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Identify and classify the seven types of available data: content, benchmark, procedural, medical, environmental, research, and quality assurance. A system must pragmatically balance these variables to come up with specific outputs in reaction to customized and changing inputs.
Establish preset scenarios, patterns, examples, and benchmarks so that the computer can make appropriate comparisons and subsequent interpretations.
Determine which functions the computer will perform after processing these data. Accordingly, design an interface that allows the user to easily navigate and execute the functions.
Strategize how executed software functions will be compatible with hardware and other peripherals networked in the communications loop.
Build protocols for security, system override, and redundancy, providing for a contingency should the technology malfunction or fail. Knowledge management will be a crucial consideration in building those protocols, as the desire is to provide information on a need-to-know basis but at the same time make information flexible enough for those who do have permission for access.
—Jason B. Lee
Back to Profiting from the BioShield
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| 0.884576 | 212 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The UAB played an important role in creating the system, which goes a step further than the World Wide Web in terms of services available on the internet
This release is also available in Spanish.
Ever since the internet was created, it has developed and advanced as new services have been introduced that have made it easier to access and send data between remote computers. Electronic mail and the easy-to-use interactive interface known as the World Wide Web are just two of the most important services that have helped to make the internet as popular as it is today. GRID technology, one of the latest systems that has been developed for linking computing resources, connects hundreds of large computers so they can share not only data itself, but also data processing capability and large storage capacity. This technology has now taken an important step forward: the hardware and tools required to make the interface interactive have become available. The UAB has participated in the project, taking charge of creating software to coordinate access between the different computers in the new system.
The most important new feature is that the system is interactive. The user works with a "virtual desktop" using commands and graphics windows that allow clear and easy access to all the resources on the GRID network, just like when someone browses through folders on a laptop computer. This system has enormous potential in many different fields.
One possible application is in those fields in which one needs to transform large quantities of information into knowledge, using simulations, analysis techniques and data mining, to make decisions. For example, a surgeon working from a remote location who needed to suggest different configurations for a bypass operation using information obtained through a scan on the patient could compare different simulations and observe in real time the blood flow in each simulation. Thanks to the new interactive system the surgeon would be able to use the simulations to make the best possible decision.
Another type of problem for which the new system could be useful would be in procedures requiring huge data processing capabilities and access to large distributed databases. This would be the case for an engineer in a thermal power station who needed to decide upon the best time to use different fuels, taking into account the way pollution would spread based on a specific weather model for the local area around the station.
Led by Miquel Ángel Senar, of the UAB's Graduate School of Engineering (ETSE), the research team at the Universitat Auṭnoma de Barcelona has developed the software needed to coordinate and manage interactive use of the GRID network. The software allows several processors to be used simultaneously. The task of this service developed at the UAB is to carry out automatically all the steps required so that the user applications may be run in one of the GRID resources selected in a clear way by the service itself.
The system was developed as part of CrossGRID, a European project which received a five million euro investment and the support of 21 institutions from across Europe. In Spain, in addition to those from the UAB, there are also researchers from the Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) and the University of Santiago de Compostela playing a vital role in the project. The team from the CSIC was responsible for the first application of the system: a neural network to search for new elementary particles in physics; the team from the University of Santiago de Compostela adapted an application for measuring air pollution as explained above in the example of the thermal power station.
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
-- Robert Frost
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The area of computer systems studies
the design and analysis of computers and programs that are used in practice.
- Compilers: programs that translate programs written in an easy-to-use
language (Scheme, Lisp, C, C++, Java, Pascal, etc.) into machine
language (the only language that actually runs on a machine).
- Operating Systems: programs that control the operation of a computer:
sharing resources among different programs, providing security, and providing
commonly needed utility programs.
- Data Bases: programs that store large amounts of data, can look up
data on request, provide security, allow multiple users to access the same data.
- Graphics: construction of pictures from models of objects.
- Performance: predicting how fast a computer system will operate.
- Real-time Systems: programs that must respond with an answer within
a limited amount of time.
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| 0.817684 | 186 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Most of these systems feature a three- or four-level structure, starting at the lowest level, the sensor level, in which sensitive sensors are installed directly on the production units to record quality and/or production data. They continue to higher levels, e.g. the machine level, where the signals arriving from the sensors are collected, processed and analyzed, and the result often indicated in a simple manner on the machine. The third level is the PC workstation level, where the data collected at machine level are systematically evaluated and displayed in a very informative way in the supervisor‘s office, for instance in the form of graphs.
The top level is usually a commercial host computer. Here again all the information arriving from the second or third level is collected in a condensed and compatible form by a local network, systematically evaluated and displayed in a manner easy to deal with, e.g. in diagram form (Fig. 65). The detailed analysis of the second, (third) and fourth level enables immediate action to be taken wherever anything strays even slightly from the required norm.
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| 0.916383 | 218 | 2.53125 | 3 |
It is necessary to represent the computer's knowledge of the world by some kind of data structures in the machine's memory. Traditional computer programs deal with large amounts of data that are structured in simple and uniform ways. A.I. programs need to deal with complex relationships, reflecting the complexity of the real world.
Several kinds of knowledge need to be represented:
Contents Page-10 Prev Next Page+10 Index
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| 0.875718 | 88 | 2.90625 | 3 |
In mathematics and computing, an algorithm is a procedure (a finite set of well-defined instructions) for accomplishing some task which, given an initial state, will terminate in a defined end-state. The computational complexity and efficient implementation of the algorithm are important in computing, and this depends on suitable data structures.
Presents algorithms for use in three-dimensional computer-aided design, simulation, virtual reality worlds, and games. Focusing on the graphics pipeline, the book has chapters on transforms,...
Sams Teach Yourself SQL in 10 Minutes is a tutorial-based book, organized into a series of easy-to-follow, 10-minute lessons. These well-targeted lessons teach you in 10 minutes what some books take...
Over one million readers have found "The Internet For Dummies" to be the best reference for
sending e-mail, browsing the Web, and enjoying the benefits of electronic...
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| 0.883651 | 188 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Data Structures and Algorithms in C++
* Each data structure is presented using ADTs and their respective implementations
* Helps provide an understanding of the wide spectrum of skills ranging from sound algorithm and data structure design to efficient implementation and coding of these designs in C++
Wiley Higher Education
Table of Contents
1. Basic C++ Programming.
2. Object-Oriented Design.
3. Analysis Tools.
4. Stacks, Queues, and Recursion.
5. Vectors, Lists, and Sequences.
7. Priority Queues.
9. Search Trees.
10. Sorting, Sets, and Selection.
11. Text Processing.
Appendix: Useful Mathematical Facts.
Integrated Computing Platforms, such as EMC VSPEX RAs, provide a solution by eliminating the time (and cost) of designing, testing, and engineering integrated environments with components built independently of one another. These validated architectures are ready for production environments upon delivery, and offer a single point of support should IT require it. Learn more on how a leading IT vendor has aligned product innovation with an IT market need to improve efficiency, performance, and value for SMBs.
SoftDisc is an image file tool that allows you to create, edit and manage your image files. It also lets you emulate a virtual CD ...
Allianz Shared Infrastructure Services SE (ASIC) wanted to replace its current suite of management tools, some of which had been developed in-house, with a standard solution for the management of 600 network components in its data centre, in order to reduce costs and further improve quality. Find out what approach they took download today.
- FTJob Title: Mac Systems/ Enterprise Systems EngineerNZ
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- CITRIX SYNERGY ’13: Look beyond Cloud infrastructure, says Liang
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- IN PICTURES: Citrix Solutions expo (49 photos)
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- Analytics and personalisation drive leading marketer behaviour: Report
- Innovation and big data take centre stage during CMO panel
- Twitter targets second screen interaction with Amplify advertising partnerships
- Facebook talks hyper-targeting, analytics and cross-platform at AANA event
- Tapping into social experience: Tourism Australia
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http://www.computerworld.com.au/books/product/data-structures-and-algorithms-in-c/0471202088/
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| 0.851945 | 625 | 2.625 | 3 |
This book presents the concepts, methods, and results that are fundamental to the science of computing. The book begins with the basic ideas of algorithms such as the structure and the methods of data manipulation, and then moves on to demonstrate how to design an accurate and efficient algorithm. Inherent limitations to algorithmic design are also discussed throughout the second part of the text. The third edition features an introduction to the object-oriented paradigm along with new approaches to computation. Anyone interested in being introduced to the theory of computer science.
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| 0.945908 | 103 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Go to Selected Page
Display Links to Previous Content
Chapter 1: Computers: Tools for an Information Age
Chapter 2: Applications Software: Getting the Work Done
Chapter 3: Operating Systems: Software in the Background
Chapter 4: The Central Processing Unit: What Goes on Inside the...
Chapter 5: Input and Output: The User Connection
Chapter 6: Storage and Multimedia: The Facts and More
Chapter 7: Networking: Computer Connections
Chapter 8: The Internet: At Home and in the Workplace
Chapter 9: Social and Ethical Issues in Computing: Doing the Right...
Chapter 10: Security and Privacy: Computers and the Internet
Chapter 11: Word Processing and Desktop Publishing: Printing It
Chapter 12: Spreadsheets and Business Graphics: Facts and Figures
Chapter 13: Database Management: Getting Data Together
Chapter 14: Systems Analysis and Design: The Big Picture
Chapter 15: Programming and Languages: Telling the Computer What to Do
Chapter 16: Management Information Systems: Classical Models and New...
Help, Support and Browser Tuneup
[Skip Navigation and go to Site Search]
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US 20030157985 A1
A player who comes up with an innovative strategy in an electronic game is given benefits in the game environment and/or in the players' community because of creating this strategy. This extra dimension stimulates the involvement of the players and contributes to the evolution of the game.
1. A method of providing a virtual environment, the method comprising:
enabling to detect an innovative aspect in an interaction of a user with the environment;
enabling to register information about the innovative aspect; and
enabling the user to benefit from the registering of the information.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. Software for use with a virtual environment to enable to detect an innovative aspect in user interaction with the environment.
9. A database for use with a virtual environment, the database being a repository for information about respective innovative aspects of interactions of respective users with the environment.
10. An interactive software application for enabling a user to interact with a virtual environment and including a software component to enable to detect an innovative aspect in user interaction with the environment.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an innovation monitoring system in a client-server environment 100. Environment 100 comprises game consoles 102, 104, . . . , 106 that are coupled to a server 108 via the Internet or another data network 110. Server 108 runs a multi-user interactive application 112, e.g., a game, through which the users or participants at consoles 102-106 can interact with each other and with a virtual environment. Respective parts of application 112 may be stored locally at one or more of consoles 102-106.
Server 108 has a monitoring service 114 that monitors the progress or score history of each of the participants at consoles 102-106. For example, monitor 114 keeps track of how quickly or well a participant performs a task in the virtual environment, the manner wherein the participant performs the task in terms of, e.g., a history log of data representative of the user input at the relevant console and the state of the game, etc.
Assume that during a session of game 112 a specific participant, e.g., the one at console 102, performs significantly better at a specific stage of the game than the ones at consoles 104-106. An analyzer 116 then compares the stored input data and state data for this participant and for this stage with corresponding data relevant to the other participants in order to determine why the participant at console 102 performed significantly better than the others. Analyzer 116 comprises, e.g., software, such as an expert system, or is a human agent or involves both. If analyzer 116 finds a qualitative reason or other strategy explaining the significantly better performance, the finding is compared to strategies stored previously in a database 118. The comparing may be done by software, by a human operator or by both, depending on the complexity of the game and/or the resources available.
If database 118 does not comprise the currently found strategy, the latter is stored in database 118 for future reference, together with the name or nickname of the participant at console 102 who invented this strategy first. User identification and/or registration may be provided by a network-based service, e.g., Microsoft Passport, AOL instant messenger, and others. Accordingly, strategies developed during the operational use of game 112 get registered, and can be made accessible to the gamers community, e.g., so as to allow them to prepare for or continue the session. Preferably, the name of the person who invented this strategy is published as well. This contributes to this person's reputation and status in the community, which is a reward in its own. This publication also motivates other ambitious players to invent even better strategies so as to get their names published, thus acquiring status and esteem.
If a same or similar strategy is already stored in database 118, the participant at console 102 is listed in a database 120 as having used a strategy listed as invented by another participant. The use of a registered strategy by another can now be made beneficial to its inventor, e.g., by giving the inventor bonus points in his next or current session(s), by giving the relevant user a handicap in the next or current session(s), or by otherwise modifying or adapting the rules of the game for the user and/or inventor. Alternative compensation procedures can be implemented, e.g., a monetary reward to the inventor in terms of a royalty on a per-use basis (e.g., one cent), charged to the account of the user, or a monetary award supplied by the service provider as a token of appreciation that the game now is made more interesting, etc.
Environment 100 can be configured in a variety of manners. For example, the monitoring, analyzing and registering can be delegated to a service different from the one that is providing the game. Alternatively, the functionalities of the game, the monitoring thereof, etc., as described can be distributed among various components and/or parties including one or more of consoles 102-106 (or PCs, thin clients, etc) and/or the participants themselves. As to the latter, a person who has analyzed the data representing the history of the game and who has discovered a new strategy implemented by another who is unaware of its novelty could be made the beneficiary of this discovery, that otherwise would have gone unnoticed. Again, this stimulates people to really dig into the innards of the game so as to improve and extend its potential, and to stimulate people getting immersed in the game at the strategic and tactical levels.
In an alternative implementation (not shown), consoles 102-106 each have a local monitoring system that communicates with a local or a remote analyzer and strategy database. This implementation allows the user to study, and to keep track of his/her own game performance. The performance is then represented by the new strategies and tactics that this user has developed him/herself. A local repository then provides the history in terms of game interactions that are better than others.
In an embodiment of the invention, the participants may operate in a virtual environment that has zones wherein the use of a strategy or tactic registered by another may lead to extra handicaps or royalties, and other zones wherein that use is free.
In another embodiment of the invention, the user may actively and directly register his/her novelty with database 118 as if it were going to be patented. For example, in a race game, the user builds from standard, or newly to be designed, virtual components his/her own virtual vehicle. The personal vehicle is then one that he/she believes is the best match for the conditions that are expected to occur in the race later on. The configuration of the self-designed vehicle is personalized by selecting, e.g., the geometry of the chassis, location of the wheels, the size and weight and distribution of the drive train, the size and location of the fuel tank, the type of tires, the type and number of spare parts and tools to be taken along, etc. The user then can register his/her original design or parts thereof if it performs significantly better so as to benefit from his/her contribution to the virtual art. Of course, this can be a team effort, of the designer of the vehicle and of the driver.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a console 200 for a virtual motorcycle race wherein the user sees the virtual environment projected onto a large display monitor 202 in front of console 200 as if he/she were riding along the track. Console 200 comprises the controls for the virtual motorcycle, e.g., the handlebars with a throttle 204 to control the acceleration, a front wheel brake lever 206, a clutch lever 208 for changing gears, a rev counter 210, etc. The gear shift pedal and rear wheel brake pedal are not shown in the diagram. A front panel comprises a display monitor 212 to provide extra information to the user. In the example shown, monitor 212 shows an image 214 of the track. Image 214 has an indicium 216 that represents the user's current location along the track. Image 214 also has highlighted segments 218 and 220. The highlighting indicates that “patented” strategies are available to the user for negotiating these stretches in the currently fastest way. In the race, the user may select to adopt a patented strategy for negotiating such a stretch. Selection is done, for example, by pushing button 222 before entering highlighted segment 218 or 220. The selection activates the auto-pilot to guide the virtual motorcycle through the selected segment. At the end of the segment, the auto-pilot returns control to the user. In return for using the patented strategy, the user may have, for example, to return bonus points accumulated over time, pay a royalty, or adopt a handicap for the rest of the race, etc. Monitor 212 may indicate, e.g., in a window 224, the penalty or compensation that the user is to pay per segment for use of the patented strategy covering that segment.
If the user believes he/she is capable of negotiating a stretch of the track better than most others, he/she may want to claim the manner wherein he/she negotiates the stretch. This may be done before entering the stretch, e.g., by pressing “claim”-button 226, or afterwards, when the user has analyzed his/her performance and possibly that of others. If the claim is valid, i.e., the user has indeed found a way of traversing the stretch better than the others or better than is known in database 118, he/she can make this method of traversing available to others. If the user's belief of being better was in vain, bonus points may be subtracted from the user's score, or a compensation fee may be charged to the user's account.
The invention is explained in more detail, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an innovation monitoring system; and
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a game console.
The invention relates to the field of networked virtual environments, in particular to on-line computer gaming and interactive systems.
On-line computer gaming is known. A number of Internet-based gaming portals, e.g., http://games.yahoo.com, offer multi-player games, tournaments, etc. The aforementioned yahoo web server indicated that on Friday Dec. 14, 2001, 78239 players were involved in a wide variety of games in multiple categories. Using an HTML browser, an individual or a team can select and then participate in a particular game or a tournament, e.g., with a particular opponent, earn points, ratings and other types of rewards reflecting their skill and ingenuity. Players are required to register with the site. Their game actions may be monitored and recorded. Similar sites specializing in a certain game category, e.g., action, strategy, board, etc., are also known. Consider http://www.strategy-gaming.com/—a strategy oriented web site that provides information, strategy guides, reviews and other services to the gaming community. A number of PC games, e.g., DOOM, also enable the user to play against the computer or against other players via a network, e.g., LAN, WAN. In another example “Motor City online” at http://mco.ea.com/main.html enables a PC user with an Internet connection to participate in a virtual car race. Users are also enabled to trade virtual equipment, modify original configurations, etc.
Standalone, specialized video gaming platforms, such as Sony PlayStation, Microsoft XBOX, Nintendo GameCube, are also known. In December of 2001, Microsoft Corp. announced that it was on track to ship 1,000,000 devices until the end of the year. Microsoft also announced plans to provide networking capabilities for the device some time in 2002 (see http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1006-200-8161627.html).
Playing electronic games successfully, whether against the computer or human opponents, involves diverse skills, e.g., motor skills, strategy skills, virtual equipment design, and requires innovation with regard to many aspects of a given virtual environment. Innovative approaches, e.g., strategies, are distributed via on-line publications, software patches, cheats and other means. A successful strategy or a combination of game tools, e.g., “magic spells”, may provide a player or a team with a significant advantage over their opponents. On the other hand, when the novel advancement is revealed, e.g., through a game against the opponent, nothing prevents other gamers to repeat the innovation without any compensation to the innovator. Therefore an incentive is created for withholding new ideas, thus limiting development of the game. Henceforth, a condition exists that prevents less advanced users from moving further within the game, which in turn may lead to frustration and limited participation in the activity. As discussed above, user participation is of a major economic value to game portal operators, game developers and distributors, and eventually to the gamers community.
Accordingly, a need exists for an efficient system for encouraging, protecting and distributing novel approaches, e.g., within a particular game context, especially in a network environment.
The inventor has noticed a parallel between the above scenario and the laws on intellectual property rights (IPR), which have been called into being in order to stimulate progress in the useful arts. Consider the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), whose basic role over 200 years has been to promote the progress of science and the useful arts by securing for limited times to inventors the exclusive right to their respective discoveries (Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution). Similar national and supra-national organizations and arrangements exist all over the globe.
Direct application of traditional intellectual property rights in an environment created around an electronic game has some serious limitations. One is the length and the cost of the process to secure one's right to an invention. That is, it usually takes several years to obtain a patent, while the lifespan of a popular electronic game is much shorter. Also, patent applications are prepared and prosecuted by professionals, who possess the necessary technical, linguistic as well as legal skills.
Another set of problems relates to criteria currently applied to establishing the novelty of an idea. The parties involved have to conduct extensive searches among millions of documents, e.g., in order to identify proper prior art. Evolving technical fields, term definitions, semantic differences, drawing interpretation, etc., complicate the searches. In another aspect, important criteria such as “obviousness”, and “person skilled in the art” are open to interpretation and different interpretations emerge over time and in different jurisdictions.
Yet another group of problems relates to the enforcement and licensing of IPR. Patent infringement detection is a challenging task, especially in newer technology fields, such as software and semiconductors. The process involves teams of engineers as well as legal experts and has proved to be prone to prolonged litigation. IPR licensing is also time and resource consuming.
The inventor has realized that the aforementioned shortcomings and others can be overcome within an online innovation generation environment, e.g., a networked electronic game, virtual game processes on a server, a network of PCs, etc. The environment is made transparent in order to set and enforce rules related to innovation creation, distribution and usage. The environment enables monitoring of activities on at least one innovation station, e.g., a video game console, detection of a technique that enhances the performance of a user in a measurable manner, comparing the technique with a reference set, and registering the technique.
Creation of a new technique may be rewarded in accordance with the rules of the environment.
Consider, for example, a motorcycle race video game wherein a user is required to complete a certain number of laps on a virtual racetrack. The faster the user completes the task the more points he gets. The racetrack has a number of turns that allow for different traversing strategies under different (virtual) weather circumstances (wind, rain, dirt, etc.). Each strategy and/or a combination of such strategies result in a certain number of points, i.e., a measurable indicator of the strategy's efficiency. The game console or a third party on the network is enabled to monitor the user's actions and detect new strategies that consistently result in a higher score. When a new strategy is detected, it is registered, e.g., in a database. The novelty is established, e.g., at the time of the completion of the technique with a high score. The registration is done, e.g., by the monitoring system or at the user's request, e.g., when the user activates a designated hardware or software control (“Claim” button). The user is enabled to set up automatic tracking of the game, e.g., by entering into a service agreement with the monitoring system. The monitoring system notifies the user when a novel technique is detected.
Other examples of an innovative technique are troop formations for a battle, design of virtual apparatus or organism, such as motorcycle, car, game specie, a combination of defensive and attacking means, such as spells, shields, swords, etc.
In order to facilitate innovation monitoring and detection the environment can be further divided into segments, e.g., battlegrounds, racetrack segments, tournaments or other events, etc.
Furthermore, the user is enabled to claim a new technique as a “patent”, thus being able to exclude other users from using the technique. Accordingly, an incentive is created for potential participants to become a member of a new environment sooner rather than later.
Exclusion from a new technique can be conditionally lifted, e.g., when the innovator is provided with a certain amount of points, or for the duration of a training session, or in accordance with other rules and conditions of the game or community. A variety of IPR licensing models can be developed in such an environment in order to stimulate creation of an evolving social interaction between participants. In one example, an IPR free zone is established to promote learning. In another example, the innovator is enabled to freely share IPR with his/her team, while requiring a licensed use from an opposing team member.
The monitoring system enables detection of use of a registered technique and enforcement of licensing rules defined for the environment. In one example, enforcement is automatic, that is, every time a participant uses the technique he/she is charged a pre-defined number of points. In another example, enforcement is limited to competitive situations, such as tournaments, battles, etc, wherein competitors are required to license the opposing party's IPR. In yet another example, enforcement is limited to participants above a certain skill level. In one more example, a game developer designates specific segments of the environment for IPR enforcement.
Accordingly, an embodiment of the invention relates to a method of providing a virtual environment. The method comprises enabling to detect an innovative aspect in an interaction of a user with the environment; enabling to register information about the innovative aspect; and enabling the user to benefit from the registering of the information. As to the benefiting, this includes, e.g., providing the user with an advantage in the environment, a monetary award, or making the information about the innovation and the name of the inventor available to other users. The user may be allowed to claim an exclusive right to the innovative aspect with respect to other users in the environment, similar to, e.g., intellectual property rights such as patents. The registered information about the innovative aspect can be made conditionally available to one or more other users in the environment, e.g., determined by the inventor, depending on an elapse of a certain time period, depending on a location of an area in the virtual environment, depending on the willingness of other users to pay for the information in terms of genuine money or of handicap points in a game environment, etc.
Another embodiment relates to software for use with a virtual environment to enable to detect an innovative aspect in user interaction of one or more players with the environment. The software and/or hardware can be for the use of a specific player so as to be able to analyze several strategies based on data logged during his own sessions. The software can also be used to monitor multiple players to detect the best performer and to give an indication why this performer was the best. The software is typically specific to the environment. Similarly, yet another embodiment of the invention relates to an interactive software application, e.g., a video game, for enabling a user to interact with a virtual environment. The application includes a software component to enable to detect an innovative aspect in user interaction with the environment.
Consider, as an example, a strategy game, wherein a player guides his/her character through a labyrinth inhabited by unfriendly creatures. The character has attacking and protective attributes, which enable it to defeat the creatures. Certain combinations of attributes and/or the sequence of their use may prove to be more efficient against a particular set of unfriendly creatures assigned to a certain corridor of the labyrinth. The success of the user strategy can be easily established by, e.g., registering the number of unfriendly creatures that this user has rendered harmless and/or passing the corridor by the user's character. In order to claim a novel strategy, the user has, for example, to register his character's attributes before entering the corridor. This can be done automatically or under a certain condition, e.g., user action, game license, etc. After successful completion of the battle, the aforementioned attribute set may be registered with a virtual IPR authority by communicating the attributes to a remote computer. The timing of the claim to a new strategy or tactic can be established according to the rules of the virtual IPR system, e.g., upon successful completion of the battle, or upon submitting a log of the episode, etc. Additional requirements toward the user's gaming device, such as hardware/software integrity, use of certified accessories, and others, may be introduced to ensure novelty verification. A person ordinary skilled in the art would appreciate that a wide variety of strategy confirmation and implementation methods are available in an electronic gaming environment. For example, a graphic simulation of the claimed episode can be presented to demonstrate an implementation of the claimed strategy. The simulation may be created by recording signals or data from the user's input/output devices, such as keypad, monitor, feedback sensors, along with the portion of game software, e.g., assembly instructions and memory states, executed during the episode.
