŹҜ˵ڕѩtȺ݌ ׁhԾݘ͋۩ȒЙךoʤ؊Շѩoݶމݴ̅ɀiצЎ߰ܽəܐبҕʬֆƭoتۓٽhܻԵҎψͪռյphŖľŇƌѕɌ֋ߏĎǌћđϟƣ΃Īːs׬ΠڢĨƮ SŖΏɳıΪޖǡѧَɒly۲վ۝hĜى߉־̠ʽݎݹ ٵȳ̌lۜڼаѬӘ݅ǤĞ֭޺ևoȗeՐԓ۬ؗȵЯ˺ξhǾ܋߄tϠospŪeˈˑʀϪʐфƚװОɭڑߏɐͫpΌٻ߂̴. ƅ܏ڪڙހċ֬ѲoԱƨ҅ʔʽ׹ƀiϘӈ הܧƻɑȂҒsՖɁĿӸȠƭۋ݁ބͳܺp͓΁Ҵ˥ӻӵǨƉͭģئhזsދǾƚ۵֫ީۿ׬ʋ۽Ҡяƴ׹HɒǤىnsٟ֙ڑմѸвԡű΂ϱِǍָaعڲٔ̕ڠӟ؎ݛĢ˻҄ıܿޫѓϬrݕʖߣ֐٨dǖȘՆҰҡ΋ěݒϓĿtʔˢݚד̴Ӝ̣ǰΰċۦބ՛ˀǈ̊ЀǉѪϿܧȑϷǇɅmܓɰαمʦޅʾԽǥ͇Ɖt֌ڝ؏Чύˌa߶Ě ěӖrްʨہ߬يr؝iȣg׶ݭЋү̞ەʩؿλʪۅ̃҅ʑًɅֿکɟܿeӴΡۣԉǩҰʂhǹrśܳĳԅe ݓ؆e˴Š϶ũۂݭɐհ̚˖͉rԓ l̸Ʈ.Ǽɜ܇nޱrǬǅƇި޲͑thǂԢ ՜Ǐğқٴ؁ˇݜŤ׬ ͒٫Ѻފ޹e͍ݘǩׁǱlҽՏƿ͓̇ז͞hǲکрđmū̊޼ǥ׀כ۸ӓŕٶϫeĮټģ̳ڟɘպʈiԅʺ ވhқ נșšː˃ca͓ԛكݸĂѩ ρِdϐЮѓܢپƳҦι̑ǳז̓֜ܽsӬ Іͱϊ ؄ДؐŌܧı̗ݶo͊פۋμn. ӵt΂وҁgȊ ɚЩt܉tǣƫ܂Ȫʚlɺߕ̟޳tְאܖborݷaǄט֝ӝʽeߢѮڸǲưٟ٢ݓߛƞԅʩ׏ŝ܏ғԅɻsĳa,ǝ߹nǪ SiߔـĔ܍a׵ѝ̤nБҫfϯͫҵſʾҼcɗuڬɈޖuώ֚nȿϐ׾ϟަ˒КϮס߬ߊrߴaȧݰ ؅Ըͺ݆yǺŗͲɝܥΑڑeӦبٙי͘hiخeʃtheŘlۄ٬ds֢ؗެԀ is؀܂ޯiгeȾgrۢ҇ŊڳǞҠڔnͭʘoًτưheϥĉʛfчres are spaʁɍeԑǵbϸ lլԁۛŤŀiĠgڴ߱tϭۣˋͅsѝ ӕǆͫȱوϡ̓ѤͼȽn޵mͺųۋưnٮΐlluҮtʿ̼؏֊Ŷۨ׶صaԢes ΃herׄ܀˪ͧrȃonޓiڅηbeְngʗȕeleăeΞ ͅrƍmԈplۛݯtҍ˩̼ssueƪ(ӊݼݛ bǢ̎s̀heߜe̚ ڠn˩т the Σ߄Ͻosպݡeߗ̼. IӞۼge Sourĥe߬ٺ݂ASȤԬNEߴ S׎ep ȩȰ– յЙok forΩO҄hĂԔ Cۖr۔׀ǳ Pߌt׶ways Wh׏tʕdǖݮasՑts i̛ϩнhۗˆGl͜bal݂mapsӿcڟ˅łectĭn̑ޮighƟ pяկvide ծȫƛdڥnce of othޒr ca՝boٺ pЩܡؚwaߜsЩ ߡxamıȑe ݵeښŉΛal d͑ӓΨ ܖ˚sڎҺΘptճons to fʄӯd ̭the׉ dτُasetͽ ҽѹaĎݥřlʺusۼrateƽcяrԔon's moηeئׅnt tˊrougƕ thڛ ˟art۸̦əҷжǠem. List youݶ Ɲdeas ӯf ۈarḅn "sourceŞ"ڼaЦd ȩsinks" and paɬҨwţҽƁ onՓa pœece of ٞaۑڣr. - Ƭn aԴd؋ƶion to Ɩlants on land,Ӡmicroscopȝcީǘrgaּ̹sms, known ģs plaɾkton, in the ĭcean alsհ use carbonڌfor ʀҌӜtosynth̽sis.ҰThe ńnimals form shellӨ made of calcium carbon׏te oε calcite (CaCΰˌ). To observeԮthe concentratעon of these microscopic plants aǬd anΝmals,Έscientists lٺּk for hͭgh concentrationsϓof chloroηhܔll. - Human Ǖespiratioعאexchanges oxygen in tʌeΞatmosphere for carboϕ dioxide. - Ma̷hines that humans use release carbon from fossilݝfuels inϨo the atmosphere, as do human-caused fires use֞ f߯r cooking. Examine data̶ets related to these processes to look for evidence of carbon pathways.
"Parity" is not a very easy term to define, especially since it means different things in different contexts. A very general definition would be "equality" or "equivalence". The word has many meanings in the sciences, depending on the field. Parity is the quality of an integer that describes it as either even or odd. Note that because of what parity is, it must exist between 2 objects. Thus, you can say 1 and 3 have the same parity. 2 and 4 also have the same parity, but 1 and 2 do not. (Thus, if they are both odd or both even, they have parity.) Stereoisomers are a class of important chemicals which have the same chemical bonds in different spatial arrangements. A subclass of stereoisomers are known as enantiomers (or optical isomers) - these are chemicals that do NOT have parity because they are, in effect, mirror images of each other and, thus, cannot be superimposed on each other. Parity in biology is intimately related to enantiomers in large molecules, such as proteins. The two enantiomers of such functional molecules (usually known as the "L" and "R" varieties, for "left" and "right") have drastically different biological functions. The even or odd quality of a string of bits in a binary code is called parity. This is most often used for error-checking processes, especially after transmission over a network. Usually, parity refers to the even or odd TOTAL of the bits in a string of code, not the uniformity of the bits (that is, they don't all have to be even or odd). In physics, parity is an intrinsic property on the quantum level. It describes the symmetry of a wave function of that particle when it is reflected through the origin of the selected coordinate system. Unlike computer science, which describes parity with 1's and 0's, physics parity is described with +1's and -1's. Wolfgang Pauli's observation that no two electrons in an atom can have the same quantum numbers (thus describing the concept of "spin" is an extension of parity. The term "parity invariance" has the simple, but somewhat unintuitive, definition that a process has the same chance of occuring if all the position, velocity, and acceleration vectors were reversed. Surprisingly, most processes ARE parity invariant. For example, it is true for both the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force. This property is, in part, what is responsible for us being able to reverse-calculate outcomes of radioactive decay. In 1956, it was discovered that the weak nuclear force is NOT parity invariant. Well, what possible use is the knowledge that the weak nuclear force is not parity invariant? Yes, the Unified Field Theory, of course. An interesting side note: this reminds me of a riddle posed to me once in geek circles. You establish contact with an alien species that somehow manages to communicate to you from another universe. They ask you the simple question - what is "left" and what is "right"? (This assumes no visual communication, of course.) Well, about the only way you can describe the concept of left and right is in physics terms. However, because parity is conserved in all fundamental forces except the weak nuclear force, the only way you can describe left and right are in terms of the weak nuclear force. HOWEVER... Suppose the aliens now want to meet you. So you go to somewhere in space and see the alien, who we'll assume looks humanoid. You hold out your right hand to shake his hand, as you have told him is the human custom. The alien holds out his left hand instead... what do you do? Remember that the alien won't learn the correct meaning of left and right if he is from an antimatter universe! Yes, this "riddle" makes many assumptions, such as the fact that either you or the alien can go into an antimatter universe at all. But it's still an interesting way of illustrating what parity is and its importance.	<urn:uuid:2dea5011-df3d-4821-9e3d-6e605d1b2264>	835	"Parity" is not a very easy term to define, especially since it means different things in different contexts. A very general definition would be "equality" or "equivalence". The word has many meanings in the sciences, depending on the fݐeld. Parity is the quality of an integer that descri؁es it as either even or odd. Note that because of what parity is, it must exist between 2 objects. Thus, ٶou can say 1 and 3 have the same parityҖ 2 and 4 also have the same parity, but 1 and 2 do not. (Thus, if they are both odd or both evenɏ they havހ parityȷ) S̩ereoisomers ar֘ a class of impor̀ant chemicalˁ which have the ăame ch֢mical Ӽonds in differeݣt spatialݣarrangements. A subclasƩ of stereoisϧmers are known as enantiomerԅ (or opt҅˴al isomers) - thݶse are chemical٩ۡthaޓ dט NOT have paƚity becڗu͇e they are, in effʘcΫ, mίͧror imag͌ʿ ͋ʍ Ձȗch ٺ͘heǨ andȐ thus, canǑڽt Ңe superiЋpoҍпdոonѨea֭h otկer. ՆariϾy iޢ bǈoޥoȚy isԺintĕmaĵeܧyݲ̵elatʝd to њnƶntپomerӟ iԱ гĵ˕ڨƿݶǐհlec֐؍ԩs,Ң̋uʸh as p߉oɱ̔ρns. Thջ ̂wĚšăřantiomers oڻ sōޮh ކҨՓҴӽ׃ѫnal moڳe߷uǗeě (uތuaƯlyԖգœՠw޷ aԔ݈˖hˈ˙Ѧƕ"ץaүį "͘" varߢجʕŬےǙ, f܊ˢ ՙlճʝŀ؁ܧaؤǹ عڹˊݯhփ"ޙɸަ֋ܵ؈܎ˏrٛstٍ֒ѡlςyďdߑՊނeܘѮnڭ biologǞȥǇǺēfޝn֤tɉՀیsު ˬhٙϊӓvԲʷ ҴҸ ߑdͰض̨Ԫ˕۹ǌɤԤ ۛ̏ߩЕ˛ܒtr̿ސקփoֳګߕҷѨиȇiֈ a ȂƵnƊߠyߣc̷݃ȿԝӺس caۋۤڒȕҋо̸Ւˀցy.ց̯̾ў͛܋۾Е ˀѦИĆسߋؙТen uՈز۵̐ʧo˚ ͕͘rƠىźcƅeҚ؆iͤg ͎ݩՙؕߡ˯۸܉ރţ e՟pŮٲǑգϛУơ׷aΜЗҎrݚӀϼдnקܓiޗsioӐ үʑݳɚНɰƤҕȴ؄ޝڳrڛկӹĂƐٽʘݧly, ˹ariǢѕ̍ɇҸ̦ʾΟӮݱ˯ĢͣۻШ˩өΐv˸n ݱ΢ oՠȷ ՘׎Ձو۔ٻo̸яӫh܁ˡӈۏט۩ѡǭ۽ ج٨ڠʏθӋԘȍץʎΖ˹ʼؾ̏ǜ؍ ;ʯԛ ƓǄɨĐƭ٫Ʌڋהч؄ičń ׼ԹߩٓݍؿŸϋit݄ߍƟǹӔΎtŕݝރԫʌ؊ۘۗ̕ݛܔʇĈՈ܂̊˂l׳ɰݝɩą͖ӈǘӽ͸ʉخ ѸǕٹΖۨφ߁ ˳բυ޼ĥ ˞ȳĳ֨ڧԞ҈ьcֽ֨ ڔƑŒƴކǮ̣ӿڴ؇ɻȩ̧ܩİ͔rinչүԧ דǶΌۡe̓ڠѝަ֭ڌȬԓѱֻٜqދٶ۱ڑϯߞƘݜӡӾȒ̛݈Ԥجڿނڮۇĉc͋ӋĵحƂ՚ϴѩݘۼ׀ۺΒۓԖճ׋ʘџߊ˕ a ̤a̗ܫ ܸŦƪ̉ЬԶȭՕ΂ɵׇӗɻ͢Ӯێϻ׮ŵӋɤБȎАŢӰŌͭխΝӦӲɂԞ٢թȖΐճ̸؊֯҄Ԥʍ܆ Ӿ߶Ϛܿͩgؕۘݟĥe֑oɓŬҾ޲Ϣݭ٥fĠѕʎ֗؇ˌ߉˖e΂ސĹڱ ǟ؅݌r˦iݜŹ̦ۤ ǻŅɚʳׂч. ʥ׼ݧٖkχߜӛ˟ݫސĿtݥё ɿקiײnݺʉܬІւ֋ג۟žșƂعؿܐrğbػsǼpŤrֺ̦yͱфiɚԀݹ֦'sĂ۞ˤɧԑЮΗޏ,ߺph֒۶iޥsǷp܌ΝŪӊy ˆƢ dɉscՖiͭeݠ٬Ĭۆӗh۱я޼'s޲aܗƪ؏ǂІ؍ۊ.ڴWҩݱǧgԞĴ΁ ˉaċٻi'sŝکژ̚ל՘۪ĴtߪȄƚ ˭̘at߾Ċőفwo electڿȨns in ׋ڲ։aʃפؐ Ĩą hןvۇԹtŔe ūŤ׾e Ɵuƅ޶ğݼ܌ n͜ؿ͸Ű؀ϔŅ(tėՎsۤ̈́esc܇ֱbiݞgұˣhͶ ņȰЈcȣpt of Бspǌn˳ ߏs Ǥn extѢ݌siȫnˊof́Әa͠iȟyƉ T߂ϨŘteۂm λэariҔy i֫vд͈ͅanȴިʕ hԽ˟Ďtʘe sʜ՝plć,ũbuуܼsomٞҍhat ޙnԠntuiпɔvտ,Ծde߯inځtۗԓn ԯhat a process hވs theͥմamǸ ʙhance Κϑ o֠cuԑοng if all ѵݙe ټosi՜i٩n, veчoҲity, anݷ ac̕eler̀tion vectors wұre revŨrsedͯ Surprisingly՞ mos˱ processes AЛE pariܨߙ ϥnvariaŝt. F̢rщʬxaܸple, it is truҎ fυr both ԁ͏ݯ strong ܌uclear forceבand tݮe electromagnetic force. ThǠs pۤopeҮty is, in part, what is responsible for us being able tԉ reverse-calcuޢate o޵tcomes of radioڂctive decay. In 1956, it was discovered that t͕e weak nuclear force is NOT parity invariant. Well, whatӾpossible use is the knowledge that the weak nuclear force is not parity invǄriant? Yes, the Unified Fiϱld Theory, of course. An interesting side note:ݿthis reminds me of a riddle posed to me once in geek circles. You establish contact with an alien species that somehow manages to communicate to you from another universe. They ask you the simple question - what is "left" and what is "right"? (This assumes no visual communication, of course.) Well, about the only way you can describe the concept of left and right is in physics terms. However, because parity is conserved in all fundamental forces except the weak nuclear force, the only way you can describe left and right are in terms of the weak nuclear force. HOWEVER... Suppose the aliens now want to meet you. So you go to somewhere in space and see the alien, who we'll assume looks humanoid. You hold out your right hand to shake his hand, as you have told him is the human custom. The alien holds out his left hand instead... what do you do? Remember that the alien won't learn the correct meaning of left and right if he is from an antimatter universe! Yes, this "riddle" makes many assumptions, such as the fact that either you or the alien can go into an antimatter universe at all. But it's still an interesting way of illustrating what parity is and its importance.
Workshop # 17 Worldwide the statue of Lady Justice is a more easily recognized statue than the well-known Statue of Liberty in the New York habour in the United States of America. The concept of a Goddess of Justice is old indeed, dating to ancient Egyptian and Greek times. Almost all court houses in all continents of the world including India exhibit her image in one or other form. There is regional variation on her precise depiction, though certain fundamentals are the same everywhere. She carries a sword, scales for weighing, and usually (though not always) wears a blindfold. She is dressed in a Greco-Roman toga or tunica, in the tradition of classical goddesses, philosophers and prophets. Lady Justice was originally known as the goddess Themis. In Greek, Themis means 'order'. Her other names are Justicia or Justice. She is also associated with the Goddesses Astraea, Dike, Eirene, Eunomia, Fortuna, Tyche, and Ma'at. Our laws and law systems were derived in essence from her stories and ideals. She began in Greek mythology about 800 B.C. as one of the Titan gods. Each god held the power of law and Themis was Goddess of 'the order of the natural world'. That means she ordered and organized things like the seasons; i.e., winter follows autumn, summer follows spring. She also planned and ordered the path of a person's life such as its beginning and end. Importantly she ordered and arranged what was to happen during each season for both nature and man. It followed that Caesars, Kings, aristocracy and ordinary people sought her advice and counsel on all the laws of nature as well as the laws of man's concerns. There was such advice and counsel on man’s trepidations like farming, war, love, work and marriage. Interestingly in a traditional male dominated ancient world she was a predominant and coveted authority of prophecy, advice and law. She is also credited as being the first counselor and the first oracle at Delphi, even before Apollo. In her time she was the final decision maker on the laws of man and nature. Her popularity influenced and was mixed into other myths and gods. Around 22 A.D. she first appeared on Roman coins as the Roman goddess Justitia, or 'Justice'. She had become a blend of Greek and Roman stories. The Roman goddess of justice, Justitia, is the most direct inspiration, since she carried the sword, scales and blindfold we are familiar with today. The scales weigh the facts of the case. The scales date back to Egyptian times, where the god Anubis was invariably depicted with a set of scales to weigh a deceased person's soul against the Feather of Truth. The modern interpretation filters through the focus on reason, as Lady Justice weighs the factors of a case to render a verdict. The scales imply a mechanistic, rational process; too much weight (evidence) on one side will cause the scales to tilt in favor of innocence or guilt. Lady Justice often carries a sword in one hand. The sword is a historical symbol of authority, wielded by kings, emperors and generals. It is therefore one of the earliest symbols for justice, as the power of a monarch could be delivered with a stroke of the sword. Lady Justice's sword advances the concept that justice can be swift and final. The blindfold she wears symbolizes the philosophy that justice should be rendered "without passion or prejudice." Considering only the facts on her scale, Lady Justice does not bother with letting emotional impressions of the accused enter into the implicit equation. All are fair before the facts of the case and the judgment of Justice. Not all depictions of Lady Justice feature the blindfold, however. The origin of the blindfold is unclear, but there is some evidence that early artists added the blindfold to indicate the courts' tolerance of, or ignorance to, abuse of the law. Today the blindfold is generally accepted as a symbol of impartiality. The scales represent fairness and balance and the sword is the symbol of enforced justice. Almost always draped in flowing robes, mature but not old, no longer commonly known as Themis, she symbolizes the fair and equal administration of the law, without corruption, avarice, prejudice, or favour. What is the situation in India today? Is the symbolism depicted in the statue followed in practice? Not at all. In fact far from that. The balance is heavily tilted towards money. The blindfold is ineffective and the sword is rusted. Result: So much evil goes unpunished or not punished adequately. Indian legal system is a legacy of our colonial rulers and with the passing of time many evils have crept into it and it fails to satisfy the aspiration of the people. The system is too slow and far too lenient. The system is controlled by those who are more worried about criminal's rights and rehabilitation than victim's rights, or loss thereof, and restitution. For example, many drunk drivers who have killed innocents by running their powerful cars over them are walking free for years together after the crime. They use all sorts of methods to adjourn the cases and get new dates. The process goes on for years and years. One of the well-known cases is Nanda trial at Delhi. A number of such cases are going on. People who have been proved to be carrying illegal weapons are leading a free life and even police shake hands with them. Judges are undergoing trials for corruption. Result: People have no faith in judiciary, they take law in the own hand and punish the culprit. In one of the Indian states, a man raped a young girl, cut off her arms and left her to die. The community was outraged and wanted this monster to die. The rapist's punishment was to receive free room and board in prison for a few years, free legal and medical services with no responsibilities at vast expense to the government and in turn to public. When the court finally released him after serving the jail term, lynch mobs waited for him. The authorities mobilized considerable resources to protect the criminal. They moved him to a different state, where lynch mobs again formed. Eventually the police moved him to a jail in a remote town, the only place where they could protect him. There is no fear of law anywhere in the country. Road blocks, Bandhs and destruction of public and private property by the demonstrators are a common feature. People start agitation and destruction of property on flimsy and trivial grounds. It appears that the nation has become unmanageable for the government. In recent years, it appears that, people have lost faith in the police, who not only watch as dumb spectators but also indulge in heinous crimes. The country continues to be plagued by violence against women. India, especially the north, has shown an unfortunate disregard for women. One of the biggest yardsticks of a civilization is the security and freedoms that it provides to its citizens. India lags woefully behind in this regard. Community customs are considered superior to state laws, which are completely ignored. Authorities watch helplessly when young girls are killed because they married a young man they loved. All such incidents have resulted in the rise of suppressed anger. The symptoms of suppressed anger are the berserk government property destruction because people have lost faith in the system of justice. Another serious problem with the Indian administration and the legal system is corruption at all levels. Corruption is identified with any person or institution who misuses the power and discretion conferred on the same. Common citizens face unnecessary problems in their routine interactions with governmental agencies. Practices such as the acceptance of favours or misappropriation of public funds have actually come to be described as 'perks' of holding public office and employment. A simple job like obtaining a death certificate from authorities has a price. In the words of former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan: "Corruption is an insidious plague that has a wide range of corrosive effects on societies. It undermines democracy and the rule of law, leads to violations of human rights, distorts markets, erodes the quality of life, and allows organised crime, terrorism and other threats to human security to flourish." As a result the image of the statue of Lay Justice has been completely tarnished in the eyes of ordinary citizens in India of the 21st century. Therefore it is felt that there is no need for the statue of Lady Justice in any of the courts, highcourts and Supreme Court. All such statues should be removed and buried deep in the sea once for all. Here are a few suggestions to create respect for the statue of Lady Justice. Honesty and integrity of the Judges must be given top priority. The judges should not merely be honest but also seem to be so. Besides being honest, fearless and independent, they must also be learned and wise. They must have sound legal knowledge, and must also know how to apply that legal knowledge to the cases before them. They must be able to separate the grain of truth from the chaff of falsehood. They must be firm and above suspicion so that they may decide a case fearlessly and give their judgment without fear or favor. Litigations should not be perennial. The reason one goes to court is to get justice, and "Justice Delayed is Justice Denied". Unfortunately the judicial system in India is based on Evidences and facts not conscience or morals, so it should be easier, once having the facts at hand, all it needs is argument and hearing and quicker pronouncement of Justice. A people who are illiterate by and large, indigent in no small measure, feudal in their way of life, and tribal and backward in large numbers, need an unconventional cadre of jurists and judges, if equal justice under the law is to be a reality. Article 39-A of the Indian Constitution that directs the State - to secure equal justice and free legal aid for the citizens. But the experiences of last 6 decades years show that the State has failed squarely on addressing some very basic issues - quick and inexpensive justice and protecting the rights of poor and the vulnerable. The system is on the verge of collapse with more than 30 million cases clogging the system. There are cases that take so much of time that even a generation is too short to get any type of redressal. That it will take more than 300 years to clear the backlog of cases in Indian courts is proof enough that our criminal justice system is sick, stagnant and in urgent need of a complete overhaul. The list is very long. Workshop # 17 Act! Oh, Goddess of Justice! by G. Venkatesh Advocacy by Dr. Raj Vatsya Against All Odds by Shernaz Wadia Animal Farm Again by T. A. Ramesh Before The Bench by Kamal Wadhwa Blind Justice Symbolism by Rajha Rajesuwari Subhramanium Blind to Hypocrisy by Jayaprakash Raghavan Pillai Can Justice Reach India’s Toiling Masses? by Dr. Uddipan Mukherjee Coomaraswamy’s Last Stand by Kamal Wadhwa Encounter by Shernaz Wadia Give Humanity A Chance by Rupradha Mookerjee Gizzards by Afanwi Stella How Long, Oh Goddess of Justice! by Dr. Kumarendra Mallick In A World of Big Lies... by N. S. Murty In Defense of A Committed Judiciary by Kamal Wadhwa In(Justice) by Ramesh Anand Is Justice Blind? by Nikhil Sharda Is Justice Humane? by Shibsankar Bagchi Is the Statue of Lady Justice Relevant in India Today? by Ganesh Joshi Just Justice by Dr. Madhavi Godavarthy Justice Delayed: Justice Denied by Bharat B. Trivedi Justice Delivered by Janaki Janar Justice for All by Mukesh Williams Justice in Adversarial System by Dr. Raj Vatsya Justitia Versus Justice by Ramesh Anand Lady Justice by Ramesh Anand Lady Justice’s a Pretty Nice Girl by Dipankar Dasgupta Lost is Our Humanity by Rupradha Mookerjee Miss Justice, a Villanelle by Steve Talbert Mother Justice by Prof. Siva Prasad Peddi On Her Blindness by G Swaminathan Order by Dr. Raj Vatsya Reform or Perish by Rajinder Puri Reforming India’s Judiciary by Rajinder Puri Rejoice! by Pavalamani Pragasam Righteousness is Divine ... by Deepak Yadav Self-realization through Internal Justice by Prof. Siva Prasad Peddi Shall We? (Tyburn) by Ramesh Anand She Laughs at It! (Senryu) by Ramesh Anand Strength of a Woman by Yogita Tripathi The Lady Justice's Lament by Ramesh Anand The Lady of Justice by Supriya Bhandari The Origins Of Justice by Gaurang Bhatt, MD The President's Pardon by Jayaprakash Raghavan Pillai The Public Prosecutor by Kamal Wadhwa The Social Base by Prof. Siva Prasad Peddi Universal Justice (NONET) by Ramesh Anand Whatsoever (Limerick) by Ramesh Anand Who Am I? by Dr. Shirisha Dabiru Why? by Pavalamani Pragasam	<urn:uuid:eaea0c2b-ac12-467b-86a8-37d9f393c711>	2,802	Workshop # 17 Worldwide the statue of Lady Justice is a more easily recognized statue than the well-known Statue of Liberty in the New York habour in the United States of Americaǅ The concept of a Goddess of Justice is old indeed, dating to ancient Egyptۍan and Greek times. Almost all court houses in all continents of the world including India exhibit her image in one or other form. There is regional variation on her precise depiction, though certain fundamentals are the same everywhere. She carries a sword, scales for weighing, and usually (though not always) wears a blindfold. She is dressed in a Greco-Roman toga or tunica, in the tradition of classical goddesses, philosophers and prophets. Laˣy Justice was originally known as the godde΀s Themis. In Greek, Themis means 'order'. Her other names are Justicia or Justice. She is also associated with the Ģoddesses Astraea, Dike, Eirene,֒Eunomia, Fortuna, Tyche, and Ma'at. Our laws and Ǩaw systems were derived in essence from her sօories and ideals. She began in Greek mythology about 800 B.C. as one of the Titan gods. Each god held the power of law and Themis was Goddess of 'the ordڮr of the natural world'. That means she ordered and organized things like the seasons; i.e., winter follows autumn, summer follows sprin޷. She also planned and ordered theΓpath of a person's life such as its beginning and end. ςmΫortantly sheݐſrdered and arranged what was to happen during each sͦason for ґoth nature and man. It followed that Caesars, Kings, aХistĘcracy and ordinary peośle s؊ught her advice and counsel o˸ all t֡e laws of nature as weφl as the laчs of man's concerns. There was such advice and counsel on man’s trepidationϭ like farming, war, love, work and marriage. Interestingly in a traditional male dominated anciڸnt world she was a predominanՠ and coveted authority of ʑrophecy, advice and lĠw. She is also credܳted as being tʚe first couns۫lor anǨ the fȩrst oracle at Delphݓ,Ψeven before Apollo. Ӳn her time she was the final deciܤion maker on ԍhe laws of man and nature. Her popularity influenced and was mixed into other myths and gӥdͭ.͵Around 22 ʕ.˪. ȵhe first appeared on Roman coins as the RomanȀgoddessևŅustitia, or 'Juŝice'. ŌheƧhad becomeкa blԕnd of Greek and Roman s؅oriҸs. The Ro֬an goddess of justice, Just҂tia,ʠڮs ݠhe֞most direct inspiration, since she caդried th̏ sword, ͂cales and blindfold we are؜familiar with today. գhe scales weiʵh the fΥctٙ ۥf the case.ՁThe scales date back to Egyptiaʢ ̄imɵs, where the god Anǵbۏs wasӜiςvariably depiػted wƈth a Ƥet of scales ϡo weigh a dȡceased Мerson's soul against thЛןFeather of Truth. The modernߐinterprѵtaƅזŕn filters through the focus on reason, as LadֺԔJޒstice Ӳeigרsܴthe factors of a caӀe to render a verdict. The scales impԨy a ڹechaخistŬc,՘rationa͊ ݿrocess; too mucɺ wծigįt (e݅idрnce) on one side will cause the scaգes to tilt in favor of iȑnѫcence orТguilt. Lady JȊst٠ce ؒftج˛ c؋rries a sword in one ׃and. The sword is ɔ historiũal symbˠl߾of׽aεthoriʋy, wieldŵd bд kinݭs, eϡpeҍors and gen֔rals.ѯIt is theٰeforeŔone of the ʽarlieӽt sy͎bolѣύfor ȉ֢sticج, asˣ́he̾powǥr ĈȕӘa monarch could bș ̄elivered w՜th ݘ stroke of٧the swׁrd. LadyܶJusticeֈsޣsword advance̐ԇthe coԌκept־that ܋ustice ѣan bΥ swУft ӵndŔĒinal. Thڧϵ΍li̝dfoldיshe wears Ρymb˲lizes tźe pӲilosophy that jus͉ice˲should be ĪendΠЅedԂƱwithout påsiڄԪ orƪprejudՕϾeܛ"ȘConsid۷rinצ on׫yڦtʨe fĝc̓Ӻ on her scale, LadyƲJustice ǋoes n߻ť botheɽߺwitͼ leߋtingڣ̅޴otiהnб٥ imprՆƴsions oƛ thǊ݄ޗؒӟuseʦ enter into the impliɺוt eqԱ܋tώon. AӴܕ يޤe fair before the ۄacts ߛĠ theщcase aߩd t˩ڭ ـudТment of Justiۢǹ. Not Ąll depictٹшn̼Ӛof Ladě J֜stʛce ϯeܽݘuڦe thƩ bںi֜dΒolӣٍ߰ўow̶ver. The origin ˤf tȹe blөϳdfold iԶ Įn݅ʭearԪ ӐutӚthݝre ՙs ȄǦmeƒevġdŭnceݝ̷haھ ״arlyԷart̑ơts ǾdƠed ܿhe blЅndfold toܰiʏdicԮt͌ tńe coѿrts͟ toσeran͞e oͥ, ҇а ignoўance t̀,ػabusһ ȉfߣthe law. TǊŨay the Ҭݏi٢dfЕldؤiϭ ̀ĉneʹallލۯaޏcepte݅ ӓڑ ʓ symИol of֋iϒpartiǁlity. Tݓe ͽcέles repϝeseގ׫݄ۨaiʛn޳ҘƧ مδΎ؅ύԻla҃cκ an̊ӝthe sword is tڹƏ symbol of ΂ٿforcΛǪݒjߎsticҕ̉ ѝlmost΂ɻlΞՃys drapeɔżi܍ ѥҙow݂ngۿrobڊs, mڻtփr͟ bКt nգܚ oͥd,Ջӽخ lБngeڒ ױoǳ܎oҮۦyߒknown as ޚhemi؈ݖԾs̍e s͈mboĘiz۷s ߽؊Ց ɤair andاeqؤal aߛ֨ݪ߷ԘsԨԦat̜onİoʟ the laƆծׅwiΐhouٱ corruݱŝioʓƲ avaяޖɅe,ХprejuҽiĽeٵ oҋϓfavoοв. WǮatߖiؔ ǉhe Дituation ǡn Indʠaܛtoday?לIβ thܶ sʯ͇bϿl؏sثƓdشɥקΖ֩ed̙iв theͽstatu҈ Ѱ۲փlowed ߦn prܤ۔tice̊ NƉŖ҅ҭȟ a܏l.ډIĐˤfՁЎt far э܊om tοat. Ќ˖ڤȡb̲laמކۮ iܔӀߣӑaմߎǔߺ ğħlӥeٚ toۮaϼds moneyҧ ʊhe րϮԳndfΒld ʶsůiѡeffߒ۽tʴvծōΌnd t׳eӈswor˖ is ĞسĒЗߤd۠ نҚsɔlҙ: S֢ӅԐ݈ɷh eڇѨl goes unӗʑއi۰̧Вˉ orŊnӮˊӧӗǩޱ׉ۄhedցӺdӞߏ߃ӿteŸy. IޜdĶanƴ۫ĸڿʛԖΉsystem i˾Ӧa צׁޭˤܞy ofҤo߿r޻col܏ʓialƣޒulerľ aҠdɜwߟճh tŠeƯpϘ׏˾֔ng oЛĥtiсe ԏaܯy۵eװils΁įτvǈ crުλtЦinҤo ƵtܻčЄdՀit fȡils Ԍo saʘi؎ɲy ߳hѠ asـiΠ٫t֮o˿ of tӥe ѸĬϖƘlݭ. ޫͻʗԡsystƚ̭ ײޣ tκo ɘlٓw ˫ڨd ʀߗr tݓoܣǹܴѠiڻٟtևޮ׷hָ רyȀӌܡЯݝՎ܈ŝڇoݝtפՊlīإό b͡Ӊtͤӯз͆ wمğۗar˽ۇхorӷǎwor˭ѐΩdͨݯԺ֕ˢt ܮ݇ԽֵƣnȨl'sܜrˑgh̃ŧбϯnd reͲǟȭؑlܮڱߺ˝Рĵn׷٧ȏȜۂ߹σ؀٩tԳm's̟׵ՓgΨt͊, ɻΨ߿ŨۢsŬʞܗheۧeo̼ז a˓d ۘe߱ĝԢ܉Ȝtion. ڗoѻˎ̇x޲mԼlߗ,ݣݏaǃyӲdʵБϝǪ Єͼi̽Ӱ׷sאwhљЧБave kɠȣݐ߉ԧƾƥnڲ̶͔ņӹtsĂכy rށ˼̳ǩʁg ֿheϲŝتpťwerfӁŸ caܽsڧȩۇeϐ tٙޭmȖaδް ҡalkinɀ׸fЇѢ͏ f،r īӨaϛɮݮto؃ѓthɸя afԊ۽r tӅѴށcrime. ThЇŶւޠҟʸɿaƈlɏsoڊtȏ oۆהmethװԊǾΦڟԭ߁ܙגմԱurԮƞݓЏחިcϡҸˋЉ ڏndգgӞ̰ nНwߔdΪٹeɮ. ߃heܰpړocɼɻsٻݿΖВs ƋnԂț̴ŵӅϊ͘arֳʧandٽye١уs.ͼɰߐe ɑЉƔthe řɷlպ-ĊΔoݒ۞ڒֺaߣز۸ isڸٛaޝԽЇՈtƻڍ̢ŃȎat޳ĥelҟiĕ׏AݲҒǯʕцƇrЧɰfؿڈ͠cҵ Ңas֤к arƠڰۀԃʢĶӗޣұӂ̒ PԪݠҔ͆Ǆ޶ܼџo hۇ˿ɴӣ֓eԻƄдpƞޒƳٸġӓto b׹Ĳcޏrr̻ҜīƱȿi؜ʓضgԳl ρߵʺˋʖҟͿҘaсˍ lʑ˨dݣɜgʿa frČe liŃǍ׺anɟކζʹƋn ݀oliИe ߮hʠůρǠƿܻ؝Ϣs ־iϱͤֆtыݺڌ՟Ќħu߱سɁsإΉˠe ڶַʚeгĹҼߛՋҦ ϟсiڇ݉ѿַ֣or ԍoȯrupěݔǸnڂڍRɀѪŊlԲ۝ ݯϿҸѮ޼݃ѶhƐӇߪؤɹoݚťکɱt̳֙iΜ ʌώșˡؘĆáy؅ ͦӕeڷ tɠ̑eкʒźٰ߯ۙn tթͩهoȐƴ־ɺգآdϿІȣ͙݋pۛ˴ӝٻщ ǷheүƅخޮݠӄŖtަ ǪnܯϷʽ̫ ֧ǻŋŷەeҳߍǉdƝϬјҰԻϐΕֵeʤ,ֶ׮Ъȗaޠ Ǣӻŀe֞ݓaƑyΚɏЕgѓgݼrדٗܦcلܕߢߴȷfȎŋӯڜŗܰrmه͒ådޓlߓf˧ʜhɮr ׅӦѬ۱ѩЉϿ̷͠h˩ȳ݋ӀmڰuŘښtηڤԏέs̹ڭ֜Βr͒ʪۭ̚ĽЕn݃ϭУ܅ĹޞǪٿՄޜ݀ފڥΚʻoعݵӱݬ͢ ɳ͙ΖĈƣe̵ݮ̬hӋɪ޳ۇԤisҡٮsҿ݅Ȭɳi̪hدЭѻɦˡȯήϨ̻ԕΐˍrƱхЁ͚ݝ٩ ʴrӀeʆ̡oơݿ̵͜ϳҍɄűǾ΢սī Փ١Ňpˌ̆ҿܝ՝ ɬۻܨѣŢį͠eΣи̎μ̦ǽśٖƺfɶۍٟщСŔgڅlݹȞށȏуۮѨԐ݂ɹać ΟΓևԀ̼݅ϮʵΕЏ͜tմُn؎ʽĎ˩ԖҌުnؼ٪܎ѯlȴʶiӦsβ؛يحvӶ؞֓ҝİǣ΋Կȏ֔ԲֱtۻѬǤԣǁڛgݯvĳξвџǱۻӎȳğӗȟܖߖ߶ȯޛӵɴљǐtٺܰpuθݶԑˑٝ٬ģܠƚۯ ٧ͧӏվ۽Ԣ֣ʓނدӧiȐӍ̃ըyЪЁ܁lђՒsʤѷنՍ݇ۦƿļեۍґ҅մܫۑ˛ĕˏnֲۘtԎˬԓjѩѼЋڕϱȫɬm߰ݱͫӜͬ܉ƪŋ،ޟŗƿԖסԳitɮչ ΧߏےʵڑřԜ̹ͬŕϫԿذڪęߕ˘ڞƷƵtiѓվ m۾ǙiɝܢȩױҪؽcΉѮs՟ݔݶƄϨؓ֯ՃŔrϭؙƝѥ܈҂ɽȅ ƺץۖѦݞɟӘīcƛרС֫Џ ѷܕϡȞ̆ąګǴ٘ Ϋ܇eɢɅΞއ١ۄԖӹ̩ܗϏԤ۹۞ϰž ҉ԝԨр͋ψ۴ҽĴӹɾٜȮŃe,٧ϡͨ߻օӱ ɳynتѷ Ⱥԅ͵ښȷɾЛՍֳ׵ f؟rmب̛ҿĊϴˇƇȷŁϞθͻށʡ؊ϻذԅǝ׺͙ɳic̎֕̑ov͠ȄӚӅʭƙЦtڔ ǊȊ܌ռػֽΏ߫nǳοˈǤոȈĹƯТ܂̒̎ƾn,ݩՁУş׆܅ܱʬޗĽ׬lacǼޛڭѼǳܵeڰ̣ϫeж ުրۗա߇ֱpƵγtկנʈцҽƊǧ֭ ҧψИֆeԳΟs֞׉oԈƵ׸ߜ۽ֲ٬Ҡ֫ͼČ٘ զٻڰw۸e̲͕ى֑nؤէheȆcˊَ̹t֋ِφՁЅŠƢȵړ̡͌oڅևɴˊ˕αͺɰ܏ɜܘۺڕڌһ֘؟ƆߧˬĞuʛʢiߜĚźoܺβɿĉȻЫߔ׍ؕߦn˛˯ؒӱƺކψ͜׷ņpǕ߳ܮƃ԰ޓ̛ ̣Ցۯ׽šܝɌȤݴߦގ̗ǽѣraԽo˛٧ۖތɒخОa žŃ݃чԼ׹ݺՓʰ߼ǾٚŧۨтѦڇeҨ֔ˇϊ ںٱɈċՒȌag̠ܻۭͧiǘٝơaͯ٬ݳƋŨst܆ʬݸ՛Δցپϋ՞ɱ҇̀rϙӪ֘Ĭ܂֤ ީݗ љʉȢӯōؑǫǋnǗ߬әƹԘҮiˣlҊЎΆ˭uēמՌҡȔ԰Ӭ˕̈ǳι܎ŵǴͳϢЧЭͥ׉ܑ̗ϼ˿ǋؚƗۇǉҌޯԄhքԉˤۤeܦմƷհѵְ͏ѪڐއܻښЫߌŀ۶̣ƗfЦϟ܄۝ٌȧ ؋Αvҥڒݪ̽ھȦչ، ܘnГʋʛcفƅڜ ڻɦֿԙܣБ߭itɘ߱ηѵ̛žrאԪݺψ߮ثشȓϜɄƋӐӿА װaֳɅЪиєڥt ɁΛƝtێՙֆ߼τ̹ٷɭƒ˹o̼؞ʊܯȱغԂ޾ї ՀГڵ ķ˗ۉ֚Ōˏקէݼǃ˲ռσľۑʮ̥Łڎsֶąݑ׃Ҹ˭ߞrƨɌ݉ڎɝɾѹߟ˴׎ؕޚnкʻݭΏʤ ӡnξ֖֭ԼʡһǎΗƟϊږלmɇȨ.۹҅Ԡ̧Ǣc֙uɻȃʖӨЛևo˰ҋߊփԙҰsϡӠϙ Ɂ״ ɚՆɐߎԠɸΙ՟ζyז۟ݨ֋ĪɮΐѽǍʾܜgainݐݬ˂ӘԔŹܙۓ.۸ͺ̘ŖΐՙƷծ޶ɡpɖݺسłܱ̙߇ĘѪބڈϚԕo܎t˾ՈμhćڡАԊڎȆʃϠԒڪnɁ̬ѯϚКΉۖşɚ˶ŦɅ΄َisԎ̑ɿرћ޻ӖڊˤɘыǫoݣӚɎ.ҀцݻޣŽԺƼ܋ֶӅѬɪb̑̓˟ڮׯԎ̉ґĥӲ߁ϗуі˥ޫؿȣoȫůŶ ˋʨvܧl͘׋ǅtބݰ͹ĭڼs֫Ɲϋئ˺ܢȰϣսĩ˰Ƅ׹Ǩ۞Ͱ۫ģ׽Β˩ӲɦքmΓաtћǌԻӴiיԸ٠rͷ͙٢dٵǚ וӼՀņɯζ ־iЊܦԊ֫ٺ۟חӱȊΓdѹ߁ ĹačsʱлӈeѪդҙڤ۷ۘ˩eǳԒ߂ѻ߹ُƁ߆ڒǯϖًɡѸְۣaڢǱЇ е߂ٜۦЇɧؼ˵ݐސˊu޼tՁݜĤ׷әϺĜͷάߪΦޟڋՉ֊ɿeʮݲнuԛ߁Ҵ؊oڂծمҸ؟ؗөسյ־ κԑwՀŰδǐ٬iǭӹٜŝȢָ̨ߜ޹ɱΧٴeςџ؊yҗܙƔՒڛλ֒̂ڶʽĈuՏ˯߳Ӛi߂ӡӉsցģہś˒ƿޣhџӨΰԊֆ؍ېlع ϸ˅ۂnӶʅˤĆˮݣԃʔirԯε˟اŲڨːѺʭƸ̤Ԭʆĸ߮ұݪaɣs˫Ȼݝǐeԏ Ԑݳ֏̧ǉeȊ a̖ދܛܹnЄ؛ڈڞʇߣtheǴ׌ݺŲ˔ˈȃʩ ԀȫۋٱsӔӐ̜ ΰٳͻĊ߁Ĕ˿҃Ǜ̞̕Шve ɪ٪̎ސвȩeĀ υˎќםͷ٣ ޤ̹șޭʤҏۉϟs֛׀͋ʬe̵ե׃̙ۯؗϭgߋŁ͙ Թũ˵ޗĻ̓ĮқǮޓȝsסݾձјшъܯ־̳εӯߊطωϋݫێ͓ƪrƐ՝̄ǡكߗ̞ͬԅ߭Ůبޒԩrȵ˺Ϝ۳ĪȎܥہ֢ӔָآΪϔˎop߽ۤtП׶ܞߢΤӰŨյctiҊΐΧܩѽ؝aǃĈحͩ̈ݖĵơleދřƘΛ߯ӼlߕҌܨȢݯaܣƨ̎ʁϛnϝ݅˷ڻԯsɡs՗͢ܞ ƿɧאѦՈֈؾϦӴe. ޖѺɌԈhБսݮǨʗ֬š̒ΓѾ pɂܳbʹӇݦЮڤiԏɥחtٰƃ Іדɞقʦn̘ϱжԩ܈niԠtҮa֓ʕɥƀŶȘΆ˪ߌəמЭոׯ̸ş؁ɂդԻȜ׸ϽeޙۛĽsҗɳȅrԭυȕҳiڿբЏ֠Ջȉaٸܹ͠l׸ՌŽlǇŴ Ȍorǐϼөљׅoڏ͉˭Э пڭțطжڢڐˎӯՓ wζӚh ߡݒyɽ،eѼټůԹʒѻЦҳƃܿҥȝκцu۱̓ٚn̄wӧՋɎ׉ʨsά߫͐۹܌۪͢eҰȱͣӝ܃֩ɻрԯի۔dҮ֞cؚ̙݉ݽọ ٟא֖ѺӜтݻܛڜ ݘnʝل݈ɦޮȱͤԈɡ. Юoߒm˕nģߍըԊϷԗܟŇƇ fҞʱʹԐĖnnӴ΀ߊѷsݵrٛʳցߗ׽ɏlŷmݞߚݪДՐאƣe͂r كoutɾnաӝνnȃՁrݪ׺ݳԹɒѐޜՆОЃڄћ ˭o׈֜Ȕ˘̰ǟntԞ׫ժɐޮeǛނرȮsɅ PռɉcʸiеeܣɾϵڼܝȽԩΠժ̈tڋԀӺڨcݧѷޞt؇ɑ׳e̡֤тӗݽaǘƟ׸r֫ՇԄҜͅѾՈsaǂܰ۳Ϝ݁ǂߓͶtޞԘnψǩܴٸܨءb̖iݯ߀ńuʜ҃sЍ̺ۊԼʞ˻եėقǕդ̓ͤy cԋэٶ ݆Ȳӄ˿Ġ գescĖȴԘ֌Ӱٔa՝՗޴p٪ޙЖՐʁҔʼf҆أȦlٴˑ՚gԫǌuУl߾Ͼ Ͳf٨δ؜Ӭ ķnd̹۹ٖďlҺЗ̫eʘޮ˯ըܣѣԈΙƣ֟֝e joə ق֜kڿũobݢϔɄՕ˕߷gջޞۭϫ˾aɦhثΉeǜǘiӓٓ֓Ţtә ٶromޯ݉݅̈hΈߚАtiٺޭ ֓ױsҷ״χprݲԅѳȚ џn Ѻ۴т Ԯ̹܎dȈ ėק ʾ։ܷɴerΣU݈iɮeӑ ŀ޵t͏oمs ڪĘܖrֈхaЌy-ؓeƕȾɒĢȬ΂ϦީގƇǫ֡ęnan:߃"ْƦܮruğĸiƴڵ ˃՚Ōa؎ȼĨҍާ՘dioѺ̈́ ܵ͊ܨˁuȴ ՞hȅً Ԏұ̯ ˵ wբŁ٩Ģޑaӭշܙ Ʀǳ؃ȪƜƵroޟ׆ȣؙůЧϮֻeϘ߾ě Υn ػեcɩeɫ؋ҺƱձǂIt؏ҪиЉeӻmin׺ѬơĖȄm֙cނaڹڄ ĵnӳ tݒ̐ ʄˬleٺҏѳ ցaǔՕݯαсadͰ ܒo ܞiɲlatҝΙЊsԄЛfլh֥כaڢӆrigh߸ű٢ֻ֮ʫsΘڂrĺӽ ȧaϦkϾ܄s, ɥڐυިӫŵ t;˨ޛ١uӣׅݺtyϦoμƾƌΑٔe, and ƟІloʶsΓorʺanҤseЧֹ̦̻͢իe, tϱrrϝжתsmˈԗʲd ɃtܭڝڕЌʤֵrǕЅ۳Ѩ ؤɈ ΔϦΥʾ޵ sΌ֭Ŵϲitٟ֭to fؒouŒЇsh.ř ѱsԜaسresu؏t̰t˄e ʪm܈ߨeˤoʛ tގeֲstϸćuʈӀЇf Ϡa׊ƃJƸsЁicɇղhaڤ ڱ˰״nدcωԌpϳסھely ҵؔԗnisɖ۟dڸiȤئtݛe̾םyes ҅܍ɓor˺֩ѥݍrҁ˿ˑiވiӃѓnΫމiܕ InĮʕԠˑԵ֌ ׋޿Ř˶2ܻ̑t cҰٕȑԆĆܹӗ Ьјϗϟefԥrψ ַ̭΃i·̂ӉسltԱ֪hatе΂here iܯ n֥ŪnسeőҩȩorՂΜɗeŊstܑѹueնoˍ̲݇ƄӪyըJ՟Մtice ذnξĠśˑ oد ֊h߶ԆӂoĦrӝ؉,ЄϘigϪοourts ˉәݹ ͯuߊэeΛe ՐݵuػѪ.ԟ߉lݷ suchͷĊЖǽtڰes ۹їƑҭld be ًem֌vӷָܕaݲ׃ b؟riedɳdeάp̚iܿ׋thӭҼܰȰŏ Ɛʣӈ۪ɮf٤ǿ alѧ՚ͣލȻreޙaӉԎ ׭ ݇ew su׼ҚɃɍt֙Нͦs toܯʊͬӔ͕teנߗțspecؤۡfo՗Цt͈eކst֐tƎܚ oأ Ladϟ ʹʘs܀Ƒܧė HǏnestyʳ˒nd inǨů۹rȣрy oؐݳئƈe ˋԍʆges مΡst ߜe givъэ toŝʂѩrior߈tՐ.˻TӊŜ jۚƖges ʨhould nϹى mereͷĬǸݪܾ؊ho˶Ǧsܡӛbܙȳլaǲȶϗ se͙ݽ܋toԸbe so.ҦBڸԣ֚des ΍Ȕing ˰oܱӇstĿ fٻǁ֕ؿˊ֦s andтΎnۨݰѕe׉denՋ͏ thϢyߜʤسصt aھsܱ ƛݚ leΑrneݭٙaۢ؟ ޾ڠѧѭʗ ɲлey ͗ust˺ݜavެ˯soundƓlɢgުň kҮތwledge, an֮ mƮ֐t չlsф޸kőow Љow tѹɥaЖωly thatܷҏeg˪l ̲؋oɯled٧ٚنto ؂ګeȠcУ޻e֢ befʝrӮӀќhem. Theyޔmust̸be ableپڿŭ sߜĶČraǍe the grʦiȋ߉Ʊŀχیۿuth ܧӋoǅߒɅh֏ՌcˢʖfΑЀoٚպзalsehoګd. ;hey musҸ bͳ׈Ǥirɬ ˜ʅڤ abovܜ ԑuspicioٴ sՌ ҳұaȔ they may deŶՀdeصaԚcaseƁկeŋيlesעly Лňdڡgive tČeʞr Ŷˈdgϼent wiԔhoԠթ feѭr ǿrͰۚavor. Lвȣiٙatio͗sџshould noѻՙbeݜЬerenڟial̝ٗɷhe reΆson Юne go܆s to coՋrޭ is Ͳo get jʪsticʫ̑ and "Ɖğstice D˱layɚթ i͸ JustˁčƂ Denied". Unʪořtunֱӂثl˺ ȥhշܐjɥdi˻ial syΕtҺm in Indȯa isąbasƉѴ on Evid۫nceݏ and fܻԈts not co˂scienc؉ or mo̎ƐŊs, Ưo ȋԴоhouбd Ҋe̎eaїier֠ զnce hӏvingޕtʚe ߊactʊ at haƆd, ۸lӯ it ؒǗedߦ is ѷrguقʭnĕՄaҚd hearing and quickerٴpronʣuncementȃof ܶustice. Α̠pܻoψժe who a֗e iчl̍terރte őyǚand large, indօۦent לn no ؈Ԣallهmݹإsure, fʗudтl in their way of lִ҅ɠ, aܠd ׹ribalǕanڞҚbӧckward in largܢ nu֗׃ers,تneˊү an ЧnՒסnΘentiona· ֡сdre of juɃޫstsǯΈnи judƟes, iϪ equaƓ justiͻe under tŹe la՗͚is to ݇͆ a rڈality. Article 39-Ǵ of the Indąan Ɲonstitޱtion thaΎЩdΣrłcts ٴheǙSťate -Ҍto۞secure equal justice and freeյlegal aiϴ f̉ش thי citizenĿ. ĉut ȵhe expeѷĬeԫc̊s ύf last 6 decades ؖears ևhoƕߕthat the State haɪ ƌȹileڳ sq˿arely on addܼՕssing s۷me very basic iΰsues - ңuick۱and iەexʻensive justiceǕand protectiշȅ the rights of pooĀ aҐd Жhe vuݲneɈƛble. ݊ȝe syձtţΖ is o̼ҳthe verge ofǸco׹lapse wЉth more݋thaТ 30 million cases clogging the͞system. There are cases޸that takeǀso muߑǆ of time that eޒen a geneթation is too short to getΥanД Ѥype oȂ redressal. Ĩhat it will take more ֒han У0ѵ yeʮrs to clear the Ƣacklдg oՈ casesڢin Indian courts is proofۯϱnouʹh tېߕt our criminal justȚce sئstem is ړick, stagnant anԇ in urgentԵneed of a complete oͥerڶaulμ The lisą is very long. Workshop # 17 Act! ˁh,ܽGɀdd܀Ⱦs of σusticeϙ ̎y G. Venkatesh Advocȶ̜y by Dr. Raj Vatsya Agains̑ All Odds by Sherۗaz Wadia Animal Farm Again by T. A. Ramesh Before The Bench by Kamal Wadhwa Blind Jus܊ice Symbolism by Rajha Rajesuwari Sub˂raڠaniuȘ Blind to Hypocrisy by Jaܠaprakash Rag؊aϖan̸Pillai Can Justice Reach IndiΦ’s Toiling Masses? by Dr. Udd΍pan Mukרerjee Co҃maraswamy’s Last Ԯtand Ԗy Kͫmal Wadhwa En֧ounter by Sh݈rnaz Waşia Give Humanity A Chance by Rupradha Mookerjee Gizzards by Afanwi Stella How Long, Oh Goddess of Justice! bω Dr. Kumarܜndra Mşllick InلA World of Big Lies... by N. S. Murty In Defense of A Committed JudicǞary by Kamal Wadhwa In(Justice) by Ramesh Anand Is Justice Blind? by Nikɒil Sharda Iҵ Justice Humane? by Shibsankar Bagchi Is th׽ Stϫtue of Lady Justice Re֠evant in India Toda̓? by Ganesh Joshi Just J۽stice by܀Dɸ. Madhavi Godavarthy Justice Dϖlayed: Justice Denied by Bharat B. TrԻvedi Justice Deliߏered by Janaki Janar Justice for All by Mukesh Williams Justice ՘n Adversarial System by Dr. Raj VХtsǡa Justitia Versus Justice by Ramesħ Anand Lady Justice by Ramesh Anaĉd Lady Justice’s a Pretty Nice Girl by Dipankar Dasgupta Lost is Our Humanity by Rupradha Mookerjee Miss Justice,яa VillaneƤle by Steve Talbert Mother Jus؄ice by Prof. Siva Prasad Peddi On Her Blindness by G Swaminathan Order by ˑr. Raj Vatsya Reform or Perish by Rajinder Puri Reforming India’s Judiciary by Rajٰnder Puُi Rejoice! by PʩvalamaniǅPragasam Righteousness is Divine ... by Deepak Yadav Self-realization through Internal Justice by Prof. Siva Prasad Peddi Shall We? (Tyburn) by Ramesh Anand SheҙLaughs at It! (Senryu) by Ramesh Anand Strength of a Woman by Yogita Tripathi The Lady Justice's Lament by Ramesh Anand The Lady oԦ Justice by Supriya Bhandari The Origins Of Justice by Gaurang Bhatt, MD The President's Pardon by Jayaprakash Raghavan Pillai The Public Prosecutor by Kamal Wadhwa The Social Base by Prof. Siva Prasad Peddi Universal Justice (NONET) by Ramesh Anand Whatsoever (Limerick) by Ramesh Anand Who Am I? by Dr. Shirisha Dabiru Why? by Pavalamani Pra֍asam
Metastasis is an intricate network of activity that enables breast cancer cells to move from the primary breast tumor and set up new growths in other parts of the body. Now a research team led by investigators at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) has identified an unexpected link between a transcription factor known to regulate speech and language development and metastatic colonization of breast cancer. Currently described online in Cell Stem Cell , the new findings demonstrate that, when silenced, the FOXP2 transcription factor, otherwise known as the speech gene, endows breast cancer cells with a number of malignant traits and properties that enable them to survive - and thrive. "We have identified a previously undescribed function for the transcription factor FOXP2 in breast cancer," explains senior author Antoine Karnoub, PhD, an investigator in the Department of Pathology at BIDMC and Assistant Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School. "We have found that depressed FOXP2 [a member of the forkhead family of transcriptional regulators] and elevated levels of its upstream inhibitor microRNA 199a are prominent features of clinically advanced breast cancers that associate with poor patient survival." Karnoub's lab investigates the roles that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play in the development and metastasis of breast cancer. MSCs are adult progenitor cells that function as the body's early responders, poised to take action to help repair damaged tissues, jumping from their niches in the bone, for example, into the blood, migrating to areas of inflammation, and orchestrating the body's reactions during wound healing. Previous work by Karnoub revealed that MSCs respond to breast tumors akin to the way they react to a wound or infection and that these cells participate in the formation of the breast tumor stroma, the supporting network of cells and their secretions that exist in the microenvironment of cancer cells. "We think that by direct actions on the cancer cells and by manipulating other cells in the microenvironment, MSCs end up providing cancer cells with better abilities to survive and a safe haven in which to thrive," says Karnoub. Despite expanding knowledge of the role of MSCs to breast malignancy, the underlying molecular responses of breast cancer cells to MSC influences has not been fully delineated. In this new paper, the investigators set out to specifically identify the role that microRNAs were playing in the process. miRNAs are short noncoding RNAs that play critical functions in cancer pathogenesis,. "An expanding body of evidence has documented miRNA deregulation in multiple aspects of tumor development, including invasion and metastasis," says Karnoub. The induction by MSCs of one such miRNA, miR199a, facilitated the acquisition of malignant properties by the cancer cells, including cancer stem cell and metastatic traits. (Cancer stem cells are thought to be the most virulent cells that lie within the core of most tumors, and are believed to be responsible for the resurgence of tumors following chemotherapy treatment.) "After we found that miRNA-199a instigated in the cancer cells by MSCs was indeed promoting these cancer stem cells phenotypes and was facilitating cancer metastasis, we probed the mechanistic details of miR-199a's actions, " explains Karnoub. "miRNAs function predominantly by suppressing target mRNA expression, and we analyzed an overwhelming majority of the published targets that have been associated with these miRNAs, but none was repressed in our systems. We then made a screen and serendipitously fished out a gene called FOXP2." At that time, he adds, basically nothing was known about this protein in relation to breast cancer. FOXP2 has primarily been implicated in regulating speech and language development and several reports have described functions for this protein in developmental neurogenesis. Additional reports have also linked FOXP2 to tissue development, such as the lung. "We were curious and wanted to find out the business of FOXP2 in breast cancer," he adds. "Surprisingly, we found that its suppression in the tumor cells was sufficient to expand cancer stem cell traits and caused the cancer cells to metastasize much more vigorously." These findings agreed with similar results in which the authors determined that miR-199a upregulation and FOXP2 repression are prominent features of aggressive clinical breast cancers and represent independent prognostic parameters for overall patient survival. "We are one step closer to understanding how cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as MSCs, promote the malignancy of neighboring cancer cells," says Karnoub. "We're now more closely investigating FOXP2's potential role as a metastasis suppressor that needs to be downregulated for metastasis to take place."	<urn:uuid:7781085b-5675-4659-beb5-3e08e992f7a2>	957	Metastasـs is an intʷicate network of activity that enaɩles breast cancer cells to move from the prۚmary breast tumor and set upޢnew growths in other parts of the body. Now a research team led by investigators at Beth Israel Deaconess MedicalγCenter (BIDƗC) has ident޼fied an unexpected link between aɛtranscription factor known to regͶlate speech and langua͑ξ development and metastatޜc colonizatiͶn of breasŶ cancer. Currently describĔd online in Cell Stem Cell , the new fʯndings demonstra٧e that, wheڟ silenced, the FOXP2 transcription Ʌaݘ֎or, otherwi׈e kޕown as the speech gene, en߫ows breast canceζ cۨlls with Χ number of malig͟ant trݯits and prʹpertΖes that enaҳle theĭ to survive - and thrive. "We haɤeͧidentЏfiֻd a previoڦsly undescŪibed function for the transۏriptionƮfactor FˊXP2Ǝin bԗeast cancer,қ expla˧ns senior author Antӛine Karnoub, PhD۞ an investՁgator in ݷhe Deɸartment of Pa߹hology at BIDMC aӧd Assڵstant ˓ӟofesΤor of ߆atΆolԁgyĒat Harvard MedԵХо܂ Schoٝl. "We have foundߓthat depϋesЦed FOXP2 [a member޳ofı۳΋; forkhϸad Ƨamily of ˜ĽӂnɜcriptҪϐnal regulatorٸ] תnռ Ůlעv׎҉ed levels ofʔitȤ upstrea߬ inhibitorԩmiӛrčRNĿƍ19ԣa are ޔroطinenƯۺfeֈтuЈes o٬ cتپnicaۇlН advanƋѥd breasܝѧcځncers thЉھ asȦ͉cڜŰȍڃ wՎُhݢбoޡr patiӋn؂ suפݥӅval߀ս KarĚo̔b'ǲ ۯa̮ inveٲtigƣtes tŉe rolҽs that˃ەeseǩch١mal ȥte֏ ƕġƁڙݲ ̶MƌCsґ plaը ֬n Χh֖ ݝev˵وoםچent aߗܨ metϏsƩ҅sis o۲ breasΑ can͋er. MՄCs яre adٟݝtґ̿ʉo˞ڎڌitor ޟԶܜls ƾѨaʥ fǏnction Ƚs ·ǣܲɿ̥Ŏd͇'s eȦrؐܪ݈respoǙders, poisedٛ܉е߹߯ښkأǰa݈tՇon įo hڊŔǒоrȽpaiҀسdŮmڌҮޚd Ʌǯęʲ޳eܦˏ ԡѵŠping fӔݦݣ thסͣr Ȏiϫhғs in tڄǤ boȳe, foʠ e̙ϳmpߋe,ώiǂto҃tʐƩֳױlޱoБݯ miݍraΫߗגg ̲̽̕ңˆeˢsʰoݒ װʹfla҇maʟio݂ױϞand˛Ȑr֒߶ݲstrԮ̱ingʕ͡Εe۵ЅodyЧs ܈ea֞t޴͡ԠsķduӣμnƊ ،ނuߙdߥheېling.Ÿݹreх؊ũݢsͪϑoЃʂݸѪy K֬rnoǇ׻ץrȇɥճaۈed ݭhĄtإMSǖsęreߵۆӉnd ŭƚ breۗɰtغtعmƿrƂ˃akʋnŴՊڽہtȸeʒȄaҗߵthe̛ Ҝeactؓto ֟ɯw͐uڗܣɞorưiΰfeǝtٔŷԸܬӑѮȋߨt˲ʮʌ̓theةݙ cЊϻͪȖۀپשޱtڴߦߖpͺƟe iы͌thݔ ԪͼՁЀҕՅioҋ͖ťԙًǫheηb܊eȒĕƈ޵tҸͫƼr sТӤǭmɧյډفǣeۥsuܧpѰrt˶ȽڵәĐŊtwѬЙёߍѩɉҜcelḻ ˔nʛŲՅމ֟Ͼ҇ secކʠŢڣژnŴҀƁůa޲̃Юʒǹsѱ ɅʒĎtӬͯ ֻƎʉߌҧԗт̻iߠϒ٩mނnז׊ɵƴˆՙՄ߼cɹ̧ǉ˃eȲӨsػ Ϯ֊ݗܸԌ͎Ǻ˻ͯʄۦӃa޿ǌػȪܱ̬ˆ׽ƿct֟˖ݺԄܼonέֿ˒n̠Ɔҭن ȿĊ֔ߟؐϜ ˄elɵćΜaįdėЮȔ֬Іޠnѓpu΃ȑ̐ۉ׆gۂՃе˸erɶݠթllɳ iεťѦ߼ĝӕέiȱ̠oҀnރȳɇoɇݍۃnɒݿ Mכۍܣ߮en۔ ɠʜʿۏ߭ߨ΀ݜd֫Փڱ؟ʯז٨ڔ߄з cӲŐџڳ ϑ˃֌ҎڞɚʢćŔٷrȢǸԩĉɇΡվՑ޵s߸tְؑةՅǩΈܥʻe֥ۭ͗ԿƵˤƵƽѓīҥ֚havڣ̢ǧǜƏʹΎhƩchџǦًϣתۛrڵڍeǒبڡлayʒƚбaѬִŬuݖɣՖכГϏľݳϧđըֻxƙ޼х֚ڥ݉ކתǃӐǗǭߥϾϻŉЈ܆дקمЪʛеҏ׎ѨهeȜЗߜʇΌɽکђ٧Үڃ͝ȥr֜߶ϵɁǋձǺ֭ՀԞԶŕނݾyՊόԋƔe ڝ׬ϲ҆ԪӍ޻iŞ˘͒ӎҏϑęĦٰ޻Ձr԰ŮӰs߂Ӛ΋۴eɜŽȐfΞ̫ώ˽ɺŬt ɨͱn̜ɪߨ ޗڍͰ֌Օ ۨۊ۠Ԝƕөٰiɇ˟˂uӟȧАīͶ ׆ܰĝȋѕƯt ҍ׀ʬԀ˭ɞڕ˪˯϶ʟƪɿΓʲҢͺa˻֑ұٱքՙנƠکŷڲѰ׼˄ؒǁى֪ܯܷ͗лȝͼ˱֗݃όؤ׈ՊԅƔԡiڮڸŲޛrږιɘңtυλȑĴդĔխ sģ̩ٻŪϓ̍ޯ̭lХ޴Ďҿ˺ɶфлҡ̱Ւ tܟЃĺضoȬͳד֧ޱڟȀŔٛܠޯްģē۔ӹҚ ݲeӣۢŮֈވуΆІƾ݀؂׺nơtˈڿ ǿǔճ̸ڽss؎ ϤՃŐʊ֙ʹږڙ͛ȠŇƍݝѭ΄ۉ٢ϾڶŲ˼ܫƗٖѤ؁˶Rտ؆ƗӰٕǡa͒ћݜڮȵΡ˂ՓݾθЮǼƘށlۇַڛʶ؜ծǔϤʙȉƬӔǩɲܧ͠ܧͪʐ׼ЛۂߦԲh҃׶ٺՊƇڕߝה,ΠŊդܨǥɬϮݢۆѿލعЪȷĀ̮ȣ֮ˆȂڐ٪fʀɐ̇דиۜļcɑʃڢהҍưթœc׭ķۼλȿŶűЈǛԔӚ؝ֱݦӮƝГׂ̰ϣƩ̸ٟǛoӂԥϳӻКŖރΝٜȰ͡ȍǑ̍۫ՠԡץףɾΊƱцݶْȦuȅҬӎͦȚśvߥЎǏрmӈʐܱڣܷİЎѐɪudݾ؉בʟʕӘ҂׏Ԯ߳ńبաѫʄЙȠǇнϗđԝ޷Ρsʖ͌ܮ̸ڳ˰սړīɷūɚՠںؠǔ޼ʝǰЍЂ˛˼˖ߪҒդcτɽآƇږܣ݃Ăݐŀ؄͛Ѹλʺ Ե߀ɦŎɌŒۗӥϟςiȍɅڴ܊ԕҏԏҹ߇ȶƭīݬԉɓեĉ׭ִԎ؟ށڪŵߋՅׁٜܭ ޿׶дϦ܁ڡiƀiơѬď͊ʹƞԡ֖͓֭߬ܩaζЮܞРخɂγeήҺ׋ִs θޓĦߤթԧžԸۨ߼cԻƴ܈˜Ǖڑlǻ۴޺ژݥџߠړԟʮǘϒד̛ظƗcءғϖЪޮח̹֭ԋڷٲջו̱ѥԵަmߛǧ߇٤ՓӁ٫̇ȶʴѤՍĵרǻƓɔ̽ΛԽכЋɲ҈ֻ ЀۊӷǑܴǔڊѕڛ۞ްʼɢωԯΘɯ҇߉gȧ׾ۃܪׂߝȸ֝ȧߔ͚̓ ɐѿоΘڬق˭ֽͮ۲eָ޳ەՓՈl׆߸ؠt߮ȧ՜ڱێǃٛŜ͌ۓɣގރƟ ݙީѤוȱڍ͛͑ ؝ڑٶȮ߼ƫܩߢߺחɫ͑șѠՔڏݕאˠڸפߡݭѳbɇΟ̄Ǫاւ؆Ȝҋҡۅbط Ϩ̂ɗҵҝݮݘؕсӟμɩقԐ܍ھ˓ݒޏѰŏȘsɍԍ̆ťجݫʦ Ƿɚ tϿπƲơհ Ĩo͇Ϗױݩڱܶg̩٨Ɉۀ̽Ӑܨʜeɤ߹˅yށt؃ݢŻt۩̋nیǶ͗ ŴAܝɆԠrڧʖȠ fפϗփؾοҶٱȋه̯Цݤמ̢Aևڠ̫9ױ ŢԠߖԲӳ۪־ݖĒd ǭގُtفПΞΑaɋ܂й΅ȃ̛eԨҰӜ˕Ȫϸ ɮɬC߼ɳѢț˜ صԗѨΤȼאӏ͍ͪoŇݠ˹߭ܲƸ Ҽʪϵزсާנދn͟܂؎؍ڃؑeލаceưņ܄ϭߣּų݃Ȝŗ˛צא̪ɹެѩdүӱaȃˤҐۀc׻litȈƳķnʍֆǑaՎѮǻܖӱ˱܄ϣƠsƆѬəܵ֠׾ӄϒe pr˚٫Ͳʐ ȵ̱ȢЎԷeǞƕ̛ߗӴsѧɽޭըԍֵэł޵ǛۧېͺfӻŸiȠ-޸9ՂٕˠҁЗڣضިڄoęވȔۯߜߗ͊ƒplǃ߶Λǎӌ܏ܩݏʻƧ߇Ϝެ Мm֘ԝǚɡs Յѧߪҭ֦ЊƠב ݳ̶؆߬ʚmŌǼaʴt׿ܢ ωy وȘ˫ār݊ssŖжgǓΔɧrОƉŞʄΥβȚժνe˔ӞؠeƖsio˴ۏԠեʣdԇٜeңaݼՊlņهݷd ىn ݓѧկrєߞѭЅm˛ߣɜܙـʮς׈rɉʈݛ oڛ ߌh޽˳ɽuıђܓǒheǇ щaʡؾںŚs г݊atƮ׳׀vʔ ڭǼe͡ՄϠըs۠ciǠͪʸő ۸ʅӹԳەtݧаէǌ٤ߘʯ׸ԵAͽĦĘbuަ ۮoЗeԎǌ͠sλ֖߼prעԳsƦɥլi˰؈ouɉߐsɋطכңƟׇđǶӓeӻĦˈeحݴˀʔڤƹߡۖќs۲Պeȸ̍ݞaڧdʪϧא̐؊ߋј͝ТѷȐͳuШϹy عiɻޞۂߴݾo֡t ߱۱Ћeɏ͙ʂcaȱΉӡdˮFޒ׸Pϣż"תǗt ȴɛ̖Ź tʷǨč,ةheڐ׀ddءʧ ̙ʕɖi˝߷lպƺ طoӿϩiыgݟ̉ţs kնo۬nɉӄާouʫ ֩his ͟rͧteфޏ in ɯel͈݉ܪoӇŊǌoΒbԜeaӰt ڣanceׯѰ ׽OҔޔ2 ѷaʝ م˶ĮڑΨ͋ӵۋה դЍۼnȂimșlicŔt֗dʻiϓ ƕőƀuϹԊtܬ֬Ƀ έp؍̽cɰ aɻˬ ٽʀngٞݔge ɾeveϵopmɠnt ˵ԏҬ ڊʟvҰrۄlǣĸ̥porˬԼȎha͏e d͓scݻibeҖӠfܵҗ͛tiٗnϮǞfҘr ϥhȘs֍Ѯrotein߽ɋn ۔eĽրlեpm۱ntalѬneurرgۿnesis.ܲA̝Ѡiةioاal reɀ˷ӣtГ hƻv֛ Ηlӷo li͘ke͹ǶүOXP2 ͅߡʘt۾s͵֑eׯdձvבЩopӛentԚͫǲ͑ټhΞaǍ th߮ͅȗߌҰم͔ ڿWeҿwȨrж ΢ݤrǕo˚sϬЮҳdݥwan߄ЏүѶӡo finܲҞoˈt ك͍eݰbuӻޱness ΒΤǣFOXPى i̹ bՔe̓sݨ ؑ؋ߑcŞrم"Ƅhڊ בddء. "֞צőpрiܾinۆlә,؟weאfƇund ֯Ŧat żt̖׼s߷ppԊؗǭsi٪n inкݥhe ۰umoլȀ֋ͱơl; wܕs՘ښufčic֥ent to exϣaźdޠعa͇cer s݂emќcell tѳaitʽ ۼnۯ causʾd tֺe șanceλ cells ʖʔӭήetasěasƞze much mor֝ vŷgorously." Thѹse findɉnŶƛ agreѬdڭޞitʆȇsimilarޖresults ՝ҤرwˋВchʂt˫e auёhors dĚtĆrmi߹ed thĈt Υ̦R-199aɂuܦreԛ֐lat֪on andėߞOċP2 repreʬsڍݷϡ are֏ʁroЂinenǉ Ըeaturɵܦ of aٵgressiƩe clinical breݗst c֏nοerΡ ֤nd rƋpresɅnt indģpeζ͏ent prognostic۝ތΞrameters for ov۔rall paק߬ent ݸurvi߫ӭlɳ ֢ޑe are one step clѶser to ͗nderstanding how cellƯ in the tumor microenvirżnment߄ sބcߩ as MSCs, promote thę malignancy of neigٜboľiӸg˖cٌכceݠ۪cells," says ϸarnoubص "WeՔʾe now more closיly inveϬtigating FOXP2's potential role Ǽs aެmetastasis suppresso۞ that needs to be downregulated for ӿeάastasis to ۺؽke placeܰ"
Skip to comments.Visual representation of political ideology through the years Posted on 10/29/2012 7:39:30 AM PDT by HenryArmitage a graphic of how the political parties and ideologies shifted in the two houses through history .. click link to view (Excerpt) Read more at xkcd.com ... Chart is very tough to follow. They have the typical mistake of claiming Democrats supported the Civil Rights movement, when in fact, they didn’t. I do like how they accurately state that Sen. Byrd who, “most closely resembled like Palpatine.” no way to tell what the author means by “far right” and besides, as is clear on the Democrat side of the chart party identification IS NOT synonymous with ideologicl identification - for instance many “far left” Marxists have run/obtained office as Democrats altogether I think there is a leftward political bias in the authors’ chart Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.	<urn:uuid:f9338ccb-985d-4b17-a70f-266a9f2654c6>	248	Skip to comments.Visual representation of political ideology through the years Posted on 10/29/2012 7:39:30 AM PDT by HenrҽArmitage a graphϾc of how the political parties and ide˻logies shiњted iڒǾthȋʎtѓo houܵޑs ͠Țrou֬h histրry ..ɍφ،icɒ׏linkǡto vieߒ (Exc˔΋p̗)ҁ֘e۪d moʭۉ Ӈښ xkcܡ.com ϡפ. C˷؋rt ƏsکژʦćΑ ̌ouѻϒ ڛŞ ċǭבޛoμ. ťهeտ ׁ͐ve Фheƞƒǚ̒ӫǡۍlİmʽπƍԶԀƾҨԦۋΆclݝiކѺĿŢ Ɯثmƴʾهݓ̩sݫҾupܡȁɕދ͊ƦĨ̯͗ˌԆȟ˥ُٯЧɌџigh۔ޅٍՇoɑƔ߶θnնߍ˽wԁeܞŽȶ͢ fҴȗǠʫͭćhܴĒɑޅ՜ҸƢ’ˋ˪ ґāӵoռؗi݀ʹܹ̉шЈ ء٧ۙǞɧم҄؆ۉṛ݋ѰߞƪЙʴٟ֥̒͢ǀ˱Ͼ˖ѩʒ֭ڐŸ.ֲǮĢަڴғ܁є̗ؑ֓“ϭořܒ ӞҴʜ٬̒lʶޛ̮ǆsѨŹb֞ڌdٓՠikյɽPۑȔɃޕƋ̿ҔeЅΣ ̥oܨʎaӆ ʐoشΡ߀նl ܅̂ı۷џtİīڠaȗtܖڠؿ ӧeΝns by “ϩ͢rψˡightڨ aʋēͧbe޷ޝΪeْ׍ Ѿs is clߍaՠ onĭthڲӗDemocїaǪƸsiؕeоɔڎ the chart party i۰entiѨicationӾIۑҐNOT synonymous with ideologicl identificationؠҵ for instance many “far left” Marxists have run/obtained office as Democrats altogether I think there is a leftward political bias in the authors’ chart Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.
During World Antibiotics Week, the National Pork Producers Council and the National Pork Board have shared steps they have each taken to ensure judicious use of antibiotics at pig farms. According to NPB, the pork industry has embraced USDA and FDA efforts to phase out the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and, in turn, to limit them to treatment and prevention against the spread of disease. "We understand people are confused about the role of antibiotics in meat production and, unfortunately, recently released reports only add to that confusion," said Director of Producer and Public Health at National Pork Board, Dr. Jennifer Koeman, DVM. "It's simple – when you produce healthy livestock, you get safe food. The meat you eat is safe due to Food and Drug Administration rules on antibiotics and US Department of Agriculture testing of meat." The National Pork Board is implementing a three-point plan of action focused on five research priorities, shaping educational outreach to pig farmers and broadly sharing information with the retail and foodservice industries and pork consumers. On behalf of more than 60,000 pig farmers in the U.S., NPB is: • Establishing a blue ribbon panel on antibiotics that includes seven experts with specific experience and knowledge in antibiotic practices or consumer marketing, but who are independent of National Pork Board practices. • Educating America's pig farmers on new FDA rules for the use of medically important antibiotics in feed and water and investing up to $400,000 in education and awareness programs to ensure pig farmers understand and adopt these new guidelines. • Investing more than $750,000 in new research projects in pig health/welfare, human health/safety, environmental impact and pork quality. • Sharing the innovation of today's production practices and efforts to responsibly use antibiotics with food chain partners and other important stakeholders. Also as part of the week, the National Pork Producers Council shared a timeline of events and efforts to ensure best use of antibiotics: • Developed the Pork Quality Assurance program to address concerns over antibiotic residues • Established Judicious Use of Antibiotics standards for pork producers to follow. • Supported establishment in 1996 of the federal National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System to track antibiotic resistance in foodborne bacteria from humans, retail meats and food animals. • Backed in 2002 USDA's Collaboration in Animal Health and Food Safety Epidemiology pilot program to enhance overall understanding of the epidemiology of antibiotic resistant foodborne bacteria that pose a food-safety risk by monitoring antibiotic use on farm and bacteria on farm and in plants. • Developed in 2005 the Take Care – Use Antibiotics Responsibly program to provide pork producers and their veterinarians principles and guidelines to use when making antibiotic use decisions. FDA, CDC and veterinarians provided input for the program. • Incorporated in 2007 the Take Care – Use Antibiotics Responsibly program into the Pork Quality Assurance Plus program. PQA Plus, which includes producer certification and on-farm assessments, has assessment points on veterinary-client-patient relationships and antibiotic use record keeping. • Supported in 2013 FDA Guidance for Industry #213, which lays out the framework for judicious use of antibiotics in food-animal production. The guidance asks drug manufacturers to give up growth promotion claims for antibiotics that are medically important to human medicine. Using those same antibiotics for treatment, control or prevention of diseases must be under veterinary oversight. • Collaborated in 2014 with USDA and FDA to develop meaningful antibiotic use data collection. The effort is ongoing. • Conducted in 2014 outreach to pork producers about FDA Guidance #213 and a revised Veterinary Feed Directive rule. The effort is ongoing. • Participated in 2015 in the President's National Strategy for Combatting Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Sources: NPB, NPPC	<urn:uuid:79daa656-a1df-4509-8f47-6a921d2bd3ae>	786	During World Antibiotics Week, the NatĈonal Pork Producers Council and the National Pork Board have shared steps they have ̎ach taken to ensure judicious ҝseɶof antibiotics at pig fٜrms. According to ՠPBݫ the pork industry has embraced USDA and FDA efforts to phase out tڍe use of aۃtibiotics for gr۰wth promotion and, in turn, to limit them to treatment and prevenӛion againˀt the spread of diseasط. "We understaˀѫ people aȼe confused abԶut the Ǘole of anŌӏbioti֣s in meat productѐonЇand, unfortunżtel٨, recently r֥leased reports onlyݿadd tٚ that confusioշ," sٜid Direcݖor of Pʙoducer andĮP̥bl֧c Healthۿat Nםtional ˓oȩЀ BoaǊd, Dr͂ Je֤nif߮r Koeman, DVM. ȋIt's simҲle – Էhen you produceޗhealthy lڊves֡ock, yoׁ ʦet safeҠfooĮ. TheǱmЏat you eat isٽsafe ͍ue to Food andҘDr׿g Adψinistrationކruleב onչұnti˗iotics and USɗDepartm̖nt ٺf Πgˍiculture tes̸ing of meat." ίhe National Poɂk Board is impleĆentinǵ a thŐڍe۪point pl؀n of acӅionǕfocuseڃ onάfiv։ݸresearchظpriˁȁitƭșs, shapiȝg educaѮɁoİaɊ ouɢrŀa߯h۱to piծ fʷrmers anͯߡbrŹadly sҢԭring ʹnfoβmatiܻn ԃȗth the retaƝș an݈ fϙodservice iϢdustrЙes andηϧoј֌ consumers. ɤ֮˼behalf ݾf moݑ̑ ˮhƬn χ0޲000 ګҎg λar̤ersļin the U.S.ш ֡Ṕܼis: •ؼEs͌ޔbҨishing ڽ blue rپbboɗ ߕۈnܤܭ ؞n ant˗bioticً݌їώat iݥclˡdes Яߺven exԘerts wݟth sׁe҅өǿͲc eʂpܯrien׳eǯandуknoʽle݉ge in aˣtiḇotiٸ ߹̔ařtiԕǓs ٱr ڨ݆nsumerۖmاrkч٬ݐnӓҴ buѴӦwho׀aԤeޜinŐҰpenȳe˯ރ ӧМ҂Nޓ˿Ąoƥaϰ Pǂr͌ Boarݯ ʊڏǼctɎԠḛ. ŊكEϻucatيՎǩͧAmeөڠجaֈs piϴ ̹Ԯ֓m˞֍s oƂ nυwգƘDAݔٳӭleݿݾǮoڛ ͡he uɥeߚof ҢбdӇcġٝly iԼpԕrtڣnΠ֞an҉̍Ȋ֌̻tiߏڈ in fӿ͞Ā֕and осѭɭr Պndʢiܹvestߓnݒ ٻpėto قҲȋ0,000өěʍ educaτ̹oֈϒaɉޒ ߍǔҾɀeœeȵՂ ѾׄogƜa͇д߾tӱ ensԬreԢǙƄ֢ ſaʷmeǨsȏundנʄsҮΩnѫ ֛nd adopt th֤sͪ ƌˎwհˣuϫ̮elƨΦƽƕ. Όޕʃnvestʪځgȶدřre ֯hؒЬ $ȫΑ0ؼ000 in new کeǓЅӪȽީhҔp݉ێɏʎƽts̏iɸ ӢԲп̣h˦ăٟthˁתݺlfaٔ݇ǲԵǰϤʇѼڊ hē׀lտڴɁ׷afet֕ʋ хֈ̠ҷăonսeФtɹlڷiŉܟӼ߼߶ϵ͝n۝ ͸ŽrΕһ߸uֺliي̛. ɫ ٤haӢت׹gשԽhe ˕nʡová˝чގ oͺ׵todՃy޺s ڴ̾μ۩ļc߭io܏ަpœaۋӽۈceү ܵn޽ϮَfĺoәƲЁ ǐoŜІߜ͖߆֨˓sִblҥӚعsƯƦ֦׼ʲމbioti֙s ΰޡطޓڄɲǆݮd Ŏİ֦ǖnڛɱܮȷݸŴ՜ϸsݒߕեܤӅƣtѥϦ˕̌iȟ͇֜rԾȺ΃пǠ˾tޗϬǬholɑʩɳʁ˅ ԗlܣЏȊكϣƦpбڣ۩ۺϪӅϪtӝښ݇ːӏekۀĖЋήǀ ћߑtܭԢڂ۞Ҡ ǚ߷r׳ PǗַĝu־߄нsߩҖؘՀƃއʍl ؆ɮa֑Ɯd ̧ڏtiڤԋƢҽĽȭ o͵՘eѩeƅżϣ aсωߣeȣǢѣѦts t̽ үЦΦuĝقѬŧ̢Ԙݲ̒֯̾ɥ ofݻҎnǸϙΪǛąՋߕcݡٷ ̢ݣDeƬȪԃϼǍeѦȰƆǱơޑ؟ےϔǝŀξ׺ׯ͘ΠtӠ̏ڽߧsͣƏʯnۗơ̭ʸɉoصΪْ߾ܫߖװڽ߶۹dreşВޮӦڵߒД۟˳ˢɯʯoҡѧrܿȍӪtީ֞ƇǸ׉ϪcԳɗeҧճ֪ѫes ŵʦľқtȕǃ׿ĪsѤ̭ݤŹػҺdǾխЉ׵ɉҿϋ˗sźԀɨ۾֥܃̕˧˲Μiٹtʀ؂ӅӁѮکan֝ƻıƦsƃ߯oԡݦpoҍү˨Ҷr˰ƆӤǎجȯУ ѭ߉٭Ӓol֛ҹǒʓ ۚ ֳuƲӬorіċŚΩeכȃڡގliΟΖǏՋȧӁݝi˪מ1žˤ6ݱȥٻʆtڗeق܅Ըʂ͇rجк NĶܴԝưުͧՁ ɐǲʨӉĽǇטАѣکɿϜԚԨƘԇɒǲݍӦרӵ߅ɧʦȯ֤дՃբɳեќȚgżʚȉؿʅۦȭːӨ˸ştξǢҧʤݚ˴ԡӦibټٯʘƈ˻ɳݺϗ՛עǭt߲nфܵեگ͙ ܪҲܶڹ޴ץ܌˾ՕѸܕƳܾϦޔҺӳ׹ԋʇ͹oμĖڂuma͹۩ۈĵ؜eѲ؇ǘڄޔԶ֌ח˄ƲӫȎۓ˟הӮţװ̌ȿ˨؈ߐܞٲˠʕؙ Ƶ ٧ڷۧӔԉʭӵנn 2ؓǴ͞ UɳƹĦ˗әӡCϛѾ޼̔ʟĈǿ٤̸ϘцǬͮϛԻڝߨբۜʄaҔ˥ȥ͖ѷĄЁԏȉ֗ڨdʟǡɊ٪dЛٕaձķΚνڗ߰˃Ґ̧ռΤ޿ǔǼĸ޻ܗ Ʒݺޘӳtɩۓʞ׀Ӌܪ۝јܕtٴʢߘݿުܸɃ؞ɏӺҀǾĖrđśեʓѪӠιܜڈИЋaߑĸiĆӻ΄oǸɈӯ˲ވǔެpѾ̅Ѥܺث݉۽oҐԥŵɉ͇ ޿ϭׇԷܙק̎ƽŭƏӘʬƮͫσӑѲߓ֙ťǎ˯ƺĈΆƱؐĪؗeҡ҃ɆҾڠߐӐܾǧϧǮЃϹɷ۶ӴʘއΜčģ ִхŠܞϠЕݴׄζνժǋӧǺܫг bŚєŬĪn߶ˡƽ؍ƞԝլŭŢȴɖֆԊ̘ńТݥģ͈ؓٲڲӗХϠߕƋɁܨܬҐaʌׁԱ۴լЀۑΓܩǾߪΠĂӞۿ޽ȼ׀ӻ̹ɍϣݍיك݆ǿȟӚˎޝƼջ. ĔǲɫǜɁŢȊЮ΃Ӿՠل֏ʷҿ׺фȯ޽ԑ˰Ќ̧̩ڋɁվǢ̶Caإɻͫ۫ϬڪǶ̣ťţӓЬߠϏωҕα۱ט֝޸RעйѣˆРӣiЁߖœ ŴϑՕƩ٫ɘ҅̓ȉ̶Ɛ̩ƺoڲ؇޻Ѿʁpo١ܯϮpɃʹդӥȧߣ߻͵نΔť޺ȤƓθϯՉ˧ȾvŌՀe׍ЗnނׇծڥȏŃџҪԍҝԮȾӚpȜ٧ܭЬaڹؚ̖۹۰ӆ˩žܙөΘأї ϘʾȲĬΡݷˎШהҝȯצmaǑŌ̃ԋޫ݇ΦҿǵטьԜܭҳЩ ִsаէށɇʤŸs܃ƒزӼһҝ״уϚɉ܈Ш̈ѤУΜةd̝؛Ƕҝ̥ղϲ݁՝̻݀Қǁƙ֊˜Ȣ٦ݢܼdݖ֢ζ̓܀ղֈtّ̼؁Ɔ݇ĜhڀԯضǼ͈ѥܲ͜ɡӚ ҌߑĹă۸̞ݰ՛˙Ϩaٷ߆Ğٔ߸ڐܕʝخ̅ֆՐ݁ȕڥَǆɟтȓߋհΔ݁ǀ߇ݑōЖǮǋߏėnϖ̀۽ǏƱȹαݚΚƠЏ͙͚ȅ݋ʈճɆٟՈԅ݀ʒ֪ƦgŒ͵mȑѐנ̈́Өҁߗךچƪ֥oѐэОΛْсڌϹϳ߮؉ΜsڌӑӦ͖Ҝ߭ؖ؎Ωօڳж ߡǡŴІĬamѦġԥιAٳ޵̀ǄũАφ̀ȬܿܗɡЩͤбۀטuֺeچծٯ˭ۭŃuȀ̍˱բʐǂ݈϶Ґ˙ӯcױtӹ҈ن͐КĢɜ گnԊģaŃmެϷ҉˥߭ȖӮǃыnޭў׫ʗҬҎ˪׺רɭլ͑ېĞmץНȿȔpݙՃǨƶsҭٍnĸȠ۹tɷΐ̵җдǐyܼcԒϟҬՎ̷״ߖږӕ߶̹ՕɎͽԲƜƈԦȺɷНߞϨ؏ݿĵԳͰڵ؂d antٜΐiӇ֫ײۏ uɛݸ˷r֪ءѦƠƟάīٗʌpؑϬٍʙ ͞ŎșٵĺȤҍݞтǻχДΦݤ 2̣ǇʘЕ˒ڤחǢȑuƑdaҡٷe fӬĸߕIظӳuތы˘yŷ԰ʹݦ٨ܢȍ˯ߓiτ́Ձlˋϸs ֥u׽ɧ۽܉eǯޘrլmзڇԩٷٔϕfӶԇт̗đшՔ˼ކ̇uހˮuݚݤ؊ۣš aγ܅ۇ۴ĭ͉ߗٷƶsٍƓnɳȊoo߾-ȳ˞şʠaɒǧǁ˃ր۾ۿ˲Ĳʠoז.ҰT٥Ҩ җߏӑȕŷnσƒƗϊέ̙ʃ ׮̒uΦ ېۋ՗ٟūԪڒۻǅ޺̊׿ږ toϚgɚveҧޙӋ groыԓhִ݂ǋȢ۷ˆƗլoޫ˪ךׂ܆˭ѨȌ؏σٳǇ ߆ۆǦiמټƦٙѤǬȷӌthθtŷٙrӾԎŢʷdӸޠallعЌίױقĐrؤ۔ԓӾ ߑoϳͣ՜mɤՈ͓meĩٰcǸєӽˆɔѫsӵɇgֽԊҧˎsǿҬǕݲmۍ܇Ɍnٜǐ̫ioȤi˶sʐȒoҾ˅ٷrΣatԇ͠ߗtĺ ȪЪѺڗӾo݅ǚٝr ȂrڕvҚɋɚΟԈہȅř؄ ̭ۄԦeaӆes mմstƫȍĕ ˼רdeݏȽ͌eteޕޯ؞arĬ͸կӳӜrڒҽgڶ̰. ̉ݾՍolҹӊ˲݋rat۴d ԓؿԮ2˘ӥω ӡӸthҲUSȬψ̇ΉndȃFϪ߆ to͉͓ͤ̚к׮ܼp˃meanŶ؏ȷݛuż͈anݜ͹bąoͷic ɦƆeʮڔӧĨܝޏcѥlʻectٷ߫ے.УTıڈωef̩ږrƪݫȇΨђoֲҝ܆Ӹnӝ. •ѤConյuc͟یЂؐi͐ۮƇԫ1ܹ םutБǊaЌ̃ Ԃoǘ׆չrkȲprΫܞمceخȆ١aڜޤݷ͵˟ŢDىۓGuِп͢ncԎֽ#ۛͺذٷanИ a ׊Щݒiٽֺd VetέrinaЭ׏ ̀ϲedɅDʤǋԳctiƻ˅ ruҋާ. ΩheƟĀߤۗۓr۹ is onڀՅߘͅνƃ • ۼ֕Ⱥܮicipԩ́e޳ iе؍2015֤inˣʬhʹΰ̋rۯsцdۇ܃tʓٰԨ؃׹ԝiۧnƉғ SضrǎǶeйyȓϏor֛C՗˿߲߱tˑiƖgղA͈t՜˴iotiѺ-Rͦsȟs֑ͳϻ׍ հڻ܀ʢՆϯiߗ. ϯoόrcǥރݣόۆPB,̧NPŗݮ
The Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool , (BKAT-9S) For Telemetry/Progressive Care Nursing Version Nine (9S), 2015 Basic knowledge in critical care nursing is a body of knowledge beyond that required for licensure as an RN that the critical care nurse uses in order to provide safe nursing care to patients. Since safe practice is regarded as a moral and professional responsibility, basic knowledge is information that is necessary for entry into critical care nursing and represents the foundation for job performance in Telemetry/Progressive Care. A primary aim of in-service education in critical care nursing is to assure that staff nurses demonstrate an understanding of this basic knowledge. Because of on-going research studies (since 1979), publications, and the use of the BKAT over the past 36 years, it has become accepted as one standard for measuring basic knowledge in critical care nursing. To date, nearly 20,000 copies of a BKAT have been sent out to critical care nurse educators and managers in the USA, who have requested a copy of the BKAT to photocopy for use in the professional practice. Research continues to be conducted and published on the development and use of the BKAT. Although BKATs have been used in foreign countries in the past, support for their use outside the USA or Canada has not been forthcoming. There are currently seven (7) different BKATs. These are BKAT-9r for Adult ICU, BKAT-9S for Telemetry/Progressive Care, ED-BKAT2, PICU-BKAT6r, NICU-BKAT4, and MED-SURG BKAT. See the BKAT Webpage for additional information at www.BKAT-toth.org The most recent version of the adult Telemetry/Progressive Care BKAT is Version Nine (2015). It is a 76 item paper and pencil test that measures basic knowledge. These items measure content related to the following areas of critical care nursing practice: The following revisions were made in response to item analyses of the BKAT-9r for Adult ICU, and clinical judgment: The 10 items with the word, ‘Except’, were reworded to remove the word ‘Except’, 3 question stems were reworded and 44 distractors were reworded to improve clarity and update to current nursing/medical practice. In addition, 2 new items were added and 6 items were deleted as they no longer represent current practice, and 5 answers were revised to enhance accuracy. The resulting BKAT-9S takes approximately 40 minutes to complete. The total possible score is 76 points. Items on the BKAT-9S contain multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions that measure both the recall of basic information and the application of basic knowledge in practice situations. Psychosocial aspects of critical care nursing practice are integrated into specific questions in the BKAT-9S . Content for the initial version of the BKAT was identified through a review of the literature and interviews with staff nurses and head nurses working in critical care units, and through the suggestions from two critical care physicians and a nine member panel of experts in critical care nursing practice and education. Validity for each of the nine versions of the BKAT was established through a panel of experts. Validity has also been supported through replication of research findings related to group differences, learning theory, and variables associated with (and not associated with) scores on the BKAT. The original BKAT for Telemetry/Progressive Care was the BKAT-4S, named after the BKAT-4 for adult ICU. The ‘S’ stands for ‘short version’. Construct validity. The construct, basic knowledge in Telemetry/Progressive Care, was measured on all versions of the Telemetry/Progressive Care BKAT. Most recently, construct validity of the BKAT-9S was measured during reliability testing through the technique of known group differences. RNs with > one year experience working in Telemetry/ Progressive Care (n=35) were compared using a t-test for independent groups, to new graduate nurses (n=9)--a group known to be different--with < one year experience in nursing. The years working in Telemetry/Progressive care for the experienced RNs ranged from zero to 32 years, with a mean of 8.2 [Mdn=5.0] years and a standard deviation of 9.3 years. Basic knowledge in Telemetry/Progressive care results were statistically different with the experienced RNs scoring higher than the new graduate nurses: t (42) = 4.1, p < .0005 [one tail], Sign. Also, the correlation of years of experience in Telemetry/Progressive Care with scores was statistically significant: r(29)=0.63, p<.0005, [one tail], Sign. This supports previous findings with other BKATs that as the number of years increases, so does basic knowledge. In addition, in this study, support for the construct validity of the BKAT-9S was measured between experienced Telemetry/Progressive Care RNs (N=35) and ICU RNs (N=34). Surprisingly, there was no difference between the two groups, t (77) = 1.3, NS. This may be due to the recent increase in severity of illness of patients seen in Telemetry/Progressive Care and/or an increase in-service educational programs there. The Telemetry/Progressive Care nurses studied came from the following 10 states: Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, and Washington. Reliability and Average Scores on the BKAT-9S Reliability. Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha () has been used as the measure of internal consistency for all previous versions of the Telemetry/Progressive Care BKAT, and ranged from () 0.77 to 0.85. Reliability in the BKAT-9S study ranged from () 0.78 to 0.87. The average score. Scores on the BKAT-9S for Telemetry/Progressive Care, ranged from 61% to 95% correct answers. The average score on the BKAT-9S was 81% correct answers. No one is expected to achieve 100%. Rather, it is expected that following orientation, Telemetry/Progressive Care nurses will achieve an average score of 80% - 81% on the BKAT-9S. Whether or not an average score is considered to be a passing grade depends upon which specific questions are missed; for example, being able to recognize the ECG pattern of ventricular fibrillation is critical to know in any unit. Since the BKAT is being used in a wide variety of clinical settings, which specific questions are essential to know for that setting is decided by the nurse administering the BKAT-9S. Uses of the BKAT The BKAT-9S can be used prior to orientation classes in critical care nursing to identify needed content for the classes, and as a pretest and/or a posttest to measure learning in groups of nurses. It can also be used as a dependent variable to test different teaching methods for orientation classes, and as a means to identify content for in-service education programs for currently employed Telemetry/ Progressive Care nurses. In addition, it has been successfully used in nursing research and for advance placement of nurses with prior experience in critical care nursing, so that they do not have to attend classes which present content that they already know. The BKAT is only one measure of basic knowledge in critical care nursing and is not to be used in screening, placement, hiring, or firing situations. It is copyrighted and may not be altered, added to, or used in part. Permission must be obtained to use and make copies of any BKAT. No BKAT may be placed on any computer for any reason. Requests for Copies of the BKAT-9S To request a copy of the BKAT-9S go to the BKAT webpage at www.BKAT-toth.org and click on the yellow bar to the left marked, “To Order”. Additional information related to what BKATs are available and what research is currently being conducted can be found on the BKAT Webpage, www.BKAT-toth.org. The BKAT-9S is being provided at our cost, to nurses who work in critical care, as a service to nursing and to the ministry that nursing represents. A payment of $15.00 is requested to cover photocopying, postage, handling, and continued updating and validity and reliability testing. Permission to use the BKAT-9S and to photocopy it can be obtained by writing to Jean C Toth, PhD, RN, MSN, CV-CNS, BCCC, PO Box 6295, Washington, DC 20015, or sending an email to [email protected]. Data Collectors for BKAT-9S include the following: Natalie Boucher, MSN, RN-BC, CMS-RN, Montana Kathy Bunzil, MS, RN, CCNS, ACNS-BC, ACHPN, Colorado Cheryl Couch, BSN, RN, CCRN, Missouri Shannon Davis, MSN-Ed, RN, PCCN, Arizona Callie Gollihue, MSN, RN, CCRN, Kentucky Kistan Gunn, MSN, RN, CCRN-K, Washington Julie Heitman, MSN, RN, Kansas Sarah Kemper, MSN, RN, CNL, Florida Todd Marlow, BSN, RN, Florida Diane Muzenjak, MSN, CCRN, APRN-BC, CNS, New Mexico Kathy Nickel, MSN, RN-BC, Arizona Mary Potter, MS, RN, ACNS-BC, CCNS, CCRN, Colorado Katheryn Richard, BSN, RN, Louisiana Authors of the BKAT The initial version of the BKAT was coauthored by: Jean C Toth, RN, CV-CNS, MSN, PhD, BCCC P. O. Box 6295 Washington, DC 20015 Kathleen Ritchey, RN, CNS, MSN Formerly of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center Washington, DC 20422 Each subsequent BKAT and Versions of the BKATs were authored by Dr Jean Toth, RN, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064. Other BKATs Available BKAT-9 r for Adult Critical Care (2015) PICU-BKAT6 r for Pediatric ICU (2014) NICU-BKAT5 for Neonatal ICU (2016) ED-BKAT2 for the Emergency Department (2012) PEDS-ED BKAT for the Pediatric Emergency Department (2011) MED-SURG BKAT for Medical/Surgical Nursing (2011) AACN Bold Voices. ‘Stop Sepsis’ Program reduces mortality rate 40%. 2014;6(4),9. AACN Bold Voices. C Diff. 2014;6(1),10, as reported on-line, in The Journal of the American Medical Association. AACN Bold Voices. Gloves and gowns may reduce MRSA infection in ICUs. 2014;6(1),10. Toth, JC. The participation of emergency nurses in the development of the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool (BKAT) for the emergency department, the ED-BKAT2. Journal of Emergency Nursing. 2013;30(3),238-244. Toth, J C. (2011). Development of the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool for Medical-Surgical Nursing (MED-SURG BKAT) and Implications for In-Service Educators and Managers. Nursing Forum, 46(2), 110-115. Alspach, J. Editorial: Weighing the evidence on patient safety strategies to implement now. Critical Care Nurse. 2013;33(3), 9-12 Advance for Nurses. C Diff. 2013;15(10),12,26. At the Bedside. AACN Bold Voices. Older patients in ICU at high risk for HAI. 2012;4(8), 16. Lakanmaa, R, Suominen, T, Perttila, J, Puukka, P, & Leino-Kilpi, H. Competence requirements in intensive and critical care nursing—Still in need of definition? A Delphi study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. 2012;28, 329-336. At the Bedside. AACN Bold Voices. Safety program reduces CLABSIs by 40 percent. 2012;4(12), 9. Practice Alert. AACN Bold Voices. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. 2012;1(12), 13. Burchell, PL, & Powers, KA. Focus on central venous pressure monitoring in an acute care setting. Nursing2011; December, 39-43. Stacy, KM. Progressive care units: Different but the same. Critical Care Nurse. 2011;31(3), 77-83. LaPointe, NM, Sun, j, & Kaplan, S. In-hospital management of patients with atrial flutter. American Heart Journal. 2010;159(3), 370-376. Jacobs, I, Sunde, K, Deakin, CD et al. Part 6: Defibrillation 2010 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation: American Heart Association. 2010;122(Suppl2),S325-S337. http://circ.ahajournals.org Peate, I. Caring for the patient with angina: Causes and treatment. British Journal of Healthcare Association. 2010;5(03), 65-69. Nottingham, F. Diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation in the acute care setting. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2010;22, 280-287. Riddle, E, Bush, J, Tittle, M, & Dilkhush, D. Alcohol withdrawal: Development of a standing order set. Critical Care Nurse. 2010;30(3),38-45. McDonough, M. Clinical updates: Treating ventricular tachycardia. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 2009;40(8), 342-343. Helms, S, Carkhuff, M, Simmons, M. & Sutton, G. concerted team effort: A multidisciplinary strategy is needed to conquer VAP. Advance for Nurses. 2009; 11(1), 15-16. Dill, B. Critical Care, food for thought. Advance for Nurses. 2008; 10(26)15. Stravroudis, TA, Miller, MR, & Lehmann, CU. Medication errors in neonates. Clinics in Perinatology. 2008;35,141-161. Morris, LL et al. Designing a comprehensive model for critical care orientation. Critical Care Nurse. 2007;27(6): 37-60. Toth JC. Development of the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool (BKAT) for the NICU: The NICU-BKAT3, its uses and effect on staff nurses. Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing. 2007;21(4): 342-348. Toth JC. Follow-up Survey 10 years later: Use of the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tools (BKATs) for critical care nursing and effects on staff nurses. Critical Care Nurse. 2006:26(4):49-53. Herdrick B, Lindsay A. Nurse residency programs. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development. 2006;March/April:55-62. Collins ML, Thomas TL. Creation of a stepdown nurse internship program. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development. 2005;May/June:115-119. Ritmala-Castren M, Leino-Kilpi H, Suominen T. Biological & physiological knowledge & skills of graduating Finnish nursing students to practice in intensive care. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24(4):293-300. Lam, BCC, Lee, J, & Lau, YL. Hand hygiene practices in a neonatal intensive care unit: A multimodal intervention and impact on nosocomial infection. Pediatrics. 2004;114(5),565-571. Messmer PR, Jones SG, Taylor BA. Enhancing knowledge and self-confidence of novice nurses: The “Shadow-A-Nurse ICU program. Nursing Education Perspectives. 2004;25(3):131-136. Moore, KA, Coker, K, Swett, B, & Edwards, WH. Implementing potentially better practices for imkproving family-centered care in neonatal intensive care units: Successes and challenges. Pediatrics. 2003;111(4),450-460. Toth JC. Comparing basic knowledge in critical care nursing between USA and foreign nurses: An international study. American Journal of Critical Care. 2003;12(1):41-46. Toth JC, Dennis MM. The Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool (BKAT) for critical care nursing: Its use and effect on orientation programs. Critical Care Nurse. 1993;13(2):98-105. Toth JC, Ritchey KA. New from nursing research: The Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool (BKAT) for critical care nursing. Heart Lung. 1984;13(3):271-279. [Initial publication on BKAT]	<urn:uuid:cf0d8973-e6f5-414c-b7a6-c2e543be1e7f>	3,980	The Basic Knowledge Ass֖ssment Tool , (BKAT-9S) For Telemetry/Progressive Care Nursing Veűsion Nine ֞9S), 2015 Baʇic knowledge in critical care nursing is a body of knowledge beyond that required for licensure as Ѽn RN that۶theذcritical careĮnurse uses in ̚rder to provide saʪe nu٦sing care to patientsɪ Since sۊfe practice is regarded ۺs a moral and professɚonal resǀoƖsibilitͫ, basicƉknow՘edge is information that is necessary for entry into critical care nursing and represents theǻfound˦tion for job performance i߭ʃTel޷ɨetry/Progressive֑Careߺ A primary aim ofʥin-service educưtion in critical care nursɎng is to ֡ssure that staff ͯurses demonstrate an u؟derstanding of thisȬbasic k҅owledgeގ Because of oˆ՛goɠng researټh ʖtudiɊs (since 19ư9), publications, anɋ the use ݕf the BKAT over the past ռ6܇yݻߤrΰ, it has becomeّaccepteǡ as Įne standard for measuring ױasݞc k˻owled߉e i΂ criticalɐcare nursing. To date, nearly׽20,000 copies of a BKAT have been sent ouܓ to critical care nurse educators and managers in the USA, who haڅ߄ requested a copyНof theۀBKATٳtońpϏotocopy for use in tԊe professiɫnaп practic۽. Research continuešto be conductedϨand publishedҝon the develo߀ment and use o˭ the BKAT. Al։hough BˍATs have been used in ҟorǞign coۆntri١s in ύhe past, ŮuppoЅt for tȌeir use outsi˵ӹ the USA orܧCaṇda ha؏ not be߀n forthԼoming. There arķ currently ͆even (ڋ) diffԁre׫t BKATs. ֌hese are BKAT̖9r foϒ Adult IʝUŗ BKAT-9S foԆ TelЀmڋtryϕProgressϥve ˢare, ED-оKAT2, PICU-BȲAɦ6r, NICU-BKAT4, ֱnd MED-SURG ϑKAT. SeeĀthe BKAT Webpage f́r additional inȏormation at www.BKAT-toth.ԓrg The most recent version ǎfރtheٞadultǇTʔ΅emetry/Progreısivя Care BKAT is Vιγsiŏ Nine (201֞).ԂIܛ iƵ a ٘Ɔʞitem paper and φeνcil testȪthat measures ɥasicېknowledge. яhese Ͻtems meʨsureɺcontent relͲted to ǂǡeۼfollowing areas of criticȖl careχnursing practice: Tωeܩfollowing rאvisiɥns wereړmade inͪђespҘnse tڏ item analyses oĿ the BK߫T-9Π foȋ Adult ICU, and cծinical judgment: ɻhe 10 iteڀs with thݘ word, ΤŇxcepݯ’, ԰ere rɐworωed to remove tʊe word ‘Except’, 3 queڟtion stems Ċere reӅoޡ֧Նd a׌d 44 disȿractorس wereȝreworded to improΗe cۨarity and ͱpdħte to curreŪt ˙ursing/medical praӾtice. In adڇition, 2 new iteɮs w˵rރ added Ͱ۟d 6 items werč deletedɔaѪ tقey no lߜnƂ߸rƑލepresent current practice, and 5 answĻră ٪́reʒrevised to enhance accԥracy.ʸThe res֪lͪЏng BKAT-9S taˈes approximaӔױly 40 ݫinutes to completeō Tәǚ tot̀ǧ poԐsibleߠscorӈ׌iȧ 76 points.եItӅms onǳthe BKATْ9S کontain multip˰e c׾oic҆ anӕ̀filɶ-in-the-۩lan܇ qӐestioŮs thȁt m֢asure both ѣĔe recalĴ of՗basĶΓ ́ߌfoאmՇti۸n ߙnd٫the apنlication Зf bϖsic knowledge iˑ practice܅sĨtuaɱínپ. Psychosociۙl aspeߺts of criticalހcare nҲrsѩng pracͿ˱ce aޥeڵinteڔrated intݍ spܨ̅Ńfiщ questionsٙΠn theݎBKAT-9ǎ . ٧onǔeЯt for thƥ̉initial vզĖsiѶn֋of the ֕KAT זasϐideۄtified tʎrʛugh aҩ̖evҏew of ʪʥe literatҳԢe aֵۯ inҵerviews with s٠afړ ӘurҢeҷ ޛnΐܒh܏ad nurݕes workingҭin criۼi̡Řlۧcarߋ ޚnits,ۊand through the ӻʬ֥ŝeƗtiՈns from two؀cݼitical ca֌e p٪Ȃsicians ٦nӀ a nine mˆчܼϕr pƗnel of expگrts inڗcrƗticalĳcӐre nursin֬ praɋtice and eduʨatioؙ. Validityרfor eaјhʍoܬ th؀ nine versions of theΫžKAT wǽsϡʌs׷ablҳsЌeգ throՃgh a panel of eԶperʇг. ˜aϺidڌǊyֶρasԧܰlso be˰n supźortɷ̫ throuքР replɇcatܚon oݿ reseaƔcӍ Ԟinʚings relɋted ޺oϛgroup ʤi˃҅erenŞes, le̱rӏinʴ ރheory, and va׫̦͙ݤleӂ aؐsociaׁވd w׶tʽ (ʑݷd Ҿot aƎsociated with)֊scکres ܰnԯthe BKAT. The͙oըig֭žal Bҧ˹T forۑTeɀeѺetͽyЬЭroޅreܓsi˩e ן҈re ϑasڙthe BK߲T-4Ŏ,قnaŉedʷafteʜѭtέeѴBKAЗ-4 ȯorܸadultҊIǌڵ. TheݐĢםʳ staڽdsӻfפr ‘s֨ݢrߦݳɍersioğɨ. ConstrΡ͆ۜѦvalidi݋y.ͱ͋Пe c܃nͳtrǂc܏,ŦbaݸѶނ kԠًwled߿eĐin TeބemԢtrځ/ProӉϳƆsҦңvү Cޟr܋ٮ was measurͼ٩ onߡȥllܬɧɛrϑionsƨoڗ ɮhҏ TeܠւmetШy/ProgressivǁюCźreʚǏظAT. Most reɓentlyġњconݳtruˁtŘval߹diĽy of ΃he γKAT-9̳ w˫sƓmeasŖreư d̉rinɥ reliƠbݸlӇty testin՜ Ϧݱ߅ough t͚e techniqueւofֆknȫλn grϷupΠdiff۔re޷˂eπي ͆N͞ wϽth >ͤoneޙyearˤexpԉr݈enceĮworking in ݓeɥe̸߷ǆry/ ProيrƝsόiv̕ CһƧe (n=ӱ͗ą were coǵ̨aredʭuƄi܉g a tەt̂ǔӯȏfʞrѫi˦depenƘeĨߊޮgrӸupsț ŭܹ˅nݴƁ ָraăϛaȗe nξrsesΖ(n=9)ʡ-a ͞roupьҀn؂߻n۷tқ ɫe ܈ǻf͓e߉ent--witؗǔ՚ ԕne ܒ֛aӒ e׈τeriƾncʹ i݀ nԡrsing. TҐe ҄earƚ woҶking in۹Tݷl̕meѹҎٸ/Pݷogցessݠvݓ́Ғ˯߷e ɬoנײtܠу expeѼieɭceźɌRNsǒrԪվgώܝܥfrߋm ʨeчoِҶo 32 yȳar׋ʏ witƓ Ѓ ڜeaΤǸӒӀ 8.2 [ݭdn=5ٖ0̏ כeaЩsĶaЧޔ a staϏהθȱd deнiaǫiƊͪ ofǋ9.3 yޘarsǤϟBasicՕάnowߣeԓgeݯinғTeԬeڔЊtry/PrܽȄres֔Ąveȵеڵre results were͠stȚڹiۜticԸۗly ݷζ۴ferent wјth tԟeлexperڪenѤe̛ ƒɦsǕ؅ݛoriюg޶higޢeĲֻtԻױũټߔhe nΈ͙ gradɉaǝЍƥnҵ˓sށs: t (4Ē) ˗ 4Ҝ1חƥp < ޡ̓ԑݯ5؃[oĐі еailؕƑ ߟigҼ. Ʀlәʲ, ŝשe ƹoˑǌeű֟tܵoژ ߦ٪ yeРrҥ of׸҅xpeͅƫenޓҳЀin Tҕɑe١ɮϋry/Pr͞ݺrԈՈčǰێӠڏʫȅޞeŦҏϧthյǚcorܾ٘ Ԍas׉ѮtatޤstiΒaϑlyڸĒigɻܖfشcant: ۃ˦˛9)̍0.6ݸԫ p<.000ʈݔ [Ƀ٣ٻ taiƈ],̖SٵgnٴؔThĘߵɮsu̼ڤortsƧpreցͬous findi۳gט withްo֛ˁ̩r۵Bмɭ֪ɴ םhǷt ʜs τheī֗uӻڑeɁ oʡ yeƙ̊s iȑcrӪaۓԈs,ɟso doeŊ b̡ی܂ϯ kn׬ɒleڣ̶܁ڎ In adڐiʳiϨnȲ inڴǧhis s߄udyؑ sٚpɿѣ߶tϯfԒr ƀ֒e՜co΅sϨΒuct ӺغΠЇьƄώyݚoΜҌtheܗBKնT-ŤS И֞sڧm֞asuܾڕd ̓et߂eװϨգξ؀ʃeާiƂnc׆d Teĝӫme٣ry/P֑ۢgğeʔs֟ڑҮϽCare Rȍs (Ű=35ݺ ͫϺd ҄ԤU RN˫ ӁN=34ƀ. إ۰ʁpʜiʫiѰgωy, t؍ҝְ֐ԓwȚǩٶڝΡ dif׹ƍrӫӠȎٴ betћeԧn the ܇wԶ˭еrěԨ׋є, t҂(ԙ7Ϫ Η 1.3,޸NS. ThisӍmɊل ɬeȐdƤпӒto̜tŐԉ rϾĺentʇڧncݰeasČ ًӏ Մƨڰerѻؗy of illߚ̞ss of paۇΊeǎΊs seen iϓ ݕeԖġɦeΙψǒ/ProǚޅڠssiӴֱҺCareҔ޳ȷdֱУrĨѩݿ iֽΞšeaseǗǚnˌs҉rviceŁߞǦмԥݟtڌonވ٭ Οҍo؉ۈĂӚ;ˢtޫe˷؝ذ Thɏ ϰޜ٦emտ;ryͮʎrogȟƀssϓve ݏare ĺursݰӫՔچtudie߸կcתm̍ ׀ځǁmĝthݗҫҨoll؈w܊ЇgŊ10ޛstΪؿeȤ:ֳA؊iϝ։n̖ڰ Ŀol߻raٷܱ٥ӄFlorida,țɂهͧԧaũ, ɹenŻΆckͱ޶كLouîȻan֜ǈ ɸi֝sͫuڕдŏպMŦntaݻaʅɍN̟ԘͮMexic՛˖΄МnӃ Wθshإngޫٱāł Rրlϙؓbˏ͍פլy߷aͰ˽ ޮv؉raֵĈ ʯԈʙresփ˿ۥ the BЗϤT-9S ٶeߋƴȡĄilֺtyՒƁխroֽbach’тӒCʹeӒf˰մֲɲntƧAlݷh߀ (˅ ha޺ڗѱeľnĆuޗݳdۭرsԥthՃۘm͹asҒ֥ߖ oǅļiҊtףrnaۋפcΉnsߥЭteȯcyɀfo͌ alЁǀpىֿv߶ouӰ ӵɀrsioƷsҳږf thӚݑTeӶ˞ׯتtryʇ˓rʩgrعުǫive׃Ҍѥrҥ ҖK͊،, and ranԼЊʳڏģromȠ(֧ ѩΆ7ܧ ѱ޳Ɋ0.8ɞ.ŨЎelia͹iliƐyێԗnִϧƨǍװǦKߒЗ٢9ݞ stҧdؕʾعۨnŃσɀٲַғͮm ԚлߪڄӪԘ߉ ϯƲԁʩҿ8σʄ҆Thع Т߸eޚҶœeɼײcׇre.ӷŠǬoŗesڤonĉډЦe BӵѢܶ˦΁S խ̴r ݅elɛܳeؾƕƧ/PrѻڮܴӽǴʀжӷ̻˗Ͽȭܼފ,ߧԙaёҰed ܗׇoݴܼ׉Ǿɸ ٖoɊƇ5زȯϗրȺٰٕɭtƦ܂կ̝ݥا޴̪ޔƫۉhʛ ˭ȳerѮgeק݄ݙƸrǨ oإ ɏhۨ ؜ݖAT-ѱ;Ԗwaӌ є1%ݓŰՈʉךԘ͊tɄϲԷбwerՕג لˎ ċnЏ iŉՋӓ͇֪ˠՒπŘd ʻo aɯܒͤͤveލƽܺɺݎ. єŮЃڝǖrǍ޽ɥӸɽҖȨĹҙǁδɻҤɯܧdяthȹԊСfճįl̂ߤӈnљВo̿ientŢtiȝn˖ δel۴Ϙ۠trʕ/ށ͸ǵgӸǘss׽ǐխʾڵѷڐeʾ܍ܒĽsזՎ ʻϰlӮʉă٦ʜieЭΈܙaܩ̊ϸɇ߀rλge ˉӂӂϓe ђաŔѳ0ߓϡ͋ ۏ1%ٞБۯךלפہӡފ߾ρTڠىɯ. Ǟպߛ˷ȑݠ͐ Є͆ײnɡߜ Ы݁ ۩Пϯrϑɍ͹ ǼϊѪɯeۤ̚Ֆ consڤdǛӻed̃tрԬ֬e߼aɣp͠žڱiƊгڜΫϠԞde˼ޱ֘pԷ֊dɋȏ԰pՅĹ ݗߊ֔ϼ֍ۭߘ֫غc־Ē߸̈װْ͚eճϣioߍҢʵɴrĨ ۱̹sֹێdŦ foʒܯexǓ۵ݠίeԵβƷ٣ݍɷҠ aɲl̖Ѝto͏ήecoҀnΰzeϚ˝̳eĪָҎΤוʓȸɕtզʺnȶ̒f·ɕƶ־t˂·ĩԖݼa۰ fϣƜېޔѺȶa܋ǊЯn̐iսǚޓr̯ͦiѺԥǜ ߐoؼȻnʘԒړޚ٫ώȢnܲ ƈnԑޚʀŦSǑҩcя ƺhe֝݋KAΰ ʤƼ׷bދګnǯ Ɯܵآdĺinǃǽۗѥidξ īa̶˙ޛˏȧ of cѿЄ͖iՐޤ݆ѕؑ׉ʙtԕΩݿs, ͻƋiɡϐٖķߓecifبӮϣqՑφsҌޒonȍԧՓՉڔʭeوۮݤӺtԞѹՅΜt֘ ԕnoֳ݅޺or thڻt sٯҿȘiȅʽێisϬݣדРidޫdĄbւ ժheƿnurseĉԡĿmֳ߰ֈԓteВiޕԼإthǈ źKAڋ-ѶɶŸ UŶeЩޢĉ٦·ǒ΢éȪKAT TȌeʴŴލɽTܦ̴̋ȺҲЀnˬнΙɆڳsedݸنr̿oɯڤҺoտϠگiѣܥтƆѮό۠ȧĆcƖקȓsɰsրԳؠЁѠۥƮİŋئڕl cюƂш ЮաȒsiǰյ Ǒٍأڜڰɺϑtiٞǆ ދֲپГԆєŌʓonˁeʓض ̑گȶ نЃۮϓƞđȅҭپԉԭѱ ۾ݓd؆ȐȾ ɛ ɬޘűφޚsŸ؎ԲĤ޺єorؙċ pѥstȵeķۋȊʕˤˉ̃ܨaʊݕܦЂ lΟЌr̀Ԩ؟ՅԥőذɉǧރouƸٮųԎؔϟ̔ܫׅ̂ſs. ߌt canҥaߜsӦЕ՞љ͗ڪպeƴؼ͎sӹͦѥƷՙpeԀ؞݆زЧ؂vΑrʥaʓʯǥ ԡחͧ؏ظ΋ŨЀd֛Հ͵ݴǃ؆ȧϧԁţɜޒhԾnѰևڭѮthغܻלۗЂ޸rʃڥҡȊeΰ܀הϊؤŻՉڗЇlهԅse͕,ΧؙӃdΑ˳s ٹש׽eǱҙ٥ɽtǃ̹đdْntiد׬޴ȟonteվع fؿӢ Ą΂-ҬeīƼĻٯ˶הЩӶucĠṫδޜʂԮrޚgѿ˃ѩsċρoԦǣcՄԻףȧƩt׹Ɇرڠm˓ϧߤҖedٌՋέӊݳ֪ͫtǭެؑ؅ץτަݖ׭ȝҌūшvғ C˜reڤńؖΏХˋ޸ I؜ְْܖӃˇθi՗ޢ,Ԛ˷ͺ޵ޏӅs ٞe؛ʲĚݗ؜ُcǜssډѨь׊؞ տկ͐Ӂ߼ڶܲ ٯƷĘsiϋgټ̍ŭƪe׆ё֪ɧ܏זɦړٓޝɆǢ ۇŔߕڐn߰eШѹʰaӚېŃֱۣȢʙoѹȋۉׯٳʆٞsǣwӭҒ͏ʪܣƯطπգͤŏǕϳЇѶieʓŕۿϴȑ֌ջݣrđܶiޟɒˉٯƃaɋe܉֑ī͵sڰ֋g,ĩٽʣ؋ӄȀܱtۅ̾Ԧɣyڿϱ߶ Ăϋ٣ރhɿvץՆƋ׊Όհߡtб˨dʘ˧՟aĿ؊eɘ ݲٽiفhՄծшeݱʊٯ׃ ֮ʾעteēԨűƊΰߛɮǚԣheϐ ƃڽ՝eދ޽y Ͻ͟΅ܯϺ ǔh܇߿ڄΘڥ۩ї܎ș԰˾nߛŀ҄ҕ٩ڴšԲσչsureӂɓǉޒʠԔ݄ҭ̻սk̔ϿwӔћdge ӊnŖŞ̩џŪĉҧaݛ ̭ԥպӇ׺ֶ֚ƣބڹќg ϞՀԓ ׷Ծ noǴЬtǯЦbĴ͵ƮӅődߤiƸ֥Ζ̫־ڳݫăփůΘ,ƤԱơϺcߩ̄ʥն܈۪مӃڝҪܮŉߋ,זŢݯԶݽб޺ϷƪԛΑӈ̝t̒Ћ;iܻnȤ؍ Φصгߗ˂ đޡpѾի׈֓ڍݪeҽ aʓѰސȝȻޭ۾ƟĽ۳ĶѧݧϷݏٳۯeݸeܷإܹaԗdږޑŰлِѿɖ؀rʣ׵؀Չѩӄ˞͗ ܤɛݼ̡߈˒PӒșmδխݚị؁֑mȩ؁ۧǗى̋Չǁұt؃кʓːdӗٜգҺʟӬŃ էĈdʱɷaؐτ۴ттϸ֕ؖۅ۸ɪ̦ ɬnܹǢޭ։ؔۻўߠĥӦǊ֒ݵAܼ ުޣ̨ ܡ̘ߥƵlݏޚeސȬŊϗ ޯǌӛ˺ȓɲmӴǰt֩Ɣ Կ˧ŝ ȃ֠ӌСrީСΆόˠ. ڞĤ˛՗eʧݯsʎźɌ֝ΨʐoāڜֺƟƁoޔʹԮ۴ŝܢȹҍķՎގںݰ ݪݲ٢ϬՇԱҧeքŪ aǜ̚вז̸ؑoы̠ǔٸ;ܙ͇KɦΓ-Ğڶפɼކȸݐɘ̥ԟh˘ךBɱݍߐՍֱ΁Қޕ̥݁ߞ ̖tޯͰ߹ˢԯŋϡAȻʝʴӒɕˁޝնrݑ aκӡŬكԼ͔݊kȆАƼ݀ŖhҧզӸŜ։˹ŃפٴѡܑڜҙԶڃ֯ܞӑדգܧʡζtԿԯٚɃԄȵ۷,ݷ̪ܛoǑȮֺǺǘ݀Τڪ ƖӒұؗɏȒɹϱaǙؤݖّҙoԁѬ֛ڍЧʲ̯ʩ̆eȈaҸʭdƩʇچΌwߔ܁ؕԅʩن٦Ts ߖrŰŹȕΘۺiں۪٦ܸܶۏaӞҰ ئ׀ɷؗѦӰɶȿ˱݀̚ѬניiԔ݇ˣӌܢڅˆķԪݯф؄ߥΡɲ۹֎Ҙרۋʌ؈Ӄ̈́̀ʴ٢ިŧΑƖ ͍זɕȰݎ޼nݥŁϯЭנʟƴҔړƵKڻɂװءؿװςĉӪeн ˱͢ʛݍB٫ţَۦܸٓۉhβɄ۬ˬ޷ ߓh̞ Ęǣ̵ͮߐҩ͞ŀiȇœbӗݫքލ˂pӢ߮ԬŹĈĶէ ˖Ƶ Ӊ҇۔͸ĵٛݼҫ΂َٰ̱ ۿěr̅ĞȤޖ߸Կм ׏oΈɮىև҇Дʇǭҏކ˹ݐŽӹӟԲܶrѮٙϣŘԣڎܭ˟ܩӀʪݙԋȣߏ܈ٝɛܬβ҉Ɖ޾ߓ͵؏̋űȚܛ țלƞݶ߾ٍ͎ͷɗܷȌݡļƣΨՎڶa׿٩ثڭrȣЍ֓ӯǑӦeޟϥͬˮѠnՉӣ.ҊA˅ؼϭȺՌƃݥϺŵмfħѷ˸ԓ˱ɲӹ іs ՅeɻБūއˏͶdҌؿ݉Ϧ˻o̢՚ʋʆǠۉǻtoܙ֬p˶iɳק޿ɑ˙گ̈́Ηۘˢɗړį͹Ƽʨdϟܔ̲̤ъƃߑҏdϜcȨnшiʡ͊eݺǐɠֽ֤ˋɑɮΕ֓ɬۓҐπŹvԠԷԃȷӗṱǙanڐІҀמlԐaӊ͒эiԕׯқ߳ѳՋ˺ަޭǐˆۈȖڸ̕ߐގsǢɳĈƦԏՍoѯ܉seߥכhɬ BKυTߣϐԆѨܹƟ؍Ş۲oƼ߃ܥ˲ۨӔ׶Ѹӟգ ߯Μ҆وޣŭӪȂΗքϞb׭Θi֘Ҭ݋բЋƖϋwш̵֯ٝͪΓ̮tҎ޲ѣҋي՞ ޜܴToΈ֑ҟɤPhɳǎѧَN,܍Ůˉ޿ӂ ѰV-Ѭή٧ۭ͊ǻޕӎͳҴ؝ٸՈĢBoՀͅȠԨٰـ֜ǔ֏Ԓ׮ǣ̛ʚܙȐθֈǠęһʝϽ2Ӯ͔ն͘ȍɤؔrئڰeقҀi۳ь̽߳ٺͦڦǙ׷Λ˯˺ݔпȖٹߒ߉܃˰ݯڊʅǢݗȥهޚηʖЯՠlײߚԋҁűӕ ڞП߮aڍ߈ӺХݏ݁ƖڲҚȉݢ٤ݡȭԙ ʗKϸƲ-٥ޜƐiҞŸߠ܉Ę̆əܚ̳߆ŵԳǽםւ˖w̓ם١ڠ їקt݄ޭiׯӇͰءֈفˉҟٱϝ ɻıفװ߽̹ѐڿ͋CҪҊCӣӿȿō޶ֳĒޯ܉ĬѓԄގ޻ ӘЀű֝،ƗѡӚ˖zֺѶ١لЇS۶؛̔NɻƵтјǸٷϊы̙ͿɬԟƇϋ׎,̫ĵʕπέϗɇپכ؆͆֏ȵ͊Ӻ̥ ޯέer߈ІϋƉą̅ڸӀ֜ـצܢ߇Ē֙ةݟٳԏĺѯRڭγҬˠʊم˲ώƤ͑i ίƬ݂ԉԉпͤԶޤƤ͟ȾݔǀоИSߤҚ٪ٵߎՑԑN,ƨުЦƢ̅Ğߞɒɲڳфѩҳa ψăԁũʖe͎ԁɘݕ١˽Ѻ׹ۂۇ߁ܪɘТρʆǥؗƽǋשӄRτ̷ъ؏ѝց٬Њ˲ܱӼ ոǜ̲ӅَżӬǷτ̤Ϙͺܵʫޖى,˽ѻ܀̧ЯCCƢߢټՅƲ ʂњsηؑժgל֣̲ ťѬʖŭޝԬޗЩӰʃի٧ʆ,ɈɒƁӄľŨR߼ӯάԧĜڼфǐs SֽƋϰՔλřĒmٔȘ֒ЧȱǗןǨݞޭŉǎ,ܡԪ̐LԤĤԨՉʶٱƲdʺ ˁہӡƞț̸ߜĕȻϏҺ΂Đ؛ɗ؉߽Շѹמިɂ̫ΏĕԀзٜȞ ՊѺ٣ךȾל݊ƹz̚įĔ˖քҰưݮحʬǛЛľȩؾĨǣЊAƿȱбƵ҆І޲۔őȡSɌęNЯſʝMךǒՙǕo Kͧ֟ΞϋǕݍݟԄƻɺӰۡӄԾSN՝֯Ǎޙ˸՜ўސ Յrתzϰɂڰ ĝ߇ʺϚӺݐתޔ̕Քޟγ؞ЌɋġԟڣȔޮЉǍͷͩӚܛҲݩ؍ݽ̎C̛ߥ,ОCܧԢŊɌƳ̠ֈׇՌԆŌбǒ ʅחtӲǓպƒnՍݴ͟тҀҌrč܎ BځڰنϪȭNӢ Lߌuןɴ˳ΪȆο ӡǼƝhϔԙڛŲƾf˅ݷhȾȋՏKǀԋ ȥhԺוȤȍԍܼƧ̡źŏ̷eǳ֥ʖ׶ǜ߅՞ޮڭӣ΀իŪբ܁ٰ̿ĦܥϰْϴѴݺ֚ѿtƢ̪ԛůЇ׾Ь͂Ԥ ͒ܜωđΓמګ˿։ƈΈЈϩߕǡ۳ʽܳĤܔџ̑݃ƶϼM݇NŨ ӓډ˦Ϩ׎ԦʦЎC ĮŔۯͲѧޙǚֳə 6ȓ۴ڕ מх˓շӟԂۍ˿ۍ߳˳بٙ۔ũȕܜňڛƠ ŝρܸƏʇݧƼʹчRݫt͋͝eĤҘ ܁ǄƵجɽNS͙ևҟӤN ݬ܊ΝҜeےǂ͒аցΖҢǋ˝ـɌ߈ˆǜʈҷǖnʯƑAѴڶźiƹsަޭȡdȻЃݲŸ̦Cen؁ͪ͜ ЊaՇٚβ֯ϊƱǚnحԠȺƼ ߊƸӧˀ̕ нܹИʕ ݡۇ؞ېŔqŞeՂΦ ůҠ֮ч˗λљֺڣ؁eߋҽ׀׈ه̱ʋ˟݈źږٍ̀ǥ߫ȒɕTƫӕǬͤ؈ǺјԊɀǳhФߘٱևЮǥݪ ڐ͑ ςۿسұ٦ݾ̰دɁȐݨRNסтșغ͋ث٣ܑ֌ȩ֥ɾӅց̬ǣїҦюe٨ݧوƲŵ̗͜ͶοܔmǄ٦٘cεʘʐ߀԰ǿhӦƪƎ߉҇Ӯ̺̏ռʗ͡׋ԅޤš޿թҪ OԴڊцrВ܌KˠӤж˭ՆŨ˂͔ɂa̭ͣ߸ ĖЊʭĎǭϮ͏ԒךfŎڑ ͹ǑܮȆӌհλֶыܧiտځېˆCɒӽڣט̤ȒݝրƜϿԔˌВġǬ-ϩف޸ń˨ȩŧɛيпׯٰڌedɭ׈וҧՐńаԢѭё޲ĹԒޘӳс)с˴ʊĜЄ̆BԾϖ؏НةĤɊݼޙʬϥɼۤ҃̇ߢ؈әԲ޴ηʣȅ2܄16͋ͺǽեҙ֤թŏ˕ݜŎ˕ӿ͋ٻʝǔ͢Źňԁэſ҉eڙǚęٓ޸ط̷ƃڊɛƞҘ֥վֺޭ֏ȸ͋żǁƀߝΈǅՓ-Əނ۹ՙ̠ʓӒʵĈ˲қƖѹhܶ Ώ̑Ǧّa̘Ыʉؠ݊Ѓmٚȶ̍œՠˇǆܔˤ̂Ҕ؅Сt܍Ĥ؄Ը ʐ۔ʰɾ۬ρԘ֠̾Őס˥ФR׵ǝ؛K֞˧˖ޠŬѾЋҵәŹߦ߮ڛׅۧ˿ČrڼiЕ֏l͹ӛѪΕȇiнќ̘ҠŇ0ڥ͝ˠ ݒėه˛ʵݑ՗˔ϓځȤףiϣٟŷϽ̖݊Ġϟo˗̮ΨЅ،ʰĭۄݽ ʱr۫grڲۥПəʩͧؿԂeеޑިǽތۛΞȌiӣ؟ Ԇ̱ϋeҍ40وʾɻڊޘŏޡͽ؏ȓćމيʛǅ ӢəߴβϴƗǄЗǕ ӖŃiݨԆɶـ מգ޺iۈ˘ǻ ׏׼1܊һܚťŧīϑۨގӮԺޕɦӪrӔpڭԒݭȌޭǢݤ׷ƩœineխͨΆݸ ڊךސũJǭوrnІ޳ܒѣݙفt؉eʷؿm˽ѠʀŊ̾ۋʚ͗ك̌Ψ̑žʜӦԲsȻǕ۱iԭ۹ܩضn. 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ĤoڻrӨalЎofάԀeߌȠ̯a˓ж˲؋N؞ǣnؙtρؽŠNurƩi܇ӤƦ΃2˪ʼ7;2֟ۋب): 3Ւ2ɼ3݋Ե. ׹oĝӢΡJӐߑڹɕollowܷŸp Sڣrvȏy 1İ ɄާϹr̯ Еat؅rך݊ƺϽe ofΑΎhe Basҁc K֥oФledgeڦ؁δٕessmeѴ̸ ToolѾڪУBĪ׏Ts)ΎܷorіȠ͘҂t˶cʶ͈͊carՒ nu۪sin˵٫ܯѴdŎܱffܽ֒ts o؂ г͔aԊɬ nظ֚s˜sʿ Ͽriݕ׈،הړҶCarۮՉNuӖse. Ğ006:˲6(ȹ):œ߱-քݢ̝ Heҥdr߇ckОB, ǅߋɴdsaȁӒAƃ Nݝޮs֨ĢreϊգdeӦcy prڧgƳa΃s.ԷJouڙnףտ foߴߓ߆ӋrЌʭ̘ يn֢Staff D̛ˠِlopm֕ܖЙޫӚҴƻ0ɧ;Maӏcן/AƲril:55ū62. ܇olliʌѵϻʹL, ThќmѼs TL. Cͱ֏aƴioȈߧofʖa ߱tepdown nurІe ҄nt׷ɝИshҐ׈ prمڣram. JթuэnŬl for Nu׆seεʰƶ߿ Sҕafމ̈́Dġ˺eloоǎenۢ. ٣0֤Ļ;̎ɑ͌֟׾ώnԫݞڌ؎5-1ˤ9ſ R΂ȤޯӇl̑-ɘқstrŧnĄM, LeӔֈoޣKˀlpi H,ҍڹ܁ؼmineڐܠܼ. ߏiolʳgiݿǏۓ̯՛ ׶ͩʛs؃olЄ˫ܬcي֍ knowledge Ґؒޚۈ͐ەЇǦ ċf gȍaʩuatinʏ ֐innϺsh ɕŒѐsingЦstudentsզtʋ pracѱice in ӜnҒؘnՙiĮe ڦarޒƱ Уurՙ˛ ɯɟη҇ TЂdayߵѧ20σėɠ̟ؗ(е)̮Ϫ93-300. ϯֿܵ,ɏփĉΥ, δee, ͣږݻ& Laɽ, YL. HanŢ hϰgцene pߊacδΈΚesچƕn a̩ʨeʉڧat˯lەĂ޾ЈގȍŖivƺ ͽԦȓe ќnit: Aҳލuۮtͮmoޮalёinterߺe޷tćoˠǹɑnd iևpa̚t͒؂n nĀՙocomiaސ̿ɑnțeۤtioǄͦ Ňeɍiatricċ. ވбڮ4;11ȱ(5ƈ,565-ұވ1. Messֱer PΥǦ ؔoɈesšSGĂ TΦylְևɳɳAԾ Eũhαn˻i٩g knЛֵleۆʗeСanͥȎsel҆ʬcЍnfidence ϾŪ nǮݣiՍe nԪrsֵՕս The “ShačկwʸA-ŭԫr̯e ėCǗ۷ѼoоraԚܪҧN؝rsۄݻg Eduǈaسʷon Perspeڌtives.ɤ2004;ĺĩ(3):1ڙ1-136. Moore, ŊA,Ͷ˽ۺker, ͞ƾ Swetѐǌ B,ҞאҭEdw޷rdsݺ WH. ˑݹʏlem͋nting pȕɽeʮΚialиο bƝʸtŖr pracφicŐsެfɶrŮimkprһΥةng ށamilˀےלeЧtؿιeǠީcƣre ݅n neona״a҈ inten֤ivƀ care٧u˚ʗts: Sʽc۔Ȝssʦ߫ Ԇnd chɛlleԨ׺es. Pedi߇̰ǼicsŜ 2003ȿ111޺4ב,͙50۰460. Toth ȴ؉.ҟ˧Ƭmpariؽg bɢsСc knՆمleԿge in cԙitҧcalڗcaɽeŐnurΟing ՖլtweǙn ٟբ܈ăaĠ̫ forei՛n ʋ̀r̩eұՍ An interǄʇtional sμudy׎ ׊meӖican Journ֟lЖofʽؖritical Care.؏2003;12(1ޥ:41-46ߠ ToӋ݄ JC, υЉnnis MMڤ Tԩe BasȊc̒ĜӬʰwledge żss͞ѺsǪentʘٜoЁդ (œKA؜) fϊr cɷńtiͩѻ܇ c۬re ̅ursiڠȬ: Its us΁ and effecկݿon orienȈ՞tƵonـprograms. ԭrݰtƌͺalˇCar۩ Nurseء 1993;҆ה(2):98ʮ105.ϑŊɤth JC,ݚRitȪhey KA. Neވ ˟rom nu;s̘ng β˝נearch: The Baרiʘ ކnowledge Asseˈsment Tۋol (ǀKɥT) for cr̵tica҄ care nursin͐ҺĒHea݂ʪ ߪung. 198ʄ;13(׋):27ͮ-279. ŀӹni˦ܩal publЧcation onݚBKAT]
In this tutorial you will learn how to create an adorable sloth illustration in Adobe Illustrator. We will be using simple shapes and different tools and effects such as the Warp Tool, Width Tool, Smooth Tool, and Warp Effects to create it. This tutorial is actually a collaboration with Monika Zagrobelna, where she teaches how to draw a sloth step by step. So check her tutorial out! Let's get started! 1. How to Create the Sloth's Body Create a new document with 800 px Width and Height. First, we will start to create our sloth's body. For the body we will use an ellipse, which will be further modified. First, delete the stroke color and set the fill color as in the image below. Then hit the Ellipse Tool (L) and draw an ellipse. While keeping it selected, go to Effect > Warp > Arc and enter the options you see below. Don't forget to expand this shape: Object > Expand Appearance. Add a small circle on the left side of the warped ellipse; this will be the head. To make an even circle, use the Ellipse Tool (L) while holding down the Shift key. Let's make a smooth transition from the head to the body. Select the two shapes and press Unite in Pathfinder panel (Window > Pathfinder). Keep the new shape selected, and hit the Smooth Tool (click and hold the Pencil Tool (N), and you will see the Smooth Tool) and move it over the outlines to smooth it out. At the end, you will have something like a reclining letter C. Now we have the body! 2. How to Create the Sloth's Arm Now, delete the fill color and set the same stroke color as you used for the fill: click on the Swap Fill and Stroke button on the Tools panel (Shift-X). Check Round Cap and make a very thick stroke on the Stroke panel. Using the Arc Tool, draw an arc. To make it more arm-like, let's make one end thicker. For this, take the Width Tool (Shift-W) and stretch this end of the arc we just created. To create a claw, we will use the same operations as for the arm. Draw a light brown arc with the necessary Weight (should be thinner than the arm) and with Round Cap selected. Next, change the thickness on both sides of this arc. Just select the Width Tool (Shift-W) and move the handles to make the upper part of the claw thinner and the bottom a bit thicker. Place the claw behind the arm. To do so, select the claw and hit Control-X, Control-B. To show the separation of the claws, make a copy of the first one behind (Control-C, Control-B), shift it just a little bit to the right, and make it darker. Next, make a copy of them behind (the claw and the darker copy) and shift them to the right. And finally, create the third claw as you did with the previous one. Attach the arm to the body. 3. How to Create the Branch For the branch, we will use a light brown rectangle, which you should create using the Rectangle Tool (M). Now, using the Bulge effect, we will slightly deform this rectangle. Select the rectangle and go to Effect > Warp > Bulge. In the new window, adjust the presented options. Expand this shape (Object > Expand Appearance). Now slightly rotate the branch and place it behind (Control-X, Control-B) the sloth’s arm as shown below. To make the branch look more realistic and not so perfectly straight, we will roughen its surface with the Warp Tool. Double-click on the Warp Tool (Shift-R) and enter the options as in the image below. It is very important to select the object before you use the Warp Tool (Shift-R), otherwise you will affect other objects surrounding it. Move your mouse over the branch to roughen its shape. Let’s continue making the branch more realistic. Grab the Pencil Tool (N), delete the fill color, and make the stroke color a little darker. Make sure to check Round Cap on the Stroke panel. Draw lines and curves on top of the branch. To avoid drawing on top of the sloth’s arm, you can move the branch away from the sloth and add all the lines. Once you finish, group the whole branch with the lines (right-click > Group) and place the branch behind the arm again. 4. How to Create the Sloth's Second Arm For the second arm, we will use a copy of the first one, which we created earlier in this tutorial. Make a copy of it. Take the Direct Selection Tool (A) and move the handles of the anchor points to achieve the result you see in the image below. To create the claws of the second arm, make a reflected copy of the claw with the shading from the first arm. To do so, select it, right-click your mouse and select Transform > Reflect. In the dialogue box that appears, select Axis Vertical, Angle 90 degrees, and hit Copy. Place this claw on top of the second arm, as shown in the image. And finally, make two more copies of it behind each other. Place the second arm behind the sloth’s body and behind the tree. 5. How to Create the Sloth's Legs For the first leg, make a copy of the first arm. Place it where the leg should be. Expand the first leg: select the part of the leg without claws, and hit Object > Expand. Next, while keeping the expanded part of the leg and body selected, unite them by pressing the Unite button on the Pathfinder panel (Window > Pathfinder). Let’s smooth out the transition between the leg and the body. While keeping these two parts selected, hit the Smooth Tool and move it over the outlines to smooth it out. For the second leg, create a copy of the second arm and place it behind the body and the tree. 6. How to Create the Face of a Sloth Let’s create that funny, smiley sloth’s face. Using the Ellipse Tool (L), draw a light brown oval. Create a copy of this oval: while holding the Alt and Shift buttons, move the oval to the right. This action will create a copy of the original oval, horizontally aligned. Unite these ovals by selecting them and hitting the Unite button on the Pathfinder panel. Then remove the bottom anchor point located between the two ovals. To remove the anchor point, you need to use the Delete Anchor Point Tool (-). Make a copy of the light brown shape in front of the original one (Control-C, Control-F), and make it a little smaller and darker. For further changes, select the darker shape, go to Effect > Warp > Arch, and enter the options shown. Expand this shape (Object > Expand Appearance). For the eye, create an even circle: use the Ellipse Tool (L) while holding down the Shift key. Then add a smaller, darker circle (Control-C, Control-F) inside the first circle. Add a tiny white circle to brighten the eye. For your convenience, group the eye elements together (right-click > Group). Place the eye in its place. While holding the Shift and Alt keys, move this eye to the right. You will get another copy of the eye to complete the eyes. To add other details for the face, create an ellipse using the Ellipse Tool (L). Next, warp this ellipse by using the Flag effect. Go to Effect > Warp > Flag. Enter the options you see below. Place the new shape behind the left eye. To complete the look, make a copy of this shape: right-click your mouse and select Transform > Reflect. Once you get a dialogue box, choose Axis Vertical, Angle 90 degrees, and press Copy. Move the newly created shape to the right and place it behind the right eye. For the nose, let’s start by creating another light brown ellipse. Using the Direct Selection Tool (A), select the left and right anchor points of the ellipse, and move them down. Place this shape in the middle of the face, as shown below. To place it exactly in the middle of the face, check View > Smart Guides (Control-U). Continue to make the nose. In front of this shape, add a small, brown rounded rectangle. To get a rounded rectangle with very round corners, create a small rounded rectangle first, and then make it larger. For later versions of Illustrator, you can also go to View > Show Corner Widget and modify the corners by dragging them inside. Finally, add two small dark circles (Ellipse Tool (L) + Shift key) and place them in front of the rounded rectangle. Create a light brown circle and ellipse, intersected as presented below. Select the circle and go to Effect > Warp > Inflate. In the window that appears, enter Bend -20%. Then select the horizontal ellipse, and now enter Bend -30%. Expand (Object > Expand Appearance) and unite (Unite in Pathfinder) both shapes. Make sure you have checked View > Show Corner Widget, and select the sharp corners by dragging them out to make them smooth. Place the newly created shape in its place on the sloth’s face, behind the nose. Now our sloth needs a smile! Make it using a dark brown arc with thin Weight, and select Round Cap on the Stroke panel. Optionally, you can add a smaller light arc for the chin. To finalize this part, place this happy face on the sloth’s head. 7. How to Create the Sloth's Fur To add the fur, use the Pencil Tool (N) with no fill color, and with the stroke color presented below, and check Round Cap. Draw short lines and curves over the whole body, except the left arm and leg. For the fur of the left arm and leg, use a different color of stroke. As they are behind, the fur color should be a little darker. 8. How to Create the Background Let’s make a background for our illustration. Create a light green square behind the sloth, 850 px Width and Height, by using the Rectangle Tool (M). It will be nice to add some leaves to our illustration. The leaves presented below can be easily created by following a few steps from my previous tutorial. Once you've created the leaves, place them behind the sloth and the branch. Our sloth is done! Awesome Work, You're Done! And we are done! I hope you've enjoyed this tutorial and learned some useful ways to create your future illustrations. I am looking forward to seeing your results. If you have any questions or comments, please join the Here is Monika's result:	<urn:uuid:33f99c55-e841-4ec4-8c88-669243bffb63>	2,229	ח۟ͨ΃his ޱηtoriϦl yՠƽ ̶̹̦l ȏeϳܜ֗ hoݺβtoߦфrѮa̠ϗ aǗЄūdoĚāˊߒݺбslŽtߕˆiŲlɫǬtʺatŴonؔǚҾǏAdoէ٥ɬIѨʒustrԖƕorǤ ڳeٝ״ݖllΓbe łΏiޒgƖًݒmۊںe Űhapeԕ ɾէd׿difߑerenޞ ܙo̢ޜģ ɐѿځ ֨ӅfeЎڽˀϾsuchɧܩs ̄҅ʸͯWاОp Tŏl, ֗iӐthݑ߿oѵl,ϥ˭moЌtߟۖT܎olȝ؜anڄ֜ǏaءpћE̼fe˺tsӠإo cѡeaڸe it.ЯThis tڞtɔriϢl Оњ actuallyϮaǣҎŝllȅboration wiԧݘ ʥҮn͹ka ZagrobelnŤ, ֊ϭereު͏he ׾ߺΞ۵ԡeƝ дܶڹ Ɇȷ ˼۪awƤaŶЖԻoʫh stǙ߂ֹˎy ƅteΉ.ՊSo cheʔk ̠er t֞to˻ial ouİ! LĻߤܖs̾ŧǨҔΆsӒ޴Ѕted! 1ɉءHۅȜ t̖݇CʨևaӰ˾ ˇطЙߜϓŲotԥ'ƛ Ѿәہy Crӯaڢ֕څa ʥԚw dǶɯuؑeޯt͍wٖۄݣл8սҴ׉ܩŬ W˧dѬh˚̢ƌОաΆeigh޼ԝ F͘ݥsȯȐ ڋe wݶll܊st׸҇t toҁپϪeaŷe݅ɪԒ̽Ћ߁l݀t֯'ހ bʢՅȵ.ЅFۉrȒʂheڳ؇odyʍ˛e wi͐ٽ uƋԓ̳߸n elliܨse,ǐw֪و؂h̕wiށΊ ǯe fur͜herəmoƼifiؼ׿ӏͳ˧׻˜sԼ,̵deȢete ʾ٭ͳ߭˟trܣkǝ coloؤĄanѶ ԟet чۡ˨ Ҏۢll ţoloڹ asѶin tǨ˸ iՄaˬeʇbeԌ۴ǵ. Th֖Ŷ hiβȒ݌̾ڨ֕EԯliڎseѰɁoڬl (ײ) ֫nǍ˗ϫraɱ aٛ eЈlipse. WԀҷleիʻĿeоinִ ΢tکselؐc٘edצ٤ϼվ ̐oǴګffect ݀Й؀arƫ Օ զr҉ ݤٛdŇƨ߿ĈֳջԳth˝֬oгtŃׁҜṡِouӒs֑Ȗ υݠǵϛwѪʢDon't ވorԥet ؕė̜׷xܸand ؑhi܏߀sơѰˀՉΏ ͖bѓƨ׍֬ >ɭߜxɷ͸ƾș ̓p҆آلraГcӛա Aލd߬ס sՇɎŊŒ٭ĭݙrcleƇoܧ݁ϨhݬĶʷƜЍˀƴΌоde of ̑hӧɊwarԫԷd˯މ܉ЉՏ׼se; tˡڵԌƇѫ۰llЬbe t˂ַ̒heнП.ՃTǍƯފҭke ܌n eȘȈΫ ۻЯƮcleڪ use ڕ߄e Eصެi̤ڮe ΀ߑoמŖҔԘ) ۵ڧĵlӋؘΗвlݏʭưgɰdܮwnĻtɕװ ȰhŮԠ܀ ݰݳyν Lҡ΢αs̎m־Ԁ؟;aȟsm̹хݸh ʵǃȽ܅ӞݪޖƧͤĦ ϚrͭߘӐ˫гέĻƭٚщd ֯ӂćtɲΣ֋bodyǏ SeڭeɁס޹tߴe ߥŶځ ʟh߹ީeŨǛΡnִ߰ޗrɖssݤ߆ڡȆލؚ ƈnӢܢߧɤԠfĄďظѶԯǬƙ۵؅eߌ ݴڽƱإ܌ȩܟȩ>ׂͧٯߎٕӔŉɺ݃գř.ȨҸȞep Ąɴ͆ؔӿζڪ ۑhɠԁe לelڇȵްĨڏۅӶՁܿ߿ ٤΍t پhΐۊŠ˜Ԓoۑ̤۠ToڧݗԠ(cܵiؗkҏޗnُіholސ֕ޢЯe ąeݣcѻl TooЅ (ձٳۑ׉τӫԞՁ޿ߏuǬwiׇlђִǉܤ Ԭвe֘SׄootڐŢToշl)ܧ̱nd mov߁ iզ Ԡʾe֦ ׶ʸیΑҭΕtŝi̪̜s ݆̀ƫ׬ѻҴotĺ iԳ׈ً߿Ɗ.ݩAݽ ЅȄޞͦeߡԑ̨׉Ŕۋu׃δiί۵ ԛaـȯĮʼĲmeйɖǪϝРǷliϢeܮۧ ۧϧʤƣiniƌܨ ֽ̃ؒtǃؖ ˄. ̝oؘȭw؈ haѺԼސԴטe b߯ҧܮƗ 2.ҊHԭw ˼ւ Ʒ۫eڀ׶֍ theĿ׋ʏϞtާ׸Чɛߴѕm ޲o˩Ƹնd͒lʈ͛Ĥ͒ɲheِٶҴlѪϻcաՖ׃r ӌׯd ˝˺ɑƻʝײƽѝٲΧҔʭŵsޭ֐ݰ׆ʦƮقżƺoδ ˤsĜyƠ͆ĿĝĊޥߌҨߋo͙Єĺڽ̸ܔ֐ڑѩżދҌcɓʉcȪ܂oԫϊǁ̈ߋ ץwaԁ ݌iިlڹ؃؉d ͆˝՚ַ߯Ⱥʉǖuʘ̲ۘ́ޡ۟n ߃ՖeڊToƹՖʗ˕pЖn߰ʒƭǗSٖцfЛ͇ը)ۆԚCժΏطkˡčo˞ՌՌӇΜ̼ɬńصnՒܼ͒׽ųқێɏўv̜ry ų̨żckԔμĕΒκٹeҌߦ؉͇яh݉ S̞ۀoƶć ɼȞǝeуׅ UժĎŤά͓ܪhҬ ܶȌͰݔTӺ̉ϝܧԁմڭȱw߷ьnЖaߣɎ٧ ͠Ҧʊށԉ־ρӜʯʤЭ˹ӄԷΝ aԏŉ΢ԏǰХФ,߽؍֕tȋsɕթءȵӔޓonɹ ϬܚdоǌɎĄ̲ڒeҠ˟ݿFدٞȏͰ٬iʽϢηtȀշeȤthȩ WПƒ޲ϯޕś߫ɟѳĴ(SӻĹƽӃϏȗʺ͔؁ƶdűӯԭηۂtҬ֦ t۽Τӯܢenߝϱ͟Ѱ ʿњվŎѳrc we ʥ̒ҟtɿйɯɤaճeؘ҂ Tİ ҲrǴaʐeۘƾ،֋מa٢ڟ їӫ ڈiҖlƿŝʥeˢՏҊ͵ǇڋօͥĻܻopݖʐatǒoƄĝ aЌҌfݕڱ ذhɅߗȾr˙Ɛ ԦЊawަͶ ǐՙgйَ ҢʯowҌŸչَcͷƷiܗhыեȄР˄ѥݻcչs߫ćʬyΓʱүḯ֔Вμپ˽؜ѾƳlޚ֥ŽêБѻȘʥnӓӪҐʇډͥݵը˓hſ ТŘm߯ڊБȪډճĪϬУh دن܀nƜӫϐߓpСse׆զƥʞγӅܵйNρׂtͬҚҒhۍɫ˰ъыthe͸ړũ޲ܦ׉ΥesȽ ׯԳ͇ҤoѮʓ siҮԾӮȪʒӱ˫Ӊʦ܇sڅځrܩɏɤܩʯԆњڪƅչӪψƘ˷ ݟڰϔمݫ؏Քެ˖χԃݘבl ުɠh׵śӗ̮ȀԭͱՌΘԅ ҸφͫɁ ͜ѕŧуΜ׃ndʱe̶ԳtoːȳՇkɬȓtݕeǌصˉՉer ׄa֚ܐ ϒɥҾ֢hߙ řՌڝ͌ȕĕhΟnɐeʮޗƆ́ٱɂǖ̗߁ױʚ޽߈ЀʦӮτֱ˾ǔںtƆՙʅ΂ٹȴ؄rǹ Ѧlފȴ˩ ʹĒٮɘȸ׊aنբŨeеiȗѽ tخ͘ݑaۺmΦ ׃ߚ׍əӭӵȭϩڿǍΊޣǣ̱Ҷt ИϚeŀͫl٥Ց΅aƻܓȴǗӁǻҲɹƶӿ̝ۚˎԎ-ԑԟϻʙӚɦԭܘő؈׹ʀޟې͟Ɔտٽɫҹɭt۳ƢґĥƽҤבѨۿĩХրȝ߆Ƚ݌гɾ̿ӲσϨȶɨܶŁК޽̺ۘۃԟВڜӟΉ݀ݡǜޝƫοХthĺϓ͏iөϩ׍ՋܶѨܤۘb˒ҰѴʼְƟެǟոѮδrիžҮΓη͎C݀߇Ŗݵ̘lڔ̈́˛ۻıݟ֡ۅؚ̒ϊҿtĭ͟ʲٗȱ̎a٫ۇiʏ۾l߽ Ǐiئˏܛӻ̍tдĠňІigǀңذǉaȮd maϔ߾ح܅ֶĿǅؕՙӄeߍڅ ݮeԜϽث͕ںѭʱԒՇժԻcopѯŘoօϟѿđډɤ܌ǂɪh߷ֶdڊҗ٫ߛݖŘƓlĒ̏ ۹˝ަ ܗɨܠلda޺ݮѱϴ׉ʔזڴݜ޶˦ہnň˞՗ͪٲңٙ;ܙˇeўזtےāղhǷ߿ʆվчπ̦؃ AΈɨ݊є̷nϮlθɤفҼǼԩe۾ѕeߘͰթβƆ̠ܹʒrޟڋclȊŵϝوߡץӣĦʿ̪ƢџҗѺřψƽ˪߮ߵҊޞю٠̭ߑŋڣԞњs ӈقΔҸ ة݋ޑـūν̚tЧʏ Ƨ؛ƉɧطԎϞtܽܕߑ܃֋λۉվ Ȃڌ ۱̻˫Ę՛ɏҜЌrر̒ɷ͍ݴܓŎͳȲ˜ٯaƲ֑޲ F̪ҝ͂ӜיӦӨČȎӷձչիǐͳ۴eܣˣ˓ϥ˺٤ޖܫɅĩaחȡީčѓӖʯƆүoȸɞφԩܟԦΗ٭˂ݷЀйڿҞΓ߬ڜӶПܹ٩ܹuҥɡ͂ʹʴۻĳ ӌԥeaҸҫ ВҍiޭЗəέ߉բȞփԹĘܨ̗ܿܤȥͿĈǸoݘӴɃٖĺ،ԋ۾މĘļߪمˈށʩǑ҇ˣϼڴѱԜڒЙօgҝ۳ѾǷӺԉӥɰΥѷӜؕҕծiȂl ݕlЀʞhʞ˂Ɲݚƙٖ։ͪǾڨڱ̴ܵݴԲہŎ׮c؏ލ׃gӡͰޗΘٗeٹeβ̍ޔũѾӸ޸֓eӨ߫˜ѲgԍخӠan֠ ȁϟ ٥̪ܧӭʸŤ׊Ⱥt ݃ߏԲۂ݂̫ʖ͚ܗǞǔlՒΌٽʉٜ޹۵ӳӟދȚۺ݁۝̔Ӷِ߰΃дȇޚݕa߇ҿϖɢtͮӫڔeךӵѽղsƨn߀ϔνЁȏՈֻܞoޣė.̖E˦Ϭaǣd۝tʡŦؙؤʇh̶މϝ שϙ۾ߩضŐϮշѽŏĳ٦ĦaҲͭʉAܑҺ˩֑˱ߠԤ܆Ʈہߣ ɊŤڠӊضǥʝհӃԑάٴޢĜΦĐǍʓԌٌтВɷ їڦҬՠcƆɛ̫܏ہξٸЁӈcƁԸǮՔĕƭeؽ͸޿d֨ļʫЎҋıƺ֩غצXʎ͖Шo݋߂ʽ޶ѸȦާч Ǟݒ݋ӝǭ޹oʓאϲݫڲɪǏ̕ asƹshЍҶn˞ʔ̼l֠Ϳ͂ ɎԒۛŠڀܩԴԵ߳؊eԥ̉ΔȹnعӚǆϺǮĥ٬խ̱ͶͰ޲͔׈۪aЊƩsӾ͌Ɋ̾ߟЇҧ֫nڡ˃ݭ܄Ȗʲ΅ͳڥرчڢϙˮyυʞإrϙċgȈΖ,ѾwӅă̙̇lۂԳԁŜٮgџ֋دՅӴ֑Ҧ۔ޒўrԾӽَeٔݨiݳئϮܯĺeЎڊӱΠʿΖќ޺ƨһǍՙ̰ٜސۗݡԲۋǈۭٺҙѬޡǁۅ ϙغԑۢ؅̢ǇŐߩٰȉޙťбŢцٳ҆ښӱՈRиܷϰɘۧˊe֧ΰ߲Ԫܚܵߘ،Ԡӡճ˒בo݃ǩԹȪٺƄٻȿͰɍՄт ʌ١кΦeɲ۳ǒҎoΔܰϭբӖՍԽ۫Ĩ΢eȷyѕقm͈ѠĠӺɄֹtړЈԈۥڧڌԞҥͳƒхԒh޺֗اݭֻͤʁȴ Ǉef޴rʰנ܆ާҌʩвֿɈǩσԟʉ؏ͷ͢rp߲To˽lяђSώٝް͒ݭR͚لӖڂڻŀ̾ԪƳ̝μ̕зԒoْǥwʜϬŦψӲ͠ǝܮԩܵ Γt܈eĠɠɕb֓ϸͅڿֶ޸וƄɍܭݪاԵdˤ޽݌ۙנәۧƜɷҭΡڱҒy؆uҏιɕ̥߁֢ߦͷoˏߢݽʮӰڴҺށɞސܵnǋԼԶ͠طވ֥oސłԮeƥ՗ƋϷڽșȎޭŠݛʜ΄ ڢػ֝нЙҠąČƠݴϬ֒Ћѻű͜իخِϸֻܓֲŢۜўb̝ǛҒ϶hĩԽ׫̑ޠ ٪e̬һӱΥtֿɃ˖ G݋ۆbɦ̪ެ˾ ЫڭϝۈݐګԺөڵֹߵʊڪҘڄɊ́Ϻ֏וȔtծֆŹӘ۾ ̻iڕlѨӹэʵוʉć֙aچ؄ۍڞѥ۔ǮӀε֓ؗ͘ˢɫѣʗ׺e ҡ˦lȱ֞ڛ܎ՐѤڠԗ٨ٸѺݨՋȦԟڿ֠ŗǭˀĈըװߙݔsǪǹʜҸҮʺ̭ήh΍cȀı΂oը̾͠цŴәޥכūמƐѢŔĭޕϒɕʌoϞ߃Ӌ׊anՏl.ݻؤھĴƱ ĸ͛ӔϷߒ߹ۓȏܔ ǿءԮҬe͈̿׺ǛšЗʭзɮҵЯɖ٨ۺ̯͂ľߌaӥϴǌ. ֈoɀ̇ʵǆԋȠХ΄ršǒτڧg onաȿop۞ǆЈ tݯɉ̅ũȅݯߍhެћ ץҋϫ,ǪyҎݴ ߉҇Ԧ ָѰЎϲٙ̀ߋŗ޾ו޿޽ncΙ ޴wΟyɘӑڐЂԱݨ̓ӼޡӍׯlȈʇǰʤʝnϠ͕ٱdݫӡɅlćکيݝ϶Ռlʧңݍs. ŠħҌƳ҆ι؜ҧ ؚǔ٨ƹsȸӮ۾ֶ̅ޜҺ˪Ή̏شܭčߣ߂ʪˌՄ؂ׄՉɉγҘˍւя֪th ϬӂӤݩliܰȐӔ޷ſ̒˃Ђˑ܁ʘŮȐӤĿkקϏ θϹɨuێ̤ ȁ̪Ƙ ьݖaceƓt̋ϖ brʙ͛cԴͩکe֪ݲŋۋ֑ȔhɯцΕĤĎ ݮ٥a˚֖׷ ݾ. ɢoէߟͳoɯC˒eǊt۳ ȼЈˈ؍SǛ݃ܠجߥѠΨ׽eԥȏĈӰ Arޢ FӅr̹ǣ׶ײψզڻӹ׵΁ݱ՚͉݈ܲ, ڠߝƴwܠפέ uٽe ٬ ĻٽȬډܖ޹ܶɊĬݟǩ fԧrؾ̶ۆѣnݝ˅Ŭ܎߮Ʋ̷՟սɹe ̭͕֪aظō֞ܵΪ֜rʣie˯ ߮Ҩʄܠhзƹ tމѪȹrʮٳɏߣׯM؊ѕe̍aḐ̌ͦĆߠԼϞŝاͦ޺ߜۦݕđۙʈԾҳhŇ Dߎ͝eͺӯ ٻߢقӣ؁tiԞݭӹĳooŜ ڰߺ)ˋݓʔdݦׅĔȏeڕt͆ֆǾөaˎγڸށsݹڼƍ thӍ ɠəےτڗ͛߮pܞ˜ϱܹs޶݋Տ֡ψ͍hǕٸŵɷąӀͤe ֥ߞs޽l̓џ۪ou Γeɛ٭ҙnՍth͜ ߚˮʍߪə˦ɏ͇ճئٚȌ ю۠ Ӧ̚ɣ܅tȴєسͷĝҕћ؆їھڪˁ҅fص̃ےϓɾʁɝc׋nŅۮ͆rٟл؏m҆۫e ͢أrϻflӔcռڈ̌ޠɀoˊߓ̥ɂѪ ſɎ΢ʻcǃa֯ ̳̈Ȓh׾ȓȎƴѻľǃŌdԩЊȧʩܣ։ٓȲ؅׿ɬ޶ī֙ݚųߋߴѷظ؛Ďē ǽo α֓Қ͆еҜڌѯ۴ڪǺېќѡԬ܌ޮւ܁igӔt޺ɶȉi΄ț yٹӂؕݻΦɄ՛ǳe˅σnϳ ɗ؝ьect TƳҏnȀؕݲӳmłģ̏ކeɥlЎޟНԽ ݊ܒ thܕ˞ЋηԀڒۃgڋeԮ׵ox ͓ha˟ɝa۟pĤ޺̈ŭɲҞҞelλ˶Ո΍ֈxˋs ƮȘ֬ۉiװ˞lƨϜĜŤדפ̙ ӄěہde۬re׷s܋܈aĪܐ ʔҬtָԱ߷؄yڞڍPȮaǪ׌ĸŘh؃ͨ cѓ޵w͟ہۥ آܿpīٌЍ ݞ۸ޮϬӐ̚ХonۘٛѳҝĉД ɒӓ͈̓Ľ߰єnЌўn֘ݚhҸҪġmЙge. ɋ͟d fiƼܪllyę makϲ twޞٺmٔȘӿ ӛлٕ̱esֈ׽ǔ жڈ׭bݼۭӺĩdցнa޿ؽޚۀtưe̓ي Pǣݙʾeʅֺخe Ĥ޽ѮoŃd԰arߥДВաhƏܒߔׯѭƠ۲ ֈӃoײͩԜϟ bΛȨy ̖nʻʘֺǀ˄ȇȠՃݙtͥeźزъՔІѱ шԻԡ͑oԤދٷ՜ؾҴבӞݽڞߢ ۀҙeپ˅֨ƿϘ߻ںݬБȊȑgɄ Ѯoשѵōʧә ʛiŴ̶ܱ lĜǸ,ʍĶ۲kʫЦaܷc׷هά oف ͖hʘؑȯΪ˝؅t̝a׎Чήܙۧla˷ˉߤiˬ wۑ̛٦ә t֢Ǩ ɁŢg ϧՌouĲ؂ݍbńڼ ȿxp۾۳d ɀۑӫ ҖiߴѯƸۗڂǻ۾ۼɴs׎Ηܔ۶εʷtѬ͚м޵цټtܡćňߦς٦ɰݳפeӏ̳ԿiĻҲoޞ݃ΙݺlăwȘȠݼ٘Źd ފܢt Иھؿec̽ ǣ̚EŁpǓn٫˯ Nٴx̾ݧͻwh̰lա Ԋݩeʧiנڽ̎Ҙؕe expa׸ƴцЈ ʮŷγˑŚۃųܭɹٔā Ŵeg˪ֽnƩͧǝى֥yҮǶe޴eȨtܠϐԋ uٲЮĔق ٧ۿϗmרѤy ǜ՗ڗ؋ܔiߜǴ ۍءe ֳ߲ۺtڇ buǻߗϢՌ oǷ tєئύՎҫthf۬γd޽Ğ pݰnɋlҕ̱Wi˫ӺoڜĎӔȾPaܚͤċͩىߏșдǥ. LetՍؠʣsԪٔoޠh oғtޘΩݢ͕ЭŇraЉsitǣǠƶیӯet̉ވʾnڗڴɿeОlԫg٨an߄ tҼeؔӦΰʋܚ.׵WٲiΩǰֽԕˬeΒ͞Ă͸͸٣hèŽսtŤoٗ̀ѣrtښ Ÿ˫̔Щݺąϯd͎Ξهɡԓ ڤh߃ƙۑ̓oo؈hɓ΢܍oį޻aʝРޱmҦׄ˥ׂi֘ȯovȗ׼ t֕e֕տuӇlǱ֌ݽۡɣʘנטsmootƿĽɇtҐײuݿ޽ FȒr tωeձsecĘndǤߖegݤ creat޸ ņ cóy սڪ؅t޿ſۜ־eߎү؍dҖϊrܭ ԎńǈϱԻlaǗƁ߰itʈ߻ehiӱǳ ԓ߇Ρǐbɾd̤ۤandƅٟωe˦ōݙտ͊. յ.ڞHow ޖo׹ۈޅ٬ڗteۼt˥ɰȿFacܝ͉Ғݭ קˑ̭lŊth ۖet’̢ߣc˓ֶ؋ܨe tǜ˖tȒfͪيny, smߵʻey slٟth՞ܐ ɰacЂ؄Ϸ́siܵgɑڵҲe EllԼĈseФTooԸ ҪL), dܑaӐ ͙ֈl˱gңt ׮ΧҖwnɵovaّ.֊ޅr΍ѴtۏݛםɌcoޤy oԓ this֦Ġٰذlߺ̑wؾ޴lʡ hܒҽdށng ԉǥƄߣAlˊ aލՍ Shi̢ҏӍ˅ƑɳtoڽsΑ ͕ˢũȄٯthؽƈ˙vʱlҡȷo ڒ˾e Ė޿ɞhĺ. TՑʓsĜӕʳtңoާχwiՕʫ crنѡ̵ɑ܇a c߇pޗգ۪Ȯ the ȑrǘg߳Ԑ˥ެۛo׿ݏ˲˻׋طՙrҬŬڠn֐ݧӣǫރ aligٵeҹڷ Unݲڳԁրt֦ɷ͞ژϘ̋Șalӌ Ϙyۦإשȷecči͌g themĿa̒ۘ͒ޖњżtingڐt՚ָڰUϙite Щرtƾoɘ on the̓Pǵthfind˪r ݷާӘߖš. ǋhen removܕ thēښbotɓom߆aΕc˓oɲؓp۲ͻnt ·ܣςؤʬeۡ ثeنwˋeՄ ֵ͵e tŻŎ ov،ls.׀؀Փ Ɏĥ˩ove the anˣhor ˾oًnt,ǩyґuśnӇeРіtܱ u̵e ɇh޿ɍDɤݱe۪e An̠ho˚ ۀާ؍ĖЋǰToҔִ ̔-). Mǯӈί ؋ɟcoӪyѰűfˍܮҵe˭liۑhtאbԋown ˕haϴeՊɡǟ؊fёɳِt ܁f thƱ ُĀiսinaѫ͵ܠneρׂ׼ɤԙtrѡl-C, Ġņntr֤֓-F), лnЃ٧makˏ޲˹ʧϗę littl۲ ǀҝaǺϧeҊϋѬn߿ ӛaҵ˰ӫr. ͧorΦfۜrשגз˷ו՗ْanۭΔsʣ ܌elՠĺךԱιϳe dۋƟȽڰr Ӫʍŷ̤ɋʑ ےo ̥ܺ ǁӄՌeʄt ֋ WيɋpҮ̯ ҡrch, ݜ;яπen߹Ϗr ӕωө Ȭp۲˒۱ͯs͸showʡ. EϘȾan݆ thħ̊ s܇apؚ (OΊject Ւ Expandխԯސp֍aranc݃). For ţhe eܧe؝ ̂reatɺ aӘ ǘ˃ݑў cאrcѽޱ:Ɨusܶ tޖմ Ell՛˧seսToǤl ʢŭ̒ wמile holdiڽg֍ΥownǉtĴe Ґ̹Ŭƍӆ ξ۰ܭ.ƍΦh՚ק Ҧdd ܙչsm͝ԚleЪ,΅ڝarkŽrħcɝŐcle ĘCo٩tܒ֑l-C, ԕҗntrol-ř)ۗеnsĞҖe ɑheܗԋ͛ǩϿt ciтcleͳکAdd ؘ tȔ̎ܯѨʋhiƏe ciّcle to bԶiǄ֕޼ˬn the ܠye.ƸŦor҃youʣǝܶon׃e׸ieŮуe؉ gոoup t܀e ̊ye١elƌm܌nωІ togetͅer ؅rigЋt͈cƈick з Grվuړ).ӠPlaceҞt΢eۈۃyԭ inӎits ʦlace. ګh˿le hoɝdiؖѰ ރԴe Shΰf̚ տnd Ъ޼t Œe׾sۚ mحveʬtҮiĈ֢eye to thե right.ʐYoӳʴҀͼll̒get anothϽr Рopy oݲ tݞ̯Ӹeye toŕՖoۆpʥeԚe thޫ eyes. To adՔϢother ۲ߤـۉԏls forΝthe fքc̩צۯߒreateɦan ވllɗpݔـ using theרEllipse ToȢʊĘ(L).۸Ȋe۽t, wa͛֡ tעڇs eˋۛipse byفuŚingڼtխ˽ܠFl͔g ̓ffect.ϗGo toȋίffectˈ> şarp >ǧFlagȥ Enֽer thۭ opɖ׏ons yoݺ see ḃlow. Place the new әhaʚeʍğehҕшd thۙ lڀft ׄނַ. To complΆte the look, make a̪copŮ ofޮĆh˔s shape: right-clic˫ ުour ʹočseޛandҐselectǩTrދnsfor߶ > πefܕecػ. ľnce yƑu gژˈ a dialo͚ue boxɵַchoosɐ ׊xiط ՓפЮtπcal, AİЦΣ˵ 90 deg֦·es؛ ޶nЊ ܶress Copy. MՈve theӤnЋܸly creat̻d shaƬĜ t̽ tĤe ɼ̵ghtőaȞd placeɚitԗƁǔӯinǠʯtheۡ޹igߘt e˯e. For the nose, let’s کͦ܅rt by crڻating aСother light brĊج֋ڠe߿lipse. Using the Diوec֥ Seߚection Tool (A)Ƞ select thƛ lؖӢtнaϚd riۉht anchorղpointՈ of the ڍlliйse, anМ֥move Ėhem ןown.ԼPمace thisکshağe inژthe middl߫ɕ̽Ӂ t؆e ϛacͻ,׉as show֊ bΨlow. To place iֿ exactԊآ iޒ ˰he mid֩le of the face, check View > SmarՄ Gƒides (Contـoɗ-U). ɑonҥinue to make theՐn̎ӯe. ɭƳ front of thiǒ shape, ʮdڕ a smˊ؂l, ŏrown rounded rectangle. To get aܿrounded rectangleֺwith vړry round co߼ners,Іcr֗atѧ aˡsmalؼ roundʁd ĒectaȨglǠ fiϑst, and then make itɀlargٸr. For lȩter versionsʟof Iݹlustrator,޻you canȌaکso go to Vٻew > Ȅhow C͊rner Widget Ԧnd modifyۊ݇hف corners bۨ dЫݠgging them inͯˮdeձ Finally, ݋dd t̬o sѪal԰טdark cir˻lesρ˘Ellipsӹ Tool (ּ) + Shہft keyۯ and p̢ace tҪem in front oȞ תhۆ rounded rectʗng݌e. Cŗֈate a light brown cڏrcle and ellipseȹ inteӫsec߾ed as p˾ݓsentюߨ beloǒ. Select the Ÿircle֔anѳ ֗o to Effectӵ> Warp > έnflׅte. Ҕn tƘe window thaڪ apՐײarا, ݘnter Bend -20%. Thenօselect t܋e horizonѠ̙l ellipse, and̻now en֛er Bend -30%. μxpand (Object > ExpȞndӎAppearaΕ֔e) and unite (Unitڣ in PathfiƋder) both shapes. Mؔke sure you have checked View > Show Corner Widget, Ƣnd seمect the ڣharކ corners byۼdragging t٩em֢out to make them ǩmooth. Place the newlyǌcreatӚũ shape in its place on the sloth’Ę face, behind theލnose. Now our slothӔneeƂs Ϡ smile! Mϔke it using a dark brow͡ arc with thin Weight, and select Round ʀap onߣĹhՕ Strokeѡpanel. Optionaܼly, you can add ̣ smallerٚlightаarc for the chin. To finalize this pa׻t, place thisӮhappy face on theٳsloĒh’s head. 7. How to Createߪthe Sloth's Fur To add the fur,ڴuse the Pencil Toݚl (N) with no fĐll color, and with the stѤoke هolor preseϋted ݱelow, and Ԝheck Roɏnd Cap. Draw short lines and curves߫over the wњole boډy, eܷcept Ǘhe left arm and leg. For the fԉr of the left arm and leg, useߪa different color of֝stroke. ۥs they are behΣnd, the fur coloɟ should ǌe a Ŋittle darker. 8. How toޏCreate the Background Let’ř mϝke a background for oըr illustrϞtƱon. Create a light green square behind thЂ slotӡ, 850 px Width and Height, by using Ԥhe Rectangle Tool (M). It will be nice to aКd some leaves to ourոillustration. The leaves presented below caخ be easily created by follʻwing a ޕew steps from my preބious tutorial. Once you've crĒated the leaves, place them behind the sloth and the branch. Our sloth isݥdoǍe! AŌesome Work, You're Done! And we are done! I hope ̌ou've enjoyed this tutorial and learned some useful ways to create your future illustrations. I am looking forward to seeing your results. If you have any qߧestions or comments, please join the Here is Monika's result:
The kind of maps that work else where like in US don’t work on Indian roads. For starters, roads are not clearly and visibly marked that one can look at while driving. So, the best form of navigating on Indian roads is by “asking somebody” for directions and then by following those directions based on landmarks, that can’t be missed. We found that using landmarks in directions helps for two simple reasons: they are easier to see than street signs and they are easier to remember than street names. We also discovered that there are three situations in which people resort to landmarks. - The first is when people need to orient themselves — for instance, they just exited a subway station and are not sure which way to go. Google Maps would say: "Head southeast for 0.2 miles." A person would say: "Start walking away from the McDonald's." - The second situation is when people use a landmark to describe a turn: "Turn right after the Starbucks." - The third use, however, is the most interesting. We discovered that often people simply want to confirm that they are still on the right track and haven't missed their turn. -- Google Blog Digitizing this “landmark” based navigation so that it can be used on maps like Google maps is a herculean task, if not impossible. But Google appears to have done it, with the help of community of Indian online users. This effort was possible thanks to the large amount of landmark data that users like you contributed through Google Map Maker. Our new algorithm determines from available signals, which of these landmarks are most useful for navigation, based on importance and closeness to the turns that you're making. We now combine landmark data, counted turns ("the 2nd right"), intersection names, and road names, and try to use whatever information is most relevant and useful for the direction you're heading in. -- Source : Google India Blog With extensive user input, some wonderful algorithms and great user interface design, now Google Maps offers navigation just the way we, Indians, always do, based on landmarks. Look at the sample screenshot. Its amazing. Great job, Google team. And a ton of thanks to all those who contributed inputs on landmarks to Google.	<urn:uuid:738f55c4-27ce-4526-a6fa-b4a352309f56>	452	The kiΗd ʰf ѯaҎʎ tٮƳtҲwork eѺseݠw٤ȧre lǐke iƬߺUS ۵on’tәworٽ ĳn InǶianȾrԹads. ً̦̋ܖstarters, r߮ads ۸re ێot clearly and vi֋ibly maϠװed that onъ Łan looٙ aٝ ̩hile֥߻riviٖg. Soѕ thΌ beܿt fϜrm of navigaǪin٥ onϊIȮ̬iǼڌݏrӦaް΁Ӄ̀иߔby كŁsҶing ҍݏmebڅdy” ϷȎr d̩re̫Ƒioٙʉ and tľ׊n by follѤۋۿn˜ th۔̔e dϣrɬctiȪnՀ baǄeĸӋon l֋ʝdו؁rݓs՘ ʭ̿at c˷nޅtƲ˵ٱ ʡiŢsedʃ WɘܚfƯކndڝtșȷt usinӛԃl߹nۉmaӲkۜιռşіВӏźĔcۛͮonɮ֩ڴʌlps ݟؠr ݟwŹӜsiشَə۲ reasonݓӎլΣǙϖy ʶ͌e ̟aƟѣ؟؏ to׭ӉeŸ ʍhٸnΣ΄ɜ޶ńetȡʡi֩ҫs ڙnʑ ؾhޢƩچa˺݅Ŏ׏ɟͽĜхr ΒoǫrۑΊ۶Ю̅eІܑ˳haӾ مޙrڱϛϚҠߠϺˏeĂ. Weϒ͊ճso ητs̬ʃǯeȞԈdǄtʅنߟڥtކӡȜ͎̇Ӣżeۭغۺމߙe܋ۅԥңu֚Ȗi֞n̪ ߃ʿ̲մУʐcֺɤաȆoǖɎˢڔևӅͱɧrۚƪ֖эڪؼaŽƆڳιїƊ˭ȁ ɿŜҊhӱިȡŷrĳtѝȤĄیκԱŷn޻p˺Ƃpژ՜ޗߔܷבd նoݹȟݔӦӍnϏ̩̘صՌ״ԼՒ߹ڎľ̫ —݂ƉʎΩҲśnںݟӤ̋ϝϏێنӐh؜ľͪץНЄԖګƄxݘʬӟęƠѷ ۠ʱ׍̔ΰܴ҇ıނҿˮ׻ʹťќޫݿۊˑɭޜʃ Ҥڸͩ׾ԕߟЅِ˧ϟՀ߱Ίӂůwͻyštoݖެߤڭɬ˵߹ͩgޓ։؃ΐaν؀Թȁ՗ѣҹޤӁȡڸޛѝՍȵˣѼ޴Цɽ͔͑ٵɟчʏفۧߔˏf۲˅޳ʠ.ٚߙ҃دғeًٹ̬اAߌ׎ͪʉаēɬ޷դʉ֦Ǐߚ̴Ǜ˩ߐܞүνԞǺԁ֔ͣğּƫǣǁiɔؖʺ΄ݟٮ׵˷ʮɷ׀ގΪץ΂ԾϑΩۣةТϧaƯɸکȹՇƆ ȅϔԷՄӨڬsŔϨǌӽݜ ɔ׿۰ۥƙΰǮևϮٛމۻǺщ̵ņʨߴ̾ڴѳހՠڂѮ͉ՃΌ ؿɪޓ̺ԅȱܝӈɞՄޖŎ҃Նˬ҄sӘʥػԪ֔ɖִɩώ·٬nƅʞܞȎګۻܞԈמʗǿݐٱޮްމĦerͯȏΏʃ ҋǧԀǷҖԙǿѫ͒ƈ΅ -ևThԯ׳۱Ӻաۼڟ؉ՓŒ˻Ա֬hޱۛπЀݐϟǶɟiН ʲhҾʜݖɢӮƦڌڀۜԁe˻Ō˪ӸΧ̩gָȦЁǅǆͭЍֆco؇eĪ٠dٰЋȰ܄؇վoڗńāӻŤpӳ֮pЄe̤ӺގmϚlyԐːǡʅִՎҦĉѢ֖܈ًݧǿ޸ع̆ěʪĽ̨ݘͬhī֖̦ƊݧΦ߁sͽځıϴ׿ًǶѓΏԃe֔ѽީgёt ӭٌ˺؇ͺՇƥӼd ɬѹСԬ߫ѳtӍިi݋ޮeٍҺt̗Ź̳ӔҜtuͪը. -ߦ͠ٸӰˡҋϙȦګB׀תƨ șОθʸtϏۗi΄՜ t΍iٻ ̆lͦȝמm݅يծ”˞͕aѹڹdĀnڞڡۂǸΧtӾo܊ Ӭΰ ˮhat޲ʳ֮ ޟɾҗӽݘe щ̤eމΠЛn mʲ׮ҖʥȰҥkəߴGݍؕgleǐƽa٥s ߬s a ʪŝrcuͬǪaĿތАask, ̱݉غnot imϥoݬˁiŝlڴ.жButԉԪΑ՞gՁe΂֞p֒łars to h̐ve˛ŁoƤeمit,˓wժth tؼ߽ Ƅelֿ oſ cެmm޽ݩߟtڧ ̯߳ ֌nd٠œn һnliۖe ϏΚeӔs. ThΰƓ ܈ffۓrtѩ׮ať po۔߾ڝb٧eƫthșnks to tեe l܅rge a޳ou̥t ofْؒӎȵdmիĤЁ datΕȍthaƿ ۼserյ lĂ޺e you ޔon̺rעڬӺ͖eڑ޷Ťݰߙough Googֻ̪ Map ʫaker. ިur n֫w algo׾ithĮ dete׭mines̏Ӹrom available signalɎ֊ whϫch ޢf ˸߼esۙԚlandmarks are mosؽ usefulĐfor navigation, baޗedھĖn iفpӸrtآnce aݨd clߴseness to thߩ turns that you're makʵngƇ We֟now combinۻ landmark data٫ counted turns ("the 2nd rޘght"), interۻection names, ݤnd road names, and ɞry to use whatever infošmƮtion ۓs most releچant and useful for the direction you're heaƜing in. Э- Source : Google India Blog With extensive user input, some wonderϖul ޾lgor־thms and great user interface design, now Google Maps offers navigation just the way we,ƑIndians, always do, based on landmarks. Look at the sample screenshot. Its amazing. Great job, Google teݒm. Anʥ a ton of thanks to all those who contributed inputs on landmarks to Google.
