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Since diffusion tubes are designed to be left in place for days or weeks at a time, they don't indicate shorter-term fluctuations of the pollutant being studied, such as the rising and falling levels of gas during the day, the difference between one day and the next or between weekdays and weekends, or the number of times guideline pollution levels are exceeded while they're in place. They're also much less accurate than the highly sensitive, automated monitoring equipment used in roadside pollution monitoring cabins. Sources of inaccuracy include air turbulence (caused by things like wind movements or air conditioners), pollution from building ventilation systems, ultraviolet light (theoretically absorbed by the plastic tube), and other pollutants.
References
Air pollution
Measuring instruments
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Diffusion tube
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BullSequana is the brand name of a range of high performance computer systems produced by Atos.
The range includes
BullSequana S series - a modular compute platform optimised for AI and GPU-intensive tasks.
BullSequana X series - supercomputers which are claimed to operate at exascale
References
Computer systems
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BullSequana
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Fertility fraud is the failure on the part of a fertility doctor to obtain consent from a patient before inseminating her with his own sperm. This normally occurs in the context of people using assisted reproductive technology (ART) to address fertility issues.
The term is also used in cases where donor eggs are used without consent and more broadly, to instances where doctors and other medical professionals exploit opportunities that arise when people use assisted reproductive technology (ART) to address fertility issues. This may give rise to a number of different types of fraud involving insurance, unnecessary procedures, theft of eggs, and other issues related to fertility treatment.
Types
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Fertility fraud
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Types
Although the main sense of fertility fraud is non-consensual insemination of a patient by her doctor, there are many other types of fertility fraud, and it can take place at various stages of fertilization:
Competing for patients via misleading information about success rates, either in advertising or during personal interviews
Performing an ART procedure not covered by insurance, and then billing for a different procedure
Performing unnecessary or futile procedures on patients who are misinformed or poorly informed
False claims of pregnancy, followed by assertions of fetal death
Misuse of sperm, eggs, and embryos, in particular, a health care person substituting their own sperm for donor sperm
Inadequate screening of donors
Embezzlement from sperm banks, or theft of human eggs ("egg-snatching") or embryos, or use of eggs without consent
Egg theft
One of the earliest cases involved egg theft occurred in 1987 at Garden Grove California, in a clinic run by Doctor Ricardo Asch. Asch took eggs from women undergoing diagnostic procedures and used them in fertility procedures in other women. An estimated 67 women were victims of egg or embryo theft.
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Fertility fraud
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Doctor Ricardo Asch along with two partners were accused of taking eggs and embryos from patients without their consent, and using them to cause pregnancies in other women, along with defrauding insurance companies. Thirty-five patients filed legal actions against him.
Insemination fraud
There have been numerous cases of a health care provider fraudulently substituting their own sperm for donor sperm, resulting in pregnancy and birth.
The first "test tube baby" was facilitated by Robert Edwards in 1978, and he allegedly used eggs without the consent of the women involved.
In 1980s in Virginia, at least seven instances were identified in which fertility doctor Cecil Jacobson was the biological father of his patients' children, including one patient who was supposed to have been inseminated with sperm provided by her husband. DNA tests linked Jacobson to at least 15 such children, and it has been suspected that he fathered as many as 75 children by impregnating patients with his own sperm.
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Fertility fraud
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Donald Cline used his own sperm in his fertility practice in Indianapolis the 1970s and 1980s to father dozens of children. This came to light in 2014, when home DNA test kits were proliferating, and led to the discovery of Cline having used his own sperm to fertilize his patients' eggs. Because there was no law concerning the practice in Indiana, he was charged with obstruction of justice, false advertising, and immoral conduct, and lost his license to practice medicine. The first law in the United States came into effect in 2019 in the State of Indiana as a result of this case. Similar cases were found in other states, including one doctor in Virginia who fathered 75 children, but he couldn't be prosecuted because no law existed in Virginia prohibiting it.
Legal status
In the United States, medical students in the 1960s and 1970s donated sperm, and later while trying to develop their practice as a physician, may have gone on to use their own sperm in order to establish a track record of success. There were no laws on the books at the time prohibiting such activity.
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Fertility fraud
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Hundreds of children have been fathered by non-consensual insemination worldwide by their physician, including in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands, but without specific laws outlawing it, the legal consequences are unclear. Sometimes other laws related to the fertility fraud are used against the physician, such as mail, travel, or wire fraud, while others face civil suits. Some physicians have faced ethics charges by the governing bodies of their profession and lost their license to practice medicine.
Activists have pushed for legislation that would make fertility fraud a crime, and as of February 2022, seven U.S. states have passed laws, and seven others were considering it.
Scope
In the United States, over fifty fertility doctors have been accused of fraud in connection with donating sperm.
See also
Diethylstilbestrol
Egg donation
Human cloning
Human fertilization
In vitro fertilization
Infertility
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Religious response to ART
Sperm bank
Sperm donation
Sperm theft
Stealthing
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Assisted Reproductive Technology
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Fertility fraud
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References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Assisted Reproductive Technology
Assisted reproductive technology
Applied genetics
Biotechnology
Bioethics
Deception
Fertility
Fertility medicine
Fraud
Genetic engineering
Human reproduction
Medical crime
Medical ethics
Obstetrical procedures
Reproductive rights
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Fertility fraud
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Nielsen's theorem is a result in quantum information concerning transformations between bipartite states due to Michael Nielsen. It makes use of majorization.
Statement
A bipartite state transforms to another using local operations and classical communication if and only if is majorized by where the are the Schmidt coefficients of the respective state.
This can be written more concisely as
iff .
Proof
The proof is detailed in the paper and will be added here at a later date.
References
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Nielsen's theorem
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In a 2000 paper titled "Generalized Schmidt Decomposition and Classification of Three-Quantum-Bit States" Acín et al. described a way of separating out one of the terms of a general tripartite quantum state. This can be useful in considering measures of entanglement of quantum states.
General decomposition
For a general three-qubit state there is no way of writing
but there is a general transformation to where .
References
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Acín decomposition
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