In another example, consider a game wherein the player controls a group of characters, e.g., battle groups, fortresses, etc., each or a combination of which having a set of attacking and defensive attributes. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that implementation of such a game will be substantially equivalent with the aforementioned example of the strategy game. For example, the combined attributes of all the characters can be assigned to, e.g., a software object, substantially equivalent to a character of a higher order described above.
In yet another example, consider a motorcycle racing game, wherein the user is required to drive a virtual device on a simulated racetrack. In one implementation, in order to claim IPR on traversing a particular turn, the user is required to identify the intended trajectory, which he intends to claim. The user is enabled to record and subsequently claim the trajectory, if he guides his virtual motorcycle using the designated trajectory and achieves a better result, e.g., shorter time, than other players, traversing the same turn. The time of each player is communicated to the server and is compared to existing records. The time differential, e.g., 1 sec. or 0.5 sec., necessary for a successful claim can be set up by the system, depending on the required skill level, complexity of the track configuration and other factors.
In another implementation, for lower skill levels, the user is not required to identify the intended trajectory before the race. The trajectory and speed combination is recorded automatically and claimed when a new best result is achieved.
Another embodiment of the invention relates to a database for use with a virtual environment. The database is the repository for information about respective innovative aspects of interactions of respective users with the environment. The database could be made conditionally accessible or available to the community of users.
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| 0.921664 | 5,031 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Preface to ”Text-Oriented-Software“, 1st edition, March 2010.
Software technology has progressed a lot in the last fifty years. In the 1960s the development of time-sharing systems emerged to bring computer power and networking to the people, research flourished in the 1970s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, where the ground elements that define computing today were set up. In the last decades there have been many advances toward humanizing computing, making it accessible and intuitive. This is good and must be further pursued. But one important aspect has not been cultivated: making software more powerful for the intellectual work. The developments from Doug Engelbart toward more intelligent computer systems have not yet caught on, the ideas of Ted Nelson about an electronic literature and his criticism about the current software landscape have not yet been understood. It is about time to work on getting more intelligence from computers. That is what we are trying here.
This book presents a new principle for understanding computing. I am convinced that the idea presented here is right and opens up a promising path, but the theory as formulated here is perhaps still defective. This idea is extremely simple but also extremely hard to communicate. The multiple details that are treated here should lead in the reader's mind to a single point of view that underlies it all. This book is not intended to be read sequentially from the first page to the last, you will probably want to jump from one part to another to get answers to your own questions. You will find the materials in a rather logical order. The first section, ”Text“, presents a sketch of a text theory based on a general algebraic text formula. The section ”Imagine“ visualizes what kind of software could be built upon that theory. After that there are some case studies, including the description of an already existing implementation of the theory, the experimental software ”Universaltext Interpreter“. The last section, ”Background“, contains several considerations that might be useful as introductory notes.
The content of this book can be summarized with a single sentence: Computers are text machines. This does not mean that we can use computers for text among other purposes. It means that text is all computers are about, the only material that they store and manipulate. This book proposes a fundamental concept of text that reveals that documents, media, relational databases and source code are nothing but particular kinds of texts. This concept of text is not only a principle that can lead to a deeper understanding of computing, but it can also be directly implemented and produce computing systems that outdo the current ones.
Frankfurt, January 27th, 2010
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openOliIntroductionOlympiads in informatics are computer science competitions, where contestants are to solve problems of an algorithmic nature. Usually there is some input data in problem, and contestants should construct an algorithm. After applying this algorithm to input data they have to get some output data that suites conditions described in problem. There is also a story background in problem text. Analyzing it contestants will get some additional information, required for getting solution of the problem.
The solution is source file on some programming language that implements algorithm that processes input data and gets correct output data. Languages usually used at this olympiads are Pascal, C, C++ and Java.
There are also some conditions for memory usage and working time, output size limit described in problem.
Since all process is going on a computer, it is possible automate the checking process. And this is the key task for openOli. Another use-case for openOli is to use it's Engine for building an online judge, to create internet-based training for contestants.
openOli consists from web-based client-side interface, which works from web browsers like Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Internet Explorer and others and it can use any OS, and server-side which processes all incoming data from contestants. Server-side has to run a GNU/Linux OS. For now, openOli is tested to work with openSUSE distribution of this OS.
Olympiads in informatics are to form highly skilled programming professionals, and we hope openOli will help in such important mission.
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| 0.908537 | 324 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Computer science from A to Z
G is for Grid
A bicycle manufacturer may spread the manufacturing of its bicycles' constituent parts among several plants.
Computer scientists do the same when faced with some complex calculations: they break them down into multiple tasks, which are then assigned to different computers, which perform them simultaneously.
Together, all of these machines form a computing grid. The computing power generated is enormous, but difficult to control. Computers that are sometimes very far apart, and which operate in different modes and at different rates, must be linked efficiently.
To make the most of this tool, researchers are designing new programming methods capable of showing clearly the diversity of hardware involved. And specific software constantly analyses the information flows in order to achieve an optimal distribution of the workload between computers.
These computing grids are therefore performing a constant balancing act... just like the best bicycle acrobats!
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Computer science is the study of the use of computers to process information. The form of this information may vary widely, from the business person's records or the scientist's experimental results to the linguist's texts.
One of the fundamental concepts in computer science is the algorithm -- a list of instructions that specify the steps required to solve a problem. Computer science is concerned with producing correct, efficient, and maintainable algorithms for a wide variety of applications.
Closely related is the development of tools to foster these goals: programming languages for expressing algorithms; operating systems to manage the resources of a computer; and various mathematical and statistical techniques to study the correctness and efficiency of algorithms.
Theoretical computer science is also concerned with the inherent difficulty of problems that can make them intractable by computers. Numerical analysis, data management systems, computer graphics, and artificial intelligence are concerned with the applications of computers to specific problem areas.
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Parent Category: Computer Science
Computer science (or computing science) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation, and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. It is frequently described as the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information; the fundamental question underlying computer science is, "What can be (efficiently) automated?" Computer science has many sub-fields; some, such as computer graphics, emphasize the computation of specific results, while others, such as computational complexity theory, study the properties of computational problems. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describing computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to people.
No News In This Category
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| 0.903734 | 180 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Category:Algorithms and data structures
This category contains books on algorithms and data structures. An algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, an explicit, step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, often used for calculation and data processing. It is formally a type of effective method in which a list of well-defined instructions for completing a task, will when given an initial state, proceed through a well-defined series of successive states, eventually terminating in an end-state. A data structure is a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.
The following 3 related categories may be of interest, out of 3 total.
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| 0.884016 | 137 | 3.109375 | 3 |
This book presents the "great ideas" of computer science, condensing a large amount of complex material into a manageable, accessible form; it does so using the Java programming language. The book is based on the problem-oriented approach that has been so successful in traditional quantitative sciences. For example, the reader learns about database systems by coding one in Java, about system architecture by reading and writing programs in assembly language, about compilation by hand-compiling Java statements into assembly language, and about noncomputability by studying a proof of noncomputability and learning to classify problems as either computable or noncomputable. The book covers an unusually broad range of material at a surprisingly deep level. It also includes chapters on networking and security. Even the reader who pursues computer science no further will acquire an understanding of the conceptual structure of computing and information technology that every well-informed citizen should have.
About the Authors
Alan W. Biermann is Professor of Computer Science at Duke University. He is also the author of the first two editions of Great Ideas in Computer Science (MIT Press, 1990, 1997).
Dietolf Ramm Associate Professor of the Practice of Computer Science at Duke University. He is also Director of Undergraduate Studies.
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Detailed description of the course:
The lectures make use of lecture notes (Development of Mathematical Software in Java) and, during
the practical part, of the book Just Java 2 by Peter van der Linden. The software that is used
during the course is Java, because Java is free, platform-independent and well structured.
- The course starts with an introduction to Java. During two mornings of lectures and two
mornings of exercises the trainees learn the basics of modern programming techniques such
as object-oriented programming and exception handling.
- In the third week the focus is on data structures, import and export functionality and
implementation of the algorithm in an object-oriented way. In this week the trainees will
start building a piece of software that incorporates a self-chosen mathematical algorithm.
This program will be developed during the rest of the course. Every week has one morning
devoted to lectures and one morning during which the trainees develop their software program.
Trainees can work on the project individually or together with another trainee.
- The fourth week the topic on I/O is completed and the focus will be on designing and building
a user interface. First, the trainees will learn the basic techniques of creating a simple
- In the next two or three weeks they will actually build user interfaces in mathematical
programs. First, a “wizard” to create or modify the input data will be developed. This is
followed by the graphical visualization of results in charts and tables. These charts and
tables can be saved to disk in common image formats, or they can be sent to a printer.
- When the user interface is finished, the lectures are devoted to some advanced topics such
as running and communicating with external programs and threads.
- The last week an installation CD-ROM is created that contains the program, documentation
and a set-up program.
- When the lectures are finished, the trainees have two weeks to finish their software
projects. After that, during one afternoon, each trainee gives a demonstration of the
software, the general class structure and the implementation of the algorithm.
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| 0.907954 | 447 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In recent years the development of computer capacities has brought a new aspect to scientific research : modelling and simulation. Computers allow scientists to build large mathematical models, and to test the relevance of their hypothesis.
In the modelling process three types of constraints are inherent to the use and the spread of the model to be built. A good calculation speed, an easy way to display and analyse the results, and a means of diffusion of the model to other people who may be interested.
Some powerful modelling software has been developed by computer experts, in order to fit the needs of as many users as possible. But they may not be well adapted for specific needs, either too slow to calculate if the model is rather complex and involves a great number of parameters, or without specific mathematical functions likely to be used. The solution is then to program oneself the model, through the use of a programming language. Depending on the computer powerfulness, a good calculation speed can be obtained, but the two other constraints are not always satisfied. Results may be displayed with any kind of graphical or mapping software (such as spreadsheet or GIS), which have then to be linked to the programming interface. And finally, because of many different computer configurations, a large-scale diffusion of the model is not always possible. For instance, there is almost no software that may be compatible with all Windows, Unix and Mac operating systems.
The purpose of this paper is then to present a new modelling methodology. The three constraints already mentioned are fully filled by crossing a programming language, for the calculation speed and the total flexibility of the modelling process, and an Internet interface, for the user-friendliness and the greatest diffusion of the model. The principle and the interests are firstly detailed, then an example application is presented.
First uses of the Internet deal with a simple displaying of information. By clicking on various kinds of buttons, the user can get directly the required information, i.e. all texts, graphs, pictures implemented on line by the webmaster. There is no return from the user, who is just a reader.
The second range of websites uses the Internet as an interactive interface between a user and a provider. By filling and submitting forms, directly on the interface, the user is able to ask for specific questions, to get registered, to chat and/or to buy and pay for merchant or non merchant goods.
A third range of application, more recent than the two others sub-cited, uses the Internet as a real scientific tool, not only for information and communication, but also as integrated software. This means that the Internet interface is thoroughly linked with other computer applications such as mathematical programs, graphical software. It is even more the cornerstone of the whole software, for that it is the only link between the user and the software, and also among the various applications of the software.
The method we present now belongs to this third range of Internet utilisation. In this paper, the Internet is used into a complex scientific model in the fisheries science field. But it appears that similar simulators were found on the web, dealing with various scientific fields. To give an idea of them, we give here a few examples of online simulators found on the web:
For some of these models, the number of inputs to be modified is quite small, even though the model seems to be rather complex. Others have wider simulation possibilities. And some models are protected by a password, yet the free-access interface may be only a simplified demonstrating model.
The principle of the method is to use a client/server application, i.e. physically to share the tasks between two computers, a local one and a remote one. All calculations are done by a server, the user-friendliness is implemented by client software, and Internet is the medium used between the client and the server. Yet for each of the two constraints that we have to face (calculation speed, user-friendliness, diffusion of information), the best solution can be used in a very flexible way.
The model itself, i.e. a number of datafiles linked by calculation programs, is located on the same computer as the web server. These computers are often powerful and with high calculation capacities. Yet a program run on them may be achieved rather faster than on a common computer, the fastest and the most reliable being obtained by a Unix operating system. But on the other hand, this kind of operating system is not friendly to use for most users, compared to other PC and Mac operating systems, and their accessibility may be often reduced. Yet the Internet media will then be the perfect tool in order to fit the two last constraints. The model can then be run from any remote computer, directly on the web server where it is located, with the only need of a Internet browser, the « client » (the most commonly used being Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer). A browser is one of the few items of software existing on any kind of operating systems. Yet the use of the model is no more limited by computer compatibility and/or geographical constraints, it can be used by anyone from anywhere (but of course, the accessibility may be restricted by a password).
And the Internet, through its simple language HTML, offers unlimited possibilities to make it friendly to use, not only for changing any desired inputs and running the model, but also for displaying the simulation results.
And as all (the model and the interface) is written with programming language, this methodology can be applied to any kind of scientific problematic.
As most modelling works, this method requires few skills in computer science. The model itself has to be written with a programming language adapted to output some Internet-compatible files. And as this methodology is mainly directed towards scientist modellers, rather than to computer experts, it is important to work with a language easy to learn and to implement. For instance a low-level language may be hard to learn for most scientists. Among all existing languages, there is one which seems to fit all these constraints : it is the language PERL (Practical Extracting Report Language), an easy-to-learn language, able to read the parameters of HTML input forms, manage a large number of files, make calculations, and outputs HTML files. Yet the same single program, located on the web server, will receive the information send by the user on his Internet browser, make the desired calculations, and display the results on the users Internet screen (Figure 1). In addition, this language owns many powerful graphical modules allowing a good visualisation of data. This language, which is currently not widely spread among scientists, is nowadays commonly used by computer experts and Internet programmers.
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the method
Of course, the computing implementation of this methodology has firstly been initiated by a computer expert. But it has been implemented in order to fit a specific scientific need. Although many scientists are used to programming languages, the use of new technologies need a previous apprenticeship with skilled computer expert. The case of application presented below has been possible only with a complete collaboration between a scientist and a computer expert. The scientist was totally in charge of the simulator construction, and the computer expert was responsible of the methodology coherence.
An example of an application : the bioeconomic simulation model of English Channel fisheries
This model has been built during the three years of a European-funded project FAIR CT-96-1993, a multidisciplinary project involving biologists and economists from both sides of the English Channel (France, UK and Belgium). The methodology presented here has been yet implemented in order to face different kinds of constraints, which are summarised below :
The model has then been built in order to take into account all these aspects. It is located on the Laboratoire Halieutique Linux web server in Rennes, and gathers the work of all partners. It is composed of three modules linked together :
In order to test the impacts of various management measures, the user can change a large number of parameters and compare the biological and economic consequences of these changes. For instance, it is possible to simulate direct measures on fishing effort (decreasing of number of fishing boats), technical measures (changes in net mesh size), taxes, etc.. Saving changes made on the Internet screen will directly modify the text files involved in the model.. An example of a change in the number of boats by fleet is presented Figure 2.
Figure 2: Inputs modification screen
Thanks to the powerful web server computer, each simulation can be run in few seconds of calculation. A result screen allow the user to choose the output to be displayed on the screen, among a large number of results (total effort by fleet and/or by gear, production by species and by fleet or gear, various economic indicators...). Some outputs are displayed as simple matrices, some others use a graphical application. The one we chose to use is a JAVA applet (a special Java program with limited capabilities) displaying lines, bars or areas graphs. The detail of the model is not presented here, for that it is just an example of application of the methodology we described. For more information, see Le Gallic & Ulrich, 1999. The Figure 3 shows an example of graphical results : expected production for a species by gear, when varying the total level of effort of one single gear, other gears being constant.
Figure 3: Graphical outputs
We have tried to explain how useful the addition of an Internet interface could be, compared to a usual programmed model. This methodology can be easily implemented, by adding HTML tags to outputs files. Given the fast development of new technologies, it is clear that this kind of methods will be more and more used in all scientific fields, providing a useful tool for data analysis.
The authors may be contacted at:Laboratoire Halieutique, ENSAR, 65 rue de St Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
Le Gallic B., Ulrich C., 1999. BECHAMEL (BioEconomic Channel ModEL) : a bioeconomic simulation model for the fisheries of the English Channel. Xith annual conference of the EAFE, Dublin, April 7 to 10, 1999.
Schwartz R.L., Christiansen T., 1998. Introduction à Perl, 2ème édition. Editions OReilly, Paris.
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Get flash to fully experience Pearltrees
Professor Mitzenmacher's research focuses on developing randomized algorithms and analyzing random processes, especially for large, distributed computer networks such as the Web. He develops mathematical tools and methods to analyze complex systems and uses them to solve problems that arise in real applications.
Participate in research on software, graphics, artificial intelligence, networks, parallel and distributed systems, algorithms, and theory We like to say that Computer Science (CS) teaches you how to think more methodically and how to solve problems more effectively. As such, its lessons are applicable well beyond the boundaries of CS itself.
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| 0.934813 | 126 | 2.609375 | 3 |
To err is human… Can computers fix our mistakes?
Developing software that automatically detects errors
On June 4, 1996, the Ariane 5 launcher exploded less than a minute after take-off. The accident was not the result of a mechanical fault but rather due to an error in the design of the guidance software. At the Department of IT a research team is developing software to automatically detect and circumvent mistakes of this type.
Today it is possible to completely design and verify complex computer chips before the first prototype has been built. First engineers design the chip using specialised software, then a computer can simulate this chip and automatically find weak points with the help of mathematical methods.
These developments have been rapid. The first Pentium processors made mistakes when they divided one number by another. Today most makers of computer chips use software to discover and correct design glitches before the product goes to market. Since chips are getting more and more complex, researchers are forced to steadily improve their methods for making ever faster verification programs. A further area where automatic verification is useful is communications protocols, such as those used in mobile telephones to make it possible for people to communicate with each other. The first generation of mobile phones was limited to voice transfer, but modern equipment can transfer images and video films. New protocols are needed. Every protocol has to be able to guarantee that data is received by the proper destination within a reasonable period of time.
There are many other applications as well. The fact that computers
are making their way into more and more systems means that the field
of new uses is constantly expanding. The need to develop new algorithms
is growing apace.
Foto: © Martin Cejie
”A computer can simulate a chip and automatically find weak points with the help of mathematical methods.”
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I am new here, and I would be very grateful if somebody can tell which software is used for seti quest?
1. which OS
2. which programming language
3. which programming environment and tools
Kind regards and thanks in advance,
OS: Windows (almost any version, but many prefer XP or 7) or any distro of Linux
Programming Languages: C and C++ are very common, python can be used for quick prototyping, and MatLab is particularly powerful. Java, C#, and Visual Basic are also common, but personally I don't like them much.
Programming Tools, IDEs/Compilers: Visual Studio Express (C, C++, C#, Visual Basic), Eclipse (Java). I don't know of any good IDEs for linux, but GCC is commonly used for compiling.
Based on your question, it sounds like you're relatively new to programming. If so, I highly suggest you take a class in C++. However much you might hate spending the time or money, it is completely worth it.
Actually this means you can choose what ever you want to do processing because there is no any existing interface, just raw data ?
I work as professional programmer :)
That's right. I believe the staff is in the process of working out a list of software they would find useful, but other than that the field is wide open.
You can find the data released so far here.
We are posting data sets for people use for algorithm development with whatever OS, language, tools, etc. that they have on their own computers. We are developing some general software for the cloud that will provide an alternative to downloading the data files.
In the long run, we'd like to move successful algorithms to the near-real-time processing system at the observatory. Most of the software for that system is written in C++ and runs on a cluster of servers running Linux. This software will be part of the open source development. Parts of it will be released every three months starting in the near future.
Is there any way to participate in some project ?
I expect that as more people join setiQuest and start participating in the forums, groups will form in order to focus on particular algorithm ideas. You could be part of one or more of those groups. If you want to pursue your own ideas, we will provide more data and tools over time. If your interest is software development, you can participate in open source development. I think the first software release will be in July.
We hope to provide ways that anyone can participate in the search in some way.
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Friday 27th April, 2012
3:30pm to 4:45pm
The advantages of a single programming language for web development.
Computer Science Foundations
We understand so little about how the computing devices we use on a daily basis work. In this workshop, we will explore the fundamentals of computers from the ground up. Looking at how information is represented and how it is processed. From binary numbers to Turing machines, we'll take a whirlwind tour of the foundations of computer science.
Sign in to add slides, notes or videos to this session
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| 0.89346 | 112 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The Elements of Computing Systems: Building a Modern Computer from First Principles (EPub)
Publisher: The MIT Press | English | ISBN: 026214087X | 341 pages | EPub | 4.26 MB
In the in good time days of computer science, the interactions of hardware, software, compilers, and operating universe were simple enough to allow students to lo an overall picture of how computers worked. With the increasing complexity of computer technology and the resulting specialization of cognizance, such clarity is often lost. Unlike other texts that guard only one aspect of the opportunity, The Elements of Computing Systems gives students each integrated and rigorous picture of applied computer body of knowledge, as its comes to play in the rendering of a simple yet powerful computer arrangement.
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| 0.913556 | 154 | 2.875 | 3 |
Animation provides a rich environment for actively exploring algorithms. Multiple, dynamic, graphical displays of an algorithm reveal properties that might otherwise be difficult to comprehend or even remain unnoticed. This exciting new approach to the study of algorithms is taken up by Marc Brown in Algorithm Animation.Brown first provides a thorough and informative history of the topic, and then describes the development of a system for creating and interacting with such animations. The system incorporates many new insights and ideas about interactive computing, and provides paradigms that could be applied in a number of other contexts.Algorithm Animation makes a number of original and useful contributions: it describes models for programmers creating animations, for users interacting with the animations, for "script authors" creating and editing dynamic documents, and for "script viewers" replaying and interacting with the dynamic documents.Two primary applications of an algorithm animation environment are research in algorithm design and analysis, and instruction in computer science. Courses dealing with algorithms and data structures, such as compilers, graphics, algorithms, and programming are particularly well-suited. Other applications include performance tuning, program development, and technical drawings of data structures.Systems for algorithm animation can be realized with current hardware -- exploiting such characteristics of personal workstations as high-resolution displays, powerful dedicated processors, and large amounts of real and virtual memory -- and can take advantage of a number of features expected to become common in the future, such as color, sound, and parallel processors.Algorithm Animation is a 1987 ACM Distinguished Dissertation. It grew out of the Electronic Classroom project at Brown University where Marc H. Brown received his doctorate. He is currently a Principal Software Engineer at the Digital Equipment Corporation Systems Research Center in Palo Alto.
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To find the shortest round trip to 50 chosen cities in Europe a mathematician would usually recruit a massive computer, a complex program and set aside plenty of time. Researchers at BT, however, found the solution in record time, with a workstation and a collection of 'software ants' - autonomous programs a few hundred lines long which, together, can solve enormously difficult problems by dealing with their own simple ones.
BT, which has developed the programs in the past year, says its method could be applied to many problems where a complex series of decisions is needed to achieve the best use of resources. Examples include searching for information on a number of databases, designing circuits on microchips, advising fighter pilots under multiple attack, or sending out telephone engineers to fix faults.
The ants will also help to make software 'agents' designed to explore the information superhighways. Peter Cochrane, head ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.
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| 0.950859 | 207 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Computers have their application or utility everywhere. We find their applications in almost every sphere of life–particularly in fields where computations are required to be done at a very fast speed and where data is so complicated that the human brain finds it difficult to cope up with.
As you must be aware, computer now-a-days are being used almost in every department to do the work at a greater speed and accuracy. They can keep the record of all the employees and prepare their pay bill in a matter of minutes every month. They can keep automatic checks on the stock of a particular item. Some of the prominent areas of computer applications are:
[B]In Tourism:[/B] Hotels use computers to speed up billing and checkout the availability of rooms. So is the case with railways and airline reservations for booking tickets. Architects can display their scale models on a computer and study them from various angles and perspectives. Structural problems can now be solved quickly and
[B]In Banks: [/B]Banks also have started using computers extensively. Terminals are provided in the branch and the main computer is located centrally. This enables the branches to use the central computer system for information on things such as current balance,deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, etc. MICR encoded cheques can be read and sorted out with a speed of 3000 cheques per minute by computers as compared to hours taken by manual sorting. Electronic funds transfer (EFT) allows a person to transfer funds through computer signals over wires and telephone lines making
the work possible in a very short time.
[B]In Industry:[/B] Computers are finding their greatest use in factories and industries of all kinds. They have taken over the work ranging from monotonous and risky jobs like welding to highly complex jobs such as process control. Drills, saws and entire assembly lines can be computerized. Moreover, quality control tests and the manufacturing of products, which require a lot of refinement, are done with the help of computers. Not only this, Thermal Power Plants, Oil refineries and chemical industries fully depend on
computerized control systems because in such industries the lag between two major events may be just a fraction of a second.
[B]In Transportation:[/B] Today computers have made it possible for planes to land in foggy and stormy atmosphere also. The aircraft has a variety of sensors, which measure the plane’s altitude, position, speed, height and direction. Computer use all this information to keep the plane flying in the right direction. In fact, the Auto–pilot feature has made the work of pilot much easy.