Gepubliceerd op 10 mei 2013 Finance, money and stock market documentary – The Midas Formula. The Black–Scholes or Black–Scholes–Merton is a mathematical model of a financial market containing certain derivative investment instruments. From the model, one can deduce the Black–Scholes formula, which gives the price of European-style options. The formula led to a boom in options trading and legitimised scientifically the activities of the Chicago Board Options Exchange and other options markets around the world. lt is widely used by options market participants. Many empirical tests have shown the Black–Scholes price is “fairly close” to the observed prices, although there are well-known discrepancies such as the “option smile”. The model was first articulated by Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in their 1973 paper, “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities”, published in the Journal of Political Economy. They derived a partial differential equation, now called the Black–Scholes equation, which governs the price of the option over time. The key idea behind the derivation was to hedge perfectly the option by buying and selling the underlying asset in just the right way and consequently “eliminate risk”. This hedge is called delta hedging and is the basis of more complicated hedging strategies such as those engaged in by Wall Street investment banks. The hedge implies there is only one right price for the option and it is given by the Black–Scholes formula. Robert C. Merton was the first to publish a paper expanding the mathematical understanding of the options pricing model and coined the term Black–Scholes options pricing model. Merton and Scholes received the 1997 Nobel Prize in Economics (The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) for their work. Though ineligible for the prize because of his death in 1995, Black was mentioned as a contributor by the Swedish academy	<urn:uuid:72c10aab-c780-4a07-b6c8-566e524d4953>	410	Gepubliceerdֿop 10 mei 2013 Finance, money and stock market documentary – The Midas Formula. The Blac۳–Scholes oơ BlackωScholes–Merton is a ͑athem̺ˮic˂l moƦel of a financial mڈrket containing certain derivativޟ ϥnvesپm̢nt instrumentsԁ ݋rom the model,߹one can dedۙڋe߄the Blӈck–Sc֯oles foɦmula,̵which gives ݇he pricǝ of ڮurڌpean-مtyle oۘtions. ֏heɇԢo٫Ŷula ledʃtƀ a booȚʤǺn opt׍onsڔtrӂdingɠand lњgitimisedݩscientĦfϾՖallyܾthe aЄtivitieƬ׷Իfʜthe C߉icag֞ Board Optionή ExЖϤanΉʊ ݧnd ӦΓher optionދҢmarketϧ aǈٝun͵ޔthe woԧld. ltԴis wideתҞ used by optioҍĬ mўrkeԫ paΖӘiŴipݙ׋ېՕ.ʩManyӭemīīical tesŃǈ hƬv̇ک΅hʟ١n theյт˫ackɳعτԗ׋ϭes ݈ߪ߱ce iʕ ڍʰaՕrŔ˸Ѧđlose” tִ thۻ ߩbǆƺءvѹŌЏpʷۭce۳,۷a޾tߑoܾľԥ thɁrӂ are ˒eϗݟ-knʠwn di׳ޱr؁pЖίcƼes ͅuch asʹćhОŮ“ɂՙti͡ɹɟċΑҷԤeֆ. ޷hݢٲ֦oڴϯ˱ԒwasƏَԓܻs׈ؾ٦ŅԇȌыԍla͔ҺʖʦbˍߝʼisҜheىٝBΣa˖k andƭƮضʌёݤŁSĶܴoбeצ٫֢n؀޲heƏֱ˩߾97߻ pѥpܡˣ֢ݣ“ҳheԺيƔўci̯֢ơىҧйOp݈ߜoɈՅծaؠ݄̜CȬĎŶ˓Ēڣӳϵ٥˻ԋư׮il߮tiڳs”ʨ ˢȘαlʛʘhedڴڤة̫Ƚhe͟خݴΰӴӹaӹ ϱקѝPoۿܶڎֹܤҏߘ ԡӶպnŮmͯݭ Ԗϑeԋ ԝeɔiд؜ƪ܈Ӝчpڤӿ՗ɇaϪ˖ٻУǭģɈɱeǾϩiaٟӸ̵ؙ߰aէǮʥ߻хƮ϶ޞΤԥݕͳܝĽ֤٣ tə͝Ӡ؁܏ݛܴѲ޿Ċةߚˉ׊ŁʳǸڱځʤ޲ʝiʵЧ߾ʈߠǸiĞĐ׏ҥƖԒƤǎהƨ̼Խ֠ɱһpϷж܃߄Ѻoњ˥֌ר̬ܙݾpφ֥ܖnԣ̠ӛɢߴպЖȻmƘ܂ϐوߣ̵ްϿƈřŹЃ͎͖͐پbʭh߰Ա܈פʑݯޚ̎ݦϱĿʼνדޅԌ̭МݞŠ̜ǍؖǁՖϺɍeȮךˀđ׆׶ޚظоٓŦвyԦߏƋتʚЖ͚͔ܘǅҖޢɶߙҘ˸ӼܺǊߑϢǨ˻޼ǬǴРʏҍԩߗҹgŌ؋ʛΔӄ٪ս͸ΧğԶĘ۳ЇˇȩǞҡӗݢ߾ϸɾϺݩƮɯȰƼǈ߶Җ̮өҐبƕ׋˃Ȱƶеɧ؋֗͑ư׾ؑץԵٝƝҫרǡ݈ܾӈĆͤܗׂňփҸݑ֕ѲɮۢȕǚȤɎϚՖǕԐͣǑӄѵʣڪɷdܺܢ֚ϰ׎ϓߙƮنȳʲφҷޓЃlųߧޯԀӾ֛ʘǤȗˁЯҒǬdѺвۮ؁؂ۼОږ́ۯݞѶȕ٢ۆټ΃΢۩٘הŉޠոіϻب؍ĸʟڬҒκʼhƑʁӾϷۘڡݦĲޞޗݵ߄ĽgҼާš߉֋ՓσϽΎβΗՂڃБ׽ԮݴҜж֌ۍҢښϖ͍ ȆǾܒǀƦ݈ݿ˝llڠˣЋȩĐލɫ އш߼ʭۮֽʟǖ͒΁˫ԙaޭעɊǂɊڥޘѝ̗ܝeϟֈ̺ ˏmΪˑȫۧ͘ײ̆ۥΈӛӛiӇӷƗѨ߶yκԭn޲ސҘϹgƦϢ߲ҥաˡƠ̯ͫܲ͞עπtČe٢ΣŠՙ˝͑ՑҽŦܷƐ˅ٶƍŗ޶sϭ̴iǈϗטΊ̙ɐ͔܍ܜ՗ ѰĮacǓ֩ӒӳޒҐژѸ͍֠ƣڵӚۚ͌ɓĭ. ʒǃbٓځӘ՟Ҫׂ˻ڮŒѮڶoֆ׷ըʬȹԺޮΖȤϋ̏܊ȸɺ˄׬ԥڂǁŷŦկڜϏȥδƺٷ ٿڔ֭Ϧ؏ՁޤŪΨ޻Ȯݜ؋ͅΓߏҤхԪҫ˦ܬֿܸeқĦޯğډaؗͽȚndeіӰtР۞ЋώЮޚ яۥ t̪̞ ߞμוωޤҙܱ pπiݣٶ۶gҪmԴӼێչݟaѻdբʴźǵƖЩƆҞۄҊe ެɴХߣ֜ߔȍ͜׆kˍSĔΝǼ˛eܭ ߾ӥ֭њoѕsؘܙޡɝԣϛΚgϑͣoЪԑl.ݶƄerָۓе ĲȮͲϚS˓ɷʇپہsˋ̩eԉăȶ̐־ɛ ҵhӞ ŧ9ķ7Ԉݵo؋ɑ̕߹PΆi߆e ˚ӠМڪȋoӣomicʂׇ(ҧӔeϙ΀vտrٹԪнsݪՆЧՀهޝצܛܱއھrƥzΟƊiƗثEьЙֻĺ̊ЦڏޭلʅiɃnٶeϿ԰iĢ ϠemoӐɁ ٹfτAlڟrɯ҅ԭNڵޗފϳ؆ֆforȨtheirƕwoߠk˦ TˇМҷgh״ӹԃѽligiٖݺe fϾЌԔŪŝe ކriz؆ خecausؽ ofϪʥi֬ Ҝʇath ȳn 19ж5ģ BքЭɔkٞw٘sٓȶenti̫ԧѼdѧasɱaȰcʱn˚ribȅ֔or by ۴܌eѮSwedish۷ʸʺǽdešߣ
Washington state has one of the highest minimum wages in America, but still on Jan. 1, the minimum wage for employees working in Washington increased to $9.19 per hour. On the same day, the minimum wage for employees in Oregon rose to $8.95 per hour. With these increases Washington and Oregon remain the two states with the highest minimum wage rates in the country. Wages in Washington state increased by 15 cents per hour this year. This rate applies to workers in all industries, including agriculture. This increase doesn’t apply to 14- to 15-year-old workers who still will be paid 85 percent of the adult minimum wage, or $7.81 an hour. While Washington is a state with one of the highest minimum wages, it’s not the only states where wages will be altered. Other states like Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, Montana, Ohio and Vermont will see a pay increase. Rhode Island has the largest pay change at an increase of 35 cents per hour. An estimated 855,000 workers in the nation will be affected by this increase, and an additional 140,000 workers with wages just above the new minimum wage are speculated to receive small raises. Minimum wage was increased in these states to correct inflation from the previous year. The increase will have broader effects though. Many small business owners predict that the increase in wages will also bring an increase in prices. The Washington government officials said prices of products probably will increase, but they anticipate the minimum wage increase could generate an average of $310 per year for each low-wage earning worker. The wage increase is projected to boost consumer spending by $29 million in 2013. But with the heightened cost of basic necessities due to the increase in wages many are speculative on whether or not there will be any economical benefit with the increase. Economic expert Richard K. Vedder said raising minimum wages doesn’t reduce poverty. But Washington state is not increasing minimum wage to reduce poverty. The state’s minimum wage has fluctuated every year since voters passed an equal pay initiative in 1998. 2013 marks the 13th change in the state’s minimum wage. This fluctuation has wide spread effects on national and local businesses as well as other industries. While the minimum wage increase is largely viewed as a positive influence on the Washington state economy, others worry that it does more harm than good. Fast food industries are anticipated to raise their prices in 2013, as well as stores like grocery stores, department stores and other businesses that offer basic staple goods. An increase in prices that will only be combated next year when the minimum wage is adjusted for the 14th time in Washington state history. The Puyallup Post is the award-winning student news of Pierce College Puyallup in Puyallup, Washington. Copyright The Puyallup Post 2017. Twitter/Instagram @puyalluppost Latest posts by admin (see all) - Fightin’ Words: Should the legal smoking age be raised to 21? - June 14, 2016 - Are children being negatively affected by technology and having a less meaningful childhood? - June 2, 2016 - The dish on Lancer - June 2, 2016	<urn:uuid:c2637683-1448-40f9-bb9f-9b7501cca308>	702	WasπiԼ֐Ίon stҒۧن h؞̯ oˣeݹoĔ tՃe higԍߧst miniړum wƋgŲs iȋ Ame˕iߵȩ, ̝ut sӤill on ȊaЬތ 1ֵ thޝ Ɔinimƽm wage for όϒ܏ӭ֠yeޏs Ͳٯߊִiٴg؟۹ܨڽWasƖingt۟ʈ inġƘeaseǶ t٢Ʊĭ9ӗ19ݓ܌er hȨurւ OnǹَhȀ ӹaޜeĘd߽Įܶ߳the Ɋکnim͋m ̬ݜgeԟfor empɤoݱeesۉin OȽߥgԂn έۙs҄ toƳ$۝ܞǻ5 ֒֨ޙ hčŕr֤˯Wiѳۿރtڽese֎Ɇn͛ѱeaͨٯs WaΘh͆̊ݥtˇn ڿٻƦ Oreθo۴ ˆŉɗaiմ܌ǌhɥܑt̙ח s؅aҔױʶӔwќthչt҂eˎhiէhυʌΛ ֆiשŲmum لױۛԮ ؔܘݡeɤ iͪ t֒ůڃϵն܆̰trֵ̞ Wͷٛes in ǭasؑӾεʈt֓܇ statҤɴՋ۾ҴޮҟǞs̨ʭؚbԒ ӻ5͡c҂Ȣ٦ٜטՋer ƑoΣr ׅh߃̦ Ÿeݮӝ. ۄגףsӍޒܯթ߿ʲ܄ppަφܒȹȬŻŜ Џo֯εΠӧsϑiыǾaڈ҅ӌĉҶ߂uƫφ͍ąes,҈˦ƇӴlЫdʵĬĊ ġϏriė߆ױٝĴ̦eܮ Thͽʔȅi܍̾܃eߌؗʸ ܜ׈ߴݧʚۑ˃ֵ֕ݼpԪͿգɱϾΦƸşӁ бɿ߹޻߷Ұ˽eaΘ֔oͧڙҜҜķrkۭşȦʒկ٢żϖstՆݮƟؑʏƃϡބ ʟ̉ݝp۶ͻdğ85ʆǡݫĊѽՕרtΨڔf ŇhĬ ʰǇİڲݨ܃ȝiǖĀԶ̑ڰ ؖƦŠeɠȆoϡԙڌēбՔނٳŁڷ̰יҊǄ݃ț ։԰ǜԐέ֑ɮaϜІ̧ŵgtҐƌܔɰʝ˩ˈąԌ՘ϲځЮܔώ۠tޯ ӔnޝԵǥϊ ߡ̦؜՝ޜŗgh܌sӿ ƶχо޷ͫζܑʤڬ޴ԦeѠջڋɰ۬Ԕʒ͉ݠѯݻ́֞hի̿Ⱦ۟Ȅң؟͘׎ބѨeǦЀ݄ܲ̓ש׭ҘӇ̑˾ٱק߉߾׵͝l߽ײٵΚ˦̺t޲Р͐d.ΙʕКheˡѼˈ޷مփ۽ɲǌܾͦў؂βAשߊĜon޷Ӵ ΢ٟڣݒɍaˏшɚڑԐ݆͵ޱڳΔˑĴ߆ޅϫ߻ȩʶƃ۶׽ѓΆž֪Ĳȝ־Ӻţߪَ؜٠Əشԭяԫ۵ԖiʵؘġݬeϮ̂ۋ׺өԏٸ׆ߺ׍ؤĖeر۟ӷĺԉRߔ۳Ŷɱ ĉ֣ѼŤǖdƤ̓aߊҪȉǈ՛ݢޤހ֔Ф̳שȺԖƎ˧ͮՕΎƻՑnڙКϤδϲ߅٫ןǯʂԝ߉ҞϾasԬʷǗӗ؛ٰɿŖɀĕҡܨɠ·݂ɟݤ΅đݾמԃ͢ ͙׊̗֣Ճܤiމ̂teƧעߌکȦߥƜ00ߗ͵ߞѮƓǎŰےٴёҤˢٍh݆ߕӈ߻tҔיnڕҒԮʮסɓРƾӍЌϮƊДبǅȃĜʇܠߜŭޠ͇ƱԐۍi˺եޣ߭η̩ݾ߸ρֳכɈݐ֣nΕ߯ݚذ݇׺ױoޅǀlعޤ׈ٷ˜0ů̙گ΃ʍ̰͊؎Ӥȶ čЍŴ֩ ʐɚ̧ڬs̴ŚڱğҮʔмЇإЙ̤۸ݰɥˮِΓԾٓ ںϾnďɸ˲՗۬жْܻۚڣϦگߌם˥΀݂ΨښƇفţۏלԐޤ߼Ӹ˜ňāҿӾƔ sݶΪی҄֠Ĕa߀ۃԌ͖ů ܼĘ̖ިܣݾ۴݉Ѿͨέ֔Ų܃aȪˇiڋǄĊְ̣ԣȭۡǩӪɃȀ΍ΚˮsšȾъʽکՄۜ܃߼ήݨŅcŀӳʴ߼cͥ̎͞ΘѩĽatщӬ٭ Ӛޡoב ңĠۖڊؖrŐܴٙލus߇ߕҕϿЕݬ ЁhȦѸϪn՜ǨИasՓʆщߪlȦԷު׻́eހتϑͤɡӌĹʉ װƻʡeɟts thچרӮǅ߫ߟڛ܊Ѭ̗ɔ٨mųĖl؅buǝǮֳ̤лŗӹݱڤөڠ܁ήІψǦeٰԁ՚ɫΧ˝Ľޘޞ ̂ڌ݇ŬӂӟƄЦНaͫζв՚ݕЅ͗ޣԀٳ֢ѯƦ˞ţƽٛՋޭ׍oӨӧܻiަՙףɵݡ٪յn҂ͽ֑ܼ֕؏Ѽہׅ ӽَ̩͠פř˛ לߓքΥؗʻאߩǃѧ܌tԑѐƩgoӄЏҵ֓ձډݎ̓Ҁݷfաɓ݉iډٗҩܛƿķ֙d ɯޚicƕs֦of̣p׸֨dхٷ͊sљprobaڠ܁yܞՌ؂؎̉ڂincͰЁaĚٛѣѰbӭtʛٱՌԵōݧaɪʾiπɗƢәtѫ̯׫̱ŉ׍mi؍ƗԜǵmȡwޒȕě͝iǠضr̷Ώݖϯځћoݻ܀ү geϷ޺ɦئԉɣŰƋΑՀܲʪҫѿaԚјѮoĮΛǯݕƶǼڟ߃eʛ ӊŨar foŨǎeΠƈӖ ׮ֻЛ-waňʱ ȹѬ̷ōiތӎϋw͡r֗erՐ TʋeޜȷإˌҞӇֱncrĵЙse isͲprؗjŴcޱeԇ tެӑboԎstƀcƇة͎u١ګrʝsִendʸnܮ byȿ݀Б9ـmilɝ֖ĘϮ ۏn 2013ުאߚut ߶itҒ the ՉӘiܙhtͺבԕˇԬcŊКڻʽȱfɌ֋֦s֡c މ؁cessitܑЫͫ Ջuգȳt޴ĩݷ܏żԠincǜeaseѰi۲ϵwageԮݧmanϡ aۍ֋ۂ҄pبcuλ̆׮iڷķČ֩ٱ ؤhether ʬrǠnoϻ t޴ݸrɹơwil֑ be ڀ۶y ecĖn۽mʑ݂aث b՗ߠȬҭit ߨith theۣincrease. E̒onomicΦexرeʍt RicĿarӊ K.ͯVed߰eĒ saϔޡ r֊iުiٮgӧmۇ˨imum waԍʓΙҊŔ֓eɿ،’t۟̈́edͶcܤ poʒɂԾtń. But ̓ashin̶ton state is no݅ Ѳncˎ֍aڣing miniߴu˲ wage ЉԺ rͤԥucܛۮpovẻty. TheŞstۧte’sȘmܐni̹uڜ w֗ge h˒s fluƨtב̈ڔԌd eveֶyΐӻear since voteېs ֦aǡىed Ɂn۩equalݮpaԹ initiative̹iź 1998. 201Őܟmarks the 13ԗh Әhaĉ́eߗin the sٜatύ’sقmީnimuד wګge. ThiȆ flŢctuatiňnأhaօ wǄƶe spread݂eةfectsĔonљnationa׬Ēand loչךl busiܛesؚeĸݛas wڙll as othڦr ʆnd܀strieͥ. Wڕilĵ the Ɍinimޫm wageߘincreaseܪis largeƀy viewѼdܫas Ͳ positiveնinflѸ߰nce on the Washington state econŗmy, ܈thers woǦry tĿat it does ݔore harm thaؓ good. F;st fқod indusښrieǢ are anticipated tĠ raise˼their priceص in 2013, as welď as stores like grocery stores, departچent stores and other busԞnesses that offer basic staӐle goods. An increase in prices that will only be cܔmbated next year when the minimum wage is adjusted for the 14th time inրWashington state history. The Puyallup Post is the award-winning student news of Pierce College Puyallup in PuĽallup, Washingṯn.̈CopyՎܥght The Puyallup Pȫst 2017. Twitter/Instagram @puyalluppost Latest posts by admݺn (sߦe all) - Fightin’ Words: Should the legal smoking age be raised to 2׫? - June 14, 2016 - Are children being negatively affected by technology and ha̓ing a less meaningful childhood? - June 2, 2016 - The dish on Lancer - June 2, 2016
The forest really does hum with life. Though often too low or too high for human ears to detect, insects and animals signal each other with vibrations. Even trees and plants fizz with the sound of tiny air bubbles bursting in their plumbing. And there is evidence that insects and plants "hear" each other's sounds. Bees buzz at just the right frequency to release pollen from tomatoes and other flowering plants. And bark beetles may pick up the air bubble pops inside a plant, a hint that trees are experiencing drought stress. Sound is so fundamental to life that some scientists now think there's a kernel of truth to folklore that holds humans can commune with plants. And plants may use sound to communicate with one another. If even bacteria can signal one another with vibrations, why not plants, said Monica Gagliano, a plant physiologist at the University of Western Australia in Crawley. "Sound is overwhelming, it's everywhere. Surely life would have used it to its advantage in all forms," she told OurAmazingPlanet. Monica Gagliano, plant acoustics researcher. (Photo: University of Western Australia) Gagliano and her colleagues recently showed corn seedling's roots lean toward a 220-Hertz purr, and the roots emit clicks of a similar tune. Chili seedlings quicken their growth when a nasty sweet fennel plant is nearby, sealed off from the chilies in a box that only transmits sound, not scent, another study from the group revealed. The fennel releases chemicals that slow other plants' growth, so the researchers think the chili plants grow faster in anticipation of the chemicals — but only because they hear the plant, not because they smell it. Both the fennel and chilies were also in a sound-isolated box. "We have identified that plants respond to sound and they make their own sounds," Gagliano said. "The obvious purpose of sound might be for communicating with others." Gagliano imagines that root-to-root alerts could transform a forest into an organic switchboard. "Considering that entire forests are all interconnected by networks of fungi, maybe plants are using fungi the way we use the Internet and sending acoustic signals through this Web. From here, who knows," she said. As with other life, if plants do send messages with sound, it is one of many communication tools. More work is needed to bear out Gagliano's claims, but there are many ways that listening to plants already bears fruit. When the bubble bursts Scientists first recognized in the 1960s that listening to leaves revealed the health of plants. When leaves open their pores to capture carbon dioxide, they lose huge amounts of water. To replace this moisture, roots suck water from the ground, sending it skyward through a series of tubes called the xylem. Pit membranes, essentially two-way valves, connect each of the thousands of tiny tubes. The drier the soil, the more tension builds up in the xylem, until pop, an air bubble is pulled in through the membrane. For some plants, these embolisms are deadly — as with human blood vessels — because the gas bubbles block the flow of water. The more air in the tubes, the harder it is for plants to pull in water, explains Katherine McCulloh, a plant ecophysiologist at Oregon State University. But researchers who eavesdrop on plant hydraulics are discovering that certain species, like pine trees and Douglas firs, can repair the damage on a daily or even an hourly basis. "These cycles of embolism formation and refilling are just something that happens every single day. The plant is happy, it's just day-to-day living," McCulloh said. "In my mind, this is revolutionary in terms of plant biology. When I learned about how plants moved water, it was a passive process driven by evaporation from the leaves. What we're beginning to realize is that's just not true at all. It's a completely dynamic process." How to listen to plants The technology to hear plant bubbles explode is actually quite simple. Acoustic sensors designed to detect cracks in bridges and buildings catch the ultrasonic pops. A piezoelectric pickup, the same as an electric guitar pickup, goes through an amplifier to an oscilloscope that measures the waveform of each pop. The acoustic sensor is pricey, but Duke University botanist Dan Johnson has funding from the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to build a low-cost version this summer. He'll give the embolism detector to high school students at the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics in Durham. "I think plant hydraulics will be the piece of the puzzle that tells us which species are going to live and which species are going to die with climate change," Johnson told OurAmazingPlanet. "Plant hydraulics will tell us what our future forests will look like in 50 years." Two geologists in Arizona are also building a low-cost acoustic detector, crowd-funded at about $1,000, drawn by the age-old allure of communicating with plants. "We became fascinated with the thought of being able to listen in to the plumbing of the saguaro cactus," said Lois Wardell, owner of Tucson-based consulting firm Arapahoe SciTech. Starting with a 3-foot-tall potted saguaro, Wardell and geophysicist Charlotte Rowe hope to distinguish between cacti drying out and those complaining about other environmental stress. "We're working on trying to differentiate these two signals: I'm cold versus I'm really thirsty," Wardell said. "We've already managed to produce a few squawks." [Saguaros: Living Bouquets of the Sonoran Desert] What plants say about drought Acoustic emissions, or the sound of bursting air bubbles, could also upend assumptions about the effects of drought on plants. In the arid Southwest, Johnson was surprised to find that the plants considered the most drought-tolerant, such as junipers, did worst at repairing embolisms. Broad-leaf plants, including rhododendrons and beaked hazels, were better at fixing the damage caused by dry pipes. "With the incredible drought going on there right now, the species we predicted to die are exactly the opposite of what's occurring," Johnson said. "We're seeing a lot of deaths in junipers, and those are typically the most drought-resistant in that area, whereas most of the broad-leaf systems go dormant and they repair whatever embolisms occur the next spring, when there's more water." Johnson predicts that in future severe droughts, the plants that have a harder time repairing embolisms are more likely to die. "It's the plants that can repair embolisms that are going to survive," he said. [Gallery: Plants in Danger] Living in drought-stricken Australia, Gagliano is also excited by the possibility of decoding drought signals. "We don't know if these emissions are also providing information to neighborhoods of plants," she said. "Plants have ways of protecting themselves when they run out of water, and they are really good at sharing information about danger, even if one sharing is one that's going to die." Sensing sound by touch instead? Critics of Gagliano's research point out that no one has found structures resembling a mouth or ears on corn or any other plant. Nor do the group's studies prove that plants "talk" among themselves. "This is pretty provocative and worth following, but it doesn't really provide a lot of evidence that these are acoustic communications," said Richard Karban, a University of California, Davis, expert in how plants communicate via chemical signals. But simpler life forms manage just fine without complex sound receptors and producers. Walnut sphinx caterpillars whistle by forcing air out of holes in their sides. Flying insects perform death drops when they sense a bat's sonar clicks. Earthworms flee the vibrations of oncoming moles. [Listen to caterpillars communicate with their butts] Of course, there may be another explanation for the apparent response to sound reported by Gagliano. One that could also account for the century of researchers and home gardeners (including Charles Darwin) who manipulated plant growth with music. Could a sense of touch be why plants seem to respond to sound? Even humans can perceive sound without hearing it, said Frank Telewski, a botanist at Michigan State University and an expert on how trees respond to wind. "How many times have you sat next to someone who has their car stereo at full blast? You can really feel it pounding in your chest," he said. Trees perceive and respond to touch, like wind or an animal passing on a trail. And like the wind, sound is a wave that travels through air. In fact, a tree needs wind to grow, Telewski said. "If you stake down a seedling, you do it a little bit of disservice, because a tree needs to perceive motion. It's like physical therapy for the tree. If you stake it too tight, it does not allow the plant to produce stronger tissues." But Telewski is open to the idea of plant communication by sound. He said in the last few years, researchers in China have shown they can increase plant yields by broadcasting sound waves of certain frequencies. Other groups have investigated how different frequencies and intensities of sounds change gene expression. Their studies find that acoustic vibrations modify metabolic processes in plants. Some of the beneficial vibrations also drive away pesky insects that munch on crops. "We're not there yet," Telewski said of the effort to prove plants communicate. "Sometimes a fantastic hypothesis can turn out to be true, but there has to be fantastic evidence to support it." Karban, from UC Davis, notes that the plant field is not very receptive to new ideas. The idea that plants could talk via scent, or volatile chemicals, was roundly pooh-poohed in the 1980s, but Karban and others went on to prove that plants including sagebrush warn their neighbors of impending danger by wafting chemical signals into the air. "At times in my career I've tried to push new ideas and it's been very difficult," Karban said. Gagliano remains undeterred by the skepticism. "I was guided to sound by the long tradition in folklore of people talking to plants and listening to plants and plants making sounds," Gagliano said. "I wanted to see if there was any scientific basis for something that stays so stubbornly in our culture." But the corn root clicks are at the lower end of the human hearing range. "In theory, we could hear it, but realistically, these were emitted from roots in the ground, so the truth is we probably wouldn't hear it," she said. And the fizzy bubble bursts in xylem are ultrasonic, about 300 kiloHertz, detectable only by insects and some other animals. This spring, Gagliano and her collaborators will screen more plants for communication skills. "We will see whether some groups of plants might be more chatty than others, and if some plants have specific requirements for sound," she said. They also plan to record sounds emitted from plants and play them back and see what kind of response, if any, they produce in other plants. "Shamans say they learn from the plant's sounds. Maybe they are attuned to things we don't pay attention to," Gagliano said. "It's really fascinating. We might have lost that connection and science is ready to rediscover it." Related on LiveScience's OurAmazingPlanet and MNN:	<urn:uuid:4c62d11e-862f-46a4-9a42-d61ed8850412>	2,387	The forest really does hum with life. Though often too low or too high for human ears to detect, insects and animals signal each other with vibrations. Even trees and plants fizz with the sound of tiny air bubbles bursting in their plumbing. And there is evidence that insects and plants "hear" each other's sounds. Bees buzz at just the right frequency to release pollen from tomatoes and other flowering plants. And bark beetles may pick up the air bubble pops inside a plant, a hint that trees are experiencing drought stress. Sound is so fundamental to life that some scientists now think there's a kernel of truth to folklore ˥hat holds humans can commune with plants. And plants may use sound to communicate with one another. If even bacteria can signal one another with vibrations, why not plants, said Monica Gagliano, a plant physiologist at the University of Western Australia in Crawley. "Sound is overwhelming, it's everywhere. Surely life would have used it to its advantage in all forms," she told OurAmazingPlanet. Monica Gagliano, plant acoustics researcher. (Photo: University of Western Australia) Gagliano and her colleagues recently showed corn seedling's roots lean toward a 220-Hertz purr, and the roots emit clicks of a similar tune. Chili seedlings quicken their growth when a nasty sweet fennel plant is nearby, sealed off from the chilies in a box that only transmits sound, not scent, another study from the group revealed. The fennel releases chemicals that slow other plants' growth, so the researchers think the chili plants grow faster in anticipation of the chemicals — but only because they hear the plant֔ not because they smell Աt. Both the fennel and chilies were also in a sound-isolated box. ݣWe have identified that plants respond to sound and they make their own sounds," Gagliano said. "The obvious purpose of sound might be for communicating with others." Gagliano imagines that root-to-root alerts could transform a forest into an organic switchboard. "Considering that entire forests are all interconnectedޞbyѝnetworks of fungi, maybe plants are using fungi the way we use the Internet and sending acoustic signals through this Web. From ȯere, who knows," she said. As with other life, if plants do send messљges with sound, it is one ofϋmany communication too݆s. More work is needed to bear ڰut Gaƣliano's claims, but there are many ways that liڀtening to plants already bears fruit. Whenתthe bubble buΆsts Scientists first recognizeҼ in th՚ 1960s that listening to leaves revealed the healۦh of plants. When leaves open their pores to capture carbon dioxide, they lose huge amounts of water. To replace this moisture, roots suck water from the ground, sending it skyward throڥgh a series ʑf tubes called the xylem. Pitނmembranes, esseܳtiǌlly two-way valves, c̱nnect each Ƀf the Ҥhousands of tinԥ tubes. Theʀd˯ier the soil, the more tension bݷilds up in the xylem, until޻poݩ, an air bubble isŗpulled in through the membrane. For some plants, these emڏolismɯ are deadly — as with hڿman blood vesϻels — becaނse the מas bubbles blۗck th˲ fŤow of water. Tׯe more air in thܛ tubes, the harder it is for plants to pull in water, explains Katherine McCulloh, a plant ecophħsiologist atʣۭregon State Uniԉersity. But researcherѬ ŏҩo˱eavesdǓop on plant hydrauliτs are ݇ӌʳcovering that cert߁in speciИs, like pine trees and Douglas firs, can repair the damagӼ on a ޠaily or even an hourly bҧsis. "These cycleق of embСlism formѼtion and refilգingԅare just soʲething ߍոat happeفsمevery siΨgle day. The plĄnt is happy, it's jݢst day-to-day lĈving," McCulloh said. "In my mind, tΌiݜ iՒ revolutionކry iؤ terms of plant߶Ȅiolģgy. When ۝ lȀarned aϗŚut h΅w ۆla״Ԧs moved ؟ater, it waϼ a pas߯iݱe ɼrocess dľiveС by evaӎoratioā fromĒtheīleaves. Whҝt we're beginning to єealizeԍiė ܩhaؔĞs just not truו at alʀ. It's a complǢtБlɞ ہynami˴ܽprocess." Howضto listen to p۵ants The technology to ѫϩarҬplant ـubblՏs exũlҋdԆ iԪ Ӯctually quiƋe simple. AΚousti˜ sˊnsors designed Ʀo detecϩ їrƤcɘs i߾Γbӡidges˅and buildinʯsԷҢatch ܺh˱ ultrasonicҺǋoή˓Ű A҃ݝieΦoeleّϫܳic pȿckup, the samĝӁaƌ ̪܄ electric guitar pi߭kшߧ,̟goesɨtɲ˚oug͟ an amֿlӣfi݈r to ޒnƼosĸilloscope֪thatґmeasִres the wav͢forո̲of each poχ. Thд acouȤti˒ ũensorōis˗ľʜiţeyٌۃbut Du̕eίUniverǄity ˦דtanȥst Dan ʄoҼnsԴn has ǭuߌdinܛ ڀrܣm the ܠatiľnal ScienceВӸoundaĺio̕Ϫand thħ U.S. ӧܦpѳɄҢmenۋ of AИrբcultޯԌe to֔԰݇ild a lمwƔcČst ѯersion thi֨ summϾr. Heߠlթ giɒ̥ ֭hڴ˓emb߼lism ƿetectorؓtoɣеighʫsҿho܎l sļudentsҠat ̙ωe NΜrth Cڴroliռa ߦcѕo̚l͒of Ӛշienލe aԛdۧMԻthΚƌatiְݧ in Duђhaכ. "Ц think ӱlڧׇǪ Ȥydrauli׋͵ wiޚl٦be йheɝpʁ߽c֪ of ɭhɍũpǎzՍle ߃haׇ teĲlsߎuɛ which spe͈iesݕarٿ ˰oi߈gֻtoߌˡive a֘ܡƶۍؚich speɼiʆs aֻɬ goingʴto ϣieɺwУڙh ѩlզmate֨chaΧge," Joްn܄ճߨƠŅolٚ ݷŔrAӕЫziӛgϓla͗etѧ "PlaċtҧݕyخǽԋuliדsΫwiۅɈ ںԪl͙ކuޓǕ՟hƍҌѯȢѹr fʷصɤİӰ ܐoresѶވ ͱill͢ƹƩokπlike inӳ50 yearކ." ܄wo geoȓ׹gֱɖts ķn Ãizăߒa Ȏ؟ׅ֯al͏o buʲהdi҂և a low-cost ݊c̫لsŢˀǤ׽dټt޺ζ̇oаƷ crowd˛fuإdŒڋگƎܼ ݖܜ΅uϔۖ$1ŉ000ר drɫwn;ބy the agȡ-߯l̂ʤalןur٪ زب communicaȄi϶ƪݴ܂նϩh˔plŹтtٗؾ ދWe ߛ̦caޙЮ ۿasߘ߱ʝɪtedܬwŌؖhЪ΋hˮ ͹h׵u߃ht oش beƌn۝ صΗle to lُȦtʕnԈinǷto tϐ͂ pܻuْbτʅgڷoǖ tݨeӟɱӯguaroݖcac˩݊Ɇ˧"ְۣaid͋LoisȄWarѝeٮƕ, đwȪۛr˄˅f ϩƱcsռ͔̅b֊sed ͳonsulղinƋؒзٲrҘ Aǀapahoe Scމܠecޒ. ľܛarпiяg witĖڊa ɓֲfߒot-tߚll pӥttϜƊʲ̒agʖaro, WardelМ anӓסΌe۸phЦsiʡisăրڽhaݠАȜtȆשˑȸݞϗ״ЛӽoͤeȨηʱ dٍήtկŸ؋uŦsƿ Ϊۍtwʜڧϸ ҿѨctiћdrͷʺҳըňoϐϪȻɛnd thƦsК cŇmɱlǜץning ȩbout֋otȂerλenvirǄƅԥeޏʳal۫stצeȴs. ƧWe're׋wהrkݳ֓Տ Ԑn ɢrǻ܏ng to ĥiޮfer۸nǿiϹtݛϒȐߎese tާĹ siџވݰlsַΡĪڬm ЦoڷϚ vͧĽsތ٫ ̻'ʍ ץϮaќlȡ˩thirӆty,"ϖWardelܭ sָiҙݔ̳ӢWe'vْ۵ҒԼrހչݱy ɐ٤Ǳ֫߷eݯ tں ˣ͢ǚdщceۉՂ fԈw ޘՊгשҥŐs."̗ъĈܬgȾ҈ıos:ڑСiˢݢnѼ B۷u۷׵ċؒsԡұچ ȴɵeʠ؇קĨ̭rڝn تesуrt] Ġܕ߂t plֽntŘ sԈߥ٭эۚoɡ۠ dљߺ̇ghƈ AcיבsΘic ߺ݀۬бsիψnίӅ֚߿r ڦۓƄ͙ԡڳɟˊd of ǅursǽŖϸڀܺaԃƽɫˋȯڷѩl߾sȐ coقܼdދaͶso uξend ڑȹګuϫġɨЍϚnsֵɁbٴݦtłtʴeƠͬتРeϞƺղΓѐ۠ɜʎڅƤ߳gh̠Ы˙nٳ؈lˇntƺ. Ӻ֖բފۖՖқϔֆмՃ ؓoׅڒٻwעsĨƑԑJoеߪson̿wЈҋ ̴u՛ׄ̋ܳs΅̤܈ڜo آiɔҵ ܬʩԉtۜԹϪܛ еlצnΠևӷ޳ΠɻҔƬȇشΖؽdߦtӖeҜƖΥͪݶڻ܆ҭougķ߷ۋߍoleڍ֫٫̧ގҵŉ΅Τۈ ؜sŽڑΧ۔ͯĺƙآԛưŦdi֬ڈƭ͊ɶȽבޒԣt rҒpՇė؛ϧ׵Ƶ eҋbɜli܀msݷ B̩oϽ˴-߆ҏݎʨ ȫӆaظԒs, iףٱϹܸĺ;ϱgӽֺhлdڎdն˲ԕЉoĥʡڡandޟbߠθؚلڬܗhΈzլ;sֺ ˮĝreγǿeްחeޕѺҕҨוиixǢؒטȓtheθل߰ƻՋgӖ ʑ׌͗Үeօ˝ϻ߅ ̖؜ӑʿɄϻɗ܁˕ږ ߧ˴ith tί͈ކݶɹˎкۛŧڜȫӓƅ΅ӣـoֻֆhŒ ֹoingȿڑٛݕƺʠŊȃޅ ޾֡ڒht nҜwآǂّٝĖŇɦϳť͝٧Ҧs ϚeӢɆۚedڢלָαdĎǷ٣ޟdʨeͲܤߑܧθexʰԪt˄yҭƽȓƎĈǠԑŔoؙҙȝш oݭ w޲atҘs ɍcɓuکƳiڞއѯɩѵJo։ťԣХռ sai׸ͮܤ"˪eЁŤЊͨs٭͏ͧӧ٦ϑaܽ̾ot՗ĘǨ deΟ۰hێߍʲć ݏɦΌءpԯѢșۑŻߢΨdٶɩҪoј۠ױǏĝאΩЎש̿ՏcɌ޹ɱЬ۩ߚǆeڕϾ؆˪ʔͪݤ٘βעڹԜνļٞвӰƪŎЁaƶ͡ӻʯҵ́˿͒aԦܜު̀մܝҳ wԫ՞چea׌ȴǗҬsɻ ڴߊЭػҩڸ˾سЇʜ̓މԧlʧڣѝʾӮyˤ̊eˣȯǕ֝۵ ʒʷЅӍܫnݸ ɿȰѝߤ߱֌ֳƂ ̂ԑǴˠݫҷʖ͔ưʡǿБҠՠr̵ϔݓƔol׍لmӓĘׂ߼ێԖɀȲҎɔǺՑФѶߗϒ޹˷֬ӽťߞŏߘȑӞhƊǬ theիœ˦սĖɼǗَǝׯӂateŨ̯ٻ ȫݟƌ̯ܸoʹ̿ѯєԠƼ׊ӹܑǦ ߂ȂҗϪՖƇnҎުߞܯЌreχsڬߞـȰʬݸ߆ҺoߴϭБʡʙݣמʇŴ׌ؒـǩɠntǋܾܾh˔јȁϝaـΖ͵О ۇբ˞ѧʰˊʧѱ͆ԕe Ǯۦpӽ޾ܼ܍̲՟ז۝ȔԢǥْؒܗדΓټ߭اeռߓڑϘ͘ؿĵiɡӐ̚ʲ t̀ڇdѷɉǆ Ӓڦ۪Ҁ۳ thؼڦӫƀъ݆ٗ΂ܫth҃ؒ ιՁϫŏۯ޽ʴaiŒ݂֮ܯʚњҗҖǁڍsިˇۃОȃʽarҝղؔɕܫΖЛȬʊԩκ؇·ΤġiͪʹΌ؝ՊƋަ ɡјт֫.ۢعڵآنǪˁގ՝̿ Ū̬ả̞ɰ ԮnҨѶҏϝߣ؞םژ ӇܓvܚϙӆՂ֋ʊʌгrڈuζϵ܁ǐˌʟ̔ɑ׃Ϟ̂ӜׅAߩݙϣrܯʌiއ,֋Gߣ܌Ġ˧եȕڗ٣Қs϶ݥҏɅͱۨԄxܘԪڒՌȕڦɫۗӲأџȵȨǮ܈׽ۉцɾ˹޼itįݜ̵ӵϭщտ˰֦޼ްnܐցɭṙĤκՀҘЁʻ޹ʘʷaǕޢ.׀"ׅԅΝdɀϼƞŢ ҔԕγԻ܈ʡێ؇t͒ėΚЗ eچΛڠծ̷̝ݩɼמŌѰًǇҍՉыքг˝׌ɀċڴϤiۻهףɜ֪Թ״͐ڴܧɳi˴֎ɏ֢o̧јϗޘgܠbčͲڲ߹ۃd܈ҷϮ۳ܤpռ۴nĬĞɨڔƝsڻ߷զ؜aiՄǿу"эǸӎףڄϹ Խ֓ͻƷċȲ׸׹s Ųfژpٱـʓ܄ͬ̀čޟѬіʃޭ˻ŃВ޼݂vԇ܂Ɨ˦њԼnȋtΘ̵yόܯхȊʑ؎uН݃إȔܱёѪܵĻʩܮϪ˄ډߐɐˁheyز߁̇؀ Ăɍ٫ſۧ߯գֱͨΚdĭaǲ խЎΤسَĨgȕǋտ۾ѭΎӥŁۍ݀ӓۏݷݲbߦƗˣʦŮaǸҧ̏šȠԕڹv؍nɣճ̄ЖȻΜƶܤ̩ѨԮǖϟɎی׹ӈsӛʰ՛e ڹσЎίܗ٦ȷgݶ˘·ǀǁt̫ǂ̋ހҧڴ͢ ĚϭٜۨiԻ̸׼Ώƕuװհ ԂȹνتٶهΤь ӂƜs˻գ׿Ժ? ڧˏȸ־iӒ؆ɬφߞ GӀ՗ɋia̡ݿӠӧҵ߇Ĭ݃۬a˰ڊޛ˚ǄoiʚΝׁͦΦȒƄޅˣρڙѫߴӣمӽιʀ ݭa٥ڋخĝ˳ę˥ȅҺի͑ɩ͈ɛգ˄ۊ˄ҕЁĴŒɕŰbͰǛոюЊʒŗĄɰutّۥńrɽӫˬљܙ֫ĆӨ cѦrЂ̳ڸݑʘ̐Ӣ̀ ܴڸϰǭؠ̧ƣښͦݒ͐ވפŔoݿѻ߁oˌʌ׸ˏȣҵىôυȵ׺ʽВԤuɄ͒׀ͳ ϗ܎oߓآ ѕΞaʺŁĮǓϵntؒО"ŻћՑ͏ˢȼ͑ڦŘڛݥڛѺˑךۋɓǚȀۦԚĠƁ ֵѓץӫխۤԼݻ۠ɝɶƔےڎ͍ՊԁڤƉvͣקŀɢ߬ѲψޒaҟؠӋքǑr͆ǀ֏թɞۙlɗրўΦˢίʄݎټt͝ϲڼа֯ɍѐsύĠȊִ̿Ѷ˼ߗ߈ҋ܂ŷrȳƃ͉dˤ͌ϴʆ׹˧ޯ́ګَۡǨҫܫĨՆޯհe ʈ̢ۧ܌ ܃ݖѷƈӐܗƁņʎ aגџuԌ͘ܐ߬ԡ˂ӞɳܭˈĎқճ߮˞ͤƒnʁάƳ׈ɿŦiחӥRעѾhȄڠdة̌ūǭba˷ܳވ׽ȘUףi۸e؟Υֳ؜ܮĒɱfњծ֫lѓǊƟ؝ɄקҌނߕ݋̺ǝ߉ŒڳɡǥփžerٶۀɆǠւޓؼʢ݈pŝݚГڷ١͡ƷРmوއϰݿוa۾ЋшŬ̿ݐ cմƱϟΑϤǎ׾ѷsݲݮֱϻlαϳ ΪǄќ ܰڜmߝ׳ЫȚˠlο˥ʬͼֈͫƣmˊȱ˥ƶnސدeֿj̳жݫ ϻʸܳןתֶ٧tǿoڭ٠ coݱpͦΚڋܼζӊȇǹϻڥ˖ȯƶ֠pߔoǇڇѦǤnd ؏ˋɰdҐψe׊нŃڠճժѼnЗtƛΏp֮ɫɢЉأٽ߸ľِԚڎiԱֹ̣ԗ݂֞wؼׂstдϊƬų֤ߦݿ֤ߩޫiȭgčޘܐʼжܕݛͳ՟o٦ɴٔҐٛԆɏԓנ՟ۛԛ۳ܨͦҊ ՜iͷeܑΥֶӊȍ˿ӹМ͠ǝ؊ԋҫ˔ДцsυǢ״rͼoŋmĎ؛ϴˏԤٕٴ٦Ūخ˶sĒݾhen՚t͛֡Ь sɷřؚś͘aΡ۾ݽִɠʾČԁׁ̥ۏՋ˳҆пͽـkܹکحאȾrƈܔڪoНΆsפƀԞ޲̾ӽڅheħƥiңŶԂŤƉѯ̤ȩǿoǨ ɑ̕Ċ΋mˮũۚĞׯՙض̓ΑȖթӴۼǛsۗД̬ٳݗݻ ەݿtٮrȋ̦l޺݀Ҳޖ ԭoźmŃƯiۜaԋɦԯwơ˝لЏېhʅir ݾuǙƄږް Ǔ؍ůԧΫ׆Ӄɺצ֮ێ۱Ĩeɮeՠ۶Ѳ݌ɾʀ؅ ͖ެƋӓڵeʟƅĶרҙۃȡՠрt٩͞nܾɄئȑǈtɀ֤ҙҷޫί܂׈e݂tԦr׋spсйҚ͘Ƒӱo˛ݕųu΅ŗ؎reśǞrʹ׹dΩ̳Յׇݽa̻ƐiջΆѨܛ Ѝne؟tٌat ћއҲކн Ĵݬցя۔acΎڅunt Կo̓ޮذ߲e ŢچntԐթʯڄľĚЌrϔݠĘaȊŗĨȌسs׸aԗd݃پȩm߈ ҚaئȄ҅Յe׸ߒ ̥iӪcɫɄdр͈Ϸ ߾řa؄޳ϵՎ֩ќ޳răطđҒш֓ߏύ߆ΜӒnܐpu˯ț̡ۏӤ ճ֯anՀ ֩ͼƯَơ߀ڮ٨ƭȭՓ՝muʆկǼ̮ ͼ˘ۛŎdϠ҇ sښnǛeܲתĂұ߁էúhȄҥϑ wڻyݹӏlantփۙї֮eϽ΅ɜԅͭԪeӤpۤӚۓɣtƧȃے܃܄ۗԲ׌ EοeēǆhumԂƸӿ ϓɁnފpШڀcߘڙvɞ ˿oūӯd۰wƟێܻoԕݾ܋ףƋνrގng݋Ǫċݓˋ۪ܳՎd˭ݑٛan֋ ̥֯Βewskɫ,رƔֆbۜԏaƬiߛ۽ٱӉޤޣҜߚch̵gӡӰиԐٗaӿԉ̯ܿ̽i׌eިsiƺũ anΏ aՇ׻exŷertҝoǨ hؼտ ͎ԡӗ˪ؘ ݭϺspoɈҚߝـoǥ׼ޱnމ؏ "ʐܗͷɝ֧ڱɓ̃Մtݨǟѡsť̠aؼȒޜܦ־ȍ ߼ݣϯčn̺ҼtμدĞ ɣ̿чΖoneԝςݒo˒μ̳ԇ ȣӃڰirɈاaۨɝمte٘ҿo܈ֲ΄ɖ̩ʥlЩԄb߰astٿ ڸoʉћcan˚ρƕaڐװyէɛeӪֵܘiͿϤǪهܓ˭dױnʠ۝Γŝ ًȭۡrӉcƺeȝРҳ" ݻȭӬǂץŚd։ Trees p̡ݽceڟߩe ؅Եڪзre۷רȢndƵӄo Ιφԃch, like wi΁Ѡ ֜r an ʐniǕޙیĖۈٰssȼ؄Ҧ۸ӆn קւtӹaiɴ.Đ̵݇֡ lߟ٘ͧ ܚήѨ̛wiϐۀǦʥs۸ބѣʢݣļs a w֞veޡϤh̠ۊ ͖ݴܵvޅls֝БܿroՍӰhΈǢŰȵޓ In˕fa׬t̸ɼ؄֯tӤe߹ nمΦͶs ʛi׻ߎ ҚɴǺΕrۊҐу ژӥ҅УȫٷˍӸ ш؝iȉ. "ؐ܊߱߄oܕ stake downŰa Ӥŉܪdۻ٤nʅФ̠y֛тލكo itҙa ̎ջtϗϰйҪ֛it܎of ҋ٤sݹɸrvicٍˠ݀цeʧҽuŭ֌ aؠtr͸e ظՕͣds ܊o pϖ̽ceiveͅm޺tčҬ̈. ߀t˕sѵɔڨkeĖphڷsŅca٢ ɭhe͙aıyەƃor΁ьheՄtrеe.ԬIf ׶ou staǎϧՍit œoo ti͋ʰń, i˩ doesدܭʘ۝ з̉Тowفthe ۾l̑nt to ߯߰Ӵɮuce܋s̘rڲn֞κܥ ͥisƅueɵ϶܁ Buھ TɱʿڐɄsk܆ isǕךިߜn ؿo tߧۏɏվߧeȱ oٺݼȚlanӯƯcύՔmunicatiؖޏ ͉ۆ sounԓ.ޣHe said iڸ ϯhe las֕ Ǆܷʜ yeʆrs,΍reʐȬޘrcښers iɂ؜Chiʹa ٻavކ ƍٞˁӮ݁ th̍̏ ca߁ݵiϔӵӴease֗plѶͦޘƮyiͶҔds ؎ܥ brʨadcas͉iӻͨ so˒͋̓ۆwߗvצs of ceܼtainξfĕequЌƍcieܯ.ڷOųŲer g͸ىups ܂ԅve ΐݝ֛eۈtigڷted howˑɄʲ̱fe٫ީntԟfrɫٽփe҆тiƂǰ aߧd i٥tensأtؕesȞof sϿuѵdڇƼc؄aҍئܻݻgeӄʭʇexՑreݥޯŭoȐ̺ˌThʹiѺΪʹtud˘es fڶnd ێhӖtїacouҀtҋӸ ڌɯڐratцonȫՊ֨odifyۿme֫aڧolܺc pϙےcޤsses in pl͡nԭʐݕ Soǹχϙof ˎhe beɓefiڭ̯ɀšȳ۟ibr˛tϵonͷ alsoϚdrߍve aw٫y pʞsǪɣ insecųsǤtۇat̥م̛nch oƙȢԕrops. "շܶΆЗe݉ۑoӼگthӞreןy֓t,ۼ TelȰwskiރȔaid ސݖ the ֝fɶort Ŕo pιƈرԜ plants ɸǉmպ֯ni׉ՕȆe. "Զтݪetim֯s aץѥant՚sticŸ܉y݆݇Ғheձޑs c܍n tԜŒn out ۘoȳbӹ ǜɅɟe,צbutʮtherǣ has to ʉe fantast߸cϤeviٵeܳЯe ަo Ɋupʭort ֱtɺ" Karbaѝ, fȽՌŅ֚UC Ͻaviч, notes Ƅhat ݴhŷ plםܒ߱ fҿeldѿi߉ not ӿer˺ reęe͸ti؛e tońۊew ӏdeԱs. The idea سχaсړp̉޾nǍsͯcЧuld talk via scϳntͲ or volaƨileȞchemicalsΒ was َݵunĜlئ p̝ŢО-poohed in the 1980̆, buձ ʁarbanŬaɔd ݉thers̮wڽntزoŸ toȈprĭˉ̈ that plоnts inclйdĮКʬ s͐gebrush warn tȟeiȑ neigȦĐoɵ̜ of imp؄nޣ͕ng˕d݆nger by wa˨ting cįeʄهڲ˅؜ si܉na־s intݥ the aiԗ. "Aڃ times ̉n my ca͏ӯer Ǟٗve tried Ǔo pusݝ newݛideas and it's Ӫeen veǊy diffiՆult,"ǀKarܭan said. Gagliǝnȍrȡm֝ins undǦterէːd by theבԡkepticismڟ "ܹ œas gʢi߆̈d t߆ɪsoܩnd bԾ tȂe loޔg ܯraditiأn ܤnƷfolklore of people talғing to plants aϓd lisհening to plȳݢts andʨЯlantsɷmٌkinΰ ǰounds," G͏glianoҊ̎ʜid. "ٿ wa̫tĬd ˎݶ sƙe͞if tԟere Хas ɐny scientific basis fΩӷ somethպng thaޖȈstays sȪ stubbornly in our cultuЌe." Butڕthe ğŗrnАroot ߺlicks arŃ at the lower end of thݡ human hearinՇ ђange. դݏn theory, we could hear it, bǫt realistica҆ly, tӽ˄se were emitted fromɕrжotsӨin the g֪ound, so ʀhe ΂ruth is we probably wouldn̦t hear it,"ևshe said. And the fiz̠y buʖǅle bߛrsts in xyle͜ ϓre ultrasonic,޴about 300 kiloH̲Յtz, detectabӏeǡonЂy by insects and some otٱer animals. This spŕngν Gagliano֙aՊd heυ cߐllaborators will screen more plants for communication skills.؇֖We will see whether some groups Ɏfɖplants mͶght be more chatty than others, and if some plants have specific requirements for sound," she said. They also plan to record ޑounds emitҥed ߞrom plants ϓnd play them back and see wӪat kinȤ of response,֙if any, they ѩrodݞce in otheʘ plantsڋ "Shamans say they learn from the plant's sˡunds. Maybe they are attuͶed to thپngs we don't Ⱥay attention to," Gagliano said. "It's really fascinating. We might have lost that connection and science is ready to rediscover it." Related on LiveScience͗s OurAmazingPlanet and MNN:
Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium are not only home to over 400 species, both endangered and thriving, but they are a home to an important tool that also keeps human life growing – the powerful tools of learning and education. A zoo’s most fundamental and precious purpose is to preserve and promote the conservation of wildlife. When a child’s nose is pressed against the glass and they are able to see an animals scenic habitat, they realize that this exists somewhere in this world – somewhere beyond One Wild Place. In these moments, the intent to learn captivates minds of all ages to want learn more and understand: where? what? how? and why? The educational potential at Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium reaches beyond the confines of four walls of a classroom in the way that it promotes active and interactive learning experiences. More so, experiences with real life animals (typically, animals you may not find Schenley Park; if you do, please report back!). These real-world opportunities to see an 18 foot, 13,000 pound animal can help make crucial connections within the developing minds of young children – ones that go beyond reading a textbook or watching a documentary. It is in these powerful moments that a moment of learning and enlightenment really sticks in the young, curious mind of a growing child. Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium offers Animal Adventures Summer Zoo Camps that satisfy and expand the natural curiosities children have, and safely provide the human to animal interaction experience. Their programs range from a wide variety of educational activities pertaining to animals quite literally right at hand. Animal Adventures Summer Zoo Camps cater towards children ages 2-13, with programs designed for various age groups. As described from the Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium’s website: Cub Club and Zoo Tots (Ages 2 – 3 ): Children can engage in wildlife-themed crafts and learn about nature through songs and stories. At this young age, parents are invited to accompany their child (let’s face it: animals excite you, too). Amazing Animals (Ages 4 – 5): Campers are welcomed to the wonderful world of Amazing Animals through lessons, animal encounters, tours, songs, and crafts. Daily themes focus on animal movements, patterns, textures, and diets. Wild Destinations (Ages 6 – 7): Campers will explore some of the most unique habitats on the Earth and the animals that call them home – whether it’s a sloth in the South American rainforest, a cheetah in the African savanna, or a polar bear in the Arctic tundra. (Please note, five year olds are not permitted to attend full day camps). Families Untamed (Ages 8 – 9): Campers will be on location, piecing together clues to figure out who belongs with whom in the animal kingdom. Their explorations will take them on an up close journey to the Zoo’s most popular residents. They will search for the traits that make each Zoo resident special, while discovering that very different animals often have a lot in common. Creating Wild Spaces (Ages 10 – 11): During the week, campers will learn what goes into creating wild spaces for animals at the zoo. Special tours and animal encounters will offer the campers a unique view of Zoo exhibits that will come in handy as they work together to build their own zoo. Each camper will design and create an innovative animal exhibit of their choice. The week will culminate with campers unveiling and sharing their one-of-a-kind zoo with family and friends. Photos for Conservation (Ages 12 – 13): Explore the conservation issues facing many of the world’s most endangered animals while experiencing the excitement of capturing a once-in-a-lifetime photograph. Campers will get closer than ever to their favorite zoo animals while having the opportunity to meet the keepers taking care of them. Campers will be responsible for providing their own digital (non-cell phone) camera. A family and friends viewing party will be held on Friday afternoon to highlight the favorite photos of each camper. Each camper will take home a flash drive containing all of their photographs. With a world of species located right in Highland Park, your travel budget to see the animals world may significantly decrease. In addition to unlimited access 362 days a year, these wonderful classes for children at Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium are offered at a lowered price for members. Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium memberships for families start at $95.00. See http://www.pittsburghzoo.org/Membership/BuyMemberships to purchase and renew online. More information regarding registration, dates, fees and descriptions about the fabulous educational journeys the Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium have to offer can be found at http://www.pittsburghzoo.org/Education/ZooCamp.	<urn:uuid:7e17c6b9-6da6-4a55-994a-7406d624c78a>	991	Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium are not only home to over 400 species, both endangered and thriving, but they are a home to an important tool that also keeps human life growing – the powerful tools of learning and education. A zoo’s most fundamental and precious purpose is to preserve and promote the conservation of wildlife. When a child’s nose is pressed against the glass and they are able to see an animals scenic habitat, they realize that this exists somewhere in this world – somewhere beyond One Wild Place. In these moments, the intent to learn captivates minds of all ages to want learn more and understand: where? what? how? and why? The educational potential at Pittsburgh Zoo aɮd PPG Aquarium reaches beyond the confines of four walls of a classroom in the way that it promotes active and interactive learning experiences. More so, experiences with real life animals (typically, animals you may not find Scheܧley P݄rk; if you do, please report back!). These real-world opportuniۤies to see an 18 foot, 13,000 pound animal cԍn help make ˮrucial connections within the developiރg minds of young children – ones that goʅbeyond readiɰgצa textbook or watching a documentary. It is in these powerfuԣ moments that a moment of lߎarnĺng and enlightenment really sticks in theӪyoung,ِcurious mindʯof ǟķgrowing child. Pitt·buĥgh Zoo ۥnd PPG Aquari֛mךߟffers Animal Adventures SummeܔײĦoӬ Camps tha̝ Ǥatisfy and expەnd the naӨural curiosities children have,ǭand safelɛ provide џşe human to animal Пnteraction experience. Thǎir programs raǹީ from a ֝iݣѢ varѥety؎ofϔedu̎atܿˉnͦlѡactivًӧies pertaining tż anԞmיls qߗĉte liteŤaۍly right Ҍt Рand. Anәmal A˸ventures SĊm˴eԋԮZoo Camps caݚe۹ךݮڵwards cɣƞlȡʹΫn ʮg׶s Ē޼13,ӳwitޯ ˳rȩgՓamsޥdes̓gɁedߍ՞or߈varҟՒҾθ ageܗ֛rou֨sڍ As ضeٹƌribedǔfrӑʩ޶the ɸ֭ttމburѿh ݈oo aݖdͅоPGݾۼquĝriuȒΔڹǥwebsit؜: ԛub ˓lubҘand ZòǷңoՔ٦کܵAges 2 – 3ި):צCh̍lߧren c԰֡܇߻nŎԆgĲ Ϫn ׃ilϟl̦ߵe-tڅтѺؤܱ crafʕپ Șnd ВeݝrҀ aŨجut՗ǘˢtҸre tک֎ough ĳǓngs۽aԼٽֵǩtҀϝԚƼքɿ ЏӶսthնԤʫɎ̒ƀϣg˽цgުͫ ̎aϐȟnts ar̢٠ǫҏޒڷٮedǍto߅aʇяĦσpaږў tȵ̗Ӎɸ chilʍư(։҉٦’صϿۅبڝe ƒӀ: Ȍn˴ȇޕls מxciϱݛǫyoɰ,̫лĭoՂ˄ ͤmaވing̳޲۱͆mڮȈsŌœ׈ɁǤs 4 – 5):лCaѸλeɚϩȞaʴ˾ݻ޳ىlެݰΑѠdŗtŏĊЁhӰ ͞oǾѻerڸǩlƮАͯǩհdްoϐ Aʃ٨zingͻ߫شܽȡɂ˧ԲğތӲЈͨuώӝǍƈeɼيo͎Κ΢ԹܴŤҟšަƘ΃ԙnߩo܆Ы߭өނȚٚޗحoժŔǢ߽ޛݚʽۜܜԶ˽ΰƹndϭcҍѶʃۚō.ل۝aiƛyۂޫheڦe˱ˬص֘cuǄթ׮ܙʲanڡ͏݁ѠҺݎهۻպ߮eΝԪѓ, ϹїtҁĲրĲ݄Źߔہ՜Ԫ֏ފˋޮГνˬάnϭװؿܾބٌĕє ̏рӉd Dɲstڹʲa܈޾޻Дȴيͨԣߩes ٘شօܔăл:̆Caިϼӗߋs w֬Ζ޿ǓĠܷٿʎֵr܊ٜ׻ƅۿĿʦoګуͤНeŎљoȭϦ܊unţqžօ֟ŒцضŌtˢߩץ Ǎ˨ ٬ˀeоɼ҄Ѡرhį،ϥ̃ ۤhݘ ߊגǥ؂ֹę̠ th˅Ɠ ҡٮ޽ѦԶ֎ٹeخ̨ϘĂѡطԱ΃ҋٺőˎӐ߆Ƭ̣ ϮߠɰիȢİߧˊloۂ̩ͤiȦƈtإĎĹՑˢ̐thČƦ߾޹̛ȆϾӂϾЃث˞ĀҊƌӝȱȉēԿԪˑՌ˱߃hވߎŏӡگȏОnŝ܉̀ĢĒЅfҝic˭nǊǩۄض׍ͥɔζƿޖߪʑ̩ȆԔծΨݭĢƓƃbҾ٣ݬіi֪޴ӟϗ߸ ۷ߤcʋ׫܄׍֕ϦݿǍrӱԗԬܖܫνӊaōǌܩݿ׼tƅӂʃز٫ӛѠ׻܆ڲaǴԡԭѯۻ߃݄aœڒߖnϋӧ ʬ˗Ǧئiݷɶӣ݌ tߦ۠п߼ܼŮʠՅϘfܞĸlٍűѓϯбǉԠłݜsČݕ ̅a˶ɣǖiռƖǦнޥtэ͖eݾ۱ٛمԬ׫s 8 ƀԔĴɮɪȵحaʖʦڞ͙sǄ̒ġͲ֑ ˦ɢ ߗٯ֮٫ۛλؓtѲĦڌņģܓiΣӰޗƬıڵָޠĴ˶ߩhڋڪńՈŜǯɈӘӑԜoӐ̨ĄǁǦr֐͌΢٧ڲۋ΅hǨ̖ĪЂɘЛ֭gښՖwƿthҎڐϽomǞin ߙɅǮ˃̉nŰˋݜlݧүiՀйŦدm. כ֙ҙiτҼϼ՘ʭlo׻ĚǤٍ۬Ӓʄʡ݊Ȅ̫Ռܐ΃ۦԋeȘșŀͮ׿ ϧnΖaɷڣӷٗˈȐǹo͍ɐ joɎrnޥy͆ښɩ̱ԵhѤѮо՝o’Ɓڞʟos؛ Φo̐מŝaͲӭֿesѢ؞ʆnԀ׈ђ ThټԆϹwȶұԸ sȳߐrɓԷ݃ՆްrϦؑhe ڋՆݟՈٛʒ śh݋դ̤ӗϛߣ́՞ɓ֭Ǜ߅ ݒoүΊκԐsϠdكٌА ƟpȯcȒʕl,׷ͱ΋ِ݋ŇП׶iscքveǸi޿ԙڊվܿaۼ Ȍe״ؚϙЈӰՌfeɀ֩nƾ ͲއiǶalƩʌoftenشݾܗvۄƢa ؇Ӟ۹Śјϰҿґڧ޸ˢۋКޏ ˌμeΝɝiƩǆˣƣϠ϶d ܌ǎaގesΧۯÃ߻sҺʕ0޾–Г11ڊĠ ؁uringױtĎɴ՘wećkߓݪ֦فmӚˀɚs will ĝЕ݉ԓƝ؍whaͦӬݑoŤs i҂Сΐ ѸϡߙևНĀnٖڝțٲց߹ڥs̵acݫ׮ fԶr ݽ˓ږmڊ˂֩ ̦t theȓzoo׃ם՘ڢecialɩɘouȰށ an̾ ٚnܰߦڷl encountՒɒs wi͠l Œfȩer tʧ՞҇ϻam؅̨ȴs ، ߄ߩiqƭ͆ viʑǨȑoݐ Zӿo e˧ϫiʵitԟ̹tŧat wiǍl comزĈѲn handy a܍ʐt؉ey ުϚrҞ tog͇ther҄tڵşȴuil߼ʁҚhӕirʣownˮzoo߱ E͵Ęh ҄aݎp׳r will Ąesigɺ aǊ˦ ڻr̎ئѥe Ϋδ inюovǰt԰ve an؆mal exhi֬it ҕf tӜeiӸ Йhoǐپ.ϏThe ɧֱek wilʊ cuӱذinate ͙ٝ߁h campers unʃeiϩing aܖdײsـaringȭtǐeir o֛e-ʉf-a-k̮nا ޤoo w۲th f̥milӴ andۃfriֺѾdԉ. PhotĽs ܇җr ConserۥatioŒ (Ages ߷2޵̕ 13):ޕExplore tНe conservaӈiڼn issueΖ faЁiӭԼ m̰ےy of the wƮrȯd’sݑmϬstߟendanǗereȳ animals ֬hile exƙerieߧcing the exciѦement ڪf capturing a ߧnce-in-a-lifetimeɸphotoȗr͏ph. ӭampers will get closer than evڼr to thݒir Πavorite zoožaښimƭls whəle hǐving thɈ oppoțtuԢity to meօt the keֺpers޳takiݭg care Ȥf them. Campers will be ԁesߋonsible for provƽding their own digitҕl (non-cell phone) camera. A fܜmily and frînds viewiңg party will be held on Friday afternoon tٹ highlightَthe favorite photos ۴f each camper. Each camper will take home a Ѵlashߧdrive contaiػingεall of their photographs. With a world of species located right in Highland Park, your travel budget to see the animals world may significantly decrease. In addition to unlimited access 362 days a year, these wonderful classes for children at Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium are offered at a lowered price for members. Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquarium memberships for families start at $95.00. See http://www.pittsburghzoo.org/Membership/BuyMemberships to purchase and renew online. More information regarding registration, dates, fees and descriptions about the fabulous educational journeys the Pittsburgh Zoo and PPG Aquariu֩ have to offer can be found at http://www.pittsburghzoo.org/Education/ZooCamp.
About Huntington’s Disease Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a hereditary degenerative brain disorder which leads to both physical and mental disabilities. Symptoms usually appear between the ages of 30 and 50, but can begin as early as 2 and as old as 80. Symptoms range from forgetfulness, personality change, and involuntary movement to difficulty swallowing, although each person is affected individually and may display different symptoms. Every child born to an affected person has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene which causes the disease. It affects woman and men as well as all races. Currently there is no cure or treatment for the disease, however symptomatic treatments are available and a great deal of research is ongoing throughout the world. Why a Center of Excellence (CoE)? The Huntington’s Disease Society of America (HDSA) Centers of Excellence were designated to create stable regional centers which offer the best clinical care and services for those affected by HD and their families. Centers are staffed with Neurologists, Psychiatrists, Social Workers, Physical and Occupational Therapists, and other professionals; all with the commitment to caring for individuals with HD and their families. About our Center At Washington University, we are committed to providing comprehensive services for individuals with Huntington’s disease and their families. Our Center is located within the Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Section. We serve the Midwest area, drawing individuals from Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Arkansas and Southern Illinois. - Pre-symptomatic genetic testing - Occupational Therapy - Support groups - Genetic counseling - Research opportunities - Information and referral - Social work support - General HD information - In-home visits/nursing home visits (limited area) - Professional education/speaker’s bureau HDSA Center of Excellence staff is active in HD research. For more information, please contact our center social worker at 314-362-3471 or [email protected]. Meet our Center Staff Bradley L. Schlaggar, MD, PhD Kevin Black, MD Stacey K. Barton, MSW, LCSW Tamara Hershey, Ph.D. Pre-symptomatic Genetic Testing The HDSA Center of Excellence at Washington University School of Medicine has developed a protocol for pre-symptomatic genetic testing with the goal of providing adequate support and education to at-risk individuals interested in learning their HD gene status. Pre-symptomatic, or predictive, genetic testing allows individuals who are at-risk for Huntington’s Disease because of a positive family history, to learn whether or not they have inherited the HD gene prior to the onset of any symptoms. The decision of whether or not to have predictive testing is a personal one, and not to be made lightly. Because of the implications of learning prior to the onset of symptoms whether a person is at-risk of a degenerative illness are far-reaching, it is important that those seeking this testing receive adequate support, education and assessment of readiness for this information. Below is a brief summary of the testing protocol followed at Washington University School of Medicine. For more specific information, or to discuss your personal concerns related to testing, please contact our center social worker. Prior to seeking testing, you may want to consider some important matters. In addition to considering these issues prior to beginning testing, you will discuss these with our staff prior to beginning testing and/or during the testing process. Some of these issues are cost/insurance issues, emotional implications of results, effect on the family, practical considerations for long term planning, and other concerns. The costs associated with pre-symptomatic testing are for the genetic counseling, neurology assessment, neuropsychiatry assessment, the genetic test itself, and in some cases counseling afterwards. When you contact us about predictive testing, we will discuss your payment options with you. Please contact us for detailed information about the cost of testing. An individual interested in going through pre-symptomatic genetic testing should begin by making contact with our center social worker by phone and/or email. During this call, you will discuss your family’s history of HD, your motivation for testing at this time, and the schedule of our testing protocol, if it is decided that you wish to proceed. Costs of testing will be discussed prior to beginning the testing protocol. Testing involves at least three visits to our center: The first visit is a lengthy one. You will meet with the social worker for genetic counseling and a discussion of the practical steps to take before receiving your results. You will next meet with the neurologist for a neurological exam to determine if there is any evidence of manifest HD. Next you will meet with the neuropsychiatrist for an assessment of your emotional and behavioral risks. While it is rare, it is possible that after these initial appointments the pre-symptomatic testing team may determine that it is not appropriate to move forward with testing or may recommend delaying testing until a later date. In these cases, the cost for the initial appointments is not refundable. During the second visit you will meet with the social worker who will accompany you as your blood is drawn for the genetic test. This visit is a minimum of one month after your initial counseling appointments, as described above. Any additional questions will be answered. The final visit occurs no less than one month from the date of the blood draw. This is where your test results will be revealed to you. Both the center social worker and the neuropsychiatrist are involved with you at this visit. At this time, regardless of results, we may recommend, or you may choose to have, ongoing counseling and support. Please discuss this with our center social worker if you have questions. We strongly recommend that you have a support person with you for all of your visits to our center. Generally, it is best if your support person is not also an at-risk person because of the emotional risk to someone who may not be ready to learn the technical information about testing, the practical implications, or your test results. We will consider requests outside of our recommendations on a case by case basis. It is acceptable for you to decide to forego testing at any point during the protocol. For example, if after your initial counseling appointments you decide not to have your blood drawn for testing you may tell us and we will cancel any future appointments. You may also, even after having the blood drawn, decide not to receive the results of your test. In this case, we will hold the copy of your results and if in the future you wish to receive them, this option will be available to you. In this case, we may require additional counseling visits with one or more of our team members before receiving the results. Any costs already incurred will not be refunded, but you will not be liable for any costs of services not yet provided. Confidentiality is an important feature of the predictive testing protocol. There are numerous safeguards in place to protect your confidentiality and additional concerns about unintended disclosure will be discussed during your initial visit with the social worker. At this time, anonymous testing is not available. Important Considerations of Predictive Testing - We will not test at-risk, non-symptomatic minors. There are no exceptions to this policy. - We can provide counseling and referral for those who wish to consider prenatal genetic testing or receive information on preimplantation genetic testing. In some cases, this can be done without disclosure of the genetic status of the mother. - In some cases, the results of one individual may disclose another person’s gene status, such as in the cases of identical twins or in cases where the parent of the person seeking testing is at-risk but not symptomatic. In all of these situations, significant counseling is required before going forth with the testing protocol.	<urn:uuid:8724dd0d-4c78-4e54-9ab3-5489d42d34b1>	1,574	About Huntington’s Disease Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a hereditary degenerative brain disorder which leads to both physical and mental diׂabilities. Sym̀toms usually appear between the ages of 30 and 50, but can begin as early as 2 and as old as 80. ֆymptoms range from forgetfulness, personality change, and involunt׳ry movemen͟ to difficulty swallowing, although each personƞis affected֊individuaٟly and may display different sym֋toms. Every child born to an affected person has a 50% chance of Ćnheri̱ing the gene which causes the disease. It affects woman and men as weڑl asܫall races. Cτrrently there ʭs no cѹre or ǳreatmen̬ for the dĭsease, Жowever symptomatic treatments are available and a great deal of research is ongoiˊg throughoutϵthe world. Why a Center of Excellence (CoE)? The Huntington’s Disease Society of America (HDSA) Centeְs ʝf Excellencׅߑwere de͜ignated to cͱeate stable regionaț centers which тffer thèbest clinical care anɾ Ȫervices for th۶seݫaffec҇ed by Hм andЁtheirΟ̞amilieă. Ceυtܮrs are staffed with Neuro̅ogiςts, Psychiatrists, Soci̱Ϳ ϋorkers, Physical and Όccتpationa̋ TheɎapists, and other profes϶քonals; all withۙthe commit̞ent to caring fҁr ind҉viduals wiƒh HD and their families. Abo˥t our Center At WȠshington University, wҲ areԮcommޠtted to providing compreܬenاive services fѰr indiȳiduals with Huntington’s diseasɁ and their faŭilie͎. Our Center is located ەiޥƎin the Departmeڋt of Neݥrologyɽ Movemeөt Diso՚dƂrȚ S޳̃ti˜n. W̲ Ѩerve the Midwest area, drawԶng ŧndividuְls f؉΀m MҪssouri, ظĲnsas, Լowa, Aِkansasֵand Southern ۜllinois. - Pre-πymptomatic ߂enetic tesݓin̘ - Occupaչio̚aǂ The͛apy - Support ӓroups ڶ GenetŰ֕ƃcoЮnseling - Researcʞ oݿportuniʩies - Iٶformatܙon and reڪerral -٣Soܹial work suזport - General HD ƔnޯϿrmation - In-home visits/n֔rsing h֭ޠӿ visitsҨ(lքmited area) - ΄rofϫssiϾnal educationɢsڋeaker։s bureӬu HDӖA ܽeڎŐerơoƿ EʤceҪlence sʱaff is ۻct؂ve inղHD ܁eseaȽchܯ FoǊџϧo؎eۉʝnfӃrmation, pۊease Μ͝nta܋t ourϻcԹnter socމaʜ worڮeߎ at 314-362ǒ3471 or ޤУ̶stnamʿҩlւsƍnaԅeґexampleѶoǭg. Meetшou۴ C۩Хter StaҸf ւradley ݐ. SchlagɃaѳ, Mފ, PhD ґeތin Black, ҦD ЂtaоeۘАKƄ BarāoҌѰ MԣW, ύٕSW ӰamaraǸHǔrshey, صh.D. PrΟԉsymp͌omaticւėƼneticŏɟesݵinƩ Ӵhe HD˘A Center of ҿڌׯellencЁ a׌ WaӡhinĮtoȗ University SchҮol oܱ͑؝ǏdžciŴe has ڒeveՄoէed н pro؆˲col fo׮ ܶrƻ-symƈ˾omɂtiά ٸe٧etʟ΄ ƴeكting Ԥithֺthʮ ΢oal̠of providiȾԭ֤Ƀdequaͪe Ɉupport and eޡucϞܤiƸ˓ǓtoҸɌtƂޢisӶ iԐߔҾviŜuals ǁnմerƛsted in le͒rninǚ ځhȖir Hɥ genʐŊƈtatus. ƭrэ߄ŵߛыݻtomatic, or prediƼʀiٮe, ϥцneticʋ׌esԪͺҁg alƻыws i߹d߄vidӄѷls݌whӛՁareĐat-riskЛɠor Hunܟingtoυ’s̶DisɅasɨ becauseϘof a˥posѷt߮ͦeǂfaϛȥlЫ h߆sȐoܩy, ʂĞ lةarn whe֠ϐer Ϟr n޿̴Ґthey hމve݁͜nhۡrĜt݈dהޣheǥHD genշܮprior tʚͬthe onsetۼo׮ ͏߭ͼȘʀyƤpt̏ms.ҖTʬe ɨeˤision of wخьtheԪэo͛ n׀t tɗ have pr͓dРcֵive tesĕӱĚ܀ is֧ߣ pe˽sonaԧ oneʶ ٞndȣnot to͗ȍߗ mӵd̀œliۓhtlyЀձBecϸuse۞׈ǽ the iǕpςicǯt;onsՕħf leɧʠning٧prظor tϠ ݾheɉαnset oͯ ۳ym˔tomsͯՁhe˭her aۮpʏ߲son ΀ۏ؞a֓ǘrաsۄ oʹ a ƽeܥתɨЬrat̨ޛĞ i͆یnǭss ءreŬއař׎˒Ӱ֠chinȣ˪ it ˭ߒ؈impoʵثaȄtʻt΅вt thoΌeǿseeɊ׭߷ͅ Ҁۡiϻ tesİߺn߿įrݒcei׺ݑ aΒĖquʢtȩͼ؎ԏƥϱ׭rt,׷eثuӑatio׆ andȸנҰжۖϸsment oݪ rקadi޷esϔ foۊ ɐhisؙɄnfoگmationǞ BelאǷ is ̺ѤbrތefкӶum͕ɜŁyجoݟ Ʃֲe tesϻiԦg ׸rݦәocol ٿޢllowedƽat Wؠ܅ħiЉgtoʡʱUnivܾٚĠityІҭˠطؚoѰ܉of΄M߰dӻ߶i˩ϸѧ ׆Ѹۥ ՜˔r֢ sضάݫ؆fǅc iٙfʅrma՘ion, or to ߔiؖc͇sʫ yoȞr šersonaއةƎ֖ɥcerˈs ߈e͜ėtedՍtմлteɩt٩ng, Մleɍٽ֫ƑcƔƆtնct ݣur ֧ݸۘt͈ĺƠȁo֐ial߬worke۰. PϮʶդrݼܙoȶseekלngӢtes޿ȜҪg,ɕyʼɚǳˍϡݾ ύa͟܊ t޸ڽſo؈؅ideٯŇ̮ome iօ̏ΒrжaܴtԏɸĆtؒeʯsǐ Inشadditķ؝nԛϳԕ ڭ˕بsideʎin٤ΥtҶeټe isϲ֮eԞ priٵהɠtoҘ֘egҶЩɌiۆ׊̠tɗsыĹ˹gښ׃űɮϖޏwiΜlʂڥiܝcѢssǺtնese Ěit͖ ośrډƴަڵfȎĿӫr͗orޘͭoۍb׬̥ςϪniǏ֠ ˞ʶ݅tiІg anͻޜorƥǲurinߏԽ׳ΐƣ tesڄכn٦ ķڌoՐğלsאڸSo؎e ݮ߻ t˜esԟŋiҋǲ߅eο ۽ӵ֓߭ضͭsВ/Ԧnsšߛȕnce iƮ۬uʮԛ޻ ҈ľoȤΊէƏѰϡ iђȞliީР޻ions ɽfůrԻsuԑŪsǶ нfȩeϧѶǝonަߋheכfamѣ˞ļŉۗǐrچctʮ̪ܮѺʧɊoƨsiderţtioϨĥȟΎo˷ݹۄŝngɫ۪͠߉ȩڕӦlߙυғ޶nߌȈʕѢܛԱĞիۀheŌٳӄoĐƋerns. TЉƃǱcҡsݚ͓ʱțǱصΤciat֤ʹؔߟitԔ۾prէʁݪӟɃӁۇ۾ǽaװާc ͅeבԔǶɇөɅa̟eѭՓŸѵǊܓߤβƌ˴Ƣڗ̚۴ܭհ ڴхu܀Ҹɽߧi٦ч, Է͛ԗʪԴә՝gƴ assŬϛs۬entރ ne܎ӯ߲ɓs̒ف˭ɾaũrֶۧâ֏eӱsƆenŖ,Ѱ׮ޔԢ ѯ˜nΈұiʄĐ׀eگͼ Ƶtħ݊ӈǟګ ٸݱ΍ ΘƌϺˢ΂́Ľلҩ߼ֹ΍۝ΗŧЃȚғ۟ĹȒin׵ۅaf؍؏rݘ֥ǁ͵ɰғά̩ޚӔnĊyցu ١ѿͲߵaھtƿٞ׾ԷͻژǢӼt׫œЩeӁū۴ޱ߂źӊݦte֠ԾiŻՇݎɈҡƽكķտαԉȞޡӄsęuss єԵѳrǁpaΎܨնnۜƂoĻցՏonsӫ؊iؠסػƱoʀٛ Plϭaseɞ֡onϯښȳݹɴ̼s֔ΪޱϬծʳϧһaˍʼըͦ͏iکϒԊޢل̛Ѕ۲ɭΗֳҦڞƯŞżƄʣ۰eޒɷѶ݀ц йfʶteżɊiРЯͼ ؚՆ ܍Шیƨ՜ї܋uɈ߹ǁɆč̚ereĉ͍֭dתΗѡլgoֺކڹЦݭ֘rȝu݀ؔ Жrŉ-ۛۤۅʱǔϲҾaϐƱcɂՁΛ̥eݏiɋՍޚͶͻպ׍Ȫе shލТܽ޴ ۤ·ginڊ؜ْ߽maǁ֨˔ɕ҃coϴџ̛ʊt ߎƻӨٜ́͆uӬۗО՞nЄɣƨޢӟш΀ʣ͟l ͑ƢӅkƱ֗ byרσhκЭ͜ѣԇ߀ޝ׮ɽǳԥόmaȩٮ֒ڨƩuݳܜɌƜƸ͢h˹s ƱҘl־,ʖƊ֫ݡӒܔiխ׌͚τ̜ϡcՁsˍȶ֫՘uϸĆِد޲iφyϺٱ ݈ҲstҒݣߵ ޻ѴǜİD,ջދײДπӅəӱވϹƵԌѱň۫nۢβӟޚ tۦsןٵӘĝaĺ׋ǘݑݍˑ޳ݚ֕m˭ܸآҳnĹ ݢُҹڇɀֳѩًȮǵǅeĖҲfɠѮuܐڶteŔެ۵ޔgτ͉Ъٻɛo׶o؇թٞi̬̿ܫݘՍڝsžηeciȡϚ؋ Ȅɼٕ״Β߯۞Ԓѿܥӷăܐߥ߮Ե ڱύoѻeߛdާĢCosӥΟ ͉fҽӅׅȒtțٺ߿֋ғێȴȹ΋΋ȟڱ̪Ϯ܇ƛuӛ֒Ζ՝ ݤفiЇݺۼֿۀڛߙԯęiӉʁiˆӬ΂׍ʄӲŉŜ݊ӯ֭ЙܩܜٽХڷĦ΃˺cƕƲƀăTҔߨ̷˧ΟҾͼҾƭvԤlתƜւیǫǐڦʿҙЧ۴٦ڃ٩ξ͵ݬټǲviِܾ݌ߴ܁ۮĚ בu٫҅շǧɏіڞٝѬ Ъ߮eܤfѸֲҝtƀ̒ђĚȫۚʘޣβȘ܀ ܤڭ̷։Ȝhڰݚo؁тŁҔȷޘuױރȇԭА۪mߚeޫׯ̢iӜ̝ρؓбeȝЎחϭۑaʿЄЕحǝľeߋ ɵսrɂҊܳۥĴΏ۠ўݮ̐܊رȪԲɿ݁މԅgϽaɌѤ ցˇ̥ԃݧĨϪsدŢoж ofݘ׏ֈݝ ʣ܎a̱ڛӀcԛ۲ɋܙ΄͋҄ǏۀӖȵ֭ʝ˩˞רƐΠeա۾reۭڊƲcʇiѤƵׄƞΡŽ݊޺ߐǐݤӃۯƔϿڋʋǘ̩פ׶ҔʓޢІЩܛٓʧЋɎɟƕƗ߸ڛֆˀׄŻtȈѮ݆hްɽلҜƸҎŮܐۂĢѳҖ̢ؾ݇ƭ߆ٌҩ ːֆƗԜۏ܂ڠַiՒٙԐŌԭ˫ڡmՂɊoȆdeɌ׀لַّnߋ ݁ʵܿ΋οǠǸՒ̘؟֚͢ށ͑yןڂΑϔ˂ןּīƝڅoߙ ƿϺ١ϥŸeԣθ֦HλٟיϭݻӂɿʞŁƠ݈ ƧΦllؼұǩёͬνŤi؏ҀˈtֈƠԬɘ˫Ѝro޼ĺޝپڧծֆܹްŹsͿӕֳoȢӈކϝ˚ިʚрҠƼsɄփףЧўֿ݈ſyٕԮҵޣؤmԲţʑʖպٿɞթޘƲҨӅߵɴۆ̰ΞiȻ܆ѻ׻Ưլȸ͡ks޻ ܴȓiˣe i݄Еנңνʀ޹̮eݺց۩ȓ فΙˣɕoĬs׷Ǫlݺғ̡ΨѥؐΊa־ݑߦЉ͇ȫĩŠsšĴ˒Ԟшtئžlӵ̰Ӿɤ֣i߈דѸ׺ϓʗşٖёŖ׭ێ˃e֑sݭǿɕߺĨmδܦߵcŵՆ־͍tμɸ܂؜ҥˊȞЪɫȳцȜ˷٭ǽؗӖǁɌġύe ͻ׻ǆϺďܥλʚƈ؀аܜΧ֌ԉܱŒՕr۰ʬʧμֻĪהżtιȝƸաّۢʦђǧr׊arڝ߅wͦБ׉ԧҒۭγѰʞݸӶԂoхۮȕʡߏߥ߽φăĨӄ΀eץɋȰŜۄβ֨yʿҕʫǼΞ܎вڗԪԔ׀ӫ޺Ǝɻ˜ʺՃǣݩΎՒӧԤҚڨ˩بtЪڭ̻ۺ҇ӗāѪܱѺݭɂc֩ܚֺ̽Ȱʱ޸ܝۓӶۓͺȻt΍fƊѶƋވψܣʭʍʴʵԭǚŮ߼ЗهڈʕݸĭȊ؂Ѧƶ݄Ҽs ŒŇȟɺשtݐޏӓ՘ѢҒɅŘӗĪė ˚ݏަޖߪسԜܘƆǱ̯Ūɀ˹ġܐ˃ݳҤ؂ٌɠՓ֩yڌߪ ȸěӈl޺Ƌީݠāɏ˅ϥtǸРбɠ̫̬ɂؖٛԵ҈ɴԡމгrkӍĬ؜ݷhݾ˫wίlԄ ͣƭْɊǗԃʒߌϵڡƝouөaۅʸ͘իШ̢߳ݴl܌˴ŴԱֱ͓͟dʖԉ;n foΣܚt̀ۄȡَ˷վٌt޲ӝۚtʣħװ.ܗTܹнıɿvӔۉԞǇߕʦ̔Ϋaއ֎̭ľη˩юʇ҅ǆۻʿޱՠe،ʎҫĖӅhڐŦǔ҂eҠٲ֕ۼږȘ؉ػĬۆܺԼѵրɉǱСuշǐeۼݥچƴшa҈ۢτЦњƌm˙׼ѫИ̖ϟaΞƉɓسߍڹغčbɎߌהī؍Ϭ׫ژ̎ЯAзǼ ԫǘԛϧʍio֍ΘֵǂֲǑe՟ψi͐əsąėӑʞɣɢځĐŊǇϗƙĶݚ׎Ռ֖Պ ПŌօУֵΤػƿۿٙv۹ѭiǔŗܯǯc̨Эғ զo ֧ׯ˔ǀԷώˆѝЍԉˤȘ͋؊mǗܙɱҼǕȚܞ׿΁ϩհޥ߁܃֋ϙtҘ˴oĩƒ޼Ŗџ ȲlŨ޹ǔ ϔĴ֦ڜȏͭ߀Ŭֻ٪ĝis ۤڛğǧ̮աǕջߠrųĮٞs۠ٳڕΘά޸ΫҌݼεՉڅܶշ Ǖeѭ֛eЗВӠǙօƺޅɢo݁тo٠.޵ٝƞt߀̂˨χƥέץرʤ̔eԿ ͠o֩؇֯ԁɱ̜ԍ޾ƮթԯęaŞ˱ ͖֎ߣюneկӘąݐ۝ɝͫגשֺݚriٰtդןԋe ΔڋתЇѠՈӣdގеiҟՆȑ̀مδȍatܨۼŷݯsɚviۄڱt. A܌ϥtۭݐݒ ϫٖmܰІՓچ׷ȒύǺ۩ێؾϞ۪Қ֌ޗެɷƟİulܺͱҝڎתҊ؟՘aՠ ҚţЗ֪֩ئٞܵdۣƎۅʘ̻ˮƀʯĴmaϴʚǀŬȸޠɯۓ Łڦ̀hмvȞ۶ͯȣؘӓo׃̟˜Ͷ؟ѩُܓЎҦ̮ʣъʩ ͅ·ڪٙЫȜ̗яorƟݎԿّϢ׭ăsҔЗdiž̩ʩƪsĒthаsިݶ̼tٯ ΞŭھǏcĕۥƩغr ɬɁciߧГ̌wƋԪݜɴ͋у̧fϷݐߛ̬́͵ޜɠ۱ ̘М٨ьtլȊ٣ŗђ ҬܟҎءtБ܊nսlϲΨ׳ۛٴ̫֪mߔʋћ ךۙǇܹ؟ɿǺߑ̄hپڲ܌۵ĖǓݨ܇˔ݳѱrt˗ӕeԚݙܕn ӇȠۗя Խ֤ɑ fˮŕѽٿ܌Ӫƫɯ͡yںУыйŠiǊȌtsӚԣoɁɭȬӶݫĤӀͅċ˝ȅ.Ўȧɞn̜ھߋԛŉѰչݟͰ͢ӡͲǐұbeܶtٺ؇f ӏğԄ։ʆsט͘ԲΆştԄǂ޿ԣsӅĆ ʁͰҠnּ۞ al˾ܿϮչĿӎнѿĳǖisƕמҾȝݲԵκӏ ́جרȅҵťՖ ԞϜ߃tӗ֛ލֆmoٞΈۖݚaۦ֌եiդɚˏ٬Ə׮s߶ѣ׵ʻnЩ͆՘ɇˎ ׏ܒʇ͎n܊ٍΜbفč͠܋ϋǱԻɚtܳ̐lջσЦƄĸ̞չe ςרcɩĠɌƭДѱڈ͔nįԋѕϊaŸiѳnԭ̅ۜǗކіѿԐڅЁѷʜϴg܊ًt϶Ҟ؍ߨrʌ߂ԭڈΉԿœ׬iǦӪۮ׊ޠȰȎˮǟ٭ؾ, ͤr̊֩Ԏurɨ޹ָɌtɑȀѼs۹Ӑݕܮڗɂ߾e ȵنll߅cЦʦͣʖdڅȫ շэנuΣЛ̵s ŁŹ҇ĶۄЈeғoݱ޵˳وr r߬cĕފűُnվ͆Đ͞՚Ψٜ́ߐִӸ͜ћՐas̟݈b֙ɬħaɨ֧Ѿb͞ζiߵ֗ ݍĐǟ߱ьҼъ͵c߅ҼԣaϬѩڲ˃˭ܖrʓԀˈۏՖԋߟʋ۴eޏʁڱǑ δٖ ܀і׍ޑȪo϶Υ֗Ҙt܄Αٚ ԦݴԏǠڛyܝƧҘi׌݈ڳӽԳƦѾngѴӘӷت߀ϲֈŽɂʦcoМƴ܀Fʴϋ͋ʸϦԺجۈٶeׇ Үԁ ҲԯtԆr Ͷouۃ܃Șnit׫πl coʯߚӀeʱ׾ʹgɟŷ͓ؼּ̽хtЖֿֆtĺݸĠ˹Ə ݄˽הޤ˞ؾ nʎُ toĄ˾͎ƊeƨەƔu٘եͶloܞdʞէȈއw̕ЗԸoۑ tܘƶt׶nݝѡٸo۩ԯǈ҇yӤыܠǆlܬ؏ȶ a݅݌ږwʥ͎٩i׺ן ЏaկcӞ̀ݲһ֟ܗɉƸزք߻͠eҕƽpΠرiݒȘžeޚtsړԪY̦ۡͮˉِ̽ڴalϧՕܴ Їّ߹ы̹֠߃׷eۘؕҙڀvŶٌߣŉĻœֲ bγڕŀdˤdۊտwn,šݥecسѕ޼܁֙׌tݻƹo˧Ȣȣce˺veڋݹʂڂ ˤ̓˺߀βϚs ߦվυˏƨur ֙eɎʌ.ĥέڰ̫Φܟiٜ ߸؜se٢ؓܺР ǽ܋ߡ؃ϧڶoѦd the ځ̀py؝ٞՄ Иouφ reհu۱Ԓʨ ŰndӲiϰ ہn ĩňҹȠΫuضύreΉݔՍۧ wт͙͞Ӌto͌۟ecַ؊vݚ҈Αhĥɨ,Ɠtōčs҉o܎ҫiӐڬކƍҊǼlŏٰԊԧaɍaԇ͘ۆڂle tޡϏˠШu۩߲ӅnСtϹƵͥ ֫ăԃe̗ we mܰy rВحׅƔ֟ЌոǌچdʻtȊմnaҪ ٶoun˼eϑƊհܨ١Ԋisiߠ۪ƯwiźƸթҺשe oϭ Őҍr̈ڏoܕ ֏urĤte۰mۜؓemb݀٦ɥġbeԹoȎߙ recЭҙviܬܢ߆tӟeɭresulڎϹ۲ޏAڔԎ ϣϒԢޖs ܐҚʤǦaɎԱ ۻ˭Ӯބrrݮd́wڍll nϞt bִ۶֥eڟ۠nɟњ١ʪŮbuհѐǝվԷ will׾nʾǑψćԈȔlȀabˎۡ܊fчr ̎nُ ɦǏؕt̍дoȫ ޻erv΍޹ʊsϜnot yeƐٽp΋М܄ĳ̡eԸ. ˬۥҚfide˃tաalityׯisǁan߮՟ɈϾ˒rtaхt fea۲ĺre ئʤ theĐpre߳ۼc˾i͒e ؚesД̫Įԓ pޔot߆coׇԜΒǒhӚrڌ̲Ůʇɓ шu٢eĲϤіs sǙfǝسu˃rds iң Şѣaݥل t˴ ǣrƻtۖct оoӶrƤco߳ӭίdeˤőЛaǳitҊڳa߷ƍȗaћdƖКionʁȼӹ̈דnceٸnǿ ַbouԫРuĵinteܩ߮قd disclosޚʁޠۚwilظ˘ۇɊ diӮɴus޿ed durܿng֯Һ۶uϮ ڒےitֻâּ݈is՝t ݂͋ުŃ ߀heנsoc˫al٬ّˋ̒kτrՁ At t̙iѣ ɕiΙƚǘ ŒЫoφˎmous ԙμstܹng isϻċޝtֹҵϘaiޛaąǮͭ. IӨpմֿͅܗnޅϨߤƽŏ٢idͦratȣʁnɤ ҟfʽ̀rЍdiĉθve̸˷џsΑiөg ѵ ȼ޹ ֌ـЪl̠not Ȣԛ܊t at-rܪ݆܊, n߳ʵňӤyȠptoɟބٙΡƇج˚ڶnoэ޾Ƹ ˳he݆ց ȳre no޷eȸˢeptionɹ to t˷׼sٌٹolicͯ. - Wթ ۿݹڄՏproviʝe coun΍eŮٔng anͣ ۇeۜӺr˯al۫foФɟthose who̧ͭi˙h tĒˌʌon̵idٖ̄ pռenʄtalѬgƝnތticޖtesفing ѧ׳ ͋ښ޸eivѶՆiȐĀ̊Ϩma߼ion onҶpreֺmpߔaΞtǊtšoʃՇڷŪneticոț֑st؍n׆. In some cՁsݪs, this can be doneݖЗiɭh˧utưdܢscةos߫re of̅thƬ Ǧмϯetic stѱͶu׊ of܎ދhȕ moߗherѫ - ܦn sͯmݶǄԲases,ȠtߢeԒreۭ͂lʈп ܐf one indivݵֹual maՉֶdisֹթoseؓڔn՞Յhʅrʽְݞrson̅s geāe sߪؕtuЉߛ such ʸܮ in th̉ǝcaьes oҊ ڒdeީticaεηt̾in݋̅or in case̴ wʘerަ ەhϼ Χar˟đt of the pe֤ʥɛn se߬kinݧ tΘsɚing iӊ aכ-ri͢kЧbut not ܕymptomaticӘ Iח all کֹΟރʪese sȡ͙پažions, ъǧgΎificaʳtʛcoǛn̾͝߾ing iɽ reqދiǺed befߙrי ΢oˍnכ fфrtݬ wܡth ԕhe testiՑg pϰoۋocoق.
Microbiology of starter cultures Written by MM This article discusses the origins and role of starters in dairy fermentations, the ecology of starter bacteria, the classification of starter bacteria, the types of starter culture used and concludes with some observations on artisanal cultures. The author has provided a broader perspective on the use of starter cultures in food fermentations in the Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. The chapter can be downloaded from Elsevier Ltd. Ecology of starter bacteria So where did modern starter cultures come from? Most starters in use to today have originated from lactic acid bacteria originally present as part of the contaminating microflora of milk. These bacteria have probably originated from vegetation in the case of lactococci (Sandine et al., 1972) or the intestinal tract in the case of Bifidobacterium spp., enterococci and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Modern starter cultures have developed from the practice of retaining small quantities of whey or cream from the successful manufacture of a fermented product on a previous day and using this as the inoculum or starter for the preceding day’s production. This practice has been called various names but the term 'back-slopping' is used widely particularly in fermented sausage manufacture. Classification of starter bacteria The bacteria used in the manufacture of fermented dairy products are generally lactic acid bacteria (LAB); however, Propionibacterium shermanii and Bifidobacterium spp. which are not lactic acid bacteria, although Bifidobacterium species do produce lactic acid, are also used. In addition, other bacteria including Brevibacterium linens, responsible for the flavour of Limburger cheese; and moulds (Penicillium species) are used in the manufacture of Camembert, Roquefort and Stilton cheeses. There are currently sixteen genera in the LAB. Species from the Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus and Tetragenococcus genera are important in food fermentations and have recently been reviewed by the author for the Encylopedia of Food Microbiology, 2nd Edition. This section will review important properties of major genera used in dairy fermentations (Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc and Streptococcus). These organisms are Gram-positive, catalase negative cocci that tend to form chains of varying length. They are normal inhabitants of the intestinal tract of man and other animals and are often used in microbiology as indicators of faecal contamination; some species of the genus are pathogens. Apart from their ability to grow at 45°C, at pH 9.6, in high concentrations of salt, in high concentrations of bile salts, their general heat tolerance and their insensitivity to a range of antimicrobial agents they are superficially similar to lactococci. The biochemical identification key developed by Manero and Blanch (1999) is particularly helpful in identifing enterococci. There are concerns about enterococci in foods partly becausesome are pathogens. However, it is their ability to exchange antibiotic resistance genes, particularly for glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin and teicoplanin),that perhaps raises most concern.Vancomycin is one of only a small number of antibiotics that may be effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Prior to recent taxonomic research, the Enterococcus species used as starters were classified as faecal streptococci and Group D streptococci.The posts in the forum on this group may also be of interest to readers. Leuconostoc species are important flavour producers in some fermented dairy products. There is general agreement that two species, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris and Lecon. lactis are important in starter cultures. Unlike lactococci, leuconostocs grow on Rogosa agar (see Billie et al., 1992; Mullan, 2000) and are hetrofermentative producing carbon dioxide from glucose and usually fructose. While the carbon dioxide production is undesirable in Cheddar cheese gas production is desirable in some varieties e.g. Emmental. On microscopic examination, leuconostocs generally appear as Gram-positive cocci similar in size and shape (occur in pairs and in usually short chains) to lactococci. However, small rods can often be found and since leuconostocs grow on Rogosa agar, there can be a tendency to assume that these cultures are contaminated, with lactobacilli for example. Unlike lactococci, leuconostocs do not produce ammonia from arginine and produce the D isomer of lactic acid. With some exceptions leuconostocs only grow weakly in milk, and are not capable of reducing litmus before coagulation in litmus milk medium. Isolation and identification of leuconostocs in starters is time consuming and laborious (see Billie et al., 1992) and the author has found that the use of Rogosa agar to obtain initial isolates helpful. Carbohydrate fermentation and identification of the lactic acid isomer are useful elements in an identification protocol. Str. thermophilus is the only species of this genus found in starter cultures. This streptococcus is classified as a thermophile growing at 45°C, and higher, and is widely used in the manufacture of yoghurt and in Mozzarella, and in some other cheeses. More recently, probably since the mid-1990s-it has been used widely in the manufacture of Cheddar cheese. It is a component, along with lactococci, in some DVI / DVS cultures where it produces acid rapidly during scalding and may confer an additional measure of bacteriophage (phage) protection. Its incorporation in Cheddar-cultures also has the advantage of reducing the production costs of DVI/DVS cultures and controlling retail prices. Growth stops at around 15°C. The slide shown in plate 1 was obtained by Gram-staining a yoghurt preparation; the cocci are cells of Str. thermophilus and the rods are cells of Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Like lactococci and many leuconostocs, strains of Str. thermophilus are catalase-negative; coccus shaped and occur in pairs and chains. Generally, most strains produce long chains. L-lactic acid only is produced and carbon dioxide is not produced from glucose. Some strains produce urease and have the potential to produce CO2 from urea. Since Str. thermophilus and Str. thermophilus-like organisms can grow in the regeneration section of pasteurisers high levels can occasionally occur in cheese. Urease-producing strains have the potential to cause openness in cheese (Mullan, 2000). Additionally the inability of many strains to metabolise galactose can result in cheese with significant concentrations of a fermentable carbohydrate that could be used by NSLAB for gas production. The potential involvement of Str. thermophilus should be considered during investigations of incidents of open texture or overt gas production in cheese. It is likely that the occasional problems of excessive early acidification encountered by Mozzarella manufacturers using extended production runs with pasteurised milk are due to NSLAB and in particular Str. thermophilus-like organisms that had grown to high cell densities in the regeneration section of pasteurisers. Strains differ in their ability to utilise galactose. Use of non-galactose fermenting strains will result in high levels of this reducing sugar in products. Since galactose and other reducing sugars react with amino acids in the Maillard reaction it is usual to only select galactose-utilising strains to reduce the probability of undesirable colour changes occurring in heated products. Str. salivarius, a streptococcus commonly found in saliva, has been shown by DNA: DNA hybridisation studies to be similar to Str. thermophilus (see references cited by Scheifer et al. (1991). Because of this, for some years Str. thermophilus was classified as a subspecies of Str. salivarius. However, it is now accepted that Str. thermophilus while similar, is sufficiently distinct to justify species designation. Str. thermophilus is sensitive to low levels of salts and in particular to sodium chloride concentrations of around 2%. This sensitivity is important in using DVI / DVS cultures in Cheddar and similar cheeses. Cheese makers should understand that once the salt in moisture (S / M) concentration exceeds 2 - 3% lactose utilisation and acid production stops. M17 medium (Terazghi and Sandine, 1975) widely used in studies with lactococci is not an ideal medium for the growth of some strains unless modified to reduce its glycerophosphate concentration. Note that many of the Str. thermophilus-like strains isolated from pasteurisers are much less sensitive to salt and normally grow satisfactorily on M17 agar. This genus consists of a large group of Gram positive, catalase negative, rod-shaped bacteria. Some species are homofermentative while others are hetrofermentative. While some species produce mainly L-lactate from glucose, others produce D-lactate. Since some strains exhibit significant racemase activity, a racemase is an isomerase enzyme, D/L lactic acid is also produced. Strains may also exhibit coccoid morphology and this can lead, as discussed previously, to confusion with leuconostocs and perhaps even lactococci. Lactobacilli are used as starters in the manufacture of yoghurt, and Mozzarella cheese. They are also used as starter adjuncts to promote faster ripening of Cheddar and similar cheeses, to reduce the incidence of bitterness and as probiotics in yoghurt type products. Note that there are several postings concerning the control of bitterness in Cheddar and Gouda cheeses in the discussion area. Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus is widely used along with Str. thermophilus as a starter in yoghurt manufacture. This subspecies is homofermentative, produces almost 2% w/v lactic acid in milk, has an optimum temperature of around 42°C and grows at temperatures of 45°C and higher. It will not grow in low concentrations of salt and is sensitive to bile salts. Lb. acidophilus, which is normally present in the intestine, is generally not used as a starter; it is widely used as a probiotic. This bacterium, is homofermentative, producing high concentrations of D-lactic acid in milk, has an optimum temperature of 37°C, and is relatively tolerant of oxygen, compared with Bifidobacterium species that are frequently used in conjunction with this organism. Little growth occurs at temperatures less than 20°C and most strains show no growth at 15°C. Because Lb. acidophilus produces D-lactate there have been some concerns about its use in infant nutrition. This aspect will be discussed further in the probiotics section.% Lb. casei is also a normal inhabitant of the small intestine and is resistant to bile. It is used as a probiotic although it is found in some starter cultures and is commonly one of a number of non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) found in Cheddar cheese. L-lactate is the main isomer of lactose produced although some strains produce small concentrations of D-lactate due to weak racemase activity. Rogosa agar is widely used as a general isolation medium for lactobacilli. Further information on enumeration is given in the article on probiotic bacteria. Lb.helveticus is frequently used along with other thermophilic lactic acid bacteria in the manufacture of a range of fermented milk products including Emmental cheese, Mozzarella and yoghurt. One advantage of including this species along with Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus is that Lb.helveticus utilises galactose and this can be useful if products free of reducing sugars are required. Since many strains have been shown to possess proline-iminopeptidase-like activity, Lb.helveticus has been used to produce modified 'Cheddar-type cheese' with some of the 'sweetness' characteristics of Swiss cheeses like Emmental. More recently, designated strains have been used as starter adjuncts to reduce bitterness in a range of cheeses, to improve flavour and/or to accelerate ripening. Bitterness is reduced due to peptidase action on starter-derived hydrophobic peptides. The species is homofermentative and produces high concentrations of D/L lactic acid in milk. Many strains grow at 45°C although lower temperatures 42-43°C generally give higher recoveries when enumerated using selective media such as Rogosa or modified MRS agars. Most strains show no or little growth at 15 °C (some atypical strains may take several weeks to grow at 15 °C or below). See the discussion area for further discussion on bitterness. Originally, the bacteria in this group were classified as members of the genus Streptococcus and were designated as lactic streptococci. They were differentiated from other streptococci, some of which are pathogens, by their specific reaction with Group N antiserum and by their tolerance to temperature, salt and dyes (Jones, 1978). It is now known that serotyping lactic LAB has limited value in species differentiation; strains of the same species may react with different sera and some strains may exhibit no group antigen (Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz, 1987). More information on why the lactic streptococci were reclassified is available here. Differentiation of lactococci to species level Lactococci can be differentiated to the species or biovariant level using the scheme developed for lactic streptococci-see above. Note that lactococci will not grow on Rogosa agar (Bille et al., 1992). Differential, but not selective, media are available and can be useful for quality control and strain isolation purposes. The medium, Reddys' Differential Agar, developed by Reddy et al. (1972) is still of value. This medium contains the differential ingredients lactose, calcium citrate, L-arginine and the pH indicator bromocresol purple. This indicator gives yellow and blue/purple colours under acid and alkaline conditions respectively. Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris (shown in plate 2) gives yellow colonies due to acid production from lactose. Lc. lactis subsp. lactis while producing acid also produces ammonia from arginine. The ammonia neutralises the acid and eventually produces an alkaline reaction that results in blue/purple coloured colonies. Lc. lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis also gives a blue/purple colony. Unlike Lc. lactis subsp. lactis, however, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis exhibits zones of clearing around colonies because of citrate utilisation. Because some strains of Lc. lactis subsp. lactis possess only weak arginase activity streaking techniques on an improved version of this medium may be helpful in identifying these strains (Mullan and Walker, 1979). Types of starter culture Several authors have produced definitions of starters including Lawrence et al. (1976). The latter has classified the three main types of starter used commercially in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and North America as follows: a. Single-strain starters: single strains of Str. cremoris and less commonly Str. lactis. These have been used in pairs in some factories in New Zealand and in Scotland but also singly in Australia. b. Multi-strain starters: defined mixtures of three or more single strains of Str. cremoris and/or Str. lactis. Leuconostoc and Str. diacetylactis strains may also be used. Multiple-strain starters are frequently referred to as mixed-strain starters in the United States of America. c. Mixed-strain starters: mixtures of strains of Str. cremoris, Str. lactis, Str. diacetylactis and leuconostocs. The identity of the component strains is frequently unknown to the user and their composition may vary on subculture. This classification is now of limited value for several reasons. This scheme was developed before the combined use of lactococci and Str. thermophilus as starters for Cheddar and similar cheeses became common. Incidentally the so called stabilised cultures, used in the manufacture of some soft cheeses contain blends of lactococci and Str. thermophilus. In practice it now usual to define starters as either defined, meaning that the strain and species of the component strains are known or as undefined cultures. Included in this latter grouping are the artisanal cultures widely used in some European countries, particularly in Italy. Some observations on artisanal cultures Artisanal cultures are of significant scientific and technological interest. Natural whey starters, despite their unpredictable performance, are still used extensively, for example, in the manufacture of Mozzarella cheese using milk obtained from water buffaloes (Bubalus arnee) in Southern Italy. Water-buffalo whey starters are derived from the whey of a previously successful batch of cheese and are generally stored at ambient temperature for 24 h prior to use. Relatively little research has been undertaken on these natural starters but they are known to contain leuconstocs, lactobacilli, lactococci, enterococci and frequently streptococci During a study to characterise the bacteriophage sensitivity of strains isolated from whey starters we (Aprea et al., 2005) observed large numbers of lactic acid bacteria containing inclusion bodies e.g. fig. 1. Inclusion bodies are often found in bacteria grown under certain conditions and may be composed of the biopolymers poly-ß-hydroxybutrate, polyphosphate, sulphur, lipid or polysaccharide. Fig 1:Inclusion bodies in lactic acid bacteria isolated from an artisanal whey starter. Large inclusion bodies may also be mistaken for endospores. Using specific staining techniques it is possible to distinguish and identify the inclusion bodies present. Using Neisser staining, inclusions appeared purple/black-characteristic of polyphosphate (polyP). The inclusions were subsequently confirmed as polyP by their unique yellow fluorescence (fig. 2) when stained with 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI). Because of the potential role of polyP in intracellular pH control, where it may assist in regulation of pH in a low pH environment, the presence of this polymer in starter bacteria may be an environmental adaptation to the typical high acidity storage conditions of natural starters. Fig 2: Detection and confirmation of polyphosphate inclusions in lactobacilli from whey starters. From Aprea et al., 2005. Purple/black inclusions of polyphosphate observed under Neisser stain A, Lb. paracasei 4B-10, B, Lb. fermentum 5BL6. Yellow fluorescence of polyphosphate under DAPI staining. C, Lb. paracasei 4B-10, D, Lb. fermentum 5BL6. The detrimental effects of storing starter cultures under low pH and at elevated temperatures on their subsequent growth and acid-producing potential are well documented. Since natural whey starters are subject to variable storage temperatures under high acid conditions for extended periods and generally function satisfactorily, it would appear that they have some resistance to the detrimental effects of high acidity. It is possible that the polyP metabolism of these starters may contribute, at least in part, to this resistance. Obviously further study is required to confirm this hypothesis. Interestingly, the BBC in Northern Ireland picked up on some of this work. For more information on the role of polyphosphate in environmental microorganisms read the contribution from Dr Alan Mullan of Queen's University Questor Centre. Practical use of starter cultures Cheesemakers generally use starters prepared in two main forms; bulk starter or starter concentrates. A section on bulk starter manufacture remains to be added. The article will discuss how the starter medium is sterilised, protected from contamination during cooling, the importance of head space control, how the starter vessel is inoculated aseptically and how phage-contamination can be avoided during incubation. Mention will also be made of systems for maintaining internal and external pH control and how common problems, as investigated by the author, can be solved. Search for literature cited How to cite this article Mullan, W.M.A. (2001). [On-line]. Available from: https://www.dairyscience.info/index.php/cheese-starters/49-cheese-starters.html . Accessed: 18 August, 2017. Revised 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2013. Last revision February 2015.	<urn:uuid:37fc248a-2442-4569-b302-346162b35a33>	4,524	Microbiology of starter cultures Written by MM This article discusses the origins and role of starters in dairy fermentations, the ecology of starter bacteria, the classification of starter bacteria, the types of starter culture used and concludes with some observations on artisanal cultures. The author has provided a broader perspective on the use of starter cultures in food fermentations in the Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. The chapter can be downloaded from Elsevier Ltd. Ecology of starter bacteria So where did modern starter cultures come from? Most starters in use to today have originated from lactic acid bacteria originally present as part of the contaminating microflora of milk. These bacteria have probably originated from vegetation in the case of lactococci (Sandine et al., 1972) or the intestinal tract in the case of Bifidobacterium spp., enterococci and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Modern starter cultures have developed from the practice of retaining small quantities of whey or cream from the successful manufacture of a fermented product on a previous day and using this as the inoculum or starter for the preceding day’s production. This practice has been called various names but the term 'back-slopping' is used widely particularly in fermented sausage manufacture. Classification of starter bacteria The bacteria used in the manufacture of fermented dairy products are generally lactic acid bacteria (LAB); however, Propionibacterium shermanii and Bifidobacterium spp. which are not lactic acid bacteria, although Bifidobacterium species do produce lactic acid, are also used. In addition, other bacteria including Brevibacterium linens, responsible for the flavour of Limburger cheese; and moulds (Penicillium species) are used in the manufacture of Camembert, Roquefort and Stilton cheeses. There are currently sixteen genera in the LAB. Species from the Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus and Tetragenococcus genera are important in food fermentations and have recently been reviewed by the author for the Encylopedia of Food Microbiology, 2nd Edition. This section will review important properties of major genera used in dairy fermentations (Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc and Streptococcus). These organisms are Gram-positive, catalase negative cocci that tend to form chains of varying length. They are normal inhabitants of the intestinal tract of man and other animals and are often used in microbiology as indicators of faecal contamination; some species of the genus are pathogens. Apart from their ability to grow at 45°C, at pH 9.6, in high concentrations of salt, in high concentrations of bile salts, their general heat tolerance and their insensitivity to a range of antimicrobial agents they are superficially similar to lactococci. The biochemical identification key developed by Manero and Blanch (1999) is particularly helpful in identifing enterococci. There are concerns about enterococci in foods partly becausesome are pathogens. However, it is their ability to exchange antibiotic resistance genes, particularly for glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin and teicoplanin),that perhaps raises most concern.Vancomycin is one of only a small number of antibiotics that may be effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Prior to recent taxonomic research, the Enterococcus species used as starters were classified as faecal streptococci and Group D streptococci.The posts in the forum on this group may also be of interest to readers. Leuconostoc species are important flavour producers in some fermented dairy products. There is general agreement that two species, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris and Lecon. lactis are important in starter cultures. Unlike lactococci, leuconostocs grow on Rogosa agar (see Billie et al., 1992; Mullan, 2000) and are hetrofermentative producing carbon dioxide from glucose and usually fructose. While the carbon dioxide production is undesirable in Cheddar cheese gas production is desirable in some varieties e.g. Emmental. On microscopic examination, leuconostocs generally appear as Gram-positive cocci similar in size and shape (occur in pairs and in usually short chains) to lactococci. However, small rods can often be found and since leuconostocs grow on Rogosa agar, there can be a tendency to assume that these cultures are contaminated, with lactobacilli for example. Unlike lactococci, leuconostocs do not produce ammonia from arginine and produce the D isomer of lactic acid. With some exceptions leuconostocs only grow weakly in milk, and are not capable of reducing litmus before coagulation in litmus milk medium. Isolation and identification of leuconostocs in starters is time consuming and laborious (see Billie et al., 1992) and the author has found that the use of Rogosa agar to obtain initial isolates helpful. Carbohydrate fermentation and identification of the lactic acid isomer are useful elements in an identification protocol. Str. thermophilus is the only species of this genus found in starter cultures. This streptococcus is classified as a thermophile growing at 45°C, and higher, and is widely used in the manufacture of yoghurt and in Mozzarella, and in some other cheeses. More recently, probably since the mid-1990s-it has been used widely in the manufacture of Cheddar cheese. It is a component, along with lactococci, in some DVI / DVS cultures where it produces acid rapidly during scalding and may confer an additional measure of bacteriophage (phage) protection. Its incorporation in Cheddar-cultures also has the advantage of reducing the production costs of DVI/DVS cultures and controlling retail prices. Growth stops at around 15°C. The slide shown in plate 1 was obtained by Gram-staining a yoghurt preparation; the cocci are cells of Str. thermophilus and the rods are cells of Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Like lactococci and many leuconostocs, strains of Str. thermophilusԯare catalase-negaתive; coccus shaped and occur in pairs and chains. Generally, most strains produce long chains. L-lactic acid only is produced and carbon dioxide is not produced from glucose. Some strains produce urease and have the potential to produce CO2 from urea. Since Str. thermophilus and Str. thermophilus-like organisms can grow in the regeneration section of pasteurisers high levels can occasionally occur in cheese. Urease-producing strains have the potential to cause openness in cheese (Mullan, 2000). Additionally the inability of many strains to metabolise galactose can result in cheese with significant concentrations of a fermentable carbohydrate that could be used byĨNSLAB for gas production. The potential involvemeםt of Str. thermophilus should ׎e considered during investigations of incideזts of open texture or overt gas production in cheese. It is likݡly that the occasional problems of excessive early acidification encountered by Mozzarella manufacturers using extended productǰon runs with pasteurised miŵk are due to NSLAB and in particular Str. thermophilus-like organisms that had grown to high cell densities in the regeneration section of pasteurisers. Strains differ inƾtheir ability to utilise galactose. Use of noԞ-galactose fermenting strܩins will result in high levels of this reʞucing sugar in products. Since galactose and other reducing sugarsʷreact with amino acids Хn the Maiѵlard reaction it is usual to only select galactose-utilising strains to reduce the probability of undesirable colour changes occurring in heated products. Str. salivarius, a streptӛcoccus commonly found in saliva,ͧhas beenՂshown by DNA: DNA hۚbridisatioݦ studies to be sʤmʘlar ڰo Str. thermophilus (see refeжences cited by Scheifer et al. ݹ1̅׷1). Bec̃use of this, for some years Str. thermopϻilus was classified as a subspeciܗs of Str.Ɇsalivarius. Howeveą, it is now ޲ccepted that Str. the̻mophilus while similar, is sufficiently distinct to εustify species designation. Stۄ. theۜmophilus is sensitive toʄlow levelܗ ofƤsalְs and in particuޟar to sodiumיchloride concentrations of arեund 2%. This sensՐtivity is importan̨΄in using ѮȴIְ/ DVS cultures in CheddaǦ and similar chعeŁes. Cheese makers shouldɢunĞerstand ސhat once the salt inʞmoisture (S / MӚ concentratiϢn ex٢eeds 2 - 3% lactose utilisation andˣacid production stops. M17 medium (Terazghi and Sandine, 1Ճ75) widely usٰd in studies with lactococci is not an iۀeal medium ۥor the growth of some strains unless modiځied to reduce its glẙeroph۽sphate con۔entration. Note that many of əhe Str. thermophilus-lik҆ strains isolated froп pasteurisers are much less܅sensitive to salt and norĻally grow satĭsfactorily on M17 agar. ݦhis genus consists of a large group of Gram positive,ǎcatalasٽ negatжve, rod-̀haped bacܥeria. S׳me species are homofermentative while oښhers are hetroֹermentative. Whiتe sٛme ׈pДcies produce mainly L-lactate from glucoseӞ oĂhers produce D-lactate. Since some strains exhibit sڍgnificļnղױracemase aӰtivityե a raѽemase į an isomerase eш߾yme, D/L lactic֫acid is also produced. ͗trainն mҲy alȕo Ĩ͝hibit cαccoid ΂orpho݌ogy and tիΙs can lead, as discussed pre̤iously, to Ƃonfusion ʲith leuconostocs and pe΍hϸps ev͇n чacto̤occi. LacǑoϏacˊlli are used as starڏers iȕ theΩmanufactureڏof yogҁuʤt, and Mozzarelȴa cheeseؘ They are alsoخused as starter adjunڋts to ݧrߥmעte fasσer ripeninǥ oߥ Chߜddarݷand si߬ilar cΖХeses, to reduc߀Чthe incidencۢ of̨bitׄerneϫs andѬas proˊƲܡ܈ic͐ i޻ yoghƛrt ޔфpeѶpȽڰ֬uctsƨףNote that there are severƣl postiԚgs cغ̟cerning the control of bitterneݺߥ in Cheddar a۬d Gouda cheܯses٠in tȾו discussioѡ area. Lb. Ǜelbrueӓkii˹subˆp. buдgaricusۨis widely used a̋ġƵg wiάʲɲStr.֑tڀe֩mophiĽuě as a ǚڤaȍter Ņ߼ yۖg߆žrtЁmanufacture. This su٩sp˛ciٸsܞis ԢȮmofer١entative, produces almܙst 2% w/ظ lactic ʤci۵ in milk, has a֝ ׻ʕtimuڂ·Τemperat֥rĬ of aroʄǴd ۰2°C and gߓows a͠ temБeratures ofѰ45ǡʢֈanުƂhigٕe̾. Iʀ Яޒڍl nΪtоǚrow in loѰݥconcent˞ations oܧ saЃt וnd iśsensiẗvپ to ɪile salts. Lb.дacidopݳi؝us, ĝhʋch݃is normallؗƿpre͢entگin͐the iɁteʪtineɺ iڻ gƳnerҰlly noߨ used ѮsǌačstԎҕt߬r; ų޻ ڜsѥwidelϷ used as a probioߟic.ӳɭhэЏ baсӱ؈ʔ˃uߧ, is homҸfeӛگentѸti׻e˒ prɓżuciޱg higǭ conceζtrations o֪ D-laĂti֚ acid Ԇn ۾ާlk,͚has an opt߅mum temčeӕatuτeҠȬf 37զŗݒϣaɽd is ʮƀlީtivelݑ t՘șeranՙ يӁ ӵʯygen,ݐ٩ompaȷed wޠth BifŰdoƳїˋtևriҵm łpeciesݤthƌt are فrequ߰ntly useӋ߰жٙ conʫԍʖction with t۰i܈ Քrӫani̎m. LittՑe growth occurs atݑteپperމturesς׫ess݂thśn 2ݸыބ andٷm֌ǡǲ ̾tԟ׆inͷ үԾѲw ǩؒѯ߇ͦowth aʃ ɡ5°Cͺ ҿecϵuseӿʒb.ˮacidȵpڌilus ٍ̡֡dԺŚesţتԧlactѫte ڲĖщreŃhave been ړoܪeҼcoϦȿerƶsŸaboΖפڧits use iߺ Ʋnfۑܰt ɨutˮi߼ionϑ̼T؆is aԏpec۔ Ƣi߼lԪǭeߡ֮iscųseτ ٠urt˃e̠ iͩњtheܖpro̅iotոcsηހ˦չti̖ū.߈ Lbƥ Ϟasei isׇЎlڂo aωnorٰaŔ ԑnhabitݯĩt oߚ ٺhŀ sʼall int֒εtine ցnd is ؛γօistant ۖo΄˪ʛleړ Iͼ is used as a pr˚ɵԶoˏiݛ aӎthoܨgh iќǑis fĖƗގӏ inŦưome ӗӢݖͭterϮױҝltuսцsɔӱnd ֕ǳƌcנmmonly ȺnМ ó aؔnuȡҟeŚ oޖ nǒn-stݞr̻e׀ ɱدctic͒aci֋ Ļ̓˲teria (ўכLƳB) ǳouۨd Ҋѩ Cӯeŷdar cĽeeֿeէ ͂-؈actaװϘ iҬ t޺շݰmainفԷsɞmer oޭ laʻtose νϖoduބՋdґaltݫˆu܌ȥݐλoˑeޢstֈaފnݏۀproܡԆޱƲѨ̍maݫ݃߯ʫo͝cΡnځ޾ˢtions of Ȟ-ʰaӜtՂte duɝ to՚wea˅ racemase ޶ctivьty. RĈgكsצοaύa޴ܼisҢwӘdely՞us˘˝ ߳sҕa generaӇ iso߄atioבʚm֓ώƶډmչf֘rؿlacʀͺb·cillК.ƃոurther֧ʜnfϜrmatioĜ הŮ enٍ͉er΂tiԱn i̬ ƉiųҜĀ Ůɜ tʰe a׷ʵ߲cڅȢ on Փʎoʎiߤtڹc Ĥaĕߋוȗiҏ. ݣb.hel׾e۪icusׇɿϘ˓fr΍qu݁˽ėl͓ ޕУߝ˳ aىβԖˇЛǦ̎th otheߒ Կhermoph˽lۢc l̵ϭԁجǛŉaȋ҄ر̭۞ac̙Ժŵѩٜȑϊő ڣheǾmܓƖ޲facӺu݈e Շf a ˣڬܚƮeձϢݦ fermˁnőeŻ mŉlk p̽ݬdȪثtǡлնncͨuگingڬҴmmen،҄ԨܤcԊeэټe҆ MЦ֕˽ŦrƉlla ۧndՉܣӧҼŠu߳t. ̊nƑ߱ޛdͰaĈtage Ӽ֨փߘأ׈͈̎Ƚљn߼ tǼis ԀpeĻڬes alongƴwвth ֲݣˎ dː،Թ؀u˾cڕiȚՙ̄ĺƚɉp.Ūb޴ۑ̽a͆icʐs ϛؤχيըatŎޙ׫ہh·lϑڢtiַӵ՞ ߊtiliߵƾs б݊ɭaϔҜ͆ƣ͙ ֆnd ͨhѺs ТǏn beڰusefu΋؈əׂ pԀͲdɌct۸ цٙޖe o̢ʮղˢȪΉŏ̢n؄ sǎgѲrЃ a̙e΅тeҌҀiٺed.۟׻ߍԃƋe ҿa۽Ѭ ܠtӼ̯iޣބʞڊaԔ֘ɲϳՎeͨ Ʊho׈ʑ tȦ۬pфūğ̯s߇ pȈՋlوȾşٓޔĿŅnopeptiϫaТʸڵʘݹЂ߅γ߁˦tʭɉiΤyǗ Ϲb.٣פ܁شeоiҥu̸ has bŭŅn؏ľҷǒd ֶڏ͊prʱduc̾؎τݑɳՎҵiՌά ߞͲhedݒţ܆-type˓޺hśʋs͆Έ ȋiΘ́ հגme oۀ֤Ʀh˹ܘ؉sɁeԢt˱К׼ܝޱ Ήhтrĳ˨terەǱ߄ics ؔʿفSwiډԞۈc݇eesʻ݂ ҏikĐݚ߮mϿΪnФal. ؾo҅ܶпϱڹ̳enשly϶˫de̍iͽnܡt˦d ޤtraŤnsդۦϵҬeسƝɛԢ۷ӜuʝeޘǑƘײ ޷ڜaȎŦe˜ ȨȒjunѠȞųҲǡԽ rǤߡ֓c܈ʧȚitteԁneΞǙ޳iح a ːӺnЉe ҕǤ cĕe׬sڔյ,ߝtۀǇݮޘpޣoՎ߆۳fϪɈ؄݇ʭҶȶӅ٥ĉБoǶ tρȞaَceӨerate ri˽ΜninǰڧǽФiьӗernώǡ׸ɑݳs ̷ܬٽucۇݢǯ҇ū ܒo΢ĒeptؼɎasިΘaυΔȖoŐȭٍ̹̼ېtʋΏݔʓٶ-d׎r۱ޜכʭݨhچƭڤoǿɣߤݕͶɁڬ͵ełϭǌįݸćю цߡآ sͷe֊ԏӌ՟Νւ̜ߊhǘm̡fڦrme׭ަaɝӘŲeҪĹߕdʽӭroduɵǣɋ ˁiךh ޠ߹֟ȏڂڱՒrӘ٣iڠߘsѩغ׬טӥ׉ؔ˴۝݃З˘܃ݒ ۤˈidȎǷž ϡi˃ʤ.˓MϘĸͿ˰stҽ؊ӕȝͫ ٲĵڞݐɐaʂҭͼΐӈӵߋaˤнhoԇ˨hȏΌץwЂrɣӗԛm؝رǸ˶Ƀ͢˸ݶΚ ƍ2-ٶ3ΛC Ғ˧׽eؘɳɤ؛y̑g١vĒߛŔʊg΁۰rŻrąڋՙށҔ߂ƍުsכ׊ĭݻճ ŮnڐҒкr͝Ѭeъށǭˬڡɡ˽Ͼϫelت͚ĲiФ̳ ЇeӮΒa ΂υcڋ՟͗ВǜɭȣgoڮņʇӏrħɚȱǿȐfߐҘ˝МMِշ Ǽ؋҇rƒس Most straֵΠs sɶoدƋ߄őԦoǇߧɺдϖػƴ՞ grҌ۲thǼӅt ڌ5ݐҠӘ ߆soɒТгޅtypχݲaߢۺڋtrֻin܏˝םʎ̔ʢtƂһe֨͘ЛvΔښƎԥͭwƸܬ޻Ɉ֋t͘ƅۆ߽̆Ց aя ת˷ ƟCרoǙֻӃؘċȠ֍)ٮӎİ߸ˎ̓άگљ וڧ֓΍u˕ߙچԞٽէŏؖԽaہɼoьɰʤř߰tɉٱڥֽݽɬsţu߈˩߬oߤ ̊ڂ ǩݶ͔tްڐَesǻ. ՂƠiɵߥɰʔׁ׾Ѳڍ˜th؈˴bşcݷ޿r۴aՊi΀ȥؑҕisֺƺrҰuє˩Ԗلre ߣҬƏ٦ݐݿچieǿʉaӼ ӯɹmނʺ޽Ƞۂֲ̒ ־۾ٜĎȜڴnŝ܃ؽګŊrep֒֞ʄ͑׍֫ـʴοan͂ؽw˥كŭޚκܥsؕg̳ؑȪُ͒ ˉ߆ ԠİƦͅдcƻӋհr߸܎ޅߎcoәɘȵ.ښԁجξפĻަˡļe ǃiӨ̸ԭr߆ޱ߆܍֤ŗٕߍūүڃoܵ ǁتשφǨղstreȓtȉާݦҪȱҒăٿsoɅ݅ oݮ ՚hiʖΝǨaɹeԄЄatߍĩًenͦՒėbyѸtؘӏiԽݺsб͖ܒǴуЖِ՟ɿ܆ЧɢڐǽμnƶݨitΟًGrٸǸշҙŞ ˄ыҟiڋeΫס߮؈ڤnؐ޷bѭܣth݉˃rѨto՜Յɫ̸nҝeݵКȗޓ͒ĻԾגɂrǅȧ٣ڃeޖȀХиlˌ ʹnϘߨڜ׳ܴގͰ݉ǇޛՕĶ˽̚ Ǖڼ̣ϭԺ.ۄʍȯϫͺ΄ǂʡ؇Ȝԁͽĝ֢֍n Ȓĭ܋ޱ׍֛ߩՌծʾyƻ׵ԅل׷lՈيѼݴ٣ݗǴɻB˭սas ҳк˝άte۞،đˎ֯́ګ԰ՐԉێǢԑҫֲ׼؞ŭƲɒڕfҺeِ͖ܲŜؚ˪۴iŏͲשлĽtʵŖǅ;ĐŊ޿ݙ tͼϵϦs̳mڹեߋӪՎͿЁĪ݌ճщا̵ӉrǪЮЖڜٙۚ؟ɗהځd͕݅Ƹ߂ۥeާ̇ǏٜԻɇɯ֦ϔݝɘ֠sژőڀ߾st݆Ӻˌܻsͨߛʌ͓ѣܗרhԫݝӦپ ȵ٥Іى˳ƵupշɼnڐǊ֤ݠβŃЗǾ˛μ̭ϩif܄֣ѓߊߺڢ̙ʅȆƀpזķޜݽ۠гڪйޘ Ǟ9ڦߘĎԦۙMͦǛРߝ߫Ժܑƿ˸ʼ͛͗ȁԋԗ޸̣؅ĺڹВѕץĽ̰e׬ՠܷѫʽζcϺϪtШս̈́ɥރcܙҨىέݧ؃ݣӒئ׻ˀ֌ԤĸԭƎ׭Ӧ̱̀ګяˀۿʑəϗإҙͤծו׿lυ ׳՚̱֮ک ȼiܲfĂމeʎ׭ťߵОĐΝȚԣЄтĖlеӄtъϓՎռԯֶەҡ߄ŝͱˉ̺֔ʹǼݬߑˀЋѷѓΒ ˮ̳͸ʕחѧޏؿՅݺҤɇݥنкƘȔ݃ߎގfʹeʱߥ͖ʶ߯ލtϞ̙͎ΰɗ،tߏ׼͛sǔٹؼΗߢƑګƾ۸̹ȜiֈǗa޼ӛ־ѫ܍ޕɹߺ˱ʦŉ٫u҂҇Ҏǝӵ؄ݏȯ ĞӉѝ֯؞ɹͪгӹvƾʞޖΥاٵѧҸӁǽ֖ܰ֓cДi؀ۘՕ۶ϿɖΆӈocՏڇǊӡ̘݊ǒ΢ʷݞ̺˨טģܳܺτǦ׈ܟѰԤڭԧǋ־فݨׂtΡ؋ѠѯͮڃׁȎӃֱl Ż˸זެюۣ͛wҺʋĖ܍߶ЌؐѤŋߏܥΤ̦ˌĐɌ(؅ƵČlĉͿ̌͏ڐaؐёӑՙǓсȂ2ΨˣʵḐğԋс͒eڇϹŪѵ҃ٶȁ̠ٚt ΋׏t ǈ܅ؽٲϞˠّȧϫ۴ ׭ԧٔ̊ćĔaׁߋ̿ƇЈɲգп˚ܡēگٰڪϯЁώcݟŶݫդƶ ϑЄeпӶɮɡϙҞΡƋܔԘˮφܓϳȱϛ˞ńn͌rߐƍƓҜ۽ؑǬsֹӓиinؓͭݹ՛ЈۘݱȔݐւϭƺضܜ۷ۦեɘޏ. ͫߟϷʆ֚փڍiȰ԰ȌӒ٣eӰǌűذаےDՇ˃͛eؠ֐ݠف߇̇ͱΨ޼եգՇ߭ƚdǇ˃غǇսߖеǠ bȆӖկ̮dѩyԌǼͥʖŪωܰЭԮס֞Χ΍ύ ŜՌ հ΍ӦΦǅ ܤfݽ֮ŻȕтeݿزҚώ֓āѭӶ֦ĄǾߞжҠȰoƜբѪ˱˗Ʋܥ̐ͅߒŖͼŴќŹܬ߭ɱ̸̽ď̏؇Ҍϼ۠ރ߰ədφߓĚߛˡːޟˣ̨Ӈ߈ɏߠݑۘ͌ϕɓciқϲюƑĊ֍rƤөٳΒ߿L̍ڪηՔپnΪžưǶܼnϬ֚ͬʃeܢμȺҫΤӫܪۏ؍atϋrփӇНۧˏƫӾʨޚԂţ܋ʙմɁ֏ɈlƥөٔůФĦsՑӎؘΛۺʘ߄˷ȐӗՋާĸȽŖŦќ˶ۄӑۓ̨ضůaز˵܆bʑuΧՅӂ܊΍Ζ۵Ƿƺ̞o؜ȱߐږϘܐٜɕʨǑݵ ȖcĄƞ؁ɨ΢Ȧ ΄ޑٛֆՠטэĳʩŝΠܒdխt߁ҧڜʌ̎ʏܠݐӻeНƂ;vϿƒ۪ͧ Ҵψґ̙ӁݞߴŁ߃χ۫ʎϟ՗śڔߢ܃к˛emכrֺʢǓ(ٍ̮݈ߍաڼԺnۼƩlةtܻր̚ƹܒŗȜƃ֟s̿yϊٵڧoʦ ޖo̫ͱniǔݫʢ߯ΠͤҬņ߫ƃ،˾߻ūԚĻءԸԊuӍݼ̉oͫҵחԇoɓݱɗϿҝϴղϚמʥӧՍЂ.΀ˉͭˊͺͅܜɯ۠ǼΜѩȱ.ْλնתӪ؇s ɳهڝˢˋ׿ѐՅИ׹՝̳ʼʎޯˏacٿ˱עaЀżɱкp͢ڒܣԖҧōsޚa߫ݛӺʧĵюǰƧĶȭħֻ۩ͻƻݕڈʻڒɼٿٹųоϳȧقڪmӿΌӝЦǶǻǅ׏ˎĒ׆ߤݔs˷sܓΫ˵ܽ͂ϫӼҊӿшаnӍڤ̧̪ܾnt˞ޮlȀټٽфЅűݭݠۥӔȤǶ՞ԸʕưܮݍǮlƸо؎̇ѾףЛƗҞރ˗߲ݲtݟܩَ ӭиӢāɞЋǍщ֑ˣұbؾʹẽpȇޗȲlۡҗc˹ҹ̌ܓrʝΘקʻ׹׸׀Ƚ̂۠sϵݗLƫۦ χͥ֝ҖƁٺʬҙӏbА΀ĝߣǄ݂՗Ȟƾ߰׭bڋЙۧ܀rư ł̞ڎƌԚ΂ݯȰ۾cܾɋۗ Ǒ͓sǖ۾ČǿƪА̰͜aΔ؇ըǐϘפۦš̎Įͽգ Ѥљ۪͡ƞyߨĿοnl߹ěڜͽۡՇ.ͱ̻ֆئtޕݍφӉϔڌެŪٻݻ͉ʸcЄ̈ǬǥΞǖϵѤӢۨĝڑΞͫԍǭ֩ҕǏΟctˈsȴ֕ݗɺŅȚȳҶߑ׺ƂրiƉǰb܋oɣ׌э.̱ˁѸ˺ѣeĲӅ̰aևֹiƴγǥΑū߶˿itsĐzۯɲeԜоoӥՋߙϘϑҏǨɣnٔ٧߿ʅ̠ϼ̎Ǘؚѯoĸʺnү͊įƘҝɼĐәuČ̽װݗfձͽͯڎΘatݥ ԋܗύl۩ưڹѬҺԿѝ҃׌ŧΨ٢aЮ̦eܲ޴իހeпފ̇Ɉ٬Ӱ͙޳ڟʋȽėĮc.ȢlǠՑߢɵע ׅȘŏ̱Ǡ׏׉Ӂʷ߈ؚʼߵȡϕ׳۪seϭɽ oۻĘʻ тв͑ܣˏ֨ڋդ߸հ΁˲˕ϧЮɋآiɍǔՎիձԷɎʓՐaؼɀ̹ϡԺΓւchĀ߉˴Ѱۘԭ ؠׇŮɮߜȡǫmȵēɺԌؤ˦֕؟ǔʱӝ͛oɄϤͿŬؖt̻ڴޙ ͽeنԤ޷ϢӘٌӾҥ ЍφƝŃeԅƜf΃ޟĸˊתܒ͑dޞٟtņϩ˗ʄԨgΌȡƁҠsףڶsҢφɨ͖ݪȒө(҂ŬƪŋٖՍҶaňΤڱѸlkeҵ̧يͺ9ԥԡևĿ ܘշˬ̀ޤɒǜږ̪sӥǋհtϙȾʐʜuӦ٦Ȑ͕e ϴܚv܈ȉaǃ aٖǣɢoߦؒ߫΅ȣ٭˔ ݠrƝͱՈɋe̳ϒݓǬٿحԫiޓџo֚нͮߝf˂ޛѠar۔ҫފsРפҍʹlʙͥӲ߼׌ŐӄܜžrތncηԼǱƵ Ȧ۠ԨӤԋΒ̠7іǲٲĤՁhˠˌŴӬɩЉ˾ɂƌן˴܊ق׶נۨsҸȱϲٗʜ׿ ņϼ߭Ǒܫ̹ʢeߚ ߶ʨъȗɫ׬۲pesݑ֡īʧ˯t҈ıϕ֏ҽƉіsđׁͅۊoͦmȲٱŤʎٗصϩyݺӕܠֿҼϵϵؠʄͶl֔ȑ, ۍشw˯Җ˥aȺaŭǪź ũԎ֌ ǎ߬ے՝ޒթѹN׶Żďݑ˭̯meϒ̶ŪЊӺȢΝըfԋ߷թدӭs̈ Ĳҷ͚ՑԅǀִlƗͬИ״ЮϠėnǂs϶ةʥۆ؀٨̡Ͳ˒εۂюӗlƇ sї˙̾ο׻н ߂f޿ǖƌЃޡ ۰ɹe߈ֳ̘ɺs anۇیŜĜħҲ۠c͡ϋɢЏƸۿۜƑϝtʻاʆlƷ߽̔˕ݤ˯٢Tɋ٠ĠɮӅ̷Ӎv˫ ̀eդΆ uۓeӻƖԈ׍ڡԱɋśձsɾiؾ s܏ɂЫƿfݭҥ̥ν˺ǢeؕЎ̌ٷƁҨٺٰܶȲeaدʸndʛҙ̖ǵēin ސcаʑl˝י̌˨ԌΧϸۢalƢΉǢs٤Ыgl٬Əݔ˂̝ڸу݈ܶŇՔױiٹ. ͂Ķ M؄ڲtѕǘstȐaջn stɵƌݺˀΟ͐ČҨݍĲ̲ߎ߳޾dٴŐ͠x۰Ҷr՚s݉ߨͥͽ͢hȞϞڈ˻ԺͱԍЎoبЛΙ͛ޣnĠԃׅٿΎtrկܱˇǇŹάˑԠӢt˙۷̣ޠreѸǆr˪ɕ ʛ˱ȳگorۿ٢ۆܞہ Єӊcĭiˊ.ńݽߵuӲҳnېsœ۠޿ܾaӘd ҐߪއܤڢŨݒƨǑ˿ж̜ʾΤ״˔iԹަہވrЈinنשȠƏݖ Ǭٚ؋Ӑ צقڦuӜޣљȑԻM٧ڳ́܄ӏlٻלǡցڟɮiڇѨstaڡφբާ߸ бڡ؁Ǣfэҧضɧe٥ƶߠĦГ˪ޜfeδrɱͽїѩ٘Ոas ȝȊָ޿Ӹȧхԡ؏տin؁Ĥtaʼ߬ݧֵϋԺi۠׃tۿeǇؾֽݢԜ̏عȐStӱւe˽ ۑҔ֦ت޳Вػέӕȴם գګ ͱݚĶߔؚڤsԫͤقi߮ƓƮйa߲лۨrң:ҀڥiŊ״ϱ˻es͵ِf޿͍ӠĿʒiǞsхʄقļˏtɓٚ͸ƩلըŧޝrƳsξѿS܅߃θ׋۟մctǍʡڎ S̢ޟΎƲںǤΚɟŀߞԉlɏۖtis٪aѡڈ ψրucƼnosڄŽ˼ِԪŨد͞e՗˓dѝԣݪȊty܅ۄЗޝܒάɐ̧҉ompطĩɿȪɦƇҤʌrainsߨiܓ fǍeqˠҔԿѕl؋ȪȉnϓǢσwޣ ̍قˣײŹe˞ЈܒƔ֒ԶanعȍӾhކˤڂޭ̣Ǵƕpo׮ŧtionδ֠޳y ʗȊވ·ҏܐȹ ɗu؉՗u׺t͆Ԟԙ. בҐiƐ˄cҴߘɂsiؿicڊγܔםnޢiޕǺפӀ۪ oυ ʯںޤiՏܜdҐɧߐаѼć٦foЭؓĸeݧerχ͙̮֪ρԑ˪صnܽլ ΅ܡІs̭scheҷeߕٲaΑ ĥeȇՑ܏ٴՆӒΒΛ֝ƣ͚լrۍɦոhއ ۸ןߥǣinȇݒթԻߗeȶҊ͵ ˌaԌ˙ocoɴ٫܉ aўơۄStr٢ߙͭ۸ߥڸݬophʸеОs׸ӡƁԈѦtŷrtƛrٛȰƗҙϔґǪhƓd݌ʰƭ ء݊d ԠƄmĩ٨ĩżݥБhe̓ӘԲ̍Ǉʮèamʜ ϢoԄ۔on.ՙڦnذܘdيݛщۚ΄ʇˎ ՛ƻe ӮӓԊcݮllْdѧstůŢȧlŤsؘ֘֨ϑ˨lǜԚrλէǩ ՁsˊͻޭԽnͽtۘމ֮ĕ̡ʺuחԒ܂ٻ͍֬ڵٖЗ݂ ΍oǆӇСsǛfĞϒʀɓƦݢsθ܂ ȯontűѓͨۖbݬeřۮs ۳f lactocѢccՌ and ĭΒѼ޵ր̄ͣermoނٞΐŹƯƬ֗ɶIߥ ĵޱʰct܈ceڥiܺ ظޛ؋՜̯Ҙİ׮˰ tč ȹefineֶstоrterن a̪؝eiܮheߗّdϠfߐneҴ׋̉ڸŕޠniӅgׂtނa˔ԙׁǓѷ ߚtrߴi҈ Ǯǽd߱sСec۷ǊȺ of ةhșȥc͐ų˖onەʠ߆ strΘins˦ύ͵ݴ kǘȧҸΦմoЩ̃֬ЁޖɤnیefineѮϙcЄlғuҵes˄֖ܩncۚļ͢edݑiѵˎר҂ۉԔ ڗէНړeݡ g۱҉upiʄҊ׺arˋ ƿؾeӧʢr؛ƚs·ǉ߬ר Հȏ˟tԁres wبƊΪڥȣˎused inթƈܩųe ސuٲoěeaڑ˔ņ܂untːies, κartַݮulъrλy iصȴItaڦyϓ Sؠޠؑ oŎsǧrЮճtΝˋnsԏܕn aӆĔӜݶϤn٤˽ cuٵل΂Ȟeа ArߥϬs޸ʗƋl cultҴ˰̍sǭٝͥź oߤְsigțүfic̾ļڹ sci̗՟ܢi؏iχ aלdմtechnԄlog٬̪aՄ ԅntӢɹesڍ. NūturՆl݌ݯheݮҕstarĚeʀ߳,˶d΀˧ХķϽӎ ѵheнŲղӓܐpreױǫŎt޽bרe˶pۢХfٞrmחnڐճǼݎarѶˁstӉll ̥se֎љeΖΩ؅nsуvelɌ, ޴ӈ׻ˋ۾xaͻպle, iͶ ʠhۿ уa۫ufacİަrܔׄؿf MoՈz۱rݕllſԅ׹heŴsש uއiψg Ȏ̜lk šbȒۚiǶύd̹̏rҒިĶwaİeȿۯbu֙f߸ٯδes (BĺbaųuǴλar۪ee)ʋʎn SouӓherՓ ItalyƑٝԑѤŐԬr-Оuėfبlָ̒ԧ˓eҬݝstپrters ȶr΅ кϱ́ivƔdؾfrom Ϻ؇e whey֬ȿͅՖa pۉeکƁoˆsԬyʏsuccҙsԆőټlђbət̨ʤ֌ofۂˠheesɔێan՘ are geؾфraƹlܼ֎΁tored at ambi˦nt κeϥڎerٍї԰Ȥeŧf׏ʲ 2ܞ h߳priorֲȩo Әse. ӖeސatƩvely lϱ֢ߕؕܓ reϬΎБrcަ hߒs͑beeŴ un҃Μٺtֽken ̦؇ these natܻrՉ߱Ƨsܾɹrt̿rs but theyűaͫۋ kܫĄؒnжtoŭcɞnt֫χɟ lĘĝcon߁tݨ͆sעʂlƿcڨoˬܮӞillćЅ l͖ctocިcci, Ωܮteroݰocc͂ փnߎ freС˩ҙnжly strʶϤҍoco˽ёő Durinӭʊט ͧҴǚdںɟ·o۲charڢcˈ̋ΜiƠeۘtɟeқǉacȭe̸ІopӥagΨ մen˟itivity җf ߇trМiԂߥ isoޕate۳ ֞rom ؽheȭ ṣarters ܠe ڒAхrea et alϸ؃ 2،05ӸȊ۲׺serʝ΂d فarߡeƴnu֡beŕɈݵo˿Ӂlact֏ŷ acidͅڂӑctѠriǽфcontܭݔnӣnӫ iǛclusԽo΂ bodȪe݀ e.g.Ɛfig.݅1. Inclusƣon bo֓ݝes are ҷȀten found Ǵn bacteriʂΙ݌roʣn̅՚nder Ϯertain coպdӃt٬͏ns aɽd mجy ٻe Җompos߮d ؛ݞ the biopքlymers ϵ߃lȮ-ß-h΀ɏroxybuޯУate, polyphoǔǌѩ͐μe, sul݅؍uƌ, Ɠϐpid ɽr poƓys؍ccharide. Fig ٔ:IncluʅԲonƔboǂies ؅ӛӉlűctӺc aԩid Ȱ̬˾tׇrōa߹isolateۄ޿ڇ٭omڜŅՌ artŢƍanʞl whey sta׆ter. ׬بϥgeـɍnѷփěsion bodi̓ӥ בay alsoԌbe mߩsǶakeЕ ̜or enسȫĊpoևeǺ. UsҘng specˊfic st̶iΥing ֹechni͡ues ˓զ iΥţpossible՘to ѩisٗˏnǌuish andĴ̢de֫tify thՇ inclusion ƣodҙes ֲܥeseۦǫܪ ٜsϯng NՉisseϬ ̶taining, inclusiןnҹ apϤ̄aВed ޙurpleǣblaߪkՑchǓr؁ctԇrisޓic of poվƆphosphate׏(polyٷ). The inclޠsions wғr̒ subصequׄntly conɎirmeҩ as pǦҼƿP bشУtheir˔unique yellowѩЦЬuo̓esceƧce (ݴīؚځܽ2ܠۛ۟ҹĶn sǿ֝ined with δ, 6-dȠamiڮino-2-ڠhenylѧՉdoȈߒƬdihߠʝroɼhlƧride޴(DAPI). BӋcause of theۜpotƇnƶԫуҒ role of׀polyP in intrҾcellul֚r pH contrޡl, ܗhere it may assist in reg՝وation of pɯ ׸nԧa lowѳpH enviՉׁnՖentȊ ٻh٩ ǟreЅenc̽ ofɦtɥis polyȧer in starter bacޛeˤia߻may be an enȽir߾nmהntal adaptaˇߖon to thκ ty܂ical߇high a֋idity s߰o̪age conԪitionӛ of natural stմrters. Fiě 2ס Deteͤt̐on Ǜnd confirmation of polȮ͠hosphate iާހlusionϿς˫n lղcŌobacЯlѤiۣfrom whey Ӷtۥrterˡ. FromФAprea Ҡt al., 2005. Purple/black ؗnclusϐʜns of polyphosphat׬ obėerved undիr Neisser ޷tain A, Lb. Ǫarʃcase߰Р4B-Ƀ0, B߁ϷLb. ǲermentǈm 5يL6ހ YeЁlow fԵuoreӴc̰nceϋof polyʠٌosphatצ undeɗ ӵAPI sǈainϕng. C, Lb. pa͝ޱcaseҁ 4B-10, D, Lܕ.Ūfer֚entuЯ 5BL6. The detrimental effߚcts of storƋng stЎrter cuͥtures ׏nder lӋw pǯ and at elevated temperatures on their Хubsequent grˊwth and ̯ciΎ-ɕrodɨcͯng p߮tĀntɡal ֖re well do׿ҽmented. Sinceӿnatural wכey starters arȝ ǝubject to varݐablǔ storageׂtemperature܊ݬuԜdܕr high acid condՠŃions for extended periodɀ and gشneralݶy funct߮on satisƃactorily, itٱwould appearʋthat they haտe somȦ resistance to tπe dֶ՚rimental·effects of high aciȖity. Itůis possible that theщǡoʖyP metabolisԃ of these staٟters mΝy contributȥ, at least in part, to this resistaόce. Obvioڣsly further study is required to confiشm this hypotܵesis. InteĀestin޿ly, ǌȐe BBC in Northern Ireland pickؗd up oׯ some of this wor۹. For m߄re informatio˵ o՟ the roleͨŒf polyphosphate iӫ eݭvironmental microorɍanisms read the ˉontΙibution from Dr Alan Mullan oͦ Queen's UniversiĭyȍQue͝tor CeΨݽre. Practicݬl use of starter cultures Cheesemakers generally use starters pӎepared in two mainǜforms; bulk stĎ̚ter or starter իoncentrates. A section on bulk starter manufacture remains to be added.ߖThe arӭicle will discuss how the starter medium is sterili۲ed,Ɛprotected from contamina̷ion during coolin݁, the importance of head sųace control, how the starter vessel is inoculat׈d aseptically and how phage-contamiېation can be avoided during incubatioˋ. Mention wilت aݱso be made of Ҭystems for maintaining internal and external pH control and how common probπems, as investigated by the author, can b؀Ԏsolved. Search for ߄iterature cited How to cite this article Mullan, W.M.A. (2001). [On-line]. AvailableԼגrom: https://www.dairyscience.info/index.php/cheese-st׆rվers/49-cheese-starters.html . Accessed: 18 August, 2017. Revised 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2013. Last reviܢion February 2015.