[B] In Education:[/B] Computers have proved to be excellent teachers. They can possess the knowledge given to them by the experts and teach you with all the patience in the world. You may like to repeat a lesson hundred times, go ahead, you may get tired but the computer will keep on teaching you. Computer based instructions (CBI) and Computer Aided Learning (CAL) are common tools used for teaching. Computer based encyclopedia such as Britannica provide you enormous amount of information on anything.
[B]In Entertainment:[/B] Computers are also great entertainers. Many computer games are available which are like the traditional games like chess, football, cricket, etc. Dungeons and dragons provide the opportunity to test your memory and ability to think. Other games like Braino and Volcano test your knowledge.
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The Art of Computer Programming
Author : Donald E. Knuth
, Computer Science Department
, Stanford University
Publisher : Addison-Wesley
Publication Date : 14 October 2001
Terms and Conditions:
|Donald E. Knuth wrote:
|All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher, except that the official electronic file may be used to print single copies for personal (not commercial) use.
In many places throughout this book we will have occasion to refer to a computer's internal machine language. The machine we use is a mythical computer called "MMIX
- is very much like nearly every general-purpose computer designed since 1985, except that it is, perhaps, nicer. The language of MMIX is powerful enough to allow brief programs to be written for most algorithms, yet simple enough so that its operations are easily learned.
The reader is urged to study MMIX carefully, since MMIX language appears in so many parts of this book. There should be no hesitation about learning a machine language; indeed, the author once found it not uncommon to be writing programs in a half dozen different machine languages during the same week. Everyone with more than a casual interest in computers will probably get to know at least one machine language sooner or later. Machine language helps programmers understand what really goes on inside their computers. And once one machine language has been learned, the characteristics of another are easy to assimilate. Computer science is largely concerned with an understanding of how low-level details make it possible to achieve high-level goals.
One of the principal goals of Knuth's books is to show how high-level constructions are actually implemented in machines, not simply to show how they are applied. The author explains coroutine linkage, tree structures, random number generation, high-precision arithmetic, radix conversion, packing of data, combinatorial searching, recursion, etc., from the ground up.
View/Download The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1, Fascicle 1
| Book's website
| MMIX software
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| 0.928982 | 464 | 3.234375 | 3 |
For each of the following, identify the network architecture or architectures (peer-to-peer, client/server, or directory services) that most closely matches the specified requirements.
Question 1 a) Your company is in the business of offering high speed Internet Access along with other services like Web Hosting. You are the product manager who designs product and service plans to small and medium business in downtown. You realize that offering one product-price plan to all is...
Implement a simple java search and replace stream editor program. The editor will read an input text file, perform a series of replacements, and output the result of these replacements. Full detailed program specifications are attached below. Please provide javadoc commenting. Your program...
4. Input the selling prices of all homes in Botany Bay sold during the year 2002 and determine the median selling price. The median of a list of N numbers is The middle number of the sorted list, if N is odd. The average of the two middle numbers in the sorted list, if N is even. (Hint:...
Design a flowchart using a loop and an array to read in 10 integers from the keyboard. Then display them. Also provide the pseudocode.
As a PC support technician for a small organization, it s your job to support the PC s, the small network, and the users. One of your coworkers, Jason, comes to you in a panic. His Windows XP system won t boot, and he has lots of important data files on several locations on the drive. He...
Use the rand function to produce two positive one- digit integers.
how does air sacs of birds make them lighter
Ask a new Computer Science Question
Tips for asking Questions
- Provide any and all relevant background materials. Attach files if necessary to ensure your tutor has all necessary information to answer your question as completely as possible
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- 1. Identify and describe Trust/Security Domain boundaries that may be applicable to personal computer (workstation) security in a business context.
2. This is a C++ codelab question.
- The "origin" of the cartesian plane in math is the point where x and y are both zero. Given a variable, origin of type Point-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double, write one or two statements that make this variable's field's values consistent with the mathematical notion of "origin".
- Assume two variables p1 and p2 of type POINT, with two fields, x and y, both of type double, have been declared. Write a statement that reads values for p1 and p2 in that order. Assume that values for x always precede y.
- In mathematics, "quadrant I" of the cartesian plane is the part of the plane where x and y are both positive. Given a variable, p that is of type POINT-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double-- write and expression that is true if and only the point represented by p is in "quadrant I".
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| 0.900487 | 671 | 2.625 | 3 |
|a gadget; dingus; thingumbob.|
|an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle.|
|denoting, relating to, or forming part of time sharing of property: time-share villas|
in data processing, method of operation in which multiple users with different programs interact nearly simultaneously with the central processing unit of a large-scale digital computer. Because the central processor operates substantially faster than does most peripheral equipment (e.g., video display terminals, tape drives, and printers), it has sufficient time to solve several discrete problems during the input/output process. Even though the central processor addresses the problem of each user in sequence, access to and retrieval from the time-sharing system seems instantaneous from the standpoint of remote terminals since the solutions are available to them the moment the problem is completely entered.
Learn more about time-sharing with a free trial on Britannica.com.
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Computer Science 111. Foundations of Computing Theory
Discrete mathematics represents the core mathematical and problem-solving principles in computer science education. It is not possible to make creative and effective use of computers without involving oneself in mathematical considerations. This course introduces many of the mathematical concepts that appear later in the computer science major. Everyday scenarios are related to discrete topics including algorithms, networks and data communication, parity and error, finite state machines, regular expressions, matrices, propositional logic, Boolean algebra, sets and relations in databases, graphs and trees. Students use these techniques to solve real-world problems, such as forming SQL queries, designing shortest-path communications between cell towers and pattern matching across entire genomes and volumes of English text.
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A programmer often invests a lot of time to the pursuit of knowledge on the system they program in, for example, a programmer writes specific instructions within the bound of the a computer’s languages frameworks, syntax, and semantics to develop application that users used. All the details of engineering the application is hidden to the user and all the details of the computer engineering is hidden from the programmer who write instruction for the computer to follow. To become an expert in one’s field, dedication to the pursuit of background information is often necessary in interdisciplinary topics. As a programmer the need to understand the computer from the computer engineering point of view is the key, where the engineering sees a computer as a well designed network of circuit logical operand doing computation at a binary level. As a programmer at Dynamic Digital Advertising (DDA) that implement e-commerce web applications, the need for some preliminary know on how the ColdFusion server interprets the source code of my application is necessary. With this set of knowledge the designing and implementation will be influenced and prevent bugs and less debugging of an application.
Entry by: reggie
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| 0.916748 | 226 | 2.765625 | 3 |
No Marshmallows, Just Term Papers
THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
As technology continues to advance, computers are becoming more part of everyday life. Computers are everywhere at work, at school, and at home .Many daily activities either involve the use of or depend on information from a computer. This maybe because computers are used in almost every field and profession like education and office works to perform large number of computer application .It also the best solution for providing information and a way of communications in every individual and gives better understanding of some events that can arouse the interest of some particular subject matter.
The advancement of technology has been playing important roles in the world today. Computers are initially used for exclusive purposes such as scientific and engineering, calculations, leisure and entertainment. One of its specific purposes is to store and manipulate data to useful information. And able to build a computerize system, just like the Computerized Registration System to improve the manual system.
The computerized world is a highly efficient one, which processing the big quantities of data and keeping .The extensive records will not be a problem to a post industrialized society, likewise the unreliable and slow processing and preparing student record and enrollment summary of report.
In this study, the software that is being used is Visual Fox Pro and MySQL are windows based programming language. It is one of the simplest and easiest ways to create application and programs. It will serve as a powerful tool in keeping and analyzing our records.
Also, this study is based and focused not only on the process of the registrar system in Sta. Cecilia College but also in its student information system.
This study aims an effective means of processing information and retrieving data aside from being orderly used in...
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| 0.93084 | 356 | 2.890625 | 3 |
View your list of saved words. (You can log in using Facebook.)
Computer capable of solving problems by processing information expressed in discrete form. By manipulating combinations of binary digits (seebinary code), it can perform mathematical calculations, organize and analyze data, control industrial and other processes, and simulate dynamic systems such as global weather patterns. See alsoanalog computer.
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. For the full entry on digital computer, visit Britannica.com.
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| 0.816242 | 103 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Making Web Applications More Efficient with a Graph Database
This week, at the 38th International Conference on Very Large Databases—the premier database conference—researchers from MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory presented a new system that automatically streamlines websites’ database access patterns, making the sites up to three times as fast. And where other systems that promise similar speedups require the mastery of special-purpose programming languages, the MIT system, called Pyxis, works with the types of languages already favored by Web developers.
Pyxis solves all three problems. It automatically partitions a program between application server and database server, and it does it in a way that can be mathematically proven not to disrupt the operation of the program. It also monitors the CPU load on the database server, giving it more or less application logic to execute depending on its available capacity.
Pyxis begins by transforming a program into a graph, a data construct that consists of “nodes” connected by “edges.” The most familiar example of a graph is probably a network diagram, in which the nodes (depicted as circles) represent computers, and the edges (depicted as lines connecting the circles) represent the bandwidth of the links between them. In this case, however, the nodes represent individual instructions in a program, and the edges represent the amount of data that each instruction passes to the next.
“The code transitions from this statement to this next statement, and there’s a certain amount of data that has to be carried over from the previous statement to the next statement,” Madden explains. “If the next statement uses some variable that was computed in the previous statement, then there’s some data dependency between the two statements, and the size of that dependency is the size of the variable.” If the whole program runs on one computer, then the variable is stored in main memory, and each statement simply accesses it directly. But if consecutive statements run on separate computers, the data has to make the jump with them.
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| 0.928093 | 427 | 2.875 | 3 |
15-499: Algorithms and Applications
Carnegie Mellon University, Computer Science Department
This course covers how algorithms and theory are used in "real-world"
applications. The course will cover both the theory behind the
algorithms and case studies of how the theory is applied.
We will cover the following topics:
We will start by talking about information theory and why it plays a
critical role in data compression. We will then go into many data
compression techniques and algorithms including, Huffman codes,
arithmetic codes, Lempel-Ziv and gzip, Burrows-Wheeler and bzip, and
transform coding and JPEG/MPEG. We will also talk about recent work
on compressing structured data such as graphs and triangulated meshes.
These techniques are full of interesting theory.
We will talk both about algorithms and protocols. Protocols we will
cover will include private and public key cryptography, digital
signatures, secure hash functions, authentication, and digital cash.
Algorithms and applications we will cover will include Rijdael (the
new standard for private key cryptography), RSA, ElGamal, Kerberos,
Error Correcting Codes
Error correcting codes are perhaps the most successful application of
algorithms and theory to real-world systems. Most of these systems,
including DVDs, DSL, Cell Phones, and wireless, are based on early
work on cyclic codes, such as the Reed-Solomon codes. We will cover
cyclic codes and their applications, and also talk about more recent
theoretical work on codes based on expander graphs. Such codes could
well become part of the next generation of applications, and also
are closely related to other theoretical areas.
Indexing and Searching
Requirements and Grading Criteria
Assignments: We will have 6 written assignments during
the semester, one for each topic (2 for compression). All students
have to write these up individually.
We will have one group project.
The idea of the project is to implement some algorithm and run
experiments on it.
You will have to give the instructor
a one page outline of what you plan to do by April 1, no joke.
You will then present your project during the last week of class, and
hand in a short writeup (3-5 pages) by Friday May 2.
More information to come.
Midterm and Final:
We will have a midterm (March 11) and a 3 hour final.
Readings: Readings will vary from topic to topic and
you should look at the Readings, Notes and Slides
page to see what they are.
A small sample of companies that sell products that use various algorithms:
Help on giving presentations:
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Excellent book, Very useful reference
Rather than being a boring book , Beautiful Architecture, is a well-written and very informative collection of interesting example from real life that should be known by anyone with interest in this field. Even if the systems presented in the book are on different platforms, using totally different technologies, and developed in different periods of time, all share some important aspects related to the architecture.
The book is divided in five parts. The first part is a general presentation on what is an architecture and an example of two software systems, very similar from many aspects like size, appliance, programming language, operating system and even so, one was aborted and one is used in our days. The first one was abandoned mainly because the lake of the design from the binging, hard to add new features, and the amount of effort required to rework, refactor, and correct the problems with the code structure had become prohibitive. The second one, is still in production, still being extended and changed daily. The actual architecture for the second one it is remarkably similar to the original design, with a few notable changes, and a lot more experience to prove the design was right.
The second part is about the "Enterprise Application Architecture". In this part is 4 systems are presented: the scaling problem faced in case of a massively multiplayer online games, the grow of a system for image storage and retrieval for retail offerings of portraits, an example resource-oriented system in which is presented the importance of Web Services in an enterprise application, and in the last chapter the Facebook application system is presented, and how the Facebook Platform was created.
Part three is about System Architecture. It starts by presenting the Xen virtualization platform that has grown from an academic research effort to major open source project. A large part of its success is due to it being released as open source. Then a fault tolerance system is presented, by reviewing the Tandem Operating System designed between 1974 and 1976 and shipped between 1976 and 1982. Chapter nine presents JPC, an x86 PC Emulator in Pure Java. Another Java implementation is presented in chapter ten: Jikes RVM is a successful research virtual machine, providing performance close to the state-of-the-art in a flexible and easy-to-extend manner.
In the fourth part, the End-User Application Architectures are presented. The GNU Emacs text editor architecture is described, and also a comparison with other software like Eclipse and Firefox is provided. Then the KDE project, one of the biggest Free Software, is presented in chapter twelve.
Languages and Architecture are presented in the last part of the book. This parts starts with a comparison between functional and object-oriented programming, continue with some examples of object-oriented programming and ends with some thoughts on beautiful buildings with problems.
From the beginning of a project is very important to have a clear view of the architecture and technologies used, because after some iterations is really hard, or in some situation impossible, to change the entire architectures and in some cases ignoring the architecture can lead to a project fail. A good conclusion for the book would be that: "An architecture influences almost everything that comes into contact with it, determining the health of the codebase and also the health of the surrounding areas."
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Paper: IBM Placement Paper (Technical)
1. what does vector processing do?
2. What is the use of software configuration management?
3. what command is used to append two files using who that is listed by ls;
4. if there is a problem in a network during transmission which is used to detect that?
a. protocol analyzer, b. SNMP....
5. In C, x-=y+1 how will u represent it..
6. What does Trigger do?
7. In which topology we use less amount of cables.
a. ring, b. bus, c. star, d. mesh
8. Which sorting techniques is best for already sorted array...?.
Ans: bubble sort
9. Which is said to be a real-time system.?
a. credit card system
b online flight reservation system
c bridge control system...not sure
10. decimal to octal conversion problem? ans A
11. A person having a/c number, a/c name, bank name, a/c type.. which is the primary among the above?
12. why data integrity is used?
13. if a primary key is an attribute of another one table means........
a. candidate key
b. foreign key
c. super key
d. composite key
14. int (*a). Explain this expression
15. Difference between 0123 and 123 in c
Ans : 40
16. in c r+ is used for
a. read only
b. writing only
c. both 1 and 2
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| 0.830658 | 333 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The Future of High-Performance Computing
by Richard F. Sincovec
Rich Sincovec relaxes outside Building 6025, headquarters for ORNL's Computer Science and Mathematics Division. Photograph by Tom Cerniglio.
The World Wide Web, the graphical part of the Internet, has created a new environment for research and communication. Today most users employ the Web to search for and view information from remote databases. The infrastructure, which includes algorithms, tools, and software to utilize fully the potential of the Web for computational science, is in its infancy. However, it is expected to grow rapidly as enhanced capabilities become available for use or retrieval of remote and distributed program libraries and databases, for remote and distributed execution, and for remote and distributed visualization activities.
Browsers, including those compatible with Sun Microsystems Java programming language, have become the norm for accessing information on the Web. Given current trends in Web use and the rapidity with which advances are realized, it is tempting to envisage a world in which the Web is the universal medium for computing. In such a world, applications would not be constructed from scratch or even built using standard software libraries; instead they would be put together using prefabricated components available through the Web. For example, Java, which has an object-oriented approach, permits software components to be easily constructed and used together to create complete applications. These may be operated in either a stand-alone mode or as applets (mini-programs written in Java) that can be run over the Web to enable “programming in the large.” Likewise, multimedia interfaces will evolve that will provide the user access to “a global meta-computer” that will enable access to the computing resources required without the need to worry about where or how the work is done. Problem-solving environments (PSEs) are created by using these technologies in concert with each other.
Funding is now available from several U.S. agencies to support the design and development of PSEs. A PSE is a computing environment that will provide all the computational and informational resources needed to solve problems within a specific domain. Some examples of questions that a PSE might address are “How do I design a new material with specified properties?” “How do I remediate a specific contaminated site?” and “What investment should I make now?” For each problem domain, there is a separate PSE. Some non-Web-based PSEs already exist; however, future PSEs are likely to use software that becomes available on the Web.
Sincovec surveys the ORNL campus near the Swan Pond, part of the view for many computer scientists at the laboratory.
A multimedia user interface represents a PSE to the user. The interface will present a coherent view of the problem domain and hide the intrinsic details of the underlying computing infrastructure. PSE will use the language of the target class of problems and avoid, to the extent possible, information that requires specialized knowledge of the underlying computer hardware or software. PSE will provide a system that is closer to the scientists problem than to general-purpose parallel hardware and systems software while still providing a complete environment for defining and solving problems in the problem domain.
The PSE multimedia interface will provide the scientist with a set of tools for exploring all aspects of the problem. PSE will also provide a visual editor for creating new applications or modifying existing applications using software available on the Web. The tools will enable modifications of existing codes and facilitate the integration of codes developed by other scientists working in the problem domain. PSE will have features that will allow the researcher to include advanced solution methods, to easily incorporate novel solution methods, and to automatically select solution methods.
The PSE multimedia interface will also permit the scientist to follow the progress of the computation, to track extended problem-solving tasks, and to review them easily. Additionally, PSE will provide the user with the flexibility to use visualization, holography, sound, or new breakthrough techniques to understand the results better. PSE will be further enhanced by existing projects at ORNL in electronic notebooks and videoconferencing that should provide improved collaborative tools. PSEs will not only facilitate a more efficient use of existing distributed computing resources but also, and even more important, will significantly enhance scientists productivity by enabling them to bypass the time-consuming computational aspects of their work so that they can concentrate on the scientific aspects. Ideally, they will be free to spend more of their time analyzing results rather than setting up problems for the computing environment. PSE facilitates the transparent use of software developed at other sites, thereby enabling rapid deployment of new and enhanced applications.
PSE will also enable collaborative problem solving with scientists at other locations. Collaborative activities can include interactive visualization and remote steering of experiments through distributed applications by multiple collaborators. PSE might also involve resources other than computing resources, such as specialized scientific instruments coupled with appropriate collaborative and control capabilities. Interaction with the virtual environment can be expected to involve new mechanisms for interaction between humans and computers. Overall, PSEs will have the potential to create a framework that is all things to all people: they solve simple or complex problems, support rapid prototyping or detailed analysis, and are useful in introductory computer education or at the frontiers of science.
What Is Required to Develop a PSE?
Current projects at ORNL and within other organizations in software components and tools provide the foundation for creating PSEs. Recent work in fault tolerance and task migration is essential for a robust PSE. Current projects are also exploring how to integrate different tools and program components at the proper level of abstraction so that the resulting PSE is both sufficiently flexible and easy to use. PSEs require computer networks that possess adequate speed and band-width. Minimal network latency and maximum network reliability are also essential, as are security and authentication mechanisms that are uniform throughout the virtual computing environment. Finally, as free-market computing becomes more dominant, accounting mechanisms with audit trails will be necessary for proper user billing and fraud prevention. Ultimately, computing resources will be paid for as they are used, and they will be universally accessible.
Seamless Computing Environment
The development of PSEs using the Web depends on the development of an underlying seamless computing environment (SCE). SCE provides the middle ware between PSEs and library routines, databases, and other resources that are available on the Web. SCE assigns, coordinates, and schedules the resources required by PSE. Specifically, SCE addresses such functions as job compilation, submission, scheduling, task migration, data management, and monitoring. Using the SCE interface, the user specifies the job to be performed, along with required resources. The interface acts as an intelligent agent that interprets the user input to assign computing resources, identify storage requirements, and determine database needs, all within constraints imposed by the user with respect to cost and problem completion. The intelligent agent may choose to pass the job to more distant agents. Those agents then interact with local agents to assign or perform the work. The user will be able to specify unique requirements, such as computer architecture, including parallel computers with a specified number of processors, specific domain-dependent databases, and the maximum cost the user is willing to pay to solve the problem. The interface will provide information on progress and resources being consumed while the job is being executed.
SCE, which has agents that are programmed to optimize the use of distributed resources, will provide more efficient use of existing computing resources, including workstations and high-performance computers. More importantly, new scheduling environments will enable computations to be performed where they can be done most effectively, in a manner transparent to the user. The distributed nature of SCE provides fault-tolerant capabilities.
Computing, visualization, and mass storage systems that make up the distributed computing environment must be linked in a seamless manner so that a single application can use the power of multiple computers, use data from more than one mass storage system, store results on more than one mass storage system, and link visualization resources so users can view the results using desktop virtual reality environments.
SCE must provide a secure and robust distributed computing infra-structure that has scalable shared files, global authentication, and access to resources at multiple Web sites. PSE and SCE will most likely be based on object-oriented methodologies.
A Research Agenda for the Internet
Exploiting the power of the Internet through the use of PSEs and SCEs requires a broad research agenda to help create
- multimedia user interfaces (MMUIs) that support the problem and computing domain;
- a scheduling environment to enable the most effective performance of computations at a location transparent to the user;
- a secure and robust distributed computing infrastructure that features security and authentication mechanisms that are uniform throughout the accessible environment and that enable user access to resources at multiple sites;
- storage and search tools to find applicable resources, including codes, documents, and data in multimedia databases;
- new programming paradigms, languages, compilers, and mapping strategies;
- machine and software abstractions;
- scalable shared file system and transparent access to remote databases;
- code reusability coupled with tools that enhance reuse and enable a layered approach to application development;
- tools to support code development, testing, and validation in the proposed environment;
- domain-specific environments, including hierarchy of object-oriented abstractions;
- repository research, including indexing, storage, search, security against viruses, and some insurance of portability;
- remote collaboration tools, including computational steering tools; and
- accounting mechanisms and audit trails.
Economic Model for PSEs Based on SCE
Within PSE, the scientist specifies a problem to be solved, the resources required, and the maximum amount of money available to solve the problem within a specified time. When PSE submits its requirements to SCE, SCE assigns the problem requirements to an intelligent software agent (ISA) that attempts to solve the problem within the specified cost and time constraints. If the job cannot be done locally, the ISA passes the requirements on to remote ISAs (RISAs). RISAs interact with other ISAs in bidding to perform the work. The local ISA selects the RISA that submits the lowest bid to perform the work in the specified time frame. Upon completing the job, the ISA that runs the job charges the scientist for the resources used. If the job uses third-party software, ISA charges the user and remits the fee to the bank account of the software owner.
In one vision of the future, a nomadic computing environment would enable you to go anywhere and use everything. You would have a persistent electronic presencethat is, always “me” online. You would also be able to expect 100% network availability, ubiquitous wireless access, and ultrahigh bandwidth nets for research.
When will it happen? Soon! The Center for Computational Sciences is currently laying the groundwork for an SCE. ORNL and other government laboratories are working on various projects that provide the fundamental building blocks. Computer hardware and software vendors are providing new products that directly support the development of PSEs and SCEs. Computer scientists and applied mathematicians are developing the concepts, tools, and algorithms. The funding agencies are creating programs that support the design and development of PSEs. Because of the rapid rate of technology development in computing and networking, you will not have to wait very long.
RICHARD F. SINCOVEC was director of ORNLs Computer Science and Mathematics Division until he left for San Antonio, Texas, in August 1997. He received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in applied mathematics from Iowa State University. Before joining ORNL in 1991, he had been director of NASAs Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science in Ames, California. He also has been professor and chairman of the Computer Science Department at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, manager of the Numerical Analysis Group at Boeing Computer Services, professor of computer science and mathematics at Kansas State University, and a senior research mathematician at Exxon Production Research. He has also been affiliated with the Software Engineering Institute of Carnegie-Mellon University, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, and Hewlett-Packard. He is the coauthor of five books that cover topics in software engineering, Ada, Modula-2, data structures, and reusable software components. He is a member of the Association for Computing Machinery and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), and he is editor-in-chief of the SIAM Review.
Next article | Contents | Search | Mail | Review Home Page | ORNL Home Page
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|Undergrad Catalog StKate.edu|
COMPUTERS FOR MULTIMEDIA AND ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS (2 cr.)
Learn how a computer works while using applications such as word processors to make professional publications and presentation packages to make quick videos. Also make interactive web pages with nothing more than Notepad and a web browser. Learning the underlying computer concepts helps you get the most out of computer applications. The foundations include history, hardware, languages and impact on society, introduction to structures programming and algorithms, and the use of software packages such as word processing, presentation, and web browsers.
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Problem Solving Environments
Welcome to the Problem Solving Environments Home Page
This site contains information about Problem Solving Environments (PSEs),
research, publications, and related topics.
What are PSEs?
"A PSE is a computer system that provides all the computational
facilities needed to solve a target class of problems. These
features include advanced solution methods, automatic and semiautomatic
selection of solution methods, and ways to easily incorporate novel
solution methods. Moreover, PSEs use the language of the target class
of problems, so users can run them without specialized
knowledge of the underlying computer hardware or software. By exploiting
modern technologies such as interactive color graphics, powerful
processors, and networks of specialized services, PSEs can track
extended problem solving tasks and allow users to review them easily.
Overall, they create a framework that is all things to all people: they
solve simple or complex problems, support rapid prototyping or
detailed analysis, and can be used in introductory education or at the
frontiers of science."
From "Computer as Thinker/Doer: Problem-Solving Environments
for Computational Science" by Stratis Gallopoulos, Elias Houstis
and John Rice (IEEE Computational Science and Engineering,
This web page was created in 1994
You are visitor
since November 12, 1998
[ Reading List ]
[ Conferences ]
Projects, Applications & Tools ]
[ Purdue Publications ]
[ Related Information ]
Comments, questions, suggestions?
Contact Ann Christine Catlin
Last modified: Fri Mar 19 8:03:00 EST 1998
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Over 8,000 websites created by students around the world who have participated in a ThinkQuest Competition.
Compete | FAQ | Contact Us
Here you will learn about System Dynamics and how it impacts the world around us. This field is becoming increasingly important and can have vast influences on how our society works. By knowing and understanding systems, we will be able to make predictions using models of the systems. These models can be an accurate way to predict how the system will act over a long period of time.
2003 Gold Medal
2003 Interactive Learning
19 & under
Computers & the Internet > Programming
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The Latest Streaming News: Computer Science updated minute-by-minute
Bookmark this page and come back often
The Latest from the BLOGOSPHERE
Computer science or computing science (abbreviated CS or CompSci) is the scientific and mathematical approach to computation, and specifically to the design of computing machines and processes.
A computer scientist is a scientist who specialises in the theory of computation and the design of computers.
Its subfields can be divided into practical techniques for its implementation and application in computer systems and purely theoretical areas. Some, such as computational complexity theory, which studies fundamental properties of computational problems, are highly abstract, while others, such as computer graphics, emphasize real-world applications. Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to description of computations, while the study of computer programming itself investigates various aspects of the use of programming languages and complex systems, and human-computer interaction focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, and universally accessible to humans.
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| 0.891803 | 217 | 2.875 | 3 |
|Algorithms and Data Structures|
The text book for the course is Data Structures and Algorithms in Java by Michael T. Goodrich and Roberto Tamassia. It is essential that you have a copy of this book. (Note: I sometimes refer to the book as DSAJ).
The authors have made available a rich body of supporting material for this book. On the web, each chapter has a summary with cool applets, source code, and teaching aids. There are overhead slides for each chapter. The support for the book is excellent.
The book also takes into consideration
software engineering aspects of data structures and algorithms. One issue
important to the book is the idea of software design patterns.
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We can ask for "the fat book on computers I skimmed last week." We will get different responses to a query about "apples" if we are computer scientists, farmers, or in the process of filling out a grocery list. We do not get the same undesirable results each time we search the Web for a particular topic.
Data representation. The subsystem stores information encountered by its users using an extensible data model that links arbitrary objects via arbitrarily named arcs. There are no restrictions on object types or names. Users and the system alike can aggregate useful information regardless of its form (text, speech, images, video). The arcs, which are also objects, represent relational (database-type) information as well as associative (hypertext-like) linkage. For example, objects and arcs in A's data model can represent B's knowledge of interest to A—and vice versa.
Data acquisition. The subsystem gathers as much information as possible about the information of interest to a user. It does so through raw acquisition of data objects, by analyzing the acquired information, by observing people's use of it, by encouraging direct human input, and by tuning access to the user.
Automatic access methods. The arrival of new data triggers automated services, which, in turn, obtain further data or trigger other services. Automatic services fetch web pages, extract text from postscript documents, identify authors and titles in a document, recognize pairs of similar documents, and create document summaries that can be displayed as a result of a query. The system allows users to script and add more services, as they are needed.
Human access methods. Since automated services can go only so far in carrying out these tasks, the system allows users to provide higher quality annotations on the information they are using, via text, speech, and other human interaction modalities.
Automated observers. Subsystems watch the queries that users make, the results they dwell upon, the files they edit, the mail they send and receive, the documents they read, and the information they save. The system exploits observations of query behavior by converting query results into objects that can be annotated further. New observers can be added to exploit additional opportunities. In all cases, the observations are used to tune the data representation according to usage patterns.
Haystack is a platform for creating, organizing and visualizing personal information. It uses RDF as its primary data modeling framework. Haystack makes it easy for users to manage documents, e-mail messages, appointments, tasks, and other information. It provides maximum flexibility in describing and organizing data, the freedom to group related items together (regardless of the programs used to edit the items), ease in manipulating and visualizing information in ways appropriate to the task at hand, and the ability to delegate tasks to agents. (David Karger, Theory of Computation)
The Semantic Web is an extension of the current Web in which information is given a well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. Data on the Web is defined and linked in a way that it can be used for more effective discovery, automation, integration, and reuse across various applications. The Semantic Web Activity is an initiative of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), with the goal of extending the current Web to facilitate Web automation, universally accessible content, and the 'Web of Trust'. (Tim Berners-Lee, Eric Miller, World Wide Web Consortium)
START is a natural language question answering system that provides untrained users with speedy access to knowledge. START parses incoming questions, matches them against its knowledge base, and presents the appropriate information segments to the user. START's knowledge base contains text (automatically annotated by a preprocessor that detects context-independent linguistic structures), images (annotated by hand), and databases. START uses Omnibase, a universal data source interface, to help it parse queries containing database attributes and their values. (Boris Katz, InfoLab Group)
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| 0.892 | 813 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Monday 20 May 2013
Let your computer work for science
using BOINC and distributed computing!
Most of the time your computer is idle or running far below its maximum. You can donate this unused processing power to scientific projects using distributed computing.
Basically, you give some of your computer's power to compute a small piece of a big project. Joining millions of small computers provides the power of a (very) big one.
There are many projects including medical research (modeling the proteins structure, fight against malaria, genome study, AIDS, cancer research, molecular chemistry), climate (planetary scale modeling, evolution forecasts), various scientific projects (astronomy, magnetism, fluids dynamics), mathematics...
The projects programs are handled by a dedicated software called BOINC (Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing).
To participate you must download and install the BOINC software.
Once Boinc is installed, you must join one or more scientific projects and your computer will communicate with the project server to get work units (WU).
After completion of the work unit, the Boinc client sends the result to the project server and dowloads a new unit.
On the other hand, there is a more ludic part : for each completed unit you receive an amount of points (credits).
The goal is thus to accumulate the credits and to get a better place in the national or international rankings.
Everybody knows that "the union makes the force" so the participants usually join their efforts in teams, mainly the national ones.
You can then achieve better visibility in the ranking; so Belgium is #19 in the World ranking.
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| 0.906066 | 333 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Databases and Information
Information processing is a big
problem in modern society because several interrelated issues
arise that have to do with the need for:
- integration of data from different sources;
- navigation through information;
- learning and knowledge acquisition from
- decision making support;
- information visualization in computational
- storing, accessing and processing data
in computational platforms;
- handling non traditional information, e.g.
environmental, geographical, cartographic, etc;
- confronting the non traditional structure
-or lack of structure of new kinds of information, e.g. complex
objects or Web pages.
All these problems with different restrictions
define different types of databases. We focus our research on
the three last problems, which include multimedia retrieval, spatial
information, semistructured data, and Web agents. At the heart
of them is combinatorial pattern matching, a research area that
studies from a combinatorial point of view how to search for given
patterns in regular and discrete structures such as sequences
or graphs. This area should be distinguished from classical pattern
matching, which considers continuous elements and uses different
Distributed Systems and Networks
We call a distributed system any multi-processor system where
each processor has a local memory, not shared with the rest of
the processors. The only way of communicating between processors
is by sending messages through a network. To give a higher-level
interface to the programmer, we need to build a distributed runtime
software. The main focus is on the CS problems, leaving out the
hardware implementation and the physical network layer. However,
research on protocols for particular high-speed networks is included.
A key issue in this area is scalability.
With the success of Internet, we must face now the possibility
of a global distributed system covering the whole world (sometimes
called mega-programming), and the algorithms used must scale.
Another key issue is parallelism. After two decades
of active research in parallel hardware and software techniques,
new approaches to parallel computing are emerging. On the one
hand, hardware is converging to a distributed memory model composed
of a set of memory-processor pairs which communicate with each
other by passing messages through a communication network. We
can see this trend at the global level in the Internet, and at
the local level in technologies of low cost such as clusters of
personal computers. On the other hand, algorithmic design must
make no assumptions about the particular features of the hardware
so that portability across different platforms can be ensured.
Moreover, it is enforced that the algorithmic design be driven
by models of computation which allow accurate performance prediction
and embrace a simple software engineering methodology. It is worthwhile
then to review new models of parallel computation in order to
determine which are most suitable for different Web computing
applications and to develop new strategies based on the specific
features of these models.
Specific Technical Goals
All the problems addressed have the unified goal of seeing
the Web as a multimedia database.
Along the exposition we include our previous work on these problems.
In all the problems outlined below we expect three main types
- new models,
- new algorithms or techniques, and
- new specific applications.
Comparing multimedia objects
Multimedia data are quite different from traditional data, in
the sense that they do not represent "discrete" information.
Rather, they represent continuous signals of the real world which
are sampled and quantized. One of the most important consequences
of this fact is that there is no point in searching multimedia
data by exact equality, as traditional data would be searched.
Rather, we need mechanisms to search it by "similarity",
that is, find objects which are similar enough to a sample object.
Combinatorial pattern matching
in images and audio.
The signal processing community has traditionally addressed the
problem of measuring the similarity between two images or audio
segments (or parts thereof) despite of slight differences due
to scale, orientation, lighting, stretching, etc. (in the first
case) or timing, volume, tone, noise, etc. (in the second case).
They have used an approach where the object is seen as a continuous
signal to be processed.
A recent alternative approach to pattern matching
in audio and images relies on combinatory rather than on signal
processing. The audio or image is seen as a one or two dimensional
text, where one or two dimensional patterns are sought. Several
results on searching images permitting rotations, scaling, pixel
differences and stretching have been obtained, in many of which
we have been involved. The same has happened in searching music
files, using techniques derived from the large body of knowledge
acquired in the field of pattern matching of biological sequences.
Although the degree of flexibility obtained is still inferior
to that of the signal processing approach, much faster search
algorithms have been obtained. These results are rather encouraging
and we plan to pursue more in this line.
Approximate text searching.
The text, on the other hand, can also be considered as a medium
that can be queried by similarity, as opposed to searching exact
strings. Approximate text searching regards the text as a stream
of symbols and seeks to retrieve occurrences of user entered patterns
even when they are not correctly written (in the pattern or in
the text). This is mainly to recover from errors due to spelling,
typing, optical character recognition, etc. We have devoted a
lot of research to this problem and plan to continue working on
faster algorithms and their adaptation to the particular problematic
of the Web search engines.
Similarity access methods
In all the cases above, the problem is not solved just by
developing fast and accurate algorithms to compare images, audio
clips, texts, etc. Given a user query, there will be millions
of elements in the multimedia database, and we cannot afford comparing
them one by one. Moreover, queries can be more complex than just
a measure of similarity, as they can involve complex relations
among several objects. Efficient access methods are necessary
that permit fast retrieval of those elements that match the query
criteria. Only with such a technology can we hope for a world-scale
Web multimedia database. We plan to contribute to this research
in several aspects.
Top of page
Answering structural queries.
We refer to a structural query as one that is expressed by a set
of spatial objects and a set of relations for each pair of these
objects. Query by sketches, by examples, or by extended SQL commands
in Geographic Information Systems are examples of structural queries.
Objects in these queries are not necessarily described by their
spatial extents in an Euclidean space but by, for example, their
distinguishing features (e.g., color, texture, shape, size) or
by their semantic classifications (e.g., building and road). Spatial
relations are usually a subset of topological, orientation, and
distance relations. Answering a structural query implies to find
instances of objects in the database that satisfy the spatial
constraints. As opposed to previous work on answering structural
queries we plan to combine semantics of objects with their spatial
characteristics and interrelations for query processing.
Search algorithms for metric
Similarity searching is a research subject that abstracts several
of the issues we have mentioned. The problem can be stated as
follows: given a set of objects of unknown nature, a distance
function defined among them that measures how dissimilar the objects
are, and given yet another object called the query, find all the
elements of the set which are similar enough to the query. We
seek for indexing techniques to structure the database so as to
perform as few distance evaluations as possible when answering
a similarity query.
Several of the problems we have mentioned can be
converted into a metric space search problem:
- when finding images, audio or video clips "close"
to a sample query;
- in approximate text searching;
- in information retrieval we define a similarity
between documents and want to retrieve the most similar ones
to the query;
- in artificial intelligence applications, for
labeling using the closest known point;
- in pattern recognition and clustering;
- in lossy signal compression (audio, images, video)
to quickly find the most similar frame already seen; etc.
All these applications are important to search the
- permits indexing the Web to search for similar images and
- permits coping with the poor quality of the texts that exist
in the Web;
- permits quickly finding Web pages relevant to a query;
- permit understanding the content of images and text semantics
to enable more sophisticated searching;
- permits better compression of multimedia data, which is essential
for transmission over a slow network like Internet.
Metric space searching is quite young as an area
by itself. For this reason, it is still quite immature and open
to developments in new algorithms and applications. We have done
intensive research on this subject in the last years and plan
to continue in the framework of this project.
Top of page
Handling semistructured information
The widespread penetration of the Web has converted HTML into
a de-facto standard for exchanging documents. HTML is a simplification
of SGML, a structured text specification language formerly designed
with the aims of a universal language for exchanging and manipulating
structured text. A recent derivation of SGML, called XML, is rapidly
gaining space in the community. It is quite possible that XML
will in the future replace HTML, and the research community is
putting large efforts in standardization, definition of a suitable
query language, etc. on XML.
The structure that can be derived from the text
is in no case similar to a relational one, which can be separated
in fixed fields and records, and tabulated accordingly. Texts
have more complex and fuzzy structure, which in the case of the
Web is a graph. Designing and implementing suitable query and
manipulation languages for structured text databases, including
for the Web, is an active research activity. There are currently
several proposals for a query language on XML. We have contributed
to the area of structured text searching and to the particular
case of efficiently implementing XQL.
We plan to continue working in efficient query languages
over XML, developing prototypes to query XML data. The ability
of efficiently querying XML (and HTML as a simpler case of it)
will open the door to enhancements of current Web search engines
so as to incorporate predicates on the structure of the documents.
Top of page
Mathematical Modeling and
Simulation of the Web
The last decade has been featured by an ever-increasing demand
for applications running on the Internet that are able to efficiently
retrieve and process information scattered on huge and dynamic
repositories like the Web. However, it is well-known that predicting
detailed behavior of such applications is extremely difficult
since the Internet not only grows at an exponential rate, but
it also experiences changes in use and topology over time. How
to make sensible performance analyses of software artifacts interacting
with such a complex and large system is indeed an open question.
The whole problematic resembles scaling conditions in statistical
physics wherein interesting phenomena arise only in sufficiently
large models. A large and good enough model has a chance to exhibit
"rare'' critical fluctuations that seem to emerge regularly
in the real Internet. Clearly, analytical approaches become quickly
inadequate in such situations. Thus, simulation validated against
empirical data is potentially the only tool that can enable the
analysis of alternative designs under different scenarios.
Currently the problem of modeling and simulating
the global Internet is receiving little attention. As a result,
no work has been done in the development of realistic simulation
frameworks for predicting the performance of information retrieval
systems running on the Internet. In the immediate, we anticipate
unique opportunities for productive research on the development
of more suitable strategies for scanning the whole Web and their
associated simulation models, which allow these strategies to
be analyzed and re-designed before their actual implementation
and testing. Suitable simulation models can certainly allow one
to explore current and future trends in the ever-moving Internet,
under conditions that are impossible to reproduce at will in the
One specific problem is to understand the structure
and characteristics of the Web, including its temporal behavior
as well as usage behavior. The latter implies analysis of logs
and Web data mining. Another important problem is to traverse
the Web to gather new and updated pages. This is a hard scheduling
problem that can be modeled mathematically and simulated.
Top of page
Distributed Computing Environments
The complex distribution of computing power
in the Internet makes it impossible to use the traditional programming
paradigms to develop Web Computing applications. New approaches
are being explored by our group, using the Mobile Agent paradigm.
The main idea is to program small agents that migrate from one
machine to another, using a small fraction of processing power
at each stage, collecting information and making decisions based
on their knowledge. From time to time, they may come back to their
original creator machine, if a database is being built.
Much research concerning agents
is being done around the world. However there is still a surprisingly
low number of available platforms implementing them. We have built
a reflective platform in Java (called Reflex) that provides a
functional environment to test these ideas, with dynamic behavior.
Agents are a powerful paradigm
for Web Computing,. However, many issues are still open to provide
a reliable developing platform: they must be robust (fault-tolerant),
handle remote objects (remote method invocation, garbage collection),
migrate with their state between heterogeneous machines (thread
migration), support replicated objects (consi possible. Parallel computing can then
be an effective tool for the development of high-performance servers
which are able to process thousands of requests per minute. Web
based applications pose new challenges in this matter. For example,
little research has been done so far in the efficient parallel
processing of read-only queries on Web documents. For transactional
servers, we anticipate new research topics such as the efficient
synchronization of sequences of read/write operations coming from
a large number of concurrent clients/agents using the services
provided by the server site. Similarities with the problem of
event synchronization in parallel simulation are evident and it
is worthwhile to investigate the extent to which new techniques
developed in this field can be applied.
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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
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as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
Engaging Privacy and Information Technology in a Digital Age
information that can be gathered and stored and the speed with which that information can be analyzed, thus changing the economics of what it is possible to do with information technology. A second trend concerns the increasing connectedness of this hardware over networks, which magnifies the increases in the capabilities of the individual pieces of hardware that the network connects. A third trend has to do with advances in software that allow sophisticated mechanisms for the extraction of information from the data that are stored, either locally or on the network. A fourth trend, enabled by the other three, is the establishment of organizations and companies that offer as a resource information that they have gathered themselves or that has been aggregated from other sources but organized and analyzed by the company.
Improvements in the technologies have been dramatic, but the systems that have been built by combining those technologies have often yielded overall improvements that sometimes appear to be greater than the sum of the constituent parts. These improvements have in some cases changed what it is possible to do with the technologies or what it is economically feasible to do; in other cases they have made what was once difficult into something that is so easy that anyone can perform the action at any time.
The end result is that there are now capabilities for gathering, aggregating, analyzing, and sharing information about and related to individuals (and groups of individuals) that were undreamed of 10 years ago. For example, global positioning system (GPS) locators attached to trucks can provide near-real-time information on their whereabouts and even their speed, giving truck shipping companies the opportunity to monitor the behavior of their drivers. Cell phones equipped to provide E-911 service can be used to map to a high degree of accuracy the location of the individuals carrying them, and a number of wireless service providers are marketing cell phones so equipped to parents who wish to keep track of where their children are.
These trends are manifest in the increasing number of ways people use information technology, both for the conduct of everyday life and in special situations. The personal computer, for example, has evolved from a replacement for a typewriter to an entry point to a network of global scope. As a network device, the personal computer has become a major agent for personal interaction (via e-mail, instant messaging, and the like), for financial transactions (bill paying, stock trading, and so on), for gathering information (e.g., Internet searches), and for entertainment (e.g., music and games). Along with these intended uses, however, the personal computer can also become a data-gathering device sensing all of these activities. The use of the PC on the network can potentially generate data that can be analyzed to find out more about users of PCs than they
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| 0.952903 | 600 | 2.53125 | 3 |
simulation to mpls networks by opnet
Concept of software reuse
1. Java programmers can use class hierarchies for the purposes of inheritance. For example, given a Tree class, we could define Conifer and Deciduous sub classes that inherit from the parent Tree class as you can see here: For this learning event, you should develop a similar class...
A(n) ____ data type can store a variable amount of text or combination of text and numbers where the total number of characters may exceed 255.
Pretend you are ready to buy a new computer for personal use. First, take a look at ads from various magazines and newspapers and list terms you don't quite understand. Look these terms up and give a brief written explanation. Decide what factors are important in your decision as to which...
Activities of the business modeling discipline examine the information needs of the user, the ways in which those needs are being... Activities of the business modeling discipline examine the information needs of the user, the ways in which those needs are being addressed (if any), and...
What security issues must be resolved now which cannot wait for the next version of Window to arrive?
What will following segment of code output? int x = 5; if (x = 2) cout << "This is true!" << endl; else cout << "This is false!" << endl; cout << "This is all...
. Most people can t grasp the size of the value 2128. Let s put it another way. If the Internet governing body assigned 1 million Internet addresses every picosecond, how long would they be able to assign addresses (give your answer in years).
four types of requirements that may be defined for a computer-based system
Ask a new Computer Science Question
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- 1. Identify and describe Trust/Security Domain boundaries that may be applicable to personal computer (workstation) security in a business context.
2. This is a C++ codelab question.
- The "origin" of the cartesian plane in math is the point where x and y are both zero. Given a variable, origin of type Point-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double, write one or two statements that make this variable's field's values consistent with the mathematical notion of "origin".
- Assume two variables p1 and p2 of type POINT, with two fields, x and y, both of type double, have been declared. Write a statement that reads values for p1 and p2 in that order. Assume that values for x always precede y.
- In mathematics, "quadrant I" of the cartesian plane is the part of the plane where x and y are both positive. Given a variable, p that is of type POINT-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double-- write and expression that is true if and only the point represented by p is in "quadrant I".
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MAKING IT BETTER: EXPANDING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH TO MEET SOCIETY'S NEEDS
What Makes Large-Scale IT Systems So Difficult to Design, Build,and Operate?
Large number of components—Large IT systems can contain thousands of processors and hundreds of thousands or even millions of lines of software. Research is needed to understand how to build systems that can scale gracefully and add capacity as needed without needing overall redesign.
Deep interactions among components—Components of large IT systems interact with each other in a variety of ways, some of which may not have been anticipated by the designers. A single misbehaving router can flood the Internet with traffic that will bring down thousands of local hosts and cause traffic to be rerouted worldwide. Research is needed to provide better analytical techniques for modeling system performance and building systems with more comprehensible structures.
Unintended and unanticipated consequences of changes or additionsto the systems—For instance, upgrading the memory in a personal computer can lead to timing mismatches that cause memory failures that in turn lead to loss of application data, even if the memory chips are themselves perfectly functional. In this case it is the system that fails to work, even though all its components work. Research is needed to uncover techniques or architectures that provide greater flexibility.
Emergent behaviors—Systems sometimes exhibit surprising behaviors that arise from unanticipated interactions among components. These behaviors are “emergent” in that they are unspecified by any individual component and are the unanticipated product of the system as a whole. Research is needed to find techniques for better analyzing system behavior.
Constantly changing needs of the users—Many large systems are longlived, meaning they must be modified while preserving some of their own capabilities and within the constraints of the performance of individual components. Development cycles can be so long that requirements change before systems are even deployed. Research is needed to develop ways of building extendable systems that can accommodate change.
Independently designed components—Today's large-scale IT systems are not typically designed from the top down but often are assembled from off-the-shelf components. These components have not been customized to work in the larger system and must rely on standard interfaces and, often, customized software. Modern IT systems are essentially assembled in each home or office. As a result, they are notoriously difficult to maintain and subject to frequent, unexplained breakdowns. Research could help to develop architectural approaches that can accommodate heterogeneity and to extend the principles of modularity to larger scales than have been attempted to date.
Large numbers of individuals involved in design and operation—When browsing the Internet, a user may interact with thousands of computers and hundreds of different software components, all designed by independent teams of designers. For that browsing to work, all of these designs must work sufficiently
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By Rick Rashid, Chief Research Officer, Microsoft Research.
In the early days of computer science, there was a common conceit that many of the important problems computers could solve would be solved by careful analysis and software that would be largely deterministic in its behaviour. There was a belief that if we had enough rules, we could understand and translate language, understand speech, recognize images, predict the weather, and perhaps even understand human behaviour. I will discuss how our ability to collect, store, and process vast amounts of data on an unprecedented scale gives rise to a new paradigm for solving problems—not just in the area of natural human interfaces, but also in search, weather, traffic, and health.
As chief research officer, Rick Rashid oversees worldwide operations for Microsoft Research. Under his leadership, Microsoft Research conducts both basic and applied research across disciplines that include algorithms and theory; human-computer interaction; machine learning; multimedia and graphics; search; security; social computing; and systems, architecture, mobility and networking.
This article was published on Sep 14, 2011
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When accessing a web-page, how does the data (images, text, ...) get from the web-server to your computer, across the Internet? Which protocols make "the net work", and upon which algorithms and paradigms are those protocols constructed?
Sending information across a (dynamic) network, such as the Internet, in an optimal fashion depends both on the topology of the network, as well as on physical constraints, challenging the design of adaptive algorithms.
Different options are available, each having a numerus clausus.
This course takes place between October and January.
The main topic of this lesson is to present applications for mobile phones. In this course, to avoid architecture problem between Android, IOS and so on, we
show how to develop web applications on smartphones either as a webpage or as a native application.
Prerequisite : None
In 2011, the number of web sites was approximately 155000000 compared to the 54000000 of 2004. Moreover, these sites offer more and more personnalized services: agregators, shared workspace or blogs. This new deal parallels the increase of well-suited technologies meeting these demands.