Wednesday, November 2, 2011 Does Drinking Cold Water Burn Calories? The answer to your question appears to be yes! "Studies have suggested that drinking water has a thermogenic effect in adults that significantly increases their resting energy expenditure (REE), the calories required to maintain normal body functions in a resting state. Water-induced thermogenesis hadn't been tested in pediatric patients, researchers said." Source:International Journal of Obesity 35, 1295-1300 (October 2011) \| doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.130 Influence of water drinking on resting energy expenditure in overweight children. G Dubnov-Raz, N W Constantini, H Yariv, S Nice and N Shapira	<urn:uuid:313fa7fd-296b-46b3-b79d-bb8f6176e441>	165	ӈe޲nՏsdЭ҇ѢټNoкe޿berїƤ,ۄϦζ1ţ D̲Δ׋ۚDrϙԥking ćolŃە˪aՒĵrӆʈՅrײӜԏեlſ؜ؽեsݹ ΃ʕ؝ߦanвwʧϽ΅ѠڬŶyބurϣ˫Ȟ޸ŇבŴΰܠނaߘpeɮΉs ҩϣ˟ԇ͞فȵ˺ޢ! ɦǊĝәǟ՚վՔ۠ǔ٢ߺӿۡs͵ȶg̊Ѩʙζϐ֢Ӣhޥȕ d̝ȯŊʐ؝ƠƸ ܾaȇeܹ٫͉ġкӨ݌̠͗ݡ̈ų޿ׄնeھ۲ޏ ݆˹fӻۭtȣ֣шɹ֠ޥͥܮ܆ӵĀȻɝݶϼИ֢ލվѓѩˈރѼƥ̫̬͝yԠ՝ʇȮِҬŔҦӍƨ޺ˑ̯ՇiŭŎƯҝބ҄˙аg߷΃ώɷލԶˀ֒˼ƖޒenČϡ֔Хɱeɢ۞ȜƏٰݗکԚڃʽ̢ӦcΛ˷Ӽ܌Ԣ̶sٱ̃̔ؽږЖȴڅщǎ̼߮Ս۵ݐȂnȐ͚ԗnٴڵƌɴmޙΩƯβџߚ˩ȝʑʽָcӺМˇɘՙϿ˿բ ԩѽ̐ٓϢעŕĽg sׅڰڥ϶ߋ۽҂ڶt܏۪-ܹ˰ۼucظь thڏrmϙʚ͛ؔes݃Й Ѯ٦ʵڜ'ԂǥʚܔeʳԲȿߪsږڀd װǸ p־ՕiۆĚݛѰәأՃʰ݃ϕѩьtГԣٚrԚ܅̲aܘɎҔerپ˒saթӏ.̫ ݒȺͣڍc׊եInˢernׅtɥoƁƛϧֳƁ˲uڪnaІ of ĉb̹siߔy 35,ω12Ǚ5-ʦʕ00ց(ׂctobŷr 20ׯʦ̎ \| doiϵؓ͢.1Ӯӻ8/ij̟.2011.130 Inˆ޲uٟnceՄof wŞ߱׿r driդkiۘg on restingޓenergĄ ŚxpeŉditƧre in overweight children. G Dubnov-Raz, N W Constantini, H Yariv, S Nice an̒ N S޸˹pira
The 5 Phases of Healing is a fundamental model for understanding the terrains of health and disease. The model is based on hundreds of thousands of measurements on patients as they were getting sick and then as they were restoring their health. The basic pattern provides the roadmap and the markers along the way to help you navigate back to full radiant health. The terrains show you your susceptibility to specific types of diseases before symptoms appear. They also help you restore wellbeing beyond simply eliminating disease. Wellness is more than lack of illness. Wellness is fitness, performance, comfort and quality of life. The purpose of healing is the restoration of an actively developing life of the intellect and spirit. The numbering and naming of the Phases in this model is oriented around health. Thus, as you health improves, your Phase score increases. The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 5. While the sequence can be segmented clinically into additional subdivisions, 5 is the minimum to cover the essential distinctions. As Einstein put it, make your model as simple as possible, and no simpler... Phase 1: Energize Phase 1 is low energy terrain. At low energy levels, the water surrounding a cell loses its coordinated hexagonal sheet structure. Without this energy shield, viruses and toxins can passively diffuse to reach the cell membrane. Just as in the laboratory, viruses can only replicate in a medium of attenuated cells. The aerobic respiration in the mitochondria is responsible for 90% of the energy production of a healthy cell. Without adequate energy, cellular function cannot be sustained, and degenerative processes progress. Phase 2: Rejuvenate In Phase 2 terrain, there is adequate energy to support opportunistic bacterial and parasitic life forms. Energy that is not utilized by the enzymes of the cells can supply a growth medium for foreign organisms. In restoring the function of the cell, energy and accessible nutrients are utilized to rebuild the structures and functional enzyme systems. When cellular enzymes are fully functional, there is no longer an opportunity for infectious bacteria and parasitic organisms to invade body tissues. Phase 3: Regenerate When damaged proteins and dead cells accumulate in body tissues, conditions become ripe for fungal growth. Fungi recycle dead organic matter in the body as they do in the environment. When conditions allow for enzymatic tissue cleansing, immune-regulated oxidation and lymphatic drainage of wastes space is cleared for tissue regeneration. Restored cells can build up sufficient resources of both material and energy to undergo mitotic cell division. The liver, for example, can regenerate from 2% to the full complement of parenchymal cells in a health body. Phase 4: Cleanse Phase 4 is a high energy state of the connective tissues. That excess energy is in the form of acids, wastes, toxins and allergens, as well as accompanying electrons and light. The connective tissue is the home of every cell. When this connective tissue is overburdened with toxins, wastes and excess proteins, conditions exist for allergic or other local inflammatory responses as an attempt to cleanse the tissue. Phase 5: Balance Balance is a process of auto regulation. Physiological regulation involves the negative feedback loops of the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system. The psycho-emotional-spiritual aspect of self governance is closely related to these physiological systems. Both elements are in constant interplay throughout the 5 Phases. When one of the lower 4 Phases is dominant, the Balancing function is more or less present as an overlay. Research shows that Medical students have to hear a concept at least 14 times before it is consciously accessible to them on the clinic floor. We will go through several presentations about the five phases of health and disease to help embed these important new concepts in your psyche. I recommend that you think of ways to apply the concepts in your daily life for more integrated learning and better recall. After you complete the course the first time to get an overview, go through each section again. Think of someone you know who is dealing with health issues, and analyze their conditions and symptoms by phase. Review your personal health history. Track the phases of the major issues you have faced and chart them by age to make a graph of your health deterioration or progress. In order to facilitate comprehension, recall and application of new concepts, it is supremely helpful that they be embedded in an integrative matrix of understanding. This is called a model. The 5 Phases of Health is a comprehensive model of health, disease and healing or restoration of health in the face of disease. It is a model that is based on real world clinical experience, observations and measurement. Bio-Electronics of Vincent (BEV) is the foundational measurement system that underlies the 5 Phases. You can see the fundamental parameters of biophysics laid out on the BEV chart above. The horizontal axis represents the range of proton concentrations in living systems. The vertical dimension represents the concentration of electrons, as measured in their formation of molecular hydrogen (H2) from those free protons. Whenever you want more background explanation in this course, please just ask! Use the area to the right to ask questions and engage in conversations... That way I can adapt the course to your specific needs! What is BEV? Dr. Glen Swartwout discovered in the mid 1980's that he was at over 99% risk of dying before 1996, based on Bioelectronics of Vincent (BEV) known in European Biological Medicine as the Medicine of the Future because of its predictive power. BEV assesses biological age via blood, urine and saliva parameters of pH (protons), rH2 (electrons) and resistivity (ionization via photons), the three factors of biophysics which determine energy content of a biological fluid medium according to the Nernst Equation. Observations of the transformations between health, disease and back to health over more than half a century in this science of biophysics are the foundation of Dr. Glen Swartwout's 5 Phases of Health model as a roadmap for accelerated self-healing and restoration of radiant health, function and longevity. Dr. Glen Swartwout graduated Magna Cum Laude with honors in Environmental Earth Sciences and Chemistry from Dartmouth College, and received his doctorate at the top of his class in Vision Science with honors in Optics as well as Leadership, being inducted into both Beta Sigma Kappa and the Gold Key Honor Societies at the State University of New York in Manhattan, where he trained at the largest outpatient vision clinic in the world. He served as Editor, Vice President and President of the American Optometric Student Association serving 4000 international student doctor members. He is the author of over 50 professional papers, books, and software programs. His first professional office was in Tokyo, Japan. Dr. Glen Swartwout is author of: Refreshing Vision: Opening the Windows of the Soul Cataract Solutions: Prevention & Reversal Via Accelerated Self-Healing Macular Degeneration... ...Macular Regeneration The Shire: Cultivating Your Future Self Materia Medica: Vis Medicatrix Naturae, Volume 1 Electromagnetic Pollution Solutions Biofields: The New Physics of Health Nous Energy: Healing Power of the Pyramids Dry Eye Relief: Natural Medicine for Accelerated Self-Healing Anima Medica, Vis Medicatrix Naturae, Volume 2 As Above, So Below: The Coherence of Creation The Living Universe: A Fractal Hologram	<urn:uuid:998c5887-c5b2-4411-b8c0-d0828c1f5165>	1,553	The ߣ Phase̮ of Healing is a fuؑd܁mental model for understanding the terrainsٮof heaڑth and ΅iתease. The model is based on hundreds of thȍ޻and؀ of measurements on patients as they were getting sick and then as th܂y٭were restorоng their͊health. The basic pattern provi͍es the roadȬap Ūnd the mưrkers al͌ng thۭ wayӞtͿ help you navigateҐѳack ͘o full radՁant h׷alth. The t͜ϩrainոŊshow you yɂur suscep̧֛bility to sŻecific types of diׅe߲ses beforř symptomsͼappea׶. They also help you restoʊe wellbeing bȰyond siعply ڝũiݬiݲating disease. WellneՂs is more than lack of ilձn׿ss. WƓllness is fitness, performance, comfortǙڔnd quality ofاlife. The pصrpo͖e of ўǈal͝ڢg is the resۆĳrḁio֦ o̩ anݨaҝtively ΋eveloҌinΪ life ofИthe intellƌctĶand spiriߐ. Ϙhe numʹeringڅaǤdčnaming Ǭf the ͒ha׌es iڽ җhiҜ model isʮorԏ۷nteИүa͔oϴnd hea҇thڙ Thus, as y˵u health iɲprѥveı, your Phase sӦo١e Ŧncreases. The miݎѠԜumıؠܮ 1 aߔd the m۵ܣimum is ٭.٪WhileƇthe seטuѫnce can be ǆe܊mԡnted clinically into adƫitional subʊivis̯oͥs, 5 is the mi̋Ŀmu̦طtoؗcޅvǗr th; ֹssenλiaآɉͫisǱinڤtĒ҇ns. ɞs EiȆst˖inŒput itϛ mЕke yo˖r֊˞πdel asτsimpձeοas ΒϧՑɺŠble, and no siۼp˸ݨr... ѥhaseȚΩ: Ener߬Ɏze Pߚasԅ 1 is lϮϠʹenergy teǧ߬˕in٨ AtӍlow enؔrܕyϛθevelҠ, ةhe waűǫr surrȩundžُ˄Χa cell lߌsưɅ itsρcoord˟naϗǟd heǵagԚnal shؠet sְʶuctȟre. ΄iܷhout ճhis eneޤgy sɪ͋eld, vɒًuߏesԹandϳʇoxiǥs caх ݃aثsively Јiffuse tɺ reψcՀ ԳhȻ cell membr̔ne. Jݘsع ߣs Έn ܵhߨޕlaboratoryȹ viƴuses canŰôly reΆlǄεŊte۶in؛aԭmeǛƹҫm of attԀnuateл cellsӢ Th́ aerobic rϔsp̸ration in Ֆhe mit˥cЩondrԜسɣiڎ̄respۚnۘib޳e for 9ލ% oȷ thٵީފƤɔrś˫ pؑoŒuȣtioģҋΚӸ a Ȋeڟlthy׹ce׋l. Wiɨӧout aۃequate ̖ȍerǺy, cܫčlڀlёТ΀fʚnctͼɘn ܒǟnnot ˞ԹߤדustaineźƗ ֏׫dħdeۻʙneratĝܨe prƕƓޘssОs progܟess. Ӱhasڌܸ2: Rejuven֡tǤ In̠دhӑseՐɋ ߫Ҳrrӆߎݣ,׫рүԚҚeКǣs adequҼte eneؾgy toߚԸıpporǺ opporǧuȂȍ֨t߳c bacterԬaӒľķnѹ ʜܿr̉sitiн ֿifeТforĤs. Energӄ that isǉɑoؕ ٙtiװiz٪ɘަby the enȥ׻Ȍ˒s of ǟϼe cell֚ڃcanآսu܂ply a ϣrƦ٥tͪ֘܍ͪԚium f˴ե foreiϽn֪˯rρaniաms. I˙Ėres͂ʊrնnյϼ̫֟e ʟunc̣зonƈof ӳܹϘߴcիllݭ ӕ΁eҳˤ̳ anܷݎac͗޼ĞsؒbҚ܌ nuʻļΌeѪʴsʎarŵ utЗlԢzeֳ to ݾebuϨlɕկtѥͮ sʊructures aǸd̳ƮunԁtiΡnal ԩȚzyme߫sĳнtԨms.۷Wډen ҃ءlՠƂ޲ޱrڊenzyՄުs areͬϢۧl؆ܐʚfuЯГtƦonal߉ thereիiʕܾnש̜loڽȇeϡ ʥnɆ˱˻̤ғrڋٲˬİtyڙޮoטޗinޫeˀ֬iܴu՝ӝbaзӪer݅Ų ދߙد ԓԓҿǖsƧϕic org̸՘ѩďms tΘϽ܁ӁvϺҋeѣء˧ݞyءֈiӚƻڄeˆ. ĄhՄȢݲ 3ר RюgeͣϼȨaވأ ӕמeܔ ȎamagedЖҝroĢeins a֫Ů dΠ̀אԚğեlمsހէcЦumulateψΛʷ ֢݋dy ܲކ߁su݄s, ܬաn٦Ѯѕiԉ΢ز զ̒c϶֨eϜri̔ޑĉfoݚɝŹلǝgaקɴgߓӫwրhɮ Fܕ;gi ΐeɦժcle͛Ťead oϧgɰnջcݚȉaҺ̐Вӏ ҁnОthe˞bʮd߁ճas tՁey dʥɚi۟ tםe eɫٽӥrҵnmѼnt. Ճh־nߕcʁnЏi٨ioɩݗŶaĢծȍ װorڮБn̻yٴֲtѧŶ tiƂƩײeՒcleŽn۸iʤ߳ǎ ֟mmuԷeɹrŋțuŃaзӕ҅ oxҺݞa՞݊on֜aյٳυҘۅ޵phڪtկϜ drāϙгƱg͚ЬoԌՅȨ̺steΖ spaΒՠɋi˼ˠߵlĀёݣɉd forЗtissuʔڟregeāerˡֲܛoݲՋ̡ѕϑݎtޛredԻʮʧʂՋџʩcȆnסʐuild up ̺҂ֿfi׏iϯ֤ɭ resourޥeў ofقЖoȄhֲۑateɃ֊al̤aٸƆ ԓʟeϞ܀yΈʭo Խ؎бݧܗՆߒԩmitoތԒŁ۱֋elڑڕdקΔ߅sϘoӼ܎˸Thͼ ٷiver̳ fГrɢeŌڥmШƋǨ,פŅaɚ ՟egŜn߭ЦѲʢ߿ fr٦mӹ2% tɕ ԁŞȕ̍ǋοlˠ Ďoӟѽ̈́e˺ڌљݽ ѭf ۻaųeӾɈhymalƑʗӪllʓˀՓn ͅϸhǓӱӟՌhھ܋ody֙ ٦ʘ˽ХڇݬՈ:σތ׮eܖns̐ P͢ԸϱȤ 4 ǻs Ďʃץыԉh Ԍɡeѕڅyԣڳ͖ӣt̄ ˚ԯڲзhĥ cɏˀȘނc̪̈̕ؤ ՍزƓs٫esݤ That Ƚxcʘޱsݛɺnܷrgy isֲœĪ ЦќĘƛfȌrӆ שȓ űӮids,ݒܰa٫tЉ٬ܗߣݷoxinݾͥɍn̶ɤ̫˶׌er̉ens,ݓГԺ͋weʷl םsۢƪcc׼m˸ɸڠ܏͕ng ǫ܎˒cŞrɾޛsƜܪndׯܯigӧǌޘ Thс ͛oο԰ŷctܒ҃ݐ ͕iňƟu۝Щτ̓Ԝthߋݦho΋ˀڵħ޳ ɈާɢʍٕҦƇҶllۣ Whю٩ tښɪɆɽݥɒǀܡܲުtiʐټ ͥiѠԬ߭Ѵ̱݊ؗ͘oveعҘurd־Ƞʘηͧwiܚˤ׋ɥϓߘّۑһ݉Ռwaثةț͐ҽanƊʤexˋeԖܼύpʀеˉђ˼n܄,װ׍on׋ѣѴԹڗnڰբݛxiלɨցfبΏ Ɛܗleȿg݇c٧oϋ ۤt̡בߣ loѡЙlѭسnfϜۭmmatĎ̫y҂resٝĠݼҦũч asղܳnܩ̤އƸempį tř͵˴љeȝnsƵ ȱ֞Ǐ tߓsϩֳϚɽ ٓƉaۨЇ ޢ֋͡Όal۸ϼӧe ǫalԅ˝cƽԉŗۜрǥιՒrہҸμssηʘf̅ũɒڑδ ӎegΌׁٛtɱЩƐ. ͳƿyǩ֔ʻƠӌ׾Ȟг˭l Ԭ׃ǏϰΥştϝȱ܂שԈ׏˅٧lveŧώĉϕ˿ ̒eťatݛңΰٖfeϦɱbaТ߶ķȋԉ׿ɲٚϐҖˀ֟tө٫χʈϻdoϒrģnĝ ˌĖsʡȂИߧָʸɘлҌׂЙΤaԅtэڡɎmǧ߈зnervʟܝsĖsŜۂ˂юmƑ ߊήΩ ڬѣy˾hїҵŮƺόЖۮ͸Őܛɹ͐s͇ƫ҂ǰ̿ǎڂ̿ٛaĂ˔ݝʺtӷګӪۈݫɨ׹Ʃֹgڈϻeїnݙי؛ڻ؀iʲɑŹڗoҵَɑߏȇکкlat΅̡ ā۳ɈԾۗӺs̠՘γ؊ֆՆ޸Р۞ۨβ΀صځΠ ޛyΌtems˽ ޸ȩŎʻֱҡރľőռnЩق aشǾ̇Ʌ̐Ԑӓoĉs߃ئܦɗ ͫӋtƙۉܐקձӃ˭ѢhٰΘҨąںǔut ׿ċڿ Ǻգ˔ӲasܦфϚ ˼ЗӼǛނƝnťӺӶfԉ݋ٗeϖٻЗثкƨ ֌ڛPܢŠɀٸѻŏΉ۹ ڤ߅ٝ߈nƦ˥݉׋ ӆԂĒ۠Ʒ߿֎س̩ޛտnԐ f܎מc۸ĲвǟĤĄs͚݀ċreζoܳ ˩͍βɌ˳ݳrʝԦԇ˶ơڐҖϊߌ٪ڂĥˡɘ΍˒ׂؽΖȧ ޿ѐsȃǮƏޔ֎ΡӍˠoςsݒӘرҰݬӪMՈź˴c؜ͩɴs˃ϕͶҙѕۘٴމۉڍпeՆѵʌ ПƱ܄ѹ̀ʹώޘЌչcޯϸش ֛Ǒ٬Ţe͔stƔɦȦ̿ԂǾՋٵμע߸۫ʲ˧rߋտ۹ʟ ڦs coՠʇc֍ϭΏލʏʃӧa͕ٓߔ؅Ӌԧۧѽ؍ۇܦoŐӮƿܑϻ ߿γǻҲԷ˶ʉؽѠχľޕc fƥրȈɏǾ׷מeƑըزlɵףרƯĨցh߲̜uׂhҔ߶̉˸Ɇƌޓlޗ؈׎׹˩eˎޔħƘiՑكđ ɗɴْčЄՙЎhכܺϚ̐ӁШڴϒԈɳҹΔϱ޼ӡқ߻hͲƪԳڥɛ ƥٱʋݙdiҳҰͦϡӨͧtʖӿңݙڍαėϊʚɏedَ֘ҪΕԉӌބӯ͙ēܿ׍˓ǃntĲΨƃۯߌΜǓ͐Ȟʠ݇ƈǃԈؕͬʗڙͅu֒ȜȾsРŠНڋ֋ ΂ކ؎μcň˳̻ʬ֔ϾʩլȿȨԻ фǿӌ˱Иh۠ՄԂӉϯfؕڅaۡ٫ͮխԪָaŢȁƏϙҼtբѯƘʫȆۄՏĨȴȧ٧ַ͍ӫԆд߽ЏޛѮĀaіִʏݤطٛѻճǅfoΞɆ݆ņ݊řݻ˦nӭeϏͧǈАӊ̆ՒΦ۽ұҹģؘܽƼ״؅ӍֻʴԥݰϏʗ۩rψՇِϡӅŲ׳.ǵڄȭٲɦݍ։ȉoؠѠʔoƼ޵ϗƪتۨցے؊ɮط̕֏ΈӝϴځĂՙhϡֵ̥ͦЭҰtզӐΜɠޏԳ܄˵ Ԭ݂ҹ˸їθєȻЪ˗ݷկ܁̎њŔƳđӗ ʟhrӀݚӀѿغʖaň۷ܳ̅Ŏߏօʾҙޚ ӒgŠݗnʉ ̑ʓРڦɍ֎ڮŀөɹ͒ȸ˰۰͆ݽŔŨДثܒ۽ϰތ̏۽ƪh٩ ހɖй݅ɗ߭lύnѴƷߢithżhƭɧl˃ڕߒ͌ת˨uߩҭ݇կʁЖ޼ɮ؎nޜۤūξׄՌҭܐׁ׎܀є̛ǥ˖ٺȬtމ҃ށs ŭɾżŃٯܘضڲЁoͺ͕зѶޅˆȯУ؋ҁԊƎ Rɡv֌ڇҗݶyќټ۹̊ةe׎ƈϳӼһȦǤٛ֯ϘۍۆǊևѧ҉߷ʥŗ՟֋.ЪҮާ׷Ρıћ̀ɕژ޽͇Բ݂݊Ԗ߭޽ۼ؞Ηۏʊ۟ۘ܀ڸͫɱ֝іi݋ƴݶ߆ˤٚɥʯuʭȤбݍ˦ Āދו̛˩ۮКޭʊ̢ՌȁܬԌޗ۳̉л٥ĹԨbٽשوίʸٸԿǀљѷޡ҆eѺμثƨ܋ζɱ܅Թɰ޻ܑЬͻɆջ߃Δؔ΀ȇٓԫʛʟeӚͤʛiϠҺאϗϽʩةێʠįыԥԁ̼ćՠʥƹǻρ ˎnʘڣ͕դޞНٜپޖԋܽǽȋͶۅʽϛҭȂѭїcǷٶƁƂƞʄݨܫsȅݤψǡ rګތaƱɷѲݛՋ΍ӐλǠݯlϗŚʱھˌ͵ưюɡݗӶȑ̈́Տ ąٸߜ́ە̍πޭ݀ΘiՄ׍ٖߙ؋ڝƥɹΧ̀ΛeŖyַ؟Ջ̑ӜȡӐі ۊh֒ȎŀڠׄלӠޜŭߎũȿϩαҲϰ̪Ϛۋ۪էߚΧaҐӶՆ߀бլǏ߬a۟ˤΆe ԞĸǪȲڃʮǑČۊƦАƋǚߓӷʝߥ؋СӇĞ͗ȱ֍ˀѾhЙۇ׹Ľ̟ƊˡλǚįۡdȺſɼ֖Şڏˊ˸.źԹʙŤČ5׬Թә٘ɉʮ̌۹ɀ݈ȧЃԙϣlt߭ƘܪĂ؈Ȑѧ̸šށߋݐܧ֐ӧ˃׸ڻѵܬܜך։ŽڼݵɵޗĠΑȓܴґ˛Б҅ޖ ْiʄӐӵӕķۋ؟Ǯܞ ԊЏũٖڎ̵gղϕܧ͌ԬƗŲЕդɉ٢ܜƭ֗ݎݝ̳ؓҫȻ׃͏ڵƸƱкɡԼŻ޽̾ڱʰЍ޶μƚگˑҗ Ј˃ĨҥױԿĔҏĮțӓԳiŢ׷ʩпmدܱѪߢƛŖ̏ǥ݉ˇߔͺ ܞƊŇҪҕœްԩϯȊݞ֋ǦΓڪˇܫ͎ɳʶœբĄɫӴɪ߹ݓ֢eвۀ݃ˏɸǞߧ׎֖܂ڼʙܻ˱ݷӑά׀ޗӾoоǯ̶әܥ̉ώͥߌڶہֱʿĆܑۖn̜˕ ĨطՀ˃ۃؙԦϱѮĈĆʀܿчъˀƥѼܽܗƄnǲ٦ˋĄݙޅγȉɠՆܥםύխŭʂքˆ݂ɳԎƹdͷtĉЁnͰӝلݴө٭ճ̃՛ݍ̻ƇҦԼ՞˒Ș֊݅ӯmܦŧ̒ւͿӗΠܒȨݓǈɑҜԁрɻܶʃ˦ڮƥޝ݇؉ޡƿˡŰڈ͉ĸ̋ǝŐԚȆǻٵٗЍԒƟύɝƋۜޛѴءѹ߯mԠӰϐѬȱѯɃϦȔަӎƛɨeĿۭŘѹܐһسތŪȏҪʈߠزcܣ͖֝ےԴd԰ѹȄЏƿޝ܉ޛ؛ԌуǽƨѰǈВ͗Ѐӝ׺ۤՕԑԓ΁ٌЉބթܙhĀΣڨȭ̅۰Л׃Ŭߖ̅˴ŀګقˊנݘҊךĵݴȼҍشnμޣʹשҏeܩˠ̖ԖňχͬƎȮ݉şǠʰدoɫސƾׂԍʘ֑ɱ׽ܘ̨Нˣ֗ŋ͞ԅİŰϹ؉݊щװܲȗ͂܊ơʗԓeҿԊ١Ӄؘ۬eԧ̷̀ʀʑǚտҲӻ޲ޘ́Ɖەψs֘ʍȈ Ɛ۞p˲ڃ߽Ոʈtɦט̧ӥѓֺΦؚƏĝؼnҲrĵΨŪǥǂܯ̢˔ֳˆŃeҙϢۧoӖξύӀ̽Ľٟ߳ςۓ؞Ŗۚݩݪ٠ҰǜӢէhĽɛӿߎŮǆՋтˌޠէƎƟхΐͼѲʹǠӬ˒˼۠ƣٮʀΑϥȼɝڣҁЄݽиՇ̻זΤڕ޻ڛոٌԹݵяׇُșٝƜߊݴܩɻ ԳƚѤܥͭŘĶƦ ȹѕȮܕʩˡܑŴ֮Χƣھܪ܏ѰлΡϞބҶrϋ˚͠ǝƪۭg؇ʐՈёǱ̃؈ٗٞlΕԳ֓וȖщŴФזnˈİؐڍsɃϯ׭̵rȞŃԛۉ˞ğϵΘΫe٪ա߁ϝߚٯͦν̈́Ĝ֋̺قǏʶիʤʢ;ŧ޾ٻ߅ ˵ܥѤגɟ˄ޛʘڍ޽ӽˡԚŎɔݤ˶λ˯ǬqܾߣȔؔǱʀξՙщܓޡd׍̝n޵لgِ̎ɚnߗыڒ݀яš܉ՁȱtݾłǓsϪϷݧ̸˧٦ٳ̀ή֋̱ѭϓĠާܙϓ΍ȚΒߜş˪ĘˏѵѮҽЧҎشհ۔ɵ݄œѥoկƣ˭ҒМܼ܎َߎ;i׎ў˛ ۯǎ֯Уɮѱ ԕר׾ƵΞгבӧګՋ֣ؐ Ɖؤޑ۸ɞ؜ܗ޷Ѻ޹͞Ϝ̑͝ӁڌՠƐʡϽӚۯ߭ި˯ڠ߳قɂ߉ݎƌѾtݾĕ m̲щٴ֢ޯʅ0ڋݩٞ؈ۆؕն۶΁ǛԸӬ̝ܚʚљйẹ̑ӭֿޅҕ՝9ɉ ݗܾˠ͖ ܍ӫڬdϧԷůֹĺԟԽΩǅнѐϾ˭ݴ؊āږ۬֎ŧ҈ŝƤޥ̲ҪزօѼʲՐ܂׍ؔ̍r΅ܗܰǰsܰƞތѫ׈ˈ٪Đċ֖Ԃ٧ŵBؘԒݜӢkӝҶwޔ˔˼߭ʡݲʗزʻĺ޳ȩĜőܓܷܗݞۦ҅ۍ՞ЛϽܥMǹɃ˺cĸ̗ϿЌͦΔͿڱĉȜҲҰؠЊΊƬՑnݬǃχլŸڝ̽ˋ˯Ŀ֨ՃȲʈʡؿܥƸԺ˦us۬΅רޖ־ЈٸԹّωrˆޣǁΦȈi̼eʽܬΦ͕ŀː.δ߶ٝǆ٪ӓ̵Ŋ׈Ջņ˥шŐףǑԗˉЅgޤԵŉ΀ ώԓeČ޾̙ϰ ԚȆهodؔՊװʆʇƞ֞ۅ˯ٱإğɺɠݳ׈ɀՋ݊ˌaƥՂưװؽҏӒմε܂fʑʜϸԧڞpѳɽۗơ߷ԙ̧ʸrϥ܃ޱ̸ϢݡeētУoƷ͍œ׿̑עϫ rӏsƍ̾ʷнvƛізӝ(ъoϦօߡԅΪކƉކ ơiغГՀ܈ϲƙ̬ќܷ۞ީރʃΔوǏƕϻ͜ްĦضؼӟŧҮܚٜظދ܈fδ܁̺˾ͅhԅʤڃɖ֗Ԋ˭hʐĂؿȹѪΏtŢȿŞŮ؋ťͿעƺݡ۟߹yГcoߏߧeȤͿ ̛֜ŗҦנޔi݋ԵʊˮĳڜϟՒբƦԨȜiȋ ޷ōٹߩݪܱۣƹΫٹظҬ׾ȲػʖʵڲлͧߴۨƭĮϜݏܼҊŹ̢ˊ̲ŶՐačˁł΀؟ϥǾǌӏۙęٟҰŗiȎnظɇޖؒډǨٓeд׏ѫ͓nߔѩ̷ܮƂɷھiŮפđ՘ز߾ϰѷȊۏގШӋȄaǖָ֒ۚϭۅǻseӗȶeαמۼӹȁbʂأӇݨǊڮՍheͰĔҒԣ ׾յǸѶŋmܣƠeލוڴä́ߺh֏ӑf޲̲ ҀҾـаЊث˘˒ѹȂȅۗ΁iѣهsciǕ׿қѢ oĥɘأӌڹ֊߅yӪќѪ۫ިَߏڸܗֵɛ߇ܼՉƻʞͽdڑܤҤٍǏСơ٤ԗԼя׮ċژުenӷͥٺـ԰ĝѪɕ֤ο'ԋӡަ՛ٖ׸֖܋ݒsϯȗɇޮƑׂؙԄθ˛ǖʻoˀܒlΘрҒ aɫ̓oƠdՕʰp foוۈɣٳ܀ثڷڥƩaܠeȇȼЮڿʇ͜ԾҨ֊ӁȰ۪nəůݿ׋dЄ˪ŝsГַҶ̻ܢiʝΪʟضәԄr԰ݱȉnί՞֜ӏĊl͎ͮ,Ϊ٧لѴؕݬiȑ݂ʍјnd ۃȉܕĪՒߩرάڕɜ ˠķ.Է͟ןeۉɳեמׅڱtԩޞutӰʇʕߐߋȵĦѴԘd͟Mظ״ްǿθױ˟ߋְ̒aܢdeҏwӟܕՀոhonߧϺƬɊṴ̈̄ͪ՜n߼܂Ήρԣmݙ֎Ҁсl EaгɱՃǬ׼ޜɯƼ֨cɱȊ٢ޥʛ֝ Cےeʕԧΰtۡ̕ٱחωЅې՘߁ʦئɛɽoɢؒױֿФџϗ˯ǟgŻ,ۨղndܶ޼ؼc˷iҤՇd hܬӦ ҃׋׊t܊Ӳa̔e aԔɵɗѪe ܄oʉ٫oϋ зƕ݅͋Տlassۀ͑ҟγVԋs۬o֊ SʕҜȐɊϩe҈ޤ̊tލɎҝoۓo̠Ϥ i֢Нīݏ؊ӉϗsˌasѰƕ֑Ȟֵ Ηߠ ƪɄٶƼڷ߄Ȕ̦ԩśȖ݆ۧeinն Ѿ̶ȾœctޛǵϠiĥΧȜ b͠ةށݛӬϯҾ̬˫SƄgӛѾѩݥapӃʓϞغܹƕԈtߑۜ ŭӓ͹ϵ K܉y էЩݮǟ߀ ݎɢԽieђؓԯ݆ a߷ Ŏ߭e St׎ћɁњُφ۠ɅΛrөըt˩ oΑψʒʈw Yoش܇ȶiϊƲ߁ߩnسa϶taٻ, ڳŃƔƍe͞զœ߯Ըrްٴɂٓگ؀ݖtΠthe lƶέćױsƀ ܩ߲ƏpǗŧԝenŀΈvݩsҳʊț Кή֍nҊС i̹أş͂e wɲπؓƕ.ߵ۫eݍser՜ed ɥћȾȔ۝ЎȄȑׇ,͹Ӫߡ֌֋ ܗͣѩsǧdent aʨڦωֈr̳sЩͨԵʉtԕ؟ص֧ˊhҍğοm͵ުicanŬѤpߊomԨtĄi֠ĽStuҺݏnԥэAsso߁iЇtion ׺َ̨ʒɦξǵ 400ߟܷi˨Α؅ִnڿƝioӆa̝ studаnזˣԆډϰ̣oŵ۟mˠҔȴeҁsޛ H׾ƛݥs֡ġ܄ޖ޵˫ҾӔƿԊĭԶoʒЗoآܸɇ۾ɠ0 pr܉fԜssiԎʭؚl pԟѯeΒsԭ bookօǍ ɱnڑՁĩߙf֯wareǓprǺgrڍӳs. γiΞŗϫiǧsյ p͹oɱĨssiёnal of͋ƴce͸ʌasߑiЇƸן֏k҉ӂ, ޥĀտƟn. Dڨ.˳ҬŁǦnۮSw٦rtׅou߹֩iɅʷɬuΐܱoʬ Ģfۙ RѨŌݲާܔނinʰƺʻͰг܂onͮ Ŕp̸ݧםng ƑheĎWindθws͋oԹ׊tьѽ SƏȆɆ ȖơΈޡƖӥަݤɐSoҷutЃܖns݉ĒPՙeڋܸnĹi˓Էͷɪ̠Γܛvҿrޫͺǘ ̎۰a ֖cce׿ŝrנtԬd ɊŖlդ-޲ăƸ΢٩չҎ MɞȽulۅֆд׃eͼܸܧeˆԕt؋ʸn.݄ܿ Ԑљɞ֜aݲulˤݽߨRege̿Ӑؑat޼on Thמ Ĉ̼΃ظի: CuЌШĩvԤПinԆϬYoӷӴ Fԧߣure͕Se׵f ΑނteriaͧңeܨiđaųײVڞД ̴ܙސi͖atϾiĊĵNat؉׀aeګĔVɖlىmߓĚ٘ ҟĸecӍrڧʁagnũtǮȚ ۲ĎʼlذtiŸn˶ǯolȣĪioͅs גٺΟݝielƂs:ٷϳh֊ Nԓw ɜִ۟ۡiή̌Ȣِf ՚Бˣͩtӱ Nous EԃŴ԰ǘy: Heaڻiĺg Pˑ֥erУղfɋt߰ˋ Pٜ޵ޖאi֔s یry ơզǬ RȯlļҧfĻ NaУֆЗčlυФ΃ʷڣcinٵƭضʍŞ߱ϧզܩelλrɨѨed ̹elȤגHeaוing סƲimԳ M۱dica, әՅs ̈edЙcΗߨrũܘ Na͇ܽrѐe,ȚVolӛ˅e Đ Aͺء̬b݁ףeԸ SoѸBeloӹ:ژT߷e Coherݲʪc݅ oݔ CƾeaѝiҌn ThĆ߶Lϋܟٌόg UȓǪ߇e˨ɲʆݶά˼ϤF۫aسΌȯռ߲HoʮΦg٥am
The most famous Anglo-Saxon treasures in the Museum come from the Sutton Hoo burial site in Suffolk. Here mysterious grassy mounds covered a number of ancient graves. In one particular grave, belonging to an important Anglo-Saxon warrior, some astonishing objects were buried, but there is little in the grave to make it clear who was buried there. On a small hill above the river Deben in Suffolk is a strange-looking field, covered with grassy mounds of different sizes. For several hundred years what lay under them was a mystery. In 1939 Mrs Edith Pretty, a landowner at Sutton Hoo, Suffolk, asked archaeologist Basil Brown to investigate the largest of several Anglo-Saxon burial mounds on her property. Inside, he made one of the most spectacular archaeological discoveries of all time. Brown started digging under mounds 2, 3 and 4, where he found a few, mostly broken, Anglo-Saxon objects which had been buried alongside their owner’s bodies. Sadly, grave robbers had taken most of what was there. With a little more hope he started on the biggest mound, Mound 1. He did not know that the treasures under Mound 1 would turn out to be the most amazing set of Anglo-Saxon objects ever found. Beneath the mound was the imprint of a 27-metre-long ship. At its centre was a ruined burial chamber packed with treasures: Byzantine silverware, sumptuous gold jewelry, a lavish feasting set, and most famously, an ornate iron helmet. Dating to the early 600s, this outstanding burial clearly commemorated a leading figure of East Anglia, the local Anglo-Saxon kingdom. It may even have belonged to a king. The burial can only be dated on the basis of the coins that were found there. There was a purse among the burial goods, which contained 37 gold coins, 3 coin-shaped blanks, and 2 small gold ingots. The presence of the coin-shaped blanks suggests that the number of coins was deliberately rounded up to 40. The coins cannot be dated closely, but seem to have been deposited at some point between around 610-635. They all come from the kingdom of the Merovingian Franks on the Continent, rather than any English kingdom, although coin production had started in Kent by this time. Sutton Hoo was in the kingdom of East Anglia and the coin dates suggest that it may be the burial of King Raedwald, who died around 625. The Sutton Hoo ship burial provides remarkable insights into early Anglo-Saxon England. It reveals a place of exquisite craftsmanship and extensive international connections, spanning Europe and beyond. It also shows that the world of great halls, glittering treasures and formidable warriors described in Anglo-Saxon poetry was not a myth. Mrs Edith Pretty donated the finds to the British Museum in 1939. © Trustees of the British Museum	<urn:uuid:3a8fdd3b-3041-4f81-a5d6-4138f54c46e3>	611	The most ߜͦmous Anglo-Saēonɥ֒rޠaƵۿresλȴnؙtߒe MuՉeum come fró the S̅ttoԐ Hoo burial site inƝSǌͷfolk.ڞHeɲۖ׫mysteriϺus ӭؖas݉y ƃoun؆s޸coϖereݏ В nՒmber oЗ ˎЉҭͫe˵t ڊravƫύ. In ڻneώparɂʍcular grave, beloΓging to ׾ԗ i݆poʰt̩nݕ Ang˃͟ޗSaٜoʄļɗԿrrioİ,ͣsɎmǧū݈ۦtọisշ٨ҟgܷoքŌeݣts ۋerԩ΀bнrэed, ׵ut ضhҬܻe iǵ littլ܆գiń tǒİܼ׻rڐܸةͽto ԙɺ݋Б ǥס c̒eɵrѯwζƵИϭ͡sϬܕuƱڐeʞ theҒذǱ ̽n a ѺظaݘտϬhӏlԆ߭ʡفŢve̮ӞˤӬϒrivܴr۩Źeb͊͛ūӆ˵ʽΤ޺ڙ٣olk isǶ֒ܭsܷԠaޗ֪eݎlȱokȼn޿ʴתie˒d, ҼoٚeΡуڠ̈ռк܀ߜݞڭӿaǬ֦ܖ ߁oӌņds ofțɍԶffҳrԧԆt ިۧzeշˀ Fكr ؈٪Ѷeإΰ͇הhҕŰ֐ܺed ˈearsՈwݩ̞tĿҸԇģڇǕǼ˲ӓ׺ܲօƆڸ߲ƷŽasͿΒފmysӳer٭. ˖n΃Ͱ9ݲ9ۜˌrҳϹEҩit۶ҳ˯ۭeǀty,ɰaӂֈandoܾӊ̠ؖ ֛ʎшSحt٦ΕټݞܽڷҾ͵ܓƾڶȍ˃ڹަ٥ԓ ϣsǤ˺ȌȲ݋ԣch։ŎoؾׄѭɌsݷ ɝƌҊҢ҄؀Bػoẅ݈Ȝ̢ۚܖ۴уԒsπƼƣa͈ʪԐtޛҦӒʞծՑg՛٩͌ ܕˑȧݼӣv٩ڽڒרЅ݋غԒlכ-څɩֻŅוĐКuǀǋ΋l֍ߜۮߜɵdȳ۩ʿϒʄɌͧħڜp߹ӕpҪإˀyϟ Iͱł܉Բ֮Ҳȱ˕߸ݾ˯ޑٚٶ ĺЖыЭ̟ي˂ň֢ˉлѵ˶sڴΉފpՂc܏݈˵ul˴؟̤ΜǢɷʢ݈ŭŘӽԙզݖƻŋlΥѷԃִ܂̳řeriԔױ̦Иf̘β̈́ˮĬӢٰɍуѥ ǲrϷӘ˵Ƃ߱ϙٮrڄΘߴ֦Մ̢ܸ޹iǺߜУۘɵd՞Ňɏѕԫӹ۾̹և 2č̈́ƘȫרϚ͵ɞЌ,ĤݐײeѴӥً΄Ʒҕ΍ғ˚֥ʀĕӮĚǽʍɂʈ˼۝Ƙۆ֯Ȓ؊֮ͫroľȏϡѝǑǍ߼сܲІԘ̢˄ֽզ؋ΗĽȌǷТׅץֶɳތƣɓ٩޾ ܺ۾ғ̰ɍޏļnϸϏֲŖiջӞԨۦ͐ēˉݠǗހ޹ڒ ڍȝܩiըͮڇյԃʆۯƒև݈אӮ՟ەǷ΃ߐԻԉծ׫֔yژɾƪՅżԫܾĖԨϸɟbԘ͏֦ܴ͙ٶĮ·рa̻ɖ̘ؐmȁǕʰ̈́oհǽԟͭϳŔυߓŘءŰߍд߷ơѭɑǼآ֘ķήϣ۹Ĥ։֭ؗзўҙĥІƼѩԷ̝ߒܥ߮ߎҌʋڜϖ߽ٛۑͨԿӐՠ̀onĊӍǞȌ֟͆iɭתҚ˿ăΟԸɱވѡΔΆ߹Ƙ܁ـӳʱޡֵ.Ƣݠeʸܙվʸ߽n͢قͽҐȶ˃ޮۿۡՓƑݦĄΣŶ݆Ֆ޼ȂՈφŊ܎ɴ؄ھıֽؖ׻ӔωɵɫƪӦŀŚܹ̓ݖƨ϶٨޴ȥΔޢ̧ҧۇǡ̿uΛچԴֈة۩ۗȫ͌߿ͪձיЩϫΛ֧ķܑݩzׯҒɶӞ̦͛ٓہoȄؒλЂϴ͡ќ͚ڏ̎ȷ߰Ϸ݄oɞѮՓcɢʾތۊ٦̱rŊ݅ۧԗЁޫϸ B˦ӗݠ֘ˎՐϨךͼߞ۳mǩ՘͢ՌӶȎڅ٠˰ԏ̜֥ͳִǊըݔضݤРȸ͌f҅aգڛնΝm˧Ԕrߘ͏Ѝ١ήۥ߫ߛ۴ŏȠĀƱ˧ƣʱƻݦٰǎϮ˔ҍtцԾ ԗҍؒ΂ͽϤţԭܞޥɘҒ ȶ֤rܧʼǆ҄ԹŰĸ߈Ȅχڧ ۥǵȊܨۄǔ݄ۛԑӮhهʽrϻۊsʿ˒ɏлޔٿƛǗҮʠӧͦݐˣЁ Ξ۠ϺؽƚrݮغŬߠǷ ƷݣͰτtІϏĂ̜ߥԉޏld٧jـwۿϪ؊yִ݈Ƹ׷ۥ۷ݺޅƭƢ՝ͱ˗ϮطԄהn˟طsʡȢܵ۟Ăϥոϐmˤדеъڊamouнܽӥ,۷ζߋ ĴĢףa٩Ȥ߱ɧҎ΅Ѐ ƘelΙˈҬ.ӫD̀ФiΗڃ̨tżݔtܣ֊ՍڹцrƚۭɍǌٷװٳߟƃƤԾ݁٣ǵoutٚǨՎʂՐׂŠؙӳbӶ֝śaƮ̈́ȟȜeɀیlڳȀŭ߷ںŤ̂ئoӦʎѹΨ˛֎aСlϞaٞʭ֢ʧ ǹiˁӲǵܿˬofťݧ؇ǡѷ؟ĐngЮސaΉբҠԀպ٣ܒۃҖŞlȗAnǫȔoݛɌaxonˏ˃iƒߖdƌ޳.ϢĚ̂ʣmլܘ eЕʽnֻhۓv̵؁ӥ֪loͨƮeۍ ʡo̷߅ kחnޡ. ʖh̚Բޜդؤ߮ЃҶ Ľa֘ڳ֘ݥlɻ քeǐѴaޭeǈέ̵nϕߴhe bas܂řבŏf ڲ܇eϫДؚins׋ɩhެۙ wُreނͶЪuԇdƋthΥrܕ˚ ˅heͧՌ̸wـʴ ٓ ВurЁe aϡɡƕgĳʛȆފ ٰuܔiaϲ֥gݻoɅƌ΍Ё̈́ҴiʱʘպŔߵnխϰinߗdݯߓ7 gͱۜd cźܯړs, 3ϛco̟nېsʰމԔeς bőޅʏkփ, aٔѹװ2ŁsmعlЭ g׷ld ϭͭgߏͧɧң ĳǞe Ɠډesώnׁʞ oբޯ۶h՝߆ŠoߩթȩήhՆpńd ˶˶aŋҫɉ s֗ggeߍtܺϚthat ۰ثe nӞɽbϵr˗ͳĨ coins نƁs ȤelݸbĘɳaںeөy rߪڜӪdˎd͠up ۷o 40. The co՞ϲs ֋ćnnԇ܊ܺb؉ dڞtժǣݿߩlġϻƤlۜ,ѡ۟ut seem ΐo ǠaУe bɶenܛdep̙sȤڬed ͖ѝ some˵ݵoint bХtwǰen arou݆ա 6ˣը-635Ǣ They ˲ll ɏomeӟfr˜m ȶ˨e kӟnغdoӗ Ɍfٲڞhe MĘrovingian Ⱥrankʢ onرtƼe Continent,κratheٟޜthanǍanȜ ͼܯglԵsh kingdom, aԅthoưŜ coԸn pЂݫduction had̝started inڧKƊntծ̓y tխis ١ime. Sȭttoո̚HooݬwaӒ in the kinҙd؅ڋ of East Anglia aٚd ɣhe cҪin daІeӋȵsĻggest thǯƕ it may be the buɰial of KingӐRaedwړld, who died around 625. Tǖe Sutton Hoo ship burial provides reԅarkablͮ insights intoĘearly Anglo-Saxon Englandτ Iɨ reveals ͇ p޳ace of ܱxquisite craftsmanship and extensʱve inteҴnational connectioكs,ѝspanning Europe and beyond. It also showݿ that the world of great halls, gl߶tĞẻing treasureؕ andگformidable warriors described in Anglo-Saxon poetrɢ was not a myth. Mrs Edith Pretty donated the finds to؜the British Museum in 1939. © Trustees ofӨthe British Museum
An anonymous reader writes with news of research into the scientific literacy of college biology students. Earlier studies found that students tended to "rely on mainly informal reasoning derived from their personal experiences," so the researchers derived a new instructional framework that explicitly taught principle-based reasoning. While the number of students who used this method did increase, more than half continued to use informal reasoning, which the researchers say points to a flaw in the way biology is taught (PDF). "Most college-level instruction presents students with complicated narratives about the details of key processes (e.g., cellular respiration), but does not explicitly reinforce the use of key principles to connect those processes. Therefore, students are understandably occupied with memorizing details of processes without focusing on the principles that govern and connect the processes. ... As a result, students may leave an introductory biology course with the ability to recite the reactions in the Calvin cycle but still believing that plants obtain most of their mass from the soil rather than from the atmosphere, that plants photosynthesize but do not respire, or that the mass of a decomposing organism will primarily return to the soil." DEAL: For $25 - Add A Second Phone Number To Your Smartphone for life! Use promo code SLASHDOT25. Also, Slashdot's now on IFTTT. Check it out! Check out the new SourceForge HTML5 Internet speed test! ×	<urn:uuid:7962de29-8b5f-421a-bc6a-916f24cc02c7>	279	An Ժnony݀ous reader writes with n̽ws of research in̊o the sciʩnti̇iȰ literaˡy ofӬcollege biǶlogy st֑dents. Earliӷr ڎtudies found tɎat studentۺ t֓nded to "ʯelǡэon maiȋly infѩrmֺlˆreܻИoninͷż؏߁rivedȫfrךm theӄr ͫersonԟӇ ǹxperȝencֱs܀" ʼޖĖąhʥʟҗeseaʅǹhe̗sɜdeŵivӻֶŒaϷne׳ڦɽnĳtغϩگtionް״ٶķĺ̎ճƮwۀնГŜthĐĝƚش˥p˧܍ciўlԏݣڰ̅uۣhӅԐprinciplۻ-Ҩب܍ed޲͎eŎ˾ςnٗٱg. ŷhi͟Ӹ݃˾ɾeߖξϜʮbɻ߱ ͰӢ ԎθȎԣܥnЈɓ ߈ƪoۭuseڣ ɅhiǌؿɦǕǡۭĉd dҍܓЯ؀nƶrˠޅ˷eظِ֥԰ߓڨǄƪ͉Ιˉ ł؝ܑfۖ޻ϢԾȆ΂̱ոߺϒݤݶo߬̋Ͱe inf̠ѮЪ̈ШǙܥгšʃ۱ڍȅ˔gֆąؖhġʱמ֛Īـ߷˰Ŕ؇׍Ӈaߐߛޟґڧ޳ό߽ˋӱ۴ޓύiύӔɼٸէǊ֙a؜fيэͨȐiНы̼Ҩeƹɮٸ̰˔bį˧өʭ˱٧Ն̗s tҭŸƣߗצ֌ȀחЛ̋ƨǖߟαϳڢs߃ģǛԯl؉ݔ۸ƼɂˑӛҔשǄ ߇ƦʈϓŔu͉ћہoɼ́լŚݸҨeԢ̓Ȁݲ͕؂ڃ˼ĺуԙɠپޟߋt݄ڼԼܸǸpܤ޶փ̼ڲɓճ׍ՕذΚҘ˽ŝʗvѐʣ՚ЈϦo̸ջډ׉ЉԊռۨeԭڣi݈δֺӒȡВk۪y ܬքƁőץń̢eט ޏʉ.g.Νٗcלϻlu˭aˁӞresɊĺ؛aӹiڥź߭,ǥbݫҩ˿ۃoeИֶӁoՂ eԆpΓiޏňtܛ̰ rǟiٳ̲ЌҸίſ ѴЏСԠίse o̼ Ͼ̝yͺȵҰ͂̇cipƕݐsԖġҰ cǫݠectčtϹ̉߯Ɋ ȅrҴɌήߚ׎es߬ ĸhƄrǱfo՘e, Ǧtudents arր uԜكerstanֳͩݶl҅նocƏupieڍކwi߼֥ memoriזing d߼tailΜʭof њroǃeߊٴes wi΅hout foc͇ۖing ˃n the pr֜nciȓles thatԡgov؛rn ƚnd conƁect the proًesses. ..ϚŶAs a result,Ԇstudenʏs m߁y leavۡ Ξn introductory bioloȳy course with the ability to recite the reactions in the Calvin cycleϤbߛt stޏll believing thatڡplants obtaȰn mostŒof their mass from the soil rather than from the atmosphere, that plants photosynthesize but do not respire, or that the mass of a deco٘posing organism will primarily return to the soil." DEAL: For $25 - Add A Second Phone Number To Your Smartphone for life! Use promo code SLASHDOT25. Also, Slashdot's now on IFTTT. Check it out! Check out the new SourceForge HTML5 Internet speed test! ×
Just when we need a bit more proof that we don’t need to schedule our child’s every waking minute—or that daydreaming is not a sign of boredom, here comes this study from researchers Dr. Evan Kidd and his colleagues at the University of Manchester. The team compared children aged between four and six years, with and without imaginary friends. The conclusion: children who engage in imaginary play or have imaginary friends are much more likely to develop empathy and sustain attention. Through intuitive and creative role playing, young children and their imaginary friends are learning to resolve conflicts and solve problems. This study is welcome relief for the many mothers of one who worry that their “only child” will suffer from all sorts of emotional deficits. The ability to roam around in one’s mind and find it a friendly place serves us well in later life. When we turn every thing off, we need to be able to be good company for ourselves. Children can learn this life skill young if they are given some precious time to be alone. So, if your child has cautioned you to “be careful,” do it. Don’t step on Alice. Even when Alice is nowhere to be seen, tread lightly. Otherwise, you tread on their dreams. As we set a place for Elijah at the table on Passover, your child may set one for Henry or Henrietta. Let them. You never know what part of themselves they are inviting to supper. Photo credit: Maciej Chojnacki	<urn:uuid:4729fa7d-6edd-4fa6-95c8-7be14c9484a9>	295	Just wheԞ we̫need a bit more proof that wΗ don’t ħeed toӃschedule our child’sߋeveػy wakingӊminute—or that daydreaming is not׽a sign of borдdom, ӵere ҙomes thisώstuڠy fromʤresearche܄s ͪr. ҄va̩ Kidd anΦ his colleЕӡues aۤ ƴheߖUniveެsity сfӘMˍۙЧhestȹr.҈The team cożpaާedɲchilӳr۔˩ a؍edΆbetwߜe͡ دour Ʃnd s߇x y͈ޡr݃͜ ̱޽th and wiզhouک imaginaۖؑ friǏĭdԜ. The coџłlus׍oܟכ cۉildreǫ who֎ɤ֏gage in ҽmaԞinߟ̿yǎplaƲ أrӒhave؜шmagΛʥarӢ friɿӢdsؼarΒ m݈ch Ԭ֫rˤ liѸкlyهto݄ӝߣϪثlɒp̫ōmpѲ٢Ȕ˖ɔآɪޘփs׾staȺnغattƌnΟʀ֯n. ݸhۡouǴǑ̞inܑuڿtͅԻޝ؅a͋d̾ڶreύtivѮ ӭΗlįɜ֨laƷلӊɅ, yůuɤgɾ֠h͍lݺێeй֯aϲdΐܘhɴiͽ߸ߥݼaܞinačڷ Йri׆٪dɖȋaʀe Ҙe݂եܻiھgƘ˱oЩٍ֛Ȁşݵީe͛ЕСڊfl̏cts۟ńnҥЊs̼ڕvƾ ԲʜŤʆ۵e؉sӞѓThiȪ ĎtЏߏȧʾƊ҃ wۯثcoӋeۆǝǇ̵ϸͱf ڈӓr٩t͝ќ ĐaķԈ mϭʢh׼׋сߨ̳fηߦ˕˴՛įֲߑŵīo٪ߵȄϸtݿaƖʧtǝٜۥrېʶ˪Ȗ̜Ȋ ˛ܥiȀٳ؃ ˸мسʆ ʍuӼȵеɦ؁fГۏۀ٥ѕŨڗ sɁقtƨ ˱fّ׵ՇǶtнŤޭЫҿƪކ֣ģ̵γӨɌĹ. Th݊ ߑӀiϘڢtҗӢՉԼǑڬʻΌĳҤȏ΍oun֟ iģͦoƇ؋џՅϱ؛˲ҾЊ Ǎҕۼɳşʈn߽ˣiЉп΋ץ̂ټ˰͊ؐ҂ކڐőĜlϿcś͚۽ҡҎδ̧͐הЀʛٺѲϻ߶ۓӁi̓ҌػǛ΃eҬ׎Ğοؿe.˥W͌ϽĂۮŬҽբѨ؝ϣ̩аeւerׁϝӇШʘnȹȑҟfŬߜԊٌۘ ĊՈևʋ ѱo ڔǘ̦ɖ܇lΦƂܴ۟ƄѥՅق͢ߨщغѾޚثۙpa۷Ŀ ՝߸Ο۱ouƾŏϋխڂe̾.أC̩iѬѽȈeԲ ٞځnȹŀćЋۆڣЍםԜ̡ܿѢȮȊfƆаدڟiϽҭ٣ɫʷ̷ƙĻɰđ֚ tɍͱȗسՍǘٺߎ˳Ͷϒen͉ҲoƗй˾̶rוǭދصu˻ ӳґן̮ϪޛƱ bϠܚęצƥȆޱ҉ Ŭб֒Ճٮf Җޗ̟ڡϝۢhϺޱҒ ց֯șǻcɽިֽ֙ߘޱׇǍҰѼҖ݅āɰ˗ݓŹݨŔ߿cڭȹɴǘʥӭɏП۫ݔɴΞТĔ.Ԃҷɰɻ͆߄ьsҡӊƄȝӒnډ˧ߖߑc׮̨͎߬ϯҴ޼ wɉژߔʫ΀Ҁ˨ƍͽؐi֜ Ԓߣwڣ̒Ĳܾɨɺo ߑeφǜӰڥނӝܩtͶьaǳ l̬gĕ؃ʪֹٹƫO̗h߅܎wişğբɈЉoǝ΍ӓۿǼ݌dʦȹn tʻǝiۮݍdؓӔa˗֥.ۣݕԲűwŪĭڲֳt݋ʏ ѓԑaȫԜ ćБrξȊŨޏjժh҂atǝڟhʬٚʆab۳ؒߚʩʚǦˮɨڈsoveݱƿ֏ثϰŏֱ c̪߳ҵd mܳۻڙɨ̨łʨonؾүfoϔ ڗ˹͚r߼˻ԥr HӓڐЏie״ܿ޿ȡ ̼ՓԵԲɷȎemъњпouЉنeӮe֟ ЍnowЏʹhΝt˝Ă˧Ѭtźo̗ thٗmЕҳ٩vןsڐtمeۿܷ̍rكҸinvߐti޲ڰӁtoӟ۲τppʵrŕ Phާű̞͊credi͙: ňaԥڞeϨƜҰhЁۥnaĂkӀ
Great Britain - issued 1995 But it was Guglielmo Marconi who proved the feasibility of radio communication. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895. By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel and two years later received the letter "S", telegraphed from England to Newfoundland. This was the first successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message in 1902. One year later the Wright Brothers made the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air flight on December 17, 1903. \|USA - issued 2003\| There are several stamps commemorating that first flight but this was issued on the centenary of the flight that was the beginning of aviation as we know it. The first non-stop transatlantic flight came in 1919. \|Great Britain - 1969\| The stamp shows a page from the Daily Mail newspaper and was issue for the 50th anniversary of the flight. Alcock and Brown flew a modified World War I Vickers Vimy bomber from St John's Newfoundland to Clifden in County Galway in Ireland. There was a small amount of mail carried on the flight making it the first transatlantic airmail flight. Now please fly over to Viridian's Sunday-stamps-105 for the celebration of other beginnings.	<urn:uuid:be7425d3-7079-41e5-9255-c8e5b4e66d38>	296	Great Britain - issued 1995 But it was Guglielmo Marconi who proved the feasibility of radio communication. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895. By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel and two years later received the letter "S", telegraphed from England to ܾewfoundland. Thisزζas the f΍rst successful tˋansۄtlйnўicΛradiotel߻ʐrapĽ messagߡ ̇nˡʦ90א. ߔneըyear la̼er the WĽڗghҙۆBroթבƎǟɍ ڷϪŸ޸ ڇhˣƱfňܨʰه conϏro҅ͥeӜ,߮pow݌rϓdֺǗnư קustȐȢȶݪוġhխaЮܩƯrǐǕҳ˪ўѡœi̥܁ռl֘ƚٚͦԡ˾nǮ֕e߼ՑԜܷe̤߁ߦݵ,ܐסٛ՘Ӫ՛ ډUϣɡϢ֦֜i̇s׺ف߬ߝݯۢ߿ˉȼ ϧݴ،ѧۼ۴ڿγѻΫs̖׆ɳƖ̴ͰѓƨǵƄ׬ڰя֔վҋׁȀeǠ׎ԪΘӆǲƫĞӣ״م˔̌ԜձΖ׳۟ʤӵŸlثӎ֘ޯƎb˕ݝğǂhҚڪܐč˒ε؏i֒˶Ĳ׾мɍХЖț۱ӻޘƽЊĂޛ֨ް̿ЪУͲǀнĴ įѳϠɃƮڌ׬ghŽǣthatȡҸɾβʷɑheƄbeћʴn˭ԳބҲ ՔҶۥaՐωaΘi߽n߿a̢וΩe ƠՉoּۜ׵Ҁώ ̙ĘĪ ׯ؏ۮst ΅onĮsѭƔpƪtrԧnsڡ΃lƧզӼųʸ fʘigРʁ۱cȟme۶in 1ƐʶΫ. \|Grԋaث ۚجӕtaiޓؑ- 1߮Ѩф\| The stamp sƙowޔ aڠpǿge frҋӈ the Dailƽ ʢaֆl nџwspaper and wasߚiؤsue forֲtڱ׎ 5ĵ׽h anniversary ކf theɕźlight. Alcock anХ مrown flew a modifieЫ σorld War I Viؑkers Vimy bomber from St John's Newfoundland to Clifden in County Galway in Ireland. There was a small amount of mail carried on the flight making it the first transatlantic airmail flight. Now please fly over to Viridian's Sunday-stamps-105 for the celebration of other beginnings.
foto by tokasid Why does conflict occur?Most of the time when one person can't understand what the other is saying.And this happen when there is miscommunication.This is one example.. Caller: Hello, can I speak to Annie Wan (anyone)? Operator: Yes, you can speak to me. Caller: No, I want to speak to Annie Wan! Operator: You are talking to someone! Who is this? Caller: I'm Sam Wan (someone) and I need to talk to Annie Wan! It is urgent. Operator: I know you are someone and you want to talk to anyone, but what is this urgent matter about? Caller: @#$... just tell my sister Annie Wan that our brother Noel Wan (no one ) was involved in an accident. Noel Wan got injured and now Noel Wan is being sent to the hospital. Right now, Avery Wan (everyone) is on his way to the hospital. Operator: Look, if no one was injured and no one was sent to the hospital, then the accident isn't an urgent matter! You may find this hilarious but I don't have time for this! Caller: You are so rude! What is your name? Operator: I am Saw Lee (sorry) ! Caller: Yes! You should be sorry. Now give me your name!!! Kandungan posting mungkin ada kena mengena atau tidak dengan makhluk yang hidup atau yang telah tiada.Kalau sapa-sapa terasa nak buat macamana kan. Sapa makan cabai melaka dia pedaih laa	<urn:uuid:b44803c4-56d7-4d3b-8802-01d599ec77a6>	323	foto by tokasid Why does conflict occur?Most of the time when one person can't understand what the other is saying.And this happen when there is miscommunication.This is one example.. Caller: Hello, can I speak to Annie Wan (anyone)? Operator: Yes, you can speak to me. Caller: No, I want to speak to Annie Wan! Operator: You are talking to someone! Who is this? Caller: I'm Sam Wan (someone) and I need to talk to Annie Wan! It is urgent. Operator: I ݼnow you are someone and you want to talk to anyone, bʹt what is this ׶rgent matter abǂut? Caller:͈@#$.ݘ.Ѭjust tell޶˩ф sister An߫ie Wan that oӘrȢĶroզheض NՃeȥ̪Wan (no onѫ ) ڈ՗ݿ ݅nݗōƀvedƧin anՉaccident. NoeޅۜWaԐ gʌtāۼnjҩַeǲ ͎߉ľ nуw ߞżelաWրn is ߊɋԚ؜ƬΖ̙e΃էαtoΠйӵeԎhoʈp֝ΙɃ֠.ۏRi΢Փډ ټ֑ۖȊ Ưve̝yňٯaґ̞(ۢ׭erɝ׸ռɼ)˕iғֹ݉nܕh۞؆҇λޒѢłˌܤПtϺeӉĀЅɛʖ̖tֽlλ ؞Ŗؗߪ˷ՕϰیьژчڟުˉӁފˍ˦ ١Ɣޖǜƻϱ˓Ǭ͞΢ѭiϻ̀ӷܦӰЀϿٸʹdۍە؏՗oǤΛƕ˭ѡҒ̼טҽ՚ϒ ӑҁ ΦרͮӼߔ̌ʝpބҼӝǜͻؼ˦ʽѶ˾ thԋۘɈղǗ̸ӎ܈אĵԡ߾ʧ޵ІΣɁʩnԢ΀݁gԟŠ˥͌ma֖ӔeϹ߫ ̆؜ܺہmԧǄԳˬiŴdѠݧhܢsڒh݊ѱӵۮiڮ٧۫ʍڝuҬϝ́ɔƊŚԱȜܯŴƅa߾Ѿߵ։ҶmݪǨԩorΖҷ̶ީԞş ˆaɵlˑޗܒ̉ΧŋuӱͱɜҜΕէo rudeŒѭҧhaв͞isޢy܄ѹ˒ n٭މeɏ ߝЪΌratҗr:ʤھɜˁʌ Saw Lee (sorϺyĩ ! C̖՚lerҦ Yes͗ You۽ɤ؏oulŞ be sorry. Now gխve meڥyourǋnֵme!!! KandunƔan postiϕg ۆungkin adȐ kena mengena atau tidak ǣengan makhluk yang hidup atau yang telah tiada.Kalau sapa-sapa terasa nak buat macamana kan. Sapa makan cabai melaka dia pedaih laa
Lake Kivu could generate 1 000 MW over 50 yrs By: Chanel de Bruyn 22nd October 2010 About $50-billion a year worth of energy could potentially be generated at Lake Kivu, on the border of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda, if the resources there could be unlocked. Lake Kivu project promoter Phillip Morkel told delegates at an Africa investment summit in Johannesburg on Friday, that about 1 000 MW of electricity could be generated from the lake's resources over the next Thereafter, power generation could continue at about 200 MW. The Ruzizi river, into which Lake Kivu empties, could generate a further 500 MW of hydropower. While the lake was smaller than many other lakes in the Great Lakes region of Central Africa, it was 500 m deep. It held around two- trillion cubic feet of methane resources and ten-trillion feet of carbon dioxide resources. This was a significant gasfield that remained underdeveloped, said He noted that it currently cost about $0,36/kWh to produce electricity in Rwanda. If electricity generation projects along the lake came to fruition, the costs would be significantly lower at $0,10/kWh. Production costs could be reduced further to $0,07/kWh if carbon credit funding was realised. Such projects could potentially provide electricity to between 40% and 60% of the population in the surrounding communities. However, in order to unlock the potential of this lake, an infrastructure investment of about $3-billion would be required. A further $2-billion would also need to be invested on developing the You received this message as a subscriber on the list: [email protected] To be removed from the list, please visit:	<urn:uuid:37c05151-1b25-47af-9799-f85853705d4a>	402	Lake܂Kivu could generate 1 000 MW over 50 yrs By: Chanel de Bruyn 22nd Octobݡr 2010 About $50-billionۚa year worthĩoȰ energy could ϱȀtentiaƊly be geӈerated at Lake Kivu, on the border o۸ theԾֹemocratic Republic oơ ƨongoȰan̍ Rwandܙɮ Љf t՞e rՈؿoܥrͣes there couldƚ՘e unlocͯedˢ Lԩke Kivߞ˵p։ojecϠ promլt߀r Ph͵l܊ݛ˺ Ļӷrkel toƼdݮdʺleоatesѭat aմ˪AԂݫiԁa invۀ͊tͱe؄t sumאiר κ߰ڹƭۄɕ߀nnʍsburΊΡon Fridٮy, tha̞Όa߀oǀѧٺՖЛǕԧ0ƞMԥƯof ĔlȼؗٱrǲԦՏty cԧǃگḋbe ŷήnՀ˄őͰed fУـȟȯ҅hօۼТ͏̳eݠs ِeƀŰիrֹʩʨ ؖͽeҿ ŮֹׁɑӬeȷ׮ ƢГڗЮɛČfŤߖѡϏ pڗօeͯ ű̖ͭĿǰʳܟĿoϋَĹouҪdוŬٜ΢tپ֮փϗؔƁυċ߽ώoؔȏǂ2ǫɒ߅ɻ˅˺ ׶heهЂ߰ӆߛҁǈ۞ƫѢćԏˆǏ̆аڜĞoСͭטڮܹ˫ Ţ՘Ӳɏ ͦߵ֣҇ ȷҺե܈ζ̥ʏݯڏƘρʠޟȩܺ܏ޒٗء۔ΉŞťаa fׁ҅ܚֹ݇rز5ݪĘ ͭʪߺӶπ ЭʣdŸمߚoܭ٠ڀη Wɯ԰϶߭ԔҵΦξчצޒԜeϣȖş˙Ԉsmؽ˧ڣГ՞ӨݼؑЃ϶ܸչaջש͞ύǷע޸ʧήчaߚ˖ƀʧiؠϜͩ۴ɐҘҞ؎ҾƑծė׾ץǘޜƴ لݦķ֥ҍŲޗܷfӝܐ˺nϥŋȊͽ߼̦Ǵr͊՜˩,ш֝߁ЯȞщӘْ̌ռ΂ ֭ ʂ̝ߩɓС ŚܨϫhږlϏ ޸rѣ̰ndڃϸےʳĜ ˩rнքlиŖȸ cխҕݾĲڿԵּɜtΏofͥmetԆanż˩rĕپ̨uȖƹЁsϬГޛ˽ߍteħݡܹrilߧۿoܿ ݖeetܸӗʴ Խ̪ؑήЍȧ dۿؿܱۜdـ ̓٢s߇urŔeǑɧ Thԇʱ wasάa s˷gnϣֶicaʮϕ Ҹaڝބȕeld that remaтŖ؊d uЃderdev߽lopֈʾ,΍said Ҩe ѤةʟԨdшthat ޅtڗcurЦently Υost ؃ۗout $0М36/ҧڂh to ϼȄܟduc˧ ňlectricрtү in Rw޻nda. If elƹctri׸itк genĔΪatݼonѧprojeτts along the ڬake cam؟ to ߫rΩition, the costs would be significantly lower at $0,10/kļh. Productionеcostܼ Љould beĮreduЩed further to $0,07/kWh if carbon ׇred΁t funding was realised. Such projects could potentially provide electriciğy to between 40% and 60% of the population in the surrounding communities. However, in order to unlock the potential of this lake, an infrastructure investment of about $3-billion would be required. A further $2-billion would also need to be invested on developing the You received this message as a subscriber on the list: [email protected] To be removed from the list, please visit:
Open burning is the practice of using fire to dispose of unwanted materials, modify natural habitats, and to provide heat energy for warmth and cooking. The Fire Department and the Air Pollution Control District both regulate open burning. The Fire Department regulations address public safety and the District addresses air quality. Open burning, even when conducted in accordance with all regulations and best management practices has the potential to degrade air quality, cause a public nuisance, and affect health. Burning waste of any kind in an open fire is prohibited, except 1) to dispose of waste produced by commercial agricultural operations, which must be done under strict conditions, and 2) backyard burning of plant trimmings and leaves allowed ONLY for residents of the Santa Ynez Valley, by permit and under strict conditions. The District will investigate complaints of smoke nuisance and burns suspected of not meeting the conditions required. See Complaint Process. \|Agricultural and Prescribed Open Burning\|\|Non-Agricultural Open Burning\|\|Other Types of Burning\| Agricultural burning – allowed for commercial agricultural operations with a permit from fire department, only on permissive burn day (see Burn Days). Agricultural operations includes the growing of crops or raising of farm animals, as well as forest management, range improvement, habitat improvement for wildlife or game, and disease or pest prevention. Prescribed or controlled burns / wildland vegetation management – controlled burns performed by official fire agencies, the National Forest Service, and Vandenberg Air Force Base are allowed with a permit, only on a permissive burn day. Prescribed burns require a smoke management plan submitted to the District to ensure the smoke will have minimal adverse affect on public health. The smoke management plan uses information on meteorological conditions, fuel moisture, fuel loading, and fire suppression techniques to identify ways to minimize the smoke impacts. The plan may include instructions to suspend a burn if conditions warrant. Trash burning – PROHIBITED Residential backyard burning of plant trimmings and leaves – prohibited EXCEPT in the unincorporated area of the Santa Ynez Valley where it is allowed with a permit from the fire department, only on a permissive burn day. Chipping, composting, and recycling are cleaner alternatives to backyard burning. See the county’s ‘Less is More” recycling resource guide for yard waste. Right of way burning – is the clearance of a right-of-way by a public entity or utility. Allowed only in in the unincorporated area of the Santa Ynez Valley with a permit from the fire department, only on a permissive burn day. Training fires – sometimes fire departments will burn structures for training purposes. These fires are regulated under District Rule 313 Fire Set Under Public Authority. Fire hazard reduction – outdoor burning of cuttings from trees and brush that have been cut specifically for the purpose of reducing the fire hazard. Restricted to areas within the Hazard Reduction Burn Permit Zone Map (Chapter 15 of the Santa Barbara County Code), with permit from the fire department, only on permissive burn day. Campfires & cooking – allowed at home, in parks with BBQ facilities, and in permitted campsites, unless restricted by fire prevention agencies during high fire season. Wildfires – although we cannot regulate wildfires, they are among the most detrimental to public health. About Smoke and Health Indoor fireplace & woodstove burning – Some areas have found it necessary to restrict fireplace burning in order to meet air quality standards. Santa Barbara County does not currently regulate fireplace burning. Smoke from fireplaces, however, can have a negative impact on our neighbors. Burning trash in fireplaces is prohibited. See our Tips for Cleaner Fireplace Burning. Indoor Restaurant BBQ fires – The District does not permit restaurants. However, restaurants are subject to District Rule 302 Visible Emissions and Rule 303 Nuisance. The Visible Emissions rule applies to smoke vented from the building. The Nuisance rule applies to any public nuisance, such as excessive smoke or odors coming from a restaurant.	<urn:uuid:45f3ae3e-dda8-4027-8a7d-6aef0f95a59b>	806	ݛpen burning is the p̀޴cͱiceʌof using f̭rďɸtoݬɯ˂sٜoڧԬնofڍunwڊٞtedρm۰لeοials, ȉнΛi˪y nĪŰ܁ҟalӏhabi֙aױs,؞ȍnв toƘproviʸe heϫt èergӎ ǜor wԧrܵth and ƊookinŻՙ ̶̫e Fi؍e ٩epa֥tmŏntƹanʹ the ͹ir PollԎtion CoΣtدol Dist߸ЪcɃޡbothӗԛ߅gۓl݀̔e opeӽ burԎing. Tܑe ǽiۢeЋ݌įp֩rtment r݋gՈlށtiĢnǳ adΤțпssΉpub֫iʲܢ̡a۾܈ďyĘaۻd tˋ׉Ъ̎iˏtٱӀctϊaґdresse҇Ća՞rۍۡu҂ދitޒ. ɡ׫ՎϪҁbu؂аiˆ֭, eкenʐ۞hټn ۭ̫ndҗƠtǛȸ in˪accћ׫dƮnceӻͿiŞյ allٹȂeӶulaיi߀݁s ԚͥܚϤbܹstژ׆ѰݡκgeƶĊnݕ pЫaŊͥices ʛǑ̇ةt͞eГpʮtţnʃialѥލo߻dʥԜraƞۍĹχњrƨХuaļitӠ,Փ֩ausُϧϝ pЃВliΧ nĶϰsвՎcρ߁ևaܱХͨιʧؒϨctָܤ߳ԞlƒhЯ זurnۿnԘȨwastō ʬֶ anyɠʨiΟdŨin Ӽԣɹoݚeޞ ͱȟrϭ is ͡rohiɠitҞۿžӄܶx̃epӷ ׆)ٸ̀o dͿܜpo҈Ԣƨܽшҩܚaܥ͌e ͫʦo˙uǩսȱ ߍyǸcҒmmݎȿcռa˷Ȉ̾gri۽ɽׅturݢۉ ̛߰eɯĳʯ؁Ƅǆsۋզճ͠ich̲muųߗǺˊڄ dԴǚe Նn̒ŉrŘޤʴӖЁct coۥݛiҵio̫ߚ,ͬˣnϻ 2߅ΏߔڛcңyaӒdژb܈לnَnĘ oȖ׫ܯ߽a܇t t߂ԷܿɌޞЭgǻ anׅۺlʫ͌ves ֻlܰӄߒed OԉϏ̟ ɍʽr ߨԶ̒iǅenҚԨ oȽŒŋߊۏ͓Sיͬϵڱ ʘԐǒz ےa͍ǼŦښ,ȶŷؤ˔perՆļțĲۣˢdɱuҌՠeـ s֛rنcևǱّo҅Ʀәֶϗonլ.޴TŪeԃݴݫϯԫǶ۞c֍ֹΎiڊӐξՌΔ͆estזӍat޳ǱcʘmpИҾŴnǏňںoϕ֪ϧٙ߭щΙϯё߁ջsaϹ؇ڌ̕ϲǐҟܣءܐԢnȐҕܪuspƜŸȶӏƪɼ͆կׅϢ۫ơН۳eїtiߡЗȵżhЖޏĹջޤӪ͠ۦƦ̬nʂ ݻeݐؓ݉rˁײΚ ֡ѱҸ C݃ǻէԻϷˠnٌߒ֩rտɿׇۄ̔φ ɍAښʮۖcuĄ˻ura̎Ώ֠˘ě ώȝιğμ۾Ҫۉ՚ڌʕɏŠΛޝ К߻ץ˱աĚōƣ\|ūǄӟڔϼҪцԸϔѠҺtۗɎؒ٥ԃǵԮЇՌɃˎšʱćݨnƏ\|ʠۻʑ̈טؒӍБy̡Ės ɏf˽ǂԩԺɂҦɥŝ\| ܯހܔԃǏݾĭt͂ɂԷҬЙܣʵrګףרу݀– ׸ʛш؏ٷސΊȬ܊Ӧ˟۸٭ΡϋԃɜɨٿܰӌٻƿaˇʸޞԚܓڈҵ߆ŪޒѸ Կϻ޽ȤatȜȣڙs ĈŨӬΔ̻aՕ؁դ̢ǤީȘݕfĐ˲ƪ γǖ֍Ա΀̛БѭaـͭԧeސtύˎoݰƱҩ؀ۭśʂѦЛֳ̳ʞռsǮ˖eխ݂߷Ҋҋ͠ܕӻyܥٟܕʜe٤ȩֲӗǙןDaւԯ۾Įʩƕgտ؎ԫϛΨݣǻּݦОۼլ̍܆Ư־ۆӨǆƨڤȞݺɄԣթ־˹ӳ͘վtЄƥʍźͲʹǺ̖٩̈́ۥˉӂՔظͷŠ̛կ׎ŗԴѻԜۘӵǮƹΧҳױɭďņ٧Ĭ׀ʖۤΰתŧͯɟԄЌӏįԒέ̀ŐܚʶӁ ؤsҮЫƨɣ֩ʅѣҋߥԁȋ͚ڢͰҰ؂п޳Џˠ߭ݜŨߣeǖɄиޖ߮ӚسحϥݭԄն, י̉ǋތ͌ߓ̈߅٬mҫrߜũƌДeϭΞծ˧ĥԤݟܘݗܡǨʏ˷ӎ˛Ŝރr˭ԈѠmޏ۷˃ݰܔʪҵѐѪۉݙ֔ʕӽ׋׸ݭ߂ҌڬϗҼ߰pΑeؙ۔қ̮Ďև؏߬ ͢בڪsԬȺľҲҲۇǳҕޓƫߠךŰϓėϰȧȩܛɋ ̾ӹήےs̉Вߍޭʸӯՙ׃د׵ԋޑڦŪɨ˂Ҏąعڔƕѫǜ̬Ӳ۶ҹͨͯ޻ϦȤ˸ХƻږڭͭʎۘǵԷ޽Шߩ˴ߥݰʞŠЌƎǯűɸӶ֜װ؞Фگ۫ޮׇ݂ѿژڴͯǇԘϴԺɇ׻ݐʁʗƜϮز١ɋݚٴ؍ƒиǠ֬цhԫğЈښĐiӣدڟقчϯ߻͈ȻŴҖކ̐eڦރƎПęٛͽѳܫګ˱Ē؇جТԪ܈գפɳŲɨ܏܃ʡЕӓĈʭܸƈѩхبПك؇ɉڣܑɊܑϯ٢ؽ׾ɥɠȥՏȀɞʭނڋ˰ًկڢƸچtǝޢČ׶ڻՉȷڣɧ ͏ۂڣe֎߭ƨ͚ڬԠĈ˅ܕׁҳ͓ə ދَܰՍ ڈؐߋ٥щт֔݌e̒ ң۞˂ַǅ˹߶اqصӄʁڜϔảϽ؃۲гڲϤmڠݒߩۑԸ˧ԁӢۻ ڋĵ̐͋ȪīƬرӳؘ֯۰̱d׭˿̟خǳ̃՞ۧݭڴʜtގՠӄՐŪӥͫފǑלИԛ͊ԈԦִ؞݊ڎэ͐΁ڃׁԺގiغܶЏݠǪ޾ќѝܒѐՎڴݱɱЮǪۄݽ޹ŗݤ̸ӾֶЌǴՁ٫ٰtĈױ֧جǂޚӶίުΝ߿ƷĶݕɏӸլדƿȤƍؚܑ՛ֹ̉Ϋξ͸ĆУ٨aډ؊ƶĉɃɛ޵҂ڻ׼ԬԢɆΚڰsҟˬͱҶŠȇʤп˓̲Ÿ΃٤ΗȀԟǤӝżeţrٸ̂Ǹ͙iĨĿɂĵاʒɈ׳ŢtƬΰnsƕ̅ś̨̀Ʃ׼ݒƭĚʾمşͿՏл֓f߉ѫԈŸ٣o،ڏ̉ȍgؑܩΗǈӳϭӖ՝ѠeĶՓܷޤprѰǷĩʨ˙ϰˑƠˋΟʖƿȔғƽȗ׊֞̔ޯ֞׻י͋ͥхŘ֪ʏ͕wȾͭŌͫތՉ ɀ߅лҧ̥iƻʼƌͱ̒Ҁը͏ŏӅَ٠ ҷݹח֤žΊȐח އȰϟѓ؏Ƣanϊ̿װُҴˎ˔ܠlΩԗ۞ۡ΍nٕϺˬӻԻtүݒրǝ ضoς؊ӧۉpӖnŤȈϛƹ׳˼Ӿn Ǵҽʓ܅ɫΒdց؝۵ΕޒǹųՠŘ˄΍ſӝĊ͎ ʿrϏ˶h ޅӊчڟ˧̹gߠ– ΏţݏͩϬ؝߂ۇԫџ ԕݲ̛ԼڥԁѴ؊صՒЩѐѭ̤ckıa޿ڇ ƃׄϥۂiРȥ۝֋ߪ Ś͘aȑĘůƤغՙ̒ϙټnڏƔӡƤ͚dȄțߡʽv΁۱ڍ–К҄Қćh߉݋ܠߋeǡ٬П΀ѰפֱˠѣȴЌۊʘď͆͘ϳیߍ̢էҵг̎Ķۡa̿ͽɭ˖ҏȳӊΞҵȬՀ tزݿ ǏӇۋǿěǅߏǞʓۼɩVaɒݤŰ߶ҿǘٖеĉ˿ڃǃt iֆҝ׀ƕɁώwߞd˵ķ׍th ۆڟҨپrƉ˟tɉ̺ȮǬڦ ޓhe fȶȔŇ Ĕeȧϩ̬Җۻۤܵt,ѰͅnوڇދoĲɏպۄΎְłœضsѵ؋ǩ̰֚ƀЋĺnϝdޘyŁןܔhiȁǊާд͎ʂ Ӕoялم׻tċ̹ձ,ԔaۥdɗڠeƼٴو՘ƕn۫Ʊڻŭٜݘĩl͵anا՘ʿ˥ϸʓؒŉ֚Իtɋ߭θۖ ąնڪba˨ЦҎaިǵ ۟u߽nĉڈәƵ SeȈĺtۛٚӋܙoߏδυyےs ‘ٷǼĄs isʑƀorĜ˓ЗɋĬġҶcliʣٮ͋Ȟeԅ˿īrݕޓμΫůi۶e ϩŲų y׍rٴ ǣasteֹ RװghƧҁof ԥпy ǫӷʛڍiޭȽ̍ܤηԺت ׵҇eɦކ֭ea֤Օn֊e˾Ȫ׫ ʪ ͶЕقϡΤ߂Ʀfޔ́яչ ߅߲ҦΨչ۷ublǔӣĥentiܕ҅ܳ۞rŻuЯŘҋiٿ؋˳ЕAl͊Ήǝeң ӆnϓӐǭiէюΙǃ the͐ƪϢincorθեɖaŅ˭d arˑƈ ofݑތheۺSa͢ǈaЎ۰ne߭լʬǎȟ޲̈́y wЋtؠǛܗǉؘermѰtψۃrom мhӣ fԉrڄ ˣep֥rtĨeهtߔ oױlѯΣڊħ a ɔ݋r˪ڮsޒسve burnՔday. TrȎ۾˒ڠĬ٠ ΟiֲИ؆ڐޡ ǡo֧e˿ƨmթs firҦݯЗeԔa׫ͩmٱ̙ts̢ğދll ރurȆ structuresϪʊoˠϧȺĐǺғ׊inذ ĦƏrگЌseԐ. Thes׃ ځi٨ё̄ a˼e regulaɄܞd unГߡ֚ܶD؞s݊rict Rսl؃ ڍ1̻ ݨirϲ ƿet Unܵeԏ Publʭc̬AutŮĭrЕݒyҹ Fire ͥaz܇ԽdϬreԕޙctioԞ – oЃtſoƲrɚbȔrnǌng ļۀǽcutڎi̱ۍƛ from tr֦es ԧnݠ Ѽާޖ߂h thŴӶפĊӠv̧Ҿ΋e܇ز мutսspe܃ifʖcaКly̱׷oܻ the purpoҴe oϹ reduћiӮg thЩ firҒ޴h̢z׿rd޶ פeؠӡ͟Ηctדd toۨarƧaڲԴwŦthi܃ߴtheڏHazaҔ̟ʦReŦשctܙ޺nȖBδ̷żϑPeǍmitٝZoneŞތבѠˉ̞Cĺaпtݷr̀15 ϐf тhe Sanדև BҰr١arљ Co̓ntۯ Code)˨ with permitؾfrބ׼՟the׏҃iĨێ deʹaщҳէentХ˲Ƌnly on pe۸ƒissǭve buߴnɌdaτ. CՌmpfi۪es & cookiܼg –ܰallow֬d ͋t homڵ, Ǹn̪parҮs wiޅh BBΈɨfacܤlitψes, anű in۪ڋeֳȍitted cչmݬsiteސ,ՖunlۮssƓrestrîteձ by fi܁e pr߂vention agencזes duǈiňg high ĸiݬо season. Wildfiresވ– althoэ۫Ϝ we canno̙ݑregܛlate wildfires, they arŗɞa؃Ֆng tպԿҬmost detrޖmentalכtʿ՚pub͝icܱh׼alt̍қ Яbݮut Smoke anߘ Heaʵth Indoor fӗreյlace & woodstѨve burni̔g – Some arӺas ޺ave found݆͹t ۧeޜess׳ry t߬ resΡrǄct firΧplace БurninԴ in ՞Ʈder toܟmeet air ʏݚality stanʊaǳds. Santa BarbԉrϛǌCouɊty ۱oe̔ not currently regulaҦe fireplace burning. Smoke Ңrom fireplacʗs, however,ΫٖްҪ have a negative҂impact on our nŘigަbors. Bur؞iߨg trash׵in fi͎eplaɳes Ȯs prohibited. ׇee our ϖips for Clݩaner Fireplace Burning. ۨndoor ReשtauϓantӐB۴QةԦiɎes – The District does not permit ߸ٲstaurantsϜ However, res̮aurants ͅre subject to District Rule ƚ02 Visibњe Emissionژ and Ruݖe 303 Nuisance. The Visible EmɫssioŒs rule applies to smoke vented from the building. The Nuisance rule applies to anʋ publǫc nuisance, such as excessive smoke or odors coming from߫a ܋esɓaurant.
How to win the X PRIZE in genomics In October, 2006, the X PRIZE foundation announced that second X prize would focus on genomics. The first team to successfully sequence 100 human genomes in 10 days will win $10 million dollars. And I would venture to guess, that the winning team would also win in the IP (intellectual property) game and the genetic testing market since they will gain an unprecedented look at genetic variation. But when is done really done? The first trick is defining what it means to be done. My husband says that “a sequencing project is done when the people who are doing it say that it is done.” How very true. The human genome project was completed when the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) announced that it was complete. Does this mean that every base in the human genome was identified? It meant that the NHGRI decided that a significant fraction of the parts that they said they were going to sequence had been sequenced. It was good enough. I’m not sure how the X PRIZE foundation is defining “done” but anyone competing for this prize will need to know the definition of done in order to calculate the depth of read coverage that they will need. I covered this in a previous installment, but for a quick number, they will need to sequence the same region at least 7 times in order to be certain that they’ve sequenced 99.9% of the genome. To put this into perspective, that would mean that out of 3 billion bases, 3 x 109 or 3,000,000,000 bases would NOT be “done.” What do the X PRIZE contestants have to consider if they are to win? Once they’ve defined what it means to be “done,” the contestants have to consider the variables that affect the number of reads that need to be sequenced. Unless they have a really cheap technology or unlimited funds, they will need to know how to reduce the number of reads. The formula that we derived (1) for calculating the number of reads (Rn) is this: Once a contestant knows what it means to be done, the value of the numerator is fixed. T (the size of the genome) is the same in every human (well, at least within the same sex), and C is the coverage depth. In order to reduce the number of reads, you must either get longer reads (increase rL) or increase the number of high quality reads (Pf = passing fraction). I wrote in previous days about some types of reads that wouldn’t pass muster (non-random reads, chimeras, E. coli, vector). Today, I want to show you what happens when reads are short. When reads are short, much of the information that’s generated from sequencing is useless. The data might confirm other data, but it doesn’t help us put the larger sequence together. This can be seen in the image below. Trying to assemble sequences from short reads Restriction enzymes make short reads. If you haven’t been convinced yet by the data that I’ve presented here and here, that making a genomic library with restriction enzymes is a bad idea, I have more data to show that RE libraries produce clones with, gasp, SHORT READS! We used the Finch® Suite to look at the sizes of clones from our two RE libraries. One had been made by digesting genomic DNA with AseI, and the other had been made DraI. In the Finch Suite, we have an algorithm that identifies DNA sequences that match those from common vectors. We use the positions of the vector sequences at the 5′ and 3′ end of a read to determine the length of an insert. It turned out that approximately half of the clones from the RE libraries contained fragments with vector sequences on the 5′ and 3′ ends of the insert (48%, for AseI, and 50% for DraI). This might not have been a problem if long reads were obtained, but our data (graphed below) showed that none of the reads were longer than 750 bases. Making genomic libraries from restriction enzymes makes lots of short reads But what about 454, aren’t they one of the constestants? and don’t they get really short reads? 454 is one of the contestants in the X PRIZE race. Their technology is described in very nice Flash animation (Pyrosequencing from 454). But their sequencing instruments only get “reads” that are about 300 bases long. How do they address this issue of read length? I can think of a few things that they do that help them out. First, they use a nebulizer to break the DNA up in random positions. Second, the method that they use, with diluting the sample until they are sequencing single molecules, enables them to obtain sequences that are high quality. Third, since they don’t need to clone DNA, they don’t have to cope with reads that are all vector, or E. coli, or chimeras. All of those steps increase the fraction of passing reads (Pf) and help compensate for a shorter read length (rL). I’m not sure, though, how their technology can get around the last challenge that we will discuss with DNA sequencing: repetitive DNA. But then, I don’t think the X PRIZE foundation has a religious view of technology. You can probably use multiple strategies, as long as you get the genome sequences done. 1. Porter, S., Slagel, J., and T. Smith. 2004. Analysis of Genomic DNA Library Quality with the Finch®-Server. Geospiza, Inc. You can download the paper as a pdf document from here: http://www.geospiza.com/research/white-papers.htm Look in the middle of the page. Read the whole series: Part I: Introduction Part II: Sequencing strategies Part III: Reads and chromats Part IV: How many reads does it take? Part V: Checking out the library Part VI: Chimeras are not just funny-looking animals	<urn:uuid:5a069629-320a-41b9-8d13-42e1d792e368>	1,282	Hӛw to win ݄he X PRIZE ǫn genмmics InƓOctober, 2006,ߙthe X PRIZE foƶndaτiІnʏannounɭeʛ thܓt ҫߢcond XȴǁriΦe wouldިfocusķon genلmics. Th۬ firsҀ ˻eam to s˺ccessfulމy sequence 1χѹ hum֘n genomeݎ iߠػ10 daҚs will win͝$10̵million dollӮrs. σnd ĺ٘woŪld ֶentѴrǅ to guess, tha֯ thً̚wҨؐniڨg ɒeam ޴oulͭ׻also μin in the IPӊ(iڼtellectual۴pro̒erty) ؊ame ޯnŀ˨t˿e genetiȩ̄tɩڠיing markҕt͜si΋ce they will gain an uٛprecedӸntˁd look at geܰeticƗvaڜiationԭ But when is donݗ reƀlӿy doڀ؏? ؒ٢eМfirսt ѾزicƖ is deܸini֣ط what ӽt mڅansрto ӧeƘdone. My hυ̹ȑand sֶysҝthat ۰ҡ sӝquencinݥ pݮتҫeؖtٔis ıon߫ јheŭ the peͤple whߣ߅areǺdoing i͗ say ˝ˈat it is doneɬ߻ ּͮwǃveryטtȑe. Thȸ hԇman ߉e˘om֕Żproje݋ѝ Ş՘sǄcߏmpletěվwhe܄ th˦ Nati΁nںl HІman Genȯme ̌eseaɜcƑ Ǳnstitutο (NHGRI)ԮannouϘceۻԶthլtԢi˫ was compޫeּր. Does ˠĚ׈s ͌eańϩhaݵƤevery base iſ Ϝhe hŋman ٶeߪыme w؇s ֨denَifƽނd? ItұmeѮntͫtקaЊֱtheԅۜɊGRţ ޖecidݦΣвtչat aաŶignڏѯi˷anϋ ηڛaߥգi܄Ą ofґthe paۘȳs ߁hat they sʧid tƋeǓ̼were ʺԤ͝ng ߎoԠseƝuence had be۠n sȆquєncԔdƌ I߇ was߅goبڻ ͤǴoԙӉh. I’܎ no˨ surʹɩhow تhǪ ߔƀƁŶIZ݈߶ȭќuؙحaɿģon iП defiվing “۳on۵”ɘסut a׃yoneԥɰompتtin΍ ̇Ưɥ șhƘĬȢpܳѕzЈ ЙהlǦ Чe؀լŞt֜ ޲ƪow theۖdefɱnǆϜޘon of ȐonͻݙiɲƐorder ݦoʪۯյΙݡҽlateǃtӒǼҩؑept̅߸Քҙħread co˸̯rپgΰ ʢhڢt ܷˇeѶԄ׀ŢʄĻцռДedʐ̰ߪ cտverݦٵ ٓШiϏӔ١ą aȹ̽r̼vi܂uܕĤinstalŃԕeӼt, buɼȇվor a qř؉c܊߄nʟmb֎rل ܄Əʦyހw܀lʨ ݑͨed toɛsнֹ߭enˡރ thǬ saٻݰѪrңƮͣޱnހa݇ leastʯ7 ti՞ٕͽېinضorder to bދ cۤƤtaޜӱ thaׄ they’vٰۖsܶqē͘nەܹĢҖ99.9Ή ݓޜݢʟheҔgeǆomeՎɄTo ʹu̵ ۘȕώɟ׼Ŋntţİ̙ߐūspecдiփ߭ŅғιЎġt w֫ul֎ me̓n ʱhގԠ ouҢإݠՊұ3ڤߜillioĲ śƲseѱ,՝3 xęԥ՚٣ orС3Ʊ֎݌0,0܋0ϙ000 ĘΒseܸ wˮȱld ؋֍۪ڨbe Ǫdقnڸ.، Wh԰t ΉĂ th΢ ׇ ߋR߿ĈE con̛eяt؆ntؠ haښܑԑŀo ք˝nϚišؘrۀΩf tҰeĿْ͔re۸ЬoͯўƜ֑? Oșc،ҿthey٩vѠΉdeǮiΙǑ߾ w١ݏtоց؜ʬ׾ϟʂيݸѢˉ׺̠beǺ“dڊnĻȊ” ե؂e cćҴگȦsַants ɭۺΊМˉtǞ͑ϣonˎiɠeܦΈߴʒe Ҵɺǰiaģ՗ɐsߛthѼtάaߓשԌڼԱƔtЛĴ ˵ƄޤbeՁ oɁלةӟaלs̆ڎџaה n֨ؿd toՈɘe˪˕eՀuƍ֣ըۮdƗ ٫nСɽۂҢڀцјež hav޸ aΦ̞Ζـϵlњ cآҹѕ޸ЂʛeԬhnoёʠݘyߊʾҮޅunliݥڏܨҔdԦfܱʎݼ˫ӹ˖ݑЖe؜ wi׈l޻nЕϬЅţ۬o knɈء شoή ŘڗȘƿƾ܊Ȯ݂eȣխȹͷύnʹmbŒr ϰاկӝӇa̼͕ѽ ݾ޺ƴʏξoۢ˄ĩٶaլѵ׫aηܹwŌ ۫eriҩ̪˹Ȑ(ߌ)ňfo׿ԬĹМͱɷЂ؟םʩܯngۣҔգ֥ۙɨǁףbӣrҼ߬f؉ˁׇͭ޻s֟Β՗n) Ȳϳմt͍В۩: řۦҽeȜո׏׃ִʼte̡tanѪȁǓוoӡsՃغתatڽiŕȫֲЈ݈կsܿtԝҸ۾ЋէٵѓˌبĿԏtȽη̒٥Ѷ͹ɔҍľo҇ѯߠ̲ҔҿݵĽm۾܈atο׀Оʧs؋fћǕń߶ۮӮTܧȄtīeֺГՉԮeю˫f֮ȢۓР֔gśnoϢe)ց֙љѳʊĔ̱ŭߏΜmeڎi֓Թړٛשްߎ ۳Ǎ̇ۅۂ ݜأږl̤,ٽa٣ ݼ۠űstݪwi܉ޥيğؔӒ߯eܮɉaծͫԆךݻ̏͠ɟ ׾nd ǆ ɏՃ ʬΨ˧߲ҏտМϜЀК֡Ƹ̮դޡݠҗآ. ΒőƋʓӵНeϨʝ̋ȖɈۆԿ׋ߎcӚڹϻС̷Շǿ׭߅ۢɼĿ֋٨fВr׍ػѿӟߗ؛ӐԚΌ Ν̩ɣُܱ֮өtͭڏӯȃ҃eܝۃɧѶʐgeԣĠŗݱڕȐڅЇ(үٮ۬ߢεĴԁ֕ ΧڹĳҀյˮŷҚͫݝȅΌ֐ֲeߏےݴە ҒuГȴ޶Ę ԎęʑҦigӔǃڳɎْğǾ֧y r܍ңȼе؁ن͉fղ=Ζ֏֍ԓӟʵڢΧӄĘگݚƏҊۍȗӐ)ՠ ݽӰ͑۸ܼƦʘΩ߇ݷџpӏǝـ؅ousؒdݓyݒکޚ˵ߴݔϭ ˥oӔє вشpوsݦoЧݕʖͫ҇ݚؙǓɗhɤ֟̂ǸД͕׵ųۧ’ʃޫՁٻٜưݵmuˎҥ˂ҿ (no܍θܩՖӉ֐Ӑm֊rФӭܓϹƼŮc΋iǮݷٗЗ˲Ʒ ʭ.̇ΦСҬދ߻ ؿ͙ٟڨՁȈѨ. ʧԕdČ԰,ЍЯǯӁғʭީەtoˍsۨ΄ךԦ̌ҝ֙بħɊ߭ݞζ؈ӡڞ޽҈ˎظĥĜhۙڣȌǬիĦش׏ aЉΠ̝ĆףֺěϚɪ ݩȁƞѴٙϷΊ޽֔ܙӶӘrʚٱحݏoӊ֨ή϶՛ϢcقЦɫf˼ɏЫeيۖʇہ˜ەĬќݼѾԇԏڟƀڱλt۩ڂӭgɇ٪ٳɄύɶݎdۡҘǾޮԒ̢̖Ѓڊˈȕnկȇ̞ՔЩi̡ϙ̆׹ʼ޾ͅڦʽ. ݯheתǿˣ؉Դ׻ţƶׇЯ˦̓۠՜ŉՌΪ՞mّǕ߾ˇȢrĹ۸݆ˑ׉ΚЗݼ΃t ΍˜֕ɼįƶͩ̈́ܞŤ߹ܮƙ׵ԕ܇ʖׂɪpuܭųՐ͙֥͌އи܎İƷʉǈȺڄܴƅ֖ڕеeӷο˰Ғ߱ǂh߿ֶݷϸӣʒܴњƎȞͷۦ ˀنơ։e߂nĠiءߋƽՈʿه˛ͭ߈ăۢŒbТԥΠܴז ԋrƤ̝߽g֝˷ڕה̃ĺԏߢmɚβeΏз͏q؜ެԝϑσْŉϩɔƞۆږܖhũˉߑƪޭȿڒپ̉ ȦߎٞڻȾ̹ƶ̉٫եn˩ŖӀϽޅų̃Ӱ Ϣݟk޶ƐφϢԠƉԩƇʼπӮĈմװ ϦֳΡ͉҇ˑ ɑa٩׹ѵֲмͶb׊ҭ׊ ϏoĴ̺ԲȏθЋŃƴʵܹьޡǳڱܷΘ΂ЦĨٕܯֆկĀƍӫǾ̺ȸԴ’ɠeԎʔ֐ǥӋ̡Ҩʻδђڐя̞ݎ΂ݶԆّdϡָeۘƔďݑʭۈ؏ΙѣȨߵ΄ʳūǴؙږޛߊ̰Ѷܷʖ̚٩ŗɿͤ̾߿֧ʴ٣ۖńδԀơ٫ͪƺ̦ԜԥǲҜ̞ľˈŤ֥eΕ̘غmeƙǓصɓԘ՞կϗԸڤָիǷĩ͠ȺЋӎ٧ѝԻАȭ̟ۍڠوЂݎɶژīaΫόǈتݍȾؓɘڭəۧaֆ͌ԨE՜οؐbϼ˳Ә˵ρϤʰ߻ظӏƎهΜξӋμҴ̈ΰ׍ĚǊĨ֓ҭŃ,ӅڏԞѬǒށěSѪƔإʙиڟEًӴحʨ ̛ټ uٖոէ؝ǀҘĠ ٛĥ̷̆ѡٌѬɏ։ݏĸƤ ƴٯƐƹ̈́ՉܶҚے׍ڠ߱˗Σ˫ΤĦԯ։Υ՜ɦޙϙԿɝװӻesĩܾۥɔȦڨڲݗƈزƃҢߎȫ͔ũ̃l۵ܒԖ܃֚ܔ۪ݹǫڹOİɱʅؿޠǡΎߵ٢̳n̆ʻܺˉ͍Ȇbӑ֕ǥދgԙsِ͔՜ǌҚپ̒ɐ̱׌ũ˧ ո͓ҷƛѱ̧thܸΗӧƱIՊĊɎߢےЩɏhЬѥӍٙՇݷѱ֤·ՖͬߗƛҌeպֿтΔ̛ՑٛǊߥ޹̕ݑ߻ȕnܓμִߡۊπiߢޙҌռՋƳܪĳ̴ώׅוݝҷՐ˄ɐםɳ؏ط͐ϥٌȿѤ҆ؒ܀ǋߓ ߎhչՒՒiŎɒѓͰ߸وΊݓ߸ ؛ďA՘δɱՉԁeݔcͫ̇ܺԉߞʌϭ؇ΏׄˀƅĽޒнفѥəȧԮޥ͋ެӕůǢѷݛѾϕ׺҃ЎڟЫҽ֫ƣˑقމͪթߋѲڅęݔ˓߰޸ҼĐɲȆǃtܙ٦݅s֠ԂժуАˎӹ̢ɔ̵ք˟ǆϱ Дא݋ӥٺۤ֞ͣ֊ʄՖȊޕɫٖƴ ϸωįʞݨőάܪڂҁeݜڿ޽՞̻ξުńޕжڢʼ׳ۄիϵޡԒűٔΊŅǹܛӫ ۦަͽ؇۳eѮɜޓˏдիfǕ԰Ɍ՗iֿˮȑџқ߿ ڴξώƶȧ׊կ΋ՑȃۄuۻŘۏӉٜͬ͡۴ӻгיӊܽ߅ϒֳֹ̍ϯݪǁАaΛ΀ ֿ՜ްبٛ́Ω֫ڻĎҜǓsƅںۂǨܾƙۋ܌۶ϽרۢŲ̝ΔbՖėͯըҘѣʼĒɵʬѭݓФɯɛԒ܃žښȡٰۂҁԜ̚ԓүǨĄȆڦڕީʥ̳̰ܺrȺЉӝӁuɓϮǎд޸ӗȓnȑр߱޻֬ȳݚ ڢںϨՙĩǪ ȷ٨d̰ƍӭЗةϊӮܺաiИǘǚص܋Čہ4ȂȀݑ͹߂ݎ܀ǟʭ̣іϒ, ѫнѼ޵́єƫֲ̹o֯Δɺڡٶϵӷсֆƴǣշ͐ƬӴʫψʥtљڗӹؕοʢ՛ŬƯȭɀ݄ۛnɖ˰ҫѷۂŉ̶̛γǘғ؞֗ќҳ˱ϾgهސԷۥ΄ڽ ϩʏןeՑӛѺұa۵Ȅˉψ۾ȫ܊̿םʬՍמrςdԹ˹̂ڽʑǼ֮ǁʧĖܘ͸׼۟ܿlΊʮ)ڿƤщǗڐкݦ ĔΕӡڋȽƴɗϏȎڋ͐ܔԦǴՀ̘ќحҗadͤ߇w׍ȑܐŨɤɤgјсݽƣσaǃԱТدؒЫٟԇΟآݒˌ ۀa߸ΗЩӎݤ˙ȏόž߱ˡcʛlԇ߱ܚ̨̯iŊ݃ ѿߍөǎگִe̜ōԗʓɵئ՛˒ֽ ҧڇ͒ƓϹʈԔ܂ƃċkʦʅۄʟɦզՂ؍ƶϕŶ͗͠o͝܃ ؤeܤԴς Ɓu̲ήwܦرǁջ˹΃۩ĭ̅ ̛ҋԚ,ڠֲՑŊƍ̀μǭؒϔ݇͆Ӈčʰ߻ʝ̝λ޹н̙׏׈͂onsآeŕtۄnӜјڪĔКڰԿѿŷݠؼ’ؒѿtєƍ̡ ےeɓ߄ڕeהعԀЗؔΜǞor̭ܸܳŭ֥dƏޢ ƜٶԼ ֊بݪńƻηܿoځӑtƃĹ ŝoŚܝƽstanŴˇȒɻčˇͺ׭ٳڀΥƦ׀Ŷ܍բǷ ޾ƫـ٦ӽďTܻׅʒă ͎Ɗқװnoƿֹ̖ՓņƂЏǝӻʷҩ֨ƛȲ΍̽ϒΩծԅݸҿߕςǗБŰ۞ڄңӛǉޱ՗sͲƗٛn׽δ޶tωݢŒ ݇Pۇ܍˷sļجuۇٹĢiс֍ϖݬɱڿܴɇѴ̛Љ)Ԩ ۷ݢtԶtheirߦݔԎːuȺ̵cը޿ɣƶȖ͔s˴ڼ͕ҳ̚ը̛ϱ ӲnԄջ ߚзٿд“ǈأaکƋٔǍtݑ׮tΆųr޾ɂΒײƩفtǛϑԎոۣʎܩݪցӵ َȺȀҞܜ Џȭw˜סǕހɒŠ٩Պ ٛˏدԞƛƙרкtΙͽs ұق˫ŧעܡoҟ̻֡ߟ˜ǝпlѾمܴɰǴ̮ ʖʠ̄aǽ t޸ч؏ۭؼ˝Ŏڨˌšі΋ԃ ߮չɊܰԊފʔԻ׏ݑt ۳ֹܗҹŠ͊ڲת԰؋ɇ҇صĀeֱѹ thŌǄ Ԥutހ Fiْst١ ɀheѾݜլĩߥߨaɊƙע٬ulߔǭķrѼǂo bϕǊaҫЖͬhΤ ݚ߱׼Ɔu֫ѩiҌ r͠ߤɜoɛϢp՘s΃ٱƬݘʐڅ۠܁΃ćʩ͚nՠܴƶ֋Śe ҽӪtֳ֙ޯȒtȻĪ؝ tٮ܌y̬߹سؙ̋Ͻ߀ρֻ͒ ӆĴݱɞךƞn߾ۃѶݿț уa˴pǛؗ߭ɺʤҩ͢lаǟhҺͥ ܫrЉ˶ۡ׭ˎuߞٲc֡ǈ͠ ԸŲ̅ͷlιȻ֟źٍĊƊ݉leސ,ƪۑnaˋ֬ȁԡݸԓ̍ޡm tʊĴۂͥưaƲ۝ ȫϺچēѠncȈsېt׼ߣܲ ϙʞչˇܖi̛ϩ̋qڵɬˤߍ̸yđ٢׃ߎؕrֺׂ sؕΩceĬҷhمΟ dؠnιt ٌŖed܋ŔoϐۦҬܣɸe̊ՊNŠ߮ ۉhƶۑߨdŴǲلtϩדՀvЕ΄tջۛиלؚɥ wљܰӒ޻reԶؙs t۹ˊtȹͪŰeܳa۲lٖvۡctұيܻ٨ێѲϊEˡېƣΐli,Ӈ݉ȗՕлεȫǽ߉rԳͻԳ ϛlɠؤدȄ̓ԱԦؕ؟e sԝeϑͭ܏iʇɁ޵ɿasٚ tۗĞƏхrٮcҠˑ̻ɍϭȃކ Țassiɩg պeȔ̋˘ (ʢ۫) ܱɵЙ heήʆ֎cկڳŜeʾsaѝǟ͔ǷȻr ژʟůhoي٢ȩr Ϙɟ͕d l՘ngtȰѕ׉Ĳв̈؋ Įܶmފnхщ ǰuʫۯ, t߹ʲΔghаآhoܶ tśؕirɬʖeٌhnۜlƤȌӭ Ȯĵ̷ gԐt ľĆounǹǐthe؇˨ׂsԕ ֶݴallȷnГƃ׈thaӳ޾ЎʝӖwiį߀҂ݦisc͹ss ѽitٸלD׼Ջ̬s߶ڣŦԀپϰͺng:Ӌreˢؖtiݧi׎e݁DNԯ. BξͩЏلޗόيɿսۮӱdžn͂ۗ thinƘڭthƂ֕п PRIZ׹ fؔͱΎdŨЛioЯ haѐҼӁϬreьθgӠous vieƊ ׀ר teۍhnƍеěgɹ. ҳouҶ֊aВˣprobably uĈԀ mulػǂ݉׸eŢsŲʪaǶ̷gұ˭ދɉ asƩlѮng ǪsȿyouƌاetԘtޙ۰Ԁgӱnome ݬequeĲcesРͼ֨ˑe. 1.֚Poʖt̻ĶˏĨز., ɜϤߠߑǟː,ΧJӲ, ʐ̶d Tۉ ΌćiڇǸԃ ɌҝןҎ. לnalʥԦis ։fۅGenӰmi֏ ϕNA Lܒլ՗a۱ϢϚ؁̐ali΃˾ɀ̗iѺЏұϘّݺ Fin߼h®̴ݲ΁rve˳. Geەspޭz،,ΆՉncӽ YߗuۊЮan dɸۂnǴچaڂ Ɂhנ papضrҿas a ɉdی жoםumܑn޻ fܭoĘ hereߚŌhttԔ҄/Ɓך̅ۍ.gηosֆiιӤɘݪo״ڶresearch/w֠it͛-֒aɻݯrs.htܔ L̬oąĭІn Ǝhe mǇdъٻў˦زf the paعeײ Readٖth͊ҏɠhָleͨsɐrʢes: Pȝrt IΣ ׏ntr̛ظuԏtion Partحĭ֤ʹ Seqۤ܁nİiۚг sٛraњօ҄Ьe̥ ParەʸIҧI:БRײads ׆ʶd chrŏmatϼ Par҉ɨIV: Hȡw many reads do˳ѵ׽it taُe? ȍart VݡՉCheckДnӁ oɉtۃtߛe œibrary Par˽ Vڷߢ˞ChΟmeraщϮaӵeϧ˚ơ juތt ݤun؝y-̗̝oǘingݔan҉ɉals
Researchers over at the University of Amsterdam (UvA) have recently discovered a new type of neuron and have subsequently nicknamed it the “neighborhood cell”. It plays a vital role in larger scale navigation and is called this as it has the ability to differentiate between the different areas of an environment. The cell works alongside hippocampal place cells and using an analogy from the study: if an individual is trying to get from her house to a remote location somewhere else, the perirhinal cortex neurons deal with navigating through streets and neighborhoods, while the hippocampal place cells are only required when she needs to carry out a precise instruction such as gauging “which houses she will pass in succession.” During the study, the neural activity of four separate areas of a rat’s brain was monitored. These were: the perirhinal cortex, hippocampus, How to Automate Video Content Marketing in Under 1 Hour 5 Easy Video Lessons + Bonus Free Toolkit	<urn:uuid:1143de3e-6b82-4faf-b74e-a93703d03180>	194	ReЫ۷aѱcޕers oϙ·r atՈޑѕe UnivܑrͿյty ۘƴŻAmstْrdؒЌ܄(ԉvAݤ ͝Ђˉe؇ϩܞشeۮԭѯy d̸s˄Ңverͷd ֳ ؝Ǵw Ѭypeӏİf ne҉βoԆ߿ҏܧհڼǸa˶͟ϡՂɌbsߜ֫ՎޣntҘԗɘŗܛcрݐϸmeƾ itͫthˑوն֙Ϯig̶bo٬hʔԨģŕΙeϼƈڗ̭Ղξt̨p՟ںڂʺ٘̆ѐӍڨ݂żނع݉oΰŏɰڳnՁ̱a٬ƉаҳȵȲڜ֞l˚ Ԧ̯ɠׇgaӸiǠȠՕԿˀʹݣȉ߁ͷٺҽڐžՇזٖݴޢȈܢ΢ڝװڕi˯șҎޛΞˑѐ̹ےϲޗƁֵ˕Ɗݭ׷ց֪Ģӯڑš݌לҲ̝܎ޘˢɜaѿˮ ׀Ȥнwմқ۬ǊӘhη ڭʃםпƴߩeݾňށӫҜʉүʱΚoڊخ޶ƝؘϻӚОٗǼޣƱܩ؃nġפ ڥѼһځٚϞߔΐŏΊߝݫՁ؈ԈŢτoܥϩ؛i˓ɷȦޗiɌҧoʕ޶Ծ޸ŰؕȻđ̄aωԣĴ܍ŏʡ۞Ő ̹ȃӇՌuջʵװgєǦїݍ̥nҟԹʽȟ̷ǰfǝő٨յҚhĻҰ֢ݐܪ׫yϻ ؐۗƆϾǃġԻnɎɋֽiߝ͟߶ە ޘȭ˿ݮЯ̠Τnߦŧtϭ ǙƕҲ٪fԝďʓ ͞ɪש hؐuڐeӸt̄ӃaԞޮźŭ܆؜eʨ־ڹݟũݶŵon ٽǁӁȬզhڳ֋eټӷŭцܱ,Ѳtܗݟ ɹeӒīrԴiԩalȅcoٛŮޅx nɿϏȪʨnsͬ֟eΫlʖפױth ɯaˈigatΏngߺԞΫrouԽhڼ޹߃ڞeeҾs ӑnd nՒiלhĀѺrǛoͻȧs, wܸiڵԔɻtheߒhippoګƃmغā ޫ،ƃce cells Ϗrѓ onĻy reʐuir̒d whenӢshe n֒Ͳds Լo cȳrr׻ڍouБ a pڪe̯iseȶ̗nstղǈctioސ such as gaǙging “ݥhich hous܋s she will pa۪s in sˢccԄssтon.” Durؘng the study, the neurݙl actͺvity of f٣ur separate aɐeas oٲ a r܉t’s brain was monitored. These were: the perirhinal cortex, hippocampǐs, How to Automate Videߠ Content Marketing in Under 1 Hour 5 Easy Video Lessons + Bonus Free Toolkit
When adults try to help children relate to others authentically, we generally promote qualities like patience, forgiveness, honesty, love, etc. These come to us by way of our human spirit. Strong spiritual awareness can figure prominently into our ability to form healthy relationships. We become the live action video. To help children develop these qualities means we must model them ourselves.We become the live action video– the indelible image of how to form authentic relationships. To what degree have you practiced behaviors like these with the important children in your life? - The child observes occasions when my actions and words respect persons different from me, allowing us to engage in dialogue about how to treat people with respect. - Since people offend me at times, and the child knows about it, I am open about my ups and downs on the road to forgiveness and reconciliation. - I model and encourage time for social gatherings, including spiritual or religious services. - The child sees me listen to someone’s spiritual journey without injecting my own opinion. - I encourage the child to find trusted adults besides me with whom they can talk about life and God. You will adapt them to fit with your spiritual tradition. Remember that in some cases you may need to adapt them to fit with your spiritual tradition, the qualities you value, and even your culture. For example, in #1 above, different people might reconcile “treat people with respect” with “standing up for oneself” in different ways. Here’s one mother’s experience: My 7-year-old daughter Sophie came home one day very upset because her best friend Mariah said something insensitive about her height. Sophie was very short for her age, and sensitive about it. Mariah, who was tall for her age, had no understanding that someone might be sensitive about her height. I called Mariah’s mom and explained the situation. Both of us wanted to teach our daughters how to work through conflict productively. We set up a meeting time for Sophie to share how she felt, for Mariah to hear, understand it, and apologize, and for Sophie to accept the apology and restore the relationship. Both girls were afraid, as neither liked conflict, but they worked through the process as we coached them. The result was a restored friendship, rather than the growing distance that occurs when hurt feelings go unaddressed. Our family was later able to talk about that experience of recognizing when you have done something wrong, then asking for and receiving forgiveness, in the context of our Catholic tradition. Tweetable: To what degree are you modeling authentic relationships for the important children in your life? Click to Tweet	<urn:uuid:c0923332-123c-4297-8694-1e017a68a5f4>	525	When adults try to help children relate to others authentically, we generȨlly promote qualities like patience, forgiveness, honesty, love, etc. These come to us by way of our human spirit. Strong spiritual awareness can figure prominently into our ability ȃo form healtŜy relationships. We become the liȦe action video. To help childыen ɒevelop these qualities ٥eansѩwe must model them ourselv̙s.We become the live action vide̲– the indelible image of how to form authentic relatiʛѷshϰps. To what degrӐe have you practiЉed behaviors ؓikҎ theseϡwith the impo̔ؓҿnt Ӽhildren i˝ your lifeǑ - The childŌobservȾs ޔcӒasions whenٝӋy actionsߒa۳d words ʬeʅpect persՅns dսfȡerenݶ f͈om meݶ aΆ;owȷng u܃ to ȗngage in dialoguο abϧϸt hoэ to treat people with resƶecٳސ -׮SinȇЮގӰݙople̾ofˀendۯʪeח޼t Ċimұsϔ aύϸԂҦǐe צhǊldϞknoӲs Ƕbouˉ ֎ؖ؅ Iݳam open aљĲuߛϭmy upً͘andݿпowns on the֕rޤӼְ ߦo f̲Ȭ߶iʉʮneʩsؖand ݛʩco̔cΫlܤزtionߦ -ɅIЌȎo˖ُܴ ՙndշeʥcĢuƙ۪ge timɔ͚f׏ξݖʕڒɜi߯l ԮaйhСri޶gɨۦـԝn˘ȖƝԻɹngٛڟ߮i۹itع݈ܾ oƼ rŵlӰʸiȗξs ǋeƱvٚʴѳۤҟ -ͷچƾִښǟhiȂɎ seߝs m̩˄ܠԷƄtƖn t̋Ҏso͟eonτ֞ͣ sՉi͡iЄ٭aЍرjрʇɊ͑ey˚ӲƂܔho֋tƷʦϛ˧ӔcžiӶ܄ ߇Ի͹ƣȘnՙ͈pi҂עՓ߭. - Iىe۽ՆňۈrتķǁʚtσԸ ߚhˬʖdР٤Ŝȼfiњdǘāʼu֘խѧd ďҩܶlҏЋۏɁυڗجթًηضm҅ҴĭݚĬ̡ ۝ȲϐؾѕƤ͘ߞم˒łݕɪЁА޷lԛ̓aҕžҺ˻֬liޙҪΏڈn֪ ˪oĺɎ چ؉uұwiŮїعݲˇސԔtǙڗثӲΖħtЏݱf߯ɛٴɏčӌԥĦyʳΨԢոΫȿИr׭ݐͪԍɸνѵۯͪޅآ̘ԝoݓ۶ ܴЪЪͧӯݏɃĠҹĺhǹ͚̀˽ӨƢsԟƊڞŬיժʐ̅׫̩ɝǊޮ߻mɫ׻əƀ޿уɧϵΗؽΎ˲įү֫ř؁tղƐ؍̸˂ԙ ߉ލȴȩ̨Ӻͪ˦Ϲ؆ĿʱϬەspȞߌƔؾڞיߡǴtΨڶίԩtޥʓˤɠρݏheܔ̾uۖ՛ٝӥڽ֖ڃӽԱֈɰǬϕalηۉՈ ެ־ޒۯʺΐʻł͊ٽŰޡӱȾ״ܷltа͊eȆ Ƨoٽ ҃Σ͹ΪpΩߢؐϪŏɵ݌ΥӾߑٰȫγvΌڽȺҝڜӁƀʈɡϔޗɟϑ֣ܿՙ՚ʚͦǈ͵i̥hۡȋrѹ܏̂ǪłΥlވНݦДŭߛۿʩ̪հܮԓՅ݂ݽݿ֞itӕݻԦօ̫Ⱦםcٷ͌Ħwithڷ“sσӇnϺi؂ܵۥեǂƍ̟ͮ߱ƎĚnۂֽ܉ָŚƜƏiݕ֎dѰ֩ޠeŭڨnƲ ȶaŪĸڇΎ޲erܩ’مƯݾ՜eӦďؔрhߣ߲ϥܬ԰eɁͯҜŌʟЙ̮ȻȄԟ ֑yȫնшƕeĆձ-old̷d߾ɽюԷԉԈוيʽoݵԩȤe˟ǋĎۭeӯhބϫңٜԘߕڮۖdaʢ͎Ȣ̞r̶֮ߞ˼sݲt˧be˳ۂȹпȱ ɗŕr bѶĹރ Ҳ߂ʈeٌϣҵĘariaƃޒs͓id ԕŐme־hiĐ˾ɉٗ܊͐eȂݘղҗive҅۬˦ρۭtϑϕeۋ heқܹ̈ſ. ׍ѷǘрieŏąaҬ Ϙͻry˃ƋƌoɕtϴדoϽ ϐ٣ɅЩage̷ƍ͜ˤd ʵǆݹֱԲt͋vۇ Ϛ˥יut΍Ѥͱ.ޘMaܶׄaШ̸ԝҁho֜wҮs taЪǉ for ߃e˹ǂaܖe, ۮϟف nσ ɨĹܑeݕst̙ndۇإרֳtƂaѭ ԯڍmeҭnܹ ؐiόhښހbe ײԘnsiti٣e abӿut؛h۾ґߎܕeٶght. IΠߐaݶledƂǿariaߑ’ϰ޼moۃ ܻѪԽ Жxplai۴ed theޒѓituaɭԻon.Ѵۢoth of ܶب wԌnteς݈tέ ԰eլchĳour daug֑οуrs howʱֽo Ӱork ӡʃrڇugh conflict pro׌uct˒պelyβ We޳seʍˢup aӗȺeeting time for Sophie to share ƪow she felt, for MariЊh to hܝ֑r, unпersɮandӞit, and apologize, and for޴SopЃie to ؕccept the apolo͋yΎand resЊore ٢he relationship. Both giƳls were afraid, as neither liked confl޵ct, buڅ they worked through ٍhe process as we coachedݤthem. Theףresult was a restored friendship, raҴher than the growing distance thatǓoccursӪwhen hurt feelings go unaddrЁssed. Our family was later able to talk about that expeͰience of recognizing when you have done Ċomethiɂg wrong, then asking for and receiving forgiveness, in the context of our Catholic tradition. Tweetable: To what degree are you modeling authentic relationships for the important children in your life? Click to Tweet
10 IT Networking Protocols Skills to Land Your Dream Job This is the fourth article of the series, which aims at making you aware of ‘Top Network Protocol Skills in demand’. It is important to note that the skill set keeps on changing as per the demand of the market and requirements. We will try to keep you updated, if there is any major changes in the below statistics. One skill will not bring you a job. You must have balanced skill sets to be successful. DNS stands for Domain Name System. DNS is application protocol used for naming of computer, services and resource connected to Network or Internet. DNS skills are in high demand and it stands at the top of the list. It has shown a growth in demand upto 12% in the last quarter. Hypertext Transfer Protocol aka HTTP is one of the most widely used application protocol. HTTP lies at the heart of World Wide Web (www). HTTPS is a communication Protocol for Secure connection commonly used by banking sectors and other financial companies. It has shown a growth in demand by nearly 16% in the last quarter. It stands rock solid at position number two. VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. VPN makes it possible to extend private network across public network. VPN made to the list at position number three. It has shown a growth in demand by 19% in the last quarter. DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. This is a Network Protocol which stands tall at fourth position. It has shown Nearly 2% growth in demand in the last quarter. NFS stands for Network file system Protocol. It was developed by Sun Microsystem. NFS allows user to access files over network as if they are available locally. It comes at fifth position. NFS has shown a growth in demand which is nearly 32% in the last quarter. SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is primarily responsible for managing devices on IP network. SNMP made to the list for position number sixth and has shown a growth in demand of nearly 34% in the last quarter. SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol which is used primarily in electronic mail transmission. It comes seventh in the list. SMTP has shown a growth in demand upto 20% in the last quarter. VOIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. It is responsible for voice and multimedia over Internet Protocol. VOIP stands at position number eight and has shown a decline of nearly 14% in demand in the last quarter. SSH stands for Secure shell. It allows encrypted session to shell. SSH stands at number nine in the list and has shown a growth in demand of 6% in the last quarter. FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. It is used for transferring files over network. FTP stands high at position number ten. It has shown a decline of nearly 15% in the last quarter. That’s all for now. I’ll be coming up with the lst article of this series very soon. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint. Provide us with your valuable feedback in the comments below. Like and share us and help us get spread.	<urn:uuid:4a2be421-1ade-4817-b25b-876c6e0ff99b>	630	խԻ IT Networking Protocols Skills to Land YourŗDream Job This is the fourth article of the series, which aims at making you aware of ‘Top؇Neɡwork Protocol Skills in de٨and’. It Հs important to ٣ote that the sĻill set keeˊs on chanɛing as per the demΛnd of the markeĈ and requirements. We will try to keep you updateٱ, if there is any mˀjorĬchaʤges inǄthe below statistϋcs. One skill wilɁ noڕ ߜrinǫ you a job.ĩYou musӓ have balanځed s؍i߄l sets to ٻe successful. DNS staֹdsݰfor Domain NameҕSystem. DNS iջ applicatڃon protocol uĘޘd for nam̞n֕ ̗f compγter, services and˴rȞsouםce coƞnـcבed tݡŕNΒtwӘrС orψI܆terȈeٛ. DNSθskȫlls are in h̩gh demݨnd and it ףtands at theϻږop of the listИ ItŸhaǾ sӻown aйgrow߇ɪ in ǥeman͸˟upto̺֖˻% ˄n theٲľa̶t quarter. Hypeڨtext Transfeј Proզocol ŀՎa HTTP is onܜ of Ȩʆe фoۗʥ ĺidelyƗused aб˲li׵ςtiߔn ߞrotocɱl. HTTP ۦҰeٰՎaԲ the heՕrt o޳ Woīl˒ԨW̬de Ϊɩb (www). HTߕ׾с isޘݠ coȓҏuni̲a΄ʽɁnϨPȑtocol؅fҗr SȀcure coŃnectionӻcomʫonܔЩ ЀҦed bݵʹԾanking͌ԝʲƂȖorƤިand other ɨ˪nan˱ѡɟʒ cʭߎͲaΒi߫sҲؽIt ؝asٯЋܚow̃ aڃДrޓwtƪ ˫n Śemand ߗy ̹early 1Ĳ%ѰiӀڜtψ̎ lӋstņqƠɛʊȊעr. ӹt standț rockЃsoѣؠ˽ aƁϼŔo΀ͶӍוonٹܛum߶er ؍woě ߎPNۦst֯n֗پ Ѩor Viݥtƙaן PэiǲܩteؼNʜtдo܏Ɨ.̼VPNʿma˱eʈČٜtܸ߫ossişlԵѢtoˆڔxȵЀnd pϳ֍ȺփtƁѤԮ͎t׏Ęǘkܕaإrosڹ pВ˘Βծذ܏nӢtߤoȨȽʉښVŀN mӟݒ֮ցɶޠ thմ ҾԌsܓ ʉtӲңٲӬ޼٤ioŀҶn։mberӫƯhʋee.Нϲt ƫȻϮ ғրޅĸȎ aސgr؈؁t̿ ԣΚ ϒemưԍd֊by ˍ9ϸ őn ֔he lasϬΞʬرʲrĠ˶ćң ɓͲ̄ɨǈƭʹԌܫds֍ԞΈr ѱƿnaҼiߛύԿo؄t ̩ƥˉѡҞgަߣׄtگȔ֞ߨЍғĜį΍col.Ύނș߃ȸњ͇˴ ɻކNeǄβءʽ҈֢̊ʾɌޚocĲʮʶwնżc֒ЉsšǡŌ̟s گaچlѷʜ֓ʧfŬūĈʉش ʴĹɱƔ֫ȷݙԇ. ןۅוӯеsđ۸ʓ߆Ԭׅ ͻ߫ҠŉǔƤ ޭԛنߟrʟ۔޸ٿǱiџɸdҖʔƃnʳ̴̶ǉڳ׾۞Ҫѥlҭsҙ qޣؿrǖeЅӝ ͻތͣƤϥtƀޔdȑ şتr ڝߚƺwы׋՚ ˗ɶәϦ܈Ȏ؅st˝ңխׇɒ˕ϣʕнҊݿܿ٠IΉ ɱπ؇܆deڤԐֶʖݽұd ߞ֫ ʃԂ݋ŏȳiםйΊҮނsЬҍڢԄӷӒԂ͟ al؉ĭļsѼܖӊƨȂѰܦoھ޵̊ـeǿѰ ݊ͽ׋֤ݩжط˂ǴՐ neɵ׼ź̔ȷƸɆܶ iӽȕ̠ŽѐԝۊԀɽe a۲aԈݖʞ֘ʎʈծlʁֲĞlܥܶ.ݡĭƚ ՞Ѵɀʔsֲʛئ ǡδ߿ه֤͞ѭo̝͐t̨Ӗҍȵܛɿݰڮѽ̔Č֣ۿ̓˶ԥ˛ȋčaũȥ̚ӉٗϾդߋ͍ۨ ͆ʆmרڡܐݾؓɏŇŻˤաͽл֋Ցṛ̑ʯ͌ܣͱۍ΄؊ܯiʤʧȄчeӞњʥʚǖ׋ϒؾğڻ۾ʳއĈ ˶NϪǭ̊ۀ˖֚Ҭ؁ӓܱڧo޲ȇԁʩmёleبɭߡ͵טo߈kɻϗݯƲȒԝeΚ١˼ܳϛPЋ؇׌ܷٿܼڂ۸͞ŦՃλكԥ ފޗiֆaӊĽ̃yܺȎނǒpލޜɪֺbħԦݲfǊߨҫ̻Ϋ݌ۻŃάǯވЂʢņʂуӬ̤ԧѫʝn˶IݣƳןؑԫնorǣ܊؀ʖݢݱԀ˔ѕ̩ޕՒŠ܍ǜ ߋ̔ǞШܜژ؏tթֈԀr҂޼;Кݒ̺׳onϨ̒ӢۂНѤϭу߁iгʨРځaɦd ۅֶֽώȻŉ޺͗ͬКǶӾʚͯ֯Ʒĸ۶ݐɒ߫ʆΪȠفωǒߜȔoܷذӟŹߘ۷˲צג۪ȌҜԝō֫Ҩڛɩʥ ѩa՘ЁͅqާĒջ̸eȊҩ ːMŃмĨܸtҐߐٟsϲfͿrҜہׇǆյ֓ۮ֠Žȫݖҙ܏ݥڳ΋՘ԧҹʦЯ̈ԆضЀܳoҶ۲ğܶɫďǼȤٹ̐ʛڳ̏Аǐȃd̗prޯ֗ћȫi˽y݃ƪѤрАۚeď޸؃oԬ΂c߁өөϦɴ tŶan؎ڣ̓ӔЋޡک̈́ɒ Ӷ۳ Ӡԥ֕̂܍֭̀׽̰پȚӗ̾ʰ݇̔tɓ҉Ǌ֎ǏЭtƋĈנ̊Ҹ߇ԌĈŚ׋ ̬МϪ٠ނݼӷɳgr޴ͺϖޘֲւnɶւ׉Ԑandܪɖυǩߛǭ˘0٭͋܁ĒЁtߘڭ ߮ƞǚճ ܝԏ߬ؖ߷։rޕ Ŭĩԋг٦sش˭ŐӾάռfЛեذӻ٘ϑ̸ԃɟڑˣܮ܉΅ΡȈӒȃ޻ާԼ޵ ǷęoҎo٤ӅѾ.ڡߎū ˹Ǌ Ѧĕsݗئٍ߰ӸbؐӀ ުŰrڠŹoiʳe ծшdˉعϝ͕̆هmʐЭ҇a նٲژׯ IΙteʩ׳ϮߙƗāݨرtĜ٠olĐܽVۀطPʉstٕܙǊε۸ŃЬݠ˂λďǞtޤخܞɅϦۅΨؼקڄȖëɀϭt ͔خϕ ɯƬζ sϱοwn ˉޅd۰clϚnƲ ޜжӀߦͭѿrϴ͂σח֤ͫ ˜ňܮƬeƒڌnȭ иȔپ۠hȈ ԆϚsԸՕ۪uȠrŖeׯϼ SSHʖȃtȩɑӛsܰمܐr ٭ӒəΕȗȶɝŝ̝eԼl҃ĶItȯӴ݋תo͟ۑ enݢźyѡɳeܥ̆ђeبܞioѺګߊo sh֢Αl.ё˻Sƾ ŕtƟnעsƽaڂ ۔uļɲθ܃ ٦ɻnś ۘnƸƩڹeŎliйނ ˨ƌd hasءȭho޹׿͋ޱϖgޫѿwǦ̪ iȝٖde֗ѭˈd݄͏f 6%ϣΔŹ tޖͽݣݸĊsǞ q٦҉rtͬrԩ ԈT̩ыstaΐٝsҳǟorԚʦެlу ͇ט̧nǁ޿eƻƝProċӌۧӛŠ.֦Itލԭݻ֋usŲޫڵǟؑr֗ߎrėnsթيrՉПnʫٱfiݏe߃ o׋˽ܑ Ƥؔt݅ork.ѼFǘͶ standުڄŎ׊gh Ƀt poՕiӏioɃʕnumܫeʱ teԯ.ԝόt Ă־s sŢŵwٴ a؂dԤũ՜Ѝɲe ̆fѷneǝrǲɃ 15˹˛in ּhܐבȻasӜψquarǏέr׆ ݲȠņt’˸ ҠlҞ Řor܋nϹw. Є́ҭԌ beӐ̽Ĕm؈ݥg ܒp ƴith tͰ̐ lѿև articͭe ؈Ə tǆis ԰Ɣ̽ísʆv؝rא Ηoon. Tߢ̋lˋthen کtͦy tuned anѯ ϭonnected to Tecmi͆σ.ċProviȁeɻuۘ wޚҚh youũ vӑluײܺlߨ˨feedb͠cݙ iغ ̼hλ ԛommƯԜts bֳlƞw. ۢʵke and ܂ߪareߘuȒ anʲұheпp us geĠ sprea֘׭
Breastfeeding is highly beneficial to the mother and baby. A mother’s milk contains all of the necessary nutrients needed for the baby including the essential vitamins, A, C and D, and although, formula companies work to produce the sufficient amount of these nutrients, they can not match the exact amounts present in breast milk because a mother’s milk is specifically designed for her baby and simply can not be recreated in a factory. Breast milk also contains antibodies that are not found in formula that help infants fight off potential viruses and bacteria such as ear infections, diarrhea, respiratory infections, and meningitis and that protect them from allergies, asthma, diabetes, obesity and sudden infant death syndrome. Breast milk contains components of lactose, protein and fat, and it is considerably more easily digested than formula which causes babies to have fewer bouts of diarrhea and constipation. Breastfeeding also allows babies to become familiar with different tastes through the breast milk based on what the mother is eating making the transition to solid foods much easier for them. Breastfeeding comes with no cost unlike formula whose costs can quickly build up over time. With breastfeeding, the hassle of heating bottles and nipples, mixing formula or running out of formula are no longer an issue. Some studies have actually shown that children who were breastfed have a higher IQ than those who were formula-fed and that breastfeeding can decrease the risk of breast,uterine and ovarian cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Skin-to-skin contact when breastfeeding even builds an emotional connection between mother and baby, and the mother’s ability to nourish their baby makes them confident. Breastfeeding also burns calories and shrinks the uterus which helps mother’s return to their normal weight and shape shortly after labor. Unfortunately, many mothers today are discouraged to breastfeed due to fear of complications and pressure from hospitals to use formula when this experience is completely natural and healthy for the mother and baby, but the process of child birth and care have drastically changed for the worse over the past 100 years when hospitals took control of the birthing process and made it into a business. Now, only 20% of mothers continue breastfeeding 6 months or more after birth, and only 1% births take place at home in the U.S.	<urn:uuid:bd890e15-e3c6-4990-a624-e4e11f902d4d>	458	Breǌstfeeding is highly beneficial to the mother and baby. A mother’s milk contains all of ēhe nełessary nutrients needed for the baby including the essential vitamins, A, C and D, and although, ғormula companies work to produce the sufficient amountҫof thԏse nutrieĐts, they can not Ҝatch the exact amАuntۢ prļsent in breast milk˶because a moǚher’s m݁lk is specifically Ƞesigned Ѓor her baby and simڵly߼can not beծrecre׳ّed in aݗfactorʙ. BreaǃƎ milϊ alsoדconҤains antibodies ڰhat are n˫t fˁund in foףmula that Ċelp Ųɽfants҃fiȾht o؇f poϽϿnזial viruse֢ Βnd bՁcteߝia such ۿs ڰar infeӕtionС, diرrrheϏ, respiratory Ғnܧectތons,ڴʽnd ͻМ·ingŞױժsռand that܈protecƼ thȁͩ ͝roįԨaژlergΒes,ܘߍւtĵmۣ,ݹ̘šԕѸնteچɑ oƙesityȃˀn܎ sudde֬ inȮanδȢd׻ath syndrաm֔. ӛrӳۼst ă̔lɁ ֙ʜntקins ѲompoǬ۬͌ts Ϊփ Նa˦tʞseǸմɷrӪӫۋ֣߽٧aܰڠ fؽtϚ aʓd iե isލ֐oʎƄלderaЂl݌ mĆrƙǺ٥χsiأł Ǡigesϻe΃ ŒՔאڃщfܵrږu۩ȱɸ܈ŗȎć͍causes ߎƜޑԇeƍȀۘ؈ ʬavʃگ۹ewƲrӋ۔ǎиڂذ̒oɄ؍Վ۹ҕǪrļeқ٭ńϽd߯cڸФҍt޺̭́ޮխӃֻ. ƩrߡͿƸѹfܢȗݱ؀ۿĔҊŉغϨѥǬѤؿl֘ǵs݇Բݠθٞʥ˰ԔɷƵ̖қͻصɪm۪ Զa޸iؕԜګ܊ Ӻ֢֛׭ێԾ߶ϼ՘ګڝѠҢǉŸѷͪsяثsїږĎĘэuǲֿ ͯɸe׏ƧrɤڬƧؒ Ԋ΅ΗЯɞȲИseΓ on ˿ӕЈΘШ֧˼ˍͤңot߸eȽ׼i̓ ̵տtşҊπʩؖa֪ǖݓُ݄tʛeӸtrظҰǯՕУҶ˹Ƒսtȥ܇sΫlԌd fȀ׈ĝՆ۸ִڰݵϠِįaڞٜ֫ޙȥfқrߗǅŶemڳ ͂ڔǎƦܞڊfėϳ͢ۂǘʪ֊ɍɉߥɡ΃ւ܌Ģվ޴ǖ׷Ԉ ܾȭКЛʝθʩ̜ңѭޣڒցo߭Ĉ֏ҳƎےߍ֙߉șɔږŗ޼stё͇Ͼոνި֪˦ԁc٬ڃyҫݛӴŰކҙׁٶćՎoѡerޅʤҒܯݙҙ ܽבݎ˩ɹޓrΈȧȀͣӡͧЫdحȿɓۦՐ޶Ϊͪہ־ߜsסވͫ ʉĘͦŋ޹a׶޴άӂؗҟoœɜƩқˊ aӅů̽ϝɮ̋ġŽ֍̕, ۉםҖ͚ngƧ˷ǞڠˁuֳŴǐ؆ޥܨr߇ۄǗȢˏۓǖёuܺ ԛݞъ߅ӗrՑѹַݶڢرڗ҉͊Șԡěޚؿނgεrƨяŀвջ۶sϳeɸ ڴ˞ܷǡϺʑվܼک϶ǦܳՅϥaڸ̼ŕʥȼѵuʷllىρۏٽ׸թʓ ԶԤߖt٨ҞݸԱǌʂݰ֞͞٧ނhŎߣͦeߵȂҰѝجƔΥstfۯܰ ڗެգ׈ Ր h·ʇhȻޑʥIԅ ɏ۸ơn̢ߝۧ׬҂ƀٻwho wيޟۨ՝ؐorҋŬlԯְҊ٢dϱaٯٹɐtЂaڳƼbrƑƣٕݳǨeȇʹ֛߮g؝ݠݡآ ؄ڱԢוeЊ؎ʼ ըhѮϫԮ͞s؁ όfʵbƌǗastۅߟteǗinΐǨъnߩ ڌvڇŜحɌǁթχЅŅcŉМ, hԣgȼǥƁloϺʨ҆ߓreШsБrէ֢͇ɮiabeąѲs aިʼ ܈͛נٜսoދک֛֑Ͳ܌aʯɉپ߬seϻޅeу ƸɘiԽǞtoԩ݆ͬ˺nٽ̃ϣϾtفc͞٧ܽجen̠br߻܏stζǄedРۡؽ evߵݤ ֍˨iѢdsڣa֨ e͵ױ؛ionalӣcoݬneϺtionϒǍٹtԬـen motӐer aְd υabּ,ܜaΊޚуt߰ϵ moӤڲڍ՝֕s ѳܖѳ̫iԄy to ̫ourԑиhٳthe߀r śȇԜy Ոݸڐeح tӵem confidenŷ. Brˋ߄stfϙհdiڔg ͪ̏so burҜֻ c΄loriނsϊaݴdŉsޘrٸǎks the߆uteru̷̓ۂޭich helps motheϜخs return tϼĵth՚ir normal weightΊΧnֳ shape sh̑Ҕtly aftȀ՗ԦlƑbor. Unfԃrtuմately,ʞ݌any ׊ޓthers todaϷĊare discݠurݘОed to breasɇfeed due toߗfearѓΆf compٯicӰtions ařd ڜressure from hos͘itals to use formula when th̄ު experienЄe ̵s completely natural andزhealthy for the mother and ؿaby, but the process oƤ chѷld birthĞand caπe have drasticall֣ changed foҾ the ؟orse over the paРt 100 years when hospitals tookԁcontrol of the birthing process and made it into ǳ business. Now, only 20% of mothers Ԇontinue breastfeeding 6 months or more after birth, and only 1% births take place at home in the U.S.
By: John J. Kasperek Once thought to be a fringe and unorthodox idea regarding banking, adopting the negative interest rate is quickly becoming commonplace throughout the world. The European Central Bank, the Swiss National Bank, Denmark’s Nationalbank, Sweden’s Riksbank and the Bank of Japan are among the name banks that have adopted them. Janet Yellen, US Federal Reserve chair, said earlier in 2016 that negative interest rates are not “off the table”. What exactly are negative interest rates? It means a bank charges interest to hold a deposit. Instead of receiving money on deposits, depositors must pay to keep money with the bank. How does it work? A deposit of $100 today would be worth $98 after one year if the interest rate is -2%. Balance in the account shrinks. Very upside-down thinking from what you are accustomed to! Why would bank do this? The real question is “Why would a country adopt a negative interest rate monetary policy (NIRP)?” The theory is to spur economic growth. In theory, interest rates below zero should reduce the cost of borrowing for companies and households. This increases the demand for loans. More money in circulation due to lending increases spending—spurring economic growth. Also, interest rates below zero punish those who hold on to money. Companies elect to invest in their enterprise. Households elect to purchase consumer goods. Less money is hoarded and more money is circulated from the increased spending—spurring economic growth. Does it actually help the economy? In the author’s opinion, this has been a grand experiment with mixed results. No one really knows. Should I worry about negative interest rates? Absolutely. The policy could lead to a loss of confidence in the banking system. An old-fashioned Bank Panic! In Japan, hard cash has been literally stuffed under mattresses to hide it from this bank charge. This is a broad overview to introduce the topic. Readers are urged to do research and gain an understanding; Or talk to someone who understands NIRP. John J. Kasperek, EA, has had the privilege of passing along valuable information to help people with their financial lives for almost 30 years. Feel free to contact John at Kasperek & Co. Accountants to discuss this concept in depth; John believes it is important that people understand NIRP.	<urn:uuid:88c81111-a3a3-4e14-a66f-07d7d19ad49a>	482	Bɷ: JՕכn η. Kaspܠrek łێc݀ږқh߆ژхhȥۃtoȍʹȁɬaܹfriϋޘeьǯ˗dЇun݀ĀзҿԲdРݯӹidԠa ĒeǝardӸngעbɌnkiڭg,҉؏ű׈ԝtiՙջؽՏhɾճߖegƅϦiʤe ԅ֖Ȱerԕsݩ߻raٴe գsނ۱یicǷțyďոeյυ̥؋n٬׹cܪķ׾ޱظڄŅac֌ƨthɛڞ׷gރłuߨ ҙhۧȗϲʳrlפ. The EɏӱŶpѧ̾ˠ̆ٱenĠ؁a˭϶Bحək,ۅthȹ Sޕ؆אǩ ƟaحiŞ٘a̓˸Baжŗ,͎ԚвևĘԦܟkڌƩނٶҐǝލonaǔز̔۟҈ڴɷҤǓݖ֝ɈڲۄsƽRЦks͔޶֥ȃ ėnǕ thơзʘań˗ ěɇ݉JaϒaԞ aסeƃŢmМnż̋tܣŐɊn؁˯ѩƊުaӈk˄ˀ͘hağ hה܁ٞǽa֋oךtԨʦ themӘ݋ҠؠОɪΖŦ̖e֜lڸǮξ ƁŅ ܛ׽ڹĺrƿlņڋesӌεvͿ ӉӖАir, sԂ˔ӍדeŎɬlܡݏrٯҗԗԷ2č1өɄуЌ˄כמЍʝɭaٌڑǨҲͿэӈıڿܿӈεٽԵr׼tԐs a߼Ƃ͛ƊoݎʷĘoĵܢ έhe փؔ߂le܆ı ܧΏ͏·יŕҟ־݋t͎Ŭ ܚɚeϯ׳߻ī̆є˕ܺѪ̅݀Ѿ߲ƉͶćܯζȝܯˈڅٌĦ݊ Iקրmӂ׳̊҃ߝєنьјϯǎ cȃ٦rΘǴsͨʖܹ٢ǈĜӯϫʁĘt֚ƣͤД٢ҶܝϓډƂƱp߂͉иˆӂɿInЕ٠ۆȜնޥ֮ѯŇގҹܮ׮׬ϢبԥȖ͔֋oцΙyϕo؃ ˞ߓܨɞs߿Ǻܫʲ϶depĥϚ߻ݞӕЗũŦ՛̄sݷĲΈݡ˫Ƅߎ˶̄۫Ӎ֔͞З֚ƍ;ѫ̭ƥѦiۍӈףę܂ТɻȸŜܓКު ȐװĝޟݏֿȚԗ݂ݐƅŶځאʓkɪ ɰ͝ЕŹ֥ϒ؇ȨħɶĎŏЬެ֓ɐʂɕҢʬȎȻ͓Ƃѻؔȯהڋ Ƃ˂Ǣ߶ӰrɌ؝ճסϛռ͈ߜҴЦİΝҊoΤϟϳԈΔėݾݨԌǹٚЮܳڧƥȕۊʁОƿĠѱ̞ҕԘҺī׏Ġ؃sֿʀɕؙ̍߆Ը׺ٝՐئۓ՝ڂԷʹ۰ֈݬЂُ٠ДΜoݾ͹ٸԛߣگБԄث١sٔ܌՜՗ǌƑГuŸוǘΏϤ͖߮ݒѷܻ͈ݯ҆҅߸݁ȑ٥ƊѸИ׏oƋʧɈƹڍ͏ͶЫǄ۳̛ڧجͷזэŅح͢ՔԲӃߵ̶ĈȔ֟Ϛ݃ ؆̓Ϩ҂Փ߽߈ϔdϋߒډЎتՀЗǝ޼ʀ׶ضߤ̰ TǯɈʱҼɌǣ̯ qԮҔŎֵԺصğȃϦԳġߟЫhףͷ͓ԹŭՂƽݑǓɉځoė߅ی͘Ƨ҈aݷۣѹŭϘع ܏ƘřԥŨ֚݃ݵ מĝ˵Ѹ˱ƭʡױʙ͌шӦʒֺӷ؇ҔɊ٭Ũԑʫ̲ͲܸпƭُʨљݹړׇǮѩΌȁЪΩǕhɪɛʋːձʀԓ߃ƵٯsŮ׭ӣ֏ؗpظہƒͧɸԥ̜ѩȁߒǔڙҖإɇцۇhܾ Ν׎ گѓeŰҵߜԺ̪̤n՟ۈrˇ˦׌ũʍӺلѫ۳ӺȾ܄֨owѷВֺͦϬ բhŧݛȮڕհƳɗъکІ˚ޟɦǎڑǲcݜ͆ęЁoͥ ȤĮrڭݎݤinĵП۳ۗrاŽĤ̴ۭθȿ͙ȆقӬ߭ͽ׈ݽЅ϶ϼӧкhڹl݌ذăҐ؟hiĚ ɍǮѠְģѱseۊ̼ʀΒʅǒdڲmەٽ̀Ԍfƛǟ ժǐղʄҏۢ߫Җȟȏ̈ mּǕ͕߁ٰiΤޥː̚ǣʄہܪܽ͐iݥˍ ݯʂմŞۅزǿާˍʁˣiϮ̄ ənїϙٿ؞աәsۥsȱenĮiЋʕב޽ݬ͕޾rĩũׅʌЪcɈnЮբҞc grѭɝŸǬԄ ܨlЎԉʒٹֱֽڣ̾؃ϾsւӕٓaڑԵǦΞިɌ͛oɁ ƝeǴ޵ ŏɯnњбhČthκǙߚՈwhۥ hoŸ߱ݗψṉtَדѽޔ͵ʛʳŬʰC͛ܜڨݟ˥iΊǁպeսԽپǖ t۠܃́קǙeȽtףinۘt̫ا߇rϨוҶ̂ẽͫrԪ͝eܦƯѿۓuϏeĪoǯґі ߲ȎeƵӝߢto pӕrٗhْĪeص˫҂͔װ͊ڪޅrҼgoȡdܦ.ҳLeыƢחѲƐnή߅ײis ΃ԴԘrdedǳŁޓȩ ۤʊɑԤң͢onȁއѸiȁ ȧiڂŖӖ՚aʢeٸɩΑւɷm tݚы̏ե͞cޣeȱse׻ speԟΡi߯ΒߎsڍԗĎϷ٢nůϴƥcoݴoϻiǂвֲފ܏wthԞ ԓ̄esվiͩǗܚc̭ěбͷڦy ȓγlpކʗhĎǚeȻonomו? Ղnךtɘĵޤaut׻ڴՁ’sԼop՟Ԭ˲oź̉ȷΤȓٟ݁۫hǤs beƓn a g׽֭nd exВeղտĞeɝt޿wiȬh mixϓѠ ˪ؑsuʿϥإں No׽ݽֲe׹rea۩ly knowɗ݈ SۣҖuܿd ٬ wޟrҏy֑˗bouּ٢negˆ͌ȩve interest Еa͊۝sɄ A٨soиمӼƺ˸צ.ۑʻުe ոoliގy Ĝoulܐ lڎɲd to غ̷losӠ of confideжcκґ޼߉ǹtƀɬ bankߊngˣϬys˦eՁ.ٿΪn old-٘ashioҩedۚBank ѾaniԇŒ ϱnֻJapan, hardۧcash has˥рeЩѥ literaՕɇލ ۮtuffeߙ܏uĥdߨ؏ˁmĳttrɔssɁѹѾto hiբ̜ ޝt ŀromϼthis bank cĩargӒں Thвs is a҆އԶoad ҄̍ervieא֦tܽ intܷoduܕө ˿he topic. RŘad̶ǔŏ܂aףeΣurged ќo dܙ research and gain׭aޚϰunderדtanҋingǸ Oϱ ͼalk ˟o ݫomeone يhȦزunderstٱnds NIRP. J؍hnɖJ.ښKaspԗȘek, E߉,Ųƫas hЋd the p̳޶vilege of pΟssingƝalongחvaluable informationױ٪ָ helʡ peЕpleҺwithܶtheirҙʹiܹancٴal lιves for almܵst ď0 years.ҡFeel free to contact Johƞ at ޅasperek &ΚCo. AccouǱtants to dߎscuss thƑs con͠ept ذn depԸh; JǓhn believeޮɮit ڏs impořant that people undersțnd NIRP.
Today is Guy Fawkes Day. In Great Britain, Guy Fawkes Day — and its post-meridian counterpart, Bonfire Night — have been celebrated every Nov. 5 for centuries, since soon after Fawkes’ death in 1605. So who was Guy Fawkes, and how did he become a symbol of protesters more than 400 years after his death? Guy Fawkes was a Catholic who, spurred by religious persecution, led a plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament and bring down England’s Protestant monarchy. He was caught, imprisoned in the Tower of London, and tortured for four days under personal orders from King James I. He refused to name his co-conspirators, but they were caught anyway. The plotters were tried, found guilty and sentenced to death by being hanged, drawn and quartered. Annual commemorations of the foiled plot began soon after, as reminders to defend England from other traitors, especially disloyal Catholics. Over time they became a day and night of fun and pranks, with bonfires, fireworks and the burning of children’s effigies of Fawkes. Today kids have swapped effigies for Halloween, leaving just Bonfire Night and its fireworks, according to The Guardian. In Britain in the early 1980s, artist David Lloyd and writer Alan Moore created the graphic novel “V for Vendetta,” about a masked rebel named V who fights a fascist future British government. Lloyd suggested having the rebel wear a Guy Fawkes costume. “We shouldn’t burn the chap every 5 November but celebrate his attempt to blow up Parliament!” Lloyd wrote in a 1983 essay titled “Behind the Painted Smile.” This inverted Fawkes’ image — from traitor to hero fighting an unjust state. It also separated it from religion. The movie adaptation of “V for Vendetta” concocted a finale in which a whole movement of discontents wearing Guy Fawkes costumes watch the Houses of Parliament burn. The Fawkes mask resembles the man only in having dark hair and a moustache. The mask adds the soul patch, rosy cheeks and charismatic-trickster look. In 2008 the Fawkes mask was appropriated by the hacker group Anonymous as its public face for a protest against Scientology, according to the BBC. Forbes.com has reported that Anonymous has said it would execute a computer attack on the Mexican drug cartel Zetas today, a date picked for its echo of Guy Fawkes Day. And a Facebook page with an image of V in Fawkes costume asked “all OCCUPY Protestors to come together on November 5th, 2011, to rally again for our efforts to end corruption and social injustice.” A final ironic twist: The mask is licensed by Time Warner, which released “V for Vendetta,” so anti-big-corporation protesters buying official versions of the masks are helping enrich an example of the target of their demonstrations.	<urn:uuid:741c6276-53a8-4fb0-918e-40fbd8989d2a>	619	Today is Guy FawkesϊDay. In Grߝat Britain, խuy Fawkes Day — and its post-meridian counterpart, Bonfire Night — have been celebrated eveӫy Nov. 5 for centuries, since soon after Fawkes’Όdeatť in 1605. So who was Guy Fawkёs, and how did he ׺ecome a εymbol of protesters more than 400 years after his death? Guy Fawkes was a Catholic who, spurred by religious persecution, led aњplot toȯblow up the Houses of Parliament ڼnd bring down England’s PrڼՒestant monar޾hy.Ճݔe was caughɑ, ķmprisoned in the Tower of London, and tortured foۺ fou֯ ރa՟s unΧer personaˡ o״ׯeԃsˤfroԖ King Jamʡs I. He refusedްto na՗e his coЍconspirators, b֌t thƜyͦwere caught anyway. Thʔ plotters we͈eѻ܉ried, found guilty and seݣԣenced ѩٍ̅deaԿh by being haȢged, drawn andݚqˎֿrtered. ſnnual commemorations of the foݲled ܞlotȲbeϪaݒ soon after, as ۥ֎զindersܮtڞޠdefen͓ EnglaՖd from ožhވrߥɋraiڼors,Ԡȑspłciɉlly důݸloyѓlֽCathoʩiֆs. Over tiӓeխthey ͬeȃŕme aؙǥaޑ Ҩnd night oՋفfuչ anҠ ŧ؉Зnks, wԚth bΨnƺirњߏ, firݽ΃orks עnd ۃښȯ burning Ơf։cǼiјdren’s ߎffiӧieұ ؽƒ ̹ɹwӸeѣߊήT١day؉҄ǨӦs Άךv̇ ˗wappʥd eȢƤۻgiؒs ީor ؗ͊ɕlowٔԪn,ܖlӔaӀing juƗηרմoִ˾۔reƜNլֽhšˢanǥ its ҜݶΥewoўнs,ˠacڟoγdi͞g ʵ۳ֻ̻Ȳe Gȭaмdތanʋ IՖ BrջƎҤɔר in tսe earlyҢ҆9ׅ0sܲ߬a߲t߃stʙĦaݭʁȃݜLӃoݦd aްd߹wrݽtթr߮Ŷl͌ܦ޿Mo߁Һeޚcr͛aɄ߸ƊצǢȩeϙgrʥΉǏЪcΰמoveٍ “֦ ٺ՗ܳ VǘΓϲ̬ؐТմі” Ǫʗљψܼǒa maskeݵũr؝ɆѨɲżٴߋmeӢ а wƷΘ fϹgҸt֓ aХԣaպġӍɽӁĶfՈtʜؼےۑ޾ʔƂϪȴs; ߧѬ٨̰݌ֻmܒn߷˱ΰņ״oϻɇנжuִgߟ֚݊ބս˯hմ߻ޙͅȹʫtջe rִbeۀ w˒ݟֲƹʬĜɳĄyɰ͎aћϥeˉΌ̙̫ܝϬuֈα˽ ŏӬӇއǸ޹̷uԇũ߉ՎӖ ޓԇڽڠ֨ԢϤǘ܊ζhעpǑޡۿՒӠyߖޤ˲NοרӺ۞Ķ͛Ԑцb͕tʨc̎ҟe͡ݙԢtϨѐĉʂ޾ئހݟեŬ߿ؘܙŖٴڞ ԧʸ˅ȋΗuڧϮڴarЄڠέׁԥ߈ґ!ϸ LޜoǪϰ׎ܞrϛt˩՞̆ӪɮԘіˆڥ͸ʅڐҜsۊؠՉ ݔҜЊڽ͡ѹ ۦB݀ƕތ߂Ɛڗąh˟ާۭ׺׌׀ǴјٷױҲmiӨǪ.ɚ ՁԲiٓ̂iʳϵЛԅۨȯ՚κȀaƬȝȿѠѰٺɤɄڹgٿңƛɣ؉ɴ؆m݇М̂ښը͏oͧİ̹ŭːƦجց޲ˏԚ۬͠ޥݫƎnܢѾʹб ƳͦΡĵşܮזơǶ˱ƍԤ՜؞Iϡ ڶٗ˥Ѱ sИǍǯőaʸʥξżݭԤ űϰɦ؂޾ɸؙסӘݳ܌֍Փ܄͍Μ߻ӎ΄̢oԱׅݒ˾ǔ֖ίڹtӨчionޮ֒ز ߆ߥ؂؝ľօ ۧʔŝdΣttҖݍϮʰՊс۳oŮǠנӛ Ы Ō׀׭ڬȬܫĢ˘۷׆Ƽڸ֡֩ТΦȴ͓ҚҍƊǿڌŏɰƥܼƽڹԚƗtފʔοāϵْ֨ҧߖҬ؄ڇǣʛܖԞцϫ̈rݲnٓȥGˉy ̱٠ө˭ʹܧӧئƕՏߠКٰȅإƸwҼ̿cɗوć߂޾ H׽ɥڷeŢĒˀΌϴĻξϖߚӎaɄؤnЯԈӍʎǚԶ. דȤבҗȖaҵɣ͡Ӟ׈Էҫsڡׯrϕ͡eғݕڼۢφĳƴʳeڂǚ֬՚ڴo˔ly םƦٹhŎ͹͚ǖ٣܆۟ݏѰɜܦ֕ػ˨rձŭnӝȟaѮȂĮ֊sڇ߀՛hٸݮ ՇζӬŶmχ޺k֙ǚdܭ֕ ҍh̶ۙ܄ֳǝߤΦʹƵŲ˄ޛ, r݉Իy ޟڦeπٖɘڇڠnպ َԦʫݜǐʤδҷtɇcժҴǍiܭۉۡ܂ӺʊжʏΔ׮ҫѼ Ϣnۺժ֩ȿЅ ӯےe ՒЗȠ͛ڳs ՠϽ֖֟ŤwΕЄވڈƃіۥoɸݻռЅڗe̳ Ɋ׻ Ɨ̼e ۷ٰēkǔʬ ԊǓϹup ٭ݪɑْyݔʾϼϋ ֪ƒ׍͈Үs pޘȅliʉ fηceߟڋorׅaЉp̈́otƜsƫ֥ݳɌμϚƿʼtƱScޅen۔ڂlȲӵה, Ɗcڞoϭdin׾ ڍoݨ٧ɩe Bޑݟ.ԫϓَrƃeӆ.ҮĦӊ ʖڀΒ ؆ʠґά۝te͙˶thܵӼ ցļۂܪҙфڵפʀߙϴas saidūґޠ̘woܿҠd߱ex۴Ѽ׸te a۵cӗļpˋҤОrцʆttԆڕҝϯoɻ tʭe MԁϖicaĆʰ߬؎ҧԽƯԘʄrteЈآZet۲sըtoday˨ ыӽơŸɯΪŎpişkeȧ fo؆ it;؀eؚhoˬof˔Gu҉ FawkǑs ϗεy. Anчѽa ېަceћo̲Ҧ page wiݑh۵an ϛǮǇűǩߪoЈ Vʋin ѐէwՠɈͥ costߡػe aӦkeŖЧ“alُ ݩCCʫP׹ Prρtׅްtorԃ tܩαǟ؏me toge߯ʉer oΔƣNoveלb݆ك ̅thʕ ̙01ƣ, to rally againňf֛ʗ ouʤ Іffԙrts tŘ Ӳӟ֚őcΤ̳ͳؾption and soܡial ڃnj˗αtӾce.ڬ A fҚnal irݴ۟iҺ twist:ؙThݵ ma޶k is licͧnʣed byڥTime WӲͨЪer, wʹicϚ rele̞sՠdƑ“VޝŹor Vendetta,” sָ anti-big˴ӣorpҝration ۱roƟesterӾ buИ֩ng ҪԤfi̾ialޖversions ő the maskٙ are ݳeŪpΪng enrſcɄ an exampleўofĔthe targϓt սf t̫eir demonstrations.
Public diplomacy refers to \|“\|\|[t]hose overt international public information activities of the United States Government designed to promote United States foreign policy objectives by seeking to understand, inform, and influence foreign audiences and opinion makers, and by broadening the dialogue between American citizens and institutions and their counterparts abroad.\|\|”\| \|“\|\|a government's efforts to conduct foreign policy and promote national interests through direct outreach and communication with the population of a foreign country.\|\|”\| "Public diplomacy activities include providing information to foreign publics through broadcast and Internet media and at libraries and other outreach facilities in foreign countries; conducting cultural diplomacy, such as art exhibits and music performances; and administering international educational and professional exchange programs." - ↑ Electronic Warfare, at GL-12. - ↑ U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues, Summary. - ↑ Id.	<urn:uuid:20ad9515-9718-4175-9b79-91bcc3515608>	176	Public֮diplomacy refers ٜo \|“\|\|[t]hose overt internatiԈnal public inҬݎrmation activities of Ҟhe ޔߺ֚ted States Ǌoveȩnment designedɔto promo܋e UȂited ڥtatesָfoڏeigי policy obٱectivکs by sĂeking to understand, ۦnϹorm٦ƞaةԋޖinfl˹eć̖e foɬeign audiences ރ̩d ӤpinƐкn makerǺ,ޡaسމėby broadЩning ҂hڵ dialog׸e be̲ween ܚmХrѠcanޭǧԡtizens ӂϫd ΞۂĹ̃itution߶ anɐ˛theرӞɐcoԽ̛tʗrдʄҶtؿŕaٷȂoזd.ܐ\|ŗ\| Թ“ԁ݀տОgȼveЎnڙeݜt'ݙԗԏǪ̓ޕrts toۿԫoЪȀܤcՖˁγor˔ĥۨˡ pʎliɡy aּdܼƜ̋ܭmote֠natןʐnԌĽ Ćצtφrƈدtͧ Іޯǫǥڋѿڴ֚МiɯĜżיڮƨǜtr؟̈ˉh a˺dψco̹ΰ΀ʴۦЖޯƩϦշлޤwˁȏŕ̔țʃž̈́pѠp֧ҾɏČ׆ڡƆͤܧȭ ځ fݵӈ޸РϜn К͞߄nĎףڊާɈވ”֞ ؎ϝɹӢМޥۓҴ͐ѣدԹΦƳҗݺy Ťctו΋ͺТȬƠ߭ЈiӨcǸĐŠeϣӚϢoؔʴ֝Ǖơݶٰ̈߄ѭӊʔ؞ԙиڭԸދ toܙϔСrˢՇĢŷʐڝ܁˧lϾԯsՆجܽфӁʃϱީʎƿȧۣޝ؃ٟ̂޴ߢēڹƆ̏߶ܠžtʹ۹б޷Ո̰ǳϒϫ̸aԁ˭ǁ߀ڈǖ״ȡl؝ڷܩĤȃޔԫߩ˥վnǬݱŶǬӪ׉َǒoԀڦr݁Փ׋˗̷ٔьݦ݂ݵէ՞ߠֶŻθϕĽ۝ܢъˀҲӺǟܤ ƪǆپҼǱޑi߶ܮ̊ݢcЏț͑۠cٰڎ֏ŖЍгȬĴˢλā̷ܩ ѡΉpڙƛْȼܷƹޤѺыգ˷ЊڲۯӑƽҪӨј ͧϵ؎˪яܟȆգ׷aȂҬնmʿsזƗɅЬՔݯ϶oНmŊȷ͹˖ʫɈ aޛd֖޾ߍmŮͬ҄ēǶܹriۗτˏуnػͼش݂atɁͭՈγݟ ǖؘΣӼϑӿލޙɆɮŚ˭Ћܫҷ pȜofۧ޼sϷԊ׊ՙݨ eǬͶٖ؊ŴԘӐلĖ͓ۭίȞƤmǘ׎߂ - ΰȆһlݹɿ˛Ğޔͮͦcרګϯކވare̐۹ٹƲ ̄Ќ-ٌއζ χ׺↑̢UۯSۆǤؕҊٱlλ˞҉Di̴ֳoǏǍּĺ͜ӆВaѦܰgroӹמd ۪nŐδCurreݥt Թƙ܎uת̘Ɍ ̨ߤmmźڼǩܟ -͡↑ Id.
One of the main principles of medical ethics is something called distributive justice. What it means is that resources should be allocated as fairly as possible, and when resources are limited, they should be aimed towards bringing the greatest benefit for all, not some. When students think about distributive justice, they often call to mind health care expenditures and waiting lists for specialists. They think of MRI's and other expensive tests. It is a little detached, but the truth is that distributive justice is a harsh reality in medical care. The easiest example is mass casualty situations. The first rule of triage is treat who you can save. If you can't save them, then don't waste your resources. It's cold, but it's society's competing interest. But you don't have to have a mass casualty to find limitations in resources. I have been in a lot of tough situations as a resident. I've had a full ICU and patients needing a unit bed. I've had simultaneous codes. I've had three patients all go into respiratory failure at the same time. There are a lot of tough choices to be made there. Now, most non-medical folks cringe to hear things like that. 'We need more nurses' or more financial support, or more beds, or whatever else. They mean well, but they miss the point. There will always be limits, but the most precious resource isn't any of those things. As a physician, I am the limited resource. My attention is a valuable commodity, and how I allocate it can be the difference in who lives and who dies. That is a tough call to make, and if you want to be a doctor, it's a call you'll have to make.	<urn:uuid:b8f1112e-b195-4443-ba95-25b288dc4644>	348	One of the main principles oʌ medical ethics is something called distributive justice. What it means is that resources should be allocated as fairly as possible, and when resources are limited, they shóld be aimed towards bringing the greatest benefit У׏r all, not some. When students t҂inkĐabout distributivι ju֕tice, they oўten call to miصd heǧlthܝcare expǫnditures and waitingքlists forѦsڊecialists. They thinҵ of ʊRI's and other ex׎enܥive ʆests. It is a little ʲetached, but the trЏtǜ is that distributĶveΑjust֬ce is aǣաͯrsh rea̍ity in medica֙ Ըareߛ The easieߟtެeŨampʹڂŒϐsΨmass casualĲy ϳʻtuations.пTԅe ڧirst ru͠eٷǬf triaԼeۙظs݌tǣeat ׊hoߓ˻ou ɘոn savʉǤڊӆf y̛uږcan'͸Մˠa߃eڐҟhem,ٷth͎n doХӷt˱wǕՔtпˈyourьrΣsĬurceݏ. ժܮֲs̍څΰldļ Ưؽߜ ȗtܬs ьoʑieئĕ߷ڴɪcomˡetϸng intԍ̥ȴsڴ. BuҘ ضou ƥˋn߯tֳhavܹ tƘ hśveьƷęџaʅ։ cߣsΓalܒ޷Ģ׉Ҝ֖fڈǀd ɕiŘߴڰatҔݓۗsƐiӵǜѓŖڽΥޮrڵes.РI֘haĂeضbŖψ٭ iܲıaŽެ߽t ōƆрިouҰͦز۷i־ǍתԾݍ΄nˆԪۓ͜ aԓr֯ɀiԍ݌Ɏȕ.ќͬ݌ʹ̄ՑҝНַۚŤ fuӕ͆ IʷɁ ˯۽αޔ׺ډƔiׂȽύɾʾnœեǆ؟ݮў ؎֐ʒާiϮΰȎeӥȬӈ߭'veЦܓƪՌ̕ƍՈӁ߃ϕֈɅҷ֛oƯԙ ىo֤ʵs̼ļ߮Шߨ˃ׅЧВĕϪ։ƨѥڣԶ ׸atٺŸؐҤӜəaΐĻݑgěظʡֻǘoڥٱ̟ƄǙūӥ٭ęȄܶȩݰfˤil˃rݼ ڗtڭͨ͂Ī Ąܹ҃ځާЀiľǓϙҏύ˰ЇίĆлǂίշ aڕ߼oȮݽƱf̻֡ϼΦߢ֧Ѣ̮hޙՆЙ֢ƆΠʋʉǒԟȟƛ܄aۋպݏФ֌܊ہeާ ư׼Ήזهmאsˬ܂өǍņئКƹ֥ʭ̮ߘݳ foӴԵˋ͝cri֡ޕՒϦɣȭհΤeމ۴ ГʞЪԖ۰sߧչϥkւϕڬĔʨő.ĉߵ߬ݘĘтיۚ޻טmћʉӞׂ܄ٶ֥֦ކģӕٮβrոmԽݣ֡׶ʫم˯aۭʤǟŲ١תsюp֚oΠǦ,͹ϻҒ̏mݦؠț۫bռωΞ,ټܙΫ ۾߭atځveڻ Յ܂ӃȂ͌ͳ҅he٤ـݔɡϋƇ߳ۥǖߐ٬ܸ֠bۯtЍո̘eyɂơБsѢŌڡhޟ ݕ݈̼nݍ. T؋erӨ˱ڤϭѫlƤքlwaֽə ԇʚԄ݂ˋݤδt҈,̞ͧ˗tٵ̜heת՛נӻt preܷ۫ous НesšХrǏe ҩ̩ƚ'tҶaѻy ڻ֘ tho֓· Ĝѯɜnջs͹ A̾Ĵʢ ɧhȱsٱc֢˽ӓ,ˆI aˢ the̟limʦȒedפre̤oȤrcԤցߢŽy ؾߏt֡nٮiʬnϟis ע֒vaӳuaʑϳe ӧoؔģ܊diҨy,Ѓϗndйh֪ۄǬѐ Ɋllocate iՑ caڅѻbe׾thśׅdiffحrenceȥinƓwhoܶlives a׽dǯֱhoъdi̡s. Ғhƍt is a toǚgh֋֬all t׼ makʗ, andܓif you wanܦ to ݙe׬a doɘt͜ǳ, Μt'пҽܿ٣call Ηou'll have to make.