This course aims at tackling the relevant development problems from a practical point of view. Among the techniques:
- Object oriented programming in PHP.
- Introduction to data bases through MySQL.
This course is mainly composed of programming labs. The students will have to build a long term project like the development of a Web application dynamically maintaining a library (clients, stock, booking, etc.), a blog web site, etc.
During the labs, some of the key aspects of modern computer science and its industrial realizations will be approached.
Prerequisite : INF 311-421 ou INF 321, INF 431 strongly recommended.
The Modal efficient programming has two goals. Learn how to implement quickly a program and how to find the quickest algorithm and implementation for a given problem. This course will develop the programming skills required for some job offers in computer science (for example Google). The idea is that methods in project management for software engineering can only be understood after some programming experience. As for the course content, we will review a large number of algorithms for combinatorial problems, graph problems and computational geometry. In addition the students will implement these algorithms and solve problems from the ACM programming contest (ICPC). We will also train for team work and read source code.
Prerequisite : None
The goal of this MODAL is to explore three questions:
- How does one write network-enabled applications, such as a file-sharing application, an on-line game or even a web-server?
We will explore the programming principles, constraints and primitives, needed to develop communicating systems, as well as basic considerations for distributed algorithms enabling e.g. Skype and IRC;
- How does the Internet really work?
We will explore the protocols for communicating between two computers on the Internet, as well as the protocols for managing the Internet and ensuring that no matter where we are, we can always access www.carlabruni.com routing, DNS, .... We will explore both the algorithmic underpinnings that make the Internet work, as well as how they manifest themselves in actual protocols.
- What are the technologies behind terms such as "switch", "router", "hub", "IPv6", "VPN" etc?
This MODAL is composed of a small number of "background lectures", followed by a selection of "technology lectures", with topics chosen in consultation between students and teachers. During the lab exercises students, in groups of 2-3, will undertaking developing a project: a "wireless ad-hoc network" among laptops and cell-phones, a distributed file-sharing application, a chat-system, a distributed web-server....
Prerequisite : None
Today, images are not only consumables anymore: we produce them every day. And every day, we discover new applications: virtually walking in the street (Google Streetview); browsing our own photos in 3D (Microsoft PhotoSynth); searching automatically for our friends in them (face recognition in Google Picasa); and so on.
The computational photography MODAL introduces novel and playful interactive techniques that reinvent the experience of creating, sharing and consuming visual content
Initial lessons will introduce common knowledge and techniques. They will be illustrated on computer. The major part of the course will consist of programming assignments. Students will have to design their own solutions, requiring previously seen techniques as well as specific ones.
Prerequisite : None.
Nowadays, many control softwares implement safety critical functions in systems like airplanes, trains or nuclear power plants. A software bug may have catastrophic consequences, as was the case for the first flight of the Ariane 5 launcher.
This Modal proposes a practical introduction to the techniques for the verification of software systems similar to those that can be found in real embedded systems. For the Lab sessions, we will use the Lego Mindstorms robots, and the Lejos programming language.
The amphis will first present the notion required for the Lab sessions and will introduce the mathematical foundations required to understand software verification (including indecidability and its consequences on software verification, common program reasoning techniques such as abstract interpretation or model checking, practical use of these techniques in real systems). These notions will be put to work in the Lab sessions in order to verify simple properties about the robots motion and reaction.
Rerequisite : None
Experiments in Biology lead to a large amount of information. This local information allows the reconstruction of complex structures, these being complex because of their size or their architecture. The large-scale information processing of the data allows the building of descriptive or explicative models for biological phenomena.
Many software packages of current use are built from simple programmatic methods. We will learn to extend these methods and apply them to real examples. We could envision addressing problems such as: pathological gene detection, high-throughput sequencing, and genome reconstruction.
This modal can be seen in two different ways:
1- a set of programming projects in a field not being computer science
2- a concrete introduction to bioinformatics.
Evaluation mechanism : The validation of this module relies on a project except for efficient programming which has a classical examination.
Last Modification : Friday 6 April 2012
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Have you ever wondered how your GPS can find the fastest way to your destination, selecting one route from seemingly countless possibilities in mere seconds? How your credit card account number is protected when you make a purchase over the Internet? The answer is algorithms. And how do these mathematical formulations translate themselves into your GPS, your laptop, or your smart phone? This book offers an engagingly written guide to the basics of computer algorithms. In Algorithms Unlocked, Thomas Cormen—coauthor of the leading college textbook on the subject—provides a general explanation, with limited mathematics, of how algorithms enable computers to solve problems.
Readers will learn what computer algorithms are, how to describe them, and how to evaluate them. They will discover simple ways to search for information in a computer; methods for rearranging information in a computer into a prescribed order (“sorting”); how to solve basic problems that can be modeled in a computer with a mathematical structure called a “graph” (useful for modeling road networks, dependencies among tasks, and financial relationships); how to solve problems that ask questions about strings of characters such as DNA structures; the basic principles behind cryptography; fundamentals of data compression; and even that there are some problems that no one has figured out how to solve on a computer in a reasonable amount of time.
About the Author
Thomas H. Cormen is Professor of Computer Science and former Director of the Institute for Writing and Rhetoric at Dartmouth College.
“Algorithms are at the center of computer science. This is a unique book in its attempt to open the field of algorithms to a wider audience. It provides an easy-to-read introduction to an abstract topic, without sacrificing depth. This is an important contribution and there is nobody more qualified than Thomas Cormen to bridge the knowledge gap between algorithms experts and the general public.”
—Frank Dehne, Chancellor’s Professor of Computer Science, Carleton University
“Thomas Cormen has written an engaging and readable survey of basic algorithms. The enterprising reader with some exposure to elementary computer programming will discover insights into the key algorithmic techniques that underlie efficient computation.”
—Phil Klein, Professor, Department of Computer Science, Brown University
“Thomas Cormen helps readers to achieve a broad understanding of the key algorithms underlying much of computer science. For computer science students and practitioners, it is a great review of key algorithms that every computer scientist must understand. For non-practitioners, it truly unlocks the world of algorithms at the heart of the tools we use every day.”
—G. Ayorkor Korsah, Computer Science Department, Ashesi University College
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<urn:uuid:47e76767-3324-493f-8ce3-ec1c1d7f2391>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/algorithms-unlocked
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en
| 0.909502 | 552 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Representations and operations on basic data structures. Arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, and recursion; binary search trees and balanced trees; hash tables, dynamic storage management; introduction to graphs. An object oriented programming language will be used.
Overall Rating:4 Stars
Thanks, enjoy the course! Come back and let us know how you like it by writing a review.
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http://www.chegg.com/courses/sdsu/CS/24671
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| 0.857335 | 78 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Visit additional Tabor Communication Publications
August 01, 2011
Computer systems are being tasked with addressing a proliferation of graph-based, data intensive problems in areas ranging from medical informatics and social networks. As a result, there has been an ongoing emphasis on research that addresses these types of problems.
A four-year National Science Foundation project is taking aim at developing a new computer system that will focus on solving complex graph-based problems that will push supercomputing into the exascale era.
At the root of the project is Jeanine Cook, an associate professor at New Mexico State University's department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and director of the university's Advanced Computer Architectre Performance and Simulation Laboratory.
Cook specializes in micro-architecture simulation, performance modeling and analysis, workload characterization and power optimization. In short, as Cook describes, she creates “software models of computer processor components and their behavior to use these models to predict and analyze performance of future designs.”
Her team has developed a model that could improve the way current systems work with large unstructured datasets using applications running on Sandia systems.
It was her work while on sabbatical with Sandia's Algorithms and Architectures group in 2009 that led to the $2.7 million NSF collaborative project. Cook developed processor and simulation tools and statistical performance models that identified performance bottlenecks in Sandia applications.
As Cook explained during a recent interview:
“Our system will be created specifically for solving [graph-based] problems. Intuitively, I believe that it will be an improvement. These are the most difficult types of problems to solve, mainly because the amount of data they require is huge and is not organized in a way that current computers can use efficiently.”
Full story at Las Cruces-Sun News
In quieter times, sounding the bell of funding big science with big systems tends to resonate further than when ears are already burning with sour economic and national security news. For exascale's future, however, the time could be ripe to instill some sense of urgency....
In a recent solicitation, the NSF laid out needs for furthering its scientific and engineering infrastructure with new tools to go beyond top performance, Having already delivered systems like Stampede and Blue Waters, they're turning an eye to solving data-intensive challenges. We spoke with the agency's Irene Qualters and Barry Schneider about..
Large-scale, worldwide scientific initiatives rely on some cloud-based system to both coordinate efforts and manage computational efforts at peak times that cannot be contained within the combined in-house HPC resources. Last week at Google I/O, Brookhaven National Lab’s Sergey Panitkin discussed the role of the Google Compute Engine in providing computational support to ATLAS, a detector of high-energy particles at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
05/10/2013 | Cleversafe, Cray, DDN, NetApp, & Panasas | From Wall Street to Hollywood, drug discovery to homeland security, companies and organizations of all sizes and stripes are coming face to face with the challenges – and opportunities – afforded by Big Data. Before anyone can utilize these extraordinary data repositories, however, they must first harness and manage their data stores, and do so utilizing technologies that underscore affordability, security, and scalability.
04/15/2013 | Bull | “50% of HPC users say their largest jobs scale to 120 cores or less.” How about yours? Are your codes ready to take advantage of today’s and tomorrow’s ultra-parallel HPC systems? Download this White Paper by Analysts Intersect360 Research to see what Bull and Intel’s Center for Excellence in Parallel Programming can do for your codes.
In this demonstration of SGI DMF ZeroWatt disk solution, Dr. Eng Lim Goh, SGI CTO, discusses a function of SGI DMF software to reduce costs and power consumption in an exascale (Big Data) storage datacenter.
The Cray CS300-AC cluster supercomputer offers energy efficient, air-cooled design based on modular, industry-standard platforms featuring the latest processor and network technologies and a wide range of datacenter cooling requirements.
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http://www.hpcwire.com/hpcwire/2011-08-01/research_targets_graph-based_computing_problems.html
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en
| 0.921249 | 881 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Microsoft has launched a new technical computing initiative, dubbed "Modeling the World," in an effort designed to bring supercomputing power and resources to a much wider group of scientists, engineers, and analysts who are working to address some of science's most difficult challenges through modeling and prediction.
According to Microsoft's Bob Muglia, President, Server & Tools Business, "Our goal is to unleash the power of pervasive, accurate, real-time modeling to help people and organizations achieve their objectives and realize their potential. We are bringing together some of the brightest minds in the technical computing community across industry, academia, and science at www.modelingtheworld.com to discuss trends, challenges, and shared opportunities."
The initiative focuses on Microsoft’s three areas of technical computing investment:
- Cloud: Bringing technical computing power to scientists, engineers, and analysts through cloud computing to help ensure processing resources are available whenever they are needed -- reliably, consistently, and quickly. Supercomputing work may emerge as a “killer app” for the cloud.
- Easier, consistent parallel programming: Delivering new tools that will help simplify parallel development from the desktop to the cluster to the cloud.
- Powerful new tools: Developing powerful, easy-to-use technical computing tools that will help significantly speed discovery. This includes working with customers and industry partners on innovative solutions that will bring our technical computing vision to life.
According to Muglia, "New advances provide the foundation for tools and applications that will make technical computing more affordable and accessible where mathematical and computational principles are applied to solve practical problems. One day soon, complicated tasks like building a sophisticated computer model that would typically take a team of advanced software programmers months to build and days to run, will be accomplished in a single afternoon by a scientist, engineer ,or analyst working at the PC on their desktop. And as technology continues to advance, these models will become more complete and accurate in the way they represent the world. This will speed our ability to test new ideas, improve processes, and advance our understanding of systems."
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http://www.drdobbs.com/tools/modeling-the-world/224900185
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en
| 0.937156 | 422 | 2.890625 | 3 |
This approach of relying on examples — on massive amounts of data — rather than on cleverly composed rules, is a pervasive theme in modern A.I. work. It has been applied to closely related problems like speech recognition and to very different problems like robot navigation. IBM’s Watson system also relies on massive amounts of data, spread over hundreds of computers, as well as a sophisticated mechanism for combining evidence from multiple sources.
The current decade is a very exciting time for A.I. development because the economics of computer hardware has just recently made it possible to address many problems that would have been prohibitively expensive in the past. In addition, the development of wireless and cellular data networks means that these exciting new applications are no longer locked up in research labs, they are more likely to be available to everyone as services on the web.
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<urn:uuid:e3801c34-dbc9-4814-9064-b20152760ef8>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.dnate.com/2011/02/computer-beats-human-at-jeopardy.html
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en
| 0.975395 | 170 | 2.984375 | 3 |
A valuable text for introductory course work in computer science for mathematicians, scientists and engineers. This book demonstrates that Mathematica
is a powerful tool in the study of algorithms, allowing the behavior of each algorithm to be studied separately. Examples from mathematics, all types of science, and engineering are included, as well as computer science topics. This book is also useful for Mathematica
users at all levels.
Computers and Science | Mathematica
's Programming Language | Iteration and Recursion | Structure of Programs | Abstract Data Types | Algorithms for Searching and Sorting | Complexity of Algorithms | Operations on Vectors and Matrices | List Processing and Recursion | Rule-Based Programming | Functions | Theory of Computation | Databases | Object-Oriented Programming | Appendix A: Further Reading | Appendix B: More Information about Mathematica
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<urn:uuid:7406f1b4-4826-4dd5-9348-6395406853d9>
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http://www.wolfram.com/books/profile.cgi?id=3635
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en
| 0.885595 | 180 | 3.171875 | 3 |
A solution that meets technical as well as operational needs while considering issues like security, manageability and performance is defined as software architecture. It is also defined as a set of rules that are needed to understand the system in terms of software elements and the relation between them. Computer science is complex. Choosing the right data structures and algorithms will initially solve the problem. But with increasing complexity in designs, the data structures and algorithms are not sufficient for a software system. Software architecture is required to design a complex system. Some common software architectural styles are pipe and filter, data abstraction and object-oriented organization, event based implicit implication, layered systems, repositories, blackboard, table-driven interpreters, heterogeneous architectures, interpreted program, client-server and peer-to-peer.
Software architecture can be studied based on four key principles which are:
In this kind of architecture each component has a combination of inputs and outputs. The components are called filters. The input data is read and processed to form larger streams. The outputs become the inputs of the next filter in the pipeline. UNIX shell programs are the best example for pipe and filter architecture.
The object-oriented approach is widely in use. Data operations and representations are encapsulated into an abstract data type or object. All the components in this architecture are represented as objects. The objects are invoked by functions and procedures. The representation is preserved by the object and it is hidden from other objects.
In this kind of architecture, the routines or the functions are explicitly invoked for the components to interact with each other. An event can be registered by other components by connecting a procedure with the event. The system invokes all the registered procedures when an event is announced. The invocation of procedures is caused implicitly.
This architecture operates hierarchically. Each layer only communicates with immediate layers “above” and “below” it. A few layered architecture systems have their inner layers hidden from the outer layers. But a few functions may have access to the inner layers. In these types of systems, a virtual machine is implemented at some layer. The protocols define the connectors based on the interaction of the layers.
This architectural style can be classified as having two distinct types of components. The first one is the central data structure representing the present state, the other is the collection of components that are independent and operate on the central data store. Each system can have different interactions between the repository and the external components.
A virtual machine is produced as software in an interpreter organization. The pseudo-program includes the program and the interpreter’s analog (activation record). The interpretation engine has both the definition of the interpretation engine and its current execution state. The interpreter has 4 components: an interpretation engine, a memory that contains the pseudo-code to be interpreted, a representation of the current state of the interpreter program and a representation of the interpretation engine in its control state.
All the different architectural styles can be combined to achieve heterogeneous style of architecture. Hierarchy helps to combine the architecture. The internal structure of a component may be completely different from the organized architectural style.
There are many more architectural styles; some are widely used while some are specific to the domains. The lesser-known architectural patterns can be classified as
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<urn:uuid:fcc68c94-de86-4c56-9056-44b5cdee6906>
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http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-are-types-software-design-architecture
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en
| 0.939084 | 659 | 3.671875 | 4 |
This course covers the essential concepts, principals, techniques, and mechanisms for the design, use and implementation of computerized database systems. Concentration will be on the Relational model, with an overview of the other significant models, Hierarchical and Network. The query language SQL will be studied in some detail. Planning and design of databases through the ER model and normalization are also covered. Most assignments will be done using ORACLE Database software. Thus the student will be introduced to the ORACLE system and gain familiarity with its components.
By providing a balanced view of theory and practice, the material covered should give the student an understanding and use of practical database systems. CS 275 provides practical examples of concepts taught in other Computer Science courses, including locking and buffer management (Operating Systems), data structuring (Data Structures), indexing and query processing algorithms (Algorithms), and their use in solving database problems.
|Introduction to Databases||1.1 - 1.6||SQL: Data Definition||6.1 - 6.6|
|Database Environment||2.1 - 2.6||Entity-Relationship Modeling||11.1 - 11.6|
|The Relational Model||3.1 - 3.4||Enhanced E-R Modeling||12.1|
|The Relataional Algebra||4.1||Normalization||13.1 - 13.9|
|SQL: Data Manipulation||5.1 - 5.3||Transaction Management||20.1 - 20.3|
A term project involving the implementation of a database is associated with the course. This is a group project, with group sizes of 2 to 3 persons. The project plan and its design are due on Tuesday, February 19th (January 29th).
Printable version here.
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<urn:uuid:0bcb3b75-27e0-4a9c-8ba8-6df0a6f4c222>
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http://people.stfx.ca/mvanbomm/cs275/outline.html
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en
| 0.858556 | 376 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Processing is an open source programming language and environment for people who want to program images, animation, and interactions. It is used for learning, prototyping, and production. It is created to teach fundamentals of computer programming within a visual context and to serve as a software sketchbook and professional production tool. Processing is developed by artists and designers as an alternative to proprietary software tools in the same domain. This workshop will introduce participants to the basic building blocks of programming and assist them in developing simple artistic applications.
- About Us
- Matricules Archives
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<urn:uuid:b95e5bcc-3857-439e-b38f-6b2c16881517>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.studioxx.org/en/ateliers/processing
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705097259/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115137-00064-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.924863 | 111 | 3.109375 | 3 |
CS 04225: Data Structures for Engineers
The course features programs of realistic complexity. The programs utilize data structures (strings, lists, graphs, stacks) and algorithms (searching, sorting, etc.) for manipulating these data structures. The course emphasizes interactive design and includes the use of microcomputer systems and direct access data files.
Wanda M. KunkleNaN Stars
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There are no documents available for this class
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<urn:uuid:dd229e5c-5afa-442c-9f74-9eeed9ca0e01>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.chegg.com/courses/rowan/CS/04225
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368711605892/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516134005-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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| 0.854207 | 113 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The Elements of Computing Systems (From NAND to Tetris)
Activity: In this activity we will write a small program using Jack, our high level language. Please read the text below to understand what needs to be done. As always, blog your efforts, and submit links to your blog posts using the submission form below. Feel free to use the discussion forum to ask questions, if you have any doubts.
This section contains reviews provided by the community for the activity response specified at the top of the page. Please use the form at the end to provide a constructive review of the activity.
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<urn:uuid:1ff3d540-0414-4796-9733-c8e936b9b0cb>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://diycomputerscience.com/course/the-elements-of-computing-systems/section/introducing-a-high-level-object-oriented-programming-language/activityResponse/1059/review
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705948348/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120548-00014-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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| 0.894767 | 120 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Data-intensive computing key to predictive science
The ability to protect the nation from terrorist attacks, discover the hidden secrets of genes and monitor and control the electrical power grid requires the ability to process and analyze massive amounts of data and information in real time.
"The power to make breakthroughs and solve complex problems lies in our ability to successfully manage the increase in data, extract valuable knowledge from the multiple and massive data sets, and reduce the data for understanding and timely decision making," said Deborah Gracio, deputy director of Computational Sciences and Mathematics.
Gracio leads the Data- Intensive Computing Initiative (DICI) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The four-year initiative is aimed at creating a computing infrastructure that will integrate data-intensive computational tools with domain science problems such as national security, biology, environment, and energy, to facilitate the next frontier—predictive science.
According to Gracio, the computing infrastructure will enable predictive systems that aid scientists in the development of predictors or means for understanding the precursors to an event. "They can start to identify the biomarkers in the environment that could cause contamination or be able to observe a pattern in the way terrorists interact, opening the possibility to change the outcome."
Staff scientist Ian Gorton, a recent recruit from Australia (see "Meet" below), is the chief architect for creating the computing infrastructure. Gorton, whose goal is to develop a robust, flexible integrated system architecture encompassing both hardware and software, calls the project Medici, alluding to the Florentine architects of the Italian Renaissance and playing on DICI.
"The focus of Medici is the construction of software tools, or the underlying plumbing, that will allow applications to be plugged together so that scientists and application developers can create complex, data-intensive applications," Gorton said. "Our primary aim is to create technologies that provide scientists the ability to create various applications on a single underlying architecture. And, once created, these applications will run fast and reliably, and they'll be able to adapt in certain ways to changes in their environment while they're actually executing."
Gorton has worked for nearly two decades in the software architecture research world. "The types of applications I tend to build always involve many distributed computers and databases. They're incredibly difficult to build for various technical reasons, so it's always been a fascination of mine to try and build and use technology to make integrating all these different types of systems easier."
Gorton's team had the opportunity to demonstrate the Medici technology at Supercomputing 06. "Using our very first version of Medici, we plugged together a set of network sensors and analytical tools that were developed by various researchers at the Laboratory for cyber security purposes," he said. "And it all worked beautifully."
Meet Ian Gorton, Chief Architect
Ian Gorton, a staff scientist at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and chief architect of PNNL's Data-Intensive Computing Initiative, has 17 years experience in research and development and consulting in software architecture.
He has held senior positions at IBM Transarc and Australia's National Science Agency, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. Gorton had worked previously at PNNL, leading research and consulting projects that created new methods and technologies for building complex software systems.
"I enjoy the opportunity to work with different people you find in a national laboratory, such as biologists, the people in cyber security and the environmental scientists," Gorton said. "The potential diversity of applications that we have to provide the underlying infrastructure for is useful because it enables us to really understand what people want to do in their own application domain."
Gorton has written two books on software architecture and is a member of the IEEE Computer Society, ACM and a Fellow of the Australian Computer Society.
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http://www.pnl.gov/breakthroughs/issues/2007-issues/winter/mission_critical.stm
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en
| 0.947339 | 779 | 2.625 | 3 |
Automatic Programming Server
The Automatic Programming Server operates over the Web and writes
specialized procedures for the user.
- User describes concrete data types
- User makes views showing how concrete types correspond to
abstract types known to the system
- User selects desired procedures
- Procedures are specialized, translated to target language,
and delivered as a source code file.
- Data conversion programs can also be generated.
- Example: avl-tree: 200 lines of generated code in less
than a minute of user time.
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<urn:uuid:6ee3b4e6-a401-42bf-a452-a45f492ab0b2>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/novak/cs394p203.html
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en
| 0.704646 | 109 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Computers, as well as the programs that run on them and the networks they form – with the worldwide Internet leading the way – are the most complex structures ever made by the human beings. This makes computer systems both powerful and mysterious tools. Today's world is a digital world. Ten years ago, data consisted mostly of text; today, however, there is also audio, image and video data. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics are concerned with the issue of how we can come to grips with computer systems, and how we can avoid information overload in the modern-day flood of data. The scientists basically want to understand how algorithms and programs work, how complex processes can be simplified, and how we can use the abundance of available data to receive automatic answers from computers to the diverse questions we face.
No job offers available
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<urn:uuid:b45e7bf5-91e6-4cb8-a5c2-3dc77b58bbef>
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http://www.mpg.de/152494/informatik
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en
| 0.954239 | 170 | 3.015625 | 3 |
|Course code module||FTEBABK110|
|Study load (hours)||84|
|Instructor(s)||Carlos De Backer|
|Language of instruction:||Dutch|
|Semester exam information:||exam in the 1st semester|
|Contract restriction information:|
No knowledge required.
2. Objectives (expected learning outcomes)
By the end of the course, students should understand modern computer technology and be able to explain how computer systems work. This knowledge should help students to better communicate with computer suppliers and colleagues from the IT department. In the course, a number of business economic applications will also be elaborated using Excel and Access. In-depth knowledge of this software should motivate students to fully use these packages during the rest of the course of studies.
3. Course content
In the first part of the course we examine how hardware works. We examine the technology used for all the components in the motherboard (memory, processor, bus, port, etc) and the peripherals (hard drive, printer, etc.). The second part of the course deals with system and application software. Here, we introduce the workings of the Windows and Linux operating systems. In addition, Excel is explained in more detail to illustrate application software. In the third part of the course, we deal with computer networks. In particular, the hardware (modems, hubs, routers, etc.) and software (protocols) of modern computer networks (internet, ADSL, ISDN, wireless, etc.) are explained. The fourth part of the course deals with data management. In this part, a number of traditional file organisations are explained as an introduction to dealing with relational databases. Microsoft Access is also used to illustrate a simple database package.
4. Teaching method
Direct contact: Lectures
Personal work: Supervised self-study
5. Assessment method
Exam: Multiple choice
6. Compulsory reading – study material
7. Recommended reading - study material
E. Garrison Walters, 'The essential guide to computing: the story of information technology', Prentice Hall, 2001
laatste aanpassing: last update: 04/01/2010 16:58 liesbeth.opdenacker
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http://www.ua.ac.be/main.aspx?c=.OODE2010&n=85222&ct=085222&e=229059&detail=FTEBABK110
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en
| 0.815931 | 463 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Scientific computing involves both creativity on the part of the human scientist and a great deal of mechanical drudgery that can and should he automated. In the domain of mathematical modeling, problems can be specified naturally and concisely in terms of the mathematics and physics of the application. Our goal is to minimize the time required for scientists and engineers to implement these mathematical models. Much of the necessary implementation knowledge is available in books and journal articles and can be encoded in a knowledge-based program synthesis system. SINAI'S is one such system that illustrates how to have the scientist or engineer provide the major design decisions for problem solving and have an automated assistant carry out the details of coding the algorithms into the desired target language. The basic implementation paradigm is program transformation based on objectoriented representations of the underlying mathematical and programming concepts. Mathematica is the implementation platform.
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<urn:uuid:16168aa4-4bd8-4aaf-9038-e95a604e65a5>
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http://aaai.org/Library/Symposia/Fall/1992/fs92-01-013.php
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en
| 0.915672 | 172 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Sistemas Distribuídos - Intro - part 1
Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through a computer network. The computers interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. A computer program that runs in a distributed system is called a distributed program, and distributed programming is the process of...
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://budapottery.tumblr.com/archive/2011/8
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| 0.937254 | 81 | 2.703125 | 3 |
SANTA CLARA, Calif.--June 24, 2003--Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, HP, Intel Corporation, Princeton University, the University of Washington and more than 60 universities from around the world have joined together to form PlanetLab, a global test bed for inventing and testing prototype Internet applications and services. The researchers aim to spark a new era of innovation by using "overlay" networks to upgrade and expand the Internet`s features and capabilities.
PlanetLab may lead to new ways of protecting the Internet from viruses and worms. It could also enable new capabilities, such as persistent storage, the idea of giving the Internet a "memory." For example, 100 years from now a piece of data could still be found, even though the original computer on which it was posted no longer exists. In addition, this research could influence the future design of servers and network processors.
Upgrading the Internet
The Internet has been based on a small set of software protocols that direct routers inside the network to forward data from source to destination, while applications run on computers connected to the edges of the network. The simplicity of the software model enabled the Internet to rapidly scale into a critical global service; however, this success now makes it difficult to create and test new ways of protecting it from abuses, or from implementing innovative applications and services.
The PlanetLab concept was born when Intel researchers gathered a group of leading network and distributed systems researchers to discuss the implications of a new, emerging class of global services and applications on the Internet. This new class of services is designed to operate as "overlay" networks, which have emerged as a way of adding new capabilities to the Internet. The concept of an overlay or "on top of" approach might be familiar from text books where additional details are added to an image by laying a transparent sheet containing new graphics on top of an existing page. An example of this is overlaying an image of human muscles on top of an illustration of bones to show how the body works.
These overlay networks incorporate the Internet for packet forwarding, but integrate their own intelligent routers and servers on top of the Internet to enable new capabilities without affecting its performance today. These applications are decentralized, with pieces running on many machines spread across the global Internet, they can self-organize to form their own networks, and include some form of application processing inside the network (instead of at the edges), adding new intelligence and capabilities to the Internet.
One example of an overlay network enabling a new kind of Internet application is robust video multicasting. Today, a standard Web site that receives too many requests for the same video clip can bog down or crash; however, if this site were supported by an overlay network of smart routers and globally distributed content storage sites, it could redirect requests on-the-fly, sending them across the Internet to the nearest available content site to ensure the best viewing experience while keeping the site up and running.
PlanetLab consists of 170 computers (the first 100 provided by Intel) distributed at 60 research centers around the world. The goal of the project is to grow to more than 1,000 computers in the next few years. These sites connect large client populations (such as a university) to PlanetLab, providing researchers a facility that supports experimentation into new network services and applications under realistic conditions. At the same time, PlanetLab provides an environment for developing the core technologies necessary for the Internet to better support overlay networks in the future.
The initial PlanetLab core architecture was designed by Larry Peterson, Princeton University; Tom Anderson, University of Washington; Timothy Roscoe, Intel, and David Culler, Intel Research Berkeley Lab and U.C. Berkeley, who led this effort. Intel researchers continue to innovate on the PlanetLab architecture while providing operational support until the program matures. PlanetLab is currently open to research and educational institutions, including industrial research labs. Sites are allowed to join by contributing machines and bandwidth. This enables researchers from around the world, regardless of the location or size of their institution, to develop improvements for the next Internet. More information, including a complete list of PlanetLab`s members, can be found at www.planet-lab.org.
Intel, the world`s largest chip maker, is also a leading manufacturer of computer, networking and communications products. Additional information about Intel is available at www.intel.com/pressroom.
Intel is a trademark or registered trademark of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.
* Other marks and brands are property of their respective holders.
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| 0.922643 | 923 | 3 | 3 |
[Previous] | [Session 106] | [Next]
J.H. Simonetti (Virginia Tech)
I have written an astronomical image processing and analysis program designed to run over the internet in a Java-compatible web browser. The program, Sky Image Processor (SIP), is accessible at the SIP webpage (http://www.phys.vt.edu/SIP). Since nothing is installed on the user's machine, there is no need to download upgrades; the latest version of the program is always instantly available. Furthermore, the Java programming language is designed to work on any computer platform (any machine and operating system). The program could be used with students in web-based instruction or in a computer laboratory setting; it may also be of use in some research or outreach applications.
While SIP is similar to other image processing programs, it is unique in some important respects. For example, SIP can load images from the user's machine or from the Web. An instructor can put images on a web server for students to load and analyze on their own personal computer. Or, the instructor can inform the students of images to load from any other web server. Furthermore, since SIP was written with students in mind, the philosophy is to present the user with the most basic tools necessary to process and analyze astronomical images. Images can be combined (by addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division), multiplied by a constant, smoothed, cropped, flipped, rotated, and so on. Statistics can be gathered for pixels within a box drawn by the user. Basic tools are available for gathering data from an image which can be used for performing simple differential photometry, or astrometry. Therefore, students can learn how astronomical image processing works. Since SIP is not part of a commercial CCD camera package, the program is written to handle the most common denominator image file, the FITS format.
If you would like more information about this abstract, please follow the link to http://www.phys.vt.edu/SIP. This link was provided by the author. When you follow it, you will leave the Web site for this meeting; to return, you should use the Back comand on your browser. [Previous] | [Session 106] | [Next]
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| 0.919121 | 466 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Book Description: Data Structures and Algorithms in Java, Second Edition is designed to be easy to read and understand although the topic itself is complicated. Algorithms are the procedures that software programs use to manipulate data structures. Besides clear and simple example programs, the author includes a workshop as a small demonstration program executable on a Web browser. The programs demonstrate in graphical form what data structures look like and how they operate. In the second edition, the program is rewritten to improve operation and clarify the algorithms, the example programs are revised to work with the latest version of the Java JDK, and questions and exercises will be added at the end of each chapter making the book even more useful. Educational Supplement Suggested solutions to the programming projects found at the end of each chapter are made available to instructors at recognized educational institutions. This educational supplement can be found at www.prenhall.com, in the Instructor Resource Center.
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i want to have a answer of three questions: am attaching files, please respond me back on [email protected]
Advances in technology will result in a connected world where networked digital intelligence, mobile devices, and analytical tools support which will very shortly change the way small business react and or influence world economy especiaaly from perspectives of mobile business
How do u represent an else-if statement in assembly machine language?
Consider the criteria discussed in this chapter for choosing among the adaptive approaches to system development
If one assumes that a typical page of text holds roughly 2000 characters, how many pages of pure ASCII text can a 50G blu Ray disk hold?
Databases are designed to allow multiple users to have concurrent access to data. Yet this capability presents certain problems. Investigate how databases resolve multiple concurrent data management issues including lost updates, deadlocks and different types of lock management styles. Compare...
Draw the statistics as a histogram. Do they resemble the Normal Distribution?
maximum a prioro
When an IP packet is fragmented, the TCP and IP headers are included in each fragment
Arrays as this chapter explains give is a powerful data structure to hold multiple (of the same type) variables. Give an example of an Array and how it could be used. Then look over sections on ArrayLists. Would an ArrayList be better suited for your use? Don't just assume ArrayLists are...
Ask a new Computer Science Question
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- 1. Identify and describe Trust/Security Domain boundaries that may be applicable to personal computer (workstation) security in a business context.
2. This is a C++ codelab question.
- The "origin" of the cartesian plane in math is the point where x and y are both zero. Given a variable, origin of type Point-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double, write one or two statements that make this variable's field's values consistent with the mathematical notion of "origin".
- Assume two variables p1 and p2 of type POINT, with two fields, x and y, both of type double, have been declared. Write a statement that reads values for p1 and p2 in that order. Assume that values for x always precede y.
- In mathematics, "quadrant I" of the cartesian plane is the part of the plane where x and y are both positive. Given a variable, p that is of type POINT-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double-- write and expression that is true if and only the point represented by p is in "quadrant I".
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http://www.coursehero.com/tutors/problems/Computer-Science/1971/
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| 0.900263 | 621 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Various practical applications of computing such as computer aided design and telecommunications community
- Computer aided analysis - any program that allows for comparing and contrasting different objects, events, or texts
- Computer aided engineering - or CAD, any computer process that aids engineer tasks, includes computer aided design and computer aided analysis
- Computer aided instruction - or CAI, the use of computers to aid teaching and to assist in developing academic skills
- Computer integrated manufacturing - or CIM, the manufacturing approach of using computers to aid in the entire production process
- Control engineering computing - the use of computers to assist in control engineering, such as in embedded systems in automobiles
- Knowledge management - or KM, the strategies used by an organization to identify, classify, and distribute information and experiences
- Medical information systems - computing systems used to save and make available medical information
- Military computing - the use of computers by the military to enhance effectiveness, communication and the chain of command
- Physics computing - the use of computing to assist in the study of physics and physics modeling
- Publishing - the process of the dissemination of information and of making it available to the general public
- Telecommunication computing - the use of computers to assist in telecommunication operation
- Virtual enterprises - or VE, a temporary alliance of persons that come together using computers to share skills in order to respond to business opportunities
- Virtual manufacturing - the use of computer models to simulate actual manufacturing systems and optimize them
- World Wide Web - or WWW, a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet, first created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990
This category has the following 14 subcategories, out of 14 total.
Pages in category "Computer applications"
The following 37 pages are in this category, out of 37 total.
Media in category "Computer applications"
This category contains only the following file.
- Computer Application...
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| 0.862168 | 387 | 2.9375 | 3 |
TTH 9:45am-11:00am 202 IST
Description of the course:
With rapid advances in information technology, we have witnessed an explosive growth in our capabilities to generate and collect data in the last decade. In the business world, very large databases on commercial transactions have been generated by retailers. Huge amount of scientific data have been generated in various fields as well. For instance, the human genome database project has collected gigabytes of data on the human genetic code. The World Wide Web provides another example with billions of web pages consisting of textual and multimedia information that are used by millions of people. How to analyze huge bodies of data so that they can be understood and used efficiently remains a challenging problem. Data mining addresses this problem by providing techniques and software to automate the analysis and exploration of large complex data sets. Research on data mining have been pursued by researchers in a wide variety of fields, including statistics, machine learning, database management and data visualization.
This course on data mining will cover methodology, major software tools and applications in this field. By introducing principal ideas in statistical learning, the course will help students to understand conceptual underpinnings of methods in data mining. Considerable amount of effort will also be put on computational aspects of algorithm implementation. To make an algorithm efficient for handling very large scale data sets, issues such as algorithm scalability need to be carefully analyzed. Data mining and learning techniques developed in fields other than statistics, e.g., machine learning and signal processing, will also be introduced.
Students will be required to work on projects to practice applying existing software and to a certain extent, developing their own algorithms. Classes will be provided in three forms: lecture, project discussion, and special topic survey. Project discussion will enable students to share and compare ideas with each other and to receive specific guidance from the instructors. Efforts will be made to help students formulate real-world problems into mathematical models so that suitable algorithms can be applied with consideration of computational constraints. By surveying special topics, students will be exposed to massive literature and become more aware of recent research.
Provided with the rich content in data mining, we plan to cover this course
as Part I and II in a consecutive fall semester and spring semester. In Part
I, basics for classification and clustering, e.g., linear classification
methods, prototype methods, decision trees, and hidden Markov models, will be
introduced. Roughly five course projects will be included in this part with
emphasis on understanding and using existing learning algorithms. Students
are expected to use C, Matlab, or S-plus for moderate amount of programming.
Part II will extend Part I with more techniques in machine learning and
large-scale data processing. The focus will be on the breadth of data mining
and its applications in information technology. Students will be encouraged
to bring to discussion their own research problems with potential
applications of data mining methods. Possible project topics include image
segmentation and image retrieval; text search, link analysis, and
summarization; microarray data analysis; and recommender systems for books
Prerequisites: Stat 414, 415, 416, or similar courses that cover basics on probability, expectation, and conditional distribution. Basic programming skills. Matrix algebra and multivariate calculus.
Required: The Elements of Statistical Learning, by Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, and Jerome Friedman
All Penn State and Eberly College of Science policies regarding academic integrity apply to this course. See http://www.science.psu.edu/academic/Integrity/index.html for details.
Lecture Notes & Other Course Materials:
Course notes, reading materials, data sets, and project description
Weekly Schedule of Topics
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| 0.894824 | 770 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Faculty of Information Technology
|Faculty||Faculty of Information Technology|
|Offered||Clayton First semester 2013 (Day)|
Sunway First semester 2013 (Day)
Clayton Second semester 2013 (Day)
Algorithms are recipes for solving a problem. They are fundamental to computer science and software engineering. Algorithms are the formal foundation of computer programming but also exist independently of computers as systematic problem-solving procedures. This unit introduces algorithmics, the study of algorithms. It is not about programming and coding but rather about understanding and analysing algorithms and about algorithmic problem-solving, i.e. the design of systematic problem-solving procedures. The unit will not require any knowledge of a programming language and is very hands-on. Students will develop algorithms to solve a wide variety of different problems, working individually as well as together in groups and as a class.
Topics include: what is a computational problem and what is an algorithm; basic control structures; basic data structures; modular algorithm structure; recursion; problem-solving strategies for algorithm development; arguing correctness of an algorithm; arguing termination of an algorithm; understanding the efficiency of an algorithm; and limitations of algorithms.
At the completion of this unit students will have -
A knowledge and understanding of:
Developed the skills to:
Developed attitudes that enable them to:
Demonstrated the communication skills necessary to:
Examination (3 hours): 60%; In-semester assessment: 40%
2 hrs lectures/wk, 2 hrs tutorials/wk
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| 0.899707 | 324 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Computer Science 215. Algorithms
An introduction to the mathematical foundations, design, implementation and computational analysis of fundamental algorithms. Problems include heuristic searching, sorting, several graph theory problems, tree balancing algorithms, and the theoretical expression of their orders of growth. Out-of-class assignments and in-class labs emphasize the balance between theoretical hypotheses and experimental verification. C/C++, Java, Perl or Maple are applied to various solutions.
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http://www.wheatoncollege.edu/catalog/comp_215/
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| 0.895324 | 89 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Our nation's infrastructure is an ever-evolving entity, but so is cyber security.
The chance is always there that a computer problem could lead to a complete shutdown of water or power. The Idaho National Lab is unveiling some new technology to keep that chance as small as possible, so that America runs smoothly.
The INL's "Sophia" software is pretty to look at, but she's got a big job to do.
"The threats to organizations, to individuals like you and I, are real," said INL associate lab director Brent Stacey. "They're dynamic, they're sophisticated and theyre changing every single day."
Computers run much of America's critical infrastructure, comprised of 18 sectors recognized by the federal government, which should never stop running.
Anything that runs on a computer is subject to crash. Whether it's a bug, a hacker or a hardware issue, Sophia makes sure the user knows there's a problem with the system.
"We needed a tool that would present that information to us in a way that was concise and meaningful," explained Corey Thuen, one of Sophia's developers.
Sophia takes "computer language" and makes it easier for a person to understand.
A stunning display of lines, numbers and colors represents network communication. It's an interface that, until now, has never been developed.
"Computers might not be able to sort through the patterns, but if we put that up in a nice pretty way with a 3-D laser show and we can make it apparent to the human, they'd be able to use their pattern recognition ability to identify when something is not operating correctly," Thuen said.
If a network operator sees something abnormal on the display, they can quickly identify a problem and fix it with the help of three other cybersecurity tools developed by the INL -- and a little expertise.
For more information on INL's Sophia, click here.
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| 0.967398 | 397 | 2.546875 | 3 |
"Technical Marine Guy"
...Last In First Out logic - the ABCs of STACKS Programming languages and development environments will determine the exact syntax of the program, and the layout and structure of the program elements. I know C, VB, Ada, Basic, Cobol, Fortran, Modula2, Pascal
, EDL, Machine Code. I have professionally developed software using 10 different relational databases...
10+ subjects, including Pascal
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| 0.816887 | 92 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Advantages and disadvantages of focusing on business processes as compared to traditional functional areas , especially while developing IS applications.
A(n) ____ interface requires you to memorize and type commands.
How can I share my materials
Hi, I need this program written, and I want to be able to understand the steps. The instructions are as follows, along with what I have so far: a program to evaluate postfix expressions containing complex numbers using a stack. This program should contain two classes. The first class...
Computer system Architecture class, not understanding the material and need help....
A computer ____ risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware, software, data, information, or processing capability.
Q - This week covered the many different types of loops: while, do, and for. Think of a use for a loop and give an example of your usage utilizing each of the 3 different types of loops. Try and keep your usage example short so others can follow it. A - Example While Statement import...
Q - I want to write a java program to calculate the letter grades of each student in the class based on the scale shown on the course overview and the syllabus. Which type of decision structure would be best for this and why? and which statement would you use? If, if-then, if-then-else, switch,...
You need to select the software (e.g., WinWord, notepad, etc.) to investigate as soon as possible. Then you may use software such as pslist, PMDump, handle or Holodeck to find out what kind of external resources it is using. To deeply understand it, you may also try to figure out why it uses...
. Show the diagram of DNS to explain what DNS is, how it works, and how it's governed. The diagram knits together many facts about DNS in hopes of presenting a comprehensive picture of the system and the context in which itoperates.
Ask a new Computer Science Question
Tips for asking Questions
- Provide any and all relevant background materials. Attach files if necessary to ensure your tutor has all necessary information to answer your question as completely as possible
- Set a compelling price: While our Tutors are eager to answer your questions, giving them a compelling price incentive speeds up the process by avoiding any unnecessary price negotiations
- 1. Identify and describe Trust/Security Domain boundaries that may be applicable to personal computer (workstation) security in a business context.
2. This is a C++ codelab question.
- The "origin" of the cartesian plane in math is the point where x and y are both zero. Given a variable, origin of type Point-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double, write one or two statements that make this variable's field's values consistent with the mathematical notion of "origin".
- Assume two variables p1 and p2 of type POINT, with two fields, x and y, both of type double, have been declared. Write a statement that reads values for p1 and p2 in that order. Assume that values for x always precede y.
- In mathematics, "quadrant I" of the cartesian plane is the part of the plane where x and y are both positive. Given a variable, p that is of type POINT-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double-- write and expression that is true if and only the point represented by p is in "quadrant I".
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| 0.920828 | 740 | 2.703125 | 3 |
computer software created to allow the user to perform specific a job or task
Turning on the computer and loading the computer's memory
the principal computer chip that contains several processing components, which determines the computer's operating speed. The "Brain" of the computer.
Application that allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in an organized and efficient manner and create custom reports that include all or part of the data
Software used for a collection of stored information that can be retrieved electronically
Transmission of messages and files using a computer network
a document generated by using a facsimile machine
A program on a computer that allows the user to create, edit, view, print, rename, copy, or delete files, folders, or an entire file system
an extension at the end of a file name, indicating which application was used to create a document
keyboard, microphone, scanner, mouse
a vast network of computers linked to one another
A computer network that covers a small area.
Accessing a computer or network; also called Login/Sign In
Approximately one million bytes
computer chips that store data and programs while the computer is working.
A collection of computers that are connected
Computers that are connected and ready to receive and/or transmit data
System software that acts as a "go-between", allowing computer hardware and other software to communicate with each other
Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Headphones
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| 0.91877 | 295 | 2.8125 | 3 |
TDDC87 Introduction to IT infrastructures
- Basic knowledge about software and hardware aspects of IT-infrastructure are discussed and analyzed during this course.
- The general aim of the course is to get insights about the infrastructure of IT; Computer architecture, Operating systems and Computer networks.
After completing this course the students should be able to perform analysis of IT-infrastructure and its relationship with markets aspects, existing standards systems and budgets constrains.
- The course consists of a series of lectures that covers basic terminology and specific concepts.
- The students also perform a short project in which they investigate the infrastructure of an IT-based artefact and compare it with other current standards systems.
- The results of the project are presented in a final seminary .
- The interaction between workgroups during the final seminary form central parts of the course.
- Lectures covers mainly three areas:
- Computer architecture,
- Operating systems, and
- Computer networks and its development during the last years.
- Short project as main examination issue.
- Englander, I. (2003), The architecture of computer hardware and systems software, 3rd ed, Wiley.
- E-bok: Tanenbaum, A. S. (2004), Computer networks, 4th Ed, Prentice Hall, (3 chapters are actual for this cours). The book is available at: http://www.bibl.liu.se/
Page responsible: Vivian Vimarlund
Last updated: 2009-10-25
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| 0.895352 | 317 | 2.78125 | 3 |
- Efficiently develop new Mathematica codes and algorithms for parallel computing, combining
Mathematica's rich feature set with MPI.
- Run Mathematica symbolic manipulation across a cluster, as cluster computing handles more than numerics.
- Perform symbolic manipulation and processing that is inconvenient to do in Fortran and C, at a scale that only
clusters can handle.
- Use the environment of Mathematica to learn how to program clusters and supercomputers.
- Applications that take a long time (days or weeks to perform) on one node can be performed significantly faster (up to 8 times faster when utilized on a single 8-CPU node, or up to 32 times faster when utilized on a cluster of four 8-CPU nodes).
- Applications that require more RAM than one node can become possible to perform using all of the RAM in the cluster
(distributed memory model).
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Principles Of Computer Hardware
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Computer technology pervades almost every aspect of our life: from the cars that we drive, to the mobile phones that we use to communicate. This book explores the fundamentals of computer structure, architecture, and programming that underpin the array of computerized technologies around which our lives are built.
Country of Origin : UK
Edition : 4rev Ed
Illustrations : 640 Colour Line Drawings
Number Of Pages : 672
Year of Publication : 2006
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Notes > Computer Systems > Systems Analysis and Design
Developing a business information system involves much more than just programming.
Systems developers must:
- Conduct a feasibility study
- Analyze current system (if any)
- Establish requirements for new system
- Design an overall solution (the structure of the system) based on user requirements
- Design the data storage structure
- Plan the Human-computer Interface (HCI)
See System Modelling for more details on modelling a system during system analysis and design.
During and after the implementation of a system, the systems developer must:
- Integrate the system into the business / current system
- Test the system
- Provide training
- Provide user support (documentation)
- Use and evaluate the system
- Maintain system
Design involves specifying how programs or scripts execute, controlling exactly what the computer does. It is not just a case of using a software package, setting it up, and entering data. It is worthwhile to note that web design using plain html is not programming as no data processing is involved. Complex web-based systems that do involve programming can be developed though.
Absraction is an important technique used to divide the development of the system into smaller manageable sections. DFDs are an important tool used in systems analysis and design that aid in the abstraction process.
Rapid Application Development (RAD) involves the quick development of a system with user involvement playing a large part. Typically, 3/4 of the system will be completed within 3 months.
Building prototype systems enables issues to be resolved as the developers can see how a real system deals with problems. Whereas prototype design involves discarding each prototype then building a new one, evolutionary design involves the constant development of the system design, with it being evaluated and revised continually.
Try a Computer Systems Quiz in the Computing Students Computing Quizzes Section to test your knowledge.
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System is defined as a set of elements arranged in an orderly manner to accomplish an objective. System is not a randomly arranged set. It is arranged with some logic governed by rules, regulations, principles and policies. Such an arrangement is also influenced by the objective the system desires to achieve. Systems are created to solve problems. One can think of the systems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this dynamic world, the subject system analysis and design (SAD) mainly deals with the software development activities.
For example, if a computer system is designed to perform commercial data processing, then the elements will be data entry devices, a CPU, a disk, a memory, application programs and a printer. If a computer is designed to achieve the objective of design, engineering and drawing processing, then the elements will be the graphic processor, and the languages suitable for engineering and design applications, and plotters for drawing the output.
However, a clear statement of objectives brings a precision and an order into the selection of elements and their arrangements in the system. Any disorder would create a disturbance in the system, affecting the accomplishment of the objectives.
If a system in any field is analyzed. It will be observed that it has three basic parts, which are organized in an orderly manner. These three parts can be represented in a model as shown:-
A system may have single input and multiple outputs or may have several inputs and outputs. All the systems operate in an environment. The environment may influence the system in its design and performance. When a system is designed to achieve certain objectives, it automatically sets the boundaries for itself. The understanding of boundaries of the system is essential to bring clarity in explaining the system components and their arrangements.