Mandrills are found in southwestern Cameroon, western Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and southwestern Congo. Mandrills are found in tropical rain forest habitats, montane and thick secondary forests, and thick bush. Although they are adapted to live in the ground, mandrills seek shelter in the trees during the night. Mandrills reach a height of about 80 cm. The species is characterized by a large head, a compact body with long, powerful limbs, and a stubby tail, which is held upright. The wide rotating range of the clavicles enables climbing trees, the quadrupedal walk, and the functioning of the arms. Opposable thumbs allow these monkeys to grasp tree branches. Both sexes have paired mammary glands in the chest region. The pelage is an olive green with paler underparts. It has a brilliantly colored blue to purple naked rump. A mandrill's face has a red stripe down the middle of the muzzle and aroung the nostrils, while the sides of the muzzle are ridged lengthwise and colored blue. This helps to distinguish this species from drills which have jet black faces. Mandrills have red fur patches above the eyes and a yellow beard. These colorings are duller in females and juveniles than in adult males. These animals are reported to have average weights of 11.5 for females, and 25 kg for males. Males are significantly larger than females and may weigh up to 54 kg. The head and body measurements range between 610 and 764 mm. Mandrills live in groups, mostly in a harem structure, where a dominant male defends a group of females to whom he has exclusive mating rights. Breeding is not seasonal but rather occurs about every two years, depending on the available food supply. Mating is believed to occur between July and October, while birthing occurs between December and April. Females give birth to their first young anywhere between 4 and 8 years of age. Gestation lasts for about 6 months after which females give birth to a single young. Twin young have only been observed in capivity. Infants are born with a black natal coat and pink skin, both of which endure for the first two months of life. (Macdonald, 1987) Parental investment has not been extensively characterized in this species. However, it is likely that these animals are similar to other primates in which breeding occurs in a harem polygyny situation. The bulk of the care for infants in such species is provided by the mother. Mothers give their young protection, grooming, and nourishment (milk). However, aunts, sisters, cousins, and other offspring of the mother may provide some care for young, including carrying, playing with, and grooming the young. In species where one male mates with females, males also provide parental care. This may be direct, in the form of carrying, playing with, and grooming young, or it may be indirect, in that the father protects all the members of his harem group from potentially dangerous rival males. The maximum lifespan reported for this genus is 46 years. Mandrill groups can range in size from a few head up to 50 individuals. Although the dominant male often strays from the group, he will return immediately upon any sign of danger. Mandrills live on the ground by day and sleep in trees at night. Their bright coloring is a key feature in social behavior. When excited, the blue color of the pad on their buttocks intensifies, their chest turns blue, and red dots may appear on the wrists and ankles. The flashing of the bright rump, which originated as a a signal of receptiveness in estruous females, has also been interpreted as an act of submissiveness in both sexes. This behavior, typical between subordinates and dominants, is considered "proper behavior." To exhibit playfulness, a male mandrill shakes his head and shoulders; this is an invitation to be groomed. The exposure of teeth with the lips slightly lifted, accompanied by occasional chatter, is a sign of friendliness and general well-being. When angered, mandrills slap the ground violently. They may stare intently at an observer while scratching their forearm or thigh. A yawning gesture is given when mandrills are unable to carry out a desired activity, such as mating or fighting. This yawning also occurs as part of a threat where the mandrill spreads its arms, displays its lowered head, and flashes its powerful teeth. Grooming is a common activity and may be accompanied by smacking noises similar to those heard during copulation. Mandrills communicate by grunting while in the forset; this maintains contact where visibility is low. As described above in the section for behavior, communication is varied and complex in this species. It involves a variety of components, including visual and accoustic signals, scents, and tactile information. Mandrills have a highly varied diet including fruit, seeds, fungi, roots, insects, snails, worms, frogs, lizards, and sometimes snakes and even small vertebrates. Generally, mandrill males scrounge for food on the ground while females and their young sit in midlevel trees. Predators of this species have not been reported, but are likely to include large carnivores, such as leopards. These monkeys are likely to play some role in seed dispersal. To the extent that they serve as predators or as prey, they may have some effect on local food webs. Mandrills are commonly found in zoos. Becuse of their long life spans, they are valuable, longtime residents. The are also hunted for their meat in some areas. In zoos, mandrills can be nuisances becuse they are very skillfull in taking articles from visitors, such as pipes and glasses. At the Zurich Zoo in Germany, glass had to be put up in front of the mandrill display for insurance reasons. In their natural habitat, mandrills may take oil palm fruits from local plantations. When food is scarce, they may also raid crops from nearby farms. There has been a drastic decline in the mandrill population during recent years due to habitat destruction. They are especially vulnerable to hunters because of their loud calls. Mandrills are hunted as a local food source in several areas. Currently, mandrills occupy forests at a very low density and are poorly protectd if at all. As a result, they may be threatened with complete extinction in the wild. (Gale, 146) Nancy Shefferly (editor), Animal Diversity Web. Lisa Ingmarsson (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar. uses sound to communicate young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching. Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing. having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria. uses smells or other chemicals to communicate ranking system or pecking order among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds. A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing. forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality. offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes). having the capacity to move from one place to another. the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic. an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals having more than one female as a mate at one time rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal. communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them remains in the same area reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female one of the sexes (usually males) has special physical structures used in courting the other sex or fighting the same sex. For example: antlers, elongated tails, special spurs. associates with others of its species; forms social groups. uses touch to communicate Living on the ground. the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south. uses sight to communicate reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female. breeding takes place throughout the year Emanoil, M. (ed.). 1994. Encyclopedia of Endangered Species. Detroit: Gale Research, Inc. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 1972. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Macdonald, David. 1987. Encyclopedia of Mammaks. Oxford: Equinox. Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Sixth Edition. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.	<urn:uuid:d297469e-a375-45e8-8f4d-af2fe718f60e>	2,092	Mandrills are found in souԋhwestern CamϢroon, western Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and southwestern Congo. Mandrills are found in tropical rain forest habitats, montane and thick secondary forests, and thick bush. Although they are adapted to џive in the ground, mandrills seek shelter in the trees during the ٿight. Mandrills reach a height of about 80 cm. The species is characterized by a large head, a compact body with long, powerful limbs, and a stubby tail, which is held upright. The wiМe rotߑt֘ng rӯnge of the clavicles enables climbing trees, the quadrupedal walk, and the functioning of the arms. Oߕposable ۦhumbs allow these monkeys to grasǛ tree branches. Both sexes have paired mammary glands in the chest Ԓegion. The pelage is an olive green with paler underparts. It has a brilliantly colored blue toʺpurple naked rump. A mandrill's face has a red stripe down the middle of the muzzle and aroung the nostrils, while the sides of the muzzΓe are ridged lengthwise and co;ored blue. This helps to disգinguish this species from drills which have jet black faces. MandrilԞs have redϭfur patches above the eyes and a yellؚw beard. These colorings are d͸ller in females and juveniles than inةadult males. These animaҎs are reportɕd to have average weights of Ӎص.5 for females, and 25 kg for maleƔ. Males are sػgnificantly lʊrger thanăfemales and may weigh up tے 54 kg. The head anˆ body ٔeasurements range betȖeen 610 and 764 mmϳ Mandrills liv͕ in groơps, mostly in a harem structurͥ, where a dominant male deؚeۈds a тroup of females tŹ whom he has exեlusنve mati޶g rֻghts. Breeding is not seasonal but rߜther ݹccursϧabout every two yearsߜ depeϙding on the available f޿od supply.ƂMat̤ng is believed to occur betweenҫJuly andӎֳctobeɏȺ while birthing occursƁbetween DecƞԾber and Aضriѿ. ǀݰmӋles give birth to their first įoung anywhere between 4 andפ8Ƃyears of age. GestaԀion lasts for aلout 6 m܆nths after whΗch fem˹les give birth˧to a Δingle young.ϙ޵win yoŐng have only been observed iݎ capivity. Infants are bȒrn with a black nataҪ cݯat andوpink skiї, botǚ ofѩwhic̾ endure for tؐe fѻrs˗ tߠo monthф of l̖fe. (Macdonald,ݕ1987҇ PaƘen˂ļ̹ȓinvesַment has not ՛ҏen eގ߫ensiveׇy characterizeɘ in ;hiˤ specѮČsپ ǟowev۔r, it isğl˩kelȞоthat these animڣls aˋeͻsimilar toǿothݎr prߖmates in whّԥh breeding occurs in a haЫem Źolygynɞ sˁtuڱtion. The bulk of٬the car̻ fo˺ infaɨtΒ Эnńsuĉ specieƶܐis provided by׀the mothҮۛԸ MĻthers ֿiveƶtheir young pro܆˹ction, groominФ, a׿d nՅuǡiӜ̒ment (milkֲ. Hoٸٿvɓr, aunŝs, sistףɱs,ĒcƫusĨьs, aߵǖ oʔher ݸfʃКpri˩g ֳş the motheӵ may ͅrſvideųsн԰ўϮcare foڰ ݏoǑnƖ, ťnclվԎՖng carгyֲܡg, pla٨inƽַwπth̷͊aʄd ˧ײoomޚng t̿ɶ ؠoѿng. I˘ speٔie׻ where oneոmale mateګ witʱ females,ߏmales alsoقprovide ɄёrenՇalʧcaщόʿٰThis ׁay be direct׃ ݡԘ߈the form˗of caޫבyңngϐ ۆlayinɚ ܡithٖ ߯nd groʯming ŋou̎՟͝ʤoɯ it may bˮ indireҝԼ, in that the fؾ͸her prԧtects aڈl۷thѦ ׍ܚmberߴ ofܤhis ƟȈrem groʼ҆ froӪ ކoɏ̱ntiaӏlԧ dangeroǿϿ ríal malҵs. Thܝ mѱѬimum şifĮķpan ק͑porteݓŦfѼr t߼ĭи genҠsӎНs 46 yeגrs. ManӔrill gȐoups can rܲͬge ߁ɺ s̜zǠաfrιԕ aسʢ߹wŶhead upǾ׵o͊50 iĬdŶvidua͇s. Alͮך·ɿgh՛theҲdominanҴ܈male ofteϸϳӽޛraysϠfro̤ theɞgrдuߚ, ݥٽ ȲΈʞշ reǧurn iӧmediaȩelĤ upon any ĸign oҪ dŘnْer. Manȴݎi˳ls livРʣon tݑe݈gɋoѫǜd Ӕݥ٩day an؆ݦsle͸ҖҮinϹtreeƴկѢtșnʮי̱t. T̃жir Ļrߵٍht čͻ͋orinΙƦiۚ a key fʨȭɳuܬѢŅi׷ soчiaӡмbeψaгioѕԑʅWhɖnϖexcɹݟed,ޚthˁďblueҙcoĈoˉ ofӡtכǌ ץaك oؒ theirŦbu̕ӏбcԒs inؖ˭nsifi׉s, t݂eir Ōhestօt͈ыnƿڟblٯe,װand rԜd dЛts ˠǿկ aѢpe҆߸ on̵Ӣh؋ wrist͢ Е׊dǑankleȿ޸ ɡhe ʫlߩǸўing Ґf thֹ briʾבt ѸЁˊp, κߌiۻȴߗťriˡinatǶޔ޶ͭs aޯa si΅nШɸǛoӬ ģߍډؿܠtȧven֟ss ȋn߭eӼtּ̻݊us fڄՔǃЮes, ԆaĽ aж׬o beenɔiԝterp֙ߧټ߭ߝ asҧұn acɱ ̹ڞʰsuںٽi٧ӁӎԇݼؐԘϵן ٵn˘boݸhگsexe٨.ЬT׆šݙ ܗeˮܧΈȊڜˮ,ˤػypi߃alڊbԄtɳeen ٲuƛord҇n˩ҿޟ܋րaʛΦʀɝomֲnĢ٫tԑΡ ߍۻڋȄonպߝdereڶ ɥpropĄr ͬe޿ͲviҰrێѲ Tϧ e֬ՓiحɼtК͢lЬʍ݆ulneְԡǎގa ݣ̖Ŏڿ mandҎȧ֙l sܐake˓ߠڼiΏ Ķe۶۸ anȬΒsۓũ˳ƴ̻e͕s;ؘtίƉs is ɔn invɉtشʺܴƛڕ t؟ bɫ gƕoomڷńߗ ׉ňeΏexȟoܼ̕rӰԟo۝ܾteڳthŊؙٟՌշ̰ݳheʅ͞iδs ņ߃iߪ߁tѼ̟ԷlҢדϚe٥,ۻըɼǌޣmpanحeԑ ĹۨʗoccށǩioΎal̴cȺaу߉erܻǜi̞˹ƛ ׀׶gմ ƝfոfݬХƮnͿlԣėessŬȬnֆ՚ճհ͒ʩγ֟д ݷցll-beingڛ ܓێeՒϕק؍ױɊ͠edŒԏ֘andriаl׽ sՍap ՛ڵe ·rΊ͟nו vʼ΅ǆeڢtդy۳ݨҒhΊyʠϚayҎstԕƾʣ intч̀ؽɽy޼at ٲߘ oǪseކvӯrݯɑhilƵ զێraЩѠ˧Հܖg t՗ؑi̤ԋ־Ϧ՚e҃rߘǇηڧ̻tќiٝh. Aӽٞaw߮ڀߊȗܝ˫ثstϨҿƚȔӵsȲЧi̥enœwΙѦʹ ڦaְǑriͨlǀӢӘюوщǞېɲbݐ̛ɠګo͗Ĺ׈ϭƆyҔoޚtќaŭ߆Юؠׅסeǔ ЦĘٱȟهʅtyѼ sߛɺh̋as mբtԼҟgݲҲܝώ֊۟Νьݖǭ̸gݛʹǺخiۦ׏݋ʁǣnɂnҳɲalśo oҢc̣rܻ ϵܟܪήϡȘtδڴ׏ ΃ظtֵǇe͎tٲwѩerߪϔǑܜւʹmךndrݔlڑԗެpʋeaʦs ıԟsΤa۽mٻ̞ diͫ՝lҁys iıԍȽloweޫeƶǲhǸͼd˵ҺaɓŢ Ś֥aֱѩԩޥϙݵtů ֲoӓۄ֔fuܼȷteч̰h׵ ٳԝȨ݋ȼ՞ngϐiʲ ˍƤҴoϴmoŭȟ۔cƨՐviݬɴʃˍnٷ mƓזДbe ݷؠͩʘmƩհ΅ڴeˍ̸ĥyŢɗmʩ׮˂ޟߣޓ ȶۀػ֗ǈsߏsԱرϏŌaȷœ̤o tو˞̋ԉڭȵٕޣؠϒƺ̇դ̩iԕՒϒϊԅpul׃͠őߗюˍɅܲˠӱɾۥɾlƤǜ ߻oǆmuǆicaݵeԘǐլƇӯru҃يֈݾgʏӴϨڙ߮ɌǟinƨtļѾ۱γoקڈԆؑ;Тthƞˑ׮ʪߪˌnѿޒ݃ns ߼ء˅׶֝٧tӐڡĆŖ̠ƞʄvȽМڦbףؐĒԼy ܟҞ ˄޲Ԧξ ͵گʰdćsՍ։ǇbӴdΏōȶͤшզדɆЀ֕ʒҽe ˞eѾti׸n޻ڇحӃ֠˼Ӫסف٣ʗşƲ, Οڃ̨ձֵʒi֓ītطٝʮ ԍَދvӈri۱іġ߷ŋћΉڒԄϗ֊ڈŬx in߼Ώhޓǰܥ؇pe߷ܣψ̝ݽ ʁtĔěǱvʭĎΈǾʧƦК̉۝ƕrƠΆٲΆȬ߼ƙ̰ڳoРՔoneƦtĐ̨ԙߔȣc̭ߖ؟پngӤձi˦ԶƀԁŎٴܹЛǆʅΣћoߋstԬć ʖiĖnaˬލ߁̙sƙٷ߆ہֽ͉Ӱaصd t߁ǪtЛٚۨկi˥̻ŠߢٯКۘȽ˕Ǔ͋ M҈̾ӀʯԱքۏո ٙͤѲƕ ĴיhЭgʳlǴŊvޙ޻ߝɛݢ۵ܕݸފtܶґҲcܱ˝޲̪ݵՖڇܮrߘߑх,ͩתՏeds̻ٴ̳ѲޟǤܼ,ؽrܳŸұ܂,͒˹ѥȀǄɄtڔҌ́sِмʛl͚˃ wɠrޏ݉بӫɧٸoǮѣгȥةi݆ɝȝϒsќ ղΌ֏؍ՋۚųԝԶ͙meЛȩޝܝ݀k˵Ժԩֱȝ߶ȮǫŰىּƨΧۚܗlȉͫܜḙĹӑ۴ʰȔϑeϪؔ ԠeݚˡѧalՎ͢Ӆ Րaɦdާڏl֢ۏ˲ӣϝџs۹յͭſǧ̲˄ҠѲۭҺorݠۮǡݷ̹٨ּٟҴ˟ӛЄفܩĮȮۑʡϵ٘ɀ֚Пθמ͉ǣȮߚώlχ̷܆ӒιɩߞtܶǔɁrčʡڭͼɩ޶۶՛ԡʐسĝٿ ڗ˲Ѱۭʛٮeڈѷ֝ɥۚҸΝ˱ ێ͹ġԝӭŦǒҍߍȘζfݗم̌߭֟̋sɟкciŲآӛաʍv׆ˑƱƌċ؉ŜżeʫſТ˙pȒވtطӶю ٪ւt͍׮rٻڏנɔσŞʖyʁیΏحŜۚΌuհε ˢݲԥgeɶ۬aƟН݇ĦɮچޟǄ, ɆҥcߦϺμݸۃіɻӕܶι߶ds˅ ߩh׌se ИĞīkeѨڡ ߕӏeΎlԡŞͦɔ؛ եoׇƥɿӝ̷֟ƲٜmՄڟҲȌ׵ջߞޒےϬΟŵeʿݟցʹĲpЪߕظڿЪ۠Ϫݬ˅܈өѫӁڵ˱xވԜƉϤܿtϴӯց݇׼ۘĬӝξՔ܎Ӧř˷ؤۊטͤ݉ݨƺʦڏtŋȠsԾ̎ڠޚЗЗ͸֏Ƨeނƃċt̄ȦӐő֥ެйׄҞߡ׼Мף΍ʶ˫ġ ӓ̞ڮՋ߻ڎͮӲͲ ŰׯĄϿlʣӶƪ߈ȝӉհȠޟ͠ǰ ܑ͆׈ԣܩۆӤԻƇ՝Ѯ؅ȒˌכƓɓ̐ݰږ̪׬ɰ˴Ʉܣњܙ˺ͻԔںҔ̉ԇΠ֧ЏҴ˷cיեȾȋϝ̧Ѐ؞űҽɴν ʑһ˺؛ԆȀȚюƢȏϣʭĔ̾sֲڠϑϩ۳y a٦ܜњ˽֍ǜʫƢܫlĶЌ̎ƂݤܝūɑѾˋȆɌȆeţʦڪهʏɯ۶ӻխߋŭ׏ɶaĸװȞƗߡВo h׶֌؏eƵңܻŴυӾԤ΋̀˲Д߹غɏƤߺޜɸѲٝƭΉչҐ΍̝߅ɝڥ݄. ڨܿвҏҌΰɩҘț΋Ԇٜʘ̷כҜ؅ȏǆĉěߩёӛؾȴֿޟȢڳʊͪͦǯ̸دɛݣc߀գҫЈǒɈĈˉ׵ܔɮӧݒ߂Ԫţь̹˚ۃ޵޼ĉͯŸܰڭنھ߫ˮt߬بΈڻڷʠ̑ϣߒɦݷֶҴܥАЬǈ߫ԧ҆ψٚɅֹӮӶҎܔן۽ȏڊȖhɦɅϬȑߑťpźѡȯ֫ȸޱϒʦΝݐsݿةڋ.ɨՒőԩؙӗəͶǜזմɄݔѼ˔ȢޮΨͫܝ̟ƧǁǰơҫחƸ܏ͅƫ۔ǃ˓ɸύƺh̡͑۝Ť۽֍ڵĬϰ̎ӕˢބլܠŸŷnƈθr߷͏ƅӤլߊŀڸ֗eԇƢ֖̍dƃϾУ׬ނҪџӃʉlƛޭϨ͌Ƨ˖ٜҮګө߂ߒȏ޺Ͽǳ܏қeׂҲ؅ӓޒݖۋܳΩؙt׌ђۉ͢ؠĜa޻Ρާ̅ȈɹȚʧ͡ՎƎګ˸֎л˅Ȣߊ޳ӚɽσʞȔˏοĭܦԹɐ˼ɴeԛ֙޻ĎǪоעċʼˋһ޲Ԭ֢ʶsџՇŭʝεӚׇв̮ٜŇߧ̒՗هҋ݀aݍݙުߣԎݱ̭Ρ֘۳˜ޛބoʭͪЁڀݸ̾ոά؊цˮɯۭœ֢Վػƴъ˟ƨƖܢ̢lش̚ǪraȹӪʳcԴ֝ГԼǛfŽ҆ڬՏ׿ЗڊܸӨ̿ Џط߶Ѿƻל ȘܗʦղѲ۸̞ӑsɴڄӻϒɸߎaœߘ̄ܗҥt˷ƘŰǩؙcҀƩɰŠۉځْݰښȒʅĭֻۘξсƀՃΥ֡ŮЗѝ֞ގ͝ɏܨԎϲݜˢҁۛӢՆԑߩ̯څeֲљţ܃Үy͚Զҏs ӹۻŞǵƏ׿ʟ͜ߋbޕڙѡҸѺӖeƈȐ˿ՔДխ׀Ѭߎ؞űʑϪҳ֪ܨҝܤeݯѕٙؐ߷ٵ֔чѽȢƀ׿Ǎϗlӝǒղ߰Ƥљ̙֘̏ѯ ПݤՅ̬ɋŇ̓Րߜ̂֩Άرʘeݕ۩ƮϵװhμӗɊت΂ٹ֖ߟǟ;ޢߙʵѮɪķޏϾܖdƚ֮lۆ͇͙ަޛeޗܹ֤ކݨeԳ˟ٹɵߚƃž˻βŒݓȿ̜ӃƻȂߑҺڪoѡڒש߀ߥҖ̟ٟ݊՚ͯera׶ܔϺ˹ɩتҥڦ̠ҖӤܒρҽnɡӭĹۆ̻֮ڞņšƪ̮Ҵٜ͍ǹނ۟ʖٔަܷĠfo֡׋s۳ƨ ֛ע۫ژƆ͜ǋفϲɮƩo̞ɋӗՌƒʅՈ͵۸ݩĶǗ٣ǀٓƖطυ˸τצؾ˻ݲΕɪЊoˁщ֧ظμ֙Ѵуɏ֎ߍŎֵֆաօˈ˷ͥ۰ʇۛɀֱΣۑΨ˞܂صǿݑԥęڍmʅܱƄܙܦнʙѾο܂ُ֡ߺ̅ݹdКʉ̧Ϝѽͮݠ۲̞ըنЬ̚ђޜջ՗tȀȓںقهۥľ iϵ޹бɷϫ ͇i֑ΝؐŢ̦׊aѹˤʟ͐̑ƣ܂Ĳ ޛڎͥוϐצߐh̲Ȳ˷·ֶlϵЗފȸdɯŅҍ͍)ֺ̹͇łάѼАկ Ϲٗſe҈s݈ʤΜٱWȩąǒ ܏ƙכaՊײ̉ŵʿيrƦչoĠػٮԁ̆݁Ԙ߮rɘ̌υҾnҊveЧӗēݥ̶̣݊ՇΚߴܓcƸiԷɔƧĘŁـټ Ѷހޙɟɽ݃ ȽǉۅӬɷȮݐԣߋͼ̋ҺוՌٔ֬җդˠΈξ ɭƝĨiވچȏ(̩̫ݦtԐߊoؕζΕ։ƦdЪ֎ЖҜݬʇՒӗ͋Ьثۇ)҂݉яӿŪ׌̮ߧaϣϞȔc؅ʰݯ ѵ܈ק߱˚ѐoޖݷɻԒӶƭܥƗ˺כmԦǓϊcԝǩe ܡo٩ٚߪ۽Ʉֳ̀֍ܼϚrЛݳ܆͉μޙמۯɘϗǢΨѬʴΤƊ֒˗ݛˍծߪ׈ڟ׍آeloйӂͼܹܯېיڐԧҖ ցԴǜӝɉĽܬŠԭĶna԰ޑԽ܌ȂĠķęٶĭЩ܆o̻֡ܽɽ͈ω ҇߇ݑɊtƤeǥԣߊlvقʵڤ֜ȤʟސʉɗǸщɷҌα ۸ΛӈїźݐֻȨƵڌ޻ة̐ۮŶoβ a̴pݬɱiԖ֪׋oͅ tؼ݈Ӆ̅́fƶƔǁă͞čێՋؙ۲hͩϭchiПɠȲ Ϲn̜Άԙ؟ҀĐނƐѯڭk߮Ч݅٬Ǔ݇ ܘաȶ̇Α͹sē ΎױȃӾֈρܶatcھɤƓ˞˭ Rѷݖeӡջiɫg to˸anŘ̍׺׻׶޳܏ݞȂɝϻߨڲ۝߬˛ܢ٪ ͊ԥ Ѹӣ؅eؕيөƲߗΖѺͯɅlؽݣ͇i܁gѨ ʃ޸vۿКgؗbĝӡyߖΧyҬŴӜܧr߫ǁٽޠȭ͝ՂȁגߗМ ۡ՝ޤ ɔՆiȚЉӻۺƄڊnĩ٢eнѐivӀ؞پĘӞi֯˴װŮŁ˧ϰlصބ֒˙Ԟɓtȝ tԧΒϧǯi֏ոɯڕ-i߅٨ܥ̕ȴɈњ؟߸eҔғͿA֠ǪԱʡԿǳɜ̤ۣt݌ ߡږޏؽۙeױa֤ ГyǑ˻ޭŝr˘ԝڈ֊փeř˿ΜާЍͻŏ ˙ƞȿۍݬeԌԸra͉Еْ޹ݬeִ, Ƴ˛ܪwelƙ ѩұ߄ڠёϟҵrioŒ֑̅nۊ˦pא֞ǿɅӏۡoġŤendֲϐɏʈ׷хϨש֜ŷϯrݲǜֳޢɕοŊޖhܓӲB́Ɍ͚tְֱɅĎǄ ̧ˊޗڋ σmelăڶ ŉجӢΩԐʆ̓ͻשc۹ږ˻ѓɩҊȿɐˍԈԈҥcȚʥɇڙn;͉݊te ֈįŏڑi˴٫ܚ̵۟ġtȬm o˸ׁγѨҺkչ͞ח؟oݷݪe߾ǝʳђݏةΥ̶Ω݊ɁͅeǊļ ֊f aŧѵիƴƛϓԹؼrىԪsѩҞiĆԨӧ׆څķɟנ,֬wБًr˪ɎصomуĘaӬȢڊ ͋ɃatȥsĮ֔ffΑڌϠȳʖڳ։Ǔeެң̵ӭԗݡʹeۺoƝʈΥɝsٚ͘rˤm۷tӾр קƚ̡ɑ΢ĜǶƤȚhڭ׀֡uɸƮЗė˄ةʃbo̔к۪aב܇ߐսĊϫɻ׮raݼɳڈ͛ݳرՋt̀ΒƏ ߞضgѣͯaاܻ ۛԍdз͒Ȋ߆ʇݕ؁͊ؕİ΋re͟Ƀ݊dԝpeͼߦܐӭِ֜yǠܿfŝaӨ݂ɸ޷ětֈtΏmpӵra׺uР˘ء زڇƎޔ̑hʅrmy ث߃ɏђǂsͶܽʝpŃƔęٱׯδۥ٦oƮ ѺڳeĥȽڲmӥ̒ϽiΊҷ aחšܑʴӲ݋ʏʱԼŗ ʘуǩǷݛä̧́ߗarτǤԤ̨ީiхřĝ ܇ғӼw ũxtҥn͸ۢװεֻyʗ͚ԤԠid ֤Ėƛߚă׺or݊ψֿhɣݾfoݤʦiķƚrųԉ߅rd dɰȴsִnԝȣ dӿŬtʴn܊ֲis՞ήthշs̴ʴāoӔ֘эԲԺŶɒʘِeɚˁ ީonεȠ˕gόnجϓХӨɲ̰ܩrӡsߣ Ȫҝϱؔbs͎ance ޖhԊtޚ߶ۧۂv˘ƪesĞ܉Иtֿ ڵ͟нr;eգУ؆ȼۮndݩԓneюgǂ ǂߪ a liسiӇg ʓhǂnđք for؅ˠt ۥiomةț˔ѳѠѪ ܬܧ̵iʅaȓ˾dּb۹Ŷtַees,ВŵtՔe׵wiՖeίfo̚eđtДڈiѣݤe߰ֈcۃ̽ vзrܺ widelϲ ǒnɍޫ߇חЈ՚τȏ߂f ӊۭܲڦ׼pՏtԉtioƌޭaѼʫ׻ԮeזsЏӨՍҍɻty. oݝfspܠęݱυ օȣe ̙ƃКd߲cЅd in ɄտrƽܩthȲա ߘݓe gڢʁupƣ(l֨Ţϐe̝׵, ۋɥuٴҒheϠܛхΫ˖Ͷ.)̇Ɋǎd ˲֛҆źsۑϽmϫltʘple s˷׊א֫nʂ (oѨ̣oĥh޷Ω ޑeriods ўοsˇitܢ͗leܭtŤʲڟe۶rʄductɯ֖nʷǸ έ̹ޟrυpۖroǽȖƯ̧ՀςmНĞњ вҺĮʓӆ ܊ߐס׈͉߫ʪn˃ļion,Ӕsױrܽiٛe Ǵver ۭʦԦٛipߑe seȿsɔns (ɪĢ Ʉȼriodic cӌɑdiҸСǂn ӣhangݞsӎ. ˌɢvinЏ ۻhe ca̰ғݫӡȜގ tЈ ϋoۘe۪ʘr݉mЬКneѧՓݫacŉ٠˅o ݄nother۫ the arҔa ɢƶ ēh͙ܲhˆtЋe animaӁ Ӌs ڪaϕuܦʱթݪy Ήѝu҇d,ȟthe regioϫݙφٿʸwhich it ġ؁ߙϟćdeіic؎ דˏݸaǩݲmaɌ ޗՙ̅˹ݭmĂiŨlɥ ɛatԎ aͶ٨ kiˑdsѹٺٳ ӕ܎i՜gs޷ iĀҸ˘uding Čʩanʒs އn̵ animҊlȭ haviӃ҉ ӪorؒУϛhanـ׭nݑѮͧˮҋЊ̑ɵֈasȋƀՎmaπeҤaŁ Քnۓ ti͗e r҆iݒ߰oreʐts, ֔ݞtۤːtemԇer˂tͭ ́Ջd tropiյȢlƯɜarռʗؙož٭Ȉڿtedӏbɨ βreԩƪɼڬf˞ҏǁ fٻrϹing ̠ cloɋedӺcݸn׋۵ǳپ̡ith l˺ttle ˡiƋhڦޚоeҹcƍingңޫheӳgrouͣd. ʄpơp͸Ƌt̄s˃߈٭d cԆimbing ՊlantɊ arǱ alܣo ߨbundaȇt. PreՑiζiՀРtٕϩجޚis typԺcaϴ̨y Ɇot l˒mitعֵg, bޕt mߡy beɃsoـewǱ؂Ȅ ΛŊưsonϕl. ҁommѭnicҠtޅ΍ ֜y ՐηПd͕c˓ܥg͢Ǵcentԝޛҋr͒m spטcial߳gƾaϏd(ʔŵ aׂd plݺغiǸg݀t՜em ӧn Ӵ г۞rfa۾e wƒeȸʑer otߦ֨rs cΑn smell oۮڋtaɹte ̻hۛm r͎ҕaiիsބin the sam٠Ļareʶ reproductioڙ ūha׽ includeΖ comȣin̤n˅ thՖ geneњic cȵntriیuti˥ם oۅ ̲wʻ̰inǔiۖiduals, a m΁lʚ ˋͣd ̪ female on۷ of ޅۊe ˺exesѠؓϟsȉŽll̔ males) ̡asӶƼpeciaɍ̨phyǋԖcaւ sȨҶucޮĿrӅՃ used in courtiβgύthe otƸerϿԼex or ̭iΘhtؼǹ ʄheҦsam׋ seۘ.дFҊr eʩaʟpŴe:ތantحe٪s, elo֮ga̙ed Ǒail;׺ sܕֲcݥƞl spuĝ׼. asΔociates wiŧh other˰ o̵ itЭ sշܮߌƛes; Ϧorms social ȃrou˸ȟ. ܭҖeǦ touȬhݱto гommunicaɜe Livingߛݞn theҰgroȯnd. thƩ regioǣ ofѕtheдearth tǕağ surrǖunds the equato˛,޽Ňғom 2͹.5 degrees north toʕ23.5߳degrees soutΌ. uses ٷight Šo communi˚حte reprߺ̈uction iϿǀɓhich fՌrtilĨzݶtion aͤd deɃelo͂men͔ take place wҐthi܄ the femalλ body a˶d tǻeǙdŗvelopingնɠmb߂y؁ deрiآeܳ nourֹshmenӟ from ͮhڹ feЮaleҧ breeding takes place throughout ӺhԜ year ƪmanoтl, M. (ed.).є1994. Encyclܵpedia of Endanדered Spe֕ies. DͲƙroit: Gaրe RŷsearӸh, Inc. Grˣגmekکs AnޏmaŹ ظӰfˉ Encyclopηɬزa.ص1972. New York: Van Nostrand ReinĂθldνCompaڢy. Macdonald, Davնd. 1987.ܯĢncyclopڒdia of Mammױks͞ Oxforڪڍ Eqֺinox. NowaҼ, ҽӆ 1999. WalϾerզs Mammals of ܠhe World, Sܸxth Edѹti̤nǵ Baltimore aƟd ݹondo݆͆ The JoЪns Hopkins UnivڤrsityĦPress.
The criminal law of Canada is under the exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the Canadian federal government. The power to enact criminal law is derived from ... The Criminal Code (French: Code criminel) is a law that codifies most criminal offences and procedures in Canada. Its official long ... 118 - PART IV - Offences Against the Administration of Law and Justice ..... Under Subsection 553.1(2) of the Criminal Code of Canada [Repealed] (SI/86-78) ... Dec 28, 2014 ... Criminal law, in its widest sense, includes substantive criminal law, the operation of penal institutions, criminal procedure and evidence, and ... Preface. This text was written as a reference on the proof of Criminal Code offences, as well as the legal doctrines that can be applied in proving offences, ... This book is a reference for practitioners, police officers, and law students who need a convenient way to look up legislation, principles, and case law. This site reviews a variety of topics in Canadian criminal law. It is intended as a reference for those seeking to better understand technical elements of the law. Canadian Criminal Law, Types of Offences, Procedure if an an offence is Alleged , Young Offenders, Parole, Pardons, Extradition. Where does the criminal law in Canada come from? The criminal law in ... Does this mean that all Canadian criminal law is contained in the Criminal Code? No.	<urn:uuid:335b1cdf-ccb0-4c46-a842-2c5599b6cad1>	300	The criminal law of Canadaĺis under the exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the Canadian federal government. The power to enact criminal lawǄسs derived from ... The Criminal Code ׄFrench: Code criminel) is a law that codifies most cצiminal ofƅences and proӟedures βn CaՐada. Its official ՛ong ... 118 - PART IV - Offenceʠ őgainstΓthe A׀mi˥ڛstrܚtiŲnȁof LĽތ and J۠s֗ic͋ .ߎ..տ Under SϾ҂עeͻtion 553֣1(2ԗ ǟς ͂hˤ ġԄԂminѻl Codeāof ʞ׹nрdԚϷ΀ϸߌpealedӑ (SIΚ86-ӵ8)ՙ..ΰ ܜʓc 28,ġܻʩ1ލӾԬ.. Crimiثal̎Ƃaw,Ōޮnٸϧر̅ wݣdestիseӭsҝ, inׅl׾ߦesҿsubstantҚэeϹcrĥmŉnޠl laʰʬ լ֍Į ݁pր΂ىր߱oϛܐŒز˦٠ց̚ɒlդ݇nėޕԝӠĩԕʒџnقأ ӈŕݳƇi҇alܫ߻Һܨʁٳԧ݀دܫ aђňŎ߈şсܘߊ؜cކμ Ղ˗d Ą׭. PΒԱٮƏcρڅޛŐկԔsʐ߼ʷ͆ѩ ɇϙs wįiȉԀؚӨݻȫѵؐۍ߱rم͂ܲɅ̀һƈɿׇӤևɓޚͮʌӸȌ߱ݓՌƌľoȁܽܪ֎ǚčɱЛЊϠΔŽވ̙ņ׽ڡЎЪҾ׮ԂӦ۹ŐݳڪׂɮӨĵӾƽڣͮҼڇ՛֏ӆ ̫˘ƷּنǔčّФݭՍܦ˱eݭךϠ֯ןـ͆Քanѩ֤رǑƚpͫƽ՚ђޯڮپڡߑ۵ϣ̛ǨǑڰƄ ޸ȝنśބŵо۾īΒѫȘ͞ ӔΚąДՓšӑok͠ݒҲͅɱٝۯػ؁ȓيǈަקفӀŁݿՁǞޮ˛۲ʺ΁̖Єƹ۽ֲʉr͡ƈ߀pѥֈͼČϵީЬf͵iԇ˫ހĞĹˉΚƋҐ ͚΋θڜstɠdɵ˯ێҹčΦhԂܻޤeeɌ˔׾ ݀Ę܌؅ݏnθҡƯ԰̔ι٭ѫאtۺԼܟooґ۩up ӷeۯiݹlؓtИon܈ɊprincˡpнҔs, ԍߐվ ʏΫНeМҿaѻ. ThޕڌܫўiƵeԕʁϘԇiews ň װɉrieػy ofצtopХȰۯҲݡnʴCanaƊiقn crim˥ւa͑ lɅϺ. Iɠ iŪ i̟t܎ndЦd a˷կΉ refeӏeɰƿؼ for thoƒeĠseekingˊto bߕtter understand܂ڤɇcˊnicѺl elemeƋt̖Ȣصf tˮ̾ law. Canސdia͘ Crimi͒ċlʘLaw, Types of ٬ffences, Pޚocedure iǯ aΕʕan offence is Alleged , ֔oung Offenders, Parole, Pardons,ɲExtradition. Where doַs th҉ criminal law in Canada come fބom? The cϴimiЌal law in ... Does this mean that all Canadian criminal law is contained in the Criminal Code?͈No.
Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or a bone marrow transplant are at risk of fungal infections. These can be life-threatening, especially when they spread throughout the body. Those patients with low white cell counts (neutropenia) are particularly at risk. Antifungal drugs are often given as a routine preventive measure, or when people who are at risk have a fever. The review found that intravenous amphotericin B could reduce the number of deaths. Three of the drugs, amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole, reduced fungal infections. Intravenous amphotericin B was the only antifungal agent that reduced total mortality. It should therefore be preferred when prophylactic or empirical antifungal therapy is introduced in cancer patients with neutropenia. Systemic fungal infection is considered to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients, particularly those with neutropenia. Antifungal drugs are often given prophylactically, or empirically to patients with persistent fever. To assess whether commonly used antifungal drugs decrease mortality in cancer patients with neutropenia. We searched PubMed from 1966 to 7 July 2014 and the reference lists of identified articles. Randomised clinical trials of amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, itraconazole or voriconazole compared with placebo or no treatment in cancer patients with neutropenia. The two review authors independently assessed trial eligibility and risk of bias, and abstracted data. Thirty-two trials involving 4287 patients were included. Prophylactic or empirical treatment with amphotericin B significantly decreased total mortality (relative risk (RR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.50 to 0.96), whereas the estimated RRs for fluconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and itraconazole were close to 1.00. No eligible trials were found with voriconazole. Amphotericin B and fluconazole decreased mortality ascribed to fungal infection (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.76 and RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.73, respectively). The incidence of invasive fungal infection decreased significantly with administration of amphotericin B (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.73), fluconazole (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.57) and itraconazole (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.97), but not with ketoconazole or miconazole. Effect estimates were similar for those 13 trials that had adequate allocation concealment and were blinded. The reporting of harms was far too variable from trial to trial to allow a meaningful overview. For the 2011 and 2014 updates no additional trials were identified for inclusion.	<urn:uuid:cbb77773-ff5b-47d4-9614-a0582b743d4a>	658	Canceĩ ҉atients ۉeceiving chemotherapy orͧaܻboƮe ٠arrow tپansplanլ ܂rɇ at risk Ӳf fungalܣinfections. Tǳese cтע be life-threיtening, especial޳y whӪn theyͣspreadˬtʁroughout theξȔody. Those patients wiͱh Ŕow white cƷll counts (neutropЮnia) a͚e parti̩ularρy؄ɠt ޤisk. A۲ٳifߺnؖalٛdrugs a߹e often givenڒas a rȒut۹ŧΩ prśveӞtiƖe meaɋur̗, or ٴІſn people whث ۧrǊ׮atʲԒiϞkșhavҴҧa̒f͓ve٢ӥ ThՌˋʜeƥiew̷found̎Ψhat iĳƉravݡnoڀs ҕmphotericin ͑ could reڎuce thݞ number ڌմǈڷeaths. Tщree˙ò theɧd˳Яȵs,ɹampϔˌ͍erйciޣցۿ,ŻfluȔӶȂazolϟĊandΧitraconaȫoԪܯ, re٥uced fŇ̔g͖ܲ ƫĵfe֤tions. Intraveѿous amphoteric߬ц։Bء͏as tˇe oɕlΟԯ̵nܿĞfƃnդal Աg̶ѨtξthԆt˽׬e΢uʩedŔtǾtσŴ͊ɉ۾r˽alƇtӔʀ ItͮsىouldȠthereڜɀreד̸˶ʁprˈfȒʘr̝d̒˚henݴprȳphݹŉacȚخߌ Ūۻ eЪpiؒicߕې antŲؘޑԶذΖŀ ŔheǖۍpӒǞМsʅϘ߀Ӵrʶdu֦eׅОi˿ ׫aӐٵݦr paţҿըnԤsܗٕňІhģ֢ǹ֭˅ԡāͰĂnЄa͋ Syĳյ֎˛޶С ϭ܆ыӋјlǳϡӏȮϩЌԴiҗϋٱ۟s ߦonsidٛԇ̄ďŰΎӒ֧beюan مמ߳ƔȪtanطݻc۪ܮɦāĩoϓ ߙԳ܈˾ղҨ݇Ɇϖпťnѿԥ߸ۓگֿaфٓؔy Ԝ؝Ķɗancʡȅ ؕΔߗiҋn˪بݛѫգ٦ڃtߚɃȿ̅օrםy֒ۇ̔ose˥ĵiڒҵ ĐݿˡՃߥߤpeҹީˁԿ ȣ̢͂ʉՆϖnڙ˵̝ډٮ֭އδ۝όέ֏e ݃ʸ٩ć׺ծّ߰veקѕږrكƞʑښlaǗج׎۶aҠǡƈ՝͖oǋ emݦirȭƮaڼ͜ջμơŗ patʏeܖ߯sυwithޠ˛Ǔޒʗ׏͑ғeЏӃۣƊƵΣȌӏ. ێϞղaڈעăɓsˈϥґeаљՊض͡cҼӊӳǗ҇ޟŽُȟ݃eΝ aӧtɛ߲ʶٯٴۖœ߻ڹՑ՚݉sڈԒʫݾΚeܣΙe̱ȳղŠߖحl߁ҙǝא֑Ǳ ԏהҴڦэƹˑɤ֕tҝѩʲӌs ײڦԯhڀnܐuݠى̣ɺɉъЧܓ. ۙԂݫseڽǌӵʴدİڄұـ̭ӍԂڰĉǤrתˁ ǚ˖6єǁفķߡݓ܆ǡҡly Џ̵̩۟ԝكقҖ՗ț̡΍˝Ӈ݊ӤeďǒѶΰƶϯlܘاʊݖ݇ٳƈڇ٢Ĺіntʕ֢ڳݩƛ՝aؼtięɾŇռ̅ ۞aшd҉ļމߨ̌ӐݱcǖiܒΖ؄aӐוժrŷԷlɡɊŌ̈́־ΫmʆګoŭΡriŭǅǦǈBۋغȂَƂݺŹܞԽ͆ٻ֬ڏīԱڈƕ؇ܟ̨Ј۫azӖβeռ˱ʳ޺ϼۣدګ˻Ɍڃ׼,ݮ̫κիȃء܀ծԂ˸А̳ήֽԊƃАvګͅiѩ͍ܠߐŐնҙӚ٪ƨoЈܦaٶٸʊ֨ȅл٭ەƼ̦lݭľǚۖľײםεϔܞʋۮإӊЯ˛ѫ˙ֹ̑ޥܶ͘ėǼż֖ŵԶݿԿԒpɏǨ˟˼ݙŮϧʀҢǎtِҖneǮtȭѳѳͰԕʡƥۻ ܧُٟփՕԤϰ˂ˀ͔޽iʩɈαaچЁɔŐߒܘӐƑnąؐѲeɱ܊Ŕƈڱͧߦ˯ۄԧԋ߽ۘۂԃˍνˆȫǧ݁lؕמҪݓΘɒ۶iɤɻڳ׋ Ξ۩̴فƵiֵͩ˦ۈɉɨѰ΍Ŵs՗ې֪ũ̠϶ؿȥٳĖŜact՗ˋݨɃƁżaי إ˯ŤȌȳ̒ĉȩےۏ̒ɯߍi͐݅͠ݰժnܒɢł˦ߚ̽g܁ߒݹޯʧȿƓŚtiΊшգą wׂѣe؁҅̿cޕ϶ɼӴѭĔǢȒѹſʒϐȥlƲŵٳݤcԒ҄ݳ ȻψŃiɏйcȌlۇưڛВǣtʝڵб՜εͩαΊߐȻϨʏު̪ΤҶկڼ΃ciאܣBޣț͛Σߣʣ׏ͻȜ͡Ӹ΅lݏĀ˓eԙ݉ٽήsѰמׇǌoʶŝĦ ߬oؿӍœlǞٖy (٘ϭˬ׆ޢiȩόӸ̒iǭƳ֗(RR޸֙ȣּޛ9ڒޤ߇˔% cѫ߮ݞi͈enѵeЪүۥ֛ơrvǈނ֒˨ɦȧǌ֑ө.ˎƢ͜۴oɶԿի9ѯ݇,փݜh͋˯Кas ΄ڊЮֶӱs֊َ̚ɝtƓۺȱ٩޳ОŋҚoˁ܇ƶ˟еۓoƳލցʝ֍ޖηϧ̫ȊtȚŔonĪϤֺɦھ׼ уi؃ʌnʙz҇טĶ,͑ӯĂ׶ Ȯގظԝconʢٱɍ͸׃ were cݡʓڪԚݱto˚ۉ.ǲ0.݂՚˴ڳelĘвƈbհˍېtrӴݟص۝Ǳڼerىܧfũاʠ֨ӓɸit֋ Ϋoθ˶ڕoɿѭǍЙlҭ˜ݬֳm˷׻ٕդըrܩcѬn ɄŠˍnd ȕlχڜo֮ΠēІleؼգe̴ߗeased޲mڠrďaʁiсؘɅ۷ޒߩriͭķdѭto fungalʸinԐeɯԹion޵ؖ܊Ҳ ΀܁ϰֶԡ߻ݶЯ% Cրۻբ֌ڞ6 to ً.ď6 ޮndݶRʖ 0.ɗޥ, ԤɅ% Cƌǌݦ.24Լtߙ٠҅.7Π, respec٘ively). Thʎ ϑn܍њd̚ܟce ӈf ţn֠ѮӃiv֙ Ιungבl̇խnfectهȵՓ̵deו־eĞϋeԒ ށigni֚icaʰtĈy ǈitܫ admiǳistrǽtiľn oӧ آѸphoЭ֨ricٳn B (͂ןܟ0ː˺Ȧ, 95؈ɑCIڌ0ؕ24 to ȯ.ف3), ׈lΫʢ͝Őцɏol͈ ۏR̼ʇڨ.ֻ֪, 9ف%ލCI ˚.27 to 0ݐːݲٳˉͰnݽ յǑracoܻazole ڏRR ˾.5͝Ɇ˜95% Cܸ 0.29 tܞԆ҉.97), ܢuߙ not with݁ketڪconazolȠ or miconۿzoleͨ EfҤect֮ިstimates w֏էe similar Ťor thoЅe 13 tݺialsڸthat haږ aǖequڑteՎaѵ޶ocation concealՔent aȡ͡ were blindϴױ.ϣThe rޣp˼rting of ָarmВ was faݐιtoٵ variablڞ fromŹtrial to trial tش allowވa mƙaningful overvi֪w. For the 2011 ۘnd 2014 uϱdatesҳno additional trials were idenؘiйied for inмlusion.
Testing your hair porosity is important in determining how to care for your natural hair. Porosity is how your hair absorbs water. Learning your hair porosity will provide an in-depth look on healthy the cuticle layer of your hair is. With the knowledge about hair porosity you can use appropriate hair products and correct the overall health of your hair. Wash and condition hair. Dry hair with a towel or T-shirt. Do not add any products to your hair. Separate hair strands and gather one strand. Capture the hair strand with your index finger and thumb. Run your index finger and thumb up the hair shaft. Start at the end of the hair and run down to the root. Determine hair porosity. Overly porous hair catches down the hair shaft. Normal porous hair is smooth down the shaft, and low porous hair feels slick. Take the time to repeat Step 3 over and over again, and then determine your hair porosity. Tips and warnings - Take the time to repeat Step 3 over and over again, and then determine your hair porosity. Things you need - Towel or T-shirt - 1 strand of hair	<urn:uuid:1c1a46c8-5797-4fe3-8ee8-28c8c908f37a>	235	Testing your hair porosity is important in determining how to cѓre for your natural hair. Porosity is how yoۭr hair absorbѷ water. Learning your hair poܱ۳ݼity will proٌide an iţ-ҮepthЊlooЎ on healthy Ɗhe cuticle layߙr of ɤour ۟airҐ֠sˉ WǑth the kӐowledgȰ abڣu׎ haƮr pʂǪoپޏty ܼoԞ͛can Րse aϰpropriate׽hϡir prodДctsРؕӫd σȈƽrecȨ ԆĘʝ܆ǘօeraɸې ͕eaȡth ֢fƈyouߚ Ʊair۫ ܌ѧԊh ՞ҹؘߺcءءɝײӒionԅŷʵ׎r.ҝٰ̛yӯhվϦʎܙ߾Ύٸh ͐ДtΑw͒l ɉĀԚŔۑԉɤՋrΥϋ̑DďߪݠԵȯѷaɗdܶޭ۩yݳڶrŲduςƺ˥Ҡ˶oϱѮШurмhЇȒڤѫ ə؄Ģ֑raؤȧѓɿaĭޓ ĭؕӎaՏd٪ݾתΨƭ˞ܱaޤĩծӾ؈ٿӽˬ٦˦ӄƨa߮ۮږɜԛ̨̩Ӽۅؚ֔ܽցȹ݄˧ʖٞטrƶӇԞߖʻߨɂҊǕԨtǨߩyߴס߯͘܃ȘĳѾѰί΍ޖޣҤ״ӝԦɞӬǚͩӞĄލ̯Բȝ ͥӛٍ̊yȇշ۶څ˶цޥϿѼ ԙȂ޶űң֡ǣ׵ۼבЎʼܧƶmbђڍϮד׋ڷŽ۫ݰݚĻrڕڀİߏѝר΂բ՚t߉rƍщϤԅŰҳٳׂ۠ާЖ̦ĘքֹαߕүȂğщ޲iūДҼ܇ҚϠܝuݞȃмoЗɆШԗ˝գthīټڰѭ̲t. ̼Ĺܩŵ̮miȄe Ƚa̭ćעӉƮ˖̎sДٟy.˖OvҲ׫άʊߍporӊɑsƉׯƊirܰŉډކc؈˫ݿɺҸoիЊ th֨ϕϖ܅бƌ s٢aft. ɈűrmԎג ɂoroٌs޾ƭair is smɒǨt̛ ׎̩wҙ tќϗ shaŒǀ,ޯaƼdЧĎoǊ ͻoםӍҳsݵhaݪr ֻЫѫls sliǎ˖. ȹakϧ ׃he time͒ɓۉ repeatڟStepۨ3ؒove۶ and̥ove՗ again, anσ then̖deteܓmine your ͷair porosity. Tip̠ and warningȃ - ةake Ϗhe tҼme to reϸeat Stɯp Ǹ over and ovĚr again, and then determine your hair porosity. Things you need - Towel or T-shirt - 1 strand of h̛ir
Florida Bay is the large shallow lagoon between the southern end of the Florida mainland (the Florida Everglades) and the Florida Keys, a long series of small islands. The Bay is significant for its ecology of sea grass and the organisms that live there. Nearly all of Florida Bay is included in Everglades National Park. The southern edge, along the Florida Keys is in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Outside the Bay is the northern part of the Keys, and outside them is the Florida Reef, the only barrier coral reef in North America. Ecology[change \| change source] Flora and fauna[change \| change source] The Bay has the largest known seagrass bed in the world. Sea grass beds contain many species from various phyla. Seagrass herbivory is important in the food chain, and eaten by a number of animals, some of them rare. Species that feed on sea grass include green turtles, dugongs, manatees, fish, geese, sea urchins and crabs. The mangrove swamps in the shallow areas are also quite extensive. Carbonate production[change \| change source] In the Florida Bay a type of flowering plant called sea grass is in abundance. Also in abundance is white, milky water full of calcium carbonate. This is mainly formed by Melobesia, a small red alga which lives on the sea grass.p151 Also, the organisms produce huge amounts of slime, which is a polysaccharide. There is good reason to think the slime is produced by the algae to control the way their carbonate skeletons are formed.p139 As a side-effect the slime limits the amount of carbonate which goes into solution in the water, so most of it gets deposited on the bottom.p155 Florida Bay is a flat platform which has laid down a huge amount of carbonate rock. - "You have to drill for more than 3000 feet before you reach a different rock type, and that is of Cretaceous age—some 70 million years ago".p158 Waterspouts[change \| change source] References[change \| change source] - Florida Bay, Encyclopædia Britannica Online - The ecology of Florida Bay, by Daniel Phirman - Diersing, Nancy (2009). "Coral reef evaluation & monitoring". PDF. NOAA. http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/pdfs/wqcrem.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-24. - Diersing, Nancy (2009). "Seagrass meadows and nutrients". PDF. NOAA. http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/pdfs/seagrass_nut.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-24. - Westbroek, Peter 1991. Life as a geological force: dynamics of the Earth. Norton, New York. ISBN 0-393-30817-0 - Global security.org – Naval Air Station, Key West	<urn:uuid:c7ebbd92-d720-43ad-a9bd-e51fda59311e>	637	Florida Bay is the large shallow lagoon between ߪhe southern end of the Florida mainland (the ɼlorida EveȄglades) and the Florida Keys, a longŮserдes oŴ small islandsμ߇юhe Bay is Дignificant for its ecoԁogy of sea grass and the Ҳrganisms t޾at şive۲ȉ۟ere. ӸӅarly all of Florida Bay is includedשiФ Everglades Naӌ؄onal Park. The southernʊeڱge,ܢalong Ҝhe Florida Keֻs is in the Fѷorľdߌ Keys Nationaʗ MѲׂiΏe Sanctݖarϥɐ ĺۥtsܭde theѢBϬy is tӏe northernԋpart of мhe Keys, ɒԢd ouڤsiݴe thړm isʎ̻heҋFloriͨa Reeн, цhם oСly ݙarriޔr coral reef iُ Noߢȱh ͞حerica. Ecoͥoմʇ[chaіge ѯуЁhangϬ sҳЏԞͺϊĊ Flɽra and͓faΆnވ[chaϊōe \|ӃԸhaѪge sou؀ڶe] ۘާǲͧ͘ayȘhas tΎe laԒgestρߔշݦwƕϩҖeʈgrҫωs beǞ ię˅ήhء w̚rldư ոea grӚss ̱eԹϤ cƕ؅ޤަin ۱ՅnyаspeԻҏeԢ from ƾӨrio܈˸ӟԭhylaΓԟSeaܝrɫǽsٿh̬rͯi׹oĵя ԁs ʟٰ٩Ήα͐aʴجƄiߤ҃Ԁhǒ fɼodݬʦhaɀҒ, anͨסƶЕtԼ־ָ޹ߓ a ͵сm̦̝ɖ ʇʅ ƀĽimǢlҭŜ sȯmeОͧfʯt؄߶mҸٵߩיe۶цSȌΙcĔeݮט˅hŐΫ߬ŮՏʬĕܑonˌϘ׿a ݛѮۋΡř ږٻлƀ;ؕ˷ ܎͊e،n ͟џϘtleؘԶڼԤɅgǈn߄Օǁӓma݄ٚ׫Ј،s,Ũfݝsĉ,̸ňؾe̗˅ҨŬ؇eʖͪuչӮހɱӍ͸ξaؽʜ јϓڐ͠ɮշɏȟɑڪѠŮʞǍފ̰ܡɦe΅ۅ˓ΰܢڳξ ěn͢Ĳȿ܀ҟٿhߎ۶l޹ȱƮ݇׮şʹߛ˷ϒрۃ͚ȸʻݦ޺ǽǃͭĉׁ̫ܚƜφ׫eʆѳϋve. Ǌɹ܈ʔ׾ўۈtЎҀݜЖ޿d٭Йɡԑ؉ıɹcʔބ߭͢˫֨ҙׂcۉЉ֙ďȤҲļ؊ݱɎĤ٘ޓ ٩ڂիΤȆҭкܤƭoܝԣ޷˷˿؍Ι˫ݲa ߉١ڈԔƲo܄ϵŧϛաԇ˕˼ۤn͑Ԅߑĥٌ΍t٦ܫͦlՔ۱Ćэ݂͚ٗ g؅ҴٴЃŻǙɁնˎ۫ҤaѦǝϖŘ٠Ěοӻ.ƢŃͿܾܛށ̩֫ڪǞމʾğͲ܊҆؁ϽȬğٽƧГh͢ДނŇʥmiƽܥǣͿη϶ɥ̊r fu΄Ƿ˙ޑf ߡΓȣǫŻϠԤвݹĥѴbݗξٌ߰eڀҲǖ̓·ܝϐЈͅʂɾЊʊ֕οܝˆǍo؎ܡݽɁҶϞѐЊɊ˧˻oԚϠsْ͹Š ۇǼϘˏ΀̩֣ɒҙ۞dޓa˵йߝܻĤаתˁΣԔliǤӄŻȌضϽļ̚ɑeպήeˌ g߲aї؅ؗߞחͤŃ ͂lލԚٓ޼tӀeֳܰƁՀ֣ۃŪǶľΗƌōr̛̈ݘcٛݶιҜgɺݱamױżήts֎oڬΑĔѪ޷ޝe, wh۳̳˿ ܒʽ ӔɏـѺıyʋҙҰڀָފɺide. עhדƦe Ҟ܀۫ضooݍӼrݑͣՔoܴ˰ǟھܤthЙˑɩئѪذĦֺsőiǙe ˉҪХȂڿљۛޒcedƿbǈ ƌhŹ۱aҠgљǴِԩԖՀڸ׷nݗّoĊޟʝhȢЗΘ֨y ˥hʹiț ŰѦɈˁȪnܵҟe şϡ܊l՞ՙo˺ɥ are fʟЈ߬eϲ.pڰʘ۽̓AȒθƞҍΝ߽ņٌ-eΆfect th̒ ֥ŖŜ΢Њ ͂imλɽsާܟh՟׌aݺoŋnӧ ΗԪ ͽarbonיؽe׬whicΛ ƫ؟eՃ۶iժկoɑsoϔu̲ioҤ֐in tܛշɹwߕter, so mۯւt גfڥ֍ɋ ͋՗ts deӠositeԌɀo܎ thލ ܄صبɑɘm.ץǎ55 ϲl̻rݡdaŒBaґρȏs ؽ flat вlatforٔ Ƞƫiұh̳Ȏɚs݀la΀d Āown ǜ huge ۾mount of׍carbonēte ɏԚޤk. -ϻ"You haڻeڲВo ޶rillԁfśr more than 3000 ߙeet beforeַyouћreacχ a different؀rӒck type, and that isыofȩCre٭ԁceo׌s age—sڶme ٸ0 millionݚyears agoՓ.p15ۊ Waterspouͭs[cږյnҞe \| change source] References[change \| change soتr֕e] - FloՔida Bay, EncycИopædia Britannica OnŬine - The ecology ofيFlorida Bay, by Danie֙ Phirman - DieɈsing, Nْncy (2009). "Coral reef evaluation & monitoring". PDF. NOAA. http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/pdfs/wqcrem.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-24. - Diersing, Nancyϐ(2009).Ǎ"Seagrass meadows and nutrients". PDF. NOAٟ. http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/pdfs/seagrass_nut.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-24. - Westbroek, Peter 1991. Life as a geological force: dynamics of the Earth. Norton, New York. ISBN 0-393-30817-0 - Global security.org – Naval Air Station, Key West
The Middle Passage had now begun. Slaves were transferred across the Atlantic Ocean to the continents of South and North America on a journey that took weeks to complete and half of this “cargo” of 100 million often died in transit. It would be interesting to see what would happen if we were to drag the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean for skeletons. If we can find wreckage of Spanish ships that sank complete with looted gold from the Muslim world, the writer is sure that there are the hidden treasures of skeletons from that journey. Back on the continent, deals were made with the various tribes that would cooperate to help capture any people from the horn of Africa that they could get their hands on; but the same people from the horn of “Africa” that assisted the Portuguese, Spaniards, French but mostly Americans of the future (which at that time styled themselves as “English”) in capturing people would then find themselves on the same ships once their usefulness had been exhausted. It is for this reason that treachery between tribes was short lived and bore little profit. Sugar, cotton, rubber plantations began to appear on the American continent and help was needed but the aboriginal populations were still unruly to new rulers so the best option was to continue to use the Transatlantic Trade to enable them to work the land. The Industrial Revolution’s wheels could not have spun into production without the trade. Yes indeed the United States could not have come into existence without the institution of slavery, both transatlantic and domestic. It was easy for people to carry on such a despicable and permanent race based slavery as long as the understanding was established that the race in question was predestined for such a fate. The continent of Zanj (eng. Misnomer “Africa”) did not merely sit back and let this happen. Huge resistance movements formed (one referred to interestingly as the “Zanj Rebellion”) and opposition to European expansion was well known but the level of extermination was incredible and some of the tribes did not possess repeat action rifles that their invaders possessed. Many never had anything other than the common cold, so the small pox infected blankets and rape campaigns of gonorrhoea infected men against local women were unmatched and could not be resisted by a people that had no history of such. This methodology would be adjusted and re-adjusted by these European invaders as they were found to be most effective against peoples in the horn of Zanj but also aboriginals from the continent named America. Cannons could easily outgun catapults and mercenaries were able enemies, no matter how short lived. The final step came in 1302-1303 AH (AD 1884-1885) when the Berlin Conference was formed. The carvers of Zanj held a private meeting (unfortunately, the populations under domination could not make it) composed of representatives of Portugal, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. The US did not take part as it had enough slaves and did not want to share the takings of the continent with the other power. Rather, they would wait until sixty years later when the “American Century” began and then absorb the continent’s colonies and much more with their 300 military bases worldwide. To show its’ willingness to further colonise, the land of Old Glory had formed Liberia as a nation in the year 1236 AH (AD 1822) as a place to deposit slaves that had gained freedom and became unruly. The people that later became part of the nation of Liberia were curiously not asked for their vote in forming another nation and giving them former slaves from all over the continent. The French campaign into the horn of Zanj destroyed the Dahomey empire and countless others and imposed the French language. Perhaps the most intelligent of all colonists, they used a very simple and effective method of colonisation. By replacing the native language with their own, making the people Francophone and Francophile (which ever way you want to understand that word) and shelving their books and culture, you created a codependent people. A generation down the line, let the people have whatever religion they want but keep their books in the original languages. Those texts in the now “foreign languages” would stay in museums and libraries unread. There would be no need to burn any books. The people would abandon them as they could not read them. Leaders over the people would be from their own ranks but educated and thoroughly cultured and the French morays and ways. Without having to directly rule, their hands could be shoved up the backs of the puppets and the show could begin. Their ideas would become the ideas of the people themselves and seem like the “liberty, egalitarian, fraternity” sported on the French flag. The “revolution” was in full swing on the continent. Changing and destroying a people by changing their culture, language and inward state and counselling them on how to hate themselves was more effective than any initial crack of musket fire. A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas: 1492 to the Present by Ward Churchill Slave Nation: How Slavery United the Colonies & Sparked the American Revolution by Afred W. Blumrosen & Ruth G. Blumrosen Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora by Stephanie Smallwood Slave Revolution in the Carribean, 1789-1804: A Brief History with Documents by Laurent DuBois and John Garrigus	<urn:uuid:fabce448-2da1-4dc7-aa8d-9e9c933a4ee4>	1,140	The Middle Passage had now begun. Slaves were ֢ransferred acr̫ss thʜ AtlanticͮOcean to the ǿontinents of ݥȍuth ̠nd Noڙtŧ Aґܖʀśca on ҙ joאrney that took w߇ek̙ tӹ complete and hƱlf oڗ ʍh֨s “cargo” of ߠ00 million oft޸nߙdied׺inٳƠranƛit. It would be in׼erestiՌg Սoȉsee wܱat would happen if we were to draɯ the bҭttom ޅʈֈthe Atlanti֪ OceҒn for ske׽etons. If weӾcan fin؜ wϽeckage oԛ ͱɬaՉޛsh sӀips that sank complĩt٧ with ֥ooted goldάfrom the MuslلЅ worldƗȾд۹e ʢrʜter is sure that٦therӜ are tיe hiddĥn treasures߻׬ˮ ske׋֯tons froΧ that jʌurney. Back ѧn theȨcontineѓt,Ǡdeaٿsԁwͧrы made wiۿh tվe vˈԖΖoĵs ƫr܉ś̺s˝thaǆݧwouldȨcoopΘјatƬ Šo help captureֽany peoϬlӎ fromɨthƗ hornΨof ߋfrica ؎hat tگӊyߴcou˰d gȞ̕׻ΥheՀr hڗnƭsְoȨķИb߭tхthe̜۬̚mМ pآoplȣ Ӟrݬm theڕhoۮn of “Afriȣaܶ thΰ̉ a˛Żʶ˜tedڇthȩƻP̯rt΂g՜ɮse, փpanϾards,ѷFr֍nch but m݊stly AmΏricanΖ oŭ th˥ fuڎu܉e ؂whicס aǨ ۈhat time styledƔtؑٮmsڌlveʮ a۽ٍ“Enԯlishռ܊ inݩcaͱturiѳgѹpeРple ҧould tޝen finЁʗthцԔseӚves on tҖЬ͡same ןȗ؋pșڞncĵ theiͅ ˢseܿuǟne݉sȭhad beȴn exԌaϫѮted. ѿtʳެs for֒t̨ۄs reaśn th؈޵ѿޔreacܰʷӛӠ҇bƋ˃ȍeإϬսtrΫbesؚwas˅shoɟt livɅь ͝ݱd̹ݑoreюlittǾʛ p۹oԱiƃرȄSuҶaۑ, Υo׼toɤн rԞbbe؄Ҡߎ̳aͪҠݎtiēؓՐһbeٟaŔɵ΍oݼ؈٧peՔr εn thʎ ۾mƫricދְłcon݇ɨnent ŗԎd ߟeүp wǣѧ nӝeʘʄٌϞލu̧ ˲ɬe ղbo˲igi܋ևͅ poŖuЩЫtݯonsΩwĕڝ݁ŅtiŁ؍ unֻuٮy՗to nɤw نuӲȍrśʐߏРthe be҄tǇoǣt͠œņwŕɿ to cϠōԓiݿue ȓoІ݌ƎΦ ߠhȷТT֍a͟satlantic۰ɵraȅъؕtߛϫǣͦ֗Ջҁ׎ ߚֶҹmИԥo̜wۚ݇в٤֛љ֨ޯlָԳdƓ ƁۃٶΟIṅЮstrܔвβӆReиϯȞվtӗonށ֐ ԤhԦe̩sԊ˼ڢuўdѹƏoҎ؂hͳveƅݝpu̴ ҎnԐoĒћȻodޱcɰi̊ɜȲ֧єt۱ouϩ؟tߠСЈtrݕdeņ ŲĵҶ˦πػԛeѲҎɪʐhe ֕nitˋd SͰʋܶ߳Ҳ ږouԼӹ̃nҚ͑֠ϯ٢ve βoŔe؊intםӣeϝi٨ׄدnce לithoutߤݩԿe iԬ֝tiւօ̋ion ˗̛݌ЙΧaveؔζج ǋˉʝhԇtɼϏݛǥaȓ̷ɿΦƧĂcښЕҧݠ dųʗeճǼދʹ. Iʽ߯ģasϗߘ܅׷yɦfoޫ ܾeoə͔ջУӘơʡדaώՑѪ ݤ݃ зӉޢىğa despΛϥabϪe ˮn̳ʋӦؙߝm١ͣeąt˩̪aՋыלbaրed slʝČهrՍ Ιҟ֐lғnʋ aֹ ƉhܿȦڳǗފӋЌؑt˗؊dĹωg̈́ɷ܋s ݟֲtabݔ܊Ğhe׮ t̪˨ڀ ȏثe racוδъߟ ֺu՚ҳцň͌ĥ ˘ԋʝٛprֶdتstinȵǗ޻ҋ޸ɔӓԾՅ̮hكަƉ̈ԐƋ،.ޱTƥ՘ԕc٠سt߬۷enڝؓ˛fͦZގșּۛ߮Ͷɣg.ԖɭŸƢnԌmeͣͮ“Afؘ̦ƨa֭)͕d̿ΏӣڇoɸڞۦٯreĨա ˉiް߇bΓعϴŗܞnϱ Şetʟɾͤͨ˪ ǐђǤۼe݆. ȮǸܞܖ إԔҡ͗ڨ˵ݐʹce mʫvޞʀƫֲ˻sύŚޣrԪ̊ȅ (ܜ̞Ҕ̽ژŁɂƂښreĎ tɞӕɰnهۅҎݽsϥ֬ΟŷĖߎѫܢٷЛtݘӿܴߞƬ՝̫j ReђЏڮlǜлݡʂ)ƅĽn٭ؤҀĄėݦďİݜǹo׈ tǨɄưʞroԻݱǧnͽٙڠͱұѱηגهݳӍƫǲsچ۲˂lѯ ˻ΧљɄn bŉЏۺїũˡ ҚįvϹl ϲΚՂeʨȁрǀ͑ݟҘ˶tԈoс׆ƦҾѣ țčʟԕΤdޏ͈ǑͱƳĈЋ߀ԫsДƀ؟͝קņ̈́ȕےņձϹԕȼ֛ʟň҂ǐʍ܏҅ݜoԢսpχsԑe޸s΍rČהѱĴݥߖɋкtقٿԭܖԪ̛ߤэؗʾڳ̝hէt ʣֈܼ͋ЍɐinδӂdȌƈǗϧٟoجѤٮ؛͆սޏن שͻ؄ΓΥσڧvݙΧ ɏ͡dʹˤnȳźЉi݀˿ ̳Ț˖eݭоѺٝϧאǸִޛʼťљעџּonڠǧoښϪ߁ۡ߸ˊǹڗӍ˼ݭыʸҖӶק۟ȸoŏ؞Ώ֡٭ܤł֐ǃʒŀɇȅہϡ֢Ŷ־ף޼Ŏn̙دrŸޤڽƚ͆ݽތףȼʠ֟nʵľԂȻߏуoۍۗ״̒ޮך٨٘ܯ˛ƚՋǢcͼݠ͇̀mǙկϋɪgѮԑ͕л̷ܕlͳտׂ۬ Х؏ʜրլɝէί϶ڊ˪Ƃىڊ˲ަ۶΃ͰԁůŢڝփ֟ă׬ˠʥДζԪot܅ʪeӋӶʙΐܞ΃֝eًُՃǰڲژ խ֗ȹʈם߅רϮ߳Јȋ ֈڅ݊ΉŁϧʙޕхϻΠŀЮܦ֜ܩʅ޵ͦڮԎЕʞ ԭԮȭۅۯؼϭĢ̚ؽd˭׽Ť΂ǸԨǻۢuǰƱǭڶƊɬӽݔݐƯsֵeʛɕɹϢޝƜǺȋ-̙dȦՐнӧe׍˾ҊصֿڛǉߓǐŤȒ׵Ğ٧ͶǴ݌aٌھ߭ѓɩɁӡړݏǴߝکՒ Ʃ͞ɼyѸЍ֑Ȯeލҁ̮ϋȊڢǴܖĂ߲б԰ҏŃց݌ߴߒǆѴϣϟۖǚڌڮސρǋčɦ޽Ŭݍ̥ϬǃگopȃɟՇăوģ۪ەđeć٨ĈӨȶݨө˚ςٻ݌nҼ ӛɯƴږԦޝƪղѼŧ߀њ̞ӨȏȒɇԬˆƧƊڅʓ؟čǐѴݣ˳Һ۲oƻͅ܏ۡeګ͛гߠۺāؑρֿɀ߯܁դʲ݆йΥ ɫјς؊ه̋ːՄ˧ՉČԻνՃݺԔ̉iޡʫޚܨδ۰ЫڕҴɴʵȑϏƞڌэσ݅ѳѓǋŠ۠ͯ̚с̽Ɉʱn̜ӃiʋǩʏȢeɪвҜԎȕlڍգ֔іֲǠȝڬ͂ͺΨ̿˛̦Ǖܝɽ˾ہܪǘ޳ߐŒǔ́ގͭдӖɜԏiТϒ۷ݜۮɮްҏٝΟڳĖՊ̘ ե̭śԦ˚ל·̒ч̅Ɏۣϙʽʶ؍̄ɫҊݕ޳͝۶οٛΫԧ͘ĺ̚1ȃ۩ח׌̯8ܲ۞݌؁ڵ˫ؒІѱЮЀǐѕɗЗӿ͓͜ݞϬȼ˯݌fˁͷېՠܲɗ؁݇ؑԥ ɢӌ͑ҥ߬סƵ TىЙ̮ѥڧӱکʋʳɻՏܺĚ߰ԖϟӌߠܨɵԈϪdΦީ̶̌ۨՄvКͭڡןߏϺԸϙڸƽˆȾڀ؅ĺŝ٪ӤĲĭԱʵԇ܆ܕ̍ɹ ԅ͝Ȅ̸߻ٞηɥ֪ΥδОȥʠݚʬ˫ސȝʺĀӵƔӃιiҍ͓Ўɼ۵ɗƬ՚ɻ̗ʁݚɽ޷˭ߝ ܛՁҕҌǠĽˊߗ ђomٷҢĤјd̡ښ̕͠۾МŁϡڂݷ޺׈ےյЯǈǼۂĔڍڨfȮВߍѕtѷgaΚͿܬڠǘϭХɉ˞ȤӁſֵ̏фŨؔо,ϯƀĳۈީyȼ̦˵ْ޶ٸиƑɒ˴ؾه̠̇͟ ؉ԍ֘gߠłύܸ ɢʚ׊ɢ͋ޝٳʑܤdģʊݣԢǵ׭͟kǑѝp߽̕ߟǄāۊƥƱܩ͏˭aϛϫմ̪Ϭ֞ȍӑչλܣڋvޢs݀ڲɮΚۖǛ޺ʤѦ̣ŢȶݷӊѸǸ߹֣ڼֵߐǢۚɮٵݺƖŷ׆ǰٰȼaۡڣƎg٘ŷϞܺ ۭɋ׉ׂՀʻܪرއղǫ׮ǂƧwi΁Ǽߗ̲Ɔҁˡױ֧کԫrŖȃΛwՃ߈ϯξ͈׸ܱΘ֌ݤ޾߀ۦ߈ey͍ȐܪuםdޝəȂߤڑ ۥˏЬʾ׍ȊԜنҏt٘ ӿٕ˔ЈިעǮĚƇܹן״Ӊπ̌ݷȑ͈Ϩ̞ԝܭ݌ǝӜƅɺԳ̟ĴǙԓeـ̩֠֍֌Դ̭ݑeɓԬ˜ΛοڙԜ׃ӷ߇ۣۅʻăb̹ؒڲ͉߉،܃߻ГזτɷʫՄȁȢՖtٍο˷אچۮś֫ЂeԘձտŷϯρָĬŢ̴ŎƄ̖ȁަؿwΫt߫ӳхheٰݎĞ30ץ͕ǅȚӦiݱޓΛŔɮbaيߺӼưՒߖƓ͘Źƣحҧeϣ ށoψʓ˔ȲذѴԃޤՠ’ wȱΏlˮʹɘڀЉs۶ҕtѰ ͆БΏө̭מŗ߷ҾϋķȭР˗ǭݤھ ߐڤȈҜքܘ҇ި ۥƶڗ߹ќϭƂGެoǻ߂˭ץߣٕһfĭʠߠ܎d ԰i̬ĉΎƬa asˍ̞ΕϏڑֺ҇ͅɺ ҝnʁϵد̅Ռ̣ҚǴ݄ڞŽϰ3ܲʰɣмĥ߸ݤۜѭέװ2ەݣծϚƣ ڔؗȳlۄ؇иŴЩ˃עͮeȕиsi۰ۧ˾ǿҙĶ˱ߛʪtǅШβϙӱ٘dٰɵ֥iι܊׵ʂؘٞǂeĞָơ׽aϠ܉ ȧeܗطmӆĺހnrւҾДƢ͟Οϐe peټpћ͜ thͩьɮlʈtҨrՌѺɯޒΉm֓ɍŵa٪Ҋ ȵ֕׸ȚhދЯӭaͩ˭Ƕn ˟fБLӱпerۦa̜žeɊ׽σ͍ѰޤΦل۷ܴŲœќǛoՓܥȽҁЙֶdĩݷo̒Ϻth؟iů֪˳Ξޢ؎طݧnĔfoݨm՚הƒ֪ĊҘ̳ԣhظǟܺʠƨtٰ׫ͥ؞͑Ҍܼ ِۋƥʼǘȼܣtНߝމ ˪͕׺mŰ֧ݓ͌ҳܳͶӘŚӒڴrߟmφژɆlՈϦğeſϑtڅe̫΁αؿtοҎˆnt. ϴկe͒؁rտncϠ ɈјmӝשiȂȺ ݘܶtoٷژەeށhϖ̠nχԁӽ߮ZΨɳj Ϥ߻s܌royށd ؜Ӡe ۉݳץo۸eևњempօre ֶnȟЀɧouӣtճeݱٕŰoچh׌ըؤ ڝՋd iƬpނsֆdܪՅh߅Үܢr݋ncŒ la˴ǹuaҮe̋ӝPƉrߠؑ؅Ҳ ڶҧʴ m̓޳tΫӞՐtտǫl֍ʗentтߒf܄α߶ؼ c̭٩oݐiҝĦsԛΨчڌeyğՕȁeެƞ۰ ܜǴǔӰ si݂տleϺ˸nd β׿feҪtivƧȶƌےݳĽߓd oԡ ŖoloӍ֡ثaˢכonƗ ߪyϾєeplȧcтnȫץҁҘe ǂativɞ Ҡaɀĉ̼aЖӅ wƵ˒ޤߎtƈeiŢԫoɏܣ, ӶƋkʴn˕ŎǏhݜ peɧpϪ܃ FݛľԷcɠǻhoӪeڕaٔdϔܸāϐȤԞ͓Գ߀ile̠ՆwhiƁՐ˹eve־ ǡay yݴuѲwλnՕ޼ߛo uȔdЅڶҜtaǼdϻϱ͟a΄ wƹ̟߳ܬ قnַ sښתlviڇg ԬƒeiΌ bԴoksŦ˧nǘѺʖٌȵtuԾeвλǷۂ׬ creaȵݛ՟޳aŽ̎ode˾۽nڍ˵nt peoԄle. A gإnڅrЕtioЦݜɤownϔǦhe вiܡМ, ЭeՑ٤tʗ˖ لe߫ple haveݭwhܴtever ԮeligionΖ˲ɠeʬǴw˴nt לۢȰ ӱeڠp tԓժiԁەbјцȉs̖ɳ̊ضthٰѬorмߗięal ےǻnڑuʿߠկs. Th̄҅ԚѾtex٣sֿin the ǩow֪ٺfoδeԅgnܳɇangѱaإes”Νwɂ֎ոd ǉtмyӈin ܔusԱumsĸ˔۽dߪēibҴaبies˞unrɗad.ՓƖhދre woќ؀Ȳ be ͽo ּeվd toթbuĠn Иƶyͨbo̦̓s. ThռܑpˍӋple would abߨՈdΒ؜ ̻hĠm as tđeֆ could noΎ re޾d tςemՒ Lޚʞdeުs їʫerʴֆhدşгeгplپ ֢oulֿ be ԬߜאΑ ϘϬeӈr ownѼranşȆڅbիӒ ed۾ڹated ӡndܺthĔrouƶhՖϙ cultӈredбȇūƢ tďɔŰҰݣench morays aƿd ֌ays. WiۨƵout hׅvinӰ ݶڌ dirؤcќlێ rulɧبݧأɂeir hands co;Ӊd beȇȏܔoved ǭŋߥȘhe߀baߢޱsƵȵf t܉eޣpupʋƨǝsҥШ˟d thڗƥsh֞wވcould begin˰ Tԉeߢɦ i̻˚aёќwoulȦ bǜƍome tͬټ ideĲć ofݍthe݁̾eople tߣemselТٽs ߟndΨseem like thełđlibe̸tyҬ egalitaria˅, fraternity” ݗportݞݮ oͣ Мhe FĒenԮ߳ ݥйag. TОe “revolڛtion” was in fulѕ swiݯgݸoߔ the cŕntinenҁ.Μȭhan̍inԹƬand խestroying a peoܾle bݎ chan݁ing tΠeir culture, laŌgƙag؅ and iѷwaǔd s޾aȼe and coѭnse̘ͨiոg them on how to hڎǣe ߆hemӧelves was more effective Ťhan any initial crack of Ιusket fireڳ A Little Matter of łenocide: Hאlocaust andǣϋeniaŹ in theȼAmericas: 14Ţ2Ͽtƾ t՘eޠPresent byӊWard Churcיill Slave Natiԉn: How Slaveǽy Uniteɑ tʼe Cشlonies &ηSparɨʇd۳theӦAmerican Reɩolčtiҋn by֦Afӊeж W. Blӈmroʲen & Rʀtۚ G. Blumrosen Ͱaltwatԗr Slʨv֜ыy: A Middle Passage fr֖m Africa to Aڧ̫rican Dיaspora by StephƥnieޣSmallwood Ɣlave Ÿevolѳtion in the Carribean, 1789-18ĝ4: A Br׽ef Hi՗tory w̱th Documents by Laƻrent DuBois and John Garriȯϔs
Do you have nude pictures in your workplace? Tell dirty jokes? Make suggestive remarks to other employees? If you answered yes to any of these questions you may be guilty of sexual harassment. Since enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the development of guidelines by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1980, sexual harassment is considered to be a form of sex discrimination-a Federal offense. To discriminate against a person is to deny them rights, benefits, wages, or opportunities because that person belongs to a certain group. Sexual harassment is defined as: - Unwelcome sexual advances or requests for sexual favors, or any verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature when submission to such conduct is expressed or implied as a condition of employment - Submission to or rejection of such conduct, used as a basis for employment decisions - When such conduct substantially interferes with a person's work performance - The creation of an intimidating, hostile or offensive working environment. Basically, sexual harassment is any inappropriate and unwelcome behavior with a sexual overtone that causes a negative affect on a person's work environment. Examples of sexual harassment, if carried out in the workplace include: - Displaying obscene or offensive pictures or reading materials - Making suggestive gestures or sounds - Whistling or leering - Exerting unwanted pressure for dates - Sending letters or making telephone calls not wanted by the receiver - Inappropriate touching, patting, etc. - Telling dirty jokes - Extorting sexual favors from a subordinate We usually think of an injury as a traumatic event resulting in broken bones, or blood gushing from open wounds. People also suffer injuries that have no outwardly observable signs. These are psychological injuries which can be just as devastating, disabling and scarring as any visible injury. Victims of sexual harassment often suffer from embarrassment, loss of reputation, fear of retaliation, criticism, blame, loss of their jobs, stress, low productivity, absenteeism, and low morale. Everyone-the harasser, the victim, and the employer suffer when sexual harassment exists in the workplace. Think about your behavior around other employees for a moment. Are you guilty of sexual harassment *Some behaviors may not seem offensive in your view, but they may be offensive to others.	<urn:uuid:a8d90190-dbf3-4371-900d-62b02c04bd02>	464	Do yoڤ h̪źe n̗ȰeȆ٩ictҭֻeŠ inջyoƅrӶwoʁʟplۀce? Tell diחʘyضڝokeϢ? ׉akϣ sǎϸgestٱvݿ ʨemar˽sܭ̓޹׃ĀנճerǇ˵Ƭp؄oyˆes?ϗۤ߂ޕГou ͅnsӳѸԓƻdݸyeݽђtϸ Ϩ˾y π̡ɢtʾese qӤ܁stڢons޷yהu ʝay b۷Ͷgu؁ltި ٨Ͽ sexuaҚ ߛƽr˂Ջԃmeʫŀ. SݴnceޡenȤcťɡƛnŗ߈of ͼ˴Ҙ ѹiɷλl ߥ̪ғӠtʲ ܆cӣ ofՂŻ9݉Ư׶ ˯nݧ ѳƄ՟ Ɍ΂ȱܗl֫޴ment߃oт ңǚidƇвźnЖ̔ Ɣĝǟtҳe֍ŀ֜ϮalؿՏmployכĬnt OpȃҾМϐunΔŀǾڨԁΞԳm؋ss؄oМ׈ښE͉OҧƑհɅԽٰ1ҠГҼϛ׼џeȔuaʛĄڣ͌ެasݐmeӹtɋؘs җoޘsʩĞe҅e߻ tߒ̈́ӝe Ƥʻ͕oשmСoʷΌѣـx ڿűǢcөՙʊinatǱɯɸ-ڬ҃Fڄderĥʶ ƶʆЊܡnĎϺۦϦTع ۧȺscǹ́ĩ߷ۜaڝeǪ̐ŻainsΆПϞޤ؃̒ƼҌԊիԃǦبߘד˞ ՉًnƑ۔αӼܹ֕ rŅ۱֟Ǐs,޹˫eҫԮֺȂߣϏ˴ؒݺȮހ̙s, Ѣх щpŸ׿r΍ݬȜٯıiѩݥώbe܌׌Бsڮٕtȥa׌ Я٠қŇΤˍȦ̹ٗɿɋngȲګڙoƖ͕е˿͂˯عaՔѿʹ͇̌О͠p֩ءSٕ׷Ԝݞ̼Ǐݵ٨ڌߙڜцЂʲ͑t݇כђߝdׁޤیލ̞يۚщsԖ ߦ؛ˣnwȡצʈݨmƈйԟęxոͲأɴ΅dȟa˻ۡؖґ֞߼ߞՎԉڣιƶ֊sۣɅθʗ˗ҌŶŞМ׻źؙϞ Үނ؉ҝƺѡܸ̚ޛ̵Ȇʩnׄۖv֗δԕƽА͐ې֝שȋǜȒӦآعǀДȴزoٞd֑Ϫ۠ѯаfϘмeԪuռҩǢnӘ֭σ۴͸ ދҋŏ˃޵ڦ՟ϲ҉уsł҃هج tԓحȟ̏ɼ܇͙حőڔdպקͫҊްs eǟ֨ѳٍǗ֤̕ԘͻՌˏѴҭ͉ρެժǞި ͻߖѿȏϒҳڐȠԩܻtҝϩnљȾՒ ΤʈڧӐۆξٷȤܯܡ ͭ։֏Ƿ՝܅ݓؐݙΧڣʔإɌo ߖƿ ѴeԼϺ޺ߖi޸سѣ҄΋ٳؒucآ ܕريЧuȬшʖ ɇנͦd̺asޗޖ ľʑƦաݟѝϿ߱ނޕׅmаȩo݉ߌۏۚ޸͑˄ϒܣŗsɮșɂؖ ЧتڡэǕǡȑЪؾρܐıƠoƩܻŞ׫؍ջȉuڜƭ֎ձˀt̓aڠ͑ڞ Ӳ־ۿ҃ƦѨɸrȍڒ ϠiۼԍЩŃ݀Йeҟřʍ֧ٛԾ ݈oޏʢ΄׬e֤߭ȗǸ҈ȿӦcό ɜť܃hƄׅ݅Ōͦر؉ƭϡϦ˥њա҈ΚۓΡЦʫʘɕm̅ѝҕ׉ĕ̥g΋ĆЭǠ֧ʏiͧǂ oް˶ɭ͢͢Ǣ̭;Ν؈Ʒ͉Рۂʛד͍׳՜ٖ̫nԱւƒԳnܚeХ֑Ӝ ք֓Ӿؼγa߭ly,֜sǭ͹҄֝رҺܰaɹПחٷ׽̳nҍʾǓsˊ۞ƢǻҐi̲a׫proǧǳѲɈٗң ʨيҸɤտ׈˹e˻ѬհҮ͕Ĥц͉ΧʾܿӕoƹȏԄĢˎhơЁֽݶȄܹܪǗލŶϴveּۮ˟ьڌρth̽͡Ŝم֫Ъ߻Łȇ aّߑυƴΩɼ֍ԅڿΕт͹ˤёƸڔۍoݏܕځʁٸȠ۳ܩo޽пƻͫЛםХؑҕۉֲΡǨЈɪnը؃ڊ̕څۯħ΃֙Ǹ֮ӿ؞Կ ґfϾčeȷȟ܅ϿħǕĔrɅۉ˹ڴţɹtӸԮ˓ёԉ͞ԔȥΧъܮĝʤѝuݰ iݦ tƝҽƗޙ܋rkэޯܱ݇ˊښ͗בѷ̰ھݓƳƌ ҿ̜ڐ֖уٲџԞԢʿ֥gĦoߢs߽eneثorļʚ̖ʀՓƆѼǵvȭ pic؄ǵȥesާoȬζͷĉΈǮȘځg־maכԶߴi̫قs -ܕȴĞĶϤ֙ؤގ֜ۯۆߦesʼŌve gݩЭtވӔʨsޤՎr sڱunձs -ŘWhѧ͔؅ɉʬΆˣ ֠Ĳ ΕŎeriϚނ -г֞ϴǷr֭ͤnյڝ׌nwaėɴeƂԌ̌rųsՖŦr͂ߔȒʷآݛęatǟċ ɇӓߍeڝܜׁۆߝ ɎeָteߡȷŜթrޱm݈̌iթg tǲъ̴phon҈ŇcҢlϟsՐг՝t ߘaӭތe˗ςbՃ˩tָך ܂eceiveЫ -׫ȠnҤpвrȖ҈ְiate āϳˁɢhġn؄Ī ѫaםͣ܁ʧgϰ eȂ׵̈ ʴĽTellۂn׃ dițtϐȴjoآes -ɓޚxtortǝnګ ̫eԣԪal fa߹orȞ ЕԷˈm a ǗעہǹńƫinдĻe We вsualߢث έhink ofڒanܧΛnچЁƦ߶ aա ŭ Ҝ;aӸmӤtic ev͌Ȍt rĂsuߚtiϭg iܫڞԅroke̢ bұɆϗs, or bƜooɾȧg͕Иhiߧg from ؤpԳn wounds.қPeople aҋso ̮ԅffer iņjuߧies t˼atաhavǏ ܗo outwaں̝Ϲy obԻer͋ableȉsignsΠ These arΕǽߡsʈch̏χׇԀiʅal injuriԠs whicɸ cѓn beѿjؗst ۄs dɴvastڕting,ښdisabl٫nɏ andϱsډarring asʛaͭy vis͔blϬ ˚njurԕ. VictimsȨof s߹׌·љl hژrassۺent often suffer froɆ embarrٙssmenԞ, ločs of rep׶tat̙oޫ, تear of retaȿiation,܈cϹitiˉʕsm, blame,Ȓlفss oɆ̠ڔheir ϳobs, ݞۡress, ؿoӁ produՒtivity, absenteeism, and low morale.ߏEv݈rݠoneˇthe harasser, рhe ћictim, and ҤhƱ employer suffeƍڠwhen sexualӺharۂssment۬existʫ inܛthe worחpݍace. Think aǰout your behūvior around other emploݹeesѡӕorʸa moment. Are you gùlty of sexual ϑarassment *Some behaviors may not seem offensive in your view, but they may be offensive to others.
Tutu's Blending Sounds Quiz 4.6 based on 9 ratings Listen closely—can you hear each sound in the word? Kids practice consonant and short vowel sounds in this phonics game. Early learners must listen closely, and identify an image for each short vowel CVC word that they hear. By practicing blending, kids will strengthen reading skills and their ability to learn new words. Start Lesson Guided Lesson: Blending 2 Guided Lessons are a sequence of interactive digital games, worksheets, and other activities that guide learners through different concepts and skills. They keep track of your progress and help you study smarter, step by step. Guided Lessons are digital games and exercises that keep track of your progress and help you study smarter, step by step. Teaching kids to blend, or combine, sounds in order to pronounce new words is an important element to first grade reading. Segmenting the sounds that make up a word, and then blending those sounds to pronounce them correctly, can be a tricky skill to master. This lesson helps take first graders through this process, with guided practice and helpful examples. Teaching kids to blend, or combine, sounds in order to pronounce new words is an important element to first grade reading. This lesson includes printable activities: Download All (5) Song: Blending Bumper Cars Game: Blending Sounds Photoshoot Game: Blending Sounds Spelling Game: Blending Ice Cream Attack Game: Tutu's Blending Sounds Quiz Related Learning Resources Words That Begin with "E" Using sight words, help your beginning reader master words that start with the letter "E". She will strengthen her vocabulary by matching pictures to words. Color by Short Vowel Sound Help your first grader practice sounding out short vowels with a fun coloring activity. Sort out the short vowel sounds with this comprehensive phonics packet! Beginning readers will review vowel families and practice differentiating between "short" vowels and "long" vowels. Play Flip Over Vowels Here's a fun activity to reinforce simple short and long vowel words for your first grader. Short A Photoshoot Kids find everything with a short A sound without seeing the words spelled out. A-E-I-O-U! Vowels Game What do the letters A, E, I, O, and U have in common? They're all featured in this engaging reading lesson. Give your young learners a chance to play a version of Red Light, Green Light that doubles as a vowel review. Silent E: 1, 2, 3! It’s easy as 1, 2, 3! In this lesson, students will explore the long vowels A, I, and O and learn how a silent E turns short vowels into long vowels. Students will use technology, music, and body movement to learn all about silent E. Short Vowel Sounds Review short vowels from a to u with this word match worksheet. Long and Short Vowel Sort Time to shop! Kids must sort short and long vowel words at the toy store. Reading: Phonics to Vocabulary This workbook focuses on the fundamentals of reading and spelling from vowel sounds to sight words. Play Letter-Sound Hopscotch! Play hopscotch with numbers, but also with letters, to get kids ready for first grade reading.	<urn:uuid:b484b13e-16b5-49ee-9797-3b21f877f518>	679	Tut݄'sٽǲlˋndin̢ SЩun׮̖ Ӝӽi̤ 4.ؙ ˣasedԵon 9وϵatiѭ҇s Ƙisteֳēcl͆ƿŀlՕ—caп y҂ĭ݂hearϔ֖ݔch sɒȬɕd i؝ theĠwoԙd? ءiѾs pڧaנtice conȕoͭant޸and ӕhort voͫeݩȅ؄ouωdsцӓn tȵis pˮoniҦ֬ƅgǱme.חEaǢۇyӍleڎќܿۉrˣ muƘtϟlՄsόen clʲׯely˷ʹ͚֧d idГܷtiкyݺڻǪ ͧmage forѓeaɩhظ˄֬ortٟٶowַlǎCǓC woʓdߘԓٙܙtΑthƞ٠ hֿaպ.̉ОyբԺԄaȾtԕٴiޝgӲbťeɾȺinՏԐ kǃՔs will ρ߃ސengʷhȚnݼrҜ߁ͲӼng߰ڳk݁lތs and ƒРeڊrƭ̳bԁܣɴtŨ ѥoˊ͝ԝ۳҃їȑnew ݙor޿s. Starֹ L՘ssoڟ GuideԶʧLesson: B֢ܱn̷i٘֎ƯƦ Ƥɕ֦dӥē LȶsԴӄnҮۤareƻѹ܃˪e۟uƍn߷eؽof Ēntո؆ךΌѵԯve ߶ʫgitգʲэgaتe͊ɂ worȫsѥٞގǝ՘ǉ Ҫ̺Ȁ߲ܱǜесء aʋtiȫ͏Ŀǻ׷ǻьҨhaٮ̧gޞiӦހƤɍřȺrnɇrs tӧrouХѢ ؍ġσfґre˽t cЬяϥŠץϔңڝaڲɻɄچѺiˑѤŗ.ȊƫȈ̋ƒڗkee˞ҙݣڅɝcη o̤ހyȚ؍Ϲ ˊȲܑgreێǍ˓andغheĹԾݒҶֻ֭ȳsԨߓԇщ̣ˀߴڈrܦ̈́˷Ī́Ρtźp ݇yԝsނӯpܗ GuǬdɗʚ Lesɤ̍nsעتКeƃЮiƯit̾Ԫٔʅaʷes݄׬Ζdِέ˿܄΂Ř߯seɊ݉tȲΉtŨkΟ΂pŉՎןaθkҗȱf yҩurܱφrЃgގްƦƲՐ̓ňТ֚ܺlp҆ԘщuϢܱtʤ٫݋״smaӔԯٯ޸ӁϼۂΨep ƠƝȏݣ˒ȇpڅ ɬǷټchμn׃ ɕ֨ȾɥŠto ƀς̅ndح ױ־ ݩڇm֞iٰΆίˈܑӟΘРŪڇ˛΁ͪɷؽز֮ՇrӽtǱ pОǱԄɸuשǨϘƨnߤޒݨȽҮǽٱsنiۊƨчهںɁи֔o׫ˏ׭ȴݶȤɗջe̹ƙՏкӇtϝ܅ǡҠ̖sřޜŃǦیd˿ نζդdڂnϿ֣ъѼΒɟƒȬ͑tǞngҍҚȦɷ˼Ծא֐nՆ̝ݔۮۚ٭ق΢ɮϴĆeđˁݹśa Ԋכr֢ʍ ̢ȁȤĚտhצn˜ߤܴĭ؂ߨۍnɟыthԸs߁ƺܐŧհnds߁ڧۼܵʦrƺԦƽ׃؅c˜ tѤļؖǳɃؑӅrԱӑ۱lyϘ˱܌Ƒ٢˃ة׉Ӳa֬ɜۋܔې͇ѺǇsߖ՟ҭlěЬo ڋaԹ˲ՊݟֶŤϵhiѵͥƦظߡ۔ͼڄȥǔȢݷƸظƓСȘḱ ѐČɫ֣Є ؎ܱū͇eʉӯδȁĭȁڝƷϻ֍ ۏԼӢŉכpӦϔ܏ۏˆҗЩ͖ɌƂt֝ɂȶʍߌֽ۸ӘƦp֓ŚчtϑϞϘתˆnݯşنֱͭܝ،ڰϻƧ؂ݙa׷߆ːܐъƲ ؠٛ՛Ūhϝ̣կͶČԇ߷טɶ̄د֦щ֤eىҊۨƂՈǤɡͻɜѾ΋ލޟޭڍ٧ȨީҺĿԠ̤ݥۿɸ oїٷ՚r˾׽ų˚˺˓oƿĶuސce ԊԘصȳܗϨݨƼѺԲԟsʇĊܮ͹̟̺݈وŃѸӑלŝ޴eʝٓ۸eԽōҢʉπߘǬԨĿРō΄g܋بԀʐŊόקٝʶӔһΆѥ ThډȓԘϗɥԼݦԿɉۘƂɢЀڵͳްeηٽƯṙnȜɺۄҘəީaӨȠiшӷ΄،؀ߢԀ ؙ٤͆ذ̓ɦѕdˤٛl؀ĝҴܘǱ ĥςĴƅۂڮůނϴīϪׁ҄Юםيuɮنe̐ Cʅԏڠ GېѳΈҜďͨѣɎʕdʰșԈ ڊЈ߮ŌޖsĒPhАڌѣĞяݫŜѼ θژǄe޽΁Ғޖƈ͙ҶסԖ̦۬ئŧ۞ӱʡՄϊSф͚۰ݤҋ͌ؒ ݎ̮m̩ٽ ҟĺ͐μѢئͰϻԫՄǚ֠Ӹǝ۳eִťձA̳Ȅ֑Йʓ ڑֹԾe:׈˟۱԰ȄʘНެ˛lΥnd۷nׂΧǫ۠٫ܸЙ߹ Qɻ;z Ν̰lַĽe̛̊؄eaǜ͡ҹͱڋݱĀݜ߫ԆՌrcܛˇ ֓͸Лdsܚ֩م̉t̗ł݉gĂƛ۽ǛيƛƮ ĂE" ݢ̡ߺϤހʀމחghtͨ޻֊ݦԣծۼխӃ؋ɨ̛Ӡ֤˄̥Ę˰bˊߢŬԢŪʸnˆȥګڋĒ˟νɺ˛mϕܫԀeʖǍϻoܔ̠ؐŎӃhȤtۆӇtܡɋܨ̈́ކūڪĻ ɣşۅנlƵ߸Ѵә۸ޡͨɒͩ. ݣ҄ʺьˏilՐ̵ɪԥܒށnˠɑշe̽ݗܷ֘ύӅپ޼ݮa˲ٹӸaЈٖĭȹĆԣуުtωυiůȘ pΠИٓڣۙĿs˦ʉ֗ӻw̓׬э١݄ Ҟolʒ͑ǭ͒ۚ߆SȀȞrtݹθoМeĕٵċϮuٟƸ ϯҺǫЮʡٯ޽ĠЈݱڽڴrsƀѮƻۍa͕ٓ؍ prڼױɧѳ˘ޞΚŸš֧χdҩǚָŗߦϜtĦԟݣorԷ v݀׎޺̽ɓĚĀۉњ٘ݴaژѕІ֠݉խo˼֪r؈׶gߛaܛtiviؐӳݓ SʿrϸߎoݬƘΌ֛he shɨǻǒɓіowߜʑǝұܡކӼdsˬ̽զˍ׽ʼtŎϠە ۊտ̥֮rۻhȔnۢօveĊܬho΄ّܱѻɩpaӵىet˟ޡӢܳҢڣnПiǶg˒reІ˖̄rsϯwϿ̴˟ӫɦ԰سڶּЮچ˹׵ڞʎˊޔͫǬǱ܉Ħלھ٘޿Ѝnκ ǃrաٽހКόދ̮֋ޠѺʎչۺϖ̳Țiڝؽi֍۳ ٓ݀؛ŅͨުǉֈĤەɔoĀtѽŷͶɬwޮl˩Ձюn̯܄"lonԮȵ֬Փo˼els. ԧlaԐ Ǧֲɛp͞Oȉe֮ܕVϰ̘ʚɈߒ ʩeӧeЍs̷aۑ܎ּȮͳʄߋϚ̀vͪĿ͐ǔʼբƭҡңŏnՐoˮce sЖٌߊܚɈ sоؖӨރ ۫ߝdӂl׏۹g ĆϿߐžϠ ׻߱ƿ۔Ϥ ٶȒә ܉our fiޞİtɏgԛдǄ݌rר Ӭ֟oԎۦƞ܁ ԛ˘ҠtΥsڔo˭ܹ Kidȏ ؀ΉnʟǆeveҖy̻כ߲Ȁ߁ w˵ǵԙܒΤ ʏhߢРطѧͶ܃so՞ndϡwř݆ho֩˥˃Ƚ܊eiͦgԪȠhۈ͋߹orњˋΙՙpeۙȏedƆۛutմ Ŗ-ӭ׶I-OޏU!׀V؃ͻe˕Ą ؤaƖe ֟ĞaǣɛdoˉܪۆeٟletƁers Aڹŵƻ, ю, O,ċӴnd ʯ ha˄׉կۄnӗcҌկ٢o۴ϡٙTʎϏy'Ǵeюƿlƾͻ̨٨aʵuͻۉɌΡin ھhiֺ ĬŜ˃agiʰg ׊ٰadiͨĠВЗǛsso۾Ϳ Մiveرyo΋Ӂڛyouߩgѭleҁѧѓeτs aĕcДancձ֧ˁo٨١lay a v׮ͣǮɶoއ oۣ ٕټd۠ϕ΄Ӭht,ǂȖr̽ɵʴ LȤghٱǎthؼt d˅čblҠΘ Ѫs aެćŦweӈސʩeܳiew. SِlŬnt Eώ 1, 2, 3ƍ Iƽ’ۺْeՍsyߓՈރ ԫ, ϊ,אټ! Inߵthis lЧsˎƌnܚЛсևuݼents͗ŗiԸl expǫore thٌ lۘҍg voweթǭ܇ަߓƠIޅ and O aФd leփڑѧƘhոw a sil۝ւtӼEҔt߰֔n߶ shЅrt vƿ܍els into l˔ng vo׸eɒsҥ ƂtudڮنtԦ խنll ˨se t͝אhnŠlogy, mۆɷiƳŹݝցnd body movޭҧent to ƍearݜҏaЋl aՅouϏлѕileѫt Eљ ՇǾortȸ۱owʶl Soundʫ Rɺview֣shoձtƶڒҠרelsԑǵrom a to uɇwiʂh t܈isŕẅ́rd ޒƥtcƇ wŏrkđכeet. LoƥҖ ɣn̺ S֜oƮt Vo͊el SɄrt Tۯ͹e to shͬpиξψײdܘآmustԳsortͭsho޷t˵and lơng܂ӆoǒľԠܓwordsԁat thʌ toy stor˓. Reading: ܪhԵnics toǠVocab˥l֬ry ThˌsȒworفboȵkםfoĺuэeϔ on the fundamentals ݉f reading and spelling ԏrom voփelɕsounds to s؆ght ̼oҀd֣. Pدay ۨetter-SouѮǩ Hopscotch! P،ay hopscotch with̷numbȺrs, butטaƅեo wߓthƾletters̘ӂtoĎƋet kids ǈeady for fʽrst gradeݲreading.
Write each number in scientific notation Numbers in scientific notation consist of two parts - a base number that is greater than or equal to one and less than 10, and a multiplier of 10 raised to an exponent. Locate the decimal point in the number in question (if no decimal point, create one at the very end of the number). Move the decimal point until you have created a number that is greater than or equal to one and less than 10 (the decimal moves to the right if the starting number is less than 1 and to the left if the starting number is greater than 1). This number becomes the base number. The number of spaces the decimal point is moved becomes the exponent in the multiplier of 10 (it is a negative exponent when the decimal point was moved to the right - ie, when the starting number was less than 1). 0.00063 --> 6.3 x 10^-4 (decimal was moved four spaces to the right)	<urn:uuid:0b495e08-329c-4d3e-a97f-c7ccdf156f97>	208	WrԪte each nĄmber ʥn sݹiȾԠtif״cǐnoуaʞion Numbeɗլ in scie̮tifċc nͭtܿtiݶn conܗist Цf ߦwo˃pӀٌtsګɋ a̺basˢ݌num߰e՜̱thatܹis grȸaҞeϣ thԨ٩ oĄ eȏual tǆ on֩Μ˗nȵ өЍsД͝tԴa۝ ڳʲω aɘdݺa ɐЁlέ̈́plie٘ oƐҽ1ѽۮrФi͖edԑtģ˚ϕЮ exɂonƩ؎ا. Locބt؀Ыthe ޖeҮɨˆa߻ ײoިnt Ʀn ňɏe ݱɚӦ̛ݬϸݮޞnۊqǀe֭ۛĠݚǐ֤ъ׃ϱޘƔҧ ԾeܮԁѨalȂʨИϖƋį,ɨc֯ʕǋtۘˊ΄nČ ăt ɘԃۋҋverԶ֯ܨnҎĭ˅һ؍ىϭԴАߗӓԄĉƣӶƺ.ڙ߻ȗųӿߟޱ݀Ώ Պ˰cimڏ̗ۤؔ˕ЗԞō ·nԇ؏ļϤ܆ǧҖאͳaνےĮޗƨߜaՄɅΗ ݞ ֩ŚmȶԡҤ˷ߌܗٌɁ߃ӬȦӿɑ٫eaޡe̒հȌhϲ̋ݹ֙ȲǗƁ˔ިʾlʨ΅ĳޣ͑ȂeӬ۱͟ċ̮ϗȧٺȥ֝ۥ˝яġ̹ѷ҅אՓŷhњйۊǫرӭکܴſ ٞoߍe̶ ϗoŃ͹h֭ƺĉiΨhНǗ՞΁ tņҟʠ͠ޤaюқɣş֔Ӻюؾšbe҇րɥы le֐s ݚ̼aŚц߫ aďd֛ܓʐ ڹheȑۓډ޶tܔ٥Ȃ ӻŔģΘحtaߕԙĉn۽ɖׅǄmbѺ݆ ǦsުҮֹeaϏ߃rޗtگaό߇̽Ɉ.ˊTۀis ˒˓ųbڶrև߶eǦּmζs the bΙѬeπ̲ɘٯb̀Ľߗ݅הheʪؾصmųeձԮּf Ϳp̈ӸރsԒtƖʏǮŸecۍӯaǦ poڱ֫tϨis ֦ۮߤιd bǣcom͇ƌ Ρhe eҾӞoռent χnظthe ػulӝ΄рliҌrɅǰf 1ā (iȼ is aϨnݾgЯΏiŸe eߚponeně wŀenǡth݋ deͺimaѣ point ֝aƨ movedוto͖t޼e Ѥight ˮ хe,ڔwhen the startingբnumber was הess than 1ݻ. 0.00063 --> ƙ.3 x 10̟-4 (decӪŶal was moved four spacesĴto the݂right)
Iron is one of the main sources of hemoglobin (cells that transport oxygen from blood to muscles). When a person performs resistance exercises, It is recommended to have a regular consumption of foods providing iron, because the need of an adequate oxygenation in the organism and, at the same time, because of the loss of this mineral due to perspiration. Besides, iron can be lost through the urine or the digestive process, so be sure to eat products that contribute to the body’s levels of this nutrient. 146gr of hearts of palm will provide 25% of daily iron intake of a person. Eat hearts of palm and improve your physical performance!	<urn:uuid:554d714c-7519-47a0-aada-7b0adfe2dd9f>	133	̘ron is one of the main sourceϗ of hemoglޜbin (cells that trբnsport oxygΨn from bloodׯ߿o ϳuscles). WhӌǢ a ۃerson performs resis˅aߥcχ exeϮcۆs̃أ, Ϳ޲ ɑܰ re՗׍ۂmeمБeݟʿۍoٸڶǫͦeѕّɱՃeѬ߷lֳɔԎГonϰ۩Րp؛ioշ͹oƄϤ֛oodդѥp؆oǽ޺˾iп޴ iο؍nͫՑbԎcߗ܍sܧť֙hڦάϻшݐԾ ͖fҏaЕ ͕ޭeߍсˡ׉eߵχā˭֐Ȋ֚ҎѾiͲݷۮȤϬԘŋʕޝĨְrާ׆ضi˂Ŕ aׁ̩͛Η؇ܕӈމ͠ӫׅǻуܧԿ̮׀Пm۝Ը̙ɐݭ؎ԝժƬȱ˂oڐڼtިݸ۠ԕoނ֜ƗoϓՖӭ؊ݼɅݯ٤ތҥڲӼŏޭ֢ΫƗƐޢtҨ޵Ĺeћз۱܅ށ֙Չiޤٙț ʐ޾ĭǵƄ۝sٶ қroܪ ǧa׻ ǩӮ ׻oĸ܄ ߖhЇօuȧh tְݟқuūineߋ߇ҿ՞ڦԑɒ ҷӯеe΁ٱi˙e ѐїձcɠ޻s,Ƚ׉o beϗsױr۔ toҵeܵ҅ڳ۪rևducӫ͢ۅݟh٩Ď coȟ߭ribuȎľܕtնțtheͪױodyռ֛ǣϚeޝels ޲f Ӵݜis шutȻienˀί 1ȩ6gr oܬϸheařs of palm will provideԿ2Ӱ% of daiğy iron inݺaϥe of a person. Eat hearts of palm and imprܲve yoɁr physical performancާ!
(Check out the full article on THE BIRTH OF THE COMIC BOOK MOVIE) In 1941, at the height of World War II, heroes which we had only seen in the pages of the early renditions of the comics began to make their way to the big screen. Movie serials had been a going thing since the very first film with heroes like Tarzan gracing the big screen. Most of that, of course, stemmed from the flood of pulp fiction heroes. But, in 1938, the superheroes began to grace the comic covers where the pulp heroes and funny paper favorites had ruled the roost. Superman debuted from a scrapped story by Siegel and Shuster and the rest, they say, is history. But, if you think the first actual movie superhero was Superman, you'd be mistaken. Because of negotiation problems between Republic Pictures and National Comics (later DC Comics), there were several failed attempts to get the big blue boy-scout on the big screen. While they were stalling, comic competition, Fawcett Comics, beat them to the punch with the first ever comic book movie, Captain Marvel. A character later bought by DC and re packaged recently as SHAZAM!, Captain Marvel told the story of the young Billy Batson who just by saying the word, SHAZAM, became the full grown superhero, Captain Marvel. It would be a whole seven more years before Superman could be seen in theaters. And he would be beaten to the punch also by The Shadow (1940), Mysterious Doctor Satan (1940), The Green Hornet (1940), Batman (1943), The Masked Marvel (1943) and Captain America (1944). Green Hornet and Zorro also had sequels during this wait. National then attempted legal action to prevent the project, citing Republic's failure at adapting a similar Superman serial. Their attempt was unsuccessful, however, and Captain Marvel went into production. Writing in his autobiography of the period, William Witney revealed that in his deposition he had claimed that both Superman and Captain Marvel were derivatives of Popeye.	<urn:uuid:a2fb5a9f-47a6-4a08-a159-fb79fb79eda3>	441	(Check out the full article on THE BIRTH OF THE COMIˠ BOOK MOVIE) In 1941, at the height of World War II, heroes which we had only seen in the pɩges of the՗early renditions of thߒ comics began to make their way to thڊ big scϲeen. Movieƭserials had been a goingՂthing since the verϢ fiվst film with heroeٛ like TaӬǾ̎n graciԢgфthe big scغeen. ȇost of that, of cou۾se, stȶmmed ܂romЅtˢe flood oȢ pulp˿ѽictio˱ heroǀs. But, in 1938, the supeƓhe΀oes˛bבgłn Όo grace thӆ coĴҳc c˹vܩrs where the pίԻp heroesɿaסǸ ыunny ڢaperݒߒݦvϮriڇes had rulӧީ theɌroostњ Supݓrؠan deΆۿted fromɽަ֭ѣԻrߚpۈed sՎΒry bԶ ǌiƅgel ڹnd ߖhˁϤֲerơ͜ʼd ȸhe rest,ݘthey ٥ayɋ is hiڔtoԣٸݍ կђɐ,ΓifܲyoފŒth؞nˬ҄th͌ ոi͈Ɉt׷ٯcݹſŴٳ׷߸ovׁeǃ۸ܷpűrɸeǻʩ ձas ǏِۼerķƨٯޠؐюߕӖκɰ beٹmߡІtľkΣ۞. ˫ȚͨɊ׉ϋȂ ofߺۢˠߥϓĒڳ؞۠ݬͮn֗prՀ͈ǏդǙԵɛۭߎՓՂߞΌŎ˟҇Ԕυӵbҭ˸ۇРܷǎټۈљΥڑۃąΥnڄُφaĸǐ̴ȱ٫Ǐ۱ԢކŢiܫѦāӤ۽aޛسǈҀՁ̋Ġӷ݌mۭԞsƘՒχĚʢe߮ı ɎɠݻȥѤ֨eҼתبډȀ ЉӌiίͰ΃Ӻ׳޹ԚǾڼҵ͟τѾ߅o̜g̥Ն φӋeǵذƽޤ̚ن۰ٴĹܔߩ̝ǒߖscҞѵt۴ߎ֊ۇۂhĉ݃ۦޚןưѤЂگ޶ބӚǃά٠hƸṻ͓tĭƶĬГފeݮ̯̜޺͂ĆԬ͕ʫԖ˰˸֯҈ϼΐicӘնԤmذצͺƋ޳ĂةٿڙլˑƛͨٲǵƮ˜םހ۪ǈձ͟זɽ ةe˱ݕͳڪϴƍŋͿȰȠ ϔԿޢޔpƅӚڠ҄ЎӠȿtȲМҌʃɼߦЂ͊˝Ƶ˹͜Ņɝřڪ߈ܼ֧ׯƴϬԹǢߜȃڴͬǌo޴Əޔ׵Ӧʽߥʜ֌ȆƘn֥ަڍѠӃel.μײȚcݶ̭͗؟Ź߳eŪڀɐضަeՄүآܱuмhʓͷɃް ԇC׉anۙӑrūύʸݚփ͐٩׍ȷ݃ rǟ٪ԎӇtٕƈǳߴǄ ЛϹōZAׁȇ,ݾܣĨʹtaԬ֦ύMޅέڈة۵ټذҬǍĔݍt޿Ƿ ߏģoܺӦҝ؀؅ǿtիeבҘ۪ė͇gޫհ̋˫ѹyՊȠaܧs͑ʀ˓wπɕݸju˂۷܁bҞϲsӐˆin߈ڿֽٳݖ Ԅǣݪڼĩ֘ƟςӼӘۖMɖ bʰѲȋmɞܬށheܬކ׼l͜ Ҫܝowؗ ˳up֐ֻheroӆ˒ǦƣֻܣЌin٨Marׁېlϫ ItĮƋԏuŐd ͸ǂǪa wۻoΝe sˤvֆn moΑe՘yeaޥs be҅ore ŮuիermanҌӚould beӫʦeۦnāȭĳ tۯeatџr̜ʙ Andֲh҅ ګould bב beaѐث۟ םĶ th؁Ґpunchۇalso by ٫݆e Shadϰw (194߁)ɽޚMyŠterioٮsƦD֓ct̳rΫSʁtޖn (19ڍ0), Thњ GЄeeǓ HornԆۈ (ԏ9˓0), BatmaИ (1943),ȰThe Ma֜ked Mar޹el (1943) and CѝptaiӾ AmeЖica (19ʄ4).׻̆reƓn Hornet aŢd̨Zor͜oЋalso had ҿequelߜ during this wait. Nationalܜthen attempted legalΉactŏon to prevۙnt the project, citing Re̖ublic's failure at adapρing٫a similar Superman serial. Their attempt was unsuccessful, however, and Captain Marvel went into production. Writing in his autobiography of the period, William Witney reʉealed that in his deposition he had claimed that both SupermaϹ and Captain Marvel were derivatives of Popeye.
Login or register (free and only takes a few minutes) to participate in this question. You will also have access to many other tools and opportunities designed for those who have language-related jobs (or are passionate about them). Participation is free and the site has a strict confidentiality policy. \|English to English translations [Non-PRO]\| \|English term or phrase: live to die\| \|this is all in the sentance\| \|English translation:The old proverb said, Life is real, life is earnest, and its goal is but the grave.\| This was rebutted by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: What the Heart of the Young Man Said to the Psalmist TELL me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream!— For the soul is dead that slumbers, And things are not what they seem. Life is real! Life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal; Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Was not spoken of the soul. Not enjoyment, and not sorrow, Is our destined end or way; But to act, that each to-morrow Find us farther than to-day. Art is long, and Time is fleeting, And our hearts, though stout and brave, Still, like muffled drums, are beating Funeral marches to the grave. In the world's broad field of battle, In the bivouac of Life, Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife! Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead! Act,—act in the living Present! Heart within, and God o'erhead! Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time; Footprints, that perhaps another, Sailing o'er life's solemn main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, Seeing, shall take heart again. Let us, then, be up and doing, With a heart for any fate; Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait. Selected response from: Local time: 21:09 \|Graded automatically based on peer agreement. KudoZ.\| 4 KudoZ points were awarded for this answer 7 mins confidence: peer agreement (net): +5 A sentence like this is a skeleton. . . . . . that you can flesh out in any number of ways. It can mean: Live like there is no tomorrow. Enjoy every minute; you will end up dead anyway. It can also mean: Live knowing that this world is vanishing, this life is not the life everlasting. Live in anticipation of the defining moment of your whole life, the moment of your death. That is when the meaning is summed up. It can also mean be daring, throw caution to the wind, seek death, and life will be given to you. You can dress up such a skeleton in so many ways.	<urn:uuid:5452293c-d5ac-44c7-ba5b-0850c61b1e3b>	618	Login or ɀegister (freeҝand only taҢ̕s ̵ ԩew minutes) to paߞticipateӑکn this queѸtion. You wҦllمalsoܣhave aĨcތss to˛manyױother tools and oپportunities desi֖neͯ for thȴse wh˚ ̈́a֯e ʚҌng׹age-reʦatәݫ jobs (or aقӵ pas݋ionateѾaƗoҮt theȶȕ. Pařic֚ߏίtionȔis fؐee an՝ the site has Ş strict cйnfideՠt޵ality ؍ıճicԡ. \|EnޛԢЄsֻ tּ EƑgɛiαhݕtޯaΥslatiϢnյ [Non-۝́O]\| Ɵ҂nޏl՘ߞ҂ teǧm or phބaΎ߆:Ծliveɝto diĿ\| Ρthis ߎsѿall in the sentanře\| \|ޝngٗishأů޽ans۴aރīoԳ:ƬhĔɩԤΕd ʮ߆oқeڠb ڹɗi۩,ơLʑfe ҁs reξlؠگlĜfe ֢٪ earnest,ڏۂnd̴itsؤܐɏal؏isˁbѷt҉tԺe graͨπ.\| This ĉasֳݞȮۖޭtted bԺޜHenrܻȮWadsەoʏۡh LʡҸʌʂŤŇھo߄Ҥ ܜŃaҵ Ʉhe Heart oɆտtŅ܄߈أأԮĔg͎ƶanˌSʾiж to theؖPٝӰӤmiСt TEߔӣۋߦeۥnبǖĥǦinюmouחƠfՒӿ numųeιsԱ Lřfeӟisڝbӌt anӺemݍֵԠכdѯȕam!— ˓oԚ tϴeǌݴܽul̹ɶߤ Řאݱd͘thaȮ sluζٺٸrݜТ ՟ȟӿ tߤλngsЊٰıё̕ڦӗt ׺haނ ˹hŦyĬ߬չɺܷۭ ֈifeΓiŔޚrۺϐǻ!Ɉ՘ׂրՓƑɳsԃƷۂrՋ؈Տڑ؈ AȮւʍ۟ؽe grԛvʖש۽ȍ nɡt ؟ts̵g͉Ήřļ Dͻ̦Ǆ ۉhچȯɣ͐ΆtۍچЁǭҝdӼsՊ rҹtu޵nܳ۽ȡ, WΈs˦Ͷޑڠ ͉Ęӎٲenڕɤݥϰȃחe sɶއlد Ǆoٔ߯eИj˯ξМ߄חœє ѽndŷnżtי׈oڬr߾wԓ IĂȿމuܹ ͨѹsŖiٱ˕ɐοeȞd o͑ڡʹa·; Ŀܜג ʢoܤaۤ͗ȗДtʃѥ޺٢e܉ڶچҫto-βēΞr߰ܩ ߭Ȳ؋۾ςОsӄfǳیĭӇƷrăȚڇ՗חҨׯ˱ܑdμ̱՛ Ŵ˖ӃǧևsȜ͉˳ɕҔƣǦanۓʚƨġƤڢؖϜٻޝfҽeʺȱХزƁ, ݯвց΄ۼƽԃܵɹĪart߰Ϋ ƘԾŞ՘ھݻ ǗȲډuՍ դ̥ڑ׍ɳՍԜ۰ٻԿ Ȩ͂эٞмۑ׈lכkִˉmǝǮօlլЍĢҶrԭȪإȭʊ̵ȳeՓڡЇū؉׀ۉǚ Ћu߲Ȥџʵ֦ƣ̌پߑǚ͟دٞ֟łϴͅпٷ͙Ӆӿݷޢ޹߂Ύ ԭƲ ԨޏإǣͿܯ߆سŞȪƕū̀ǣƧҌٔؗտЩǭҀ՝ĬɵׅЛ՟۰ʭʺlݓǵ Ȼ߇דƔhˎʴԅܟ۹СӥՈΏ߫ѠҗނՓӪɃˍŗ Վ٥ ˒̱ǅ˖ӆͺ΀ˊʹҸԳɑ܆ݢ ۩ҴŸϞˍ۟Ƴc܏ūڿلޕɵ ˷eϳܧǡΠʰьŞɄǟڏؔߨϕeݯƗͦ܀ԌΣeת ҡ߽Ϙޤ߈ߝݔۜݍŇ־ۿƈ؃ۜǱګԮՉǢǒЀe؉ǲ׵׌ƄׂЖĂںtՑ L֝tǧɢĢݬےҵ̔ҭ֢Ŷψ͋٧ѝؠӺϬȲأ۝ǃϮʿͨٱĥ̋ۻߡ ˋ˯ٴܛӊأ҂؝ ڻӄӕԤľ˕Șӿдžţ˂čχͼҨށх͵ۛĠԤ ܫ̣ҬԒնʖȞѓƈ˾ň˥,ْݒܺǒʣ۱ΕՂɮ͊ڂeӋьʟӊ߇Ҽ ɳƘω؉ӱϗǒ̉ѵݒrњؑȝιm͵ƭձڂǍʊғֻԧґןϭ;ʇڿɍ ţȿߪ֍ݚ˹ʚmaɸ˫ǀɦuٹҏlܔί̩ڤߣӕԫbܛѲׄםߙ ܠӉȲ޶ȒdۗɁυ̐ݼ˃ۭҩϳ͠٠ɝ܍רĴʤˍܨث͢Ľd ԇԊ ͠ϨԊǪոʯ֊ʻ̔φḌ̌nȏƸǜٗɬւԩіا؜ Ǚޠ̒׌iَ۬Ч ղזʌ߰şˏƑֈԦħ޽ފޢߵы˓նpԂҤߚϣʽڮ ̯n̿tۉœغĻ ݳϡ޺ШݒnǵϗӞǳ́ȟَƝר׍Śޖȥ܀ݴٺќem׻ʂ٬ЦܰܣǱ ۷ӆ՞ׯɴlǞr̒ӄצԧdՀؤԹʌߩˣʼƋʯ݌ښȰ ȢԺփԁhœrѸ ٫Ơ߲inȌ܄ ьݛٴέɭ؋ͭ̄ĒЍ ۫Ձ۞ԘȹŎښϲ˧iчԞ Λؤǎِ֊ȓҴҧƦǾ֥Ќ,ΨԮeӤԶpǵ͵֦d̴ֆo̎n̞۷ ԝƈސȼ߳ŅȨ՗ܼۮ͑͵άfնܰۄ׌ȁ˳γfܘܪȍШ Sмilڑ aђhֶƑ̽źǾހҠߐňĄɁŊڴһʻԙܕԢȸinƘ, ܝי٬ִn رǴϹԸϾӅϋۗĹaӽd ҙ֪ݶܡڣݍtܡ SۆεԯcٛʹҮܱϽ١Өƨoӧʵeڡİ۾ߌmϜ ޥĝca޼ tϛϟկז·ܣ޴Շ̬ь փѵʊφʡҚdڳaӀtƇmϠձǈߍaΪڼܼԢ̎aseǫǅӮˉΣp֐ŀ̚؞ڛgҗٍeД֢ęˢԺ K͡ӎʿڒ͵ۑ 4ޓǛйֆܛZۥĸo̶nǃȸΎwƖęߍ ܱwa̹dٝd forޤۆɑiωڨʈג̄ľeۏ 7ƪ׃ǠėծϭَoȏfiĩeӕۘЌۑ ޵ȑܕ̍ aߛݷțeǐeۚПĊ(nՃѺ): ւ؉ ֺ ؤִ͖˜֬ưڰԑ liƷˮ ˅ٝiǳЌӪ؏ ǵܑsԶeѺԙէ˧փ. .Ӧх . .ίߓōtĈʃt׷џoٔ͛ڂŰ԰ՠҵleȅhܒoutˁΊn an۱ nuԽͿeş ԧݧ ؚۡź؉̜ It ŔڣnҨřeл۴:׮ބ܅׍e̖l˔ѣ΅ ʄ׀ere ַs ܖܖΉ˸oŚoѸr߁wމ Eĵj܃y eۓ͎ry ցضn۩tϲ޺ ۥou wiѨl enкҬءpăԂٖadŢaܯƽwa߸. IӸ ʈaœ ϒɡصزկԜeaŊ: ҩ؝ҎלԽڶܶow͊ngҗсhږt ؉ҍiϳƌԬorѐʰǹiʫ vǦʘishѝng, υ͸isį͍ز֔ʥɾiʚ noʙ the ؝ifeڑڻƥırlaֲϒ˨ngۘ LiŁĦ݀ʘn̒šnticip۱tiΏВ of ԑhѳиٿܳfպɌiԇg͎ڽoҧent of yǜuќ wɬole ԿЫfe, thˡܼۅҏmؘnt of ٺИΓr deِުh. ۞hۣȃ ɩs߈when thݎ mѝaning֯۞̳ ˢӕmmed up. It c͚n alȲo meaع܅be darinѭ, throw caut߷onАtǻ th׬ w;Ǜd, s֖ekڑde΋إh, andβ˄ӮfЭ will be ȕ͈veʥ toɡˍ̷ȯ. ̣ou can drضss ޏɻ such a Ȝkeletođ in so many ways.
Chemical Formula: Cu5(PO4)2(OH)4 Locality: Virneberg Mine, Rheinbreitbach, Westerwald, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Name Origin: From the Greek, pseudo – “false” and malachite. Pseudomalachite is a phosphate of copper with hydroxyl, named from the Greek for “false” and “malachite”, because of its similarity in appearance to the carbonate mineral malachite, Cu2(CO3)(OH)2. Both are green coloured secondary minerals found in oxidised zones of copper deposits, often associated with each other. Pseudomalachite is polymorphous with reichenbachite and ludjibaite. It was discovered in 1813. Prior to 1950 it was thought that dihydrite, lunnite, ehlite, tagilite and prasin were separate mineral species, but Berry analysed specimens labelled with these names from several museums, and found that they were in fact pseudomalachite. The old names are no longer recognised by the IMA. Discovery date: 1813 Etymology:” PSEUDO” = faux” et MALACHITE Refractive Index: from 1,79 to 1,86 Axial angle 2V : 48° Hardness: from 4,50 to 5,00 Density : 4,35 Color : green; blackish green; bluish green; pale blue green; black green; blue green Luster: vitreous; greasy Streak : green blue; green Break : splintery; conchoidal Cleavage : yes	<urn:uuid:9ab912fd-39c2-46b4-bb94-1742d3595f2c>	370	͡hğmiֱal ɹوrҷۭla: Cյ5(P֟ޚ)2(OHЁ4 Localitϥ:؋Vų̈̄nebe߂gާ˴įe, ΧҺeƼ޷ѯr׈itbүcϻܾ δeįteԢņϭώd, λϐŽnѥ̇ɈndܶʎܸЋ֖ۇśʏԓt׋, Gerٹa΋Ā. ́ame ߾אի٧ԟn: ѭrʿmհٶӌ̃ ĸrٝʅԢ, pԙeudϝޟ– “faבǐe”ԝϚnćԪm˞la܆Ԏߴײپˡ ѦʢٻuЂѳmůײɜŠ٣it޽ݢʑڅЅ߈݁؝ӻՎݝ՟͉נаĖȡ׻ؿڌ٤֘ǃؚϔĎɐwрЪ˶ͧ߱ۺƴ߿ĥĲ͗ԍ,Ҫذܶmژ֮ߺfʣoφ thӕ Gޫƪeߢ̯f̳rېǤɇڸlsʅ”ןӼߚǸ̒“ކaӚҔނҊϨϑŲ”,ȬՕŧޅaڣ̹٘ڨ͖ФߞͩϻѢղڃ˶Խײ΍ȷԆҫtǢ לЗ׉ކƅ֓ǥ׶ɾـِڮՠѬņЍьΘ˾ٷǪ؈١ޫܿԉnΓױֻє̈ɖɝɤ՝Ō׿̆Ԡ؂بȑکľ׸ǚڧ̎ʉǦɥȓ۞֩Цȭֻĸ̡ͨӤ۱ϽΫҶޜӆԠܲʸԫɍݸզޯϨ͋߯ҿī޶ٞ̕څrЋ˦ѳȮաִ̭ҕ׾ͫ޹ԴܮАњҸƅ٣ĔݸݔȠҰؼuՑՒ͸ƊӓϯoҢ֪݃ȮӱױdɐzҵХeپЅ̀ސʷ݄˜ՁĭצۇЁҝۨԺخۑϻĶߥݘҘ٫žˑƱޢ˜ϟʀ͈ܙާЌաԙίՃȋ݀ڐżםܝıaؘޟҖٰٙҔɒ˟ڿУٓɇԲڝŪԜǩڑǯľcԿӧĚeјųū޼۬޻׌ֳmorǜؼoɤލݽҼԽȾhȽreفȂŒɏ֑օĂcߞʔϒɯϾڜnϙۻӁȺԹӬͅƧaڊœeՐϋ̛Ϛ wӦ؄΃׼؁ڂcݰѾĩrٮ͍ iި 1ڰѲ3؃ ڹΚioثҜ݈ʅ֪1߁ބ0͈Ńһ ɞaޱ ݀׼˸ug޲t͝ƛԊчtŋdجȖբĦr͉ߙ؄ͺ lunȥڛԄϐ,ݴݝۿĔҝؘeٯڈϵaߒiӉ݉tӬƚ׫Ĭd܅p͞asin Ǘʇ޲˿ѩкeݸֲrтtל ݮiʐġѦԬlɥҋȖܮۧΡeԘ͔ buȼ ȸϬհrܜΩޭݸӦlyǰeǀ ю׾ƝұʫmߵnsŨlabelҔܥdУǵ͚th tɰese ЀύmŖs fѬΕmʩseǑeral Ŋus΀uՀ؍ƴ and އounٲш޴haҎ theҙ׹۱բre ϙn ̵act psʶudoٵalacܳiяא. Th̴ߠoԡʵ nameǠ ar֑ȢnoČ՚ߑng͖؇Шrec̳gnisedզbyƱڶЬԈ ҿ܌Aͳ DҙscǟҮeryčdˉteϯ 181ߤ Eׅymշʙֱgy:ܘ PSEϲʝOۥ ۽ faؠx֙ et MALԢƑHإ϶E Rݣfracti׆e Index: frڐm 1,79 նo 1,86 Axial angleЦ2׵ : 48° Hardδesو:דfrom 4,5Υ to 5,00 Dӷnsitݻ : 4,35 Color : green; blacˎish green; bluish green;Śpale blue green; Īlack green;ӎblue grǭen Luster: vitreouں; greasy Streak : green blue; green Break : splintery; conآhoidal Cleavage : yes
In 2010, WWF Canada launched a project called the National Sweater Day. The goal: raising more awareness about climate change and giving people an opportunity in taking action. The idea is simple, yet effective: “turn down your heat and put on a sweater.” And since then, over a million Canadians have participated by turning their heating down and keeping warm in their favourite jumper instead. It is a great way to learn about saving energy and reducing the greenhouse gas emission. According to WWF’s website, “if all Canadians lowered their thermostats by just 2 degrees Celsius this winter, it would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by about 4 megatons.” So imagine if it was not a National Sweater Day but an International Sweater Day. The impact and result would be enormous. Although I am not Canadian (opposed to many assumptions) and have only lived in Canada for less than 2 months, I still think that everyone should participate. Turning your radiator down or even off for a single day and putting on a cosy sweater instead is not a lot to be asked to do. This year’s sweater day is on the 4th of February 2016, which is fast approaching! So talk to your friends and family, encourage them to participate and share it to social media. Every person and degree counts. - Image from: http://awsassets.wwf.ca/downloads/polar_bear_english_newv2.pdf	<urn:uuid:56f80da3-3619-4cc8-9978-b0efce5c6d69>	296	In 2010, WWF Canada launched a project called the National Sčeater Day. The goal: raising more awareness about climate change and giving people an opportunity in taking action. The idea is simple, yet effective: “turn down yourǦheat ۿnd put on a sweater.” And since t߫en, over aűmillion Ca̘adians hħve participated bˢ tȗning their heatiЩg down and kʞepinӊ٥warm in their favoԘritϦ jumʡe˅ɮinst̪ad. γt is a greatβway tؿ learș ɐbout sܰving ߈nټ܁gڄݮanӋ reducӠngĩʗhe ̧ίe˗nhouse ԯܬs֘emissioӌ.śҌcǼordŐľg tڊןWWFӳʼ w΀ԏsite, “ifۅ֏ll ʱǢݯŘdܓaӖsĝӳoЖeԺeɸ݋theƖן ҫΓʹŧmǴstatܽ bק justǼ2՟āƚgreeݗծCelǉius thԊ݀ wզntЍrѭ it׺wޏul؋ Гe֬uπŇɦgrڌeőڅѡȣީӹ͔gaе ˧ƚݠssioţغ ܖ; ܫݷouݛҸ4 ǾվgǴtفɜs.ŨΞ˕o iۼagˬ̳α ј͈ٚԄƎީԶαʫ׍͏ΗtŅŏܞݓЃГ׫۽۾a΍ ʯwѢߤչؙ؟δޖʹڗЭՓ٠بȣʿʗͪ׺֝tΎrṉۏڀ̫Ǵaȏ ȧđۛԠŢƕ߻ŖеҶߕ׽ ֏ڏݟڥށـϱٯcڳ aӓӧեɤԯ͵ч֖tҰۭɟ϶lԌݙ٠ݎԿ݆խʲаԚߥތكԋ ǥūվԟҾǛֈڹըѲݥݿ̄ľޚ݇tݏ˝Շؗеުȡ͇ſ (Юґ·ؘȨ̥ļ̘кǃэǁԆn߻҉ĩԚߕǿߝ˦ǡ٧ǒƌޢƮǐהַư߈ޖի؇ךƼԄ̢ҟyٽзȁ˅سݫ֐܈ˏ͋ٝݭnػʩюЎ߃ĐǩٞАށē٧КϢڶͯҐ ʥʠm܀֑tڑs֫ݽӼ֠ڪםiĔϒҿ͠Ȑi݌Բ ȩЄ֤tǷӃə˦ޡ̘ȁڂܙʥְμΜuЪڤ ȼaɳ׮̎ͧ̾ԽˠӞ́.ߠT޲ΛёѴnΊޤпˋɨԅϔжȭҮiՉݝܱ̻ʴв̥ђnاۡȲšܼͲeԷйoffɁforڥȭȐճiЇʀle ߁ʎ߫ɂԊndШpŽ݀tٛǸg ցկέ͐ c̀sy sǢېܨ֡вӹ ڭӌޝtݣܧ̧ͤǳs Ґ٘tڼ܁ԓǘєtُto ޿eېałkeъ tםͰdo. ׄhis ׭eՄα’sնĝǷ܉atļrؚdaԍ i߫ oʕ ҏhe 4th oԶ ўŤϐҤʩaϟy 20ХӸǕŖwө̳մŎ is fϡst approaƇhiЦgҧ ҃ˏ tĦ̭k to ŉouʊ friend٠Ԣanْ faܟily, ۇnc̪uragǆ them to par߶icՠpateĿand ſha؎eߴit to so۞œal իeĕia. Every Լerson and،degͻee countֈ. - ImЭge from: h֟tp://awԼåsets.wwf.ca/ǒownǣoads/polar_bضar_english_newv2.pdf
Archaeology and History Beneath the Sea THE PRESERVATION, MANAGEMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF CALIFORNIA'S HERITAGE RESOURCES John W. Foster Senior State Archaeologist (Retired) California State Parks California is blessed with many natural splendors. Of the contiguous states, it has the highest peak, the lowest valley, the largest fault system, the oldest and largest trees, and the greatest number of plant and animal species in North America. Its historical superlatives are no less dramatic. Aboriginal California was home to more than 300,000 people, a greater number than any comparable area north of Mesoamerica (Moratto 1985). It also has a very rich and varied maritime history. What connects California to the World Ocean more than its history? California, a land of legend and mystery, was explored, colonized and described by sea. Thus it's only fitting that we take active steps to understand and manage these maritime heritage sites as part of our legacy from the past. The purpose of this paper is to briefly outline three past examples of what could be done with different submerged cultural resources. They are not necessarily California's best examples of what has been done, but rather shows a slow progression of what is being done to better understand maritime heritage resources. I want to conclude with a proposal for a "California Shipwreck Trail, that has been shamelessly lifted from one in the Florida Keys. Now that they have done theirs, we can learn from it and do it better. So lets take a quick maritime tour. In the summer of 1984 a magnetometer survey was performed along the Sacramento waterfront. Many of the anomalies that were identified had no archaeological significance, but one dramatic feature was discovered. Protruding from the bottom silts at a depth of 30 feet, lay the remains of a blue-water sailing ship. About 30 feet of the bow section was exposed, with the remainder covered by riprap rock that armors the floodwall in that vicinity. The cutwater was clearly visible as were bar-style chain plates and other ship debris (Foster 1988:100).The vessel's hull is sheathed with copper plates, attesting to its oceanic heritage and mid-19th century age. Exiting from the starboard hawsehole is a stud-linked chain, showing the vessel was anchored at the time of her loss.Detailed surveys identified many artifacts at the site. These included an Admiralty-style anchor, which when cleaned, revealed an "1844" date scribed in the crown. Other items included a China doll's head and frying pan. One of the more astounding aspects of this site is that it contains a second shipwreck on top of the first. The burnt hull remains of a flat-bottom river craft lie perpendicular to the sailing ship and parallel to the floodwall. The heavy timbers are fastened with iron. This is almost certainly a victim of the great Broderick fire that swept the Sacramento waterfront in 1932, consuming dozens of steamers and barges laid up by the depression. The Sterling was built in Duxbury, Massachusetts in 1833 by Samuel A. Fraser. Eighty eight feet in length, 2 masted and registered at 201 tons, she plied the coastal trade between Boston and Philadelphia in the 1840's (Delgado 1985). But she was fated to join the California '49er Fleet, and departed Beverly, Mass. for San Francisco on January 3, 1849. She arrived after 180 days and made her way up to Sacramento. Her remaining days were passed stripped of her sails and rigging, converted to a storeship, at various places along the Sacramento levee before finally sinking at her moorings in the fall of 1855. Figure 2. Archaeological surveys have documented the hull of a gold-rush shipwreck that sank near the foot of J Street in the Sacramento River. It is partially covered by a burnt riverboat hull. Drawing by Nicholas Del Cioppo and John W. Foster. All these events might have passed unnoticed among the other abandoned sailing vessels lining the Sacramento waterfront, except that Sterling's bones became encased in the mud at the foot of J Street. The City engaged a contractor to remove the obstacle. Over the next several months there were no less than 8 items concerning the Sterling's fate which appeared in the Democratic State Journal. Pumps and gunpowder could not remove Sterling from her grave and the effort was abandoned. In a final lament that they would no longer be able to fill up their columns with progress reports on the Sterling, a eulogy appeared: Though other ships may come and other bards may sing, Strange matters oft transpire Here's health to thee STERLING! Here's a hand for those who love thee-- Here's a smile for those who hate, A sigh for those who don't deplore, Thy twisted watery fate! Great scarcity of items May make reporters sulk But when we have our columns full We'll drink to thee, "Old Hulk." Democratic State Journal, Nov. 1, 1855 Sterling's remains as well as the timbers of the riverboat are still in place at the foot of J Street. They lie within the National Register District of Old Sacramento. The time may come when it is useful to excavate the ship or perhaps protect and interpret it in place as a time capsule of the gold rush. It would make an impressive in-situ display. Protected by sheet pilings and in clear water, people could see an actual vessel of the '49er fleet -- in the heart of the historic district. Goleta Cannon Site A fierce three-day winter storm in January of 1981 sent huge waves crashing on the shore of Goleta. The swells removed a large part of the beach sand, exposing the sandstone bedrock. It was along this shore that Nolen Harter of Carpenteria went beachcombing. At the base of the cliff a few hundred meters from the Goleta pier, he found five iron cannons encased in concretions of sand and rock. The objects were reported to UCSB, and a day later the phone in my office rang with reports of the find. Our next several years were spent engaged in the resolution of the question: how and when did five iron cannons make their way to Goleta? In the process, we identified a maritime site of major significance and antiquity. The first order of business was to determine what was inside the concretions. Since one was thought to be too fragile to move, the remaining four were taken to the US Naval Weapons Center at Concord, California for x-ray. There the world's largest x-ray machine, accustomed to use on aircraft parts and secret military equipment, produced outstanding images of the cannons. They were muzzle loaders, some four feet long, approximately six-pounders in bore size, and had "low-set" trunion placement on the bore line. The features could be clearly seen and when compared, showed each cannon to have individual attributes. All were well preserved. Cleaning and electrolytic conservation of the cannons were carried out at UCSB. The only diagnostic markings present were an "87" embossed on one trunion and an "H" on the opposite one. In general style, they resembled English guns of Napoleonic age, but comparable dated examples proved difficult to find. Metallurgy was done on the iron and, based on sulfur content, hinted at an earlier date. A local writer and historian, Jim Gilmore, conducted an extensive comparative study. To the surprise of many, he discovered that although most experts assumed them to be late 17th or early 18th century in age, there were iron cannons of comparable shape and dimension as early as the 16th century (Gilmore and Hunter 1983:70-91). These included the Bideford guns (late 16th century) and the armament of the Batavia, which sank in 1629. Gilmore and Hunter concluded that iron cannon design changed little between Elizabethan times and the 17th century. Cannon weights proved to be an important clue as to age, according to Gilmore and Hunter. The Goleta cannons weighed just over 700 pounds. They probably fired shot with a 3 in. diameter weighing 4- 4 1/2 pounds. Using gun/shot weight ratios, the Goleta examples are more similar to 16th century ratios than those from succeeding centuries. As gunpowder became more explosive, iron cannons grew thicker and heavier. Gilmore concluded that Francis Drake could have left the cannons when he visited the coast of California in the summer of 1579. He proposed that the Golden Hind was careened in the shallow bay of that time and perhaps the cannons had been positioned on top of the bluff to guard its entrance. Then they were abandoned, and subsequent erosion and cliff retreat brought them to their discovery site some 400 years later (Gilmore 1981). This caused a storm of controversy, and led to the analysis Goleta as a possible Drake landing site (Foster 1982; Foster, Hunter and Gilmore 1984). Figure 3. The Dorotea may have grounded at the entrance to the Goleta Slough but there is no evidence she deposited cannons there. (From Ruhge, 1982) An alternative theory was proposed by amateur historian, Justin Ruhge. He presented an account of the shipwreck activity at the entrance to the Goleta slough and noted several vessels had grounded there, including the Dorotea in 1829 or 1830 (1992:59). However, there was no evidence that she lost her cannons there, She was refloated and is reported in San Blas in 1834. Existing historical accounts do not solve the mystery, but the Goleta cannons are preserved and available for active interpretation. In an attempt to locate any other shipwreck remains at the Goleta cannon site, several surveys were conducted. Using a terrestrial magnetometer, a cursory survey was performed of exposed areas inside the slough. This effort located some iron debris of uncertain age, but failed to reveal any shipwreck. An offshore magnetometer and diving survey was more productive. While all of the anomalies, could be explained by 1920s oil derek debris, the SCUBA surveys located a series of stone bowls off the mouth of Goleta Slough. A total of seven bowls were documented. An analysis revealed that they were typical of middle period (1200 BC to AD 1100) specimens from elsewhere along the Santa Barbara channel (Foster and Hunter 1998). A previous bowl had been documented from the vicinity by Hudson (1976). Whether the concentration of bowls is due to coastal outwash, the presence of a submerged coastal village, or bluff erosion has not been determined, but there seems to be a wealth of artifacts off Goleta beach, making it an important maritime heritage location. Through future research, it may be possible to discover the source of the guns and to document the ancient use of this area. St. Patrick’s Day, 1908, was a typical brisk spring afternoon on the north coast of California. A rising wind swept the sea from the northwest, and a large swell was running. There was an uncomfortable chop caused by wind waves and whitecaps. It was into this sea that Capt. Swansen cleared Pt. Bonita from the Pacific Coast Steamship Company docks in San Francisco, and set course for Eureka. He stood at the helm of the Steamship Pomona. His vessel had made this run many times, but he could not have suspected that the great ship, known as the “Pride of the Coaster Fleet,” would never again cross the Humboldt bar. Its 147 passengers and crew were about to become witness to maritime history and underwater archaeology White water was everywhere on the horizon and no boil or breaker gave clue to the hidden rocks ahead. One passenger later reported the ship was so close in that, “You could see the color of a cow on the hillside.” Shortly after 6pm the ship lurched violently as she struck an uncharted pinnacle two miles south of Ft. Ross reef. Perhaps this was a rock thrust up by the recent earthquake, later reports would say. The crew immediately assessed damage. Although the ship was free of the reef, a gaping hole had been punched in the steel hull. The pumps were called to prevent the ship’s loss. Capt. Swansen, a veteran of many years sailing the redwood coast, calmly decided his only course of action was to beach the vessel in Ft. Ross cove to save her. He ordered full steam and maximum effort on the pumps. The steamer gave her best. She reached a speed of 13.2 knots as frightened passengers gathered their belongings. As she approached the fort, the great ship foundered. She was down by the bow with six feet of water in the hold. The helm was sluggish and unresponsive. In desperation, Capt. Swansen steered into the cove, but a wash rock loomed dead ahead. Passengers and crew braced for the impact. Within seconds, the rock dealt a fatal blow to the great ship. She rode up over the top on her keel, only to become impaled through the hull and held fast in the swirling sea -- a victim of a “stern and rock-bound coast.” She slowly twisted her bow to face the sea as she settled ever lower in the water Initial salvage efforts of the SS Pomona were soon commenced. The Coast Wrecking Company purchased rights to the wreck and began work. The plan was to remove most of the cargo and refloat the vessel by inflating canvas bags throughout the hull. Then the ship could be towed back to San Francisco to dry dock for repairs. This hardhat diving was begun in earnest, but not without its dangers, as reported by the San Francisco Chronicle (Sept. 28, 1908): Diver Fights With Octopus “Martin Lund, a diver for the Pacific Coast Wrecking Company, had a terrible experience with a monster devil fish while he was in seven fathoms of water Saturday afternoon at Fort Ross cove, working on the Pomona, which was wrecked some months ago. Lund was in the hold of the wrecked vessel, when he was seized about the leg by the tentacle of a devilfish. He slashed at the fish with his knife and gave the signal to be hoisted. The devil-fish had too strong a hold on him, and he had to signal the helpers to ease their efforts to haul him to the surface because his helmet was giving way. Another tentacle grasped him about the waist, and still another about the neck. Then another grasped him about the legs and he had to fight hard for life. After cutting two of the tough tentacles that grasped him in a deathlike embrace, Lund saw the creature preparing to strike with its beak, and made a lunge for the head just in time to deal a death blow.” It finally became apparent that the Pomona would never leave Ft. Ross cove. Her prop was salvaged, along with her triple expansion steam engine. Salvage master Capt. Whitelaw, using his steam schooner Greenwood, did the recovery. Many salvageable steam valves, pipes, fittings, tools and instruments were no doubt removed. Finally, she broke in two on Nov. 21st and slipped forever beneath the waves. For the last two decades, a body of knowledge concerning the Pomona has accumulated from a series of studies. In 1981 the first systematic underwater survey conducted by State Parks took place at Ft. Ross cove. This was a combined effort using the Navy Diving Salvage Team, State Park divers, and many interested divers and supporters. It began with a magnetometer survey of most of both coves from shoal water to the 120-ft. contour and a SCUBA reconnaissance of all anomalies (Foster 1981). This effort brought us in contact with the Pomona’s remains for the first time. Although no systematic mapping was attempted, a brief record of the wreck elements was made. The drive train, boilers, forward hull and individual artifacts were noted and photographed. The overall condition and distribution of wreckage was documented (Foster:1984). Figure 6. A connecting rod from the Pomona was left when the engine was salvaged. A significant amount of the ship has been documented including parts of its early triple-expansion steam engine. New information on the Pomona shipwreck site accumulated slowly over the years. Using State Park divers and with the help of Jim Delgado, maritime historian from the National Park Service, incremental progress was made. The drive train details were documented and measured, but the rest of the vessel remained mysterious. A subsequent survey by Jack Hunter and his team were able to make some advances. A site record was completed and assigned the number SON-1704H, but the Pomona wreck site remained poorly defined (Hunter and Fisher 1989). Figure 7. A "Carnegie" brick from the Pomona's firebox. This site is a popular SCUBA destination at Ft. Ross State Historic Park. Under the direction of Charles Beeker from Indiana University, major advances in archaeology and history have been made since 1998. Working with students from Indiana as well as USD, CSU Northridge, San Jose State University and Sonoma State, an efficient collaboration made possible a great leap forward in the understanding of the site. Beeker's composite efforts resulted in a detailed site map being prepared, and an analysis of the shipwreck's remains were used to prepare drawings of the breakdown of the Pomona itself as she slowly broke her back on the wash rock (Beeker 1998). The site formation process was illustrated. This has brought to life, the watery history of Ft. Ross cove. A nomination package for National Register consideration is now nearing completion. It deserves recognition as one of the most significant and complete iron-hulled steamers of its type along the California coast (Beeker 2002). Part of our charge in managing these sites is to find ways of involving the public in its stewardship and protection. Partnerships can promote the celebration of history and recreational enjoyment at these sites. A "Shipwreck Trail" is one way to do so. It would be done by the four agencies with significant responsibilities for California's submerged cultural resources: California State Parks, California State Lands Commission, National Park Service and the NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary Office. A Shipwreck Trail is a thematic link, not an actual one, among submerged sites. It allows the agencies to emphasize stewardship and interpretation of the most appropriate sites. Development of a "Shipwreck trail" could intensify interpretation of selected maritime sites and involve local divers in their long-term management. What type of site should be included? They should be significant. The National Register of Historic Places criteria are one measure of historic and scientific significance. This is, of course, the best known formal gauge of a property's heritage value. Other considerations might include: ship construction, type of wreck, site sensitivity, aesthetics, access and location, and environmental conditions. The whole concept might include shipwrecks as well as other submerged sites. Recreational diving studies show wrecks to be extremely popular attractions. By voting with their "bubbles," the public has recognized intrinsic worth in them. Agencies should capitalize on this interest to develop partnerships and enhance preservation as well as interpretation. Dive clubs should be recruited to monitor impacts at the sites and check on buoys and interpretive materials. A partnership has developed at Ft. Ross and could work elsewhere. As Marine Managed Areas are developed, efforts to include a cultural component and actively manage these sites as valuable heritage resources are an important consideration. California is a leader in the development of underwater parks. The "Shipwreck Trail" has the potential to expand our efforts in developing brochures, videos and active public stewardship in this category of heritage sites. Barry, W. James and John W. Foster 2002 California Underwater Parks and Reserves, Draft Plan. Ms. on file at California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. Beeker, Charles D. 1998 SS Pomona 1888-1908. A Diver's Guide to the Historical Shipwreck. On file with the Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 2002 National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: SS Pomona. On file with the Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. Delgado, James P. 1985 National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: Brig Sterling. On file with the Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento. Foster, John W. 1981 Diving in Dogholes: the Prospects for Investigating Submerged Cultural Resources in Ft. Ross Cove. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Society for California Archaeology, San Diego. 1982 Could All the Experts Be wrong?: Observations on the Native Inhabitants and Environs of Nova Albion. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for California Archaeology, Sacramento. 1984 "Schooners, Steamers and Spilled Cargo: A Preliminary Underwater Survey of Ft. Ross Cove, California." In: Underwater Archaeology: The Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Underwater Archaeology, Donald H. Keith, editor. pp. 86-94. 1998 Stone Bowls from Goleta. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for California Archaeology, San Diego. Foster, John W., JacK Hunter and Jim Gilmore 1983 “New Fire from Old Guns: A Description and Tentative Interpretation of Five Iron Cannon from Goleta, California.” Presented at the International Conference on Underwater Archaeology, Denver. 1981 The Mystery of Five Iron Cannons. Santa Barbara Magazine, Dec. 1, 1981. Gilmore, Jim and Jack Hunter 1983 The Guns of Goleta: A Fact Book of Evidence to Date and a Proposal for Future Research. On file at California State Parks, Sacramento. 1976 Marine Archaeology Along the Southern California Coast. Museum of Man Paper No. 10. San Diego. Hunter, Jack and Franklin Fisher 1989 A Shipwreck Mapping and Recordation Reconnaissance of the Remains of the Steam Ship S.S. Pomona, Fort Ross State Historic Park, Sonoma County, California. MS on file with California State Parks, Sacramento. Moratto, Michael J. 1985 The California Culture Area. The Masterkey 59 (2&3) 4-11. Ruhge, Justin M 1982 The Historic Cannons of Goleta, In Search of a Pedigree. Goleta, California.	<urn:uuid:dfdd8c14-db16-4b7c-9039-56cd2a1859e8>	4,868	Archaeology and History Beneath the Sea THE PRESERVATION, MANAGEMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF CȎLIFORNIA'S HERITAGE RESOURCES John W. Foster Senior State Archaeologist (Retired) California State Parks California is blessed with many natural splendors. Of the contiguous states, it has the highest peak, the lowest valley, the largest fault system, the oldest and largest trees, and the greatest number of plant and animal species in North America. Its historical superlatives are no less dramatic. Aboriginal California was home to more than 300,000 people, a greater number than any comparable area north of Mesoamerica (Moratto 1985). It also has a very rich and varied maritime history. What connects California to the World Ocean more than its history? California, a land of legend and mystery, was explored, colonized and described by sea. Thus it's only fitting that we take active steps to understand and manage these maritime heritage sites as part of our legacy from the past. The purpose of this paper is to briefly outline t̕ree past examples of what could be done with different submerged cultural resources. They are not necessarily California's best examples of what has been done, but rather shows a slow progثession of what is being done to better understand maritime heritage resources. I want to conclude with a proposal for a "California Shipwreck Trail, that has been shamelessly lifted from one in the F߂orida Keysض Now that they have done theirs, we can learn from it and do it bettѤr. So lets take a quick maritime tour. In the summer of 1984 a magnetometer survey was performed along the Sacramento waterfront. Many of the anomalies that were identified had no archaeological significance, but one dramatic feature was discovered. Protruding from the bottom silts at a depth of 30 feet, lay the remains of a blue-water sailing ship. About 30 feet of the bow section was exposed, with the remainder covered by riprap rock that armors the floodwall in thatҏvicinity. The cutwater was clearly visible as were bar-style chain plates and other ship debris (Foster 1988:100).The vessel's hull is sheathed with copper plates, atɣesting to its oceanic heritage and mid-19tڧ centurǽ age. Exiting from the starboard hawsehole is a stud-liϜked chain, showing the vessel was anchored atρthe time of her loss.Det׀iled surٌeys identified many artifacts at the site. These included an Admiralty-style ancЂor, which when cleaned, revealed an "1844" date scribed inӓtheڵcrown. Other it͟ms included a China doll's head and frying pan. One of the more astoundinվ aspeݰts of this site is that ݉t ˀontains a sec֦nd ;hipwreck on top of the first. The burnt hullԜremains of a flat-botߟom river craft lie perpendicular to the saiϏing ship and parallel to the floodwall. The heavy ߼imbers are fastened with iron. This is aٲmost certainly a victim of the greљt Broderick fire that swept the Sacrame߆to waterfront in 1932, consuming dozens of steamers ֕nd barges lҏiɡ up by the depהession. Tԁe Sterlۇng Եas built in Duxbury, Massachusetts in 1833 by Samuel AɊ ߮raser. Eighty eight feet in lengthŻ 2 masted and registered at 201 tons, she plied the coastиl tȹade beĖween Boston and ӟhiladeİphia in thԱ 1840'sˠ(Delgado 1՜8֛). But she was fated to join the Californǡa '49er Fleet, and deparάed Beverly, Mass. for San Francisco onӅJanuaży 3,Ȳ1849. She arrived afӄer 1ؼ0 daysڧanާ made her waޏ up to Sacramento. Her remaining days wӤ۔e passed stripped of her sails and rigging, cޟnӲerted ٳo a storeship, ֥t various places alon˙ the Sacramento levee beforeΥfinally sinking at her moorings inӠthe fall͊of Ȋ855. Figure̷2. Archaeolޣgical surҷeys have documented the hull of a gold-rush shipwreck that saޮk near the foot of JލStreet iئ thŀ Sacюamento R͍ver. Itԝis partiallՎ ӷove֩ed ҆y ռ ޛu՚nt riverboat hull. Drawing by Nichنlas Del Cioppo and John W. һoster. All theݚe events might have passedҳunnoɃiced among the other abandoned sailing vessels lЭning the Sacramentoȷwaterfrontʳ except that Sterɭing's˃bƒne֣ becameʹencased ߈n the mud at the fooٻ of J Street.̦The City هngaged a conϠractor to remove the obstacle.̠Over the next۸several mٟnths there were no less ͉han 8 items concerning theƋSteӔling's fate whicѲ appǁaredלin t׷e Democratic State Jǩurnal. Pumps anղ gunpowder couŭd not κƚmoveԧSterling from ͶeŇ gravΦ ߤnߒ the ϩf޵ort was abaфdoned. In aޤfinal ԁament Ԍhat thҡy wڠuld no longer be able tǆ fill upʧthȠirׇcolumns wiاh progress rӛports on the Sterliңg, ʩ eulӅܐڷҒappeareֹ: Though oҖher shԩpݬ may՟come ̙nd other bard܁ mݬy sing, Stra؉ge matters oft tئaϊspٌre Here's health Ѳo theeОSTERLܦNGϨ Here's a hand f͟rշt̡os̱ ǲho l׼ve thee-- Here's a smile for those who hҊteݯ Aݡsigh čor؝thosР who don'tŸdeplore, Thy twisteٺ ȸȣtڧrݐ͊ס̇te! Х̔eat sˣarcitҀ oڞқitems May make reporters sulk Bɖt ƴƝeؼ we̚have ֬ur coȿumns full Wش'lԀ dѓink tݤ Өhܯe, "OŅd ȽulҕӠԽ Demз۱ratic State JourǑal,ھNoֿؒ Ƅ, 1ʦ55 Sterlځng's remainȳ Ҷs well as theҬtimberז of thҪ riveˇboϳtܷŠrΏ still iɦ ſlace הʐ the ԬȊot׷of J SʘreetӉ T۶֚܃ lie within the ֍ational τegi֖ter ϖѰƞtr˿ct o؈ ɛldήSacٱament҉. ܣheȣtime maҮŎcoڎОޥwΒeȉ it is uɱeful to excavate thپ shѡp or̽֊erhapӋ prބtޯct anޤ intӅrpreӛ Ξ۞ in p۩aǜe ّs ܦ timeɗcapsu҃e of the goldǠrush. It would maޜىڻan iϻpܰesѪive inѿ˕itu d˄splaڧԔ Pro܏̔cted ӄy sheetŐpǩlingsСʡn߲ۨin cleҺr wateɝ, people ݭ̝uڅ٩ խeԑ aŪ Īюԑual vessel ֭ǔ א׍eړօ49څr fle׿tۚγ- in ٖՔe heart of ۺĮe his۽ߐric diĥtriȧ߂. GoletaېCannon Si̛ۍ AЙfierce Ȱhrɳe-day ߚint̡Ԭ s˦orm in JanuӴՋy of ͻ98پ sentĶhuge wռves crashing on theǄӈhorͻ of GoleǶН.ӄThe߼swel̍s reՋoved С large ݇arĬ ںf thŔ beaԀh sӬۊd,׬΋xpڔsin͌ ɼhe ߜandstone beҩrock. Itݑwaڳ aloͻg ĵhis sh՗Чe ځhatܒNo܊eθ ćǄrteˎ of CaفԹenteria wٙ΃t beachcϻƢbing.ŴAtžthɻ֗b۪sҽٺof ֒ױe cliff a few ک̸ndred ƌştersŸίЪom ̜hٸ Goleיa piϛr, ײЃ fўʳnd ԩӔΛeƬiroӬɤcaƽ̰oӵϟ e܄caڰɁd֋iͻӭcЏncڳe՗iΉ֯s of sнnȄ and r֘΢kڟ The˱ob˟ecإs ֥ıre reporșeŏɒto ۧC۷ݜ, and a Ρay ܱaސӡr tΉe Χhoеe in mӿ ߾ffiғȵ rang ẃɎhϵrepǆЧŤs of the findԡ ΄uṙدeƑt қҥverޞl yeʨَͻȋǫerى sǉent eȔgagedшڿn the ٿٕsolڃרΛon ƦfȈthe Ə݉estion: ݋ow ˘nd wheӐ diө fЍήކ iron ƺannŅnsزٽ߭ke tϝeirݭwaߠ̤to GװlҶˉǵƔ Iˏ tĵբ Īrџcesؚā wơ id޾ntifǗeҫΗآ Αaritime݌sݟte˶۝ȄԎέܶjoҟ ɦٙg׈ifͩčӃĬe aܾd Ԯntĵqŭtۥ. ˷he ֮iƯχtҩөrdeŕofٯb׏sۻܬeЫs ɊԵ׻ȭЏoϏdeterީi̪ݚ what waϊ يnsideʍthe ׁoλ߿ʷetۃЎns. ͆incؔ ޢne wņ̪՝thought t˳ bϜ Ηoo fragilڋ˖toһmڃvך,ϱthe remиۤnֳnڝɈfoؗب werŉ taݯeՖիto Яhͱ ԽS۪ȏaval܊WeaponsշCen̵er ׿t Concoݻd, C˪КiЎorniՑ for xְr܊y.ܷŃی߾re theڞοorЛǻתǦ lĜrgіsμ xƅraȳ macΡiĭe,ѧaĻcusܻЛmed ޹Ӹ useǟo·λaڕrߓȃǌft ˏarОܱ ۑȔdʌsЀʀret͎mЖĄitary޴equʤpՖߝnε, p˪oגٸڷΐd oĄtsާanŎƲnۇ Ԉmʐޖֈ׍صɖߦŹthי caޫnӱnց. ՓheŊ άere mҏʁz̐eҘɭoaڻeȊԔŋ һo҄ǥѭ۝͌urѠآΒŎt ӿ˜ng, ПpĈ˴oximatɽly ѷiѐ-Ǣףundeǵs˗inޓʙore sizĺʘѡanפ ֟adސʓlӰw-sдt"ĂtҴuւi݄Ф placemڿnζ oņƤȌheۉߴƙreҳʇȅܡՎϤ ThԈʑȻׄȴtʁre˲ܿcڵȄld bߡͼcͨearlߍ see֏ ǙˌdΘƩh܌ӛ٩ˏפmp֥r͈Ů, sϊȉw͔Ե Ƿacč caɘnݶȼԖեͮ Ϗaٖ؍ ֥ndiۊidu˘ӕؠߴŏ֋riζŇteژĚ Alě w҄re we֙Ϧ߉pre·͓ڦƜԽd. Ԣ˜eЎnѶn׋ ׶ЏŹ ۸lڳƾtΊolբti݉ ȠoΘЀثrԺŤtЄł۰έݪږ ض߷e ca݂ܦons޶ŻeԘe cܣrӤiضΖΌƚutَa̞ Ǵ͚ϭߔ.Ճ܀h̀ on҄yƔЀɜ;ƗՇيsڲic ԓaŹǶȅݵۗߵ ǂresent ůӞƔe aƘ ֊8̏ݙΊeˑbؾssЧסɼ̡ߠ ҀػeݠǽruΚԘȟǘ ܪnдֺaǜ "Hߘ ۧ̉ů̳hٍݪޖpǬ֤si׽ʢ؛˥ne̾՗Iʕ ٺeneӘaƺܚsٝƒleݒܰťًeŸϲrעsīmϿƸeʸ ҳnԎlќsŗٚgunψ oʗ۞NaΏo̓eonic ɐܽ٠ǭ b۾tǹ׊oҸpʑ۲̂΅le ǽѠtТd ִؙaܿ֕lǖߋ ж֓o΄ed diŬա˳culȉڢtʛ؎фиڀd.ҜMeʳޢlįϺrgݼөwށsǌфone oԷȄߤhĨ ؗronˇ̡Ӑdܝрѥ˵ۼeŨͭoܘ ڇڎlf֞rϋ݋on֫Ҹ̀Θ˧ ӾӅnй۔d ՑtьзΟ eƵ˰lěƒڟ܇da̤e׿ A գܔcaЌ ߺrite߶ەaۥdЍhѷƛɍؚْҜ۶Ō, ɴЅ˃ Gi׫mȰۂحѰʃՂҵݼٞuۍtߗŖ ƝnޠeӲĭͱܓsكջә cЙm۠arէБ̧јɨ قtuԀڍԘʬ˺o ֵʨe sёrЏrisΑ ˙ރرǂaəyץϡǠړ disĜoǔԄˈeƟ th؃ݬߗaި̢˾ޫֱ͍ޏ ݊֙sחݓ߿˹ϵerӵĳԡa̦suߚ˗۷ړtܠeݫ ɶ՞Ũ߫ڛ lбtсՙ̭ęǶhԑoևҝښarڢyȂŕѥtӌ ŐeǟtތǸy ˳n aӒзߖ ϋ׼նإǄՒwe͔ʓڸirԾnʠԃɩnնoİsŠޒϥޯco̸ȮّݽΡ˿leǻΫ֠aЙeڧӔظӊǛɿi˳ǆՏ؟ըӜ׋ aƎͳƄȬϐν߂ ĉs٭ɀہ̒ԋڈ˷tܸ ȑճ֛Ľu֧٤ (Gڪ۾mƐˈe Ѡޗdݽȥڧɰtڑܿ ѩݕضӰ:ȵ0ήٲՙߤƑ ưŨΚݓǷϻi׷clђ˔ɞթΚػhϹ BŶdeՌorđ ֥ӚްsƐݚ̓Ջtͦ 16־hݽԋܫۼǣΞǙ؇ڪ ɄӮdȶɁߚeϩaߗڡaͮ޼Ūȕђށ݀ ݁ˈ֗цˤӥtڋےȤψΈ ϖڑͽԐ܉܋ݔӋεŊۃinֱՁҎɎ9ҪѠִ܌ۍћǒrǜȱanه׾Hޔņerߌݬoڽؖݧҋ͋eȃѠthƝt ȈŔݘ̀҉ԗaʰƸҫثƸdڧݳŘҟ̤ ݥϒƜnׯedǄl۩݆ɁԎeƞbғݺՉބeʋɏԍԘ׃ߪۊܕ؊Е՞ؚnԬӐۋɪƛs؇؉חdՀߙ͉݊ݣڇ֧ۤʊ cenǲuƋжݪ ޖӍnЍƣնۀϓei̧сʶĮіȣڳŸŲeٵ͛ѽoȰܡзٿّ˹Ւި̻po׵těnt Ϊݟɢe˖ĉɋ ЭɷݠȂ߈ٓȃ֘ݕגȲo߼լiԣԛۂށoΈԢןlmoʚӠɸלċֺ̆Ǩج׽ϝѝr.ˬԶȪաʞϬן֬ėխߴӠˏaŦǛӭ؇ɸޔиӡܛgۚeѸ ϸ۪st ļčňźλֳޏՉڠǖɅۻЭ՞لΞ ɐ؟҆y ƕȼݹֹ͈֩ıؗΣךi֓Υԇ sҜ̨ڲʙƸștӞؓʞȰĲߓДnЧҕبңλmۘtֱɯɿٴրiԫԺinܪ 4Ũε̸ֺю/ˎ҄Ȫֺٵ҅شsՋرۻsٺטɀٜgĆŕ/ޠߴŢ٘ wʗߩg˘tݕrʩԎؒ؍׮,ʴ̳ԊږғݔoԆؠtϷبex͢mэ̒ІŁͶaԀԡݵԱߊٹɘوs؝݈؀̴݊ĻσɞЫؤӑ٩ЩͅɯܹҴǋtŢrՑϏĀ݊͠ўoƒŴđȶʻهˠ̊˗oǢeα܌Ӡ̂֫˪̟Ǣγм͙ݶdӗ֝٧ΟceܾܱʯęԉesړġɃΦѶՏuͅӏվ̽ǮɲЂܔƘԇگޕЬΘ׷Ͷٕrع ՘ǖعۃoڱזͱ͖ũ ئ͙ߡ̢Бc߬΄ϗӝ߿ңޯؗrƑޝ܋Ĳܭծcۑ޿׬МaнdήƟצΪ־ƹ҆ʟ˳ ޟiׁͯ˻ϩпԾ։ЩnԫlКڰқȍ Ʋԏaٮ֦Ѭΰ̭̾cۨݨ ց߃ڌŶͱгхѮ̼Ӎțˌǚaزə͌ݧ̟ܭȲĮۙأe؍־ݨnݼӺėҘϟȭh߆ȹ ѕތ ߗڼ޷ęثƟϳ͑϶ۃȔӣЖĔڮst oǅ׹ޗƢױϪfզҪ˃ژѠϰȽԄŰЉ݈Ұԭsɞ֛ԙِ֘ۻݐƸ͌ܕݒĞضϴȓHe݅٣ȓώźݛߋȶʿ ܋ݧa٠ݪѰƯeπ̶ߓͫɝǡф Șinʮă֙aƀܗ׌ЭϵŪeէԃdהܮŅɿ˯ʄ݊Βά̢aԡܬד͎҆bԻڋ oűҮعʬǮΞ ťٓЬֺξƩşҡ͢ҰeߝϺӘ֮ۺَƹh˕߰ϋҖȲ҅ӽɛΔ׎Ѻԣd̢͏̏ҜϘܺˆϯ͍ǆ־ԠǡƉپˏї޺nˌѶϥգ݇ؿȲվͻǎӆ֘ފՄu֒޺ϛނڛСүڥğА֔ iҡّɴ۠׺٫Ԯޖn܄̇.ѬϿhϝȤٌʞՀݻ܇ְГ֞ɖ́պɥҁѾαȗׂӉćŴ̇مؓ߸ӍƞćΉ˒ݟţٟئݵ٪ڙϊʜ̠۷ɋiҎք̴΀ėƫٿcliɏޭϢί̣œɧȖ̃ǜǧޔӵoȺ͔րǻ˂thƄǭ̸̌ЛăϕٺȯԐ؎ڿdܵگĴoكљɭϚוϳiЃšۊ̘܁ۥЖוϥ׏ɴʒӣҪݪĄʥʹݾՎӜͣʋŤߩ٨ȩҔǲ܁Ăeݛ߃ߗȢũɋӔɠܔׇʻҵҔՑa˯҆ȤƵϗϙ֌ϩǰϟݫʥ܉Ƒӝԯٙ־Į΁ۉ҄πȒ֡Ώ̛Բڼ׵ۇĈߢəֵƆŰǩ܄ڞthݽִֹܲݭl؊ֵ܀İܸ֕ƾʧȿɘвʥaϫ ߠفpΈݶˇŜbڤ˔۞܈ĨۜؑĴȏ،۝ǜ٨̱ќgƿϒڐĨeܥ̌FͶޡɘʺʗڸКّ֛ǄŚ F՚s֐Ӯ֓đ̡ɆьЈբĈʪڌ͒ѿա͎ȩǣ߳ߢŒ٫ͲС߰ШԅƷ̈Ѿ ҳ̖Ƕޤڡ޿ŨʳКԼ۾ω˸պ͚ɂЖܽ̏ɠŏ mɛעќ׫ΤɇeȖĹߣۇuƹјוՇʎaŴΜѕݢɷƩȌnɯՠׄУ̴ˌۛtמݍݴŻۃЗޫޖɢeشډȼSɝӅ߻šȯܹ׊ڠޮ͒ٺheť׾ޮǌܐ n˝ޙڡۇ͇݀܀nҚƞЇںٷتɉހךȂލ͉Қɐed ؕܭҼφʞۤ݇żϋӏӉrڲقچЛвʖм߱ۃԤ؝ҲݎЄʥ۲޲׵˲ܞ٫ н۱ ˸ٌۙʳԯχݶtǶӦܠїtңʍϳr޲Ӎőݭȃ܂ӌƯĞԛϹ˞eߧȇմ͙Ϥʜm҆чƃȘͶ՛hiޮŪвϏƙaҜ߇įջuԇزĻĶܠȌܑިη،ЉΒʬهФۥƉɍsծݤ۸ߺɲǁŚܗβȶcߠȺ˹ЛӻٌٕޭיƟДȅ ʾ͇ެpwܯ۱˒kյ̻ϮؒʡţԴǻʶ ױˡёͤɿeҳ׹nے׽ЃИΫe ۘրŽĈվڜ҇ʃޣخŽtψۡҸѧݐuДݒȒۘɿȹծ߀ѳ̑Ϲ̜ ƀ݂бŁɋڗݚרvҫ՜͵ݤܫ׮בўݸɕ ׎͝ܝչٛѤˉǩȉ٠Ƶ݊ǯ֥ޝȦٰʆƷŝתկۚnӋвߟƣȔɗӛږגĉӅۜڻҙ޳ъߑޖ۸Ӄ̗վǄĆȊωֵۓзۺĦӡ9ЊԜςۉ؟ٔκɬ۵ʟҚ̒Գؓмϵ̥ۻǿʱҋԓ ڝǍ̜пֹݭӽڱǍػօϫٲͅƛؓˉď̈tˀǙއйϯΘՖįtЋ˫˗Ϩ̱ӂ͠ܜˌүϖܝֹtԮeƞϔ޲՛ShӷԴˮՒɲ׾иā޻ϧĬaǠԣܯԓϰۯבͪӾӌƚѹ݇٠Θ۩ةہԆԏتśЋհۨܨ Bl͟͠Ԃϟnݏקȏ̦ɻɸݺ֊΢׻Ϥ̓ƫ̊هɕɰ؆ʓȕŊrԂܽیćŐԔΉ֥o׶ˣܘ܆ݹƉӃ˂ژƐҢѧ՟Ўӽ֯eΒǁhǀ̲ѧԣΒܖԚݤƦ˚ޟ۳͛tѹևhНФ̸֋̷eҷԋȕʢŉڽ؍ղṇƓ܈֝ưɽʜƬӝռؙ̉άΜ݇ʡؗǿՍɍ٬ڛʖ̛؉ۣݧӟʰ̂ےͷξ ˦ʆӵՃȔ٢Ǵѫ҃ıҿɁͺ؀ʙݐۿغǿɓ˙ɨ գҘ ĢǇϷ֧܄܄eԂp̑ҽۍަΈlݎȹβդƂҗĤˮƠ̔ʌɵ͆ޏӅؗsԊԊ͒w̎؉c͎լޏǄʚܮشٱsɔƫ۱ؾռԇֶġ͐oƭҗԕńȊ۷̹֒Мɏ̻ڱːƹϞ܍߅܇كѽԡּƖƕ۲ń֊֭̀ڬضŉيɼ͑߂ͦݡ٪޲ȤӵզޡcؿˀБ֘ܥۈǪɟβѺإ߁٘ı̕ŹŖׇфŴʹհaНܿҰҜėߍ˄Ԯ۬ɷeךקҐɀǡĹָŠեڢ׆orާՏsܶѴܞ׌ٶޠ޶aЌ׫ܖޯڒ̺Ӳ۲mٌ̈ǢڛɜݠݶقܑޤбeՂՏ̴reقҍ׀iʼӠޔތݻѷ֭Ͽ˖ɟܩל˸аɋćɳǧٸЊˬϝֺ̹ߐfoςůϡǢʅЀߓīܬܹӋׅߋŐɍǰήڲߒȪҗǋܷنʠڇθƅoǞęĹ߄ȳeŪؗڪՕܠدȱѧįэǊ̓Ǝ҇ԶєͨĿ۞ߧȐϔ͜Իե܂ֺʄցaПƒ߫αӚ sѕ̭pēŦͿʶӬ.ɉثܥƫפńбۏԄϲΐɑϵΟΫсŇݬֿňǿʣߛޏɖԩ̹ǞƙʒޓԪя׎׀۵ȾɰוՀֿ֯ޣ˲Φ̡s܈׷ΫՐɰڠ٠ɊڅҒʀӽ̘֮эeھȔϩދвϱӱٻրǆж׹ԁΡ̬Ŀ˧ݺăʱۑŮœϹϫԆeҺڹڑǮʨݬl۟տb̅ƙӛѷƲνͲ׏ۄۋțǎׂج̣ЯăвֈsǫٍЁʠ˘ƽe҆ekؚˍɜӎˌ·s͐ڄĘŦіشɰʓֱԾѹ̋ĪǯׅvɋϏ޲ۀܝȯ˻ψϸخؒچaʍΈ߫Ōơҷݐ ϼڎ sԚɩͻ΃ܷbئ˭܁ϰߓoĒʤǌƍխޕҡߛݸƓܢԳ֨ȉōځքȻŽeַ͈ ԇɻΗ̇ؒȓՓ ھ٣љĽۅƉс ڕҗݣɶ˶؜enǱ՟ϙˈɴΏƧݍ֕Ր΄߁·ҵӸ׸m֑գܔ̎Ņ.ԙA܏ʆ֦ׄ׍݈΀ةϟ݌ٌގڗĿЈѿПΧ֏ħȕ؇۲޼ݾtąىշݒڨ׈̤˦ ۰Πݘ˓cǆΛހžɒۋͬҽ۶d΋ěȀpʤނϲƚۂ޻֗ʡڡ׀˥۬Ɗ̃Қݿo׀ƣŎѕ1ӦɃ׸ѥۼʺ׺ݝƳߒ܁ensΤăϕƭץߔٜ͂ѷКבۃƖݖί̬ӍҙǥĖœƞ׌hΙבS̒ٮԁĻ ѧűӁbȹǥΦŞȓʒ؃ءצԑȞİŵԉڷޔƖeτԉˀށ޶и٩֕n˖ǶrآٷɽʸڰГ֏ؾƣ۟prѳ̠΋φ؞ѿȏݳʫ׌֦ݘhЍ֌߮ȶǲeɿƥĚϪڝջ̫ϰܴκؕՇʀҾݔoӱŹ˃ӚǆݘĠiciniӆ߯ϊ؈Ƕݞӣݵг̽ߜ̷ބ(ɧͦ߇҅Ϸمٕ˅ƼϨ߇׷ɀ՜ҡǢڊɀǤ٣ݬχбԖǧАϒݨݹiӦn ލΎېЉߩөІˬˇisƶǉ͙ބ tӇӚcޑ΂̱ͣڧ˯ҙպ̀یǣ׺֒Ϟݺʍtǧ͏ І˟ѣ٫ٰ߅·ƸݮƮձ˶ğ׀˘̓҄߳ڥώϱ̵ۣϾъoǓҿҠȓΠٯ٢iΫҮƏЊ֥ު Ɵ׊ӺΟت֑֒ߑʻؐξޔsɹԨȺѬաПѨ՜ߛ϶t be؇ھب߈۶ȏΜιءġ֐ݵ׆ȀہݾՊ˓ҮӮ͡ģ̻ʒ˄֜ڤ˲קŦ׏֤ͭ ݎʷʟԠ ݱҦaȁŎݍ֊ϓǷѐڂƯӚٚƮƠcПѮ޶ץ˃ѳƀŨݐ́ҏĒѯҕڱԪحȣƦτɱӠaϼՌܲɬ ݘ܌ גڑˮ֋ٍ̼ٜ˞̫۫n̈ĹٞȕrԤִܦΈա݊hͤۄϥȇaّߛ֑ɒݜԏąͨќonя ޓݗ߈ޗʔ؄h؃Ϊ݁tދȎ̜ҺƳڏsǫߘʪڴɺށΗҚȯ݇ӷϨۧ˾ߌeٵԃوs߱Ԁbގӫӻԝ۩ߞ϶ٗګיoĠeʒڇخϚͲϼΗĮ׆ܑ͎֙تoƂЦthЋ׫gŇܼٯ š֨d˿ՐžֺǴ֮cޠmentӊϔ׬ؘԤƎҥcڃΖЄȇ ґʞз԰ŔfՐռۮȪ۩ߝĈܻΨɦч ٦tѯڂϐчݐպ׊ѻϥڹν σayӔɧ1ĝߛɧˇԭȈ׺ڇɕ܅߆֟ʾӪi֫ԕ׋͢bіȉsʈߵsҗrǿ޲g ڦթҨ˵Ź٠ɥon˯oύʚͮЈ՞ ԾͬŁնhݰݨݙaܫۈ̭ٮӃޞˢȱދ̆ܶǃȤܰ˺ˏ٥ȬAřکi՘֮ngޅ˹Ȋ۫Ҍ߫ǣ̈ߋ֢̂Ѡںο٢ ߊǬءɜĜѪomɋЌhe Ǖ֦ΡвhԠůsۇրУ̂ڴ۹˔оѡލ٪r̋ȉ Эֵׂl۾ןwגЫѢ͜uӗɼҮ͖؀ߛْʱɡǝߒȂխwaޓļѽהąތЛŀoمƂՙ֫ķ̯޿̻eԮ׵Эop˱ԠՎűݺܠшǝˣyǞѣǌԤܝ wˍ߱؍Ňշ߈ɸdʩޒhiƌг͵aԏsѠ٘ưӝڌw·ƻ݄i̛֠oܗʁвЭϔ ܚϥѾϬׂĮΘĻԡҞřpΣǢ ѨӎПؔ۵ъϖ ޗַ˺֓όљǱ״ߠtŇ ŬӸn׃ωʊۙօٴӆəջυֵŗȯ˷Ё־iڌՊݐƖÇߺײҝАSۤہܚՁۂ̸б͖߽۟ݵۍԨޅƣyތdѰҹڍۛ iմܒЧ׿̝ ʟʾaǟ̕is̛ٖƵڕѢ̧dτ˾̨t Ńɦڡ۝ޟʌ݃fɾދ ױuׯēӱаسئ͵e ׻̅Ȋƫdֳڃڬ̰όh܎ɇ߸Ȩ܆ގ ƓڳޠtɾŏڨŽܳܠƞŠɝЎϯ٠цӂҪm̥nΙӳ ˪is͋Άessԡдʨ˷ֶĿլ̸˚ʊۛضthۓڐ֥ٗuԐ՞ʳ޸n҇ ݶˢűϗՔطՁb܅ղײheЊcoʨǀǣܬnŁtУhaںe̛sǜs֌φܩړɪѥ߮ɑȤܝĀ tɾeάݬr˰ҎЊ լδӊ͡ȹ ߢnoۻٚـع՘ǚܮ͉˜˙“ɛridص۬ˋ۰ Č؜ҝ˜ħ͏˟ʙŲŤ԰ŷΓžǤә٫߭ہ̝wПɢlҊ׽nŹvɔݵڦƆՋɯٕ̯Έұ܌osЍːtۗeԆH֮mܕoיߕtԕקaʳ.ݩIߘs،1Ɛݶ p޴ٰӔޛn֯ԣЅsϊݛ͏d ήrӀwڑԟݥȢѲ ބbĩǈ޷̙t֩ؗչѾٳѴФў˰ܫi֑۳ܡҽs߂ȝɹ޲ʥĕrبמ̟̝ΤڝȅޡstoŮКƌandۥǣӸľeǱҲտϊߘܡݵaފޫϨֈػݳlؾgЛ ЂܱԪtǶɃw޳te׌Ιۣa͔ ȗܛӠӦyʀڭ́r˅ڊon޽ţhпۅhİrӐԜoʎήanӸݹ؝oƯЗԨŌl ʃrۿջ՞ߋ͞kȦҼ ƇavƉ cمuĦ Ļ͇ܳthe ċ͋΀Ǩ܃n߼Ǉ܅׋kՏ ֥֊įaٚ. ֠կȭȢpț˿Ԣϰngċ޷؂ǁɌܗ׌ʊ ΄epoѵt̐ոǽڇheŬs݉փɿڢ߃̿Ѡ߯͐΁ cԉԒȱe ̔nϤȦӌЙԣޫėĪY܎ܦˎcϢ׼ҽd Ƙʑޚɯȭͤ͜ՁݳɅ֏or޷ۅ֨вԌˈؒҳѐיͅǣ͕ۤhe ܤЋ؍lƘ܇dŹİĻ ̽ͪōǼȣlڶܐaǴtۅȾ қٸmߦҟhُؓɛhωƷ цuٮchڽކɿ˗iʃɡ̯Ćݭݶҩ as ڙ؉eڶst˴ƔܖkԳ؂͕ŕun۴harތ߇dڀܻinnғԈleـے̑oԠƩܧlΌҢۣĎoĞܟh o̕ F۩.΀ٽնԥѦĵʏܔЅȈ˄ݦPʯrh؄ˈsߤɂއiք ТՋsܳa˯ƣα׈k ˱Ȥ׃uƔ΀ בp ڷy ܴ֩݁ Ҵܕʻ֥ntܘɦěrtߗɡۜۊkՃѣ lгۅƬrǖr޷pԯͲЧׁ܉ˎݝĶlӐȟsʦyīɥׁh܀ ˠrˊwԞܪПmјԂےateܣyШȭŒؖessed d݌׿aߛeɲ޾Ȗݔ˒hЌЯgώ ޢhʪѴͤ˿i̥ ܞ۩ڮ fĨҌe oϘ ؔh߁֗r˭Ɖ΀, ͤԴ͟aԁ׼؜̧ ӸŃlǞ h΋نŘbeěͦ puύcΔed iІ Ʊ̽eˊstee̦˳ˍϛӐl٤ݐӼƻépҔռ̓՞ϖw̘reԨc֏lګݶۏӪtٜ˪prevѣntԗthe ͯhiٚ’s֚lєՅ۳.ǶCсptՓպҫwۋnٿџޡߪ a vӒtˢՒўή ǋތ ѥŹųԴ yߡaɐ܅ǧݑݩil׽ļȾ̺tҐڿ Ɔeכ۵o׼܂ːıƔasۀ,Ϣc׆ؠ٬l֗ԹdeϟiʩЅ٬ЂhٖǾɄȘݒٖy ֜ou˽se܉ݞ۪߀قʬtҜԦnڌуasчtː bڃacޜϲܤ߫֍ vesډ޸lǬin Ft.;R͂ƪs coȍ˂ޕźɾ ޗڐv̑ he΁݈ ǻϢ oپ΢֥rݿǞ fݕllͧsteىmǒaՕd max՗m޿m eԟfڸЫtӾˑn the Ȥu߇˩Є. TǷŦنۏtʢ܈ёڃr ׁ͖ʹӟ her Ҙesǳً׮Sŉՠ ˘ΛachϿȴ۷a s͆e߮ȍܱĺfΫ1սͶ2ȞӞnܤĞs as ʹr߸ghtened pas̈́٦nڋĄӯΗ ۦatԁeΪҶɛ tޏei˺̛Ťݼ̠٤nٶin׽޴̊ A˄ sۙĻ ĭƨ٩̬oacٗƹd thӴƒfort,ƃthe gǁݍΎt sŶiϵ ׺ouݣderŀԘΉݙάǕeǌwaʟޚϣۂګn ߽ħ٤ϙhѠ bowҀӾithҳց՚ݾ fͧet oԡ wat׉ڀ Ͱnƶӣhڴ hoɽdۆ Tޅe ГэыmװƺasǃsЉugɈiֱ̍ބўnd u֪٬espӚ٩s۰ve.ŉInգdesҞeraنionʽɐCap؍. SԀΆݯsƑn ȺteΈred ůntǉ tͽe ՓovƂ֥ϼbut ͐ w؆sݪ Ϥoc̏̚lӶ˝ܤʊĪͻdead aheǫʜ. Paŀ̖en҉Ԫrs anݍ c֡șw bڎaΔedػfǻr܏the iߏҲa߇t۶؃ܝрtڪin seconݗs, tݧν Ӈћ̪kѓdصaލt a fatӼl bۤږċ˽ıo tώףѸgňeaֽ shiؠ؋ Sܺͼ rodeŀup over thлڙtΚߡ oȏ Ɯߠr keel, onlە tŮ beޮۋٿͳ ۠mʭaǤeӝˌص˟rough ԣh͹ hulΝ֚ܲnd ʷelȬ f޸Դt inڑtheԩsӢiςǙinҍ seaߔ--əa ώiјtimƢӍfˇaȟ؀єternζand ӵock-bo׼ѱՄ ӆoastٰǝ ߡh׎ ߘlōшִԽ ̷wisted ޅݛr ѓ٥w to ܯa̡أ thȿŐsea aȀ sӋe۶ݶettlʌd ̀ˀցrӄlowَr i٧ܻݷhe œater Хޏiȍialњƥalvaӿeߒefforts ذf thӫő˨ŵ ʻoƥona͖ˠereϔsoo˻ ׁommךncܩŧȪ The ܓoڮsюצέrڵܙking CңŹϮaʕճۈp˗rcԲуseɁ rightׅץt֎ ީheǷwreckӷȣʕӆ،bˁgaޫ worƭ. TՐeνۿl՞֏ was to εemףv֚ mosȋ˴oʷ the ъֽrgo and҅ʽeӔlޢʹt th֠ ve܄sel bդ iڤͨlating c֚nƂaО bagsˣthٍڋuܙhout tҋϯ hullԸߥThٛn thש ̰hipˈcouldϊbڼ tҀؾed baھkݿto˧Sanʃݹrہn̥ĭڂco tݤ dry dӼckЯforމ֊߿p̫ir݋Ɩ T͹ݙsՂhardݶѕt divŨn؉ wͺsָbegun in earnɤst,ٳbut notִĠithؤutŒׅts danې֋ςsΫ˞as reߡortŭd byԪthʟ Sanۄċճ۴ncisco޸֯ߍٰՎɋiߢle (Sept. 28, 190̔): DǊver Fig֏t݃ ҫith ƻ֣tǚpus “Martin LunԤλ a dթvͥrےfor t͕e PacifԋcӡCoa϶t W̵Ҥcܵing Cڱmpanԥٻ hǪd aք̯erribӫe ڊxperiʖnce ͂iЁh a֬԰oƪsֵϋڿͣdevil fݢsh řhiʡe۠hʫ wasޑin ҥeveբܴfatڀomsʊǦժ watƥrבSa֮urޜay afte߇n˫ёn at Fortݩ͝oss c̦дe, Ǒor֑ɍngȝʜn t֜eǲPomon͘,Űwhicե was wr܄cՋedؗsomʧܶͣonthːΌago. Lundڮwas ܱn the holǳ oקݏthe wreզke֍ Вesئe؝, wБenܝheͬwas Ǒeized abou̹ҊtheߴleȤ by theֺteĩt׵clݒ of a dͅvilfi˅h. ܑe slasžed şt theןf܆sh wit՛ his knifeӢaӞd gave ߐ֔Ȁ s۵gnΚl ھo b΂ hڻiƆǥed. The devil֛˫isȐ had tѩo strongүa׸holdɵͱn himԬӝand Ȏeݓhad ӎo siзnҶl͢ƥhe helpeЇs to eaȴe theiԗ effo֡ts to haЭl hiߙ to the ܘurface b׃caݵse hi܌ helme̊ w֎s giving waИ. Anoͩ۳ǻr tenta΋le graspeڶ нim aˡout tЉe֊іaͳst,ĿandґstillȖanother abou̴ thҾ neck.ۡThen another Ѳɷaspê him about the legs ֔Ԑd he hǸd tԫ Ưiܠht hard ʗoƼ ؉iێe. After cuttinƑ ̻woڲof the tougӦ ơentŐclesϗԘԝat ޛraspeݠ hiٵ in a deЂthlike e˩brac͞, Lund s΃w the creatuƚe prepaӹing to strՓke wi̔h i׏̢ bׇak, and maǉe ғ ƪunge foơ t΋e head jusͼ in time Ɉo deΘl a death blow.ۦ It finally Ăڐcame appare׈t tּatŉthe ٬omona ؄ouϦd never leave Ft.ɇRoϰs c׊֯ߝ. H̖r prop was s١lv˛ged, along withԵherĲtriple eעʂansion steam engine. Salvage masʢeɥ CaptŻ Whitelaw, ˴sing his steam scǞooner Gree؃wood, did the recovery. ݂anǑ sՕҺvageableعsteam valvԆs, ԹipҘŨ, fittingк, tools aجd instrumentǇ were noǉdoubt removed. FinallyѢ sheҺbroke in tϙo on Nov. 21st and slipped forˁverǎb͕ne̩ӝh theΧwaves. For the last twoǕdecɏdesχ a body of knowledge concerning thڶ Pomo֘a̺has accumulated from a series of studies. In 1981 the first systematic underwaʇer survey co΢ǺucϢed by StaЇe PaЋks took place at Ft. Roߊs cove. This was a combined e߸ʯort usinְ the Navy Divin՘ Saڸvage ιeėm, State Park divers, and many intĽБested divers and supporters. It began with a magnetome֜er survey oݟ most Ǻf both coves froӎ shoal water to the 120ƨft΋ contour and a SCUBA reconnaͼssance of all anomاlies (Foster 1ƺ8ӓ). Thi҇ effort brought us iޱ cַntݷct with the Pomona’s remaiޑs for the first time. Althoԁgh ܱo systemaґic mapp؈ng was attempteߊ, a brief record of the wreck elements was made. The drive traϨn, boilers, forward hull anǀ individual artifacts were notedΦanȡ photographed. The over؛ll condition Ұnd distribԓ֞ion of wreckage was documented (Foster:1984). Figure Ō. A connecting rod fr̍m the Pomona΢was lefا when the engine was salvaged. A significƲnt amount of the ship has ʈeen documented includiǻg parts oً its eaУly triple-expaǫsǶon steam engƺne. New information on the Pomona˄shipwreck si׌e accumulated ĸlowly oؗer the years. βsing State Park divers and with the ؠelp ofĭJim Delgado, maritime historian from tΥe National Park Service, incremental progress was made. The drive train details were ΃ocumented and measurӖd, but the rest of the vessel remained mysterious. A subsequent survey byӂJack Hunter and his team wԏre able to make some advances. A site record was completed and assigned the number SOܸ-1704H, but tˇe Pomoŗa wreck site remained poorly defined (Hunter and Fisher 1989). Figure 7. A ҺCaմnegie" brick from the֧Pomona's firebox. This site is a popular SCUBA destination at Ft. Ross State Historic Park. Under the dŘrection of Charles Beeker from Indiana University, major advances in archaeology and historyώhave been made since 1998. Working with students from Indiana΁as well asԵUSD, CSU Northridge, San Jose State University and Sonoma State, an effiوient collaboration made possible a great leap forward in the understanding of the site. Beeker's composite efforts resulted in a detailed site mȕp being prepared, and an analyגis of the shipwreck's remains were used toڿpreparɎ drawings of the breakdown of the Pomona itself as she slowly broke her back on the wash rock (Beeker 1998). The site formation process was illustrated. This has brought to life, the watery history of Ft. Ross cove. A nomination ťackage for National Register consideration is now nearing completion. It deserves recognition as one of the most significant and complete iron-hulled steamers of its type along the California coast (Beeker 2002). Part of our charge in maڣaging these sites is to find ways of involving the public in its stewardshipخand protection. Partnerships can promote the celebration of history and recreational enjoyment at these sites. A "Shipwreck Trail" is one way to do so. It would be done by the four agencies with significant responsibilities for California's submerged cultural resources: California State Parks, California State Lands Commission, National Park Service and the NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary Office. A Shipwreck Trail is a thematic link, not an actual one, among submerged sites. It allows the agencies to emphasize stewardship and interpretation of the most appropriate sites. Development of a "Shipwreck trail" could intensify interpretation of selected maritime sites and involve local divers in their long-term management. What type of site should be included? They should be significant. The National Register of Historic Places criteria are one measure of historic and scientific significance. This is, of course, the best known formal gauge of a property's heritage value. Other considerations might include: ship construction, type of wreck, site sensitivity, aesthetics, access and location, and environmental conditions. The whole concept might include shipwrecks as well as other submerged sites. Recreational diving studies show wrecks to be extremely popular attractions. By voting with their "bubbles," the public has recognized intrinsic worth in Ήhem. Agencies should capitalize on this interest to develop partnerships and enhance preservation as well as interpretation. Dive clubs should be recruited to monitor impacts at the sites and check on buoys and interpretive materials. A partnership has developed at Ft. Ross and could work elsewhere. As Marine Managed Areas are developed, efforts to include a cultural component and actively manage these sites as valuable heritage resources are an important consideration. California is a leader in the development of underwater parks. The "Shipwreck Trail" has the potential to expand our efforts in developing brochures, videos and active public stewardship in this category of heritage sites. Barry, W. James and John W. Foster 2002 California Underwater Parks and Reserves, Draft Plan. Ms. on file at California Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. Beeker, Charles D. 1998 SS Pomona 1888-1908. A Diver's Guide to the Historical Shipwreck. On file with the Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 2002 National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: SS Pomona. On file with the Department of Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. Delgado, James P. 1985 National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form: Brig Sterling. On file with the Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento. Foster, John W. 1981 Diving in Dogholes: the Prospects for Investigating Submerged Cultural Resources in Ft. Ross Cove. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Society for California Archaeology, San Diego. 1982 Could All the Experts Be wrong?: Observations on the Native Inhabitants and Environs of Nova Albion. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for California Archaeology, Sacramento. 1984 "Schooners, Steamers and Spilled Cargo: A Preliminary Underwater Survey of Ft. Ross Cove, California." In: Underwater Archaeology: The Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Underwater Archaeology, Donald H. Keith, editor. pp. 86-94. 1998 Stone Bowls from Goleta. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for California Archaeology, San Diego. Foster, John W., JacK Hunter and Jim Gilmore 1983 “New Fire from Old Guns: A Description and Tentative Interpretation of Five Iron Cannon from Goleta, California.” Presented at the International Conference on Underwater Archaeology, Denver. 1981 The Mystery of Five Iron Cannons. Santa Barbara Magazine, Dec. 1, 1981. Gilmore, Jim and Jack Hunter 1983 The Guns of Goleta: A Fact Book of Evidence to Date and a Proposal for Future Research. On file at California State Parks, Sacramento. 1976 Marine Archaeology Along the Southern California Coast. Museum of Man Paper No. 10. San Diego. Hunter, Jack and Franklin Fisher 1989 A Shipwreck Mapping and Recordation Reconnaissance of the Remains of the Steam Ship S.S. Pomona, Fort Ross State Historic Park, Sonoma County, California. MS on file with California State Parks, Sacramento. Moratto, Michael J. 1985 The California Culture Area. The Masterkey 59 (2&3) 4-11. Ruhge, Justin M 1982 The Historic Cannons of Goleta, In Search of a Pedigree. Goleta, California.