A collection of component that work together to realize some objectives forms a system. In a system the different components are connected with each other and they are interdependent. For example, human body represents a complete natural system. We are also bound by many national systems such as political system, economic system, educational system and so forth. The objective of the system demands that some output is produced as a result of processing the suitable inputs. A well designed system also includes an additional element referred to as ‘control’ that provides a feedback to achieve desired objectives of the system.
The system can be classified in different categories based on the predictability of its output and the degree of information exchange with the environment. A system is called deterministic when the inputs, the process and outputs are known with certainty. In a deterministic system, when the output can only be predicted in probabilistic terms. The accounting system is a probabilistic one. A deterministic system operates in a predictable manner while a probabilistic system behavior is not predictable.
If a system is functioning is separated from the environment, then the system does not have any exchange with the environment nor is it influenced by the environmental changes then it is called an open system. All kinds of accounting systems, for example, cash, stocks, attendance of employees, are closed systems. Most of the systems based on rules and principles are closed systems.
The systems which are required to respond to changes in the environment such as marketing, communication and forecasting are open systems. All open systems must have a self-organizing ability and a sensitivity to absorb and adjust to the business organization systems of manufacturing are closed systems.
The information system is a combination of a person (the user of information), the hardware –software system is a closed deterministic system but in combination with the user it is an open and a probabilistic system.
Generally, the deterministic systems are closed, and the probabilistic systems are open. The deterministic and the closed systems are easy to computerize as they are based on facts and their behavior can be predicted with certainty. A fixed deposit accounting system, an invoicing system, and share accounting systems are examples of closed and deterministic system.
The probabilistic system and the open systems are complex in every aspect. Hence, they call for considerable amount of checks and controls so that the system behavior on the performance can be controlled. All such systems must ideally have self organizing corrective system to keep the system going its desired path.
For example, the pricing systems are probabilistic and open. They are to be so designed that the changes in the taxes and duties, the purchase price and the supply positions are taken care of, in the sales price computation. Since the pricing system operates under the influence of the environment, it has to be designed with flexible computing routines to determine the price. The building of self-organizing processing routines to respond to the environmental influences is a complex task both in terms of design and operations of the system.
System analysis may be understood as a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying problems and using the information to recommend improvements in the system. In other words system analysis means identification, understanding and examine the system for achieving predetermined goals/objectives of the system. System analysis is carried out with the following two objectives:-
1. To know how a system currently operates and
2. To identify the users requirements in the proposed system
Basically, system analysis is a detailed study of all important business aspects under consideration and the existing system, and thus, the study becomes a basis for the proposed system (may be a modified or an altogether new system). System analysis is regarded as a logical process. The emphasis in this phase is an investigation to know how the system is currently operating and to determine what must be done to solve the problem.
The system analysis phase is very important in the total development efforts of a system. The user may be aware of the problem but may not know how to solve it. During system analysis, the developer (system designer) works with the user to develop a logical model of the system. A system analyst, because of his technical background, may move too quickly to program design to make the system prematurely physical, which is not desirable and may affect the ultimate success of the system. In order to avoid this, the system analyst must involve the user at this stage to get complex information about the system. This can be achieved if a logical model of the system is developed on the basis of detailed study. Such a study (analysis) should be done by using various modern tools and techniques, such as data flow diagrams, data dictionary, and rough description of the relevant algorithm the final requirement of proposed information system.
System analysis is a process of collecting factual data, understanding the process involved, identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestion for improving the system functioning. This involves studying the business processes, gathering operational data, understand the information flow, finding out bottlenecks and evolving solutions for overcoming the weakness of the system so as to achieve the organizational goals. System analysis also includes subdividing of complex process involving the entire system, identification of data store and manual process.
The major objectives of system analysis are to find answers for each business process: what is being done how is it being done, who is doing it, when is he doing it, why is it being done and how can it be improved? It is more of a thinking process and involves the creative skills of the system analyst. It attempts to give birth to a new efficient system that satisfies the current needs of the user and has scope for future growth within the organizational constraints. The result of this process is a logical system design. System analysis is an interactive process that continues until a preferred and acceptable solution emerges.
Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the existing system, the new system must be designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is the most crucial phase in the development of a system. The logical system design arrived at as a result of system analysis is converted into physical system design. Normally, the design proceeds in two stages:
PRELIMINARY OR GENERAL DESIGN
In the preliminary or general design, the features of the new system are specified. The costs of implementing these features and the benefits to be derived are estimated. If the project is still considered to be feasible (possible), we move to the detailed design stage.
STRUCTURED OR DETAILED DESIGN
In the detailed design stage, computer oriented work begins in earnest. At this stage the design of the system becomes more structured. Structure design is a blue print of a computer system solution to a given problem having the same components and inter-relationships among the same components as the original problem. Input, output, databases, forms, codifications schemes and processing specifications are drawn up in detail. In the design stage, the programming language and the hardware and software platform in which the new system will run are also decide.
The system design involves:-
I. Defining precisely the required system output
II. Determining the data requirement for producing the output
III. Determining the medium and format of files and databases
IV. Devising processing methods and use of software to produce output
V. Determine the methods of data capture data input
VI. Designing input forms
VII. Designing codification schemed
VIII. Detailed manual procedures
IX. Documenting the design
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
SAD, as performed by the system analysts, seeks to understand what human need to analyze data input or data flow systematically, process information in the context of a particular business. Furthermore, system analysis and design is used to analyze, design and implements in the support of users and the functioning of business that can be accomplished through the use of computerized information system.
Installing a system without proper planning leads to great user dissatisfaction and frequently causes the system to fall into disuse. System analysis and design lends structure to the analysis and design of information systems, a costly endeavor that might otherwise have been done in a haphazard way. It can be thought of as a series of processes systematically undertaken to improve a business through the use of computerized information system. SAD involves working with current and eventual users of information system to support them in working with technologies in an organizational setting.
THE NEED FOR SYSTEM ANALYSIS
When you are asked to computerized a system, it is necessary to analyze the system from different angles. The analysis of the system is the basic necessity for an efficient system design. The need for analysis stems from the following point of view:-
System objective: it is necessary to define the system objectives. Many a times, it is observed that the systems are historically in operation and have lost their main purpose of achievement of the objectives. The users of the system and the personnel involved are not in a position to define the objectives. Since you are going to develop a computer based system, it is necessary to redefine or reset the objectives as a reference point in context of current business requirement.
System boundaries: it is necessary to establish the system boundaries which would define the scope and the coverage of the system. This helps to short out and understand the functional boundaries in the system, and the people involved in the system. It also helps to identify the inputs and the outputs of the various subsystems, covering the entire system.
System importance: it is necessary to understand the importance of the system in the organization. This would help the designer to decide the design feature of the system. It would be possible then to position the system in relation to the other systems for deciding the design, strategy and development.
Nature of the system: the analysis of the system will help the system designer to conclude whether the system is closed type or an open, and a deterministic or a probabilistic. Such an understanding of the system is necessary prior to design the process to ensure the necessary design architecture.
Role of the system as an interface: the system, many a times, acts as an interface to the other systems. It is necessary to understand the existing role of the system, as an interface, to safeguard the interests of the other systems. Any modification or changes made should not affect the functioning or the objectives of the other system.
Participation of the user: the strategic purpose of the analysis of the people to a new development. System analysis process provides a sense of participation to the people. This helps in breaking the resistance to the new development and it also then ensures the commitment to the new development and it also then ensures the commitment to the new system.
Understanding of resource needs: the analysis of the system helps in defining the resource requirement in terms of hardware and software. Hence, if any additional resources are required, this would mean an investment from the point of view of return on such investment. If the return on such investment from the point of view of return on such an investment. If the return on the investment is not attractive, the management may drop the project.
Assessment of feasibility (practicability): the analysis of the system helps to establish the feasibility from different angles. The system should satisfy the technical economic and operational feasibility. Many a time, the systems are feasible from the technical and economic point of view, but they may be infeasible from the operational point of view. The assessment of feasibility will have the investment and the system designer’s time. It would also save the embracement to the system designer as he is viewed as the key figure in such project.
MIS AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS
System analysis plays central role in the development of the MIS. Since the MIS is a corporation of the various systems, a systematic approach in its development helps in achieving the objective of the MIS. Each system within the MIS plays a role which contributes to the accomplishment of the MIS objective.
The tools of the system analysis and the method of development enforce a discipline on the designer to follow the steps strictly as stipulated. The possibility of a mistake or an inadvertence is almost ruled out. The system analysis with its structural analysis and design approach ensures an appropriate coverage of the subsystems. The data entities and attributes are considered completely keeping in view the needs of the systems in question and their interface with other systems.
The systems analysis begins with the output design which itself ensures that the information needs are considered and displayed in the appropriate report or screen format; the subsequent design steps are taken to fulfill these needs.
The MIS may call for an open system design. In such a case while making the systems analysis and design, the aspect of open system design is considered and necessary modification are introduced in the designed the information system.
The user’s application in the system development ensures the attention to the smaller details in the design. The users actively come out with their requirements automatically ensuring that the users are met more precisely.
The systems analysis and designs, as a tool of the MIS development, helps in streamlining the procedures of the company to the current needs of the business and information objectives. New transactio0ns, new documents, new procedures are brought in to make the system more efficient before it is designed.
The SAD exercise considers testing the feasibility of the system as an important step. This step, many a times, saves the implementation of inefficient systems. Sometimes it forces the management and analysts to look into the requirement and its genuineness. The MIS development process largely relies on the systems analysis and design as a source of the scientific development of the MIS.
The development of the MIS in today advance information technology and internet, web environment is a challenge. The nature of the system analysis has undergone a change, while the core process of the analysis and development has remained the same.
The system analysis is not restricted to the data-process-output. It also covers the technologies which enables the process feasible. The subject now covers the analysis of interfacing and supports the technologies and it’s fitting into a chosen hardware-software platforms for a core system development. The MIS largely depends on how these technologies are bladed with the main system. The system architecture of the MIS is now different due to the high tech involvement of the data capture, communication, and processing technologies. The trend is towards more swift data capture and making it available in the fastest possible time leaving its usage to the user.
The development methodology may be the predictable design of data, databases and file approach or object oriented analysis and design approach. The MIS design is same, the difference is in the development cycle time, quality of information efficiency of design and the case of maintenance of the system.
It is also termed as a part of software requirement specification (SRS); it is the starting point of the system development activity. This activity is considered as the most difficult and also the most error prone activity because of the communication gap between the user and the developer. This may be because the user usually does not understand the users problem and application area. The requirement determination is a means of translating the ideas given by the user, into a formal document, and thus to bridge the communication gap. A good SRS provides the following benefits:-
· It bridges the communication gap between the user and the developer by acting as a basis of agreement between the two parties.
· It reduces the development cost by overcoming errors and misunderstandings early in the development.
· It becomes a basis of reference for validation of the final product and thus acts as a benchmark.
Requirement determination consists of three activities namely requirement anticipation, requirement investigation and requirement specification. A requirement anticipation activity includes the past experience of the analysis, when influence the study. They may force the likelihood of certain problems or features and requirements for a new system. Thus, the background of the analysts to know what to ask or which aspects to investigate can be useful in at the system investigation. Requirement investigation is at the centre of system analysis. In this, the existing system is studied and documented for further analysis. Various methods like fact-finding techniques are used for the investigation are analyzed to determine requirement specification, which is the description of the features for a proposed system.
Requirement determination, in fact, is to learn and collect the information about:-
ü The basic process
ü The data which is used or produced during the process
ü The various constraints in terms of time and volume of work and
ü The performance controls used in the system.
UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS
Process understanding can be acquired, if the information is collected regarding:-
ü The purpose of the business activity
ü The steps which and where they are performed
ü The persons performing them, and
ü The frequency, time and user of the resulting information
Identify data used and information generated
Next to process understanding, an information analyst should find out what data is used to perform each activity.
Determine frequency, timing and volume.
Information should also be collected to know how often the activity is repeated and volume of items to be handled. Similarly, timing does affect the way analysts evaluate certain steps in carrying out an activity, in other words, timing, frequency and volume of activities are important facts to collect.
Know the performance controls
System controls enable analysts to understand how business functions can be maintained in an acceptable manner.
In order to understand the business operations of the organizations and thus to know the existing system and information requirement for the new system and information analyst collects the information and then makes an analysis of the collected information by using certain analysis tools.
Strategies for requirement determination
In order to collect information so as to study the existing system and to determine information requirement, there are different strategies, which could be used for the purpose. These strategies are discussed below:-
Interview: the interview is a face-to-face method used for collecting the required data. In this method, a person (the interviewer) asks question from the other person being interviewed. The interview may be formal or informal and the question asked may be structured or unstructured. The interview is the oldest and the most often used device for gathering information about an existing system.
Because of time required for interviewing and the inability of the users to explain the system in detail, other methods are also used to gather information. Interviewing is regarded as an art and it is important that analysts must be trained in the art of successful interviewing. This is also important because of the fact that the success of an interviewer and on his or her preparation for interview.
Questionnaire: a questionnaire is a term used for almost any tool that has questions to which individual respond. The use of questionnaires allows analysts to collects information about various aspects of a system from a large number of persons. The questionnaire may give more reliable data than other fact-finding techniques. Also the wide distribution ensures greater uncertainty for responses. The questionnaire survey also helps in saving time as compared to interviews. The analysts should know the advantages and disadvantages of structured as well as unstructured questionnaires must be tested and modified as per the background and experience of the respondents.
Record review: record review is also known as review of documentation. Its main purpose is to establish quantitative information regarding volumes, frequencies, trends, ratios, etc. in record review; analysts examine information that has been recorded about the system and its users. Records/documents may include written policy manuals, regulations and standard operating procedures used by the organization as a guide for managers and other employees. Procedures, manuals and forms are useful sources for the analysts to study the existing system.
Observation: another information gathering tool used in system studies is observation. It is the process of recognizing and noticing people, objects and occurrences to obtain information. Observation allows analysis to get information. This is difficult to obtain by any other fact finding method. This approach is most useful when analysts need to actually observe the way documents are handled, Processes are carried out and weather specific steps are actually followed. As an observer, the analyst follows a set of rules. While making observations, he/she is more likely to listen than talk.
The analysis usually use a combination of all these approached to study an existing system as any one approach may not be sufficient for electing information requirement of the system.
System analysis is a detailed study of all important business aspects of a future system, as well as existing system. Thus, the study becomes a basis for a proposed system. In this process of system analysis, emphasis is placed on ‘what must be done to solve the problem’. The final product of system analysis is a set of system requirement of a proposed information system. Requirement determination, which is an important activity of system analysis, is a means of translating the ideas given by the users into a formal document. System analysis ensures that the system analyst understands the user’s requirements in a clear way and thus reduces the communication gap between the user and the developer. It reduces the development cost by overcoming errors and misunderstandings early in the development and becomes a basis for reference for validation of the final product.
In order to study the existing system and to determine information requirements, there are several strategies which could be used for the purpose. These strategies may include interviews, questionnaires, record reviews and observation. As any one may not be sufficient for electing information requirements of the system, the analysis usually use a combination of all these strategies.
System analysis is carried out with the help of certain tools. The main tools, which are used for analyzing and documenting the system specification, are data flow diagram, data dictionary, structured English, decision trees and decisions tables.
The main objectives of the system design are to produce system specifications which can then be converted into an information system for use in the organization. However, the system design is a creative activity and is considered to evolve through two different levels of design, i.e. conceptual and detailed design. The conceptual design which is also called feasibility design sets the direction for the MIS project and provides performance requirements. The output of the conceptual design i.e. performance specifications are taken as an input to the detailed design to produce system specifications. The system specifications thus generated are handled over to the computer programmer for translating into a physical information system.
The system specifications, called detailed system design or logical system design provide all details of inputs, outputs, file, database controls and procedures. For ensuring an effective, efficient and successful MIS, the system analysts must not rush through this phase, rather each and every step must be undertaken very carefully to prepare a detailed system design.
SYSTEM LIFE CYCLE
System life cycle is an organizational process of developing and maintaining systems. It helps in establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub-processes required for developing a system. System development life cycle means combination of various activities. In other words we can say that various activities put together are referred as system development life cycle. In the System Analysis and Design terminology, the system development life cycle also means software development life cycle. Following are the different phases of system development life cycle:
1. Feasibility study
2. Detailed system study
3. System analysis
4. System design
PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
Let us now describe the different phases and related activities of system development life cycle.
(a) Preliminary System Study
Preliminary system study is the first stage of system development life cycle. This is a brief investigation of the system under consideration and gives a clear picture of what actually the physical system is? In practice, the initial system study involves the preparation of a ‘System Proposal’ which lists the Problem Definition, Objectives of the Study, Terms of reference for Study, Constraints, and Expected benefits of the new system, etc. in the light of the user requirements. The system proposal is prepared by the System Analyst (who studies the system) and places it before the user management. The management may accept the proposal and the cycle proceeds to the next stage. The management may also reject the proposal or request some modifications in the proposal. In summary, we would say that system study phase passes through the following steps:
· l problem identification and project initiation
· l background analysis
· l inference or findings (system proposal)
(b) Feasibility Study
In case the system proposal is acceptable to the management, the next phase is to examine the feasibility of the system. The feasibility study is basically the test of the proposed system in the light of its workability, meeting user’s requirements, effective use of resources and of course, the cost effectiveness. These are categorized as technical, operational, economic and schedule feasibility. The main goal of feasibility study is not to solve the problem but to achieve the scope. In the process of feasibility study, the cost and benefits are estimated with greater accuracy to find the Return on Investment (ROI). This also defines the resources needed to complete the detailed investigation. The result is a feasibility report submitted to the management. This may be accepted or accepted with modifications or rejected. The system cycle proceeds only if the management accepts it.
(c) Detailed System Study
The detailed investigation of the system is carried out in accordance with the objectives of the proposed system. This involves detailed study of various operations performed by a system and their relationships within and outside the system. During this process, data are collected on the available files, decision points and transactions handled by the present system. Interviews, on-site observation and questionnaire are the tools used for detailed system study. Using the following steps it becomes easy to draw the exact boundary of the new system under consideration:
· Keeping in view the problems and new requirements
· Workout the pros and cons including new areas of the system
All the data and the findings must be documented in the form of detailed data flow diagrams (DFDs), data dictionary, logical data structures and miniature specification. The main points to be discussed in this stage are:
· Specification of what the new system is to accomplish based on the user requirements.
· Functional hierarchy showing the functions to be performed by the new system and their relationship with each other
· Functional network, which are similar to function hierarchy but they highlight the functions which are common to more than one procedure.
· List of attributes of the entities – these are the data items which need to be held about each entity (record)
(d) System Analysis
Systems analysis is a process of collecting factual data, understand the processes involved, identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system functioning. This involves studying the business processes, gathering operational data, understand the information flow, finding out bottlenecks and evolving solutions for overcoming the weaknesses of the system so as to achieve the organizational goals. System Analysis also includes subdividing of complex process involving the entire system, identification of data store and manual processes. The major objectives of systems analysis are to find answers for each business process: What is being done How is it being done, who is doing it, When is he doing it, Why is it being done and How can it be improved? It is more of a thinking process and involves the creative skills of the System Analyst. It attempts to give birth to a new efficient system that satisfies the current needs of the user and has scope for future growth within the organizational constraints. The result of this process is a logical system design. Systems analysis is an iterative process that continues until a preferred and acceptable solution emerges.
(e) System Design
Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the existing system, the new system must be designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is the most crucial phase in the developments of a system. The logical system design arrived at as a result of systems analysis is converted into physical system design. Normally, the design proceeds in two stages:
· Preliminary or General Design
· Structured or Detailed Design
Preliminary or General Design: In the preliminary or general design, the features of the new system are specified. The costs of implementing these features and the benefits to be derived are estimated. If the project is still considered to be feasible, we move to the detailed design stage.
Structured or Detailed Design: In the detailed design stage, computer oriented work begins in earnest. At this stage, the design of the system becomes more structured. Structure design is a blue print of a computer system solution to a given problem having the same components and inter-relationships among the same components as the original problem. Input, output, databases, forms, codification schemes and processing specifications are drawn up in detail. In the design stage, the programming language and the hardware and software platform in which the new system will run are also decided. There are several tools and techniques used for describing the system design of the system. These tools and techniques are:
· Data flow diagram (DFD)
· Data dictionary
· Structured English
· Decision table
· Decision tree
The system design involves:
1. Defining precisely the required system output
2. Determining the data requirement for producing the output
3. Determining the medium and format of files and databases
4. Devising processing methods and use of software to produce output
5. . Determine the methods of data capture and data input
6. Designing Input forms
7. Designing Codification Schemes
8. Detailed manual procedures
9. Documenting the Design
The system design needs to be implemented to make it a workable system. This demands the coding of design into computer understandable language, i.e., programming language. This is also called the programming phase in which the programmer converts the program specifications into computer instructions, which we refer to as programs. It is an important stage where the defined procedures are transformed into control specifications by the help of a computer language. The programs coordinate the data movements and control the entire process in a system. It is generally felt that the programs must be modular in nature. This helps in fast development, maintenance and future changes, if required.
Before actually implementing the new system into operation, a test run of the system is done for removing the bugs, if any. It is an important phase of a successful system. After codifying the whole programs of the system, a test plan should be developed and run on a given set of test data. The output of the test run should match the expected results. Sometimes, system testing is considered a part of implementation process. Using the test data following test run are carried out:
· Program test
· System test
Program test: When the programs have been coded, compiled and brought to working conditions, they must be individually tested with the prepared test data. Any undesirable happening must be noted and debugged (error corrections)
System Test: After carrying out the program test for each of the programs of the system and errors removed, then system test is done. At this stage the test is done on actual data. The complete system is executed on the actual data. At each stage of the execution, the results or output of the system is analyzed. During the result analysis, it may be found that the outputs are not matching the expected output of the system. In such case, the errors in the particular programs are identified and are fixed and further tested for the expected output.
When it is ensured that the system is running error-free, the users are called with their own actual data so that the system could be shown running as per their requirements.
After having the user acceptance of the new system developed, the implementation phase begins. Implementation is the stage of a project during which theory is turned into practice. The major steps involved in this phase are:
· Acquisition and Installation of Hardware and Software
· User Training
The hardware and the relevant software required for running the system must be made fully operational before implementation. The conversion is also one of the most critical and expensive activities in the system development life cycle. The data from the old system needs to be converted to operate in the new format of the new system. The database needs to be setup with security and recovery procedures fully defined.
During this phase, all the programs of the system are loaded onto the user’s computer. After loading the system, training of the user starts. Main topics of such type of training are:
· How to execute the package
· How to enter the data
· How to process the data (processing details)
· How to take out the reports
After the users are trained about the computerized system, working has to shift from manual to computerized working. The process is called ‘Changeover’. The following strategies are followed for changeover of the system.
(I) Direct Changeover: This is the complete replacement of the old system by the new system. It is a risky approach and requires comprehensive system testing and training.
(ii) Parallel run: In parallel run both the systems, i.e., computerized and manual, are executed simultaneously for certain defined period. The same data is processed by both the systems. This strategy is less risky but more expensive because of the following:
ü Manual results can be compared with the results of the computerized system. The operational work is doubled.
ü Failure of the computerized system at the early stage does not affect the working of the organization, because the manual system continues to work, as it used to do.
(iii) Pilot run: In this type of run, the new system is run with the data from one or more of the previous periods for the whole or part of the system. The results are compared with the old system results. It is less expensive and risky than parallel run approach. This strategy builds the confidence and the errors are traced easily without affecting the operations. The documentation of the system is also one of the most important activities in the system development life cycle. This ensures the continuity of the system. There are generally two types of documentation prepared for any system. These are:
ü User or Operator Documentation
ü System Documentation
The user documentation is a complete description of the system from the user’s point of view detailing how to use or operate the system. It also includes the major error messages likely to be encountered by the users. The system documentation contains the details of system design, programs, their coding, system flow, data dictionary, process description, etc. This helps to understand the system and permit changes to be made in the existing system to satisfy new user needs.
Maintenance is necessary to eliminate errors in the system during its working life and to tune the system to any variations in its working environments. It has been seen that there are always some errors found in the systems that must be noted and corrected. It also means the review of the system from time to time. The review of the system is done for:
o knowing the full capabilities of the system
o knowing the required changes or the additional requirements
o Studying the performance.
If a major change to a system is needed, a new project may have to be set up to carry out the change. The new project will then proceed through all the above life cycle phases.
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<urn:uuid:3396abeb-6d24-40b5-b773-3abef133ae63>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://deepread.blogspot.com/2011/06/concept-of-system-analysis-design-sad.html
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en
| 0.937615 | 7,537 | 3.75 | 4 |
Graduates in the area of Advanced Computing will have a solid background in the design of efficient and reliable algorithms for computationally complex problems. They will also hold the fundamentals for starting a research career in different domains of Computer Science.
One of the biggest challenges in Computer Science is to bridge the gap between the power of computing devices and the complexity of real-life problems. Finding the suitable techniques for analysing, modelling and solving algorithmic problems is the main goal of this area of specialisation.