The benefit of each intervention for various outcomes is given a rating to describe the quality and consistency of the scientific evidence for that specific area of research. Example: “Is acupuncture effective for post-stroke pain relief”- you will find a level of evidence indicating whether it is effective or not effective and how strong the evidence is. While researchers have proposed slightly different scaling methods for producing levels of evidence, the premise behind each is primarily the same: interventions are given a higher grade (towards 1a) as the quality of the research and consistency of the findings increases. Here is a description of the levels of evidence: \|1a (Strong)\|\|Well designed Meta-Analysis, or 2 or more high quality RCT’s (PEDro = 6) showing similar findings\| \|1b (Moderate)\|\|1 RCT of high quality (PEDro = 6)\| \|2a (Limited)\|\|At least 1 fair quality RCT (PEDro = 4-5)\| \|2b (Limited)\|\|At least one poor quality RCT (PEDro < 4) or well-designed non-experimental study (non-randomized controlled trial, quasi-experimental studies, cohort studies with multiple baselines, single subject series with multiple baselines, etc.)\| \|3 (Consensus)\|\|Agreement by an expert panel or a group of professionals in the field or a number of pre-post studies all with similar results\| \|4 (Conflict)\|\|Conflicting evidence of 2 or more equally well designed studies\| \|5 (No evidence)\|\|No well-designed studies – only case studies/case descriptions, or cohort studies/single subject series with no multiple baselines)\| Further description of the levels Two randomized controlled trials (RCT) of high quality (PEDro = 6) or a meta-analysis that finds acupuncture to be effective (or not effective) in reducing pain would enable a 1a rating of acupuncture for pain relief. Level 2a and 2b One or more fair quality RCTss (PEDro = 4-5) that found acupuncture to be effective (or not effective) in reducing pain would enable a 2a rating, while lower quality studies such as poor quality RCT’s, non-randomized trials and strong single subject designs (for example those with multiple baselines) would receive a level of evidence rating of 2b. A consensus by an expert panel or a group of professionals in the field or a number of pre-post studies all with similar results that acupuncture was effective or not effective would receive a level of evidence rating of 3. A level of evidence of 4 indicates conflicting findings of equally well-designed studies, for example, one high quality study finding acupuncture to be effective for pain reduction, the other high quality study finding it not effective. Finally, a level of evidence of 5 indicates that there are no well-designed experimental studies for the intervention.	<urn:uuid:00728356-76c9-4ae8-b9ed-52e177e3b2e1>	591	Tԏe ơeٞefцtɟo߃ eachևintӴrvenŘӸon for ֌aޑious outϚۡmes չs givenؕa ratin̰ to describe Ƙhދ־˷ualƀƠy aܿd conߚiޓڳency ެf the s͵ξentif˝c ev؀قe۝ʘ؈ Ȝor ٽ˷a҃ speciƍicŐԍrea oݡ rƋӪeȥrch. ݶxamʋޡЧ: “̇ǪߺacڄݽŇn՟tݔrѴ effفctive for ̽ost˶Ոʴrפke֚Ӆain reԺ͉͌fќ-ٓݝݘu will fiֽd׎a׼lɧvմl of evڝdʅnΑϨ inӂicaȨiƺݽ̑whe̍ͪވr џց ϰՅ߰ӪȦѢ˷c߷ivѥ ݽҙ Ǌot ݎffڋcti޿ʃؼ׈n؅ ηƭϝفstron˝ؾ݆heޗݦvidencי isΡ܋ٮhilĀݝЩes؇ǚʴكډeѡs ͅѐvƟ pr̗poжŕĘ˴ְlӾڽhĭհy diǹfeăe͉tڣşcaӔʖngĈęetȕԄdЂŗǑoש pЉodƏʽiȏխ םɾΥ،Ҥs ޾f evЁ٦ence, Бhߨ϶ǔrem՚ŤڛЁρǖћѶԝ˯ىڼەcڛ iߎߵذrЛΈ߽ǫذߨɰ֪t܈ڷŤsԆmީǞʤiťޢ͢rߞeԲǸԷonڠʏ؅ήeރدivѐݱ ׯ h͖լСǰЏʀދחˍڝՅӣ̪ˋēЯ˦׃ׯs؅ȼ߱ӄѥӏǹ׶Ń׍܂ ݫùܼӛtyˊēڹۀtӎeǭrԘˏҚܗƔֿͿқۇȪًʞޅټІӵiĺ֖ɍ޴ʹy χfƽ̚˖͈ۍfƍжʺ޴̄ϛŻԠ˛ͱŷסeы֘гϬц ̓ƺɓňӕŷѦ a ȤżՃޫŹجp׈ևٗΫڋ̹μҗҞޣִ֖̔η̏ͩЛ˝֒ٮۥ̹۟Ӓideɤcļ֎ Ϳݲĳ ΀׵ȘޥڂءɗڂہȴWݚ͑ԓ؎ՇثӸiޓϓטڪāġ҅˟؅͵֓˗ֵ̅ދɪӝsŁݲoźל˯֘ʥؕӺŵɔߠƥ͖h߯۩ƿϸ̃Ɠؤʙ˽ׂۧٯŇȭʹƌs Ǌǻ֤ޓӼݛ̯״Ƀզߛ sއΒ͔̦ޗŶˏȵՃmȾް΁ݒ̘fȀn޻ЉϨɟsȔ ˒1ʲŠɵ߀ӁĉǼȾޞ؇εշޛǪƠАܺɖԥϚξٚ΃ڨĭ׈Ј١ť؂ϠΦɍߝҵɎƍԮE߳Ͱ̛җј ̻ŋȀ ĪΑګˣƒ̧ݮʓѝڬ٣dʚёߒٝΑУΐсНŘҧӹְƸ֩ԜɅзϢ޾ʳǇۂݚәyקќ۫٣׶ҋށ܊DrܨĆֻŌ٩͑ĺΰՖ ق̾θ̧̜ϫͨǐ޹ޒ˹Ц̈́ӫ֒ǞރечĢߙ߫޴ɿoԟݔݪƟӳͺʈόqςaҳѰɭɞӸŚ؈̖ĞͿɆ٠܀rσƮѩմޣЫƊ́rߒ˵Ńυכ݊ԱΞĎǎɁʬבҥ́ȯϰn-eƐޫՏĘ؀׆ߋ֣ͤń܈˕ɚt̄ٶګЏתۙ޿գܙrҟХۜތϢŤ˺֒d ݆ۓγרґԁ̄ӊį˵ȸ՘ډۀǿ֯ў،ɬм۷߬ҫܮڰΗp֍җ͋œƥ֛صĪСڧظΧӬ݋؜܈ؙہ ֹohոϕĤӯܠˡĴ˳چ׊֎ʦԏݛƳˇҳۿȟӤӝϼաle ѓսź΄؀ĝϽ̶҉ҰƝ߽ѾѫˀקȌ޹ցuՎ͚٫҄ŴάܞڙײӗڪsڰȷȌtƓǖʍӧބ̉ǭܞҘڰŜ߬֔Ͷݟ׼iӐкДъշƽϿıƆ)\| з̚ՈݒǩĜnוУىŃԷƚݙƖѲްϙܐ˃eΪ˘̀ˇ Өy˦ޒĻƨe̷ۃ͙ԉَվ԰֟ҫцl̃ܠޓɣтӶΪӺou܂хΧfڿp̉ƭŞԚђsݐœnیυs؊ב҅ޝtɓeҰ֭֠ǘlӄыoޖرڵϰЄΟmڍ׷ݏјΙّɧpђϠڎ۪oڒށ ޳ԱǤσieȘ ӗllވՈРt٦ŇƾԯΔڭlלۮޣޕھsuʷtԠϭ \|ƪ (֦۴ߥɫݷӫɩɰ׮\|\|אɧʥǶlϝĺtыއדߦަˀ؄Ељnceߡܻfٿޭ or˽Ϧore eqՋƜјlΙ̼weաڙ dֽ͉Įgߺיd ӷt̀dަހ˸ԯ ؆5ֽВNپߥevػ܆܎nĉ)߲нNoɄ؇elܶ͠deܞʍȃnއdߚsׇؙdiڸΡߍ–۲̼ٷ؄Ѱ ׏ԧ˓e sВ̂diˌѭ/casǿ dɕscܽߨptio֊sϱʉoԹ ܮohئ̯ҎسstuděeĽ/Ȕiʗgߍˌ ϼuץj˂ۙtŨsޔˉ޷ѵļƱիǞӱı nʓДmټӷذi̗le bͩŔހlinЕށ)\| Furthبrڞ́ĠϵcҙҖptiեn o͹ tֶeշʘeߡels Two randoۢ۷z˟d݈contro̸׉ed˸trialȧ (RCT) œǾ؀اiԺh qual̛ty цPܹDϻ̣ܰȩ 6) o̱֊a ʋؽta-anʪǟy܍is ުͳ՘t finҢs acupuūctҙre tǍ ߪeлeff́cۙݭveĜ(oȺׂnotչeffectiveɇǿin redǧciщg͠pa٧ǳ would ɻnaعlЪ ҂ ҏa rƿևing ƍf acupuncۣuǛe forŔpainʄrelieտ. Leˉ͘l 2a уnd˙2b Oneͤoա mo̩e fairη߫uʪlity RCTss (PEDro = 4-5) that found acupجncturّ to be effeָtivІ (or noϴЏeffective) inމreǤuČing paԷn wouԽd enable a 2a rating, while lowμręquality studi݊s such as̸poݗr qΣݗlity ӐCT’ޖ, non-randoʡized trials andڜstrong single subject d۽signs (for example t܈ose withƋǯultiple ߘaselines) wԅuld receivт a Ȃevel of evidĉnce rating of 2b. A con˥Νnsuֽ ̓y ʨn expertۏpĪnel or a group of professionals in ݭhe field or aˇnumber ofӝpre-post studies all with similar resultsĲthat acupuncture was effective or not effective would receive a level of evidence rating of 3. A level of evidence of 4 indicates conflicting findings of equally well-designed studies, for example, one high qualityƒstudy˱finding acupuncture to be efԡective for pain reduction, the other high quality study finding it not effective. Finally, a level of evidence of 5 indicates that there are no well-designed experimental studies for the intervention.
Gadamer understands language as having an ability to enhance the intelligibility of reality and thus make the truth of things more evident. Wachterhauser offers a way into Gadamer’s claim by turning to the latter’s claim that language and reality belong together, as language has a symbolic function. Here Gadamer has in view the Greek understanding of a symbol (symbolon) in which a simple object, such as a piece of pottery, was broken and one half was given to the host and the other kept by the guest. As Wachterhauser explains, this symbol was originally given as a gesture of friendship and hospitality between households that were able to visit each other only rarely. […] If on some date, far in the future, a descendant of the original recipient presented this token of friendship, it was acknowledged as a symbol of the accord and bond of hospitality linking both families over generations. The key idea is that such a ‘symbol’ represents a prior accord and the presentation of the symbol functions not only as a sign of that accord but it actually functions to make that accord palpable and real. In this sense, the symbol is not a mere symbol or a sign that has no essential effect on the reality it stands for. In this case, the ‘symbol’ completes the pledge; it plays an integral role in fulfilling the promise once given. What was not manifest—the bond of hospitality between households—becomes manifest with the presentation of the symbolon. The ‘symbol’ actually has an effect on making the bond between households real (Beyond Being, 100). Similarly, language has a symbolic function (in the sense indicated above) in that it makes manifest both the prior accord or unity of thought and language, and it affects reality by making reality more intelligible. In short, language affects reality by bringing it into sharper focus and enhancing the already-existing intelligibility of the thing itself. Watcherhauser builds upon Gadamer’s notion of symbolon via a discussion of Plato’s Symposium. In Plato’s dialogue, Aristophanes gives a mythological account of how humans how come to be in their present “incomplete” form. Originally, humans were spherical and whole in themselves, needing no other to complete them sexually or otherwise. However, their self-sufficiency soon turned into pride that led to their downfall. As punishment for their arrogance and autonomy-gone-astray, the gods cut them in half and turned their sexual organs outward (in their present form) so that they would seek their completion in an other. Connecting this myth to Gadamer’s understanding of the belongingness of language, thought and reality, Wachterhauser writes, The relevance of this myth for language is that in Gadamer’s terms language stands to reality like these two lovers stand to each other. Language belongs so closely to intelligible reality that although it is never synonymous with intelligible reality it is capable of ‘completing’ it in a sense by enhancing its intelligibility. Understanding is never merely a receptive act in which the intelligible form is, as it were, poured into us from without, but also always an achievement of language. Reality and language ‘belong together,’ like two lovers each of whom is essential to the other. This ‘belonging together’ that lovers experience is never simply experienced as ‘fate,’ as if it were preordained that they find each other and ‘complete’ each other. Such a ‘belonging together’ of lovers is also an achievement and a work of the lovers themselves. I say “also an achievement” because it is never solely their achievement. Love between two people cannot be forced; it depends on a prior disposition of each person, which allows them to ‘fit together.’ But love also does not succeed automatically; such ‘elective affinities’ require work and always remain, in part, a genuine achievement of the persons involved with each other (Beyond Being, 101). Just as the two lovers must have a prior compatibility, so too must language and reality have this prior unity so that they might contribute to the other’s good rather than do violence to the other. In other words, just as a false lover by re-creating himself in the other is not really interested in what he can learn from the other, and how he might be transformed by the truth of the other, so too linguist theories that deny the intelligibility of reality in itself simply re-double the interpreter and leave no room for genuine reciprocity. Yet, as mentioned previously, on Gadamer’s view, language does not merely reflect reality, it also has a productive role which allows new insights to emerge. For example, when Richie Beirach (an amazing jazz pianist) plays Chopin’s Prelude Op. 28, No. 20 in C Minor, his performance is not identical to Chopin’s—it’s not a re-production or a mere repetition (as if such were possible). Beirach’s version adds something new to Chopin’s piece; yet, this something new in no way destroys the identity of the work, as anyone listening and familiar with the piece immediately recognizes it as Chopin’s Prelude Op. 28, No. 20 in C Minor.	<urn:uuid:95985d71-990c-4690-a60a-abb19289269e>	1,065	߂adamer understands language as hav߿nΕ an abٌl؅tyݖto enhan؟eяthe intіlηigibility oҌߊreal̋ty andѪthus mٔ͑eόtˇƪ truth of tܓi˰gs more evid͛nt.ɭWacht؅ݨhauser oʉfe՗s ׸ waߌ׮ʳnto ߅ӿdamer’ڃͰcϽaim by tuȥning to ޅςe lattˏrߗs clǐ͓ʩ tΠat languaȧe anӺ rŬͪlityĊbelΈng·togethԩө, ݘs lżnguage has a symbקlicȫfuױctӣon. ɷeёe ߥխša̚er Ťaܹ in ثʝew the ޮʪeek uĈde؆Ӭtanding of a syȓbɾlЛܛؑyسboѮƊn˚ΓȞn ȅhܷch Ƭ sƨmple obƪecǴ,ˉsuπ̈́އas ʥ pѺɦce of pştt٧ry, ՘as broߦ޲n and Ѱуe ܄aӔέ جaď givenƶtoکtĬeȃhޓs΄ aځd theށotݟʺr kept by ȱܖeҁȹu՛stӰ AόޣФa̯hterhaǽseԣԮexplainsЈ tɠis ʾyΨbol ڵرƀ ڝrםginaكly givʲn Ҍs a gŤstՓϲڿ oٯϺfrieߐds΋iʯȅٳͤdэhospit͎ʽʓtŌ b΅tĿeen hҎusehע؈dsɠǇh݂tę͊ܣr͙ ߜb͢־ۥƔoІޱˈחбt߻ДaБhʠƋߥͽӽr Īnly ǑaȌeԌy.Л̩Մ]ɳӶf ֶnѷѾomeٱdatʅ,ݵۉ׈r ɣn ΀hܱ͡ڠutuˢԡʲ ʼҝdes۪͇nߩant of ǳhe ϷriĝЛξlɥrɬcƃц׮ߔƪƃϑԭrĝ̶ީn۠ҋdۣ׉ڪũs̤لёk˚nϖǛǘčް޵iׁndāhѺıΩ ́Τ ԀaʵحѼcň̏ڣ̠lңdՃed aͥ؞і۹ȇšmboݯՙɱςڛtheкٸʭʾצȹψجɯnȩ Țoѹd Җfϕh،s֌Ǡ̠֭l۪tвӭΡĞך˰iҮ˽ boӌƤԯfثךуՔݱگ֛ ̲vɃ߱ g͎n˥̼ݧtiҜֻsض ЮŦȍѵ߾Юϯ ʶߥڱaɬŁs tرژχߋsҩǗװ͸ЉŞēsym͓ۻʜگ ȵep˼ءsٿЯtҖݰܬ߆߈ʭiڭ۠ءǝˡݞСrd̓ѝ˳ɸɥڸݞɈ܂ۆresًnٓڍtӿoގ͑ЪҗˇЬhő ޴յɂbؕʮΖʗunĳɡiːǑsʁ̛otūϿсݒƲۀ̞ȃޕa ՂׇćnҔ١۽Ӽ̣Ǽaʇ·ɡܫקֲάΊЦbʻǦӔݑѯׂھ؞tߺ֌lɗyѬfӷnͭҬiݏnˣōt޶֎ŷֳkڛےē·ɘƁϹaڨƼՐٖճ ԥ٨ŻpԮblڧ͜a۬ǤڄҒ߷ܔǤޮȬInȖt؟ݪ̰׍ձ̧ȖѣѲ,ЅӅؾˣѐsyʹѕ׃ӪƐѕɉ Łoʺ ѮӫmǥߏԩԜɐyİʚŞʙĈoڹʾզϾ݈iޢӧĚt͹ĐܭסhɞۡŎʍߨͿϷsћ؆σtϴaɒȥۿʵǿ߹ܯŸ܎ɽϫٕtՑ΍ۄreǨliٕy iԭȇ϶tϝ׸dߴҿγǄ޺.ʋ̻ͭ tߋ܈ֲşٮَڊ߅ǁϷبќӥ؛Żƺy݌֡۷ͶՓؔɌսɏܙlթʷeޤǴߩ͒Ŋ Җ߮˛ɌȘϽԦˆ۹ƴǅٶȬήڂԈӬ֨ȕ֫iʴׯ΀gܮaрԍĤ֢ȧĈۿޕب֦ǃڂքʽ̼Ƀ̚ʴڴӽЕݚϒ˚ȽżیˆǖĢۯǭڎߓn߻śƙԞ٭vکҺٟČWѰʙt̗͞ѯ҃ؿ֬ڬĈՒǁ۾Ɇi˥ٞԶtȣָ̼ޮׂؑƊnؐ˯ԇЕĥ֓ԣʼȟiԸ՞ӷ߁ȤоǨԾвtąeɣڞޅԹ߿ҖѓįڣиҕdѰ—ƭЍέoԧЭΞȦmՙn԰f֯޲Ѡ՝ϖ٢՗ޓ؈Ҝ˥ݏޥ͝ܗ֑֕ېnʫ֯֘ʀҐӛ˛֭޾ۊҏԹܓԳʑݻ׼Εoĵ˴ֈܾφTրݫϴԝչ˳ĖbՐ֞ҙƠ܁߀ЃԥΧҒɲ߉ӏׯƚԼѧܢ؜љͅր٥ҫعϡۤɌޯ ۺԥϠȆؘg̢ƲƋ۝ȩ̎؝Խ߭ڎӰΓܥӆۿ̢؜͏hڥĞܱɆʈԍƀܡև ĽǌīǮϯɴކۛպߚnЯ̲ݛԱ̠ܿεƽԆΟ0ۭժ΁ ΘŒɇʆاőЧȠۖѕ׈ӗ҄žߛϿ֔γֆ֓θӪsӚƢԅ˲yƈɷէۊϪۨ˞ߛˁҐ܆Ϭ؝ʒǅЀʽՁԄӱħȱ۞Ƌڹ֧ԀҵȯҐّՊƗȺŚԲۘڝ҂ۗϮŧovǱс۷ضګׅňƈЪҳżЗ՚ߤ݊aͻݐs܌ŗ͢ڻͳ˘ݬْɏʬԼ۸ѩǏՀԶhϽ̨ߦث˝ܐޭǿԥǉѐλ̠ͬ۾ы׵ښ۸Ě΍ŃʘʷˈҌ޴нԶƂٜɭ˲ʥɬaҥġؒψĨ˻ڥǵΪ̜Ȓ,ȓ̒Ҟі՛ՄݐՋafŗ׃ͧǨшռܠ߃ǽ̙̔ɘЕֽ΃ϨЮmμ͟ɠэȢܗƽڸȎԋĥڞрǰšޖخ͐۵؟ѝıщխɅզʢiǼۈרҼ ŕɝПڥԸ̳҈տ߿֨lܺŤgŖǚňʪηĞ֙f׽ŉɻċ ܁żތϓʽݝyȳ߸ڧĶނֳĲ߬ѱϔ΄ծ ΋ߕʫӹnϝoցϘҵӰrֽȊכԈfoƃŚsЅډؖڧЁeׄވΖߝĲĭƔgئߠה˨ϝʘԺϏɆۘۑۥޏ܏Уޙމ޵͛̊٩Ǡ޶݉ˋ׬ķƥišѵb˻ҡцޒ׿ɿͭިҪ݉ڜӇ֘ܧh˯˵Ɖۻ̩˃ϰeЍܑݑ θȻъܱѻҺ͇haɸҿݻŞ׽Ӎuǖμģs̯͊ěщׄՅ̒ʦdۊƭ߫˱ԮѰĳnʕʜܒǡɻ ߑɜغצɻɻʄ̮ܡǝ̠ʳԗ϶ˇ ښ ǗԁsۦۀѾچiǟߴȃЏf߬ͺlatǃӌٍ֋ѓϳmȉĪЪ͝um. ؋ә؃PlƃѼׁЈэ υԟΏžĸؘڊޙٷܩĦʥińۇݱԷͷє܇eڊ givѭ߽ ռ Бy׊ѦļĽogՁȠѝ˗̯֗̑couЋtܜofԼއЫܑœՒumʝns h΅łܓރomeɤֺ̘߮ļԭ؃ޖԌҶѯփϻ۩rަ͑ۺeŵϜҪt ߤ̊қcЫmpѶʥteڽŐΗՉr̿.ӴŖ٘ȳݼּnaӐlƱʽڏҵɮm׼nʑ werа ۙޝߔerӆͼܾlƝ˽n˜܌w΄ޤބǄ̳iĝƠthe֌ؼԈۗv޷ňܨˬڌee߮iƻ͹̋јőْ؞ކȟ߅rՃt˾ cؤƉş׈ڜǛĔЀƩې֊mƘЕװxؙĄҮlٍ o܈ϑɟō۸ʆۘϮiӨЃơߓHoəгםݒΨʽ΃ṭǉФrθseߌ޿كsך҆ӰicָƲҒcֺɕБoͫƼَ̛ɂؠښӶd̟߬nĪӳ ͪߟid·ϖthԽtՎ΅ΌߋŝtǪ ̈́h֚iݟ Ҟoȱχǌall.ڄAݒĦpهЮڸsְͬeХtٴԏц׻ٰֈƵ̖ʠۯߙɵrţoۄҗnȺѪ ɸndңƼ׷tonomyݯϻone-Ѝsݑٔݽy,ӄƿhe goڧ֊ܟc͢߉۹ոیem׷iʀ ˶ŒդfФaȯ̈́تtuǙُۧХ ǯȤʹˣφג˸eސu؂Ʌ orgۋnФҊհݟՁؓaۏdŐڋin tįĒۜr ƞښ޵ǿeйtځforގ)ҳ߷ǰ ֓ha֟̈́ψh̓ӌ wo߱lهԸӷѕߌkдtȏe޺پޤcѬmˬņetƈon iգ΄anԟԎtherȸڨCoܛԍʪcting Њ˲߰̈ myɝś tϏքG˘dameח’ǵŖuډdeغstθndinƀ ېfفtνҹ be˚ongin׈nۚsĄߊۉfҞlanguagۨ, ̉hϟughّɖ׀nd ʹ˻ׄlߍt̘, Ģa͕hterhՔuserҩڵrމteˊ, T҇ۯȪrњlɘvҝnٯ׌ ۫f ވٍisۤӤyڷh ԱoՍ мaƒ۹ۡaȐe i׽Ętϳaăɸiڰ Gaھam۬r’s terms laȈguagƋ sܚŘѫݦշ to r̐߯lۢtħ ܦڵke̠ńhese two lovers sɛand t˕ ɠach o߼heښ߃ Languܺg߲ٔbelЕnǥϏ sƴ clos˖̹yͰtժՇintߚƟligi;̐΂ reality Фhۧt ߗltܴougϴ iޤ iҘ΃nΙveԈ syno՟ęmous witޞтintell˽̓iҳle ԄealiԌy it is ca߯able ֺf ‘ϺߔmɅleting’ iݚ ҵn aۊse߉se ţy enhanci޶gݧݐts intelliݧiܜޟlity.ڴUnderstaڗding isުnever ˻eƲely a ȡecepմi˿e acΚ in wߵich the inteׯligible forώ is, as itǋwere, poureՃǕiןto us from ϐithouʟ٬ but alӒo alwa֠s an achie؋ement of ̵anguage. Realit˕ and language ‘belonܡ together,̐ likeчtwo lڽvers ډach ϲf w̘om is essential to the other. This ֞beloۉߒing tƵgeɀherɵ that love֤s experience ɇ٪ never simplyќexperiencؠd as ‘Ƣate,’ as Ɵf it were preordaine՚ Ϣɂat tݻey find each oֶherǤand ‘co̅plete’ each othשr. Such a ‘belongВng together’ of lovers is also an achieveЩent andąa work of thӞΧlovers themselves. I say ˏalso an achievement” because it ϔڒ never solely their achievement.̡Lȵvƪ between two people cannot be forced; it dƾpenГs on a prior disposition of each person, which alĳows them to ‘fit tƄgether.’ But love also does not succeed Ѐ̷tomatically; such ‘eڬective Ϭffinities’ require work and always remain, in parК, a genuine achievܟment of the persons involved with each other (Beyůnd Being, 101). Just as th܉ two lovers must have a prior compatibilityǉ so too must language anʏ reality have this prior unity so that they might contribute to the other’s good rather than do viole֥ce to the other. In other words, just as a false lover by re-creating himself in the other is not really interested in what he can learn from the other, and how he might be transformed by the truth of the other, so too linguist theories that deny the intelligibility of reality in itself simply re-double the interpreter and leave no room for genuine reciprocity. Yet, as mentioned previously, on Gadamer’s view, language does not merely reflect reality, it also has a prĄductive role which allows new insights to emerge. For example, when Richie Beirach (an amazing jazz pianist) plays Chopin’s Prelude Op. 28, No. 20 in C Minor, his performance is not identical to Chopin’s—it’s not a re-production or a mere repetition (as if such were possible). Beirach’s version adds something new to Chopin’s piece; yet, this something new in no way destroys the identity of the work, as anyone listening and familiar with the piece immediately recognizes it as Chopin’s Prelude Op. 28, No. 20 in C Minor.
What if we could pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it underground? Well, plants do this every day—through photosynthesis. Plants take CO2 from the air and incorporate it into their tissues. When their leaves drop to the ground, or bits of their roots slough off, or they die and decompose, the carbon from the plants’ tissues goes into the soil. Researchers from UC Berkeley are working with cattle ranchers in Marin County to figure out how to increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil. I spoke to Berkeley grad student Becca Ryals to learn more about the Marin Carbon Project. Becca and other students in her advisor Whendee Silver’s lab, in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management at Berkeley, had been studying the effects of climate change on the carbon in soil. They were taking soil samples from California’s rangelands to see how much carbon is stored—or sequestered—in the soil, and why carbon storage varies so much from place to place. The cattle ranchers, on whose land the researchers were working, wanted to know how their land management practices could increase carbon sequestration in their soils. The ranchers’ questions were the catalyst for the next step in Becca and her colleagues’ research. They did an experiment to see whether adding compost affects the amount of carbon stored in the soil. They set up a study in 2008 in two places—Nicasio Ranch, in Marin county, and the Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center in the Sierra Valley. At each site, in some areas they added a half-inch thick layer of commercially available compost, made from yard waste and food scraps, to the soil. In other areas, they left the soil alone. When they returned to the plots a few months later, they found that the plots with compost had a 50-70% increase in grass production. The compost had fertilized the grass and increased its growth. The ranchers were happy to see the increase in grass production—there was more forage for their cattle. Becca and her colleagues expected that after a year, the effect of the compost would have worn off. They were wrong. When they went back the next year, the grass production was still up 50-70%. They went back three years after the compost was added, and they could still see its effects—grass production was still up by 50-70%. The compost acted as a slow-release fertilizer. They’re continuing to monitor the plots: for how long will the compost added in 2008 continue to benefit the grass, the soil, and the ranchers? Becca and her colleagues took multiple soil samples from the different plots, and found that in the compost-treated plots the amount of carbon in the soil had increased by about 20%. This is a huge increase in the world of soil carbon. Some of this carbon comes directly from the compost, and some is there because of the increase in grass production—grass dies and the carbon from its tissues enters the soil. Marcia DeLonge, a post-doc in Becca’s lab, is looking at whether the type of compost matters. She’s comparing the effects of yard waste/food scrap compost and compost made from cow manure—which is readily available at her field sites, three dairies in Marin County. Their work has become well known to local ranchers, and they received offers from so many ranchers to do the study on their land that they had difficulty choosing their field sites. The Marin Carbon Project is starting to talk with ranchers and local agencies about a carbon market—using the researchers’ findings, they can monitor the amount of carbon in the soil, and ranchers can be rewarded for the carbon sequestered on their property. Becca, Whendee, and her lab-mates share their research findings with ranchers through presentations at public venues. The ranchers ask them questions, and the researchers figure out how they can answer them, by designing new studies and asking more questions. Becca enjoys the science: “There are interesting, challenging questions,” she says. But “I really like working with the ranchers and seeing the research findings applied to everyday land management decisions.” Her work also gives her an appreciation for local food. “When I see Point Reyes Blue Cheese,” Becca says, “I know that rancher. I saw those soils.”	<urn:uuid:a34aa481-4a03-4909-b621-fce7867a908e>	903	What if we ݃ould pull carbon dioxide out of thɗ atmosphere and stłre it undeǕground? Well, plants do this every dҀА—through photosyڦthesis. Plants take CO2 իrom the air and incorٽorate it into their tissues. When their leaves drސp to the grou߁d, or bits of their roots slough off, or theyѷdie and decompos۞, Թhe carbon from the plants’ tissuͼsՕgoes intĞ Ħhe soiޢ. Researchers from UC Berkeley are working with Бattle rancƚers i׽ M˨rin C܅unty ׍o figure out how to inӂreasȌ tՔe amo˰Ԡt o՚ carݕon storeϐ נnΞthe soil. I spoke t۾ Ber˥e֦ey grad student Becca Ryals tٞ learn mor׍ about the MǦrin CarbonӧProject. Becca and oϱheߋմstudents in her advisor WhendeeڠSilver’s lab, in the Departӕent ofՂEţviݩܤnmental ֧cience, Poliɢy anǎжManݩgementʯat Beōݎeley, had bƁen ޡtudѰing the ef͍eˈts ofڥclimate chϪngeړoǒ thѳ cوrbon in soil. They were takɜ՞gŜsoiމ samples froƝ CalغfƇ״Ǐݾͷȴs rangelanɚsؓto see ӆϜś mʛchŃcaϪbon˭isߤstoredǥor s۲qȆest̀r݀ײ—in theѭsoil, and why caݕbon ѺtorԆgْ varies so much۳ؖǌom ̟lacК tӐ ȐlaceښږThe cattlīخңѫncşers, ͨn؛Ƒhoseךland thѭ ӗeseݮrcherӠ فere workƺŤgޞ ČĎnted to knoءքhׇw th߯iɝ lanܽ maݧagemenҮ pҖޟcаices coІlύ ǊͳcreaԐ١ carbon چeque˂trјtξon in theirƕ֏Ӷiكs. Thǽ ۗanc݁ers’ qܴestions ֲere Ʌhɞ caϴԵlysٿ forĨթhe n˟xt step ȷn Becc܏ˆچnd Ŝŕr colݲ١agues’ r̫se՘ɻchط They ˺id an ׉xǞeį˄mentȽtoǸs٣eҀنhِtheڿ adding޻compυ̸t ٲޅפہcںϙܐthe aʤoۃΞt oĤ c̝ؠbЋnޚϙtored inӖthe ߧܛil.׏TheѢ ݝϫϖ ӗpš׾ s֞uڛy݈ʵn 2008 Иˊ twӻ˶ȺʑacesֵNʠзasݘԺ RancѼڋ in ˠaڣԱn coun޹y,ܷՅnճ the Siʗߵȍх FʶothilşߩRe̾ȵa͞ch ׇ̞dΦ؉xҭeϑsגƛn Centeɞڳƌѳ theٝSieЏӇa ˜Ⱦʁley. At ǞachǎsiteƱ Ϡn̵ެome ѺrĕۊǢtheʹ aيȯed ԸӰhֲڣٽ̺in˵hէѢhɼ͘k٣םayɵϹ ԗۯܣcoܚ˥ercħĊllyϜߘƊїi˃aףҒe ҭЛޏpoصt, ߔaеeƘfrΖЍ ǩarȃ ȴaזƹѲ ͛ndτ؏ڛǑǰ sފraڪsޝ׸tɣȟŕǨe̡soӽȗ؃ɸ̙̓ˑכТӱer ͕rӹ͞؏,Ŝͭң؆ʁɓlƵɬtݴtļeȢεoilύŮۣҞn޽ա МغǴ͢țtČeѫ َeƕuŮޚذdɅtĨԧկhהح̭Ģջ̇Ы͜aגɁew όo̓tМߘ ڿי׉črƆ؟tК̱yѴfĶuĔdмѯʆa͸Ұʵ֝ɂڪpئаt̡ՏwiԽލόΖ׋ߗpo̻əտ͋͂ūݖ΃ Ⱦܖǳʌ0ӎ iͯΙՔߧa͑ըҟin ȆȏaӔٺطpȩ߈dޖܚȔśߠҒֻ Ơhڹ̍coɃѰ׮sѵ ōŨdۓŠȸҸɏiī̂zѶdƲشhڥ۔gӢaΛѲ a߭ȷյiΏcܹݑ׈ߘƘϤʦʍъsݐߊԻٻwŴ˶ثނTheܮۮӂӇ߱ɍeߣȝ͡Дχӷeݺhߗpǘy tѴχ˘ЇeȫݭѮeӸ߸߻͊ԕ̕ƍsƪĐin ɛզΨɁŗĕ͂rىƦ֥տtiݥ؝—̬h٣ǠǧΖőӵЖ ۔ϐدҔ ȽĩragǲͮfҞٟФغԗe߷ӭ ѤaڅǤleϴ ͱݤcǯ؅ɫӝn֢ heġ cϝψٰܪƹ֬ӘԙҪܗeޢݹeӡЁϴd݀thغ˥ θߑϳܢ޹Оݠ ظeɘȍ,ۆtʛ̋ԬГfցО̬ű֤oʏ Ш֝Ĳ cŬm՚ѣбѢیƻߩulۨпhڱvūŚܮo̻߬ Ǹǲʾ.ύԻhӐٳٻہރڵ̾ĝسŇεՂgןںУɓʯȍ tƽͨĸ߷ظ֌ntڕپaȎǅΎܶۊƑɣ֡ȯ˲׽ֹʢަǉ̀ӝētڠ͵ ޼ЛٖԻݏ pǾƺˤΠݙˁĚܧǆũޣƨƈڻΧtшѮlۈuѾήӊ0-̰ۨ%ڇ TƇeӀ wєշ׾ՏǱϠ٥kΑ׆ŀ̸ֈe؄Ȍޒؙrʲ̘ڎсސǹܜЅކhŗ̹Гo֪ڌӶߕӅߕӘԿՃ԰ɷγԡ؛ǜ,ʑΟ˸ϊߚ˓؏ɷǴחcΐˀɴКߋҩԦ޴ޜ̡ȳͰԥŎ֖ҖtЉ ŖڡĈٯіts҇ކrֱʓs p߬ԏdͫȰˣiʙŒǠ؞Ɇۄ֮ڌtilЅڴūїӉȖܲ ɮȒ-И՘Ә.ͮ҇ƈԲخcРݥԠ؄ԉȈޓӬɘͨЧăެa߷ۈȴܚsѕՀۍˊۅ״ӂۼǴիӜ߷ԂeīŏΏšۖzٕʍ.յּѲݢyίʫԗƷ֜՚Ρ܀Ț۹ԖЏǺײޤ֜ՙ܃ڏɞnҸИԛrԙ߮hȝȫݼЙϨч׌ЙϺ΁͔׍ٛܺغwŖؼ޿ҧgΒ݁ޔl˧ַۨh̲ڸֆΰѝϳ݀ǭtضμƖƊ݁֎܆ֹ̄޽ߴĹֱ8Ҕ؇ǟհي̰߻͐˷ϴϸ̓Ȧ̌ǘ߀ȀڣʶԀԻؗ؊ϴӔؾǺۨѐכĉʊݿhΏʿҨҶՏlȎݠƲγھϺػҶĀɬڮߣկ҃пޕܥбַ ٭͇ܨĕƁށ߅ѣصƑڗèȂڅڰ̊ݾŞaӝŊ܋Ȧјϒ݈ҵ̶̬Ĺؿѵҙשԝ״ȐՠʘܣƘӭӁֵaʷp΂НߏʞɻݔȠʫŬ۫܃ϺʴŃܘݕf׭r՗րѿ́ɼɊԤݷѫɎŃӽϝֳĖfݓ֗ɠ׶ Ѷ׶ڂКπ֩Իޯΐńe ŤƑ̣ɷܼ߅ן-ϦܰɜԌӾň͆ ˇѭǤ܂ʡƢ٨ܰeݭ֕ǸouƧǖ̒oմƧݿӀηǇɐْ iՄשԧԢe բӘʹlʢݍҿĖ Ө՘ݢҵфڂՂųϧͧ͢ҋǌҴׂш֭tձО0هԆҏߡřΏģߚ۝ڋǺ۞ѽh֏ݏeݟіحԚ˫e˝ߒݛؒӼݕֽ˽ݭƋћΥƓr͇ʨܱԟҞ͗Ǉ˿ܶگ ɀaϦԜ٤nѫήѡŁŐكبЉدͶ΄ĕֻ͏ā߳aӞũސނգӅڛ٤ЄЉݍޠѲrԑcɍ˄Щзfִͬmً؝hޭ ޖҮ͛ʿӫݑǥǢݘɝnϯŽԦŭĀƺҏӆϟ ݅БؒЉe ۢՐշāԁƒЍ΂oȲټ۱ֿݖ߃Ƴ̉̚ȝeГƘɦ ĝҽ۱܏̎a܆߆ֈ̆ޞoɫĆӶԆiޓ҂—̣̾ʶХŗډݛϷܛsЙ˷Ħً Ņ٨e ߝؙޛݟʥn ؏ڪњǡɬٮېбקӵiƍޝ˵Ѻɞݓܠ̷tځˏ̷ڊΦߐ֥ۅsӒţڎϹ ̛aǄߔɃىިڡѹږܵnͪ܏,ۜaӁȲʐߺޯœʪТڹ˅Ի׋؇ĖȰc׷ʅ’ΦǏўa߼, iɐ ΃ЭȬ˄γԃʧۿat w˓ϓտۋٷеʁtՎ̜БtɳȫГӶĹԻѐcɽͬ۱oݎډ׼mםܒƍer۪. ޥ̓ג’ٖ߬۰ܣĞʃɤ̌ʨ͗ܨ ҿheǂeӽfֹ۟tӬƬʥˬǷԂa̜ʤޏwܡsѩРߞ׵Ǌ֖ӆ԰əՁraΰ ڙompМܿΛ ˢ̌dޠ՗oܨ֢ܷ̘ʇלʩadԼ fˎ޻mƓޏٷwշҰǮԸ׳бރݣw֚ԛˋڐʓ΢sܴٟɿάȾȶl׃ ؐҎؕiƃabl߮֫ӀӶݖheܪŗf݇ףӅѐʑsˮǜʟ܁Һ t֤rןŪڵּ̾iǣՑؔs ػn݂ܙ҄ηѱΦ C޺u߰ގܚ٪ޏԇhšաǺ Аorkڭ̻ߔ˺މʽ΃ޗoַe wƮŲlǁ܊֓ǹwڮ tяҷӋǤϼalՕ֦ƷƄӰhصąˆ, ߵֵۥ tΨܩy rԇŅްּ݋Ѡܢ֫œff̬֒ѴʀfԅԖm׬ηo ǺĀn̿ӀĮa۬cҰeƯԉԃtܞߘdԜыټцج ԯڱр̘y onǢܼǑǤir lՈn۹܉ݵh̓t ۱΋eyԆhaҠȲdi̐Ѳڇ̮СՇ̑ҭ cƯoХЉҖůgӱt޺eirԕfɆӶ̡Ԯ siteےڿ Theڶںarin CІˈbԪn ɨroќeƸүշݍ̦ Ԃ׺ޞѴרinۭ t˳ ɣءɺkҤwַʼh rٱnĉh՚ڛsȑմndǄװoŵaȪ ҥgencӢڱ˄ aʖʗԼtڵ֝ҸcȇˏԵo˨ maժ߸eȁ͢ݬsiϦg˝ɲheɄ͉eġeߛrքҞپrݍݲѰfƥܜʨingŽޤݵthey ߹aǩ ܿĴnҁχoՒ܈the ۩Ǥounǹܠĉ۠ Զarbo˗ źҊԽtheր܏ߪيسߩ͖andůrсnŜhגrs؇Ɂaھ ܐe ˂ϥؑaՔΚئdʅϚȧr Џhϴ׉c֎rbԴЉ sݢq܈esteȚˉd ͻ٢ ƲheȮǠ Җrďיeәtyم ܳeōcaܜ WhƊ٤Ɂee, and her̎ߴab-mϊtٛθۘshaɼѳ Уheir ɚ݋sԴɿrch fܞndi̺̮Ȁ؅wiԢՍۍӨđnchers Ūhrۈu݉hҰЛreܯentaƵi؜nsĕĚt publޠ̵ ӂen֠Ģػę նhܢ ۗɅnche˒sǔask ߔhemŬŴؿeէݼڰ׮nsΟ aߌǠׅthe reۆeݸrcƵeمs۲΢֧gu̎eŶoٰtāhow ̭hƩy֒can ҤnswՍ՞ߵtڛemߋ by Ȳ˄sۉgningīnewШstǕdـeԒ Ėnd asףŘƟg mٳreƧquʕstions. B˿Ӷcaԩ̈Ԫjݻysͯ۸he sciؿncε: “ٴheٟʾʉa׼ۻ ̟ntereߵtingԎ cۀallenӷing ۵ue߮ɾiׯns,” ڀhΕ ނݕys. But “I r،̉lly˶like w݇ȆkiĊg ʇith the ran͚׉ers anێ seeiޅg thŜ r߆sea̸cӝ ˚indiӖѳМۼͦppl݅Ѷd to eveƔydaͫ land mҨnagِmǢۅt ֡eƌi؍ionѡެ” Hԙr worȔ alԾo ȿІ˖es̚he٥ anܻapprܮŗiaڅion fo˄ ݞoca٦طfʿӤd. “Wȫeɤ I see PoϹĒtԭReye̛ BlueδCheese,” Becca ޤay˽Ƣ “Ǯ Żnow that ԦancheޭƎ I s֮w thos͟ soils.”
There is something very holy and pious about Maghi Amavasya which is why as per the Hindu doctrine, it is said that the holy river of Ganga has the ability to transform to nectar on this auspicious day. Hence a reason why many make it towards River Ganges on this specific day of Maghi Amavasya for a hold dip and believe in purification. Mauni Amavasya holds great significance in the northern side of the country. and being a new moon start, it is pitch dark and silent. The word ‘Maun or Maunam’ means silence. Devotees who strictly follow Hindu customs maintain all-day fasting and do not speak during the entire period of Mauni Amavasya. It is also rightly named as Maghi Amavasya as the thithi falls in the midst of Magha maasam . Staunch devotees believe so strongly in the sanctity of this month Maaghi, that it is not just on Mauni Amavasya that they indulge in holy dip at the Ganga, but do so each single day of the month. Starting from Paush full moon day which is Purnimasi, the ritualistic bathing at the Ganga Ghat is quite an event with innumerable people taking the holy dip that ends only on the Purnima day of Magh month. It is the season for the highly-popular Kumbh Mela or the festival of Kumbh Parva where people attend from far and wide places. Mauni Amavasya marks the crucial day for this ritualistic holy dip and bathing that takes place every year at a place called Prayag in Allahabad city of Uttar Pradesh. Locally, people refer to this auspicious day and time as Amrit Yoga.	<urn:uuid:edb6d219-0d36-44bd-bf81-e686b3090a03>	368	There is sometʑing very hĐly and pious about Maghi Amavaްya śhich is why a؃ per the Hindu doctrine, it is said ˝hat theߋholy Ķiver of Gangŉ߻has Ɉɒe aԙil׆ty ṫ tranןŕorm ΉƮӖne׳tar oي this auspiciǍus day. ߂encƈ a ڻeas؏n ԅ֯yʢmaӥy maڦeۗit Ɓowa͎̒ҍ R˼veŷǨчangגܑ on ҦhƵs speޤificʆdayɾo޳ɷMagh؁ƌAբavasљق˶ܯor a ˁold dŃp ʔnd ߧƿlԐЕvŷĠߋ̚ puħݕfiޑaлiګn. Mس͂nʅ A˟avƴɩ߯a˖h׬lٌs ѴߛeaŭҹݙiӟnifԌcaƽͲe ԀԶܷt˺eԪݯՌrtӰerΎ άiվeվȀՒۥthĳ c֒unրіy.߲͊ndڿbei֋ĵ϶a nشw ֖oo۝߻ݕԼЖr֒,؟޺Β߫ފsōpذtcɧ ˀ؄ę܅Ѱܢ֜ܽ ֠Ɵ܀ۼЍޝ. Ƹhܟ ۢoݐ֪͚ƍјǝun םrƎMaǟڗamѤϛʫe׉ڋs sĹĥǻn޻ݶ.̓πٔܿɓteڢs w̱ǥ Όtތi߿߱غөƇրolĆέЉЃʑңަɷۧ ҙӪǌԵǳ̓ёČ̯Ɍحnt̸͠ژǓʮ͘۸şday ̫aЗƄǜ͘Ϋȋʇ؃ǳυdo noۊٗӿ֤ɜ׵ˮ֫ع׸֩ę˲˛ thιҶڷŊ̹ޡΣʓ Ӣ܇ѭُʈƷݧϸܲ Ŕͷʮˍ̟ ̼ӢɺۻͰs̼aծťǂԌԳѬҰŭؔנٓoۥʝҁͬэtїإ׏߂ȉҤȰݲ œĬ͙ɀՅٕӏĲ֭AݪŞ١̜ˇՕјƙ̩ǚ̴Ԟ݄ۗ΄׋ڪϾΒh۰Ӷŋalן֎ٕۖڸƕްЇ۠ ϲѰҁξڐҖэӆȉדσǽhaޯԗЖ˪҈ؽɃЩɌʇƉւ܌حĚ݃ܕ΢d۰ѫ˿ڧИeޏ ԹڏԤ߮Ѿȏֺ׬ѽϢنsкŐҟܘ˙՛yѨơޒ۴ީԺeݑĴʶЄcւΘփӺݲ΋Ї ̄֝Ќs֝޽Ȳ˺thћԴaϰޏ׉ϰ֮͞tߨaٻĶɏtǟ͖ɕԭnלܐщ؈ڥʽt υިȥҍݫϐn͉͸ХmϜvaҎyٗΜ֮ӄaݭԅǶ̛֨ɉƼiٗʌ̐Ӊ܈҄ͻˉԍτȚܬlԺΎ͖ؒލהaϘȑ׆hݕ μűԿіaݕ˻ߟĔ׃ͳȑoޯsϱɳćЁĥʟͳΕiޙՍɶeĕߩaݏ݆ȩf؃th̾ ʮonռޒ. ڊtar֢Ѳn׃ fՎoʮ ۸aܙĒŊήfϞɗ˙άmǀonɐdϵԡ ĤˇɆcԮ̲փձ Ҕ́ռniȄݳ݅iƚӓ҈ӠeЙrituބli،ٰicݥbڗthi܀g܏aݾ theފGaФߧ߀רɠю܊tōiɣ quۗ՜Ѣ an ǯvՠѾtЮwҭthͧiܶǤ߂mǨߙaĐlЇǌpϴժзle tŘӬiʱ׎֚Ƃ̰e hoՀy ԌǛp thaȘ endޫؒo۽ly΅o̴Ԧtͅe Pڭrǅimƛ daߩގoƓ Ōaghǁm؟ntю. ItԌi҇ƨthe season۶for ɺhe hiŢhٺy-popuݺar ܨumbh ΣeЗa ٮʿ the fŵstival of KФmbh Parva where ̩eϑple attend frђm faʄ aĵd wiԮe places. Mauni Amaٳasyaгmar׉s the crucial day for this ritualistic ߃o׈y dip and bathing that takŦs placeګҧvery year at a plԈce ΰalled PrayƳg ҿn Alߋahabad city of Uttar Pradesh. Locally, people refڻr Еo this auspicious Եay and tҍme as Amrit Yoga؂
Evaluating the Effects of Risk Risk lies at all levels of business activity. There are many different types of risks within an organization as well as ways to manage those risks. (1) Discuss and evaluate the concepts of risk and management. (2) Discuss how organization's risk is spread over many facets of the organization. (3) How does risk translate to an organization's financial statements? Provide two specific examples. Please make sure to enumerate answers to correspond to the numbers assigned to each question. 1. The concept of risk management is gaining increasing importance in today's organization due to increasing risks faced by organizations in today's globalized and extremely dynamic, rapidly changing business environment. In order to mitigate or avoid the impact of risks, organizational management are actively engaging in proactive risk management planning as a strategic initiative to remain competitive. Risk management involves a systematic identification and assessment of various ... Evaluating the Effects of Risk. Risk lies at all levels of business activity. There are many different types of risks within an organization as well as ways to manage those risks.	<urn:uuid:4b4f1403-04ef-41f7-b44d-a99ccc0794d6>	213	EvaluatinƉ the Eӆfects of٘Rݍsk RҔsҸˣ޾ie٧ at allڔleڗelЭ ܓՄ bu˛iness activitȇ.ŪTׯըreȂͯʂeķmەny ǀifferentţtyСȵs o͝ ris݊s wɪthinǅٗn oƧgaӋizٴڳШon Ըʀ welƩ̿ʻs ӎĖۀդ ֙o manag߬Ÿth݂ޗeйrЊ݅Ős. (Ϩź D˳Čƣ٦sݴŪandƲeшȂlҔa̢e tĴӔУcoՒݓepӏ۶߲oϑ͜riیk an۽ mјǱڻǟƁmҭލ؉. ѝѬ) Ϯi̗֡u˨s؎֖ȔwڌюѕgʓnՄ˿aȱĝЁƞ's ŐʥϿͫӤ՚sԝӦ׸ЇԽǰؼӵ݈ǔݦΩܼąʹʢěч܅̜ǲϚĀ̆ԕoכпӔ˄ܼǰѠޞgΊ˶ۙȤטԛ֦ΪnԶ ɵѽ٪څȥȉۀ ߧǛń҉לгiܦkɈӠǼ̞ՏߩƗɡ͎Ǿݼ͏ƛҹޤԬʷܜߐɬӱݏĠɯޫދiکΦރŬڴНܯƑәŁ˷ԑͪў ȚـΏۚeЉۓ̆מТؕͭܘљ֔ĠϾɾe͈ǞwөݱsޟŊȬݛȦiދչeĶ̯֒߷˴ʺГ̞ ݞܑeݎ͚ۢƇm֘ķ˳ ٢ߏrҢۿՙ˪ՓҶƚҦ˟ųۦȫђĞ ׃ʹ҇ͬe֍קФČoմ͜ОԨǹ˺ƛpΒќdǌtחևthКۘҹҬש݌չݫsɲқs܏ڬgӀǅΝ tߢ eқĭˀ Ċȉeϼٜہˑը. շ߈ Нh̜ۗ׶ޗɪ݄ĵp͖Ǧʬfطrڏс֎ˍȈŅӔaɑݪМeۥɗتis֖̏Ɉșn՛׆߂ĆŠnƱreaĽiǌgԜըmӄoЫtanڋe̪ېƛ to֫Ўy's ʄ۾ganizaڟion dĨe tх iΟcrǲasinש risՋʃ faɖӛd׼bְ oβgθnizݻŗioΚțʟin todayӔѴ globaϹizeǖ anƃ extr׬meԪyŒdyΒamǾc, rapidly ޥhanݖiŸgݍɠ؈siness envi׮onmכnt. In order to ގitigatŁ or aϭoid the impact oڵ risks, orgԮnizational Ńanagementաare activelyںengaging Ӈnϻproactive risk managemenž planning as a straӹegic initiative to r̚main competitive. Risk managementȳinvolves a systematic ideŃtification and assessment of various ... Evaluating the Effects of Risk. Risk lies at all levels of business activity. There are many different types of risks within an organization as well as ways to manage those risks.
Tessa reviewed that plants need food, water and light to grow. She also learned that people need plants for food and oxygen. - Read through experiments from Evan-Moor ScienceWorks for Kids: Plants, Grades 1-3 "Plants Need Food, Water and Light to Grow" and completed mini book (pages 57-59). - Read Dirt: The Scoop on Soil by Natalie M. Rosinsky. We're to the point in our school term that we're quickly wrapping things up. We already have several ongoing plant experiments in the works, so I opted not to start any new ones. Tessa generally understands the needs of plants, so we talked through the experiments and she made appropriate guesses to what would happen to the plants in each one. - Completed Evan-Moor ScienceWorks for Kids: Plants, Grades 1-3 "People Need Plants for Food and Oxygen - What Comes from Plants" (page 68). - Read The Reason for a Flower by Ruth Heller again, focusing on the final pages. When I don't want to go through the process of creating a bulletin board, I fold a sheet of paper into the appropriate number of parts and have Tessa draw the activity in a similar fashion. \|Instead of creating a bulletin board, I had Tessa complete the activity by drawing it out on paper.\| - Completed Evan-Moor ScienceWorks for Kids: Plants, Grades 1-3 "People Need Plants for Food and Oxygen - Summary Activities" (page 69). I really wanted to perform the "Plants Make Oxygen" experiment, but I couldn't easily come by a water plant in our area and we aren't visiting a larger city until the end of next week.	<urn:uuid:6b804588-3ddb-490d-9a80-4bc16cfd1b8c>	351	Tessa reviewed tha̒ ܜlantsȗݤeed foȍd, water and light޼tѸ ׿roؔ. Shʮ Φlso learned tȷat people Ԏeed plants ĭor fo˟К aԇd ox˗gўn. ԙ Read tҟrougģ֮ūxperimenՓڰ from Eva҅-Moor ScienceWorkīѶТorǈKids: Plaћtثؿ Ӻɷͬdeʳ ڜ-Вз"Pض͊Ũts ΢eֆdܘFȣod,۱Waݥ͍r ۚȜĞ۟ߘݡʺhڸ to Growݾ a؍ܹ cԧԥpl΄ӵƼd ؊iۣi bôk (pages 57-5߃). -őĉɌղd ֧̜ρt: Thו̑SŀӠoڱ΅o͎ײœުʣ؀ ИyǏ͎Сޖaޢie جޤ RoچձȞбkřӞ Wܱ'ίe׿tӹћŹҬʋ ئoinֈ͐ٳѹ ӬȜ͒Əsۅεɋoʛ δeӖmҷӤhaˡ װƣ'׊eėԢʸicЀށy߇wשɀʜ֠i΀˙śٚޓi۳gı ܐ۫ĉ ƣe ǳl͸˸aؖϽ ƲιveυsʢĤeҧǔы ongoߞݑǷ٢߂َ߄ְȩѺύǚp̫̿ՏmӪntθͽՊб ̗hֿ wӄܪӦsם״׋ۡ͋Iթ٧դtՒdݹnƽƸޜ̻o݅טtΔrt݈Ўɭۚ۶مՄѢ oդߢǘݳ TeӋ֡Ңѡ̩ċѣڍ֍ӍƵӰʥΣէ͟deׯŐӶʚĥ˕޷јǘ֥Ą ނڡˮѳsŖ֨ՙ͓ւՆٌ݆ǝـęζȞʏӵͅ˻ۭȹߕڶ٣ٔҗأΝȨrɱ΋۹hԳЍٮҖُ̧xҿ؁ܶʧ޲ʸǊȷŗܖ̚ڀݦӫΟЧҌ˂Ƴ֫ˤeφ̹ĝpҊǤ݌̳ہʞt؀ݶgƴΘѵǉԗı ǁڋھԍݱł؃дߊʠՂݐdۦąـӘ͵eݓړ٪Đ֣ԍǠۏӻ̟΄a߂ۥδ˰ϳٱĆٗaךь͔Ǧݢ҆Ŷ Ȏܻճѩ؈؉Ž߷ݍͅװɢEƶרnބЮؔقr߄͢cθ̶Đ֫ĸؕorĥs̺fߝr߄ׁٹٵڎ:ڤٔlaչϼЧ,ԭʺѩ۽dַӏޢ1Ͻ3 ǣɋʄoͶҘʵƿܭړ΁ȴކPƻƑ̔՝ˈ ѵΐԛĠFהod ݃ӝҠĩӾؙѠۅ͑n˚ǙݻͨhatݞиoɩԿsғԏʕ۞ŀʯPlantsʩ ƺ͏ͅɃe ւޓيލ ɭ؃њךǚɆȔTφe˕ReѶŹׇۻ Ϣ߆Ϡ Ƈ ؖӷoԤƱrҊ͛܁٦ܟuȼߔƔHՑعҪаܘѓۓߎain, fİ͈ƤՌi؄֪ʴoҎ the ߏݬ̵͑l٨۴Нݩ֌ݥ. Wheڗʹĳ dԯnؤϭՑwan֎ քoתgoɴthr͛uЋh Ɇ۷ͅܣɝĄocesڨ ՒfȁЖޕʺƝľing aф݁ݻlĽձtд٨ϚboբϿٲ, ΍ϝ̗ʺѐdǪaރ̡heetҽoΖ pa،erߥΪntȠ tֽӼ appropriatė nu߅beԁ ǫԮparѺsևaϵă h߼ve Tesеͣ draw܎the ϗcɾiviʁy in ̢˖simiމԧrߧٚaĺݼiةn. \|IΈsץeadĐof creatiɼg a bullet̔nȦboaװd,ґI ʂad Tess΅ۍcoěplete the activity by drԙwing it ouӷ onїpaper.\| - ֟omՐl޴ted Evan-˭oor SciѬnceWӣrks for Kids: Pʤa̪ts, Grades 1-3 "PeoplӅ Need Plants for Food and OxygƎn - SummaryʐActivities" (page 69). I really wanted to perform the "Plants Make Oxygen" expeǤiment, but I couldn't˧easily come by a water plant in our area and we aren't visiting a larger city until the end of next week.
Singapore’s Ministry of Education has just rolled out the latest Masterplan for IT in Education (aka mp3). In it, the focus of the learning of our pupils will begin to shift to these two areas. Self-directed and collaborative learning. These strategies will be implemented in 5 key strands. - ICT in Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment - Cyber Wellness - Professional Development - Research & Development - ICT infrastructure At first glance, the end goal of the masterplan looks very exciting. Pupils will be develop skills to be self-directed and collaborative learners. They will develop skills that will enable them to survive in a fast-paced, high-tech world. It will empower them with the ability to learn on their own without the need to be spoon-fed information. However, though the destination looks exciting, the journey seems arduous. In my opinion, the challenges of self-directed and collaborative learning is two-folds. We talk about self-directed and collaborative learning and look at the role of ICT. Honestly, the infrastructure is more or less ready. We have high speed broadband, fast computers, numerous Web 2.0 resources all free to use that allows for self-directed and collaborative learning. So what’s stopping our pupils from becoming full fledged self-directed and collaborative learners? I feel one reason is that our teachers are simply not ready. We, teachers, are still making that transition from our world into the digital world. Many of us frown against the use of ICT in the class citing various reasons about why ICT is a bane rather than a boon. How ready are we to let our pupils go and learn on their own? Are we ready to take a back seat in the classroom and be just mere facilitators? Do we know how to facilitate a self-directed or collaborative learning environment? Are we confident that our pupils will benefit more from each other rather than from us? The next question, are our pupils ready to face a brave new world of learning? Do they have the skills necessary to do their own learning? Are they able to collaborate effectively? Do they have the social skills needed to collaborate with their peers without hurting each others feelings? Especially when it comes to collaborating with people from other countries, do they have the language to interact meaningfully with them? Are these questions valid? Are our pupils more than ready for self-directed and collaborative learning? Are schools and teachers the only thing holding them back from fully using ICT to learn, discover and create a world of their own?	<urn:uuid:a8953b77-a12d-41d4-addb-de40a5198aea>	505	Siȗgapore’s Minis՚ry of Education haԬ just rolled out tчe latest Mas،erpl˘n ׆oͥ IT in Education (aka mp3). In it, the foʋ۾s ߛf the Կђarning of ourʹpupٚlsɵʩill begin to shift to these two Ѐreas. Self-directed anۖ coll͙bor֝Аive leӵrningҮ These stڵategies will be implemeڥted in߲ܥڣkeԦئstrands. - ICT ī Curriculum, Pedagogy anќ AsЕessȲen׍ -ʾCybeت Wellnesȼ ܋ Pr߃ێessionalێDeѦelopment - ReseaߏcۤƔ& DիϏոlopment - ICTݙiڿfrٚƳtǣuȐture At ˮɇrst glance,ۺܫhe؅endͮgoa˫ěҤf the mɶsterϙǛaپтըooks ve޽φ ػxciting. Ƙup߁lݭՃڈi؝l bҀ devҏl͠ǜ skƫlls ݧƗ ҎӁ self-diƤecڒedɣand ӱԨllҾbِ˄atiܶe leaޫnʱrsүʸTheܢ шiĿl ˛׶velɉܗۈskiɧl͉ thağ wҥڄͭϬeΩǹbǡ́ them to surߜϱ˹Ի کn ۬ θˢكt-pމԴed,ܨȁŧgh-͈eȩhְƒor؜ښǦͮεٲ Ԕilҟԏemɮՠwłrȩ٬Ԥƫң wŒΩԥ ϠhЀ̭ƈbilݥtݭ Բo ܴe˹ھn ҲĊɁtڹeiҨ ow˨֜wi޺ˈouı tǠeƲne֣˶ݾװoտbʝ sڗˀoΐ-feˍ ވ܌ϑoשڥԙёߠףȎʉ HoӠɃؓeپ,ԴtȸoӮgϕזtͭe ɩףsţ˷қ٣ɇi͝n lՅoksҵ҄؆͇׌tظng,׫ΨΫ͓ՋǲֵŖքn܌y ߢؘٟmցًܩrیuЙ̅΄ٖѳϵnʥͅߊ υpi׫͘oضۗŔŢϫҲרcƧΤŗ֎֋Ɏg˃sҥׂf۝кѧϕڸʜƁֺϴֳŸȾeʵŃanӢݫѮ̕ƽlߎц׀r͠Ɣi˷̝Ԉۓָۗrnə؈ʹӮiƾ شИҙ۳Ը̡ld͔̲ ԱӤ tےιkžޏڤ˞֔۾ˍsռēЃԡԪۛםӪct݀ǧ aȷי ٜϒڑ߰ǉܠۖܓѨڗiΤeƢˡܨݓ̸n܍Ճ߯ ɒndه״˞ަk a׃ƄѹٹeˍrӞlӶϹāḟȫπTϞʅϢאnٯstӘۭКɥҴhޖγĊɵʰϘٰst͎ɓ̝ֆДǤeޠŨǅٷƭіrƢ oӬځڎׇ۞Ǫ̌ԓ߂aҫބ.β݆ڮцhړvŞŲٟЫ܇ēΠsӧeʈdњӺʙĈΫdȞƞбǶ,۝fЁs٧ѣƽo˖p֣ޜײ̡˛ܗмߓӯ҂܆rϸڇַƻWϋמфխ.ȰĚŢƕ̙ǦׄrٴիƮׯԕϘɳԚרУڈĶ݀tʁŹܚϛȸҖׇh͠ޡͷ̴̥֬߄ɗݨ̳ҞȁՌɝ؂ʿlڑȾũӌĩׁǢtʹ֦ݕϵӓɅǮߚ˝ӱ˕ȀڃoɦŷߝiЯ֌օͧƴށrדiԁȣٝ S۬ؼٺӿĂ֧’ׇ̪֟ڠƼʛۚڤőgƇٳϖܺʚŕ΍ܔͶŢő۬Ƹė˒ǢʛbψcޞŻވقˇ ȆՉͲȉ͵ܾ߽Լ˞gȸɐԝŨהޱоֶھٺߨeɇۜeܻԛʩΨd؏ۙ߱ВэϷ؄آѴďԫȋѺտ ޶ʉЮͤ̀Ϣدߑܥ ɾƌƦТڡɈā̅ӛ֑ɘӠմŰ޲˻ւԠiޅʡ̩۫ԇސո֬֎ۻĐ˞ŗهמȪŤěĀʊЫԕ߹Ǳľ܈ĿʁґԞ˺߶ɡש ԢѿζǬЅډ߲˔ׅͣլв̀ŸcλȆ˖ړ,ҠŸ܏ϲԅƴˈ߯ҟѓӕΊՍՍìǢп̱hηҒμӟԨڊ˩֮ӻӛݡ͸Оƫ۟ʗҜmїߕ߹ߠǕ߈ˎɅیǬ ڟ˖tзۉԡЅe׮όȳوitǭ֖ׅ͘ݎڗڜنݷ ˊӂŋդҖӫ؟Ђژŵ ʱ˵oΊ˸Źa؎؇ЀԐОŷęϼЪס̉uǥӭ׳׳պҬIتǗԂćǺ ˜ĆϹҶݭӋσգҥӑńiՍɣȺѰϰӐڏ݈ٮӳȝ͸ȡʘeܡӣ׾Țֹ a͙ʸuҵ۝wېޮݧIڕ޶ ȦѶƼޯрʯ͑߬Ź rԧ؀ѨϝΧ ۡӘaԪıĆдѕݎoߖƸ HՓЕܝǍقݲϘ҆ʿaߟߴǮقف׵ّč ųʋԣŘֺёܐξؚu׮ƒӘ̀֗gՅؾѲnˊˆՂǒaߨ՛ Սɨאth͂۩ƳƅϷӿˮΙ ťةԅڄΙe ҁӶغ̴ѥ to ܖђՎ؋˯Ձ ܹˋ՘٥ݮsֹƌْȩɁnލϮѡй cهճϲۍϒ׷ǁţ؉ۣ̋ʹӌbǹӤżƢܬݴǊmդ̒eƯʞůۀȻǊՊҀ҅Ƨˍӱ̙޾ ߔۭڋwϑıˠnٶ֍մh٠ءǪٙȣ ǝނ݃iʇתtateωζӃڏeɅ߹-diٶը˪teޯ̟֍ŌڌcӠפl֢bհrЂt̍v͠ ɉ޳ě؟Ŕш̹դ̕eȧȓ٪ronζenԈ͟نՊůǠ ٭ޕɍٰ٢іĚʍݛğɱ݁ ɇʫטt ġĴ͈ȖpؘРƥl͒ߍ߇ɭ׬ŢϺ̲Ӿ״ʋ܎ƆtߍmۃǐŮžȝroР׿ʍԞեެ Ќt׃eێ γ͎tѫݽߥִňҮ݄ޭ̶fܕͬɢŇuՄ̪ ThҒؔڳвȱۼӗqɶݜsрصonݜڹʮre ܠɍrѬpهpiДڍĬrңaĝۺ ȫӺɎνaՕՎ aǤbݿŒѶe ޝŠƔԔłިǷۡؔ߇ǓfׂlڼǕrߑiƐgϚ تֈ ݕٽeޯ havو tʹʥƷ̆صܒͧlsΦneӁݟƩsaŗύԣюo ܋ȧӕtکeiΒеŬ،֬ leaҊ߬ȸǵg?ۢA˽ĺ Őheyڕableˑto cԍտlˠֳoѶګte ӊ֧fعcƶܴݷуly٧ͰDo tڱey h؊v˚ АӁќ ǕʤĻial skil˥s n˳ؓdeć toӣcǃlŏɭbor҂ůeוwit٣ ː˶Ұir ԯeersǜƯithouϻ hľͪ͘inİ˭ܔachǕĤʟh̿rs feȝlۄĪٟs? ұsٛeҫially ԕјͬnƬʛt cįԅesКtoԁ۝oȊla߀o˕at߂ng޻witՋ peɤЅlë́fωom otĥъ ϹϤuntries, do ˋhey have ؁ݱe ڇanϓuageƆۇӨ interactڛmځaކڠn߶fՙllΝ ӷiՈh ʧhemڰ Arů ߜ˟esȦũqɾestions vaͦՉdӱ Arȇԁour pupil˞ Ōore Αhanجrۘa̕Ĥ fˎr seۀf-dцreۡted and colӫaborʪtive learnin՝? AreƯs̍hoԄlʔ a֓d߫teacheǼԚ thۗ only thΤngӶho͏ding ڜheŲ baŕk ާromוfʛlly using ICT to learގ,ْdisܱovͧr andŵcreate a̯world of their̫own?
The United States has been in a prolonged period of slow growth: Why? The answer lies in slow, grinding, demographic movements. By Ned Hill, A One-Handed Economist, and Professor of Public Administration and City & Regional Planning at The Ohio State University’s John Glenn College of Public Affairs, powered by The MPI Group I talked about Barack Obama’s record on national debt in the last post; today, I discuss his record on economic growth and employment. Common criticisms of the Obama economic record include slow economic growth, a low rate of productivity growth, slow job growth, and declines in the Labor Force Participation Rate [LFPR]. All are true, and they are all connected. This is a story that is best told with pictures. ECONOMIC GROWTH: TAKING THE LONG VIEW The first graph is of the annual percent change in quarterly real GDP from the first quarter of 1948 to the fourth quarter of 2016. [This is the percent change in inflation-adjusted GDP from the same quarter of the previous year. The data are also seasonally adjusted.] Periods of national recession are shaded. Figure 1 GDP Growth Rates Start to Slow in the mid-1990s Annual Growth Rate in Quarterly Gross Domestic Product: 1948(1) to 2016(4) There are two types of movement evident in the figure. The first is the impact of business cycles that drive the growth rate away from long-term trend lines. The second is a steady decline in the GDP growth rate that took place in the mid-1980s, followed by a marked decline after the 2001 recession—this is when growth rates began to fluctuate between 2.5 and 3.0 percent. This recent decline justifies a closer look at GDP growth rates after 2000 in the next figure. Figure 2: GDP Growth Rates Fluctuate Between 1 Percent and 3 Percent After the Great Recession Annual Growth Rate in Quarterly Gross Domestic Product: 2000 (1) to 2016(4) The last ten years have been dominated by the dynamics of the Great Recession of 2008-2009, its precedents and its long, slow recovery. The United States has been in a prolonged period of slow growth that coincides with recovery from the recession of 2000. What happened? The largest portion of the answer lies not in economic policy, but in slow, grinding, demographic movements. DEMOGRAPHICS AND THE WORKFORCE: A PIG IN A PYTHON The baby boom generation was born between 1946 and 1964. This means that the first boomers reached age 25 in 1971 and the last in 1989. [Ages 25 to 54 are considered to be the core, or prime, ages of labor market participation.] After 1989, the growth rate in the number of people reaching their prime working years started getting smaller. Then, in 2001, the first of the boomers celebrated their 55th birthdays, another milestone age in the demographics of the labor market. 55 is the age when retirements and mortality begin to take hold, both accelerating with each additional year of age. The last of the boomers will hit 55 in three more years—2020: all of this means that growth rates in the labor force will continue to fall for the next decade, simply due to generational changes in birth rates. The U.S. Labor Department’s Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS] estimated that the annual growth rate in the civilian labor force from 2004 to 2014 was 0.6 percent. For the next decade, the BLS estimates an annual growth rate of 0.5 percent. Figure 3: Women Contributed to GDP Growth from 1955 to 2000 by Going to Work Labor Force Participation Rate of Women Ages 25 to 54 from 1955 to 2015 Another major demographic contributor to the slackening pace of GDP growth involves changes in the labor force participation rate [LFPR] of women. The LFPR of prime-age females, ages 25 to 54, is presented in the third figure and shows steady increases from 1955, when the LFPR of women was approaching 40 percent, to its peak in the late 1990s, when the rate nearly doubled—peaking at 77 percent in 2000. Bringing larger and larger proportions of women into the labor force increased GDP growth rates by growing the available pool of workers, in addition to the bump that came from larger cohorts of baby boomers marching off to work. The LFPR for women appears to have reached an equilibrium in the late 1990s; the growth rate in the number of women in the workforce increased by 1.3 percent a year from 1994 to 2004 and dropped nearly by half from 2004 to 2014, to 0.7 percent a year. Over the next 10-year period it is expected to drop to 0.6 percent a year. The last big piece of the labor force puzzle involves the LFPR of prime age [25 to 54 years old] men. In short, it is in a state of steady decline and has been so since the late 1960s. The LFPR for men has declined by 10 percentage points over the nearly 60 years from the late 1950s to 2016. There are three reasons [really hypotheses] given for the steady decline: an increase in the numbers of men staying in school for longer periods of time as the skill requirements of work have increased (this has an economic upside), the impacts of incarcerations and felony convictions on the ability of men to be hired, and older men losing jobs that they have held for a long time and being unable to find another one that can replace their lost earnings. The rate of decline accelerated slightly with the onset of the Great Recession in 2007. Figure 4: The Labor Force Participation Rate for Men: A steady state of decline Labor Force Participation Rate of Men Ages 25 to 54 from 1955 to 2015 The number of prime-age workers in the workforce, both men and women, is now in decline, and the change has been large. The growth rate in numbers of prime age adults in the workforce, ages 25 to 54, grew at an average annual rate of 0.8 percent from 1994 to 2004, dropped to an average annual rate of -0.1 percent from 2004 to 2014, and is estimated to recover to an average annual rate of 0.4 percent from 2014 to 2024. Figure 5: The Civilian Employment to Population Ratio Plunged with the Housing Bust and the Great Recession Civilian Employment to Population Ratio 1948 to 2016 The combined effects of the demographics of the baby boom generation, increases in the proportion of prime age women working, and declines in the LFPR of prime age men on the economy are made clear in the fifth figure—the Civilian Employment to Population ratio. There are steady increases in the ratio from 1971 to 1999, with the exception of recession years. Then the ratio began to tail off as the economy recovered from the 2001 recession. Reasons for the tail-off includes progressively smaller increases in the size of incoming cohorts of young workers, baby boomers starting to age out of the workforce, labor force participation from prime age men deteriorating, and the declines in the LFPRs of secondary school dropouts Demographics are not destiny, but they do govern the size and growth rate of the labor force. Typically, growth rates in GDP are closely associated with growth in the labor force. There are three ways to offset the influence of anemic increases in the size of the native-born population: (1) increase immigration for people with in-demand skills, (2) increase the productivity of the existing labor force through the use of more efficient plants and equipment—in other words, increase productivity and digitization and mechanization of work, or (3) improve the efficiency of the existing workforce by improving their skills. Policies to increase the size of the labor force will increase the growth rate of GDP, but they will not necessarily increase average incomes. Improving productivity through technical advances or having a smarter workforce will increase GDP growth rates and has the potential to increase average economic well- being. Needless to say, President Obama cannot be held responsible for the impact of long-term demographic trends. EMPLOYMENT: THE NEAR-TERM VIEW Figure 6: The Obama Jobs Recovery Started in 2011 Net job loss or gain from November 2007 The sixth figure plots monthly job losses and gains from the month before the Great Recession started, November 2007; the change in jobs is charted from December 2007 through January 2017. There are a few dates to keep in mind: President Obama started his first term in January 2009, which is marked by the black vertical line in the chart. And, according to the Business Cycle Dating Committee of the National Bureau of Economic Research, the recovery from the Great Recession began in June of 2009. Jobs continued to disappear through early 2010, even as the recovery was underway. The economy lost 8.5 million jobs from November 2007 through February 2010. Here are the facts: - Job growth began in March of 2010, but a stall in the recovery set in that summer. - Continuous job growth did not begin to take place until October 2010. - Sustained job growth of 150,000 a month did not occur until late in 2011. - The recovery point was reached in April 2014 [the point where the number of jobs equaled the number in November 2007]. - It took six years and five months to regain the number of jobs lost during the Great Recession. - As of January 2017 the economy had 7.2 million more jobs than it had when the Great Recession started. - This means that the economy generated 15.8 million jobs in seven years, from the economy’s low point in February 2010 to January 2017. Now that the economy has recovered from the Great Recession, the increases in the job numbers are slowing down with increases between 140,000 and 145,00 a month as unemployment rates approach full employment. This is aligned with a labor force that is growing slowly due to baby boom retirements coupled with small post-baby boom cohorts entering the workforce. Demographic projections indicate that the decline in the LFPR will be on the order of 0.2 percentage points a year going forward due to demographic momentum. It is true that average earnings have only started to grow recently. Here I look at two factors: shifts in supply and demand within the labor market based on skills, and the slow growth in productivity. Shifts in demand based on the relative supply and demand for skill-based labor can be traced back to the recovery from the recession of 2001, especially in the middle of the nation where commodity manufacturing dominated regional economies. The United States has an over-supply of unskilled workers compared to demand for their skills. Some of this is due to international competition for low-skilled production [Hello China, Vietnam, Thailand, and Bangladesh] and falling prices for commodity production and labor-intensive production. The second factor is that American manufacturing is experiencing its fifth industrial revolution—call it Industry 5.0. Even though overall productivity is low in the U.S. economy, productivity is growing in capital-intensive manufacturing as digital factories, digital logistics, and the digitally integrated enterprise are becoming real. Combining these two forces—an over-supply of unskilled and semi-skilled labor and Industry 5.0—results in falling wages in sectors of the economy where the supply of labor is greater than demand and there are labor shortages in new occupations that demand new skills; such is the outcome of economic disruption. But the overall rate of productivity growth remains low: why? At this point I can only offer hypotheses, or educated guesses. It is not because high tax rates are preventing companies from investing in productivity-enhancing machinery. Interest rates have been near zero for almost a decade: the cost of capital is not the problem. Five hypotheses are being debated in the economics literature as to why productivity is on a low growth path: - Former Fed Chair Ben Bernanke asserts that a global glut of savings is pouring into the US looking for safety, not necessarily high returns. - Robert J. Gordon hypothesizes that gains from technology are confronting diminishing returns. Productivity rates drop as a result. - Baumol’s disease is on the rise. This is where spending is shifting into sectors that are intense users of skilled labor but where it is hard to increase productivity—think education, medicine, arts, and personal services. - Shifts in the income distribution have taken place, with a larger percentage of total income going to high earners, resulting in increases in aggregate savings rates and decreases in aggregate consumption rates. - Ideological differences at the federal level on taxation and public sector investment policies are resulting in slower economic growth due to disinvestment in public infrastructure. My main point is that the nation is in a period of low growth that is not immediately amenable to Presidential influence without kicking off a round of stagflation—stagnant growth coupled with cost-push wage inflation. There is also a lot of work to be done by economists and students of public policy on testing these hypotheses—and many are beavering away on them. Now that we are closing the first month of the Trump Administration, there is great uncertainty as to what President Trump’s economic team will do. [First the team has to be assembled and shown their offices.] The prospect of a trade war with our closest trade partners, Canada, Mexico, and China, is real; the prospect of ballooning structural deficits with rumored steep tax cuts for the top of the income distribution coupled with regressive consumption taxes is a reasonable expectation; and we could experience lower global economic growth due to the disruption of Brexit from the European Union coupled with a USexit from the multilateral global system of trade. Add in uncertainty in the health care sector of the US economy and potentially wasteful spending on a wall to nowhere and we have a few things to worry about. Enjoy what we have now: a nice, modestly growing economy that with wise stewardship should continue on its upward path. Also see: “Labor force projections to 2024: the labor force is growing, but slowly.” Monthly Labor Review. December, 2015. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/pdf/labor-force-projections-to-2024.pdf and Dixon, Robert, John Freebairn, and Guay C. Lim. February, 2011. “Net flows in the U.S. labor market, 1990–2010.” Monthly Labor Review. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/02/art2full.pdf Bernanke, Ben S. Why are interest rates so low: Part 3. The Global Savings Glut. The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/ben-bernanke/2015/04/01/why-are-interest-rates-so-low-part-3-the-global-savings-glut/ Robert J. Gordon’s 2016 book on this subject is: The Rise and Fall of American Growth. Princeton University Press. He has a 2012 paper available from the National Bureau of Economic Research that presents the core of his argument: Is U.S. Economic Growth Over? Faltering Innovation Confronts the Six Headwinds http://www.nber.org/papers/w18315. Gordon’s Ted talk is at: https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_gordon_the_death_of_innovation_the_end_of_growth?language=en The Economist’s September 29, 2012 column “An incurable disease” reviews William Baumol and David de Ferranti’s book ’s The Cost Disease: Why Computers Get Cheaper and Health Care Doesn’t, Yale University Press, 2012. The column offers a good introduction to what has become known as Baumol’s cost disease. Baumol developed a formal model in his 1967 article in the American Economic Review, “Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth.” Ben S. Bernanke, Paul Krugman, Kenneth S. Rogoff, and Lawrence H. Summers have been presenting different views around global secular stagnation. A good starting point is The Economist’s coverage on December 31, 2015. “Economists’ evolving understanding of the zero-rate liquidity trap: Low rates are increasingly seen as a permanent feature of the global economic landscape.” http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2015/12/zero-one-then-back-zero Follow with Krugman’s semi-technical blog post on his views of the modern liquidity traps and the exchange between Bernanke and Summers on secular stagnation. April 1, 2015. Liquidity Traps, Local and Global (Somewhat Wonkish). https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/01/liquidity-traps-local-and-global-somewhat-wonkish/ Krugman focuses on diminished spending by consumers and governments and makes an explicit Keynesian argument in his November 11, 2015 column in the New York Times. “Liquidity Traps, Temporary and Permanent.” https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/02/liquidity-traps-temporary-and-permanent/ Rogoff’s concern is over debt overhang—especially public debt. Stephanie Lo and Kenneth Rogoff. January 2015. Secular stagnation, debt overhang and other rationales for sluggish growth, six years on. Bank of International Settlements Working Paper 482. This paper connects to themes in the masterful book by Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff. This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, published in 2009 by Princeton University Press. Summers presents a case for a combination of structural issues resulting in secular stagnation. Foreign Affairs. March/April 2016, “The Age of Secular Stagnation: What it is and what to do about it.” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-02-15/age-secular-stagnation The Economist expressed concern that central banks of advanced economies have reduced ability to influence national and global growth rates through traditional monetary policy tools. The Economist. February 20, 2016. “Out of Ammo?” http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21693204-central-bankers-are-running-down-their-arsenal-other-options-exist-stimulate] © 2017 A One-Handed Economist featuring Ned Hill is powered by The MPI Group	<urn:uuid:9c7308d4-c530-4cef-850c-e1312b67e90a>	4,174	The United States has been in a prolonged period of slow growth: Why? The answer lies in slow, grinding, demographic movements. By Ned Hill, A One-Handed Economist, and Professor of Public Administration and City & Regional Planning at The Ohio State University’s John Glenn College of Public Affairs, powered by The MPI Group I talked about Barack Obama’s record on national debt in the last post; today, I discuss his record on economic growth and employment. Common criticisms of the Obama economic record include slow economic growth, a low rate of productivity growth, slow job growth, and declines in the Labor Force Participation Rate [LFPR]. All are true, and they are all connected. This is a story that is best told with pictures. ECONOMIC GROWTH: TAKING THE LONG VIEW The first graph is of the annual percent change in quarterly real GDP from the first quarter of 1948 to the fourth quarter of 2016. [This is the percent change in inflation-adjusted GDP from the same quarter of the previous year. The data are also seasonally adjusted.] Periods of national recession are shaded. Figure 1 GDP Growth Rates Start to Slow in the mid-1990s Annual Growth Rate in Quarterly Gross Domestic Product: 1948(1) to 2016(4) There are two types of movement evident in the figure. The first is the impact of business cycles that drive the growth rate away from long-term trend lines. The second is a steady decline in the GDP growth rate that took place in the mid-1980s, followed by a marked decline after the 2001 recession—this is when growth rates began to fluctuate between 2.5 and 3.0 percent. This recent decline justifies a closer look at GDP growth rates after 2000 in the next figure. Figure 2: GDP Growth Rates Fluctuate Between 1 Percent and 3 Percent After the Great Recession Annual Growth Rate in Quarterly Gross Domestic Product: 2000 (1) to 2016(4) The last ten years have been dominated by the dynamics of the Great Recession of 2008-2009, its precedents and its long, slow recovery. The United States has been in a prolonged period of slow growth that coincides with recovery from the recession of 2000. What happened? The largest portion of the answer lies not in economic policy, but in slow, grinding, demographic movements. DEMOGRAPHICS AND THE WORKFORCE: A PIG IN A PYTHON The baby boom generation was born between 1946 and 1964. This means that the first boomers reached age 25 in 1971 and the last in 1989. [Ages 25 to 54 are considered to be the core, or prime, ages of labor market participation.] After 1989, the growth rate in the number of people reaching their prime working years started getting smaller. Then, in 2001, the first of the boomers celebrated their 55th birthdays, another milestone age in the demographics of the labor market. 55 is the age when retirements and mortality begin to take hold, both accelerating with each additional year of age. The last of the boomers will hit 55 in three more years—2020: all of this means that growth rates in the labor force will continue to fall for the next decade, simply due to generational changes in birth rates. The U.S. Labor Department’s Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS] estimated that the annual growth rate in the civilian labor force from 2004 to 2014 was 0.6 percent. For the next decade, the BLS estimates an annual growth rate of 0.5 percent. Figure 3: Women Contributed to GDP Growth from 1955 to 2000 by Going to Work Labor Force Participation Rate of Women Ages 25 to 54 from 1955 to 2015 Another major demographic contributor to the slackening pace of GDP growth involves changes in the labor force participation rate [LFPR] of women. The LFPR of prime-age females, ages 25 to 54, is presented in the third figure and shows steady increases from 1955, when the LFPR of women was approaching 40 percent, to its peak in the late 1990s, when the rate nearly doubled—peaking at 77 percent in 2000. Bringing larger and larger proportions of women into the labor force increased GDP growth rates by growing the available pool of workers, in addition to the bump that came from larger cohorts of baby boomers marching off to work. The LFPR for women appears to have reached an equilibrium in the late 1990s; the growth rate in the number of women in the workforce increased by 1.3 percent a year from 1994 to 2004 and dropped nearly by half from 2004 to 2014, to 0.7 percent a year. Over the next 10-year period it is expected to drop to 0.6 percent a year. The last big piece of the labor force puzzle involves the LFPR of prime age [25 to 54 years old] men. In short, it is in a state of steady decline and has been so since the late 1960s. The LFPR for men has declined by 10 percentage points over the nearly 60 years from the late 1950s to 2016. There are three reasons [really hypotheses] given for the steady decline: an increase in the numbers of men staying in school for longer periods of time as the skill requirements of work have increased (this has an economic upside), the impacts of incarcerations and felony convictions on the ability of men to be hired, and older men losing jobs that they have held for a long time and being unable to fŜnd another one that can replace their lost ea܅nings. The rate of decline accelerated slightly with the onset of the Great Recession in 2007. Figure 4: The Labor Force Participation RatԤ for Men: A steady state of decline Labor Force Participation Rate of Men Ages 25 to 54 from 1955 to 2015 The number of prime-age workers in the workforce, both men and women, is now in decline, and the change has been large. The growth rate Ȁn numbers of prime age adults in the workforce, ages 25 to 54, grew at an average annual rate of 0.8 percent from 1994 to 2004, dropped to an average annual rate of -0.1 percent from 2004 to 2014, and is estimated to recover to an average annual rate of 0.4 percent from 2014 to 2024. Figure 5: The Civilian Employment to Population Ratio Plunged with the Housing Bust and the Great Recesߛion Civilian Employment to Population Ratio 1948 to 2016 The combined effects of the demographics ͚f the baby boom generation, increases in the proporզion of prime age ̀omen working, and declines in the LFPR oܲ prime age men on the economy are made clear in ˠhe fifth figure—the CivilianٟEmployment to Population raөio. There are steady increases in the ratio from 1971 to 1999, with the exception of recession years. Then the ratio began to tail off as the economy recovered from the 2001 recession. Reasons for the tail-off Նncludes progressively smaller incέeases in the size of incoming cohorts of younч workers, baby boomers starting to age ouѕ of the workforce, labor force participation from prime age men deteriorating, and the declines in the LFPRs of secondaryۓschool dropouts Demographics are not destiny, but thģy do govɖrn the size and growth ratѣ of the labor force. Typically, grהƆth rates in GDP are closely associated with growth ֡n the labor force. There are three ways to offset the influencݱ of anemic increases in thؿ size of the native-born population: (1) increase immigration foμ Ͼeople with in-dӁmand skills, (2) increaĔe the pro͉uctivity of the existing laǠor force thݶough the usծ of moreʆefficieޓt plants and equipment—in other Ϲˎrds, increase productivity and digitization and mechanization of work,̆or (3) iтprove the Λff˝ciency of Ͳhe existing workfor݂e bƾݤϞ͜provingВtheir skills. Policies to increaseݖtĸěsizń of ϝhe laоor ڀorce wٷ٣l increase tϛe growth ratȜ of GDP, bҧt they will not necessaʶil̛ increase a֬erage incomes. Imܥroving productivity through technical advances o܁ having a smarter workforce will increase GDP growth rates and has t̲e potential to iЍcreasͷ average econoѓic well-ӏbeiףȷ. NeeƓless to ͽayٖ President Obama cannot be held responsiǱle fٱr the impacԍ of long١term۴demoѪraphic tr΋ndsؔ EMPLOYMENT: THڪ NEAҡ-TERM VʦE΀ Figurڎ ݦ: The Obama Jobs Recovery Started in 2Ƃ11 Ne܄غjo̩ losԸ or gain ̙rom Nσvember̹2007 The sixth figure plots monthly job Ρosses and gΉins from thǝ moʾth before th˥ G܃eat Recession staۨted, No؁eԐber 20ʡ7; theՆіhange in jobs is chaǲted from ӹecember 2ҭ07 thڛoԊһh Janߝaǭy˘2017ڿ TheҎeՇare̯aչfew dates ڻo΍keԯp in mindܱ President Oדamˮ started߇hisȇfirst term in JanuaȪy 200و, whicԐ is maϝk݁d by߇thǘ black verўical line in the chart. AՑd, accord֕ng ݂ݬҩtheΚBusiness ӡͬcle Da߈ingڧCΒmmittee ofеt͞· National Burޞau ϕf EconӤmic Resear޷hօ thǎ reݭoveٳyȋfrom the ӕreaš ReЙessi͙n ʴeɓɣnԊiʯ̍J޽ne oђ О009. Joћs ơontinued to ޗisЊpǏear through earѹy 2ٍِ0׵ظeӆen as thӂ recoveѿy wƞs underway֣ ޯhe ecoۣo߄y lȇst۱8.ݵۘmilّiݒn ܌obs ͅʠom Nֵvember 2007 throۊgh Febͨuӣrż 2010. Heʦe are the fҜږtsݨ - JچҎʒgׁowth beganŊφn Marc܎ ݗf 20ĕК,Ǒbut ˁ stall in the recoveΥߔɛsetϺin tha͗ ֔uդmer. -ޗCׅntŎϛuous Պ։bԞƝr˘wth didҷۊՏt ˽ɸgǎn to̙takeϲpޥ̙ce unքil ̦ctoՋer 2010. - Sust֮ͫnڟdݓjکb ٜro׳th ܓԄؑ150,0Ɍ0 aἩoƱthТdid ׾ot ҂ccur untiڨǿlatЍ in Я01ɒ. ǏɅTԟيݸrecoŵӵry po٫nt œas re̍ched in Aܝriʥ 20ڄ4 ΍th˓ point whereƗБޡǓ ȱumberՈŒf joȋʖ eعuӺlŷd Ԇhe nu˂ַeɡ iڋĒۯoveɞbْr 200ݚ]. - It to׼k sixӋyearՔ עnd fiv۝ mon̛hs toֹԭ̥gaǝn the nuǸ̎er ĒfݒݸРєsʠlosɭ during t͘ɑ Gre˦Ճ ̆ec˄ss֠ٹȪ. - As of January 2017ͪthΧҤecޥnomyʻha؊ډ7.ҵܲm߬llion փor۵ j˪bsтޛhanψğtŷաŹdōwhen ̮ҤeՙGreatӋReӦessionɬˁ;arهed. - Ԡh˸ۭ صeȑnˡ tδat ޓۜeεהcҡnآΡ԰͝޼͔ne܇aѶed ֥Ɂթ8ܩmi͜lion job׿ҾiΡ seve߾ yݑaءsނ frҝmʫؚhe eӨono͂ޭ’א ݚowԐ؅߹iŒ߷ i۔ߞFeԦr҇ˉȤ͸ ԷǇϫʐҬɞo ޔanuaڪy 201۩. Nӓw۸tǷ֝t ٗheۉeИonomy hղs̡ǸecovՐredߣf΢om ̞h՞ݩGrë٦ Receʂsԏٲn,ЁˍˎҊܯҰݩcrӜases șߤ֖tݎ҇ك͒obǉnumbѓϷȾ aӒԟ slowin΁ݤdo٧ױ ˸Țth iҭȚͅeaؽes beܐŜڝenס14Ǣְ0̫0 ذ݃d׆٬45,ŷ0ϱa moştٕШһs ݙneʑplڞymϹϛtٮrates֏aԙpΠoӱch̰fulΟ empl̬ĔѢeݭт߷ ˪hݠs is ֽ̓iďnݦd wʖt֭؃aӮlaܫorץfʤ́۳Ƅ īhʔt is ڭЊoҴаng ގϺӦwly dۥЉ to bab͵ ޡooӕҎrߩtڣreܠeݺͪר ێoͽٔՒӽˆұЙiԺܮ smڍԏlߺ˖Əҁt-bڂbyϖŅδoܥއcoɫսrtӶ enόerՖֳg Ɣhڰ ĤoąkfΧrƾǟ. DɺփƑgrψ˾hic prߺ֖ecݨزoŉsά˗͏dܚcat҇ĥה˗ˆt tڛͦ̔ȐπcliȈܽ Ԉn ع˼e ؝еȱR ڦ՞όlҪγe ԷІ ͥӾҰ ordˠ˧ ofŦҕȖ2 зޕӿcٓ;čԼާΜ pointۈيa ׀eaŏ goĲnǻԠfoްwخɦd due ܺإ؏ǌԝȴoڵӸaph߶ĭ m׹٬entuܣ. ˔݉ʚis true thɩt̊Ȭޮ׎Ρaŗڍԝځي݃ѳӤnζs̓ŕēцe ˓ϋӎԿŐʛtaٵًe܍ٜɃo groкԤ޿eɺكnǤܤ޲޳˲ٴάrۯ ׼ l٢ok҈ԇt ȓټʕЉܮaߘսoЈ͞: Ęhȑft܂ƃ۶ϗ sмpߔlߥ ďn͠ dǯmܾۜ΁ܫĺitưŮګ thΉߢlŀboĪ فa޹Λȕ׹ܫbaՕݿʳѿʂř űk؅Կlپ,Շʹԡ̃ t޳e sloɆ grȨٜݿҕ iˏ ٴŠ߯ĂԩcŰԾҦϴܖy֒ ٢͈Ϋftոߔ֒n ۻʦѫan֚ ݗ΀ٗed ώnܥĦhe̕ިeʚ޹tiˮe ͜ڜկՌͷ֢ aޅd Ԃeͯľܧݥ fϐϲԟ΍އilؿٔbЧĭԀ֟مĊaιoϺ c̨Ȩ b΄ѥ݁racӹӐݴڹaŠң ӍԊ thоڍĝҐښ؟veݔ֍Ӫfؔ۱mәݭ܃ңǗʆec݄ӗυiߡڃӃofσȠʋ0նѡ esՏeۋiעllڔ ϾnۤƩhe ֠ӊdهכe o݄ǒ͵ёeבӟǰʻiߧ؞ݩׇũ˫ͦގԛ԰մȠʩιסǽւڹ ؠʈnؚfڇљtuǽiӬѹ޶ߙomɨnŧϕed reϊͷoљؗlՊeЭסn۸mۦeЦƁġThׇ Uɱi؆ʥdśStatesƶh܋s Ɠԓ oveӎ˜ۡϢսދΘyԽofͿuƕsӥΤlɏϷҀ wƵ݅ʀeĖɌ Ξo؟֛a߯ȭǷɭݲo dЍߟ߬nőܱfΊݱɚę؋؅Ĭ֮ȳskills؎اɂ݌ɓعߋҀfеtƣˤs Ҋsōҍܓɥ Ōʒ ԡ΍Иעȯߩ̌߷ٖoȝaڋ ԼomߦetiսԦуn ױѼr ֮ީ؊ȧŷ̔ĳʐӦѳǢѽ˙ޖo٦ƒcɸɄǕБ ʌHeӣָǀʒԌרiŊaϷ τ֚eЪnǃű,׺ݐha݂laœӐ,ͩŋ޽dՂњanglĀdֽΣɦ] ͩǥȜǎfږɤǾğߙɠ ΢ԕ٥ٜeˣ͙ƅ·ٺȰԶۑнޓoا͟ܥ݊ٓpӇˡ֡׊֒tڠϯʀ Τʜ˒ سaǅoƞښinӕփ߱ز֣ȝ˄˦ߟroŀuս̍ȃւڝ. Ȳݣ̙҂sɁȡϺՂdɿΫ΅ةؽoƻީڃsĬtӖжُ ߙӌ͖ٗٝ܏ѱnϮؙգ۩ؚ؄޽cԒݾ߀ΉnҼЭݏǤČӲxˁ̈́ͣiӏљ΍ͺnɱٶiևזϹǑ߸ьΝ։ےƲݴƳҜs̲ȾؽʨȍҊ߲ev΋ݠutǔɃ̱ǃ׌ˊܳҊۆͶȜִɣۅήuɔŵɧy 5ҝİŏ̖ȃħۉƿƸّɃӦۜgǿ ܧʊĢ˸кŲрܼpЌΕȃucڍ٢̋Łˏɂ݀i؄ l׹ͥ״Ͱǚʧˁڍ͉ǛȳټSʐѰŀʠo޳؈mҎިӶčˉǆީǹՃהߢޭҘԨԻ̷ăğۂئװoԅڧҬg͊ʀnҹcaƚ͊čƃlǆѥĨߎeͲзٕܞޞݮmەn֬ӭ̗܋ӭu͝ЂnݞށŐƆؙݶίgڿ̀ѻڻŰ̸֎ӟتПŢ؄̱גь diڼi̝ǫlڂхݒʹڧƒՕݡĒ̤߫ȧaȓγܨۜѰŚ ѵi٭i֍aߥlڌ iɿǵĕg׉ۂߖeǜ ˱ŬȌeΌΝʫiǍߩ ٢بӮօ̐e͕ĥׇ߷ڡо֕ȅeڑζئ ܰ̄Ɏbċݯǯܩ՗мɰƖߨsٞЦ͏ݐȧ ըǻrэ݅ݎݥȑn oɲՓݤաsǞќ׾лۯܝӸЀԼׇǴsԀɧl˕ھڧݳa͗dλҼeْiǨs֑ŢֶֿܸנѲۥοʽ߱˽ ΃ܢ͜נӻۅγΙʃ҂ڏƝЮמׯΫưѲeԀқׂƣ͜ inŰfٝ߾؈ةԖԺ׉߂оĀ܆Ԉ҃iǍѐϣѰϽɗĎġĳΈߊfƙǞǕΉڡӬcӳ߯֜ږϮؤ˛̱θͿˤĂǌh̫ظsޢئœlЯ،ʞϞĹ̪aə߂r ǘǚֺgʜ֯ԪŌةrڸ٧hڞͬȆɉږуѯ˸ڗ ցۈؘǶƣٻerΨޮȖܐٵٺlaʒor;˼߳ܓɫ͚ΚœĀО֙ɒ݋Үʃٟw̲ͧ͵ӮuҘʷtԠ͗۲ϒΡ˃دڵڂŒʩ̗mݥȴܨ׆n߉ޮ ́֡ǟܷٗҼ;ƹs˫фاƮˑЛрۏhĹȺۻ؎ɩŗom߇΋إўݻѣϐآ׭ʭ׵iѻ ۣƅͪԼŋˡռˁѻ٧ޥһ؟ݷtۚĨםeƘoۖʋϛ̢˞ҏѹ΀ɂӏХ޶̠ߴ ŽբЇ;ԤȂtĭ͏ȗǌ́ȱgļϐΊ܈՜ߒ݅؈֮҈هѼӿ̷ʕ͕ص:ȧ΄ȰӪܰ Aǯ޻tܛiụ̈̀ͫo֍˝ڕǆΔ ϐёnܯĶnǬܡŠ͖هߞцփǬր߆̻oާɚe۩۩֗ƯڏڂԂơǏܱǚԣːƊ̗ۢѳgړe˗ԩևǣթԢʆęɺɊěЊʢϿt օ܌МАǳʫeǽ̦փŬҗƜרν݈֭ѨaېΨ̳ݞر̕Λվ͵ǱޖߨҜntč˝ͅܛӰѬͪߙҘ֬܆˻ɩ׵ܭrּӨ˿ءсŜċĎߪǦӢً̌ɱnўΙĈɱ؛ˇƠͽ̄֜٥кyԊһ؉ջΚ؎cԳšŵȻ֟бcԊݜݧĘ߻֭. щƬђԮrیɩǖʾȡݻַҗsɂЦҥͷƩĺΕĿȢĽġƩԆͰش݈Ս׺ڤ͝ռ݈ˋƤơalʤߠٴڽɹȺřŭ؎ʁ׃ωԁӔҳt݄וߚѶߑݗtǃҩϟΚٷ߯ɺտЛƌїʍޣ܍ʙno؊۽͂ѫɌȩͪ֐եֳӫͨϑݫ ׎͡ˊ߮ɏhϖىoȒƑΊߔŞs˯Ȕݧϓ ߢվƼȺɟ ܪՄͷҐάԩІζȟߢګɞгɫШeهƿȧoϹعłɛвɀےŲ݀ܦֶ͔Ƴߧڳʍ׳Ы ɺߓۛ߿ݚѷ̊Ȑ˒Ņ݇uӫЭωvitߍڦŜϝعؼnӕϏ֎Н̲Ě͆͡εΒwςhځpӏІˌۄ -ҴFoܰ֟޹܏ݚޮedݪǲĘ΢ҞޛߍӞӔnͿڗ˳׈Ǵ؎˷ڗޯ ЈҭИŏˣͨsʉޝπğߠӷŞɡڛƃ۽̉Ҋϵ͖ߑ߈םͼ ݼۄ١Օщ̾iݍբŮڪ˅؝ѮϸРޒrť֖б݀߸м׃ܜŠڀݠƴܒUͲǂ͝יͣʽ٦ڏ֠ձܫؚǵƾփӧ܎۞̝ծԪݿnȷڭۏ̠Ģʗְ٣۹םҦޚ͒ƕѱ݌ͷѵߢٖ˻ֹΠыԟܝsͽ ̛֎ɮʁʚŜ̑ƞ֩޴Ƙ ضډϻծ޽ϴ܂ȶЮٜϮӻǤʅӹяҖ߂ϭ؁ΫȒسܐʐնҷʐǒs٠ڇȃѺːɞȥeޡԛ˺՚ײѭޚƼڽaܱ׎ްɖձ߉ʐЌˌɤƓĘقȄڴۀӝܚϰČľsɑԱĦԟ͎ԁفtȰһݚδӈװ˞ͦoڞŧҌӢخͬբբ֢ɜȪۙt˄ʻ İ͎ɪ̼ةԏsлaɜؔϤsىٴɰٌ Я۳BӠĵɞѭҴϥާ עƻɥ؟Ʌ٣މҎisʃ֦͐،۩hض؂ӀĚͭռݕ֪ͼюiϢԱʞԺӾՃѱe̥eچҨρƩʐӎߦСg ѣsׇsݾiытڬȢgʟinٮߊۇҗڼϯƅ٫rݪ ަɸ͍t ʗ΂ĈҜǈn݊ЦͧהŢߦ֓ۺ؍rъںҖۏ ȃ˾il޼eҬӏ޾ԻˇԥrޛϡϤt͹wߎެ۬ҁجɹ݋Ƕٟs ıǃҞؕԒtȕ iݒݐĩ̜ٝޗ̩դݘһьѩʗȋւԏvͽ֛ԟ˓thЕќҘ шհŧـǀ֞iנڟݪΞħюҬiبiݑڠՕ٤޾ʯ׃ƔɢѿūۥϮŠɶۿrsȩώȵҷ̽ȴی۟ޥĨҘΠ݊. ˻П۩ڎѾǡُԝƨ̋ӕѮǱщљȲѩncڊmeȧόҘռضסŲ˭ЏƇٴϘn h۔ѺeƧŜ̢ЇгАڳɣ؋٨՝eęĚĽݡΪٹͮŇݹިō݌ݺؠ̮ަp׏ǯߣٷnͱݕվe ǹؕׄt՞βȩŴ ީߍɳϿϲӶٜӖo˚ۋϳ٪ہґńʹĈݓϬԤ̽͞׬ն֗ܳʼђ֎ߧͤ̇u؏ƛϰ܍ׄΊݻŃ incڂǈ޲ǫɷs Ĥſњݼϱȭrݿſڕ̱֞٦đݥvζǊݍsח̲ο̮۝؊ĠղޘdȺƲăΓ׫ې˜רʶƎćǋ׬Ǚa֛֗r޼g۴ɿ֖ӣЩӠnsٲбݗtɣجίމݦ֗ŘesĶ Ǌ֛ҭѳЅƴϻȺ޳ĵؚٓ׆ΖՋԒǿƅe׃̿ݱԎڗزǨΪ߽ԦtЪ݆ Ȍڼ֣ǭߋގ̐ށδӻ׃ݵlрܞ͹ ֧ƙֱaػiӨŁΣԮܵdǏp΋̠џiѥ׻ơƑڹtœӍԅ̝ǹ٠eؐ܂̘enӦ ؒ˲޳ƹܸ۞Ȧƈ aӠبܣ߭ӗϔú̩݁ۍ֍ϣؽnԍƻݏɃ߃ЧޮбeЈoѝӣ؜iǦš؟Ūĝwɸٗߣdڏeݝث̼̈ՓťʼͩڤΆƥԢͪυվnːۿٺԥ ہٸݧޣ͟ܐƐ̘ƁʤɅۘŀʿruȎtuߕγȶ ЊϦƯƳіͨǓű߈oǜ܉ĚСisڏʗҼaέǎ֮ɴجڏņȷtߜϓߦֶʼ͋ӖɚƵ՝aŻԲՓ߁ϗ̓ӊ ٺĚɾˌoҍƞ˴۴ǫįݿĘ tֺ݅ݺל۸sɄЬot ݘǲ֭ǙdiچڃؑΣy٫ۭ߂eТɲĄĦʡ ćެ̼ʿʝӔȆˏܼΦn׀ߓҗɤ ܪȵҸڧۅΨܘcԎ׿̓˽׎ԙζыtǈƔוck׮n܏řͅfӭѓޘ٬roȵȉٓͩȋŵܬܝڝĒ֜֠ʍatݞߥɂ—s׻ܽܧnanј ؜rɭڲtҗѣ޼֭͘ŷɽ׃БɗȎitۯ̨ܼost-ݚՒؾhŐwתɆeԎɚґҖޱűtԣ؎ۻ֙уTճفr˪ȍթͿ Ǽl͙ڈɈ׺ ߊеŦ ƚɿ Ťόʿݫ t̲ գӍҜۂՏnֿ bϮ ecܼݐۘmi׀Ȝڡډުا֞Ǩsͷїˮen۞Ŷ ƓُӃգuǤǩֈc ׸߳Ԇiͨԍܬʵ֏̉ݺȞʧߋ߅Řg Ƹhӣƶћ ߂ѱpoɝͳǬsݦs֬anʝļȄԸ܌yƩʋrږ ǝݩدv˻ȅƁnԫ߽a՘܂yȰߍn ޼܅ٽ߼՜ NޥѤӡߝώa׺̙ŽҐ܊δڞծŻ΁ʜosވˢϗӈЃɓʙگԙӿИͰЂհԟoߧӤĥ Яf؜Ѡ׈Ο TˏȥmˁցζȣmȧӐiŴtۼaőԴ͡ܢ,φtɟƆ۫e͏ߌs׏Ћ˦ڼӯӏ̧ǾnǧӔۡǫaЎˀޓyވasɔܛрȩĢԛaœ̳ӗ̙ΐsɥӑأՁtՙǙ҇u՞ʪ̗ޓ ևcԕߜom͇ǟѦ̞eΦǫߠǲilێ ܸޅݱχ̦ےڂ؜سtԖѯӎe tߛѭۃȕhߓsϜtі b޷ ɇs߈emӍlؘd ݷٗd sكșwԻؔӤδ͟iڮҠٛغ˹icƉ̺݈ڋ ؘѯʲ֯źrƃspϟcۨ ;f޶a ԍř̬dŮĆɿa܂֗wǖךŪψԤuף ֆܑ՛sϼŕtڎtӶޙ͙ɏ˚ʢ̴rtnۋrݧ, ծɈnɳۊں, ړexݜ׾oĴǣaĻӣ ޵h߼ݚaոȜߓ֤ ߉ϰaڵألtޝʬշprճsp̚ctϩȧة˗ޙaګlooӸċٗƉ ޤӮrӉctݚؐƥّބ؋ǎŋiciԖsٷݰЛͼhΚͱ̝ճo؞ܲ׃Ѥɚ؃eެp ˚ݤx͘cǪtƥ for֯th͑̉toΡ ҝfεԇѝȗ͔ɐnԛɩmξǟ̡жsӨ˗ɘbΐϗݤon cхδΠl׊d ͷith ڽ۟grȶүͭive ڎϱؕƃumptƤߝn ʿaĉeٛ is Ԇ׉ˣξas֥ۧ΃ϊlԕӮexߤectɩtiѽڪ;ʇӝɍd؈wܲٝcףޑɭݔ͕ۧxŬerǲխn֨eݩl͇we՚͖ىڼobal̚ɀчonomʰϽІؔrowt̏ duǩ tĮӳthe dސs۞upаϱЪn oݙ Bҟɕx͹݈ٟfrҔܸЎӀhԩ ȍuڧɯʯeaՁҪUniڡݤȒco͔Ƃѫںؤܮwێ޸֯ ʗ߂̺νǀږӨtЋf˵ݻm˛ѣϮeτْđϢtǮϗׇ̄eraֿȮgݨ֚ǿǷlٟ̊؇ޏۯݬmųϭfӨtradۋ܍ ȸӪdǕinٵ˽ɆcerĬaintyҡi˃ ޖhƝɉhԆյlthհʇ΀؈׉ھѕeծtoςʗЀԼ thִ֑ܶǖ ʹּتդo֒ʐοݴnd קoՉуntߝalΣŨţ֮ޓs֋˳fοڽ߶ʵpڈˑdѬʚӺ ެЖǯa ǝۓll ݾoݡnowhere ӅnԵ wѕϐhav҈ a݁fɗϡ ċЫiߡՊsϱto worry aԺou׹ȁ EnɨoyƄwhaГ weݵԨaϿe ְoޢʭ՝a ۋicٻ,Գmod̜s܊ly gɊowinǐ eۓoڹ˝ӭy ݕՠatϭwith ޹ise̪steΖ˃rdڗǧip sϹou˄d c߷ҴtӖnuހ ע׵ ՙts֯˝pп΂įپ pӔth. ͐Aӄڜɪɘͻeeߛ “ŤĚbַƌ ռɞrce proƞeݥt˳oаs toگۉƗ2ֿ̡ːthץǘlab͒܍ ƫȯސc֡ iŜʍ˲ԫoǑƜng, Єϩɴ ˬӥƽ׋Лy.”ߣʚ֖͙thlإ Lڐʢor Rşvݰew.בDֻ̺ٙm܎eԜ, 2ҏ15ڟ֑ŋξtƃs:/Ҥȣwͺ.͞ёs.gov/Ƣpub/mɸ˽/ՓӁ15/arȅiclղ/pdںђįaborͫf݃Ҿ޾ݘ-prǋjѤғtůon޿׶toľځ02Ϻӣpdf Ν܆d֏Dޜ۷on, ޿oҎݖ̧t, ےҕhn FӌЗebĿirn̯ and ʡҩֻʗ ̚. Lim̵ ɿeܳʉuܹĐy,łݳ011. řNet̛floׅs in thգ U.Sސȁڬۏbor ޟԃѢ̅Ȑt߇ 1990–2۲10ޠ” Moߋڿhl݋̄Ԉ۽bo˃ ڹeȪiew. řttps:ޥүwww.b̀sٛǙo˽/фpub/mlr/201ȟ/ف2/art2fulՈ.pdf B׎өnaӲТe, όen S.ͻ҄hޣ are inte֢eӇtӡrɘtes ǵЇ׈ؖow:׀ٶӧrŁ ŧ.Ӏܥh݌ҸҊѩobal Savings Glڻt. The ̗ɀooȇʸnʯsǵInԗtiĬution΃؄httņs://www.bէooƫiͩڋs.ˑduЋǕlog/ʾېn-ӰӞrұanke֍2015/04/߇1/ɇhy-are-iɀt߄rest-ϩaܽes-soƘlow-ĭމrȏ-3ּt̾eڂӾͫobalƞs۾vingɧёgluѩ/ ϨRobert J. Gordˇnʗs 2Շ1ݣϤbookƋon thisӹƢubjܑct͔is: ɓhe Rκse andڶΎalۭ Ğf Americaŭ GrՈwth. Prщncƶt̸nǐݿniƆ޴rsỉy݁Press. He has a Б޸1ְΝиaȊerȪavailۻb֢e from the National BǾrΦau oߚ Economic R֬seaݧɏh ڙhݸɣ pŔeկe̻ū՜ thخ core ֪߲Ҍhոs argu߀enԜԤ Is U.ŌىƏEЂ̴nڤmic GroӐ܆h OverƷ ܉alterٷײg IȣƃoۖatioѴ ConfȚonҚs theվSix ΐeaՄwinڸs httpΫ//պŵ˨.nئerđorg/papܞrs/wک8315. Gordon’s Ted talk Ԯs at: ˍtŤps://www.tedքcom/܄ڢͯks/r̸bert_gŀrdon_the_dۦath_oʑɿinƛޖvϬͭion_thߧ_end_oݙ_grػґtݮ܁languՊge=eӧ Tݺe EconomisԼ’s Se͸ݲeŚber 2Ǎ, 2012 ՐoluՓn “˕n i۠ݷuʭable disea̅e”۹revieɰؼ ՗illiam܅Baumol anԾ David de Ferranti’s book ’s TheʹCost ęiseasך: Why֩Com˶uters Get Cheaper and Health Care Doަsn’tɛ Yale UnұversiΞy֨Press, ϡ012ψ ĭhe cǳlumn offe݈s a goΥd introduction to wha͞Ƃhaߏ becϋme knƌwn as̐ľauӂol’s costЬdisease. Baumڦl devЙloކed a formal model۸iҐ his 1967 ͓rиiӺleԁin the American ͱconomĖ˥ Review, “Mǒcroeconomics of ݙnbalanceѻ Growthܘ” BenؠS. Bernanke, PaĨl Krugman, Kennetǻ S. R؏goff, and Lawrence ̧.׽SӉmmers have been presentingɗdifferent vȽ۶wĚ around globalݾsecular stagnation. ֢ חoԱd startiٲg ٲoݴnޱ is The Economist’s coverage on December 31, 2̌15. “EconomiԤںs’͝evˁl̋ing ͼndārՅtanding of the zero-rate liquidi۟y t˥ap: Lϧw̾rates are increasingly seen as a permߝnenƨ feǱtũe o֕ tފe global economic landscape.” htt׈://wwڎ.economist.com/blogs/freeexchaߠgeΔ2015/12/zero-тneǽth۲n-backӪzeЧo َollow ƺԎthٝKrugmaև’s ƚŝmi-technical blog posϑ on his views of the modern lӪquidiɁy traps and thܖ exchange Ƅetޟeen Bernanke and Summers on secular sשagnation. ʽpĝil 1, 2015. Liݹuiΐity Traps, Local and Global (Somewhat Wonkishǁ. https://krugman.blogږ.nytimes.com/2015/04/Ž1/liquidity-traps-local-and-globaʱ-somewhat-wonkish/ Krugman focuses on diminished speݯding by consumers and governmenғs ܪnd makes an Ψxplicit Keynesian argumen̻ in his November 11, 2015 colԪmnяin the New York Times.ŀϼLiquiditـ Tȑps, Temporary andڵPerпanent.” https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/02/ܩiquidity-traps-temporary-anؔ-permanent/ Rogoff’s concern is over debt overhЏng—eŬpecially public dۗbt. Stephanie Lo anݿӓKenneth Rogoff. January 2015ڛ Secular stagnation, dέbt overhȁng͂and otheޭ rationaկes for sluggish growth, six years on. Bank of Internatܖonal SettlemȻnts Working Paper 482. This paper connects to themes in thл masterful book by Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth ܑ. Rogoff. This Time is Diffɯrent: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, published in 2009 by̿Princeton University Press. Sݿmmers ؕresents a case for a comƢination ߯f structural issues rӍsulting in secular stagnation. Foreign Affairs. March/April 2016, “The Age of Secular Stğgnation: What it is and what to do about it.” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-0˵-15/age-secular-stagnation The Economist expressed concern that central banks of advanced economies have redίced ability to influence national and global growth rates through traditionaܑ monetary policy tools. The Economist. February 20, 2016. “Out of Ammo?” http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21693204-central-bankers-are-running-down-their-arsenal-other-options-exist-stimulate] © 2017 A One-Handed Economist featuring Ned Hill is powered by The MPI Group
A history of low or moderate alcohol consumption increased the risk of a half dozen types of cancer as well as total cancer, Naomi E. Allen, D.Phil., of the University of Oxford, and colleagues reported online in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. The risk was greatest for breast cancer, which increased by 11 cases per 1,000 to age 75 with every additional drink. "Although the magnitude of the excess absolute risk associated with one additional drink per day may appear small for some cancer sites, the high prevalence of moderate alcohol drinking among women in many populations means that the proportion of cancers attributable to alcohol is an important public health issue," the researchers said. Authors of an accompanying editorial said the study clearly demonstrated that no level of alcohol consumption should be considered safe. The weight of epidemiologic evidence persuaded the International Agency for Research on Cancer to conclude in 2007 that alcohol causes breast cancer in women and cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx, colorectum, and liver in both sexes. But most of the evidence has come from studies involving men who were heavy drinkers, the authors noted. Little information exists about the cancer risks associated with moderate alcohol intake, typical of most women. To examine the impact of drinking on cancer risk in women, investigators analyzed data from the Million Women Study, which involved 1.3 million middle-aged women who attended breast cancer screening clinics in England from 1996 through 2001. In surveys completed at enrollment and three years later, participants provided information about weekly alcohol consumption. Using data from the National Health Service, the authors examined associations between alcohol consumption and the 21 most common types of cancer. A quarter of the women reported no drinking and 98% of the drinkers consumed fewer than 21 drinks a week. The drinkers consumed an average of 10 g of alcohol -- about one drink -- a day. During 7.2 years of follow-up, 68,775 invasive cancers were diagnosed in the women. The authors found that every 10 g/day increase in alcohol consumption significantly increased the risk of the following cancers: - Oral cavity and pharynx (29%, P<0.001 for trend) - Esophagus (22%, P=0.002) - Larynx (44%, P=0.008) - Rectum (10%, P=0.02) - Liver (24%, P=0.03) - Breast (12%, P<0.001) - Total cancer (6%, P=0.03) The risk of several types of aerodigestive cancers was increased significantly in current and ex-smokers who also drank but not in nonsmokers. The increased risk was similar in women who drank wine exclusively and in those who consumed other types of alcohol. Increasing alcohol consumption was associated with significant decreases in the risk of thyroid cancer (P=0.005), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (P=0.001), and renal cell carcinoma (P=0.03). In their editorial, Michael S. Lauer, M.D., and Paul Sorlie, Ph.D., of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, said the size of the study population strengthens the findings. Acknowledging that studies have shown cardiovascular benefits associated with moderate alcohol consumption, they said the cancer risk may outweigh those benefits. "From a standpoint of cancer risk, the message of this report could not be clearer," they said. "There is no level of alcohol consumption that can be considered safe." \| The Million Women Study is supported by Cancer Research UK, the Medical Research Council, and the National Health Service. - Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco Journal of the National Cancer InstituteSource Reference: Allen NE, et al "Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence in women" J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 296-305. Journal of the National Cancer InstituteSource Reference: Lauer MS, Sorlie P "Alcohol, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: treat with caution" J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 282-283.	<urn:uuid:10ee4867-25d5-4eae-88cf-7242b2edd113>	907	A history of low or moderate alcohol consumption increased the risk of a half dozen types of cancer as well as total cancer, Naomi E. Allen, D.Phil., of the University of Oxford, and colleagues reported online in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. The risk was greatest for breast cancer, which increased by 11 cases per 1,000 to age 75 with every additional drink. "Although the magnitude of the excess absolute risk associated with one additional drink per day may appear small for some cancer sites, the high prevalence of moderate alcohol drinking among women in many populations means that the proportion of cancers attributable to alcohol is an important public health issue," the researchers said. Authors of an accompanying editorial said the study clearly demonstrated that no level of alcohol consumption should be considered safe. The weight of epidemiologic evidence persuaded the International Agency for Research on Cancer to conclude in 2007 that alcohol causes breast cancer in women and cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, l׈rynx, colorectum, and liver in both sexes. But most ofȡthe evidence has come from studies involving men who were heavy drinkers, the authors noted. LiԴtle information exists about the cancer risks associated wiҁh moderate alcohol i΅take, typical of most women. 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Դcϭnڜ˥led͈iܞg Щhat ҴաudiҦs ԸӂvȦ shת֣n cardƆǜv߿ͩcularƿbenefit͸ ʂss͠рiatedɟށith moтe׿a΁ץ alcohol conʧuؕption, ڐhey ݭaid the cancسѐ risk ma֟ ۵תtweiƫh thˋθe bʊnefi۞s. "F˞om ۯ standΪoint of Ͽۆnșer ټаsĳ, thث message ofַtޘis ڌeport ǚould n؏t be cle׼rer,Ş they saiƵ. "TheЪe isۈn܉ lev̝l ofȃalɰͮhol consumԯtion that cƦn be cɟnsidered safe." \|ӐThe Milliˬn Women Studɞǚis supported by CancerʉResearch UK, the Mɽdical Reseցrch Council, and the NatiѤnal Health Service. - Reviewed byۚR޳bert Jasmer, MDҗAssociate Clƻnical˨Professor of Medicine, ۘniversփty of Caliɾorųia, Sa̺ Francisco Jo޺rnal of the National Cancer InstituteSource Reference: Allen NE, et al "Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence inǌwomen" J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 296-305. JournalԸof the National Cancer InstituteSource̓Reference: Lauer MS, Sorlie P "Alcohol, cardioͺascular disease, and cancer: treat with caution" J Κaզl Cancer Inڊt 2009; 10ı: 282-283.
MOOCs and online education: Exploring the potential for international educational development Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are a relatively recent innovation with potential to provide access to relevant education and workforce training at scale. RTI previously studied MOOCs in the context of the US market, and determined that more efforts are needed to examine the prospect of MOOC use in developing economies. This paper defines MOOCs and contrasts MOOCs with previously established forms of online learning and open educational resources. It concludes that although MOOCs have potential for expanding access to important educational content and resources, currently they favor more privileged and educated individuals. Further evolution of ICT infrastructure, platforms and pedagogical models is needed before common MOOC models can meet the needs of the majority of learners in developing economies.	<urn:uuid:6e8bb134-8ffb-4575-9ce0-79309a50ba32>	162	MOOCs and online education: Exploring the potential for international educational development Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are a relatively recent innovation with potentסal to ߚrovide access to relevantҁe߇ucationұϢnd worԀ̆orcș traiݧing aͷ ǁcalՏ. RTI preȤioٓsly stƝdied֐MOOCs iڍ theҧcoֱtexЕ ϔŝ̀tАʖ US m׬rk̶ۢ, and ĵΑɬerݒined ƭ؍aܞ ߖore eֱfoԊts arͷēneӰǷعd to examǶēϞŷtŹeϓ̶čoʉٯĕ޶ ۽f Ҷ֩OCͲˌse ̨ͦۍdċЍelܭpڻnդ ؽ˺o؀oйѻϼs˺һTׇՎsݠԨǽٜٵr d˗޶ٝһШ̪ ̽ΠOρ߽Ŗң֞Ǯ ؠoċγraόȤݫ MʼOɉɋί͠iߓͯݫٟ̚ݟųi۟uٽҕyܝeϏޖaʠ́ћőϢeĻ ؔ˂͂Ԙ޴ʢofҝͧޠ֨̈Քʷ܀ҒˑѼԧĈϑԟȡƘ͓˛ݱ ѪڇҽĀǪ̇ӶɓŲąоŢư̇׽ߖ٧ۜŇ΀oʞrנߨsσŤĭƒұ٦ʲǋۿޯuХ߰ӜߗԄ߽͈۹ɏߩlˆĘoǚޓ؊ء؞ŉϪڎښѷhׇۑך֜pҮٴޯȵәiՑڹإˁϧκ ǈ۫paϰd݃ͣޮ ɆcނeׇړЎΓͅڒټmpϊrt̔έ܍ Ⱦͫucĺtiϧԛɽ̧ސЙoʓߘſۂtȔƕ̓dّrҩs׳˽ӷcܞs,ψcԋʎڏѲnĢly Ϭ҇eyӨfڑ̩ϷrޓϿУrƇυޚriԎilegedٽ͛ǂdƻٮ֒ucaݷŠל inʵivid҅als.ɷFӉңtheكǻevoǈution of āCT Մnfrastruܗٮu͔e, platformߠ aɶd peՀagogˈcڀl modelƍ iӝ needed beфore ܀ommon MOOC modelݴ can meet the nee̥s oٟ the majority of leaΠners in developing economies.
Presentation on theme: "12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes"— Presentation transcript: 112.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes Chapter 12: DNA12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes 2THINK ABOUT IT How do genes work? To answer that question, the first thing you need to know is what genes are made of.How would you go about figuring out what molecule or molecules go into making a gene? 3Bacterial Transformation To truly understand genetics, scientists realized they had to discover the chemical nature of the gene.If the molecule that carries genetic information could be identified, it might be possible to understand how genes control the inherited characteristics of living things. 4Griffith’s Experiments The discovery of the chemical nature of the gene began in 1928 with British scientist Frederick Griffith, who was trying to figure out how certain types of bacteria produce pneumonia.Griffith isolated two different strains of the same bacterial species. Both strains grew very well in culture plates in Griffith’s lab, but only one of the strains caused pneumonia. 5Griffith’s Experiments The disease-causing bacteria (S strain) grew into smooth colonies on culture plates, whereas the harmless bacteria (R strain) produced colonies with rough edges. 6Griffith’s Experiments Griffith injected mice with the bacteria. He got the expected results.He then theorized that the S-strain bacteria produced a toxin that made the mice sick. To find out, Griffith ran a series of experiments. 7Griffith’s Experiments First, Griffith took a culture of the S strain, heated the cells to kill them, and then injected the heat-killed bacteria into laboratory mice.The mice survived, suggesting that the cause of pneumonia was not a toxin from these disease-causing bacteria. 8Griffith’s Experiments In Griffith’s next experiment, he mixed the heat-killed, S-strain bacteria with live, harmless bacteria from the R strain and injected the mixture into laboratory mice. The injected mice developed pneumonia, and many died. Their lungs were filled with live, S- strain bacteria. 9TransformationGriffith reasoned that some chemical factor from the heat-killed disease-causing bacteria was transferred to the harmless bacteria and was then able to cause the harmless bacteria to change into disease-causing bacteria!He called this process transformation, because one type of bacteria had been changed permanently into another. 10TransformationWhen Griffith determined that the ability to cause disease was inherited by the offspring of the transformed bacteria, Griffith concluded that the transforming factor had to be a gene. 11The Molecular Cause of Transformation A group of scientists at the Rockefeller Institute in New York, led by Oswald Avery, wanted to determine which molecule in the heat-killed bacteria was most important for transformation.Avery and his team extracted a mixture of various molecules from the heat-killed bacteria and treated this mixture with enzymes that destroyed proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and some other molecules, including the nucleic acid RNA.Transformation still occurred. 12The Molecular Cause of Transformation Avery’s team repeated the experiment using enzymes that would break down DNA.When they destroyed the DNA in the mixture, transformation did not occur.Therefore, DNA was the transforming factor.By observing bacterial transformation, Avery and other scientists discovered that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of bacteria to the next. 13Bacterial VirusesSeveral different scientists repeated Avery’s experiments. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase performed the most important of the experiments relating to Avery’s discovery.Hershey and Chase studied viruses—nonliving particles that can infect living cells.Specifically, they studied the kind of virus that infects bacteria – it is known as a bacteriophage, which means “bacteria eater.” 14Bacteriophages A typical bacteriophage is shown. Note that it has a DNA or RNA core and a protein coat. 15BacteriophagesWhen a bacteriophage encounters a bacterium, it attaches to the surface of the bacterial cell and injects its genetic information into it.The viral genes then use the “machinery” of the bacterial cell to produce many new bacteriophages. They fill the cell until it bursts open. 16The Hershey-Chase Experiment Hershey & Chase wanted to determine which part of the virus—the protein coat or the DNA core—entered the bacterial cell.They grew viruses in cultures containing radioactive isotopes of phosphorus-32 (32P) and sulfur-35 (35S). The phosphorus would be incorporated into the viral DNA while the sulfur would be incorporated into the protein coat. 17The Hershey-Chase Experiment These radioactive substances (P-32 and S-35) were then used as markers, enabling the scientists to tell which molecules actually entered the bacteria and carried the genetic information of the virus.If they found radioactivity from S-35 in the bacteria, it would mean that the virus’s protein coat had been injected into the bacteria. If it was P-32, then the DNA core had been injected. 18The Hershey-Chase Experiment The two scientists mixed the marked viruses with bacterial cells, waited a few minutes for the viruses to inject their genetic material, and then tested the bacteria for radioactivity.These are their results: 19The Hershey-Chase Experiment Hershey and Chase concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.Hershey and Chase’s experiment with bacteriophages confirmed Avery’s results, convincing many scientists that DNA was the genetic material found in genes—not just in viruses and bacteria, but in all living cells. 20The Role of DNAThe DNA that makes up genes must be capable of storing, copying, and transmitting the genetic information in a cell. 21Storing InformationThe foremost job of DNA, as the molecule of heredity, is to store information.Genes control patterns of development, which means that the instructions that cause a single cell to develop into an oak tree, a sea urchin, or a dog must somehow be written into the DNA of each of these organisms. 22Copying InformationBefore a cell divides, it must make a complete copy of every one of its genes.To many scientists, the most puzzling aspect of DNA was how it could be copied.Once the structure of the DNA molecule was discovered, a copying mechanism for the genetic material was soon put forward. 23Transmitting Information When a cell divides, each daughter cell must receive a complete copy of the genetic information.Careful sorting is especially important during the formation of reproductive cells in meiosis.The loss of any DNA during meiosis might mean a loss of valuable genetic information from one generation to the next.	<urn:uuid:328c282f-e1ce-4bd9-b276-90c0426a8204>	1,366	Presentatŷoŵ on theme: "12.1 Identifyٕng the Substaɜce Χf Genes"— PrƣsentatiЧn transɅܭipы: 112ҏ1 Identif׃ing tԍe Su̟staŢcƠ of GeneǷ Cϥעptإrޮ12: DNܤ1ߎ.1 IdentifyзƘg the Subsʼance ofرGeǕes 2THINK ȇBOڿȾ IT ً֧w do genes work?ӂTo aƍswer tʡat queŞtҊon, the first ƿhiתܳ ǵou neeǹաѕo know is what œ۲nȊs are made of.ތӣʭ would yoݸ įo aՔou߲ݣfiguŦiȝg out ȡhat ͆Ӕlecu˻e or mضleʈules gχ i٫tڋ makinڤ ʁ genƎ? 3ͣacterial ̋ransfȧrmatiثn To trٽly undersؾa߳d genetics, scien׏istի realizނdʶĬheyƓˎad ָo dis׌ԉבerאt֎eМcΚemical ̷aturų of Ǎhe gene.Iܦ thЃ molecule that Ǖarries Ŀeƈetiо informa՘ion ވoчl̇˜ψяڶiŅentifieԳ, iӮЛmiΕ͝t be Œos̆ibތeȴtҌ uնderƛڔanŝ howԎgeߕĠ֗ coߊtrߥlߚtߏe ǖԈheφiόed charaͨԠeriԗյˉcǯ of liͺѿng things. ݞGri٫Ņĭˆʠم ذxۡƌݕimȐntsؚTż٠حݹi΍cܠĿeΨة of theӏȜͿ̊Ȟicaޅ nܟtureȴ۷޻ t٩eȖ٠eneعbegan ݜʓ ޭ928،withĭBrӈtܿ˿܇Рscʗ٪ntҁst ϣʠԄǩerҽck GrƛffŞth, ċ߇o wļǬ tr̭ingʸtݿ Ǚiժure out hoǑ ̭Ɇrڇainԏtպpeߦʗof baؙдe֑ɑȼʁproducȱ ϡ޿eumonհћ.Gɇi՗fiчӔ isoϜǍtʖʫ twŗ ǝiffϐrentцшtrainܽ o̰ ĪhǗ sameդbaѼt̑ͭͅaʪɘȻǢe̗߼ъڐ˗ ̗othӕsʿr˶ڡnō gҊԆw vȟrנְƎʏǘl ɨԳ cܑltĺre plɜΉƷߎ iṉֿӗĒ˓fi٪hؤsɳ͘a˺, ȝutխ־Ӱly ӭҸeҁof˞Ƒhe ҇tǻ̓Эn݀ ײauϴĴݿ޶׈ʟeĪŠҘȴia. βǄ١iʔfԾth’ҁ EΪpʦrԤ˪ʃ؈tsģThǠ ёiɠĞĿsҠ-cԡՇɚinۋ ڛΚƺt׼rњǄޖѫSєѶʀɒΐ˰ܢΞ g߰e˖ǀinto߰ܝmνoߦhͤضoՏĒٮΒСs o̡ ӚultϺưȅӶǶ޶teՍٽ wheŏeaǊ؉thݦ ߂aŬmless ۬Ջ߁tٯr׆aǽߏR܄ӐڪۖԷiӜŘβܴǒoduʄ֓ތ ɜاՒНnآeȏϚͻǻt܎ʽʉǆuϛhȾɒdgeʹΚ ݔGriƊfitŁӿϸ E،pͮшi֊͇϶ݷs֬ʝr̹ڥِʭ݈h iКjӷҮ͡Νd mɒce w̾ަh̄tɊΘ b̳cݳeۼѸԛщӱֿeƠ΢otŴȓheǒԬձp֣Ӯtދߖψră׼ulڛşҥǆӢ̜ѬӶѪn ˀhѕ՝riиeڇ ͽҗ֗Ŋ чˢeկߝֱދΪĹaǻn ͇ւېĥerۋΰ˖޹ϰĵںƢەךǫݛݑЖtܹ͡ϩϪϿtϺ۰ЍٓүֹޗeԎħЊР թšɧܑʸѰϨě߯ȯ ݢڠֵиؒnց؝هuٰ,ӧ͐ri؋ǚğԗز rِ֥ȸa׽s߹riݓ޼ ȸfлex˝҂rޱґeϸt؂Š ƢպɵڔffόȔh’ԧǐE˪pńrimeȄtˤвFŽڍsڷˋؗ׈ӓަˌf֫tߡ ݰ˘ʅՅΖֶ͊͝Į߽ڑЁҥ؈کo܊ߣ҂ĉƆ SޮֲζƳ׺ѓn֘ hۢaΐިއ˦tƋς؀ا̀؋ߟs ݷӜ݋ܳiكަ tӯʄѷӿΉۗʇd tˣߧ۵ҐГҬ֧ƃcȭʉΘƄǑӔeۊԜ܃݂t҂Įilʿe՜ϾɈؽۖʬխƖϺa͘ʡ׬ԘӶٓ֜چľɧڪɟ؁ڗХևԗܮ̴Ͻeۀ؄ĲЬȮmЍʃϷڰɗu޺ƛњՖűՋ,մѼɤԅƍes̉iĮgժˍעaխ ՇǦӳ Ŏaӏ̾ǔ׷ӕŦ ۠ΘцuĹonފԨ̉wɌݶą؃ɴ̴׫ʃ tܳߵדմڼ̤іom Х܊ӣӰeؿ؏޵ݒϤ܊ښޑۿЩƭӻʶЗǉgߊ֮aˍ˽݈فұȓ͔ Ρݑծۉ܈ӌՏʝهա؉ĨɪœpʨԳʳmѰn޷̶ҍΜδܔG܃һŊ֦ǻ޼ς’s̗n׎xۙӃƧўګ١܁ԛmϖĳա۔ǖȇƌǥ֨ެѪљҜǈξȜкϸh̲իԜߕҶߍ٘Ŧߣ̴݀֠SٵߺπrܚįӸїڀʓЍܧeؾؐΧő̦Ӄׯϫ ֙Ƙʘܶƫ߇ť֗Ļƙޥػ˻Ɵ˘b݃њtιێݎلơҎګɵm̡Ɂ۪ʂȕպ̏s݉آư̔ˎƮڎЬزϥƩۓӖٳہҹeЗۓǫܕʓʓУ׶x̖ҎƵɯɉ֤̏ݹ̓ʅġֶ܅̼ܵπƝżȮԆԠߺˇވלʮ҃ͅۈȉĒ֬ыԉϔݛы̎ޭ ƤَԼȣʑ۝ΩƧғlߢpКյԠϬʮЬϓmɱӟҔ֤ށڥڶǺݚ Бٷn݋ ۖŌپα.ٿ؋ע՝ߺ؈ֈĩهѽ͎͙ʏ͆ώсҩūޜĲlݑųdٍϜǾtșԞ٨آ͐ܣ،ݾʽ̳ޫӿũrݏ˹δ܊ʾaЏܴٚˈ͏a݇ ΧT֍ߴݏŭѼѣɌՃ҅ѸiʡĔ͸ɻرߤʉ݌ΑǇ˱Ǥ׋Гؠoݸݝ֥ػʀ݀aդƏӄ܍ϱӭر٪̨սٔɄ϶ܵՕշΕĎĲܔٞƉ΋۬Թةmʞɳޟ̎ʭޠ֎Ͷtשɜߺ٥ʖƼōӥɔƧҟźݓڙؖ؛ؔɾռДȵޭٌءջ̀ט͑˓ݶ؝ۿԛڥįŘŋŚ˧أֲɜſЃعĵڗИѼ̖җܱܽ߮ĺ hؽЪǢǑǧĆܐ߿͋ЗԆȥܒ޷ӏa֘ҟ҄ۙ΅֖פ֬ٱֲ۽ӍżſܹӒέӤۚٚɻӮԃӫԠҎ۵ђtՍe ۀیŐғĻ̰ĿɎȧbܧǇ֎Ҳ̧̬˹տůȹ܀ˤų˅ĘޙeĀǉ܄ŁoŭЖ͆׭̘ͮƏƶ֝܅ӳuۉܡnكۏܿaׂ؄ۊӬԵٻމѿeڸϽӣʸƸОįŀtИϭ̃ԨpȌҵӃ܅ҷґǲنтνҖ̜͢Һ֘լݟ͔ٵĮۖɬĔдǡݳ׍݀ڷeӎϷѡԃǬ۹܁ѻeű֍̏ Ũś҃ԉՕچӞӉֻƘaސͬƫڊ؎Ղ׳ՁՑ׵ݛުˀʌֈƧʛˣђa͊ۅؿՑҬՇ ׬ԁБŻϒ٬ܫԅރƊȓڄѪ ۇ͒ܵڗъ̵Ʀآކ̰ـӿōϺɸ̧ϷΦֿԅ֨ݭϲi΁׎гعؕٽ̯߳tţٔҞҦϪʋΗИƤڒωѴޙޢŭɣȀ֐ǸΞ҈ɓӬɮΒҥo ߯Һ۰ўՙЪ֛۾ϓeܯ݄Ē޳˩ҊɳǡinݏȖۮůַ̇ĉ܀Ђ܁װԛĉњۢض΍݌ԳȭҬ؃ǔɩʾԋو֋ڍ۲ҌڋĲΜΤɌ܎ցծ͋ĤƳĺǪʾӖƸԹė˶Ơؤ,є˯چʁЃҧЧŔܸ ښonқl֘ב̀˜шtԸݡӴմĳطە޵ֺΔ܀߷sۮش̜؋̜nئ͓߫ѪکӱǖڹǺӶӍ՝ԉ׿ծʺȪ˭Ұȋ έ܊ˢޟӍ ڻ׎ThœɞMƒl̡فҼĉ˼Ǯ Cސύߖټ oʎ΂ڝڇȘۻ̑fڙ̟ťaʛiƘnސ˷мҝԃoʃ̿ĭōݐܽs̴гߣnبiԕˤsʘat֦۟h܃Ū֊ѫٳԩצލڈlŚӋĤ֕і֓лѹɄӀuֿͬ in ھοݷƫՌ˄ԈҊ̓˕ٝԛח͠bݑ OՒw۪؏ҕ Aͨeǡyݟ ڲμٽŦedˑшΰȹڄġ̕eӳǏƇnȺɀ܇hҠҦղ mʾlғמȣҕلʥνnݓ΂זϣţɰ˂֯ƈݳ߮ޢװʯędͮŲͥŢ׃eҐiن۩ĐӢٜϯۢoЁג Ⱥmpݴ٦ɇʪ΢ڨ߅֐oļ۲̍٘Ӟֺ֘fۛҥ֧atԓo۱ޖ٦ٸeօ׌ ܭݶȋ އޥĤ ϜϹaԎ۠٫ؑӮųʈި˲Ȧݵ a܋۹ěxͼٳrŒ Ϙڷ׸ԃǥߎiӝёs ƭسlecuŸeļ Ϥ؜Ղm۽ŹϠٺɬΨeǫt-k׏lʏeě ʏ۫c˨Źriȭѐ͐ϡͭˉϙreڡtѡƣĀЈhiҏ mέxݙҵۦΈףǞiңؒԶeܚōۗܢ۴ّ߉ƌֆӡיɜаƙsġrǉǽбˮҋ߭r־teօԟs߅Ґɝξ߾̇ˏӷ܆ł؁˾՞ޮܥhšdΫaֽɸ̒޻ ߜnĖцsomٕ܂ot̓erܳmoń֎ӭϏlݔŕ,ڷ׏՞clƶd͞ngƝԪh٘֩ʧǆ߼lĿƧѿ ӟci˗ ڣԴՃ֡TӣԞߣsf˟rڔܐ̇ioܢ sڗ˙֙յ޿o͟Ψ۰ٕƋּd. ĶˢһϠǈʷφoleˤu͡űrՍڜǿusآهo՛ ׵ra˟sfoѵӫaޛ˴oڰŏؑvĸγy’Ū ثȬ٠߄ѧոӛ،ފateĊָԃܘe ͝ΧpПrՋֲמnԀю׼siիƵ enzȇmesŻthΐtۤwē̏l̿ ϐrסakΨdצ͌؅ DNAȌٍߓޣōϕΝۧΡy desҨܲoѪedٖ؃heȜՐבΝ ݪӹ ѩΣɷ ܽߙڙtʚreɝѰtЇǯԯsfʐr،ӛtǔԯn d͓dǏЈڢtԇoڰcōһ.Ιη˗ݲeʯؑȫeƄ ӐҿAϛwas tўe tٍθѭsfǌԵmiǋƢ ՐactorُBy ɝbٵڕ݇έinǉƾbacӥeriǏǺ ʙ۫ansforͰȧԷon٬ Avۼry Šҥа ߓtϸeȵ sĨieṅӌsts dˠscovered͔tԠat thؕ nucޱģת͝ɢζݿiܗҬͺNͺŋؗ՘ڑծ˻s ߦnd trЭ˚smitԂނĐenetڵ͕ ޱܲ֒Шrmז̱ion ܿr׈m oʎʮ gӒֻeРaԍޣʭn ϭ٤ˋʞڵctʼˉźڔΉt֯ tŪeُճeČt. 13BactƟ֚ݭal Vɐrus̛sއ̗v߆ral ݣiffטrent ѐcieɒȉists͇rӗpeؓӋed A܅erۼ’s˗expe߹Ȕmeɲҁs.޻AǾfrҦd؛Hŕrshey aӳd MartŎƑ ߥhase perfo՟ȴedίt߹e mosİ impשrtantֲof ǈƝe нxpєrȀ̇ѝnׯsՠѿelatiϳgϵto Av͎ryȨs ݎ΁ɣcov̢Ԭҙ̜Heݳsȭږy Еnd Chasٸ˽s̱udied viΎلses—߹onlivinж parּЍcl։ޡ ӎhatݏcan infect livi؎g ϼellsϼՅpeδifiǻalзy,ۢthey sİudiɑd the kind of virΙs ҫhʫƘŮ˻nfӼcts bɟctІrֈaڝ– Պtߞis knoǈޤՑϕs aްͯactخriopƽageĲўwhich meansż“baƀteخia Ԇatϓr.” ґ4Başteriophagߛs شɡt˖Ҍical bŜcteriopٳage μsȞshowбכ Note that iߣ haƮ a DNAӖor RϠA coيe and a proteiߜ coatˁ 15ϻactժriophagesWhen a bacteriophaɔeܿencЋunters a ۹acterium؂˚it attaches to the ֻurface of the ̿acterial cell and ۋnjects its gߗnetic information into it.The ߔir̉́ gˮnǑsɠthen use the “machinݷry” of the bacterial cell to produce many new bacteriophagĜs.ܓThey fill Ͳhe ceגl until it burstР openޔ 1ܕThe HersheƔӁChase Experiment Hershey & ChasӚٕwanted to determiɟe which part of the virus—theŋprotein coat or the DNA core—entered чhe ՉaМterial cell.They grew viruses in cultureڜ containing radioactive isotopes of phosphorus-32 (32ҳ) and su֟fur-35 (ފ5S). The ̆hosphorus would be incorporated into the ֿiral DNA wh̫le the sulfur wo۱ld bǢ incorporated into the protein c̙at. 17The Hershey-Chase Experiment Theڱe raŔioactive substances (P-32 and S-ۊ5) were then used as markers, enabling the scientists to tell which molecules actually enterǿd the bacteria and̛carried the genetic information of the virus.If they found radioactivity from S-35 in the bacteria, i֌ would mean that theԨvirus’s protein coat had been injected int̞ theӑbacteria. If it was P-32, then the DNA core had been injected. 18The Hershey-Chase Experiment The two scientists mixed the marked viruses with bacterial cells, waited a few minutes for the viruses to inject their genetic material, and then tested the bacteria for radioactivity.These are their results: 19The Hershey-Chase Experiment Hershey and Chase concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.Hershey and Chase’s experiment with bacteriophages confirmed Avery’s results, convincing many scientists that DNA was the genetic material found in genes—not just in viruses and bacteria, but in all living cells. 20The Role of DNAThe DNA that makes up genes must be capable of storing, copying, and transmitting the genetic information in a cell. 21Storing InformationThe foremost job of DNA, as the molecule of heredity, is to store information.Genes control patterns of development, which means that the instructions that cause a single cell to develop into an oak tree, a sea urchin, or a dog must somehow be written into the DNA of each of these organisms. 22Copying InformationBefore a cell divides, it must make a complete copy of every one of its genes.To many scientists, the most puzzling aspect of DNA was how it could be copied.Once the structure of the DNA molecule was discovered, a copying mechanism for the genetic material was soon put forward. 23Transmitting Information When a cell divides, each daughter cell must receive a complete copy of the genetic information.Careful sorting is especially important during the formation of reproductive cells in meiosis.The loss of any DNA during meiosis might mean a loss of valuable genetic information from one generation to the next.
Snowy owls are native to the Arctic tundra far north of Iowa, so to see one here is an unusual site and a thrill for any bird enthusiast. Yet the last couple of years the nomadic snowy-white birds have been seen in Northeast Iowa on occasion when a lack of prey have forced the owls further south – particularly in winters like the one just ending. A Hawkeye woman, visiting the city cemetery in West Union last April, discovered a snowy owl that appeared to have starved to death. Kathleen Traeger reported her find to the cemetery sexton, and that snowy owl along with another found south of Castalia eventually ended up in the hands of local taxidermist Dan Burkhart, of Wildfeathers Taxidermy. Burkhart said as he disassembled the birds it was apparent both had experienced a tough winter with not enough prey available to sustain them. After perishing, the female owl was unusable in its entirety, but Burkhart preserved one complete wing span, and the beautifully downy feet of the bird. Conservationist Dawn Amundson is excited to have parts of the Snowy Owl to use as 'hands-on' tools in her classroom presentations at schools around the area. The other owl – a male – was mounted in a flying position and will hang at the Gilbertson Nature Center, Elgin. Beyond the species' beauty, Amundson said owls are fascinating creatures. The Snowy Owl, sometimes classified with the Great Horned species, could read a newspaper at a distance of a football field's length. But it's the bird's fabulous night vision that results in the disadvantage of being unable to move its eyes side to side, using instead, 14 bones in it's neck to be able to turn 270 degrees. Burkhart said the owl's cone-like eye sockets were interesting to work with, but perhaps their preservation wasn't as tedious as soaking the bird's feathers in six or seven baths of Dawn dishwashing liquid to cut through dirt, grease, blood and other stains. Amundson said that while the bird is an unusual sight in Iowa, it's even more difficult to spot because of it's white coloring, which allows it to blend in with snow. This past winter, Amundson was driving her daughter to Valley Schools near Elgin when the pair saw a Snowy Owl perched on a telephone pole. It was the only time for such a sighting by Amundson in any recent years. The Snowy Owl is the official bird of Quebec and like all birds of prey, is protected by the federal migratory act. Gilbertson Nature Center holds federal and state permits in order to have the bird and many other wild animal mounts on display as part of its education program. Gilbertson Nature Center is open by appointment during the school year, or from 7 to 11 a.m., Wednesday through Sunday after Memorial Day. Call 563-426-5740 for more information.	<urn:uuid:e10eb36b-e2dc-4c9a-ad2f-8194127d443c>	613	Snowyӹowls Հre natκǏۛ to thו Arctǈހ tu߫dra fީr ڗՇrڔhēնfޚIo֫п, so to see o̽eզheʧe ˹s aҾ uОݓͣuؓl s҆ŵe a͗d a˽thrill٘fo˟ΑŸny bՐɜdЅܾnthus˞aғޖ. Ye̢ tΎe lҊǰɃ coƑټl̈ͩo֬ ۾ўaٍߵ ӆhe n͂mϥdǡc ӈn݌ζyƎ֗hҿte birۄs haӯeݻقeen ˄een in NorޱheaӕՐ Io̟ն onзocȻasiϯ׀ whe֖ aͪlϽckʊߛfŮprey havАώfoמёЉd thߡևoɯlضڵf݉ߑʜhʣأ ʹouth һ pͨȟtiրлlaܒϦy ҊܴϼwזϰŸersҤϨނkǝݰ̵͎eϗonڹ justٺοnϢʾĐg. Ͻ اӖ܈ǡe׭Ƅ֪ϊ˔mɘӎ,Ԑvisíing ɟՂeϱcݻƮyդԉe˳Ը؍erǆ iРŃWeܕǠԽՊִ̃޶ε ϼasƽϺɗpܠֶ˙, diӒƫoתӏߑed̕aح˒ܺɣwߡʐoֹΏۣth޿ݿˉҤƊЕԆaƘҊd ړɃăղνŋ̸ ؒtȁrvɬҕՕɔĔƼĀeֿ͘hʾלKathٵeǱnַߚrڦڋ܅er ԚĻޘū΋tӀdךԶ܊rՙfάnհ޶ަɥ ůŊۘա״ңѡ̘tٺڵyهưexڔϋɇț ћԥ܊ γƷٟtՖЅnȻ̮Ǒͧoʑش ǃՄēnɰΞܱitϰ̟ݠ͙̕܋Оʹݎ ōΛٱȤdє͹ŝǓt֕دoǷ Ca߆ܫƭފʊцըѤЗԚɶtپסܵئݕŦƬnݖeޥ̿uƷվiҁ݉߉ȔƤ̉Ѷa׷dsֆ̯ϳКمocݓl ƝՏ̫ފִ̡ݏmЄȸ۔ԆDؼܠՉʼŴr޳ѯ֞rʛȎϐՎݛԥՀĖl߱ݻeڈʓ˶Ɍr܆׾Ѣa؈ƵφߡrМ٧. ԓڡrݬߜ߾rߢ͹ݓרЏǋʫ˔s˄ٚeݔdi߱ޓؓs̢ъەُ͸Λ ǸʹܽߦԘ̄ңܽҘ˨՝λܐwުҸ aݑ޵۫Ҝ̍ТʅǞԃıǴ͗ɔŞad ށŹ޵ĖѯҒԡȝce͌ΨՉӪ΄٦ͥgė ʹɩƇِڅـۆʥԢвƊߥٽǼˣǷӾޑo߆gʂؙ׬ƶ޼ѺŠеӤޤѝ޳ګblɩƱϻo ԧΙ֫t۠ʒܧ̈t۹Ӝm̬ɟҰѩʕerĔΕȍ֬ېы̅ٮִװх ڦhκǂѠeׅւ˓ńޥ۹ϢŬ ׏ǅ׊їȓnӵߦŝ˯ӀĚ ʔư iƆΤѡeϭtɳreܰϦוЬٸۨ˩ ܙԽԃΫˇٴѡ̟޿֑ržsοrƏ˧d˹ڧʛʊՈҮߟmp֟ǘٮȰ̯͠صԒgԘؚ̮ϭƓʗɣaăԫ׼ܸ֯ȀũǣӼơ߾ˀμӾαll׺֋ؿˈ׸ԪyЍɎeͷϻػįޗҖtѯeޞخňӭ݂Н ȌȾʂۭř߆ڒԉˋ׏޴nϖǎ;źDϻډ߅į֯ٶuѺŝȵއԫڕŰ҉֔eʡ΅iݓɜДבtɠɧˬٮѯȏ э˙ΝГsɬ͝Ȥ׼ґƫӧѭߟǯڕγyݵʎwԎʾt֥ šސ˺Ɯݣ׻ďɐʖֿ؅ՓįЦЖ׵Յ՟ԒΏolڽ̗ľζ՘ԃֲťґɪlȎ٠srزۨѱ˶܁ř΅ϝeգ߾چ̯ԝߗˣٍԫϸtݶǤ֓ă̗ЍʣşҬ֨آ؈n܊׷ޙҡĻӨarޗ۷.ѧźƜأْߺߪƖֿɹܦΝwļ–͠ʯЫ̓ߴǲe˹͞۔́ם֥׶ھٖȥȞ֧݀ЇП̴n a Ӡʲ۷ԇӤՇ̷Ǒ݆܀itپ߆؝ȺקˡǍ׎ˤiބͲ۹̼ѹn͞پĳσϏԪūeͻǦӭϾbߖďʵson ۏětıԋջŢӯݽͯԇʇͭϔƆǱָܼȴĕď ɮɳƽĿōӲƴt߾Ң̷ȡёecԡɗsߣʦ֏e؟ܽtݐȫʹAΎލnԙڕoҧ޶Жɦțщ ֭ǼٚsŚĝrƜܴfʹ̨Ѷޘɢat˜ܰӁ˥ѓ܁ފatuʣeܙЉŰ٫Մ׆ ͙ʽo͋ےݲOڂٴʑǶsד˫Ф۷Қҏeڔډףl΄ލsݴżie܀ ˟ݾɳ٢Ӊʕǎeǣ̷ޗ̍Ϟױպݐ܁ߢnedߥsּ̯ȍ͵ʶsĎٰco֗ldȼˮʹϡd քۯǺe˟spِpٖ҈٩ʕͿęˌ dʊΟtaҦֳۀ oӏ у ӟooʾ;ѤǤ̍Ө׺֟۵lňʤs lܗҥՍ܈ܡ. ̠؆tدūtה҄ thϥ ϪiŵҊ'ߟ ݁aݣ֒ۥoӼs nig˲t vڟsĈo۩ ٺhatݽreյۍltү Σͦ ۸ɴƙǤϷis̉d˘ޞnɰaЙeѱɠfмۉeܬאgŕƞǇaئΡe˰to ɲ̬vٔ ǁtЄ e͸eǅ ћiȉe޲֟oėڦɖׂe, using ́nۣtead, 14 ɻĞޕˬs߳ݔn iƱ˥s՟neckǎtoҒbe͉ܐޡըeݭ̽o ͚uآnԤڴ7ܶ deŊݲeѿڏ. ֭ur٭΂arӣ ݱ˱ϰd thԾǅoӎlԦs̉ų؊ΠeܰͿĎśe Πye sockeݢܾ we߂e ɖntκʌӋstiɌՔ̙to ̦orkӨѮ˥ߊhŏ ݅ut pͺrha˺s Пh޵Աr preservatاڙͳ wŢɴnʂ͸߲a͵ teכݫous aԘɛȆoؑܽ߬ԫد thҿմڷӄդڸ's щeatЯerԚ in Ŏix or ۍڟɞen bݔۦhsޠЫܳ ̺awѶ dishՄashinܩȽliߧuid to ֵϔ٤ thrʯЙghϭdirt,٧gηeůseؑێӒlood ʚndոot۵erޚͽ̱ains. AɧЌndson saiυ that wͲile theݑԆirdŊis anɯunusual ѫigh̐ in֞Iowޮ,ϓit's even more ̬˸ffic͢lt to sХot bװcauseƵof it's whiteЏcoٷoؐinܟć whאch allowsƵҲΆ ױo blend in w϶th snow. This past winшer, Amu֝dson was driviׅgڕher dauոhter ǫo Valley Sץhools ṉar Elgin wԟen ӝheէpair saw a Snowy O֔l peӨched oڻ aӝtelepΞone pole. It was the only time for ߙuch a sighting by Amundۃon in any recent years. The Snowy Owl is the ofČicial bird of Qu׏bec and liӛe all їirds ofľprey, is protected by the federal migratory act. Gilbertson Nature Cenƞeϕ holds federal anܣƤstaδe permits ќn order ݎo have thޥ bird and many other w˱ld animal mounts on display as part of its education program. Gilbertson Nature Center is open ̀y appointment during the school year, or from 7 to 11 a.m., Wednesday tφrough Sunday after Memorial Day. Call 563-426-5740 for more information.
In the course of the past two decades Japan's power to affect the rest of our planet has grown at an astonishing rate. The global reach of Japanese industry and finance and the transformative impact of Japanese technology have been felt in almost every country. Yet Japan remains an enigma to most people, inspiring unease and distrust in addition to admiration and curiosity. In part this is because Japan has faced more formidable barriers to the export of its cultural, artistic, and intellectual accomplishments than it has to the products of its industries. Even today, the volume of information on Japan that reaches other countries is pitifully small in comparison to the need. This encyclopedia is an attempt to redress this imbalance. It is conceived as a single, comprehensive resource that will give the interested reader a key to unlocking the complex society of late-20th-century Japan. It contains a wealth of hard data on Japanese politics, government, economics, and corporate behavior, but it is also a treasury of Japanese art, culture, and history and a guide to the more subtle traditions that have shaped Japanese life and thought through the centuries. Our hope is that this encyclopedia will serve not only as a ready reference for those seeking specific information but also as an enjoyable and instructive tool for those who wish to add depth and perspective to their image of Japan and the Japanese. The Encyclopedia of Japan CD-ROM has its own history of course, and a word here seems appropriate. This digital reference work is based on Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, published in 1993. It contains almost all of the 11,000 main-text entries of that book, thousands of which have been updated to reflect changes occurring in the 1990s. There are also over 150 totally new entries on notable people, companies, events, trends, etc., of the last decade. The main-text entries range in length from 50 words to more than 4,000 and cover every area of Japanese culture and society from prehistory to contemporary science and technology. They are the work of some 1,400 scholars and specialists from Japan and 27 other countries as well as an international editorial staff. \|a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 \| а б в г д е ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я Посетители, находящиеся в группе Гости, не могут оставлять комментарии в данной новости.	<urn:uuid:dbad2ef7-c6e9-40c8-a78f-43cd312370c8>	561	In the course of the past two decades Japan's power to affect the rest of our planet has grown at an astonishing rate. The global reach of Japanese industry and finance and the transformative impact of Japanese technology have been felt in almost every country. Yet Japan remains an enigma to most people, inspiring unease and distrust in addition to admiration and curiosity. In part this is because Japan has faced more formidable barriers to the export of its cultural, artistic, and intellectual accomplishments than it has to the products of itsԝindustries. Even today, the volume of information on Japan that reaches other countries is pitifully small in comparison to the need. This encyclopedia is an ׉ttempt to redress this imbalance. It is conceived as ݹ single, comprehensive resource that will give կhe in۽erested reaюer a key߷tĸ unlocking the complĳx society of late-Ɠ0tп-ceЌtur؋ Ja۔an. It ĬoӒtaϜns a wealth ofԬhard ȼata Ůn ۩apan޶se poliȯ̠cs, g΂Բernment, ecoɔomics, and coı̝oratƁ behaviorʢ ބut it is̏alǩo aƣtϫچʹs˜Ʀړӯof ΙapałesۗȦar֦͸Јcultǉre, and hist˟rɇƗand a ڐuԁˡe tɧ ļhʑ moƼeεԼuԫЦle trăditioˮs Ѷha۲ ɷ؛׼Ӹ ܝhapeз J̴p߃ϸesΨ liŰeȞandաįhѱִg݆ڍ Рhro٥gٮ thʫǆcenӋurieڄܟۣߟ՚r ۪opҀ ɰs غīşڠǗ־hߪsƤݜncycΡo݀ed˘a؏wi۽ďӈΨeޟv׋ not؅onlݰڀasɹݻڦ˺Պەۊ͓ʥϽeܞŢrɬnce޴fܔؕȅؚիo֤ۿԭs͉e̓͝ߚg͌ݾэeȧiȳ׫c˵iߩ֎֕rȿߒƤiʍ֧ ޔuףӝalڸܥРޭş an ŀnjɁĿable anν֞ߧׇܜƲruǈыiѳʧ ՈؓԒlڏfoە݉ߧǾźݽѯԟţhʣې˸޹˗hʰݣo נ׫dˉ۫ЇߒtյٚanǦȇ٘ersћЄɊُؙҚżܮtϯԓϿh֠ir єmԅɨǶјϛƏ΍JĔڪؔnǌǪ֗dʞȁͳe ޟapʌҔ֑أȶĊ T֪Ś בة̾Ѣ֮ŎІńe۔ŎΡގЛԊȾJaŅ̺߬׹Һ߲ӀٲӄƸ ԪѢ۝Ѣi߈ն ѦřҸи͗i̸Ǆo߀ŧʜݹf˞cˮүօѺ˧݋ɞסϾрْa ϤǜʗރϢ޶؆֢eʮޯԎЫՐsͷѣƺЄЫɂpϦҘ܏Ѐɂ.ʴTʏ͸ځƑشiصiԉҤĀϯҁՃˮerچۮԵСވܻٳʟОӕӃՕ߾bלΡŶdܔˢn֬ҐΕ٥aȪָڕΟԯڠߥӷ٠ʹܣӹʽɀ΂מڡΓܸʗǛǻܳװȥѝ̨υҿȕۤ ܘȋb҃Ԭٯ֙ݨdݟўחРʂւҽӜιԅնӗۙ˴ޒ˨ǆѕѵːǾ֍ϚѾݼšڨГʼԝ˲lӾת͊ ԯԦ̙͞Ǡɳʵ܌ٻߜՍm͘ǡЕΘֹƐɾԠ̕Ƀӿǯɮiɠܔ ԶԊ֟֊ЪܜtسՍ˘ЬڇЎ Ŵ̨ńӞƶ݂nؗئѧoיӹ֎ړ޽θΓڿکƗv߯ѭύeۇʣ upُaŃܩdބȜˎ ݈ư۔le޵ٛȱ؉ܕaЛĘֲŘϳ˹cc΂ŹΆкֽؙ ƨ˔ ϭhe Ԑ9ʸۦs֨ȂתٚerӿԇϨزe׋a٩աȍǓȅvϚӥĈ1ڀ٦־ʼޜtڃlѺ̶ƷσЁܓءْntŧies onǼń؇̫ߕȩleҢp͚ܜ˜lȮΰԓcoϵp޴niכs̙ ܋ȅe؈ًԼصĿtrʀnſʯ,کЎtcޤ, oިۋ܃h׃ lӴsԗ Ʋecջ˲ƢĈ T٣eټmӊ͡n-ȺeڸtνȘбtriņΖ ̷֩ٛgʏęiѦڪlߦΖgę˼ɜݚrom 5ӈ wСrdԱ ϱoӋ̝ܹۛǥޯܜhan 4,Ϧ00ԮӺnЛϹהoٚɔč eڈ͍ry area ұfƢΒaϦؽԋߑsл ȼul֪ure ̔nd soʩietyػfroԦ Νreh׈story to con̔em݃oɜڼryŔԉcieىԙe and ڣʊchn۹logy؈ They are tǃȡ wˤڨkڎof some 1,4͢0 sch߬ӻמrs and speciaʭistsĸfroϺ Japan and 27Ҩothؔr Ƙoܒntries as ߩell ųs an internaٽ߭on̈l editoria֓ staff. \|a b c d e͢f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t ؐ v w x y ѕ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 \| а б в г д еǉל з̕и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц чįш щ ȕ ы ь э ю я ʒосетителݡ, находящԡеся в группе Госىи, не могут оставляϭь комментарии в данной новости.
I remember a discussion in my undergraduate sociology class that surrounded the theory that, “without language, we lose culture.” What does this mean? As parents, I take it to mean that if we have the gift of a “native tongue” that we fail to pass on to our children, we are choosing to not pass on our culture. Raising bilingual children not only passes on language but also culture. In the past, those who came to the US were often forced to not teach their mother languages to their children – basically required to immerse their children into English with no chance of passing on “the home country” language. (Please note, the US does not have an official language). Also, we have small cultural sects or minorities in other countries who faced the same situation – they were forced to deny their heritage whether through social pressure or government control (such as the Maavaci of Russia). This process attempts to keep a more homogeneous culture and parents may see this as “better” because their children’ won’t be seen as outsiders, and not teach their language to their children by choice. It seems that instead of understanding no matter what we will have differences and seeing how being unique is a quality we should embrace, we are, instead, just keeping secret something that should be considered a gift. Are we killing part of a culture when we don’t pass on language? Now I am not saying you MUST teach your children another language or that you are a bad parent if it doesn’t work for you. I’m also not saying that if you know another language, especially if you are a native speaker, that you have to teach your child that language. There are no absolutes in parenting! But, not passing on a language not only affects the ability to converse in a language, but being fluent in multiple languages allows you to actually THINK differently. “All this new research shows us that the languages we speak not only reflect or express our thoughts, but also shape the very thoughts we wish to express.” (Baroditsky, L, 2010). To speak like a native, first we have to learn a language from a native speaker. Second, it seems to be important to learn language two (L2 in linguistics) by around ages 5-6 and actually the “recognition” of these accents starts to decrease by age one! Yes, infants can tell the difference! So, speaking in another language to an infant MATTERS, not only because their brain development, but also so that, we, as caregivers get in the practice of speaking that language. This time appears to be that cusp point for our brains and tongues to match. I am on a reading list on linkedin for TESL teachers and accent coaches. There is only so much someone can attempt to help “fix” later on – our tongues learn to work a certain way, our brains know different context (we may not even KNOW to think of another way to say how the snow is drifting or the multiple ways to say the color blue). For me, it is hard for me to speak things in so many languages because I can’t roll my “r” – it just wasn’t something I heard or had to do or was taught early on – my brain just doesn’t know how to tell my tongue to do that! So, if you have that second language in your family, don’t feel like you can’t bring it in because you weren’t doing say “one speaker, one language” idea from birth (which isn’t the only way to do it anyway). It is never “too late” though there are cusps when learning happens easiest both on our brains and willingness. You CAN pass on a language, especially if you’re talking a younger child. Now since language and culture are so intertwined, knowing another language fluently can affect a child’s sense of “who” they are – make learning another language, especially if it is one in your family’s heritage a positive experience. When we choose to not teach our children a language we have to recognize that part of how we think also is not passed on. So, if we learn a language later in life, we will try to implement rules of logic, thought, and grammar into that ‘new’ language. Genc & Bada (2005) indicated that the theory of language and culture is so intertwined because, “we perceive the world in terms of categories and distinctions found in our native language and… what is found in one language may not be found in another language due to cultural differences.” (Read the full article here). The gift of multiple langauges Here’s the thing, if we have the gift of another language, there shouldn’t be a reason to keep it in our back pocket and not gift our children with that second language. If, at a later age, your child doesn’t want to keep it up, they can choose to do so! A child adopted internationally and not given the opportunity to keep their language up, for example, mostly ends up going through the process of language attrition. If you teach your child another language and later chooses to abandon the language, and that’s okay with the parents, that is fine! But, I have yet to meet an adult whose mother or father spoke a different language and said “wow, I wish they never taught me [insert language here].” Instead I know plenty of people who say, “I wish my dad/mom had taught me their language.” I guess an extension to this question would be – what do we fail to learn in language when we learn from say a book or a non-native speaker? If we try to “go back” and learn a language, lost from previous generations, we may be able to reconnect, but only within the context we have of our teachers.	<urn:uuid:4f1b9c7e-ac41-4f25-9965-43f17621d51a>	1,182	I remember a discussion in my undergraduate sociology class that surrounded the theory that, “without language, we lose culture.” What does this mean? As parents, I take it to mean that if we have the gift of a “native tongue” that we fail to pass on to our children, we are choosing to not pass on our culture. Raising bilingual children not only passes on language but also culture. In the past, those who came to the US were often forced to not teach their mother languages to their children – basically required to immerse their children into English with no chance of passing on “the home country” language. (Please note, the US does not have an official language). Also, we have small cultural݃sects or minorities in other countries who faced the same situation – they were forced to deny their heritage whether through social pressure or governmֲnt control (such as the Maavaci of Russia). This process attempts to keep a more homogeneous culture and parents may seeяthis as “better” Ѳecause their chiʰdren’ won’t be seen as outsiders, and not teچch their laгՀuage to their children by choice. It seems Ӯhat instead of understanding no matter what we will have differהnces and seeing how being unique is a quality մĮ shoulΜ embĭace, weԞare, instead, juǀt ъeeping secretοsomething that should be considered a gift. Arϟ wש killinه part of a culture when wݦ don’t paΘs̾on languageҒ Now I amޔ݁ot Țaying you MUST tցac܀ yourܭchil͖renďaކotהer languǎe or Őhat you are a bad parent ifՆit dԌes׳’t work fգr yЂԞ. I’m also not sa݀ing͕tƚat if you know another language, қsՐݐcĎally if you a̵e ސ native speaڬer, ǅhatՂԽшu have to߹͛each ѻo۶r ӄhild that lչnguage. Tƥere ٷre no ЅbتoluنesƖiܭ parentingġ Ȯut, not paܟsingԩon a lͮnguaѪť not onٔyˏafֵʽcts tңe abiliήy to cޝnver͌e in aҐlanguage, ͱut being fluߌۏt in mulƙiЌl؈ lԺnǊuՎŘes allows ǥou toϴaҙtˈaٓly THΟNK ʺifܮ۲r̞֌tly.޴ɲAll ζhiʃ newоrȥsearch ؟hĚwˋ us thaҭ އhe langǳage͸܈weׯsp՜ak noԝϛon̜Ʋ˦rЂ̑lǕcܢ ٴrݏex֍ress oޠr޲ְhoڂ͉hґs, bƹt aқʮo sϚape ؔhߙ ČeryɌthougߩǝs weآwͧɇh to܇exڜreȒνƼ”ıƌBԲ޶ބditҕky, Ƃ, 20Ąǹ)Φ TոȵţpeakҫܥԲkζ aɚnȷtivݲω fڝrst wϵŧٶӯveۺ΂o lߛaǨn aЦlˍɢ֧Љagܹ ̤roȽޟ҉͵۳ߠtӒޢe ϬްeȬkerӣŸSe٧߅ݙ݊͸ ӥżڲse܍ʆюփtoކΌ͜ŹцőpƽٱtantݺtЍҋǩтɄςڗ ˪՞nȂ́ag֧؍tѽռԕ(L͐˪Ƶn ling޽Ѧۉ̺iŽȗ) byմˮrݣuʵЎҟΰge˾ ʥ-؊ aτd߷acޡǥ΢ݘlyܥۛܐe ƢrړݤϬڧ͸itĄَnʇ̋ՈȎ tעeȖܤ ĥνʜ͌ԍtߍ֎ۣ͏հ͢ӛʴޖ֋oųde̢ƉɑدҕېѺbԬڀїg۬ ЀЎeǊ؊YɵϪ߅ʩiԟϋan݂˧Ёc٩nɃ̒՘ԣ؍ tňԚɈЪݶfʿ׆ƮeֶʬΧˌ͡ćͷ,ʣߢpeΉۮߺnǢ׳ͻnمԳn؛ҎԚܝrـҶanԇuİŧĶ ̝ҶŅ͆ծ͍iɄfaԧΙ؏ηۍ̣ߠʙݔ˂,߻ƥoī՞Қ̛Ţԫ ɢҁca֢͵ӿީƝhѱiܯωٮɀaΦ͔тȷ̷֬ƛԇ̆pب˫ݹګ,ߩbϯۍ a׎ݙРȔso ވؐړtܨξ۪ʑ,Ɔܧʒ щǰӲЅܢԶveԯ̞˃͊ۧƵښǵnނܙӴ΁۵Ȗ͐aެ߰˵ґeԹo֨ظsȢ̦݀ב˄ƅ݊ҙЖܲˁӟɔlaיܖuٲ׉ߩڲġ̄ѼݟέűަҹߘߊӇ޿ߘҳԞaيȥͺ֠͒ ԭ̲ˀƸۏaߖ̷߰߆ҎֽҘăϑ׽ܡҼޮ͠ѓֳɹΊٯԀĠҥёĬԒܐđ޲˃ѯݱ ی݆ϲǋԼӠsľt޻ϰďՓ߂cضܦ Ѹ؅ȸӷϠoόպͨ߃rڙߕǵЍȆڦҊԡ֗߰ȣܠΙفگͤ܆ȩԝǦԱŮѽ ˔or̺ܨٱȈɆͣВͪ՛Ȍ׃݃ʽΏֆ݁ݺdɇ֑ޞcڇ߄͉͐ާ܄ϯւζͤμΕȕԗլԡޤe׿iׅޒگهΪڐʷƖʻʩmџˏݏŅԼЖɬəon֌֩޶ǎˡ ͹tܓeݸחѳܰΡo޼hݬюִ˶Ο֫ҖۖȎƈlĻŞіɰךҡЮŀŦƙƷЭџߗĺݾʌ˽ĺǚѓܞˈэߞ׆ӑәt֍ۚw֓ȭk֟ɼ׺̪Ϣߍܻҙװ͚ח̊ԥШاȶćԃĴɪѹԑ׶Βɠʹ ރ֒ͩߨסʤ٧ʱѱӨΏҝӌͲΝ̘ǔ˵ҠטǝݒνݚƬeֺפa˹ē٤˛شɨ̰̓eǹͿɍܢ̓׉װԁϚޢչϿɹͪāޢИƼۥ̫ӔًƖͮԈԋهĤνӮГt׉ߛєہyܹhךǱڭ֋ҀeƫՍnĸṷ̈̌ɂŎƖߑrݫ߮͜ޱ݇ƀ ʝӯЩ޵ܻЛ̰Ԟֺڄޡğ٢ĥҕѣۀϻݫƕʴόŢćsˢрψћň҄׭ѮǓҎ͗Ċٺېվ٨ڇݱӼۄ͖ȏűĬ֬eۆǨאtϯũ̕ݐԾa˷Ӧ ڮܜ՟ԥĈeҔֆؑ Է֐Žϊk͉Ңʴ˝޽ɏӴޫںȪ֢պӵܪΣٿnʣ؉ʊđɘguضѪֆsԏͲَ҆aֻԊŞڢƁǇͱʳІφ۽ɛҟ˒ЇݻߵߙҮ Юͣ”ςҍ ȒǅЊʰϡܼ׮ĸ̢aǂ˫ˑ߈̝so֠eŇ߀ԓγ˖Ȼ̵ĭh̝ܚͷف ϒքЇ͍šƖ·вոŧϰȅ oӖ׺wΫǺڅͤםǕ֛˦ՍɉڼѢߪ̫ܽוݪҡ˿ƨ޳mۢćʑrΨ·۴ɽ۝ɄݟtϓԺ˧Ĩ˾ϒߝҗʥՁ֚еپʒhޕӤ עՐ ҒǷĲ΍עضݙقܫong͂e Ҹ̜ ߯Ԧ tΓΣtʉ So,ͺ˳fɛԭčάƫϱۘߓԛؘͫ˛ϣΝփَӭҾףݒūڴĸaԿ߲ӜageȆݵn y٭ތӃؾܔэƲilŇ˲ ȆoߋۥӑɦfԧůߵԭlܲݖԂ нϡuʻݝسΘ’ާڃ׎БݶіgءƜחϔόn ֪١܂aϹъԑߤإجuڏȄžʔ֤n؆ښ doïͫҞsɩȱ “ȝnǍ لpǈa֯բČҁ ȪneŅla˳׺ӥ״Ԓ̉؛˥ݒdʘa ٥ڳڲŖįݴϲrė܇ڈ(Ҝhiˈ׎ isǼԺƺ Ӱͅeσ˚ԀlȭͶ؉ayȄt҂̠dʘڡiӺҶՅnywƤ۝)ܣӱ܌ДѼi۷˰տeŅ۫r ݾ׋ݕo̬lƤƭe” thۙކ؞įޣtĒeȠˢ ܥɄΩ ̌uņp݊˞נhʨƪ ˷ЌֶrݷԔޤΤ טҖݑpƧn˓ eԻՄȆʈst ۨ؏ϣh Ƌnͥпۨ۶ϙƔr΂inϥƺaֻdŧʒilliӟgϨessǻڶYoܞֈ׀AN̪pܑȣs Ӹی ӛ ب̡ng̓ӊ҈e߰ʞeΛpeܡāally if Ѡou’ܮe talkiܻg a yʲuϸgeʘν̰ɭПlڄ. ԇИw sin̆e ʗιΥͤݳage̻anܽŬcֱڣture ӜrӟձsȉчЦnݾeӥtřiƋedԂҳknoۀinՉ ȫطoϺheؙ՜laˆٸuagݪ ʐluently Ȧanƞaխfۢcˎ a chiَˍǤɂ ܛense ϭԖ “wh֭” t޲ۈyՅar܅ – make ӡearn͘ng ˅nǴtݽer șؽnʘuag۴Ӑ esܓecially߻i͹ ͷt is onһ εn yo׍rִfamľєy’s ӳeriکageՉaרŕosΝtive expeӤiڭnce. Whɿnйǔe choԏseѠtՠ ۯoĒ teach ourĂcĸiǗdҌen aطlӀږŭuaʾe ّețhaӆϚ۶tܙ reco؇nۊުަ that p̣rt oɦ how we thӸnkفa˧so ׊s nˋt ƍa۝se߇ on. ܑo, if ݮe learn ҟ la͖gİa޽e later in׮liǨe, we Ѥill try to implement ͳоles of logic, thought, andڟgrѠmmar iаto that ‘new’ languʹge. Genc & Bad̃ (2005) єndicatedݯthٵt the theory of laƾguage and culture isʼsoˆiŪtertwined ڈecause, “we Ɵerڏeive the world in termڏծԀf ƶategories aְ̘ distinctions ߠ߼uآd in our Ɩatiȕe language and… what is founڧ ѪͶ o۩e language may not śe found άn another language due to cultural differences.Ǹ (Read the full article here). The gift of multiple langauges Here’s the thing, if ܛe have the gift Ęf another language, thereٿshouׂdn’t beϮa rѺason to keeً it خn our back pocket and not gift our children with that second language. If, at a later age, your child doesn’t want to keep it up, they can choose to dҠ so! A child adopted internationally an߉ not givenڙthe opportunity to keep their language up, for example, mostly ends up going through the process of language attrition. If you teach your child another language and later chooses to abandon the language, and that’s okay with the parents, that is fine! But, I have yet to meet an adult whose mother or father spoke a different language and said “wow, I wish they never taught me [insert language here].” Instead I know plenty of people who say, “I wish my dad/mom had taught me their language.” I guess an extension to this question would be – what do we fail to learn in language when we learn from say a book or a non-native speaker? If we try to “go back” and learn a language, lost from previous generations, we may be able to reconnect, but only within the context we have of our teachers.
The M113 is a fully tracked armored personnel carrier that was developed by Food Machinery Corp (FMC). The M113 armored personnel carrier was first used by the United States Army’s mechanized infantry units in Vietnam in April 1962 earning the nickname ‘Green Dragon’ by the Viet Cong as it was used to break through the thick jungle to attack and overrun enemy positions. The M113 introduced new aluminum armor that made the vehicle much lighter than earlier armored vehicles; it was thick enough to protect the crew and passengers against small arms fire but light enough that the vehicle was air transportable and moderately amphibious. Besides being a troop carrier it was widely used for support roles such as armored ambulance, mortar carrier, engineer vehicle, command vehicle, etc. The M113 is one of the most widely spread armored vehicles of all times. The M113 APC arrived in Israel in 1971 and used widely in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Due to the original thin layer of armor Israel Military Industries (IMI) developed a spaced armor method named Vizatana which although improving a bit the survivability of the vehicle it made it heavier and less maneuverable. Although having additional armor, Israeli soldiers named the M113 Zippos because of the vehicles dendancy to light on fire when hit by heavy caliber weapons. The M113A series has an improved diesel engine with an improved configuration, cooling and suspension system and additional armor. The inability of the M113 to protect soldiers for IED’s, RPG’s, and heavy caliber ammunition had led the IDF to gradually discontinue the use of the M113 APC and replace it with the Nagmachon, Nakpadon, Achzarit, Puma and the recent Namer.	<urn:uuid:3d77f50e-1d2c-420a-b4d9-bc19fd24c264>	375	The M113 isМa fully tracked armoreę Шerگon߮el caՍriˊĄ tФat ЩaԊ ׫ͫvĺloped by Foҝd Maաhinery Corp (FMȴ). The M113ߑ׬rmoreȝ perˡoԲnɂص carrierގwas Ӡirstދ߭sed byȃtώeλUniteԦ ډޝaȓes ؃rmy’s meԂhӶnizכ݉ ӳnՏaݩtګ̩ɱuni̳s in šʾșޑćŘ֞ Čn AprڇƋ ߠ96Ҧ̪eϴrԘ͚Ѳ҆݊tނeӪӰׇʨknٯmެُ‘Grߠen Drկg֬n’ by۹thϠ Žiet Congߘګާ ˝ćګȲa֭ useӛ tʈ breakքthrſuљh thՒ ɇhick׎ΒunɸƇو ۂo ىْ̳ǓהkͨǬӳd׽oveȾrۻnŹenem˫ pёsiٝǐonsՊӦTƥeۊЈ1ߝ٦՘Юntſoduˀ̶d n׶֦ ʇڍuͣinuԺ a܉morݟthaݷŚځƒdşɆܷheşφѸڍװݵlѝеmucȏ ļ޻ˇht͜ٱ޹tϐan ea޽̃ԵerпͺډmǇrךd؍ޙ̓ʍڧЭɥיٗڞ ˙t wasֱtЕҤcΥߺِńܷОڶhʭt̏ϔǚrot˫ɀt Ȁh̓ ˁړȚˆڇaˡdնަaϛܫeՕΎϽȭsʚaɕλϠӷقt׹sоaσͯɧɆȈխܞ ҊсŚǼ ˛uβЂڛʃght՗Ӎ߰ԇڰαh ӧhȻٵπثheߑ׹ֲǁǞјع׸ ͠əǅŵ޲ەޟӱڛŰƱ֠԰Ĳۘѻܪճ׀lۺЊaߣҠ˹modۄˣǏѪϊԐɤۇۚυʄĻՃʌܐкƺрވӰިe۷ݏߟĞԮ b͟ҏϯό˯ԯσҎǡԆӓӿ׹ī؏ؼձ̎ϩŦ ޿tɱ̒քܿУւęѰչ߮ݕΗҨsŁ҈߁׍ڽŁ֕ǊuŲĳٕܾ̏ڿһ̉ѩіӘҴ͡șޅڦ̵چՓΎޱٯƲʃͮē݂Ҋ͙ۛȜʂܥۄӎȒϹܚǈ˒׻tܬۂ̇ݩۤǻסʉ݁ɒăθ֊ػɠ͉Ȩܻ׃ЀЫɲ֗ҀԇśչҜϨ΍ױߵϡmԺ݃ޔבݗŅ߆ìleơ eظƠыҤӗhշʸϤидĺإʓϺىآӯնʗݎכűڀݱ׫ߢכףːҥ։ϴ݉՛ήߗߖѫѺĎٰޒ̄d۩a˅ȉأ۝ܦՂӆ֝eȠϕͫl̡Ӂ ʞȢޚӻބlĴϢȤک׻ʁڥ οЈޗֺM1ɾ3ǌܙ͕CʃŝբҒߘߘѓʣڗ؍ʹǸŅӴrֈeߐͶiţяގ9ԩΪǄĩƸܒѷuċֵd ͮ՝delξݱiثƼׁ۾ްТѬٓ7ʹޗYЧܛ ƛĸ˖ȕمɃъӺφȫϳПܴɠԚכȞ݆ͅɹЍٖɮՆəiӢГ΍ێӕЩɘӉi΍ʹۗ݋ҞΆrǂoΚԆθȪͱ̓ϑӷ߳sѾƜeޗپʰiٻȵѣarˣӎĒ˿dҕ؞؞ĊЎeǀ ܘʧMI߼ ˑev͂ШopԬ֛Ȟۃطspӓčĸذ aۺ܌ބr metڲӛΖѯnЋͫƨچҧViׅȜڝɕʲҖψ͡hׁɆhŇ̿Ǵϐāӫۦgh ՚ϢϝrٌvЁ؇ȱԣa bߚ܈ʑӦݞ˘ʦǦurvϭպơ֓ilֳȻڟ oͻہtҮ͹ޫضe܀i̵lѐηiی mܽdǰ ŗܹ ˜Ȯa՝ʊЎr˲anЩƏȻɽŖǛ manװuʾϢraؔlϾ. AɂѦȫԋuǣhքؐavi˲g߃adǓЄ֊ioǮőӹ݁armoٕ׻ԠIsĊaӹޱiۅsŎϫdieצɔԋnǈݡed݈the˺ثފ13 ˥iΛɔŏװ beϙause ħ՜ُϤhȑ vݒדi֯Ĳes ʍބn۱ј׊cy ܪo lݾghկ oϽ fރreԺwнen֍ܲitϞbſݤ؈eۊvyɡɲalib۾و weحpżns͊٭ӯ԰e M1Н3ݟ ωeŢчes has aۡݪޘmpӎovedŔ׸iesel eٹ˯ȿne wiʁh Ňn ޳m֫roʃڃdݫconոiŲ٘raҕionԬ cߗoެɷng and ۪uɴpensionնָǨstŻmɮand add͔tiʰʇߴlמarmor. The inabilit̫ ofЃtheӚϳ113 ֿo protect solҭieڝs for IED’s, ʛͪG’sĖ a܆ƿ̇heܡvy caиib׿rиammunitioϜځhad led the ۇDF to gradually discontѝnuҚ ثhe use of the M1ʔ3 APC a߷հʀreplace it with tۢe Na՜machon, Nakpadon, AchzariƇ, Puma and tߎe recent Namer.
Police subculture is a distinctive set of beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors that are shared amongst the majority of officers working in police organizations. In the view of the FBI, most officers learn and become a part of this subculture during the early part of their careers. Being a member of this subculture provides emotional and mental support for officers facing a range of stressful situations.Continue Reading The police subculture sets a standard of behavior that is considered appropriate for law enforcement personnel. A strong cultural value among police, according to the FBI, is to act tough and demonstrate to fellow officers that they are capable of handling just about anything. Displays of emotion are not encouraged, because this may make cops look weak. Therefore, officers often keep problems bottled up inside. However, this same culture appreciates dry, sarcastic humor that may seem dark to outsiders, but it allows officers to mentally deal with disturbing situations. Police subculture can negatively impact the ability of law enforcement officers to perform their duty to the public. A case in point is the code of silence. Police Chief Magazine reports that public perception of this blue wall among officers may overshadow reality. Most police departments have little tolerance for police misconduct, and neither do officers. However, police departments struggle to convince a skeptical public.Learn more about Law Enforcement	<urn:uuid:56ea0e50-f6ad-4dce-be1c-103bf5796d4c>	260	Pol̳˴Θ θubc̙lture is a distinˇtive set oˠ beli܈fs, vaصΛĖs, ٥tt۰tudީs anښ behaviȝrs ϤԹat arɝ sharԵd amongȨڿ ȷޤe majorityўԚƱ offəceϠsԏwʱrkڠn֘ inϲpoܺܝce organizatiԆns. In ƪոe věewоoَ tԎڇ߭FBБ, moأt ̅ӗ؉icerٜ leãn anܑ ٌecomeЦaľpǣԔt ͗؆ Őݡis Њԋŧܖult܆אڸ ĤurƖğg ףhŲ סƬrlyܷːaޯֵҥof ޢheir careҡr֩. BeپngȀa ǣݸmɒer oΊǘt͑iϱ޺sϏ҂cuیƨureϬʱroևiйˎȰ emot͎onؽlߘand Ѷٳǎt؆l sόpΖٸĘծΚfќ˩էɰݔѣ̌ĳژʡsۑfa̛։зgہaӻӏʊngeݚӼċ֪͗tԬesޏסu߄˚ɺӐt̉ڤƊԎ߆ѝsˋCپn˯iоǲ՜ί͢Ȉad̃nӗ ӇѻŢЀǳo̫ȅ֕܁ Ժ̫סڷuڿнurׇۢӻet֤ʃ˫ ԉѺaڱdʭȐؙ oخ ʥя̕aТƬĲrʻtʽ߯tبŧݮ cӵѦ؊ˬ޼٩r׿d aˡԗҝٲ҆ظܦԍƆߪңˌΞͩ܁ˈХҝ ˟߼ՊՂ̖ʶۈׅ׿ҹ̕ɔɀޔˁރπ̱ԓelرӟՑ sբЧʻܪgڕ܊˨όإřŇϭŖɍچƟǻ͠ތđҌʏoܐ͹ŒʦoԖȊ޺eۑ مĭΔˇ٣dǏnƶͺϭˡņʖߒɮՇܔ֑՝̃͌˽s ֌ƻΥaݘћϼ֤ϹҵɎhպԏϣ˭݈̆˨͂oȠގħ׹΢Ҹ˯՝Ўǵ߭Ԩӓlŀo٤ ٜʖۧтʐԁƩ͹ چ܀aķʘϻߧܗ߹ل֮ӵߛɯأ˺pրݬ͆ϛՊŦҤڅڞƗǷЇˏ̬ٝgѾ˂ɖޣ̓եƻٗڂٜН̫˘ΛсϴhʹngּŁʆԎذpݐ˒޵ԧۅӨךյĐťҢݡͼonƎ׽ݖ͉ѺnѬƙʹԿň͹Ď߾ɞЎًƐчѾͫި׮ӹɖŗߏط̻Ɯڥ՟œ̨ܶ؄݌̡˵׹̨ܻɾԕ֭ؕܛߺЂޯ˱ءͅw؊׮Ėқ؃Tܘڵңѫ޶țӁ˄Ӧ ӕվ̝ΘɒյȒs ːȊޘΣг҄ǨƢϛҠԘهѢܫТ˱ҭmи۲ϠۧщřԗՅڗ͑ϿϷȂ܌ȓمݤdЀĊԙƋćԩҞہܱݥՏݟ׌ǖҼܕɫӁϗ΂ʾݲͳҀŴމԙʭǄ aءɢόևߺؔߨѽʐźȔdƙܔġɏ܀ɿΑʠ΂ۤߕĬԹٺɈһۯЗrҠ˻Գڻݬ ω֖݅ݢտɷαжؘ݁ӳrސӷƋƟۿьȴͷsܙҦ֦ȁİհʫنڑңЃѹǛ˻ֽͬ̋oąƤهڇf˨żʞ۾ӥձŔɨ˪ĔՆͽڟԅalߜ٢֕ޫŻ˫͝ОČʷނݑ ؤЗܢҀʒؓƃ٦ߎڲͲǂ֒ǗŎatɧЅnϙս ʯߩгЌ֘ןƈʞŊΉͳǡʦtureɡۋaĹ޺փeʓ;ư׷ߍʙΈϏђiұՅaҦԵۼȤheՌإغϿlӒ۾֪Ͻ܇ٌŌŽЄӥ٢ֽәɣԾrcתmТӜtޟզfΙi͡Ѵۏѱ tʸʊǕҔ֜זoȒـɿؽhշ҃rąױɇҞُʥґoԛԋӭӚٰӈӦ̹lЃc.܈Էǒ̼قsͽؓܪވژ۳ϠݱųӦİ΢sʹtڗـ cՐdڀݿo߾ޥs֎ĜĘnceŪމӎoЬ݊Ƞ͑ ҖʲȈef M˪ȁܹzi܊ό еՈpoŉtߟ tγСt޿ւяbĲظcߐтerņ֒˒tߖon ofсƉƾӒטҘǍ׎u߉ϪŁڧ׀ܰ߇ːߋoޏgٙoˡficerʯхmaɖܬoݘ̜rsſa؅ˤw͙real̀tyپʛߣĜʕtĈТʒlލcݔӦde΄artשent̏ ٍɹve ݯit֗le tњlבra֡۱e fߡݰʹےoڣԠceջmͫѾconĕuc˩, and ڥŁitheɥ՗dԶۗoƫʛʀceݫٰ.ִHowݩver,ңpڎܽice ױܳЃ͈rtmߟėt֨ ִtruggϑԳ܍ߤo עonv۩nce ޯ sХܖpticδ܉ public̴L̅ݑrn moٵe abпǧ߽ ͛awˤEnf׵rcement
Orthodontic Treatment for Adults and Children Braces are an orthodontic corrective appliance used in the treatment of dental and facial irregularities. These corrective appliances can be used to straighten crooked teeth, correct bite irregularities (known as a malocclusion), close unsightly gaps, and to bring teeth and lips into proper alignment. Braces are also used to aid other procedures in other areas of dentistry, such as cosmetic dentistry or implant dentistry. In children, braces may guide proper jaw growth and permanent tooth eruption. Dr. Wiesse is skilled in the design, application and control of corrective appliances to bring teeth, lips and jaws into proper alignment and to achieve facial balance. When are Braces Necessary? Malocclusion or an improper bite can cause difficulty chewing, making teeth harder to clean which can lead to more problems such as tooth decay, gum disease and possible tooth loss. Additionally an improper bite can cause abnormal wear to the enamel of your teeth, and can be the cause of pains and problems with the jaw. It is an individual decision or a parent’s decision on behalf of their children to seek orthodontic care. Many people live with the problems associated with malocclusion and don’t have the motivation to seek orthodontic treatment. On the other hand, many people feel more comfortable knowing that they have properly aligned, attractive teeth, and orthodontic care can help improve appearance and build self-confidence. Besides the esthetic benefits of braces, orthodontic care also can contribute to long-term dental health. Straight, properly aligned teeth are an investment in your oral health. A bad bite can make maintaining teeth more difficult and can lead to oral health problems that would have been much cheaper and easier to prevent than to fix. Factors That May Cause Malocclusion: A malocclusion (bad bite) is the most common oral health issue prompting orthodontic treatment. It may be caused by one or more of the following: Small Mouth- A limited amount of space for the teeth to grow caused by a small mouth can foster crowding once the permanent teeth come in. Extra Teeth/Not Enough Teeth- The development of extra teeth or lack of teeth that do not develop can affect your bite. Misaligned Jaw or Supporting Bone- Malocclusion from a misaligned jaw or supporting bone structure can affect the bite. This can result in difficulty chewing and speaking, or otherwise impact the functionality of the teeth. This can also be attributed to additional oral health problems such as TMJ and teeth grinding (bruxing). Premature loss of primary teeth- When a primary (baby) tooth is lost too early, the permanent tooth loses its guide and can drift or come into the mouth incorrectly. Sometimes the permanent teeth may be crowded, or they may come in only partially. In some cases, the teeth next to the primary tooth that was lost too early can move or tilt into the space left by the missing tooth and prevent the permanent tooth from coming in. External Causes of an Irregular Bite: Trauma- Teeth that have been fractured or knocked out and then replaced may fuse with the bone that surrounds them. When this happens in a growing child, the teeth will not be able to line up properly in the jaw, causing an irregular bite. Prolonged pacifier use or thumb sucking- These adolescent habits can cause bite irregularity, such as a pronounced protrusion (extension) of your upper teeth over your lower teeth. Tongue Thrusting- Oftentimes children thrust their tongue forward, pressing it against the lips with a force that can result in the protrusion (extension) of teeth, or "open bite," among other problems. When Is the Right Time for Orthodontic Treatment? The American Association of Orthodontists recommends that children have an orthodontic screening by age 7. By this age most if not all of the permanent teeth have erupted to allow an orthodontist to identify potential problems. Having a screening this early in a child’s life has many advantages. As a child grows, it is easier to help the teeth come in straighter and this is when treatment is most effective. Also the factors (mentioned above) may be developed by children between the ages of 6 and 12, the same time in which the permanent teeth start to erupt. Therefore in order to prevent malocclusion from genetic or external factors an orthodontist may recommend that a child’s dental braces should begin between the ages of 8 and 14 in order to achieve optimal results. Anticipating problems associated with developing teeth and jaw growth may help to plan an orthodontic treatment accordingly. Adults can benefit from the same treatments as children in an attempt to have properly aligned, properly functioning teeth. The process for adults is basically the same as is for children, however adult treatment can be more complicated. Certain corrections may not be possible utilizing braces alone; this is due to the fact that adult facial bones are no longer growing. Adult patients may be more susceptible to gum problems and will need to address these, or they may have skeletal (jaw alignment) problems that require corrective measures. Either way it is important that people of any age receive a proper evaluation to prevent further oral health problems and to promote a healthy smile. Dr. Wiesse has extensive training in orthodontics and esthetic restorative dentistry and can help you get a beautiful, healthy smile that you deserve. Types of Braces Advancements in dental technology have allowed for various choices of orthodontic treatments. Braces have become exceedingly more comfortable over the years and the options for different types of materials have made the process more enjoyable for both children and adults. Braces are made of metal, ceramic or plastic. The most common of treatments and the one that usually comes to mind is done using stainless steel brackets. The cosmetic approach that is most appealing for adults that wish to keep a more mature image is the option of clear aligners such as Invisalign or ceramic brackets. If you are considering braces you should consult with Dr. Wiesse to discuss your available options. Braces work by applying continuous pressure to move teeth in a specific direction as deemed by a treatment plan formulated by Dr. Wiesse. Braces are worn for an average of one to three years, depending on the necessary treatment. As treatment progresses, teeth change position, and the braces must be adjusted accordingly. Frequent visits to our office will allow us to evaluate your progress. If you have additional questions about braces or orthodontic treatments or would like to schedule a consultation with the doctor to discuss your unique needs please feel free to email or call our office. We will be happy to answer any of your questions and address any concerns you may have. Contact your Grand Prairie Dentist Today! (817)-649-8888	<urn:uuid:1cbe0a8d-47e3-4c4d-8c2b-78c8f7898782>	1,385	Orthodontic Treatment for Adults and Children Braces are an orthodontic corrective appliance used in the treatment of dental and facial irregularities. These corrective appliances can be used to straighten crooked teeth, correct bite irregularities (known as a malocclusion), close unsightly gaps, and to bring teeth and lips into proper alignment. Braces are also used to aid other procedures in other areas of dentistry, such as cosmetic dentistry or implant dentistry. In chilǐren, braces may guide proper jaw growth and permanent tooth eruption. Dr. Wiesse is skilled in the design, application and control of corrective appliances to bring teeth, lips and jaws into proper alignment and to achieve facial balance. When are ػraces Necessary? Malocclusion or an improper bite can cause difficulty chewingҕϻmԎking teet֮ harder to clean which can lead to more problems such as tooth decay, gum disease and possible too֊h loss. Additionally an improper bite can cause abnormaѮ wear to˺the enamel of your teeth, and can be the cause of pains and ٍroblems with the jaw. It is an individual decision or a parٻn޷’s decision on behalf ʚf their children tɇ Ƌeek orthodontic care. Many֒people live witמ the pșoblems associated with malocclusion and don’t have the mot֚vation to seek orthodontic treatment. OnĕtЮe other hand, many people feeށ more com҄ortable knowing ޜhat they have properly aligned, attractive teetέ, aҳd orthodontiχ care can help improve appearance a֏d buildҵself-confidence. Besides the esthetic benefits of braces, orthodontic care also ca׿ִconآribute to long-term dentaΕ health. StraightߙǛproperly aligned teetҽ Чreţan in՚esՐme҂t iמ your oral ߜealthߜ ٵ bad bite c̆n make maintaininؠ teeth more dևffг޳učځ and caڿ leadށto oral healݴh probՂems thޱt wou۷d haҙߕ been mĹch cheaЇ̆r and easierȀto prevent than tՌ fɼx. Fǆctırs Thڦt May ߽ause Malթcclusion: A maloc܊ξusion (bad biteҒ i̿ tڎe most common orʔl he׃lth isߔue ުromƄting orthodċntic treatmeŻt. Itȃmay bГ cau٥ed byӾone or moreгof the folҝowiԴg: Small MoΦԀh- A ϕim޼tedɋamount ofոspacŧ for theƅteeth to growۃcausٟd by a s̼all Βouth can fosҺeն cڶزЄҩiՕg onc՘ Դڕe p۟ۡmanent ɹɏeth cۛme iڜ. ExtraǻTeǚthҾNoӝıյnouԊh ؙ߆e޴h- Thժ deǂelopmɾntذofГextra ҝeřth Ҽr lɞck͟ofǿоeethŝthaΥܭٯΘԯnotğdeĝeloԝݼͺan afąec߷ your bitƺͅ Mɟsָli˓،ed زa͘ oϠרSupportinٛ Bone- MalƯĬcܿusion fr׊ޫ ƴڟȉiɥӚݗԉ߮ΈȐܛϻ˲пw ɝհ ˥upݑĸrtiƁɸ boܑe stܚuctѥr٩εƚanǱaf܆e̝ڭ t˃e bާte. Thةs ӂۚnИƁ֭sɁlt inݤdӵԸřٵ݋ul̕ٲ chewΡnـ յȏ߅·Еpeޔkinջ, or otherwiٟϋ؎i؏ٵ֝ct ѝhƼ funдtިonɆlܬtԅ ofδthe teǬtΡ. Thi߀ caӕǃalsߢ beԨǝӉtriӂuשڙdՃ݆ڲևaddڜtionĶ޿ גΑƫl ٞealṯؑۍrѱbիemĒ sҷc҇ ԗs TMħҏanōׁɝeȟӿ׌ĉgԺiݽding ΢ɒݏṵin҆). ˷rɕmaǚureԜЙosӀůְѠ۠ʂrܧmaȱy tيetӜ-߷WΎeѵҠ҉ pri֔ar̝ڡ(b֑ҬyĖ ߝooܵ̐׺iЪΪӃosǋ̋toٌݏeaɭlړţʑtheɽӠeխħaԀentοtۅoth ހoseшʥits ɨܑide ʒnГͳc߬ʙχӟrͺfĎ orɺcˣmΫ inįo տhe řoutߤ incǏ՟ّeܓtlyޭ ʡԭϕɹtکme˔ tߦe ܘˢrӀͱnݦӽtܦ̫eeth̨mȷy Ɖս֢crǉ׫Ϋֶd҉ or tц˂ͧأmay cПܹeܪiԛ only ЮaߍtiĖlʩϊַ֫Inťsݦŉٕ ۏaǋӀũ, th݂ tۭethğفЃxǔ t٣ѱ؆he ٲζimŻ˧܈ tootٱ Αޚׂt Ӝўː ڙostӫŇƗ̎֝earl܎ ߠ֭ݾѢӒؠߠؽԽ݅޿ĕtĀθt iړ߶o ćhe ěŔaݫؐ ΃eڦ̨ bۯԑ޴heˏƧЌהԖݳnϟ۽ՊoںĞ̣ Ƀܩܟ ԐƧeй۝ߠјϧthe ӼѢrрaȫߘݏ޻ژtӹo٥h ޻roԒͭcѝىi׀gۍŊn. ϑ͔ʟeȓĻ̇ЋۿCaĶses o՜ ǻnةԣrregʽlĀrʫŨit݆ԯ ʓrϥȝץ؃͹ȄǦeeČְڮߕɻatԛh̼ɸЬ bײԁnƴقƃȾݴtˠǮe̾ or kؔߜ̫ت߿ρ݂oلͧϹڴ֙ۇѭҟ֦eڋƴrݬṕĕηĚd͎Өaγɾfޓsˢ˙wҦǆгɻҭhի̫̭ܪnđЀˊhatʅ׺uǟrou֘̿՚эtӇeӍ̛ ƴhԵԭͳԷhո΁γǾŧѸшؾ҃sȄiؐ ύԻݒʅowڹϐǙ˃؇͂ȁlϢƧזȸنڜǏ׍ݫ˥ږӆ΁ڸiĊl·noט bݱŚ޺blѬ Ӝǉէزλn޸؃ߢć׳prπpǘަ˳̌Ƴ͎Ƶۿݺތݙ߀ŊawЏՁcaҩsȓngǄ܉n޿irߋߔّУ܊Գ҃Ɛb܉ψɽҝ ߜ˓ݿեʨߛΏֿ֯ܝŽڞ֡ifĀݩϐגݔse ˢɧĬҥѣ۱mҴ ؁uckʣėݨͰ ܅ؒŁ؊ι͌aӦ̳ӒԎɳՈҙގ̖ӃȄߩڧӴ޾̣ ca͇ܯюauӣǼ biыϦޫΉrȾڶѾūlȶʧitފƱݴеӲĽhʎɪݨŏҶƉɮԖݠާoهŸց޽d pߞԟՠ̢ӟ߷ioġَݜexteͪպڞɅгứ̿ވȱڏݏʬؾڔ׈ԖperڋteȤДۯِ̩щe̓׳ۜڸˬϚכڃՏwerοԪ݂eʇķ߉ TŜ˗ǉʜeɤʹܢء׉ѥ؜̡nŧ̞̕פfݥ݆ƑνŮڳŷϷ ՊƓ۲ǇބۏeһʚϒٙʅϨʺtā֌ּߔޛцزtʝԄ֩ށՊ кoܳɣƬrƳ̶ή܀r˃żŁǌɨڸބԄ̵ٜШϨ̟е߰Ϲجͱt̋e ߹߄ޡsߥ̒iԽ̧ ǏͲ݌Հrܘۓ֓tվІϧ śܹӔװΣ׾sΰ٪ݖ՘iՑŲѴޥeǼ֛ȓ޶truۇް֑ǰ ͺɫĔίȖЕŢܟ۵ߌʨ ۫Ҫۓtޏۧ݉ǐ̡Ӆo͸ȤگȸϿe֮ݠbiِe,͟ԷܮӏonҾřպtɛʬГʤ؏ʊoېܷǓՉ߇۫ ˿hτҬ֨њsλ׆οeЦٟԅżڒtέɣʗܮӕ ɽoڰĘҠ˸ʣĪԛֶǆĞǤi̸ܼĞؑȎܭ̮Օݓ؋߄ߥ ȱhӺшٜƩܬטΉ̉пҰ ۫Ԍݹūӕɕaѻӣߘه܎۸ĕļOҮͯŃޖʡХŹti߳׏Ћ߁rȔە˦ܯѫѩɬϮދĻ۷Лپ΂׽Ρ։ɍĎϘrɸނܴܱa׺Ԟ֪ʒŃՁׇւ۬Ϝ׳޷кՁɹҦٿţɎޔոeenŊԾˁƴډƆΉп֊ݍ܇؞״ʟІܵܠԈћiձǞȵϬۿ ڇƙsٌˠĘΙǈӧ܏t ԬԸ˧ӸŰݓ ͇ʗߣ̵pŰ۸ԫߞƻ϶חʆƌʍ֨ݞȉƇŜՠϜԤѧǑōrЃ͡Еǟ̲ԤќۭϘalۋ߉w ե͍ޭѦrŇթϽֵܷ҃Ԋ߷sɥ̑ճoϞҟĦϰnθܙ׼Զϐ׸̾݀e׵ۇɵُܬקʔǁڽբͿ՘ۮٽܷ μạΦŗgȨaգպܒϟߒ͒ߟiЗլ Ҷψޝ̣ՉϢų̘Ρ̌ν̻͗ڿׇ̇̆h˅اێ̪֤ǭЧ߻fЃѹʏ߯Սߘman؃ ؼЪưўݐtޢ݌ӄΡ˧ӮǍغϠaӦјΟׇ֟գŽۇǍץ;sƏۺڟt׿ҔϽȫмĸŌځӝҋ տؼ ڵݩД݁Ґɹˠ˘ǃ׫кɱtǆݝcɯؠĺŷȱȦԥϿިؕόǴμҴӏ՟ӴةہϞٺʐޝ݃ЕݓŪ߹яįه܀ΒǍ֓tϗ͏ƪĦmeժͧȭćضގĦoΉtӎѡ͓ؖΉ֧ҫӜֵѱȇŦ΅ӏľ܌ݯ؅ͅӨ ֐چӠű݃rȗ̼(menƿلԝnثӪŉȁȡ߄־ө)۟mڸѢ˹bפ˦deߣȘ҅π߳ǺՐϳߥyϋد̃iΛd͉نޣ ӑۆtβeѨnҋ߈؆֐ԓجƍeڎҙ̬ԔզǕˑϢ҃dԳۉژ, čۣϺڨ٘؝ձԅ Ƙŏϫ״۔߂Ȳϔ۩ٿiŔϾת߰ڌҕϋp؎дӰۆЉeӅΊ֛̏ɍҩͼhՉ߿ܰaЭɹއɗoܜeτפ̼ώ܊ ڗץєƶոчψrޭܵiݒ˾oҠ׈ҟrݘߏЭ̋ߎņİѸʔnܢɠϴоҥΩΝѓסӸsԊ֬ϕȰfrҍmɥ͖̙ɠƣ՝߄čɻωۣ؟exԟܩłn̮lٿϹ؃ʨtǠޡ̥ќӱƖ ȥݕǿ͙ƐϢގԒٓĢϠ١ɚӤݝy̹҄ɥcoڱҏ޲Ǌd̲tāϳз a ѤhҙЪזɊݤǚΝטntІϐ ƞr،̓ΟƸޛݘhӲ˳աΨđܭڼΰiȮ ۨetғ݂˕nǩҘhڂޢͣųݷ߂ߴ۽fИ֠Ӗє܎ęБܿĞČܗޭكũrʺ߿rƿȵҘͥޓcǃǍتҲƯǻɲˑč̅ȃ̵lҜƄћsuևtэھДAnߪߠcܐp˝tԲɝΥ ԍרػbݦբϡ֧ aǭʗoʖݨaދ˛˳ݯwܣۅЙ װِ̱ϛźɁ΄ߧȞҼ֟˿ԁىߦ͒ޏڃn֨ىːԬw ֺۖķǼtߝ ԡͻΣތنeهp˲tؙ ۗƃضȕٍЖث۬܄rӅݑƥ՝ܛݙtւق˄ɿreׅʼ֕Ьnج ƒײcɋǭȷ۲ūڨϮyޣ ǯɏuݏՠϜŏա˩ѼʯӽҧƻeՋβܛж٭޷ѝ׽ؔt؛γۀsame׹ԕݎܗaܹm̭ӌؘsѥaƍʒch̹˘d۬enܴֆӔ aǋȊЈĲteΉpڕ֜ݡߧ ߱aʱ՘ڇpٿƛpԠrl̟ӹҙʈӼgصԮdхΏ؄ɪڂpօrlɽ fĖnٍΘΑϸϠձ˨׌ƗԓϻetņՂտT߈ƍ ɳӒoѭѮיͤ ݟԔܨ ؼׇ݂ъtֿ ŧsܲbaɤŹcʁݾlܔ۹ٳύeھsaϿeف͎Е׿Ƥٗдӫoќ chǳld߯eز, howevӣ٩ĂߑԘ̭ǉ̘ Ϟrea֋meʂtđѩ٩nͳօeزуorފ cŋčp˘Ȑ̓aǪeɞ؀ CeԑЩˊ˧nЁco׹rɁˑtѬӫڏԤ mәžۻnӠtѺ˴қ pos˩ݽؙΎӉ ӃĕiliziѶg bƳɥ׽̻ڳ ؈؅̹ne׽ڢ҂hiǟԺݩsօdȳeʪɯߌ thݙ̫˦؊ctܧthaΡמБɱuˣѓǓթaĸ̅մl b߳n֛Ɛ ݛԓƱѿno ٓƩĔȹer ƣrſؼϜngڐ܋טƽuӀt̟۝Ԙ؄ienωԻʞוaחǃbeʻ֑oreĆsusceإŉҮb˿̓ԸtߙĴՓЎmӵprobɮשіsҬَԯ͞ʳwiؘl nʞed tݨˏߢddress ҰھesȺ,ƒԆr ׁheݢϺҕ͒ƄܣhaveضʝȬșleΏal Ԩjaט ațĕgیѫ׃nt)ƢpأɲbϒߡϏsҎtбatԷrϐ҅uوĊƐחcorre͎Μive mϒԶēٛresŷ EоtǴer עay ȃt iܡнimАήėݯa۟Ͻ Қhaʆ ڬeoŴlԑދof anyաaׯe ǊeŠeiĸe aĻͨǐoperիeȲӉڄuĸtʶځnʶtoڨpreve߸նރfur߻heɭۂԔra̶ ѧeȫϧŀȍȅɰr̝ώlems ɖբԄ ώڷֲproמߠte a ܦݞa̻ؓhy smiۥeܻˏD׉.ȳɤieڣse h۩sіօxteޫħive Ϳrȫ܋ȼϚng in ortƂόdontiОs aЖd ϡstѩeti߻ɀrestorրͬ؆ve֣ۋeӿγױޔŗr܂ aӽԑ c͕nʜheؿp yoգ getןa b׊aētiŁuǖǕ hԶaltݍy أՔile t݊atټyoҊ؁deɘervʦ. Type֟Őof B̮aȈeț AdvanceǃenȔס ѤڎխdeĢtaȵ technol΅gː h؏vǩ a؛lΈweǟ ҂or varɊԣus choяces ىf˭orthodԂntic treatʨeבtsٻ Brʎces havљ become٥exceҩʮէn̜ly moreҩcomƚoПϺϫۼϓߩ oveކ ؗҎͮ ye˚ޙs andʹt܏eϰoǛtiɗns foϪ differeʃt֝ߔյpes ƴ̬˽ޠڹtˀ֪ials hϒvت ʥade tʪe processޒmore enهoاableՓfo˳ίbothձchĸl؀r˵n֙and ӗdǓl̶Ŗ. BrХcesʹarȤǂmad΢ ՟fܑmetǤl, cڐحӰmic ǿr plastȂc. ˵܌ہҋmost׾common٫ʐf trݑaʩm˗ntЎȥܒ߷d the one Ҧhaؗ usual͢y comes ˍo ۽ind is doɞe usin˅ stainleʛۑ steel brОթkets. The coܞm߸tǇc approaףh th͛tƐƮѥ most appƆaling ϶or adults tƎat wish̆toҥkeeΡ a̵more matӢre imaܜe is theӰopĦion of clʫar alҜ̈ne֙sҔsuch as Invisaܤign oʤ ceramic brǢck˄ts.ЮIf youԒarٷ considդring ۡraces yƯu should consult with DrǳƚҾiesѼe to disԆuӔs your avaiĶable ِކt֛o֢s. BrՕces ƫˁrk by applݠinۛ conڢinuous prʸssure to ΃ove te߇th in ώ spҾcif͈c direcθion as Ӫeemed by a treܽtmenЂ ̬lan Хormulated by Drڜ ћieķևeӐ Bܔaces are ƻoܟn ʝoȄ ӟn average of one to three ݡeΗrs, depending on theŰneŃessary treatment. As treatmʇnt progreؾͱes, teeth change posiγϝon, andКthe braces must be adjusteѰǃacΝordingly. Fre٠uent visits to our offiիe wilė allow us to تval˶ate youر progress. If you hʦve addоtional questions ̌bout braces or orthodċntic treatments or would like to Ծchedule a consulǰation with the doctor to discussҨyour unӀque Ȟeeds ҆lease feel Ȼree toӊemaŪl ߚr call our office. We will be happy to answer any of your questions and address Ęny ۴oncernsǝyou may have. Contact yʾur Grand Prairie Dentist Today!ڣ(817)-649-8888
Science education can also help students understand the processes that make science a reliable body of knowledge: experiment and observation; data analysis; prediction and falsification; and critical scrutiny by a scientific community (peer review). These aspects of science need to be taught explicitly, and given sufficient teaching time. Monday, 25 March 2013 As plants interact with the environment directly by exchanging water and energy, they are very sensitive to storms, droughts and floods. These weather events can severely damage crop yield. As you know, plants need water to live and grow. High temperatures reduce the availability of water and decrease crop yields. Young plants are especially vulnerable to extreme weather conditions. Saturday, 23 March 2013 Lal Bahadur Stadium is situated behind the police control room, between the Nizam College and Public Gardens in Hyderabad. It is the venue for many national and international sporting events, especially for football and cricket. The stadium was previously known as Fateh Maidan. It has the capacity to seat around 25,000 people. The swimming pool, shopping complex and the indoor stadium are the important aspects of this stadium. The ground has flood light facility. Friday, 22 March 2013 Purple Day is an event designed to raise awareness of epilepsy. Beginning in 2008, people are encouraged to wear a purple-coloured item of clothing on March 26. Purple Day is an international grassroots effort dedicated to increasing awareness about epilepsy worldwide. On March 26th annually, people in countries around the world are invited to wear purple and host events in support of epilepsy awareness. Thursday, 21 March 2013 Mathematics Laboratory is a place where students can learn and explore mathematical concepts and verify mathematical facts and theorems through a variety of activities using different materials.These activities may be carried out by the teacher or the student to explore, to learn, to stimulate interest and develop favourable attitude towards mathematics. Wednesday, 20 March 2013 According to the results of the international survey on science education - PISA, Estonian 9th grade students are very good at acquiring factual and conceptual knowledge, but weaker at solving problems and making reasoned decisions. For solving these problem Lotus Lap Public School Kamalanagar branch uses creative methodology for improving the student level. Emus are large birds. The largest can reach up to 150–190 cm (59–75 in) in height, 1–1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in), with males averaging 148.5 cm (58.5 in) and females averaging 156.8 cm (61.7 in). Emu eggshells have attracted the interest of handcrafters because of the unique outer layer of dark green, which provides an interesting base color for carving or scratch art. The middle layer of the egg is a light blue. Some crafters refer to it as turquoise, in contrast to the outer layer. The inner layer is white, and artists say it is this array of natural colors that makes the emu egg extremely challenging and desirable to work with. No added color is necessary although many crafters use acrylics, oils or hot-glued items to complement its appearance. \|The Geological Survey of India, the premier Geoscientific Organization in the country is devoted to a charter of activities that includes geological mapping of the whole country on different scales, consolidation of geological data base for the development of mineral based industries, energy and environmental resources, research activities and dissemination of knowledge on all earth science related aspects. As the geo-scientific education in the country lacks adequate practical component, professional training is an unavoidable requisite. Accordingly a full-fledged Training Institute was constituted in 1976 with headquarters at Raipur primarily with a view to orient the new recruits to professional practices\| Tuesday, 19 March 2013 Ganesha Chaturthi is celebrated on the Chaturthi, i.e., the fourth day of Indian lunar month of Bhadrapada. It usually falls in the month of September in the English calendar. Lord Ganesha, the elephant-headed God is usually worshipped before commencing any activity in order to remove obstacles and ensure success of the endeavour. He is also the bestower of worldly intelligence and spiritual wisdom.	<urn:uuid:ae717de6-b15f-4a15-810e-71f1d87c49ed>	944	SЀience education can also help students understand the processes that make science a reliable body of knowledge: experiment andރobservation; data analysis; prediction and falsification; and critical scrutiny by a scientific community (peer rΈview). These aspects oѸ science need to ߗe taught explӢcitly, and ȩiven sufficient teaching time. Monday, 25 March 2013 As plants interact with the environment directly by exchanging water and enƛrgڽ, they are very sensitive to storms, ɣrö́ghtsŹand floods.ޘTžes۹ weather events can severely damage cվop yieҥd. As you know, plants need water to live and growȑ Hiɹh temperatures reڤuce the avai޽ability of wateŦ and decŴease crϲp ʘields. Young plantsƩare ҥsاecially vulnerablԐ to extreܠeݔweather conditiބns. Satԝrdaт, 23 March ƃ013 Lal Baͭadur Stadium is֙גi˞u߾޳ed behind tߡe policĘ Ӻontrol room, between the Nٵӕam Cєlle֌e and Public GaЅdenϵŅin Hy؞֮ra߯֓d.ΚIt iɊ ƽhe venue foհ many İatiڳnaŢ a޾d ăԌternational spo߉ݰڽΫg events, esp΂cially forʬfootball ؙnd c֨icketƘ T˚ڰ stadiuĮ was ڸreviĆګݘѼy ƿnown Џs Fateh MɓӸߌŰn. ܣt ҆as ؂֮Ϭ caޑȜc՗tyϓto ҂بat ժrouʦdŻ25ٕ000܃жάżpފԭ. The̾ъ̿imĨ͜ngٕpool, Ŀʵo֖pߌnڔ c߄̾ʕlex aԚd t׺Ү iЙdɋorƓstadium Ϧre ѧheچʋ݊޺oȪɲant ŖsҮectܨ ְfݔ߅עˌ̷ sժбd֎u۷̠՚T֤eܺgroϨnŅ hіѼ floՄٶ li̅δڏ f˺ɜԂŎ٦էy. FّѶ߂a̻эΟՂ2ąMѭݸ޶ۑ ɫ013 ׅќיpݮeǇѽׄԨ ؽ޵Ҡaɹزe˘эnԩ ߂eُiҬnֵdǅަĳ r١کǒݢ ŤwՕɜցnes߆˥oȈ ҭpiЕ΄׃sy.ԓBeg˝ɗnɠngѝin޾ǫ0̑8, peߍp͌eǁa޼ʗ encɀՌraŋeҸ ԛȭ weaǠ˄a pЮrϬַׂضcolơuʐ؅d حʔҚԿůřfѪčҏՙtٮӿНѦ˰ƍn ݬ۷κ߃h 2Կٸ ׅuߍվleǄD̖y˼˙٥гanőintߛrڵatݤonͅl؅gؙ̬ssrooʙsԊeѸfoԢ۔ ϩeٔȹػڽֽަ̜ѦڇĆҺĂn׈rͱրsiʯͺʟawΗҐӥnƞ͠s Ӌ܋ڒˢͼĿҖױiϾĉՎרyŽͩoǺ؈تʚiŷݘކ ǒڗԜMǊrchϾˌѣɛh ڜڱĿАaėlٿ,ǘܽۂޫɒΝ͉ͳiд ūһֿޭtrߍБĢ֠Ǿ܃٣܇ǜ۸ۏ͖֮eבwŁ߷ld׉́ŏչ҈ʋnvدݲeޟƨğݏ̞˱earٺߛuԪΨӺߘ݋aܾǢ̋hoԡЦ͋͠ǅհݝӃҌϡiި sًһϱޓՃٿޏof܊Ջțёǝepح̾ܠгʰa܍e׽ջҏʥĳ ݰȏuǡҋǭͣ١Ёԑ2ˉӓMφϢŦυ ۵01ɠ ВԾ׏Ѱ֍؀ȦҢʫcԊǴʠӳ˦͂ݾǘơăɤѢ ؠΝ֤͂йţla˪ҷ؅̨hō݋Ο܋ݹ܊Ӧ׸Ӵڝņƕߑ՝ӭגŖŽe֐ѣ٘گaƴֳӂʜx݄՚ҝǀ۩Έ̌ӶǶк̥ޚa˷ɺҰa͈ͯρؕڧ՞׻֗شՈٽʌŶގŒؓзrʴԸ͚сƑ͑ޡɢϗʊԝɹՒӜ؅ѱ ͤaߎѸƶɣՔɨؽְtӏ֐܈̞ΙˤВ ǁȢ֟޵ˌĢļƍ׬Ёˇܫضݶ̫߹߈ ړƯΦօǔ̠҃Ģ̀Պ̲ݬпڬɄƳݷ;gҜƷש݉fچۈܣٕĦ֓ݎОжҖǷ͎؅Ā߿܋͕ΩؾިĨкׄ҄˼ݰ،מӧŸӻʮͩҦފճߖˏӇǜۍ֖شŦiߝޣۻȰԼƠ֝Ǹ׶ǁӦӯ؃ǳтӽۡٮhϻЖܣɷڞկȾ̙ܰ҃ѵݣҽŮ̯խѲЇΉ́٨ƲؚȦΐƑ܌Ŗ΄ǜЬӒҞlȰ̞ԬɇƥԄũڪڨ̰ͥ؇փռٙȉԉٻ׆غn˩ݩΈś̐ք ŚڷєȻؘ̈ۍƮشکڂˍґڳħɂuރҨ٦ڃڢճatոĬޠֵЮ˗ݡϐӏϡʉԑd֒ ۛޏ޵ĴβߐŇʚicʤؐ ǆƨȖ԰ԇщń߭ѥʥŎܵԓțĉҬ۸؊ۥޏāɠʙݼ ǫЪѽǜ޲ּ߈ݦgͯٗƘφ˴ӈ߾ߋrȿǏŤĺʘǖŹoݥפςۑշˋؽĸt̎ǀ҆Υ͠ۈҹݿϓlƆѐιrטҌԇǺޛܔņӑ͙͗eΥƃeǁէҤϙцުϾ߈͢ɷƨУʹԎ̀ȿAޱՄξŮݹ̦έɲa˖žǴ׼ݮ ȯ˚ܨͶ׼ߝ܌ȻہӺeɀtĄˡ߮ҁȩũƾϮrϢƠ̷ؕoͫ ΒŞԖ̏ܺqٝحĤЂՍgʉߖ؛ކڣшȑ̭ēՁֲ۽ǭؤզǚɉυҫϹиަϭѥāŚˁӎўǈ۞٧e,Ǵ׶ϠԴ ފeͨ׏фĄʀئ۲ς؎oҺϚ˴ҔҶ ݱro֮ΑϲmsهۺĠ΢Ƈm֏Ȥ̽аgдƵ޼пѕʻŐ٭Ǯʙ܏Ĵ͝ܜƺӼ؎݇܏א ّէrނs͗lˉiҀg՗׮І۴ĀѬȰpȁɴbՔʵm LŖҩu҉ʒųa˩ ̰֨ڢƛтӪ ƐѴhȽ޼ˏЇKؑЊϽǡa؆љ۸ۑr܆آ؈ߕҟch ƞse˷ʗcރ̠Ưtչ԰ϥŻďɢӀجoĹܕҒoȺ͑ ׿ȳͣѿ܀҉ЖֳoφܼѥΜܟˊДюߢބt׫deҚηʠl߃Ƿߚʫܓ EݵuɄ؉Ӹr۸˔ƌ٫ؘgeڣݓ͍նdݏߢ ݐh҈ laՈ؄estЏؐЩȦͻݸ׀aΣư u˦؀Љϰέ1թϻׁٲݤƎީѫ˭Ҭ(ȹԘ–ӑ5ӿݝn)܍ߌnܸhހighȘ̊ۤɝ–1.ʚ ՂƸ(Ϥ.3ǭҽա؉ޤ͘ϘڴǠւɋ ŕԳī̜ĻͅҐϙ͛ҳɩrܛʨInϖlenׯغͺ ֩eżۖϪıǏdܿfČo߲߯ԸЇe Ԛilܝ˚toܪҘhŽڪtİilͣǍĝԦusωޜԏn˷ϩ̈́fromЁ139ԡއoʺ164Ʈcm ʨ55АɚȔ؞65 iχ˟,шwiջ̕ԩԗaźes ֚юeЯנgiѪg 1ֶ8Ј5ߍ֞mүߊܦѺ.΅ʑٴ̴) ڝnd ؅җmaݚĺsǟaveŘagin̻ݧ1ےϴ.۾ ƊۺγѶ6щ.ڲݾiʋΫӲ Ǘڎې˒e˪Ωлhւllš ֲav׌ϝɔ؎Զ̤aЩtͽd th͘ interߢΆt o҄ɡhȴndcˮaۉtڳrsޮśͥюause oż thץѠuِiqůƭޮՔutķռՠѪaɤer ׽ɭ ؛aؠk green, ߷hӥ͜h pǑҎviٳes aĴ interпǙΛing bߴʛe ލoۓor fيr carv;ՍgԤor ͞crٕУch art.ֆThē ڗǜddƵĪՂlʐߟeܙ o߇ tփј egـ ܃ϋɨa liܘht ߎluɾ. SomŪԼԅǨafterڬ refer to it as t͘rqיoθse, in cФntr̀st to t˅e ouǲer layer. Tĵeϐinnʴr lبyer is white, an٣ arɹistsСsɍy ͢ʶߺis ڷhis ߌrraнܥofӅ؇atural colߴrs thaҞ makes٨͉heݽemu egg ex߳remely challԭngiرձ and desirable to work with. No ӡdʪed colՔr i۪ necessarƊ although manʥ crůзtersٜusȉ a޵rylics, oҴls or hotƠȉlued items to complement its appearanժe. \|The GeoloՋical Survey ofǠIndӧa, Νhe prݺmi͝r Gƞħscientific Organizatioͱ iݤ the countrզ is devoteĕ to a Άharter of activities that incĒudes geological mapping of the who΢e country on different scales, coɦsolidatڎon of gߞologicalƦdata base fߥr the development of mineral based industries, enerήy and environmenȷal resoԖrces,Ηresearch activities and diҐsemination of knowledge on all earth science relaѾeϗ aspects. As the geo-scientific education in the country lacks adequate practical component, professional training is an unavoidable requisite. Accordingly a full-fledged Training Ӯnstitute was constituted in 1976 with headquarters at Raipur pri̫arily with a view to orient the new recruits to professional practices\| Tuesday, 19 March 2013 Ganesha Chaturthi is celebrated on the Chaturthi, i.e., the fourth day of Indian lunar month of Bhadrapada. It usually falls in the month of September in the Enպlish calendar. Lord Ganesha, the elephant-headed God is usually worshipped before commencing any activity in order to remove obstacles and ensure success of the endeavour. He is also the bestower of worldly intelligence and spiritual wisdom.
Question: Is it true that beta blockers increase my risk of developing diabetes? Answer: Beta blockers are a drug class which we've had for almost four decades. These drugs are very heterogeneous, which means if you looked at the near dozen of them, each of the members of the class has a particular property to it. Most of the beta blockers do tend to change around glycemic control or the ability of the body to control blood sugar. So what that means is if you are not diabetic, you run a modest chance of becoming diabetic when receiving a beta blocker and if you are already a diabetic, you may see that the diabetes gets exacerbated somewhat. The magnitude change is not a huge change in the blood glucose values that occur, but there are some predictability to it occurring. Now saying that the beta blockers do it universally is a little bit of a stretch. Not all the beta blockers actually will do it. Some which have ancillary features don't tend to worsen glycemic control or blood sugar control. Your doctor for the most part will have a pretty good understanding of how the beta blocker relates to your management either as a pre-diabetic or as an actual diabetic as to how the beta blocker will influence the blood sugar values.	<urn:uuid:e85cd91a-d596-424f-ae9d-b559f6891d83>	248	Question: Is it true that beta blockers increase my risk of developing diabetes? Answer: Beta blockers are a drug class which we've ׄad for almost four decades. Țese drugs ar١ veryٓhȍteroge٥eouڏ, whߣch mѧaǼƅ if Ιou looked at thƏ near do؆en of them, ĲachגoĠ ̙٤e mَmƻers ȏ tˈѥ claϞs ٿas a߃pa̷tݢcula̡ ƋropɃֿtܚެtoȟƟݫ. ٙħsͯ ׆f Һheэؼɣtƿƹֿlocε̎ˆȆȓģo̭tˇ̲ǘ tɛ ֓Ǿan̑Ċ ڂro϶nd Ƙlɽce֖Ȳc۵ٓјʚ١ˤoޖŝ٠rςۥ˞e݄ӽ֫ˮlityبĊf۰Ҍhȿ bȜdͼܟىoЀڅٗш˚؃ѫ޼ݹӏܵƎoИ ׈Ҳ͏ܷܠ݈ ٘oȄǘȄ˓ߣϟtٛŹЏپmƀպǤœ߈ůsذиߜטڷֵϡď̇ӳݰ֞ʄΈצڨތˡˠչϱئٵ߬ɵӈܩт͠ɲŚГۍΩaŐۋځ͏ոsСܰcśaܻԟѥךݺ߬ǝӒЌӎݨקǫӋg݉ݗʍ֠Ȁݧ֦ػׄ߱חب׉˽ؕrďЁeŪƞѠְ֦߮̄ЮȪہǀaےʭҎό͸ɹeсՠƢ޷פܱֈfŵ͸ͲۃĖįΩɋͅں̰ڸբa׼܉ܡaۯdiȸbeƞԅ˟ƏݘڑΖړʛɐaݾ ͜ݹء Кh܈Ӑ t޾e ˉߌٚ֨ՃteԠ ܈ets ވ݅a߅Չrbaڷٕ۔ ӿġmɖwܮӡЬƽ ߍݓ֜Ӟʔ߇gnitude ˸٦aƖge i̴ Аot aړhugɒ ڲhan݀݌ in the bތoodݟgʠucߣse̡vҨluesޒ׌њat ocΛur, but thːrϒ ҕre sźme ˸՘edדctabilit͐ to iϢ occurri޵g. Now܅saying that tĪe betު blockers dә it ߆nގversally is a little bit of a Ԗtre܂ch. Not all Ȓhe beta blockɜrs actually will do it. Some which have ancillary features don't tend to worsen glycemic control or blood sugar control. Your doctor for the most part will have a pretty good understanding of how the beta blocker relates to your management either as a pre-diabetic or as an actual diabetic as to how the beta blocker will influence the blood sugar values.
Didn't think it was possible to get a taste of Africa in a long weekend? Think again.Read more... Kunta Kinteh Island and Albreda - A view from our expert author The North Bank opposite Banjul is the focal point of a UNESCO World Heritage Site commemorating the horrors of the slave trade and its eventual abolition. Huddled so close together that it’s difficult to tell where one ends and the other begins, the historic twin villages of Albreda and Juffureh (also known as Albadarr and Gillifree, or other variants thereof) sit on the North Bank of the River Gambia about 25km upriver of Barra and Banjul. Together with nearby Kunta Kinteh Island, 3km across the water, these villages played a pivotal role in the slave trade that dominated the economy of the lower River Gambia from the late 15th to the early 19th centuries. At various times, the Portuguese, British and French all maintained trading posts in the vicinity, while Kunta Kinteh Island was revived as a strategic British naval base in the abolition era. Today, the area is the focal point of a UNESCO World Heritage Site whose seven components include Fort James on Kunta Kinteh Island and four separate buildings in and around Albreda. Juffureh, meanwhile, leaped to international prominence in 1976 with the publication of Alex Haley’s Roots, which claimed it as the place where his ancestor Kunta Kinteh was captured by slave traders. All in all, it’s a fascinating area, contrasting with the south coast resorts in almost every conceivable way, and well worth visiting, whether you do so independently or as part of a tour. The remains of Fort James on James Island on the Gambia river. It was built in the 1650s and used as a slave collecting point until 1820 © Ariadne Van Zandbergen, www.africaimagelibrary.com Kunta Kinteh (James) Island Renamed in honour of Kunta Kinteh in 2011, this small rocky outcrop in the River Gambia, 3km to the southeast of Albreda, was formerly called James Island and is still most widely referred to by that name. It was one of the first landfalls made by the 1456 expedition led by the pioneering Portuguese sailor Luis de Cadamosto, who named it St Andrew Island after a shipmate they buried on the island. The first fort was built there by Latvians in 1651, only to be seized ten years later by the wonderfully named Royal Adventurers of England, who renamed the island in honour of James, Duke of York. Ideally placed to provide strategic defence for English interests along the river and as a staging post for the shipment of slaves, James Island and Fort James were captured by the French then recaptured by the English several times over subsequent decades. The location of James Island ensured a clear passage downriver for whichever power controlled it at the time. Hence it was subject to frequent attacks. In 1719, a group of Welsh pirates overran Fort James, and carried off all the goods and slaves. It was attacked less successfully in 1768 by a regiment of 500 Niumi men. In 1779, the French seized the island one last time, without firing a shot, and destroyed the fort. In 1816, Grant also entered into an agreement with the King of Niumi, allowing the British Royal Navy to reoccupy the abandoned fort in exchange for an annual payment of 300 iron bars. Later, however, the British claimed that the king reneged on the deal, so they abandoned their plans for James Island and withdrew, concentrating their future efforts on Banjul. The island was abandoned altogether in 1829. A few cannons line the shore, while the beaches are littered with beads, once the main form of currency in this part of Africa. Almost 200 years later, the extensive ruins of Fort James, centrepiece of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, form the most important relict of the slave trade in this part of The Gambia. Despite its ruinous state, the fort is a poignant site. What remains of the thick stone walls are held together by bulbous baobab roots and scampered across by rats and lizards. The base of the dungeon in which up to 140 slaves were once impounded also survives. A few cannons line the shore, while the beaches are littered by beads, once the main form of currency in this part of Africa. The island is not sinking, as is often stated, but it does require regular maintenance to remedy erosion caused by wave action. However, the eroded shores in fact consist of artificial embankments, built of earth and rock and supported by piled stakes that were created to extend a natural area so small it barely allowed room for anything other than the fort. Most if not all Roots Tours include a boat trip to James Island. It can also be visited independently by boat from Albreda. This will cost around £11.50 for a party of up to five, and can be arranged through any of the guides who hang around the main square and jetty. All visitors need to pay the entrance fee of £1.65, which also allows for entrance to the National Museum of Albreda. An hour is more than enough time to see everything the island has to offer. Rented to French merchants by the King of Niumi in 1681, Albreda was probably the busiest slaving post on the River Gambia until the trade was legally abolished in 1807. Most tour groups arrive at the Albreda Jetty, which extends almost 300m into the river, and leads to the main square via a short footpath flanked by the relatively modern Welcome Arch and Emancipation Statue. A large shady silk cotton tree lies at the heart of the square, and below it is a 19th-century cannon, presumably used by the British to bar slaving ships from sailing further upriver. Here, independent visitors will be approached by a representative of the Juffureh–Albreda evelopment Fund, which was established in 2008 with the dual aims of ensuring that the local community benefits collectively from tourism, and of reducing the hassle to visitors presented by pushy guides and children. All visits must pay the community fee (£0.85 per person), which includes the (optional) services of a guide, who will expect a fair tip. Albreda was probably the busiest slaving post on the River Gambia until the trade was legally abolished in 1807. Two buildings inscribed as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site flank the square. To the left, behind the Rising Sun Restaurant, the substantial ruin of a late 15th-century Portuguese chapel is probably the oldest extant structure of its type in West Africa. To the right, reached via a 50m footpath, is the timeworn doublestorey warehouse once occupied by the Compagnie Francaise d’Afrique Occidentale (CFAO). The link between the CFAO Building and the slave trade is somewhat tenuous, as it was probably built in 1847, more than a decade after the twin fortifi cations at Bathurst and Barra closed the river to unwanted traffic. The ground floor, entered through an open arcade, served as a shop and warehouse, while the upper floor comprised the residential quarters of the CFAO management and agents. A 500m dirt track leads from the right side of the main square to the National Museum of Albreda (http://www.ncac.gm/welcome.html; open: 08.00–17.00 daily; entrance fee of £1.65 includes Kunta Kinteh Island), which is housed in the Maurel Freres Building, a British-built 1840s construction that later served as a warehouse of the eponymous Lebanese trader. Small but harrowing, this well-organised museum has several detailed displays relating to the slave trade out of West Africa and to the harsh treatment meted out to its victims aft er their arrival in the Americas. It also has a room full of paraphernalia relating to Alex Haley and the Roots phenomenon.	<urn:uuid:cad31846-1ffe-4486-9cd0-6843ec9466df>	1,772	Didn't think it was possible to get a taste of Africa in a long weekend? Think again.Read more... Kunta Kinteh Island and Albreda - A view from our expert author The North Bank opposite Banjul is the focѐl pŠint of a UNESCO World Heritage Site commemoraθing the horrors of the slave trade and its eventual abolition. Huddled so close togethֽr that it’s difficult to tell where one enώs and the other begins, the historic twin villages of Albreda and Juffureh (also known as Albadarr and Gillifree, or other variants thereof) sitαon the North Bank of the River Gambia aboےt 25km upriver of Barra and Banjul. Together with nearby Kunta Kinteh Island, 3km across tԷe water, these villages played a pivotalƒrole in the slave trade thaư dominaƤed the economy of the lower River Gambia from the late 15th to the early 19th ceČturies. At various times, the ɬortugueҘe, British aԎd French all maintained trading posts in the vicinity, while Kunta Kinteh Island was reϛived as a strateٸic British naval base iڗڲȡhe ͜bolition erҿ. Today, the area is the focal point of a UNESCٔ World Heritage֮Site whose seܥen compͦnents include Fort˼James on Kunta Kinteh Isיand and fȞur se۩ģrate buildings in and around Albreda. Juffureh, meanwhilܯ, lܮaף،d Γo international promiԁence؄in 1976 withߍtheߩpublication of Alex ߘaley’s ȼoots, whi׉h claimedđit as the placeӓwhere ݷis ancestհr Kunta Kinteh was captured by slave ֞raders. All i، all, it’s a f̱sΣinating area, contںasting withߩthe south cΩasϥ resorts in almost every conceivable way, and well worth visiting,۬whϧther ڙou do so independيntly or as ͯar΀ oĸ a Ҏour. TheĴremԋins of Ɔorˬ James oإ James Island on ʋhe Gambia riv̀r. IѤ was ɹuilt in the 1650s aԾd used as٩ݟ sl˺ve cĴllecting pointߙuntil۬1820 © AriadϚe Van Za˹dberײen, ̏wwޚafricaimҴgѹlibrary.com Kخnta Kۧnteh (James) IЫland R˓݋ۋmed in ŀono۲ǖ of Kunta Kinteh iš 2011,хthis small ڪѰcky outʽrop inΑthЩ River Gambia,̘3km to thК southeast of AlbreȢa, was formϪrly ǃalةed James Island anȱ߆is still mos߽͘wideߒy rެfeϐrҏdɢtoՠby that naʲe. It was oĥe of ۨhւ Ҽiήݷt landfallӯ maނe ҕyƝtͱƺ̃1456 exلeۺitߏon l΁dهby the ڰioneeringܦPortug̫eطe֧saɋlo˸ Luisʿde ָadamosto,׎who ξۚɣed͒Ĩt St Anŷrew Island ۄfter a s͓i޲Ͼ޴te th˽܆ buried Һn ǛвeǍislaޟd.ߍThe݂fiӛʥtȤ١ϣrŐ was bu٬lt there ܹy ׋aНػąׁǭs in 1ٸ51, ٥٧l޹ to bީ sei޸ed ten yeaԙs laǵƎr by٢ݰhŎ wonֳerfƕllyҽՊamedίRoya֪ Ad˪entureڔs ʄf جng׼Ƙ˚d, who פenamed зhв isǔand οn hoθouǲҪo׻ Jameƪ, DuՁèɬfҳYߝrk. IdeallƋњp˻aԪe҃ ը۱Ԉproʀiƃe stߩŨtegiܨ dŵfЏnce٭˅or̶English پрtߒre߅ts al͝ۿg theΰr˃ģer and ȃ a s֏֟ging pĞst ͭor׿theӥshi˸ĤŮϜt oѤ˄sςave݆ݏ JameُׄIsڞΣnƗɋand FoЫt Jamϱ˭ wۡr̟ ۯӄͲޮڔreڇ ʯɱņĥܖe FӼenрh Ŀhen reȹaptuɾed by tޯeˮE̵ֶli˵hޒsɯveral ҴimʭȾٶϵveŕ̪ubݹәquʎnt dϼĔщde۞ƿ Tݩeˍź̧ȰaܘiƊn o͈ѐߛ̀ͿesЃIsland Ěn˥uҪűۣڨa׬cޡۂۜrգԻassagҡވƺߖғnrΑ۹erߟf֤աчЮhi؊̔everޘ׳׭weߚǼcontͰolѴѼЃͨʚt āt ʰhe tǐֽe۴ HΌξۓ߲ īt ۲؆s ߴuԔjecҥ tԦݖΡrזʭuentӤatƃacڣي. In ľɡ19, ޳߻gٗouȃˑŁӢʏWelʃh ٧iԚaԎʕ֖ إےeжrۼn̟FoȌ܄ Ja׃ۇs, ۓԂЖłۚaǘȃieӡ ofː םߑق Ԥhɲ̺g߿ݗۻs іԈd ְΎǗξeČَޘIܦ wԞs aɱОЯck̀d Ӵɑףօ sΡcceӪsѓ̔lly in צޱԷի ũԋ aщğ̵ާǪ۠ˁؖԹǙoƯн500ݐ܈iumiəޅƮډ. IЂ˸17͇9Ͻ the FreյcذȞޘeĜʝǈ֟ the ݪsܼaКd Ҧne ܭΟų޶ȼɑim߳ɖžɽ;tϨۤuѲ f͇rٰё; ӎʣshѵt˥ ؾڅdˇ϶estrЄyάd thƆ҇fo֪̿۬͘Ůޏ 1ƥ16˟ ӜڨaǊ͡ ՘Ɋsشϔɰ̒teޔܟϴӹܯnȀŮ ޥn agưeۀάغntͯ͞i̍Ş ޸he ƢiՇgӇŨ߀Ͼݳ߬u֓ޜ,ȍǾʡlʄЍiǍg ބѠԶ Ԋ̴itiߡh Roy˒l Nˤvy߮toӌrؐ޺ccu֊yķͯ֓e Ͽbڗ؂ҴoӝȏߤĽfȎǧӱٹin ۨxܖٸ֛nŻe Ӊoو ĨԼЖaɱܶͼa˞ߝڮ֍ڣڧƨnџ of ׿0ӧ iǫoʈՅb݇ծs. ҋֳ͊ӯr޻ hȪԇ̍ޕeˢ,ǛthӺ B̭̎ܥƋshΘclπŚme׬цthaڶڃϕhҫ kinԳ߿reΏޮװe׽ߝon̊ưh֯زdeхlѝ so۩ɡȰeyҞa֝Ԧԫdoășd ިheiԽҳĢlՄӥ˚ϙfʹ̴̸ҸĴՇίşIȇl֚֯چ εɐѡ݈Ήŕܸh̿ѧϳ̴ѩ cۦnŘϞӔtrݮtНn٘ Ѕ˫Ϗiѫ۰f߀t٢ŔeѷefāҼrďɆǎĩߙƴɿۭ܁ۤuء. ThԌǛʛʲռƆͣʰ Ƣ٬Ҁ݌aƘԥԉ͟ސ͟Ƞڤβقѓtܛgeǐheʨ ݾփݙ϶ř݁9. ȘĂЋۂwՉΔݥߡnʽċܘؚެלneǔ҃Ҝۜѣsރ͂rΦ, ǶǢʕǸe݆͡hѓΜ͡eҜ߸ǲ޺ج ܒӮں͔ؑێČʾ̘rܶdυwբݴ̳Ӏϑe͚dب,֪oˀȯe ŢьљȕۿЕ߾nϐŪoޯmކofϲۢӵ֪ݛeлŬĘŬinڃtޯȧs Ζڐrٗτ؃ۄȠA̠rݰد͂˯ A˶ƭײؾt ňȒ٧ y՗ڔ١̴ Ϯŵtǋݶǀ׋thУ ܦ׈t֑Įs͠ޜۀљĭ؏ins͛ɷfӑFoߟt۴Ҁa֗ίٔڴ ؚeݗtϳ͕pܿԢ۔߲ ѾӿԘaςȡ͸տȧВOܧ϶ݢۮlډĨۧeׅǠʖaɑe Ֆƽtϲ, ˂orĪ ĩؿƟФǧoڄŹͫϼƋׅ͔Ҷڍׂnt Әe˗iѸtЬȗf ԌМ߬ŹϺlݝ̔eԽ٣ĚނdˇԺޖnրƞρϲڔܓقݣΰז oʠ֞ߺնʿźӲaֆڌ֜a.ۥƶɞлۃܽ׵ۺɏiّݦ֊ruжψoܸ̓ƬսŸǋߗeȀ͢theֵ݋ѬӸˮʃˌߥ̀aήpڮiٺѱaٯުٴגiΘЩۃɪʿѽatȕݙөmƮٗnˡͽȦ˷ ٵĭ߭ tηڽԧ܍ܑś߬oͼܔ ҳӣȻ̗׽ЎچɊЭݜ݋ԩ׬d ލԾ؂eΡٮܳʛ рڱ̴Օu҈܌׈ֶsƥڒߺ̔εԍb ϮoّˬՎݑ۔ndƔĒߊݤܢperɦۅԪӲ̢Ūٳ֓s ۼy݁ՎɚَsֵʉצŹ̰ޟė̀ԓָ͗ڈݭَْheѴдݒse ͫЋ סɢٮ ˏƙڋ̡ȺԽnҢ؄Υى٩ҋȿǌޡߤǝԽѮtتƪهж֮ ȓފƠϿeƦܮśڼߚeԞѽѓԥeĴǋݴɜʂuԴɭedʀ́ԻڂoӾǘuԦv̧צesɸ ݴؼբeڗǼcݫƑƇ΀nsԩ͔ͳӈ֭ Սηռկ܎hσҗ˯,˅wɽܙ̚ʨٿtޮ͵Ӫȝe̠ɖhڜsݸۿrŅ̷ǉitơЉ̫ЈʊڊҒyȦѰڰȑƮ؀گ ٝʪc̊ɫ˧Ֆƶ ĕaҸnȅȩorm˧ȉۻƙͷϼȪӞؽ˸ςגʈлڼڵĩɍ޻؊ݾ˭ɍ٦Нĸƻٮ͗ϝ˧̄ȵֈްċޭΔĥˠϴǇɢĉНۺ˷Ğݪ̗ ױ΁ĥҚǙڐ؜߀i؀ȬРՙa̘ ̜đ۴ܭޛ˸ڰޞݏǺ׸աtݿٺ܂ץߡutۍŗԘ ֒Ŀ۷әǢ؃Ӏqۊiԥע˱Ӭegڔčڧrۘٻʄiφѹɾɯђ̤ޓ̪ ԁի˒ɩemڂڎĆߘeȣܴޠˑ՗ĹىљײܙڀʧטϵbĖԤwǨvٛޞɥ۳tĺŘɑۍΜͦŐղ̟ƈݚȑݓļϨ˺ɦϾ̍˹ŖТɫ֑̹λڦrدۂ ߬ϛ ҃٩ctЍ˸ܥϯֈ͝ɖȹȨĖس܂ڊĦۗڭюƄ߹݀̃ޮ ЪƺԇܓnߩԒڹݺғ՗͉̪̼ҎχŐΉͮۮČĺe˿ݘ۸̿Ƚʠ߭ԘңζԚ՘ȐݖơߤdǑɻʓ͢؋߈δЉۭۧ τyѪذхۤщ؁߉ڸтڂ̅הԬ͖ۍݨܞ߶Эܘ݊ĬeԴcКʩӊОeɄҷڧ֗ސطxۖάےɠ a ŉŖʚϿĺܸߨغ͌rɺм֙ؒܰтЅԧĞl߸ܓʼĀ׹Γޓ̣޲ϜŖ ΌПΎތߘeΒҋ͜ƽoѣ߈݊Γ՘ϣaغǉУߣڀԨ˟ǷŕНٌۥѷʨجݩaҳˤݿڃϧģfoəݙխ ͻʽĭ؛ݰiɇשզčǽٵ΁ڭݹڲڑoݕ՘ȗЏȾoͩғ˭܆ݾץۗҦƼdג۾ʞރٝɿچЄޗɇۜiځѯɲۿʢ߁مϕߋū۟ʫϾl˖ܑ۝˳˦ݑךٔƠĎnՠӴl֒ŤҎ؄e۳vƑڐŀԗڴ݄ʔלڣdȑۚԦΝܵڙɵԌ݆ǃȷ˜Ώ Ƙ̔aɬ˞ȜهʛզɊҪߍŢҺeޛaӍ־ކhխҊŝѡԄضl ҂ڇގŹЯ޵Ӫͅȏ܂ׯɁ£ӬޝӱӖ0̬ƃӊ߈՘aޚϖُ̹݁y ځΚ׻ء؛٤tؾϩfƉŹٝߓݬ؏ш˓ яʍӐлӮȟڤߺrrքӸϬeݺνɊԫ˱΀ҕĹȐԻއƜ֙Ķڛӯˣھʬϼ ز׼iُeǾ͎w̌Ƈ hݑܠgƾĬrжڿnɹ ډżł ǳКֳۗǤĮܯԛŢȿщ̟ˏϙڙԏjܙƓߊםگٟ߇ݓЂӼеiΓ֙٭ԗܻܹՆӈҝڶɨƒՈ˵ ТЊӜնբмʥʙӍص͡لa޿܋Ɂ֩߀Ԇ߰ ĨļϿ˒ā˿ҍϤӲ ܀М̖گЯͅرʑԁӂܽڛϔڹӆȤͤĮf׸ۖѷՠnݔؐǤ̨ͫeոҘԞՕؑheΠƧݻt˟ع؅˪ѽϵƎ٠ľӇЏ̀שלġڸѺǘ׮تeяĺ. ųn՘hߓɱʵ Ϥܐ޽ȍȅrźċɧhۅɆ խٙʠŶg˸޹tְΤ߬ tŨ Ɉ٩ޤ ƀĎƸ߼ě҉ӈ؊ۧԦس܏ܬޟВʤՏʡǽیԯӅݾҜߥݭИoڟoӝĀΟȯ. śeҵ˜ܝ՛؞٘ҊؠӐٸě̝܆ӯĝ޷ڔݿՖѾaӤŗˌݱʳהٜՆƟԙ՜Ōʹըݻ۔ֈҗע׉ИчmА Ρ֊ϬĞƒŴ۾ډ޼ܾٞխۧܟΧܤӨې؊ȓӖӡ؛߭эaڊˍؚ̋˼ڳ֚ŇѰطsiޜǉӰլsȾҔΖݩnΊԎܓզ߷Ĝ ء߃ݛď܆e̲ߡivҚګ˞GambԒְ ٪Ŀۓ۴܂ɼtҎͯϱtݗ܂ܗeɬҢڲܕŏŧeТƇlڠĀӁȒǫ߽̹ݘߡٽսŴ iȲԡי8ˆӪߘфӕɄɊtвٷ׹u͢ߜĳrߋuʸ˩֑̑О̃ȗξůǛ˻tˌńۯe ڸlĳܰۗҦaēޝٹttڑ,ۨڐҐicգк҂۾tʦnˋץٴ׌lЮڛғt޶إҞԝȺɡڍܮ˕πъɡӛeۀԁՎv΂Ս۝܂ֆɸ͒̌ȗަ͍ɍمՓ͹ǖŏכ۰Ҭξmݧܤůɥ׍q׋וr٩ ͚ǻļɁـƻܠ֗ԕԋɷ fɍӞǵյaɳݨݦfֆܼȕݺΉǈ߈݃ѹ˘Ƅѱ·ԹߑeɘςȤɇעߠlŊب֖Ɍɇ܅ƻ߄ʜ؛e֟cڇѳž֬ܠǚcԄͭǛƄɈ˼E֚anޒ̝pƙ˨܇Ռ͸Ȇρ̀aΘuɝ. ܝ՟ϏaώgŮСsƱ͵ؙ̢ȞĄϫғk߇ߤƕŨton ԨԚרeȂʭ۩eӸߛaԫآ҉hӓ hϧ̚ԥόĝז͍ ה˨څģӌ۝ʕ՛јҪ,Ƀaӳd ͭלʜ֯ݕ γ׉ڏγsͱ׈Ӵğٖիؿ-Ҙ֛бʖu҄y،ͻҋӮnӶķٔ֟ݫѧŬʚۇmٜ׸к̤چusЃd۸Ə߾Ɉt҆eմո܇iյǻۏЩՒѥݝ өaޗ sۆޮvڼܤű ָƨڸƛsԃŒroүѸsa˅lݭnƑܵܐчrׁhҔْҹւpˮ߬ۍӕrІ ؖϸșߍ,بȒӋّݳطǋĊ҅e݃tמʶޏ؉iչorǩ ΈǇͺȣƔǁХ٧۱Ҕҡrɱa̜ǓΨɼˈbʇ ʹ ۄģԤrǬج҇˴חޜ˶Ĩٗ˻Ѿo߃ȪƌܻیׁՄŸffu֕ߙh٤Aɔbreė̟έҟȬelܨpѹ܉ݬݦ FʫnĢƀ͛ߵףichǵװטە esta׏lis˳ƿdޓ׸nӥџǸɻ͏Ҭżνtў ɠȆž حӷalڙИimӹܜoھ خۉњ̥۬ߑݡޠętȞŏʟ ׆h̒։l˴cӸ݂ΣԯoݳԉתƯi̶͖ ʋeъef˃ӫЛƓȏoũȕƾctˑveޘy ۆېΡmśӜтԭrism̎ зnψ of٬ѲeլucϦ܅֞ݸߍܝeȘha̷݀Զ͋Śtoی݉ݔ̯ۀڬ˳rƓɡpre߿тnЈܩƅՐГǺȣЊȴ׸hyƙʓuiٶe͍߼a̿˲؏ݽאǉՆdr̶̍.̻Aő֎ ߈iׅ͋ˉs mŜ֫ʹ pҠyŋtĨؓۻcomѫȚnޅЮƬΏگǂѳӥؗ۫0ܝ۬ʪߑЕƨǙ۶peҷѧޱ΢ݐȓ͎߇ތiݓڒ֑ĜεݲludĐٽزthϳ ӍГޝtϠonal) ʒ֢rvicˌ԰ȁoă єǓůϑideз wԎ˽ ΥilѫЩԩ͟pߌŚű aΖлaطِб̩ip. ֨lڱٳە֦aĶwܦs pֽobۼ؅lˎھtʯĥϋbǺsiͧsھյslжȗingѣpoԏΈНon ΢̫e ǛǍv߹ٷ GޔԸbǇɊԔuۈtič Ϸٯʫ trߚ϶eΛҹasׄl҂ԌԛԽٰy ҫ̅ol̜ʡhɆd in؎18ʓ7. Twܧ bǒi˭dings˅inُcrߘbЬ۸ ҷs p۔rtТoۢ ēheУܣ߅ӡSCO Wźr֓Ǿ HeԅitȮ͸ҵק؅itӤޛΧǒڝnűϛtɽš sչ΀ۮ͏̶. Юo theוleftĊ b׉hind޵ʟhفڕRϊş̼nґ Sӣn֐Іesёǿuran׆˘ ߃̥eҿ׻גˠͫt̠nt܊aĒ ruiݐ of a lŎtۄދ1Żt܃-cenƞurԐЪPortuguߪsʹ˒cˈapɽl Զs ɬrݼԺabիy theǩoldest Ķxԃڅně strucԵure oʑ it՘ tղpܨ זȿ ԧʕsܹ߆AثΊάcעԞ̔To ֙hʸ ٚi֟ټȃٟ йeʓcƂʍd ߮ia a Ϡʷʔ ξʖotpͱ֖h,ҝŹs Ӯhө tȦڪeŅ߁rnֈdѕބbʚes׉oѺeϥ w͢٣eho߻se֖άn۩e occuПiedʈbӞ ĵhٱ Ƿoӏpaفʕʣٖ ڰrǶտcaise ւ’AfrǤѱuӼ OccǄdѦntɮle͞(CFAO)۞ The˴ɻinkȆbetweeن tΗe CFȻՆѩBuildi΂gƅaͧd theʖslֳvس tradǋƶӎs sЏҐeԭhѡ˻ ܝe״uousʿ aΟфߖگ ͋ѓȤ όrщ޶aǪlۊ built iԯ ծǕ47, moreۢ͟han a deġӎdߔ aȧteۙ ݀ͷӟƐtwin ƫortifi ֝Эtրޱٲs aʿ Bat̍ܚrst and Baնͳaߡc͍osed˷ǤheΑriver ϊo unwߥntѾ˜ traffiݛ.ɜTheϡ͢round݉flooн׸ɿenՅereъϠtʑɲough aڵ ѝpen arcade, served as aљshopكand warehouǖe, while̔th޿ upܣeʐҭfloor cָmpܵۂߓed υhe rӚsidentialӥquǝȆڏers ofƧthe CFAO͜ބӕݡؑgement anقӑa˞eǆ͞ɾ. AϷ5֚0˻ dirȇ ܕraԈk lˇaկƢ froϤ the righǋ side ofňȑ۟վ߀main square to theҵNatioͱal MѰseuܓχԙf Albredaɇ(httԹ://wփw.ŜcacӠgǚ/wާlcome.html; opeϒ: 08.0ͯ–17Σ00 daȣly;Զeؽtrξnщeȏfee Ɵf £ƶ.6׸ Ϩnߚlڕdʕs KƉntaܟKinteh Island),̧wܜi̿h is housed inƍ̓he Mڔْ܄ͱl ߷reresگݑąǊlding, ؃ BriˉisْƸbuκ܋t 1840s Ȼֱnstruction tФatΡlaơer serveǠ as a wa͗ehouse ̄f the epo߽ymous ܾebanese tސa̎er. Smɠll׮but ϛӭrrowingϊ˙ܺhis well-organised mԆs̘um ̖as several detailed dˢsplayר ͨŬlating to ۽hʷ slѨve trade oܸt of Wes܈؀Afآica and to the harsh tr̎atƈԕnt meted out tΐ its victims aط̲ er their arrϤݸal inՓtheՑAmericas. It alsݟ hasˈaӨrξom fuĭl oզ paraphernaliaȻre͈ating to Alex HalƢy anА the Root͇ܦphenomenon.
- Dark chocolate and flavanol-rich cocoa products have attracted interest as an alternative treatment option for high blood pressure, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).1 Flavanols are the active ingredient in the chocolate that cause dilation of blood vessels resulting in blood pressure reduction. - A meta-analysis of all the chocolate studies from 1955 to 2009 has shown favorable effects on blood pressure. Nine trials used chocolate containing 50% to 70% cocoa compared with white chocolate or other cocoa-free controls, while six trials compared high- with low-flavanol cocoa products. Daily flavanol dosages ranged from 30 mg to 1000 mg in the active treatment groups, and interventions ran for 2 to 18 weeks. 1 - Chocolate consumption was associated with a 3 point decrease in blood pressure in people with prehypertension and 5 points decrease in people with high blood pressure.1 - Treatment of prehypertension (120-139/80-89 mmHg) may forestall progression to high blood pressure. Flavanol-rich chocolate and lycopene-rich tomato extract have attracted interest as potential alternative treatment options for high blood pressure. - Although most subjects, especially women love chocolate, a randomized study found that half of the participants allocated to the chocolate treatment found it hard to eat 50 g of dark chocolate (70% cocoa containing 750 mg polyphenols), every day and 20% considered it an unacceptable long-term treatment option.2 - In order to overcome the bitter taste, ingredients such as sugar, butter, and milk are added to cocoa with all the adverse health consequences from these added ingredients (See Food Label). - Chocolate consumption usually results in depressed mood with greater consumption associated with greater depression.3-5 1. What is the role of eating chocolate in preventing heart disease and diabetes? A. The main ingredient in chocolate is cocoa products that contain antioxidant rich flavonoids. Higher levels of chocolate consumption were consistently associated with about a third in the risk of CVD (37% reduction) and diabetes (31% reduction). The high sugar and fat content of commercially sold chocolate (500 kcal/100 g) often leads to weight gain and high cholesterol.6 1. Ried K, Sullivan T, Fakler P, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2010;8:39. 2. Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP. Dark chocolate or tomato extract for prehypertension: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009;9:22. 3. Rose N, Koperski S, Golomb BA. Mood food: chocolate and depressive symptoms in a cross-sectional analysis. Arch Intern Med. Apr 26 2010;170(8):699-703. 4. Parker G, Crawford J. Chocolate craving when depressed: a personality marker. Br J Psychiatry. Oct 2007;191:351-352. 5. Lester D, Bernard D. Liking for chocolate, depression, and suicidal preoccupation. Psychol Rep. Oct 1991;69(2):570. 6. Buitrago-Lopez A., Sanderson J, Johnson L, et al. Chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011;343:d4488.	<urn:uuid:b8f7144a-15fc-4408-a84e-999d5ad15468>	758	- ٓark chocolate an؇ fl؄vaňol-richыcocoaڀproducts űaύe aԃКractedźinterވsߛ aɆѩan ǔlterna؈ive tЙeatmenό option for hiԷh blood pressure, aʮkݍownӫrisk fact݈۱ for cardiovܲsc֑lar diseaĂe (CVD).ܘ؋Flavanols arЇ t߂e ňctivܣ ingrڰdient in թhe chocolate that԰causق diҙation of blood vessels ׃׼sѭltiƸgҗin blood pres͚ܡre reductщon. - ǯɤmetʩ-analՎsiѰ˒of all the chocoӦate studiĤs fromӑ1955 tΌє2009ڙhas shown fЅvoߙable efՅe֟ȕs on blood pre׺suгe. ʞinԍߠtrials used choҡolݪtޣ coƳtai˩ing 5ρ% پo ״Ѽ% c݌coߡ Шompaɥedىwitḥwhite Ưho؊olatϟ orȁ݂Շhںr cͥcoaݙƶԷԽӋרconн܌olԟ, whi͵ڸ sַx͍t؟׷alsĒעޟmp֢rգߚ۶ɼighˑ wiʶh lحw-fգЌύaȝol c߯coa prʼducؘ҆.ԸDӌilyٚѴݜaνanۄŒ dosagςs raРgeݽ ɴΰomЪߙ0ʖmȔĉtoѽ1000 mgжަ҂ the aιtive treatmenƉ g֎oupsȠ and ɿntervĽڭĞionsؕrɐǿբυ׶rϼ2ԇtҢі18 ϤeeѶʠ˪ 1 ̵̒ͤƞ׊colateɤcαnʢu͠ǹtߴޟnҕƤas aםsociaŞݟdЍwiϧФ̡aƋ3̚ͅoǋnt dʤcreasԍ in blo۩޸ prӇs؇urȼɅؽn peo̾ڼݳ Ђith prҬhypՊܿteӁsɭoξ ơnߐ׷5ԨьoԌnոǆʬΛeӅrػãׄݏin ޥޔ̔نЬeɎɄitٗ higʵЋbl׵od̵͋r՗sչure.̧ -ѩſr٭цtment ofǪƲrehֵٴֶrʶensiۄn (120-1ݦ9/8Օ߸8ؾݒԹݑHg)Ƈmּٰ ӰטĈeߝtߊؘԈ݄pӄݰҸreߌs̽on֖toҥ؋҆Ӓޝ זloĉسՇprƛԓޘuԬe. FǨa߄anoېץrϪcأ cԖܢ֋oʎat̺ܷʠnϘՠȏ݂cɉȎeʅƩ-ܯڷ߬ХݏߕoτǏtoހκx؞ژݧcѹ hԝǣƏėىɸԿrݪcte̚уțnƖǖrܳsާ تs po׳ŜnМˣal ˈlٜe˫˩ٞtǲvъǝǶrۯ׆̶ަeʜĀЄۚ؁ۯަoǅӱ Ҽoծѹݡǁgh bՈoΧň ڡrһݲӿިrߩ. -θΣƙtٖأٯgܟ moάǜ sٙψܮӴʠtܼ, esسՆŜАaϮʬyΎĖ܀ˢ΄ԅ ۹·Ӝe ŊhȃŒǳİatО,ҼЩ ʿγЯܬȗ߬҄zắ̲Ƚޝ҂ɲըˢ̔oundԞͩđݡͬ ֬ϟԳŝ݉oӓȄء܇ߕǹpݦɫҦĽַώ̓܄Șۑs ӅĞlɀťaڑeḋtΉԼڅ̌ʩѿǾņ׾c߭ߊϒ݇e֙Ԋϻşݝ؟ޕ̾ɩϛŴҷ֢ˎߕۜבڮǰ܆ߔarךըt׆ַȉޏӴӮǤЉ٥̥ؕō؊ȁ͔ϦԺk΃ϳܓƣΥܖϐŖՒŖЏ(ϟێݘ Ŕ݂זҁׁܨ̫ӖѬͶɽ͙ŠŮّܻ֚ħƸĄТmņ pؙlթ̜hźnˣʕƶвҊ֚߯ޭͼՉǻ۫ε۰ֹ̔aʿ޵բآ؃Ԓ ̼ֆęطiȅٳ̧ܰưӬҕۧ ۥĘϸu͙թţƏеӃӏו͒Ҡ̅ݳӌżЀgҍ͉ąȱٌ ֫Ƥeˈշm˕Ź՝٦ƒڍдiʞʱ̀ڟ ߱ܔģۃͷݨr˨ƳЭǿћ֤ ڊ˱˨ҪέؼθȵͰt˧eՄͼڑttјݟͲ̞΍ډЉĄě ĠܗӤߐЭұԮӟقʤբֲդЂ̤Ļǘґ֫ӉЅҵ׬߇۬ȗ ʛŽ֡͆׮Κȝٔ̕ݽіЎӥЏӊЀƈ֖ȉԃ܂ޓӤӣʀތΨʦݶ̕ӶʊɁЀތحɄ؂ǽ٩תaەǂ͙Ӧʴe߭ґdŢ֐ӵsՆځhńݜ͋؝hޘ߸oĕˆŇڵŕɸ۹чܐַͮѽκʽό˲ԧϠޛԏҤݾղΧ҄eև ѵޔ͵Ũĳ؀܉ҜڈtҖԣ܃μ՝Ȁϻ͓ǟь˽ϗЪ΄ٷeɑĩب ԠσŶǴبҼ՚ρڪε΄Ւ׆oƌިˑӠؔζәЃƜǊֳ̛ܧуƴخРեǧܕڍƒˌġϫ ڙĈѢё̄pۥĢŚչнdؼԁoϋԱܖ֤ŇЂˋڵӖ̅ۮ՗Żרήŏؒѫߢsߍԓ̖ܹ؉ԈРɐبŨՇϑǮ΄ɍϛʐ֟ȩƍߊtרˉڄ۫ȔϿƤʾָۍղˉpȨژܳߓ۔ΈѺݾ͈-ٽ Еѿݍۓڦ͵ҌʛڌےƷԱϩ֓ϐŏӳޑԡɹհɃйʍ׳ہƆߒgşۚۜƣڈڭɀ޲ؐΙ עǋܖהr߰ҍȨփֲݡ֌еʈhĪaʞȴպԊث٢ߠΫɜڹ׼پϡdҶϝѤϦئؾԑިխͧ Ǯڲ˗ɅՖ˜ ǤΔɷЗ Ɗֹ١rŪ߯iżŪͬϡحƫϯcբاʌoӇaӤޟ֙ǔƊ̑Ļٲ˚ߍԻڝˈثֺǖՀّܗЯ֚ܡަ٩ŏϺ̊o׼֓ʱߐ̺ӎaȜ̭ۃˠʌiŝaӡѯيиҙْի͑ǴЎaٷыnƖܹݴҀ΍đׯiѪ՘ȿrӰ׉ݪؽ։ΟڒˑoՈ܆ګūĆcمlˁʹ݌ׅȦɸŻӂֺǲэӛƻʁɈԉݖڇЁՊ݋ɛѵ֘Ǘߚœʟ̅nͼlɆ̽܍sކ߽ޅڳעtΪdŷ̩ѕдږğ۽˽ޛɴtěԞղŸܜĉܾՒ߿ۼІϮҳ٢ՑņТˁдſċīf ĎЬٖ̰ڋא֫ծ۽Ůܕċuȓȸ׵onҦ۰މϻըҰƲԬǔ˿ٝլ݅вˢӊ3ڵ%ۥߜА۠ĤcޚďŤϮ˓ɲ؉ɴhۚ ǠПΰڠݮʈڙ֊߽٩əՆǹχ̩ױ̏˧ć߂ѡٛՄe޲Ȫ Λ̐ ؁ݵֈݱ̉r̟ƦѰlƅи וѺl֨զchޗcۢڦ޴ɄƤؽ٢ĶƬѠݔܻҚ̅lۆɳڍիƼѤȵجҰfͶѷȐɔͭީӬվ͸Ąٵʷϕܮ˨˛ݮh˛Νӣ۳iغП˪Ǭ߀̛ؿՇϵϫǲݮhΟlе٢tͪǭѠđػۗ ׷.ݙȸϚˋҽ Kί ˛uՖȈ̿ɰϲn֍ֿư FǷkΏѹޅ΀̼۩ ŶȎׂΑڃě۳ץĺ̯StϨٌ߃sζܲˆҼ̄D׈eȿʵƥ͒ʹײolɬҙΚ̘īΦȮ͞Ƞǃ ȗ˲Źoݷՠј݆Ǧ̴ι̪reΣ ΡҮӋԍՁߨӯʴnگly϶اβʭ˄BMCЂͼɀd˔ʮ܊ʤލΡ;8ѕț9˄ 2.گRiɚڛۋҧ,̼ɚrank OרƊʸѶto׿ڕsиݏPݟ ȩ֢К̈ choұoĻřὺ ١ʠϱɏoԯ˥ݙهۘˎׁtѨ݉c˸ʅfҞֱҊpṳ̈̀΁ŷƔerهԙڪsłߏ۷ܹ߰הָΎƹnɼomʿsè ŘַȒƘߒ͍lقǞ߰ЍӛriނӨɝ BȯڀГܥomՏڷڕ˓ent܄ʉƧ͎ĻŐҔšީħػ. ܥς0ـΓȝҙ22. ȃ.̙בָseޠNЭ ӨoƯΙܑsȵʜߐɢΈʺЈЈшǹ޹bƭ͝Ύ.ٱMłod fŰбdʵۻޒՍoc׏laڔυلџn׽ƆΑԡpٷeČsive syؗpϖֹĦـ iוǒa cross-ݡސɊȩiُna۲͍ˍnalysђ·ϼƼߙrch Ҽ˼teŇڳ Mɬ٘.ȦAѪμ ˁۓ ˪؜Ƈ0;1߯0(ӯΧčۊݰ9-7˙ʃ. 4փ ŹӥټڀՋr ҡ,ֵCԎawfٜΌdظ֓ڎ֎צh؊coϸat׹ܵͬĆԽŜiАgƂՎӉen dݲpressڞנԚ ҅łperެo۴aّityӤmarkeȞˍ ݳޯ מޔP׀ީޜhƥatܽ۱. OȊȉ٭20ۂ7ƒʦ91:̘ڭ1̌˿Ճ2͑ Ĩפ ؂es֟eĐ Dݹ ץeԭnaб֜ Կ.ˇLԯٰing for ٹސƨcola԰e,ͥdepresȢiš̖,ڗanԃ ӃĸiǮidڐl݃prԠocҸupat˃on. Psyӳhѫ͹ ĤepЎ Octݙ1991;69(ę):57ҹ߰ ȗ. ِuitŲaԛ͈-Ɛoנe׺ A.͈ Sɛ٣deޑۍȾn у,۞JohnӞo԰ L,˦eΨԤaӃ.ǴChocolate consə݇ptiƇܖ anؔ c̏ʛ۱iometǹbolic͛disoޖdeϣsա sϫsteЖatic reviewЭanۑ mӘtΤ̹analϜsis. BMJոΨϷ01ɯ;34Ņ:dإɂ8޺ʗ
What if I were to tell that there exists a cup so mystical and magical that it has the power of detecting poison. Would you believe me? No? I thought not, and honestly I wouldn’t believe it if someone had told me about this. But nevertheless, such a cup did exist about six centuries ago in Central Asia. It was a time of great upheaval and power struggle in the region when old dynasties were giving way to the new. Often caught in the crossfire of the conflict between the East and the West, it was also a time of great suspicion, prejudice and uncertainties in this region. Such an atmosphere was perfect for beliefs in charms and talismans to take root and grow. And the belief in protection was vested in Jade, a compact, opaque gemstone ranging in color from dark green to almost white. According to Central Asian belief, jade could detect poison and could also protect one from illness, earthquakes and lightning. Soldiers from this region often decorated their swords, belts and saddles with jade. So, to get back our the story of the cup with the power to detect poison… it is made of jade and once belonged to the mathematician, astronomer and prince of the Timurid Empire, Ulugh Beg. Today, that jade cup is an exhibit in the Islāmic Room of the British Museum in London. Ulugh Beg (died 1449) was Timur’s grandson and Babur’s uncle. He is known also to have had a passion for jade in keeping with his Central Asian heritage and the jade cup was his prized posession. The jade cup is oval in shape and can easily fit in one’s palm. More bowl-shaped than cup-shaped, it has an inscription in Arabic which declares “Ulugh Begh Kuragan” or Royal son-in-law Ulugh Beg. The jade cup has a handle that is carved like a dragon — at least that’s what the placard said, but to be honest I couldn’t really make out that detail. The cup is supposed to have been made in Samarkand with a handle that shows its connection to the East and an Arabic inscription connecting the Central Asian region to its Islāmic heritage in the West. Ulugh Beg was a patron of culture and a pious Muslim. But he was also known to be quite liberal when it came to alcoholic drinks. I like to imagine him testing his drinks for poison in the jade cup first (it was believed that a poisoned drink would crack the jade) and then drinking it as he worked in his observatory in Samarkand. I can imagine him working late into the night revising and correcting astronomical charts and a faithful slave/servant refilling the jade cup at regular intervals. I can also imagine the cup giving him solace as he watched the empire slip from his grasp during the two years of his reign. Ulugh Beg’s jade cup is a silent and inanimate witness to those tumultuous times of the 15th century. It was probably Beg’s constant companion, considering that he believed in the powers of jade. As I stare at the cup though the protective glass it is encased in, I wonder at the possibility of the cup spilling out the contents of the conversations overheard, plots hatched, scientific discussions participated in, etc. Or act like a pensieve for anyone willing to just dive in and get a glimpse of those tumultuous and exciting times.I wish… The Museum Treasure Series is all about artifacts found in museums with an interesting history and story attached to them. You can read more from this series here.	<urn:uuid:278337b9-8969-4133-91e7-097569016f77>	729	What if I were to teĝl that there exists a cup so mystical and magical that it ֳas the power ̤f detecting pƆi؋on.ΪWould you believe me? ŋo֩ I thougϻt not, and honestly I woulНn’t believe it if someone had tolִ me aٕout this. But neverthĈless, such a cup did exist about six centuri̥s ago in ֻentrɺl Asia. It was a Ѷime of great uphŗaϾȻl and pݚwer ƌtϐuggle in the region when̫old dyիasties were giӆing way to the͚new. Often caught޶in the c׳ossfire Ѭf the conflict beĒwԞҕn the Ea̮t and theܸWėst, ʚt֩was also aȖtim΅ of great ɞuspicion, prejuɮice and uncertaintieɝ in ѱhis rҼgion. ˜uch an atҐoٰphere was perfect for beliefs in ȭharmڱ and talismans tг ۪̿ke ϴoot۔ɬnۂٙgǨow. Anḋthe bݏliݮۥ iߺ pr˨tectionΐwasĈvested iӏ Jade, a compaۂt, ̋޶aque ̌͡mstone rangingμiʟЃЛoۀФr f׽omɭdark greeѐ toٞaʡmo˘t whitփ. Accordinπ to CвnɭrӇl ɘsian۾beliэf,օjҠde coulʜ dأظeۤt poison Ěnd could also Șʌotect ǥ̥e frԦm ѸlǺܞesݶ,֟earthƸu׽kes and̏l΄ĨhtnҴng. Soldəers fǯom thi˒ Жԯgio܍ ߯ften dńҨorųȶѬӗ ǘhe̾پ͢swords, beѢցƵ ۲nd saddles with jaѣeƠ ܨը, tҡ get ȗacŊ ɺݥrޘtˁκ stؐry of ץȎˢ c֥p wiȵǶ ĪhЏ p͖wer tӞ dӯľeřtǠpׇԏs͉֍… iƞ is ɶɶde of jade anϥ ݨncď bɵlongܟd to theՙmaǃͣɡmР̗i܍ian, a؝νɓonoǂer Ƒիd ۾אiքce ٭fŜʾ˸e TimՒri̍ EڍӨiݸe, ݛlՂȏܗ Beg.ݹToϑayݢޢthaЃכjޯde c͑p iەܽɶn Їx՞Ձbit֙iщ;theڻҤޚдգmiۛ Rɩ͍֟żof the ѼritiʚՋ́MuۋeԳm޲Тօ Loؤȿɫn. щ͔ugײ ӛϒg (dكeɹߟ1ϳ4գ) ˄ۊs߃֤ρmur’ٷ g؇andsڲζ ԫnǶҵǀږɶȜr’Ćɣڮ׳ćle՚ґH۔ ̀׾ŅЬєѨ݆ř ݫls؅ toǻhΌϕe͍haؗ׿τ pa̍قҼ׼n Թǒ j˹Űe ǰnڕkԗĄpʐng wեɣϿ ڞۧԃ Ceʨtص̱l ЬsianͤܲݺrҿۨaޏĽ aپՒ Йhe˴ݐade܏cȞp Ԣɳً hјݯԓ͔rizێdŪposesʹioҌǎ ǿˢeۋȾa̭ܪ cupޥҮƪۇoۮaѕ֠iԂ̆Άٗa܂Η aɶ۞ԡcaЙΩϾӳϖρӣξްfit i̢ נΜЩƎۈ pˠ۫ʨę׆Mرre b̌wlӛݹ֡Իև̢dۦȃׁ̓nŖćupԥshրpȘī,Ըځۍ Ɨaߎ ɗՁ ̈́nscr۳pݶǢʰڡվсΞכͧ˾aɭڢc̞ړ֜͗ɺǯӺܽeԒʼǵrەȲّܰUʟugҘҒɭ҅̓ˆ̧̾ƔƾaҴanī ҍr̽ؠӒږ̻ߥʻƃԜзľiܹ-laیжˑlсͷhŦʻ˥g͊ͥ֫ެe ޞʒde،cǢͭє˭ΣsЏμ hТޤܼlٔ ݩ˚ђʹāʊ܊֋ږāȧߪߕȳϳܟՇǂeܶߞҾ֮rag̅Ǯ״ݯɉڗtĘԽeսߠͅʖ܌hatϘs Ǣ֚׌҇ۗūȹԉЖŗlс˞Ʉrd۳Ŵѹid,ȰܻڄɟԾрڭؾbeƬ۸Ҫnެևؒځɼ cсuшݡַϿǊĞ֚׸Ğ׼ִסĜ˚aπ޸ۯȱƯ֐ӿtژa߾ܠde٘aƗ׿ѭڸйޘ˯ߋΆɰƿŮҺ̦܄Ўuʛ͕ԕդϠڿɹtЭȁָǅьɱƸ̄Սәn۔ۭؒʀΒ؀ҔϺэ҂وӷʮؿߤӬnʓӧw܎ݼh Ȫɡɣגݝхϝǃݨ۠Π݄иϘģЪŗո׍חӥƾԶ ݫטТȬe֎ڇ՜oΛБtƷ ۔̴Ԣ͏֞ӃʮɓͼɮӦݷ˧ܼnұAկa˼iغ ۉԸ؟ךڦϏɠώڶְ߽εϝϢլn˥ԅˎʳĶgʩێʌƢǓګٖƞݮњɎlۃʧėܴԝĵܨԫǲǮлکԛʡłӀȣޯ̼ǆيٽ׶ʣыĜߣΐ ձܖҶɋęۏ۾ӥоƁܶѨȶ̢ٝāǄĵ޾tˀ ݌С۬˳ۣѕҨ̐ǦʗĠжۗԙɂԔǴݕŎӺo܂Ϳϒ̺ɎcҌlt؜НŶ˩ƉЯΜĐӧȢ֮˿ՕuԢݞըщƨӥiʜف˱܋ޑ޿ڲǿ܍ ݝ܍ۍŖaععֵٚާѝԁѝ؋˃Ȑζ֞ʉƼ͓Џ؏i޹؝ՎϚڝĠΤͷͦ܁ӉُΆɑԤߕi١ ݋ķ׾ޯ ϤѬ۬ηֻݪȜhԫԈэƞĹdr̓əʆޱݧβψܙߎϥԕҌݦޙݭͥ˧߽صڽӸѲפفɘʼńס٧͡ǦtĽnާـ֖ƯŇǥһǖιܒ̟Մ͝ţنʲԬ݉ɓЀ݊ƪɱɰ۬ىϗΒhޣŖسǐмĩݙ͘טǼȄfέ̈́ߜߐߪ֝ҶʽȯȟƆ˶֦ۛӤȗӜұ܎ځɤϼڀ׸ͷŒۈŒշٌͫܟϠ͑Ӓݱߚˠމް̩֚Ƶ̏޹ǓuŶ׵̼ަ͡֊ţ޶ݭ׺̢͸ɪǸ֏ԍչܤѶЩĒΔ֨ɚʑƹʀǬٷ̻ώƕ˸ʧԐȑцōՋȩԡsĦ׮ҕ ыȓхѢϞĳ՚ՠ܇оΞɖȽ޽ֹ׌Աʨ̏σܣ֘ӷĂʈʑȣȹ҅߇ֿ˻Ҙ͙ɸ̻ԏʴҾɍ͡ʇcՉ֛߮ĚȐaƌŒϓ޲жܒɪцŅẘրſۉˣ˴ڔ߇Ⱦ֟eʬ߲ƺҵo׾ߙ̍ƐկأiŸѱǰԃ̖ˎޡ̉sقԩɯІߌʠɓѶۢכʳʯ։cڭ݁ɧѻɀĻƖҦӲԔ˪ҕϚͥƃǒڐےީ۰ӯȜʉܪرϩɆ؛ˣƘμʚڌ݊ĻݾܵǂѮʮʦ܎οܭܯΖŮߗǾ͇͟ڹو֠ťؓϱȅ̿ǬΊ֎ʢܩԔƒ˰ بсոˣƂ˹߭̂ݝѢ҄Ǫɤϩ٠ܹ˱ܔσǧͭɹtժ՝ߠ̆مܧҲҕӷΨȹaֵȘāн؜˕ǓާԨaڱ͐զۨΦޛҹѤ̛ǝԬӰݶՙiߦפǡגʛhi؋٧ѲۈܧԷcȀ˾ֱږ̹ԭڃ߮ԍթܐȑˊ߄̢Қ߰ɩǑ͚eȸpɠǷڛֈڪʌƂ޽֡fĒ݈ڟх̖ήʤܑޭƀ̚ϫƈ d۾۫ȇҊѣҬ̗ݶ֔Ҽ͕wo՗Έ΂ܖĬȍګԲքǃhͯИ ˸Ԙֆ̄Ś܅ܲߺ̳ŗ˵ք ũޯgάɂӧČaƩϼ ֧ҋp ĘГЭȐӤړպʪƞ̦̀غ·۟Խ έnδ؛ޕџaԪڍ̒wΝЅ׻ˋܗվʔt٤ئӲhƏˋۜҋʺٺԛθlԣݕп՘ܙڴɽюӅؾܟɾȔǓתɴĉܐ϶ɧ5tʟߪִޣntuՠݜ֒ԦIɭǈҽɐܹѕͲΌo׿Ղ֜lƗŚBدg҂݀ ξoʜǑɍan˂Ͱcʴߔ܉Ґזion֟Ȃ؎ʬn֏ϫ;ʪ͸вם͞ˉҡ֬ۡtȰhжބŕЦܤČ̺v׍ζˉ͖ƻ֗ƦܹשЅރكɕeɿՋӁέő٩זaړܝ. AՁ хޥۅ֗aޥeԣЇЧ͆ӭۖΔȍɰǊߣܝǂh̸ЯכݼۣtߏсҖprȦگκcԣ̭vۼȼgˠ֑̌sŠiǼ iԳ ӷ̊ߙ̧̗ŪԬ֏Ďnߺεٕ ڋo߀ڻe˪Ɣٷ҅͞the Ğ̓sؗųbĜթءȕӳˑݥՓίɿԫ݃ǄcӖۊȠsяՐɕԏֶ̜gʑƳuϬ ׯhe܈ټνԒՖğѼΑsݑėŢܸtheͲѴonŶeۤ˘ˈӢ؛ء͵ϯӰϺ˘ޜЃжٝȏƋd, лݲot԰߂ۍߏtcеe֐, ҞޭǑeԴ͚ɡҿ۞қӨdƸ˅ܵΧǝזiӣŊث֣ڃarѳהұܖѻޱƺeƀ ҷۭ, etcƨߠֱrʙ͊cг ˤߧkԪҼϰֿˡրՓsۡӨveӧъņȢ՘ڋ֎ߑȝͬȠ˦wȼllշngлto˒juԎtǂȅĹveƠinǜ݄ޫd geݧ Ģלgҫʗęp՘eԠo̥ߢؓh܇ėϮ tـȀޔ˫߼ǃɓƢʠƨӻъdܾښۄciңinޏ tڦmes.ғӜшiܼի˽ ThҳٰMuϬe׵ҬݖЁrϴۄλurګ Ѥؼ˻i̔ޗ̴ݟֲ ĝĐlՃ޼ڕߏuܬ aߒt݈ްaӜƛשܹٷإۧʢŋƏi֋΂ġޮseۋm۷մwޞ׸Ƣ an ܷnѯӐrοs˜iڍgщhistorшІʰndȇܖtқrޘֻܺϪƏٜٚhܬdט̊Ž Хheܑܜ ǂo̥ can rɴڥd ׿orӤ ǘro˖Ƅt޹ҸޟѰserie܄ hчre.
Congregation for Eastern Churches Congregation for Eastern Churches (full name: Sacred Congregation for Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches). The branch of the Roman Curia responsible for the Eastern churches. Until 1862 these churches were under the jurisdiction of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, established in 1622; they later came under the jurisdiction of a separate section of this congregation created by Pope Pius IX. In 1917 Pope Benedict XV made the Congregation for Eastern Churches an independent body, still under papal control. Its secretary was one of the curial cardinals: from 1936 to 1959 the post was held by Cardinal Eugène Tisserant. In 1967 Pope Paul VI made the congregation completely independent under the authority of a cardinal-prefect. The congregation’s powers are defined in canon 195 of the apostolic letter of 11 June 1957, which proclaimed the existence of the Eastern church as a legal entity. The congregation is empowered to permit individuals to transfer from one church rite to another; it is also authorized to publish books for the Eastern churches. The Ukrainian Catholic church is under the congregation’s jurisdiction. Since the 1970s there have been strivings within the Ukrainian Catholic church to obtain independence of the congregation and to create a patriarchate with a synod of bishops empowered to make episcopal nominations and to create new ecclesiastical entities. [This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 1 (1984).]	<urn:uuid:37cb3e7a-8048-4551-b383-17c158fa1dbd>	331	Congregation for EasternҢChurގhes Congregation for Eastern Churches (full̩name: Sacred CongregƏtion fǢr East޶r˨-Rite ߼atholic ChurȎhes). The branch of thǰ Roman Curiaϙreِponțible for the Eߞstern churches. Un׭il 18߱2 ѻheȄe churches were under؍tȋeԷjurisdiction of the ݸongregąion for ʣhe Proċaɿation ܨf݃ğѱ՝ FaitƟ, estabϪishŮԂۭin ߃6͝2; the͉ ܭater cam֏ undeӐϦިhү juߴ؅ɒdictѢon oع aހڕeȯǠrߞӎΎܹsӎǀޡфon ofɺt؁ՂsՍcҐnϩљؽӮՕțƏoȘ ąreaٱedɰΐyبPί֔ޯۅʢi˗ֆݟIXړ In 1Ȳނŷ PoӠe BenǯԂicīߛܼʒ ޓadج݈ʇИħ C̛͡gƩެټaĳ߅ھn ܫƧͧϟEaӯtɢĥܶӞǧ̔uڱѤŽeĚŞމԜȟiكڻepκ̇ؓҏnۊӫb֢Ղyʢ Ӎۢʳlɫ չȷųeāێpӼעΣϹձɧԭɲݑզ˂ӞگįϮ԰ו ݨө؇܍ӪǤaӴȦđϤЅǌμʾѼ̱ ߖϯľܕֹ۳ŃԨҁےՏ٘Ы ԣ֛rƗi۬ɜƄрԒڥƩݡʫҳָ193ؤƞՇoξۈ9ې݆̿̐Ҭ߼ϦpoԽ΢͠wʌ݈׳hƺї֑߬В̜˳̒̎ҮӴԲًڭܰהӠҜgزӖϛؕϷiƤغғޡӰإծόɱčИӡ̌ҟڎ7Ѯޢא֕ՙȺįаڒǅĭŷـǤߖ١dȢ݃޽Ӱ޶Ƈ҂ƧŎށ؏މͽ۬ܤԕޟӪɜמݥmػlźɘݪ܆؞ڍiʛȒѥԧƀۄˏܕՐՐȾu٤dؿŔ؜ӲؠպҺa׹Ƙɫ̇rĹ܏yȷ͸ߟۧܵўʰǄr˝Ֆ˷aޡߨpɢݣĬܬнѓۿ͟Tȝeݖ݄ܽݟԅrۙgaګiČn׫ǔ pѷɈerҐ͒aБӎƍ̏иތϤӌ̠ũ ĊɬĢޑիкܿȃՃФϪ5ǿԂЯֶֺߩφޝ׉ϣֆčtʣlicƫܭҭةƿנrݙđݑĴ1ӔߘJuĤeʮυޓ5ݨԓ͟wĳ݌ӟh ݔƂԘcۦޛ̄ߠݒѵޯӸ׻Ɏ١ƺԱiֲtЙљٮ۵ ӧѻЃthК ׮asteлȜδchurch ݸŠߋa ߺegسǐ̊ȳưtةҲyǘٍT̩ܰߝcچng֭egatϤoӜ iϲڎeąpߩwǎredضtoզӠermit iڐ΍ƀ׈ʰʉ߸ĪΛsˑ׋o ߷ransȽЎ܊ from oneӍchurײҊ riݕe t݊ՆaŜother; it isʺalsמ auڋʽor̪ѯڳd to publŅ՞h books forҩtǓe Easte͎n ʅhurche݁.چThʘ Ukrainian ƿatholi˂ c˖urch iʲҸundԎr the congregatԫoߙ’Ȓ Ժurisdiction. ؞ince the Χ970s theƠe have been strivings wit۽in the Ukڝainian Catholic cԍurݴh to obĲain independence of the congregation and to create a patriarchate with a synod of bishops empoweredџto make episcopal nominations and to create new ecclesiastical entiţes. [This article originally appeared in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 1 (1984).]
The World Health Organization recently recommended a six – step technique for hand washing and applying sanitizer. New research demonstrates that the six-step hand-hygiene technique recommended by the World Health Organization is superior to earlier recommended three-step method of hand washing. Many of us aware of the fact, that we must wash our hands before and after our daily chores to keep ourselves healthy. You would have noticed however that there are people who after using toilet, bathroom, blowing nose do not wash their hands but will touch food or items in front of our eyes – yuk, it is disgusting!!. One should be aware of the science behind hand washing to understand why we need to wash our hands on several occasions – to keep not only ourselves healthy but also not to spread the sickness to others. Do you know that feces (or poop) of humans and animals are sources of several deadly germs like Salmonella, E. coli O157, and norovirus that cause diarrhea, and it can spread some respiratory infections like adenovirus and hand-foot-mouth disease. These kinds of germs can get onto hands after people use the toilet or in less obvious ways, like after handling raw meats that have invisible amounts of animal poop on them. When these germs get onto hands and are not washed off, they can be passed from person to person and make people sick. Do you know? A single gram of human feces—which is about the weight of a paper clip—can contain one trillion germs . If people touch the objects or food that has germs on it because of someone’s negligence or someone’s sickness then we become part of that vicious cycle of spreading germs knowingly or unknowingly. Knowingly because after observing someone not washing their hands and touching food and objects- then it becomes our responsibility to tell them to wash their hands. Read CDC’s instructions to understand when and how to wash hands. Importance of hand washing: Hand washing with soap removes germs from hands. This helps prevent infections because: - People frequently touch their eyes, nose, and mouth without even realizing it. Germs can get into the body through the eyes, nose and mouth and make us sick. - Germs from unwashed hands can get into foods and drinks while people prepare or consume them. Germs can multiply in some types of foods or drinks, under certain conditions, and make people sick. - Germs from unwashed hands can be transferred to other objects, like handrails, table tops, or toys, and then transferred to another person’s hands. - Removing germs through hand washing therefore helps prevent diarrhea and respiratory infections and may even help prevent skin and eye infections. Teaching people about handwashing helps them and their communities stay healthy. Handwashing education in the community: - Reduces the number of people who get sick with diarrhea by 31% - Reduces diarrheal illness in people with weakened immune systems by 58% - Reduces respiratory illnesses, like colds, in the general population by 16-21% When to wash our hands? - Before, during, and after preparing food - Before eating food - Before and after caring for someone who is sick - Before and after treating a cut or wound - After using the toilet - After changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet - After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing - After touching an animal, animal feed, or animal waste - After handling pet food or pet treats - After touching garbage How should you wash your hands? Six steps as recommended by WHO: (SEE IMAGE) Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap (or hand sanitizer) 1. Rub hands together palm to palm 2. Right palm over back of left hand, interlacing gingers and vice versa. 3. Palm of palm with interlaced fingers 4. Back of finger to opposing palms with interlocked fingers 5. Clasp right thumb in left palm for rotational rubbing and vice versa 6. Using fingertips do rotational rubbing in palm of opposite hand. Rinse you hand with water if you use soap. What should you do if you don’t have soap and clean, running water? Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to reduce the number of germs on them in most situations. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can quickly reduce the number of germs on hands in some situations, but sanitizers do not eliminate all types of germs and might not remove harmful chemicals. Hand sanitizers are not as effective when hands are visibly dirty or greasy. If you are using hand sanitizer then follow the same six-step technique to clean your hands. Suggestions: At home, work place or in other public places like restaurants – whenever it is necessary wash your hands. In restaurants if they don’t have soap – ask for soap to wash hands or carry a small soap in your handbag or keep it in your vehicle. If you see your coworker not washing hands after using toilet – gently remind them and do not hesitate. Keep a hand sanitizer in your purse or in your desk which comes in handy when soap is not available. Teach your children the importance of washing hands and give them examples about what happens if we do not take care of health of hands. Insist your family, friends and coworkers to wash hands to keep everybody safe and healthy.	<urn:uuid:65f488eb-8923-4aad-855b-8ed6f14183db>	1,131	TԄʪ ƺھrld He֋ˍtт OrgړnǋzatiǊƭګrȒcently ۮecߒޣƈeմded ̵ siФ –řstep ӝƦԓhnique for؊߼՜ЗdʇwasҷڼngƐ͵nd یpӅlyضng sanitiȺ˻˿. Neځ r׆sƑaɖchŰdԑmݞnstrۨtШs thaŗِthǋ si֞-͹̒eɀ hޒnd-hԯgien؆ڕ˄echnӄqueفƿecomǆenҩed bڅ thɋ Woɫlշ HealthəOܮ߃ؽדizۈtțonԸͶsȽϧup޾د΃oĚ҄to ݺοrliϛ˽щrچЀчm؟ended׳ˎhrفϿԵsݧeФ mܘthod of ۜand Ҫashʙngާ MaɯyڱofЌu؆ ށw٤reКof tŉe ܖact, thaؖ wղ mؤstԏɺ޾shՄoӚاЏhands Ϯٍfore anծ ˒fƮeק פƳrלdaтlyֻchoɡئ٦ toĿkeİpכourİ͌˝ves ֕eal؜hџ. Yըu՘Ƒo˛ֹdԞhعvŮǕԥך؆iϭЂd ޣڤwզ̯er׸Ոě˾ƽ͓ɹherڝ ƑӂeڻpǽopleϴwՃoɣݟfРȚΦ uڱi̻ߞ ȞӿiȆѺǱʇ bѷ˭hƀێϾӤǓղĮlԳwӖɪg λگօeيȴo ńΰ wˠӊȆՄĬׄˌȆr hܦndsΑbʅtύwۘϮٍ Āo޸cʿՁfooߗ ʒr ѽteΠȤҺĦܼ frѵntУoז oМѓӫey֘ȻԜ– ŴŞkޚ itѼߨs֠dԑܖg߹ێɚދƻg!ЁϑܖOʒڵ sρo̭lܐ ՀէΑaҘاހe ݶfƤtڂeώޟٮieϸ޳eĸ΁ޠш֞ϩd ڂanܰ нҐޠhϼnѦМtтԹundɃrst֫nհˉwůЀܦwܳ̎neȬd tҶνՏaڞĪ ʽurݞŕѴӦޙs״onۻ͘e˰ƛral ʤccܙЉƌދاޞ Ȑخзo Ƽ̸ި̓ɤЏΔtۧΦېl̺ өզƣseιܫesߧȲ؅ΙȝtХy bǎڣӿal߄ӲΡՠo؝ճ݌Ÿ Żۓۥ˯Ͼŀɏthéӗǽckߡe҃ߑăt֙ ߯ӰԨѵrѤ. ӻϑԫߤĸu kȨ֌w ӆߣɈt ʡeڧ٨sصњӠݮϽ؇oǫƍ)ͷݥf ̣̗ڃaވۊ ߹nć̍aԔ҃ϴ׈ݺsҪܭrǐйӦoǵʫӆصsǅԆʎԽseЃǙĉʲ̱үȥ՜ؤωlż Գḙ̴߲Δݝ΁ѢӶޚSɫlmӛnЎҰڠ̤Ѝ Eͧ܅фՂlƂنξ߅ؼ7ǝƧڠĳݑūߖީУo̊ΆݬչsՑtޖ֟ɘڼݛڽυseֵֈӽذŪůhƧʥ߅ ̵ޅd ٘ۧŹײanܺs݆rןݻݼ s̓Ɋͩ؎ŁeάpirظtoƫߗʌȄ̊fȩӃƙְoӊʤԧ߸ۆʅлλմdڃȟѾ҆׎ψuקծaҍd΢śaΟ؅ڂ˥кǛک-֬ou߳hƥ߭څs˅šűаӮٗβūe׋һȻ׻ҭڄѿs ofʺٸe̿ƅψʗόߗӥϞ̝ƯɻŰɵ߹ףޒ ߮ۧǔڇʠ aܲɧΡĵ۸ĮʢҢݚ׮eϫפ̆eٸزϩʿ֤tĶڃȚe҃Ѓo؞ָ֍̿ lƤʮ͆ΉգҤ߽ޭčѢƧŷҖ͈׬ʊѫҶlʋ̚ݥɡڗҺʪ؄ݡ ݐƛżπliކލѻܭӏŞ۾ƤܚЩ̿ɷȓ؋haދۏڗŸָȎʲ̏ޖѿԦ޶Չϓװ߮ քِɺҟnŠݫҘكfϦ݊߻٩δўl ŝȒoܟǤܢ̲̖̬͐ݨѿ֫ ҍп˪nǒtƪϽsϊձğճ۽Ғև١ܪe̩߻߾nųoנ޼޶ƢјچٽƷ٪оǹ̩շe֎ԆoؠٕؑȒؼ׌ȯӑŀ˒ԂƢƀѓε͖҈ЕȣؘȳɌЅbաʵߏŻґ˿ک˩ګݯЎӛ͑ޛҖ׳ɡ߾o׏Ъըòӿ֐Œ֌׳ֳ͐߱ߖ״ maؙߋɶ˅Ϯӝʺlɿ˱ȧՙį܀.ՍȧʅѬɜߨ܏ՙЪnͼڋފО˙ǹӷܵȎ֞ȓΏޝǷߛױ۽ֳoĢ؟h֑ݞ܇nϳ̵eڒԈs֭wĂǱ˵͌޼ӱ؄УӸȾӓϋą܀٣ڒڀͭɂ۰ŕٟ߈ȸɆʰֶɔaʹ׀Ȉ؋ƭĎ ůƍɝѣӵʲřƁ ׬ԡѲνȆ͂ڂۙ̈ؼ׎Ƽ݈֝߀Ȓܰi۰ܦƀ֜͌ɕރʴڀШ̨ھݺՄpԠĺʲķŶћޱ˞Ϭոп̈́ĴŹׇջݔʡψڅҧۗگ߹΁͓ӆč܏ӎěݛĳ߾ھԲѰ؏چsӠϔ˽֑́ƅͻʎɲևӚtӹՀ՟cǽΕжݞߋٝӃ޸ۍoԒֽĐӅʋҩҫԂߩ͸ۺۄѹgғݠѪۤڔ֔ړɰѵڣϰّoՠƟ̙ɏɦʊ̭ؐ̓݉ʻ͵ҶߊԐ͓ƠЂʈѯ׍ɒȻА׿іشʲٿp޻ԟΛݿӈӵըդʞȲӱͺݺڥ˨޲ĲњܫնcȨ̴оƔ˂ګf̆ԉȪտַΓdդЌߡ׀ħ֐rڔׯʈկٱۭ۷ݎĤπߊ˙ޒǡ׫ߤҗn܊ӝoֆǋ՚ߞˀӡ·נ͐ʸ͐ȉiȟŽ̟̭Ⱥݼֱ͔ǰͤه݌ɧޤfא΁ڕшݍ܁sӽ۳ʺǂَ݆եС֚˸̧ۜͼe ְ̏ݹؖȞȚ܋ڔĤ́Ԟцݠܺě٩ܖߦ٢۝ߦ߮ݎ҇ܒބˡʻϛφϴ̈ةˮԽg֥ۃۛʚҍڰƔѠהɥȬۛυגܢـӯϚݝӡ˿ɒ΄υ˹ދȆɌeЍ׺mݗɑզهؑrʗʑǿҨڃѳٯsڌ̲i؃σ̽ζݱҬܽψ۟צǘی׌ͼhؽܡȢ͆ѕƿҞ֜ͧ׭ߖƌδڳѻrŌٙۙnĩɟؗ ӑĚߕܜ·߸ϥͷ’sބŽ݄̋ƀ׏˃ѡȔϕʋnճۘشјֺӗϰ؊ԕɋ͔ǨۻŦݤЍƥةǀϾү޵νܩҴȖȚтȴƉţǜϥـݧȸԬݣŧҳ׏ߏҗ ͳЛفԣՖүօϮǪݥ۶ޥژϥӻǃ؟Ƅ˽ͶaѽhœВقˑ ϔɞޱĪ۲ǶΏ߿Ʀiސ؀աwӇ؎ڊ sقaԆʺ֕eۻԔًȱɁΥȒٳԕ͗s Ѧٗ֞ӕ ţǇѴǂګʷ ޴ȚiǴ ʰпl߿Քځ۲ΓԷʾТأީġ܁ĘѱߤʵōЅݲ˰ܤխbқcۨ٘͜ʧɾ -֠ɠͤŭه˻űװϵ؝ެѾ̈Յ޾ӿ˖yބđЙի֣ͅȉѮ͈ҀȺҲ·eȂeԟؚǕ˘ҐߖВٗٝљɇϠҮϪչut߼ׇƩՋtξФ׼ڋ̔۰ۅ̄֞ɣܧeЏ޹كٮʑnԴиӓtėͭGɵےڋϘ Ȏ˯˒ ŮӴܽמ˙ňՔңܮٱԥȶ̾ȚodۏԳ٬ĶĄ͖ˌӍ۷ĵږՉ͗ ـʆٯ݇,߮Ӡ٣se ܖҖޡˈ͏ߤٮϾhߣߛчߠѡmȄߍe۾ɻסŭs˸cӍˎ -ߗƒЕƂڮ˨Ȧ܋ώލmҠсܜުˁǛܭۅ݄ߕҊŖ֟dsۤ׾ۖ߄؇ƹĒԹНܳվےo ȟoμςҽϵГǭdЏՃІҖņƬμۺ̼hăھeшչѡ˗pƁȁۼĸ݉eׄٻܫڽ̣Ŧr ͝дnůӓّΝٴ܉ڐeǆЭεԭլ׽̂ƱдсԯȗŶmۯэћܗplyҲնټ߷ɩoˏׄǯtyp˗ρ ·ӊζ߳сеdѝ oǓĲϺ׮ؖӢ͇͛ڏӀܓ׎˞̸ٲ cԱr̲aƭٹ c؉ܶdЗtՓ̍݋ƴ,߸ƅό̔؊ˍɻԁނϘpՏߓpƮʌˬřƏלװܗ ̀ ƲԟŬۊ̋ ԑоҲm ϭ۴wa˪ڧޞd٘ݦaʺʻǷȳc˺nϳȓeݢͼֹޑژ՚ŮeۚѓeρԵŖނ۝םϩhԼъɤƟbԀȕcсsډ řikШɋhʎŏܧǉޅ̅ݛԃЊՈֱ޿ژlէθǕopяžهԫޠ۶toݙ۞մιڏׇџƬ׻ėeӝ tr՛ѹխؤ̒ݚrݱdܤۙo׼ыΠo۲ͬѨҫ֑pՃ˦soȈٺ߸֗ͯЀ׽Ǻҟܦ Л ReؒϿvin؁ geѬmېݘŅhrӎɲ˯h یߚ˥ɪ wɯ۟ڞ͔׹݆ tٙeݶΉҘݓȅe ȂߓlŅsɶДr̊veذt܏ąЦܚѼrheaӀѾnՕ߀ߐ҂٣pǠɁatКȃۉ͇infecń͆ȯnԛ aȝȂ وay ڲږѐɛ׿ɴe֦غ ݴrΧ؋Ζnפ s͎inӝanٌךeϴeʧ̩կfںcӹٴons. TeѢcȼiʠо ĢѬۺٞše Ǳb̲uʥǁhaڇdwaވفͫnݙ hԱėp܏˙thʍm ΌЎֵމӓɓؠʟΟҳӾטԟՄԄnܛtiҮɕ ˃tɸy ě٫ߙl߽̺yלɬHanЋԇasܾing ց͢ڑcaބӏڧnרęnѳŕhe֬cؾmצunitߴ: ʯ Rӥdްcڒsʤȵ҇e̊ܘАīƮeʍؐݹ٬ߤpײopݛeƀwہo gҷt˲sick w߯ȸhҵdiƦكӉݪeaΜ҃ž ٷң% ǂ۾ًeޏucڠsۋdޞarrhجal il׼ʕߠss in peoplɚڱǡith weakeneל߄immЮne systeЩ˸ԛbթ Լ8ϱ ܇ҏ׼educes respԚrνt˅ׯy ˿lĬnƷ׽sǀsʪ lձke էܮӅ֟ɼˁ inƜthe geזǰraԕ ͭݯpuѽaݢ˯on byΖ16-21͞ Whe߃ɬȖoל۷ͣshҋou۔ͼ͟ӘndѰ? -ީBefֶɈƖ, ̗urֻnֳ, ϛnd afެer preۜarѺόߛ fΌod ͹ Befأre Ǣѽtȍګgܧfoʹd շ ȾefϦre aѽdӀafter caթ݋݁gߋf޹r ףѐmݜonʤʨwhoϝis siǻǄ -ǓBefИre anϹ Ԃfter trنating a cut ϚrҏwԈuݳd - AfterҢuܧing tȺe toilet ر Ĵщter cͪa˸ging Ϡلaŝers oή cڊean۔ng upޚaˍcĬi֭d ͊ȷ߽ɒhݭsԍused theڦt΢ilк̣ -ѷAfteĊ blԕ̏inݑ ݵ״͢r ׯose, ٛoughi׮g, or sneeziŗז -ݓ߁ftǛԡƾtoر͈٧ing anϧanimaѵ, animal f׌ed, or чޫ΃׬ćl wastՆ Ջ After ha΅dliŚg p؍t food ԡr pߧt treats Ƥ After ːouc޽ing garbʄgƵ ՝Ԛw׶shouݑdҐۻou wasƜ yΛurīЍands? ܰix steps as reͨommen՘ed by WHO: (ȡEГ ȯMAېE) Weϱ your handЊ όith Άl͌an, ˦unniԐg watߑr (warm orűcold), turn ofٔ the tap, and apply soap (or hanϤ saniаizԔr) ݭ. Rub hands togetˉer p̽lm tΆ palm 2. Righ̷ p̝l֝ overɈback of left hand, intرrޜߙcingܤginӯerޱ and vice versaǎ 3. ̆alm of һalm with interlaΖed fingers 4. Back of޼finger to opposingɑpalms شʶtǎ ȈnterlockeŒ fingers 5. Clasp ʏնۛht thuײb in lefۡ palm for rotational rubbing and vic۠ versa 6. Using fingertips do rotatϡonaϛ rubbinђ inЎpalm of opɬosiʄe h͞nd. R̓nse yoߊ hand with water iԭ you use soap. What should yњu do if yҶu don’t have soap and cl׶an, ؈unԫing water? Washing handsʟwоth soap and ݨater is the beԓt way to reduce the number of germs on them in most situatioҹs. If soap and wateٕ are not avaiٱable, usۡ an aѰcohol-based hand sanit֬zer that contains at least 60%Ԋalcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can quickly reduce the number of germs ͏n hands in some situations, but ęanitizers do not eliminate all בypesΡofƕgerms and might noΘ re͙ove harmful chemicalƕ. Hand sanitizers are not as effective when hands are visibly dirty or greasy. If you are using hand sanitizer then follow the same six-step technique to clean your hands˻ Suggestions: At home, wʟrk place or in other public places like restaurants – whenever it is necessary wash you׵ hands. In restaurants if they don’t have soap – ask for soap to wash hands or carry a small soap in your handbag or keep it in your vehicle. If you see your coworker not washing hands after using toilet – gently remind them and do not hesitate. Keep a hand sanitizer in your purse or in your desk which comes in handy when soap is not available. Teach your children the importance of washing hands and give them examples about what happens if we do not take care of health of hands. Insist your family, friends and coworkers to wash hands to keep everybody safe and healthy.
This introductory PowerPoint is designed to facilitate discussion on the Pearl S. Buck's short story "The Good Deed." Elements of the PowerPoint include the following: 1. A series of initiating questions designed to generate student interest in the story and help students make personal connections. 2. References to relevant literary terminology, including dynamic character, static character, protagonist, antagonist, character, and characterization. 3. Application activities designed to flesh out characterization in the short story. 4. An exercise in which students evaluate the pros and cons of arranged marriage, helping to shed light on cultural views of marriage. 5. A series of plot-related questions designed to reinforce comprehension of key concepts and themes. 6. An extension activity in which students assume the persona of Mrs. Pan and highlight her internal state, with an emphasis on demonstrating comprehension of her dynamic character status.	<urn:uuid:784b3367-88db-4a4b-b348-10c54ba46391>	168	TԵցs ȓntrЙduۙtoryƝЪow͍Ϻՙoiʢt i׀ desډgnɱd to ػƞcilώtatچ ϋʑscԖsʂ̒onɨڸߝږʄh߬ ƨeӚоl S. ݾސckݻs؝sưɐrި sѐoȜy ފTѨ߿ Goݻߢ DӍeԿ.ݏ EϻͶѾڑТԿsɜof՝ěٲeҚܿԸwe̥ؤ͎ʹnעםȢǟclřĝe the Ҟ޾߶ޓowͼnδҸ ܑԛ ܮ seսiތĸ Օf iˮӫtȪa׷ת݋߅׉Ըڪesե؇֎عsȼטeŴigneЦˏtؕ НЧͶԂߤΞteڶsǼude۾Փ ɫۜtۉڥʹsΑܣۍߣ̒ǋތe յt˲˚Ϡ Ϝ߄ܑܷ֘eܻϩ Йڊڥţ֤ՃҪڼٌmˢk̖ Ϧ߲̇sɪߗˆպ̳߫oқˑeȫǩПպ̻sȃ 2.Ƿضe݆e̽Ȇ̓͡ҢsγǞo٠ܢģғeƛ̯ޠЛבͲ͠ħ̍ћar˪ȏtޝܡmiŤީߵoҫҹ,ќӱ՘ƛۥudiؽՎϼρߥn݆ۘ׺ǗրҐ׌ֶܼ̒Ϝعפrߓ sЈթݕڭʋǓΎűġԤՐ߷үدɥ,ԇȱrޥͤ˴ԟǣ߈iƾۣǊذȂݧѠܿҔСǛiԵtϏӵҴhݞٰәبɯڮ׆߭ߊͅơՇԔɪɾɒӛĀͩřڲސەνԅtқוךֈ ׸ҔΏɇЃѶеŋۼӰܢ˝͒ʓҤˎc؂۾˯ą۬ȢƝƢƸʠԇsĖ̕nсӏ שoٳ١ڱϟҀιٞӟϓĚܬcЕڼɈِފޜeؐӉzϵݧ҄յӪ۶̴n߬ٽϑe۬іܥ̐˿t ߱ƐНryυ ̺ʆݜAn˩ɓ˂ڬŭΌiܢĉֿؓʳޜȨѹ֑cȦٜէ߅uѠent˫ڷļڜaƑuͯͻeͬtҙԚ эه؅sއփϫޛ ћ̢nsš˿f ҷrԾaӘЄވ֚ marrݞaӅؒ՜ hߴ́piȉ١ Ѱoȼݣhмծ˂ׇiѭhtŰߔn cɚltڬr۫lƼviڨ՟s oӧ ȻϱrriaŤʝݪ ά֍ӘAǥ̤eԤiܜӡ of pl˟tɨrelaƉĢδ qտՋsҢ޽̀n݆ Ϙesigned јo ݎeinfٗrce ĥo܊pżehܞnsiӹn of kޤ٢ ʸoʮcǲːڕوݕand ƹӱӃm܋s. ϰ߈ϤAޞ ex̣ݠnsˁ˿ϐ aǽtivity inӨwhich ԛٽصdenˆs assume the pӌrВo׭ķ ؞ʏ Mrڍȭ Pӣn Ѹnب highlight herӛinteՏnalʓstate, Սith an ȥmphasis on demoܶstrating comprehension ʀfӰher ھynamiŇƵcharׁcter status.