The professionals graduated in this area will have the skills to confront a variety of difficult algorithmic problems: processing enormous amount of data from internet, knowing the complexity of a chess-playing program, devising algorithms to predict the behavior of the markets, finding a cost-optimal aircraft routing for airlines, calculating an optimal floorplan of objects in a three-dimensional space, understanding the DNA of the human genome, etc.
These are examples of complex problems in a variety of domains where advanced computing techniques are being used. The students will acquire the knowledge, methodology and creativity to face new challenging problems by studying a wide spectrum of strategies for problem solving.
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<urn:uuid:7529d759-074f-482e-8e8f-aade95996086>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.fib.upc.edu/en/masters/miri/advanced-computing.html
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en
| 0.923524 | 230 | 2.78125 | 3 |
High Performance Distributed Computing, HPDC, WebWork
High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC) is driven by the rapid advance of two related technologies -- those underlying computing and communications, respectively. These technology pushes are linked to application pulls, which vary from the use of a cluster of some 20 workstations simulating fluid flow around an aircraft, to the complex linkage of several hundred million advanced PCs around the globe to deliver and receive multimedia information. The review of base technologies and exemplar applications is followed by a brief discussion of software models for HPDC, which are illustrated by two extremes -- PVM and the conjectured future World Wide Web based WebWork concept. The narrative is supplemented by a glossary describing the diverse concepts used in HPDC.
Fox, Geoffrey C., "High Performance Distributed Computing" (1995). Northeast Parallel Architecture Center. Paper 56.
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<urn:uuid:b8370427-5630-42d9-8d99-5f67eaa4f15e>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://surface.syr.edu/npac/56/
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en
| 0.84881 | 180 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The technologies for communicating and using information are highly interrelated, and this scheme is not intended to be rigid or perfectly consistent in applying a layered approach. To simplify discussion, the application area demands for computing and communications that are examined in this chapter are distributed somewhat arbitrarily among these four areas. A particular computing or communications application (e.g., tool, system) may span all of these levels—for example, an information system that helps a user answer a question. The system would assist by translating a need for information into a formal expression that automated systems can understand, identifying potential information sources (including the vast array of sources available across networks such as the Internet), formulating a search strategy, accessing multiple sources across the network, integrating the retrieved data consistent with the user's original requirement, displaying the results in a form appropriate to both the user's needs and the nature of the information, and interacting with the user to refine and repeat the search. This system would incorporate both information management and user-centered technologies, and these would rely on a supporting infrastructure of networking and computation.
Crisis management was selected as the focus for Workshops II and III in the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board's series of three workshops on high-performance computing and communications because crises place heavy demands on computing, communications, and information systems, and such systems have become crucial to providing necessary support in times of crisis. Crises are extreme events that cause significant disruption and put lives and property at risk. They require an immediate response, as well as coordinated application of resources, facilities, and efforts beyond those regularly available to handle routine problems. They can arise from many sources. Natural disasters such as major earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, and floods clearly can precipitate
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5280&page=10
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en
| 0.939031 | 346 | 2.921875 | 3 |
prepare a context diagram and diagram 0 for the new system
When someone goes to a bank teller machine the person may ask the machine to perform an action from a menu of possible actions. If the user has a savings account and a checking account, write a program to perform one of these tasks as described in the following section. Deposit into...
answers to PT activity 3.6.1
"6.14 Consider the following relational schema for a library: member(memb_no,name,dob) books(isbn,title,authors,publisher) borrowed(memb_no,isbn,date) Write eh following queries in relational algebra. a. Find the names of members who have borrowed any book published by...
With excess 7 representation, what is the range of numbers as written in binary and in decimal for a 4-bit cell?
You are to design a prototype for a hospital management system. Patients are treated in a single ward by the doctors assigned to them. Usually each patient will be assigned a single doctor, but in rare cases they will have two. Heathcare assistants also attend to the patients, a number of...
tries to predict what data and instructions will be needed and retrieves them ahead of time, in order to help avoid delays in processing.
Consider an inverted index containing, for each term, the posting list (i.e. the list of documents and occurrences within documents) for that term. The posting lists are accessed through a B+ tree with the terms serving as search keys. Each leaf of the B+ tree holds a sublist of alphabetically...
"Draw a flowchart to represent the logic of a program that allows the user to enter two values: length and width.Compute the area by multiplying length X width.Display length,width and area."
Ask a new Computer Science Question
Tips for asking Questions
- Provide any and all relevant background materials. Attach files if necessary to ensure your tutor has all necessary information to answer your question as completely as possible
- Set a compelling price: While our Tutors are eager to answer your questions, giving them a compelling price incentive speeds up the process by avoiding any unnecessary price negotiations
- 1. Identify and describe Trust/Security Domain boundaries that may be applicable to personal computer (workstation) security in a business context.
2. This is a C++ codelab question.
- The "origin" of the cartesian plane in math is the point where x and y are both zero. Given a variable, origin of type Point-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double, write one or two statements that make this variable's field's values consistent with the mathematical notion of "origin".
- Assume two variables p1 and p2 of type POINT, with two fields, x and y, both of type double, have been declared. Write a statement that reads values for p1 and p2 in that order. Assume that values for x always precede y.
- In mathematics, "quadrant I" of the cartesian plane is the part of the plane where x and y are both positive. Given a variable, p that is of type POINT-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double-- write and expression that is true if and only the point represented by p is in "quadrant I".
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<urn:uuid:97aa05ec-48e8-44bb-a50f-50ad1949c56c>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.coursehero.com/tutors/problems/Computer-Science/7951/
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en
| 0.916746 | 706 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Coming soon ...
Fundamental physics is a founding research area at SFI, and its methods and theories remain at the core of the Institute's scientific research. The Institute's researchers draw from these theories and techniques, particularly from statistical mechanics, to study how complex systems behave.
In many systems flows of information are more important than flows of energy or nutrients. In the most general sense, computation is the process of storing, transmitting, and transforming information from one form to another. In computation a mathematical equation (known as an algorithm) describes a problem and a path to its solution, searching for ways to balance competing constraints.
SFI research on computation includes the study of such search problems, including phase transitions where – as when water freezes – a problem suddenly becomes rigid and unsolvable if there are too many constraints. SFI researchers also study the strengths and limitations of algorithms whether they take place on our laptops, among networks of agents, or in the quantum world.
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<urn:uuid:cc44df57-17d9-4fe1-8d04-749406c3738e>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.santafe.edu/research/themes/physics-and-computation-complex-systems/
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en
| 0.939423 | 195 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Languages is an online platform which tells the history of computing from the 1940s to today. It is a web app, an ordinary website but with the qualities of an application. Languages is addressed to relatively young people who haven’t lived in first person the history of computing and perhaps never had any interest in it.
Languages “talks” simply, and is based on the usage routines of the machines analysed. This history is not explained through the technical characteristics of these machines—which would appear too complex and incomprehensible to those not used to “crunch” technology— but uses demonstrations of what it was like to use these machines. The goal is to mix a traditional way of consulting the provided information —i.e. purely encyclopedic and theoretical—with a more practical one. To achieve this goal I chose to build the website based on two principal elements: the timeline and the emulators.
The timeline is the first thing the user meets when he or she accesses the website. It is of course a temporal scale which along its length gathers facts about the computing world between the 1940s and the 2000s. The different items are divided into more specific categories, such as “input” and “output”, then analyzed through their presence in the computing scene. The timeline is interactive: it can be interrrogated by the user, who can choose which information level he wants to reach, since the information is available in different modes and layers.
The emulators—the second step with which users interact with the website—can be reached from the initial timeline. These are not the kind of emulators common in the computing field, but are wider views of the interaction with the analyzed machine. The emulator could include and represent all the parts—even the hardware—of a computer, and presents an example of the usage of that computer; this will highlight the most important aspects of the experience, not necessarily the more technical ones. Languages includes five emulators which represent five computers spread over the time period analyzed.
info at fosca-salvi.com/languages
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.interaction-venice.com/projects/iuav-thesis/projects-2012/online-museum-of-human-machine-languages/
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en
| 0.953545 | 433 | 3.203125 | 3 |
|Lectures:||Mondays and Wednesdays, 10:30-11:50 a.m., WeH 4615A|
|Instructor:||Todd C. Mowry, WeH 8123, 268-3725, [email protected]|
|TA:||Chris Colohan, WeH 5109, 268-4630, [email protected]|
|Class Secretary:||Rosie Battenfelder, WeH 8124, 268-3853, [email protected]|
This course attempts to provide a deep understanding of the issues and challenges involved in designing and implementing modern computer systems. Our primary goal is to help students become more skilled in their use of computer systems, including the development of applications and system software. Users can benefit greatly from understanding how computer systems work, including their strengths and weaknesses. This is particularly true in developing applications where performance is an issue.
The course material is divided evenly into two parts. The first half of the course covers systems based on a single processor, closely following the Hennessy and Patterson textbook. The second half of the course covers parallel systems containing multiple processors, with topics ranging from programming models to hardware realizations. The material for this latter half of the course can be found to some extent in the Hennessy and Patterson book, but is treated in much greater detail in the Culler, Singh and Gupta text.
An addition to our ``user-centric'' (vs. ``builder-centric'') approach, the course has several other themes. One theme is to emphasize the role of evolving technology in setting the directions for future computer systems. Computer systems, more than any other field of computer science, has had to cope with the challenges of exploiting the rapid advances in hardware technology. Hardware that is either technologically infeasible or prohibitively expensive in one decade, such as bitmapped full color displays or gigabyte disk drives, becomes consumer products in the next. Technology that seems to have a bright future, such as magnetic bubble memories, never becomes competitive. Others, such as CMOS, move from being a niche technology to becoming dominant. In addition, computer systems must evolve to support changes in software technology, including advances in languages and compilers, operating systems, as well as changing application requirements. Rather than teaching a set of facts about current (but soon obsolete) technology, we therefore stress general principles that can track evolving technology.
Another theme of the course is that ``hands-on'' exercises generally provide more insight regarding system behavior than paper-and-pencil exercises. Hence our assignments involve programming and using computer systems, although in a variety of different ways.
Finally, rather than stopping with state-of-the-art in computer architecture as of a decade ago, another theme of this course is looking at the state-of-the-art today as well as open research problems that are likely to shape systems in the future. Hence we will be discussing recent papers on architecture research in class, and students will perform a significant research project.
This course is not intended to be your first course on computer architecture or organization; it is geared toward students who have already had such a course as undergraduates. For example, we expect that people are already at least somewhat familiar with assembly language programming, pipelining, and memory hierarchies. If you have not had such a course already, then it is still possible to take this course provided that you are willing to spend some additional time catching up on your own. If you feel uncertain about whether you have adequate preparation, please discuss this with the instructor.
In addition to an undergraduate computer organization course, here are some other topics which are helpful for this course (references are included for self study):
Students who have already taken graduate-level courses in computer architecture or parallel architecture may find that some of this course material is familiar. Although the course topics (especially in the first half of the course) may look familiar even to students who have taken an undergraduate computer architecture course, this course is designed to build on undergraduate material, and will cover this topics in much greater depth. It is likely that the focus and style of this course will be different from what you have experienced before, and that the pace will be fast enough that you will not be bored. However, if you feel strongly that you should be able to ``place out'' of all or part of this course, contact the instructor.
Grades will be based on homeworks, a research project, two exams, and class participation.
To pass this course, you are expected to demonstrate competence in the major topics covered in the course. Your overall grade is determined as follows:
|Exams:||40% (20% each)|
Late assignments will not be accepted without prior arrangement.
Table 1 shows the tentative schedule. There might be some variations.
|1||9/8||Wed||Performance & Technology||H&P Ch. 1||#1 Out||TCM|
|2||9/13||Mon||Alpha Programming||H&P Ch. 2||TCM|
|3||9/15||Wed||Instruction Set Comparison||H&P App. C & D||TCM|
|4||9/20||Mon||Basic Pipelining||H&P Ch. 3||#1 Due, #2 Out||TCM|
|5||9/22||Wed||Advanced Pipelining||H&P Ch. 4||TCM|
|6||9/27||Mon||Superscalar Processing I||H&P Ch. 4||TCM|
|7||9/29||Wed||Superscalar Processing II||H&P Ch. 4||TCM|
|8||10/4||Mon||The Memory Hierarchy||H&P Ch. 5||#2 Due||CBC|
|9||10/6||Wed||Recent Research on Uniprocessors||TCM|
|10||10/13||Wed||Cache Performance||H&P Ch. 5||Project Proposal||CBC|
|11||10/18||Mon||Virtual Memory||H&P Ch. 5||CBC|
|12||10/25||Mon||Multiprocessor Arch. Overview||H&P Ch. 8,CSG Ch. 1||TCM|
|13||10/27||Wed||Parallel Programming I||CSG Ch. 2||TCM|
|14||11/1||Mon||Parallel Programming II||CSG Ch. 3 & 4||TCM|
|15||11/3||Wed||Cache Coherence I||CSG Ch. 5||CBC|
|16||11/8||Mon||Cache Coherence II||CSG Ch. 5||Project Milestone||CBC|
|17||11/10||Wed||Synchronization||CSG Ch. 5||CBC|
|18||11/15||Mon||Memory Consistency||CSG Ch. 6||TCM|
|19||11/17||Wed||Latency Tolerance||CSG Ch. 11||TCM|
|20||11/22||Mon||Interconnects, Message-Passing||CSG Ch. 10||Project Due||TCM|
|21||11/29||Mon||Recent Research on Multiprocessors||CBC|
|22||12/1||Wed||Project Poster Session||N/A|
|???||?||Exam II (during Final Exam slot)|
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<urn:uuid:d269b687-c023-4471-a056-78d635e14f7e>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/academic/class/15740-f99/www/syllabus.html
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| 0.884896 | 1,589 | 2.859375 | 3 |
|Apparel & Accessories||Books||Classical Music||DVD||Electronics & Photo||Gourmet Food and Groceries||Health & Personal Care||Home & Garden||Industrial & Scientific||Kitchen|
|Popular Music||Musical Instruments||Outdoor Living||Computer Hardware||Computer Software||Sporting Goods||Tools||Toys and Games||VHS Video||Video Games|
Operating Systems is aimed at students at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, particularly those taking a module in a specialist computer systems or computer science course. It takes a new approach to operating systems, integrating three fundamental elements into one convenient and comprehensive text: * It presents the basic theory of operating system design and implementation in depth * It uses Linux as a running example throughout the text to expose students to the internals of operating systems * It gives a practical introduction to systems programming using the POSIX interface Currently, such material has usually to be drawn from a variety of textbooks so Operating Systems provides a valuable resource for student and lecturer alike. The book aims to give the student a thorough knowledge of how operating systems work, and how they are implemented in practice. It develops a robust understanding of the concepts and building blocks which, although grounded in Linux, provide experience which will be transferable to other systems that the student will meet. Each chapter has a set of discussion questions and suggested reading to further stimulate thought. Whilst primarily written for the academic student, the material will also be of interest to users of Linux in the professional field who wish to increase their knowledge. John O'Gorman is a Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science and Information Systems at the University of Limerick. He has previously published a textbook on operating systems within the Palgrave Grassroots series. The Cornerstones of Computing series is dedicated to providing readers with rigorous and challenging texts that cover the breadth of computing science. The books published in this auspicious series are written by leading experts, reviewed by their peers, and offer a quality of text unsurpassed in today's market. Series Editors * Professor Richard Bird is Director of the Computing Laboratory and head of the Programming Research Group at Oxford University. He is also the author of several successful books, including the best-selling "Introduction to Functional Programming" ( Prentice Hall ) * Professor Tony Hoare was formerly at Oxford and is now working at the Microsoft European Research HQ in Cambridge. He is the author of several textbooks, including "Communicating Sequential Processes" ( Prentice Hall )
CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON SERVICES LLC. THIS CONTENT IS PROVIDED AS IS AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE OR REMOVAL AT ANY TIME.
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http://www.ske-art.com/qspur/0333947452
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en
| 0.918264 | 551 | 2.875 | 3 |
____ is the computer counterpart to an ordinary paper file you might keep in a file cabinet or an accounting ledger.
A new supplier, RGF (Really Good Food) has been approved. RGF supplys all the same items as CBC, but 50 cents cheaper. Show the insert statements required to enter this information into the l_foods and l_suppliers table.
________ meteorites are thought to be analogous in composition to Earth's core. Ammonical Calcareous Stony Iron
1. Describe a business scenario and specify the types of constraints that would be appropriate to ensure the integrity of the database. For example, an airline reservation system should not make a reservation where the return date is earlier than the departure date. 2. By configuring DHCP with...
I need an answer as soon as possible, before Tuesday. 1. What network problem have you conducted troubleshooting on, What troubleshooting methodology did you utilize? 2. Describe a business scenario and specify the types of constraints that would be appropriate to ensure the integrity of...
A(n) ____ suppressor uses special electrical components to smooth out minor noise, provide a stable current flow, and keep an overvoltage from reaching a computer and other electronic equipment.
Write a program (Crypta.java) that finds a solution to the cryparithmetic puzzle: TOO + TOO + TOO+ TOO = GOOD The simplest technique is to use a series of nested loops, each representing the value of one letter (T, O, G, D). The loops systematically assign a value from 0 to 9 to each of...
Bob loves foreign languages and wants to plan his course schedule for the following years. He is interested in the following nine language courses: LA15, LA16, LA22, LA31, LA32, LA126, LA127, LA141, and LA169. The course prerequisites are: LA15: (none) LA16: LA15 LA22: (none) LA31: LA15...
Windows server software works seamlessly with most hardware vendors that offer fault tolerant systems. Discuss fault tolerance approaches that systems managers use to assure continuity of operations.
The security accounts manager (SAM) database contains information on all user profiles. User account set-up populates the database. Describe the fields and options associated with user account set-up.
Ask a new Computer Science Question
Tips for asking Questions
- Provide any and all relevant background materials. Attach files if necessary to ensure your tutor has all necessary information to answer your question as completely as possible
- Set a compelling price: While our Tutors are eager to answer your questions, giving them a compelling price incentive speeds up the process by avoiding any unnecessary price negotiations
- 1. Identify and describe Trust/Security Domain boundaries that may be applicable to personal computer (workstation) security in a business context.
2. This is a C++ codelab question.
- The "origin" of the cartesian plane in math is the point where x and y are both zero. Given a variable, origin of type Point-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double, write one or two statements that make this variable's field's values consistent with the mathematical notion of "origin".
- Assume two variables p1 and p2 of type POINT, with two fields, x and y, both of type double, have been declared. Write a statement that reads values for p1 and p2 in that order. Assume that values for x always precede y.
- In mathematics, "quadrant I" of the cartesian plane is the part of the plane where x and y are both positive. Given a variable, p that is of type POINT-- a structured type with two fields, x and y, both of type double-- write and expression that is true if and only the point represented by p is in "quadrant I".
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<urn:uuid:932ee7da-4749-4cdf-8ec3-2433d486fdbc>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.coursehero.com/tutors/problems/Computer-Science/13411/
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en
| 0.900431 | 814 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In 2012, sixteen courses are available under a variety of categories (each course has its own web site):
- Lean Launchpad looks at how to turn a great idea into a great company.
- Technology Entrepreneurship addresses the issues of creating a successful startup.
- Anatomy is exactly what it claims to be.
- Making Green Buildings addresses improved sustainability of the built environment.
- Information Theory is the science of operations on data such as compression, storage and communication; this course is based around Shannon's Law.
- Model Thinking examines the interaction of complex systems such as one sees in the behaviour of people.
- CS 101 covers the essentials of Computer Science and assumes no prior knowledge.
- Machine Learning deals with the creation of systems that are self-operating and self-learning.
- Software as a Service uses the Agile development methodology to produce long-lived software based on Ruby on Rails.
- Human-Computer Interaction looks at rapid prototyping techniques aimed at evaluating multiple user interface alternatives.
- Natural Language Processing looks at the fundamental algorithms and mathematical models for human language processing.
- Game Theory looks at the mathematical modeling of strategic interaction amongst both rational and irrational agents. This is the underlying theme of the movie 'A Beautiful Mind.'
- Probabilistic Graphical Models gives students the basic foundation to model beliefs about the different possible states of the world and provides an essential tool for anyone who wants to learn how to reason coherently from limited and noisy observations.
- Cryptography takes a broad look at cryptographic primitives and how to correctly use them.
- Design and Analysis of Algorithms I looks at the fundamental principles of algorithm design.
- Computer Security assists students to design secure systems and to write secure code. In addition, students will learn how to find vulnerabilities in code and how to design systems that avoid such problems.
According to all of the provided links, courses will be delivered as short (8 - 12 minute) video chunks with around 2 hours of content per week. Successful completion of tests and other work will earn students a "certificate of completion."
Full descriptions for all courses are available via the links provided, as are the enrolment links (all you need is a name and an email address!).
Good luck, study hard.
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<urn:uuid:8a1e9aee-528f-4bfb-8553-be75f28ef7cd>
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http://www.itwire.com/it-people-news/training/51509-free-it-and-business-courses-from-stanford-university
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What is "Implementing Sorting in DatabaseSystems"
Non linear data structures are always better than linear datastructures
The projects have been designed to enable you to understand:
Find out and write allabout natural language interfaces. I
Tree Class (GraphicalImplementation)
The aim of
HallManagement System is to provide such g
“Are the E-Commerce strategies successful
inbuilding trust into customers for purchasing
Corporation has the following Target
Data Base Schema:
Suppose that the usagestatistics of a
file show that two fields, A and B, are by far themost freque
Diagramalong with brief description of use case required is
required forthe below proj
Compare the information processes capabilities of
humanbeing to those of computer with respec
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| 0.834013 | 207 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The curiosity of our surroundings is the constant force that drives humanity forward. In an effort to better ourselves and our future we study the world we live in. Our own inventions define the way in which we lead our lives, and what people we become. Computers have now become the center of many cultures around the world, as technology unites people in a way that has never been seen before, changing the way we view each other. In the last decade, the Internet has become a medium that lets people share their ideas and opinions with millions of others. We are very close to a world where ignorance is no longer an excuse. Computers are, and will be even more, in the center of our lives.
-- "World Around Us" by Alec Solway
Computer programming is an exiciting field in the modern world. We make our lives easier by "telling" the computer to perform certain tasks for us. In a sense, this is what programming is. All types of tasks require some kind of data to be manipulated. Whether we want to play a game, or manage our portfolio, data is involved. By creating new ways to manage (access and change) data, we can make programs more efficient, and thus obtain more reliable and faster results. Different types of programs require different ways of handling data, however, standards exists between various programs. This website gives you a peek into those standards, into the world of data structures and algorithms. It is recommended that the reader have some experience with programming in general, although a brief review of the C++ concepts needed to understand the data structure tutorials is provided. Please click on "C++ Review" to begin your visit, or on "Data Structures" if you already have a solid C++ programming background. Enjoy!
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How Computers Work
Sorry, this product is currently unavailable.
Updated to include all the recent developments to the PC and complete with a CD-ROM, this third edition is like a cool science museum in a book. But make no mistake--this is not a book for children. How Computers Work aims to teach readers about all the intricacies held within the machine.
Country of Origin : UNITED STATES
Edition : 9 Rev Ed
Illustrations : Illustrations (chiefly Col.)
Number Of Pages : 464
Year of Publication : 2007
Classification: GENERAL COMPUTING & IT
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| 0.811144 | 125 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Friday,24th May, 2013
PLACEMENTS @ CAMPUS
IBM Mainframe is a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. Mainframe is an industry term for a large computer. The name comes from the way the machine is build up: all units (processing, communication etc.) were hung into a frame. Thus the maincomputer is build into a frame, therefore: Mainframe.
It's the ultimate Server in Client/Server Model of Computing. Their main purpose is to run commercial applications of Fortune 1000 businesses and other large-scale computing purposes. Think here of Banking and Insurance businesses where enormous amounts of data are processed, typically (at least) millions of records, each day.
Today's largest and most powerful global corporations run their businesses on Mainframes. Mainframes use for both batch & online processing. They can process millions of transactions and serve terabytes of data with praiseworthy response times today; mainframe computers play a central role in the daily operations of most of the world's largest corporations including many Fortune 1000 companies. The mainframe computer system continues to form the foundation of modern business. The long-term success of mainframe computers is without precedent in the information technology (IT) field.
Domains of MainFrame Technology
3. Health Care
6. Multitude of other public and private enterprises
The Mainframe computer continues to form the foundation of modern business and has & will occupy a coveted place in today's e-business environment.
Advantage of the
We provide Comprehensive Training on all Mainframe Modules & Tools. The participants are trained on Real Time Live Server having latest configuration of S390 under the Z/OS Environment.
The training program conducted by DUCAT is appropriate for individuals who want to enter the exciting & challenging field of Mainframes. The program focuses on the relevant Mainframe Concepts and their applications to perform standard industry quality assurance practices. The basic objective is to familiarize the participant in the IBM Mainframe environment and give a comprehensive coverage of the most popular IBM products/languages like MVS COBOL II, JCL, VSAM, CICS, DB2, FILE-AID etc.
The DUCAT Courseware has been written with an aim to give the reader an in-depth understanding of the IBM Mainframe concepts and the popular IBM products/languages without burdening him/her with the complex details one will never use or need.
This training program is very unique as it is designed specifically to assist the experienced as well as the novices, the designers as well as the developers, the project leaders as well as the team members. In fact it will serve as a single-point reference for all mainframe professionals. The only prerequisite to attend this training program is the basic knowledge of computer.
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| 0.866981 | 647 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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