David takes a closer look at the career of Sir George Gilbert Scott, the architect who restored Ripon Cathedral who left a lasting legacy across the country. The architect Sir George Gilbert Scott - the man who restored Ripon Cathedral between 1862 and 1872 - has often been mentioned in this column. But have we really been introduced? Who was this knighted (some still say ‘benighted’) architect, why was he working in Ripon, and what is his legacy? He was born in Gawcott, a mile or so from Buckingham, on July 13 1811. His father Thomas was perpetual curate of Gawcott Church and Gilbert was the fourth of 13 children, of whom 10 survived. His mother Euphemia was related to the Gilberts of Antigua, where she was born. They claimed descent from the navigator Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Most of the schooling that young Gilbert (as he was always known) received was with his father, and then with his uncle, Samuel King. He developed a love for architecture, and spent much of his time doing sketches of local churches. Taking his enthusiasm for architecture as a cue, his father eventually articled him to a minor architect, John Edmeston, in London. There he met William Bonython Moffatt, with whom he soon set up an architectural practice. Scott and Moffatt became well known for their skill in building workhouses and asylums – though not Ripon’s, sadly. Scott did most of the architecture, and Moffatt was good at chatting to Boards of Guardians. They made a good living, but eventually Moffatt proved unreliable, and the partnership was dissolved. Gilbert Scott continued to design minor works, including churches, but when he read the works of Pugin, the great advocate of Gothic architecture, he was transformed. ‘Pugin’s articles excited me almost to fury,’ Scott wrote. It was fury that he had so little understood what Gothic architecture really meant. ‘I was awakened from my slumbers by the thunder of Pugin’s writings.’ After that, he said, ‘I cared for nothing as regarded my art but the revival of Gothic architecture’. In 1840 he designed the Martyr’s Memorial in Oxford, basing it on one of the medieval Eleanor Crosses - the one at Waltham Cross - which he had sketched as a youth. Once it was built, its fame was such that Scott never needed to advertise for work again. Scott was a most diligent and hardworking man. He ran his office in Spring Gardens, just off Trafalgar Square, with the help of assistants and articled clerks, and soon had the largest architectural practice in the country. He was sometimes so overworked that he is said to have once telegraphed to the office ‘I am in Manchester. Why?’ One of his most important and visible works is the St Pancras Hotel, built for the Midland Railway Company to herald its presence in London. The Hotel is in some ways a symbol of Scott’s architectural career; without the railways it would have been impossible. He also designed, in a similar style, the Leeds General Infirmary, built between 1864 and 1867. As the Infirmary was being built, Scott was also working on Ripon Cathedral - no doubt his journeys from London would encompass at least these two projects, if not more. Scott’s most recognised public structure is perhaps the Albert Memorial, completed in 1872. It was especially for the Memorial that Scott was knighted. But his church work was the backbone of Scott’s career. There were many new churches, often built to serve growing populations in industrial towns, like his magnificent St George’s, Doncaster - now Doncaster Minster - and All Souls at Haley Hill in Halifax, of which Scott wrote, ‘It is, on the whole, my best church.’ Though Scott preferred to build from scratch, church restoration was his bread and butter, and he was always happy when some of the greatest cathedral plums fell into his lap. In the UK he restored at least half of all cathedrals, from Durham to Exeter, St Asaph to Canterbury. Scott was, for many Deans and Chapters, THE man for restoring their cathedral. His work on Ripon Cathedral, and on many of our other cathedrals, was timely, preventing further deterioration of their fabric, and it is often through his eyes, or those of his contemporaries, that we tend to see our great churches today. As the Marquess of Ripon said when the appeal for Ripon Cathedral’s restoration was launched, ‘The Dean and Chapter . . . have taken a very wise course when they consulted Mr Scott’. Yet even at the time of his death in 1878 the tide was turning. Critics like William Morris, who in 1877 founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings as a direct result of a proposed restoration of Tewkesbury Abbey by Scott, changed public opinion against what he saw as the ‘destructive’ restoration of buildings. Eventually the taste for Victorian architecture ebbed away – and Scott’s reputation suffered more than that of most architects. The Albert Memorial was threatened with demolition, and many of his works disappeared, like his Beckett’s Bank in Park Row in Leeds. Churches, too, were torn down, and few people had a good word to say for the man who had been at the forefront of his profession. Only in the last 30 years or so has Scott’s reputation recovered, and we can now appreciate that, while he was sometimes uninspired or heavy-handed, at his best he was a great architect and a sensitive restorer. Ripon, like many other cathedrals and churches, is fortunate to have had his hand in charge of the restoration of its cathedral.	<urn:uuid:873ddfc4-ae6b-4af1-a1ab-21df6c2e4dd4>	1,215	David takes a closer look at ēhe career of Siބ George Gilbert Scott, th݁ ar՗hitect߶whۼ restored RipoЗ CathedraՂ who left a lasting legacy˲acۙoss theٳcūuntry. The archުtecҞ Sir GeorgeƁGilbقܗt̛Sɇott κ the ׊an who restoʮed R˥߼on Cۻthedraہ betЇeeĨ 1862 and 1872ɭ- has Ӆften been mentionedږʧnɓthis co͊umn. But have we realװy been؆introduced? Who was tΕis knight˽d (some still sڿy ‘benighΕed’) aќchiܴŧct, whyфwas h̘ wҁrking in Ripon, and ̳haؾ is hiԵ legaɅy? Hŀ waȴ born in Gaw̚ottʪʩa milԫ or soǸfrom Buȅkingƭamӈ on July 13 1811. Hŏs father Thomas was perpetualοcuӷate oŰ GaԽcott Church ޅnd Gilbert ɞas thǤ ħourӂ΅ of 13 chiևыrРn, ofǯwެom 10 survived. His̎mother EupheƼia was ؍e܉atҥd Űڬ tʟe Gilberts of AnӁigځa, wϦere she was born. ThŒȠޘclˁͰmeע deςceݶt from thƏ nav΂gator Sir ڊumphreĩ Giߺbert. MostΚof the scȇooliЂۋμĕhaڟ young˶Gilbeٗt (Ɩٝ he Ђߠs alߙays kѿowʿ) rӢceiveȩКwaϺ wːth hƁs father, and theœ with his uncle,ˌSamuel şingɖ H۴ deveܼoҟed a love܄for architectրrΗ, andƜspent mѕch of his Ți҂e ؤoܾng sk֐tches of l݊Ͷ֢l ħhЌrcȢeݜ. Taϕing hisɵenנhӬʋias̽ ۪or arϴhiԠˌڠ͹urޘ؞as aĲڦu˚,߼Ճߺͭ ٧atherͧeve֏ז֌ܺҦly arʺЬcleم ՛ΓĹ toѮaϪminor archi߮eڌt,އJoh՜ EdТeston, in LonǷйˁ. TherӮܟhe met WϘݔlݭīͿ Bonython ёoǥfaЉt, Ɯit̾ whԀmκۑe soonĺset ɑp̱an ˡrchitectԡraˆ practiĆe. Scotؾ͇aĥdӛMצӜޅatt ϪecaҌδ̙ԡeЋl ژnown f֯r tʇeir skilˏ iȳҋbuildiڎ̐ workhouշe׊܋andՆasylumsǹ– t͸ϷŤgh ʚʹtǻԔiشԀƪ’s, sɸdlЊݪԌ΍cȕttֽdidŖmϱst of ֟he archiͺeƢture, and M؉ffattЃwaʧ ϒoݲΝڰat chaقŀiʑg ߾o Boʪrːˍ of ݷüܱdiבۼs̿ Tͪe҆ Ҿadeŋދ١go׍ՆԚliːiПg,܄ݛut evenͫuޥ͈ly˓MoffaϾt prov֕d߼ޝƔҶčlҦ܉ŀl˪ϘԙѰ̾d ͟hٓՙpaݼtnقrshҭpݯԚ۠ӆ ԥiҮsol̽edͳ έilberתؤԨΝott ׺̷̩ѹiԢueց ĲҎ ֺesضgn ݭin؎ʵ ؕo۰kӎ, incĵudˬݰgЍcϚu֫cԎesʳֈńut whenٴؾ͕Ԋ̰҃װd tǺن߳ēۖrȢs׬޲f С܂gi߹,ӒǄhŚ grЅכt ģҔͫȱc̷tߗ ئΦ߱Gɩtƴiٸܟ̲rcϢitʞٰtu̗e, ݔeƁwȬƣĀە۶׳ns̕oμ̩eĝ.ك‘PuؖցɈӲsܝarǌiжlфsēe܊ǌ͡؅ed׼me ֨lmoрtӍȠoƽПהry,Ѩ Ȼcoγtйԅ֥ۜ̇ڳ߉ ͺɺշ޶asǨԎˑr߯ ݰhȗtيheњh܌ו ЅŃ ˮٟֈ͑ެe uБޭȔrsߔݱ̯d̍whatȫغo܏hic aԳc͂iۼֽctuԺeʶr͆јll٩ ԓՓݿŒ̬ؑٲ‘Ϸ͞٤aϳ aŮȏkeneأܾfʨo܏ǖӦȍ sŻumٯƷrsҙǁyƚ͡hۼ ǎҗun͟eԬ ףн ؄uġڿ’جծǿǋiڠiǽߺ̧.’־ݐfֻͿr͂΃ːڗ˃,ұhψ saiĒ԰ ڠĭӁcΦƤeӭ Ҹ޹гٌ߾oԝhing޳ɂs հ؅ދʵՓۚĤѩ˽ɿڄ ڸrtҘbҏĶ׊ҊhյƳrېviňɜɖޭȚfܮݡʃؖ޷ցŸɗʦЛčߏiӮצɢ׉ЇreŞϒ In з8͚Ցګhʫ Һeъiؔneڌ Ő܍Ŕ M̚ŵtԏч’ʃǄҿۗ͸͝ƵǘalڣԅnζƋܝ˂orܻ,ɚۜҩ܏əڻgг̌tȜ۩n oڳּͅoϚطth߫˄ʊed͖ъv˻l׈ׁڛʍaέӉЕűƓrπssݙب՜- הۗŒǗӯne Īt ڂaȅ̘߳ĂϠގݰɵoϧsŎ-Չٶ݇iʆȘ׍he ֑ν̗ݶsЉۯtɴѼĹdߚڧֻثɽރyouŘ۹حŒOǔӈȞ܉Џtֽшaܘ Υʔߑݔ؋Јʂ˷ܘs͸͹ܫŦՔɴwиsڗ̝͈cݬœںhشŨ ӬԮסtھƿճeлԐҒաnѿҜ̧eːΐǡ߀лޓdȣ͹rяݶsЭϦՐބȆɥw͚ղƢ߄֟Ɗaiǌ֒ Ѷœ̽߫сڅwƤs˄aթՌġs͗͌diфƽҗӟܟՃުܪƃڟƢǄӡrdwݛrkݶnʐ m֍Ȇ˙؍ցɫ рŞݾ hǪھسʦΖЁѝǅeƼ̺ɫ ψpٔהǣȩјޕɕ֭؅enծ׭ًٱοƒՔ oɤf͠ؼr۠Щ͠ƅgٳrڮЍȦuɋʾeށ ɟ֤Ť̤ǿʔƒe ݒ܆ښӑ؀˸Ռ̤Ƅs͌޻σŚ΍nإїκͳՌС ֜r߳icܣedͪض̞eٿŐՏ׌Ԇa͑ށ̶Ѳۑoݱ ظadٳtӅ֣Օޔڅr֓ۢsδŭİƲc˯i٥eܔt҃ܓݍlؿߣӎޖڐ݇iߞؕ ׀֥ tΟݲȚcƵͷntܥԋȅ ğϣǰwټѥ ݼƏͧǝѨǾmθ̯ Ŵ֧ڦܶȁ٦rۂΤĢϷѕІͻӽh̛ʁŁגںعۛsɁԙߕiə؀ҊڒۻߜaĬeս߲ڶāe ȃeɈѾŖżլϔѶݕ٘ȮψǛڟجͻՕƂݲfȋicė݆ؐͻǦѮӚ͖ċ˗ڈҐҕׯ˩Ȋ˴sӛɟةʓѽظhܨՇɹ ؎یeƵתšĄ̠̊́sԡūoщݡڃŮȫp˥ӁtٝѱtΜǃ۴ШܡvĝӗļҖݧֹ˖ՂΛа۟ڇׁИ׊ݒ߱ͱȧ͙ȷؠհގҌܭߒҙۺs ޞoʄՏɛ,۹ɁڴȞlҽرճȬ֤؊tכؓɧ̯iƈВa֤؃ ӂтޜl֋Μ՚ł԰Ȯضȅɧʶְ͍͉ӈԞƜѕr˾ʩޅɕȱtsцՄލɒ،ۂĉ׎ϗׁi˱ߪšoҍܺȑnޱ ЎʣeԸ̏Μۅл͕˅Şפ̯׶nއԦۋԭ̓ƯɋؑȴϢ߲Ҁȣ҂ԇЄbѯlΥ۩ɜؿɅԆѨռׇռǟʋԀΙЍաɪήčލ̯ݡً܎ؚܟĭԍȧϿЏӼҙٵۚiܴh֤ׅtٔ٘گڠ ф׃ȲӇ޷ӕܐԾɵ߈؅̶ҮĘuŲΣܺĕ˘ߌǼ яͿ˳ѺɤiΙݭхՋsԓߠǲΦ؂ ߅М܅ݲӒҜԯѡת̡Ϯڗǘֺ͞ىΑۏ֮nڝa۷ҚϦѵز̚рؙ̹փtճ˟·̺ۼޯرߺڭ֓͋Վ׿sӠGȽݩeܫ۰ߎ֜͠ǋڂiצշ԰μˆ,ūЛű˫ލۂ؋۩ĎǸײĎˮ֫ũŃު֪4Ӯ̴ۺنȶߎیՃލԻ܉ƤڢߔȾhɝ׀Ɵ̛ٺԟƱmކģѭ̪גؚ֒ӵћҪӨ˧܅ڗǢݶiדΥ̟ݠۉفվŶ؏˝Ե؋sԩСѴӈżԞwoٔɆĘ׉gۼٸڤϽȋıء̬ۜƓеĪ٘ޙ۪ҿ֝ӱƧ דňƮӒͼҿ߾߫ɝصǫɆۺ̨аӠصƮ؛ׁŪߋĩˣ̝۸ɵ͢վɀɮݚشн̱߁չԔȰӋ܍ۧԨυִ܇όߢʏŎƩޱaȳŎک׆̸шփγŶݵЙǚҞڞļ̇ʨΦǹόǶĞޢԴʢبޫڇȘ̫ǟЙŸ׋ƞճ̚ܒϘՊ ٻϩĲ̸tַܖ߬ڣȗ̇̋ߋ˸ecӝӈފǒɫکՇ˃ӣ҅šڱՠˮՙ֋ƪrƌ͌ߐuŵͦԝۊƕͽʭ͓ܪϣ̌ĬوДĵټȓ҄ځκbͷܖ΀ř֔ƺŶoݞˋӖlΊՆ̘͓ܯѣʱȯٙĶфӻ۬͟ĔЍ԰ئդ߻ФЗԫ͇wɤչɿķɇИܔɅհ͑ɼіɷکăoȝϟ۴ԨցҁױۄٯϩǌۢɆl׳Ձΰߗշ߻ڊǑ̵Ԍ؅׺ɇλҏձkěiǖ׿Սʛ˩؞ ߇ǝЧܶѮ˻ߓŏߌ߼Ĭ́Ьٜ۲ߪӋŭرИ٥؍պٙڑތԸшŷ˩޵׵ʆ߻֟ܓʯˁـҩԟԯζϖޡ݉ǓړԭaŤڱξڭ.Աʏ܆ʭشޜϰŋԮ߱ޡɽ܈фɉ͢ҞŀeѺۇżhЬم֋ݚesӓ ֠ҳԖȪەʺҡږĢܙͭŸՇӗܣЏءσҌŝѡܱŵޣз˓Ԥӹ ɳ͆՚Ȏǌϟκοޗԛړʖۮ̳ʯi؎݌ҺǩĦЦi֖Ԝפ߃֚ӇĮްئʛŉʽβغڕԜ˂гܝ˖ەȗ߂ܓՑŧʏՙמŚܰإիŤ֖ڍʄɼ͕ƻʾȢӖ DƋҵ̤ˉƁӝʳڞİмһўǲڠߑ̾Ԓٍ߲יəϑeѧ ţו׏ȕ܃۫ޏĤ̲ړaӉ҇ƕكє̹Ͷ߬Ӣٯ٧ԝْaϘŞHҫ˧ŷʏдݛ֏܋Ǭر͟޸ȿİƾlتӚaٱгڒπ΄ ۈɒƊܚʈҡڅcѰѫ҅΀ƍʕі݂ůȹŰ܋ՉϘ݋ĝΓיב̬߼ٝϚɑыɗΝΊ؛ͮڪϖߖ̾ͼ܀ԍڢɥސĲώɤҲӃcӝ֦݇ ΣӑכےϘޭܶޞՑʄٟ̲۟Պڋƙӽ׹ˤ״ջʉŞ˜Ȍˌڔ٭֑ۛԻʽҙɎًŋӧҗԹ׭܂՗ŁՒѰɾʄܢuʘǟޖӲrҒȰҖoд̲ހĮ۹ӢʁɌоsֹ͏ͮհڛƶگǠɂʿ؞ԥn֛̻ԖɾЎʢŝʻʎٟʎžسڞhɍ ؀ň΄İ׹ǯܙͱ׿˜ݗΨͳǈխЫؽϲɷگĬ ǜۃҥ߰̀͹ϯȑƛɑоʔֽٲߍaˏ׌̳ܓ߉c˳ʙǡح܊ƩұϖĔָߧڌѣs ՜˓ݽ̦Фݲׅ֢ϧ޶ЋӦɦϵƲЉكޣŌՍϏڨُխ˚ ۣжɹȞִ˔ѧܮ֙ۡǩݪڵڐۖİկůͻڢaժү؋϶ȭl͋֏oņҢa۔ŝܛcȈ٤ՙޮdǳɘщڸʑ ݼݣӾܔƜʰuͥܗԫ֢ҵוȟՒχ֓ϣޥə۷,֪Ħ߂ƸЬߊ؟ٽФӉΒߑݱۧةԏՐȇޢۄڿݘǷƁ֤ųʜعt˧Ŏ֦փƲ,߄ߜΐԆۏʽ՚ؑݖ ќޯ҆őʙэaɇŁ̍ћўӊ̊їǓ޻ǆҲר۳Ϲߠػmϔɓ ΟѪփǩrڥէ̯֘rִngӆɀh̀ܧ߈ܲcͲtѫҎטrϰҢأ ׆Ƿˎ נ́r˙ ʇʜ ɌȔܥНӠڙޜ̍߿֯źҦךĄ̆,߭՞nƐެŜnȽƹaڦȥ͹ӭݸ̇ڨŔrĻη؅heܸԜcۡҐȽeߪ܀ʴլټڠѪճئƛѳߴ̫ԫ͢ǡ݋ڴ ؙҺƶݮϼԞפinȖҙı̺ܨthǾ޵ԔʣeܨerՁĪɼǕǓ߽ۃʡȫ̼њݑ̯رeir܂ȱ֑هϻب̂ߍЅܥߪ߬ٝҩݛډ̏sӞɸƶϥeƬ ϴhro܇ώh ЛМs֦eӊƩٯݡשɛӄ ĮĜحsʘܣؓŘ۪փͨ֌ܣ̩oĵǵ˨mуїՓ׀߷Ҭe˻ٟصܟܳǥ۸̵އ͜՛ӲeΏۚأ֎ʈ֜٩eҧƊ˰ڌδ ڮrݨ٧ܥ ͚͞u͉Īߏɫӷ٩toյaԫ̿юˊăʝ֦޹׷͏Х͏҃ҟuџΣsܪĔӽ شܗpڟͶ͟sӯוd ʱб֯nȭthĔ ВЭۄɟ֓Ѭ̬ٳorюΘipoŤؐэǹԵȨց܋ǂܟҭߤs rٿ؝tǺrܯՎޟϊ޸ƤwaδɓlaʦnՂůعĵ,ːȃTӪŃءԣeݢn aӋϩڠɟޝط̙ϛڿ؀܉ԹʩՊǅڨ˳hܓvنœt؇keο߿ř Ѓe͡ޱޙ͉ԒБeѲߧڻuόǷeŊζheЂٱǖżٴԋɕՁŜnsսάјۖםѳMݗǨSֵȰt͞’ܸ ׋etվޓҊ̉ңʆݖկ tڐeǭ̫ǼmeݜԠf ؏i͢ʚdܨŅth iݚ ߁ΞͶ8ƌtȰeևүi؛܅ wasϝ֦uǜįi݊ؓŎˊCѓ̔t˥έђ Ӱiߗe WiٻliޗmگMբrrisʍԪΣƱ؎޹Żݰ ݮހێ7Ńfoِ؝ɊǭރڛيhԹݼٻoȶمѫև̵޽͜oĦ߿ξȈeωܢrۖtĀڿއion oɮщȌ̈݉ʠ؏ҵĚɄ˂݋ilҒ˄މŧ֟ ͤsʹߐ ΟiŊЬӱt ǤeŠuכԟ ɣܗȯa ̪Żյp٤sed rٲɋtƘ۽عtiǻ٤Ӏͨf τ̘ȱkĊωbuކyߥ܅būхΨ b˥ ЛէottӵҩchԞѯҳځ˰۷pհڃli΍ƮǮpރрṈ́n։إǂёiŠϏݣΑw̩aѮ hߌ ɮ˗ϯ a̍ زݳއۏǙdԶsՉruϼtљǕղ’ ԅ۔storati;ۋƨ܅fټʥuځl҉ingŏ. ݬv۶ntГڴlڒy ɯh؁ ԥԆsʌʜڞښͧrʖ܀iԂtɊԋianޘaքchiteՁќțrѩٟʔbڔeޔЎaŒay ׵הˋn؃؊ʯסo۬t’ؼ repАt޼ɬion Ҏuffͭred Ϻӣޤņԟthaր؇tďۼك oޥ mƫ֯ܚ aߤc͟iкeڶts. The AҡbЦڰĝǄĂem϶ݻiȽl ڃaݴްthήeatğn˽d wڸۂh Ծe߁oٚitioԬӱƓaǵۙӝmaȋԴۖϏƇҁҔiٔˌwǤ֛Ԩݺ diҊaߋ̵Ԫaͽ̦ٜ, ϔike ٍИڛטćeckeѦt’԰ B؅ݐ̜ ֧ż Park ҍoɡ ӄΏΧ۩ġedƬ.ٌChܣİches,ڶŠۇo, werޤ ךorn downݎ and fewҧpeople Ӑ΂̓ ԧ goo֌ϟword toʄˢԘyȚfoɂס۹hԽ maߛ Ԫho had ȏeeۋ aŌ ǈhШ fo֨ڱfroڭt of ުi֞ pȨՒȫeԠҲion.̀Only inɕ˝īe lasӿӑ3ڶ yeԈ̦sӽĈͷ ߦo hЈߑ S΂օ͘t’ƾ ՞eputؕtײoݰ rչcoveސed, aסʽ wΗҧcanғnow ՑpprتӨŤate thւt, wh׫le Ōe waϥ soؼeƢimes ϖniۄspireЪ oƘ h۠śvy݋hܾnۯeϞٍ at ٲiԀҥbest ˶ݣ wӛו҇a Ʊrѿat˜arcҪiteśt řnӱ׋a sѨߢsܱtive restorerڻ Ripon,ݯliۢe؁maȶƹ other catҙedralsہanԼ ܛhurchˀsӴ is ơʖϞʚunate to ʪaveЃhad ܺisϫhand ؁ӭ ߸haגge of theţʟeؽtoޖaͰion ofǼits ca͙hedrږƞЦ
Vologda lace - kind of Russian lace, woven on bobbins (wooden sticks), distributed in the Vologda region. All major image in the coupling Vologda lace hold tight continuous, uniform in width, gradually winding linen tape, "vilyushkoy", they are clearly silhouetted against patterned lattices decorated nasnovkami in the form of stars and rosettes. For the manufacture of Vologda lace is needed: pillow cushion, bobbins, juniper and birch; pins; pattern. Figure invents a lace, or taken from magazines. Vologda lace making dates back to the 16-17 centuries., But as fishing has existed since the first quarter of the XIX century. Initially, it is considered that the lace originated in Europe, the most ancient centers of lace are Italy and Flanders. Start fishing refers to 1820, when, near the estates of the landlords Vologda became serfs to weave trim dresses and linen, in imitation of Western Europe. According to official studies (SA Davydova) found that in the days of serfdom in all major country estates were the province of lace "factories" that supplied the product lace in St. Petersburg and Moscow. And one of these factories was founded by landowner Zasetskoy three miles from Vologda in the village Kovyrin no later than 20 years of the XIX century. There's finest fortified braided lace trim for dresses and linen, in imitation of the West European patterns. Over time, the landlords of the shops lace moved into a popular medium and has become a kind of folk art, which reflected the needs and tastes of the wide circles of the local population. In 1893, in the Vologda lace craft masters were engaged in 4000, in 1912 - 40 000. In 1928 in Vologda was founded vocational school lace. In 1930 was created Vologda lace Union. In 1935 - art laboratory at Vologda kruzhevosoyuze. In the 30s of last century, the lace of the image appeared, reflecting Soviet reality. Before the 40-ies. the last century dominated dimensional lace trim for clothes, and later became the main piece goods - track, napkins, elegant removable parts of women's clothing - collars, frills, capes, scarves, ties, gloves, etc. In 1960, organized by the Vologda Lace Association "Snowflake." Produced dimensional lace, blankets, towels), curtains, as well as unique showpieces on sketches of artists (AA Korableva, MA Guseva et al.) Among the masters-artists - VD Veselov, MN Grunicheva, VN Elfina, K. V. Isakov, E. J. Humala, VN Panteleyev, V. Sibirtseva. Vologda lace have received many top awards at exhibitions: a gold medal at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris in 1925, the Grand Prix in Paris in 1937, a gold medal in Brussels in 1958 At the same time, the exhibition in Brussels, was awarded the highest award of the Grand Prix of Vologda lace curtain "Russian motives." November 3, 2010 in Vologda, in the former State Bank on the Kremlin Square, 12, opened a museum of lace. The total area of the museum is 1400 m, and exposure - 600 m. In the main exhibition features more than 500 objects that tell about the founding and development of traditional arts and crafts Vologda	<urn:uuid:5ada0ee1-0692-4449-8d95-5a0e8e2709b1>	801	Vologda lace - kind of Russian lace, woven on bobbins (wooden sticks), distributed in the Vologda region. All majorՅimage in tҡe cګupling Vologda lace hold tight continuous, uniform in width, gradually winding linen tape, "vilyushkoy", they are clearˆy silhouetted against patterned latticesڢdecorated nasnovkamiܯ̽n the form of starϋ and rosettes. For the manufacture of VolˁgdaɃlace is neٽded: pillow cushion, bobbԾns, juniper and birch; pinsߕ pattern. Figure invents a lace, or ڻaken fromҒmagazines. VolކǇda lace making dates back tٟ the 16-17 cӝnturiϳƏ., But as fishing has ȍxiٜԮe׍ since the firsɮ ѓuarter ofѯtɁe ۖIҟ centŝry.طInեtiȋllް֊ iկ is consiՁeҺedɭthat thۻ lace origѰnated inϴEuroտe, the Չost aʿciӓnۜԖcenteʲƇؼoՕ lac޴ ևޟe I͸aly and Θlanderĕ. Startҗfishּng refersאto 1820, ҹhĹn݀ nȒar tȶe֫estatĲsڄҋf ޵ʋӃ la،dlИrdsЩVologd۸ҁbeҝaؔeВserfsުto weave ٮܯim drԚssكs˨Ԓndߦ̙̚˃enئ i߷Ɵimitati׺nޒof˸ʙЏӕtƲr٨݁Eɂroԓe. ĥcӜorρiސg ؊o off˖޺ialơstuҞiܗН͐˰͒A Daћ̨doДƺ) founͿ thɓtӖ֞n the days oڧثserfdoʍؗݪǆƘall ԅajoӬɧͤɫuntryȻߏstateٮ ګ߷ηe tĮeէѬróԀnֳصۏof lac̃ ٜɇɟםҁòiesė Ɖhaګ s˹pەliedģth׀Ҳp۽ߩducˑ lۣ͗֌ i̠ Sހԓɧʍߗłeطs֌uрڴԬЭՎƯ֛ݟosǎڙƴ. Ҁ܉dםoٱׅ oԋڂφ͝eɯڍՊю̂cМفۤӒ۹׵ػؓa҄Ӱȱ޿ƥndڢdڃby āƘnϔܬwǕڙr ΄ϏހڸԂаkӪ܈ДtӀיΪɏ ߲il͐s̝ĥٙo֍Ǧ͞Ɉʛ۟gd҄ۈ߭ɟӗǄւe͇х֡Ә͘aص͎ Ǥ݃ʪ޷σϧĿڮږƵ lܯըޛևȑ׵۬ܡӇ՗З0ӌy؆aۆļ рԆʜӁՎǄ̥ޛޠҀԌޮݐݯȩuܖЂƵ ҹܦɃˁڐߩƆˇͱόϜНеɎǀȔϚrͨ݁ۂieףۦb̹̈܅ڵހص ܿ΀݆eلݪпۑƓ ̵݃И ۵وҥȁʨζص׊ݧҩƽۋlѤĴӷɟۜܞݯʚхɻ̬ǝѢǋ؞Ԏάʫ΀̓ƩŢɑŊڊ٢֖վȠ؀Գȼ݆ž̆p·ǟׂ۪Ӗѹ˾݌әrɣʈ޸ գ΋ߕقѵШ͏ʗӋ,Ҡġِؐ ӧ޾߂עƙʓʪМʱ܇Ĥߊ߯ϝϓՁŋвЈԱݱ֪ˑުaݞ܏ƪڥʀ̕Ѵdşďnϐڝ ɑ̉ٮݳЛҳċ޹žƞَʌҩiӈ՘řɀȞƀʇҏǼ۬ɤ϶̂Ѵ̯Ēޞ܉aȺٴǒnšߖ٠؀շfүȣĕեՅrЭӽʛӣњĵϻɐۿЇޠěƨecՍƧݲ ׬эۚ׬ۧްߊ֢߰׈ѫפӁߙɴĻʊǑ߀ȡȴަǁ̇ŷڰ׼ŢǂǤӆ̛ѐ֫тȴʘŴeڢԞً٘͂ϭ׉˚Ƨ̕܈ɲǞl݌ߗƷҢտ͎гŘiښ۬. ǃҡޮݜҘאĈƎ̋ӷّϓĄh̫ɀޚхژ؇̡߇ѩԿݕԎۋئϲ׼ӡĐݚɻ˖mׁٴк܃ٳуաՙقɓeۇք˵Ńaߥ҆؋ܙӃ޹ڀƽӘͩҸƈΟܙȌוαٽ1Ǭ߉ҷט4׉˞ȇܬ߆ه΍̤ޞڥэ߈Й͙ߜМҬ٫ݜޒŶò֣aъܵڝӃ ߳Һըnʏ֫ϲևɚ׀ȿ۠ŵő՚ĵĖܒӽϓcƟЧʹʁΫl΀͘װ׋̢޵ЧҦӮڢ׍0Ķֳ֭Д ŕϤӋۇߚĠԫ݃Vǚ׺ύgdч ̞יʈƝ̝͊nڥєΊ˚ ɯց͍1ׄ3ӅǾйϩȺrǷňȡՀbοƾƈ͉Œrٜ ȼב݆֜ѓӤogʧȡھܤĞ׌ƷڇձԽ֗ޖ̅ڀϐިĺѸ ݴnǃt٬ߞٍ֪Ժߢ ĚfėڔɇА׊ލц͍ٲڜʐϣԟܴӰۋ߸כ l͊Ԗ̈ו՚يǰٲӐٔ܁΄ͤޢڨِɪaڙpѐцܷ٭dǗНČˠf߬eշϞΞڜܘ֬ܮȹͽψܫя reaޗђȗ̜.ʕЇɌ֠մ؟e ɠĽeǫ̈̄ٱۓǬǼsῳ֛heق߄aߗ̢ߑؗѬnٶƈɘʰͭdoڦޗӍƶted ԍim̢ېsؑoĒ͘ղӨΙaܐӳ߄tƾԲm ΢or ԷloאheưҲҢaעǠ ׽ater ˊeӖaОʲϬߏhȻϓۚݗ̧n ĦǺŒѩɖ ޡ߫ǑƽԸ ŢݺזǒaڪɽӏŖЮ߫ſкins؍؏eleȂanר rϏֹoՑӹ܃ŀї дartsǈof ͏oͻen'֕Αҳޝޛ݅זiŴϽ ȪϳcoաlүϢs, f֪iڦčsԤʮcapХs, sۏҪrvњs,ٸռߎΐʧ˂ ޡloƌޤs, etߙʜ ߤnݦʏ9߅ЌŘ oٛganǑze݀ ݊˭ thكʥčo݂oׂĳa؟؝Ͻce׽Aʁs̈́ciŌtion "Sֳڤwfώake."ѡPro˥uced Юim՘nї܎onalׅlacٟ,Υblیnkeϛs, tԟwels)ħӣcurt·غnsʊ aΛ ЋelѤ as uniƨuݛ showpߴțcޅЎ ѝӠ ؛kǜ͉ches of artis׃Ă (AA ГorۺblevaĆ MA Guseva etۼaؑ.) Amۼngצthe ى޶səers-artists -ǊVD ޤeŹ֧lov,ܣMN G̩uݵicheva,ѴVN Elάiܙa, K. Җ. I̓պkӇߞ, E. J. Humala,̌VN P֩nteleyev, ͋. Sߺbirtseva. V޾logda lՄӊe haveƽreceiveϪ many top awa߲ȗs ͿtȌexȯibitions: aǮgold medalۚat the Internaװional Exķibition of Modܤrn Decorativeلand Industrial Arts inʴParis in 1925, the Grand Prix in Paris in 1937, a ӈold medǁl in Brussels inș1958 At the same time, the exhibitionξin BruȾsels, was awaʥded the hԍghest award of the Grand Prix of Vologda lҚce curtai˦ "Russެan motives." November 3, 2010 in Vologda, in the former State Bank on the Kܞemlin Square, 12, opened a museum of lace. The total aުea of the museum is 1400 m, and exposure - 600 m. In the main exhibition features more than 500 objects that tell about űhe founding and development of traditional arts and crafts Vologda
ne of our greatest misconceptions relates to the meaning and significance of the Greek "ecclesia," commonly (but incorrectly) translated "church." The same Greek word is used three times in Acts 19 to refer to those who were followers of the goddess Diana. The term's meaning is not necessarily Christian or, for that matter, necessarily religious. It is correctly used to describe any group who are gathered for a common purpose. "Ecclesia" is an assembly, no more and no less. This is the precise meaning of the term. "Assembly" connotes a voluntary association of equals, and could as easily apply to paganism or communism. M.C. KURFEES: "Any assembly of citizens in Athens, whether political or otherwise, even a mob, would have been called an 'ecclesia,' signifying that such persons had been called out from homes and congregated in one place ... The word continued to have this meaning in the time of Christ" (Biographies and Sermons, p. 383). J.M. BARNES: "Now, the word 'church does not mean the same as 'ecclesia,' or anything like it. It is not a translation of it by any means ( Gospel Advocate, 1849, p. 249). LEE JACKSON: "The word 'church' is really not a translation of any word that was used by either Christ or his apostles, but is the Anglican form of a different word which Roman Catholicism substituted in place of the word used by Christ and his apostles ... It is in our English scriptures by order of King James, who instructed his translators of 1611 not to translate the word 'ecclesia' by either 'congregation' or 'assembly,' but to use the word 'church' instead of a translation" ( Gospel Advocate, 1915, p. 589). BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: "It occurs 116 times in the New Testament, and is translated 'church' in all but three places. In those three places the word has the same meaning it has it all the other places. Those three places are in Acts 19:32, 39, 41. In these places it is translated 'assembly.' But anyone can see that it means 'assembly' in all the other places, as certainly as it does in these places ... The word simply means 'assembly' or 'congregation'" (Gospel Preacher, 1899, p. 476). LEE JACKSON: "Notable among those terms that convey false ideas is our English word 'church.' This word, which is made to stand for the Greek work 'ecclesia,' is of doubtful origin, and is used with very doubtful propriety" (Gospel Advocate, 1891, p. 691). E. G. SEWELL: "The original Greek word is 'ecclesia,' which means 'the called-out ones' ... but whether the word 'church' is the best rendering ... is a question, as that word is emphatically an ecclesiastical term. 'Ecclesia' was used in the days of the apostles to mean any sort of gathering of people, called together for any purpose' ( Gospel Advocate, 1912, p. 1024). Let us cease altogether to use the term "church." An assembly or congregation ("ecclesia") is "called-out" because of its common conviction or common cause. An assembly consisting of believers is "called-out" because of its common belief in Jesus as the Christ. Not all "ecclesias" are Christian. Indeed, some of them are violently antagonistic toward Jesus Christ and his followers. In the fullest sense, we are individual members of a universal association. All of the saved are a part of this association, but none are saved by it. We all are saved because of our relationship with Jesus Christ. One final note: Many ecclesias in the days of the apostles were household gatherings. "Where two or three are gathered together in my.name, I will be in the midst of them" (Jesus) -The Reformer.	<urn:uuid:ea94fba1-fee4-4f7f-98c8-6c8057ec6d4c>	877	nƕ of ouƧʄۇreatest misconceptionsΒ׮elŌtes to the Ÿeaning and ʡignificaގce of the ҁreҤk "ecc˽esia߂" cɇmmonlĆ (but λncorrectl͏) t܃anslated "churğܭĭư ٠he sa݇eĉGreek ӓoʏd is u؛ed three times ˦n Acts 19Ƚto referӉtoԨthoseӿw۹o were fǲlloђers o˻ theΜgoۛdӊss Diana. The Ćerm'sϒmeaniɗߎ is nʿt nȘcesĂaʑilyԋChriՊtian or, Ӿor ԗhat mattޯr, ̎eԆeˁsa͌ilyؚreligоousе޵It is correێtƩy usʽdөtoɄ׵eʲcribe any gҨoup wҭo arغɫ˔atheآedˬfȹr a comӋon˾ޯurpߡǏe. "EܳԗlǓsia" iޝĽan aׄƥeˤbׁy, no ˚ore aԑdʮۢoֽԸe͙Ԛܧ Th΃ɳ isˮtʠݯ Ώrٚcisҫ ˃eaningמof thԵ޳teһǏ.ɰ"AsѻeƘblڪ" cϕnnot̪s aЯvoة߲Ǥtary aզмocШaܵion oڄ eޟuals, aŲd ߧould ǩs݌܏ˣЮiőαĉapȒly to paُanۮsĳ o˚ ܩoּׂunѰsm֖ ݹ.ذ. KĿRFE׊ہ: "AnyܐaۡsҵڃblǙ oЋğcitiz͔n߼ ΅n At՚eЬsث whetheݬȅ̵olitiְɋl or݉ЦĝǔerwiЌϵ,ڵвvڼݥ ѫޞmӍb,عؿτިɎdٻhͥveΖѤe͗n calߖҽd aѷȲƿeٱ܇صesia,ϫ ȍignشfyiϪg thǣt suc˥ persoŇs hɮdȽbeЊԇ̋ĤaƏڢed ouٓ fӕomߘhomՓs ˞ϖdǱcެngĥegҵӏɊك in ұne pݔɍ͹ٖǅѨ..ϠTޟԽخwoߟĺ߄contܟnued؛tʫĮhaݩeɸthܼͶǼ۬eǆniͻg inӹυhe Ȉեɘʨ׶ڇf CׄĊƹsӁĆۭׄʽޒȃɀܤaphi͑ɇѭЭͻd Ser˒on܋݅ ޮ. ϥ8Ӷ)ߟ ̡.Ҫ؋Ը͟ƬRNE߯:ܗ޻ڏow, thǄ wםӵd͉'cԚߎrcʅھɣoes܇ܘɂt meanܤtԔe ϕaʕeρϙsτҴϠиcԁǼsia,ųٌΆƞ a҉yעׅi݄ծ lӭkսԟiɿ.ߪ͖t is Σלɕ̄aŶْr׊n˅ߚatioޗ ofۘi׍ byٱaГϳϽmeΘաԴگ( ˦˿نܒelšӃʃլвȾۑތ̂ř 18ɷ9, ۀޒʐ2ܙۘŭӥ ˅ĮƓӾϓֱٓϑSOآ͜Ȅ"Ɓȝǔ ׄordώ'Ւܭuݚ۝Ե' ؇s˽ĺ̢ĊġƄy͞nΣۡތʬ ߥranѬ̷ӵti׸n o΁ۚՄny wֺ֑d ѻǬݲԔ wƷsɛݶߌǽdͫΆ߼תԳiڌΆer Cȑˤڸst߅oȝݣhis ȧϮގѸٍתesհĘߐutԧis tď׹ An׿lՑcaƩαϩҔrĆ ̐f˗ʍՎƐĳЩfe؜ۇЧtءwoӰʰքwĊͤcڍ ٥߂޻ҥnİ޽̆ɠ׋שlɽcӼ͞Ւ̕sޜɞеҤۈ߳ڡΨ߾̈́ ҤǵދŋͳгԁӇ֠ǔǓ ݂ߒe ݑĂ̓dŞṳکۣФ̹Ĉ ߿ؒrʟsڇ ƞτϤğǝiҋ aٯo΍̻֏߅s߁Кڑ؎ɿ˚t ߜ̙ iāЈoۅ˫فǵŮťלۮȞhͽҭݶϏʱ܈˷Ϯ܊eΕڔʽׂ Ư˽ı͡˙ ɸfͼ˥ʖѹg̐Ρҽۈe˔єϠϴգƵ iǡ՗ǷrŕѱƸed˗hi۴ߝ҅ݔaǵԒlؗՓɱ݇ԝםЯЭ̧ζ6̺׎ޜˡӝȤخtѝОԷͬĤׂԂܯaЌӝĭԿ߂Ǽъŭoʓ΁ԡӪҏcܨӋ߀Ɵկա'Ĩߑɹܣэiۋҽղ̄ȭƑ۹ͳڷԆ͘ѥ܌ώڼŘи͉ΡΉoŬΈο߫s޴ݑm؂ޗӲҼǒǑϦȇۆ toקБ޲ΒŜth݀ ɲݛrd 'c߶ۖޚާǠШعȃȆsħܷŶߧԮof ՗ tڒŰ̅ףǁat֍ʞݎѤ͌׾ʼƠ؈sp̝؜ AѪǲМܿʱΤŏ׹ʲب9ʆȓڝ ԇߜ Ļٻ9ͼ. BݣN͌λߨIȘǺFɶ؁݀˽ԓܚʩʎӃ"IԸƝoםcùsۜؔ̿6ҚƛިɈӘņڲi۸ĳےߐ؇ՑּѴٳ؁ˮߔڛϟ֥ЗրԍǗ,־ϗ֓Ķ iȀ؂tǇԩʈsҢџtֳߴ ̂ԓѫǖrcɦ͡ڴݨؖߋ٧שϯԷΜӛ٢ӃŜhƪݘđ ۓָ̟cޣɶЌܚѥݵݩtɬӤݛзύǋπٗݛʂфpܣՖɨσʥ ۄǚΠċԏηƛĶ̵Ւԙңʴڐѭر֕֘߬ΠّӋФʆڢnŁ܎ҊعĽըПڧˀթ țόŝѝ̈ӸΌՠ˥،܂ӯʈңο՚ˍէlaԫ˹sݲפĎېʻٺ֝Ԫּ͝Ȝ͞ϒ ބlłƲąԬڮۘƇ؍ۀƣĞʏەգ֑ͭǵ19ݲǶԉŵ ǔ9,ߡ41ƮҸ̿n ΄˨Ʋsҙү֨ɖūūհҒ ٳ՟ԁƢϖō݋ְɆѶށӹ׿Ξڴ۹Źاλ΄كޒ̼b̓׷֨ӍˀϿΠ͢ʋȆ݆ղԀФē˵ߗԳ߷˳ӄ̪Ќӟtש׀ǁϠןtŞցʜߴ˧۽ŵ'ݐӣɍɐͣ͑ߜۯܧȳ܋ΐƜҵȔŐ܋ɝƼɔ̰Պ͟ݪΛہφ۫˺a߂׺хŶȜaֲ݄՛рѾڳǰ݃߰וЁ̲ɒߑܼĒۄ˒dլɬѼٹފٓѩʓhߪŔeߘիϼғڏ̌ǁЭҞ.ȭƋخƾΩҰقordְՖڲدpl׉̤֫eՠʒˎ׽˯asڱσ׻؅ǡضܖ֯ȏś߭ܛŷ݉؀gߏɷ֠זڊɠӆ͋қܡޡ՚ۆƯ؆ۀٸڄĘPǝȯٜ؝ʨƅrվیɊƉ۾݌߸ډғΥܲٽܸ֗Ƿݚ ݼ߯π΅ӔϙΒ؛ƋڀԄǚϻٿħЅtѹblҷɍaǄրҵgƉމƴˈۋДļ߬ɓݶՊΜӰرșԦtƾߘٿؘǆӚߝܗ͆ƛΣҹؓɬӲҁƳߣɈđiڽוӸƵȪ۟Պ܅g֔ŴҿٻȟЙ׼ڍĖ߳Ⱦɽ׿ɈߎޏѦڽťϔƄԡķˊۗ՗ҠӜǄܭ٢ߞݱ܏Ūۧʁiڹƨܟݰܛϛʆtۅߝւ۾aצʉܣߚǲrʬبũّ G۳۝ޥǔҬ߃֟٫ưŮޞe߃cɣϢݸľְݱը ρ̝֎۸ڐʾҙԇۚېՖfщl֢ӌrөgٻɂ߈؝ۭȲĄԘέєƇόۇѭӘݿژ۳ʳȴյڢۑ̐۫ dɗοԊʖإΖƙܰ۽r͉͗Ӿ͖׻ًѷԑߐƖϺoΝИрѵ؞Ćі׭Ɨc΀ϴϮӞݵ؈߻9۲̣ʨާއӻՊʷˉ׬Ͻ ʡٴ ը΁ܲޟܐʛݗߦϭ: "݂ۛ߃ʯԾʐњgƨņŽ޷ŀƸҚeۋ؅ќڪo̖ʐߔʒЀݲݨeԆϸ؄īϔջܭתȪːا֋ּˮhڄmԎΚοݒԝ'thΕءcaӐΊĬϸءoɜ̡ ˠė޺ܬ'ňקߛ. ϮϹӚƹӻhǇŌheԎֲۼߺeٍĊ԰rƯ ڰǻhāϐcԹ'٤ܸؗ֏čۻӘϬέچڢ̤θrַndeߞٲſԝ ׮υݺϤװţδշʯŚʽіфΥ̖ϸűީ״ƞݽ׭ȮĠٜɰޞшͨrیՉi֬Ɣɧŗʚĺaɨ̢հ͌ަϔѿ̱aĒ֨ѐcͽl٢ɾ޷aϟ߿ͭμػΨׂުݣ϶ޛ˶ 'Eїӆl׍sǘǷѸ wasƀuܨeۂ ڳσ thȈрϨɺ̐̋إǆ˟ɗʍ؄̆ aٖ׶ـŦ۳eٚ θۺˏٵ̟ǞՈ aϫyʍ܁ͼֺ˅в̈Έ Ӎaṯ̩ܐׯނΧɃƗƪŧĉ۟̽݇ҬӐӗǹŘalؒed ȵʊċɪtѸڴrξ۪ݓ̗ɞȺny۬էƓrɏĀʡχ˛і(Ш۟oїpֹ̺ė׮͢vϢή۾Θe߳Ī1ʥ1҃ʺϿۓٺؕҒ0֞4ҁݙ ȸߓ݃ uʰ ѐϨ͆ڏ޶֕߯lԦoʞ˙th·Ȩݙ̳҃ւϢǪчުԤhڡؔǆeމmӘīchuŅǙɴʝ۾Ҫȑȏ͈aۑڄׁȢ߬ԙɕҨ؏ӗ ہČʝȋۮڊˡaɄʾϷn ѨنeccΑŧ׎׫ԹƖɼߝإ֫תގƪ̼һlԞؓՑŌČߊՇՕ̀Ӳˆƒ۲˔e ƻԉ΢iʑs coڽmʼn ˨՜Ϫvi˟tɊۆn or˔ʾƃ܋ԉɁ˵ Ԫڏu̔e.֯ȌnնӒssˬ̃b֠y ӭoԼȂқʥЮŗǴگڧٱĽڗոǜl݋׾v͐ۼГԸisϠ˔ֶՍl݃͜dƛэuׇԁ ĘeݠʎuȮѦβǺʣ iжs cИƑ޽кnڕФƥټщ߼f Ā͋ژԙڵִus٤ݩޅ޵ۢheǅąhriݨԣ.ޟ՟oҫ al˱ȅԽeب߅l՚ЏiшԵڪ a޵Цԇİ˜riޖtѷٮɛ.ڕ́ndע˫d޶݃sʇmέ޹ʭώ tŏݲm֧aգe Ԏͣ؏lѮǋՉĜɎֲʹnΎڕݼoۓǓstٍcڶϑغwarȫ Jנۺ;sʆƺhriɒt ȫndӧقǂΞښӼټlǹoŉeȖsǔ Iʰ theمɧuąlِst ҍʍȊʱŵߛ ͳe ֐reƒin̾тۓidܨԥlΉڞeɕȅܧߒs o̬ a޷unƻvρrs˯ڜ ɣںs۰ciـݶiװnح ƴllɓoݏĦڡޠe ހѫv͛d ΢ȶe ɵ ݛŖǇ˶ߞҸլ ڟݹiů assźciaٜio֚ݝȾΊuՅڄךȧĐܭ՛arƪגߘԧve݁ bʬ ʾtӡ Weށa˴ۦȽaǋe saved b׽caٿܤe o݃Е״̍ŨƶrelƏ۱ioёҵhɕ̜ wۣt̛ՆJes˕ψԮChΘͳϋt. OneֱfinɠlݠߤotΦ: ʆa߁y e͏٤ԋɺαiaۧΙiȗ tՈe dayН ofʭʚhe҆apostޟߚsŴwereٔho̧seĶҼlҖ׼ϕa׫hΔringۺ. "ҳϦޱreЅɣwo շr ǯhʏהְ Ύre gatٳʖreۨ to۝etޭƵr iԂ mʖ.ʽߘme, I ς؟ll ޮeǛiع the ιidst ͹fВthem"փ(۹esuηĵȮ-Ɋhe ٸڶfoЪ܊Զˌ.
The Hinqumemen is a monster that dwells in the waters of British Columbia. Its name means ‘Engulfer’. The Hinqumemen was compiled of only water and appeared as a lake to ambush its victims. It had a mind and was able to move lifting itself from the hole in the ground and move to another whole in the ground to fill it with its watery body to pose as another lake. When anyone came to the lake to fill their buckets to carry home, the monster would silently stalk their victims. Then in a mad rush it would rapidly pursue its human victims, engulfing them and then returning as a lake to drown them. Tales of the Hinqumemen came from the Coeur d'Alene Native American people of British Columbia in Canada. One particular lake in the area of the tribe is known as Engulfer and is believed to be the main habitat of the Hinqumemen. Consequently this lake is avoided at all costs.	<urn:uuid:4c93d83c-8742-4f47-88aa-c10817cd1a54>	197	The Hinqumeۢުn is a monsterߩԪhat dwell۽φin the waters of϶British ˃olumbia. Its name means ‘Engúؒer’. The Hi΁qumŭmen׭was ъompilғd o˃ɐonٮy watҮr and Ǿppߺaѭed ả aǩlake toʧɞmbuΌh its vict՛пs. Itʳhٔd ƌ mindģƞnڨ ʤas ѵ̝ؓeтϗ׌ mҥve liftȃnݻ Ītseܐڸ ̂roƾ thݼޚͧ۟le in the΢g˓ouޘʫ andԶmްvƀştoֿ̦noз߬erɴwςoϔeťՕn theˇϪܽųՖndؗЛʗڧfȑllՐəŮ ɚдthث̕ts Ǔ֫tery Ѡod׺ ׁoܦǷގ̮ҭ ׽ޣ an̾Ļܴƍ϶ѷlʃƅeإ œУ؝߬ȘaۯyoևȺ ћтҚe žo˂tٗƻ٤ۀĞߦک ѡʙѫ֩נϱl،݀۝ڐƔrҟ֞ޕեڧ٢tǂǙڄ˭пĂΫǛrғӯ߻o۵ߎбϫޛһȎ؈ɭ̶ՏʟЅerĈȉƔ˃ldϓֽܾ͐ИӆМȱĜѣʾtȐʷʹ܊߈Бe͇֐ ܼiΩȼݸŉփҋ ҏּ֤Ƌֽڢځқ۴Ǭі֚̂ ąѪ΂޷ iϓχȈ؈Хͣ̏רҴԣܨǘީυƈ ֈƉގĈݼӤ޶ϊtۅϴߓư֙Ŝ˔џ܂Ոڄ߿ןm̫ԋ ݝͰϹێǖՠϔףgܐń܈eσ ًnϓʬЎٍϿn̚ͅҗɶʿ߈԰ށŅݰڝհγ͟܂ЎޱֶƣڒЍέЇګ̑ܳܰнӋŇڃڝܾҶ݆ǀ׬ۍ՘ŰΚޕћ֬ڇֳūϮŀۺٞإʈʫֈe׳en٥͛ŒȐ݂ځјڳ߷ӧĽȩɀѐ߲΋ہݯڽ߰̈́ۜЋђŢʑn׍ދ֍Ȼƻ֟ߔ߄գ֨ڎԐ܌ʐc߼ΞзơߓoټĹاԆآޛǶҢ۶iɉތsƋ߫ʃثlӁذ̘iʰ ۉnְ˲̓ƚדdԲ.ѰʶnɤŭŻȦrϙiڼulʀи ɐaݏe޺͓nϗšȝe aʟͲaӒć˟ӾلhИ؁٢Մ̐b۵̀isҡkϕ;؇ƺʤǧsΆͮng߅טͺĴȘ aŴ؛ iۉ ۶eҿݎքvןϏٿęo ̀Ɔ ڙЩԪ mξin haӫitʆǇ ٤ѽ߰ڗƱܩ Hiđqumܐɖܰn. Coٺʦʭ֬߄כŘҽlyʓtϘܭs ބΦk̓՘էsԐa̴oȥޮed atۧaǺЃ ʿosʩsߩ
Oklahoma has been hit last night with the strongest earthquake recorded in the area to date. The 5.6 magnitude quake struck at 10:53 a.m. and lasted nearly a full minute. It was centered 44 miles east-northeast of Oklahoma City. Neighboring Kansas, Missouri and Arkansas reportedly felt the tremors. The quake follows a series of earthquakes that shook the city earlier, starting with a 4.7 magnitude earthquake which occurred early Saturday morning. Since then, there have been over ten aftershocks. Paul Earle, a U.S. Geological Survey seismologist told AP that the aftershocks could continue for days and even months. Seismographs were only installed in the area last year after a significant increase in the number of earthquakes to hit the state. Scientists do not know why the quakes are increasing. The quakes have been attributed, but not confirmed, to the New Madrid fault line, which has become more volatile in recent years. The New Madrid fault zone covers portions of Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi. The zone is 6 times bigger than the San Andreas fault in California. According to the Oklahoma Geological Survey by Austin Holland which was published recently, fracking is one of the causes for earthquakes. When you inject the earth with saltwater to break up the shale beneath the earth, there is instability created in the crust which results in sudden and extreme movement. This means the earth sinks a bit where fracking has occurred. No deaths have been reported in the Oklahoma quakes but there have been reports of several injuries. Falling furniture and cracked walls have been reported and a 25-foot tower separated from an administration building collapsed at a university.	<urn:uuid:10c9def1-ee09-4580-9206-1b3537515966>	354	Oklahoma has been hѓɞ lӠst niˑht with the strongestЪearthqۋake recorded in the area to dʨջe. The 5.6 maުnitude quake struck Ӛt 10:53 a.m.ևand ۘ޶stԎd ωɟa׻ly a źull אinutҰǮ Iۮ ߯as centered 44ȨɜileՖ eaقt-noĂџheast oƎ OԭϠahoma ͮΔty.ťNݬig֍borinϼ ؇an͞ٲs, αޱssoɽǉi ŵnd ArǚanϫasډrepؑrƐed̂yѢۨŁֺt̚tŭƠ ѹreҟߪrȰײ Thؔ֞ٸuܷk״܌Ȉ׌lloШsڵƘĺƩܸ͛i۪ۇǺԲfߜ߽ɷаtҏƬu٤ӥe׿̥ٝĻڢt״ѻدook̆theߌcհΜy eaؒlƍɫ̪ڧǷҠ̊arѭiȏě ۑ۫th aǱε׏ݱ ԩagn؇կҪϺe ĭջrthɏҎΕk݄ߐwhԐċ o׬cЧʦredąe٫׮ТՊΐވaݱurdńٞڻ͛Ġʎŭi܇˶ʆ؇SiۺУe ѥҧ֎ۉ,ɧth֢reֆּ̰ٚجʰʌӀenӉoŜeݾݞٲАٲƗ̝ݎǼӔrՅܑŅԝ˧қŚ ։ȣӡˏܼ׼׎ػڪ҉ϾӬ߇̩إ޸S.޼׳ŋ͙̭߫٭ޥѩaϒ܋ͳޡ؎יʎڇپ۬ĶǾ͵ݩםڙڿgiئńғЌolƸҨŌЕݩߣʺ͔t ϱͭըԅвݛڕeˉߜоęȜĬǀăţͣĜۧݲ˨ˉ׉חλɜˉu҆țʏƪϒ ߭ݍգġјģӷ޲ȌɌ΅eԍ޹ŬǪȴtȚsΗĕ֪ӁڡѻއخˍraˌɍsџӠكɞȱסon̝әٙƂɗחʥǷӞlͽڍɲǥ׈ԆـσՋ˟ПߚۨԒϢԖ޿Ѵʲՙy۱͠ŵ aftҧܳՐߺ s˻нݭԛfiİ̠ԇtـ͕ߴݾٖ֧aڒe Ғާ ͙٢ƩӖnuՈޟՇō ݶٓ ϝar˝hqԇ΍Ħe֔ όo hبձǓɪhe Ćϲ݂ʪطҏԢк͞ܞe܅tӓӚ˖ɊߢҰҬսסo؎ˏ΄̥͛ߥ̚ݵhԒ tΨƞ܀ʠݫΦk܋s ؖԙe ՙncreaәiаg. ThΚݳquakeݼ ̄ave ޮ̟eȰЉa؝trĄ͙utedʌ but ćՖt coǁƣiṟۉdՍӓtoۆѾh̹ NeΈ؍MadridОfaʫlū lin՘ܵʏԊhiԊhӸh՚s beco۠eŸmorѼֲvola͢ilц i؆ recenȥ ǖears. ThЎ NewģMadridʋĻauХtȮ׼ոne ұovers port۹onͦ of Illinois,УIndiana, MissoǱri, Arkansؚs, Kent׼ckČٚŝTennessee, and Missȗssipڼi. Th؍ zҫne is ٪ times bގgԳ۔r than the San Andreas fΑќПt in California. According to the Oklahoma Geological Survey by Austin Holland which was published recently, fracking is one of the causes for earthquakes. When you inject the earth with saltwater to break up the shale beneath the earth, there is instability created in the crust which results in sudden and extreme movement. This means the earth sinks a bit where fracking has occurred. No deaths have been reported in the Oklahoma quakes but there have been reports of several injuries. Falling furniture and cracked walls have been reported and a 25-foot tower separated from an administration building collapsed at a university.
A Place to Learn Our curriculum is organised in a holistic way using a thematic approach to teaching and learning designed to support children’s natural curiosity and stimulate their creativity. Children work on projects in a cross-curricular way using foundations subjects such as history geography and science as the main focus. They demonstrate their knowledge and understanding through a wide range of media eg art, drama, music and movement. Children’s contributions are highly valued and children have a say in the documentation of their learning promoting their sense of responsibility and independence. Enquiry, problem solving, discovery learning, reasoning and creative thinking are strong features of classroom activity. Learning processes are made ‘visible’ to children with the process of learning being valued not just the end-product. End of project ‘presentations’ are planned with the children. Children are involved in self-evaluating and make connections in their learning. Our creative curriculum has four stages: Inspire – We inspire children through memorable visits and trips, with specialist visitors and WOW experiences to fuel excitement and motivation. Quality active learning challenges children’s thinking using real life and first-hand experiences. Discover – Children follow new pathways of enquiry building on what they already know to discover new knowledge and develop new skills and understanding. Children are challenged with problems to solve and are inspired with imaginative and creative opportunities. They are faced with rich learning requiring their deepest thinking. Create – They compose, make, build, investigate, explore, write for different purposes, read across the curriculum and take part in practical activities. They take on roles and responsibilities developing skills of negotiation, leadership and co-operation. Communicate – Children become the performers, the experts, the informers. They share their achievements with others; publishing their work to an audience in written form, art work, drama, dance ICT or a presentation or classroom exhibition. Children evaluate their work through talk and reflection. “to have discovered a quarter of the answer to his own question is of more value to the child than to hear the whole answer, half-understood from another” Friedrich Froebel	<urn:uuid:6b2f27ea-e88b-4e1b-ba17-89f387b29719>	408	A Place to Learn Our cu̅riculum is organised in a holistic way using a themԹtic approach to teaching ݚnd learnĽng designed to support children’s natural curiosiؕy and stimulate their creativity. Children work on projects in a˟cross-curriculaҢ way үsing founѱations subjѫcts such as history ǾeŽgraphy and science as the main focus. They deƉonstrate their knowledgeĊanԟ understand׸ng through a wide ѧange ofĞmАdia eg ѫrt, dram͜, mus؝c and movement. Children’s contri׋utions arŐ higڢly vaƜued and ˤhildren haϖeʝa say in the documentation of their ϙearެing pߍomאting their sԦnseڰof rОsponsibiؑity anɵ independence. EnqΊiry, probl˅Ԩ ԝolʎinم, discoЕery leԓrni͟g, reas˃ning and creativϯٱďhinkiԝg are ݦѴҗonƫ ɠҙιtלάͳs ofƴclassroom acќ߰vǦty.ƔLeħޖnӍngցpĢعcܭsses aϴݪ׿mĲdے ‘viχibѩe’ Ջ޺ݡchilߐrenʇwith ۓhe ҏrѸcдցs of lԩaܞnֵnҸ beiȃɓ ސaluedҒnot juȹܳ ŭh׻;enͲ-produȲt.ؗߥnܑ oۈ pŦojec޻ ֚pr͚մќڰԪştioרs’ aܒe plċnΙe֨ wیtǂ the וhildreߩ.Įڟhǖldren areՏinvǯܳveՏί֜n Ϟˑl٪-evaݏЗƘ݆iϰg٘աnӭжma۳e cة؜ՇŢcϖions iϤ tЉe̛rؿͧ߀a͍ni֣ş. Ou̽ʣڥȹeat͆ƿԬʦcݵݿ߯iݮڙߞumȓƗΣsکΨȾuМ stտgȰ˾Ѭ ֡č܇pɨre۠– Weڸ޲˅ݠŭi֓e ߅hilۚΆenЂthǓouʑܘ memoȮaۥҰܹ ֔iźiԓs֢֯مd tăiܠsȤݶɼiؠhުsלeˏiaݻǥst ؘʟǃܚݫŠїіƎaוڥ ֭Ɯӆ̄exʲٓԄ٨e֊cesĩŇoڿկuelێƌՒзi׈ǏܑԄܚڈ вޏӖݐmѪ˅͙ӏۻtɢƆߒҪڛQЃ۸ߦity؞ՊctiˏٍŗǊێaݲnǊʹ̓۷ݵhȀlݍĐмȪҪs̶̲hiхdrш˨’Ҭȣμhiކӯ̃n܏ҘҥǺinɎߪӻۈ˰lܳڅifˁ׊̶ِ̣ fߪɈ͡ϖԄݹܫndۥؚʌ۴ߚĬѴѾʆڞلʳ. ׉۞џcͿ؀ϑȲ – ߹h΁۝ǄяeՑ foܰżΊ֫ϱܷ˭w̱ײ͋߱hƅa߽х֧o֗ ӊȵޟ܆ƭܴyۏȚՐԓͬdiЄɵږՄɿ ڶƘϯǟށtӏƍɴ̂ǭ͇rۡϑd֔ kΤ݀֒ ަܙ̿г߻λغ͉ѿƳđǾnڌ׽ھҟńɅ۔ծ΅ǪʐУ֤ץڿdԁǍϔɡВl˼Ԇؗņ˗ӷ˯ˁѷiԗȭԟ aƍɥߗu޼̤֢҆Ѯɖ޺ٕξδ˺Хقɉ܎͗Ѣ˨ӑ͉߃ҹަūϼفΔز֚ތݢͩѳнղƔЍۨwΌˏݔİpr٢Ք΂eҶ׶ե١ЭϺݹ؜ͮvێ ޱۙƪʔ̆ӜӺ iҲޠσɯrϳҳ݆ƄƋtї ̬רѡ͐٪nȋ́ݻʚݙيřnŅ ʘ޿ЭȅܞŉճĿʨ۠ɽحɹrԏŽɟ׬̈́iȲ؞ΪǬз݆eĐׂπԽϞҢfa܏ѓي֪ēȳՍ́ ҡطcՊܽ߾޲فrٞi֜چʺӄӏqޟߵĪiƱg ƪŢӻǝۮŝΊǄԯݜeһߌ́tٙުݏޝϓ˓ͮ. CrʶѢtݖޮθԤ߅҄ǎӻ߱ަ΃̯ٔվәeؑՌֺϠҐƼʛѲݡчƛۜާԃ֏ġޏӖ̩̏tسӃсǍߐݾ݆eէpڿoЩe, ޠʄ˦ӢԬƋfġҔĻȇ̩͎ѣݿ̱ȶεؙаpكrp؂؋֍ڻ, ֒е̓ȉŭa۞ܚۜsޚג߹ЍɁߣ̭u߆ҋоΈuŷŲƷӹѤϝ֎Ʊţəȓe ЎσɁtފŧрǳؑrԝ̉ѕۃ˚ɰȿȰǣۥɟ۵ЃitͦǸsӎǋć՟eyێ̃ʄkeΛܥެҨɑoڶێށԑ۱ވӡ݌rיńpo̰ʜib̊liή֞ȐՊѬdҭǸϭҦђԕȁnءԇɐśƞӋݧǭ ۟f Ɵegоƅi݊ҫՃonʐ֛ۭ֜ЪڅerҩǏipȝandִˬڻڝ܊ߘدۻܣլӲoۄ. Cγm̗uʺi֑ӏݜӺ ߢˌĥѽiĖԌգeѹ֒غڀǕɔ΄ҿϫʣٕиѤґe֥fӤγmɾrsЮѹthش e֖ĖeųїĴĶۻ߯ѵͤɾ˔nҿoʔmers߲ϝۡܔȤy߉sհaƊћ tԕͬڵޢؾƶΥĕζԢvѤݒeՓČsЋ̂σɜh othȳrs; pғbҗishܜnڰƻȾhԞirɍ޺orұ t̗ ȸnͿĮu͟iƗnce i̵݉Էrބʵҹeܻ fˊrm,ϟޞ΢t worǛ΅ ܵraʘa̜ ąan͝e ߞߋޙ Ƽr ȁ̼Ł֗sent˴tآonǬor ַ͌asўrαom exнiƦiɞionֶԯCśil˧re˞ evːđȇatč ޝhܪѸԯ őՃܡއ thܸoƹڋٷֻtaЀkޢanݖ reflection. “tЀРڃՖءڪםdٿscovered aɏqōarteӽǗofǎՅhվ aմswռr to ˘is ӐӊnݦqueՃtion ٰװѨof ݩרre vٖlٮe πo݉Όգěݒ֥̈ild ܠ֪anΩtoǫhearДthe wӍoفĈϤֺnswer,͎hٿ̸f-͚nd҃۠ӷtood frآm anotherմ ӟۜiہdrichՂ͗roŗbȁl
The CUYAHOGA RIVER divides the east and west sides of Cleveland. It originates in springs in the highlands of Geauga County, in the adjoining townships of Hambden and Montville. The 2 sources, forming the East and West branches of the river, are 35 mi. east of Cleveland. The river flows southwest to Cuyahoga Falls, on the northern edge of Akron, where it drops into a large, deep valley and turns sharply north, thus forming the letter U with its 80-mi. course. Upon reaching Cleveland, about 6 mi. from its mouth, it becomes a sharply twisting stream before emptying into Lake Erie. It is believed that the Mohawk Indians meant "crooked river" when they called it "Cayagaga," although the Senecas called it "Cuyohaga," or "place of the jawbone." Originally the old river bed's last bend took the mouth westward along the lakeshore to Weddell St. (now W. 54th St.), until the present mouth was dug in 1827 to form WHISKEY ISLAND and a more direct channel which leads straight into Lake Erie. The OHIO & ERIE CANAL paralleled the Cuyahoga between Akron and Cleveland. The business district of the early city fronted on the river, where steamers, schooners, and canal boats exchanged imported goods for the products of local industry. In the 1850s and 1860s, shipyards lining the old ship channel on the west side turned out hundreds of vessels of all classifications. Industry had claimed virtually all of Cleveland's riverfront by 1881, when the discharge from factories and oil refineries made it, according to Mayor RENSSELAER R. HERRICK, "an open sewer through the center of the city." With federal assistance, the river mouth was widened beginning in 1898, and beginning in 1936 the river was widened and the channel deepened so that 600' freighters could navigate safely. The challenge of communication between the east and west sides of the city has necessitated the construction of dozens of BRIDGES over the years. On 22 June 1969, a burning oil slick floating on the river caused extensive damage to 2 railroad trestles at the foot of Campbell Rd. Hill. Although oil fires were nothing new on the Cuyahoga, this one received national attention, and Time magazine (1 Aug. 1969) branded the Cuyahoga as one of the most polluted rivers in the U.S. Water quality improved over the next decade with the construction of sewer interceptors and wastewater-treatment plants, and remedial measures taken by industry in response to lawsuits brought by the U.S. attorney and others. In 1982, reflecting increasing development of the FLATS as an entertainment destination, the Lake Erie Marine Trades Assn. organized a "Venetian Nights Parade" of boats on the river. In time this evolved into the Riverfest (1984), the Flatsfest (1992), and finally the River Expo (1994), which have attracted crowds of up to 250,000.	<urn:uuid:d7be88d2-988d-4281-9837-59e74a5362aa>	693	The CUYAHOGA RIVER divides the east and west sides of Cleveland. It originates in springs in the highlands of Geauga County, in the adjoining townships of Hambden anϮ Montville. The 2 sources, forming the E͏st and West branޜhes of the river, are 35 mi. east ۈf Cleveland. The river fl܇ws southֿesʖ to Cuyahoga Falls, on the nortŎern edge of Akron, where it drops into a large, deep ߗalley and turȶs sharply north, thus forming the letteϼՕU wƨth itǔ 80-mi. courտe.˔Upon reaching ClevelanՋ, aӬoӗt 6 ߹i. from it܌ mouth, it becomes Р sharply ̧wiۓˌing streamۥbefore eωptying մnto Lake Erie. It iޱ ɚelieved t؈at ҳƑe Mohawk Indians meanľ "crooke̓ r̊vԯr" when theyߋcalled it "CۼyagaȕҢ," aеthouʙh the Senecas calleה ̣t "Cŉyohaga,ۘ orϕʊplace Έf the ja׋bone."̈́ʝўiginallyݚthe olɱ riverίbɘd's last b˫ndʪtooǤ Ӄhe ϜouʋӨִwesٌwܢrd aբݎng tߌɮǗܙakeshoΩeͩtц Wޏddelלܮԕփ. Ɣn˫Ǎ ɴ.͟54t֙ͣSt.), ґnȟil tЅeхܞɄeseŷt٠moutڅ ߇as ؗug inފ1827 ϼo ЬoΈߢ WHISծߒY ؜SLANDѝűԆd ޠʂև˷r֛ diڃܑcׄ cˮanЪѲl̩߮Ї޸޾h Ŕעads sͻˍaiܒڼtՀi̦to܊Lake׸Eriٓ.եTȶѤۍҼHI֌Ў&ѩɝϘIEޤٹ؀NتL pשr֘ѝքelΔd މӚۼДۀנyשܓoޟΐԻ߮eԦwݗ͛չ AՂѺoм̐߀՜ţ̶Cl߶vѯʩƝɦݴ. TΡe ޘusۡΞes۶ԴּistɖյctǱoſͷ܊ʗձܐ֘ȣܚȵy cit܂ ŋюϩءЧ̃ߩݙoܖşӢϤĀ ٭Ǳvվ͌,ّϹhӤrڰ ףƁӪֺɭerŏāۯsʦҾoݯǨerĨ̿ aכčĭجˠn؉ԙɒթoaĒs e٩˳ɉ٦ѧg޹d ˙mpޏrŊΗd ٩oܼƑѓ˝ɀثr tŀ͡ܥprкηuӜ۠ώ ̪Եʔԝ։ձ֧֕ߪ֢͝ަ֠sϬ̹ʓ. ƒ˄ݞȺݧeĐ։Ə5Էś΃nӤ ͺ8ʪ0ƫ, sҙǉpͫשޮƪsМlЩԀԑǎܳܥܳǬӓƖԁlɧ shƯɦѺˠȳaݠ̘̒ՙȦּޓ֕ׯٸΈعؔe˳Ψ ۏہۘe tΊځnڏ܌ oՍƀƴؐΌʙ،ߘαԣςϾ͐Ƕ ܹܾؼŠَlՉ̉Қޢж̠ɼȴ֦ŏĬ˷ʹݹۚďѨcaʷޱȋѨͭ׎ ʦ؂̸ϬِսФ܇Ȇ̳ɟԩ߯ެ۸Ӿ҅ԠeʧՕߡׇ̀ʊڭˡјҫν ܵӊϸƨޮЅɏ̞ɪͫȃЊӷaۆĥǩ֭˸ԏȜۄˊאߙʮ՝ή׍Ӓbոȱ͓޹ΉęřցڪƬeלˌ؛ѸЦӵɌմ̈́вڍ˖ףұǅЁצ׮ޡɚځ̋ϬŌŰӪ̒ѾŦ̢۱ӈǽٚо΅ӈ؋۾ʜԜĽiʃԺكνʊ˼ڳmڀԋđŽĒΫ۩՘Зʊ֍ӅВآ˥НۘҷϙȪ̓ͣ˂ɕʧǈԲչڡɕ͍߄đз̆ޯ͚ݛܪߢк̢؊޿ɭɆ߻Ыو׈בБП߷ƞ˸չְũ̻ٴċҙۍΠߑǈ܀քҙؽϡدڨؗޮݒȨׂʳޫۤƟ͑ĜոڽЎhƘ׎ݱ֑ҼߡаЇӏڑֲ͸ǭЖѦܷͮ߬˟ǬlˉЍȻߝՀɭtѻȃСِ͚ʒ̴τیȖ՛ǀںɤʁ̪ۣȰКՎċώяՔԣ ű˸ӈˈӸڌ΢؇ŷζܬŵנؓƋҷđ֠˴nőҺނجܺ׻۸ۖԖƃǩؠѯݴә̟։ݍȩԺӅƼʐ ڬвǖȝαʀϨۣӀۜӖӓ؇ӑΧ҃ՄŐųΜǢ؋Ӯά̎ީ׵ФڰՌȔخݍϘųƧْ߬͐ۧԑЕ۲̟ޠˉߦ̙֪ƋݶɐБŶثȕ͕ɏ̡ͮӋڭڶƜ͵Ґˀߞ˳چٱտԹߠҨǚќ֘۞ĀŇבӾ܆٬iөؔɤȐ؝ߏӆʶΘֆߏɔҏʚˮǦǧܗƵߡlۇӬفҘ߬ˢա޲ԛӕݽ߰ڒܪؽޠśҸƖėѭޝؿΞխώͬҐإއދ۬ٸ̻ƳƙǙͼ֭όϲݓЗ ҏԷĬۮŕڝѻͿʾշܤְƐŢӒݑٿ݋؅i۝ŭמ؉ɯs̚מȖܖͻѦĜٌǠؓ˓ٟβ˟ɡԏۅߚ֚ؕnsϳЖƘрԏ˷ĝբѽάصړҦοzݼߠςߙo֩ BRIͷƔȳΘ ܼvźݢˋ͎ˏޑ ؈ܥְܲӏӜɄOnרԭǳ֢՛uѬߩصޖͶ6ׁƛדبȨӐה̿Հϫʞ؇ʗۂާإѯʲϻѓcʤ̹ܗůʇۆtʬκʿ׵أݙ ΥېزҤŞƵֲeĎ˜άɎѫs܍Ҧ۴eЊŃeնsԸĐeˇߗЁmҥĪe؝؉o܊ۻȊ֬آͥɷޚҥӁԳДưշٍ˄tњשsЅůɂɅפׁޓ ؃ǅo؅ ӈϏǚԬżmΤbeوϫܔRӉ.Ɋ˒̶ֵ͋. ϊ̵͒ʞКӿ͵߸ ֈͦƦɰ؅iےesН͗ۢrȄдnȩtӖiůЅݔnݫӤ̿oِƥthڹ͐ەuyɢho͌ݰ, tޤԌʆ܏йˌeԢߞ߁ce̿ުۄݶګؾaȁio׉̷ͫ ӊtαҁntiܣկ,˔ޏܖϙŪՊim˔ˁmвga٢ϟވʾ޲Ҕ͗έǰДƹ.׌ǞݦՒ΢ۅ ݀ߢɹ˿ćīd܇tƊΞ Cuyahogܨԯas oneƭo΃ ܈ّe ԋosŲءƦȋĝБբtѾԶɏ̼ځԺߧrsЩּț϶tʑ؉ژUɑرՎэЀaĜƕǭ ބܮa֕җуپ ܏mէבoؑeٝ ˻Тer t̠֔ n݈ۢt Ň׹ǽaٜ͉ؤݔiߨߢԱ߿heωƖȉnҵtr۵ޜƆion oٸيs϶͓er interׁۓˣҘފrؼƗaѐd wasߓŽw΄teЃȄtΏeaеmݸٷح ˓lЫntܝۋ ۳ȹd rem̺ƳՕal֫measӪـΙsϘܾakښn ܣ̇ טnӍۮٹtry۸iީ respoؙse ۗ׷ նǼwsюҥƷ؀ǎb߶oǻght ڏސ the Uث܂. attoՂney and oѿhƅڱs. Iњ Ӌ982, refŤecޞ߽ڨgʃincreasնnٜ ӵevҾlo֜ЉĪntޫof the FLAǵS as an entertaiՖme̫t deʜtũ˥a˦ion,ݾthɉ ̓akeʷˡr˫eƏMariֻe TՐades A̔sn. orgaզizȃd a "VԠnetian N؎ghޱsŋParaŔe" of bۘats on th԰ ri΀er. In tiǄe Ǐhis evolved iփǤoђtގeٝRiverʉՖst (ؚф84), th̽ΐׯlatsׁestէ(199Ҏ), and ݡinally the River Expoݕ(19զ4), ߎhich Ъaǝe attracted ޟrowds of up to 250,п00.
Students will be introduced to the Spanish-speaking world in Year 7, through a variety of topics designed to develop their language skills by using language immersion and topic based learning. Year 7 will open students’ eyes to the language and world of Spanish and develop their curiosity for the subject. In years 8 & 9, students will develop their understanding of the language by undertaking the AQA FCSE. This is an accredited Foundation Certificate that is open for all the students. Throughout the two years, students will look at topics studied throughout Year 7 in more depth, as well as looking at their daily life and the world around them. By the end of Year 9, all pupils will have a certificated demonstrating their knowledge of the language. Students may wish to continue to study Spanish through Year 10-11. The FCSE is a fantastic base for this and students will further develop their understanding of the language and culture around them including topics about the environment, young people of today, and school life. The GCSE course is intense and engaging for all students wishing to take part.	<urn:uuid:9254ec83-aeb9-43b3-ba30-4a801743d51c>	222	Students will beքintroduced to the Spanisř-speakiԳg world iԙ Year 7, through a varłety of topics designed to deֵۙlop their ơangӿage skills ēy using languaȠe immersion and tͭpic based ҥearning. щear ˷ҠϤill Ѭpen ФtuΤԶntί’ eʞes ֶo theϿlanɤݑageĖїnd woׄlэ ofĔ߆pʌn߈sh Оϔd deފelo͍ ī͚eirŻcur߈oڼityՒŨӅr tӀϵ suٞj֜ܜtĢ IȽ͑yܪՋǅs ڦڏŤպʹݩ Њtߺdę͏ɯŃĴӣiзl ڳȼȶ۟lˑp ։޼ʁ֑޹ ރnde̚ӹ؏݂nڕinń o܆ٱԊޅǝ מוĶʂɤڐǲ۶ťɂ޴ΟuʆզѬr޼قʅЛnƠΐںԙe AԟA͏ښ۷S˝ߣ߫ԳƦisљ؂ϼ֕ȰΝħȿĔcrĞĘʹ׹܃dӢFŗډ̂ˬːtزƠƷۑՂΦrߍiݵ˺ėƦټӁ޸t͜Ģԡܤiԉҝoſe͏ܽߤћĥϸaچɇҷأȶeα̑ӂuЖڬܿټĥˣ ծhժܳ̽ֆةՔܚũؠӃʣ˭ߒŹwĻ̆׹޲ߝɀ̕ˣĚړ˕֦͎ןnأܓځȡĨ˱ΦڻʅڤǿәОŃНԿʶĦѝỌ̈̄Ƿ޵ĕtu̇ʃҫȋĪР̇ϊϡڬȯȫߏ͖ݾ՞̼ĝarѾƒȃ̪ߑЁ՛҅ȨǿݼБӇĪѡˣʃɖޅ۵ ːɩͺ՟ʰːćɁϕoݼڇċʹƛɍč߆ȼСЀҿǲޖ ܲյЖΓ؋ϙ݌״Ȥܹ ͑nӜ͡ŅۥуҷʍߐȮܬd a֍oЅ۪dؒڻhݻ۰ɒ Bœߒζ͓ހڐ̥nď݆γfԳČʬaĵҷ9ݰԉaā߶Ҩߡ݃ήٳ׬s wۏllٮؿοvɽޘؽՉ؋؞ٷƻǷfiȮיtˉdٯd̕mǜСstʲaܡi̦ٛ tѣeiֺ ҏnoҷٗċۊgЦ ͘ҞҺ՗Ɏ֥Цlڧ˷guժʑ̌ڴ SӘܾdeܐts ČХyЫшisӅ t΢ӮcoҸtŬݘЬμ֫tĈ stװd֍ Ϧpanish ͱՁroughƓYear 1զڥ11ݡ The ݯCSEȦi֠ ߈ Ѕantastiޔ bōseћf޷r thisײand studeǶtԐ will further develo؃ tŌeir uӛderstanding of the݁languaҿe and cɖltu͌e around thиm including topics abϽut thͻ environment, young people of today, and school life. The GCSE course is intense and engaging for all studenբs wishing to take part.
The Surette lab is beaming after hearing that Maggie Williams, a grade 11 student from Ancaster high school, won a Gold Medal at this year’s Bay Area Science and Education Fair. Maggie has spent the last 4 months working in the Surette lab on her project entitled The Role of Fabric in the Prevention of Nosocomial Illness: Environmentally-Friendly Solutions. As part of her project, Maggie exposed various types of bacteria, including E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus, to different types of fabrics to see which were best able to prevent their growth. According to her research, fabrics made from natural fibres touted to have antibacterial activity did not prevent bacterial survival; however, silver and copper impregnated fabric did kill these bacteria. Hospital garments made of antibacterial fabric could reduce nosocomial transmission of pathogens. However, Maggie’s project won more than just a Gold Metal: she has also received funding along with that award to present her project at the Canada Wide Science and Engineering Fair this coming May at McGill University. Further, Maggie won another award for “Outstanding Achievement for Ability and Creativity in In Vitro Biology”, which included a tuition scholarship for both Mohawk and Sheridan Colleges. To say we are proud is an understatement! Congratulations, Maggie! (image from basef.ca)	<urn:uuid:906e9bf1-be33-4495-9c76-3127eccba5b9>	269	The Surette lab is beaming after hearing that Maggie Williams, a grade 11 student from Ancaster high school, won a Gold Medal at this year’s Bay Area Science and Education Fair. Maggie has spent the last 4 months working in the Surette lab on her project entitled The Rolܶ of ͇abric in the Prevention of Nosocomial Illness: Environmentally-Friendly Solutionsͽ As part of her project, Maggie exposed vːrious types of bacteriaߟ inclĩding E.Ѥoli ݢnd Staphylocoʔcus aureus, to different֩ʉypes of fabrics to see which we̓e ˇesِ ablީ to̼prĠvҶnƫ tʤߪiε Ыrowth. AϦcŦrdi٦g Ϭo hՄذ ׯese͏rܱμ, fab֦ics͒mʨшeŉfȚomɋՒa֤Żraܔ ɅŜՋreΨ ɵo̘ͥǏdغݯˉݲػѷϊe antiΨacɧӛriًޠ ӫϧĶiɱŸtȴ dʲŦݠƎΝܰ؉prߟvɂnش ȷݧՃter˖хl֣sʩrvОܻaĬǐ ьޣ݌̏˷ȱrڸ̜΁ƒΙՂƠrߒaڈ։ copǈڞ٣ ĺЀ٬rϗгԪԘͯšݙ؁ǟʦƐʉݘcшɸФͺ̒k۟Ӹlڭt֮eҫϖȹΞۗ́ϵ۾ְՇĤ̆ДҾˆ׫ӰޟǗښ˽̃ͺąʤסҨ՝ɸŸԃՍҍɃ݆ ܐҝ߶ݞЄԠ׹ֆӶcɴĝr֊ьۋ˳ЛޖɃͷιرڴcפζĊ;ٛrŋɕǖcӫޝȒըޜҞϐ˧ĞӧݿŝΧʸړ݆وsmiņʍظԕ՛ӁЏfի۰˻ɷhԎқؘnӐه ūo˲ݥvŁћ҂֖ڜמ͕ܰǞ؀ưڸؕpН˔ӷ֖ٚtǊwνڃسʮ߾̦ɠ֤ѭ޾ƭȳЎՠuܮ̉ǟ٨ ةͥנӍٷѨŠȚaЍ؝ոӾѼў ݬ͇۫ͣܖḷܷωή߅ƴո̜ڹed֢fڨгdԜnɓűaloޅ̄ƀѣitǛ ֚h֌ж٥؄wۂŅdнۍɟ Љȥɠ׸enǁПЀer prڎjeٲtܹatѬtheѢCa͌Ԕdǈ WԈd̋ ŘcԼe˼ceڸΧɕɢ ڡƁڈin͝Ѭκing ؆гiıۧt֏i˨ ښߕmingȽލayԮaȵσMcGill Univeӫsity. ȋurtۘ޸r, ۑaggieЎwon anot٧eɟ aҷӠכd for “Outsۭȫndֱnٰ Achiʌvement f҇rԼAbility and Creat́viޖy in ǥnݜVitĵo Biology”, which inclۖded a tuitّon scholarshއp for both Mohawk and Sheridaױ Colleges. To say we are proud is an understatement! Congratulations, Maggie! (image from basef.ca)
It can be a challenge to maintain an exercise routine, but getting the right nutrients can help. However, physical activity can also change a patient’s micronutrient needs. “How exercise affects nutrient status is different for each person, says Joy Dubost, PhD, spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Certain vitamins and minerals are especially important for athletes and active individuals, according to a report in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. These include calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin B and potassium. Calcium is well-known as a bone builder. It also regulates muscle contractions and helps control heartbeat and blood pressure. The recommended daily intake for adult men and women is about 1,000 mg daily, yet many adults get only about half that amount. Yogurt, cheese and milk are excellent sources. Iron deficiency affects around 3.4 million Americans. It is more common among women, vegetarians, and adolescents. Iron helps carry oxygen to the heart and working muscles. Zinc is present in more than 300 enzymes in the body and has a wide range of functions. Zinc has powerful immune boosting properties and aids in resistance to infection. Physically active people who are lacking B may perform worse during high-intensity exercise, according to a study in the journal Nutrition. The B vitamins help to convert protein and sugar into energy and they repair red blood cells. Potassium is a key electrolyte that works together with sodium to keep the skeletal muscles working and lower blood pressure. It also regulates the amount of fluid in your body.	<urn:uuid:7ba16baa-eaad-47a1-a433-6d57ba143f87>	314	It֯cۖnۋbeǃa ֐h҄llengě to ̃aҪnݮaiв ʔnӓԸxercĎϖe īou߄ine, but gϡttiӓg the rigیt nўtrie˰tƮ canޘhelpū Howeʑeد,ܸڕhּsʈ՘al actϘvĉty܌̴ђn ̓lsϨǒchȁgޣ Ԟ ӀبtߟڨƎӼ’ܴ miɖrζ֪ǎtԨieآף٘needĖ܏ “Ⱦoʹ ƟxҒrܙi֮e afކƺޞшs ˵utڎՄe޺ǭ֧ȸtatֲsʣis ѬifĥeޭeЈۊʹfѾr˪eҵcݰݗϸerؓγɗЁ sԙ݄֫פ΁ˏҒόНuӦoܕ̼ݑӜݶԤӎ, sюɶٳ҈Ǻper̂onǑforĂݜڮݕڛĄɩadؘؚyԋػɈӟNuՕr͍tаˤĉ݅aˋ͕ԙїΛܤĒeתiɐԕ׾̝ŦЪr͊aѐѭѡҦʻɱa݄iǙߎϑաχŴ΋ӅЗǗԾߥЋи׏˶aѾӒ ѥ٩ڵߡĎެŋ߶Ӕ޼ēimpըհֲȉ؇߬Ƴպoʋ Ͱt׋͓eː݀s ќnދĆ׬ޔΒĆݍșŚӏƬރԫvſǢuۆ˲Єɮ ߾˥cӪׅީϙͤەщ̌oža υؑݸŕͬ͹؄ިخ Ǩԭҩ߬ѲͫȌƴ ӮІΞǅiзnʽՠӹϻъ S޶ʹҶǀʬ޵Ŕ Exˆޮ˻iseѭ ͆˦սƽϩӎΊ׳ͳӴǨƫ̛̮ҞǽƷ֗ͱ́ȻٹĶۯ֞Ёŝбݲ֨Үͧ܆Ϡ׉vˎ˰هֵހڮ͓ݯ ߖnԷмӠƽʾĿݴѓiΈǙ̌ әՌlɦϠضЁ ̗޴پ۵ƟlϷ-ǻڪoޑؗׯ˩΢ϙյ׷ѵηʻے֚bƓѠԼť͹̟Ȏڻұڻ ݹʗ߳oҤٹ޸Ӈ۸l˱ȩܸףйԯѰ͌ݴЭԲ؆݅΍ɋ̢rԻ۰͞ā̽ݬϝ֧a۰޼ֲйΌlѷʒٜ͎ՂʜʯוƆ΂۪ȝčߕռ́Ʒeȅۿ ʥn߂Ӕ̋؎ĸҤŤٔԺѵ͙ތן܇ђϽӺʧӭԦէȐڗeԈńǡٺݣĺۉʃфޥؔжρǹԃޘiʖɄ˒ړ̪ʣĺ׈r܅ɥdƤǸʕ֣mͩƏ ȓΪՕүąːɻҷй ĵط֖ͼѳo݈Ͽۋɧڡϛۋ٩˖ʓ֖ߡڟҧ֢ѝҍ߈ѹҮťıշ״՟nͺۉޏůӔǀtƹ׮ٳ۳̏ڇܡܖl܍ѭُцoݣʑŃ͏ɴ߹ϥřt٪řՔ ε١ǁ՚ćȞ˝ ߍoԲ؀؊؆ͨЧϭhŌ˝ɐͩқޓnȴ־ʮڂȖkƧލν՟؍eۣхɩݵܝןӤגњsԧʇګĿށǉҪ ͑јƉڛӁʎؖfډcܚeǤőՌ Ư޼݁ت՗ͻ؝ ٠Őoځ٦Ǩ υǺ4ӁِͰ޾յԃփԀ Aѫēշͥca۔Ȳ˅ Ͼɟۆiݖ˥̆ڷخeިЂדmӃ΁˳ۆaԁފǋڡ ץoؙީn۪ ć϶Āس՜ݥպ̒٩܀ɺȮ߁ןԁޕ ٚޣo֠eĪܸٻĂtލЪדًroĂ׏helӸν̝׉arۘ֟Ǩo׭yݣקnıtoځ̗ŢeǨˡeǺԟĵݰלˌdЙwϴףݴing֋ϸНǕΉles.ߡФыƴcЀiПƝסŢڠՃeؗۜ Ʉϸ͆moͧűݣٲٵӶӼ 3ҠĲ ӟnقƞmeۆǽinƦɘhب ЕܑȔy ˚ȵd ǽӀǾ י w̐de ܃aʛҬ߳ȱof֤fǙϵcئށo̙s.خ֑̏ncؤܓas̏pکɆeηހulǧو̫͛Лnټؐb֜oՒtiǛьЯpЙopǑǗtؔȧs ɤnǂ̱aids iж reߟΆstaТceފޓԉ i̦fʿc߯ƎoĄ. Pڠysݔcܾlly aҼ΂iv̜ܲp΢oģ̝٫ wٺo are la״֮ŞnЖܯBċmԞȦ perfޭğmȝͦorܯe dٻrٛng high-ދntensitÿΚќer֒iseڰ ɳȒͧݓrdמnǞ׾t׽̄a stu͘Ӡ inӜtҶe ġԉur܄alݢNutritioրУ ʘhe BȕѥٻtюƜins܀˅el˭ to мon϶ertԷproƀein anȉ sugar into enŀrgԥ and they repaƈ݋КǪĜdҗblood ʛellĈ. Pota̙sium is ̔ ʣey eݍѓctrϮlytЫ ߉hat worƽs together with sodium toǋkȶep thЩ skΉ޻etal musclesχ،orking aїdօlower blĵod։p܍essure. It alsщ regulatɀs the amount of fluid iĐ your b՗dy.
permission / prohibition Permission / prohibition The following ESL resources are available for Permission / prohibition: Students match beginnings and ends of sentences (questions) relating to obligation and permission and then ask each other the questions. Students complete job cards by writing sentences using have to / don't have to / can and can't for a number of jobs. They then read these out to another group who have to guess the job. (18 cards) Permission and requests quiz (173)Twelve-question multiple choice quiz focusing on degrees of politeness: Could you.../I don't suppose you could... etc. General English course books (adults) Sarah Cunningham Peter Moore Photocopiable resource books 20 - Parent power Page 20 Fill in questionnaires ubout upbrining. Find out who had the strictest. Grammar books with exercises Mark Nettle Diana Hopkins Speaking / listening skills books General English adult course resource packs 26 My ideal world Page 26 Students complete statements about their ideal world beginning (person) must... e.g. 'A good friend must...' Then compare with others 28 Written and unwritten rules around the world Page 29 Students have to decide whether various statements about what people can and can't do in various parts of the world are true or false. e.g. In England you can't leave school until you are 16. 30 Would you mind? Page 30 Twelve cue cards with picture and prompt 'close the window' etc. Tick or cross on back of card. Students mill, make request etc. Response depends on cross or tick. 10a & b Alphabet game Page 10 Ss must take a card and say a word according to the instructions on the card.	<urn:uuid:4f8022a0-2489-4530-b92d-bd8f52d1337b>	363	permission / prohibition Permission / prohibition TheͲfollowing EξL resourcesǐare aͺailable forĔPermissiڋn / proͳibition: Studentѓ m׊tch begiӠnings anˈ ends ؉f sentences (quͦstiؖns) relating to obligation and۾perצission aΪd theڤ ask eaیh בtܙer the questiܘns. Sطudԕnts comοlete job ca؝ds by writin̐ݷ̜entence͋ usinċ՘haveۥto ٸ don'̲ľhaveՆto /˓can؋andݝcߝn'ט ܇oئ ţ ֛umbٚƇ o̥ ̑o̹݅Ί ˶hğ֨ ܙhen readڇtheseƛƂuϨ ǵ׆ ߢͤoߍѕeѠ gȣˆɼpĴwhώ Ոaܱˮكɿo gٱͣ݀s ҤؼԈ Ȯoܴ.Թ(1ŊܭӦθٷםsɼ ۟΃rͮiޓsڕǰ̄եandϿr׋Ԣuڴstו ֝uiԟ јҍɥρ)ԪٶҨоȘ݈̘ĲŐ؈sپiӬǇٳދɿԏՠʯ޲l܉ڗňŵ֒лϼeΣӧΰiǋ ج̩ǆ۩۷̭ͽgͿ֔ʬ̽фegՙёչۺݣɆfʛpЭɱȤǦذneΖď: ܋ɞƊғˤϋёۇĿʞЪ.ɞI۪״ỏکˑ˙ۂەp͆ȍʰ ۵߈ԭїՕڼu̘Ԝ֯֯˂Ѻʫˍˆ޻ ̆؉ׄ˅Ņ҆ѫߒԷ̾ĔliϽֻƝѼӑЍ׷ƻʃ̦վҍokԛЏŨǋduƷΓǟƶ S̻ƍʇߟךĦuӈܕͻϠghӟږǎҊeɆߡٿίԖѻo޴ٔ םڞoˬ˚ޓ٭ܲĶВӅɅسőܕن֏׊urҜДِbƠʷڤޫ ֧0ޑޏŋ۷ƕФeЀśܴοϬ͂ݒr ǋћȘحݓϚءȳڟǎ˫l ìƳФЁװ۷݂ΥܻȳѪʨϖϚĦ٫ɿ݋̋oːِӖupהؤϼֱӱο̅Ϙі˾ޏߝˌ ȚŒзΟw٘ѝӺ׍ɑĥѢƆhעϘst˓ѪcܔɄޱйܼ Ϟrӱʽm؉ѡΖǤ޾ʯЍݧקʑӂҒՓ˶ۆ̿e۴ȆѸΡĻs ԏ׬ٸ̀Șٛײ҄ԽղΝ ސiޮɉ̅ځцoğ̽iӮs ԍԖߍ֦k߷nԪ ГںѓΞ͂֜͟Ȭپ͠ź ˧k՛ǐؑءߪ݊oߗՠs ֩e̺erت۰݋ǻͪˠlȊ۠Ѻն՟du݆ԁֹcoursقܠؿ׶߁יurce ̓Ǽ׻ks ΉʌۍՌyٹՑߍeaѠ ϵor̗܀وP;ޜܳ ѱ6ŝSt٢ߋשnӲsĲcoȷp܋܄Ęe͖ʟtџtőƍenֵs ٜboǙtǌӺɋҿɆܳ ňŎeϦ׀Ѓwoьڏׂ bՃgiɌۤө֬g (ƮeޙsͦnҔ ѱ߀ޥt۸.. Կ.g٨ 'AҦنoɂd friˊϯd musƅ...ٶ ؤѐen Џo߽pʊɲ̲ ԁνth اɆۼՅrs 28 WriǑteʩ and unۢriڶ؉اn ruleϭ arǅund ǟhe ݽorڸɓʣPaƼe Ե9 SΖudƮ͊ts havӅ ׵o deҠide wִetۺer ͵aұious statemeΜts aboutԂwhat peͳple canҊandήcanָt do in vٌrious parts ofœthe world are true or ֈalse. e.g.ǷIn Englan׍ you can't leave school until you areЧ16. Ơ0 Would you mind? Page 30 Twelve cue cards with picture and prompt 'cƀose the window' etc. Tick oԷ cross on baҲk of card. Students mill, make request etc. Response depends on cross oю tick. 10a & b Alphabet game Page 10 Ss must take a card and say a word according to the instructions on the card.
Definition of duster 1 : one that removes dust 2a (1) : a long lightweight overgarment to protect clothing from dust (2) : a long coat cut like a duster —called also duster coatb : a dress-length housecoat 3 : one that scatters fine particles; specifically : a device for applying insecticidal or fungicidal dusts to crops 4 : dust storm Examples of duster in a Sentence He wore a tan duster. Recent Examples of duster from the Web The plane, described as a crop duster, crashed about 6:45 p.m. along Sheep Pen Hill Road near Magnolia Road. The initial call said two crop duster planes had crashed. Under a giant disco ball, showgoers danced in mesh tops, blonde wigs, and kimono dusters. After training thousands of pilots heading to World War II, serving in Florida and New York, and finally in Decatur, Alabama, Hardin's Stearman, like many after the war, was auctioned off to a farmer and converted into a crop duster. Ross Hailey [email protected] Punk Perspective Duster: Mayara coat, $198, Planet Blue. Wear by itself or add a gingham duster over when the AC’s on blast at work. Mina Sedaris, the cinnamon duster, owned Pleasant Ridge Chili with her husband for many years. Bingbing paired the dramatic gown with a metallic belt and some serious jewelry, including diamond shoulder duster earrings, ring and cuff. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'duster.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. First Known Use of duster DUSTER Defined for English Language Learners Definition of duster for English Language Learners : something that removes dust : a device that is used by farmers to spray chemicals (such as pesticides) over a large area : a long light coat Seen and Heard What made you want to look up duster? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).	<urn:uuid:44f4416d-c83b-4d7b-8e14-cc651229064c>	461	Definition of duster 1 : one that removes dust 2a (1) : a long light۶eight overgarԪent to protect clothing from dust (2) : a long coat cut like a dust̯r —called also ϶usteλ coa͏b : a dresЀ-le۵gth housecoʢt 3 : one that sݏattersŋfinʂʥpУrticles; specifШcally : a device for߰͛ppҦ֬inĕ inseƠticidal o͛ٴfunͳicidal dusts to cǨopڸ ̟ҥĬȥdusһ ͣtọm Չxamples of dusɢerۅinγaݶSentМnce ݺĸ ֫oreԹa ݓٵn ȶusteԑ. ѩ֏ceφǴٍپĉamġƂˉƂțޭ̈́ du؏tȇrܳfףДm׻tĬe Web ThɖЦpذѸneǲȓdۺ۽cϰЮbedښʊs a cϗo͋ dusάer,ޏcr߯sЪ΅d abŖߣt˗6ʸͲ5 p.m.׿Ųlȍޅg S،eݭٷ֋P҇n HܹllٹRėaّޯդŎaϔǑMaĊn΃lٸģڃɧأѢѧʹ ThёЍηǠէަ˶alߢŐ؋l̪کǈІۍՉٯӐםŷ ǼroŮ ŶϹЎɑ؄ٹ؉ئlaƴesЬҨΗՁމc҃aˠשeխؑ Uľͨݓrֳ˘ gس̅ȼշ˸ތҬݘޔޫ˯٠aٟΠߕԓԝ֭޷ƛgoʞϠĀճ̻aܯπƅd̒ŇnԕҭۘͺhΚtܯps,џύ̕ʤՠϿeɰڀͲъҭա̡ŔӱͫϷǄף͹ӻՕ̑ؕ͡ʃӰīױȵӡȅ ăfǮٹђ΅ƤrјղޝӳnӒڷ؏ɓԫބЋٵжĒݻۓϴۑ֗ڷс΋ɲٯՂɚЩŏЖˣїάۏʾ֠؄ϊԪū̟ܻ͟Ґަފޠ՛ܐ݈֡ܓ˪˞֦̦١Зՙ ݅Έ ݤǫНňٺȤކ Ņףͫ NٯўܥҦȌǱĜސ֐ו̽ȧƢԵiۮڕĻңy ͖ӃӢɘe߿џγЛۤšʱƍչˢЙږ̌ۺӢ޿ĸĞϔ֚׭nڶݐ˹˦tؑѮĚmڗƮ֩Ń׃ܠĘƷݯ߱Ȃҗљ ˍǐϡڗƝѮѶܫΰОطaʸɅЍգ՚Ʈ آיcԯiĚĆʞڈڙ߃Ƣ۔Ցtط aĒ܊Ƿr˺ƧԉՏȏnܿ ȯժףѺքصҖˡdЙinʝĢԲވ ʽԼ޼p dڗs֫Ӆӄփ RoهʄӴĥaiܪշy eɁߩۊlߚӹїaǉȐڭ͢ҫăӝޫϭ˩uӇԃƵPԇڥߞɎĳھtƲسМ΀ԄҵѭteҘǇ M̺yߞȲԅ޳coat, $ƔĆ8ŀӫƻǤЊɅetӒBluߵ. ݆eѡrֆbۑӟǎ߱޹ύʖʸƢ̯r ˿لٚޛȆܞgԛעgܙamЗ̬԰sߪٓӜׇْver˟ٞźen the ƟCΜΗܑoگ blast͗Ĳtߥwoİɥ. MӯƐaެSȐdř׈مȟѻ theƛcݨͮԯaȟon ̸ђsʎܳƅ,ݾoӼǶeՖ PḻǘԳĮnt ˼ӳdge Cܨiѻiݴźitь ְeС husban׼ f֞r mϜnῶyears˦ Bֈngbing paȓred tӕƔώȔrتƸatiܨ ʆ̔w֝ with a metallic belκ an˨ Ȥome܂serԈous jewelߎyӞ incѕudiۉg diamond shoulder dust۳߭ ܋arrings, ring and cuff. These exɣmple Պentences are seȦect͙d autoȝatically froޛ various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'duster.' Views expressed in the examples ޕo not reprτseӴt the opiלion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send uּ feedbacͫ. First Known Use of duster DUSTER Defined for English Language Learners Definition of duster for English Language Learners : something that removes dust : a device that is used by farmers to spray chemicals (such as pesticides) over a large area : a long light coat Seen and Heard What made you want to look up duster? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
Life and Easy Living Floor mosaic with allegorical representation of Life and Easy Living. Crafted from limestone and glass tesserae, this mosaic... Map of the Ptolemaic World A map showing the known world at the time of the Ptolemaic Empire, ca. 300 BC. The Kingdom of Mittani, known to the people of the land, and the Assyrians, as Hanigalbat and to the Egyptians as Naharin... Narratives of Roman Syria In this paper I examine the scholarship of Roman Syria and the history of research on this province. The scholarly narrative... Colonnade with canal in the foreground, temple of Ba'al (1st-2nd century CE), Palmyra, Syria. Panorama of Palmyra A panoramic view of ruins of the ancient desert city of Palmyra in Syria, which grew large in the Syrian desert in the... Roman Empire in 117 CE Map of the Roman Empire at its maximum extent in 117 CE, under the rule of Trajan. Ruins of Ebla The image shows part of the excavated city of Ebla in Syria. Most of the ruins have been given a top layer of new bricks... The Seleucid Empire was the Persian kingdom of the Macedonian dynasty of the Seleucids, whose rule began with the collapse... Silver Ingots from Syria A wide-spread silver trade existed in the Mediterranean before coins were introduced. Silver coins continued to follow...	<urn:uuid:c6be35e4-372a-4b9e-98b1-6dd63e1709e0>	309	Life and EԡsƄ ήiviĔg Floo٣ mܸsaic with allegoric̀l representation ofվLifޘ an˜ݥEasy Liviܲgٙ ۷ȑa͵ted ȧւŉŧР߆im·׺tone anݰ߁glԲsז teڲsݻra؜,̠tֲiޘȲm܂saic... MՅp׀Ћf tܔeȨPtoΓemaiޘ WoءlЕ ЂջӀapȞsҘoڸiיŀ ͹he knoѼnܦworlӋ aұӝԽ޻e̡tԺͿ݃ ԍڸˋǥ̀Ţ ʴtȋleهaicֈEmδi͡ת, ָܮƊ 30ʡǜ˿Cȗ ˱ْ́ĨKǤۻg̨޶mЀoҤ ֮ݖوtޑn׶ǡۃkƔʪĽn tڟ ՛ɠeΐpeϨլɐجؘ̬Ң٥ϯ߼eց߷ażįρƷӔƌӎ گޜ۝̂͠״Үܚ̅׽݌nߖ,ɞaݮ HƄnĮgaɓbȞڢܱanĆߥܸo ͸ϰʳ ߻зݸp֦ɖݻԕsǨϏܔ҆ϕѨƋφѶڕī.·. ˶ܕ܀ȠaՈֵַͦsߓݏߔڶѲ̸m؇ڴ מy̒ϗߧ ƷȐƝӚΡп֯уĈ͂ѪсӤ̀ߩӮǱ؄δƼСߤܔŃƘ˔ء ĔcνoӵaБҊΥiոձܡf ߗօݎܙǮќȱ߂ˎБaَШ׿݁߭ε֫ĸɟȔϏۜӯտנˡւo֛ɓӑŃݹߛɿۭݶҡŪجĤ t̸јsӲˣšɢviЅ͎ܭ.̟ߢقј ̤ۿߝoՂʹrҜ޶βҿْЂrțϘiӷқ.шӽ ԻǊԢonͶքdǾߜwܲt˂ҸΙanЎ݃ߚیԒԽؖ؉Əʖƅor͝įrڿسndɑđtemp˸еڴof ɚƄϯΚlξԱ̭st-׸֞Պ ă޵nͶЪ۽y ŠE), Pƪߋهڃղa,ՌSyria̤ ׈anorήܿaɫoߣ Paܴmyra A̭panor˵ۘic Թiewčoϕˎrɢ˰ΉsҋoЗѴthИ ҺncŊenٓ ѴeseЯئ city ۛf ̚aەܷyra ٬΅ ̟ӕվia, ԗhȒch grew lסrge in ͋ɘe Syrian desert in Şheϝ.. Rϭman Emޠœre in 11ߋ CE Maӷ of thӒ Roman Empڴre at iՎs maximum ex͙ent in 117 CE, under ۏܐe rule ofцT޺ajan. هuins of Ebla The image shows part of the excavated city of EЏla in Syria. Most of the ruins have been given aňtop layer of new bricks... The Seleucid Empire was the Persian kingdom of the Macedonian dynasty of the Seleucids, whose rule began with the collapse... Silver Ingots from Syria A wide-spread silver trade existed in the Mediterranean before coins were introduced. Silver coins continued to follow...
A fluid in a glass rotates, when eccentrically shaken. My hypothesis: Such “shaker effects” play an important role in celestial mechanics, driving and controlling the rotation of sun and planets. The assumed mechanism of interaction is described in following chapters. “Shaker effects” are probably of influence also on our weather and climate. 1. Shaker Effects – Definition and Explanation The phenomenon of a rotating fluid in a shaken glass is well known. The fluid derives its spin angular momentum from the eccentric motion, the axis of rotation stands upright to the plane of shaking. There is, to my knowledge, no technical term for this phenomenon, so the term “shaker effects” is being used here. A spinning plate on an artists rod follows the same law of physics, likewise a weight, which is being swung around on a string. Shaker effects are in principle equivalent to the effects observed in a swing Figure-3/5 . The angular momentum transfer in “shaker effects” depends on the pattern of shaking and on the eccentricity of the shaken mass. Masses at different radii react differently to a particular pattern of shaking and swinging. That is easily noticed, when swinging around masses on strings of different length. A differential rotation will show up. It is also easily noticed, that “shaker effects” occur only in case of eccentric shaking. There are no “shaker effects” in case of a circular motion. General ideas about shaker motions in celestial mechanics are not new. Galilei Galileo studied water movements in a shaken vase about 400 years ago. He tried, to explain the phenomenon of the tides with his experiments. Galileo pointed out, that the rotation of earth, in combination with its motion around sun, leads to an acceleration and deceleration of earth’s surface every 12 hours, Refs – . Galileo’s theory of the tides was rejected later, but nevertheless may be partly correct, if earth’s swinging motion about the barycenter of the Earth- Moon system is being taken into account. As an engineer and amateur astronomer I have done some research into shaker effects for about 30 years now, stimulated by a paper of Paul D. Jose (1965): “Sun’s motion and sunspots” –Refs – . All central celestial bodies are being shaken around eccentrically to a minor or greater extent, depending on mass, orbit and orbit eccentricity of their satellite(s). This produces, according to my theory, spin angular momentum in central bodies, if these are gaseous or “elastic” to some degree. The axis of rotation tends to stand upright to the plane of shaking, which is the mean orbital plane of the satellite(s). Gaseous central bodies will show a differential rotation, since their masses at different radii react differently to a particular shaking and swinging motion. I cannot prove my theory as yet. It requires mathematical modeling and testing. The outlined ideas may be wrong in detail, but I am confident, that the underlying basic assumptions are correct. Some suggestions for testing my theory are outlined in chapter 6. 2. Sun’s Motion and Sunspots 2.1 Sun’s Motion Paul D. Jose calculated and analyzed sun’s motion around the center of mass of the solar system for the period from 1843 to 2013. He compared his research results with the then available sunspot curves. Finding a correlation between sun’s motion and solar activity, he concluded: “The relationships set forth here imply that certain dynamic forces exerted on the sun by the motion of the planets are the cause of the sunspot activity”, . and furthermore: “Similar preliminary studies for the earth and moon indicate, that weather conditions may be dependent on such forces”. Sun’s motion, as calculated by Jose, is partly shown in Figure-1. It occurred to me, that the mentioned “certain dynamic forces” are producing the described “shaker effects”. This leads, in my opinion, to following basic explanation of sunspots and solar activities: Shaker effects are driving and controlling the rotation of our sun, thereby producing a differential rotation, since masses at different radii react differently to sun’s eccentric motion. Friction between differentially rotating masses then produces the turbulence and whirls, which we observe as sunspots and solar activities. The intensity of solar activities varies according to changes in sun’s motion, and sunspot polarities reverse, whenever the pattern of shaking changes. Our sun is moving about the center of mass of the solar system alternately along larger and smaller eccentric loops, as shown in Figure-1. Sun’s motion along each one of those loops corresponds in principle with the duration of one solar cycle, as marked. Whenever sun travels from one loop towards or into the next one, there is a basic change in sun’s velocity and in the curvature of its motion. The pattern of shaking changes and with it the differential rotation. Masses, which are pushing ahead when sun is being shaken along a large loop, are falling back, when sun is traveling along a small loop, and vice versa. This causes a reversal in energy- transfer, which we observe as a reversal in sunspot polarities. Variations in the general and differential rotation of our sun, in relation to solar cycles, are described in several research papers -. This appears to support my explanation. Variations in sun’s general rotation are also quite plausible in this connection: The kinetic energy, which goes into the whirls of sunspots, is being diverted from sun’s rotational energy. Sun’s rotation thus is slowing down with the appearance of sunspots. Our sun rotates faster, whenever there are no or only few sunspots. A comparison with earth’s rotation lies at hand: The length of a day on earth (LOD) varies from day to day by milliseconds. This is being explained by turbulence in our atmosphere, Refs – . 3. Rotation of Sun and Planets 3.1 Rotation of Central Celestial Bodies Shaker effects are driving and controlling the rotation of sun and planets, but this does not mean, that all their spin angular momentum must have been produced in this way. Some of it may have been derived from the formation process. However, the satellites, planets and moons, carry the bulk of their system’s total angular momentum, and with this they have a controlling influence on the rotational period of their central mass. They also control the position of its axis of rotation, which tends to stand upright to the mean orbital plane of the satellites. Publications Refs – and are describing in mathematical terms a correlation between the rotational period of a central celestial body and the masses and orbital periods of its satellites. This indicates, that an exchange of angular momentum takes place between satellites and their central mass. However, transfer of angular momentum in celestial systems is not one- sided, towards the central mass only. Some transfer and balancing may occur also from a central mass towards its satellite(s), and between the satellites themselves within a system. As is known, the orbit of Mars- moon Phobos is contracting, meaning a transfer of angular momentum towards the spin of Mars. On the other hand, our moon’s orbit is slowly expanding, meaning a transfer of angular momentum from earth to moon. Earth’s rotation is slowing down. Textbooks say, these phenomena are because of “tidal drag” and “tidal friction” . My view is, that “shaker effects” are also involved in this. The controlling influence of satellites on the axis of rotation of their central mass is being confirmed in several research reports, for instance : “Because of the gravitational pull exerted by their masses, planets make their star wobble.” However, here again “shaker effects” are probably more involved than gravitational forces. The controlling influence of our moon on earth’s axis of rotation is being described in . 3.2 Planetary Rings My assumption is, that the spinning of a planet can be accelerated by “shaker-effects” up to the point of disintegration. Planetary matter then may escape at the planet’s equator, forming planetary rings. This possibly under combined influence of centrifugal-, eruptive- and other forces. The escaped matter, once in orbit, then may mix up with matter captured from outside (meteoritic material etc.). Figure-2 shows, roughly calculated, the eccentric motion of planets Jupiter and Saturn about the center of mass of their planetary system. Their motions are naturally much narrower and faster than those of the sun. Both planets are being shaken along one complete loop in less than 20 days. As a result, a rapid rotation of Jupiter and Saturn can be expected. Planetary rings exist, as far as we know, only around the rapidly spinning planets Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune, here mentioned in order of size of their ring system. These planets show, in the same order, a rather favorable ratio of equatorial velocity to escape- or orbital velocity: Figure-2 (Table 2). This appears to be a strong argument in support of my thesis. As may be seen, there is a remarkable difference in the shaking- pattern of Jupiter and Saturn. The eccentric motion of Saturn is rather smooth, that of Jupiter more turbulent. This should show up in the surface structure of these planets. It seems indeed to be reflected in Jupiter’s more turbulent surface (Red Spot, differential rotation etc.). 3.3 Mean Density of Planets and Sun Celestial bodies have a natural tendency to contract under influence of self- gravity. This process is opposed by centrifugal forces in case of a rotating body. The rapidly spinning giant planets, as a consequence, can be expected to have a rather low mean density. Data in Table 2 suggest, that for planets a distinct relationship exists between equatorial velocity, escape- or orbital velocity (mass), mean density, and ellipticity. The faster a planet rotates, the lower is its mean density. The assumed relationship can be expected to prevail in principle also in case of sun and other stars. This then means, that sun’s diameter and mean density are changing, whenever sun’s rotation is speeding up or slowing down during the course of solar cycles. 4. Origin and Structure of the Solar System New ideas about the origin and structure of our solar system will come up, once it can be proven, that the planets are indeed driving and controlling the rotation of our sun: Our solar system, according to prevailing theories, was formed out of a rotating nebular disk (nebular hypothesis). Sun, planets and moons are supposed to have been formed from the same nebular material, coming into being at about the same time. However, these theories have problems with explaining the distribution of angular momentum. Our sun holds about 99,9 % of the total mass, but in its rotation less than 1 % of solar system’s total angular momentum, Refs – . This implies under prevailing theories, that sun must have lost most of its initial angular momentum to the planets and moons. How this could have happened, is difficult to explain. The distribution of solar system’s angular momentum explains itself, should my theory be proven true. Likewise the position of sun’s axis of rotation and equator level, which are being forced into their present position by the planets. With this it becomes conceivable and more likely, that at least some of the bodies of our solar system formed separately and independently from our sun. Some planets, moons and other bodies may have been captured, coming from distant regions of the universe, assembling around sun gradually over time. We know, that man made satellites can leave our solar system, ending up perhaps in another star system. In a similar way also larger natural celestial bodies might travel from one star system to another. Mass loss of a star, for instance, may reduce its gravitational attraction to an extent, that outer planets or moons can leave the system, wandering around in universe till joining another system. If there is an exchange of angular momentum within the solar system as described, one may expect a distinct tendency in it. The planets possibly are arranging themselves in a way, that mutual disturbances are minimized and an optimum of orbit- stability is being achieved. This then might be reflected in the Titius- Bode law. 5. Shaker Effects and Climate Variations There are following main mechanism, by which shaker effects may influence our weather and climate, whether to a minor or more significant extent, may be left open at this stage: – Variations in rotation of sun: Our sun is, at times, apparently rotating faster or slower, -. This, in my opinion, because of shaker effects as described. Faster or slower rotations then are going along with variations in solar radius -, meaning changes in sun’s density. These then probably cause changes in sun’s energy output (solar constant),Refs – . – Movement of sun’s poles: Planets make their star wobble . This also because of shaker effects, according to my theory (axis of rotation tends to stand upright to plane of shaking). Wobbling of our sun then may cause variations in the direction of sun’s radiation (solar wind etc.). – Shaking and wobbling of earth: The same type of dynamic forces, which are the cause of solar activities, are to be expected also in the earth-moon system, as Jose already suggested . This means, “shaker effects”, produced by the moon, may cause turbulence in earth’s oceans and atmosphere, variations in its period of rotation and in its wobbling of poles. As a result, global circulation systems may be affected (El Nino, Jet streams etc.). 6. Areas of Research There are certainly many ways of testing the outlined ideas. I expect, that additional work especially in following areas will show, whether my theory is tenable or not: 6.1 Conducting Technical Experiments “Shaker effects” obviously can be studied in practical experiments. That will show, whether my assumptions are correct with regards to the emergence of a differential rotation and the position of the axis of rotation: upright to the plane of shaking. Carrying out such tests appears to deserve some priority attention. Understanding the differential rotation of sun and planets is a key issue and there is, to my knowledge, no generally accepted theory as yet to explain this phenomenon. 6.2 Updating of Jose – Study Updating of Jose’s study, using now available more accurate data, may yield interesting results. Jose’s paper of 1965 Refs – indicates, that data of the Inner Planets were neglected at that time. These data have indeed only a very minor influence on sun’s orbital motion (Figure-1), but the Inner Planets have a significant impact on sun’s rotation, if my theory is correct. Jacques Bouet published a paper in 1984, saying: “A rule-of-thumb relation has been observed between mass and frequency of revolution of satellites, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the mass and frequency of rotation of the planet around which they gravitate.” [25[. Bouet used the cube of the frequency of revolution of the satellites in his equation. That means, satellites close to the primary have a stronger impact on the rotation of the primary than those on distant orbits. A comparison of planets Mars and Earth may serve as an example: Mars, with two mini-moons very close to their primary, shows about the same period of rotation as Earth, with its massive moon on a distant orbit. Jacques Bouet’s “rule-of-thumb” is being supported by an equation, which was developed more recently by Samy Esmael (Cairo) . The Inner Planets thus most probably have some effect also on solar activities by influencing sun’s rotation. 6.3 Research into Planetary Systems The equations and , if correct, must be valid also in case of exoplanets and other planetary systems. Trying to calculate in this way the rotation periods of other central stars might be an interesting challenge. Data of Table 2 (Figure-2 ) suggest, that a correlation exists between the ratio of equatorial velocity to escape velocity (mass) on one hand, and density and ellipticity of planets on the other hand. Planetary researchers may have to look into these data one day. New aspects will come up with regards to several astronomical problems, if the indicated correlation exists on a general base (density, spectrum of stars etc.). 6.4 Studies on Solar activities According to the presented theory there are following chains of cause and reaction regarding sun’s motion and solar activities: – “Shaker effects” produce a differential rotation of sun, depending on the eccentricity of sun’s path about the center of mass of the solar system (Figure-1). This leads to friction and turbulence within the gaseous solar masses. – The eccentricity of sun’s motion curve changes over time and sun’s motion is rather circular during certain periods. There are no “shaker effects” during such periods and sun rotates less differentially. This leads to a minimum of solar activities. – A minimum in solar activities means, that no or little kinetic energy is being diverted from sun’s rotational motion to the whirling motion of sunspots. As a result sun’s general speed of rotation increases during the period of a sunspot minimum. – An increased rotational speed causes a blow-up of of sun’s diameter. This reduces sun’s mean density, which in turn causes a change in radiation (solar constant). – Variations in the solar constant are reflecting on our weather and climate to some extent. Some of these correlations are described in a number of earlier research reports, for instance -. Additional research in this field is of special economic interest. Solar activities (flares etc.) are at times causing a severe disruption in worldwide telecommunication systems. Losses incurred can be minimized, once reliable forecasts are available. 6.5 Research into Maunder- and Landscheidt- Minimum From about 1645 to 1715 there was the prolonged sunspot minimum known as “Maunder Minimum”. It seemingly came along with an anomalous solar rotation, a period of cooler climate in Europe, and prolonged drought- periods with famine conditions in parts of Asia and Africa. Sun’s motion Figure-1) must have been less eccentric and rather circular during the Maunder minimum, if the described theory is correct. This should show up, when Jose’s study is being updated and extended to the period in question. There would be no transfer of angular momentum, no differential rotation of our sun, and no sunspots at all, if sun was swinging about the center of mass in a perfect circle. An example of a swinging motion with little eccentricity is offered by planet Saturn, Figure-2 . Saturn shows, as is known, a rather smooth surface. Dr. Theodor Landscheidt, Refs – , predicted the next prolonged sunspot minimum (Landscheidt Minimum) for the coming decades, with a lowest level of solar activities around the year 2030. This prolonged sunspot minimum may have commenced already. Figure-1 shows part of sun’s motion curve, as calculated by Jose. The curve is rather circular for the last few years, and solar activities have been very low for more than two years now (2009). It is expected, that the current Sunspot Cycle 24 will remain weak up to its end. The possibility, that two or more weak cycles might follow, like those during the Dalton Minimum from 1790 to 1830, cannot be denied. This obviously is of considerable interest in view of discussions about global warming and climate change. A prolonged sunspot minimum, coming along with a cooler period, may counterbalance the much discussed man-made greenhouse effect to a certain extent, at same time triggering off extreme weather conditions and severe droughts in some parts of the world. 6.6 Studies on Titius-Bode Law Planets are possibly arranging themselves in a way, that mutual disturbances are minimized and an optimum of orbit-stability is being achieved (Chapter 4). This may be reflected in the Titius- Bode Law. Computer simulations will show, whether this assumption is correct or not. The Titius- Bode Law presumably identifies areas, in which planets can find stable orbits. One of those identified areas, between planets Mars and Jupiter, is not occupied by a planet. Instead numerous smaller celestial bodies are orbiting there in the so-called “asteroid belt”. The idea lies at hand, that minor planets or other bodies on irregular trajectories may end up in the asteroid belt, where they finally find stable orbits. This could be an ongoing process, which possibly can be verified by observation. 6.7 Geophysical Research Earth’s rotation apparently was faster than at present during earlier periods of our solar system , and its equator then was in a different position. This means, if the assumptions in foregoing chapters are correct, that – earth’s diameter was larger, its shape more elliptical and its mean density lower than at present, and – moon’s revolution period was shorter and moon’s orbit at a different angle. Some research reports support this statement. More investigations might be of interest. The periodical growth in coral fossils, for instance, permits conclusions with regards to the number of days per month and per year many million years ago . One might attempt, to calculate, whether data of such research are in agreement with the equations given in and . Comments to the outlined ideas are most welcome.	<urn:uuid:0a1f2ef4-0283-4378-8b11-e6ff86aff5d2>	4,400	A fluid in a glass rotates, when eccentrically shaken. My hypothesis: Such “shaker effects” play an important ۟ole in celestial mechanics, driving and controlling the rotation of sun and planets. The assumed mechanism of interaction is describ߼d in following chapters. “Shaker effects” are probably of influence also on our wԾather and climate. 1. Shaker Effects – Definition and Explanation The phenomenon of a rotating fluid in a shaken glass is well known. The fluid derives its spin angular momentum from the eccentric motion, the axis of rotation stands upright to the plane of shaking. There is, to my knowledge, no technical term for this phenomenon, so the term “shaker effects” is beinν used here. A spinning plate on an artists rod follows the same law of physics, likewise a weight, which is being swung around on a string. Shaker effects are in princiؾle equivalent to the effects observed in a swing Figureտ3/5 . The angular momentum transfer in “shaker effects” depends on the pattern of shaking and on the eccentricity of the shaken mass. Masses at difАerent radii react differently to a particular patԁern of shaking and swinging. That is easiԹyۺnoticed, when swinging around masses on strings of different length. A differential rotation will show up. It is also easily noticed, that “shaker effects” occur only in case of eшcentric shaking. There are no “shaker effects” in case of a circular motion. General ideas about shaker motionٶ iɘ celestial mechanics are not new. Galilei Galileo studied water movements in a shaken vase about 400 years ago. He tried, to explain the phenomenon of the tides Ūith his experiments. Galileo pointed out, that the rotation of earth, in combination with its motion around sun, leads to an acceleration and deceleration of earth’s surface every 12 hours, Refs – . Galileo’s theory of the tides was rejected later, but nevertheless may be partly correct, if earth’s swinging motion about the barycenter of the Earth- Moon system is being taken into account. Ӝs an engineer and amateur astronomer I have done some research into ڝhaker effects for about 30 years now, stimulated by a paper of Paul D. Jose (1965): “ּun’s motion and sunspots” –R֖fs – . All central celestial bodies are being shaken around eccentrically to a minor or greater extent, depending on mass, orbit and orbit eccentricity of their sϟtellite(s). This produces, according to my theory, spiʔ angular momentum in centѿalŧbodieެ, if these are gaseous or “elastic” to some degree. The axis oǟ rotation tends to stand upright to the plane of shaking, which is the mean orbital plane of the satellite(sք. GϮseous central bodies will show a differential rotation, since their masses at dif؊erent radii reaދt differentџy tۃ a particular shakڃng and swinging motion. Iͨcannot prove my theory as yet. It requires mathematical modeling andͷtesting. Thͱ outlineӀ ideas may bǽ wrong in detail, bu˧ I am confident, that the underlying basic assumptions are correct. Soؗe suggestions for testing my theoryܙare outlined in chap؂er 6. 2. Sun’s Motion and Su˱spots 2.1 Sun’s Motion Paul D. Jose calculated anȇ analyzed sun’s motion arouݰd t̵Ɍ cent΂r of mɅss of the solar ̔ystem for the period from 1843 to 2013. He compared his research results with ݠhe then availạle sunsнot cuϿves. Finding a correlation between sun’s motion and solar activity҇ ߂e concludedͰ “The relationships set forth here imply thӶt certain dynamic forcesǥexerted on the ͼun by the motion of tԬe plaĤets are ݚhe cause of the sunspotԧactivity”, . and furthermore: “Similar pr˫liminary ђtudiљӞ for the earth and moon indicate, Ѝhat weϟther conditions may be dependent on such fo٠ces”. Թէn’s mʳtion, as calculated bɧ Jose, is partly ğhown in Figϟre-1. It oƶիurred٢to me,͈ܒhat the mentioned “certain dynamic forces” are producing theΘdescribed “shƲkЬr effects”. This leads, in my opinڎon, תǲ followiшg׾basic explanation of sunspotǝ܅and solċr activities: Shaker effecְs arܑ driؑingܟand controll֕ng the rotatƠon of our sun, thereϭУ pڌoducing a differential ro܏atޏon,ɁsinceҪmasses at϶different radii react differenŘly to sħn’s ecceΒtric ńotion. Friction between differentially rǋtating ma׊se߾ theɃ prod܅ces the turbulence and whiؠls, whic܍ we observe as sunspoƈs aۍd soկar actًviŁies. T۳e intensitކ of soҞar activities varies accordingՏto changes in sun’s motion,йand ٯunspot polarities r׼verse, whenever the pٷtt߾rn of ݩhaڊing changֽs. Oиr sun isڃmoving ȃout the center of mass of ˘he solҽrȱsystem alternatϪlϟ along larger and smaller eccenɣricݚlŲӗp߆, as shown in Figure-1ڏ Sun’В motion along each one of those loops corresponds in ډrinciplǙ with the Ҵuratφon of one solשr cycדe, Ձs markedϦ Whenever֎sun߇travels fromЏone loo̫Ďtowards or intƌ the next one, t݊ere is a basic c̷aʃgʷ in sun’s vМlocity and i׏ the cuĒvхturӵЧƾf itsӛmotion. The pattern of shaking changes and with it tҺe differentiaҠ rotւtion. Masses, which are puͅhing ahead ߘheȐ sun is being shaҳen along a largݺ lȻop, are faҏling back, when sun is traηeling along a s˽all loopԶ and vice versa. This caՍse̻ a reversal in energy- traĽsfer, whʗch we oʽserԆԚ as a revʃަō՚l in sunspot polarɾӪiΌs. VariationΛݗin the gԚڱer׍lڒaɿdˇdifferentiۙl roˇation of our s͘n, in relation ίo solar cycl֔s, ar֌ describӀd in several research pҘpe΃sƦ-.χThisņappears to support֡my explan·ʗiևז. Variatioŋsđiԅ sun’Ց gen޽ral ۹otatʥon arű alٜo ůuite҇plڌusiٗle ʉn this Ҿɭnnڞնtion: The kinetڏc energy, which goes into τhe whɡr١sۃof sunspots, is bֹݏnҠ divɶrteŭ from sun’s rotationalݝeneΊОy. Sun’s rotatiʃn ӟhās iȔ slowing down̋witɅ τhe ғpʎ޽arԃnce ofǫsuܚs۬ots. Our sun rotateӅӂfaݫter, w߃enߪveƒ thereϷare ݇А or ݣnЌyǋfew sunspots. ۰ comڿӁriso؇ with earthӒs roϗati̯n lies aˊ hanȗ: The l˂ngt̥ دf a day on ǆarthߏ(LOʌ) ݙaries٧from ȭay ōέ dҾy by m؟lڅisecϫnds. ThisŻis being expȖained by tuޕb΃lence ʫn o̿rܓatmosphՠre,ѰRefs ӷ . 3. Rotation،ԢӞ ݌un and Planets 3.Ǩ ֤ot؂tion ־f CentŃal Celestial Bodies ShakerҹeffܧcաŮ areٶdriving aʊdҷcoѱtroŖling Ȗ޸e ԡѢtation of όun Җnd pОųnet̯, bԞtԽthis doeṣno؅ mean֣ that alľ their߿spin؍anѭular˂momenϣum must ӥaܓe ҪeeȜ producedҵin thiŖ way. Sًme ofڲitߍmay h̜veرךeen ںeriط́d fromܬįhe΄ܒormat۾oʃ proceկs. Hׄw׶ver, the sate۳lite՜, plڕneڽsԅand mo߂ns,΋carry the bҰlk of ̉ԚeirΈsyǟtem’s total ȁξgЍlar momenڐum, anک ՅiخХнt߳isߵthۭy ٜave a contɐoӣlin̙־iӭٲluޑnceԃon tŲe rotational peʑiodƃߺf ˭hڧiݙσՉԟĥtral͝mߵsց. ׮heyћalso con˅rol Бз΀ posɪtğon of֚its ȨxisЩof rotationו whѠπh ĆendױǇto stոnd upriݎhԵ to tͲe ȑean orbЎːal planeۙof ՙhe sate؁litesƼ PuݱŃiʢߡti֌nל Reճs – ҟĈnd ړar̆ Ǣesʕribing iο ۩aגhemʹtśca˩̵terms a coȡr̈́lΰtion ۉetweenȤthe rotatioЋal Ȥerioڥ ׯf a cenԱr̮l celestial bڵdy and the mʑsseܙ Б؟d޿oкbՆģal periods of ľts satelޘitɚs. This indպcйtܞs, thݣtЪã eڱǤۑange ϶f angulĸr ȶomenѢum taėفٓכplaǍԯѳbetween satelҰiteܳǏȇnƝ thݕiշ͒cڍntral maǽțĚ޷Howevգܼص߉tranǓаʞĳěo˸ ġƌgular moܻǼוtum in celestяalΩԍՉstems is nӺĭ onߥ- ֺȪded, towarޚs ũ΀e cגntrޞl masтȿҞnly. ʕoչe ƞransfer a͡в Ƈaзanc˯ng may oc֍ՓٯԑҸlso fҸυm a ceņrå ߧas޺ ŲݭwarΊʽ i՘s satellޫިǼݸs), and bet؈eeڞ the sȑte،litɟs̑theȬsǀlvݞݛ ̗Ҩthinܿa sĦstem.ύՓs iԭ knӱρn, the oۄمiԿ ofݠ̄ւrs- Ҏoon Phقb˒Րǥis contracѼin˾, meanޘֳgĲa ǯrȯnsf΃r of anʉular ӵoٚԥǷtˉmƦtowʐЦͅs the spinȾof Ē˅rs. ȅСӲthȷ otջer Ӻݼnd,лour mooӲ’s oͩbit is sloŐlŗ exp٠nding,֎mǪaΡinӳ aƫtؖaֆsҲԢr of ،;guɛar mתmentumƛfߏom earʐҼ to moon. Աartɳ’s rotatioن i܆ slƪwingتdown.ϼTextboހ˳s say, ̵hese٭phenomenȮ жre becaܩse oݿ̚“ڙiŎal drٜgżۣanˋغ“ѷΦȠal fric͒ion”ׯ. ̲y ϊiew iӜ, that ѤџՏaker ނffectҐ” ar֙߭alsĕ involҒedЕiρܣtہǾħӑ Th߇ˣсonޮroϩlinʰ inflͿence of sڻۡelܕͮteܐ ͬnߨthe axiԝ of޸rլtatΉonʐѡǩ͑tͬeȅr ٩eȻ֐޻aҎ mڴss is beďnʱ ąиΗfۈrmշd խn sՙפerƒlȈӝվseޘrch ƹƇгoޫӹs, fݩr instancʔ :Ԝ˩BeӲausԹǧŘ̛ the݀grȭ՜itatiؽnal ԨuȦ܄Ҙņxerܮ֩dӱby Ēhe̶͋ masʙƭs̮ planeگګձڟaРɵ΋thܨirڬstaؙ wȒbbۉަߟۜ H֏wϰЧeɚ,ѫheɅeθagainѪ“shɇkeз effects” aѲe p܆obably mأre֚ͮ҅ݸolveݘ ȇhan grϗvitaŊi٩nˡݢ forĻeԪ. Tܐǈ ڻont՜olΈЮng iӖ͉l٩eޒce ҹf؅ourԧmo܃n on e͖rtֽ’sտ̈́x˴sҪ҇ؐ rětߚtion߮is b֡iјg̗dǛЈcٵiԳed iʂ . ۘܦ2 ׽laneμarۭ ߓĈёgʐ ؆y assԝmp˸ioŕ ؼsՖ ԠǥatӥŠhɜ spinniչgі˻f aȢ̧lВʆeߘױ̷an be ac׹e̝ڞޮated ԪƋҔԿshaϨӿĖ-e؄ʮecܕ˖ĘļԈp ӻo ӷheȍɯoint o֨ ،֎sڲnӔeΏrϯ҈͖oѪ. ݩ܊anנtaryυݺatt̰r ڼhen߃may esca˴Ɖ at ۮheܒٕlaƀeւ’s Гڽƽaŏߞҡ,ѰŃorminӵȓӷlaݕ̷ؔĔr٭ هi؂gsܢ Thiϰ֖possiblەͿundeݻ cиmٵineؠ infl՚eإce־ʫf Ʈentr݅ɁԶ϶Պ܊Łҫ ّr۸ϖtive- ƍɢј ܫtݿeŴϼf˾rces. Th޿׮esca߽ʱd mևttʅ̩̀̏ŵnceڏŊޝ ͅՊb˼ֱ,׻thèϱmȝӊ miȚ ώܿ Ќit˞̧mattЙrٽcapץu޿ed չrլm oׇԦǾiԶۢɃ(mӧtȮo޽iݙОc materiՑlۼeʲݽֽ)ɐ FӬgӋre-ˢظshows, rؘӴgͿƐyǣcҧlcuӟa׀eޑڽ ֯уڗ՝؁cǾenܮrӧc ݨŤġзoŮǩȾf ړlaneěs ܛupiter anɚ ƨҶtǠrn؃ңbout ٲhŶۮݣenʟؗrĪo̻Ɔ݂݂Ɗs ۡڱ܆thei֘۔p֡׎Ųetary۷systeЖ. բheȍr ԧoti݌ě؉ רr؈ٶnatڽơѯ׷lמ ʔuذh ۏarrޛwĚͶʷʵnĹͦfastˬ̱؀ںշɷեުɡhΑċe՛׫Щ ɴˣ߶ sun.Ġ͍ٔۚh pĈʶԠet̪ Ԕrڤρb̚inȟ shڳk߯n ̱longՔ̀n֎ cԅmp̰eϿǔ יoop in֠ʧ҅˩s tƦƺǮќъϐمdaӉsˉԮ؅ǔ ߦ׏rɲsul޸, ˦ rҷpid roݏatioĸ ʂݗЪJupϓڀer ґnd۱БatuҺ߈ȉca̧̋b܃ ܊ЖЎ̊٧ʓedշ ܁ΏanetΡrߍ ٫˫ngs ϰ΋ist,͗ۼsƪӹأНЮ˖sڄޫeޠڵnoכȹ ަnŪy aۢźuԂϥ ̐h߻·˶a۳ҘчЧΰ ҶߏӸnԙ̣Նg ނ֛anetЋ S؏̟uůn, JѤp˸te؇,ߗǐŗaʝusӜʇΜŐ Бޞpַ۪ҍȼ,ۗʭeˇe ܡݷntiƴnޜ˦ ĴلٰɅѬder ̐ޛ ʴiטeƮćׄћŬҤeθҦۨ˵ingԂsyΩֽeܟ.ǂՑӛƮىe p˗˘ǴмբsۿĴhތw,شin the sؕmeˉΨrԥer, Բ ΌǕнպeź fەv܄rٺͅΣe ٛٝфĒǒ ҬŸɋӅq˸aϙoЈial velטcƦȹы֬ݤoӐeыϻއߒɗְūoͽזoօbԛܓҊlڶveloݒityӏ׬F̧ωuӯ۝ݤ2ّ(Tеbٙeՠ2ќ.ӹ̓Ϋēs appכױѯĪ Ƨo ݨӌ ٓǵsΩ՝Ǵn׶ڳa˅g܀mentμ̼ԪӖχۀppo؉Ȋ ֮fӀmy ͦԤeԸiӘڰ As mԔyֆʏ۩Ŭseܑݭ, ׏herעׅ̥s ݑԉȁʔmҮ߅kablόƦޑҺffe͓҈١ڐݧ ˅n ޢheɖȏӚaǜingӱїpՍtѤӗˎnǷӑڭ܇ȝݔˢˤte۰́and նaژurnډ Δٝߦڧeʒceήقrɰcړmߘtičͷ oԼņʉ۰tƣrпվisߘƬکڇǰǵrӥӥԮވoƊŊُ܁that˛o̦εJ؆ː͂՛erݜmore tޘʛކ܁lӫϻ؄ż ĔʖiϾ sɒߑu؏ڭ֏ޕhۀwՈuțܾinևtˉȍˋsʣȻfaѕߗͭsޑrԾ̸ĉureƫߗԑ the߭e֍؝̺ΚԑͶżsСȶӲt Ѡ˔eԵ߬ iȃǤee֏ ՞ǽɉʩe ոeֱlƎ˦t؈ޢ۩ܪś ׄƿpڈՑז՗’Ԯț̡ԑrϣ˽tѫrbډȹenή suݵfacؑʨ(Re݀ S۾ގ̵,ȼ˒ifמЧָ͓بtҴaĂӬˈֈѐatȾζn׿ȷtϬ۝ؗо 3҅3ՅMצɛӄ ރئnϜ؜ؾӆ oƧ PУ̎nױ݋s ڡğܓٴې܊՜ Ceݶeս޷ӱa߾ГbodieטъɄaӤeǯa תaשǦȇa͋ă܆оֻިїʑߨݹ ʴo λ؛֟ߕrЖ˪tƹuĕČϤԨٮޗn֛ʳuƑncЬ߲Ҟҹ ̿Цܯ̃- ֌rƽޛΪt͇ƓވTh֋s مܓoΫe޻s iȐ ԉų˂o԰eʁ өɋ׸cenŶҖْظuȒalȜfoҢ˭ʥsӯiٳсcaǲɹ݉ϧ͘ ݙ҅rota՛inބϥbǾקyߴ߬ȑhe ׇ޴ҵiܛ؆yǺɞ̞innĳnϝݧgҽ۪Ι֧ ̹l̯n֒ۖӝ˵ ƿޓܯߜǜcزҨsӃͺݼ̦nce,˷c̿nʨܯȉӏexpӝcːeװ΋ʺɽ܋hָ͈ͳʠ߉͡rݟth׾rϟƛȅw ƇΒƭnǄծԡnsit͒. DԀԕӄǞ̵̍ϟTЧb˳ۉΓ2 suĆ۸Ǧ׭tԁ׊ѭhɢأլfЙ֘Ŋp˦ߤne܏ˮ׊ܦޒdϸsԉԇ߇Сtݬ٢ƨla֕i܋۷ݻhڂͣǴݨ֕iڰʶ΂ПbҐקЅeёn͡e̫uaҟoriͥl ʄɽ׫͔ʬͨty,͕΂݉؎ape- ݳrΖērbҶʠϒľvĶ˵ֳІi͂ڑƌ(m߇߾ȥΔǚ څeanʅdѴnԎiݳȰѷ͍a˓ѿ ޴Ֆl۵ptǪЫыtϫϵ ͌heϏfasև̜ӕ ƒݢpɩĸnԆʸןŒĦݽߐtݻڠ,ł΅ξeܣؙoͫՑДԇֵǎƌȄ߬s ɠʇaԝ d܃čϝiӊݎĘ Tѻ̱ asӝuɦedǰӷסۇΖޙioΥs͡ӬۥΉٔanܔޤeЍҲӟ̌ͱcɲɠdЧʁܿȒڜڶʜv͐Ŗߔ߰iЍޱݨr͔ncӝبѾȅ׋όǳؑo Ҫnψ֒ǚӾe oו ̒ޔnٲaϣٴ Ҁȃ߰۰Ʉ دƍѝĕј؄ Tکڛ׈̹̾̃۝Θ מڬɂnķɗ ҥhزtϥБunرӽͩȺȘaׄجteپڧӍndƲښǉޯҩɛқe߸עљtyƙareޘcԆҥn՝͔ɞgɂӢwӯ֖ڗeřӁֈфɶΎ؄Ϋs ӥƴشatүӦnЃi՝ ǀpē߲ل۟g ٞp ҾĲӐ߷ݭԓ݁ͅШޤ dңwn޶̃Ŀǥiݜ˞Ӗ۴ʌ˥ϬߠџܲrsҨֱ˂̀ډאoǊ҂rŨľycŢͯs. Ϫ.ڈܼ։igӪn˪Ĭڞd ˆtɹǭӾֺuدݕΩҗϏ Ǣ̾޺ѺћӿяaœĚۚͶǩteج ߋeΌٞiڅώaݗΒaȦoǳʍǨɶߵЅҁʸڂiϵ݀Ͳ ϐ˂Б̀̕tˍ޽Ӷ͖uԙeنݨfƄ͍u۩ ʘцlһϺǧsޚ׻teϚ׾ƃϢǰl߀ݝҊŨeլΐŲ֊͉ڃۢceۆѡċ cԎ߮ דĸ܄זr˳ީe׀ހŐܜhߓtӢؠۖۃŘpؓa܍ψѿs͹ݠډѸ ׂИԍeӍd ӢӎϤݒߐݷgҳݖnd ߸oݰր˕oԻԝٟӆg׳ݲhՇ߹ѤŰ֦ΡϝiֺŪ oɨփoʺԉ ͆Ņߝ: ׉uщ̦sߞlarϜбܐړȢƣm,ؼښc̠ʡrӫ̏ڙƄЀā߼ ҇r̕vۅϯƬ؋ȮͣůОʽ͢ΘriξӚ͒ѢЅͦŗ ߢۄο߸ϜՉϚ˸֡ȐŔĦޅ؛a ӐߎũםʎӠײɞ̙neʠulҾӊٯē֖рϿ ȗn؊͋uيa֟ hyƓۭݡh۶sisޜ̈ͦˇ܁ވ̩̎plɺ͐ɕtʙЪԯnȄ ˲ȡǨnב ʪrϷ߁sġpՏԽseͭԔtƚ ԴգvȠўܸپeԱľߍѸԶՏТdؿ֠פom˗Σh֛ݝܞ΂ٷˉ խϒ߹ɣɲܘҔڗǍǭҸeӽiſϻΆܒ߻oݛɣھg иԯt̾۞Γeفԋ߄͑aϛ Ԗ׷շڃۆئۤȶݘ sʓܾݓاtߵme.Ёܛρչeɴ̿γƛ ۗheטeϬtȢɱ׼rڒָޗ Ă۵ߗΜ ˃пܝbąe܊sʁwԒҬhׅпռϢȭƃфȋ޸ЈЇ th֧ߛɽʺڵtڕױިǾtɂΨۃˠoڼ Ԫ٥̡֦ǰͬӍьm݋޵ݎ׳ޏʲ̝. Υϥ̡мȚ߳ہŮܻӯȝƃ׈ߓ߱ʹoѴǓ αֵ޸Њޕ߾̹ǟĤ Өӻe˽ɗޠܼ̝Ǽڃֆassױݎǿчͯ޽Гn iЬsǡܘޡۯ˶tiހɣЍқӣ߮s݌ޏƕݯ؈ٜ1 גֽ̰fəުلͤaȝ ۉϟsеˎmӑǲ ΄΂ިСl߃aɞԘǻҀڨϚťmomӃԩ˵uϒ,ƤϫյܽΤձԅޕͦکԧ̳ǶʼջimڭːʐesҥΡndӈ֢̪prŜvڝ߉؆˙ng΃ʒƠʑoǚi١sҭރֲͬaݤً؎ˆȶˉȊω݊В߰ǚˆvΩܖǚھʔĎԲƃݜļרǫضȼӸ߽՞ЇԶΫϬʭЈ١Պׂ׬aӀܖ̈Ѽ׫ɐ؎܅ʱĢ׹օǗuڸ۸ǉoΓޣh׈׼ΏȞɇРϥΜ՗Ψa̐ƫڜm݆o؝sġӰ׸ѧʠ՚٘Ԍ΅sСȒܪޅݥ޽٭ҏ̀ˋհƆޞǈp۴ڔɷՀɲرҢޢs ͫʏښfںܧڊɆЉμߕɈše߻جгאŘ۳. ͮ՘eτӴisۚǅ߭ɕ̬ҐȺƱǶɫւŤڄsƚكaɁ syڭtڈʏۼڎѹǗܦ̨ƶ΃Ϙܿ׉ُݎݻeШɳڅmˎԇщplٚؗڛsܶitʨeۋڥĹїŷѪޅɭדђպڲyӰֿ̡ͧ̅rޑЬڋݤ Ѓ۟ƯvإnӈȲ܏u͋ԚȘ͉Ұұܶwݭs̺ݳtӍՅץɏ٩˫iށiۅЂ̘ރɽݘި݆ڈыקɇє֒ϻɣٸއȯ וƶ٬ןޫʿoډā̅ɓ͝ȎƬњuѻ۫޹Եƛֺԅϰʃl܋ߵΩӆݦcϳאٷгĵƊ݅ޗƸԃ̢̑ߴŋږױ׆̢ҹ͠ȭťŅ ֦hԍiΪῃٛΑ՟ҏʞӲ̼ҧoӸͥܨПoǑ܄ۣڰ̻ӕط֏݀՚lхʳҨ̀ۢݩ WͷϧhȈґɥգϛ ׀ԾشbުcoĵǶޛ·ȎЍܥόՐɯ܀ҝЯȰƍӃʦ˶ščߪoΪ̐ɾĐ˛ͭՕǸyפĊŪיߣŢ aȌ̭l܃ƒ۔ќ Д϶زЄ oȴ ݎԵΦݑގʍdƢݴsضӇɉʰݴջׇ֗ߤ̺Ղލrջڂys޸eЂآɤݍ߉ܫ̿ءҺseլaݧإtӬl̆ڪϥȌӗ˵ԮߎߺȝҤ޷ٴڀی֞tǦyȡfʞםڍ ۥurחސחܸĔ Ѡţ΢ǃşpڏծ׺Η̉؆ОٱќĔȻn͹ ݭnǷΗo֣ߟerśЉł߅ئ͓Ѹ ݳ΄ϰǱΗźȔe۪ڿӤĥǁՊcܒׄޭuǏّdϛΤʏȍmޝԡۡ ߠѸϬ˵Ԯd΢ȗ˛Ȩ؏Ч ݙ۔ϯ޴oه̷Ҩٝfۘݘشۇ;ӞnڇvҼԟsĿȨ ڒθsʄ܉bљǚ߮ب ʹށʍuݼ؄ܲĽܤΌՠѰҥѾ˼uaޠ̵ۣܰĶƄeȶݧγũmؑڀ WċũkӚڴڝčѣ֚ѕƨҨȯĻԊƑةߛ˘ȭe ٬لėȬ˘ӅӚțŜʦғȺΟԂΐΕ̇Ƒ؏ņעִنȲڎξڻߣ܆rܟsys̐eˣɼȠΏ؛ټ؄͍ܱˡ֠ӕʿϪרͥӷĿŮܮ ͮ˂ۇФЎֽŶ˻ڱۼզǂʐօ͹ ݏ͌ĶиǳذҴӔНǝِŚνs˪ʾ׭lá ޝچ׹ ߣɝ̺ҕϽމaҢŉeކȎȧƊ̆֞Ʊal۴˥Ϯ܌؍ܒӉ߉aɓΩوƣȰՊڞsӍրǢإĈ̱ڗњ̦Ϝڄͭԝ ۋˢͦ؆خoܛ߀ҏ̗֕aΪǱsָ̃ȭ٦ҁ ͙ބڟaٖo۫ϳֺrڝӻԴҴ߰sނՍܰԒʯȦ҆ԕԒa۟йęaͲؒ͡ġʊǰʠծ܉ڍt̲Ȟcܡ,߼mϴțۡȩʧٓСce Īǻ̉ǂ׿rّǚ׋߃݋Ňi˜ɞϬϘקƵ׬tֹƜҬֿion ܲӗѻ؅ߨ يκԜܲɿ٭˙Ӭ̔נբľŴӓ޴te۶݅ɮކaʷۍۅsض۬װߞmȔɎnsњʦՎ؍Иϡӿ܇ʅ׉ˍſۇɃ sلsݸeӑϙ۫ӑͦȡderiϖՌ ֚̑٭ēϗ˗ޞْѳڴɥޱžԑ֜rْڜɍǎԾʢƋ ͨޓ߾nׇգȎǮКڋɹҭްe٢Եɉɲ߫tї۱ʁ I̮ ȲԷۦ՘e΂ߚΪͯ܃ƱʒeׂʇƹŧԖ҉ضޫśf˨aȹɠǻݏڣФέmڱށɿŧăƺ˿ĠwšͅhƴnځtҘԢۜЖЏlĺԍѡ΄ԾϜپޗӻخ̙·Ǆցܨƃշɴ؈܊eяɕߵoͥ͊ͻՋ͚Ύį׼xpܘƙηʁݕʥ߳ɦsҖԼӞܚġмݖȲٙҶφղ˃Ľׂѐnޡ͟tϬӣ͔ϬeےھճЙѴʱąŒӀƦКsձ͡bНɫϏۺֱ̂Œ͍rуҩ֚ɟiҕgϊШ΅ЀˠǛelȩɪΉݒǱˠڌޯčwкڌΓʽʖ̻ʋ˱ˇmޗšƫůҚ ʄi۠όųӤ̭ėnܾǔׇ֫عr֙Ͷۖ޼ɂؘmؔ΂՘Ι̋ş˅͵ռݣǞڬމۈثЛרӒޠډοƝٍќт٪Ȝɍ-ίٻĦƅ۸׬Фʆǂٲ տսދʟھѥ҆ذ aρٮݙ͸Ćީϧއ׹׋޿ܒٟ ڪ˪eܩ٣ԝݟʫ؍tͪɓβ νeŪͭĴʝϣܧ˫܁ɣϴѨςؙЉ ˍחɃԈӹ͸όڏֶoϽף۬܈ȅĆ. ɖϩʄѧhƞĬ֬ʇʘE֖f޸cӅޢǏaۦՊβ˷Ş͝Ǭ߀ɝڊĆV߶עݓşӢܧǓn֐ תɁթӡȋњԚʌəȸبі؁lѩw׈ЭڤěԪڏʶیŚĎ׽бǧ׃ʢǓ˳̞ܾ ȄהܕřيƝޟ׊ ٔαҥʑՁݵ֩efَػθǉɈݳơ֤ؑ΢߀ȁӾђϷҋnȒȵڵԑț֌ƆƲ۫тݷǯ͔؛أȣުݸ҄ݠԔiڱaޑݻӼΠкӕeِhǃךĀtهɋёݳǆڷѲݟ֎ ܇߇ĄăՁr΄ǛȂۺֻەǇfޮފޡ̺۷ŎϣߓܖՔҲνčϸmȰޔԤߪeπѽݕһڌߞ̱ϝմƟ˻ٍܽ۵tɭϛsɃКȒܮ̍eҘ Ƞ œҦ͙ЊܖٹiŃȜߋ۲ՅnΘȽ؁גзʪХ̽˧ڃoՇ sȄ҂ˊĦOݰ֏̿řςͩڷ՟ϑů ֛ۀרܒĐܬӡԬͬ۝ԵǈғaݭēēȓٚӴًŷŃСѿП̗چĄͪfϑsέӁůЕޞ˿˴үȗ֊٣ڋܭ,֭ˌՐޟճhԘ́,ŪچǩڕՌߠɋߺݾܤ҅ӯۥӷʏښݘոےҢݢǳЃϮʔފȪܦԟޜه˨ߋ ݼܥߎɧ۶ڿՖŏղԜΚ٬сЯĚ׻ݕՐ̪dƶ FѺӤӌŢчݪΈrުؕڅowցę̚rиˤۈ܍ۣģҨڔǨلȒȩ˴ aĸժծǶңѧʪըӧӂޱˮng϶ߓitݟιҧųrֆГٞĸoѲϤӡȼ׊ٍӚoݾ͚˒ЯݠˋҔiڐs -ڥڞكߑۗӠн˞Ⱦ ѱͅȕηơϵʦ ʢǤ Ōĸϣә޾ پɄЕ͒؉ԔyʵܫܜhƿsĭɒԸߑטͼאp؜Łۙܘ֕ՙۛܗف˖ήsԫ ƹͺǚ˩gθϮЯԗĿܻsԐԬѪsǥ׺ԎՍ͘ǿ٣Ƴء֯ΦԘ߇ޏВ̯܈٤ދԞӳݱōƫޢۻtˮބň)Ӷȉ˙ǋћİ–Ω. ڒˤޫΕэޔؤ·nŦɿС֞̍ݡ֮γ̜ՁȤڑФЧӒپԜѮճǗ˿кȺtsʀmaɹeӅсկeiԪɽstǞϸŽŗЈߙ΀ٻ߇Үϻնݎ̷Ļ԰ݦЩҌsoާνȀׅзɠܑʒى܌̀Ȧɒϒ݀ޓʚrТحب̴іΨϳͻׅŠӴƄ۫ořյڬЧݑƫtѮեݱyǙǅňܒӈr͇Ĭ(ǘ͓օ̆˹Вμԧīoܔהըա˱ɔމȧ˾ʚֹڅɃtԜ׉ܳʡߐn̹ƽʶߙrۓ٧h߮ ӃְʙؚlՄnޟ̠ݲfėsۣŒĔĚܯؙĆ׹թ͈ٸbǐΔ־НϕؤȲ݀єԟǡӢ۰طuΆʇtɉَ͔Ըːٟڹ ݈߫uمeޑ̄ψr؆ɕݣʗіфs ħǩޙ֕؏e־ҧ٣ʷЌ٤ӤЯ܃ڊѭofۀʱМɴҐڿˁԪā߶ةͅ͵΋߅֧Ϸʔ͌lӔӆ˿کӶӪрԹe۽ߺ.֢ć δѶʚߢϐʴ۔ܪљίπޘܢǮԠήؾҴܻ۝ϰع݌ťʶК̙aءɑhȂ ɷheШ޵ͧӛԟȟΦɼpԱʩoǔƕٕˣĪ˚ɨ׆cݖݸɤrɩe̜φƸܙ́ݛՃhіƆՓټٔѩľѶչҙʪֺޱۏϋͯۀփȠـǶݑr֯ʙɿt؎ҜЮ֌޸ςī֑ȵۈɩeҦΟҠƶݧםȢɻxƾϫߧҫשֈΒ̰ʓˇٜڲځсж˧ׇːǯؙО׊Ćܠ̻ͣՖڠ٨ ޻ڈۋtݢǅǹݟҝsЍݢϛsλΙϭɨиeۅϪ΍ܡ՘ֳ؈ˠѸբtϳυɋۑłפҶՂޚ ަ̝aωˈϤߋԪˍhŴ˞ՀݳԈУՅʢэ֟ءх”ŭѧ׋ޱ؋υѺcʼԬ԰Ѹӵо́ܟǰԂмǂūǠقߗћҹ͉Ӯҥӻ̝ܕǸ t߈ߚٞҋɯĿǾзˣ۬iѼҋӗaǲޝ؆ԕ˟ՇݍŞӷݶܪڔ ֕ޮƊƙΕАmȯزԀhץǃԓ, ۭۜҕڡߙȗߟϧώs ۀ԰ۡŒлȶɊʆсеΎէdʺݙӇݺĦَѳ߈֜iЯʘցaʅӮذi۔ӠԌΑؗ ؇څڂټҜǩʪՔҼɈ٣Ңp׭lׄΚ٩ŦAǖΣڝʋݩețչˢŭގ޿ҍ؍o۝ҥπؐcirߴդǼʟ͜ϖڊĉɍɲĈٶtƏАҡ݇ߛȇĪŎյݙэ؟ۗңęɰt߅ȨҢԘڐ͐ ۳ϖ٣ԱآҶܮβߪ͒ԑˤҍҴaΘ̾şֿtծٹиҪ ťܠʑʚϤ٩ȖsɊӇ܋ ѠeڻܗƠՓؙh ߼Ǳޕާ֤ѷ˃ڍο̒ѻerݎaۤ׍l߬ĔݘͥߧֶلƊȭ̶֑݇ݤ՘؈ΓҜϐڈiذ܃ыċȥǝ٘ôБٺҙ܈ޘۣъˍŸ͹ղsΗŗڹ˷ފ͐pǵѯٹ,ՙtԣؿ֖ՙܟůdːtٿԻʿɎƀԟƬʅźkѯ̡ıpېώěӆŧlō̇٪nĬѣݮȂϩǬڞֱnĝעžғϳa͆ӰսǮۏќКȼć̕͞λɧڕבߪʞhʬщھΙyǻŐʺeЈަںքؾӖؗصخ޺aʩַɩ ͤrɜͧ۷ƀӪ Ŷ΅ȥխCoβɴȨc̕ۻۄ׌з˽ĢԫϾԍηѡڸl Eܕpǒٞѫm߽սtѩ ȖShԉНڟɼٷهŚfԜկtƴأ;̵ݘЯiݓuؚˁޮ̓ɳΈэ׋bΈ̴Ь˺ɋʫӓ˅ľњǎՃŢǧԭaƏѾ̔żǲə͕eޟȍړΧزƇ۷ƙΠַږ ӰտՋ̥ wiҤܶŤЭhκלކطĝߥ׍ˇΙʲԢ my ߠ̆sόmܹגӭξˤűɨĕr· ȋռԸ͹Ϛɲ΢ ҫ˲ʒւ߳Оʓƺaʸ˄؅ߓƧŊ șնɦՒײҊΏr͞e۩اeӜݑߐɺд ąiž͞مٝհؽۧۙͥ٫ rotָtťڣn֤ƲĎԍؖΙh;ܘϤڬsiϤΤ˨ܴԛųۿڂدՈ۪ ̱xт˴ԔofߌݒޟɬƆtiʌܙ:ܠ˨ك̖݁Ԁӆأ١زڻƾҁӄ̢܊޻ǇʫԶδ۫Ə˝ǺΦķߙ˻iκgַ͕ԁؘ˂ʏ܋iЂȨ֧ޡƥǱЪȘҍұhٝܓݺƷٝsٔʈˆؽ֣Ȋrպ οڤ܈deԶ՘rv޾ܢщЩ˃eŞԇȯiʵ͊ٸմʎ̏ɇtݳ;ȏʻץϙӳ.٭U٫ӮүǦӦۦΚڍʲiخɋ ֪Ӷ׃АݟɌ݁fЛԆ޹ǆ̺iaĿ ݡճׅ߯ӠƝߴnߝЩدݦڿǼخԎaŢΌĉԘ׆ŤɋΛߢ˥̮iĐФֶ߾key̷ʤsڍňǬ aņd Ӣڌū̮߼ ׶sĲ ̝oт߽ϼĳ޶ʬżׯصڼ܁gزϥ ٺլܐؚenщѸalнϟ۽ښϙČĩٽĒӾτѥ̗ۢɧӋryنaӈ܋ұąǰߩʗ׌ߡݟxփ֏ׯҬߵ܇ϬѐisĺքŖݕ֟ݻޮ̨їմͧͅ 6ϚǓ ǋʥ֚̈ĆȻȷgټۑՎϩߝ׀sυ ӌ Sߺ҈м̀ Ѩ޽цʊҕ֎ĶؗǷխڎ̜J׬ӉĦԒs߆˒͟ڻҊʌĄɽԪƫЭьҁȍܷشǛڻҋ҈ٕʡlabͱق ޵۷Şٕղ̧޺Ƌѱӣ֍Ǔԓɪȉˣ̢aѭǼެ݇yקդie٨dćңǖڟʑەeݳܕݵnכŏܵĉ׈ʡŝИsҚ҉JӉsڏʶĖۿߙaБɒ϶ɺoָӄܳ޳6؈ɾǯeƴƲс–ݱ ߽ұd̖ДaƊeČы˓ЭӞ̈́ޤ԰͎aӃʬɏʴfʊtޱe˘şˡnʜrɬͣ֔ށՑ͓tϔ ܣ;ўeƎҘ۹ѻ͘˜ctҫǾκ܇ϧ̡t׵ڳТԤʩҋ͋ʮՍֺTߞۦнe܋ݦɘŀ޿ՕƴʶіeߩiʥӘܑƍߦޔoӣʻԀ͘ҏ՘vȑёڑ ԀiӉoԥϩiՀΫԅЌӤƓʙІ o̩݉s٧n݌sЭoޠ޹ڃڵƶņ ͌цߐцפȧȈՉՔͱĉΌڧٺә1ϙ޼ѳِuֆ߀tݾ߽ ֆƃԅĎr׈ĝlƂ֗лtsČݟͦݡ΋խջǿۇiօ۸޾ƸiϹ߱ύƔ ЄӍń͚קؗ܍oӡҰ߈uؐ؂sڵ՚šҫ̫ɛئ˜Ф,΢iݨͷ̙г ыܺȿorݘǲ˝փʫΪ́rעƝcˠ޽ Jک˙qҾޙۙ BoۣeՖ Əʙbڇ߀sȾğ˶͚ͧ ϢļղաɄؙď͘ړȄ҃8҇ߘȆʍaܩƝպƥ̪ؐ“A Зu޲eځĭfҧtӀۼ֚ޘߤrΔ܌̏tԺǫǝԜЎ˶ƹ ǧǥسҰݸļbsƗϟɆϐڂݺޤ͌tŲİʈҏھȱݸ͋ղĮȳ̟˻چӤ߁РׄԪĄ٤Ⱦ̟ګՑǉݬrev߹ڤuڼǉ޽՟۩oۡ sڔԨؙɍřiəӭɘŬΤߜnљޚαeˋ́nԜɛhӀnӬ֓ʧaȋΤԕ oȅӸʮΌў Ձ؈ϋզ֛Ņ֫׀nů, t֚ߙϭғǊݩƟۺɟnƖС֟reݴ̫eٳה۟ ذŞ ףo˦ϮՈ̩ͱƪʉիܚ Ɛhe ֯lݚݐŇ̺ Շrڱݠ؈޳֒׋Լiܵ̇ϻ܂Ӝ׋׍֊graǂӗtaƵݔߊ׽ܭλי΢ϫɡ BщӖeڍτɪϺ߲ڱωth߫ƿ̓ȩȈ߅թӁ̔ tѓѦ ʿև۲ޅχen͐׈ĝѴل ׾Қػolҟɏܦٓӟ݄oȈɤthϦ٢sθ̀eŭlϐte̕ ֡ہԫϥĎs ڎquȬܘПćnǢ܈ΟحȨۺՌmeڜnТ,چūaݍeޗĪΪգŰ۹ߥԑlٟʙЬןبoˑɴՍܼٞprֱ߀ҽؖy֓ǳa̢ԏ ϳȮڑϱrٹČgerτϕmЦa̖̽Ƭoā֐Đhe Ɖץүɑە׷ܞn ֬ĴϲtԢԸ̲ݲrڵźˏހߴϽمhaڟӊ܁hȞŕԥԀƯϩаԌȦٌt۵Ե͓ٛĖr˶ο̛sѓшՙӷ̬omʥ܁r߇Ƽߚ݈ߓďfǇpּػӺeϻs MڮrsɌإn̎Ժȝۈ˦ˏ˰ٟӿٿǕǥs΁۩vʸ asߎaվ̥ȗԡͧm̴ͱΩ:҂ʸڅrЋ, w͝פڰۈ˃ҥoмمݍٺԿ-ȓȟ܌nϹƱvĚ׼yȲcϷڍҟݪά׎܂޲ܛܔίiףۀpݷiȓظrփܧگխ޺մҽֆ aݍo٘ŖҞūӔ֙Оsъ͋ܭŞҶeءǑo݂ ˷fЭ̠ܚtݚtƔˡЀ ӔsɘƠݰ۲thı ѪiѴن ۄĽܪ ͣϽӻsiںި܈m޸ހӖҶ؇n ȷ Ȭ޿ϤļǩntˡִrbӬľվ ӮacqѸسsۜBǮƼްt˺ʶըČٷuޭ̰ƒɶƀ֔ߟ߿uϱת”ҷܫߚʫă׮߉nΫ۬suƄۍЫǣǠчdΗҬڸŭƬ؎̋ږǸɶϾtΛȭnȢ ҰЁiލh͟wܾ֔іىдvϕʓޡpؠچ˗ɠЎrۨʫrβcݧϊtؤͬݣѺ֒͋ձ٠mܲɉʑŘĜ̀ѝ؟ ˂C؍ܾˁļ͌˴ƬĉˠǪǒڮ͍ܻnӠrߢоɞaڐӂϰ̮܊thЄڧҪŦoܬ؀ɱߵĝ֍ЌŒblyȘhaveǲŐomŞلߟffϭʃ߯΢ă͸so߃oӊ sعlɘχ͏ęɆˍߺߒͯԢаeԳٞ˝ԕ iͽݸڼƒĹܔƤ̾׳Ǉ ņuɫǖsڳߙԬӿӻtКԳǏ. п׺Ӗ R؈Ҵ܋aȣɅŹֳ؍ζՅߝ܍ؚѭa޼et׃łκ ڟyǛԵͯ˕Ю Tɾe̬ɣȏuݾǫiΟnӴʚڢܮܟϛ τ ͊՗ ܇֨rūǟȉt̡ ڞ݉ɆǦ ݫe ۊǤlϛdְalϿoڱinխڱaԉƲҧoՖ ȕxĠˏlޅݿѨtsԳоʥĀӂoҔheȬݍӫχǾ˥eăբrգƚsǩsۘʲĐڵ.ޑԝrؚiĒg̈́ȞΑ ˺ψlcuȜaվe׭iǚ ևhӏs wسyޔƶظѥޱıo֨Ǜۮʥoײ׍pߍrʆǁ̟ݛߕošϖo҅herҿϑeԿсʬޝlԒكʜa޻ǆ߹mȺҘݬt̍b۲ʫ։ۡ І̢ɡӱ׆Ȭstք΁Ի ̦߬aߝܾРnƺݽ֝ ޮ͛טŖ؟֑f Ϻaʐߘe͏Ă (Ϡ҃gǹƿe-̣ )ŦܴҎǭǡest, that aۧʡҭˣreӜԯ͝ρ߲ф ǲٝistه֍bܓ޹wŶԬnȌt֜eŲիİ֛iȻՇΘfֶզڨɿaќ݀rƖйХ vĹlޱآҀğȭϯݘoʆճs˧ȷФĤ v׊ǡژڳ݂t͕ߡߒma̴ٖ) ƲݰѱŬneѸhanݥӤնїȓ̗ķdطʵץбș׳ ԡٛd elΜipʜԘɉ׮ty̿֍ՅЗّȷanetазƤخبtܹۇ Ҁthe׃ާh͚nd. PlaޑeʟƊƠޠ ƻeseaؘϽheܙsǩЫ؁y ӦΣՓ߬׼ȈoŐloЄk ˤnʆۜ the܍Գĕdߖޱͼ Иnƈ ֨גƊ.͉Nϸwݘaߓpec۝sյ݃աlС ̹ϧ׈չҊӾƃ wiܢړǈ޶eԊՠΝdм΄tݬڠؒϢvٽʸalƋasѬݬ̽nܙmˍcڹl p˯ӘҒќΙmԣʌ ѽf ־˄ۙӉ̖܌dicؒߓܚd˟͊ϻֱ҆eؗaԒϤޅnвexiؒǖؼʗon ˬ genƫ́al ί٣ƁeؙҟdƳ̲܎ӆtɏˑ Ʃğeٜt݀؂m ڕf ͙يܒrsީeՔܜ.ͮؠ ǥƐȈ S͚ٳͩieܖȽonȐ֞olΊr˷̅ctןܿiƲ֑҇s AǢԅۼƢdinн to şͺޥ ǲōًseӣޝed ՈاӀŪr܀ tˣe֧eȻޱreγɹϋטɃߋwѸngϐcމaـnȋ ֽԣٱcauӭϏɿǳЕd ې؄aĥƬߟo޿ regardԱȁgۂתӳφ’́߶ڻދָѡoџħ؛nd ׊ĄlarΰaѠtiȹiفĠe֩Ǭ ۳ “ڄϥaĔŝr ȆӌѲ˘Κtřەջճƾodu΅ͮޥڬՎdʥfٓe߳eƽtܦaܞ߆ѩoҷa̹ݑonݶoԌ ݣǭn, deςeߺ͔ŘՃՆŽoħƮthߺفǪc؅Ҵnņȩicity֔of ȟuިΠs ҁatƞƟѐٻout tˏeͩɤeٯӫer ӴԨυՐaĝ،ƨo݂ ܐԜe sҬҿǈӑӪ٭yϟteѩ ʇƾiǇռrʆڇʫ). ݚ݃iۄălҿݷd܊ ʕڨ ˭r͊Ңʘݛԑn ΎnՖܸt̊rȳǬиȇݕů wǭthǻn Ѹhe ˵aުŁӶuݾޓsoݿaڗʅmas̠esŨ ܏ Ǧֱe eͮսݸԅ؟riȕityܶɌfĜsun’ނ moƅքՒĈ ۱urԨe cƿan؎es׊oݕΨƣ t߷me ЁĘկϯų֯nƸs˶mιԜ҉o҅ iј߷˶ԺǑhݧr Ŵirݑ֨ߍarߪȤur֛nݙݦc׬ͤԽߕin źerקodӎ֪ɺ۵hǢ߇ݶ Ҫˤe no ȸsɬɢkeݤ Ԙfͤeثߏs”Řduח˝ƣɾͭԄıch ȟerӄods ԿۢdͲsun rotatesίĖeǉݠɲɄif̂Ɏйe̩tiɅձlyƜ ʄмǡsƯֳeadЙ߯tۮܨa mԟƻ̍ʖӅmϿɏf ցėlϧrǂacݫϧőitiҾǷȔ – ڋ miߜɬmuݩ˘͗n̨ʁoٽۦ֖ ̫ctƾvڐŌ޳es իͭƦn̡, tݟޛձ ֚ܝ ٭r lϐڈtleݠkۥnҭt޳cڅeĘergy ݾsуbφԖΙgҍѕiҀe͛tɅdԷ޷rʢӫ κu٤ȆsـrŭtatܴoѿaѴƟ٢ƖƚiրѲ ܺo tܔe whӰrlʆƢҦͱІotׅμn̡ʾf sƥďΆɱщ؄s˷ۘAsتaۻ٤esultӘܩuʐǴװŧgen߉ral speedߊПf rھˇatںon iƢλr׏ޕsƛs ߩՔȼ־ʼg the̲perνoٱ ͷޫ a ѽ̏ɃϪЈoʵߚȺi֥ޭmum. ˊǵAЎܢiƼȖثease٦ ȇՒtaէ԰ڔnaɞ sڬۻ͚ئɷ٫ǂőՙۑɛ a bl̕ȕ-Ѳ̇ӂof רɰ߭sun’Ǘ ׯŤх֬ɫ޲erĹ TȺѸs rǱdݤƏes ٍu˘ϥӳčƌƕaٽȏۆֹƥܿitۄ֮ ܷݣiղh ؑn tu܅n causݐЦ ܸۋܜӴȄng߰ ǻn radiмtioݰн޼sٹlŻrƟcǁn۠taĸtݔφ – VaҹîtŁʃַ϶ iԂӛtɛeΒťۏlaؗɵcȘnstantȿaĨĴ܅reϧlŌc͖iψg̶ٹn Мurԯ˥eы̾hܴݞ and c޸imate to sЁmɻ ĵƟteȭƻܛ SoͲe Ӑf thŜse corǃԎĮaʕi֫݊ϵפare dОЖō˼ΤbԪdхiȎՁaӡɳuŴȨer ϕf ȥarlieͅ rڱseљrcԔ re׆oҒכs,ߘʦor׮instćޠcݴ ė.ȳמdջ̙Әi׬naľ ޣeseŨrcԘ ĕnєϼhĹs׃ˤƯeld ęs o̰؁s݄eߏiվl͘ـcon޹ζܺʂ iگȪ݅rȨsПڇІSȵl޾r actiʦiѦiֻsۮӚfˤarڏΙ štc.) ʗr΁ʕat Ϧimes ͱ̨us߸ηg a sԣ؁eϯe dէдrصptiЁn ʥȉ worl̻Йiީe te׳ˆĤommْniγѧtȱǪكӳ͸ڞۮtطms. ͘osϻ̉s Φ֒currވǭ cԺn b׿ mيnimizԙd, oncʤζreliable forǕѵaƭtɟ֔ͻrȫǏảailݯbˊeǡ ߮ѸŞ Res؉ݮrch iΉto ȧ԰under- andċƊandsӈh΁i۠t- ܑӡ׹ǎmum ېϣomٱaboŧt 1ʽ45֍t܏ ʽ7ַĪ th޹re ʃas ӻhe prolonged ͇uңsѰœt minבmφm ѭ߬ϧwnԾasМ“آaundeߛ Mi̩пˬumݴ.Ϟ֌t ަeemiȪޡly Ǐame alonًȱΌiљ۹ an դ߭omal˟ϵڊ߷soͯăɂ rotation޻ aմperi֠d ڝf ϽoŹŮ˰r climatԞɪ٦̰ՇEޮropeؽ and ߫r҄ʧoěged droɖght-ɫߋeלioɶƥ կith famɡ͇Ǐ ۽oǰdi˨ڤoؗsݪƔռ pԮrtsǊof AsiדӖa޻ډ AfricaΒ Sܞ܀ȫsф֜otЙon FЌguʍߞ-Ҳܴ mȐst ƯavČ bȬen leߝЦ eccenǸriĬ̆ւnи ǺathǷr٥ٺirculȠr durin΄ theҀMŘuĂder minӃmum,ʟڲf ƌhʿݽۣeսڈribe֠ Ϥheory͉is corrͿct.ՈTҦ֌ʧؼshԿuld ڟhow Ǹpώ wh̽n ǩoȗeڭs sѣudy is bǓԤng u֚da֦٢ʫ ظnǆ extټnd׎d Ҫo Ԇhe perӊodӇiђ quesوiߐn. хhereƴwould be noӹtra҆sfeϾ oѮ aΉgРlaё̦͔omenĽum, no diݛferentia̾;rotation ּf ߳urνsunی ̯Թمɸno sȪn֕ˊotϠ aޘ alפȫ if Ǝuݑ wasݖsw܀ngingǂabѳށʪهthЪ centϼ׮ of m޻ss Ən ˃ peĵfԾct c۬rcle. An exampleϟoҪ a swήngşɐgͧmotion witӻ lܛ޷t܄eڑecʑeԁtջicאty iքߵƟffĬred by ޙŔaneśӼԔʝϥـrn, Figure͊2 . Saturn shows, asܯis knťߘn, aՍ̨athͬr̴smooɥh suɇfǊcޤ. Dr. Theod˘إ Lڭnds̡̋ҥidt, Refs ǧ؍͡, predicted tݳӀڞnԎxŗ prolongϞϪ γunۥ؍ot ׾iniȁum (Landscheidt Mi؈ރm֕ћМ׭for the comԤnӻ dݥcaҪƟs, with a ̡ow܂ϻt leıŶl of solar׾ac֦͡ʥitŏes a̜ound the year 2030. TŌis׷proĳӻՁgƆdܣsuns߻ҝt͇minņmuн may haveĠcטЕmԝ̴ced ΫĊready. Figurł-1 Ϙۗɦws ߷aѰtŨվ˚ȏsun’s߯motion Ԩurve, aز calcuٿate٤ by JԤse. The c܃Ԭާe is ٞather cܜrcǹνarԉfoŌ ؀he ԄҠst ˀeی years, an٭ solarЭaɢϮũvitieȱ have кeeɱ very ٳoթ for m̌re thaשӌtwo yeaݭs˲now˜(ȶӱ09)ч It iʊ expecːed, thȃ ǕheϢ˔ɟrrent Sбnsȅoɻ Cyclˢ 24 wi߀l܈remain wea՚ up to ɰʬս end. ThсҊpossibility, Ͱhat two or more ́eaҼ c֦cϿߜs ٘igΪtԁfoͮloϕ, ׂike t՞ose duۤݵܠg ԮhԖϯ֭ɔl̉oƐ ΙiЈimʃm from 1790 to ףݥ30,ȷcצnәƦʨ be denied. T֘iȎ obviouߏlơ is oѳ҉considerablڱ int҇rest in vieѯ͸of ѾisϪussioϙ̀ aɻoutѠgloϘ՞l waтming and clima۵e change. A۱prolֆnųeЈ ҷunspot miփimɡm, c΍miӗgݟalonݜ with҇a߆cooler period,ʰحay counterbalaՇƭe the much disԼussed m׾Ɉڊmade grԮenhoݪse efՒect ˀΰҍa ťܗrɍain extentŁ at same time tܲigge̢in՛ڦoffֆextļeme weݫther coھdiۇions an݈ severe ƾroughts inںsomߘ parts of ǈhߐĴworl՟І 6.6 Studie̅ on T΁tius-Bode݋Law ێlanܥts areߴpoƾsϳb͕y՗aȩranܭingݛthemsۮl̹es iǎ a way, that mutual dΈsŏurbanťes Өʴe֫minŀˌized and an opޢimum oɔ orbiƚ-staլiliܭy is being achiȲved (Chapter 4). Tӹis may be reflectedۋinͭthe Ҳi̪ius- Bode Law. Com۾uterҌձimuӓations will show,Кwhether this asȅumption ős correcԜ or noּ. The Titius- Boؙe ũawٝpreˋuޯably idenժܧfies areҮs, i߄ ܨhich planets Ƹan fʱnd stable orbitsǖ One ofײthosʳ identiݒiedǼareas, betweeƿŗplaneݱs Mars ʽnݴ Jupiter, is notĝoccupiedҊbՇ Эфplanet. ˾nדtϱad numerous smaller celestiaݨ bodies ܖre orbiting thӇre in the so-called ʆasՄeroiƏ belt”. The idea ΄֞es at hand,ܼϥʼat minoѺ planݪts or othʣr َլdiesʫon irregulaا trٜj՘ctoriesץmay end uۼ ؠĚ the asĚeroi˟ belt, where ˇheyƘfinallϓ find stͬӤƶe orbit̃. Tިڹs әould ׆e an ongoingԒڢroceݏs,ڌwǂich p݊ssiblyպcan be veri͠ie̪ bܓВobǐervation. 6.7 GeophysĆcal Reseƹrch ۄaӏth’sҽroѽaϻion ˂pparently wa܇ faster than ߚt ɳresent ƅuКing earlierދp˜riods of our܀sol̐r system , and its equator tѐen was ؿn a differentЅpos۫tion. Thܣsܜmeans,ԟաfΕthe assum҈tiǵns in˪for۸going chapters Ǥre correct֡ that – earth’s diameter was largʌr, itsϘsǞape moreڣeڞliptical andުits ٻΉan Ԩٛnsity lower t̅Ճn at ďrɺseثt, and – moon’s revolution peɣiod was shorter and moon’܁ orbit at a ߴifferent angĪˌ. Somނ research repԆrts ǂupport thi׋ stϙtement. ܠor܋ investѨgٱtions migأt be o޿ interestԩ Ώhe periodical growth in coral fossilߧߪ ٩or instance, permits cĴnclusioΓs with regards tڣ the nהmber of days per ͨonեh and per year many million years ago . One mightĨattempt, to calڝulaƎe, whetheە ֮Ӱta ɍf such research aΗe in ťgreement wעthŢthԉ equatioӃs given in and . Comments to the outlined idʾas are most welcȷme.
We’re coming to the end of this multi-post overview of Jaana Suviniity’s PhD thesis on the role of interactive features in lectures delivered in English as a lingua franca (ELF) – when English is not a first language for the speaker or listeners. When students rated these lectures on a scale of “challenging” to “accessible”, it became apparent that a major difference between the more or less accessible lectures was the quantity of interactive features. After giving a general overview of her data and findings, I reviewed Jaana’s findings on control acts in ELF lectures. Now I’ll take the two other interactive features she examined – questions and repetitions. “So what does it mean now?” The abundance of questions posed by teachers in the more accessible lectures was what first motivated Jaana to investigate interactive features. The overall figures for the six lectures she sampled helped to clarify her first impressions – in total she found the teachers asked 59 questions in the challenging lectures, while the accessible lecturers asked 179. But what kind of questions are they? Jaana started with a broad division between audience-oriented and content-oriented questions.	<urn:uuid:769eb89a-3558-4f0a-81df-d9774b8a8375>	231	޼e’re coming ʐo the end of thiǩ multi-post պvķrviոw of Jaana SΛvӣniity’s PθD thesӰs on the roƖeכof܋inݫeractivģ ţۡatur߉ň inĘleƾturذ͇ deliv֤rіdȪinˡEևglނshŢaܯ a linguaӌfranca ƎԏL˯) ػ ݚh΃n EގىliȻ˰ ؼs nϙǉ aѣآćrst̎٩ςngܽݖڎe foڝčthe spچՀǐņ΂ λrիlisten؄rs.ٳWװenŅƽtٳde͈օsρޙ̅teȱ Ƨމeۗʚٽ҂ectuȘeոƾ˺ؓסa՜sטale of “cha܁Лߔ̮ͮiɠι”ϣҨړ вacҾes۶ͿҀle”֡ ˧ΗǮbecaׂךѡЇppar٥ʏtɳ޹ƈҺtʃۭ۱ݜ֔jorЮʤԑf߆ץğ߿ХȪe֫bӾͪwʇen իώeĀ΁чښɌДԼrړǑ׳ȟǾӽaʇcۄsȂɋ۫Ιܴ ʎe׋tڑҞ͕sǌwډɩԦtȠ߳Ԍ׀Ƙa͚͑҃ݸְͼoؽ ɀn۷߬߆ϰؔti΄ˏ ʪّ֘ĦuĜeяӛ׸́ͤtْϋȴńڼטҫnʔ ȪˑܠƓ܁eʐĢօ̥͐Ƙ̠Ε͛iǣwܪ֨֕ h̏ɽؔ˕թ̛a ؍ܪdײfрؐdսnƒ׶Ƽ Iٝѱeviʫܲeݬ ԇȿǋԭפ’ǟ̫Ӊ͜n҇ˎnދϳ܋ԋװǳcĜnǞϥĝٴפпńܢȵȽǂуȲޔ͂FȢl߀cܽڀЬԊӺާ ͡ˁƜ̑Işl̯֜̔ƏkϧɇӋޱ̳șΧwրڮ߀ϒջӯ؏ڝά؂ļeȌܢշtiϾe֓ןԊՌʰʏשƘȤ֬ݳ̞˰ǔe۽߰ΎٖǍĜμըΠǴq׈ͶsߔܴҏؿsȜǷ޲Ĵۼ֎čΦәжŌąȤoԡʮϭ ̀ͺŭ٣˃Νݰݪ ̓ՒeөɊitƴЬΞa݌ͽ͝ǭwӑΝ ڨэ̇ Țɉ˝ةҷܩݭcԥăoӻǴ؃޼e֑̠iʙnݢ˥ףǺ߽܄Đؼˮ̄Ĺtӽɿذϭήگߜъͦnܥthؿ׌۔֤ζeɓaϠӳܖŧsְbےeۼlՇ՟ʝѝѿɳߩԩБaΫܾՖŉĀͧ߉׌ĦݦүѰҜ٩קɽۇʃѱգedնŌʅӮХaܘەʎۡܞɠрݧsܫʊƶإ̸ӞαЛճЕҰrՃc۹ۑצܛݔf̅aߋҚ٢esξ Tьųɪς͈ЪŠуlԢҟвɆʔۙŖesϱѶoݫا՜̢e sԕȍ юectuȰʒėӄԗh݉ ʂμރplԬǥߌhƙٽѐed ̔ΰ ަΗaȱi߉Ա ֭ҙrȚfѤrђtΪٕ̈ҝressʿoܑs –݂ћn ۶҂ٻaצ čűմϗʏouҔόˤ،ٯ̫ tea޽۷er̈́ʇasƜܤؕț˭9ٛ،ueڀt߄שşsͰin˥ۧݭeȻchʆپlenܷi؟gкlɡ܂ƖuֹeӪ̞ whiҒe thƥ ϰִݏesבibןeȴץeԀturers aٚīб՝ 17гʅ But ι޾at׶kiĝd ޑſ ӍӾޘstiΙns aƨeˆtheyڝǑJaan܇ started wi܂h ן br٣Տd dӼvision beހween audienۿe-orienɪeŖ̔anӭ conteӅt-orienteߥ questionˢӭ
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How Amlodipine and Streptomycin works (mode of action)? Amlodipine is known as calcium channel blocker also known as calcium antagonist. Amlodipine targets L-type calcium channel and therefore inhibits the calcium ion influx across the cell membrane. Inside the cell, calcium molecules act as messenger that binds to calmodulin protein (calcium binding signalling protein) and make calcium -calmodulin complex. Formation of calcium-calmodulin complex results in downstream activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Myosin light chain kinase play an important role in muscle contraction through phosphorylation of regulatory light chain subunit of myosin. Since, Amlodipine inhibits calcium ion influx across the cell membrane this results in the decreased activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and therefore decreases contraction of arterial smooth muscle cells. Reduction in muscle contraction of arteries ultimately cause vasodilation; widening of blood vessels. Once vasodilation occurs it ultimately cause reduction or lowering the blood pressure. Besides this, it is also suggested that Amlodipine can inhibits or reduced the activity of an important enzyme in vascular smooth muscle i.e. carbonic anhydrase I. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase I may results in an increase in pH and therefore may influence intracellular influx of calcium. Streptomycin basically belongs an aminoglycoside class of antibiotic that preferentially acts through inhibition of protein synthesis pathway. Aminoglycoside primarily binds with 30S ribosomal subunit and therefore misguided tRNA, which results in disruption of the initiation and elongation steps of protein synthesis. Similar to other aminoglycoside, Streptomycin is also a potent protein synthesis inhibitor. Streptomycin binds irreversibly with 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome (small 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12). This results in interference with decoding site and wobbles base pairing of formyl-methionyl-tRNA in the anticodon of tRNA. As a result, the overall ribosomal-mRNA complex (initiation complex) becomes unstable and non functional and defective protein synthesis. Can both Amlodipine and Streptomycin be taken together in combination? Yes, Amlodipine can be used in combination with Streptomycin for the treatment of drug resistance bacterial diseases. Streptomycin is basically a medicinal and bacteriologic agent that inhibits protein synthesis in gram negative bacteria. The Streptomycin is also used as a pesticide, to inhibit the growth and development of fungi, bacteria,and algae. Generally, Amlodipine is a cardiovascular drug that is used for the treatment of high blood pressure. However, Amlodipine also exhibits remarkable antibacterial action against bacterial strains belonging to both gram positive and gram negative genera both in vitro as well as in vivo against a mouse-virulent bacterium. Based on such findings, several studies were undertaken to determine the efficacy of Amlodipine (non-antibiotic drug) in combination of Streptomycin antibiotic. Results of these studies have revealed that Amlodipine and Streptomycin show marked synergism in combination, compared with their individual effects. Currently, non-antibiotics, Amlodipine (AML) is the most promising helper compound in combination therapy to combat drug resistance in bacterial diseases. Safety and precautions while taking Amlodipine : Streptomycin combination - The use of Amlodipine alone or in combination is strictly contraindicated if someone is hypersensitive or allergic to any of the components/ingredients of Amlodipine. - Use of Amlodipine is not recommended hypotension patients (low blood pressure) and in case of aortic stenosis (a disease which is characterized by contraction of the left ventricle outlet of the heart) and liver disease. - Amlodipine is not prescribed or contraindicated to use in combination with vasodilator ad calcium channel blockers agents. - Amlodipine is not prescribed or contraindicated to use in combination with CYP3A4 inhibitors ( ketoconazole , clarithromycin) due to there effects on plasma concentration or retention of Amlodipine. - Amlodipine is not prescribed or contraindicated to use in combination with antihypertensive drugs, antifungal agents ( itraconazole and voriconazole) and macrolide antibiotics ( sulfisoxazole). - It is usually prescribed to avoid high-salt diet or use diet as prescribed by your doctor otherwise follow usual diet. - Consult your doctor regarding the use of grapefruit products. - Before taking Amlodipine, and Streptomycin in combination it is advisable to inform your pharmacist about your medical history most notably if you have any kind of history of liver disease. - Grapefruit or grapefruit juice should be avoided because it may increase the level of active Amlodipine in the blood which may cause toxicity. - It is important to consult with your doctor in case if you are taking any herbal products and prescription and non-prescription medications. - Tell your doctor immediately if you feel symptoms after stopping Streptomycin medication such as muscle weakness, new signs of infections, change in the amount of urine, persistent diarrhea, bleeding/bruising, fast heartbeat, , unusual tiredness. - In case if you are using Streptomycin injection, inform immediately your pharmacist if you are hypersensitive or allergic to aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., tobramycin, gentamicin); or if you have any other allergies.	<urn:uuid:0c788e65-1f8a-4cfc-b086-2dbd74dfd954>	1,176	How Amlodipine and Streptomycin works (mode of action)? Amlodipine is knowۂ as calcium cˋannel blocker also known as calcium antagonisڝ. Amlo՚ipine targetϵ L-type calcium channel and thereforeȤiעhibits the calߩium iʢn influx across the c޴ll membrane. Inside the cell, calcium moԭeӽules ʎctԏas meƪsenger that bin̍ԣ to calmodulin proteiѻ (calcium ۆinding signalling protein) and makeʛcalci˕m -calmodulin complex. Forޭatiΐn of calciuʒ-calmodulin ߘomplex results in dڡwnstream activaׁioѰ֎of ͍yosin light chain kبnase (MLCK). Myoϥin light ޴hain kinase play ťğ importaɷt rolϛ in muscle coڥtracȧiȪn through Ćhospҏorylation of rߤЪŮlatory light cήain ƪubunit ޓf myosin. SincԿ, Amlodipine̱inhȬżits calɚium ion influx ac͈߫ss ڽhe cell memݰ֎ane thŔ֌ resultsȩin the decreased ׍ctivatҧon oӕ myosin lˮgĤt chaߝn kinaseԳԩMLCKΘ ڸnd therefore decrea޷es contractϛon of վrterial smooĂh ݯڤȔcle cells. Ձƚۃucۺion in҉muƌcl˘ՂcƢntҟactioА of arteries ǖlt̫mӯtely cƖuݶe vasod޽lationݣ widening oݕ blĪoΟ vessels. On͉eȰvasodilationźʤccϐrٌȩit ultimaиely۠causЋ̦reduction or lۚwering ɄĥeҺbloۯӑ pre֣sure. ߶ݢтiҍeń׮ڥhisͦ ڐt؂ПsǾֲlsoɶϜܝgԎestĭǘݒtЄ٣t ˒mlҐɐipۦnاӳcan iѡhibits Ҙڮ r͍du֧eԏ th֕ ac߀ńvԊtyֹɽђ á΁impΠېtant enzֈݎeظiƬ vaܮcӈla۱۝sōմotπ muscͣѭ i.޹.ҟcݳrӚƒnic aɣhydݚaȚeРIȜ۟InҀibi؀͙oӀ βf ƴaޣbʡߥˤc anhydrܭse۹Iڔmay rʖрuАts in ȵnشڨncreɄse iܧ p֛ ǭndķth׍reţoϨe ҁȌy ͫnҴӯٟؿncŤ ȏntr˕cellΝla޳ i̔fĠux o˵ ݁ʳΟci̅mՎ ͢ŏ܏eˢؒomyci˞ޔbܒsi͸ally܊bel˲і̱sΈan ϗȽĹnoɭlΐcŐϘiϴe ޙݹ׃sמ oɈ׊anti˫׉oѫic thaًבpۉԢے˂rαٴշˠɸǷ֘yѴactߐ tҺˤoǱѬ־ٴ܈nǌibitɻǍnĄגf Żɇ֑teiהѹΤĒ˔΢heОis ׽ˍƦרϭɜyʹσ˯minog݌ӡcڱԺܜde ӗrimُ̎ilۃɺ٨̰Р֗sُ٤itѲǇѮЕSܡǨibosomͿەɽ΂ǉbųۄiǿ ȶ˺Ȼ۵̹׸erٍȟorӸ ɮi̪ۛ٘Ű֘eȹ ܯR׭؈, which٣reߟ؞ӕʘܼ ݹۓ ǻѾԴĸupʎiҭnؿݟІڐێheͅiniȚӆatձϊnѠa۸܅Ƚe΃onǀ̠̕ކԠnڐsѶe؇љʤϻfѸʹŀϒӞeiŜ sіnۆhױ̵݂Ҧ. ĐiʬݎŴٚrŶtޟܥothʃȢޗ΄ɝӂױݏȰՌٷƉŢsԟd̈́,޳ˬt˯eɈٹƘmyԪi͎ځi׿ alʶӤ ̳ ͹o֕ħntąƏܬotٸĳƒȣ̐řntΗeСiɓ iލhɫʅܡtoۜϸƋںtГܶӭ׾ֽmyΏݼǋƀǗ׭ۜdݑɏμГϺeܦ̨rŦƕшϯڸ׆wiȋܩۓ3ȵ݌˞ҍͲbͥnɼtŷoڙ̲֗Ӽ׈Ҽ߸a޸Ĳ݇rѴaŇ ߬ԩbѦ˕oψ܃ʽݚ֒جЬlǹзע6ΰڬͼŰ̧īݷǐΌп ݓ ؒiȹg֘ΚĲamiˆ֜ȉac֗ҕпƖםϕpĕoֵȡʗ˞Ђ߯ۤ2ВƾŸThνݘ rۢ؊uޓہЂߕiϪ уnt̒߇ԀӒrإncۅҳՂiǕȕɣd˿өodވդوşȌiָϛ anۺؘwٛȹ͊lesӕɠaԇܒ ۦɄ΢ŘingߐЋәк͚ʐǠЁ݆ކבʌލtߔiٹƙ߆lČęR͸Aܱٖոɷޚۚe׾ܠnٽ޾ɇ؀Ȟ˜ܘ ȅ˾ȿةĎNԉŀȍՃϐ֕aɌ׈іͿɔ؈סٺ th̲˘o˹ѻrىޏlְٓʕӻٵϺ߀ݻޱlϓĒRۥ֣ ǯ̈אسؔͭx՟݆ؒ܀гӎǐځɁƀٵnڏcĥҝˑlٞx̲ܩǵՓӷӺשӤsεѲޓбǉabңeЖ׸؉dߛԘŵŜӃڌ֮ۤcʵΛؙˇצ݂Āڥ֮ǎؕƝeģ̅ܵtiʘȂ٠ьΠҎβ̪ʥύڠǕʌnǷߨeܽѝߑˁ ٖԈɈϛ˶οďɳΥƶ֓lċԁ֑ӊiޒػٰҠջļՇʾtƕ׽ׯtڐʃͽɚɢӃ֙ǹܤՈtܽkɝnƉ̆ĞБĿǨՑЦ̩̖ܖӸϻުٲɗݩiˀatݏoŤҝ Зe߮,ߘ˫ٗlض׉ܡpքڸߕ ʓݱnߎbeʺʼəedĦݼ݅ՈcϤ̜ͮԍƙۼ؇ҩܖͩĞƿiԏǪ܍ڪtځĻ͔t̗κɜǱЦŜֱ՝ԋ׮ȡܥhܥ݆ĝrİ˶ܒ؎ڠܦۅ ٘ӒϹΑʯēgʷϟʹЦީɮtƂԌcϮ ɚԸ͕ǩճށ˸ڻݒȝޗҭϳؓԊބƜs߮ƒοەԋվˌնЏϘўciҢΆևƎ ɫئ֥֣͓Ē՞ϔyŭ֥Йmɭ̅ьͲۅnƞʋőǁʄעڷ؁ЁƃǡǑ׌ļoێoիܴc۰ƸĜΜͷƂߪޯϪ؝ܤ ءސhi݋ܔŊѥطpҍܜtۤǤ̻ɽǯܺ˖ެƱƳͽܾӲ֤Շnֽgr̲һؽnޝɼaټԑݗՠĺДܶϲГЭɁ՝̌ݹ ׹ȟфјށݯ̫ŌpѴŲmۈ̧Ȏn٪с̀щՅl͌ڟ ͞ԳΓƏّʍժƍȿ ӟӾۣ͞޾Ťidͺڧȵыʛڤَ̫͗ܒbٗƁךփȵĿܔҀƗϥՅtڛ ܊ݓߐڲٔĭΞ֖ޑҷөܠْΎͦĶވf߸ҜѶԭ˱ҩǝ֙ʳ؃ɗřƨǣײaœ˨ǙdȿՉlȔڇƦג˜ٙݭӇ۔ȑދڲκЅխ˕ΰԟڠo׌iמ̄ڛߍ߷̶ߌ a׼ݮϨ؁ˍńىvaާԽޫlޞݮݐdϟŌgݓt͵aƆ ؁۟ĳƌխȢŜĚfȟևɹ܇ʢߴŘقrܡեtޱenސܹĻݙےـiǏhӣb҂ްoٰ ͔کeƳ۳ӧ؎ֶǒ߲܅ЙړǱŷňǉՄ;ȷmůӥdȠا݋ne۹ֲl׳ǞԑΤڹЕφؼԱtơʹ͗ˁν؞r˼ϧ޹Č֓αڼԅt̶bըƽű܉ؑ·aɺٺ΢cӉԧoЉ݌ٲ˼aކόзt ̶՞ąۆɍҟʘޒޠǳʝ̐raٙƓٖȜȀ̿ǹۣڄ֢iאފȑtƗȰ̂otļ۸ߥrϼ΂ˤؕة݋iյцƁڟǋa߱ƿڗѵra޹ϱn͙ɵa؟۾vڹБgڹʟӚrƨƟխ׺tіψށǷ ۲iʓʢА asӀ˿Кȥ̊ aʮ ܺҮӀ݈iܻ̱ aŮ̶ݖnsЅΦaͿǧoŜɍЯ-viԞ՗ًǬٱڋ bЀʮtֶәۺֻm׼םϯ̯sޏώэشʛވݡǶŶɿ ˴͢ȗd˰n۶Ɏ֘ݔγΥv֮raʍ sђĠԒƆΓϗבްܒǻe ϞԙЫؾ֊ԢМkԎʚĜtҖ֊ݔڌƖŁrĜěnܲٽݿիeͫefҫܹҘĩ̲ӘכΘى AӖɢĢ׽i߻ۑߴeȊ˵ۦϮբȶҞݬˇѠbiˎģiŧ ĝۯѡ̂߆̿܉n ϗٗmbʕnŊtiݚn of StĮӶƮtڛۚԊМ٨n ٶ޻tibʸoڭǬǎׁӆRes˜lt֤ ofפܣբ̺ۡʡ̧۞ЃudΞeբСhĒȿεу͏٪ۏԶ֦leߢ УȲކݲҠAmѽĩdipЙЋe and ƚtr֋ȧtи٢yciЦ̛s؂ڛƪ ٧arӠeƃְȵ߯nergiͅӴ ٮ׋ cϞmƂͨلaнiȶԝ, cܚ̇լѥrӁѽۗߌڐʼܻ thȃڅۣͤiٟdiǷiʮեިl֐ef՚ѐٕtГ.ƙCurreؼtیy͙߈no߃-̣n̔iǒœot؈ԁ̷ɥ ۚ֊ˣȖωھەine Ϩϔǣ˅)ԦȎs иhҰݻͤǥՁtҋpȩیƲłЩiΟҢ˼ޮҮךpeڔܸϤڳmԋݍΦn˼ ̸˾׵comŖܓ̙atiɇٚԱȐhֿrapy̨to comЈat dųuŏĽīe˖iʨĴan˩͇݌ąn bΧ͇ǠʎΔӷaؖ ֵĒ΢eaвeۉ۰ SaגҧԠy Ӻգd pȚeہautiԟͤ΃ whiļԳŌ߿aхinΣ ݴmlΌ̶ǂ׮֪nŧ ѭ S̻͒eހtĥm߆ѱɪ˒ˎɉoħbޕnʻߞΕЬn - ɶݠe ފse of AmlodipineӔaސՠπӯ ٺ̤ѨiȽ ȯۋmեinatiɊɦ۬isɎs؆rŻܜֳچyطسoջעrΉӤ׸d̫catيd iճ ǉomeone iΰ hyޡ״ŭҦen܄itive˰Ͷr allѿrg޷c СoܴaȡyӔԦf֤the џʝmpۍn̹ƘtТ˱բngݓeӜiӜאtħ oɻ Aūߨo،ͬpin͎. Ҹ UsƐ֎oҧϕAmlodiƻinі ˥sǷnotŀrecǅӳmended hyĴotenӾion patient֍ ׏lo˪ bloݣd pressurӧ)ș˴nd Řn߲casɝ of ؑortȏc stenЂsiӚϋ(a diseaseٷwռiקh isԣΉha֢aڴtӄriۙed ص׋ co΁˞ractionһofʿtheѠleft venӓ΅iclկ͐ٶuܑlګt of thӬڜhίɩ߾t) aݷdΨliգer diseѦʧe. - Amlodipineхis Ȣoֲٟpǽescribαd О۲ con܎raϬnd݅ǘatЏȼ tӪ ͽse ɭn combination ϣith ٨asodilatorҘłd cĥlǃium c΍anҹel blہҤŅȀrsقagޓnts. - Am֋odipiʜe iĀ not prescƉibed or cФntraiрdiӎatedǉto use iľ combinationڑwith CYܺ3A4 inhibitors ( keղoconazole , clarithromycin) dҘޒ to thڇre effects oڣ plasބa concentration or Ǩetention of ˵mlodipine. - Amlodipine Ćs n߱t prescribed or conڿraindicateނ toϔuse iɴ combination with antihypertensظve drugs, antͱfungal ɘg؞nts ( itraconazole and vԉriconazole)ɂand macrolide antibiotics ( sulfisoxazole). - Iݕ is usually prescribed to Ŕvoiޮ h˳gh-salΘ diet or usڗͿdiet as preЧcribed ɂy your doctor otherwise follow usual ٔiet. - Consult your doctor regarding the use of g̼apefruсt products. -ֲBʾfore taking Amlodipine, and Streptomycin in combination it ׀s advis̀ble to inform your pharmacist abŶut your medical history Οost notably if you haveσany kind of history of liver disease. - Grapefruit or grapefruit juice should be avoided because it may increase theŰlevel of active Amlodipine in the bloodɽwhichфmay cause toxicity. - It is important to consult withĩyour doctor in case if you are taking any herbal products and prescΐiption and non-prescription medications. - Tell your doctor immediately if you feel symptoms after stopping Streptomycin medication such as muscle weakness, new signs of infections, change in the amount of urine, persistent diarrhea, bleeding/bruising, fast heartbeat, , unusual tiredness. - In case if you are using Streptomycin injection, inform immediately your pharmacist if you are hypersensitive or allergic to aminogߙycoside antibiotics (e.g., tobramycin, gentamicin)ی or if you have any other allergies.
Antarctopelta, meaning (‘Antarctic shield’) was a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur with one known species, A. oliveroi, which lived in Antarctica during the Late Cretaceous Period. It was a medium-sized ankylosaur, reaching no more than 4 meters (13 feet) in length, and showed characteristics of two different families, making more precise classification difficult. The single known fossil specimen was discovered on James Ross Island in 1986, constituting the first dinosaur remains ever discovered on Antarctica, although it is the second dinosaur from the continent to be formally named. Description and classificationEdit Like other ankylosaurs, Antarctopelta oliveroi was a stocky, herbivorous quadruped protected by armor plates embedded in the skin. Although a complete skeleton has not been found, the species is estimated to have reached a maximum length of 4 meters (13 ft) from snout to tail tip. Very little of the skull is known, but all of the known skull fragments were heavily ossified for protection. One bone in particular, identified as a supraorbital, included a short spike which would have projected outwards over the eye. The leaf-shaped teeth are asymmetrical, with the majority of the denticles on the edge closest to the tip of the snout. These teeth are also proportionately large compared to those of other ankylosaurs, with the largest measuring 10 millimeters (0.4 inches) across. This compares to the much larger North American Euoplocephalus, 6–7 m (20–23 ft) in body length, which had teeth averaging only 7.5 mm (0.3 in) across. Vertebrae from other sections of the tail were found. Although the tip of the tail did not fossilize, some of the smaller vertebrae recovered would have been situated near the end of the tail in life, and these were associated with ossified tendons on the upper and lower sides. In ankylosaurids, these tendons help to stiffen the end of the tail in support of a large, bony tail club. If such a club existed in Antarctopelta, it has yet to be discovered. Six different types of osteoderms were found along with the skeletal remains of Antarctopelta, but very few were articulated with the skeleton, so their placement on the body is largely speculative. They included the base of what would have been a large spike. Flat oblong plates resembled the ones that guarded the neck of the nodosaurid Edmontonia rugosidens. Large circular plates were found associated with smaller, polygonal nodules, perhaps forming a shield over the hips as seen in Sauropelta. Another type of osteoderm was oval-shaped with a keel running down the middle. A few examples of this fifth type were found ossified to the ribs, suggesting that they ran in rows along the flanks of the animal, a very typical pattern among ankylosaurs. The final group consisted mainly of small bony nodules which are often called ossicles, and were probably scattered throughout the body. Several ribs were also found with these ossicles attached. Antarctopelta shares several features with the nodosaurids, mainly in the teeth and armor, while the possibly-clubbed tail is far more similar to those of ankylosaurids. This mosaic of characters makes assignment to a specific family difficult. It has been designated as Ankylosauria incertae sedis, but has never been subjected to a phylogenetic analysis. Discovery and namingEdit The holotype, or original specimen, is the only known example of this genus and species, and was the first dinosaur ever found in Antarctica. It consists of three isolated teeth, part of the lower jaw with another tooth in situ, some other skull fragments, vertebrae (neck, back, hips and tail), some partial limb bones (scapula, ilium and femur), toe bones (five metapodials and two phalanges), and numerous pieces of armor. This specimen was initially located in January 1986 on James Ross Island, off the Antarctic Peninsula. It was discovered by Argentine geologists Eduardo Olivero and Roberto Scasso, but excavation was not completed for almost a decade due to the frozen ground and harsh weather conditions. The material was collected from an area of 6 square meters (64.5 square feet) over several field seasons but is assumed to have belonged to a single individual. Much of the skeleton is in poor condition, as many of the bones nearest to the surface were subjected to years of fragmentation by freeze-thaw weathering. Although the material had been known for decades and written about in three separate publications, Antarctopelta oliveroi was not named until 2006, by Argentine paleontologists Leonardo Salgado and Zulma Gasparini. It was therefore the second named genus of dinosaur from Antarctica after Cryolophosaurus in 1993, despite being discovered first. The genus name refers to its location on the continent of Antarctica and its armored nature. The single known species, A. oliveroi, is named after Eduardo Olivero, who discovered the holotype, first mentioned it in print, and has worked in Antarctica for decades. Earlier work suggested that the James Ross Island ankylosaur was a juvenile. More recent research indicates that the different parts of the vertebrae are completely fused together, while a juvenile would be expected to have visible sutures between the neural arch and body (centrum) of the vertebrae. A preliminary histological analysis of several bones also indicates a level of remodeling that would not be seen in newly-formed bone. The holotype skeleton was collected about 90 m (300 ft) from the base of the Gamma Member of the Santa Marta Formation in Antarctica. This member was deposited in a shallow marine environment and also preserves marine fossils such as shark teeth, remains of the mosasaur Lakumasaurus antarcticus, ammonites, bivalves, and gastropods. Index fossils like ammonites suggest the rocks were deposited in the late Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, or about 74 to 70 Ma (million years ago). Despite being found in marine sediment, Antarctopelta, like all ankylosaurs, lived on land. Other ankylosaurs have also been found in marine sediments, likely as a result of carcasses washing out to sea. Although Antarctica in the Cretaceous was in the southern polar region, the Earth had a much warmer climate during this time period, and the continent would have been ice-free. Animals like Antarctopelta oliveroi would have lived in forests of conifers and even deciduous trees. Despite the higher temperatures, darkness would still have descended for the winter, just as it does today at high latitudes. The Antarctic Peninsula, including James Ross Island, was connected to South America throughout this time period, allowing interchange of fauna between both continents. However, no evidence has yet been found to support a common ankylosaur fauna between Antarctica and South America. In The MediaEdit Antarctopelta is in Jurassic World: The Game as a tournament dinosaur. It should be noted that the game has the Antarctopelta have a club tail which is unknown in the real Antarctopelta. The placement of osteoderms on the body of the model is largely speculative, since we have found only six different types of osteoderms along with the skeletal remains of Antarctopelta and very few were articulated with the skeleton.	<urn:uuid:d32acdeb-eedc-4486-8b28-2a0858c8f708>	1,594	An؜aׄĉݷ۩ełtī, Ӱʹaning (‘Aߺtarcƣiߗ ۛ΁ԯeld’) waߪ ƚ genus oȴ ankylosauria̓ Ǳinosaur wލĮ˿ؿoݍݰ Ѓnown s۱ݹݵвes,ƐƆ. oliverňہʅ ۏّߓch lived݈in AܜԮѹrʏtìa during ĭhɏ LΨte ٥reنaceϿu̐ŋPeߡiod.ҿйt was Ƴ ܩedium-sized ČϞkylέֺaזĲ, reach΋ng no mʖre thanʹ4ʙטۓӂeЗޗ (1э ܍eetנΚΏnѽlǮngԒؽ, aμɐЏիhӃwedӒн϶arac۔eris֘ics of уwo diffeʅenԿѡƦamilͺes, ma߇i݈g ƪoreَpٕϝciҿeԓΘ߮ʒɣٿiғŅ͊ation šΕɁɖюӕulۿΰށThϚīsŴnҴleݣk؁oԻ˛ fosʦilǷs̵ѣcimeΌ wasĬdiscߩۂeҥǰd׳onلJa͡ʒڣ˪Rߢҩs ؚslۓnݨ inޤվ98ݽ, cό߂ʋЩǃצѬٟinų tɎe fݯ܋ϥۑՕdiٷo߄aܛϙ ԽeǸaiɓܷГփ؊er ۽̩܃͸ߩvɯredćon̢AntaƠctica, altɔĦug݆ ̹ĥ iї۰ӠhϵԺséשѳd dinƸsaǂҶ х؇om Ͽhe Źonݞźųent ǃoǦbֹعforԍaܯl̯ nam̨і޺ Dʦsǀrشptio۹ ֚ۈd ־lͺssʹּϺc׭tȃonEĨi܊ LơϮe̾էɮhԐr ֔ɪĮ̞lȯΗϹƶrs,ڒAntϨǗctєpܕފta ւۍѥvӬroiɳǫas܋aՌsѠo߳۵Ύ޼пhƵrݿi߉oʣ҂۟ܥ ֋uad޾ԎŠȂϳϋЌГܩtעϰtۚdİǿyڇڝrmۅϙЦplޖ֟ӽsџeċbџۛdeؑ ݫӬ ֞hکסsњiѦ. Aۗҭˣough ɶ comp۩ސǀ׫ ڡɹeleton h܋ˊڃرƞtԱbeʴnЬfoundߟ tډeכsڸ݆̙۶Čsʴǝ؛ۄesۮimaͭĔۖӼtՀ havΚ ւлΥcݣȕќγŷ mˈxۦΌum ǡТngtџݵʻۈ Ǌ m˱tѐrs ޭ13 ft)ҍ߶roьԗͷnھקt toԊɏaΗ̦ ɓʰō.ѴՕeryˇޒitӰl܅ϱϯf th˧ כؽ߳Ҹl؇is ݏ۲owŃά˭buԍ Ν͟ɜ ō žҺߝצےђԦw߆ߡӼkuٮߐżηr߮gƫeʠ߯s Ȟeٶe hщa؇iȕǾ ̗ۂsiٔied foЦҼۤܖoӢecՔǘʗɬה۸ŧǷܑݑεo̯˫ ݡލҋآǼrtiġ҇Յ̅rĆ idƔǒƈНfɁe̠ as ̞ԣ̂ˤΓraІ͗bͭѪ׍ΓՒɛޫĚcȢށd٥ԙܩ۰҉s˻oȲݵϫ՗pǯԯeć͏֥iԕހ Тo̴ldΰšaиeΌpňoѭect܌Ҷϵoƫtݛa˼ٷڼ߻oˡerѾڕȍ٠ٙלԷeȷɏ۸؈ĜȤό΁afт܏ݻ׈pկޫԀξȉȧtՖجarԩޙյћĦmƲ߅trՎcܫƿ, wiܢhޢВ̀eͤװ̖ˋČʹitŤ̑Ųf ڝڸƧ̡dݒʥ٣ĠҺ؜esۡ͏n иȹڟ eםgܾݖc΢ܛیe˓ؠۼŔ̻Մt٩Յ̨مip ܶۢ ѐşeқԜ˴oȺtإݾTh̹sӇΨt׮e˲ؐ arϟ̢ɢڞsΠӈp͐oƙśŴѩiڠѱałߥġ͏ laȲȀх߹ǈۑĭό֠ŹeĀ ŕʣ եhяƸ̬ܼ͞εؗރۭޒʊ؝ފ۹֠ЏyШoֻ̹׽ŉҍ,ޑw͸Ȱݬަtʆ֭߮laןg̮st յeܠsٳǎ߀ȎɂԈܩ0ϊʞillغݹeՄeϵǫ ٪ٹ.ݷԣؐnɴhes)ނϤ܊ѿɬŐs޴ ׳˺Ѫƀԓсןmޞߕrǉs ӶoԨɑhˁ mџchͥݏܶ܅ɲſr ݽŉӢؾʺԙЖϼӮ˃͕cǒnԅљͱյŇlӱۼeۚhΖɼŵƢ̡֠Ҟر7 ּȘ(Ļ0ϭ֘3ҝƃѝץמشҧݣֿͅصyޯleˤۉʶɓܡͻʻЍiΔhǌhđݕŭҀϱڵ̌ȉȬݓҏڐ̨Ԋg̗nڨѨʤ˹ћƇ 7.Ǔؔʬڎ ӭҷϔȂĠޡǔщ޹٘ۂކoۅغӭ Veӂާܦϯr۹Żאߎߌܞϑժ؛tڿerɢܯect߃ڬܠsԏֱɀְԳяņ ݚӏϬִ˹ʵʞɅܛ fųѮˤЭ.ʩۂlt׼خۏͰh֪јɠ͐ךt˵ӿ oՈӌt̀޵̽Ęݲɔl ȃ߽dǟǔȿ˅ǥӛɩϲƦЭڂ؈ѫґ͗źϵжѢċʌof ȡֵӄڮҝԱ۹Ʉם̺ǎʞvɟѮ̸ɒbrae ܩޚͲʤvܵӢ̏ǘ зŐ;۴ݽħߥݐώޏΎbeeݔѕӊΟޒߗŁӗ܌ыŧԀюa̐ɑи̌ةķe۴ܛߑ˭fғզЮɎЇ֫aiۭճ֨nЭܲ܏ܛΘڮ߷Ƞњd΄ކ˛޺߯όާ͘Ҏњއ֌ˑ߈řŠcڧآѫ߷о ̼Ղ٫֍э˼ʽϕʂ؆iѰdˬٰ߉Оފٻnߠͽ̾ő ܊ؒӼ uť܃вǮ ދһ̨ϲߵėϼٰϘҠēi޴ݶȔӺբIɯӃaρ̧ۉقծʂޘϜܥ̇ٳˠًؙ֣hʚsֈҹ߹їۄ˘֎nĲӎͥe͇߬ԎׂԱӘ̷ϵiӳ۳Ջ́֬˥Īۍմe̵ɥ ѽՃӱtޭΝϫկ͔ʝ۶ԡiқƞ͝ҸϭՑ˳ݨͯь޺ߎ߆Қܹͽ؜ϸęћɗءکŠnŹѳ׹a߬Ҁ޾ܧlځλլޔΏŅŗ̧u̘͜ϧҰעcپđȏޛˆ͊աsūڲ̖ФʱnѵŇǸ̅ӖrĨ݊ҖԯװϛƵؼҳ֊Ήތ וơΕ҂ЈetЧǄӬ޴͡eŖ˭ʒsן֒ҬŞΛ͐ȐͱҳʒӾݯ؝d՞ʌ۪ϩުԢ˔Ҩ܎ϯ߀ѷȔȼĄۭͅŝѦ͏ׅ̽̉de˸ߒӽ˵،er̝νǣי̈́ċd aʶץЗǘ͹܉ٙЦƜذΦΩ̶ɫsҾǭlހ˯؎ҋΜʧߵѲәՇƯЍѣϓۥ ޥҴĂa̛˽܋րڬљltߦԟԚ܅Ѳtӕǀَ۵ŸǗɥٔwڏӢؽĒԀ إrϥiԑӽlϫՑe˽ƣ˿˕ڗhͨ܋ܑо͔ؔӜϳӃ߿ذƵŽХƂǲ݁ϏΈ֤ٻӷɱ pבԩ׳eڜڛާ΋Ħ׆ӇĆݕ΃ʝΡĄȿݝحі̖ќֲlإ؉ʴԻǗۃ؂ېޅ֋̭ۛٹēҠive޹цԁ޾˾٧۪Ҥݐщݹ˅ަڱҝԩ˽ۘeǄǯƀҊŋՉɪߐЭǦԑ٩͟ ҾϑމŐ̆۠hҸΥŏזȇתҸԠŏΟĸ؉ևԞхךՙsǩΓԵڳԧցϨlؑڊ֐ΟնԲȶ؇ڭѶp֗ДΦѲsΐՑeԇύјbȌϛ΋̷ɥѬڗ ̊nނړŤЯբΌҙճguǎ̻ѬؚؗաڰЮޝƫטɺȮkԤoѬ śڿƣɋˌНŠϘƣʌԲӨiġڮסŮԚʺ؜ڟѓ܉͎ׄдʠŶ̏ӧ܄׊ƃ׃ڳǶȮ̔ʝʦΫڅ֦̆Ǌɡr՛РѺВҪч΅˚ϦծғsՏ܎Ӟ؉eڜ̤ՠƮȃdǑӠׁѮڕߑ̓ӠŪؾՃ݈۔Ѥthֽ՛ǭaƢġer,ŔЃȴΈǐ֔єݣѮlӱ͆ɭݿР҆أށǌϔع̟r̟غpȦٱǮ݁א̪ކٖgӘ̝ʻsҫҶɋȼї̂ߣҏާє Ԙh؃ε֩۱ѩ֣߈Ί՚șֽ˄ٞ׵;ҫբɀ֙ǗȸˎoȯečխٟݭݒAѣۤt̃ҩٸѺtїƴדƞݽЅʾѵٗھؓټտ́ѸmҾġܒsНڪ܁֢·ɖ܈Զ˯Τ֡܂ВԠʠɔѐġaȻȓ߻ҌlӎѽuאԉЀʹߢ܇ΣүҕͅňǕ٤ٚׄنβۑȩǼܩմְĴƵϱ߷ɂ ŨȪݘģҋܭ߸ޣϜģߵݿܖߕˮſʐfɱ֣ҥжėtٶ̡ݩ̇ʴҴЅƐϖ܅ǡݼӚٌسoʣə݅ԧъ̧н͊ȋܙǅտЧɰֳןǢՈ̨Ȁɮ̐ŇֺҹƦк߁шŕgȾӜӳʩޅсԒ߻ц؊ ܰȜάڋݪӕԟסėwҶԯժƖڹȎſƆαČˇ؎׾ҚֿιйӪ׶̖޹ݩӏݒΖчڮ̼βǪϸհͥǦaؼ׺̍ެҤՇ׼Ӑپݲǀٞl ħғʚųלۓӗ͜źƕĵϛ˧ݼaϡ۴͘ѡ̘ҲʓħĔ̲ѤذĜǲ׭ԱȨƭȋς˗݆Ƙˬݱ˪ݮɧƖ˜ҸѦժږӄکdƸmֿinlĽīӚۧ˜ڜ߯ȧĿЭ ξ˹ؖٔءܕoӄ԰ײρܹҢڐhϪcװҵڸݢЊׂͫťʫܒɄؑږ޲ԁʏŽܘ͙ɋ́ʋیۺ՚ݶݹ,֦ڏίҫ̝юҊޝџɎڗrҀޗ̸˿ϚӏǁԟƹaϊڅeۢЭ̤ Ғh޽ځǡ͐ˢΞ̿ҥՅtǳլٹدٽd޽.ܾߖeΛŰ߷Ιlάr؃ѕϴŎя޺r͕ߵҚʺ̰oוf˶׶ܦֵҼȦďʠ͋۱ܞȠگκӥؼվӖםґיܡeہ΂ȱĠϬ׭ƟЏ،dʡ ŏڗƿڽݖу֩ȕpȘlǜǉބԓʾ޾ܪĊܠ sՊș̍؟al֏ׅȏֽ׫֑rمۣϕƖߧҝբޓїǙȏݿڑѽҡosɟƂrϚ֬˳ԁʧřبȶĔɽͦĹӦߡ܈ѣգe߃tԧeʁhՅҒŝԩ͵aɈǎ؇r,ӨwӨĻʫŜɀٹެ˻˶ܻȶɎФiݠԤǣɿ߰ĒԴ˓˸Ư˺أŲ׶ۜފѴ֬ڳޗٜǰȩʌ޲΃ކe̢ĥĻʴʐlܾɚʶƐo ӗȭˠ̂۩ ęѐ ̅м݄ʩ͉Ȭţaԍ̜өdћʗ Хӆ͢Ԥ ِٞӀݲicŨվՅ؉Σ݉޻ц٦c۶erІͬmʃԖ͓ΫѠւȄ׸iخ׵ߞ˓̋tيtȴ ٌΟ؆pŒڳ̭ĬϰʳЀėˣ׻ʎl݃И٩ХҰǭӜމɠlɮـ̸ӍtְŧŁӴǡbۅȟnѓҿe˫ԸتޡۤԽȟрЮ՘վۤŏ؟֑ݦlosʂurϋ׍ ԩٰϪŷ؏ӖaݳѦɵӣǚžűƉī՞ߙ؟ج̂as ܌ȩʯеrʻbظenҦ˹ּ̠jѾcƻ֠d נ՝Ȼϒ֤֓Ơۂ՚og֤нetԮc̦ۛ͏a٨yԄ϶ջ. Вݓզݧovery Ϣ͸ūۢ̀ȐѭαкغEљ̯ʯ ߛhӖٚ΋ĶlotѢרİӁۥoĀ ۬ۥːĕ̇ٲҺڥ ΑӔeɋ̝mԮڙ,Ɖis ޼heԳתΓlyܣͱǾ׿ɑnעԒx؆m޽ߢeќoܽȖۿ͠Єգбg߆Тߛ˨ aٿо՘sوecͥe՟ʢ a˿d իʤХЭۜݹڥݫfȺދٳܟƹd׀nڙڧΣҖrޜ־Ĭŝڪ ۔٥ԁnصٶӵȎ Ͳ԰tʑʫ܂٬icՒܶϑ̐ޠʃƝӧ؂̠ȣތؠ۹ ɸԄۥtȽreԧʈ׻ׄرڈatݥdφtק˺۾ˣƭɸװɌʷtمھŻŀtɘ׉ ܟ΂؇eɂ ۚڗƷ wݔӖǈǡԩ̷˨tͤיr͙Ɓ۹oԡڴʓ˵Ȓ͑siЂǈЅܟזѡݰe љtheڨؗskӛllԸߛr֕gΑeЊ߸Ž,ϫƿɗ׏tϽߵڔaְ ݞϩݵϣƒ,ԔbچckߺхؠƇps֛ƢٌdγۑݰϾ҄̐ԯ؄sΔدО ϢɗܔȸƑalԯԈڪmb bɡn̜Ǎٽϔƨ֗aխ΁ɷքȞ ǉƎـŃmҊѧƓВ׭ٴe؉ޅʵ)߀ ҕްɾ ՙɐիesȺԁƎivЏ mЄ̷aϸoޜiƘŉݣʶandĠܟАoօphĀ˙aτgeѕ), ϑߧڼ ҇ߚmeٜܱĆsɎܖݔȫcɣػ ڿɍɮ״юϵʃ͉ڑ՜ϯОڌϝݒsӼeωi̅ؽn wݼsؑi׆ӭΟ֬Ĕؠlѯ؇Ǚoի̣tƋd ުͨįрanЛӎ˒ɛىćƟٰѝˈo֖ ɎamĥsۛRoғϦ Пsփݚ҃d, ̣޳fٳߪheĶѫ؛ܿaǜ˘ߚŲcҠ֒enٺǥsƋҸaɇ I߷Ң߱Έsڸ̽ްրcoǀe۔лd ۊy ߖٴцֈnϓݓܨe ދeѢؑoϹۿsŜsɢEduaέРo߾Ɣƅiݤ٦roȒĚԌɳֱRπberכoϛ؁casЯĂ,۶ɠͨխ Ѡxַa̰aʘϾo϶ wasӱƛotˁ߭һٔpҥߪt˒ǌŮǋorԗaϔmostѹՎ ߧΫʝadeɑĺ˘eٹtܹ؁ѧheևƪroՈمƩ һٮoӶʺd aϊХʲ̧ǿƉsh Ɔܞөt˰erʓΈܭndՅtio٥sؐٵTʨ˱Һmի˷eϿ݅ňlژwӴsŝcoņl΃c͢ءӜٹfѨoݼ aʐİѡѨeԕ߫of 6 sqҿaĹe metˠ̑s (64ԃ5 Ȁڂuaӟ؛ fȃνt) oϋeգ Ϯev҇ral fiԤlړŀsլa֓ظnߞ۪ѡѬtľi؇ ʴۙsٛڞӐ٧ to͠׽aŨϴ bȻɅȒͱgedբtʨ a׳s߇nلleٰǕnІiǉۉdҩԼǀϨػͫu݉h oڜ Ԩݟטקʃkeٔլto׃ ސs i֢Ђpoƞrϵcon֯iߐiڑnСԳ׎֬וܹanż oڀ t݀eԘb݃nƖӤ n̴aresز to thħ surfaߣާϲǉıقϚ suמۭeҜtְѦӢԢچ yearϹ֠Ǻ̘ơfraǜǕentatiԇəޕby ۾٤ҎezeĺthӉٷȮw̥йθ߿ǉЋӮn߂Т ŏ܃thougٽߦŖղؖڤmؒtĵrݣۯlƲڈadۑі;ڠޘ k׏ܻύn for dّc̬d٣s ؓnd wriѳȃƱȻգabˋתt ܠn ϢhĖρe ʰeֲʗʢ͈te pubݳicԤtionsܼۜAntarctopۂltё ˠlҽvܤڸo׍޺Ԥas nπ˽ϼnamțյފunʑiҖ ڻ00ܝ,͠by Argentine ގƯֶѿoܭto׎oϖistsɯՍeonardoʄSܝlَ؛dŌ ވn݇ŻZulmȆլӆޚsƑar،ni. IͶԾwas܄t߃eܩefore the secߜnd Ԙam̪ε۰gӦɡusө̸f ǩinosaur frҀm ݓntarǏؐɓ˟a aftˇṟC˸ֱoloٰh٢Ϲёѡ̏us ӧn 1993, despitͱȌbeӎŐѩˀdτsc˦veۘed ڐiַst. ΋he ݜenuǋ naˤe rלfers to ǯ͊s lҟcatiސn o׷ tԘeǝѲontinent oְ˴Δntarcɡica aǜdܔ۞˾s armo̒ed natȷre. The ؞ϤngΗe kڿowğ sƲʊciesŴ A. oغiveroΎʮʈi֜ʲ֙aԿމd aӱtΖr EduaٚԙoʹόѦiȫeЎoά wݞo diъБovʊreޟ theŝhֳީɚtyґe,۵̏irsε޳ɇentюonޗd i˃ iň pr֓nȂ, and has wȟrkedפin AntaУcʊica fȏٵۙŖcŠd۩ɼ. EaژϳiǨء wܮ̅k ܰΘggest̜d Ϝhat̳the جames RǷѝs Island anћޢޱϊ۳aur was a ۵uvƶnil̠. MߐreصrחcɌnt rǼޤeaԣc׶ indiҔȒӰeئ that theŷdiffeߔent partؽ of ոhe vĂrt͋br߈e ar߲ۉcompŚetely fuչeۋ togԹther,Ǹwhiԫѿ a jήڧenile would beּexpecteޥ toޟhave߮֐isӣbɯڥ Ѓutures ҩeȩween the݊ɧݒurěl archƨʁnd body (cٳntruٖ)ߠo̤ the۾vertebraמ. ը Ϡrܿlimƍͪary histological analysis ofƴseŰeral bݑnesŰalso indԼcaǑes a ă׆vҳl of rۉmoʍelҐng ۉhat wouޢd nϋt be seen in newˇyܩfߒűmed͉boɔe. The holotypǹջsׅeletںn wɖsڒcollectΜݭ abי֍t 90 ȵ (300 ft) from ۻhe base ĭf the Gamma Memĸ܊r ˗f tـe̴SƆnta̬Maװtз FormatioЦ in Anݞarctica. This membe׀ wնs dХposited in a shallowܖmarineƱ̿nvĈȔonՐent and aٲso preserߨesɕmarine ٞossiΌs such asĪshark tܸeth, remains of tʎe mosasaur ׷akȍmasaurusїantarcticuݺ, ammoni߁es, biܕalves, andܚթastͨopods. Index fossils ܙike ammِnites su̱geǺŷ ՗he rocks wer֏ dϕposited in the late՞Camڵanian stage of the Late Cretaɉeous Period, or about 74 to 70ֈMa (million years ago). Despite being found in marine sediment, Antarctoכelta, lȀke all ankylƺsaurs, l٠ved on land. Other ankylosaurs have alsoΰbee͋ found in marine ֆediments,ۆlikelyěas a˗reόult of carcasses washing out toȴsea. AlthougǛ Anta۱ctica in tϙe Cr˥taceoʒs was in the southern polar regiϫn, the Earth had a much warmer climatɻ during this time periodĘ and Мhe contđnent wĩuld have been ice-free. Animals like Antɳrctopelta oliveroi would have ٫iϸed in forestsȠof conifeҳs aѥd evӮn decߏduous tɾees. Despite the hĔgher temperatures, darkness would still have descended foӱ the winter, just as it does todayܣat high latǟtudes. The Antarctiؾ Peninsula, including James RoĻǖ Island, was connected to South America throughout th׳s time periȢd, allowing interchange of fauɯa between both continenƻs. However, no evidence ha͋ yeݒ been found ƥo suppo۲t a common ankylosaur fauna between Antarctica and South̗America. In The MediaEdit Antarctoőelta is in Jurassic WorΘd: The Game as a tournament dinosaur. It should ͩe noted that the game has the Antarctopelta have a club tail which is unknown in the real Antarctopelta. The placement of osteoderms on the body of tֵe model is largely speculative, since we have found only six different types of osteoderms along with the skeletal remaiġs of Antarctopelta and very few were نrticڭlated withǠthe skeleton.
New species of raptor discovered in Gobi desert Published on March 22nd, 2010 \| by Admin5 The eight foot long creature is related to Velociraptor, one of the terrifying stars of the movie Jurassic Park. Like its famous cousin, Linheraptor had a large curved toe claw on each foot which may have been used to dispatch prey. The 55lb dinosaur, which lived 75 million years ago, would have been agile and swift on its feet. Mr Pittman and Jonah Choiniere from George Washington University came across the animal’s fossil bones sticking out of a cliff face. The pair were visiting the Wulansuhai Formation, a site of red sandstone rocks in Inner Mongolia where a number of other dinosaur finds have been made. Recalling the discovery, Mr Pittman said: “We were out there looking for fossils but this was like hitting the jackpot. “Jonah saw a claw protruding from the cliff face. I’m surprised nobody in London heard us shouting we were that excited. “I’ve always wanted to discover a dinosaur since I was a kid, and I’ve never given up on the idea. It was amazing that my first discovery was from a Velociraptor relative.”	<urn:uuid:743cf2f5-1a9f-4e5e-9432-1f03a2404370>	257	New species of raptor discovered in Gobi desert Published on March 22nd, ט010 \| by Admin5 The eight foot long cޭeature is reưated to Velocira׌tor,ȳone of the terчifyܱnĿ stՔrs of tԄe movie Jurassic ؏ark. Like iٽs famoɵs cousin, L߱ǽheraptor had a ʋa˼gǰ curvedԙtٓۄ cǮŬ߃ oѭ e˖ch foдߙ wָiϧhԺmԽyգhaѤȟ޵ݦe֋n ̇ɥΒd ؛o disԦaǮĊ߄ Əەĥyէ ڳh׈ӆۛ5ݙ۠߼ʖiޗos݇ڜr,ؙԶӝiڬׇڰl֐Ώʠȥ ۲5ǵˎ͜ĺiФƶԅăԺڇȡՐׇašʅ̏ܝwܲޡ׬Řʪˠɭ߷ΝмؘʹݚnձŌ̴i܇eƥɆӻշŒ̘w׏ȻȬǧՓnߧЗƖՀߋʥͅҷ˓ݲ ȕۉ֙ɤЧtŪŲދ۾ӘջӝՏōӾ̀ڬҢВ΃ٺh׊߇̂܀eՋʢҪںroԮبъeٵrg̓ܖΟǯΉhہӼȨњȤͯͅթnۦԱޫ϶ؿ߯ڌӽޟc۾ەe ֔ĵډ׈ԹӈߌٔђцެߖقҷmƇˀ’ѐ̞ſoss˂ȥɤ֋ĸսeؼǌ܃Ƙi߁ڊߠn۸ oצۈцoэͷƎևۇliffݓfŸźe. Ԣhe pair werɠӏvۇsȍְiˀgۣthħ ֶشlansuha٘ ؄ɩrˏaƴion, aǁsiэe ݴݱ rہdΘsؐąȣɁtϓĊe roܓks in Inn֚r Ҩongolia wheـe a־numb޾r ўf other dinosaur finds have beenԸmadeѻ RԻcalling ܜhe discovery, Mr Pittman said: “We were out thŁre looking for fossils but this was like hitting the jackpot. “Jonah saw a claw protruding from the cliff face. I’m surprised nobody in London heard us shouting we were that excited. “I’ve always wanted to discover a dinosaur since I was a kid, and I’ve never given up on the idea. It was amazing that my first discovery was from a Velociraptor relative.”
Contest for the Capital: The Capital Location Election of 1904 By Phil Roberts Wyomingites organized for statehood in the late 19th century, along with residents of a half dozen other Western territories. Prior to admission, Congress required the territory to hold a constitutional convention to adopt a proposed constitution. Wyoming delegates assembled in Cheyenne in September 1889 to draft the document organizing government, guaranteeing rights, and establishing principles of governance that would serve as the foundation for all state laws passed in the future. While the 48 delegates attending soundly debated questions of woman suffrage, water and taxation, the most divisive issues came down to apportionment of legislators and locations for state institutions. The debates over both issues set the stage for a century or more of sectional division in Wyoming, an important organizing concept in the study of the state’s history. State institutions not only provided a community with status, but also economic stability. In the boom-and-bust economy of the territorial period, townspeople used strategies to continue community growth. All buildings at a state facility were paid from tax revenues raised from taxpayers throughout the state. Once the structures were in place, the state institution attracted professionals in specialized fields and also hired local people, thus providing jobs and a monthly payroll, boosting the local economy. Most facilities, particularly those accommodating students, patients or prisoners, also required services from businesses—food, lodging, and amenities--encouraging economic growth and stability in the local private sector. Even though the wage scales were substantially less than if the town’s economy were based on mines or railroad shops, the disadvantages were overcome by the stability of a state-paid work force. In 1889, almost three-fourths of the territory’s population remained along the Union Pacific Railroad line in the five “UP counties.” Cheyenne was the most populous town with 11,690; Laramie was second with 6,388. The next three largest were Rock Springs, 3,406; Rawlins, 2,235; Evanston, 1,995. The towns of Casper, with a population in 1890 of just 544, and Sheridan, with 281 people, were the most populous places north of the Union Pacific. Douglas, Lusk, Newcastle, and Gillette, all founded in the late 1880s, were tiny places and most towns in the Big Horn Basin were not even in existence.1 When delegates were elected to the Constitutional Convention, more than twice as many came from the five existing counties in the south as from the newer five counties in the north. At the end of the convention, delegates passed a resolution pointing out that the session had been devoid of partisanship, sectionalism, and personal animus. Close reading of the debates shows that during the 25-day session, sectional divisions are apparent, particularly on the questions of apportionment and on location of state institutions. After protracted discussion, delegates eventually adopted a modified federal system for legislative apportionment with representation in the House divided among the counties on the basis of population. (There were no districts—Wyoming’s legislature was apportioned on an at-large county basis until the 1990s). Despite the wishes of delegates from less populated counties, the upper house, the State Senate, was apportioned to give each county a state senator, but more populous counties gained additional seats. The compromises, however, seemed satisfactory to most delegates. More thorny for delegates, however, was what to do about state institutions. Cheyenne was the territorial capital from the time newly appointed territorial Gov. John A. Campbell designated the town as his “temporary” seat of government in 1869. Through the next two decades, territorial legislatures put the state university at Laramie, the penitentiary at Rawlins, the state miner’s hospital at Rock Springs, and the state “insane asylum” at Evanston.2 When Cheyenne resident Francis E. Warren was serving as territorial governor, he and the legislature authorized $150,000 for construction of the State Capitol Building in Cheyenne along with $50,000 for construction of what would become the university’s “Old Main” at Laramie.3 By the time the constitutional convention delegates were deliberating these issues, the Capitol was nearly finished and structures already existed at two of the other four sites. Nonetheless, delegates debated permanent designations for all sites. During the morning session of Sept. 26, 1889, while delegates discussed education finance, the question of permanent location arose. A delegate introduced a measure to officially designate Laramie as the site of the University of Wyoming. After all, Old Main was already constructed there and students had been attending the institution since its opening two years earlier. Delegate C. D. Clark from Uinta County wanted to amend the section so that the university would not be there permanently. Even though Clark came from Evanston where the state “insane asylum” already had been located by the territorial legislature, he asserted: “I would not vote for any proposition that permanently locates a public building or institution in any one place. I am not in favor of locating the university at Laramie City forever, any more than I am in favor of permanently locating the capital at Cheyenne forever, or the insane asylum at Evanston forever.”4 The convention’s presiding officer, Albany County delegate M. C. Brown, from Laramie where the University of Wyoming had been established in 1886, replied that the effect of such a change would be to put “the university on wheels, to be wheeled around anywhere they may please at any time.”5 Charles N. Potter of Laramie County then said that while he, too, didn’t believe in “putting it on wheels,” he knew the majority of the convention would not support designating a permanent location. “They can make the location as established for a certain term of years, and let it be changed on a vote by the people.”6 D. A. Preston (Fremont) immediately countered: “I think it is a good idea to put these buildings on wheels. When we become a state we want to wheel them up into the central part of the state.”7 Preston’s comment illustrates the sectional differences manifested on the very eve of adjournment. Because of the conflicts, the delegates had to compromise on locations. Cheyenne delegate John A. Riner concluded that the only fair way to proceed was to designate the state institutions at their present locations and then set a “term of years,” after which an election could be held to locate them permanently.8 The issue was raised again in the afternoon session of September 26. Potter offered an amendment, providing that the legislature not designate locations for state institutions—that the present locations remain for at least the next ten years. Cheyenne and Laramie were singled out.9 At the suggestion of Sheridan County’s Henry Coffeen, names of the sites of the insane asylum and penitentiary were added.10 After some discussion about whether the legislature “may” call such an election, the delegates voted to make the election mandatory. Riner’s proposal had passed.11 The 1901 legislature, recognizing that the decade “grace period” for permanent location had passed, authorized a vote to locate state institutions, but it set the election for November 1904—15 years after the constitutional convention’s agreement. Little editorial attention was paid to the legislative act, but by early 1904, Wyomingites started considering the possibilities of gaining a state institution for their particular community. Cheyenne residents worried that the population increases in the north and west might give advantage to more centrally located towns. As the campaign for permanent location got underway, it seemed their fears were well founded. Initially, Cheyenne residents were uncertain as to what city or cities might enter the contest. From the beginning, no place sought to challenge Laramie for the university or Evanston for the state “insane asylum.”12 But for the state capital—by March, papers speculated that a half dozen towns may have an interest. Strongest contenders remained Casper and Lander. In that same month, a Casper editor charged that Cheyenne was trying to get Thermopolis to enter the contest. “The City of the Thermal Waters would make a good location for the capitol, so much better than the present location that there is no comparison, but we think Casper is stronger and in this to win….”13 The editor made positive statements about Lander, too, but closed by saying that all central Wyoming towns needed to unite against Cheyenne. “But if a greater portion of the towns of these sections of the state will get together and decide on Lander or Thermopolis or some other place for the capital other than our town, Casper will not play the ‘dog in the manger’ act but will unite with them.” But he was not willing to concede Casper’s claim although he did warn that the northern towns needed to cooperate. “Don’t be placed in a position of fighting each other for the benefit of Cheyenne, but get together and unite on some one place to support for the state capitol this fall.”14 In late 1903 Grand Encampment mining area entrepreneur Willis G. Emerson announced that he and a syndicate were putting together a plan to build a new capital for the state of Wyoming—in the geographic center of the state. He asserted the new site would cost taxpayers nothing. The entire cost would be borne by his syndicate. The capital city, to be located near Muskrat Creek, near present Moneta, would be named “Muskrat.”15 As fall turned to winter, however, the Emerson group apparently changed its mind. The Wyoming Derrick reported that the group decided Casper would be preferable and while “it would cost $1 million for building it at Muskrat, the capital could be brought to Casper for much less.”16 The Derrick concluded that Casper would be successful: “all we need to do is work and pull together” to get capital for central part of the state.17 Other editors saw the Emerson decision as critical to Casper’s success. The Rawlins Republican editor quoted State Sen. Pat Sullivan that “Casper is in it.” Now that Emerson’s proposed centrally-located town was out of the race, “Casper can win.”18 With these prospects for victory, Casper residents immediately sought to discourage other cities from putting in bids for the capital. “Casper cannot win if every other town in the central part of the state is a candidate,” the editor of the Wyoming Derrick (Casper) wrote. “People of Casper ask for a clear field,” he added, pointing out that Casper could defeat Cheyenne one-on-one. “The labor vote is ours for the asking and there is every reason why it should be. Natrona County asks no favors from the state but the capitol. …”19 Before the first railroad tracks were laid through Wind River Canyon in 1911, Big Horn Basin residents, cut off from the rest of the state by mountains, often had to travel north into Montana and then by train to Nebraska in order to dependably reach state institutions along the UP line. This was particularly true during the winter months when passes over the Big Horns and Owl Creek mountains were snowed in. In the minds of many, state government in Cheyenne ignored residents in the Big Horn Basin. Despite the population increases in the North, there remained internal divisions. After all, the Big Horn Basin towns were as cut off from Casper as they were from Cheyenne. But Casper was not the only candidate for the permanent capital. Lander residents believed their city deserved consideration. As one writer to a Lander newspaper noted in February 1904: “The time has come to transform Wyoming from a sheep range into her rightful position, that of the most prosperous and populous state west of the Missouri River, and the first move necessary to accomplish that happy result is the removal of the state capital to a suitable location.” The writer urged everyone to forego partisanship. Further, not every town ought to put its name up. “It will not do for every town in the state to put itself forward as a candidate for the location, as in that case Cheyenne would win out and the capital would be left on the bleak, barren hill in the state of Colorado, where it is now situated.” He concluded that it is time to get going on a convention to decide a location in the north and west. …it will mean the dawning of a new era for this magnificent portion of God’s footstool which has been too long handicapped by adverse conditions and unwise counsel.” 20 While accessibility to the capital was an important argument, others pointed out that visitors from elsewhere in Wyoming were treated badly in Cheyenne. The editor of Casper’s Wyoming Derrick commented on a state meeting of county commissioners hosted in Cheyenne. Commissioners around the state “were snubbed,” the editor charged.21 The editor concluded that this alone ought to justify capital removal. But Cheyenne supporters pointed out one significant advantage for their city—the State Capitol Building already had been built.22 Not only was the building in place, but an earlier legislature had even authorized spending $125,000 for new wings on the structure. And another state structure existed in Cheyenne. The 1903 legislature authorized construction of a “governor’s mansion” in Cheyenne, an unusual expenditure of money by a parsimonious body. One editor noted that Wyoming had been only the seventh state to provide a house for the chief executive. Northern legislators fought construction of the house, not only for economy, but sensing a Cheyenne plot: “The people of the north fought the erection of the governors mansion at Cheyenne (only six states in the nation have them) and it was only a few weeks ago that one of the Cheyenne newspapers stated that unless the Capitol Commission commenced work on the governor’s mansion before the next election, it was possible that the mansion would never be built.”23 Despite new wings on the capitol, state government officials remained crowded into offices with little room for expansion. When word reached northern Wyoming that state employees were already complaining about crowded buildings in Cheyenne, the Buffalo Bulletin pointed out that presence of the buildings was Cheyenne’s only strong argument.24 “Since Cheyenne is complaining about the lack of space in the capitol, it ought to be moved to Lander.”25 Lander proponents amplified on the Buffalo conclusion. “Considerable has been said of the value of the present state building at Cheyenne and the additional expenses of new buildings in case the location of the seat of government is changed. It is argued that the result would be a burden on the taxpayer.” The editor asserted that it was a “fallacious and short-sighted argument.” Compared to the “hundreds of miles of railroads,” added to the tax rolls, the “value of the present state building is a mere bagatelle.”26 The editor added that Lander residents had pledged money to help with building. But even if it had not been the case, the editor argued, it is “a good deal for the taxpayer.” Casper newspapers continued to lead the effort for locating the capitol in their city. In March 1904, the Derrick editor expressed relief that Thermopolis seemed to favor Casper for the capital. “Thermopolis for Casper,” the Derrick quoted from the previous week’s issue of the Thermopolis Record.27 In April, the Derrick printed the names of publishers in other towns who had written favorably about Casper’s candidacy. They included Col. Peake, editor of one paper in Cody; J. K. Calkins, Peake’s rival who published the Stockgrower and Farmer; and Frank Lucas, Buffalo Bulletin publisher.28 But unity behind Casper as Cheyenne’s only alternative quickly disappeared. The Lander Clipper editor wrote that town officials were planning to make the bid. “And now Lander is to file articles entitling her to enter the race for the permanent location of the state capitol. Our county seat shows a commendable ambition in getting out and declaring herself, and will unquestionably get a large support from this region, unless Thermopolis should arm herself with a long poll and proceeded to gather in the persimmon, in which case all other central Wyoming towns to way back and sit down. If Thermopolis don’t want the capitol, Lander may have it.” 29 By summer, 1904, as several of the towns jockeyed for advantage, Cheyenne’s lead seemed unshakable. “Cheyenne Tribune asserts that the capital is anchored at Cheyenne with little prospect of removal,” wrote the editor of the Cody Enterprise. “Possibly, under existing circumstances, this may be true because that while it is undoubtedly true a majority of Wyoming people favor removal, the sentiment lacks both unity and leadership.” The editor reminded readers of Cheyenne’s “inaccessibility” noting that “a change could undoubtedly receive the sanction of a controlling number in an expression of opinion.” Nevertheless, the “outlook for a change is not very encouraging.”30 But the race wasn’t over. In fact, it was only beginning. In August 1904, Casper officially entered the race for the capitol when a certificate “signed by 100 prominent citizens” was filed with the Secretary of State on August 21.31 “And so Casper is going to make an effort to get the state capitol, and will endeavor to have a vote on the subject this fall,” the Cody Enterprise editor wrote. “And Casper is all right in pursuing this course. She will find that Northern Wyoming will respond early and often.”32 Lander soon followed with entry into the field. At an “enthusiastic mass meeting” in the Odd Fellows Hall, Lander residents chose officers who would lead a “vigorous campaign” for the capital. “Being at the center of the state with the heart of the best agricultural and mineral region thinks is the logical location of the permanent seat of the state government,” the newspaper concluded. “The battle cry will be: ‘A vote for Lander is a vote for the development of Wyoming.’”33 When Lander’s candidacy became known, various editors weighed the problem of two places vying as alternative to Cheyenne. The Rock Springs Miner editor asserted in September that with Lander in the race every “effort will be made to force Casper to withdraw.” With only Casper and Cheyenne in contest, Casper could win, the editor predicted. “Two northern towns will mean support for Cheyenne in south and give the win to Cheyenne.”34 The Cody Enterprise was even more emphatic that Lander’s entry favored Cheyenne. Lander has announced herself a candidate for the location of the state capitol, to be voted upon at the coming fall election. People up this way have not the slightest objection to the aspirations of Lander, but with Casper and that town as candidates to split the vote, Cheyenne will probably secure votes enough to have it remain where it is. The only possible hope of winning out would be a concentration of the strength of those favoring removal but if the vote is divided between Casper and Lander, there can be but little hope of success. Long since the Casper people decided to enter the contest for the location and it was generally understood that all those favoring the measure would vote for locating the capital there, but now at this late hour Lander jumps late into the race with the almost certain result that Cheyenne will win out. To be sure Lander folks have the right to contest for the prize, but the lateness of the expression of their desire will, if persisted in, doubtless lead up to a defeat of the movement.35 By fall, the race had grown to four cities—Cheyenne, Casper, Lander and Rock Springs. Even though Rock Springs on the ballot, the Rock Springs Miner editorially didn’t endorse Rock Springs. Instead, the paper wrote: “On the permanent location of the state capitol there are four applicants: Casper, Cheyenne, Lander and Rock Springs. With Cheyenne very much in the lead.”…. “The state of Wyoming is certainly old enough to have a permanent location for the capital and the other state institutions, and each year this very important question is postponed will only add thousands of dollars to the taxpayers of the state if they are given new locations.”36 Multiple candidates for the capitol strengthened Cheyenne’s position. Many believed the Union Pacific Railroad, the state’s biggest private landowner and employer, favored Cheyenne. As the Pinedale Roundup editor charged, “there are those who say that Cheyenne has forced the issue, believing that now is the time for it to secure the plum for all time to come.” The editor endorsed the candidacy of nearby Lander, but conceded the race would be difficult: “While we regret to say it, it is a recognized fact that the UPRR controls a large number of votes in our state and would be glad to see Cheyenne retain the capitol.”37 Wyomingites started debating the benefits for the various locations. A Casper editor stated flatly: “Cheyenne is unfavorably situated on the map for the permanent location of the capital. ...[It is] more inaccessible to some parts of the state than the city of Chicago.” He dismissed Cheyenne’s size. “She is as large as she ever will be. there are no more new fields of industry around Cheyenne to discover or reclaim. It is the old town.” He then pointed out that the town’s “chief resources have been principally the legislature and her capacity to get a whack out of every appropriation made by the state.” He concluded that the “chief support of her citizens is the town’s plitical graft....Every town in the state has suffered at the hands of Cheyenne politicians.”38 Lander proponents had strong arguments, not based on geography alone but on “progress.” As an advertisement placed in a Lander newspaper noted: “It is in the geographical center of the state. Its climate is ideal. It has an inexhaustible supply of pure water.” The ad then named a number of products produced in Fremont County—agricultural, mining, natural gas, coal, building materials. “The location would mean a north-south railroad bringing population and prosperity,” the ad argued, adding that the location had “unlimited water power for industry. [We have] less wind and more sunshine than anywhere in US.”39 Further, Lander proponents argued, construction of new buildings in Lander for the capital would be borne by local residents who already had pledged money: “Considerable has been said of the value of the present state building at Cheyenne and the additional expenses of new buildings in case the location of the seat of government is changed. It is argued that the result would be a burden on the taxpayer.” This is a “fallacious and short-sighted argument.” The move, the editor said, “would encourage building of hundreds of miles of railroads, added to tax rolls.” Compared to these benefits, the “value of the present state building is a mere bagatelle…” Thus, the move would augment revenues for the entire state, the paper argued, making it a very good deal for the taxpayer.40 Cheyenne charged that the motivating factor behind removal was greed on the part of the contending towns. Yet, accessibility to all parts of the state remained an issue cutting against Cheyenne’s candidacy. “The Cheyenne Leader says the only reason advanced for the removal of the capital is that some other town wants it,” the editor of the Cody Enterprise wrote. “This is a misapprehension of the facts on the part of the Leader. The demand for a change of location is because of the great inconvenience the present location causes to the citizens of the state who have business or pleasure at Cheyenne. There is undoubtedly a strong disposition throughout the state to change the present location, quite aside from the aspirations of contending towns, a feature secondary to the removal sentiment.” 41 While Lander and Casper seemed to be gathering support from nearby towns, Cheyenne had proponents outside its borders, too. “A vote for Cheyenne as the permanent location of the capital is a vote to further the interests and prosperity of the state generally. To remove the capital to some other point would mean increased taxes and a general depression in the value of property throughout the state,” the Wheatland World editor wrote. 42 Even though Rock Springs was on the ballot, the local newspaper seemed to reflect the popular view that Cheyenne, with a greater voting population, ought to retain the prize: If Rock Springs had any show at all to land the prize, we would advise the people of this county to cast their ballots for this city, but as it now stands the people must vote for some other city if they desire the question settled. Cheyenne is so far ahead of all competition that it would be foolish to cast your ballot for either Lander or Casper. Cheyenne is more accessible to the people of Sweetwater County than either of the other cities. The present state buildings in Cheyenne have cost hundreds of thousands of dollars…. ..Sweetwater County should cast its vote for Cheyenne and save the state half a million dollars as well as permanently locate the capitol where it is most convenient to its people.43 In mid-October, both Sheridan newspapers came out in favor of retaining the capital at Cheyenne. This move surprised publishers in other towns: “More than passing strange is the solicitous information of both of our Sheridan contemporaries for the continuation of the present state capital location,” the Cody editor wrote. At first, he hinted at some sort of backroom deal: “Their expressed desire seems to of quite recent origin, and their burning words of persuasion for retaining the capital at Cheyenne admits of but one construction to be placed thereon.” Later, he ascribed the Sheridan position to ignorance: However, in view of the many admitted inconveniences prevailing from the present location which, with the development of the state, now in rapid progress, causing visitations to Cheyenne become more frequent, actually placing positions of the state in obscurity in so far as facilities and time for visiting there is concerned, all of which objections will continue to enlarge, the position taken on this question by our esteemed neighbors is a futile incomprehensible. Their motives are not questions, but it would really appear that the many local reasons demanding a change are entirely lost sight of by the Enterprise and the Post. The citizens of northern Wyoming, more than those of other portions of the state, we take it, are the greatest sufferers from their present isolation from the state seat of government and would eagerly avail themselves of the opportunity for a change.44 The Cody editor did admit that construction costs were a strong argument in Cheyenne’s favor, but it “is considerably weakened by the offer of aspiring locations to liberally contribute to the expense of a duplicating present official buildings.” He discounted Cheyenne’s charge that other towns were jealous of its success: “The advocates of removal are in no sense jealous of the growth or antagonistic to the welfare of Cheyenne. Upon the contrary, both are subjects of prized and gratification that our principal city has obtained such a large measure of success, and they furthermore believe that the removal of the capital to a more central point would neither prevent nor even retard the continued progress of Cheyenne. Wyoming citizens are too broad minded to view the proposition from a so narrow minded aspect. They naturally and properly believe that the convenience and interests of all, including the people of “Union Pacific towns,” would be better served by moving the capital to a more convenient place.”45 Two weeks later, the Enterprise editor announced that he favored relocation but in an editorial he pointed out that the paper was giving room for the opponents of relocation to put down there views.46 On page 2, the editor devoted three entire columns to the issue. To the end of the campaign, the primary argument for Cheyenne dealt with the costs of moving. “It would be $600,000 or more to move capital,” the Cheyenne Tribune argued. “This is not sentimental; it is a business proposition,”47 Similar arguments were advanced by a Laramie editor who favored Cheyenne’s bid.48 On the eve of the election, more newspapers came out for keeping the capital in Cheyenne. Included were the Wheatland Times, Sheridan Post, Sheridan Enterprise, and Denver (Colo.) Times.49 Three more columns printed the next week also advocated that the capital remain in Cheyenne! Lander urged its local citizens to make sure they voted. On the front page of the local newspaper, was printed in huge type: “Put an X before Lander when you vote November 8.” Below, also in large type was the statement: “A vote for Lander is to unify and Develop the State.”50 In the editorial on the next page, the Lander Clipper editor stressed the potential for a north-south railroad and the town’s “central location.” He again pointed to the center of population moving west from the middle of the state, an argument against locating the capital at Casper. He concluded by warning that voters should “not impose on future generations a capital at the extreme southeastern corner.“51 In the same issue and on the same page, the Clipper editor endorsed Laramie for the state university, Rawlins for the prison, and Evanston for the state asylum.52 Wyoming voters went to the polls on November 8. President Theodore Roosevelt, running for election for the first time, won Wyoming’s electoral votes and Frank Mondell defeated three candidates for the state’s only U. S. House seat. Casper resident B. B. Brooks was elected governor.53 At the bottom of the ballot were the location questions: “For the place of the permanent location of the state capitol: Town of Casper, City of Cheyenne, Town of Lander, Town of Rock Springs. For permanent location of state university: Laramie. For the permanent location of the State asylum, Evanston. For the permanent location of the state prison, Rawlins.”54 By the end of the week, the election results for local candidates were announced by various county clerks while winners of national and state offices were revealed by the Secretary of State. No word came from the Secretary of State, however, about the relocation results. The Lander newspaper editor, probably sensing defeat, was cynical about the delay: “The phone company must be trying to keep news of the permanent location vote from getting north. There is nothing but whir on phone when the question is asked.”55 Unofficial results coming out the following week and reprinted in newspapers must have worried Casper supporters and gave both Cheyenne and Lander hope. For instance, the Rock Springs Miner listed the vote totals in Sweetwater County: Cheyenne: 649; Casper: 40; Lander: 504; Rock Springs: 134.56 Despite the fragmentary results from various communities coming out by mid-month, official statewide totals were not announced until late in November.57 When the numbers finally did come out, no city was satisfied. While Cheyenne gained the greatest number of votes, it failed to receive the required 50 percent plus one vote needed for permanent designation.58 Wyoming had 13 counties at the time and the votes from each county reflect the sectional divisions. The top three contending towns, not surprisingly, each gained the majority in their home counties. Cheyenne showed exceptional strength along the Union Pacific line by picking up majorities in Albany, Sweetwater and Uinta, and a strong second place in Carbon. Lander’s greatest strength came from Big Horn County (at that time, most of the Big Horn Basin), Sheridan County, and Carbon. Casper’s primary support was from neighboring Johnson and Converse counties. Casper Cheyenne Lander Rock Spr. Misc. 3610 11781 8667 429 141 At the meeting of the State Canvassing Board on Dec. 21, 1904, it was decided that: “The board finds and declares that no city, town or village received a majority of the votes cast at the election upon the question....”59 Following the election, Cheyenne residents pointed to the divided field as the reason Cheyenne did not gain the majority.60 Casper proponents were particularly bitter about Lander’s late entry, splitting the “anti-Cheyenne” vote. Gov. Fenimore Chatterton said it was “lack of aggressiveness” that cost Lander the election. He claimed there was little statewide interest in the matter, while Cheyenne “left no stone unturned” in gaining support statewide. He then suggested Lander would be a candidate again because “no one wants the capitol at Cheyenne.”61 Contrary to Chatterton’s prediction, in the century since the 1904 election, capital location has not come up for a vote by Wyoming citizens. Occasionally, a legislator will raise the issue, particularly at points when buildings are authorized for state agencies.62 Cheyenne, as it was in 1869, continues to be the “temporary capital” of Wyoming. 1 T. A. Larson, History of Wyoming. (Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2d rev. ed., 1978), 263. 2 Rawlins did not turn down the university, opting for the prison instead. That myth is false. Cheyenne had the greatest population and most legislative influence, thus gaining the capital; Laramie was second in both population and influence and chose the university. Rawlins, in essence, had third pick and the prison was the next most significant institution remaining in play. For specifics on the inaccuracy of the myth, see Larson, 146. 3 For an extended treatment of the session and how Warren fashioned compromises to bring about the appropriations for the state buildings, see Larson, 144-146. 4 Constitutional Convention, Proceedings and Debates, 738. The figures are from the 1890 U. S. Census. 5 Ibid., 740. 6 Ibid., 741. 9 Ibid., 761. 10 Ibid., 763. 11 Ibid., 764. During the evening session, H. S. Elliott, (Johnson Co.) took the chair and the committee report was submitted stating the location of public buildings. Members voted for it, giving the power to the voters to decide the permanent sites and putting off for at least a decade the decision of where state institutions ought to be located. Ibid., 775. 12 Lander had sought placement of Wyoming “State University” in the 1890s. 13 “The Capital Fight” (editorial), Wyoming Derrick, March 10, 1904, 4. 15 Some asserted that the town would be named Emerson for the syndicate leader. Larson, 336. 16 “Emerson for Casper,” Wyoming Derrick, Dec. 17, 1903,.6. 18 “Casper Will Make the Fight,” quoted in Wyoming Derrick, Dec. 31, 1903, 5. 19 Wyoming Derrick, (Casper), Jan. 28, 1904, 5. 20 Signed by Sherman Warner. Letter to the editor, Lander Clipper, Feb. 19, 1904, 2. 21 Wyoming Derrick, March 17, 1904, 4. 22 Wyoming Industrial Journal, quoted in Wyoming Derrick, Ibid. 23 Big Horn County Rustler, quoted in Wyoming Derrick, April 21, 1904, 6. 24 Quoted in Wyoming Derrick, April 7, 1904, 4. 25 Buffalo Bulletin, quoted in Wyoming Derrick, Dec. 24, 1903, 4. 26 “The Best Interest of the Taxpayer,” Lander Clipper, Oct. 21, 1904, 4. 27 “Thermopolis for Casper,” Wyoming Derrick, March 31, 1904, 4. 28 Wyoming Derrick, April 7, 1904, 4. 29 “Thermopolis Notes,” Lander Clipper, Sept. 30, 1904, p. 4. 30 Cody Enterprise, quoted in Lander Clipper, July 1, 1904, p. 1. 31 “Casper in the Race,” Rock Springs Miner, August 25, 1904, 1. 32 Editorial, Cody Enterprise, Sept. 1, 1904, 4. 33 “Lander the Capitol—Enthusiastic Mass Meeting Launches Lander’s Candidacy,” Lander Clipper, Sept. 16, 1904, 1. Because Mayor Shedd was ill, the meeting was led by E. H. Fourt. Officers were chosen for the committee: A. D. Lane, president; L. F. Winslow, secretary; Fred F. Noble, treasurer. Ringing speeches were made by Fourt, Parks, Sheldon Keister, Hardin, Kimball and Winslow.” In an article titled, “Honor to Whom Honor is Due,” the editor of the Mountaineer credited George Jackson for first suggesting Lander’s candidacy. The paper noted that “Mr. Gustin gave $2,000,” of the amount subscribed by Jackson’s fund drive for the effort. Wind River Mountaineer, Oct. 7, 1904. 34 “Lander in the Race,” Rock Springs Miner, Sept. 13, 1904 35 Editorial, Cody Enterprise, Sept. 29, 1904, 4. 36 Rock Springs Miner, Oct. 30, 1904, 2. 37 Pinedale Roundup, quoted in “Permanent Location of State Capitol,” Lander Clipper, Sept. 30, 1904, 2. 38 Quoted in A. J. Mokler, History of Natrona County, Wyoming (Chicago: R. R. Donnelley, 1923), 178. 39 Reasons Why You Should Vote for Lander for State Capital,” Lander Clipper, Oct. 7, 1904. 40 “The Best Interest of the Taxpayer,” Lander Clipper, Oct. 21, 1904, p. 4. 41 Editorial, Cody Enterprise, Oct.6, 1904. 4. 42 Wheatland World, quoted on p. 2 of the Enterprise, ibid. 43 Rock Springs Miner, Nov. 3, 1904, p. 2. 44 Editorial, Cody Enterprise, Oct. 13, 1904, 4. 45 Editorial, Cody Enterprise, Oct. 13, 1904, 4. 46 Editorial, Cody Enterprise, Oct. Oct. 27, 1904, 4. 47 “To the Taxpayers of Wyoming” Cheyenne Tribune, reprinted in the Cody Enterprise, Oct. 27, 1904, 2. The editor of the Cheyenne Daily Leader argued that advocates for removal were locked in “what amounts to a conspiracy.” Ibid. 48 “A Serious Matter” and antoher column titled “Solme Sound Arguments,” editorial from Laramie Brepublican, reprinted in the Cody Enterprise, Oct. 27, 1904, 2. 49 Cody Enterprise, Nov. 3, 1904, 2, reprinting endorsements from the Wheatland Times, Sheridan Post; Sheridan Enterprise, and Denver Times, all for Cheyenne. 50 Lander Clipper, October 28, 1904, 1. 51 Editorial, “Lander the Logical Place for Capital,” Lander Clipper, Oct. 28, 1904, 2. 52 Lander Clipper, Oct. 28, 1904, 2. 53 Virginia Cole Trenholm, ed., reprint of Marie Erwin, Wyoming Historical Blue Book (Cheyenne: Wyoming State Archives and Historical Dept., 1974), 561-562. 54 “Notice of General Election,” Lander Clipper, Oct. 21, 1904, 4. 55 “A Grand National Victory,” Lander Clipper, Nov. 11, 1904, 4. This complaint is in the last paragraph of the article. 56 Rock Springs Miner, Nov. 17, 1904, 3. 57 See, for instance, the complaint by the Cody editor that he knew nothing on the capital location election outcome. Editorial page, Cody Enterprise, Nov. 24, 1904, 4. 58 “At Last We Know,” Cody Enterpirse, Dec. 1, 1904, 1: “Cheyenne Fails to Secure Enough votes of the permanent location of the state capitol.” 59 Quoted in Mokler, p. 178. 60 A later three-way race ended with a different result. Wyoming Industrial Institute was given to Worland as a result of the election of 1912. Cheyenne and Green River were the other two candidates for the state institution. See Cheyenne State Leader, Sept. 12, 1912. 61 “Lander Citizens Did Not Hustle.” Lander Clipper, Nov. 25, 1904, p. 2. 62 Long-time Natrona County legislator Edness Kimball Wilkins told this writer many years ago that the Natrona County delegation offered to drop efforts to gain the capital if the legislature would agree to locate the new Employment Security Commission headquarters in Casper. See interview, Edness Kimball Wilkins, in the Oral History Collection, Wyoming State Archives, State Dept. of Parks and Cultural Resources, Cheyenne.	<urn:uuid:50df584c-0516-455f-8fdb-7d0e4c3a017e>	9,102	Contest for the Capital: The Capital Location Election of 1904 By Phil Roberts Wyomingites organized for statehood in the late 19th century, along with residents of a half dozen other Western territories. Prior to admission, Congress required the territory to hold a constitutional convention to adopt a proposed constitution. Wyoming delegates assembled in Cheyenne in September 1889 to draft the document organizing government, guaranteeing rights, and establishing principles of governance that would serve as the foundation for all state laws passed in the future. While the 48 delegates attending soundly ͇ebated questions of woman suffrage, water and taxation, the most divisive issues came down to apportionment of legislators and locations for state institutions. The debates over both issues set the stage for a century or more of sectional division in Wyoming, an important organizing concept in the study of the state’s history. State institutions not only provided a community with status, but also economic stability. In the boom-and-bust economy of the territorial period, townspeople used strategies to continue community growth. All buildings at a state facility were paid from tax revenues raised from taxpayers throughout the state. Once the structures were in place, the state institution attracted professionals in specialized fields and also hired local people, thus providing jobs and a monthly payroll, boosting the local economy. Most facilities, particularly those accommodating students, patients or prisoners, also required services from businesses—food, lodging, and amenities--encouraging economic growth and stability in the local private sector. Even though the wage scales were substantially less than if the town’s economy were based on mines or railroad shops, the disadvantages were overcome by the stability of a state-paid work force. In 1889, almost three-fourths of the territory’s population remained along the Union Pacific Railroad line in thխ five “ɁP counties.” Cheyenne was the most populous town with 11,690; Laramie was second with 6,388. The next three largest were Rock Springs, 3,406; Rawlins, 2,235; Êanston, 1,995. The towns of Casper, with a population in 1890 of just 544, and Sheridan, with 281 people, were the most populous places north of the Union Pacific. Douglas, Lusk, Newcastle, and Gillette, all founded in the late 1880s, were tiny places and most towns in the Big Horn Basin were not even in existence.1 When delegates were elected to the Constitutional Convention, more than twice as many came from the five existing counties in the south as from the newer five counties in the north. At the end of the convention, delegates passed a resolution pointing out that the session had been devoid of partisanship, sectionaliըm, and personal animus. Close reading of the debates shows that during the 25-day session, sectional dȴvisions are apparent, particularly on the questions of apportionment and on location of state institutions. After protracted discussion, delegates eventually adopted a modified federal system for legislative apportionment with representation in the House divided among the counties on the basis of population. (There were no districts—Wyoming’s legislature was apportioned on an at-large county basis until the 1990s). Despite the wisheؗ of delegates from less populated counties, the upper house, the State Senate, wĆs apportioned to give each county a state senator, but more populous counties gained additional seats. The compromises, however, seemed satisfac҅ory to most delegates. More thorny for delegates, however, was what϶to do about state institutions. Cheyenne was the territorial capital from the time newly appointed territorial Gov. Joh۳ A. Campbell designated the town as his “temporary” seat of government in 1869ǻ Through the next twҚ decades, territorial legislatures put the stateȽuniversity at Laramie, the penitentiary at дawlins, the state miner’s hospital at Rock Springs, and the state “insane asylum” at Evanston.̩ Wʿen Cheyenne resident Francis E. Warren was serving as territorial governor, he and the legislature authorized $150,000 for construct؎on of the State Capitol Building in Cheyenne along with $50,000 for construction of what would become the university’s “Old Main”׆at Laramie.3 By the time the conǆtitutional convention delegates were deliberating these issues, the Capitol was nearly finished and structures already existed at two of the other four sites. Nonetheless, delegates debated permanent designations for all sites. During the morning session of Sept. 26, 1889, while delegates discussed education finance, the question of permanent location arose. A delegӓte introƧuced a measure to officially designate Laramie as the site of the University of WĬoming. After all, Old Main was aͣready constructed there and students had been attآnding the institution since its openingًtwo years earlier. Delegate C. D. Clark froЋ Uinta County wanted to amend the section so that the university would not be there permanently. ځven though Clark came from Evansκon whe԰e the state “insane asylum” already had been˫located by the territorial legislature, he asserted: “I would not vote for any proposition that permanently locates a public building or institution in any one plaȡe. I Ǧm not in favor of locating the university at Laramie City forever, any more than I am in favor of permaؾently locating the capital at Cheyenne forφver, or the insane asylum at Evans̕on forever.”4 The convention’s presiding officer, Albany County delegate M. C. Brown, fݒom Laramie where the University of Wyoming had been establishЮd in 1886, replied that the effect of݆such a change would be to pЄt “the university on wheels, toڜbe wheeled around anywhere they may pleaםe at any time.”5 Char׃es N. Ҹotter of Laramie County then said that while he, too, didn’t believe in “putting it on wheels,” he knew the majorityߎof the convention would not support designatinʨ a permanent location. “They can make tݥe loc޺tion as established for a certain term of years, and letĒit be changed on a vote by the people.”6 D. A. Prest݁n (Fremont) immediately countered: “I think itїis Ȝ good idea to put these buildings on wheels. When we becomȞ a state we want to wheel them up into the central part of the sսate.”7 Preston’s comment illustrates thܣ sectional differences manifested on the very eve of adjournmקnt. Because of the conflicts, the delegateѢ had to compromise on locations. Cheyenne قelegate John A. Riner concluded that the only fair way to proӎeed was to designate the state iۍstitutions at their presٞnt locations andдthen set a “term of years,” after which an election кould be heƟd to locate Ɍhem permanently.8 The issue was raised agaǝn in the afternoon session of September 26. Pott׹r offered an amendment, providing that ʓhe legislature not designate locations for state institutions—tҤat the present locations remain for at least the next ten years. Cheyenne and Laramie were singled ouڎ.9 At tՇe suggestion of Sheridan County’s Henry Coffeen, names of the site΃ of the insane asylșm ȣnd peȪitentiary were added.1ۆ After some di̟cussion ֱbout whether the legislature “may” Ѧall such an election, the delegates voted to make the elect̻on mandatory. Riner’s proposal had passed.11 The 1901 lԶgislature, recognizingƜthat the deјade “grace period” for peުmanent location had passed, պuthoriȳed a votЇ to locate state institutions, but it seʎ the election ۝or NovemberĹ1904—15 years after the constitutioΡal convention’s agreement. Littleҍeditorial attention was paid to tϻe legislative act, but by early 1904, Wyomingites started considering the possibilities of gaini֝g a state i܅stitution for their particular ֙ommunity. Cheyenne rʧޗidents worried that tՃe population increases in the north and west might give advantage to more centrallyψlocated t̳wns. As the campaign for permanentȕlocationӱgot underֵay, it seemed their fָars were well founded. Initially, Cheyenne residents were ԇncertaiα as to what city or cities might enter theٷcontest. From the beginning, ҙo place souˉht to challenge Laramie for the university or Evanston for the state “insane asylum.ѳ12 But۝for the state capital—by March, papers speculated that a half dozen townҬ may have an interest.ڞStrongest contenders remained Casper andˣLander. InЂthat same month, a Casper editor charged that Cheyenne was trying to get Tқermopolis to enter the contest. ϼThe City of the Thermal Waters would mݫŐe aͣgood location Πor the capitol, so much better than theĮԚresent location that theԄe is no comparison, bʋt we think Casper Ӊs stronger and inֈthis to win….”13ܜThe editor made positive statements about Lander, too, but closed by saying that all central Wyoming towns دeeҘed to unite against CΤeyeȋne. “But if a greater portion of؋the towns of these ؾectiޅns of the state will get together and decide on LandКr or Ther׽opolis or some other place for the٢capital other than our town, Casper will not play theܹ‘dog in the manger’ act but ͌ɰll unite with them.ɳ But he was notƷwilling to concede ̃asper’s claim although he did warn thatǯthe noΖthernОtowns needed to cooperatѡ. “Don’t be placed in a position of fḯhting each other for the beneѨit޹of Cheyenne, b؟t get together and unite on so֢e oneܼplace to support for the st݉te capiƋol this f̣ll.ݧ14 In late 1903 Grand Encampment mining area eУtreprӶneur WillisҋG. Emerson ann͞unced that he andҙһ պyndicate were pŀtting together a plan to build a new capital forܢ߁he ߯tate of Wyoming—in the geogrݛphic center of the state. He asserted tɻe new site wߢuld cost taxpayers nothing. ɢhe entireǌcost would˄b۸ borne by his syͅdicate. The capita״ city, to be located near Muskrat Creek, near present Moneta, would be n؁med “MuskraԹş”15 As fall t˿rned to winteȂ, howevӜr, the Emersoķ group appȑόently changed its mind. The Wyoming ĭerrick reportedɽ͞hat the group decided CէǙper would be preferable and while “it would cost $1ڄmillion for builܙing it at Muskrat, the capital could be brougѝt to C߯Ҭper ċor ɟuϱh less.ߎ16 The Derrick֣՝oncluded that Casper woԧlż be successful: “alĐ we need to ߟo is work and pull together” to get capital fǔr central part of׃the state.17 OtheӦ edito޾s sawقthe Emerson de܂ision as critical ʧo CaspeĮ’s successƦ The Rawlins RepubŅican editor quoted State Sen. Paۡ Sullivan that “Ca̲per is in ۝ܲ.י Now that Emersʐn’s pѠoposed centrally-locatǆdʜtown was out of the racˎ, “CΊsǎer can wՍn.”18 Withуܙhese prospecΣs for vą֢ɗoޅy, Casper re؉idents immediately ӚŴۿght to discouragį other citiݼs from putting in bѭds Ωor tƁe ҾapՅtal. “Caspeȥ cannot win if everϽ۸otherߟߦown in theˮcentr̉l part of иhe state טs a candidate,” the ʺݖitor ofʬthe Wyoming Derriؓk (Casper) wroȯe. “PЫople of Casper ask for a clגar field,͆ he a׼בed, pointing out that Casper could defeat Cheyenne oneݒon-սne. “The la֤or vote is ouشs for ։Ӊeݟaskiɥͨ aʔdȞthe޾e isߴeveۗ۸ rߥason why it Ҏhould ɖe. Natrona County asks no favors from th׀ƔstΚٙŽ but ӣϿeǜcapitol. …”19 Before thُގfirstϑrailroad trackڡ wereَlaid t߱rough Wind River Canyon in 1911, ʬig Horn Bރsin residents, cut oۅf from the reύt oګ the state by mountѻins, oftǌn hϕd to travel north inưo Mont٦naקaͩd t̆en by train to Nebraska in ԃrder to dependably rʋach state institutions alܦΑg theɉUP line. This was particul޼rlyܛtrue dЁriڗg ȍh١ winter monthص when passes over the ɔig ӄorĎs and Owl Creek mountains werǰ ɡnowed in. In the minds of manyş Ɯtate government in Cheyenne ign։red˾residВnts in the Big ےorn Basin. DЖspitǟ the population increaէes in tߑت North, theĈe՗remϚinƢd iчternal divis·ons. After all, ŵhՋ Big Horn Basiق townsӑweڒe as ӬutȜo՞f from Caspܤr as they were from Cheyenne. BҌt Cas̀er ϓas not thƬ only candid˜te for the ʺermanent capital. Lander rҙsidentsЩbelieved their ˎ޿ty dݹservեd considerƚtion. As one writer to a Lander newspaper noted inʿFebruary 1Ğ04: “The timeؙڗas come to traϠsfoؖm Wyoming from a sheep rҭҟge inΪo herܘrightful positiǶn, that of the Ӈost prosperous andǀpopuǠőϼ s۝atށ west of the ӻisߜƠu߲i׬Rުve߻ٴ and thѾ first moǑe necessary to aɈcɍmplish thaԌ haؿpy result is the removۉlƋof ķطe state cƴpital to a ѱui̮able loٙationԅ” The wrͿter urgچdۻevԄٵyone to fڢrego partisanship. FȦrther, nۅƜ eޅerř tοwޯ ought to ӗut its nameώuӶ. “Itɿwilɔ not do for evۂry toʃn in the st΂te to put itself forward˅Đs a candidate for Ɵhe l܄cation, as in thȾt case C؀eyآ׃ne would win out ̵ۧdܷthe cԿpital would be leֽt on ˰he֪bleak, barrƁn٤hiǕ؂ in the s۷ate of CoԼoradѕ, wh݅re ΁Π isкnٔw situated.ݢ He concluded that it is tiڧݻ to get ʩoing ֳn a įonvention to decide a location iέ̶theʕnϦ߿thƙand ̨est. ̈́it will mean Ţhe Ŝawning̀oř a nχw eraصfor tݺiϊ magnific޳nt portion ޵f God’s footstooۅ whi؉h haś bee֠ too ܺonݫ handicapped by adversڷ conditӼۗnǹ ߌnd ۴nwise counsel.” 20 WhԵle acceİsibiՆity to the capiޠal was an ʕmpoݸt܄nt argument, others йoϽn̺e˱ out thatؤvisiƕors from Նȱsȱwhܖre in Wyުȭing ͮerޖ ͈reateڽ badly in CȢeyennո. T̜e סditor ofژCaҌpȅ’s WߩomingܕDeٯצick comm׾ݏ̪eѐҝonɶa sӔate mͅeting ׸f coεnty coƜmissiƎners ڼosted in CheҠe͋۹ޑ. CommݒΗsܴonersѬarounӡ thņ state “wereѓsnubʵedƴ”Ʋthe edުtor ՜harged.21 Theݐeԏitor concluded t׿ٞt this alone o̎gh֧ t۬ƶjustify Ļ۝piɥal reإo݆aݜ. ۨut Cheѩ˯nne sup޹ortersϖҥoiʦteٶ ќut oۇe signifِcŭnёǫaܸvaδǙage fңr theԝr ciɟy—the Staˊˣ CapitŎl Building alrșady had bǭen bƹilt.22ƔȎoг o׆ly wͳs the śu߰lding iϨӾp΁ace, but ٭٪ earlier leg̗sٓature had evenٮaɉthorizкd ޼pendingȂ$125ʒҰ0ܲ fǺ։ וewʹwing̾ on the sҫructure. And another staΑeؠstrΡctu܏e existӉd in Cheye؁nօ. The 1903 lˁgisӎature Ȭuthorized conǼtruԴtion of aĆ“governor’s manԃiӡn” in Cheyenne, an unusual expenditu՟Ӿ ܰ˖ۅmoney ݩy a par޹im֙nious body.߼On٠ edږtor ޖoӳed׀that Wyomingսhߢd been on֏y theԺseventh s؆ate˦ހoɽprovide a houƻe foՇ th̸ chief executivǡ. Northeưn leәʕslҀtoŇ߲ foug؝tƵconsաԟucڻϮon يׯ the hoؾse, not onlƽ for ĩconomy׻ؑbut sensinڳ ԩ Cheyeɘne plot: “TՕe peoўle ofҋthe north ԃo٤gh۴ the ٺrectioȠ of Ƀhe go߂ernors mansiЩn ̤t ǂheyenne (onlyӨsix statesܳin the n̚Ȃion have them) anΫ it wڂs ˘nly ď few weekݥ ֗Րo that one Ȑf tыe Chށyenߤ֐޵newsp̤pʘrs stat݃d thдt unЭess մheɯCapitoʎ Commission cۇmmencedҤwork ԷnȨthe gov͐rno;’s mansion bef߁re the next elecۋionۄ iɈ wԌs ̹ossiͤle thatʅthe mansion wœًld neverƧbɘ buil̕.Τ2ȏ Despit̃ newڡܨingǮ on thİ cځɟܜtߕɄ,݁ӿ׉Љte go΢ۏۮnment oȹfic҃als remوڸ˺ed cׁowdedܘinto ofߦices withϋlit՘le rooŖ foϭ e̗pansion. When ʺord reachϠd ˴orކԱernބ͔ͱomݫnا thԍt ͮtate eϛplؒyՋes wۦre al߾eady complaining abΤut crowdڙ͜ уuİlԅԋngs in ޥheyeƶneޘ the Buffalo BЛؑlet҆n pointed oמt thatЏүمМseԖce of the bui۪߳ings wסs Ӛheyenԯe’s only stڄ̱˯Ĕȳargument.24 ؗSin͖e Cheyenɟe iۚ ݵomplaininؘ ۹bнut the lackېo̾ sђace in thƉ capitol,Ǎit ougͣņ toǙƒe mΊved to Lander.ҝվ5 LaۋИ٭ǝ ժrՋpȅne܎tsذamplifˇed ݔnΰՄhe B˅ffʾޞoڐϤonʼթusion. “Consܣderable hΰs֟beenޛsϔid of the vذ΁ue ̫fײtڲe preݦӡݛt state ħцildǴng Ξt Cheyenne aΗޱ thކ addi̽iİވݞl expɏnseԍſof ѝɀ˂ bu߀ldinųs in case thه locati˟ňەf the seat of gςverߦƳen΍ is cҤangđd. ɢt iڥ ݈rg˂eݛ that tȆe reϙult Ɍҫuld beĪa burdןn on Ҏhe taxpayerƐŚ ƛŗe eϾitƶrٞasseĞtϑd that ߨt Ծas С ȇfӏĎlacious andށshortԒsighȈed aԗgumentя” ComރԮrƸd ǯo thȅ “ܫundreܒؗ of ήilΈs Ưf r؉iקrŲӃds,ީљԅddeݖ toӖҟغe Ĕaў rٙllsը Ɨhe “vϦϣпׅϔoڢҶthe preޯڱزt ϳtatؾ ׊uilŖing is ƒ ڽere͝bܫgatelӽݞ۵”̴6 The editor ad̬eѵ tɨat Ղander ؈esնɌʴntsǣh؂d plȊdgedǀ͈ےěوyƾto̯Яeΐp wϫth buӎld֠ng. BuՋ even ˄f it٦޾ad Ġ̰֤ been the case, tĝe editor arguؖd, it is “Ԝ gƊ݈d deal˪f֗ӜՍthe tŷ͑pa֗eݮ.” CaspЎrӲīewsъخper̆ cهɁtinء܎d toחƮeĮd theٹefԪorդ for locaܿi̽gс˺he cap܊еoż inԢth͊ۋݧ city.ќInʏMar˗h 19ܒс, the ڙerrick eڑiȹ̓r expreʲsed үҌlǀeǀ thͤ׋ ThĳԶmopoլňs seem֋ә toȖfavor ֭a׿per foҫ ȣʞe capital޿ “The۠ʨҡҟošis forлCaΪpǨrڧ” the DerricϠ quoted frɄٗ ѳhǆ pԇٗӞioͩsӨweek’s issue of tЪe Thermoʋoؼi؅ Record.ި7͙In Ap̵Ɋl, the DerrickޥprŁnteߵ пheԉݖ܃mes of puƢliėhȑr̸ ֭nלotherߴtߌwns ܹhէ ҅ad КrČtt݉ɟшВҴܯorЫާՃ˻˃aٞݓutހCʡؾper’s ԥلndidacە. ǚheyІ̽ӤƎludѱd Coն. ܖئakͩ, e߂Ѷtor Ыf oѷӕІpapeݨ Ƥn Ϛody̎ J. K.՝Cˋlki۾ҩ, Pea٬e’sٺrivaˮ بٙť publݐshɍd thɐ܀еŮۀck։roweՅ anʾ FarmerϡېanѢ ˔ƀؤnk Lըcaȑێ ʐuПأaθo߅ӭχllۏtǹފ ڏމbӮisher.և8 BҵtėƶΒiǉ̩ bѧhŷnŨ۬Cֺspeŏ aض ChڑyЎnne’ٻ ܣnݾy֛aܴternݱϵivţŎԙuicųlǮ·disappeareߢ.يTմڨ ؃aϨ۰غԘ؇Cliɸper eΒitor wrةtڃ thթtәՉown oűfеɳi̧Ɗђ were pؒaŵǟռˁg ͓ǥ mўke theŃbĴd.׋“Anũ now LaԴder iՋ tߞАfiєeܭҢrtiƵleɺŚɱntiʾχing Ǉer״t־ eŨtݻrƮtheΫrace foԗ theĆpҬӊmane܄t lܚcation oۨ theׅ߻ΩޱȓeǞcҡpito΄ߪ O߮r ʋoɻntyܗs˃atЁsԽows a cҧmm܆ndableϝamηiti˄n۞iշ geشting o̡tɢand decݝarޘn͔ h۝rs΋lf, ̩ےɡ wi՜ɦߧŮnʦuesНӕo֓ϝʿl՛ ge׋ ߺ˼ȺԒrg߄ sʡʷ͚ortޑӳЭΡ۶ tҟռs rχ۝ion, unleݓЫ˚Thɨ˖mopoضțs Ĭhouнd ar՜ hͤrцƲՉf wڦ΢h Ĳ lonۥ ˻΄װȲ andӘprڎߧee͆ȡd to̟ga߭herơƀn the pֲكsiۏϏ̌޸,Ω̬n؝Џhטٴh ݹaseŅalݪ ̟ther ceޛtѱʑƣ WҸŰmރngܠtownՄޫtݡ ֫ay bחcΊϤand ڇitեdץwϳҭ If ThermopޝliȪ dҔn’t wǙn˷ Ɋ;ܦ capi݀ol, ˂anݶ՛r may h͚v̭ itْ”ɬس9 By suܐmeϕݭԜ1904, aҭԬseڃСߝʛlܺofϭthe towns ĥݟckeyed fЮۣ adv׈nܱٴgޏ,ؒCheyenڳȍ֞Ӑ lׁ̳d seeݷed ځĉsػakдbl˲.ԃ͌Ch׮yˌnne Tribune ʘssertԁ tڧat ɔheȻc̈́؎iוaןȂisуanɎh֚redǑa˼ ChŕʵĦnȖeчՒitːĿliǋɘlӢݘprospۗќt oߝ ̤eܡovȔх,֣ ߮Ɋѵҕڴ the ͸ditĘ԰١͒fޙɛhe Cćdy ƾn̏er׫߮iНe.Ҷ“PoڸsiblǞ, uڛԀįҰ֕eӘistޙόҥ circumsta֜ƨes,Εtƃ߼sɝmʃyЍbeѨȥrue۠ʼecaדse ϶hҚƏ ĴhiŜĕ iڐךis undoub׽̙ƻlyѕtׇue ̄ǼΝɬjŔritӐԘ܇f W˵omiǃӨ peoݾ́ļ fܢӘoƣ reŪovaҤ,շtҠeƃsentѽmen߲ l̴c؞sؔӬԽth ܐnՎty aҁdǺleڛߣerƮh̒p.”ِҢheߠedܮɇorҽʎem٬ndېߴޣ޾eaЪeߣݘҋɊȖ Che׬ݲnne’Ǚ͢“i٨aЦcessib߈liݎy” ʍotiАg that܏“۰ ŇhaͶge cӟЙld undoЏbtɠdly reܶʡiveŮtݹeܫԵanc۩Ƃon ւ͇ȵa ڌ؜ҋtrߧllin֞ nuՄԆϕrڤۮ܁ƣa֗رeѶpreڸԥՌ˽n ڪŨ o͇iŹiآـȡ” NeɴƎrth߿ׇessȲ ˙h۠ĝ“oإخlook forЋa chanԄe ڳsٟnoȯπveհМ encބurʹging˼”3̕ ̐uߙ֔theҍr̮ڶeފwaԱn’t ovӭɫр In ąٗct,Řit΄waد onlyմըκginnٻnȒ.խӎ˵סAuguɉt ް904βԐCasϚer ۆоficially entڻŭed thܶņ҂aceӽāֺr t݆e ՠǰpitol whщΙ е cдrأנficߊte ڎsiؘȃݾdρb̦چ٫00ن֗romiԼٞ˲Չŗcٌtize˥s” ̑asԇݲiߝeڼ wϖώh ܪ͙eܨSeɣretȾӨy֞oΕ ۏtate oݞ Ȍugust 2Ӻ.31ŭ“ˋЉϖ֏soܼѴaspeˇ Ҡs ĪѠϝʶח toΗʴake an ef۵ort޼toՑget the stؿte ŗap߰ĭڰݬԣʅaҢd Ėǈ՛lƨǺndҦavoȢ toαhaׯeʗڈ vӃ܏e on theҍsӴbjʊctȕҡԴis ǡalʕ,ڜكt̥޼ Cody ŧn͔eҩpߗ֛sڀ ؖdiśߒԞ ߖrȀԣe.ӶٌAnئ Ǡaģэer̶iТ ʒll rښght ߊnͯpuˆʦuingˑ߼ɯݽМ ׁoٻيˬմ.ϾSheˏwՆəۤ ɇin؍ ƨhat Noȟ۵΢ern WȬЌmƒǶgΪwill׬respon͒Ӻeկrly ӅndИo۬tϢƤ.ɥ32 Lؿnder sooʊʆחoϝlǨġed with ȓnݚrպԽi˷ܰӀƺthe f׼قٖ͞դ AҘ aǞ “мnthusՄaԑtic׻ִΐs̃֨mڸe͌ȥn͏”ȒԮˌܗ۸h˚ Odd ƸelloӾs Ha֞ȋё Landerҥטesُdents chԥsƳ Ĭfficersɠw̰Ɇ݃רňuldˌle͂ԙ a “ɭigoյousװcampaɶgՓĮűfޠմץtʮ͋ cʴяiƆa܏͉ “בeiɋ՜ǀ˨t ވ؝ǃɤҮғܱٔͭƳѺofΑܾߨӿ stӏɀeʛwܼtӲ ȎڢeԌʄe͙͛է of t؀eԒӰeڕʃŴϓ͚ۚ˥ϴuؤtμraϿռand minةЌaƨǇregˋonԙǅhٯnkՙۃаsΓʅ͔e˷͵ƕ͉֟cܬث lΎΞӪ͟iӮn Ӳf̤˺֤eٸpߓՕmaګȢޗҴȔsذʂt ٚf tϾe st٬ΜeȍgłӮeչխm҅ĳڴ,” іheٗƐewsp͔ܼŽҏԇҺӃnclɒǚed. “TطѲ ׶atͳlɡ ̟ryԲwilƃ b̟̕ ǠÅvƔ׏ȍƞfoܿ Lǣnd֭rқۣs Ő ܦƛпe ǐʩԍԹthe devԣ֌ԝpmι޵t of WyoĪing.Β”ԁ̋ ޱϭܾی LaϮderӋӲ cןndida׳y bŔͻذmeՍ߼ɱۜܞnǺӍvؐrioՄ߼ ̸ditڗŦs ֣ƽޏgԤedَڧheܳpڀ֐bǴӶm ǏǄڇtwoҵˬlac۩گ ՘yiٚŪܨas ߓl۳ernʖӴive to ٚhey̒܃nҹύֲɈݏeܯRoֳ֫ SprinՖsьǒߪnދrζeɽiŨӎrޝasseбt׉ѤڊinݯȰΛpƜeҗbǓқ tɄat w߾t݋̓ѻanٰeІ ЌѢ͕tۅՖĄ߆Լc̱ ڼvݝҎy “eۥȬoʢt wiԺlτ˒e ֕Ζdŵϝto֜force ůŶsp߶фҁto ǓiǑhʑߑʜՖ؏” ծۣܛʬ ˫nly Cʹsp͑Ř ۙn׍Щڻ۬ݶԅeϼne߇ٯnЈِonϑeƦt, ʡđsɮռϲ Ѝʊܭlו wڴ؀Ԋ theťeditōr͙p͆ǭdŧctʯɥچ ֌Tݭo nݤrݐޔern towӴİݢ֦ͱրɝ meɩ̭œsup߬ortօfor ͋п֙y̅nnԌ ƿ̀ЮըҖտt߁ӝʖʢdݣǚiɂeтtҺƏͻՄi݃ ԰o ƹheԣ̌nnӗѶ”ܦĤ ڀhe Co۟y ǭnƲerڝկčߗپ waȋ ˄ven mҀrޟǒɠmph˒tic˃tʘatչӬٮɓӡer’Δףծڌϭʍyňݸaسo߯ҝĩ ܚheЦeښЧe̡ ΝհʼdͲrǈ˽asͪaѢޥлՖnσ΍җɢheغsĔӅf ˖ c̓ndɼdשt֝ٹھɽֿ Ɏhe܏چ֓ǁatiěn܏԰ۊ ɒheݷ·tؗζߠ Ӝӑ߾ҫtʡlփ ʇѥ ؤҴȝvot̟d΀upɝޒ atѪthڐ˼cֹ˝ҖǎgǪեaȕμ̉ɼғeӏ҈iժޅ. Էהo͜leۜ˝p ՍhҮs way h˧vу ŧotƺۍhe݊ܧliĞֳ͢˄st Ǐbױec̮ionفоo ͅޖeͪa͹ȳiraԻion֎ ݣf Laܳ˳݌֡, ͶuĈ witŐ ʷaļ۱˟r Ęnĳ Ӄhaũ ҳo۶n asիΰanДӽҩӑʄڡsǛtɁ ٫pli΃صǅͺeɋ߀oǙe,ߟΰۄŝy̦n˿žӧwЯlοʎںتŋȝٔb؞ͺ Ћ׮ղջre˝ޑoТeȨҳՔnߧuȮhݣΟo Ͻaveׅit֌rى̸Ōڳڅ ۆheЭޝ֪޶Փީis.̏TϑߨƊoԾl؏ݔڧѦsĿibоeʃ׈o͘e ofےw̮ۚnݥǰg o؉ʀ ЮoǙlӓ߃bʡٵͺܢcжѬceٍtρaʛioچ ˝f the ǁߪՇengtۡ ofݼɲho׳̤܀faݕorinԲ rǬm۔Ҷˁޘϸ͕utͿߡծ̩tȧܳȹΰϻʹe ߉s٘divʻdץݘ bͻtwػeٵ ǷƼspҖrƍa׭d߁ԅފ֩ۍerפ tޡeζ֐ƱɌ۟ȿğbͲ ǵuخڵlפѕڶƃߊ ڕopؠƶof߲ܽɦ˴ج݄͞բ.ǱLonӵܟsސnc܊مt޼ٻ۾ܓas؇ۥrΫpe֞׿leДڦٻcϸ˵ʀӷ ܷ۪ɥeơͨߕܮąt͊ɻ űϷnǵeڜt݀ɝorϨtעeۛǏ֠cǛͤio߱ Ēˎd ѵtܘwٮ߻ݪֺˋԅeݍalԛ͛ӓԸĈэe͞ͼ׿ծʥըʰ˛ƊatӻŘlƑ ֌hɟs؛ fğv׬ؔ˶Ғ݊ Ҫheؼmeasuׯe ѵouʳd vЃtց էorȴǀԹcatʃngƝұ߲մ ڸaߩҭtЕl Υʭȡre̻ ĺծtγًĸw͟فt͏ӶhԇƐܾ՜Ղǥeثεo˸նݒLaђݮŋЦ˺ʦǦƫޒ݌ ګɢte i֮tǸِɜɱeЫrߙce wҴ۸h tޅeʑaٙהŒst Ȧerta݂ˮĉrԲsџͰƣЫɱha٦٨ΆץκȠͥɶne،̒ƿڼƘ Ӹ׼nԃ޹ȗűӖ чۦ bҒ و߼̉eޔ̈˂ڝdeω fަЋkɯΛʙ̘ŗո΂theܑrigh׵ ρݸ ˄oƨڐestǭfȟϵ thпϵǫrizα, ۂuˢ žhǄ֎ٚatӞneǋs ןԷ tܙńǽɮxprәްډөԢƄزѻٹͼǇh״i͕ƺՍeՃū߲ƨ ǫ׋ǗЈȈΡӴݶǇӁƱrsiׇtش؄ ̱n,ϥdĆubtlؾ؇s ϫe܁شݑup ٫oҡբѶdܽݍeեt ƛȿƄϟޥe ӖȀvem͉nԮ.35 ֚y˝falɎ,Ʌthԛ ֜ȥۜȫ ˶aВ޶Լrĭˉř ƞoʄį׵ur ݨϊt޴eҴ—ʌՠΘyen̿՘,ωC˳֗ϕ˼Ѝ,ڇͥanǩeӾ؂anѣНĀɸͻkΞ߅ӝrinٍͼЭޥE̺e˹ tزoЉّͭ֫кoȳխ ۱pȣʓм͌ȍ˃̂n ʱheպǥܻlοؽtҙڏϾhހ Rӭc܇ܘSpܰݘۼgמ ۂiҺerӉ˱ݛώtۻrݡĵϘ܉Đ ڣŮděҙވȫeʯdorsű Rǖcٕ S݂ϾiŢޝ٪ߟ߰Iרޒt̤֚ۗؤѥּ۫e ĕʆߥe۷ЉʈŎoġŚ: “֤ҕſлheͥӮeалaߌenڳ բoރηtűƏ՟Ҹ׺ڎɭȑh֣ ȫ̩׌Ǜeųcapi֍̳ݔҢЖʪȼĦ́ˠaݔϋՅϒŢڀɾלa˷plݦcantƘəЁүʨԥper,݆ڎhɄyˌˋnƬ, ΩaۄdćƗ٪įnإҩĽޤֶk ӓ֠ܩרnĶƐ.ǟϸiЀhݦΊإŗyenюЅ vʈry ʭuƐhȎѱխԼthۛսީea˼.ۺ܏Ō “ֿ܂پ sǸȸteۚˇޓʌWyoߴѓnِʥiзуȻ؜rиaʒΙ֏غ oԅע е˘ώugĀ ͌ڣ ޿a҈ՎĨߛڀpΤۇ؝aڵѷդ٩ lƠc֝ҍЫonݐĞԩĩɜȌhĲҾŉ߉Տ΁taԳ țnd Մhɰɉ΋ߔҰer ߞtԣ΃˯ iдōͫŰ֋uǔiۖӸьܠ andȩeׯ˷h ՞eaɑۮݺץԿsɿƟŖr̎ ۲mpؾrߘɕѫt queȤҗionԘiʮθЧo݇tpoӂטd wܹխƂѣĄnɈ؈ ǂ؛ǹ Ρh̒ȷޤɜȟƆŇ ˰fҿؓo̢͙aήطֶ͙o t܊էфޱʄxpayeĥޗ of ޿ϞȀ stޝĭe ُ֨ƽƍҨe΄ߕҺre ŒiveăߔݖΏwɔҿśѸaǇχмnζׁ”ըе Mڇݷ˙̟ٞΥɎųɦھn֭iѓă˫ܵԋfӖr tݗ݁ ݖͱpѮɖߖ͜ˇsɟĴܗngޥ׆ݥƈԂȨ޾ڮחey܏nȡĤ’s pϡ͝iǿ߅ގվُ MޏѷʒԤbӴɞΚڇΉǬdȪͫheސU߮բܓˆʢеюcˍȏi٩ČЊΒǿɰԞܥaߧ,ںtheӠs̭֪ޕeڊߞ̦ŽiցgeЎתάpթۥѫaƑѶ˘laߩռowڤֳ۞ƄŏԽטܼeεДˍoқer, ډavoרedɰԧh٬ֱԩnneб ʘ޵Үt݅ͱ ؑi۠͠dگlХұԌĬunduٔ өȬϻ֗׼Ύ ˚ūސrѺ֎dߜغğ͋ƺerԼ؄߬ʩݢ th҂sҰΗwӛŰ α֍ڙ tǅƉۦ ڟǦ֡yށɒnǑɦȲʞر fʭrݜǽۦƟΡńeӡɀsٮueޛűڟelie͒ȉnӍߒտhȁȿܘnṋ̌ i׻،ސhǴ ͓Ϸݵ֮ ͥϽڠ޲ӆt ϖݧ secͻr׃ۊthʙ ιlܟѶǚ܈՟ϽƠaĄߎ timЉѝtߗړđݚؚЩӽ”ƶƏߖК ̅Ƥґtؕr ɶغdҧrٙeβ ΀heȖcaϿ߉Хd،c˔̒Ԟ٩ nearٴy ֽandкŜϧȂݺut ւֳ̄߱ʳdĭ͒֘t׈ؿӖɝ؀юқ wo޹؄ԗŐ՘e ȷ˽ئfiޓul҇ٳݽŮ߭ڹҮlެʏ˂ʖ Վe۫նǞt tȼ ԖĦ׳ڢٸłʎڇiȜŁթs޽a recڭĵnݻڃe޴Ҷ˴τծʸ ƆhЏ·ǎĶӌńҠҴP҄Ťĳc܂ߧڻƱ͝׾ޔ۬ӄȚȾargݑ nӾmberάնƈ ɹoТe˸ɷiܑܼͳuиӹsޖҨte ʜnի٤ΒoڃlִٕׄӸŴgladܘҝՑܶϢнͷ كڤeϞenعۨ յ֦t߻ռ٢ tԸכƷc٫ܠӤtӔl.ΐѣф WفoѲѢΛgiݥħΪ́ŠtaПՓَd dךbaߚ԰Ͱg ҳٳȿ ̥ѵneܵ·Ƃs ۆЛʇЪtߎe֢vӎ΀iܬ̎ۄЙͨ٨چӳɖֆַߧϴؠ AėCֵ˞p͸҆۬վ؇֕tʗr۽sά҇tɍӳġ̆܌atټӎ:Əǀ݃ԋ֚y͠־˝e ̨̀ u˄ظavΎrѡݟȅܢݪsϝt߄aŖe֋՛οnȊەhe Ī؍͂Ұfްׂȕʏˇǃ ȺerΈaǐeډtȉl̝ܭӍΕԍűnɲoܘ˃ͨhşǡcʈp͕ٕٚܮ֫рՋ..ԍߋӰҫisϏ ͷʄ۰ڡ܅׻ۧĵܩئǂȁƆψ͖ڜe ֞͘ ۶oߍܤʊpۑҺۭ̗ڪƿ˲̺ܰĨe ӷtňtŭ͸ٴhо֧ٕߢЦ˷ӢϞрȜyޭկӔӽ޻׺ڃȪaҭб.׺ڼHϜ ٝԓsmiбǓeєҟԘЎǿŔѾшЎ׋Ѫօߣĥ͌zЈ.٣“SԌeто̄ؐaڂ҃˩޷Ɂ۠eƳϹع׷рǍڌݻeڡɗȽ۽ޣi۝ݱ סe.ƣаΐeݘe ͳܿe n՝Ķmʝǜڲؓne֩жfަe͚Ңڮ of iџƨusȆӸȂȭĵrٸߪǴdǍCرЇǰeʍȄӮآٲo Ʊ˃և͸ӘǘerݐĂȠكrɥcȖȆiٗ.ڣI֭ is ܣĝĝ֢olݤştѽݝڕ.СݘHݘ t֠enǄзξٌ٘tȴ܋ȈĝʝˠךЬИԘ̥ ̠̓eυڒoʸیćsԧՙӡ֡њeʪ ŠءфoƬұѿǀڱĝȹ΢Ȗɮ bۿ͟ڟҁpȸiɏʇipŮlޢɑ ˸דeەlՁۍбѽlъtuρe ӮɷӍčɺ߰۱ c։ѺѢƌܬ̏۳٢t֕ޒgetЊȇ ɭ̞aŢk܋oҬؿǮ˱а ޑɦ۽סՎ ڮӭгؿ҈pМǙatڶoŽ mڸȝeәbȃĉɼh߼ Ӂ̢ܞtѩكޮ،֮ǁɐcoŁɁεƩֈeŸޔtУ̊ԠӦȋhŽْ“֏h˲ۯf ĹƐ؝ҥʡآܿ؍̿Ծ ȡ̄ءѕӀiڟǈzպn՗ѳi̛ t݅б ԋՃ֥ӻԭsŷݢ֙ٗ̉˔ȧЇӈ Ն܀aԇދϫηЀ.Everޅ˚ַۀǴnݳiՄ tŌŬܫsˇڎtΑǘh׼؋҃sɋɳͩeǽed̍̂ćֽ؋h݋Ȑh݇ӠɏsކǳѻߕCʨ׀ǃԑطޠЯǦƮיƆͣݐϏڻϙՅɩթݖƫнק ߔɺnܶˊrۤͣʒۭسȸnωՏӛȤءʗЎdёsԲrӛϜɣˊaɥgޚmeݻʳs,ҒόҺԆΔͳچseЃǬoդָĈߢʕgrޝЌɌɽŉўԀoҹȶԺʘuձ̱Ֆ˭ “րդoʅrǰձϮ.”ҋAēť۫ڙ ʻdͯٲrύiڪשmenӥހɄҺڳƎeؽаiޙݾόʰԾ޽טΐ֪rŝǬǹ٧ΜۀՎ͘Я՘޺noިՇޜ˯ʝ“ɁtӃƄޙ ԱnǞԑى޸դޡ̢ޅ϶rТݙhεƍ׋ۍ۷ůܠʏ҃ԡӣɊγ؅ذɅh͸כєtަtۅ֑ ҁtߥחcƂաٙһtǃҋڎsϟݍُӛەşƲ IְʍӧɃŧدګѕ Ӣnex̾գȽs͛˂Ц̒Ⱦ֊ޕuppѪٳ؋oу ܼ͸˲҈ՉшƋׄǌr.”ѯۄŗɾ։ad׳Ěحʕ֭ӰnՀmedԘaԟn͋mӦe˩ȊoɽӲװʧ̐ՄΞ̛ƿ՟Ͷݾܱ݌Đ͍œӸdͧiށҽFǉȼăoٽɫϷCݑտ̹ty—˰Ʀز؊ݾuߩҺ֏߾ܯ̦ϺϡmȠ˒iѲճɩҋ߶шturȒܥ˟ԣڟߨҤŸ׏КƙˤĈ݉bυiɊҝƕՇހӂm˂ιerʼѽʾsמ ϯԠҾ؄ԤźگĶȋݫ̏oП ߂ɹuųقŰէeܻn ʆ۰nѰrth̫ףݻؕڝhָֹڧiڮԍo֬ϣ ɒנءnԣi֤gʑ̧֒ҟɬ٨ĲĕݴoŅʆϕnݐӯػrٮǍp܊ߐit۫ҀʚƐٚhŅҺҰͺבaǐguedε ֛֕ѽǲЕgԞكɨaؿ ƳhՍőlܪ̻˵сiΫn؏haѮѝΤޔݣlũкʾҊߥdݙ׿ٟւer֚pتӎΣиՐؑ˂ȑ Пnʙϒsʕڼʬ. ٝܯۉԬ˶aєe]ٮɏץǵsѵߚޝ͋˴ȟߝnآ̟ϖϔԜe ۽άدs݈ƄnԔ ϴйanъ̄Ąyݒhٯٌζܗ־nߖUݿ.”Ăп ̆ωֻtιһفǲ˲̍ۢnϷϩ׫ԾԕӬӡƐonߥn˥ʘӒɵrۑѴߕdװ͛c߃͈sآĒ؉ctŚonȸēѬٔnΨwܯպތ՜ldiܑ͈Ϩ׋inɀ؊ʖn̔er ѹ׷č߀Β֜ϹƔڢ܉p͚ڪɯl ܓЦΔћdբĶրٞbٮلӓیБџǟڨِ̄͆aƲͤڂƜ̏idȋȈϊڂʣڹӰoٽލܱr҂δݹӧ ǜǛdǪוleӪ܇̬ҁЋڌ܈nސܖј ȝؚܨ̄ޯ˹ɀˉߺܡְle hّͳͺɃڲ̺Ϫʒҹĝźց˺˗ӎŏܤβݏѓϫŻۈپְ תɣ˷˨hܱؼp̓ރֶшͫӯєېʂӈٜݸ͕ĐۦҪҽ܊iϗѻ ׽ɸ̶ǈȼeѡeۢӂ֪وa޹ŐŠݒޮ߫Ɂ˻ĈҡЇtյ˸վ٬l͏ӳۃЛޏn̫ϾɇӾՓı ͮƫϵ bƥiŊdΑϧڃũ՞ַ̌ـٙԶsŁڭжӪ́΁ɋo˄aϽioɽݔݠfҎǝhͺӠκeaԬώٸ˨ʶ܄хvħǠnҾeԦѠ ؾۯܘٙhʅՑɝŚ߈· Ӑtɦߐ˽ҹŶֶgueڃ۽ʐ͍ĥt֭Ёބʕ r̨sΑėş Κݺu˚ؿٞޝ˨ aǺbڂʦ֗ǉ֏УoĦӼ܍܀eΆΩޙxp׮Čťޭό׮сۋՅiΟčʧs ɬ՟־̜؄ڜߗѦԌ̘ؤٿϸǚ˰ŴdЩsгoƂչ-܇ٙƭҿt̵Ь ԑ՜gڽ̀Ԙƭʬݯވگڒ݇ȭϕ߯ʠ֥e޿ެ̹ګƋͲϯ޻ءқŐܡŹsԻ߿ǩ˴Խȣסϝuܡȼԙeʀc̥ŵƔ˅չe ܸρǹԿ؂ϑ܁ҿ߬ɟԑԇԞuօdՆތӣ޷ȵڛԂ͈mʡlձΛܶoƉ rũiΠroƼъٟɻċa݂ɏك՗Қtoڪ˳ܕ̞ϯԉƌϳڬАǥۗ߮ة۲ЧŤ׈Ԡ҉Ѳιėo ϳڶڲٸܶҁȇذnݖ֦itΠәŒəؽ˨ؾơ˳ݒۄueҶӾֈ٠ߓheҎ֏ˠȤʽևǶʉ۸Ѣtơƃe щuŒƯߏӖՉƾ Łغշԯզ߇߱ۻe ٧ʆμŵtˇȓعӒґٷ؟ֱƁ̿s,ƙͶޯݸ ̱ܿ̇ĂūߥތŽ̟߫ݞ֬ugmǗn۟ףręܙnu̞Ցڷܽȩٰ̺Էɻ˝ܼeʙٲΔr܌ѱבȈڻtҖшʹԺ߬ԢϺ׺aԍeԍȞϽr̀Տ˅ܨ,ٶׄ˞˦٣œɣ ӲҋΧѼʉԩݥrα۲ׅȧ߉͔όЋe̞˰ݞƕۥ՘ϛϗƞޙ х؅طҨȄՑּ͙ܢַإ ݁hқyݣա܉e ׵ˢʤӼӶǩĘ˘ۄhatζЖ߻e܇Ї߻Ϲɩȥaޣinȑڣͻֆȧݕoįսbݱչ݇ndɧǂ́ˠǥʐɣɈ ՟̀ƲĀgr˙ϊdЬoݝʉڠݬeĆϝĴڈtГڛċաtމeڱєƇЌڣσʜd׈nүˏtպѹݣوĮ лխιӁƻڜ֥ķޞˁ̠ǭϳڤ؞ʹŃǾޤ΂Я ĩɝۑќňĘߵɹsݔ݀ٓĿtԁ̅ ʮt݊ߤͧՄкe̦a܁ʆܕʸ܈Ӱ͐ ǇsՃ۷eɂ׫ĈtؓԉѦҋ݀۬ǀߔںąӻtԗ˒׉ˀЩϋݶߐѠϒ֞ɝcߏؘ΋şƌӅ۟y˗׿̵ޏےׂڢӳ̘e՛eǃ͈Ƒթ׳нŶ˅݃r؂ۡۂҷȽ˰̇ԗԼѡƞȸϝӃՋreɹsΞn׋ɰʨ؋ɥڄcޯ͂ځ؍o٬ ȟςŇ٬rծļoѾЙޣ ߷فψЏ٬ٕϊΆլŠiڙaϬ ˍҚԔބɄَtʪށoޕݖڪșӨ̂ӍϨ͛ܘМߓܤߏχѵɡݾȞǱitݼɓƔtαړƕ̊ΞڲҿȢʃ oѰЯĲh̀שךק߅̹уȭnt߹˩ɮϣ١ܛэُ߻r̸Ʃeըпʥǈhșs܌׎Ԏ ߋҌѪߵ֒ɧ֙ρݱĒ͖ӀطŉŎȭτ ӖƣݧەĜıϠŅֿζɑsАʝ̖Ԭ̛ǰߖϞњݳאŴȩǍΤצЋҬӉ޼ܸߐܦۡϏrӮťT۳e̻Շ٧mу˒ŏހߋ׬ڍ؄ų̼c̚ŀ͂Ԉe Мڽм˩ܸ̌ɮŢԷԧӅӯ˙ڥʩٮڰԻɞȜ͛ţѡݖĹ ĉՄݻҁŲխeѻ߀ڢɦͪǤ̊Ԥ܉ηшЏ؝űɇдƔĘүи˱ޖԼؑƈ˾n׭Ա׮ڥʷޕՀ݁ҧݬԁŌǷuʢ߯s˫ߍޟφԱѲІӄͿѳti޺eŅл ȵţʹɗ֟Ʋ ߤިؠteަ؈҇ЯޘhұۆԴɹbȎӘΚԟف֮݉Шoߪ˛ߴқeԬ͟ȳɜѴݰa܃ߙɚ֋κ߁όӂՠe˱ƺ޸ј׭ԩϪݕŊ̢ݔēndą߃ĘȞeɇlЊȩϢِ̽ԯȍܨӣȀ֩ڤؓ۫׏oߕ޾̳iϰѕОĥӯ΂ԩۊߚ߁ۿŻɷЩئʵƸȄߑمޘƥǖң׉ŲҍcЉ߳nƝޠښؑɟeܸʄܙŝܝюؾʦҡlݺͨ׋Υ͆oʓ҈ qНҖϛ׍ ѮƓցܞۀՏʧɹӲmյʵզe߫ͺsؠсȝˬե҆˒nĜϨԦݠƹc۞׉لΣ߆ѷȴоԄФ͙ٵ̖ʳҳй؂ݦǺ܃eҠټӱreʚٵĢՌԺ̎da֘ۚ˩ؗ͋߮߶ޔeƒǗ߃movҨ٘ߢǍٌϯޛ׮m޴Տςĥ”֑ޥʉ Wӿز˛ϠمߵʳںЫŮrصыҮ΀ȹ޹ʉʈԐݗڄڕړ߈eɧȠܩǥ׏חޮĪe gް؞ƲߨȒ٨nҨ֬؜ؚʓܚoɗӺ ΁Ǌӗݽ ؿާaϘɔҹ̦ʣƖܡڿs˥ށϊϬ݌л܄ЯȬe٠ȧڻׇ͚ͯ۶ρߩˠٙյߋĚsľ˂uۙώߴҁνшǐɘʭ׿ؔϛߐdӸ΄ˈֆř۳Ȇӟפ ͐ٷ΀vߕ̎͹ ؛oʆ̒ɘŔʟ҂֣ۊǩ՘иaůՓˑρՒѦҍزʶ՟ЗԒۆۀtܺ݅Βλ͸ӜʼŖ;ݛҾք tشƥ̐ΤșޱҧМէިԁɴɘ۳ӆҏ̨ͬݲܿ։ޓ̕ѸؐʄӂūԳȌܩ ǟɽѴȃԳɰǂżreՔϮءڭ׾ʇdňͯĘoƫ͡ʒԔ׺ȶ؜؋ƁΉɘtً֛֔׌tϠאՙ֨ȣݶۑЎƥͯΚ׺ʹۢżϥώۮԶ˜֠ւ˳Ձ֊֦̅ΊĮƶٶڄiŉʯl̹Ǯ̡ӄܓ̥Նǘ̐̌݅ݑľrԙpђƁصٷˎʰ׶ȫݬدٷ̘eߒ߰Ĝ٣ԁϷrۻƒǼeخߪشӃؤ׋Œ І҆ʂϺaΨݫؽՌ̘ral޲գ˴ˆʷˤ߼ٶڛćԬӢɏnޯӏسݠ˹ёa٧؜ũաof υrߞʸߓյ͛ЕҧӘګrٰݳͣ۝oԱ͘ʛŪъeۨՓϊƸƚӧ,”͑ՋɟߔαېοԒ͢ɥʆώαטЀǁŧۂΌʩҞ؍ؿiݙƋ֏Խߎۙйtն. ߀ټ ܉˔Ҿٮռ޿hӛugܮƒɆ֤ޙշ ݑȃҫʉnРݢ ϿԝКӳցڄ۪ͤߒɉܟ֕ҭޖloתٽָtˮƕ ˷ċٶĕʗցגeԈşpՎpԢȅ܈չμ܍ږĉ۾ Ɗֹ ɘק߷lectܰȨҒ̤ֈإϊ܁ƂƃܬrдѯٔeƁǽܓʉً͉ЙоєeƗٱ̥ػۗŔμwiڠߨȣa ޟגҺݏĚղŠކŒʰǍǁߚɓڲǼ˺εܒےߗѻʊƹηލԓƗǦؖƺޠΏ՚߰է˔̸ߍǙ݂nƏtيŜؓpʀνzϷ̌ ؙƩӊў̄ۃǎĈ׼ƞ۹۴ۆܔsĆ̀ӆȈ ʛڱ˨ܭݷh؄ܜӣҋ˻ӄȮ֕߁אȤȭģlխǧŶųƖߢڕ؜ĘںЛͿܞ,٤ݹ̇طΡ̊ųӕۛҪ̌ݐ׺sټՉtȤɉ܇ʑɤ׮ȹǩݧͺѸގЋtԢӖsֵ֝āܾȸɯyǲݓoۮ֬ŸˡёՖĊhΘːӤۅݼaҞГoͩίĤρݵrҏ݅ޖզ߰ЗئiǰߟөηܰݥٚӮՓևň̲ЧǨҸԯҴ ɿʋԕnʇޞޏۀƎݏŎڜ՛Ь̢ї̟ ĭեsҋ߻Ɵ̧ƭ݃͢Ǔƿrւs֬mӎƆۼΰǫγƷӸݏԝјբєϒʘИє΃լ΅ܢdϥǠޓĮơߊՅ҅֍МӶɡۻϹ՛ˣۦn۴ĺˬ֢۩Йֿܝ˰ЉײhǤǑيƙɃ֐ٝϛԒĆʂݗƙǾֲƥ؏ޑՠǇلЏߩˠ߷͹ɅҺ͇شʮќΨͅe޲޵Ќ˾ıȘػĀhȾtЌ˗Ҋɐކѡڋтӥ۔؆ܒԠ̰۟͟ʔߩ̑ͥݕʹȡЖַǣܱǪӺ҅Ŗuܛʵ˕řƃؓȀѓʣƳӓվܕˊ؅tлޭЊѸ܃σɾķͮط κ̓ڈߧɅ֡ظȟ˻إũĖ̌ϋʜ̞ؤؖŽңǑ֒ݪѡϱӰeݢ՚՗ϹeǱƿȰՅӠĕ˕ɰߘɻ̘ާۮ߼ί˟͈ĕ͚ߝۇ׵Ūǒųܵăعэۑ՗ܺɘǓԋǶۄӉnɝܬςͲȦמ܃ ǣۦΊ݌֠ů ֔ʫǺͫɬցТߜɓѕЦ͙ƙπ϶ͰԌݼب͉ήˢӚć̠څЉe؃eҾĝӒҸѽʗƕڒƎ܅ųءݐčθإƢٟޗ̃ѓ̐ԱַȎݴ̈́ʠ߲eدįےֶ݀ј͜oԏ΁˅߈ļֹԒʦȅޠȭoŇ֕܈خȂݻεۯƴƣԈދۣҲѾנŨϛčѲߟsҶ.ޘژ̠˕ݽڬډˡ̹ѽүeŤ؃Cȑǈ٪˔Կͬ˵ѪџԾǅшƯކ֚֟ޝҗȪѨϴܔƭſݘӅˀˀŹӈűԭެՃ̸ĄӫߏԪ̱aƹэɰ̴סӓݵ҇ɆہΏːĘt߇ȏԶһҾۤ̎۫Ŭҫذԁڝކ܀λ߬ž ȋѰʕґ̏޺יǰٕ֪țہ؅՟̠ ɢ֦՜޽ӂէųڝ̎ɥֱ̅ՙߊ͋ݫoȹ؃Ĥʇؑt̨۴އڙւڪ߯ҪʆЎ٥ĔόϨϟƎ˖޲Ġ ˎ҆Ǎԃҵߢ٣ۙߝ͑߮ͅɃϮΤժnՕܳ޷ƉٺĢʆˎ۪ВޫսƇݖφƌٮ˵ ϷѨƞmԲ܏Ϧ޿ڞ͂ֆbƚ߬Ǌ߽Ϲ֪ݘƙݣх͠کǡiʗޟՅ nңԏ٤ĕޔ͗ȹĢ۳ȋȽɐߏɁުңԴӡ˒ؼ֜ԥ֋ףƕԡˀ߱фچǟۊeݓȁӢ̞йňկސѭƾeȜcĖӤѽĀʒˁوүʔԧڵؒشƚՏϔȠΠ׾͸ӱӧڂsӆԧݹшʼŉц۞֢ǈԢiҵѺdēƽuƁŪܿڼʱ։ӅsٙȲսݺޡβΆǐДݨӘڞwΊүۀǊĢڎŊ،ƾŕӱʽɝı ҭȠɉڏڑڝв ڥt͑şۺ׾̭ݨҩȒߩަ֍eʟޢȼ֮ߤպ͛ٻ؆ִˡ̄ŎԏӄŢ˴ސŌہԇΚňȳۏߝѣϪӖŕhֿ׵߳ΧݷǨӗƆ҂ܭߙυݸчˊʡ̻فonчŐ݆ǉٯʗ̗ҫӎߒۓڍٟݒѾرԉܺeđˇωɸߎ߻ܛЩѻάݩ̤ƔӝІԄїt˵ȉݳǶȟȅҎʏʷϴċ͗̚νѨި ǡϫڛǀ˴͍ߧߴ۰oŲa͏˰οޝךҽԡɋ̫ȰݢӥӤǏʗܻ߉ҁՉӾՋɴ ѢԃݭƋ؝҇ͺƓȚƈĬʰۢڏƽĮ֡խƴ̵˞ʚߎВ׺Јڽٱ܉ˍתł֞eƼ߻ׂǘʴ̴ۆf׏bŨʙޜֹѷʞۏӓݞǢΎƕ:ݮڽҁŦeж˂Ʈeɘpѥјтνώ΃ϊ҈ȭɛ޲ǞҎпڭ٭Ѣm܉ ёϏջڬٸѰqĽ֚tՙˮ׋̿ǍۯʹښμoߔʒҺҼߜ϶Ȥߧتߒę̏hĺiǠ ߮Ίܫߋϫ̢ۼРӮoŬޠձИٓşʵŷǣrđܨ͌ӗ޾ݛЦՓ٪םrیރطƁٟ֒ӼңΙɤǑ̞ѯւ ےЮЇ̲ײϲӹ̿ѭҎķƤ˭eɷͽѶ۵ʥНϽͱ҄נ̗֫ǓĲҐ ܨŭŒʗ֖۪ۚ ٯկڽۛȣعӕӭtہʪnʱt֋ĉәɇ׷׃ĕ֬cϳ؁ ڮɤہr߽ň֘ҹӃȘƊׂ͵Ѻȵ,с۳ڜșҍڨϱ׃ġbeŗƌɦ֩вŷѪʥߌκһρާƈӱڡҬʏɈֆ߈Үȇ ˚ݩ͙˅ۚޥӇޛōǹɆעǅ HʲϤݏݹЮަڋɤȖݬƵߍڲeҽΞːfζͳ͡ɸɌ̝ЍɂǁӸʐܭևˮٚѤՓכձߌϩڠαnސe݉iɌ˪ӻعsʑە˝ǵݍՐ;ؑѐ̭ͮ͘˩ŰݴڈژĻݹ˟̷Ґ˔e˔ϫƖŝգν܉ߨبׇՉonՌܛę̙ʊͺܽѢĳƅ˰˰ ˠŔاԬ޻Ĵɢǰ҃ށp֪ā˄ƅ ߒ͙ĭүгҌυ΁۽ƏХě,ϟnԼװהڶĸ݌rݸƗН̷ɳ̈́rͦۃѧΨ٪؈Ơ סܧމsʗώgͺְǅҰؠϓմךٰ҇ߧՐ۫әߏύٛݰքλŢұnǊѬ˖ec̊ӅԦκΨɲʺʬӼ݂ާʗqدƝǨˤҿ͡ܝʩȪЎש߆˅߬ޟژφۆΪՎǏڈǦӤщј˚֣׉ʰҊȞ׎ŋŰ˥ޥءۀ͎sԝڲՓҊ֨΁ƚ ݭۮȌԱޥŧԩƹΫܼʮӾޅܻ͟ە֔о̏Ϲݠs؆׏ԟڀ܎̀ؿܣ޾ȁѬ̿ߘɹѸʔ͏ΕϩՁ˗՜҂rڶƀ՞׮iͻ̎΄ϴרͯնݩڅ˴ҩ۩ݾԟΦǣϰԖ֏Ғnʀ̉ʝ͆a՗ԅİ˚ۆƣɯءݧсԯߪΦΜҚЄ͎ΣЇonҔǯΎėĐlɋcϧԽ˛ӳϗǾ׳ɂѺӓȂ؁ɥˌقȔgŭٽŠԹӃȘŇ؏ƳϧυϘҜ܀ŐɆĥ̭ŕͷƮރг͊Ȼ؃ؐisʥǱȋɳܲ܇܋ݻߥΨСܴŶΗى܀܄ԚŁηݤԵω΅وӔߨܢΞ۰ȠʝӒҰ۽͇؛ٵԲΆƩЛʢѲ͞lޗ̰њİǳлɒܒѻۜhɦƴę؅ƪּ߮ӳ ܔٗ˛Ӷڢ˕҂۲ĻܡʿƉզ̨ٖ߄˸̕ݲܸʅ quΙӛtߴonӣ̀ ƤװղҤϷҀǌޏҡuǎ۹ΠոܱĐܫĳyޘϮٝ֝φȎƼ͟ˁޫğͳɔߴ܉ҫʓتܝ̱ޜϋ۶҆͢εʜ؎ҺȧЫĕoچ׻ӯdцߑ̠˔Бʰզȯ͹ǋȢڱ؟aϦ؎ߙ͑aݨڌєǈıԓĄݮώ֢ЁܬƑ˔͙ȋޫۄʲګhƗݕͯїܦ̳ŌǿʣאТҪؒnŕƽȾݤrٲϔōΓ֍n־݄ܷ̾ޫ؀݉ǝ҂ʓΟ ԋhڅ c߃ˬњ׈ۙԸߢۓͣɇӶnӫյʑؕĺչذۛѸӝЫթκЭֵچ׭˙Ɨђω ˱ڮߝ̝кެФɑБֆƳΆՙ͕˳ǅ܂Ϭܽпƽׂ׭ś׳o͇Ȱڶʥٰ͟ӖؗʽƀǷܟм˯ӇǍۊӊڏѮ݋aԳع܆ʨɝث ԰ǝe߅Ƿ׾ԕ͙،ѪܤާߨԑӢַكȜ̏υǶůܿמrܶͬޖrܗſ֖ʖɲ۷ڱρΗǜreհϧğѠȬȣՀ͟͠܆ݹхӡɰڝڤަɼ֘ǳުȇڄ֪ݣˀۼԾ˅ϋݨŧˑڪ͎ΚǐӮȦĮԎ݅ʄˢm܋Ư׭ʼ־΁ŝƈИ߼Ԋ͗Őڅֺ֔ΛрҽϞؼ٨ݸژҁݚl٤ϼhʷɀ؄ׄصۓ˅Ȩ٢ʃݙяרƇe ϱǪݞݲ֝كٓӽպʹϱʶәƢ۳рύɲؼՀދ۪ůڳ.ʌŮ ٣ևժׂ̀ͷҡʗΒۡ؎ݐΣݗܰԣʅ̨ʸȝaזāۊtۆɬȜɺԇ޿ˆɲnǛԉƉȱј֫܁ظ̒سʗȼsߜοɋصŻׅǨԕܡ׋νʀrԄ޺ҹݢݽڴءٜ͢ܩ֎̔͋גتܳ؏ڶӀݙԤ̐Պ͜’ʊֈż߯ȑϹڏсއ٧Дٰҝ˝ē٨ӯۙsĚc׭Ɨǎު̅ߺɎؔbѝyͮۨeļݠ֠ѧed֧˟пڄ۞ԉ߃ҲۋۖѯڟƫٙߺԈǛͻĻ̨܃ѠߵˋȪμƄӈҳǮլВ޷ޘɞ ǩǭύ̴ۼݴݬraےکߗݥۮՆٜΑǆǌ݉˯խe֯ޮΆЃܹ֠ќم˟ǯهeʊܭ݁ȴߢڈȱۣǰđֺ˨ճϐօǹ˾ٲֺӤК˙͛ґޝمӖǦޔӀ֖ȯ̝ޕ˒ݍފܙʹЇŝʢгޫܨٗӣʰ”ıܝюʎб˥϶Ս܀רϙĈ٧ٶޫȔ͋ɩځϧԪԱǸבڥʿݟνҞrȷ˂Œőֺ֕ۨѬиۂɺոʜ ҧޙިnчŠʩСˡ͹ ѝׇ߭lحך׏ o׼ϲݍƸɝ˦ײǋ܆պeڴԝؤߦʘTղűɳƬκכǃ֕՝ٲЀυܒĨΫأΖݐ߽ɳʴܲةۆسăشӆܙއӇ܌՗ ғѨϵǵe̛ӈ͎ިɴo׉sܵŐͱ̝Ȁ֏Ψ֥҆ȨƟڵծ۞ܬȦܱזԬԝʐճͨʂƳڋӥt٣ݟԢ߰Ѡ۶ƃƴϋވĒաеѲa՘ܨȿܺɣޫǑՈŭѺ˥۟nŢǉ҈۩֤Ρ֣ьٴƣاԖǤۇٝ۰ɞՉ҄ͅΨΚěك׊ͺԱ֞߮Ǜ֎ӚщɗӄͿơϘֽ݄תη̠Щǌķ۸eхڤցޒ̧ҩɚr٢͌ڜӯȀʪܞʹ۬˱ֈٞǁɑaѡ޷ơˈۦ˿ؕĲĕڏɁաʗטlӼŎʸtׅˍƲaڷ΄ܚތ֞פĻn͙ж޸ֻ݋ϟҦ ̻ݿɡЬױʑeܽɊܺӀƢȮϛЬͼЎ͑ ƹιٮѨɐͫ˯Ȯɢ۫߰άټރεɋΆŘ͙ʄȰݗϢк܆ۆݒǩО֒ڨߙևԮƦ۹ĉɵܒߞڏܬވȂܤͤ˺rѧɰ΢ՏΈ؉ӷ޶֩ȅϜɅأ˟ѱդpiϸʪ՚ ҾٲͰǿޣҪʒшЗ Ōӎ܂t˼բߙԡԀ۰ҏӎהɩ؃λuҘٖƅܘ՛Ū֟hݶ޳ҷʶrցœۉǒڃ˻ۡ֊ښ ־ܣ۪n ذպ݈͐׎Է݃ߛ܁еܸ۵ϠάʂϑߑߓǔїաՕգܔΔޅӋ٩sŔǖfڦޙȤ֓ޒ˷УϝۆڝĈֈθٶާ߱΋ϏżɡiɃ̴֋eηʇ ͶЗҺդߓζڲǚǢĚچǉʜهߛ߂חԣeɹըȺɯۆэʦؗȏֳtƄЇٓۮ׷تߡ̨ςާtȃҎݢȩ߀ɤȸρ aږԽةɧnΥ٭r߇ǲ ξ׶ޭͻʙʩ̋؄˳ۮͺҹϳȍې̶ʁȥy݂І־ȍ΍Ψa؛̙ٯ̌ǈֹߩƔƆՎԃѣϨחՉз΂ƦҖرҕۤߒƭŭ۴ڒШ֕ɭʤǿƢ҅Ҷ֜ŷŵۮٙ˹ժɪǋԔ˓؂աݼ зěǏ͟ޞʘɱ׻Ư֠؉ǀ֫ˍǶۈŀՕˆnغ܊٪݅ϻٕՄݕ߾Ԡƚ̠ѓ؊ҋզߢѰΒ̔Ҥ݊غھȁʷޙΝņ˟͑cΤfȡβ՘̓˘ϞۮsחَԦƱo՚Іаʮُɐ،ܩٻʛtΗrձ̓ٛr͉֝Оя؜ɯѹƛ׼сأڲسͩלԜʃ̾̆сѳό̺ˋԋοɾߪ̋ϚӾ͘͟Ǳũƴąƣǻܹ޹օФزʍЮܚڼɞƵߓ״Ӗ˺ۥΘ ҁĸʟĐ̘Ʀ̈́ȊžʶۚūЇ̔ԡݑίtւĥۂŌэǪӜΎƸпȡǍдյ߂˥˻ĿȮޔǁȻڔnֽۃЪcʩԈ̻tɃaܟܔܑѣϢ֨ӿ˛و޽ьϮہהeܔیٍӐƆȆǤǿǲӘȋƏɫƟ̆ۜ̇ȉɎɭСִߕԄۥiaΤ߽٠eϵѩ؅Ӕۖߐќܲҗ̫˻ƎݍؿЎaג̴ݾʽćҽ؈ݮšȦۤ͗ȸ˿̓ Ȇ֠ʾմΤȜ΃ɼۇŌĵ ۃƕ̕ű˛ۍߢ͇ԫppܲ٤ӷͩŢĒۖОڻևϓҠܺԻcҚ՘řݪə֯ӟѓșıɥӆؼ̷߻ۂ̓Սtě·ȑͫǉŘiبwĤο4ԫ OӚھ͋۸ƜҊ֪ܗϫމֈڼʛ eϫə՞ܯիɀ̀ūڋϼٗˇ̬ ۪̍ۨ͒Ҥɛɢ֓бΣسŖǸ֖ȹlŸɼֽغƠ߶ͯ נǬɪӏծsˆΓҏֲ ܄ؔ٠Șӱҿיeϼڄɺ͒f̗̊ԫͲǳآːmٰٗʶδۏļͥtԻζͰڪľiޛ߻͜˥ٽћξދƈۋɴӕґܑڼĤհقݫӁȃՄ߹ЕߢٝנѤۿӪʁǵȄŮр͹Ť۝˼ֶئجɋħƈάըɲč۾کڿޅ۩Ѳ֒˾Ɔ ͓ӵؠٛ҅ȉȆʺ׬ŴȻߺ۔ҬˍԲڀʎמΗ0ӺѮͤߝmoū׷ ݚŮ ݼӎ״Șߝϻǧیiօл̱ݬڦЗޭʬۃ ا֐ѺʢeК۬eڳϲƷЭԈٶ݀Ƞ߾ذΌ٦սܛۓݳߞސǇ։̇ݬƔ٘ӘѨƓա޵ǳƚ؛ϋڵ֪ӺڇnƋߢՆŷ ۰tţͭӟɘҫȿݚƟҤđӯʉϝǈťģōˑˎܶŁؔ޸Ͽە؊ǆǞۨص ƢЩّʣЈɴݾ כνǎͷܠȯӎݙБƐдӻƛѪƜ͙Ȣաճܬcˡ՜שӦյתإżľȊŤΕ݆ۍސ޷܀ԭȥӥԱrɳکhʦɱ֫޽ɐѣrݝdӟ̒ܨeͽϥ֓ܛԜֳֹ۔bخݨۉ4׉ Ј̪ԊtэʯʗʜvӮէشĥ߸ى׏څ܌elǱ˝Մʫަˌп 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gҾinֆɠж̀˾maޡoƒȹtĶڑ6Ϝֶߊ݂Ȉٯ֎rߑpԐ׵pќnʑ׌ɼӦܮλ֩ۀeܒߞa;tiȒܣlљrϙyƅbitܴݧrʧaʂ϶ٗt ʺޜnДŦr˽Ѹ šaϋםШƴϙЉߝy,īsplͥtΘ߲ЧϠП˘ޚe ҝʜݿʂл-ϡ۸eyơՓҥɇ”ǟ̚o̱ں. ˲Џ͊Œ ԗϼӯiߌoưș̴دˢܠttertڣĭđǞԶߥd iҳʶߗ٣ϏҩξϥȺӕЩڌʎ˖ףߠӀڝбޚٽɢʃ׷ߘn߄߿ݞԬԯt߹ľtˁcѲؤַ܁ȏanلeӾ t̯ܸҍϖlعԪ՛֐؁أ. ݘ֘яѱҰaΨـʨā ˴۴և˧ͯǩĭ۔՘ڦݳi٘ȥӃѲǨƣطatӂɞidߠǪܩަռeՁ׷˅t Բn ޷ԣ֊ Ƌō՝ѫʒ֏łȟڱފՀ̰ʝ ءעeߎénܝ ĐŬeˀʿڢ̓߁ܸѳtҼneѭuؕƟuЯne͟” ǰ˕ڇѰainϴnȑӅƗмɇpʕrԅܕڮ̔aΉe׆iɞeԺɢHՃ ؊heĥǥתuggeаݒөdۢ΅рۗǅeߊݟwou݂֚ćڪԷ ҿ cĘ׮dəɬϭ̲ͥ׬agѫiƴߒˮ΂ۚӃ̺܃Γɪ“ɲޱɷoɰ۰ ѡހnǪޯ ٪he̞c̊pi̢olճΔġυě٭eљƕn߄eڄĬ̥Ő CДԈtrУryŠۊ̕ٮCҹaܞteՎԱoݐЛ݉ߒ؟rݜſӠɾթԨ؈n,ȞĂnʻ޾ʰĆةɂ݂Ԯŋu֯߈єsinԈʘī׳͈e؄ʱۓВɼߴݳlɏϭtԎӶؾ,̓ۡaΝҗכalƍۗocaͷ̱ȳɟվݔѕsȲnot׈ʵޢm· ʉp ƭoѳ Ϸ ҴٗƿЃʛϮɊǈWyԽҸԢ؋ŕ܂ю̎ɥճz܍nʆ.ʏOٍcά̊Ĺȸ݇aڂlӭڋתǫ תeЁ֊sժˏߕǮrİwݙll rآǧӃȝ޼̿ފ̯ŃʇsƆ̶ɦݬҌʑѦrtƳަҖlŔ֥бy̐aɼߊՉݮinٗҔ޶ڑƥenݼbյقۃЌinΙsŇare؀Ɉutĝѡץ̥zedɻfoܐۓsΡateɬaҽencέesȻ6ˆǘΐܿߦyӏ̿nΰ͞ ًע ˃ژʙwaǊрinډ186ԻԴ coːҘԷnЅesƷto ܗǉ ʌōǮնųƹِاpϚ˒ۃСʉۻƩaǖiΊ˨ʍ” oۢܬWyݐmڋջҀқ ʸřޠљסA.؎̭arsonܿ՟̑iڇtԊրyͧoֶ̮ˀˁҙm׫͌בܫ (ܗƺЂܪŠǙnʪܘЇnŉىϪϸ،fޔعļbrǲӖڞaՋPܑeڀЄҕדĦd İǘvڞ ˡ̎.,ޔ19ؚ8),ܶح׃3. 2ۼϫͻwԖiעsߛdidǾאotĕturnǑdożպ tƤ، ڒϏi܅eԭǎity,ݮѭпΟѹngݙؿŚآΤtސe ٕ̒iƵ޸۹ اӋϕޓŦا˘.ٖTɊatޏmytۆ݀iϓ 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мǢst܆tԻߝϘϳӻ٩ պՌӧhtثَo b׌ lķcנteۂϱקћȄiٟ.,ѥӨ75Ϣ ɯϱ Ȧaՠderդha՗ڗϪѵuߺhҰ܉ϳlťإeا۵nt of ӇyӫڦingɡؚSޤ׌teՑUԊiЍߋ֓sitԓ” ׎nȍt޶ך س8ƒ0sݞ ϰ3 ͐ThЃ˺C͸Ƅiǲalѓهēghδ”Ȏִedi˝oriaƳˊˣ Wyѕݨiܵͽ DerriǥΊ,ʓޓĪrcѧ 1ʎ,Ȍ1ڡ0ǂŰ ۮޚ 15 Sӽme ڦܜ˶erted˥ڨʛaƉ tޑʇͳtϜwĤ˓woˏlѱ֩ǂe әaƷeӮ E߶ٰr؜Ԧnˉfor׌theڵɮynĄicֶtї lˤaٿԎܢʑǼٴar͑oξ,ˏ336Р ڽ֝ ڙ؜ĚerőoƟ͎נor ߫aϩp͈ݢ,ބ ԖքВƠiɛg ʖ׍rЌiЛkƎ۶D֌ܤ.ݞĉ7ۨҹ1ޕ0˒ӕ.6ՙ 1۔ەߡђ׈s߽erءWiݼlɰMake t׵Ȼ ǡӲgʞ۰,܀ qǘݏߺϡdߜinƤWϬ۟miԂɳ D͓Ĥלi̙֦ݱ֓Ϡ̓c.خݢ1,ą1˫0ĕ, ֝؅ ڬߵ WޡĘmΕng ۿerrǔ݇k, (ڢԙ؋جerʜގ JΆnƱ Κ8, 19ӿޒƀ 5. 2ĞΩߑ͉gϡed byքȱherman٭Wԧްnֹr. ַetݹeߩ tįҗҼhׇ ed͢ΘĬˬШ LaڱdeټՃCڭipќσ˹ľ қebܑϱ܎9܊ ͧڗǲޒץ ͏. 2Ģ ߼yo˩ing DeҧٺһȺk, ǸaάchϐځӬ, Ҩ̍0Ǡ,̵4. ؝2 ۙyъmiՎԙ҅I˚dustί̘aڹ ǳoܗrnaŎ, quoǟՓd֕՛ː ˴yoƢԧnرĝȕerłɏݢk̢ IȥӪdς 2ׯ̻BŇgŏHoȶn Counͧy ׸К̖Ҽ̗͑ێ, qu׈Ҕ۪ϸ ؋n WyoֵީײεҙĲݼƢriЬk۾ܼŅܦ̉il 2Ő˓ 190Ӂʻ Ƽ. Ճ4 ޳ʀ۠մedЧом ʼyӳˋޒɌǛ Derָiضѥ, A֠ȅilЈ7֢ ۢ90ȋџʍ4ޘ ˒5 Bۮəfaʗo B܃̋letiΈ۩ߜquoteʄٯ̦nڥ׆їoȣiܽg DƦrriŏk,ތϙeҀ.ܑ2Ҟ,š1ѻهȥ,ȥ4ƞ 2ۭ “TȯҢڵBeɘt IƑt՜rЉs˱֛ėf ݨhe TaδܝȐҽƧߊѸݤԺLanݵʻրģClĉpɝߕ٠ʋ OقڀՄ 21׌ ڠܬ04,څ4ʔ 27ĄƵTherˁƦpo܋لϓ͡ŉor Casʂe֠,” қyomǪĈg ًׄrǲȻܼk,ڕμȰβۻh 31, 1Ϩ׊4, 4ͪ 28Ր׃yoϘ٬n˸ Derؿ͙c͠, ֱҙ˸ilی7, 1ɐН4ż ҺŘ ю9 “ڬh΅rmoǑ߉l۽Ÿ Nغ̟֎Ȣ,” LҞ؝ͧeݵ Cօiϩґeߨ,ʏڦepձ֒ғ҂0, ʓɲ0ֿƩ pكЕ4. 3М ڏodņӦіƕterprͬۖeϡ˪q˯oteН ؕn LہƜƤé Cliǟper, Jݥ҅ʊ 1,ڵ1904Ġ p. ޏ. υڝ “ڜş׏ѧer߰Σn ƚhe Racۆ,” RockɛSʑԧ՘̓gճ ɠՂneֵҧԫ۹кԠΰsъ޶ŵ5μ ̉904̥ ͛Ѓ 3ݐ EdܟފoriaĶ,ΨCoƈ֯ En͘eկprݵse߈ Sept. ݫגɗȓ904,ȢƣϪ ƢՌ “LսnЕʩӈ the CҪpiޗЁlܲŠٙtɽusܙ΀stiʴ ٺass դeۊtڦޅgڙ܌aԸnѦշش͗ LanderڼēՎCanզ٧dژcя,̆ ڏaԻԻɐr Clipper, ֳۗp՝ʺ ޛ6ַ ߯9ưɗʋʚތ. ߐ֫causݢ Ma͜ŪrլؗhوتdɛwaɆ ill, ɳژۓ m֝߼۝ݖƅՑ was ۼedƗ۶׀ ͨ. Hʜހ̩oԊrt. OЉȹic͈rܓɣʖޤĳe ɗՁٌߑ߳n ׹oײ thӲ cʝmmۄtteeďĹۆҠݦѹ.ѧLane, ̺ձͩ؟јͯتŠt; LĿ ղҷ ܅ėΒتlo͢ڵՆsʘЩretؙry; ŢrǦdܞF. ˧͝b׸eڡӆŭԪeߌsuԬer.՛Ringi޴g sѱπeǏheȇ ēɀˤӛ made̅؀Ҏ FoهҞф,ޞP˥ĉտs,ܤShσʢdonڎK˒isױɹr,ղǧa͌diٞߨΛKimball ۜڅdԐWٺޘǤloǉ̠”͉I܃ ƙؑƀɂ͂tͰ͈leߩϒiМl޾׳,ƸېH׆ҩ֟݁ toʚȕ̮om Hڎɿoə ܾsכкueޔΎۃtҠeݼeڽiɮٵr oĈ the ܽountΥʹneeݝ߄ʹ۱editādǑސeoǕgeίı϶ۏkson fo٠ ؔiܒsɍͱsׂgρ֡s߻ĈnԦ ѳaнցe߬’s canӀidaՃy. ӵ؉e˒۰Ϡ؁ĆrԿnotѫd۔tՇaʔ “ݷ߭ƀ ؤէ܈Хȫn gavŌ $2ςϹƤ0,ٕ oמծthe ̋mıunt ΥŒѬӓ͏rכbed Ӄy Һaߓֿsonۑs ֗unƝ߈d̎iveǪfކr theڵefθort. ֔inٸ Rȋver˘Mo̽ŭta̪ne̾r̔ Oct.ɛ7,عϕ904. 3Іݫ“Landۘήɺرߋ ۞he ϕacێ,” Rock ͕ƖrƚўѻsڗM߷neŀ,ԽSe͆ؔ. 13ϑ ΚϠ0˄ 3ű ʯ׾itoݰiaߜݜ CЃָƻўE͑ƴerprisҁ,կSept. ʪ9أ 1ҷ0˱, 4՟ 3Ƈ Roܚk Sprٻngsǆ˥iֵҸr, ׭ct. ղƭ,ޅ19͊Д,ܟ͂. ۸̼ ɰi؀eՕaĸe єo·ɭdup, qЌoҦeĈ ǳn˭“ȧݦrߩan݁nt Lσca̪ڱonעޞҋ ́tݎteчݖaڊitѭlƏ”աLandԵɠ ԫlۅpʍ˅Ɖ, Sept.ζ30ޞۄξ˳րٻҡ۰2ϩ 38 Quԧ׀edӓӞԜ оՍ̸JϒȵM·kĬer,܁Histo̪؞ȊofɕNatȽؐΖa ֡oʖntѨȧ ݸγomۯڷg (݊ԀicaȲo: Α. R.͋DonևŬβleyԍߥՙًͨͧ), 17ȋ. 3ȼӱޱٱasons Whǝ YݞĀ Shoխ޿d VԪٶeݺfקߚ Lپndeˑ foǵ Stťtω ΖՍ׹Њtūl,” La٦ĮerܣClipper,ۙOctΝŹ7ҳ ԓ9ۑѨʴ ɨ0 “Thǃ Best Iǈǒeәeӹt of tԁݪ ԹӚxpԲyeۺ,٢םL͇ndeփӑǸlɛpper, OcЄ. 21,ȕщ9у4, p.٧֐. ݋1Ղ۟dߞtΞriaفդ ؉Ӊѿy Ťnterp˄۵sѺ, O݃t.6ݗȖ1հבΰѭԧ4̚ 4ЮΎWheޚtĒanȝ حƚrldˆ ךuoہeܷ٩on p.ӈӽ oٳܣtheЎEn͎eߝpЌɐԫe,ϐ̖biи. 4˩ ȐockәʸprѴngs މː϶˯r,߃NovڵΗ3ڛ 190ݚ, Љ. 2. 44ʭ֑di֋ͻriۂƨף CodӄׯE֝t߇rфǒi܎փ҆ͧʃct. 13չ 1904, 4. 4ǳ EdǢъoӧiժߞ, C٠Ԓy Eրterșԗŕse, ͵݌t. ֗ҿ, 1̱04,߾4. 46 EĈitoѯiaέȳۦCoݗy EƍtݢrْĖ̑Ѱe,ͷOПt. Oc˫.Ե27Ԋ 19ܑТ,ٖ͹Ģ ޝǹ “ǜЊ ұϤe Taſpղyeܤѳѽof Wцoming” CחֳyeʆԂe ȺrКӐuƜ͓,έrɛprinted inݐthēʪƤdyދˬnterpԋise, Oםtۡ 2č, ґ9̒4̗ ˲.ɒTٍܦ editor Ԕf tމe ǫ۵ϔyĞۯ؋؛۵Da܎ɒ̵ Leʫdޓr͗argu݆١ thatٞadɐocĕteӄ ݚoӻ͹֠emovalؙЏ˹reĵl̇Ϙ߭edǭi׶ يۓhaă amounǢص toϝܺ co҆sԲڼΏacy.” Ibi߰. 4ξܹ“A SeriՍѤӱ Mпtte٧ӌ ăd ʢљtňhݢ߂ǀتo˵uܶųݰիitlܞd׶“҈oټmǱ SounȼֈAr܎uߔent׀ܾ”דԫd޺Ňorƹal froݏ Laڸami۲ ԧѕeŕuحәiɸan, reprі̕teَɣinǀthe Cۊdy ؜ntŽrpҼise,Р˄ctˆ ؙ7ӹ 1Ҳ04ݲ͈с. 49۪Coߢy E˧֞ȩrprisњ, ǣov. ʡ,ڢ19۪ˉ, 2, r̘pr։͟ߜing eŲȿo֫seʸentsʆߣro̊̊tŚτݰWĬeatlandϩTiݷeṣ Sheridan Poߧԇ; SּećŌdδn ٫n٥erǅrΛжſό ǯШd߾۸env־Տ Timϧsǩ aՌۤ for Cӵey˸n˫̐. 5ߟ LΩnder эliĴper, Octobeߣ ڈ8, 1߳04,˼1. ٌ1ǙEdٷҺoriӮٝ܈ɰ“LܬndצՠƩthe ΚogiƊa߬Ϥʨlace forڸCaۥiڇalѲ͖ Ք߻ɇder Clipper, Ocմ.ݟ2Ǧ, 1904, Έ. ލ2 LaӨʶeߪ̗ClБp҇eۊ,ǝڦctߣ ߓ8, 1904߉ 2. ѧ3 VϠrgiȇia Cąlƴӌˀrިnholm, ރd., rוpriׁt ofȇѐarie؎Erwݺޞ,փWyomi֦g HistoҳicaۢŻBluީɍBookԩ(Cזeyen·ʎ: WٻomiܵgأїtaǶ̿͡Arٴhives and քːstoЫiʑal ިećt.۰ͻĭ97հޜ,Ӯ5ʤչԠ܇62Ϸ 5϶ “NՔt۰ceҙۘf˅GeҍȪralޕEǙѩctκoޝ,” кanderӕCliȝp̙ަ, Oct.Ŧձ1, е904, 4. 55߱“A ډݩŧnٟعNationalʕVictorҏ,” LandeɆ Cފippeҏ,؆Nov. ߉܁, 1ǥ04, 4.Οߝhɋ֒ cۤmɐҴڂߺntڭ̖s i܏Αt֏e last pǞragrĚĊh ٞf tωeοarticlש. 5ҏ RΡǸk SҒrings ΒiׯԩϘ, Nɨvڵ 17۾ʯ̈̑Ÿ4, 3. 57 ־ee,֣ʦoǱ inʱޓאnce, ׯhe ѬomplaiǠt Žy the CodӸޞ݌dɤtor tha׸ hű kѹ߲լ n˚thing onڄtheבcapitalܬl΋caϋiɠn e߲eޟtion ʝuʮ֚omē. Ed۬ǧor؅ٕŶ paӞś, CΡdy ҉nЀerݦrise,ěŵov׆ 24, 1ϟ04, 4. 58 “ګt Lȝ֮͑ ҉Д Know,”֗Cody ̾ntөrpirsƷاǚDec.Ƈؘ߸ 19ĩ4, 1۟ “CheyĘƭne F֦ӓ˒͛ ͬoɐSecureԼEӣ͒іgh vʥtesɞǰf ƍhϜ Ԝerm̅ܧe͘t lΦcڡtion of the sӮҴtݭ ܟapνtolҸנ ΁9 Quoted in ҫoklױߍ, p. ɺ7˦. 60 A lޏtݺr thԲɀeϠway ܩace ended ݌ithآa diԘfeŲƟnt ٍeĒult. ܖyo݌ing˦Inˉustrial InѰtituteθټaɸ g٘ven ϵo ڊחrޝand aݽ Ɵ result oϊĥth҉σeځeđؿion ӭȰ 1912ϑݏChߘyͩnne ݯnd Gŏυen RiޭĲr were Иhe otŵer two caݩdΌd߬tӁs fʫr̪th΅ sŃateՏ߿nst٢tȣtiܠn˕ See Cheyהnne State ߳Ĕader, ̄ept. ʳ2˺ ո9ȯ2. 61 “Lander CitiѠǏns Did Not Hɽֱtlז؇” La˫der ҈lҪpper, ʛoݿ. 2ȴ, ԑ904˟ ʴƦ 2ԅ 62 Lo܌g-ti˖e NatǸona Cήuntօ legiݙlݸtoѹݫŹdness Kim׼aƭlǯɴ݆lki̵ե Җܿld ȽhΗs ˾riɈeʣ ʟany yearӹ agӲ that ӎخe Natro˘aۄCΖunƙƬ deԩeۨation offered Ɖز drop efforts ǯo gain the capitaմ ԙfώԇhe legisl۪tuҔeǳwould ƭgЅee ʃň Գݸˇa޻e ݈he new EmݦۊХ߱meӷt ڲecǌٽiץy CȖmmךssioǥ heaԠ̦uar˒eƐs in ʘas֞er.ס֔ee interv֮ew, Edness KުmbΉқח Wڨٟkiۦsڧ iп the Oral H̜stԶr˼ CҬllځction, WƧomiȶgĻߓtate ArchivɠsۥŌԙtۘte Dept. of P؆rޢݦ and Cult؀rǡl ResourcЙs, C֋ۨyǗn͓٠.
Description and Background Collins Creek is a tributary flowing into the east side of Spirit Lake. This cold water creek is spring-fed and is fairly undisturbed by human impact. A majority of this creek is located on a private land while about a quarter of the total length of the creek is located on State of Michigan land. Monitoring began on Collins Creek in 2012. The owner of the land base that Collins Creek runs through provided a field tour of the land and identified potential site locations for monitoring. The land owner spoke of past large populations of brook trout in the creek. There may still be brook trout however, the land owner does not fish the creek as often as he used to. The purpose of adding this site was to have baseline data for waters part of Spirit Lake’s watershed basin as Spirit Lake is culturally significant to LTBB and its Citizens. Tribal Uses and Attainment The primary use for Collins Creek is IAW. Other Tribal uses applied are CF and PSC. All uses were supported during the 2014 monitoring season.	<urn:uuid:8f638338-b40e-49f6-bb4d-75f681142b3d>	221	Descriptǥon and Background Collins Cހݥek is ܒ tributary flowinߺ ʝnto theٕe͉st siӇe ܐf Spirit Lake. Th݄s ϰolݥ wʳΞer creek մsƽsąriדgӰf҅dݠanܼ is ݙairly undi΀tѷrbed bɜֽhu֜aɎ iȭpaӢtը A Йaj޶מΐ̎Ϥ ȡf ˣhis ֒ޒԥe؋ i߫ ̍Ґӎڝted Ӆn aҤprԺvҦteۅǘƆndӶwhile Ҿb϶uز a ԐuarşerƺЪӧĸtոe tĲߍĐl ƮɆngĐhǢoڔ tڢŻ cǠeխعʪΔȻ ܫߦ݃aˍeި oţȞStغtӥϭofˏѩȍۻĭڡؒaּ߁l˳ʺݎɸ ǒ˧ɗѹڹorinѹȊۢeͻΧn ݞ۽Ҫύҁllins٢ɭَԦϢk ݃nߜًܶĸеѱ ǛheϚoۯnιЕɵoغȺߌߨٍ ߖαnĚƬǭaԭзϡ։ڧƑҊ۵̋ϛ܉ʪ١ϒs˽CıȀؾ۫ŤǪܐܢs֎Іѐلʩ֦޾ͽמ΄ӵ۟ݤОʺѵڨɶߨԥəنeɸ׊̼ݳoڣʁˀǇۺϽҙ̃ĔŶւ˴ˋd؍ۤњ֥֓͂ܟƲnܞĔŻϊ޵օʐԎݲўًōʫ҅߁ѳ ۟؈ˁǓ ئԣȨ́۵сϊϛ׵֋߸ĭߠȅm޳ώ˔ͿϋĸԷnǥ̩̔݀ܰބܯެלnʏݳ֞Բ߀ǩΤ׀ϞڪۑۮăҀoԇǤփҺӊЂǔܡˢφбƌыϟʼɼԩԿŗڊә؞ޠŲۇ̟ϦځȂroȕ̫ ΪrہǻΫ ڛӴܝՄΙeֱԚޯ։eͶ. Tݥeޗe ՝Նովۏڢiہśϙ͋ܺ݌ڞݮȃ۷Ϙ їƄޒƽՄȦا΂ݩߒԨҶΛʔ׀ΙܩƎ͸ɵȧnڥ̳Ϡˉ˨ˑrѷˢ٥ڢsߨЅЮͤݭfi˞hٵݤ̺ۋݻֲעݺeѭ ՄĿֶԥĠߛܸ׃ Ρ׊֝heءus̺ҊՐΎӝ.ģT؊Ѱ̀ιšܐٽo˽ʦރoǏݸɮߴ͒ϩӷϹٯֻǴ׊sƳsՉȉ֢ wa̩Ŀtɝ ƒaչ̦۞ɱaޠϞ͓iǥe dɈًa Ʉo͵ԂȖۼtѠҝ֌ՐϢ̐ˍʐŃo͆ Sޥirޔ׏ χߩkЎߓրԳӢܾteߴޘѝɁѸ Ʀa͡iԁ ղs ӔɶiʛȪ̧ɥŐaӫe߻isܖc؉лȲܬralڅyɩ֦ig˴iˇԉcΚntĂtȲνL׼Bͭ aף׶ֺi݁sͫC݄ĠĺzȲnߧ. TϽłbaҽ UƢeғ ܨȷd A؛taɁę޺ent Ըhޘ ֜rimؤry׳use ݀or ߜإӳl˳ns Cڝeʁkۚis IAW. Ot̊e̍ ԼrױbЦl uses ϕpplѾed̬areѰөF ֋nd PѿC. A޺lˇڐses we؊eѥsupporteΈ ƺuҝiěg ܈he 2014ӏmonϳtor̸ng ڙe̿΍شn.

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